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[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目85", "跨界含水层法", "跨界含水层法", "秘书长的报告", "增编", "二. 从各国政府收到的评论和意见", "智利", "1. 智利没有关于跨界含水层的具体双边或区域协定。", "2. 由于含水层在智利是一个重要的研究主题和规范对象，智利认为不妨开始一项多边条约的谈判，以便在国际法委员会的条款草案基础上，制定关于此事的基本原则。", "3. 在讨论这一问题时应该着重一般原则，执行具体协议的框架协定特点，尊重每个国家促进其境内含水层水资源管理、监督和可持续利用的主权权利，按照合理和可持续使用的标准使用这种资源，履行不伤害其他国家或环境的国家义务。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 85 of the provisional agenda*", "The law of transboundary aquifers", "* A/66/150.", "The law of transboundary aquifers", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "II. Comments and observations received from Governments", "Chile", "1. Chile has no specific bilateral or regional agreements regarding transboundary aquifers.", "2. Due to the importance of the aquifers as a subject of study and regulation in Chile, it is considered useful and convenient to start negotiating a multilateral treaty to establish fundamental principles on this matter on the basis of the draft articles of the International Law Commission.", "3. The discussion of the issue should focus on the general principles, the character of a framework agreement for the execution of specific agreements, respect of the sovereign rights of each State to promote the management, oversight and sustainable exploitation of water resources of an aquifer in its territory, the use of such resources under the criteria of rational and sustainable use and respect of the duty of a State not to harm other States or the environment." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "∗ A/63/250.", "Item 85 of the provisional agenda*", "Cross-border aquifer law", "Cross-border aquifer law", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "Comments and observations received from Governments", "Chile", "Chile does not have specific bilateral or regional agreements on transboundary aquifers.", "Since aquifers are an important subject of research and normative target in Chile, Chile believes that negotiations on a multilateral treaty may be initiated to develop the basic principles on this matter, based on the draft articles of the International Law Commission.", "In discussing this issue, it should be emphasized that the framework agreements for the implementation of specific agreements are characterized by respect for the sovereign right of each State to promote water resource management, monitoring and sustainable use of aquifers in its territory and to use such resources in accordance with reasonable and sustainable standards to fulfil national obligations that do not harm other States or the environment." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目84", "普遍管辖权原则的范围和适用", "普遍管辖权原则的范围和适用", "秘书长的报告", "目录", "页次2.以相关国内法律规则、适用的国际条约和司法实践为依据的普遍管辖权的 2 \n范围和适用：各国政府的评论意见 \n4.所讨论问题的性质：各国的具体意见 3\n 表 3. 4 \n政府提及的有关条约，包括载有引渡或起诉条款的条约", "二. 以相关国内法律规则、适用的国际条约和司法实践为依据的普遍管辖权的范围和适用：各国政府的评论意见", "多米尼加共和国", "普遍管辖原则所适用的行为是影响到国际社会并违反国际法准则和规定的罪行。在这种情况下，问题本身的严重性使得国际社会任何国家都有充分理由提出起诉。", "多米尼加共和国作为国际社会一员，根据其2010年《宪法》第26条，愿意进行合作，并且有义务遵守国际法的规定：(a) 凡公共当局已采纳，均承认和适用一般国际法和美洲法律的各项规定；(b) 经批准的国际公约的规定，应在公布之后作为国内法适用。", "《刑事诉讼法》第56条授权多米尼加法院对全部或部分在本国境内实施或产生影响的某些罪行，行使普遍管辖权，除非公共当局在其采纳的国际条约或公约中另有规定，或一般国际法和美洲法律所确认的原则中另有规定。国家法院有权对涉及种族灭绝罪、战争罪或危害人类罪的案件提出起诉，无论何处实施，只要被告在多米尼加,即使是暂时的,或其行为对多米尼加人造成伤害。", "此外，该法第62条确定了负责适用普遍管辖原则的主管法庭，指出：“如遇国家法院必须调查国家境外犯罪的案件，圣多明各初审法院应当有此权限”。", "最高法院已多次就普遍管辖权原则作出裁定。例如，最高法院刑事庭(现为部)在其2009年12月16日的判决中指出：“就多米尼加刑事法院的管辖和权限而言，《刑事诉讼法》第56条仅授权我国法院调查和起诉被控全部或部分在国家境内实施或产生影响的罪行的多米尼加人或外国人……此外，《刑事诉讼法》第62条规定，多明尼加法院可调查国家境外实施的罪行——因而这也属于普遍管辖权类别。虽然该条文没有明确限定有关罪行，但显然所指的都是非常严重的罪行，如种族灭绝、危害人类罪、洗钱、国际贩毒等，所以在此并不适用”。", "该判决还指出，由于“有些有组织犯罪具有直到最近尚属闻所未闻的普遍性，再加上其极端严重性和跨国界性质，因此被定义为危害人类罪，必须允许所有受害国起诉行为人，给罪犯判刑。”鉴于某些行为或犯罪性质严重，有理由适用国际司法，因此普遍管辖权已成为打击某些有罪不罚现象的必要工具。多米尼加共和国的司法部门应视具体情况适用并考虑普遍管辖权。", "四. 所讨论问题的性质：各国的具体意见", "古巴", "普遍管辖原则的范围和适用应由所有会员国在大会框架内进行讨论，主要是为了防止这一原则被不恰当援引。普遍管辖原则的不当使用已在国际层面上以及对国际关系产生了负面影响。", "普遍管辖原则的适用范围首要应受对会员国的主权和国家管辖的绝对尊重的限制。《联合国宪章》所包含的原则，特别是主权平等和国家政治独立，以及不干涉各国内部事务等，在司法程序中必须得到严格遵守。", "国家法院单方面有选择地行使域外刑事和民事管辖权，在国际规范或条约中没有依据。就此，古巴谴责在国家一级通过针对其他国家的带有政治动机的法律的做法。", "普遍管辖权的适用应受到国际监管，以防止滥用并维护国际和平与安全。在国际监管中应该考虑到的是，当一个国家要援引普遍管辖原则时，它可能首先要获得发生违法行为的国家或被告的国籍国的同意。此外还应该确立这一原则的监管和适用规定，要求符合《联合国宪章》，并应将其定为例外和辅助性的。", "适用普遍管辖权不应侵犯根据国际法给予国家元首、外交人员和其他现任高级官员的豁免权。无视其职务豁免而对此类官员提出指控和发布拘留令，就损害了主权平等和国家独立的原则。不应援引普遍管辖原则来削弱对国家的国家管辖的尊重，贬低本国法律制度的完整性和价值，或出于政治用意，违反国际法规定和原则。", "相对于每个国家的行动和国家管辖，普遍管辖权必须是辅助性的。因此，国家司法系统就一起案件进行调查并提出起诉时，不应适用普遍管辖权。普遍管辖权只有从国家成文法和判例法共存角度来看有必要适用的特殊情况下才应行使。", "在普遍接受的国际法规中，必须指定可以援引普遍管辖权的犯罪，并且明确提出其适用的依据。这种罪行应只限于危害人类罪，而且只有在认识到没有其他手段可以将行为人绳之以法时，才可援引普遍管辖权。", "如果不同时考虑引渡或起诉的义务，则无法对普遍管辖权进行分析，因为两个概念都是为了打击国际法律文书中界定某些类型的罪行的有罪不罚的现象。国际社会已经确定可援引两个概念的一系列犯罪行为，但目前尚未确定是国家应当对所有罪行还是仅对其中一部分罪行既适用普遍管辖权，又承担引渡或起诉的义务。", "表3 政府提及的有关条约，包括载有引渡或起诉条款的条约", "A. 国际文书", "国际人道主义法 1949年日内瓦公约 古巴(称古巴对性质严重的违法行为适用普遍管辖权)", "——————", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 84 of the provisional agenda*", "The scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction", "The scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Contents", "PageII.Scope 2 and applicationofuniversal jurisdictionon thebasisof the relevant domesticlegalrules,applicableinternational treaties and judicialpractice: commentsby \nGovernments IV.Natureof 3 theissue for discussion: specific \ncommentsbyStates \nTables 3. 4 Relevant treatieswhich were referredtoby Governments,including treatiescontainingaut dedere aut \njudicareprovisions", "II. Scope and application of universal jurisdiction on the basis of the relevant domestic legal rules, applicable international treaties and judicial practice: comments by Governments", "Dominican Republic", "The offences subject to the application of the principle of universal jurisdiction are crimes that affect the international community and thus violate the rules and provisions of international law. In such cases, the gravity of the issue in itself justifies prosecution by any member State of the international community.", "Under article 26 of its 2010 Constitution, the Dominican Republic as a member State of the international community, is open to cooperation and bound to adhere to the provisions of international law: (a) it recognizes and applies the provisions of general international law and American law, insofar as its public authorities have adopted them; (b) the provisions of the international conventions that it has ratified shall be applicable as domestic law following their official publication.", "Article 56 of the Code of Criminal Procedure grants Dominican courts the competence to exercise universal jurisdiction over certain crimes, which are committed fully or partially in the national territory or which produce effects therein, unless otherwise provided in international treaties or conventions adopted by public organs or in the principles recognized by general international law and American law. The national courts have the authority to prosecute cases involving genocide, war crimes or crimes against humanity, wherever committed, provided that the accused person is resident, even temporarily, in the country or that the acts caused harm to Dominicans.", "In addition, article 62 of the Code establishes the competent tribunal for the application of the principle of universal jurisdiction, indicating that: “The Santo Domingo court of first instance shall have competence for cases in which a national court must investigate offences committed outside the national territory”.", "The Supreme Court has ruled on the principle of universal jurisdiction on several occasions. For instance, in the 16 December 2009 judgement of the Criminal Chamber (now Division) of the Supreme Court of Justice, it stated: “with regard to the jurisdiction and competence of the Dominican criminal courts, article 56 of the Code of Criminal Procedure grants our courts the legal capacity to investigate and prosecute only offences of which Dominican or foreign persons are accused and which were committed fully or partially in the national territory or produced effects therein … Furthermore, article 62 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that Dominican courts may investigate offences committed outside of the national territory — which thus fall into the category of universal jurisdiction — and although that provision does not specify the offences in question, it is clear that these are very serious crimes such as genocide, crimes against humanity, money-laundering, international drug trafficking, etc., which do not apply in this case.”", "The judgement also states that owing to the “universal nature of some offences committed by organized crime, which were, until recently, unheard of, and to the extreme seriousness and transboundary nature that define them as crimes against humanity, all the States that have fallen victim to these offences must be permitted to prosecute and sentence the perpetrators”. Universal jurisdiction has become a necessary tool for combating impunity for certain actions or offences, the seriousness of which justifies the application of justice at the international level. The judiciary of the Dominican Republic therefore applies and considers universal jurisdiction on a case-by-case basis.", "IV. Nature of the issue for discussion: specific comments by States", "Cuba", "The scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction should be discussed by all Member States in the framework of the General Assembly, primarily to prevent this principle from being invoked inappropriately. Unwarranted use of the principle of universal jurisdiction has negative effects on the rule of law at the international level, as well as on international relations.", "The scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction should be limited, first and foremost, by absolute respect for the sovereignty and national jurisdiction of Member States. The principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, in particular the sovereign equality and political independence of States and non-interference in the internal affairs of States, must be scrupulously respected in judicial proceedings.", "The unilateral and selective exercise of extraterritorial criminal and civil jurisdiction by national courts has no basis in international norms or treaties. In that connection, Cuba condemns the adoption at the national level of politically motivated laws targeting other States.", "The application of universal jurisdiction should be regulated internationally in order to prevent abuses and safeguard international peace and security. International regulation should consider the possibility that, when a State wishes to invoke the principle of universal jurisdiction, it should first obtain the consent of the State in which the violation took place or the country or countries of which the accused is a national. It should also establish requirements for the regulation and use of this principle, as well as its compatibility with the Charter of the United Nations, and should define it as exceptional and secondary in nature.", "Its application should not violate the immunity granted under international law to Heads of State, diplomatic personnel and other serving high-level officials. Issuing charges and detention orders against such officials irrespective of their functional immunity undermines the principle of the sovereign equality and independence of States. The principle of universal jurisdiction should not be invoked to diminish respect for a country’s national jurisdiction, to denigrate the integrity and values of its legal system, or for political ends, in violation of the rules and principles of international law.", "Universal jurisdiction must be secondary to the action and national jurisdiction of each State. Therefore, when a case is being investigated and prosecuted by the national judicial system, universal jurisdiction should not apply. Universal jurisdiction should be exercised only under exceptional circumstances that warrant its use, and from the perspective of coexistence with national statutory and case law.", "Universally acceptable international regulations must specify the crimes for which universal jurisdiction may be invoked and must define the bases for its application. Such crimes should be restricted to crimes against humanity and universal jurisdiction should be invoked only when it has been recognized that no other means of bringing a criminal action against the perpetrators exist.", "Universal jurisdiction cannot be analysed without also considering the obligation to extradite or prosecute, since the purpose of both concepts is to combat impunity for certain types of crimes defined in international legal instruments. The international community has been identifying a body of crimes for which both concepts may be invoked, but it has yet to determine whether all or only a subset of these crimes are subject to both universal jurisdiction and the obligation to extradite or prosecute.", "Table 3 Relevant treaties which were referred to by Governments, including treaties containing aut dedere aut judicare provisions", "A. Universal instruments", "Internationalhumanitarian law\tGeneva Conventionsof 1949\tCuba (stating that itintroduced theapplication ofuniversaljurisdiction toviolationscharacterized asgrave breaches)" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 84 of the provisional agenda", "Scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction", "Scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Contents", "Scope and application of universal jurisdiction based on relevant domestic legal rules, applicable international treaties and judicial practices 2: The nature of the issues discussed in the comments of Governments: specific views of States 3", "Scope and application of universal jurisdiction based on relevant domestic legal rules, applicable international treaties and judicial practices: comments of Governments", "Dominican Republic", "The application of the principle of universal jurisdiction is an offence that affects the international community and violates norms and provisions of international law. In this context, the gravity of the problem itself makes it possible for any State of the international community to make the prosecution fully justified.", "The Dominican Republic, as a member of the international community, stands ready to cooperate in accordance with article 26 of the 2010 Constitution and is obliged to comply with the provisions of international law: (a) All public authorities have been adopted to recognize and apply the provisions of general international law and the law of the Americas; (b) the provisions of ratified international conventions should be applied as domestic law after publication.", "Article 56 of the Code of Criminal Procedure authorizes the Dominican Court to exercise certain offences committed or affected in part or in part within its territory, unless the public authority otherwise provides in its international treaties or conventions, or in general international law and the principles recognized in the law of the Americas. The national courts have the power to prosecute cases involving genocide, war crimes or crimes against humanity, wherever they are carried out, as long as the defendant is in Dominica, even temporarily, or its acts are harming Dominicans.", "In addition, article 62 of the Act sets out the competent courts responsible for the application of the principle of universal jurisdiction, stating that “Where in cases where national courts must investigate crimes outside the country, the courts of first instance in Santo Domingo should have this competence”.", "The Supreme Court has decided on several occasions on the principle of universal jurisdiction. For example, in its judgement of 16 December 2009, the Supreme Court Criminal Court stated that: “In the case of the jurisdiction and competence of the Dominican Criminal Court, article 56 of the Code of Criminal Procedure authorizes the Court to investigate and prosecute Dominicans or foreigners accused of crimes committed or affected in part or in part by the State ... In addition, article 62 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that the Court may investigate offences committed outside the State, which is also the category of universal jurisdiction. Although the provisions do not explicitly limit the offences concerned, it is clear that they are very serious crimes, such as genocide, crimes against humanity, money-laundering and international drug trafficking, are not applicable here”.", "The judgement also noted that, as “some organized crime is not known until recently, and combined with its extreme and cross-border nature, it is defined as crimes against humanity and must allow all injured States to prosecute perpetrators and impose sentences on offenders”. Given the serious nature of certain acts or crimes and the grounds for the application of international justice, universal jurisdiction has become the necessary tool to combat certain impunity. The judiciary of the Dominican Republic should apply and consider universal jurisdiction, as appropriate.", "Nature of the discussion: specific views of States", "Cuba", "The scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction should be discussed by all Member States within the framework of the General Assembly, primarily in order to prevent that principle from being duly invoked. The inappropriate use of the principle of universal jurisdiction has had a negative impact on international relations at the international level.", "The scope of application of the principle of universal jurisdiction should be subject to absolute respect for the sovereignty and national jurisdiction of Member States. The principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, in particular the sovereign equality and national political independence, as well as non-interference in internal affairs of States, must be strictly respected in the judicial process.", "The national courts have unilaterally chosen to exercise their extraterritorial criminal and civil jurisdiction and are not based on international norms or treaties. In that regard, Cuba condemns the adoption at the national level of politically motivated laws against other countries.", "The application of universal jurisdiction should be subject to international regulation to prevent the abuse and maintenance of international peace and security. It should be taken into account in international regulation that when a State invokes the principle of universal jurisdiction, it may first receive the consent of the State or the State of nationality of the accused of the offence. It should also be established that the regulatory and applicable provisions of this principle are in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and should be exceptional and supportive.", "The application of universal jurisdiction should not violate the immunity granted to Heads of State, diplomatic personnel and other current senior officials under international law. The principle of sovereign equality and national independence is undermined by allegations and detention orders made by such officials in disregard of their job immunity. The principle of universal jurisdiction should not be invoked to undermine respect for national jurisdiction, to detract from the integrity and value of national legal systems, or to be politically motivated, in violation of the provisions and principles of international law.", "Universal jurisdiction must be complementary to each State's actions and national jurisdiction. Thus, the national judicial system should not apply to universal jurisdiction when it investigates one case and prosecutes. Universal jurisdiction should be exercised only in exceptional cases where it is necessary to apply in the context of national literature and case law.", "In universally accepted international legislation, it is important to designate offences that may be invoked by universal jurisdiction and to make clear the basis for its application. Such crimes should be limited to crimes against humanity, and universal jurisdiction should be invoked only when recognizing that there is no other means to bring perpetrators to justice.", "In the absence of parallel consideration of the obligation to extradite or prosecute, it was not possible to analyse universal jurisdiction, since both concepts were aimed at combating impunity for certain types of crimes in international legal instruments. The international community has identified a number of criminal acts that may invoke the two concepts, but it has not yet been determined that the State should apply universal jurisdiction for all crimes or only a part of the crimes.", "Table 3", "International instruments", "International humanitarian law", "—", "AD(*) A/63/250." ]

[ "2011年8月11月哥伦比亚常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信", "谨随函附上安全理事会在2011年4月哥伦比亚担任主席期间的工作报告(见附件)。", "本文件是由我本人负责，在与安全理事会其他成员磋商后编写的。", "请将本函及其附件作为安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "哥伦比亚常驻联合国代表", "大使", "内斯托·奥索里奥(签名)", "2011年8月11月哥伦比亚常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信的附件", "安全理事会在哥伦比亚担任主席期间工作的评估(2011年4月)", "导言", "在2011年4月哥伦比亚担任主席期间，安全理事会举行了35次会议，包括18次磋商、8次信息交流会、2次公开辩论、以及与维持和平行动部队和警察派遣国的2次会议。安全理事会通过了5项决议和2项主席声明，并发布了4项新闻声明。", "非洲", "科特迪瓦", "4月4日、8日和11日举行了非正式磋商，讨论科特迪瓦政治和人道主义局势的发展、以及安全理事会关于该国局势的各项决定实施情况。", "4月13日，安全理事会收到秘书长关于联合国科特迪瓦行动的第二十七次进度报告(S/2011/211)，并听取了秘书长特别代表和联合国科特迪瓦行动负责人崔英镇、主管人道主义事务副秘书长瓦莱丽·阿莫斯和联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱的通报；科特迪瓦常驻代表优素福·班巴大使也发了言。安全理事会成员在举行非正式磋商后，发表新闻声明，在声明中，除其他外，他们表示欣见阿拉萨纳·德拉马纳·瓦塔拉总统得以履行其作为科特迪瓦国家元首的职责，并敦促各方共同努力，促进民族和解和恢复可持续和平，并表示赞赏联合国、非洲联盟和西非国家经济共同体在解决冲突过程中发挥的作用。", "4月28日，安全理事会在第1980(2011)号决议中，除其他外，决定将第1572(2004)号决议第7至12段、第1946(2010)号决议第5段和第1975(2011)号决议第12段规定的军火措施和金融及旅行措施延至2012年4月30日，还决定将第1643(2005)号决议第6段规定的防止任何国家从科特迪瓦进口任何毛坯钻石的措施延至2012年4月30日。安全理事会在第1980(2011)号决议中还决定将第1727(2006)号决议第7段规定的专家组任期延长至2012年4月30日，请专家组至迟于2011年10月15日向第1572(2004)号决议所设委员会提交中期报告，并在任务期结束15天前通过委员会向安全理事会提交最后报告。决议通过后，科特迪瓦常驻代表优素福·班巴大使发了言。", "阿拉伯利比亚民众国", "4月4日，安全理事会听取了秘书长阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题特使，阿卜杜勒-埃拉赫·埃拉穆罕默德·哈提卜关于为履行其任务而进行的活动的通报。特使报告了他3月29日参加伦敦利比亚问题会议的情况，在该会议上成立了利比亚问题国际联络小组。他还介绍了在的黎波里和班加西举行的会议的情况。他还提到3月31日举行的非洲联盟会议，该会议分析了各种解决在阿拉伯利比亚民众国危机的方案。在信息交流会后进行的非正式磋商中，安全理事会成员就这一问题交换了意见，并分析了正在发生的事件。", "4月28日，按照1973(2011)号决议第12段的规定，举行了闭门磋商，听取主管政治事务副秘书长林恩·帕斯科的通报，介绍了利比亚局势以及第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议的执行状况。副秘书长总结了最近发生的事件，并着重介绍了主管人道主义事务副秘书长为解决日益严重的人道主义危机而进行的努力，以及秘书长阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题特使如何解决这一问题，以及如何根据他的任务寻求政治解决危机的办法。安全理事会成员随后就这一问题交换了意见。", "西撒哈拉", "4月18日安全理事会举行了与联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团(西撒特派团)部队和警察派遣国的非公开会议，听取维持和平行动部欧洲和拉丁美洲司司长沃尔夫冈·魏斯布罗德·韦伯先生的通报，之后发表正式公告(见S/PV.6516)。", "4月19日，秘书长西撒哈拉问题个人特使克里斯托弗·罗斯和秘书长西撒哈拉问题特别代表兼联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团团长哈尼·阿卜杜勒·阿齐兹介绍了各自活动的最新情况，并提交了秘书长关于西撒哈拉局势的报告(S/2011/249)。安全理事会成员就这一问题交换了意见。", "此后，4月27日，安理会在第1979(2011)号决议中将西撒特派团的任务期限延至2012年4月30日，并呼吁各方继续表现出政治意愿，努力创造一个有利于对话的气氛，以进入一个更深入的和实质性的谈判阶段。南非、尼日利亚、英国、法国和加蓬的代表在会上作了发言。", "索马里", "4月11日，安全理事会在关于索马里沿海海盗和海上武装抢劫的第1976(2011)号决议中决定紧急考虑依循适用的人权法，按秘书长索马里沿海海盗行为所涉法律问题特别顾问杰克·兰报告中的建议(S/2011/30，附件)所述，设立索马里特别法庭，包括在索马里境外设立一个反海盗特别法庭，以审判索马里和该区域的海盗嫌犯，请秘书长在两个月内报告这一起诉机制的模式。", "苏丹", "4月14日安全理事会与联合国苏丹特派团部队和警察派遣国举行了非公开会议，听取了维持和平行动部非洲一司司长玛格丽特·凯里所作通报。之后，进行了意见和信息交换，并发表正式公告(见S/PV.6514)。", "4月20日召开信息会议，之后进行了非正式磋商，主管维持和平行动助理秘书长，阿图尔·哈雷先生讨论了秘书长的报告(S/2011/239和S/2011/244)。助理秘书长介绍了最近在苏丹发生的事件以及联苏特派团和非洲联盟——联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的活动。安全理事会成员就这一问题交换了意见。", "4月21日，安全理事会通过主席声明(S/PRST/2011/8)，并于4月27日一致通过第1978(2011)号决议，将联苏特派团的任务延长至2011年7月9日。", "亚洲", "阿富汗", "4月1日，主管维持和平行动副秘书长阿兰·勒罗伊作了介绍会发生在马扎里沙里夫对联合国阿富汗援助团(联阿援助团)的袭击，袭击中有8名联合国人员工作人员死亡。安全理事会成员发表新闻声明，谴责袭击和所有类型的煽动暴力行为。同时，他们呼吁阿富汗政府将肇事者绳之以法，并采取一切可能的步骤来保护联阿援助团工作人员。", "伊拉克", "4月8日秘书长伊拉克问题特别代表兼联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)团长阿德·梅尔克特通报了该团任务的执行情况和伊拉克局势。特别代表指出，在建立一个新的联合政府方面取得了进展，同时提请注意当前伊拉克人民对缺乏就业、基本服务和机构承诺的正当关切。他强调了科威特与伊拉克之间高级代表团的互访。在谈到联伊援助团时，他着重介绍，该团与伊国民议会和政府在建立独立人权委员会问题上进行了密切合作，同时表达了他对据报在阿什拉夫营地发生的暴力事件的关注。", "中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题", "4月21日，安全理事会举行公开辩论，审议中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题。安全理事会听取了主管政治事务副秘书长的通报。", "副秘书长对以色列和巴勒斯坦之间的谈判陷入僵局表示遗憾。他强调，必须预防破坏政治努力的暴力表达方式，并报告称，4月13日在布鲁塞尔协调对巴勒斯坦人提供国际援助特设联络委员会会议上，联合国表示，在联合国与巴勒斯坦权力机构参加的六个方面(善政、法治和人权、生活资料和生产部门、教育和文化、医疗保健、社会保障、以及基础设施和水)，政府职能已经具备，足以建立一个有生存能力的国家政府。他指出，以色列为方便通行而采取的措施也有助于进行经济活动和获得基本服务。副秘书长重申，定居点活动违背了国际法以及以色列根据“路线图”应兑现的承诺。", "关于黎巴嫩局势，他表示关注的是，在总理纳吉米卡提获提名数月后，新政府仍未形成。他说，在联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队行动区内，整体局势大致保持稳定。", "以色列常驻联合国代表和巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员也发了言，41名其他发言者参加了会议。", "美洲", "海地", "4月6日举行了关于海地问题的公开辩论，辩论由哥伦比亚总统胡安·曼努埃尔·桑托斯·卡尔德龙主持。他解释说，哥伦比亚召集这次会议的目的是促进海地稳定和加强海地法治。他感到遗憾的是，在国家的实物重建和制度重建上进展缓慢，并强调，国际社会有责任以协调一贯的方式履行其对海地重建的承诺，争取具体、可持续和长期的成就，旨在加强机构和改善透明度。", "安理会听取了秘书长的通报，秘书长赞扬海地人民和平完成第二轮投票，朝着巩固民主的方向迈出重要一步。秘书长着重介绍了在安全和尊重基本自由方面取得的进展，并强调，海地国家警察已成为一个更强大和值得信赖的机构，它在打击犯罪团伙和其他安全威胁方面取得了进展。他敦促海地未来政府在已取得的可观进展基础上再接再厉，同时也不要无视该国面临的重大挑战，如其经济恶化和公共机构无法提供基本服务等。联合国海地问题特使威廉·克林顿强调了总统和议会设立的重建海地临时委员会的作用，即协调海地政府与参与重建的国际捐助者及非社会政府组织的工作，确保所有核准的项目与海地政府的自身发展规划一致以及资源得到透明使用。特使说，已批准了超过87个项目，这些项目完成时将会帮助200万海地人。海地总统勒内·加西亚·普雷瓦尔请联合国思考一下其干预措施的有效性，并认识到军事威慑只有一个追求稳定的一个方面，建议维持和平特派团应重新调整，以包括其他专门机构，如世界银行和联合国各基金和方案的工作。他强调，要在海地实现稳定，只能通过海地人自己的努力，当然也需要国际社会的支持和声援，特别是在建设必要的法治机构方面。40位发言者参加了会议。", "4月6日，安全理事会通过了一项主席声明(S/PRST/2011/7)，其中重申安全理事会重申它坚决致力维护海地的主权、独立、领土完整和统一，强调海地政府和人民对在海地实现和平与稳定和开展恢复工作负有主要责任。安理会确认国际社会正提供协助，支持海地的稳定进程，包括加强海地的立法、司法和行政机构。安全理事会认识到海地面临的挑战是相互关联的，重申在安全、机构能力建设(包括法治)以及巩固国家政府机构、推行民主、促进和保护人权和实现发展问题上取得持久进展是相辅相成的。", "专题问题", "妇女与和平与安全", "4月12日，安全理事会举行公开会议，听取主管两性平等和增强妇女权能的副秘书长兼联合国促进两性平等和增强妇女权能署(联合国妇女署)执行主任米歇尔·巴切莱特的通报。在随即进行的闭门磋商中，安全理事会成员听取了副秘书长的补充意见并向她提问。大多数成员表示，他们支持联合国妇女署的活动，表示有必要在执行安全理事会有关决定方面取得进展。", "4月14日，举行了关于性暴力的公开会议，随后进行闭门磋商。安全理事会听取了负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表玛戈·瓦尔斯特伦的通报。经过磋商后，主席宣读了一份对媒体的声明，说明了安全理事会成员达成的若干要点。特别是，其中指出，安全理事会成员注意到特别代表对刚果民主共和国局势以及该国与安哥拉边境局势作出的评估，以及她关于处理该地区性暴力情况的建议；安全理事会成员满意地注意到，有关方面宣布两国政府之间将进行合作，并采取了措施，以防止性暴力行为，结束相关的有罪不罚现象；安理会还听取了她关于与非洲联盟会晤以及安理会第1960(2010)号决议的执行进展情况的通报；另外，安理会成员欢迎有关方面宣布联合国联合国和非洲联盟之间就这一问题的合作有所加强，并表示全力支持特别代表为结束武装冲突中性暴力现象而作出的努力。", "小武器", "4月25日安全理事会举行关于小武器问题的闭门磋商。联合国裁军事务高级代表塞尔吉奥·杜阿尔特介绍了根据2007年6月29日的主席声明(S/PRST/2007/24)第五段规定提交的秘书长关于小武器问题的第二份报告(S/2011/255)。安理会成员感谢高级代表介绍报告。介绍后进行了闭门磋商，其间，一些发言者提到了正在进行中关于武器贸易条约的谈判，该条约应设立武器贸易的最高标准，而其他人则提到合作、援助和国家能力建设的重要性、以及全面执行2001年《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》的必要性。", "非洲和平与安全(肯尼亚)", "4月8日，安全理事会举行磋商，讨论肯尼亚关于请求联合国安全理事会根据国际刑事法院《罗马规约》第十六条要求国际刑事法院推迟检察官2009年11月对肯尼亚公民启动的某些法律程序一事。经过磋商，主席代表安全理事会成员宣读了一份对媒体的声明。他特别强调，收到肯尼亚的请求后，安全理事会在3月份举行了互动对话，4月举行了非正式磋商；安理会还考虑到了非洲联盟所表达的立场；经深入审议后，安全理事会成员未能就此事达成一致意见。安理会还指示主席将商定的要点和该信转给肯尼亚常驻代表及非洲联盟常驻观察员。此事已办。", "安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会", "4月20日，安全理事会在第1977(2011)号决议中决定将第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会的任务期限延长10年，即延至2021年4月25日，并在五年后和在其任务期限结束前分别进行一次审查。在这项决议中，安全理事会再次呼吁各国适当地采取有效措施，以应对非国家行为者手中的大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具扩散所构成的威胁。安全理事会还重申所有会员国都需要在军备控制、裁军和在所有方面不扩散大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具方面充分遵守义务和履行承诺，并认识到核武器、化学武器和生物武器及其运载工具的扩散对国际和平与安全构成威胁。安理会还着重指出，需要所有国家全面实施第1540(2004)号决议，并强调必须应各国要求向它们提供有效的援助，以满足其需求。", "政治事务部的通报", "4月18日主管政治事务副秘书长介绍了4月12日和13日在内罗毕举行的一次高级别协商会议情况，会议旨在在《索马里过渡联邦宪章》和《吉布提和平协议》框架内发起关于过渡期于2011年8月结束后索马里前途的协商进程。副秘书长还提到秘书长斯里兰卡问责专家小组的报告，该报告于4月12日提交秘书长。他说，该报告将适时公布。" ]

[ "Letter dated 11 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a report on the work of the Security Council during the presidency of Colombia in April 2011 (see annex).", "The document was prepared under my responsibility, after consultation with the other members of the Security Council.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Néstor Osorio Ambassador Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations", "Annex to the letter dated 11 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Assessment of the work of the Security Council during the presidency of Colombia (April 2011)", "Introduction", "Under the presidency of Colombia in April 2011, the Security Council held 35 meetings, including 18 consultations, eight informational meetings, two open debates and two meetings with countries contributing troops and police forces to peacekeeping operations. The Council adopted five resolutions and two presidential statements and issued four statements to the press.", "Africa", "Côte d’Ivoire", "On 4, 8 and 11 April, informal consultations were held on developments in the political and humanitarian situation in Côte d’Ivoire, as well as the implementation of the Council’s decisions on its situation.", "On 13 April, the Security Council received the twenty-seventh progress report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (S/2011/211) and heard briefings by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Chief of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire, Choi Young-jin; the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs, Valerie Amos; and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navanethem Pillay. The Permanent Representative of Côte d’Ivoire, Ambassador Youssoufou Bamba, also made a statement. After holding informal consultations, the members of the Council adopted a statement to the press, in which, inter alia, they welcomed the fact that President Alassane Dramane Ouattara was in a position to assume his responsibilities as Head of State of Côte d’Ivoire, urged the parties to work together to promote national reconciliation and restore sustainable peace, and expressed appreciation to the United Nations, the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States for the roles they had played in resolving the conflict.", "On 28 April, the Council, by resolution 1980 (2011), decided, inter alia, to renew until 30 April 2012 the measures imposed by paragraphs 7 to 12 of resolution 1572 (2004), paragraph 5 of resolution 1946 (2010), paragraph 12 of resolution 1975 (2011) and paragraph 6 of resolution 1643 (2005), concerning the arms embargo, travel ban, freezing of assets and blocking of financial transactions and restrictions on transactions involving rough diamonds, respectively. By resolution 1980 (2011), the Council likewise extended until 30 April 2012 the mandate of the Group of Experts as set out in paragraph 7 of resolution 1727 (2006), requesting the Group to submit a midterm report to the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) by 15 October 2011 and to submit a final report to the Council through the Committee 15 days before the end of its mandate period. After the adoption of the resolution, the Permanent Representative of Côte d’Ivoire made a statement.", "Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "On 4 April, the Council heard the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Abdel-Elah Mohamed Al-Khatib, who gave a briefing on the activities carried out in fulfilment of his mandate. The Special Envoy reported on his participation in the London Conference on Libya of 29 March, at which the International Contact Group on Libya was established, and also informed the Council about the meetings held in Tripoli and Benghazi. He also made reference to the meeting held by the African Union on 31 March for the purpose of analysing various options to resolve the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. In the informal consultations that followed the informational meeting, the members of the Council exchanged views on the question and analysed the unfolding events.", "In accordance with paragraph 12 of resolution 1973 (2011), closed consultations were held on 28 April, at which the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, B. Lynn Pascoe, gave a briefing on the situation in Libya and the status of implementation of resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). The Under-Secretary-General provided a summary of recent events and highlighted the efforts of the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs to address the growing humanitarian crisis and of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to resolve the situation and, in accordance with his mandate, to find a political solution to the crisis. The members of the Council subsequently exchanged views on the question.", "Western Sahara", "On 18 April, a private meeting was held at which the Council and the countries contributing troops and police forces to the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) received a briefing by the Director of the Asia and Middle East Division of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Wolfgang Weisbrod-Weber, after which it adopted an official communiqué (S/PV.6516).", "On 19 April, the Personal Envoy of the Secretary-General for Western Sahara, Christopher Ross, and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Western Sahara and Chief of MINURSO, Hany Abdel-Aziz, updated the Council on their activities and submitted the report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara (S/2011/249). The members of the Council held an exchange of views on the question.", "Later, on 27 April, by resolution 1979 (2011), the Council extended the mandate of MINURSO until 30 April 2012 and called upon the parties to continue to show political will and work in an atmosphere propitious for dialogue in order to enter into a more intensive and substantive phase of negotiations. The representatives of South Africa, Nigeria, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, France and Gabon made statements at the meeting.", "Somalia", "On 11 April, by resolution 1976 (2011) concerning piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia, the Council decided to urgently consider the establishment of specialized Somali courts to try suspected pirates both in Somalia and in the region, including an extraterritorial Somali specialized anti-piracy court, as referred to in the recommendations contained in the report of the Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on Legal Issues Related to Piracy off the Coast of Somalia, Jack Lang (S/2011/30, annex), consistent with applicable human rights law. The Secretary-General was requested to report within two months on the modalities of such prosecution mechanisms.", "Sudan", "On 14 April, the Council held a private meeting with the countries that contribute troops and police forces to the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS). The Director of the Africa I Division of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Margaret Carey, gave a briefing, which was followed by an exchange of views and information, in addition to the adoption of an official communiqué (S/PV.6514).", "On 20 April, an informational meeting was held, followed by informal consultations, at which the Assistant Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Atul Khare, discussed the reports of the Secretary-General (S/2011/239 and S/2011/244). The Assistant Secretary-General briefed the Council on recent events in the Sudan and the activities of UNMIS and the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID). The members of the Council exchanged views on the question.", "On 21 April, the Council adopted a presidential statement (S/PRST/2011/8), and on 27 April it unanimously adopted resolution 1978 (2011), extending the mandate of UNMIS until 9 July 2011.", "Asia", "Afghanistan", "On 1 April, the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Alain LeRoy, briefed the Council on the attack that occurred in Mazar-e-Sharif against personnel of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), in which eight United Nations staff members died. The members of the Council issued a statement to the press condemning the attack and all types of incitement to violence. At the same time, they called on the Government of Afghanistan to bring those responsible to justice and take all possible steps to protect the staff of UNAMA.", "Iraq", "On 8 April, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Iraq and Chief of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), Ad Melkert, gave an informational briefing on the execution of the mandate of the Mission and the situation in Iraq. The Special Representative noted progress in the formation of a new coalition government, while drawing attention to the ongoing legitimate concerns of the Iraqi people regarding the lack of jobs, basic services and institutional commitment. He underlined the high-level visits made by delegations from Kuwait to Iraq and vice versa. With reference to UNAMI, he highlighted the close collaboration with the Council of Representatives and the Government in the establishment of an independent human rights commission, and also expressed his concern at the reports of violent incidents occurring in the Ashraf camp.", "The situation in the Middle East, including the question of Palestine", "On 21 April, the Council held an open debate to consider the situation in the Middle East, including the question of Palestine. The Council heard a briefing by the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs.", "The Under-Secretary-General expressed regret at the stalemate in negotiations between Israel and Palestine. He underlined the importance of preventing violent expressions that undermined political efforts and reported that on 13 April in Brussels, at the meeting of the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee for the Coordination of the International Assistance to Palestinians, the United Nations had expressed the view that the governmental functions were adequate for a viable State Government in the areas in which it participated with the Palestinian Authority (good governance; the rule of law and human rights; means of subsistence and productive sectors; education and culture; health care; social protection; and infrastructure and water). He noted that, Israeli measures to facilitate movement had also supported economic activity and access to basic services. The Under-Secretary-General reiterated that settlement activities ran counter to international law and the commitments made by Israel under the road map.", "Regarding the situation in Lebanon, he expressed concern that, several months after the nomination of Najib Mikati as Prime Minister, a new Government had not yet been formed. He said that the overall situation in the area of operations of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon had remained generally stable.", "The Permanent Representative of Israel and the Permanent Observer of Palestine also made statements, and 41 other speakers took part in the meeting.", "Americas", "Haiti", "An open debate on Haiti was held on 6 April, chaired by the President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos Calderón, who explained that the purpose of the meeting convened by his country was to promote the stabilization and strengthening of the rule of law in Haiti. He regretted the slow progress on rebuilding the country physically and institutionally and emphasized that the international community had a duty to fulfil its commitments to Haiti’s reconstruction in a coordinated and coherent manner, seeking specific, sustainable and long-term achievements aimed at strengthening institutions and improving transparency.", "The Council was briefed by the Secretary-General, who commended the people of Haiti for taking an important step towards the consolidation of democracy with the peaceful conduct of the second round of polling. The Secretary-General highlighted the progress made towards security and respect for basic freedoms and stressed that the Haitian National Police was becoming a more capable and trusted institution, which was making progress against the advance of criminal gangs and other security threats. He urged the next Government of Haiti to build on the considerable progress made without disregarding the major challenges faced by the country, such as the deterioration in its economy and the incapacity of public institutions to deliver essential services. The United Nations Special Envoy for Haiti, William J. Clinton, highlighted the role of the Interim Haiti Reconstruction Commission established by the President and the Parliament to coordinate the work of the Government of Haiti with that of international donors and the community of non-governmental organizations involved in reconstruction, making sure that all projects approved were consistent with the Government of Haiti’s own development plan and that resources were used transparently. the Special Envoy said that over 87 projects had been approved, which, when completed, would help 2 million Haitians. The President of Haiti, René Garcia Préval, invited the United Nations to reflect on the effectiveness of its interventions, and, recognizing that military deterrence was only one aspect of the quest for stability, suggested that peacekeeping missions should be reoriented to include the work of other specialized institutions, such as the World Bank and the United Nations funds and programmes. He stressed that stability in Haiti could be achieved only through the efforts of Haitians themselves, with, obviously, the support and solidarity of the international community, particularly in building those institutions essential to the rule of law. Forty speakers took part in the meeting.", "The Council adopted a presidential statement on 6 April (S/PRST/2011/7), in which it reaffirmed its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and unity of Haiti, and emphasized that the Government and people of Haiti bore the primary responsibility for the attainment of peace and stability, and for the recovery efforts in Haiti. The Council acknowledged the contribution that the international community was making to support the stabilization process in Haiti, including the strengthening of its legislative, judicial and executive institutions. It also recognized the interconnected nature of the challenges in Haiti, and reaffirmed that sustainable progress on security, institutional capacity-building, including rule of law, as well as consolidation of national government structures, democracy, promotion and protection of human rights and development, were mutually reinforcing.", "Thematic issues", "Women and peace and security", "On 12 April, the Council held an open meeting to hear a briefing by the Under-Secretary-General for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Executive Director of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), Michelle Bachelet. In the closed consultations conducted immediately afterwards, the members of the Council heard additional comments by the Under-Secretary-General and put questions to her. Most members expressed their support for the activities and programmes of UN-Women and the need to make progress in the implementation of the relevant Council decisions.", "On 14 April, an open meeting on sexual violence was held, followed by closed consultations. The Council was briefed by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Margot Wallström. Following the consultations, the President read a statement to the media on a number of elements agreed by the members of the Council. In particular, it was stated that the members took note of the Special Representative’s assessment of the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and at the border between that country and Angola, as well as her recommendations for addressing situations of sexual violence in the region; that the members noted with satisfaction the announcements regarding cooperation between the two Governments and the implementation of measures to prevent acts of sexual violence and end the associated impunity; that the Council had also heard her briefing on meetings with the African Union and the progress made in the implementation of Council resolution 1960 (2010); and that the members welcomed the announcement regarding increased cooperation between the United Nations and the African Union on that matter and expressed their full support for the Special Representative’s efforts to end situations of sexual violence in armed conflict.", "Small arms", "On 25 April, the Council held closed consultations on small arms. The United Nations High Representative for Disarmament Affairs, Sergio de Queiroz Duarte, introduced the second report of the Secretary-General on small arms (S/2011/255), submitted pursuant to the presidential statement of 29 June 2007 (S/PRST/2007/24). The Council members thanked the High Representative for the report. That presentation was followed by closed consultations, during which some speakers referred to the negotiations under way on an arms trade treaty, which should establish the highest possible standards for governing the arms trade, while others referred to the importance of cooperation, assistance and national capacity-building and the need to implement fully the 2001 Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.", "Peace and security in Africa (Kenya)", "On 8 April, the Council held consultations regarding Kenya’s request that the Council, pursuant to article 16 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, should request the Court to defer certain proceedings against Kenyan citizens initiated proprio motu by the Prosecutor in November 2009. Following the consultations, the President read a statement to the media, on behalf of the Council members. In particular, he highlighted that, after receiving the request from Kenya, the Council had held an interactive dialogue in March and informal consultations in April; that the Council had also taken into consideration the position expressed by the African Union; and that, after in-depth consideration, the Council members had been unable to reach agreement on the matter. The President was also instructed to transmit the agreed elements and the letter to the Permanent Representative of Kenya and the Permanent Observer of the African Union, which was done.", "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004)", "On 20 April, the Council, by resolution 1977 (2011), extended the mandate of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004) for a period of 10 years, until 25 April 2021, and provided for two reviews, one after five years and the other prior to the end of the mandate. By that resolution, the Council reiterated its call for States to appropriately implement effective measures to counter the threat posed by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery in the hands of non-State actors. It also reaffirmed the need for all Member States to comply with their obligations and fulfil their commitments in relation to arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation in all its aspects of all weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery, and recognized that the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, as well as their means of delivery, constituted a threat to international peace and security. The Council also stressed the need for full implementation of resolution 1540 (2004) by all States, and emphasized the importance of providing States, in response to their requests, with effective assistance that meets their needs.", "Briefing by the Department of Political Affairs", "On 18 April, the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs briefed the Council on a high-level consultative meeting held in Nairobi on 12 and 13 April, with the aim of initiating a consultation process within the framework of the Transitional Federal Charter of Somalia and the Djibouti Peace Agreement on the future of Somalia after the transition period ending in August 2011. The Under-Secretary-General also referred to the report of the Secretary-General’s Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka, submitted to the Secretary-General on 12 April. He said that the report would be made public in due course." ]

[ "Letter dated 11 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Security Council on its work during the presidency of Colombia in April 2011 (see annex).", "This document has been prepared in my own capacity, following consultations with other members of the Security Council.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations", "Ambassador", "Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 11 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Assessment of the work of the Security Council during the presidency of Colombia (April 2011)", "Introduction", "During the Colombian presidency in April 2011, the Security Council held 35 meetings, including 18 consultations, 8 information exchange meetings, 2 public debates and 2 meetings with troop- and police-contributing countries to peacekeeping operations. The Security Council adopted five resolutions and two presidential statements and issued four press statements.", "Africa", "Ivorian", "Informal consultations were held on 4, 8 and 11 April to discuss developments in the political and humanitarian situation in Côte d'Ivoire and the implementation of Security Council decisions on the situation in the country.", "On 13 April, the Security Council had before it the twenty-seventh progress report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (Suff211), and heard a briefing by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire, Choi Young, Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs, Véléamoz and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Ambassador Nawannium Pillay, Permanent Representative of Côte d'Ivoire, Ambassador Yuof Buba, also made a statement. Following informal consultations, the members of the Security Council issued press statements, in which they welcomed, inter alia, the role played by President Al-Asna Damaana Watara in the settlement of the conflict, and urged all parties to work together to promote national reconciliation and restore sustainable peace, and expressed their appreciation for the role played by the United Nations, the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States in the settlement of the conflict.", "On 28 April, the Security Council, in its resolution 1980 (2011), decided, inter alia, to extend to 30 April 2012, the measures imposed by paragraph 6 of resolution 1643 (2005) to prevent any country from importing any rough diamonds from Côte d'Ivoire. In its resolution 1980 (2011), the Security Council also decided to extend the mandate of the Group of Experts, as provided for in paragraph 7 of resolution 1727 (2006), until 30 April 2012, to request the Group of Experts to submit its interim report to the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) by 15 October 2011 and to submit its final report to the Security Council by 15 days before the end of the mandate period. After the adoption of the resolution, the Permanent Representative of Côte d'Ivoire, Ambassador Yukio Baba, made a statement.", "Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "On 4 April, the Security Council heard a briefing by the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Abdelélah Era Mohamed Habib, on activities undertaken to fulfil its mandate. The Special Envoy reported on his participation in the London Conference on Libya on 29 March, at which the International Contact Group on Libya was established. He also provided information on the meetings held in Tripoli and Bangui. He also referred to the African Union Conference held on 31 March, which analysed programmes to address the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. In informal consultations following the exchange of information, the members of the Security Council exchanged views on this issue and analysed the ongoing events.", "On 28 April, in accordance with paragraph 12 of resolution 1973 (2011), a closed consultation was held to hear a briefing by the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, Lynn Pascoe, on the situation in Libya and the status of implementation of resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). The Under-Secretary-General summarized recent events and highlighted the efforts of the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs to address the growing humanitarian crisis, as well as how the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya addressed this issue and how to find a political solution to the crisis in accordance with his mandate. Members of the Security Council then exchanged views on this issue.", "Western Sahara", "On 18 April, the Security Council held a closed meeting with the troop- and police-contributing countries to the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) to hear a briefing by Mr. Wolfgang Weisbrod Weber, Director of the European and Latin American Division of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, and a formal announcement (see S/PV.6516).", "On 19 April, the Personal Envoy of the Secretary-General for Western Sahara, Christopher Ross, and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Western Sahara and Head of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara, Harney Abdelaziz, provided an update on their activities and presented the report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Western Sahara (Speak 249). Security Council members exchanged views on this issue.", "Since then, in its resolution 1979 (2011), the Council extended the mandate of MINURSO until 30 April 2012, and called on the parties to continue to show political will to work towards creating a climate conducive to dialogue to enter a more in-depth and substantive negotiation phase. Statements were made by the representatives of South Africa, Nigeria, the United Kingdom, France and Gabon.", "Somalia", "On 11 April, the Security Council, in its resolution 1976 (2011) on piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia, decided to give urgent consideration to the application of human rights law based on the recommendations of the Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on the Legal Aspects of piracy off the coast of Somalia, Djikran (Speak 30, annex), to establish a Special Court for Somalia, including the establishment of a Special Court against Piracy outside Somalia, to try suspected perpetrators of piracy in Somalia and the region, and requested the Secretary-General to report within two months on the modalities of the mechanism.", "Sudan", "On 14 April, the Security Council held a private meeting with troop- and police-contributing countries to the United Nations Mission in the Sudan, and heard a briefing by the Director of the Africai Division, Department of Peacekeeping Operations. Subsequently, observations and information exchange were made and official announcements were issued (see S/PV.6514).", "The information conference was held on 20 April, followed by informal consultations with the Assistant Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Mr. Atul Harre discussed the Secretary-General's report (Sole 239 and Schenko4). The Assistant Secretary-General introduced recent events in the Sudan and the activities of UNMIS and the African Union — the United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID). Security Council members exchanged views on this issue.", "On 21 April, the Security Council adopted a presidential statement (S/PRST/2009/8) and unanimously adopted resolution 1978 (2011) on 27 April, extending the mandate of UNMIS until 9 July 2011.", "Asia", "Afghanistan", "On 1 April, the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Alain Le Roy, briefed the attack on the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), which killed eight United Nations personnel. Members of the Security Council issued press statements condemning attacks and all types of incitement to violence. At the same time, they called on the Government of Afghanistan to bring the perpetrators to justice and to take all possible steps to protect UNAMA staff.", "Iraq", "On 8 April, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Iraq and Head of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), Ad Melkert, briefed the Mission on the implementation of its mandate and on the situation in Iraq. The Special Representative notes that progress has been made in the establishment of a new joint Government, drawing attention to the legitimate concerns of the current Iraqi people regarding the lack of employment, basic services and institutional commitments. He highlighted the exchange of missions between Kuwait and Iraq. Turning to UNAMI, he highlighted the close cooperation of the mission with the National Assembly and the Government on the establishment of the Independent Human Rights Commission, and expressed his concern about reported incidents of violence in the Ashlav camp.", "The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question", "On 21 April, the Security Council held an open debate to consider the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question. The Security Council heard a briefing by the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs.", "The Under-Secretary-General regrets the impasse in negotiations between Israel and Palestine. He stressed the importance of preventing violent expressions that undermine political efforts and reported that at the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee meeting on International Assistance to Palestinians, held in Brussels on 13 April, the United Nations indicated that the Government's functions had been sufficient to establish a viable national Government, in six areas of United Nations engagement with the Palestinian Authority (ecurity, rule of law and human rights, living information and production sectors, education and culture, health care, social security, and infrastructure and water). He noted that measures taken by Israel to facilitate access also contribute to economic activity and access to basic services. The Under-Secretary-General reiterates that settlement activities violate international law and Israel's commitments under the Road Map.", "With regard to the situation in Lebanon, he expressed concern that the new Government had not yet been formed after the Prime Minister's nomination for a few months. He said that the overall situation remained generally stable in the area of operations of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon.", "Statements were also made by the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations and the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations, and 41 other speakers participated.", "Americas", "Haiti", "An open debate on Haiti was held on 6 April, chaired by the President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos Caldron. He explained that Colombia had convened the conference to promote Haiti's stability and strengthen the rule of law in Haiti. He regretted the slow progress in the physical reconstruction and institutional reconstruction of the country, and stressed the responsibility of the international community to fulfil its commitment to the reconstruction of Haiti in a coherent and consistent manner and to achieve concrete, sustainable and long-term achievements aimed at strengthening institutions and improving transparency.", "The Council heard a briefing by the Secretary-General, commending the people of Haiti for the peaceful conclusion of the second round of voting and for taking an important step towards consolidating democracy. The Secretary-General highlights progress made in the area of security and respect for fundamental freedoms and stresses that the Haitian National Police has become a stronger and trustworthy institution, and that it has made progress in combating crime gangs and other security threats. He urged the future Government of Haiti to build on the progress achieved and not to ignore the major challenges facing the country, such as its economic deterioration and the inability of public institutions to provide basic services. The United Nations Special Envoy for Haiti, William Clinton, highlighted the role of the interim Haitian Reconstruction Commission established by the President and Parliament, namely, coordinating the work of the Haitian Government and international donors involved in reconstruction and non-governmental organizations, ensuring that all approved projects are consistent with the Government's own development planning and transparent use of resources. The Special Envoy said that more than 87 projects had been approved, which would help 2 million Haitians to complete. The President of Haiti, René Garcia Préval, requested the United Nations to reflect on the effectiveness of its interventions and to recognize that military deterrence is only one aspect of the pursuit of stability, it was recommended that peacekeeping missions be restructured to include the work of other specialized agencies, such as the World Bank and the United Nations funds and programmes. He stressed that stability in Haiti could only be achieved through Haiti's own efforts and, of course, the support and solidarity of the international community, particularly in building the necessary rule of law institutions. 40 speakers attended the meeting.", "On 6 April, the Security Council adopted a presidential statement (S/PRST/2009/7), in which it reaffirmed its firm commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and unity of Haiti, stressing that the Government and people of Haiti bear the primary responsibility for achieving peace and stability in Haiti and for the recovery process. The Council recognizes that the international community is assisting in supporting the stabilization process in Haiti, including the strengthening of Haiti's legislation, justice and administration. The Security Council recognizes that the challenges facing Haiti are interrelated and reiterates that sustained progress on security, institutional capacity-building, including the rule of law, and the consolidation of national government institutions, the promotion and protection of democracy, the promotion and protection of human rights and development is mutually reinforcing.", "Thematic issues", "Women and peace and security", "On 12 April, the Security Council held an open meeting to hear a briefing by the Under-Secretary-General for Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women and by the United Nations Agency for the Promotion of Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women (UNCT), Michelle Bachellett, Executive Director. In the closed consultations that followed, the members of the Security Council heard additional comments by the Under-Secretary-General and asked her. Most members expressed their support for United Nations activities and expressed the need for progress in implementing the relevant decisions of the Security Council.", "On 14 April, a public meeting on sexual violence was held, followed by closed consultations. The Security Council heard a briefing by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on sexual violence in conflict, Maygo Warstron. After consultations, the President delivered a statement on the media indicating a number of points reached by members of the Security Council. In particular, it was noted that the members of the Security Council took note of the Special Representative's assessment of the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the country's border situation with Angola, as well as her recommendations on addressing sexual violence in the region; the members of the Security Council noted with satisfaction the announcement of cooperation between the Governments concerned and the measures taken to prevent sexual violence and put an end to the relevant impunity; the Council also heard a briefing on the progress made in the implementation of her meetings with the African Union and Security Council resolution 1960 (2010); and, in addition, Council members welcomed the announcement of enhanced cooperation between the United Nations and the African Union on the issue and expressed their full support for the efforts of the Special Representative in ending sexual violence in armed conflict.", "Small arms", "On 25 April, the Security Council held closed consultations on small arms. The second report of the Secretary-General on small arms, submitted in accordance with paragraph 5 of his presidential statement of 29 June 2007 (S/PRST/2007/24), was presented by the United Nations High Representative for Disarmament Affairs, Sergio Duarante (Speak 255). Members of the Council thanked the High Representative for his presentation. After the presentation, several speakers referred to ongoing negotiations on an arms trade treaty, which should set the highest standards for arms trade, while others referred to the importance of cooperation, assistance and national capacity-building and the need for full implementation of the 2001 Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.", "Peace and security in Africa (Kenya)", "On 8 April, the Security Council held consultations on the request of the United Nations Security Council to defer certain legal procedures initiated by the Prosecutor against Kenyan citizens in November 2009, in accordance with article 16 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. After consultations, the President delivered a statement on the media on behalf of the members of the Security Council. In particular, following his request from Kenya, the Security Council held an interactive dialogue in March and held informal consultations in April; the Council also took into account the positions expressed by the African Union; and, after in-depth consideration, the members of the Security Council were unable to reach agreement on the matter. The Council also instructed the President to transmit the agreed points and the letter to the Permanent Representative of Kenya and Permanent Observer of the African Union. The matter has been carried out.", "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004)", "On 20 April, the Security Council, in its resolution 1977 (2011), decided to extend the mandate of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004) for a period of 10 years, namely, until 25 April 2021, and to conduct a review after five years and before the end of its mandate. In that resolution, the Security Council reiterates its call upon States to take appropriate and effective measures to address the threat posed by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery by non-State actors. The Security Council also reiterates the need for all Member States to fully respect their obligations and fulfil their commitments in arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery in all respects, and recognizes that the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and their means of delivery constitutes a threat to international peace and security. The Council also stresses the need for all States to fully implement resolution 1540 (2004) and stresses the importance of providing effective assistance to them, upon request, to meet their needs.", "Briefing by the Department of Political Affairs", "On 18 April, the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs introduced a high-level consultation held in Nairobi on 12 and 13 April, aimed at initiating a consultative process on the future of Somalia in the framework of the Transitional Federal Charter for Somalia and the Djibouti Peace Agreement. The Under-Secretary-General also referred to the report of the Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka, which was submitted to the Secretary-General on 12 April. He said that the report would be published in due course." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目115(a)", "任命各附属机构成员以补空缺, 并作出其他任命", "任命行政和预算问题咨询委员会成员", "秘书长的说明", "1. 《大会议事规则》第一五五和第一五六条规定如下：", "“第一五五条", "“大会应任命行政和预算问题咨询委员会,成员十六人,其中至少应包括有公认地位的财政专家三人。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "“第一五六条", "“行政和预算问题咨询委员会的成员不得有两人同为一国国民，成员应在广泛的地域代表性、个人资格和经验的基础上选出，任期三年，为三个历年。成员轮流任满，但可连任。三位财政专家不应同时任满。大会应在咨询委员会成员任期即将届满前的一届常会上任命新的成员，如出现空缺，则在下届常会上任命。”", "2. 行预咨委会现任成员如下：", "艾舍·阿菲菲(摩洛哥)^(*)", "雷纳塔·阿尔基尼(意大利)^(*)", "亚斯明卡·迪尼奇(克罗地亚)^(**)", "弗拉基米尔·约瑟福夫(俄罗斯联邦)^(*)", "科伦·凯拉皮尔(博茨瓦纳)^(**)", "纳姆加·坎帕(印度)^(***)", "彼得·马登斯(比利时)^(***)", "卡洛斯·鲁伊斯·马谢乌(墨西哥)^(***)", "理查德·穆恩(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)^(***)", "斯塔福德·奥利弗·尼尔(牙买加)^(**)", "杉山明(日本)^(***)", "穆罕默德·穆斯塔法·塔尔(约旦)^(**)", "亚历杭德罗·托雷斯·莱波里(阿根廷)^(*)", "戴维·特雷斯特曼(美利坚合众国)^(*)", "农耶·乌多(尼日利亚)^(**)", "张万海(中国)^(***)", "^(*) 2011年12月31日任满。", "^(**) 2012年12月31日任满。", "^(***) 2013年12月31日任满。", "3. 鉴于阿菲菲女士、阿尔基尼女士、约瑟福夫先生、托雷斯·莱波里先生和特雷斯特曼先生的任期将于2011年12月31日届满，大会第六十六届会议需任命五人，以填补空缺。获任命者任期三年，自2012年1月1日起。", "4. 在以往各届会议上，第五委员会都向大会提出一项决定草案，其中载有被推荐任命者的姓名。兹建议第六十六届会议遵循同样程序。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 115 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Appointments to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs", "and other appointments", "Appointment of members of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. Rules 155 and 156 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly provide as follows:", "“Rule 155", "“The General Assembly shall appoint an Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions consisting of sixteen members, including at least three financial experts of recognized standing.", "“Rule 156", "“The members of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, no two of whom shall be nationals of the same State, shall be selected on the basis of broad geographical representation, personal qualifications and experience and shall serve for a period of three years corresponding to three calendar years. Members shall retire by rotation and shall be eligible for reappointment. The three financial experts shall not retire simultaneously. The General Assembly shall appoint the members of the Advisory Committee at the regular session immediately preceding the expiration of the term of office of the members or, in case of vacancies, at the next session.”", "2. The present membership of the Advisory Committee is the following:", "Aïcha Afifi (Morocco)*", "Renata Archini (Italy)*", "Jasminka Dinić (Croatia)**", "Vladimir A. Iosifov (Russian Federation)*", "Collen V. Kelapile (Botswana)**", "Namgya C. Khampa (India)***", "Peter Maddens (Belgium)***", "Carlos Ruiz Massieu (Mexico)***", "Richard Moon (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)***", "Stafford Oliver Neil (Jamaica)**", "Akira Sugiyama (Japan)***", "Mohammad Mustafa Tal (Jordan)**", "Alejandro Torres Lépori (Argentina)*", "David Traystman (United States of America)* Nonye Udo (Nigeria)**", "Zhang Wanhai (China)***", "* Term of office expires on 31 December 2011.", "** Term of office expires on 31 December 2012.", "*** Term of office expires on 31 December 2013.", "3. Since the terms of office of Ms. Afifi, Ms. Archini, Mr. Iosifov, Mr. Torres Lépori and Mr. Traystman will expire on 31 December 2011, it will be necessary for the General Assembly, at its sixty-sixth session, to appoint five persons to fill the resulting vacancies. The persons so appointed will serve for a period of three years, beginning on 1 January 2012.", "4. At previous sessions, the Fifth Committee submitted to the General Assembly a draft decision containing the names of the persons recommended for appointment. It is suggested that a similar procedure be followed at the sixty-sixth session." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 115 (a) of the provisional agenda", "Appointments to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other appointments", "Appointment of members of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "Note by the Secretariat", "The rules of procedure of the General Assembly are as follows:", "Article 5", "“The General Assembly shall appoint the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, who shall include at least three financial experts with recognized standing.", "∗ A/63/250.", "Article 5", "“The members of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions shall not have two persons to be nationals of one State, who shall be elected for a three-year term on the basis of broad geographical representation, personal qualifications and experience. Members shall retire on a rotational basis but may be reappointed. Three financial experts should not be allowed to do so at the same time. The General Assembly shall appoint new members at a regular session prior to the expiration of the terms of office of members of the Advisory Committee, if vacancies arise, at the next regular session.”", "The present members of the Advisory Committee are as follows:", "Ashafi (Morocco) (2011)", "Renata Alkiani (Italy) (2011)", "Asminca Diiniić (Croatia) (2011)**", "Vladimir Yoserf (Russian Federation) (2011)", "Coron Kelapel (Botswana) (2004) (**)", "Naamanga Cpa (India) (2011)", "Peter Mardens (Belgium) (2011)", "Carlos Ru Islama Madsheou (Mexico) (2011)", "Richard Muyen (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) (2011)", "Sofd Olifini (Jamaica) (2011)**", "Yamazaki (Japan) (2011)", "Mohamed Mustfa Tal (Jordan) (2011)**", "Alejandro Tores Leipari (Argentina) (2011)*", "David Restman (United States of America) (2011)", "Agye Udo (Nigeria) (2011)**", "Mr. Zhang Hai (China) Philip (***)", "AD(*) Term of office expires on 31 December 2011.", "AD (**) Term of office expires on 31 December 2012.", "∗ Term of office expires on 31 December 2013.", "In the light of the expiration of the terms of office of Ms. Afford, Ms. Alikiney, Mr. Yowerf, Mr. Tores Leipari and Mr. Tresterman on 31 December 2011, the General Assembly, at its sixty-sixth session, had to appoint five persons to fill vacancies. The appointed person shall be appointed for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2012.", "At previous sessions, the Fifth Committee submitted to the General Assembly a draft decision containing the names of the persons recommended for appointment. It is recommended that the same procedure be followed at the sixty-sixth session." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目140", "联合检查组", "联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门会计准则的准备情况", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递联合检查组题为“联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门会计准则的准备情况”的报告。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门 会计准则(IPSAS)的准备情况", "撰 写 人", "Gérard Biraud", "联合检查组", "2010年，日内瓦", "[]", "联 合 国", "联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门 会计准则(IPSAS)的准备情况", "撰 写 人", "Gérard Biraud", "联合检查组", "[]", "联 合 国 2010年，日内瓦", "执行摘要\n 联合国系统各组织为采用国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)的准备情况 JIU/REP/2010/6", "本报告的目的是综合介绍联合国系统各组织向国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)过渡和实施的现状，并说明每个组织是如何开展这一进程的，重点放在指出最佳做法和可能的风险。", "在经过25年的努力试图在全联合国系统各组织统一财务报告做法并使其财务报表更有可比性(即，使用一套专门的联合国会计准则)之后，大会于2006年核可了行政首长协委会的建议，并批准联合国采用国际公共部门会计准则 (IPSAS)。其他联合国组织也很快仿效，因为国际公共部门会计准则是公认的最适合非盈利的政府间组织的。", "采用国际公共部门会计准则被看作是联合国系统内的一项关键的改革内容并继续得到理事机构和高级管理层的支持。自2006年以来，联合国系统各组织在向国际公共部门会计准则的要求看齐方面取得了进展。然而，它们也越来越认识到这项工作比最初预期的要艰巨和复杂得多。在审查的22个组织中，一个(粮食规划署)已经得到其外部审计员对于其2008年和2009年财务报表的无条件的(即，有利的)意见，作为国际公共部门会计准则达标单位介绍(其经验和最佳做法见附件四)；八个――国际民航组织、海事组织、电联、泛美卫生组织、教科文组织、工发组织、知识产权组织和气象组织――已经引进了国际公共部门会计准则，最初目标定为2010年，其外部审计员将在2011年内确定它们是否确实已经达标；两个(原子能机构和邮联)预计在2011年实施国际公共部门会计准则；九个(粮农组织、劳工组织、开发计划署、人口基金、难民署、儿童基金、项目厅、近东救济工程处和卫生组织)在2012年，以及两个(联合国和世界旅游组织)在2014年实施。", "审查显示，国际公共部门会计准则的采用正在开始对联合国系统各组织产生重大影响，其范围远远超过会计核算。转向国际公共部门会计准则应使全联合国系统得以强化对资源和业务流程的管理和改进基于成果的管理。视一个组织对于国际公共部门会计准则要求的最初准备条件而定，对大多数组织而言，向国际公共部门会计准则过渡是一项重大事业，因为它影响到会计核算、财务报告和与此相关的信息技术系统，并会导致对规划、决策、预算编制和财务报告采取新的做法。预计根据独立的国际标准报告资产、债务、收入和支出将大大提高联合国系统对于成员国、捐助方和工作人员的财务报表的质量、可比性和可信性，从而强化问责、透明度和管治。", "许多组织低估了所要求的共同努力和资源的重要性，没有能够对最初的准备情况和风险进行评估。审查中还发现，向国际公共部门会计准则成功过渡的关键在于高级管理层的强有力的支持和参与，敬业的部门间专题工作队和采用项目管理做法。", "在高级别管理委员会(HLCM)主持下的全系统范围项目对于支持联合国系统各组织的国际公共部门会计准则项目至关重要。该项目由会计准则专题工作队协调，内容包括制定会计指南、培训材料和在国际公共部门会计准则小组之间开展经验交流(如联合国秘书长的进展报告和会计准则网站等所反映的)，并参与国际公共部门会计准则委员会(IPSASB)的准则制定工作。", "本报告除了简要介绍实行国际公共部门会计准则预计会带来的惠益之外，还指出并阐述了为确保向国际公共部门会计准则成功过渡，行政首长应考虑的若干风险。", "报告建议，除了向各相关立法机构提出的两条建议之外，各行政首长应确保实施在本报告中指出的以下十六种最佳做法。本检查员知道，许多组织正在实施或已经落实了大多数这些推荐做法。", "实施向国际公共部门会计准则顺利过渡的16种最佳做法：", "1： 建立部门间国际公共部门会计准则项目指导委员会或相当的机关，负责确保高级管理层理解能推动向国际公共部门会计准则过渡的目标和远景。该委员会应有多年期授权，配备具有机构资源规划的前期设计、设计和实施专长的工作人员。", "2： 对根据联合国系统会计准则制定的现行业务流程、程序、财务报告和功能与每一项国际公共部门会计准则的要求和影响之间的差距进行深入分析。", "3： 如项目环境出现重大变化，应对国际公共部门会计准则的最初采用战略进行重新评估并做出必要调整。", "4： 应用成熟的项目规划和实施方法，包括明确界定的战略目标、可交付的成果、时间序列、阶段性目标和监测程序。", "5： 制定一项战略，根据以往的会计准则(联合国系统会计准则)，为目标实施日期(遵守标准头一年的第一天)确定遵守国际公共部门会计准则的期初余额以及前一日的期终余额，但要能很容易地将目标年的期初余额变为国际公共部门会计准则的表述。", "6： 为了确保理事机关持续参与变革进程，定期向理事机关通报实施国际公共部门会计准则的进展情况并要求其通过相关决定，特别是关于对财务条例的必要修改和为项目调拨资源的决定。", "7： 确定行政、预算和财务领域所需要的额外人力资源并列入预算，以确保不仅有效实施向国际公共部门会计准则的过渡，而且有充足的能力保持今后对国际公共部门会计准则的遵守。", "8： 确保提供资金，在可行的情况下，内部培训会计、业务和变革管理的专家，或招聘外部专家。", "9： 透彻地分析现有(传下来的)信息系统，以了解其与国际公共部门会计准则要求的一致性和协同情况，并且，作为差距初步分析的主要内容，弄懂为支持国际公共部门会计准则，机构资源规划系统所必须经历的改革。", "10：通过一切可利用的通信手段、培训和文件，开展关于向国际公共部门会计准则过渡的宣传。这可通过以下途径实现：个人接触、宣讲会、来自本单位外的参与了成功实例的人的介绍、休假地会议、实际操作和将目前的会计政策与新政策作比较的培训材料等。", "11：通过利用专门的文件(手册)和培训，确保现有的和将来的工作人员，尤其是管理人员、供应链和财务人员，充分熟悉新的程序和要求。", "12：根据项目目标，为项目的实施采用风险评估、管理和缓解战略和做法。", "13：为避免令人不愉快的意想不到局面，应在最后实施日期之前很早就计划和准备临时财务报表供外部审计员审查。", "14：在组织和其外部审计员之间就向国际公共部门会计准则过渡问题尽早建立和保持双边对话，以帮助确保外部和内部审计员都对新系统及其对控制程序的影响有深入的理解，因为要实施国际公共部门会计准则，就需要向应计制会计转换。", "15：在国际公共部门会计准则项目的初步实施阶段，对内部监控措施进行连续的测试，以确保数据的准确性。", "16：确保在项目接近尾声时对系统进行独立的和全面的验证和核查。", "考虑到所有这些最佳做法，下文所列建议的前两条是专门针对联合国系统各组织的立法机关的，第三条是给其行政首长的：所有建议都旨在强化联合国系统的每一个组织在向实施国际公共部门会计准则的过渡中的问责、效果和效率。", "建议1", "立法机关应要求各自组织的行政首长定期发布关于国际公共部门会计准则实施情况的进展报告。", "建议2", "立法机关应提供所需的支助、工作人员和资金，以确保向国际公共部门会计准则的成功和有效的过渡。", "建议3", "行政首长应确保在实施国际公共部门会计准则项目时，本联检组报告中所介绍的16种最佳做法都得到实行。", "目录", "页次", "执行摘要 4", "缩略语 9", "章次 段次", "一. 导言 1-8 11", "A. 缘起 2-3 11", "B. 目的 4-5 12", "C. 方法 6-8 12", "二. 走向国际公共部门会计准则 9-28 14", "A. 为什么财务报告需要会计准则 9-13 14", "B. 联合国系统各组织面临的困境 14 15", "C. 最初的没有实现的解决办法：联合国会计准则(UNSAS) 15-18 15", "D. 老大难问题的新解决办法：国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS) 19-21 16", "E. 2005-2007：采用国际公共部门会计准则的政治决定 22-28 17", "三. 国际公共部门会计准则对各组织的影响：主要问题 29-72 20", "A. 向应计制会计的重大转变 29-37 20", "1. 新颖之处 29-30 20", "2. 挑战 31-35 20", "3. 好处 36-37 21", "B. 与实施国际公共部门会计准则相关的其他问题 38-51 23", "1. 声誉风险 38-40 23", "2. 潜在的风险 41-43 24", "3. 改变管理 44 24", "4. 国际公共部门会计准则费时又费钱 45-46 24", "5. 文化方面 47-48 25", "6. 政治方面 49-51 26", "C. 一些影响最大的会计变化 52-72 27", "1. 财务报表的提交 53 27", "2. 资产的处理：财产、固定资产和设备(PPE) 54-59 27", "3. 工作人员福利 60-64 29", "4. 预算问题 65-69 30", "5. 岁入确认 70 31", "6. 基金会计制度 71 32", "7. 外汇汇率和财务报表的时间 72 32", "四. 国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)项目在联合国系统的实施 73-163 33", "A. 全系统范围的(CEB)项目 74-83 33", "1. 一项机构间事业 74-76 33", "2. 可交付的成果和服务 77-83 34", "B. 各组织的项目：战略问题和多样性 84-155 35", "1. 管治和管理变革 84-94 35", "2. 差距分析和用户 95-96 38", "3. 分阶段、有计划的战略 97-102 39", "4. 项目管理 103-108 40", "5. 机构资源规划 109-111 42", "6. 跟上理事会及其最初预期 112-113 43", "7. 人力资源 114-116 45", "8. 财政资源 117-118 46", "9. 机构资源规划及其与IPSAS实施工作的互助 119-129 47", "10. 提高认识和宣传 130-133 50", "11. 培训 134-139 52", "12. 风险评估 140-143 54", "13. 监督 144-155 57", "C. 一个关键指标：组织的预期达标日期 156-163 60", "五. IPSAS与金融和经济危机 164-168 64", "六. 结论 169-171 66", "附件", "一. IPSAS一览表(2010年IFAC国际公共部门会计公告手册)手册的范围 67", "二. 参加组织认定的每一条IPSAS标准用百分比表示的重要性 69", "三. 向IPSAS实施过渡的流程 70", "四. 一个成功的例子：粮食署的经验 1-37 71", "五. 关于联检组建议有待各参加组织采取的行动一览表 80", "缩略语", "AC 审计委 审计委员会\n ACABQ 行预咨委会 行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "ACC 行政协调委员会", "ASHI 退休后健康保险", "BoA 联合国审计员委员会", "CCAQ 行政问题协商委员会", "CCAQ (FB) 行政问题协商委员会财务和预算小组委员会", "CEB 联合国行政首长协调委员会", "CNC 全国会计理事会", "EC 欧洲委员会", "ED 征求意见稿", "ERP 机构资源规划", "FASB 财会准则委员会 财务会计准则委员会", "FAO 粮农组织 联合国粮食和农业组织", "FBN 财政和预算网", "FEE 欧洲会计专家联合会", "FS 财务报表", "GAAP 普遍公认的会计原则", "HLCM 高级别管理委员会", "IAS 国际会计准则", "IASB 国际会计准则理事会", "IASC 国际会计准则委员会", "ICAO 民航组织 国际民用航空组织", "ICT 信通技术 信息和通信技术", "IFAC 国际会计师联合会", "IFRIC 国际财务报告解读委员会", "IFRS 国际财务报告标准", "ILO 劳工组织 国际劳工组织", "IMIS 综合管理信息系统", "IMO 海事组织 国际海事组织", "IPSAS 国际公共部门会计准则", "IPSASB 国际公共部门会计准则委员会", "ITU 电联 国际电信联盟", "NAO 英国审计局", "NGO 非政府组织", "OECD 经合发组织 经济合作和发展组织", "PAHO 泛美卫生组织", "PoEA 外部审计小组", "PPE 财产、固定资产和设备", "SG 秘书长", "TF 会计准则专题工作队", "ULO 未清偿债务", "UNESCO 教科文组织 联合国教育、科学和文化组织", "UNDP 开发计划署 联合国开发计划署", "UNFPA 人口基金 联合国人口活动基金", "UNGA 大会 联合国大会", "UNHCR 难民署 联合国难民事务高级专员", "UNICEF 儿童基金 联合国儿童基金会", "UNIDO 工发组织 联合国工业发展组织", "UNOPS 项目厅 联合国项目事务厅", "UNRWA 近东救济工程处 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处", "UNSAS 联合国系统会计准则", "UNWTO 世界旅游组织 联合国世界旅游组织", "UPU 邮联 万国邮政联盟", "WFP 粮食署 世界粮食规划署", "WHO 卫生组织 世界卫生组织", "WINGS 粮食规划署信息网和全球系统", "WIPO 知识产权组织 世界知识产权组织", "WMO 气象组织 世界气象组织", "一. 导言", "1. 作为2008年工作方案的一部分，联合检查组(联检组)开展了题为“国际公共部门会计准则在联合国系统各组织的实施情况”的审查工作。本审查报告面向广泛的读者，力求阐述若干复杂而又互相关联的问题，提供一份全面的综述。鉴于国际公共部门会计准则项目的规模和高度技术性(国际公共部门会计所有准则的全文长达1,000多页)，要把审查内容综合成一份具有可读性并且尽可能简练的报告决非易事。因此，在本报告中，资料被分成相对短的部分加以阐述，以便利酌情个别研究。欢迎读者利用目录寻找自己特别感兴趣的问题：", "第二章专门针对希望了解改革的目的的读者；", "第三章解释国际公共部门会计准则与联合国系统会计准则之间的一些具体差别，以及国际公共部门会计准则的要求和好处会如何影响各组织；", "第四章阐述各组织如何在不同的环境中对付同样的挑战；造成成功或失败的因素；在机构间层面支持各组织的项目工作队；以及最佳做法――行政首长和成员国都有重要作用可发挥的领域；", "第五章是国际公共部门会计准则大画面的简述；", "第六章集中介绍联合国系统中国际公共部门会计准则达标的第一个、也是迄今为止唯一的一个成功例子。", "A. 缘起", "2. 自1980年以来，尤其是自2004年以来，联合国系统各组织认识到有必要实行一种共同的进程，朝着遵守国际上公认的通用会计准则有序过渡。对这一共同进程的审查为联检组完成其任务提供了特殊的机会，即，要确保各组织最佳利用其所掌握的资源，特别是通过它们之间更好的协调来做到这一点。[1] 本审查始于2008年，而大多数的研究和起草工作是在2009年进行的。", "3. 进行这一改革的紧迫性首先是由来自联合国系统的国际会计领域的专家所感受到的，这并不奇怪。检查员还记得国际会计师联合会(IFAC)的严酷评估，它指出，“尽管高质量的财务报告和会计准则对于改进管治、问责和透明度十分重要，但联合国系统管理改革报告大多没有将财务报告和会计准则同这三项改革目标联系起来”[2] (世界粮食规划署管治项目除外)。具体的说，要是国际公共部门会计准则在过去几十年就实施的话，就不会有关于资本总体计划的必要性和成本、关于退休后健康保险(ASHI)的赔偿责任、或数以百万计的资产特别是在维和团中下落不明的不愉快的、令人感到出乎意外的局面。", "B. 目的", "4. 鉴于关于采用国际公共部门会计准则的所有原则决定都已在2006年和2007年做出，本报告将不对其是否恰当进行论述，而是力求提出如何将其最有效的加以落实的方式方法。因此，本报告的目的是：", "5. 本报告力求提高大多没有会计专业背景的各国代表和秘书处官员对国际公共部门会计准则的认识。检查员感到必须使这一非常技术性的会计工作改革像任何其他管理改革一样容易理解，以便成员国和官员们都能理解采用国际公共部门会计准则后所预期的好处。另一个目的是帮助决策者充分考虑到，根据2004年和2005年联合国系统各组织会计和财务主任的决定和随后由各自立法机关在2006年和2007年做出的决定，尽快实现其制作符合国际公共部门会计准则的财务报表的共同目标所涉及的最相关的成功因素。", "C. 方法", "6. 本审查覆盖2006年至2010年年中所有参加组织的国际公共部门会计准则的实施情况。[3] 根据联检组的内部标准和准则及其内部工作程序，本报告编写过程中采用了以下方法：初步的案头审查，访谈和深入分析。联检组查阅了联合国行政首长协调委员会(CEB)会计准则专题工作队散发的半年期调查问卷的答复。此外，联检组向所有参加组织发出了一份详细的调查问卷。在所收到的答复的基础上，检查员与参加组织的官员进行了访谈。他还征求了行政协调会秘书处和已经采用了国际公共部门会计准则的组织的意见，其中包括经济合作和发展组织(经合发组织)、欧洲委员会和世界银行。还征求了国际公共部门会计准则委员会、国际会计师联合会、联合国审计员委员会和法国政府的意见。", "7. 在报告定稿时，征求并考虑了参加组织对报告草稿的实质性意见。根据联检组章程第11.2条，为用本组的集体智慧检验报告的结论和建议，本报告在检查员之间进行了商讨，然后定稿。为便利对报告的把握及其建议的实施和监测，附件五载有表格，显示本报告是否已提交有关组织以采取行动或供参考。表格列出了与每一个组织相关的建议，具体说明是否要求该组织的立法机关或理事会做出决定，或可由该组织的行政首长采取行动。检查员向所有曾协助其编写本报告的人表示感谢，特别是那些参加访谈和分享其所知和专门知识的人。", "8. 谨将本报告献给已故的Jean François des Robert, 他给联检组的讲座引起了本项目的开展，并且，尽管他是公认的在非洲、亚洲和中欧各不同国家实施国际财务报告标准和国际公共部门会计准则的专家，但只是谦虚地接受作为联检组的研究官员为本项目工作，从2008年1月直到同年4月他生命的最后日子。[4] 他作为一位专家和人类的表率被人们深深地怀念。此后，本项目暂停了一年。", "二. 走向国际公共部门会计准则", "A. 为什么财务报告需要会计准则", "9. 联合国系统大多数组织在决定从联合国系统会计准则过渡到国际公共部门会计准则之前，只有极少会计师对于会计师可在改进公共服务的财务管理和确保钱发挥更大的价值方面扮演重要的角色有些微的理解。", "10. 财务报表(FS)的目的是就私营或公共实体的业绩和财务状况(即，其健康状况和财富)提供有结构的基本信息，供内部和外部用户使用。[5]", "11. 为了有用处，财务报表必须使所有用户以相等的方式理解，因此，要应用由权威的、独立的专家制定的通用会计原则、政策或规则――由此产生了会计准则的概念。随着国际贸易、金融和投资交换的发展，应用通用的工具来估算商业实体的价值的必要性就要求这些准则得到国际公认。", "12. 这一需要最初是在私营部门感受到的，会计师们首先在国内，然后在国际上开会处理这一问题，建立和维持了一些制定准则的机构，如国际会计准则委员会(IASC)[6] 及其后继机构，设在伦敦的15个成员的国际会计准则理事会(IASB)。[7] 其国际财务报告标准(IFRS)衍生自国际会计准则(IAS)，于2005年被欧洲联盟规定为对所有上市公司的强制性准则，并且，这些准则，或其相当的国家准则，正在其他国家变为强制性的，其中包括印度、南非、土耳其和美国。", "13. “支撑国际会计准则的基本原理是这些准则规定了一系列原则，据此对关于特定交易记录的决定进行判断。这些准则的应用和审计是基于这样的假设：应用它们的人在理论上和实践上对其有透彻的了解，审计的人也有类似的背景。”[8]", "B. 联合国系统各组织面临的困境", "14. 联合国系统各组织花了25年的时间才从缺乏一个共同的会计和财务报告框架从而无法在各组织之间进行比较的状况走向逐步采用同样的国际公认的会计准则。这一演变的主要步骤如下：", "1980：行政问题协商委员会财务和预算小组委员会设立了一个工作组，并同意国际会计准则委员会的建议应作为有用的指南。", "1981：行政协调委员会通过了一些来自“普遍公认的会计原则”的常识性原则，其基础是会计师在记录交易和编制财务报告时所遵循的标准、惯例和规则。特别是以下方面的原则：连续性(“继续中的关系”)、前后一致性、审慎性、实质重于形式、披露重要的会计政策、物质性、真实性、定期和经常性。行政问题协商委员会(财务和预算)(CCAQ(FB))于同年规定披露会计政策对于联合国系统各组织是强制性的。", "1980s关于制定一套专门适用于联合国系统各组织的会计准则的困难(CCAQ (FB))或必要性(外部审计小组)存在两个对立的学派。", "1991：外部审计小组(PoEA)清楚地阐述了联合国系统各组织所面临的挑战：“当然，有很多理由说明为什么专门用于企业需要和商业会计而制定的准则不能直接应用于联合国各组织的非常不同的情况(……)更广义的说，联合国各组织的宗旨和目标、编制财务报表的组织和年终结算各种用户的适当的披露要求、利益和需要在许多方面都大大不同于适用于商业机构的东西。”[9] 同年设立了准则委员会。", "C. 最初的没有实现的解决办法：联合国会计准则(UNSAS)", "15. 最后，应大会1990年12月21日对外部审计小组[10] 的要求，秘书长1993年关于会计准则的报告[11] 附件是联合国系统会计准则的第一稿。虽然这些准则经过了一系列的修改并在联检组审查时仍继续被大多数联合国系统组织在应用，其目标仍未改变。", "16. 使用联合国系统会计准则是朝着联合国系统各组织的会计采用共同的语言和专业术语迈出的第一步，但其目标只是实现了一部分。", "17. 不管为修改联合国系统会计准则作了多大的努力，三大缺陷仍将存在，也就是为适应联合国系统各组织的各种需求而对其采取的灵活性和适应性所要付出的代价：", "(a) 联合国系统会计准则留下了充分的解释余地，因为确立这些准则的案文本身就承认财务主管人员的自由原则，这样就允许各组织放弃严格的纪律；[12]", "(b) 因此，它们并非真正的“生效”，“通用”，或推而广之，可信的；", "(c) 从审计员的角度看，它们会引起利益的冲突，因为它们是由账目是按照自己的标准审计的组织的当局所颁布的。", "18. 联合国在反复修改其自己的准则，力求将其会计实务现代化，而与此同时，在民间社会，会计趋势在迅速演变，特别是在本世纪之交出现了几件丑闻(安然、世通等丑闻)使公众舆论赞成强化会计条例和政策及其国际趋同之后。因此，人们日益清楚地看到，确保联合国全系统财务报告和会计流程的前后一致性和可比性的唯一办法是，确保所有的财务报表都要符合由独立的、国际成员组成的外部权威机构所颁布的同一套、并按非营利实体的需要做了调整的标准。", "D. 老大难问题的新解决办法：国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)", "19. 值得庆幸的是，在国际财务报告标准取得成功之后，作为补充，于1996年启动了一项举措以满足这些需要。国际会计师联合会(IFAC)[13] 在多伦多设立了公共部门理事会(PSC)，后改名为国际公共部门会计准则理事会(IPSASB)，旨在制订由一个独立透明的、类似于国际会计准则理事会所遵循的正当程序[14] 所支撑的国际公共部门会计准则。[15] 目标是制订高质量的会计准则，供全世界公共部门实体在编制一般目的财务报表时使用。公共部门实体包括国家政府、地区和地方政府及其组成部分的实体。政府间组织没有包括在准则的最初范围内。国际公共部门会计准则理事会以数量很有限的工作人员，作为独立的准则制订机构在国际会计师联合会领导下开展工作。它通过以下方法实现其目标：", "20. 从基本上说，国际公共部门会计准则针对应综合反映在一般目的财务报表中的交易和事件规定了确认、衡量、表述和披露的要求。国际公共部门会计准则的全文使用了一些新的术语[17] 并提供了将这些准则应用于某些交易的例子，以便人们更好地理解这些要求。为帮助实行全系统采用国际公共部门会计准则所需的必要改革，会计准则专题工作队讨论了准则和准则的解释问题。2007年底，全系统范围项目组制定了国际公共部门会计准则遵守政策和指南大纲，已被联合国系统各组织所接受，承认是推动全联合国系统协调统一遵守国际公共部门会计准则的财务报告的一个稳定的平台。2008年和2009年，又有进一步的全系统范围的指导文件被接受、批准或认可。但是，会计准则的解释问题仍是不断辩论的议题，甚至在同一个组织内也是这样，而且这些年来在不断演变。(在这方面，粮食规划署作为最早的采用单位，无法受益于其他组织的引导。)", "21. 如同国际财务报告标准，国际公共部门会计准则要求完全遵守。如果有任何国际公共部门会计准则未被完全遵守，就不能声称财务报表是遵守国际公共部门会计准则的。然而，为便利循序渐进地实施国际公共部门会计准则，高级别管理委员会建议，在会计准则专题工作队建议的基础上(见下文第26段)，在过渡完成之前，可灵活应用联合国系统会计准则并容纳已经符合国际公共部门会计准则要求的会计政策和做法。", "E. 2005-2007：采用国际公共部门会计准则的政治决定", "22. 为了集中关注彻底改造联合国会计系统的需要，于2002年设立了会计准则专题工作队(TF)。这一机构间小组由来自联合国系统各组织的会计师组成，由当时的联合国账目司司长(现任副总会计师)组建并仍继续担任主席，还兼任行政协调会财务和预算网的共同主席。[18] 高级别管理委员会批准设立由专题工作队所建议的国际会计准则联合“项目”。一旦找到了合格的组长并落实了联合资金，该项目就能为各组织提供机会，通过按照紧张的时间表发出的调查问卷和关于各种可交付的成果(立场文件、指南草稿等)的评论，交流看法和经验。", "23. 行政协调会项目组向专题工作队成员提出的第一批基本问题涉及联合国系统最佳会计准则问题以及对其评估的标准。提出了四个备选方案：", "24. 从所联系的28个组织中已收到12份正式答复(其中有一些来自最大的组织)，都相当重视“国际性、牢固的正当流程和完全的应计制”等准则(见第29-37段)。有意思的是，各组织几乎是平分为两派：一派是“务实”派，赞成国际财务报告标准――一套在许多国家被大型私人公司广泛使用的国际标准，是大多数会计师知道的、并存在全面的资料和培训材料；另一派是“逻辑”派，赞成新的国际公共部门会计准则，认为其特别适合公共部门实体的特殊需要。最后，两种观点都没有明显的多数(赞成国际公共部门会计准则的有11家，赞成国际财务报告标准的有10家)。", "25. 对问题“你是否同意文件的说法――全面采用外部会计准则在短期和中期内联合国系统各组织可能做不到？”，截至2005年6月，12份答复中有10份确实同意这一说法。因此，在全系统范围内投入了相当大的努力宣传向国际准则过渡可在中期内完成的观点。这些努力是专题工作队工作的关键内容，在高级别管理委员会的支持下，推动加快从联合国系统会计准则向国际公共部门会计准则的过渡。顺理成章的是，每个组织本应在2005年对其准备程度进行一次深入的分析。这就使所有组织必须对国际公共部门会计准则的要求有很好的理解，然而，情况并非如此。相反，只是进行了全系统范围准备情况的研究。根据研究的结果和经合法组织、欧洲委员会和北约的成功经验，选定五年为过渡的标准(紧的)时间框架。此外，有三个组织被认定有可能早在2008年就采用国际准则，与此同时，预计其他组织将在2010年做好达标的准备。虽然从技术上说，这一截止时间的可行性和缺乏灵活性本应受到质疑，但各组织在2005年夏受到压力要遵守它。另一方面，应当承认，在最初阶段，确定一个有挑战性的截止时间有助于引起高级管理层和理事会对这一过渡的重视，并能造成一种势头以确保项目资源和对改革管理投入努力的承诺。", "26. 这就解释了为什么五个月之后，在2005年11月30日，高级别管理委员会一致通过了以下建议：", "(a) 联合国系统各组织应采用国际公共部门会计准则。", "(b) 联合国系统各组织应制定其实施时间表，所有组织采用国际公共部门会计准则的生效日期不得晚于从2010年1月1日――对于联合国维和行动而言，则为2010年7月1日――开始的报告期。", "(c) 应通过专题工作队在财务和预算网领导下继续为全系统范围的这一变革提供支持、协调和领导，并继续提供项目资源以确保国际公共部门会计准则要求的解释和实施在全系统保持一致。", "(d) 在联合国系统会计准则第3段末加上以下句子：", "“一个组织为实行国际公共部门会计准则而背离下文所列做法时，该组织应被视为遵守了联合国会计准则。”", "(e) 继续提供机构间资助和其他支助，以确保联合国系统在国际公共部门会计准则委员会的有效代表性。[19]", "27. 根据秘书长的相关报告[20] 和与秘书处官员的交流，行预咨委会以该机构少有的热情核可了这些建议：“对于咨委会而言，显然本组织应从联合国系统会计准则转为国际公共部门会计准则”[21] 然而，同时又谨慎和正确地警告不要搞不现实的时间表，并强调实施工作需要与引进新的信息技术系统同步。", "28. 2006年7月7日，大会采纳了咨委会的两方面的意见，决定批准联合国采用国际公共部门会计准则，但并没有规定秘书长建议的目标日期。此外，根据咨委会的建议，大会批准了秘书长提出的资源要求，以开始实施进程。[22] 在不到两年的时间里，所有组织都追随了联合国的脚步，开始向国际公共部门会计准则过渡，这是一个了不起的成就。", "三. 国际公共部门会计准则对各组织的影响：主要问题", "A. 向应计制会计的重大转变", "1. 新颖之处", "29. 2000年，行预咨委员会参加了由经济合作和发展组织(经合发组织)为其成员国财务专家举行的年度应计项目专题讨论会，讨论采用会计的新基础：相对于“现金”的“应计项目”问题[23]。自那时以来，已形成了一种专业共识，即，应计制会计是满足现代财务报告需要的最佳方法，最适合提供一个实体的财务状况的全貌，能深入了解一个年份的实际资产、负债、岁入和支出情况。现在，所有国际会计准则都要求遵守这一记录交易的方法。", "30. 根据应计制会计，交易和其他事件在其发生时就被承认(不只是在收付现金或其相当物时)。因此，交易和事件被记录在会计账册中，并在其相关的时期的财务报表中得到确认。虽然交易日期和付款日期往往不在同一天，但在新方法下，每一件事件都在实际发生之日被记录并在相关财务期的财务报表中有所交待。因此，会计处理会有所不同。在应计制会计下要确认的内容是：资产、负债、岁入和支出(IPSAS 1)。", "2. 挑战", "31. 在公共管理中使用应计制会计所产生的影响远远超过财务范围，因为它影响了通常的工作惯例，从政治决策到日常的运作，范围广泛。确实，采用这一方法不亚于一场文化革命。一些联合国系统的组织早就在使用应计制会计来记录某些岁入或支出，因此，更有条件实施国际公共部门会计准则。但对其他组织而言，这种变化不仅需要其财会人员适应，而且还需要查阅现有财务报表、或要为制作新报表做贡献的各国代表和管理人员适应。", "32. 这种变化就像一位歌手或电视播音员从录音间转向现场直播那样吓人。在传统的基于现金的会计中，交易是根据已付的款项记录的；但使用应计制会计，在收入到期和支出产生时(而不是收付现金时)就记录交易了，并在其相关的时期的财务报表中报告。交易日和付款日往往不一样，因此，在每一种方法下，它们的会计处理也是不一样的。", "例A：向顾问购买服务", "合同的签署并没有会计影响。但是，所购买的服务的交付/提供的日期将成为唯一的会计参考，而不是预算资金的留存。支付要求的收到将成为关键的事件(除非能为交付和同样为财产的购买确定一个单一的日子)，负债归入财务期。这就预先假定了对中间付款条件的遵守已得到完全核实。这将不再是一个清算资金储备的问题，而是在每一个事件一旦确实发生就将其记录下来的问题。[24]", "例B：货物的运送", "当一个实体购买900顶帐篷随后要分配给受益者时，在基于现金的会计制度下，在运送货物的款项支付给供货商时，交易将确认支出，无论实际交货发生在何时(通常在货物交付后付款)。而在应计制会计下，货物的收到将首先记录在库存(资产)账目中，作为资产值的增加，代表存在本实体仓库中的900顶帐篷对库存的增加。此后，在向受益者分发时，第二次或随后的交易将记录库存(资产)值的减少和支出的增加，以反映所分发的帐篷的价值。这样，分发200顶帐篷给受益者会导致库存(资产)值等同200顶帐篷的减少，剩下余额700顶帐篷，但200顶帐篷的价值将被归入支出。", "33. 在国际公共部门会计准则下，再也不可能哪怕是对会计记录作小小的调整，因为任何影响到报告实体的财富的事件必须在其发生时就予以确认。", "34. 在传统的基于现金的会计方法下，支出和岁入不需要在其相关的时期内记录；支出和岁入与资本开支一起记录在资本购买和处理发生的当年的总数中。此外，基于现金的账目并不完全确认资产和负债。与此相反的是，应计制会计通过在交易发生时(而不是付款时)确认经济事件来衡量一个实体的业绩和财务状况。因此，按应计制编制的财务报表应能提供以下内容：报告实体所掌控的资源情况，其运作成本(提供货物或服务的成本)，现金流动情况，和其他关于其业绩和财务复原能力的其他有用的财务信息。", "35. 鉴于在许多组织中，预算信息(监测已通过的预算的执行情况)将继续以现金为基础表述，向国际公共部门会计准则过渡将导致会计和财务数据的明显分离(第65-69页)。", "3. 好处", "36. 一旦创造了合适的条件，应计制会计将会带来许多好处，基本上弥补了最初的不便：", "○ 评估报告实体掌控的所有资源及其部署的问责情况；", "○ 评估实体的业绩、财务状况和现金流动情况；和", "○ 就是否向该实体提供资金，或是否与其做生意做出决定。[25]", ")；", "37. 总之，实施国际公共部门会计标准意味着：", "a. 能改进对所有资产和负债的内部掌控和透明度；", "b. 关于费用和收入的更全面、更连贯的信息，从而更好地支持管治，特别是基于成果的管理(RBM)；", "c. 将非消耗性设备(NEE)纳入会计系统，使这类设备的记录更准确更完整；", "d. 改进财务报表的前后一致性，使其在时间上和各组织之间更有可比性；", "e. 通过应用可信的、独立的国际会计准则实行最佳会计做法。", "B. 与实施国际公共部门会计准则相关的其他问题", "1. 声誉风险", "38. 一个根本性的问题是：联合国系统各组织确定的实施目标日期是否现实地可行，以及各组织是否能收到关于其第一批遵守国际公共部门会计准则的财务报表的无保留的审计意见。", "A 风险：风险在于，如果其财务报表号称是遵守国际公共部门会计准则的，而实际只是部分遵守，其外部审计员则会就其披露的财务事项给出有保留的意见。", "39. 从财务角度说，为实施国际公共部门会计准则而需要进行的一些会计改革预计会大大减少相关组织的资产净值[27] (基金余额)并甚至会导致负资产净值，如同那少数几个选择应计制财务报表的国家(新西兰除外)的情况那样。对于欧洲委员会官员来说，他们大吃一惊地发现，委员会首份完全应计制财务报表报告了累计支出总金额为6,400万欧元，而累计总收入为250万欧元和成员国应缴的5,400万欧元，而不是如以往报告的那样是1,350万欧元结余。这一变化是因为确认了雇员的全部福利负债，特别是退休后健康保险(第60-64段)。据估算，截至2007年12月31日，覆盖所有参保人员的联合国退休后健康保险的负债为24,300亿美元，涉及所有资金来源。[28] 这些在财务报表上出人意外的巨额负债并不需要承担新的费用。它们只不过是对以往并没有确认的，即，没有在财务报表面上量化的，现有债务的全部披露而已。", "40. 一些联合国系统的组织已经在其财务报表中部分披露了将来应付的(虽然是在以前的财务期内积累的)工作人员福利。由于联合国系统会计准则没有披露的要求，这些负债仅反映在财务报表的注解中。虽然从技术上说，似乎一个组织看上去是破产了，但经验表明在采用应计制会计后确认这些负债往往会使政府和相关组织服从负资产。另一方面，如国际会计师联合会报告“向应计制会计过渡：政府和政府实体指南”中指出的，确认负债：", "2. 潜在的风险", "41. 采用国际公共部门会计准则是一个复杂而又全面的变革管理的过程。虽然在中期和长期会带来许多好处，但也需要付出短期的代价和带来需要所有相关组织的行政首长认真对付的挑战。", "42. 要充分发挥使用应计制会计资料的潜力，管理人员就必须确信应计制会计数据的价值并能据此采取行动以改进管理流程。应计制会计本身不应是目的。", " 风险：据欧洲会计专家联合会的意见，国际公共部门会计准则所固有的主要风险更多的是与观念而不是与实质内容相关：", "43. 国际公共部门会计准则改革将影响运营程序、报告惯例――进而管治和与成员国的关系。除了可提供有用的信息进行更好的管理和决策外，国际公共部门会计准则还会使管理人员面对更广泛的公众检查，从而使他们对其方案的效率和效果负起更大的责任。", "3. 改变管理", "44. 采用国际公共部门会计准则不可避免地会使每一个组织付出一定的代价。如欧洲委员会在2002年来文中所指出的，“成员国的经验表明，改革公共会计制度，无论从采用新的做法的角度还是从人的角度，都是一个大变动，更不用说所需要的财政资源了。”[30]", "4. 国际公共部门会计准则费时又费钱", "45. 采用遵守国际公共部门会计准则的会计方法要求工作人员投入额外的时间和精力。在过渡阶段，视现有的资源情况而定，各组织将必须比较长期地或是依靠现有的工作人员在正常工作以外的额外支持，或是招聘许多额外的工作人员。在这方面，教科文组织的外部审计员的建议适用所有的国际公共部门会计准则项目：“在估算实行国际公共部门会计准则所要求的变革所需的时间时，各组织应留出额外的时间，以避免低估所需时间的风险。往往是在工作进行中，实施工作的全貌才会呈现出来”[31]。一旦做到了遵守，新的会计领域将要求永久性的关注。例如，在提供关于所拥有的资产及其剩余的使用寿命的基本信息的同时，国际公共部门会计准则17, “财产、固定资产和设备”(PPE)，将要求对这类物品进行监控、确认、衡量、折旧和在财务报表的注释中披露，而不是如联合国系统会计准则规定的立即将其归入支出的做法。这种对PPE的永久性监控将要求各组织指定专人和建立制度以确保PPE完整的会计周期。", "库存[32] 账目将特别费时费力：遵守IPSAS 12将要求库存资本化[33] 和以适当的价值披露。当为了最后的接受者(如，非政府组织或目标人口)的利益而放弃对其的掌控时，库存将转到开支。这一新的财务公开做法将得以更好地掌控库存，但也需要额外的工作以清点(也包括体力上的)，估算其价值和决定何时归为支出。", "46. 准备库存的期初结余对粮食规划署是个大的挑战。在2008年1月1日期初结余日之前1年多就开始了库存清点的准备，涉及粮食规划署700个地点的约1,000人。", " 风险：", "5. 文化方面", "47. 采用国际公共部门会计准则将导致文化变革，影响到主要的会计处理做法和一些商业交易的进行方式。例如，联合国系统会计准则(UNSAS)与国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)之间的一大差别是“交付原则”。在UNSAS下，一项支出在发出采购订单时被确认，开始了未清偿债务(ULO)[34] 的记录。这样，ULO在收到货或服务之前被记录下来。现行处理做法(联合国系统会计准则下的)将其作为开支就意味着，把意图作为实施报告了。与此相反，国际公共部门会计准则只有在交付确实发生时才允许确认支出。这一重大改变消除了在财务报表中报告未清偿债务的必要性，导致支出和核准预算在其相关的时期内更加准确的吻合。但是，为报告起见，未清偿债务仍将在预算和采购系统中被记录下来，可采用的一种做法是在财务报表的说明中予以披露。", "48. 采用国际公共部门会计准则将促进有益的做法，如成本核算和迄今为止各自为战的部门和单位直接分享数据，以便根据新的标准为会计师提供完整、准确和可靠的资料来制作财务报表。这也可能迎来一种通用的账目表。库存的收发将需要及时的反映在总账中，以便准确地披露库存结余。", "6. 政治方面", "49. 政治上最敏感的要求包含在IPSAS 6――“合并的[35] 和单独的财务报表”中，其中规定一个实体须提出汇总其控制[36] 的所有实体的财务报表。这一规定的实施对像联合国这样的组织提出了一系列问题，其中包括是否所有联合国基金和方案都应被认为是本组织的附属机构，以及汇总的概念是否应适用于联合举措，如果是的话，哪个组织应被指定为母体实体。这些都是需要处理和商定的重要的法律、财政和政治考虑因素，最好是在早期准备阶段――如联合国审计委员会(审计委)建议的那样。[37] 在咨询委员会[38] 建议的基础上，秘书长的报告论及了这个问题并肯定了遵守国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)对于联合国的复杂性。[39] 联合国IPSAS实施项目组指出，对于确定“核心”报告实体，IPSAS 6并不是规定性的，这一实体可以是一种没有法律身份的行政安排。因此，联合国及其相关实体，包括基金会和方案，不需要进行正式的合并，从而允许在这种灰色地带采取务实的做法。联合国IPSAS实施项目组最终同意不提出汇总数据。", "50. 另外两个政治敏感问题涉及岁入的补登记：收缴会费拖延的处理和记录自愿捐款。关于前者，在联合国系统会计准则下，一个组织可以对这种拖延做出垫付，而国际公共部门会计准则要求所有资产(包括应收账款)都要以公平价值结转。因此，在会费可能收不到时，其价值就得做出相应的调整。这可能会引起一场政治辩论：由于拖欠付款，一些成员国是否可被允许不缴分摊的会费，以及其他成员国是否得支付所造成的短缺。农发基金不得不解决一个类似的问题以符合国际财务报表的要求。专题工作队于2009年12月就此事发了一份文件。审计委在2008年6月提出，随着国际公共部门会计准则的到来，各组织也许有必要为死账或拖延支付的借方垫付。", "51. 向全面应计制会计过渡意味着，联合国系统各组织将必须很快决定适用于支撑自愿捐款的法律承诺的标准。实施IPSAS 23意味着必须仔细地研究承诺的期限，以确定要列入财务报表的日期和数额。捐助方的承诺可因项目或有关国家的不同而有相当大的差异。因此，必须界定承诺的正式程度：签署人的身份和文件的类型(合同、认捐书、预算文件等)。", "C. 一些影响最大的会计变化", "52. 在专题工作队进行的一项调查(见附件二)中，答复者指出了他们认为对其组织影响最大的一些准则。有三条准则是所有组织都提到的：IPSAS 1――财务报表的提交(最不可缺少的)；IPSAS 17――财产、固定资产和设备；和IPSAS 24――预算资料在财务报表中的表述。其他重要影响预计来自：IPSAS 3――一个时期的纯余额和赤字，会计政策的基本错误和修改；IPSAS 12――库存；IPSAS 18――业务分类报告；IPSAS 19――垫付、意外债务和偶发资产；IPSAS 23――非汇率交易的岁入(税和转账)；IPSAS 25――工作人员福利；和IPSAS 31――无形资产。以下介绍对联合国系统各组织特别有关的一些问题的评述。", "1. 财务报表的提交", "53. 根据IPSAS 1――财务报表的提交，“财务报表须至少每年提交” [40] ，因为其“用处……会受损――如果不能在报告日期后合理的期间向用户提供的话。一个实体应在报告日期后6个月之内发表其财务报表。”[41] 由于到目前为止所有财务报告都是在两年或多年的基础上做的，这一要求对所有组织及其外部审计员都是一个挑战。", "2. 资产的处理：财产、固定资产和设备(PPE)", "54. 根据IPSAS 17(修订版)的基本原则，使用一个财政期以上的资产应在资产负债表中加以“资本化”。这就使实体得以将PPE项目或是以其历史成本[42] 、或是以其公平价值[43] 加以初步确认，然后归入各项资产被使用的时期的支出。使用公平价值的理由是，很难可靠地证明由实体持有了很长时期、在实地办事处之间转来转去等情况的PPE物品的购买成本。无论何种办法都必须有证明文件的支持，这就需要很多的工作，包括使用适当的评价方法努力查明所有PPE项目并加以分类。对于随后的PPE衡量，国际公共部门会计准则允许在成本模式和重新估价模式之间作选择。要资本化的成本必须与要归入开支的成本区别开来：在像联合国纽约总部基建总体计划这样的复杂情况中，这是一项困难的工作。关于这种情况，审计委建议，账目司应考虑将在联合国组织的资产中进行的装修工程加以资本化。", "55. PPE列账的临界水平是联合国各组织激烈辩论的一个议题，有的认为应提高门槛以减少捕捉和维持数据的行政成本，有的主张降低水平以确保对PPE更好的监控。专题工作队建议的水平是5,000美元。目前，对于遗产资产[44] 列账没有要求。", "56. 应计制会计要求PPE项目应随着使用寿命折旧。定期对各PPE物品扣除折旧费以逐渐降低其价值。国际公共部门会计准则下的折旧会计处理使管理层得以就建设和装修工程做出知情的决定，有时可提前数年做出。在实际中，这将要求制定一种能自动进行计算并在会计系统中做相应记录的机构资源规划(ERP)系统模型。", "57. 虽然在联合国的情况下常常难以确定项目资产和库存[45] 的性质，但重要的是它们必须在财务报表中确认。虽然国际公共部门会计准则提供了“资产”和“掌控”的定义，但其应用是个复杂的问题，并可导致不同的解释。例如，资产的掌控权从一个供资实体如何转交给执行伙伴可能要取决于执行协议的微妙的措词和(或)资产的用途。", "58. 为了给新采用者更多的时间以完全达到准则的要求，国际公共部门会计准则委员会纳入了最初采用某些准则的临时条款。例如，IPSAS 17的临时条款规定，在预期遵守的头5年内可不实行在财务报表中确认所有财产、固定资产和设备(PPE)的要求。由于大多数组织都有许许多多预计到5年过渡期结束时将全部折旧完毕的PPE物品，实行临时条款将使其无须在其财务报表中确认这些物品。例如，粮食规划署在2008年援引了这些条款，只将使用寿命从国际公共部门会计准则最初实施日算起超过5年的有形资产入账。", "59. 通过在财务会计软件中引进资本化资产和库存综合程序块，各组织就能改进其全世界范围资产的地点和状况的现行管理控制。它们还会有能力根据国际准则公布资本化的资产价值。一些会计师对这种资本化为公共部门组织和公民带来的相对于成本的社会效益提出了质疑，尤其是，理由是“政府[政府间组织]并不是为商业理由而存在，而是为了提供服务――从根本上说是社会性的，以及商业部门因经济原因不愿意从事的其它服务”[46]。", " 风险：在首批采用应计制会计的国家(1991-1992)中，如联合王国和新西兰，特别对“资本费用的效果提出了关切，尤其是在规则是由最高管理层强制实施而不是通过对这类资料用户的宣传和教育时。”[47]", "3. 工作人员福利", "60. 高级别管理委员会承认采用国际公共部门会计准则所涉影响的严重性，特别是完全确认对工作人员福利的负债，例如，退休后健康保险(ASHI)、年假和返籍费等。高级别管理委员会注意到，虽然国际公共部门会计准则只要求确认和报告这类负债，但资金筹措问题必须要同时以同样紧迫的关注来处理。[48]", "61. 这个问题最初由行预咨委会在1997年提出，在决定采用国际公共部门会计准则的设想很久以前。粮食和农业组织(粮农组织)，一个先驱者，自2001年起就确认了退休后健康保险。然而，现在随着国际公共部门会计准则的实施，退休后健康保险的全部负债将必须在财务报表中确认。考虑到其规模巨大，尽管因采用不同的参数在估算上会有很大的不确定性[49] ，查明目前和将来的资金来源已变得越来越重要。在第60和61届大会[50] 上，秘书长建议联合国在财务报表中确认退休后健康保险的全部负债并实施旨在30年时间框架内全额供资的筹资战略。虽然大会推迟了关于此议题的决定，包括粮农组织、开发计划署、儿童基金、粮食署、卫生组织和气象组织在内的一些组织已经采取步骤确保――虽然决不是全额――所需的资金来偿付这些负债。[51] 其它一些组织对于最合适的资金安排仍举棋不定，强调需要进一步协调统一筹资机制以及需要成员国的明确承诺，因为是成员国最终得决定支付这些费用的方式。在这方面，提请成员国在作决定时应在其所参加的所有组织保持一致，特别是如果能制定一种全系统范围的共同解决办法的话。至于目前，每个组织在评估这一带有固有风险的负债的长期影响时不得不考虑以下两种备选方案：", "62. 在有商定的筹资战略的情况下，国际公共部门会计准则通过公布负债水平与积累资金资产的比较，突出成员国的责任。如果没有这一战略，成员国的问责就会减少。这两种情况都有不确定因素，最近的金融危机表明，没有无风险的备选方案。如果投资管理有方，商定的筹资战略是更安全的选择，联合国合办职工养恤基金似乎就是这种情况。", "63. 目前，对工作人员的债务大多按“你离职就支付”的方式支付，资金无着落的部分由付款时期的可动用资金补上。这就意味着，随后的会计时期一般要承担一些以往时期没有入账或没有应计的债务所产生的成本。[52] 最近的金融危机表明了长期规划的必要性。", "64. 由于许多信托基金是短期性质的，这使退休后健康保险的供资问题变得更加复杂。在基金关闭后，它们就不能为――比如在另一个组织就业的――前职工提供任何退休后福利资金。这就意味着未来的债务必须由接受组织全额承担。", "4. 预算问题", "65. IPSAS 24(预算资料在财务报表中的表述)规定强制性地表述针对会计数据的预算数额。从联合国系统会计准则(“变通的现金基础”)向应计制会计过渡时主要有两种备选方案可供选择：", "(1) 将应计制会计原则全面应用到预算和一般账目(这样，预算余额就会与财政年度内确立的预算权利和义务之间的差别相应，无论可能收付的数额如何)；", "(2) 将应计原则只用到一般账目，而预算实施仍服从现金原则(这样，就存在“双重”制度，这就要按年度调整，公布在财务报表的说明中并由审计员证明)。采用国际公共部门会计准则的一个主要的挑战是将财务报表的数据与预算对上，这会有助于更好地评估报告组织的业绩。这要求每年(或每季)对预算和财务报表作明的调整。例如，国际原子能机构(原子能机构)的外部审计员请该组织将账目和预算更紧密地联系起来。[53] 难题在于如何鼓励方案经理人员分析应计制数据并对结论加以很好的利用。", "66. 到2006年，正式采用应计制会计的八个欧洲国家只有两个应对了这一双重挑战：联合王国(完成过渡用了13年)和瑞士。", "67. 暂时地，大多数已经转为应计制会计的政府间组织(包括欧洲委员会)会发现难以采用应计制预算编制，至少在短期内是如此。它们将继续基于现金的预算表述，理由是应计制预算编制不大容易被其成员国接受。但是，基于现金的预算表述必须在年度财政期的基础上提出；而联合国系统大多数组织是两年期或甚至多年期预算。作这种选择的另一个理由是国际公共部门会计准则的实施阶段要求大量的财政和人力资源，会影响其开展其它大规模项目的能力。此外，应计制预算编制更适合像联合国秘书处那样的稳定环境，而不大适合像维和行动那样的迅速变化的环境。", "68. 虽然应计制预算编制不是国际公共部门会计准则所要求的，包括欧洲会计专家联合会在内的一些会计组织支持这种做法，并在2006年指出，“必须指出，只有在预算是在应计制基础上编制的情况下才能充分实现和体现应计制预算编制的好处。没有应计制预算，财务经理就没有在应计制的基础上管理关键指数的意愿，因此，就不大可能发挥完全应计制的财务功能。他们也不大可能充分挖掘应计制财务信息作为年内财务管理工具的潜力。”[54]", "69. 将机构资源系统升级以允许在“应计”和“现金”分类账中同时记录每一笔支出已经被一些商业公司所采用，这将便利实际和原始数额之间作比较。编制比较表会要求账目科和预算科的工作人员共同努力，而迄今为止他们是分开工作的，在这一新领域缺乏经验。", "5. 岁入确认", "70. 岁入确认是又一个技术要求很高的领域。IPSAS 23来自非交换交易的岁入[55] (相对于来自销售和出租的岁入)决定岁入应何时被确认以及如何衡量。联合国系统各组织(相对于私营部门)的困难主要来自这种非交换交易占绝对主导地位(80%-90%)，以及将这类岁入交易的、须以不同方式记录的不同类型加以区分的要求。虽然分摊的会费在所有组织都以类似的方法处理，但不同类型的自愿供资协议和认捐要求对账目作特殊处理，而这需要在仔细审查和解读供资协议之后才能决定。[56] 在联合国系统内达成的数以千计的信托基金在这方面是个真正的大问题。[57]", "6. 基金会计制度", "71. 基金是为了进行特定的活动或实现某种目标而单列的资源库，要服从对其资源的使用而设定的立法或其他限制规定。据报告，联合国系统大多数组织都使用联合国系统会计准则下的基金会计制度：据此，财务报表应提供基金的细目账和分类账，具体说明“每一项资本资金和储备账的性质、设立的授权、授权的额度、资金来源、及其子基金流动的情况，这些都应分别披露。”[58] “在栏目内列出数据时，各组织应清楚地说明哪些资金是由报告组织的成员国掌握的(如，经常预算、周转资金等)，以及哪些不是(如，来自捐助方资助项目的资金)[59]。”但是，这些问题在国际公共部门会计准则下并没有处理，也没有关于基金会计制度的内容，这是又一个迹象，表明国际公共部门会计准则的起草者并没有考虑政府间组织的需要。专题工作队提出了一个协调的做法，但在联检组审查时，由于同捐助方的不同安排以及对“信托基金”概念的互相冲突的解释，尚未找到共同的解决办法。此后，这将成为一个实施问题，由各组织与其外部审计员讨论并达成一致意见。", "7. 外汇汇率和财务报表的时间", "72. 根据IPSAS 4――外汇汇率变化的影响，“外汇交易，须通过以功能货币与外汇之间于交易当日的即期外汇汇率将外汇金额折算成功能货币，记录下来做最初确认”。这一IPSAS规定被粮食署的外部审计英国国家审计局所强调，以表明现行的每月一次的联合国业务汇率(UNORE)对国际公共部门会计准则的要求来说是不够的，因为“即期外汇汇率是用于立即交付的汇率[60] ”。根据该标准，只要汇率波动不是太大，“一周或一个月的平均汇率可用于该时期的所有交易”。但是，这个问题被专题工作队在2009年解决了。决定，希望使用UNORE(联合国官方汇率)而不是即期汇率的组织需表明这不会造成任何实质性的出入。作为这一决定的后续，确立了一定的程序，以尽量减少UNORE与即期汇率之间的差别，包括在达到既定临界点后的月中调整。此外还进一步决定，在6月底和12月底，将发布根据即期汇率做了调整的UNORE, 以确保在决算截止日没有汇率差别。", "四. 国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)项目在联合国系统的实施", "73. 一旦被联合国系统的所有组织采纳，向IPSAS过渡的原则将会导致一种两级战略，各项目得以共存并互动：", "A. 全系统范围的(CEB)项目", "1. 一项机构间事业", "74. 一旦选定了国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)就有必要将每一条IPSAS的要求变为指导原则和政策文件，供每一个组织用于自己的项目和具体需要。机构间的合作不可或缺。确实，如工发组织前外部审计员所指出的，“至关重要的是相关组织要参加各种会议并积极制定全系统一致的关于IPSAS要求的解释和应用。[62]”", "75. 作为联合国预算中联合供资活动的一部分，第一个项目――俗称“会计准则项目”――于2005年启动，以确定联合国向适当的会计准则看齐的前进之路[63]。该项目于2005年11月结束，提出了采用国际公共部门会计准则的建议。高级别管理委员会批准了一个期限为2006-2009年的新项目，每年[64] 年度预算为116万美元，以支持国际公共部门会计准则在全系统一级的实施，和确保协调一致的实施和规模经济效益。项目被延长到2011年，但预算削减到两年期133万美元。提供一位组长和两名专业人员。设在纽约的全系统工作队也大大削减了人数，向一个指导委员会报告；指导委员会由联合国系统主要中心(纽约、日内瓦、维也纳和罗马)每个中心的两个组织的代表组成，每两个月开一次会，向专题工作队负责，该工作队由联合国系统各组织的资深财务人员组成，任务是确定项目优先事项、规定可交付的成果、和审查国际公共部门会计准则的进展情况。工作队制定了广泛的会计政策以支持一致性和协调统一，并推动审议有采取全系统做法的空间并能提高效率和改进财务报告质量的带有共同性的实施问题。它还制定了一个审查程序，涉及四个区域联系组，由来自联合国系统各组织的会计专业人员组成。这些“联系组”设在纽约、日内瓦、维也纳和罗马，负责审查由工作队制定的会计政策和指导文件，并提出建议和意见供工作队分析然后提交专题工作队审批。2010年，成立了机构间工作组，就国际公共部门会计准则的主要具体要求，如工作人员福利、有控制的实体、共同服务、库存和捐助的根据共同安排使用馆舍的权利[65] 等，分享知识和经验，而全系统的工作队则提供政策指导和支持。最后，工作队还负责将联合国的会计问题提交国际公共部门会计准则委员会，但只是俱乐部里的一个观察员，影响有限。", "76. 虽然在2009年访谈的各组织的会计师大多数都认为这一机构间合作非常有益，但一些人对他们认为是过渡的标准化运动甚至是在尚未被证明存在“一灵百灵”的地方推行表示关切。有人进一步认为，协调统一进程拖延了关于主要的IPSAS政策――如，岁入、支出和项目资产的处理――的共识的达成。考虑到这些批评意见，专题工作队于2010年5月决定，允许并管理由于各组织在管理框架、体制安排、授权、业务流程等方面的差异而产生的正在出现的会计政策的多样性：政策和做法的基线是在必要的地方确立全系统范围的进程，以进一步监测和推进协调统一。", "2. 可交付的成果和服务", "77. 2006年，工作队制定了第一套IPSAS会计政策和指导原则供四个区域联系小组审议。此后，又搞了简报要点、文件和指南，详细说明了关于协调统一IPSAS达标会计政策/指导原则的建议。到2009年12月，工作队的文件、简报要点和相关会议记录产生了59份会计政策文件和指导原则，这些都得到会计准则专题工作队的审议并随后被财政和预算网及高级别管理委员会批准。[66]", "78. 工作队还负责维持和不断更新行政协调会会计标准网页并向专题工作队半年度会议提供服务。联检组被邀请参加其2009年5月在罗马召开的会议并就联检组审查的准备情况做了介绍。", "79. 工作队与各组织接触，定期发出核对清单式调查问卷，以跟踪其IPSAS达标情况。此外，还与其外部审计员沟通，向他们提供其文件和指导原则的副本。除此以外，还建立了与外部审计小组技术组的正式联系渠道，以征求其对会计政策和指导原则的意见[67]。", "80. 工作队的一项重要成绩是制定了国际公共部门会计准则培训课程供全系统使用。在耽误了几年之后，所有18套课程现已完成。它们由7课基于电脑的培训和11课老师讲课的培训组成，现在已上了互联网和刻成光盘。虽然各组织自己负责制定其IPSAS培训计划并按照计划开展培训，这些课程是向所有组织的参加者开放的。", "81. 培训产品从一般IPSAS课题到技术性专门问题，范围广泛。如行政协调会国际公共部门会计准则进展报告中所简要介绍的，所收到的关于课程的评语都是很正面的。这些课程预计要进行几年，要看各组织的培训计划和实施时间表而定。", "82. 今后的工作包括：解决任何出现的问题；对培训材料进行正式评价；课程维护(根据IPSAS的发展进行修改)；和将课程译成法文和西班牙文。高级别管理委员会已批准了2010-2011年的资源，用于实施IPSAS的信息的行政管理和传播、进一步制定会计政策和指导原则、和参加国际公共部门会计准则委员会，但对IPSAS培训的进一步工作没有做出规定。", "83. 尽管规模小(2008年，一名P5级组长和三名专业人员，而2010-2011年减少到一名P5级组长、两名专业人员和一名总务人员小时工的员额)，但普遍的共识是工作队在推进行政协调会IPSAS机构间工作方面发挥了重大作用。", "B. 各组织的项目：战略问题和多样性", "1. 管治和管理变革", "84. 根据欧洲会计师联合会[68] 的说法，有几个关键条件需要在公共部门实体中预先存在，以确保采用应计制会计不仅在技术上成功，而且还能改进财务管理的质量和提高财务报告过程的独立性和透明度。这些条件应包括：", " 风险：任何这些条件的缺少都构成严重的风险。", "85. 检查员认为，现在难以了解2005年至2007年期间联合国系统组织各自做出决定从2010年起采用IPSAS时是否存在这些条件。", "86. “接受”一词在这一改革的情况下特别有意义，在目前状况下指的是，公务员愿意接受改革将改变那些负责财务管理的人的角色，其影响和责任将发生重大变化。接受必须超越技术官僚的相对小圈子。管理层必须相信，这样的决定，如果认真落实的话，必将给组织带来清楚具体的效益，足以补偿这一过渡中所涉及的困难和复杂性。鉴于项目的重要性质，高层管理人员和财务官员的全面承诺不可或缺，特别是，因为这样一项事业要求在专业行为上作大的改变并很可能遇到抵制。", "87. 抵制是变革进程所固有的。如一位商业领导问题世界顶级专家John P. Kotter所指出的，“在人类群体被迫适应变化的环境时，痛苦始终存在”。[69] 根据对引导变革中所犯的共同错误的观察，他界定了很有意思的一种八阶段过程，可归纳如下：", "88. 前三个阶段特别适合向IPSAS过渡的情况：为了在一个组织内让变革开展起来，需要有一个强有力的指导联盟。恰当的人员组成、信任的程度和共同的愿景是这一团队成功和打破支持维持现状的力量的关键因素。此外，单靠一个强有力的领导人是无法实现变革的。这个团队还必须在组织内拥有很高的声誉才能有效力。", "89. 所有高级管理人员必须理解向IPSAS过渡的重要性、范围和预期效益。", "最佳做法1", "要成功实施IPSAS就必须成立部门间IPSAS项目指导委员会，或相当的机关，负责确保高级管理层理解推动向IPSAS过渡的目标和愿景。这一委员会应有多年期的授权，配备在机构资源规划系统的前期设计、设计和实施方面有专长的工作人员或顾问。", "90. 大多数组织采用了准则项目管治结构(见下文图1)，其组成为：主办者――大多数情况下(提供战略和政治领导)；指导委员会/项目委员会(至少每月开会一次，就战略和政治问题提供咨询并在“最高层面”提供支持)；内部和(或)外部监督机关(向指导委员会提供反馈)；一个项目领导和项目团队(开展实施工作)。", "91. 项目团队一般得到工作组的支助，工作组由来自所有职能领域的专业人员组成，任务是根据各自组织的特定业务活动提供技术专门知识。", "[][][][][]图1 共同的项目管治结构", "92. 一种好的做法是设立一个项目领导人全职职位，直接向高级管理层汇报并有必要的权力克服对实施组织做法和报告文化重大改革不可避免的阻力。联合国IPSAS项目管治机构出现在行预咨委会报告(A/63/496)的图表中。", "93. 一些组织，包括劳工组织和知识产权组织，没有建立正式的项目实施结构。其实施团队是非正式的小组，向财务总监或主任报告。检查员怀疑这种支持结构是否足够，并同意那些专家的意见，即，每个组织最高层的权力强大的联盟应支持这种规模的项目并宣传其设想和紧迫性。", "94. 鉴于信息技术系统需要升级以支持IPSAS, 许多组织在其项目团队里都有不少的信息技术成员(见第三章第B4节)。但是，它们也将其IPSAS实施项目与大得多的机构资源规划(ERP)内容分开。好的做法是将这两个单独的项目置于同一领导之下，如，共同的项目委员会(如联合国儿童基金做的那样)，或共同的领导人(粮食署)。电联正在实施IPSAS-ERP联合精简项目。卫生组织是唯一没有搞单独实施项目的组织，因为IPSAS是其ERP项目的有机组成部分，这是冒着忽视向IPSAS过渡的某些内容的风险的。", "2. 差距分析和用户", "95. 先评估所计划的行动的范围和规模至关重要。向国际会计准则过渡要求对本组织各种程序进行大量的检查和分析，并制定政策和程序指南。在某些阶段，各执行机构或组织必须根据自己的业务流程和目标起草自己的政策。按照古希腊言谚语“了解你自己”，规划应以对相关实体的目标设想为基础并深入了解其现有的活动、程序和会计流程。好的做法是从一开始就通过将运营和财务报告结合起来并查明财务报告的目前用户和今后报告的潜在用户，从而界定IPSAS下的报告内容。内部用户包括高级管理人员，授权科室和内部审计员。截至2010年6月，81%的组织已审查了准则并查明了每条准则的影响。联合国组织不在其中。", "96. 外部用户包括理事机构的成员、政府、外部审计员、政治和财政分析人员、评级机构、媒体和一般公众。应向用户提供关于以下方面的财政信息：实体掌控的资源、运营成本(提供货物或服务的成本)、强化的现金流动信息和其它对评估实体的财务状况及其变化，以及对确定其是否经济地高效率地运作有用的财务数据。用户也可利用财务报告来评估该组织对资源的支配情况及其守法情况。总之，财务报告中提供的资料的质量决定了这些报告对用户的用处。在这方面，应计制会计要求实体在其资产负债表上保持资产和负债的完整记录，并查明和记录任何资产负债表的交易。", "最佳做法2", "要成功地向IPSAS过渡，必须首先对按联合国会计准则制定的业务流程、程序、财务报告和各种职能进行差距分析，并随后对每一条IPSAS准则的要求和影响进行深入分析。", "3. 分阶段、有计划的战略", "97. 在确立并检验了所有规范标准的应用的政策和程序之前，各组织不应声称自己已经IPSAS达标。作为应用战略的一部分，每个组织应规划一个可行的进行必要的政策和程序变更的时间框架，或是选择提前做好计划的“大爆炸”式的“胜利日”实施日期，或是循序渐进的、按标准类别的实施。联合国系统的集体反应就是“大爆炸式分阶段做法”；早实施者确定2008年(1月1日)开始遵守，其它的则在2010年(1月1日)。但实际上，一些组织的战略并不周全，过渡期的长短取决于具体的环境和制约因素。在一些情况下，受咨询公司建议的影响很大。", "98. 首批过渡到IPSAS的国家(新西兰、加拿大、美国和联合王国)的经验表明，其过渡时间平均为10年。法国的过渡，“大爆炸”式的，只花了5年(2001-2006年)，那是由于对责任(授权和认证)做了明确的划分并采用了英国、美国和加拿大专家建议的基准制定，以及更重要的是一个由15名专家组成的专家团队为时3年的协助。", "99. 如同经合法组织，欧洲委员会在同一时期(2000-2005年)试验了一种准备充分的加速进程，并取得了同等程度的成功。它遵守了关于编制符合国际标准的财务报表的财务条例所规定的截止时间；在2002年进行了可行性和财务研究；2003年，会计研究；2004年，为2005年1月1日的期初结余收集了所有必要的资料。这表明，“大爆炸战略”不仅符合严格的规划，而且可能值得一试。", "100. “大爆炸”做法有一些明显的优势，有助于组织更快地IPSAS达标。但它也确实含有更多的风险，因为，从立即转变的角度说，需要采取一系列同步行动，而这对于一个小的项目团队或复杂的组织来说是个难题。联合国IPSAS实施工作队选择了循序渐进地、在本组织目前的信息系统允许的程度内纳入IPSAS的要求，并意识到，2013年将是特别困难的年份，因为一些部门的会计工作根据联合国系统会计标准进行，而另一些部门则按照国际公共部门会计标准进行。正在与Umoja小组寻求解决办法。然而，这给2014年达标的目标的可行性提出了疑问。无论其战略选择如何，特别是在采取这一做法时，鼓励各组织在与其外部审计员协商下，进行一些“模拟演习”账目，覆盖其提交首次IPSAS达标年度财务报表之前的九个月时期，以检验其IPSAS的准备程度。这将给相关组织带来重要的反馈，从而了解需要修改的规模和获得关于其年终IPSAS达标财务报表的无保留的审计意见所需要的改进之处。它们还应根据审计委给难民署[70] 和近东救济工程处[71] 的建议，定期更新IPSAS实施计划和预算。", "101. 这就提出了另一个问题，即，IPSAS达标过程是否能与传统会计方法平行进行。检查员认为，存在这样的严重而又可能的风险：牺牲目前的活动以确保今后的遵守和工作人员在日常的工作之外还要承受IPSAS相关工作的过渡负担。两种做法所完成的任务的质量会受到负面影响，阻碍了在目前财政期和随后的财政期之间做任何有效的比较。", "102. 各种管理举措之间的竞争代表了另一些风险，是高级管理层和理事会应予以考虑的。2009年，开发计划署在其执行局批准下决定将IPSAS实施工作从2010年推迟到2012年，并还决定改变其所有IPSAS标准的实施做法，从分阶段的改为“大爆炸”式的。主要的考虑因素是减轻风险――这些风险来自多种互相竞争的全组织范围的变革举措，特别是全系统范围的实施联合国合同改革和新的执法制度，这两者都是大会授权的并定于2009年7月生效。这一时间改动也确保了开发计划署能投入足够的时间和资源以实施全面的管理变革方案(如，广泛培训和沟通)，和允许国别办事处有足够的时间为采用IPSAS所涉影响做好准备，例如，争取到适当的人员编制和所需的技能组合。国别办事处在2008年要参与其他几个大的举措，例如，实施基于成果的预算编制和战略计划，而这样做就可避免给它们增加过渡的负担。", "最佳做法3", "如果项目环境发生重大变化，相关组织必须重新评估其最初的实施战略，做出必要调整。", "4. 项目管理", "103. 健全的管理、项目的所有权、责任的清楚界定和任务分配明确、所有有关方的高度参与和次级项目之间的协同增效等，都是向IPSAS顺利过渡的关键因素。用欧洲委员会关于欧洲委员会成功经验的正式评论的话来说，“主要问题既不是标准，也不是会计政策，而是项目管理”。", "104. 截至2010年6月，86%的组织已经有了详细的时间表和项目计划(截至2009年12月是81%)。一些组织(如，儿童基金、开发计划署、粮食规划署、教科文组织和民航组织)有正式的项目管理流程，往往是吸取了以往项目和战略举措管理教训的成果。其他组织(如，联合国粮食和农业组织(粮农组织)、国际原子能机构(原子能机构)、和联合国项目事务厅(项目厅))已采用了标准化的项目管理工具，如“PRINCE2”[72]。其主要特点如下：", "105. 由于信息技术(IT)系统需要升级以支持IPSAS, 许多项目团队有相当多的 信息技术成员。这在项目之间形成了真正的互相依存，例如，联合国机构资源规划项目资金困难是IPSAS项目拖延的一个主要原因。还有其他一些情况，审计委得建议敲定IPSAS实施详细的时间表和项目计划。[74]", "106. 要实现IPSAS达标，除了采用应计制会计原则外，所要求的措施还包括发展一种新的综合会计制度。这一制度应能为应计制会计账目的表述提供必要的工具，包括会计方法的信息、估值规则和所采用的会计原则。这会使财务报告的质量得到改进，并从资产、负债、预算实施和现金流动的角度更准确的说明相关组织的财务状况。", "107. 为此，需制定一整套会计原则。根据欧洲委员会，有必要：", "程序以确保数据的准确性和完整性；", "108. 检查员发现只要项目团队遵循以下原则，就能处于最佳工作状态：", "A 风险：", "最佳做法4", "IPSAS的实施如能作为一个完整的独立的项目对待，则运作最佳。为推动实施，应采用经证明的项目规划和实施方法，其中要包含以下要素：有明确界定的战略目标、可交付成果、时间界限、阶段和监测程序。", "5. 机构资源规划", "109. 制定新的机构资源规划(ERP)制度是联合国系统各组织分阶段实施国际公共部门会计标准(IPSAS)的先决条件。目前，这些制度有的已完全就绪投入运作，有的则处于向实地办事处推广的过程中。进行全面的差距分析的同时，还要现实地估计所需要的改革所涉及的任务。然后，IPSAS项目和ERP项目应将其工作尽量结合起来并紧密合作[78]。", "110. 像欧洲委员会和粮食规划署这样的开路先锋的情况下，哪怕确定期初余额也被证明是一项艰难的任务。自某年1月1日起的期初余额将以前一年12月31日的从联合国系统会计标准转为IPSAS的重新编制[79] 的账户结余为基础。", "111. 欧委会提供了在这方面要面临的挑战的颇能说明问题的例子。应计制会计的所有必要资料于2005年1月上载欧委会中央会计系统。这包括了7,000多份缴款单或费用申报单，30,000条付款前入账登记，92,000项资产和3,100份担保。每个处[80] 都被要求在2005年5月1日前核实这些上载资料的准确性，并且在2005年7月，有50多位总司长和科室主任被要求正式验证其期初运营余额。在核实和检查之后，各总司长验证了数字，但要求作一些纠正以确保数据的质量。最后一份验证是2006年1月收到的。2005年，过渡工作的重头戏是最终确定截至2005年1月1日的期初应计制余额，事实证明，这对总司预算处和所有部门都是一项艰巨的任务。总司预算处承担了所有检查和前后统一工作，以确保数据的质量。", "最佳做法5", "为尽量减少潜在的过渡问题，值得一做的是制定一项战略，为目标实施日(达标的第一年的第一天)提出符合国际公共部门会计标准(IPSAS)的期初余额，以及前一天的根据以往会计标准(UNSAS)的、为目标年期初余额的IPSAS易转换的期终余额。", "6. 跟上理事会及其最初预期", "112. 成员国在IPSAS对各自组织的预期效益的基础上做出了采用的决定，并为此拨出了专门资源。因此，理事会有权随时了解过渡期内所计划的和所取得的进展情况；哪怕这意味着要投入努力起草将一些高度技术性的问题简化的报告。特别是，管理人员应交流自己期待什么并本着基于成果的管理精神将其与实际成绩比较。", "113. 各秘书处给联检组调查问卷的答复表明，联合国系统各组织对于向IPSAS 过渡所期待的主要好处是：在以下方面改进财务报表：透明度(占答复者84.2%)，标准化、协调统一和前后一致(57.9%)，质量(52.6%)，可比性(47.4%)，改进内部监控(36.8%)，以及如图2所示的其他好处。", "图2 对IPSAS 达标所预期的好处", "资料来源：给联检组调查问卷的答复", "最佳做法6", "为确保理事会继续参与变革进程和获得其承诺，应定期向理事会介绍实施IPSAS的最新进展情况并要求其通过相关决定，特别是关于对财务条例作必要修订的决定，和为项目拨出资源。", "以下建议可望强化问责制，提高效果和效率：", "建议1", "立法机关应要求各自的行政首长就IPSAS的实施状况定期发布进展报告。", "建议2", "立法机关应提供适当的支持、所需的人员配备和资金，以确保成功、有效地向IPSAS过渡。", "7. 人力资源", "114. 根据2009年1月专题工作队问卷调查提供的数据，52%的组织有一名全职项目领导人，33%有半职项目领导人，而14%尚有待任命一名全职或半职项目领导人(2010年6月，此百分比降低到5%)。截至2009年6月，联检组调查问卷的68%的答复者报告说他们已经有必要的人力资源广泛开展IPSAS的实施工作。截至2010年6月，预计2010年达标的只有88%的组织任命的项目经理。IPSAS项目通常由一个小团队支持(最多四名工作人员)和一名被指定要全职工作的项目领导人。团队其他成员除了做现有的工作之外，通常为项目半职工作。至关重要的是，所有组织都要对必要的改革进行分析，查明现有人力资源中的缺口。需要确定所需的专门知识是否可从现有工作人员中发掘和(或)是否需要外聘专家来对付新出现的任务和挑战。对一些团队来说，必须事先谈定要投入IPSAS项目的时间(如，万国邮政联盟(邮联))。在2009年和2010年，各组织对于需要修改其实施日期给出的主要理由是缺乏有适当人员配备的IPSAS团队。IPSAS团队成员从一个组织转到另一个组织无助于总的问题的解决。截至2010年6月，有6个组织还没有人员配备齐全的IPSAS团队。", "115. 根据迄今为止的经验教训，关键是IPSAS事业一开始就要进行差距分析和列出技能清单，以便了解内部会计和财务专业人员的现有专门知识和经验，并决定为补充内部能力在多大程度上需要外部专门人才以及需要多久。", " 风险：没有考虑到IPSAS的人力资源要求的战略可能导致工作人员的日常工作与项目任务发生冲突的情况。", "最佳做法7", "在向IPSAS过渡期间，各组织应决定行政、预算和财务领域所需的额外人力资源并随后作出预算，以确保不仅有效实施向IPSAS的过渡，而且有足够的能力在今后维持对IPSAS的遵守。如有必要，应从理事会或其他来源获得额外的资金，同时要避免任何利益冲突。", "最佳做法8", "必须考虑到为成功向IPSAS过渡而培训工作人员的费用。应落实培训内部会计、业务和改革管理专家、或招聘外部专家的资金。", "116. 大多数组织在给联检组问卷调查的答复中指出，它们有“足够的”或“部分足够的”人力资源能力。但是，鉴于其紧张的时间框架，它们遇到了物色IPSAS专家的困难。粮农组织、开发计划署、难民署和项目厅在成功实施IPSAS方面都人手不够。此外，政府、城市和各组织都同时需求IPSAS专家(一个新的特定情况)，使得招聘更加困难和成本高昂。虽然项目的成功取决于专业人才的情况，各组织由于预算的制约通常只能提供短期合同，这样就减少了合同条件的吸引力。有些组织，包括联合国、儿童基金和粮食规划署，认为将注册会计师纳入项目团队是有好处的。在回答对今后人力资源要求的关切时，联合国的代表在一次专题工作队会议上强调有必要立即开始聘用注册/执照会计师并想办法如何留住他们，至少在实施阶段期间要留住。审计委在对联合国IPSAS相关问题的严格分析中不得不建议增加项目团队的人员配备[81]。儿童基金和教科文组织提供了良好做法的例子。前者发展了一个专业人员非正式网络，以便使内部专家参与项目，而后者则预计实现工作人员高度参与整个过程。其政策旨在将对教科文组织的结构和业务的充分理解应用到实施进程，并也要推动在本组织内留住IPSAS知识。这样，项目管理组的关键作用是在内部发挥的。顾问和国际会计事务所PricewaterhouseCoopers(PWC)，在审查了IPSAS文件后，主要以随时咨询和协助管理项目和技术投入的方式提供支助。", "8. 财政资源", "117. 尽管存在资金困难，几乎所有组织都在拨给IPSAS实施项目的预算内开展工作，有时给有关工作人员造成大的困难。为给项目供资，各组织动用了经常预算、预算外资金、储备资金、历年的结转和预算余额。一些秘书处的估算很准确，另一些则低估了IPSAS项目的需要。", "118. 对IPSAS和机构资源规划(ERP)预算现有的但不太可比的数据的分析表明，较大的组织，如，开发计划署和粮农组织，在绝对数上有大量的实施预算(鉴于其规模和许多实地办事处)，而较小的组织，如，气象组织、国际海事组织(海事组织)和万国邮政联盟(邮联)，其IPSAS加ERP的预算占了总的年度预算的很大一部分。在卫生组织，IPSAS项目并不被看作是特定的。此外，对较小的组织来说，为项目落实资金特别困难，尤其是资金拨款只能从预算的“结转”提供时(如，民航组织)，或通过来自历年的余额时(在限制性预算政策或非配套预算周期情况下的次好解决办法)。自2010年6月以来，所有组织都有向IPSAS过渡的核定预算。审计委向联合国第五委员会建议严格监督费用以防过度的和不必要的增长(2009年5月12日)。", "9. 机构资源规划及其与IPSAS实施工作的互动", "119. 机构资源规划(ERP)系统将所有数据和流程纳入一个统一的信息技术系统。这包括合并本组织的几个或所有软件应用程序，包括财务、人力资源、后勤、采购、库存等。例如，在做采购订单时就启动了采购程序，选择了供应商，货物被订购并在库房中收取，收到付款通知并付款。关于这些活动的数据流过实体的不同的职能单位。每个单位都捕捉了与其业务相关的细节并最终提供给财务报表的制作。ERP的优势在于用户可在任何时候在同一系统中检索相关的资料，而不是在许多单独的应用程序中搜寻这些资料。这就是为什么IPSAS标准的要求同一实体内许多职能领域提供投入的做法由ERP系统来做最合适。", "120. 向IPSAS过渡要求对所有现有(传下来的)信息系统进行具体的差距分析，以确定其是否能支持制作应计制账目(包括库存分类账和客户和供应商分类账)；与其他系统连接；和提供有效的安全。截至2009年6月，91%的组织已对其信息系统所需的改动进行了评估。", "121. 大多数组织必须更新其现有的ERP系统或换掉传下来的系统(如，联合国使用的综合管理信息系统(IMIS))，以实现IPSAS达标的环境。为实现IPSAS达标而改变会计程序提供了一个机会：可以通过开发、改造或替换现有的传下来的系统，引进新的优化的程序。采用新的ERP系统的理由包括需要将各种系统合成一体，或因为大多数传下来的系统不再有能力容纳某些IPSAS所要求的程序，特别是，其原来的目的是将手工操作机械化，而不是将业务流程现代化。这解释了为什么像卫生组织、粮农组织和联合国这样的大的、权力分散的组织决定将IPSAS的实施与涉及到实地、权力下放的办事处的ERP项目连起来。截至2010年6月，90%的组织已经对其系统的改动进行了评估。", "A. 风险：保留这些传下来的系统并试图加以升级可能需要一些手工操作，这就增加了部分手工获取的、用于编制财务报表的数据的不准确和不完整的风险。", "另一方面，将IPSAS项目与涉及到实地、权力下放的办事处的新的ERP大项目紧密连接起来，会引起严重延误的风险加上时间的不确定性，因为其实施要取决于ERP项目的资金和项目管理情况。", "122. 一个考虑到各组织的特点及其IT系统状况的短、中、长期战略成本效益分析，应衡量以下备选方案：", "(a) 继续使用现有系统；", "(b) 单一商业性软件包做法(标准软件包或软件包加上兼容的程序块)；", "(c) 新的集成系统，有一个核心集成软件包，加上在总体结构内维持或开发的部门系统。", "最理想的情况是将所有职能完全合为一体，以确保数据始终前后一致。有三种商业性ERP软件包被大规模组织和公司所广泛采用。它们是PeopleSoft(最近被甲骨文公司收购)，SAP和甲骨文公司的产品。第二级系统，如Exact Software, Agresso Worldwide and JD Edwards, 是中等规模实体使用最广泛的软件包。由于它们是针对国际财务报告标准(IFRS)而开发的，最新的ERP 系统可支持IPSAS的要求，但须配置必要的设置。但是，ERP系统的选择，首先要根据实体的要求、职能和供应商报价的货币值。对于像联合国这样的大规模多职能系统来说，部署ERP系统可能需要相当多的时间。这些ERP系统无法互相连接是个根本性的问题。", "123. 图3显示联合国系统不同组织采用ERP系统的情况(根据现有数据)。", "图3 全联合国系统对ERP的选择情况", "资料来源：对CEB采用清单和联检组调查问卷的答复", "124. 在大型实体部署ERP系统，要求工作人员和专门从事ERP系统的前期设计、设计和实施的顾问全力以赴，并可能需要几年才能完成。", "125. ERP系统在联合国系统各组织处于不同的实施阶段(见下文图4)。有ERP系统运行的多数组织正处于升级阶段，但仍须对最新版进行调整，或增加一个程序块以做到IPSAS达标。此外，正在重复联合国IMIS系统的主要弱点，尚未将其ERP系统推广到总部以外的办事处。2009年年初，联合国选择并启动了称为“Umoja”的新的ERP系统。第一份“Umoja”进展报告[82] 预报在2011年第四季度进行试点部署，到2013年年底实现全系统范围ERP系统投入全面运行，并希望在2014年做到财务报表IPSAS达标。但是，如果联合国内部事务监督厅(监督厅)2010年8月24日关于ERP项目主任办公室的人力资源管理，尤其是ERP的组织结构和所雇用人员的经验和专门知识的审计报告是让人放心的话，人力资源、财务和采购条例的一些严重违规会对ERP项目的声誉构成风险，而IPSAS项目是紧密与其相连的。", "图4 ERP实施进展水平", "资料来源：对CEB采用清单和联检组调查问卷的答复", "126. 2009年年初，76.2%的组织正在或已经结束了对其ERP系统的IPSAS要求达标情况的评估。开发署、联合国人口基金(人口基金)和项目厅有一个联合的ERP平台；而人口基金和项目厅则要依赖开发署的分析结果。", "127. 到2009年上半年，在对其传下来的系统进行与IPSAS要求的兼容和协同情况的详尽分析之后，几个组织对其ERP系统进行了升级，而其他一些组织则不得不采购新的IPSAS达标的ERP系统。截至2009年6月，86%的组织完成了研究，从而确定了ERP系统所需要的升级并批准其实施。其他组织得修改其IPSAS实施的目标日期，因为实施只能与现有ERP系统的升级同时进行。但是，难民署和粮食规划署表示，在其ERP系统升级迟了的情况下，IPSAS是可以实施的，并解释说，其ERP的目前版本能够支持IPSAS, 但要进行一些手工操作，并可在IPSAS实施后加以更新。(见附件四，粮食规划署)。", "128. 一些有实地办事处的组织，如劳工组织，遇到了IPSAS实施和相关的ERP能力方面的挑战。该组织在联检组审查时已完成了ERP系统的部署，但在实地一级没有足够的ERP基础设施，需要手工操作处理会计数据以便符合IPSAS的要求。这并不是孤立的案例。欧委会在地理上分散的地点引进新系统和提供培训方面也面临着困难。因此，在项目的早期阶段就纳入实地的要求十分重要。", "129. 数据清理是清选现有遗留数据的过程，以确保转到新的ERP系统的数据都是有效、正确并与所要求的新格式一致的。经常的情况是，数据清理在项目的最后阶段或实施后阶段仍在继续。各组织往往低估完成这一过程所需的工作量和时间。", "最佳做法9", "为做到符合IPSAS的要求并产生协同效应，必须对现有的(传下来的)系统进行彻底分析，并要充分考虑到实地的需要和能力。", "10. 提高认识和宣传", "130. 应通过宣传和培训提高人们对变革进程的认识。认识培训的目的是“向所有利益攸关方宣传即将进行的改革及其对本组织的影响，鼓励工作人员开始思考对其自身工作领域的影响，并为向IPSAS转变形成“买进”。认识培训被视为是总体变革管理过程的一个关键组成部分”[83]。IPSAS实施项目的规模之大意味着应将提高认识的工作扩大到理事会和高级管理层。将恰当的信息在恰当的时间和地点传达到恰当的人，是有效宣传的关键所在，其本身有三条规则：经常宣传，公开宣传，宣传到每个人。因此，给这些目标群体的提高认识培训甚至比针对将体验新环境的用户群体的培训更加重要。", "最佳做法10", "为形成对项目的集体所有感，各组织应投入时间和精力确保所有利益攸关方理解向IPSAS过渡的前景设想。这可用不同形式进行：培训、休假地会议、给工作人员办讲座、信息产品和密切参与了其他地方成功例子的人的介绍等。", "131. 由于提高了认识，“高级管理人员和方案主管人员将会有工具更好地了解所做的决定涉及的财务影响；能有更好的条件来解释财务结果和更有责任心，并更主动地对计划和财务作长远考虑”。行业管理人员应学会使用新系统和实现其预期的效益。他们还将体会到“掌控”如何从关注“时间”(通过调整来满足预算的规定)转变为关注所使用的资源和所付的代价。这一变动近似于并很适合向基于成果的管理(RBM)转变的趋势。", "132. 组织的过渡对于一个组织的变革努力十分重要，但如无个人的过渡，组织变革努力的成功可能性就会严重减小。管理人员和员工个人在过渡中扮演不同的角色。管理人员的作用是使利益攸关方(包括员工)相信变革的必要性。要取得过渡的最后成功，每个员工个人都是重要的。[84] 截至2010年6月，86%的组织准备了宣传计划，是自2009年12月(48%)以来的重大进步，但可能来得太晚了一点。", "133. 国际组织的宣传工具包括：利用互联网或网站，广播，新闻发布稿，电子新闻通讯，告示栏公告，专家给常驻使团和工作人员开讲座，特别活动，报告会，各种会议等。截至2009年6月，只有63.6%的组织搞了IPSAS项目宣传计划，并且，矛盾的是，有更高的百分比(68.2%)事实上已经开始了提高认识的活动。下文图5显示宣传活动的对象群体：", "图5 按对象群体划分的宣传计划", "资料来源：给联检组调查问卷的答复", "资料来源：给联检组调查问卷的答复", "11. 培训", "134. 根据2007年全系统调查，全联合国系统有36,000名工作人员需要IPSAS相关的培训，其中65%需要提高认识培训，25%需要基本概念培训，10%需要专家的概念培训。[85] 在2008年和2009年，全系统IPSAS项目团队和各组织之间关于编制培训产品的分工有点模糊不清，需要加以厘清。秘书长关于联合国采用IPSAS的第二份进度报告做了澄清，各组织负责制定各自的IPSAS培训计划并按计划开展培训，并补充说，已经制定了全系统范围的培训做法，以支持各组织的IPSAS培训。这一做法包括三个阶段：培训需要评估；采购培训课程；部署培训。[86]", "135. 在2007年发出招标后，确定了中标者(国际商业和技术咨询公司)，预计将很快签订合同。[87] 但是，联检组在2009年进行的访谈确定，由于缺乏资源，在2009年年底之前无法提供培训材料。尽管如此，联合国IPSAS专题工作队在外部服务供应商的支持下，得以最后敲定了培训内容、设计和交付。根据行政协调会关于到2009年12月底IPSAS采用进展情况的调查，在答复的21个组织中，有77%已完成了培训需求分析，59%已完成了培训计划的制定。但是，开始提供培训的百分比更高(据联检组的调查，2009年6月为52%)，尽管当时完成培训计划制定的只有32%。", "136. 影响培训铺开的问题包括：需要对培训材料进行正式评价；课程的更新维护(根据IPSAS的发展动态进行修改)；以及将培训产品译成法文和西班牙文。开发署的初步估算是课程的翻译将需要大量资源和时间。检查员认为，这需要有政治意愿，如粮食规划署所显示的，该署已成功地开发了英文、法文、西班牙文和阿拉伯文的培训材料。", "最佳做法11", "各组织应确保现有的和未来的工作人员，特别是管理人员及财务和采购人员，要通过使用特定的交流工具，包括适当文字的手册和培训产品，完全熟悉新的程序和要求。", "137. 联检组2009年3月的调查显示，88.2%的组织在没有使用行政协调会支助工作队材料的情况下，已经提供了提高认识培训。70.6%的主动提供的培训课程是概念性的；41.2%是“动手”的(往往是在机构资源规划提供者的协助下)；以及另外23.5%是没有特别指出的IPSAS相关的程序块，包括项目管理培训。下文图6介绍17个组织给联检组调查问卷的答复情况。", "图6 开始的IPSAS培训(2009年3月)", "资料来源：给联检组调查问卷的答复", "138. 根据被采访的组织，培训和宣传必须与实施同时进行。", " 风险：在相关系统部署之前提供培训可能会使工作人员减少积极性。", "139. 下文图7显示，相对于响应组织的总数，截至2009年3月向不同的受益者提供的培训按类型的分布情况。高级管理层在项目生命的早期就接受提高认识培训至关重要，这有助于确保其完全支持实施工作。应鼓励各国代表的相关理事机关参加这种培训。然而，截至2009年春，近一半组织的高级管理层和理事会尚未接受提高认识培训，这就对其是否有能力领导重要而又必要的改革提出了疑问。", "图7 培训受益者和所提供的培训类型", "资料来源：给联检组调查问卷的答复", "12. 风险评估", "140. 各组织还应分享它们所开展的风险评估(如果有的话)的结论，因为这类活动是项目成功实施的一个重要因素。根据对专题工作队2009年1月的实施核查清单的答复，有三分之一以上(38.1%)尚未对其IPSAS项目进行过任何风险评估。属于这一类的组织有：", "141. 在进行了风险评估的地方，评估也不总是以正规的评估方法，如COSO 2 [88]进行的。检查员谨希望强调，风险评估是风险管理的先决条件和确保实现项目目标的关键，这是审计委向开发署[89] 和人口基金[90] 确认无疑的。知识产权组织是这方面的一个正面例子，该组织进行了一项评估以确定2010年实施日期须满足什么样的要求以及什么情况下会造成延误。", "142. 联检组收集到的资料肯定了秘书长关于联合国采用IPSAS的第二份进展报告中提到的风险因素[91]。报告还补充了一个相关的因素：“在完成对所需的程序和系统变革的诊断后改进对所涉工作的规模和复杂性的理解”。推迟实施IPSAS的主要原因如下：", "A 风险：缺乏足够的风险缓解战略", "143. 在这方面，教科文组织和气象组织提供了最佳做法的例子。教科文组织公布了内部控制政策框架，在单一的文件里纳入了财务政策、程序和流程的修订框架。框架提供了制定IPSAS要求达标的具体规则、政策和流程的基础，并使所有工作人员对内部控制问题有一个共同的理解。气象组织公布了关于IPSAS项目的风险评估的全面的表格。", "图8 组织眼里的风险因素", "资料来源：对行政协调会发出的采用情况核查清单的答复", "最佳做法12", "所有向IPSAS过渡的组织都应根据项目的目标采用项目实施的风险评估、管理和缓解战略和做法。", "13. 监督", "144. 向IPSAS过渡和提出应计制会计的财务报表将对监督任务产生重要影响。", "145. 为检查IPSAS的遵守情况，无论内部和外部审计员都需要确定管理层是否建立了适当的内部监控和相应的检验程序，以及效果如何。", "146. 内部和外部审计员还必须投入、获得和(或)复习(取决于其经验和专业证书)应计制会计和IPSAS专门知识，并调整其审计做法以适应新的监控环境和管理做法的变化，使其做法与新的环境接轨。例如，新的截止程序[92] 使业务结账更加复杂，从而增加了审计程序的范围和详细程度。", "A 外部审计员", "147. 检查员同意一些组织的看法，即，外部审计员在审查和评论会计政策发展情况，特别是在从一种标准向另一种标准的过渡期间可发挥重要作用。在声称IPSAS达标的财务期后，外部审计员将必须独立地决定对IPSAS总体遵守情况给出合格或不合格的意见。其决定将总结多年来应伴随了向IPSAS过渡的一种技术和人员的关系。在将IPSAS应用到政府间组织这样的新领域，没有人有绝对的知识，在此基础上，唯一可行的办法是两边都做好准备，一起向标准学习，向将标准变为会计政策的解读学习(特别是专题工作队的工作)，以及向一个组织的具体现实学习。附件四中所介绍的粮食署－北约关系就是这种过程的一个例子。", "148. 有趣味的是，在专题工作队的罗马会议上，审计委指出了以下潜在的紧要问题供各组织仔细审议：", "149. 一些组织(民航组织、海事组织、工发组织、粮食署、知识产权组织、卫生组织、气象组织)在提交第一份IPSAS达标的财务报表之前编制了临时(模拟)财务报表请其外部审计员审查。例如，粮食署在临时阶段让其账目经过了两次审查。但是，正如审计委正确地强调的那样，对临时财务报表是不能提供正式的审计意见的。然而，检查员相信各组织必须及时查明并解决一切可能导致有保留的审计意见的悬而未决的问题。", "最佳做法13", "在最后实施日之前很早就计划和准备临时财务报表供外部审计员审查，以避免不愉快的让人有突然的感觉。", "150. 此外，在参与审计联合国系统各组织的账目的十个最高审计机构给出的审计意见中很可能会有不一致的地方[93]，因为它们在审计基于国际公共部门会计标准的账目方面经验程度各不相同。少数迄今一直参与了这种审计：瑞士联邦审计局(瑞士的公共实体使用国际公共部门会计标准作为其会计标准)；联合王国国家审计局(NAO)(联合王国政府账目使用IPSAS, NAO审计了粮食署的基于IPSAS的账目)；法国审计法院从其核准法国政府按IPSAS做法指导下做的账目的新鲜经验中也有收获。", "151. 因此，指导是最重要的。联合王国国家审计局研发了工具以帮助外部审计员审计IPSAS达标情况。它还发表了“IPSAS达标指南”，以协助客户组织理解无保留审计意见的前提条件；其中包括一步一步走的核查清单，以帮助从业人员确保账目的制作是符合IPSAS要求的。指南列出了所需的情况和外部审计员需要管理人员提供的证据；并举例说明了可能出现并应避免的审计问题和难题。就联合国系统各组织的情况而言，行政协调会批准的指南当然是一种衡量标准。但是，仍然需要有一种框架来指导各组织与其外部审计员的互动。专题工作队通过的框架应由外部审计小组进行讨论。检查员不便向该小组提任何建议，因为这不是联检组通常的做法，但检查员希望，框架将使最佳做法13和14的实施更容易。", "最佳做法14", "就IPSAS过渡问题，尽可能快的建立并保持组织与其外部统计员的双边对话，以确保外部和内部审计员对新系统及其对监控程序的影响都获得深入的了解，因为IPSAS的实施会要求向应计制会计过渡。", "B： 内部审计员", "152. 内部审计员更多地参与IPSAS问题是确保程序设计充分的一个因素，从而可对组织的财务状况和业绩有个客观的看法。不幸的是，高级审计研究所国际组织(INTOSAI)公共部门内部监控标准指南的2004年更新的并经INTOSAI批准的版本对于实际使用价值有限。", "153. 在审查期间，检查员观察到内部审计员对于改革进程的参与程度在各组织之间差别相当大，这都取决于项目团队的政策的公开程度和承诺程度。在一些组织，内部审计员根本不介入，或只是给了观察员的角色，而在另一些组织，内部审计员积极参加，跟踪所取得的进展，与项目团队成员讨论项目的困难并就风险领域交换意见。内部审计员在与检查员谈的时候谈到他们参与的情况如下：", "154. 一个内部审计员分组就内部审计在采用IPSAS中的作用问题向2008年9月在华盛顿举行的联合国－内部审计事务代表组织会议[94] 提交了一份详细的文件。文件对IPSAS转换中的内部审计核心作用做了界定，以保证与IPSAS转换相关的风险通过在早期阶段对差距分析结果的核实能得到正确的评估和管理，并通过在不同阶段――如项目启动、阶段性成果阶段――对IPSAS项目的一系列审查，和通过IPSAS过渡时期内部审计员可对管理层提供增值咨询的可交付成果，开展保证工作。对于他们来说，这些作用可包括就管治和风险管理提供指导；项目的可交付成果和商定的日期；期初余额平衡表，系统升级和项目结账等，所有这些涵盖了IPSAS项目内容的大部分。文件还提出了在过渡阶段内部审计的潜在作用，并同时指出，“内部审计的咨询作用和各种审查的时间本身可能对内部审计的客观性构成风险”。因此，为保障其独立性和客观性，内部审计员最好不要参与关于IPSAS转换和实施的决策，例如，通过“进行差距分析或口授会计政策”进行参与。", "155. 在最近的经验和所吸取的教训的坚实基础上，联合国――内部审计事务代表组织(UN-RIAS)于2009年再一次审议了IPSAS议题。后来，UN-RIAS的关于IPSAS问题的分组坚持(一个组织的，特别是IPSAS和机构资源规划项目的)管理层的责任，要对在初步实施阶段安装的新的内部监控手段持续测试负起责任。来自14个组织的内部审计员再一次正确地警告不要承担在这方面的管理责任。", "最佳做法15", "在IPSAS初步实施阶段，业务流程的拥有方应定期测试内部监控手段，以确保数据的准确性。", "最佳做法16", "确保在系统完成的尾声对系统进行独立全面的验证和核实。", "C. 一个关键指标：组织的预期达标日期", "156. 根据IPSAS实体，一个组织只有在收到其外部审计员关于其财务报表的无保留的意见后才能被认为是IPSAS完全达标。因此，审计委在审计联合国2006-2007年两年期财务报表时建议，该组织应不断审查IPSAS实施的阶段性成绩。2010年2月采用情况进展报告表明，2010年只有8个组织进入了IPSAS达标的轨道。检查员根据联检组调查问卷的书面答复和他第一次访问期间进行的访谈，对全系统2010年达标的目标表示严重的怀疑，这后来被确定了。", "157. 2009年，答复的组织中有76%指出，其理事机关在2006年和2007年表决采用IPSAS时是知道实施所涉及的影响的。当时，大多数组织听从了专题工作队和行政协调会的建议，把2010年12月31日结束的财务期定为达标的最后期限，而少数几个“早采用者”则把目标定在2008年。", "158. 最初，专题工作队只是一般性地简要描述了IPSAS的通常的好处和所涉及的影响，指出“采用之后会对相关组织的会计、财务报告和相关的信息技术系统产生重大影响；还会对组织的预算编制、资金和管理系统造成重要影响” [95]。然而，在2006年，各组织并没有在同一个出发点上，而且，大多数秘书处所使用和以各自标识印发的动员其理事机关的文件并没有――也许无法――说明各自组织为IPSAS的准备已达到什么程度，或者达标所要求的变革的规模有多大和时间要多久。", "159. 检察员可以肯定，各组织在实施水平方面差别甚大，这是因为其规模和条件不同，以及在2005-2006年各自的ERP系统与IPSAS要求的一致程度不同。", "160. 2005年和2006年[96] 专题工作队、高级别管理委员会、行政协调会和秘书长的决定给所有组织施加压力，要求将达标选在同一年，这是欠妥的，因为它不顾各组织的实际准备的就绪程度。而是应拨出足够的时间先进行可行性研究。确实，还有必要搞许多文件让理事机关了解向IPSAS成功过渡需要什么先决条件。", "图9 截至2010年2月，IPSAS全面达标的计划和预计年份(根据各组织提供的资料 [97] )", "资料来源：秘书长关于IPSAS实施情况的进展报告", "161. 在三个计划要“早采用”的组织中，只有粮食署按计划在2008年12月31日结束的年份完全实施了IPSAS, 那是由于起始的条件有利和共同的努力(详细情况见附件四)；卫生组织从2008年起就采用了几条个别的、与其ERP系统的部署紧密相连的IPSAS标准，现在预计在其ERP系统推广到该组织的其余部分后于2012年达标。民航组织的采购自2008年1月起就采用应计制会计，当时其ERP推广工作的第一阶段已经完成并采用了交付原则，预计到2010年IPSAS达标。", "162. 在审查的其他19个组织中，有7个预计将按计划于2010年1月1日IPSAS达标：海事组织，电联，泛美卫生组织，教科文组织，工发组织，知识产权组织和气象组织。剩下的12个组织中，两个现在预计在2011年采用IPSAS (原子能机构和邮联)，8个在2012年(粮农组织、劳工组织、开发计划署、人口基金、难民署、儿童基金、项目厅、近东救济工程处)，以及两个在2014年(联合国和世界旅游组织)。[98] 鉴于向IPSAS全面达标过渡所要求的准备和变革的复杂性和规模都出乎意外，并且，许多组织都同时采用其他有挑战性的管理举措，所以，这一情况并不奇怪。这表明，猛推各组织早在大会通过政治决议四年之后就采用IPSAS――正是2010年目标鼓吹者在2005年所主张的――在技术上既不可行，也不现实。对于那些在应计制会计远远落后、ERP系统不足和训练有素的工作人员短缺的组织来说更是如此。用检查员在2008年访谈的一位重要的行为者的话说，“2010年过渡只是一句口号而已”。", "163. 阶段性成果的延误迫使一些组织在2009年或2010年不得不修改项目的时间框架，这一修改是高级别管理委员会完全鼓励的。例如，联合国将采用时间改为2014年，以便有更多的时间将实施工作与引进新的ERP系统同步，并指出，“在采用IPSAS方面最最重要的问题是成功采用IPSAS的信箱系统要求和IPSAS实施计划与ERP项目的协调同步”[99]。截至2009年6月，有62%的组织预见到实施工作会延误，决定采用循序渐进的做法(一条一条地实施标准)。在有些情况下，推迟截至时间的决定也受到资源情况的影响。", "五. IPSAS与金融和经济危机", "164. 全球金融和经济危机在几个方面使项目受到影响：", "在危机时期如何衡量问题的争议。这已体现在国际会计标准IAS 39和关于财务文书、披露和表述的IPSAS 15中。前者由于其要求范围广泛的资产必须以公平值加以衡量而造成资产负债表更大的不确定性而受到批评。", "165. 在雷曼兄弟倒闭事件后被政治压力，然后又被20国集团会议催促而采取行动的会计师们非常严肃地对待这个问题。国际会计师联合会在其全球理事会会议期间组织了几次研讨会，讨论金融危机的原因，以及为避免今后发生危机， 会计行业、管理人员和政府能做些什么。国际会计标准委员会和财会标准委员会同意开展合作，迅速制定共同的标准来对付资产负债表外活动和为金融手段的会计。此外，还同意提出建议，“几个月内，而不是几年内”[101] 用一种共同的标准来取代各自的金融手段标准。这两个组织都澄清，企业在紧急的状况下并不必须使用市场价格。而国际公共部门会计标准委员会最近也在IAS 32, 39和7的基础上另又制定了IPSAS标准(28, 29和30)，都是针对同样的表述、确认和衡量及披露问题的。", "166. 如同任何其他会计标准，IPSAS标准须不断改进和调整，这就使联合国系统各组织须在会计政策上做出相应的变动。2009年4月，20国集团呼吁财会标准委员会和国际会计标准委员会“在年底前在制定单一的高质量全球会计标准方面取得重要进展”[102]。检查员欢迎这两个组织努力使国际财务报告标准和普遍公认的会计原则在私营部门统一起来，促进“会计标准的统一”这一会计行业的理想。", "167. 然而，这又引出了这样一个问题：一套为追求利润的私营部门服务的会计标准怎么可能满足公共部门实体和非盈利组织的特殊需要――在那里，大多数交易不是基于交换而是基于岁入和支出都不对称的交易。联合国观察员们(联合国秘书处和开发计划署)应在国际公共部门会计标准委员会密切关注这一问题，因为该机构正式支持国际公共部门会计标准(IPSAS)和国际财务报表标准(IFRS)的统一。由于国际公共部门会计标准委员会并不向联合国系统内任何理事机关负责，而且，由于“联合国”观察员并没有被授权代表系统说话，他们是否应根据意愿对这种统一干脆表示接受、认可、促进、抑或沉默呢？联合国各利益攸关方应展开知情的辩论，使问题和利害关系可被理解并被所有角色理解。我们记得，之所以选择国际公共部门会计标准是因为它比国际财务报告标准更适合公共实体的特定性质。IPSAS已经包括了为私营公司设计的IFRS标准的大部分特点。检查员同意法国全国会计理事会国际部主任的意见，“遗憾的是，主要因为时间紧，大多数IPSAS标准都是从IFRS标准抄来的，只是部分地与公共部门的现实吻合”。只要有“非交换交易”，“王子的会计”就得同“商人的会计”保持区别。", "168. 今后制定和实施IPSAS的指导原则应是问责，国际会计师联合会将其简明正确地定义为“一种回答所赋予责任的义务”[103]。与国际财务报告解读委员会在国际财务报告标准领域履行的任务相类似的一项重要任务可由一个特别委员会来执行，由国际会计师联合会责成其协助公共部门实体，特别是国际组织协调统一和解释IPSAS标准，特别是在实施过程的最初几年，在前人没有走过地方自己摸索的时候。这一委员会将继续特别工作队完成的工作，但范围要广得多，由来自国家、城市和非盈利组织的代表根据应有程序的原则参与。", "六. 结论", "169. 联合国系统所有组织向IPSAS过渡当然是在全系统一级所开展过的最雄心勃勃的管理举措之一。如果各组织要走向知情的管理，这一举措就并非可有可无。本报告力求着重说明从UNSAS向IPSAS过渡所涉及的障碍、制约因素和风险，即，选择最佳ERP系统或将现有系统升级所需的时间、与立法机关的对话不够、缺乏远景规划和对变革进程的集体拥有感、或缺乏高级管理层的承诺。", "170. 几乎没有什么组织在2005年的时候就意识到所需要的变革的规模。为什么会这样有许多原因，在22个组织中，只有一个按最初的截止时间实现了被确认的达标，还有8个计划2010年实现这一目标。根据审查情况，检查员必须得出这样的结论：多数组织对于许多不同层面所需要的大量改革判断有误，有的迟迟不能承认只有使这一工作成为机构的优先事项他们才能将其进行到底。到2010年实现IPSAS达标的最初承诺也没有反映如下事实：每一个组织都有完全不同的起始点，这使得向IPSAS过渡对某些组织而言是个重大的事业。行动早的开路先锋，如，经合发组织、欧委会和粮食署，向世人展示，只要有足够的意愿和决心，这一艰巨的任务是可以完成的。然而，也须吸取其经验教训，以便帮助其他组织在今后几年实现IPSAS达标。", "171. 在一个持续了几年的势头――期间做过一系列重要决定――之后，现在很清楚，对于一些组织而言，要花更多的时间才能实现制作IPSAS完全达标的财务报表的目标。[104] 幻想和泄气是目前要预防的主要风险，由于过渡的好处只有在过渡完成之后才变得明显，并且管理人员需要时间去把握新的要求，情况就更是如此。审查根据联合国各组织或联合国系统外其他先行的实施者的经验，指明了若干最佳做法(已在执行摘要中列出)。检查员相信，应用这些做法将有助于确保战略性地、全面地和及时地开展向IPSAS的过渡。考虑到所有这一切，检查员认为，以下建议应有助于联合国系统每一个组织在向IPSAS实施的过渡中提高效果、效率和问责。", "建议3", "行政首长应确保本联检组报告中指出的16种最佳做法在实施IPSAS项目时都加以应用。", "附件一", "IPSAS一览表(2010年IFAC国际公共部门会计公告手册) 手册的范围", "本手册系国际会计师联合会(IFAC)背景资料和截至2010年1月15日IFAC发布的目前仍有效的公共部门公告的汇编，供日常参考。", "第一卷", "目录", "页次", "2009年手册的实质性改动 1", "国际公共部门会计标准委员会――临时职权范围 3", "国际会计师联合会 8", "国际公共部门会计标准序言 11", "国际公共部门会计标准前言 20", "IPSAS 1――提交财务报表 21", "IPSAS 2――现金流动报表 82", "IPSAS 3――会计政策，会计估算和误差的修改 104", "IPSAS 4――外汇汇率变动的影响 135", "IPSAS 5――借贷成本 160", "IPSAS 6――合并的和单独的财务报表 172", "IPSAS 7 ――在联营企业的投资 207", "IPSAS 8――在合资企业的利益 227", "IPSAS 9――来自交换交易的岁入 251", "IPSAS 10――超通膨经济体的财务报告 274", "IPSAS 11――建筑合同 288", "IPSAS 12――库存 314", "IPSAS 13――租赁 333", "IPSAS 14――报告日之后的事件 369", "IPSAS 15――财务手段：披露和表述 385", "IPSAS 16――投资财产 443", "IPSAS 17――财产、固定资产和设备 476", "IPSAS 18――业务分类报告 517", "IPSAS 19――准备金，不确定债务和偶发资产 548", "IPSAS 20――相关方披露 592", "IPSAS 21――不产生现金的资产的亏损 613", "IPSAS 22――政府一般部门资料的披露 652", "IPSAS 23――来自非交换交易(税收和转让)的岁入 678", "IPSAS 24――财务报表中预算资料的表述 735", "IPSAS 25――员工福利 763", "第二卷", "目录", "页次", "IPSAS 26――产生现金的资产的亏损 845", "IPSAS 27――农业 904", "IPSAS 28――财务手段：表述 933", "IPSAS 29――财务手段：入账和衡量 1022", "IPSAS 30――财务手段：披露 1287", "IPSAS 31――无形资产 1337", "基于现金的IPSAS――基于现金的会计制度下的财务报告 1388", "IPSAS 1至IPSAS 26中确定定义的术语词汇表 1389", "准则2――国际审计标准对于政府商业企业财务报表审计的适用性 1514", "其他文件摘要 1555", "IFAC专业会计师职业道德准则 1558", "附件二", "参加组织认定的每一条IPSAS标准用百分比表示的重要性", "附件三", "向IPSAS实施过渡的流程", "附件四", "一个成功的例子：粮食署的经验", "1. 本文仅是联检组参加组织IPSAS项目二十多份详细介绍中的一份。这是第一个，此刻(2010年)也是唯一的一个成功例子，检查员相信可从中吸取许多东西。粮食署远不是被发现有良好做法的唯一机构，但在2009年4月，粮食署在其理事会决定(2006年6月)遵守IPSAS标准后不到三年，成功地将其2008年财务报表以IPSAS达标的方式提交，并得到其外部审计员的认证，这一成功在下一个财政年度又被重复，因此值得详细介绍。本节主要依据粮食署执行主任的正式文件(包括关于项目的6份进展报告)，公布的材料和外部审计员的报告和声明。为简洁起见，本文仅提供极少的参考来源；其他的参考来源可应要求提供。", "2. 预计IPSAS达标的财务期开始日的最后期限给粮食署IPSAS项目组只有18个月的准备时间。采用IPSAS的工作从零开始，一次搞一块，是个多方面的、有时限的复杂项目。由于领导得力和仔细的风险管理，项目最后按原来的设想成功实施。因为粮食署最终是唯一的所谓“先行者”，它在有关IPSAS的会计技术问题的制定方面走在了整个联合国系统的前面。这一重大的举措涉及：全面审查所有的财务政策并对其进行许多修改，编制相关的政策指南手册、和广泛的工作人员培训。", "A. 作为筹备工作的第一步，建立财务管理", "3. 这一了不起的成就也引领了整个组织财务管理改革的总体进程，其起源至少早在2002-2003年两年期就存在了，当时，在其外部审计员(英国国家统计局)及其最高管理层的鼓动下，粮食署保证改进其财务行政管理。", "4. 在该实体总部各级、地区办事处和实地办事处财务职能部门所有人共同的促动因素、知识和问责的基础上建立了IPSAS项目：在他们之间必须创立一个活跃的网络以确保对组织的业务模式的全面了解和实施，以及一片乐于接受必要改革的肥沃的土地。为此，关键职位必须以足够数量的、具备所需资格的工作人员及时填补。培训财务管理人员和工作人员，以及这些不同级别的人员组合，是成功的一个关键因素，是创造现代会计文化的一个前提条件。", "5. 2004-2005年，粮食署的领导向其理事会、捐助方和管理层推出了一系列旨在改进财务报告的质量和及时性的举措。这些管理优先事项包括以下方面：", "随后在升级后称为WINGS II)；", "B. 会计标准的选择：坚定的积极立场", "6. 2005年1月，粮食署外部审计员认为，粮食署已经提供了IAS/IFRS或IPSAS所要求的几乎完整的一套财务报表。外部审计员向理事会提交了财务报告标准报告，其中外部审计员鼓励粮食署理事会接受普遍公认的国际会计标准， 之后，执行主任设立了一个指导委员会和一个专题工作队，以驾驭过渡朝着这个方向进行。在与外部组织和会计标准专家讨论之后，他们对可能需要修改的粮食署的条例和细则进行了逐步审查，以便粮食署全面采用国际会计标准。朝着应计制会计改变是所有现代会计标准的共同要求，其实施会大大有助于实体实施任何这些标准。2007年，粮食署认识到，其目前的、支持IPSAS某些方面的信息网和全球系统使粮食署近年来得以对其财务报告进行了系统的改进，包括应计制的收入确认、按市场价确认投资、按交付原则确认支出和年度财务报告。在这方面，粮食署已经达到了IPSAS准备就绪的先进水平。", "7. 但这来得并不容易：IPSAS是以原则为基础的。粮食署是联合国里第一个实施IPSAS的，也是全世界第一批实施组织中的一个，其IPSAS团队经常不得不在机构间工作队讨论和公布任何指导原则之前就要起草许多政策。一些非常难起草的政策包括：库存的资本化，归入支出和衡量问题，财务手段，实物服务，财产、固定资产和设备，无形资产，和尤其是，岁入的确认――鉴于粮食署和私营部门之间有很大的差别，这是特别困难的，但这也要评估基于会费的组织和国家的情况。将以前UNSAS达标的财务报表同目前IPSAS达标的财务报表作一比较，就能大致了解会计政策方面所面临的冲击和困难。", "8. 粮食署对于全系统范围工作队和专题工作队的支助工作的态度是全面积极参与和坚决向前推进，如有必要的话，甚至走在工作队前面，就像培训材料的情况那样(粮食署对于延误的行政协调会的培训包不是靠等，而是自己制作培训材料向前走)。作为先走一步的采用者，粮食署关于IPSAS实施工作的看法和经验对于联合国系统各组织是非常实用的。在联合国的讨论还不够成熟无法就所有IPSAS问题拿出意见时，管理层就按自己的看法，对这些标准作出与外部审计员的意见一致的解释。在没有IPSAS的地方，就用国际财务报告标准(IFRS)。作为“开路先锋”，粮食署不能总是依赖联合国就过渡期间面临的范围广泛的问题提供实际的意见和咨询。实际情况是，其他联合国组织把粮食署作为方向和榜样。粮食署也同其他IPSAS的先驱保持联系，如，欧洲委员会、北约和瑞士政府。", "9. 2005年夏季，专题工作队同行政协调会的项目开发组讨论了此事并加快了转向IPSAS的步伐，当时，粮食署对这一过渡已经做好准备并摆出先走一步的姿态，准备发挥领头作用。它出了两份基本文件，对其自身的情况提出了自主的深入想法：一个从2005年到2008年向国际会计标准过渡的暂定时间表和在逐条对照IPSAS标准进行差距分析基础上提出的本组织所需要的所有改革的一览表。它们构成了粮食署IPSAS项目的骨干内容。执行委员会于2006年6月批准的业务计划包括：时间框架、阶段性成果、与WINGS II项目的协调和估计费用、预算和筹资选择，以使粮食署能以如建议的那样从2008年开始实施IPSAS。", "C. 全面衡量和实现要实施的任务", "10. 根据粮食署外部审计员关于两大项目：IPSAS和WINGS II准备情况的报告的摘录，从该组织的年度账目看，遵守国际会计标准所要求的远不止是财务报告的表述方面的修改和改进而已。在业务程序和目的声明(SOPs)方面需要改进，例如，粮食署如何管理和说明资产和负债；和如何对收入和支出做出说明和报告。这些都要求在粮食署的运作结构和财务程序上对业务流程和财务管理进行重大变动，这些都由秘书处在推进中。", "11. 如上所述，粮食署在进行许多这样的变革的准备方面比联合国系统其他实体都更充分，因此选择了快车道：从其起点，做了充分的准备，18个月完成过渡，也许是联合国系统所有组织中最短的达标路线。2006年，粮食署第一次准备了整套的(UNSAS达标)年度财务报表。这使该组织能够采用年度账目和全审计的做法作为年度财务期的预演，并从2008年起变为强制性的要求。这一领域受IPSAS的影响最直接，粮食署的财务报告股在应对实施挑战方面发挥了重要作用。粮食署启动了一系列为期6个月和9个月的“演习”，作为今后2008年账目的“IPSAS达标”部分。", "D. 一个成熟的项目", "1. 概况", "12. 根据委员会2005年11月的决定，秘书处为会计标准项目制定了全面的工作计划。该计划简要说明了查明和处理因实施IPSAS而须修改粮食署条例和细则、会计政策和行政程序的做法。为项目的不同阶段提出了阶段性成就，包括：分析工作、政策和程序修改建议、管理层、外部审计员和委员会核可、制定指导原则和培训总部和实地办事处工作人员。秘书处也编制了实施费用的概算。", "2. 管治", "13. 过渡的管治最初设想为一个相对较小的团队(4名财务顾问、1名项目管理顾问、1名其他方面顾问、两名财务工作人员和4名其他人员)，在一位全职项目经理领导下工作，向首席财务官报告，该财务官也负责WINGS II项目，因此能监测WINGS II/IPSAS的协同增效情况。2007年，设立了“项目管治委员会”，向IPSAS项目提供高级别的监督、指导和咨询。为落实内部审计建议和风险评估，在项目工作人员中又增加了一名变革管理协调员和一名项目管理协调员。此举减少了对顾问的依赖，提高了通信和培训的稳定性和监测和更新预算和工作计划方面的稳定性。", "3. 筹资", "14. 粮食署由于更新了财务管理文化很快(2005年9月)便能为以下方面编制详细的成本概算和预算计划要求：", "一. 向国际会计标准过渡；", "二. 本组织工作流程的变动；", "三. 资产管理；和", "四. 制定政策、程序和指导手册。", "15. 为项目筹资的第一步是查明通过内部消化额外的费用而可节省开支的地方。第二步是寻求与已经存在的、相关的项目的协同。第三步就是寻找新形式的资金来源。", "16. 2006年6月，委员会授权从方案支助和行政额度中拨款370万美元，以支付2008年财政期及时引进IPSAS的为期两年的费用。两年后，对项目开支的追溯性分析突出表明总体开支水平与计划的数额相似，说明工作人员费用(受联合国共同制度所支配)的预算不足被大部分其他项目，尤其是旅差费的节省所弥补。在整个项目期，顾问的费用保持在30万美元的特低水平，而预计是50万美元――其本身与其他一些组织比较也是相对较低的。", "4. 人力资源", "17. 项目计划规定要建立一个敬业的团队在粮食署工作人员的配合下实施会计标准项目，在其主管和负责的领域提供相关的专门知识。物色到了一名项目经理来领导项目，吸收了内部专门人才、编内专家并专门招聘了顾问以确保粮食署有能力向IPSAS成功过渡。但人员配备碰到了困难：当项目在2006年开始聘用IPSAS领域的编内专家时，几乎一个都没找到。许多会计师是国际财务报告标准或新西兰或澳大利亚标准的专家，但在IPSAS实施方面几乎没什么经验。只有那些曾在经合发组织和欧委会等先驱组织工作的人才会有IPSAS经验。此外，许多顾问只有IPSAS的理论经验，但没有实践经验。最后，项目经理选择了聘用专业会计师并给他们必要的时间熟悉IPSAS, 在他们身上投资，以便随着时间的推移，他们能掌握实施IPSAS的专门知识。", "5. 内容和可交付成果", "18. 该团队制定了全面的实施文件以指导业务用户和系统开发者，其内容覆盖所有IPSAS和IPSAS征求意见稿，包括新的会计要求和实务草案，从2008年1月1日起粮食署财务报表的编制便以此为依据。会计各个领域的详细的实施计划将实施文件与实际采用IPSAS联系起来，包括为库存、员工福利、以及财产、固定资产和设备及按IPSAS标准的岁入的核算，确定2008年1月1日的期初余额。将为业务单位和财务专业人员编制一份实施手册。", "E. 一个有抱负的组织：宣传、培训和变革管理", "1. 宣传和培训支持", "19. 作为宣传计划的一部分，粮食署建立了一个IPSAS过渡专题特别网页，并另外制作了关于该主题的从2006年到2008年的“进展报告”系列共6份，对所有过去和即将到来的决定的相关资料做了解释或建议，提交委员会供参考、审议或批准，从而使委员会充分知情、胸有抱负并为顺利推进过渡进程积极行动。", "20. 粮食署工作人员使用频繁的IPSAS项目互联网网页提供关于以下方面的资料：联合国会计标准、国际会计标准、国际公共部门会计标准及其采用过程。对于用户检索IPSAS资料或指南，它是一站式信息来源。作为宣传战略的一部分，向财务官员及其他工作人员分发了半月刊简报，主要是向实地工作人员通报项目的进展情况。具有IPSAS项目在其他组织实施经验的IPSAS专家和财务专家为粮食署的工作人员举办讲习班，使他们熟悉IPSAS实施工作的性质。在2006年下半年和2007年年初，在所有地区办事处都举办了讲习班，向地区主任、国别办事处主任和财务官员简要介绍IPSAS的实施活动和对粮食署的主要影响。随着IPSAS达标进程的到来，安排了更多的培训讲习班和培训班。", "21. 同样，有必要维持信息向最高管理层、中级管理层和工作人员的流动并得到反馈，以便提高认识和形成支持。IPSAS实施团队采用了组织宣传和培训战略，以确保在粮食署内部IPSAS的认识和知识有广泛的覆盖面。这项工作与WINGS II和人力资源司培训股进行了协调，以确保效率和规模经济效益。2008年初，在总部和实地办事处的定期IPSAS培训已经培训了1,400名工作人员。2008年一整年将为委员会成员、和联合国工作组和活动的参加者等利益攸关方开办复习课程。与纽约IPSAS工作队的协调在继续进行，编制了适用联合国的应计制会计专题培训材料，但尚未出版，或尚不可用。", "22. 培训、宣传、讨论、讲习班、会议和工作组，这些合在一起需要大量的时间，才能把人们的行为从UNSAS转变为IPSAS, 并且，IPSAS被认为是(事实上也是)更难、要求更高。因此，转变行为，尤其是那些“不信者”的行为，是极困难的，需要使用各种手段。", "2. 与执行委员会保持“一致”", "23. 粮食署就IPSAS项目与其由联合国和粮农组织36个成员国和捐助国和接受国组成的执行委员会建立并保持了密切的联络关系。尽管执行委员会成员多样，从2005年到2009年，外部审计员和粮食署秘书处就各自的作用提出了各种报告，为委员会演了“二重奏”。对向国际会计标准过渡问题提出了相近的看法，这样就创造了信任的气氛，在情况的每一阶段对风险、所提的建议和预期效益作了解释。在行政和财务领域提高并保持这种兴趣和支持――往往被认为对成员国代表吸引力较小――是一个重大成就。对于相对于以往按联合国财务标准编制的、使用预算财务报告格式的财务报表来说，关于新的IPSAS达标的财务报表的可懂程度问题有人表示关切。这类问题通过不断进行的讨论、吹风会、非正式磋商、财务问题研讨会和客座专家讲座等活动来解决。", "24. 还通过不同方式与立法机关(执行委员会)进行沟通，包括上文提到的6份进展报告的特别系列。这尤其为加强财务行政管理争取到了一些职位的最初的资金，以及此后的相对直截了当的IPSAS和WINGS的资金，从而使各团队无需浪费精力在筹措资金上，而能专心致志于与项目有关的实质性活动。结果，执行委员会核可了所建议的走向IPSAS的各个步骤。然而，获得资金还是比改变管理层和工作人员根深蒂固的工作和管理流程要容易。这在粮食署，就像在其它组织一样，十分困难。", "F. 在网络中的一个项目", "1. 机构伙伴关系", "25. 粮食署从来不是孤立地工作的。就像其在内部组织了提高思想认识和培训活动一样，它也非常愿意最大限度地利用与现有的外部合作伙伴的有利的联系。", "26. 其中，第一个伙伴是来自联合王国国家统计局的粮食署外部审计员，他很快就被证明是采用国际公认的会计标准的推动力量，特别是在他就这个主题提出的供执行委员会审议的报告中。[105] 外部审计员和粮食署执行主任经常在各自的报告中强调他们的宝贵合作，直至2009年他们自豪地分享了实现IPSAS达标的2008年第一套财务报表的荣誉，并以外部审计员毫无保留的意见将这些财务报表提交执行委员会，而且，在下一个财政期又重复了这一情况。检查员认为有必要提到，除了外部审计员在当地的参与外，英国统计局在关于IPSAS的应用的教育和信息方面做了巨大的努力，包括从该局网站www.nao.org.uk下载的两份重要、详细的“指南”：", "27. 另一个重要的机构伙伴是审计委员会(AC)，据其2009年发表的年度报告，“投入了相当多的时间和注意力监督这一具有挑战性的项目。在每一次会议上，都审查实施计划和研究潜在的障碍，包括项目主要人员的变动。委员会指出了关键的阶段性成果(2008年6月和9月的“演习”)，评估管理所产生的结果，并就英国统计局和内部审计办公室独立提出的进展情况提出报告。就如何有效对付所遇到的障碍提出意见，并强化管理层对项目的承诺。委员会的看法和咨询意见均被转告管理层。在实施过程中和讨论财务报表草稿最后一稿时，委员会提出修改建议并审议管理层的反应。”", "28. 如上所述，粮食署由于积极参加专题工作队和相关的罗马“重点组”，在与联合国系统其它机构的互动方面发挥了超过其本身的作用。检查员再次强调，平心而论，粮食署特别是通过其机构财务文化，也许是准备最充分的组织――此说并无意贬低其在这一成功过渡中的功劳。[106]", "2. 内部伙伴关系", "29. 随着两个相互关联的项目IPSAS和WINGS II的协调规划和运行的构想和实施，另一个重要性绝不差的伙伴关系是内部伙伴关系。从一开始，协同增效和持续互动以查明并启动新的改进的业务流程对于避免工作重复或避免遗漏确保IPSAS达标的必要环节是至关重要的。但是，为WINGS II达到IPSAS的要求做准备，对于规模不大的粮食署IPSAS项目团队来说是更高水平的要求。", "30. 伙伴关系不仅涉及机构伙伴，而且，同样重要的是，秘书处的各组成部分。要在改善本组织的管理这一压倒一切的共同目标下，互相尊重，互相协作，在IPSAS和ERP项目上发挥各自独特而又互相协同的作用。在这种情况下，不应分主次、不应有竞争和混乱，要为有系统的不断发展扫清道路。对于所有用户和工作受到业务流程变化影响的工作人员来说也是这样。", "G. 法律框架和会计政策", "31. 项目团队查明了由于实施IPSAS而需要修改的总则、一般规则和财务条例。这一关于修改的初步评估受到重新评价，贯穿项目始终。影响到总则的主要修改是向年度财务报告的转变。没有找到需要委员会批准的其它会计政策修改。在这方面，粮食署的例子可说是特别有利的，因为，除了这一修改是例外，如此重大的过渡进程的一些资金在法律上就大部分在行政首长手中了。", "32. 从2005年起，粮食署就不断对其会计政策进行审查并作了修改，从而改进了财务报告的标准。例如，修改了收入确认政策，从现金改为应计收支，和修改了粮食署工作人员退休后健康保险负债的确认等。", "33. 与以往的标准(UNSAS)的主要不同包括：财产、固定资产和设备(PPE)的资本化，库存的记录，员工福利的记录和收入的确认。但是，IPSAS改革是一个持续的过程：在2008年IPSAS达标账目期初余额日之后几乎一年后，项目团队仍认为2008年是“过渡年”，言下之意，仍有进一步前进的余地。", "H. 最后情况，过渡带来的风险和红利", "34. 2008年6月，在资源允许的情况下，应保持IPSAS实施团队的能力，至少到2009年初WINGS II项目运转和2009年6月第一份IPSAS达标的财务报表提交委员会批准时。预计，IPSAS实施将于2009年6月完成，然后，项目生成的能力在顾及资源制约因素的情况下尽可能纳入主流。", "35. 仍然存在的主要挑战包括：库存会计，PPE的确认和完整性，岁入的确认和其它会计政策，与在实地由粮食署以外的组织管理的工作人员有关的员工福利的计算，无形资产的查实和管理，以及预算调节等。各种――内部的和外部的――利益攸关方的风险的许多连带风险，和IPSAS委员会的风险，都得到了评估并要加以管理。最大的紧张和压力关系到以下方面：高级管理层的支持，IPSAS达标的ERP系统的存在情况，维持工作人员的IPSAS的能力和知识，理事会的支持，与外部审计员的有效沟通，有效的宣传、培训和专题工作对的参与等。这一项目所在的机构已经十分重视所有这些因素，并且已是达标整整一年的时候，这些情况表明项目是，并且仍然是多么脆弱，这要到每个人都习惯了自己承担的新角色为止。在第六份也是最后一份进展报告中提出的追溯性风险分析的结论是：“挑战包括：愿意投身于一个短期项目的合格人员稀少，实施的时间紧，缺乏专门的培训材料，以及在项目初期阶段缺乏内部能力。” [107]", "36. 换言之，主要挑战是：不断给理事机关吹风，与内部利益攸关方打交道，与外部审计员沟通，处理与内部审计员的意见分歧，处理机构间专题工作队内部关于会计标准的困难和意见分歧，和仍然继续实施下去。为消除分歧和试图提出形形色色的解决办法和风险缓解办法花费了无数的时间。", "37. 粮食署及其外部审计员有理由为其成就自豪：实现了IPSAS达标和2009年6月关于这一主题的小册子，标题是：“粮食署引领道路：提高联合国系统会计实务的信誉和透明度――粮食署2008年IPSAS达标的财务报表一瞥”，而外部审计员为2010年2月执行委员会会议编写的关于IPSAS红利的报告的小标题是：“加强财务管理”[108]。报告没有把WINGS II和IPSAS项目的成功看作是目的，而是顾名思义，建议利用其给财务报告带来的好处，以便：", "附件五", "关于联检组建议有待各参加组织采取的行动一览表JIU/REP/2010/6", "[TABLE]", "图例： L： 供立法机构作决定的建议", "E： 供行政首长采取行动的建议(*在行政协调会则由行政协调会主席)", "：： 无需该组织采取行动的建议", "预定影响： a： 强化问责 b：推广最佳做法 c：加强协调与合作 d：加强监控和遵守 e：提高效力 f：节省大量资金 g：提高效率 o：其他", "** 包括ST/SGB/2002/11中所列所有实体，但贸发会议、毒品和犯罪办、环境署、人居署、难民署、近东救济工程处除外。", "[1] 联检组章程第5条。", "[2] 国际会计师联合会，研究报告13：公共部门的管治：理事会的视角，2001年8月。", "[3] 虽然泛美卫生组织(PAHO)认为自己是世界卫生组织(卫生组织)的美洲区域办事处，但不是联检组的参加组织。但是，它出现在参加(包括财务上)机构间项目和会计准则专题工作队的22个组织中，并在秘书长关于国际公共部门会计准则的进展报告中受到审查。", "[4] 他的著作包括Normes IFRS et PME (2004)和Les Normes IPSAS et le Secteur Public (2008)，后者由巴黎Dunod追认发表。已计划译成英文。", "[5] 除了制定一般目的财务报表外，一个实体可为要求量身定做财务报表以满足其特殊信息需要的用户编制财务报表(如，政府机关，立法和履行监督职能的其他方面)。这种报表称为“特殊目的财务报表”。", "[6] 于1973年成立。", "[7] 于1991年成立，作为独立的私人资助的会计准则制定机构。", "[8] 欧洲会计专家联合会 (FEE)：政府采用应计制会计和预算编制(2003年7月)，此后简称为“FEE 2003”。", "[9] A/46/341, 第9和10段。", "[10] A/RES/45/235, 第5段。", "[11] A/48/530。", "[12] 例如，第4段说：“如果这些根本的会计假设没有被采用，则应披露该事实并说明理由。”", "[13] 国际会计师联合会由124个国家和管辖区的159名会员和非正式会员组成，代表250多万会计师。", "[14] 见www.ifac.org，“国际公共部门会计准则序言”，2008年，第30-35页。", "[15] 值得指出的是，这一举措不仅得到世界银行和国际货币基金的支持，而且还得到联合国和联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)的支持。", "[16] 2010年国际会计师联合会国际公共部门会计通报手册目录见附件一。", "[17] 例如，“收入”变成“岁入”和“支出”，“开支”，在含义上略有差别。", "[18] 专题工作队成员自己选举主席，须得到财务和预算网和高级别管理委员会认可。", "[19] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.24, 第25(a)至(e)。", "[20] A/60/846 和A/60/846/Add.3及提交行预咨委会的补充资料。", "[21] A/60/870, 第42段。", "[22] A/RES/60/283, 第IV节。", "[23] 或“变通现金”，一种在联合国系统使用的说法，但从来没有令人满意地解释过。", "[24] 180 EX/33, 第一部分，修订本。", "[25] 国际会计师联合会公共部门委员会，向应计制会计过渡：政府和政府实体指南(2003年)，第7页，第1.19段。", "[26] 国际会计师联合会公共部门委员会，资源核算：联合王国中央政府部门会计准则制定大纲(2002年)。", "[27] 资产净值或纯资产值是一个实体的资产在扣除了负债后的净值。开始采用国际公共部门会计准则的大多数国家都是负资产净值，而新西兰是极少数几个例外之一。", "[28] A/64/7/Add.4。", "[29] 同上，第5.3段。", "[30] COM 2002 755最后稿：欧洲共同体会计制度现代化，布鲁塞尔，2002年12月17日。", "[31] 180 EX/33第一部分，修订本。", "[32] “库存是资产：(a) 以要在生产过程中消耗的材料或用品的形式出现；(b) 以要在提供服务的过程中消耗或分配的材料或用品的形式出现；(c) 在普通的经营过程中留作销售或分配的；或(d) 在生产过程中用于销售或分配的”(IPSAS 12)。", "[33] 资本化是“将支出作为资产而不是费用记录”(www.reallifeaccounting.com/dictionary.asp)。", "[34] ULO――未清偿债务是UNSAS下的一种会计交易，承认所订购的货物或服务(无论是否已经交付)的将来的债务。在财务期内可能出现或不出现。", "[35] 合并财务报表是将构成报告实体的所有实体的财务报表的表述过程，将其作为一个单一实体的财务报表处理。这涉及逐行将所有项目加在一起，消掉报告实体成员之间的任何交易或结余。这些实体在提供财务资料供审议时需要遵从标准政策和分类(IPSAS 6)。", "[36] 控制是支配另一个实体的财务和经营政策以便从其实体受益的权力。", "[37] A/63/5 (Vol.I)，第二章，第10(a)和27段。", "[38] A/63/496第7段。", "[39] A/64/355第12和45-47段。", "[40] IPSAS 1, 第66段。", "[41] 同上，第69段。", "[42] 历史成本：基于实际购买成本的资产值。", "[43] 公平价值是在知情的、愿意的双方在近距离交易中资产可与之交换、或了结债务的数额(IPSAS 9)。是按市场价值估算的。", "[44] 遗产资产是承载文化、环境、教育和历史意义的资产(IPSAS 17)，例如日内瓦的万国宫或亚的斯亚贝巴的ECA大楼。", "[45] 见上文定义，脚注43。", "[46] 马来西亚前副总会计师The Ben Chu, “公共部门的应计制会计”，特许注册会计师协会 (ACCA)国际公共部门公报，第11期，2008年2月。", "[47] H. Mellet, 卡迪夫商学院(BS)和Neil Marriot, Winchester BS,“公共部门资源会计：实施问题”，同上。", "[48] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.24。", "[49] 见A/65/5(vol.I)，第164-180段。", "[50] A/60/450和A/61/730。", "[51] A/60/450, 附件一。", "[52] WFP/EB.A/2007/6-A/1。", "[53] 原子能机构，机构2007年账目，GC(52)/11, 第100段。", "[54] 欧洲会计专家联合会，“应计制会计促进更有效的公共政策”(2006年2月)。", "[55] 当一个实体收到来自另一个实体的价值而没有直接给大约相当的价值作为交换(如，馈赠、捐款、捐赠等)。", "[56] 例如，捐助方可对转让的资产附加条件，要求资源在两年期内使用并要求退还未使用部分。", "[57] 见联检组报告2010/7“联合国系统各组织信托基金行政管理的政策和程序”。", "[58] UNSAS, Rev. VIII, (01-01-2007)第56段。", "[59] UNSAS, Rev. VIII, 第9段。", "[60] IPSAS 4。", "[61] A/62/806。", "[62] 工发组织，外部审计员关于联合国工业发展组织2006年1月1日至2007年12月31日财政期账目的报告，IDB.35/3, 第13段。", "[63] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.21。", "[64] 见A/64/355中的表格。", "[65] 例如，维也纳国际中心，奥地利授权联合国系统一些组织使用，除了维修或由联合国/维和行动部签署的协议效力(或任务)地位(SOFAs, SOMAs)中列明的物品外，一律免费。IPSAS没有这类情况的规定。", "[66] 清单见进展报告A/62/806和A/64/355的附件一。", "[67] A/62/806。", "[68] FEE, 2003, 同上。", "[69] 领导变革：为什么改革努力失败了。John P. Kotter, 哈佛商业评论，1994年。", "[70] A/63/5/Add.5, 第二章，第52段。", "[71] A/63/5/Add.3, 第二章，第51段。", "[72] PRINCE2(有控环境中的项目)是基于过程的进行项目有效管理的方法――是联合王国政府和私营部门广泛使用的标准。", "[73] 见http://www.prince2.com/what-is-prince2.asp。", "[74] A/65/5(第1卷)，第33段。", "[75] 会计工作的内部控制笼统定义为一个组织管理层所设想并确立的一套总体政策和程序，以保护资产和资料、确保会计记录的质量和及时制作可靠的财务和管理资料。", "[76] 见欧洲共同体委员会，委员会的来文，COM (2002年)。", "[77] 指导委员会由来自以下方面的参加者组成：财务、预算、人力资源、信息技术、培训、对外关系、实地用户、和审计。", "[78] 见行预咨委会报告A/64/531, 第12段末。", "[79] 前一年的财务报表须重新编制，以根据IPSAS表述财务数据。", "[80] 处是欧委会内的一个行政单位。", "[81] A/65/5(第1卷)，第33段。", "[82] A/64/380。", "[83] A/64/355, 第68段。", "[84] 把握改革――新的公共管理应计制会计和预算编制，Deloitte, 荷兰2004年。", "[85] A/64/355, 第19段。", "[86] 同上，第19段。", "[87] CEB/2008/HLCM/7。", "[88] 内部监控管理框架模型连续使用的名称(COSO 1992)，然后是风险管理模型(COSO 2, 2004)，来自2002年Sarbanes-Oxley法案后，欺诈性财务报告国家委员会主办组织委员会。", "[89] A/63/5/Add.1(增编)，第191段。", "[90] A/63/5/Add.7(增编)，第47段。", "[91] A/64/355, 第27段。", "[92] 确定在一个会计期之前或之后一项交易是否发生，从而确保交易被记录在会计账册中并在相关时期的财务报表中得到确认所使用的审计程序。", "[93] 加拿大、中国、法国、德国、印度、巴基斯坦、菲律宾、南非、瑞士和联合王国。", "[94] “UNSAS向IPSAS转换――联合国采用IPSAS：内部审计处应扮演什么角色？”", "[95] 2005年11月：给高级别管理委员会的建议25, 第4段。", "[96] 见上述第二章5, 2005-2007年：采用IPSAS的政治决定。", "[97] CEB/2010/HLCM/7。", "[98] CEB/2010/HLCM/26。", "[99] A/62/806。", "[100] 公平价值是知情、愿意的双方在近距离交易中一件资产可被交换、或一项债务被了结的数额。(IPSAS术语)", "[101] FASB-IASB联合新闻稿，(2009年3月24日)。", "[102] 详情见风险，2009年5月20日。", "[103] 国际会计师联合会，研究13, 公共部门的管治：理事机关的视角(2001年8月)。", "[104] 见，例如，开发署、人口基金和项目厅采用IPSAS的进展报告：给执行理事会的简报(2009年6月1日)，可检索 www.undp.org/about/ipsas/doc/Progress_report_presentation_june09.ppt。", "[105] 外部审计员关于世界粮食规划署财务报告标准的报告(WFP/EB.1/2005/5-E)。", "[106] 见JIU/REP/2009/7, 世界粮食规划署管理和行政审查。", "[107] 关于IPSAS实施情况的第六份进展报告(WFP/EB.A/2008/6-G/1)，第31段。", "[108] 外部审计员关于IPSAS红利：加强财务管理的报告(WFP/EB.1/2010/6-E/1)。" ]

[ "UnitedNations A/66/308 []\tGeneralAssembly Distr.: General16 August 2011 \n Original: English", "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 140 of the provisional agenda*", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards”.", "* A/66/150.", "JIU/REP/2010/6", "PREPAREDNESS OF UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM ORGANIZATIONS FOR THEINTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING STANDARDS \n (IPSAS)", "Prepared by", "Gérard Biraud", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Geneva 2010", "[]", "United Nations", "JIU/REP/2010/6", "Original: ENGLISH", "PREPAREDNESS OF UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM ORGANIZATIONS FOR THEINTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING STANDARDS \n (IPSAS)", "Prepared by", "Gérard Biraud", "Joint Inspection Unit", "[]", "United Nations, Geneva 2010", "EXECUTIVE SUMMARY", "Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)", "JIU/REP/2010/6", "The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the transition to and implementation status of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in United Nations system organizations and to show how this process has been carried out by each organization, with a focus on identifying best practices and possible risks.", "Following 25 years of attempts to harmonize financial reporting practices across United Nations system organizations and allow for better comparability of their financial statements, namely through the use of a specific set of United Nations accounting standards, in 2006 the General Assembly endorsed the recommendation of the CEB and approved the adoption by the United Nations of IPSAS. Other United Nations organizations soon followed, as the IPSAS standards were recognized as being the most appropriate for non-profit intergovernmental organizations.", "The adoption of IPSAS is seen as a key reform element within the United Nations System and it continues to receive support from governing bodies and senior management. Since 2006 United Nations system organizations have made headway in aligning themselves with IPSAS requirements. Yet they have become increasingly aware that this undertaking would be more arduous and complex than initially foreseen. Of 22 organizations reviewed, one (WFP) has already been receiving unqualified (i.e. favourable) opinion from its external auditor on its financial statements for 2008 and 2009, presented as IPSAS compliant. (Its experience and best practices are presented in annex IV); eight - ICAO, IMO, ITU, PAHO, UNESCO, UNIDO, WIPO and WMO - have introduced IPSAS by the original target of 2010, and their external auditors will determine in the course of 2011 whether they are indeed compliant, two (IAEA and UPU) expect to implement IPSAS in 2011, nine (FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNOPS, UNRWA and WHO in 2012 and two (United Nations and UNWTO) in 2014.", "The review demonstrates that the adoption of IPSAS is beginning to have a major impact on United Nations system organizations, extending well beyond accounting. The conversion to IPSAS should allow for enhanced management of resources and business processes and improve results-based management across the United Nations system. Depending on the organizations’ initial readiness for IPSAS requirements, the transition to IPSAS has been a major undertaking for most organizations as it is impacting accounting, financial reporting and associated information technology systems and should lead to a new approach to planning, decision-making, budgeting and financial reporting. It is expected that the reporting of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses in accordance with independent international standards will significantly improve the quality, comparability and credibility of United Nations System financial statements to Member States, donors and staff, enhancing accountability, transparency and governance.", "Many organizations underestimated the concerted efforts and resources that would be required and failed to undertake initial preparedness and risk assessments. The review also found that successful transition to IPSAS hinges on strong senior management support and engagement, dedicated intra-departmental task forces and the adoption of a project management approach.", "A system-wide project under the authority of the High Level Committee on Management (HLCM) has been critical to support the IPSAS projects of United Nations system organizations. The project, coordinated by a Task Force on Accounting Standards, encompassed the development of accounting guidance, training material, and experience sharing among IPSAS teams (as reflected by the Secretary-General’s progress reports and Accounting Standards website, etc.) and involvement in the standard-setting work of the IPSAS Board (IPSASB).", "In addition to outlining the benefits expected from the application of IPSAS, this report identifies and addresses a number of risks that executive heads should consider in order to ensure a successful transition to IPSAS.", "The report recommends that executive heads ensure implementation of the following set of sixteen best practices as identified in this report in addition to the two recommendations made to their respective legislative bodies. The Inspector is aware that most of these recommended practices are being or have already been implemented by many organizations.", "Set of 16 Best Practices for Implementing a Smooth Transition to IPSAS:", "1. Set up an inter-departmental IPSAS project steering committee or equivalent body tasked with ensuring that senior management understand the goals and vision driving the transition to IPSAS. The committee should have a multi-year mandate and include staff specialized in the pre-design, design and implementation of ERP systems.", "2: Conduct an in-depth analysis of gaps between existing business processes, procedures, financial reporting and functionalities developed under UNSAS and the requirement and impact of each IPSAS standard.", "3: In the case of a major shift in the project environment, reassess the initial IPSAS adoption strategy and adjust this as necessary.", "4. Apply proven project planning and implementation methodologies including clearly defined strategic objectives, deliverables, timelines, milestones and monitoring procedures.", "5. Develop a strategy for producing IPSAS-compliant opening balances for the targeted implementation date (first day of the first year of compliance) as well as the closing balance for the previous day, based on the previous accounting standard (UNSAS), but easily translatable into IPSAS terms for the opening balance of the targeted year.", "6. With a view to ensuring continued engagement of governing bodies in the change process, regularly update the governing bodies on progress made in the implementation of IPSAS and request that they adopt the relevant decisions, in particular with regard to amendments required to financial regulations and allocation of resources for the project.", "7. Determine and budget for the additional human resources required in the administrative, budgetary and finance areas to ensure not only effective implementation of the transition to IPSAS but also adequate capacity to maintain future IPSAS compliance.", "8. Ensure that financial resources are made available for training, where feasible, of in-house experts in accounting, business and change management or for the recruitment of external experts.", "9. Thoroughly analyze existing (legacy) information systems for compatibility and synergy with IPSAS requirements and, as a major element of the initial gap analysis, appreciate the changes that an ERP system must undergo to support IPSAS.", "10. Communicate awareness on the transition to IPSAS through all available means of communication, training and documentation. This can be achieved through personal contact, presentations, and testimonies from persons involved in successful cases outside the entity, retreats, practical exercises and other training materials comparing present and new accounting policies.", "11. Ensure that existing and future staff, in particular managers and supply chain and finance staff, are fully familiarized with the new procedures and requirements through the use of specific documentation (manuals) and training.", "12. Adopt risk assessment, management and mitigation strategies and practices for project implementation in accordance with the project’s objectives.", "13. Plan and prepare interim financial statements for review by external auditor(s) well ahead of the final implementation date to avoid unpleasant surprises.", "14. Establish and maintain, as soon as feasible, a bilateral dialogue between the organization and its external auditor(s) on the transition to IPSAS to help ensure that both external and internal auditors gain in-depth understanding of the new system and its impact on control procedures, as the implementation of IPSAS would require migration to accrual-based accounting.", "15. Perform continuous testing of internal controls during the preliminary implementation stage of an IPSAS project to ensure the accuracy of the data.", "16. Ensure that an independent and comprehensive validation and verification of the system is performed towards the end of its completion.", "Taking all those best practices into account, the first two of the recommendations set out below are addressed specifically to the legislative bodies of United Nations system organizations and the third to their Executive Heads: all are aimed at enhancing accountability, effectiveness and efficiency in the transition of each and every organization of the United Nations system to IPSAS implementation.", "Recommendation 1", "The legislatives bodies should request their respective executive heads to issue regular progress reports on the implementation status of IPSAS.", "Recommendation 2", "The legislative bodies should provide the support, staffing and funding required to ensure successful and effective transition to IPSAS.", "Recommendation 3", "The Executive Heads should ensure that the set of 16 best practices identified in the present JIU report is applied when implementing the IPSAS project.", "CONTENTS", "Page\n\tEXECUTIVESUMMARY. iii\n\tABBREVIATIONS. ix\n\tChapter Paragraphs\t\nI.\tINTRODUCTION. 1-8\t1-3\n\tA.\tOrigin\t2-3\t1\n\tB.\tObjectives\t4-5\t2\n\tC.\tMethodology\t6-8\t2\nII.\tTOWARDSIPSAS. 9-28\t4-8\tA.\tWhy financial reporting needsinternational accounting\t9-13\t4 \n standards \n\tB.\tThe dilemma facing United Nations systemorganizations\t14\t4\n\tC.\tA first and elusive solution: the UnitedNations Accounting Standards (UNSAS)\t15-18\t5\n\tD.\tA new solution to an old dilemma: theInternational Public Sector AccountingStandards (IPSAS)\t19-21\t6\n\tE.\t2005-2007: The political decisions toadopt IPSAS\t22-28\t7\nIII.\tTHEIMPACTOFIPSASONTHEORGANIZATIONS:KEYISSUES. 29-72\t9-20\n\tA.\tThe major change to accrual-basedaccounting\t29-37\t9\n 1. Novelty 29-30 9 \n 2. Challenges 31-35 9 \n 3. Benefits 36-37 10 \n\tB.\tOther issues relating to IPSASimplementation\t38-51\t11\n 1. Reputational risk 38-40 11 \n 2. Potential risks 41-43 12 \n 3. Change management 44 12 \n 4. IPSAS is time and money consuming 45-46 13 \n 5. Cultural aspects 47-48 13 \n 6. Political aspects 49-51 14 \n\tC.\tSome accounting changes with most impact\t52-72\t15\n 1. Presentation of financial statements 53 15 \n 2. Treatment of assets: Property, Plantand Equipment\t54-59\t15\n 3. Employee benefits 60-64 16 \n 4. The budget issue 65-69 18 \n 5. Revenue recognition 70 19 \n 6. Fund accounting 71 19 \n 7. Foreign exchange rates and timing offinancial statements\t72\t19 \nIV.\tIPSASPROJECTSIMPLEMENTATIONINTHEUNITEDNATIONSSYSTEM. 73-163\t21-47\n\tA.\tThe system-wide (CEB) project\t74-83\t21\n 1. An inter-agency undertaking 74-76 21 \n 2. Deliverables and services 77-83 22 \n\tB.\tThe organizations’ projects: strategicissues and diversity\t84-157\t23\n 1. Governance and change management 84-94 23 \n 2. Gap analysis and users 95-96 25 \n 3. A phased and planned strategy 97-102 26 \n 4. Project management 103-108 27 \n 5. Enterprise Resource Planning 109-111 29 \n 6. Keeping up with the governing body andits initial expectations\t112-113\t29\n 7. Human resources 114-116 31 \n 8. Financial resources 117-118 32 \n 9. ERP and its interactions with IPSASimplementation\t119-129\t32\n 10. Awareness and communications 130-133 36 \n 11. Training 134-139 37 \n 12. Risk assessment 140-143 39 \n 13. Oversight 144-155 41 \n\tC.\tA key indicator: expected compliancedate by organization\t156-163\t45\nV.\tIPSASANDTHEFINANCIALANDECONOMICCRISIS 164-168\t48-49\nVI.\tCONCLUSION 169-171\t50 \n \nANNEXES \nI.\tListofIPSAS(2010IFACHandbookofInternationalPublicSectorAccountingPronouncements) 51\nII.\tPerceivedimportanceofeachIPSASasidentifiedbyparticipatingorganizations 52\nIII.\tProcessFlowfortransitiontoIPSASImplementation. 53\nIV.\tAsuccessstory:theWFPProcess 1-37\t54-61\nV.\tOverviewofactiontobetakenbyparticipatingorganizationsonJIUrecommendations 62", "ABBREVIATIONS", "AC Audit Committee", "ACABQ Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "ACC Administrative Coordination Committee", "ASHI After-service health insurance", "BoA United Nations Board of Auditors", "CCAQ Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions", "CCAQ (FB) Finance and budget sector of the Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions", "CEB United Nations Chief Executives Board for Coordination", "CNC Conseil National de la Comptabilité", "EC European Commission", "ED Exposure drafts", "ERP Enterprise Resource Planning", "FASB Financial Accounting Standards Board", "FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "FBN Finance and Budget Network", "FEE Federation des Experts-Comptables Européens", "FS Financial statements", "GAAP Generally Accepted Accounting Principles", "HLCM High Level Committee on Management", "IAS International Accounting Standards", "IASB International Accounting Standards Board", "IASC International Accounting Standards Committee", "ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization", "ICT Information and communication technology", "IFAC International Federation of Accountants", "IFRIC International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee", "IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards", "ILO International Labour Organization", "IMIS Integrated Management Information System", "IMO International Maritime Organization", "IPSAS International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "IPSASB International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board", "ITU International Telecommunication Union", "NAO British National Audit Office", "NGO Non‑governmental organization", "OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development", "PAHO Pan American Health Organization", "PoEA Panel of External Auditors", "PPE Property, plant and equipment", "SG Secretary General", "TF Task Force on Accounting Standards", "ULO Un-liquidated obligation", "UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "UNDP United Nations Development Programme", "UNFPA United Nations Population Fund", "UNGA United Nations General Assembly", "UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund", "UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization", "UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services", "UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "UNSAS United Nations System Accounting Standards", "UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization", "UPU Universal Postal Union", "WFP World Food Programme", "WHO World Health Organization", "WINGS WFP Information Network and Global System", "WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization", "WMO World Meteorological Organization", "I. INTRODUCTION", "1. As part of its programme of work for 2008, the Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) undertook a review entitled “Implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in United Nations system organizations”. The present review, which is directed at a broad audience, seeks to tackle a number of complex and interrelated issues and provide a comprehensive overview. Given the size and highly technical nature of the IPSAS project (the full texts of all IPSAS standards fill more than 1,000 pages) it was a major challenge to synthesize the review into a readable and as concise as possible a report. The information in this report is therefore provided in relatively short sections suitable for individual study as necessary. Readers are encouraged to use the table of contents to guide them to issues of their own special interest:", "understand the raison d’être of the reform;", "UNSAS and how IPSAS requirements and benefits will impact the organizations;", "challenge in different environments; on the ingredients for success or failure; on the project team that supported the organizations at the interagency level; and on best practices, an area in which both executive heads and Member States have an important role to play;", "IPSAS compliance in the United Nations system.", "A. Origin", "2. Since 1980, and more so since 2004, United Nations system organizations have recognized the need for a concerted process for an orderly transition toward compliance with common and internationally recognized accounting standards. Reviewing this common process provides an exceptional opportunity for the JIU to fulfil its mandate of ensuring that optimum use is made of resources made available to the organizations, in particular through greater coordination between them.[1] This review commenced in 2008, with most research and drafting being undertaken in 2009.", "3. Unsurprisingly, the urgency of undertaking this reform was first felt by experts in international accounting from across the United Nations system. The Inspector recalls the harsh assessment of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), which pointed out that “despite the importance of good quality financial reporting and accounting standards to improvements in governance, accountability and transparency, most of the United Nations system management reform reports have not linked financial reporting or accounting standards to these three reform aims” [2] (with the exception of the World Food Programme (WFP) Governance Project). In concrete terms, had IPSAS been applied in the last decades, there would have been no unpleasant surprises about the necessity and cost of the Capital Master Plan, the liabilities on after-service health insurance (ASHI), or about millions of unaccounted assets, especially in peacekeeping missions.", "B. Objectives", "4. Given that all in principle decisions to adopt IPSAS had already been made in 2006 and 2007, this report will not dwell on their appropriateness but rather seek to propose ways and means to have these implemented in the most efficient manner. Consequently, the objectives of the report are to:", "decided to transit to IPSAS, with the main benefits, challenges and difficulties involved;", "changes in accounting and management practices across the United Nations system; and", "legislative bodies, executive heads and managers of United Nations system organizations to assess the implementation status of their IPSAS project and, if necessary, rethink their adoption strategy.", "5. This report seeks to increase IPSAS awareness among delegates and officials of the various secretariats, who mostly do not have a professional background in accounting. The inspector feels it is essential to make this very technical accounting reform as understandable as any other management reform so that Member States and officials alike may appreciate the benefits to be expected from the adoption of IPSAS. A further objective is to help decision makers to fully take into account the most relevant success factors for attaining their common goal of producing IPSAS-compliant set of financial statements (FS) as soon as possible, in accordance with the decisions taken in 2004 and 2005 by the directors of accounting and finance of United Nations system organizations and subsequently by their legislative bodies in 2006 and 2007.", "C. Methodology", "6. The review covers IPSAS implementation in all participating organizations between 2006 and mid-2010[3]. In accordance with the internal standards and guidelines of the JIU and its internal working procedures, the methodology followed in preparing this report included a preliminary desk review, interviews and in-depth analysis. The JIU was given access to responses to the semi-annual questionnaires circulated by the Task Force on Accounting Standards (TF) of the United Nations Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB). In addition, a detailed questionnaire was sent by the JIU to all participating organizations. On the basis of the responses received, the Inspector conducted interviews with officials of participating organizations. He also sought the views of the CEB Secretariat and organizations which have already adopted IPSAS, including the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the European Commission (EC) and the World Bank. The views of the IPSAS Board, IFAC, the United Nations Board of Auditors (BoA) and the French Government were also sought.", "7. Substantive comments from participating organizations on the draft report have been sought and taken into account in finalizing the report. In accordance with article 11.2 of the JIU Statute, this report has been finalized after consultation among the Inspectors so as to test its conclusions and recommendations against the collective wisdom of the Unit. To facilitate the handling of the report and the implementation of its recommendations and the monitoring thereof, annex V contains a table indicating whether the report is submitted to the organizations concerned for action or for information. The table identifies those recommendations relevant for each organization, specifying whether they require a decision by the organization’s legislative or governing body or can be acted upon by the organization’s executive head. The Inspector wishes to express his appreciation to all who assisted him in the preparation of this report, and particularly to those who participated in the interviews and shared their knowledge and expertise.", "8. This report is dedicated to the memory of Jean François des Robert, whose lecture to the JIU inspired this project and who, despite being a recognized specialist in the implementation of IFRS and IPSAS in various countries of Africa, Asia and Central Europe, modestly accepted to work for this project as a JIU Research Officer from January 2008 until the final days of his life in April of that year.[4] He is deeply missed as an expert and as an exemplary human being. This project was then suspended for one year.", "II. TOWARDS IPSAS", "A. Why financial reporting needs international accounting standards", "9. Until they decided to migrate from UNSAS to IPSAS, most United Nations system organizations had few accountants and little understanding of the substantive role that accountants can play in improving the financial management of public services and ensuring greater value for money.", "10. The objective of financial statements (FS) is to provide structured basic information on a private or public entity’s performance and financial position (i.e. its health and wealth) both for internal and external users.[5]", "11. In order to be useful, FS have to be understood in an equal manner by all users and should therefore apply common accounting principles, policies or rules developed by authoritative and independent specialists - hence the concept of accounting standards. With the development of international trade, finance and investments exchanges, the need for common tools to assess the value of commercial entities required international recognition of these standards.", "12. Initially felt in the private sector, this need has been addressed primarily by accountants who had first met nationally and then internationally to establish and maintain standard-setting bodies such as the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC)[6] and its successor, the London-based 15-member International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).[7] Its International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), derived from the International Accounting Standards (IAS), were made mandatory by the European Union for all listed companies in 2005 and they, or their national equivalents, are progressively becoming mandatory in other countries including India, South Africa, Turkey and the United States.", "13. “The philosophy underlying international accounting standards is that they set a series of principles against which the decisions about the recording of particular transactions should be judged. The application and audit of such standards is based on the assumption that they will be applied by persons who have a thorough knowledge of accounting theory and practice and be audited by persons who have a similar background.”[8]", "B. The dilemma facing United Nations system organizations", "14. It took 25 years for United Nations system organizations to progress from a situation where the absence of a common framework for accounting and financial reporting prevented comparison of financial statements between organizations towards the progressive adoption of the same internationally recognized accounting standards. The major steps in this evolution have been as follows:", "1980 Creation of a working party on the harmonization of FS by the finance and budget sector of the Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions (CCAQ (FB)) and its agreement that the recommendations of the IASC should serve as useful guidelines.", "1981: Adoption by the ACC of several principles of common sense, drawn from the “Generally Accepted Accounting Principles” (GAAP), which draw on standards, conventions, and rules that accountants follow in recording transactions and preparing FS. In particular, the principles relate to continuity (“going concern”), consistency, prudence, substance over form, disclosure of significant accounting policies, materiality, sincerity, periodicity and regularity. The same year the Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions (Finance and Budget) (CCAQ (FB)) made the disclosure of accounting policies mandatory for United Nations system organizations.", "1980s There were two opposing schools of thought as to the difficulty (CCAQ (FB)) or the necessity (Panel of External Auditors) of developing a body of accounting standards which would apply specifically to United Nations system organizations.", "1991: The Panel of External Auditors (PoEA) clearly described the challenge facing United Nations system organizations: “There are, of course, many reasons why standards developed specifically for application to the needs of businesses and commercial accounting cannot be read across for direct application in the very different circumstances of the United Nations organizations (…) More generally, the aims and objectives of United Nations organizations, the appropriate disclosure requirements, the interests and needs of the organizations preparing the financial statements and of the various users of the final accounts are in many respects significantly different from those appropriate to commercial bodies.” [9] A Standards Committee was established the same year.", "C. A first and elusive solution: the United Nations Accounting Standards (UNSAS)", "15. Finally, in response to a request by the General Assembly to PoEA[10] dated 21 December 1990, the annex to the Secretary-General’s 1993 report on accounting standards[11] was the first version of the United Nations System Accounting Standards (UNSAS). Although these standards have been subject to a series of revisions and continued to be applied by most United Nations system organizations at the time of the JIU review, their objectives have remained unchanged.", "16. The use of UNSAS was a major step towards the adoption of common language and terminology among accountants of United Nations system organizations, but their objectives had only been partially met.", "17. Whatever efforts might be deployed to revise UNSAS, three major flaws will remain, the price to be paid for their flexibility and adaptability to the various needs of United Nations system organizations:", "I. UNSAS leave ample room for interpretation since the very text establishing them recognized the principle of freedom for the authority competent for financial matters, thus allowing the organizations to dispense with strict discipline;[12]", "II. As a consequence, they are not truly “in force”, “common” or, by extension, credible.", "III. From an auditor’s point of view, they may give rise to a conflict of interest since they have been promulgated by an authority representing the very organizations whose accounts are to be audited in accordance with their own standards.", "18. While the United Nations system was proceeding with repeated revisions of its own standards in a bid to modernize its accounting practices, accounting trends were evolving rapidly in civil society, especially at the turn of the century in the wake of several scandals (Enron, WorldCom, etc.) which turned public opinion in favour of strengthening accounting regulations and policies and their international convergence. It thus became increasingly clear that the only way to ensure consistent and comparable financial reporting and accounting processes across the United Nations system was to make sure that all financial disclosures complied with the same set of standards issued by an independent external authority with an international composition and adapted to the needs of non-profit entities.", "D. A new solution to an old dilemma: the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)", "19. Fortunately, following and complementing the success of the IFRS, an initiative to meet these needs was launched in 1996. The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) [13] established the Public Sector Council (PSC), later renamed the IPSAS Board (IPSASB), in Toronto, with a view to developing International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), underpinned by an independent and transparent due process[14] similar to that followed by IASB.[15] The aim was to develop high quality accounting standards to be used in the preparation of general purpose FS by public sector entities worldwide. Public sectors entities include national Governments, regional and local Governments and their component entities. Intergovernmental organizations were not included within the original scope of the standards. The IPSASB works with a very limited staff as an independent standard-setting body under the auspices of the IFAC. It achieves its objectives by:", "(IPSASs) and other pronouncements[16];", "accounting standards; and", "public sector.", "20. Basically, the IPSAS standards set out recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure requirements relating to transactions and events to be synthesized in general purpose FS. The full texts of IPSAS standards employ some new terminology[17] and provide examples of the application of the standards to particular transactions in order to enhance understanding of their requirements. In order to help introduce the necessary changes required by a system-wide adoption of IPSAS, interpretations of the standards and guidelines have been discussed by the Task Force on Accounting Standards. By the end of 2007, the system-wide project team had developed a portfolio of IPSAS-compliant policies and guidelines that has been accepted by United Nations system organizations as providing a stable platform for facilitating harmonization of IPSAS-compliant financial reporting across the United Nations system. In 2008 and 2009, further system-wide guidance papers were accepted, approved or endorsed. But interpretation of accounting standards is a subject of continuous debate, even within the same organization, and evolves over the years. (In this regard, the WFP, as an early adopter, could not benefit from the guidance of others.).", "21. Like IFRS, IPSAS requires full compliance. No FS can be claimed as being IPSAS-compliant if any of the IPSAS requirements has not been met in full. Nevertheless, in order to pave the way for progressive implementation of IPSAS, HLCM proposed, on the basis of the TF recommendation, (see para. 26 below), that until the completion of the transition UNSAS be applied in a flexible manner and accommodate accounting policies and practices already in line with IPSAS requirements.", "E. 2005-2007: The political decisions to adopt IPSAS", "22. In order to focus attention on the need to revamp the United Nations accounting system a Task Force on Accounting Standards (TF) was established in 2002. This inter-agency group, consisting of accountants from United Nations system organizations, was set up by the then Director of the Accounts division of the United Nations (now Deputy Controller) who continues to chair it in addition to co-chairing the Finance and Budget Network (FBN) of the CEB.[18] The HLCM approved the establishment of a joint “project” on international accounting standards, as recommended by the TF. Once a qualified team leader and joint funding were identified, the project provided the organizations the opportunity to exchange ideas and experiences through questionnaires and comments on various deliverables (position papers, draft guidances, etc.), issued according to a tight schedule.", "23. The first basic questions the TF members were asked by the CEB project team concerned the best accounting standards for the United Nations system and the criteria against which these should be assessed. Four options were proposed:", "and New Zealand", "several exemptions for situations specific to the United Nations.", "24. Of the 28 organizations contacted, the 12 formal replies received (of which some were from the largest organizations), gave considerable weight to the criteria of “international character, strong due process and full accruals” (see paras. 29-37). Interestingly, organizations were almost equally divided between a “practical” school of thought favouring the IFRS - the set of international standards widely used by large private companies in many countries, known to most accountants and on which comprehensive information and training material existed - and those belonging to the “logic” school, who favoured the new set of IPSAS standards, which they deemed particularly well-suited to the specific needs of public sector entities. In the end, there was no clear majority for either approach (11 for IPSAS and 10 for IFRS).", "25. To the question: “Do you agree with the paper’s suggestion that full adoption of an external set of accounting standards may not be possible for UN System organizations within the short to medium term?” as of June 2005, 10 out of 12 respondents did agree. Consequently, considerable system-wide efforts were deployed to promote the view that a transition to international standards could be completed in the medium term. These efforts were a vital component of the TF drive, supported by HLCM, to hasten the transition from UNSAS to IPSAS. Logically, each organization should have conducted an in-depth analysis of its level of preparedness in 2005. This would have necessitated a good understanding of IPSAS requirements by all the organizations, which was hardly the case. Instead a system-wide preparedness study was conducted. Based on its results and on the successful experiences drawn from the OECD, EC and NATO, five years was selected as the (tight) standard timeframe for transition. Furthermore, three organizations were identified as likely to be able to adopt the international standards as early as 2008, while it was expected that the others would be ready for compliance in 2010. Although technically the feasibility and lack of flexibility of this deadline should have been questioned, the organizations came under pressure in the summer of 2005 to adhere to it. On the other hand, it should be recognized that, at that initial stage, establishing a challenging deadline helped draw the attention of senior management and governing bodies to this transition and created a momentum to secure project resources and commitment to invest efforts in change management.", "26. This explains why only five months later, on 30 November 2005, the HLCM unanimously approved the following recommendations:", "(a) United Nations system organizations should adopt IPSAS", "(b) United Nations system organizations should develop their implementation timetables, with all organizations adopting IPSAS effective no later than reporting periods beginning on 1 January 2010, and 1 July 2010 for the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations.", "(c) Support, coordination and leadership for this system-wide change should continue to be provided through the TF, under the auspices of the FBN, together with continuation of project resources to ensure consistent interpretation and application of IPSAS requirements across the System.", "(d) The following sentence would be added to UNSAS at the end of paragraph 3:", "“Where an organization departs from the practices set out below in order to apply an IPSAS standard or IPSAS standards the organization is deemed to comply with UNSAS.”", "(e) Inter-agency funding and other support would continue to be provided to ensure effective United Nations System representation on the IPSASB. [19]", "27. In light of relevant reports of the Secretary-General[20] and exchanges with Secretariat officials, the ACABQ endorsed the recommendation with a degree of enthusiasm most unusual for this body: “It is clear to the Advisory Committee that the Organization should move from UNSAS to IPSAS.”[21] In parallel however it cautiously and rightly warned against an unrealistic timeline, stressing that implementation needed to be synchronized with the introduction of a new information technology system.", "28. On 7 July 2006, the General Assembly followed ACABQ on both counts and decided to approve the adoption by the United Nations of IPSAS, though it refrained from imposing the target date proposed by the Secretary-General. In addition, in accordance with the recommendation of ACABQ, it approved the resources requested by the Secretary-General to begin the implementation process. [22] In less than two years, all the organizations followed in the footsteps of the United Nations and commenced their transition to IPSAS, a most remarkable achievement.", "III. THE IMPACT OF IPSAS ON THE ORGANIZATIONS: KEY ISSUES", "The major change to accrual-based accounting", "1. Novelty", "29. In 2000, ACABQ was able to attend one of the annual accruals symposiums held by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) for finance experts from its Member States to discuss the introduction of a new basis for accounting: “accrual”, as opposed to “cash”[23]. Since then it has become accepted professional convention that accrual-based accounting is the best method to meet the needs of modern financial reporting and the most suited to provide a full picture of an entity’s financial situation, giving insight into its actual assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses in a given year. Nowadays all international accounting standards require compliance with this method of recording transactions.", "30. Under accrual-based accounting transactions and other events are recognized when they occur (and not only when cash or its equivalent is received or paid). Consequently, transactions and events are recorded in the accounting records and recognized in the FS of the periods to which they relate. While very often transaction dates and payment dates differ, under the new method each of these events is recognized at its actual date and has to be accounted for in the FS of the financial period in question. Therefore, accounting treatment will differ. The elements recognized under accrual-based accounting are assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses (IPSAS 1).", "2. Challenges", "31. The use of accrual-based accounting in public management has an impact which extends well beyond financial matters as it affects regular work practices, from political decision-making to daily operations. Indeed, the adoption of this method amounts to no less than a cultural revolution. Some United Nations system organizations have long been using accrual-based accounting to record certain revenues or expenses, and are therefore better placed for IPSAS implementation. But for others such change needs to be assimilated not only by their accountants, but also by delegates and managers who need to consult existing FS, or have to contribute to generating new ones.", "32. The change could be as frightening as for a singer or a television director to go from a recording studio to a live public show. In traditional cash-based accounting transactions are recorded on the basis of payments made; but by using the accrual method they are recorded when income becomes due and expenditure is incurred (rather than when cash is received or paid) and reported in the FS of the periods to which they relate. Transaction and payment dates often do not agree and their accounting treatment is therefore different under each method.", "Example A: Purchase of service from a consultant", "The signing of the contract will have no accounting impact. However, the date of delivery/provision of the service bought will become the only accounting reference, instead of the reservation of the budget funds. Receipt of the payment request will become the key event (unless a single date can be set for delivery and likewise for the purchase of property), with the liabilities charged to the financial period. This presupposes that compliance with intermediary payment conditions has been verified in full. It will no longer be a matter of liquidating a funds reservation, but of recording each event once it has actually occurred.[24]", "Example B", "Shipment of goods", "When an entity procures 900 tents for subsequent distribution to beneficiaries, under cash-based accounting the transaction will recognize expenditure at the time a payment for shipment is made to the supplier, whenever actual delivery of shipment took place (payment usually follows delivery of goods). Under accrual-based accounting the receipt of shipment will first be recorded in the inventory (assets) account as an increase in asset value representing addition of inventory by 900 tents stored in the entity’s warehouse. Thereafter, at the time of distribution to beneficiaries, second or consequent transactions will record reduction in inventory (asset) value and increase in expenses to represent the value of tents distributed. Thus, distribution of 200 tents to beneficiaries will result in a reduction of inventory (assets) value by equivalent of 200 tents, leaving the balance of 700 tents, but the value of 200 tents will be expensed.", "33. Under IPSAS, it is no longer possible to make even minor adjustments to accounting records since any event which impacts the reporting entity’s wealth must be recognized at the time it occurs.", "34. Under traditional cash-based accounting methods expenses and revenues need not be recorded in the period to which they relate; expenses and revenues, together with capital spending are booked in total in the year in which the capital purchase or disposal is made. In addition, cash-based accounts do not fully recognize assets and liabilities. By contrast, accrual-based accounting measures an entity’s performance and financial position by recognizing economic events at the time when transactions occur (instead of when payments are made). As a result, FS prepared on an accrual basis should provide information about elements such as the resources controlled by the reporting entity, the cost of its operations (cost of providing goods and services), cash flow and other useful financial information about its performance and financial resilience.", "35. Given that in many organizations budget information (monitoring of the execution of the adopted budget) will continue to be presented on a cash basis, the transition to IPSAS will lead to a marked dissociation between accounting and financial data (paras. 65-69).", "1. Benefits", "36. Once the appropriate conditions are created, accrual-based accounting offers many benefits, which largely make up for the initial inconveniences:", "controls and the deployment of those resources;", "entity; and", "with, the entity.[25]", "and by definition remove the scope for manipulating payments and receipts in order to suit specific reporting and control objectives;", "management and decision-making and help organizations make more efficient use of resources (with cash-based accounting, spending on what is used over many years is recorded only when the money is spent and no subsequent account is taken of whether the asset is still in use, has reached the end of its useful life, or has been sold[26])", "efficient cost accounting features and to change organizational behaviour through the use of incentives and penalties including comparisons of the costs of services provided by the private and public sectors; as well as", "not impacted by the vagaries of the timing of cash payments and receipts and which include information about fixed and current assets and liabilities;", "entity’s financial health.", "37. In sum, the implementation of IPSAS means:", "a. Improved internal control and transparency with respect to all assets and liabilities;", "b. More comprehensive and consistent information about costs and income, which will better support governance, in particular Results-Based Management (RBM);", "c. Integration of non-expendable equipment (NEE) into the accounting system, with better accuracy and completeness of NEE records;", "d. Improved consistency and comparability of financial statements over time and across organizations;", "e. Adoption of best accounting practices through the application of credible and independent international accounting standards.", "B. Other issues relating to IPSAS implementation", "1. Reputational risk", "38. A fundamental question is whether the implementation target dates set by United Nations system organizations are realistically achievable and whether the organizations will be able to receive unqualified audit opinion on their first set of IPSAS-compliant FS.", "Risk: The risk is that if their financial statements purport to be IPSAS compliant but this proves to be only partly the case, their external auditor will issue a qualified opinion on their disclosures.", "39. In financial terms, some of the accounting changes required to implement IPSAS are expected to significantly reduce the equity value[27] (fund balance) of the organizations and may even result in negative equity, as was the case of those few Governments, with the exception of New Zealand, who have opted for accrual-based FS. For European Commission officials it was a startling revelation to discover that the Commission’s first FS on a full accrual basis reported a total of accrued charges of €64 million against a total of accrued income of €2.5 million and €54 million due from Member States, instead of a positive €13.5 million, as reported previously. Such changes result from the recognition of full employee benefits liabilities, in particular after-service health insurance ASHI (paras. 60-64). It was estimated that as at 31 December 2007 United Nations liability for ASHI benefits covering all participants was $2,430 billion across all funding sources.[28] These unexpectedly large liabilities in FS do not entail new charges. They are simply a full disclosure of existing liabilities which had not been previously recognized, i.e. quantified on the face of FS.", "40. Some United Nations system organizations have already partly disclosed in their FS employee benefits payable in the future (though earned in previous accounting periods). Since there was no disclosure requirement under UNSAS, these liabilities were only reflected in notes to FS. Although technically it may appear that a reporting organization is insolvent, experience shows that the recognition of these liabilities following the adoption of accrual-based accounting often subjects both Governments and organizations to negative equity. On the other hand, as noted in the IFAC report “Transition to the Accrual Basis of Accounting: Guidance for Governments and Government Entities”, the recognition of liabilities:", "acknowledge and plan for the payment of recognized liabilities;", "future resources;", "liabilities; and", "whether they can sustain their activities.", "2. Potential risks", "41. IPSAS adoption is a complex and comprehensive change management process. While it offers numerous benefits over the medium and long term, it also entails short-term costs and challenges that need to be seriously addressed by the executive heads of all the organizations concerned.", "42. The full potential of using accrual-based information can be realized only if managers are convinced of the value of accrual-based data and are able to act on it so as to improve management processes. Accrual-based accounting should not be an end in itself.", " Risks: According to the FEE the main risks inherent to IPSAS are related more to perceptions than substance:", "the issues that are raised;", "addressed;", "evolving.” [29]", "43. The IPSAS reform will impact operating procedures, reporting practices, and hence governance and relations with Member States. In addition to providing useful information for better management and decision-making, IPSAS will also expose managers to greater public scrutiny and therefore make them more accountable for the efficiency and effectiveness of their programmes.", "3. Change management", "44. Inevitably, the introduction of IPSAS will come at some price for every organization. As pointed out in a 2002 communication by the European Commission, “experience in the Member States shows that reforming public accounting systems represents a major upheaval both in terms of the introduction of new practices and in human terms, not to mention the financial resources required.” [30]", "4. IPSAS is time and money consuming", "45. The adoption of IPSAS compliant accounting methods requires additional commitment of time and effort from staff. During the transition phase, depending on their available resources, the organizations will have either to rely for an extended period of time on support from existing staff working in addition to their regular duties or recruit many additional staff. In this respect, the recommendation of UNESCO’s external auditor applies for all IPSAS projects: “When estimating the time involved to effect changes required by an IPSAS, organizations should allow extra time to avoid the risk of under-estimating the time involved. Often the full extent of the implementation task only emerges once the task is in progress”[31]. Once compliance is achieved, new accounting areas will require permanent attention. For instance, while providing essential information on assets owned and their remaining useful lives, IPSAS 17 Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE), will require PPE items to be controlled, recognized, measured, depreciated and disclosed in notes to the FS, as opposed to the practice of immediately charging them to expenditures, as stipulated in UNSAS. This permanent control over PPE will require organizations to designate staff and establish systems to ensure a full accounting cycle for PPE.", "Inventory[32]accounts will be particularly time and labour-intensive: compliance with IPSAS 12 will require that the inventory be capitalized[33] and disclosed at appropriate value. The inventory will be transferred to expenses when control on it is relinquished for the benefit of final recipients (such as NGOs or target populations). This new disclosure will allow for better control over inventories, but will also require additional efforts to count them (also physically), assess their value and determine when to expense them.", "46. Preparing accurate opening balances for inventories was a major challenge for WFP. Preparations for inventory counting were started more than a year before the opening balance date of 1 January 2008, involving some 1,000 people in 700 WFP locations.", "Risks:", "expertise; and managerial tools which focus on fixed assets.", "IPSAS.", "5. Cultural aspects", "47. The adoption of IPSAS will result in a cultural change, impacting key accounting treatments and the way some business transactions are carried out. For instance, one major difference between UNSAS and IPSAS concerns the “delivery principle”. Under UNSAS an expense is recognized at the point of issuing a purchase order, which initiates recording of unliquidated obligation (ULO)[34]. Thus, a ULO is recorded in advance of receiving goods or services. The existing practice (under UNSAS) of treating it as expenditure means that intentions are reported as implementation. By contrast, IPSAS allows recognition of expenses only when delivery has actually occurred. This major change will remove the necessity for reporting ULOs in FS and result in a more accurate match of expenses and authorized budget in the period to which they relate. However, for the sake of reporting, ULOs will still be recorded in the budgetary and procurement systems and one practice to follow is to disclose them in the notes to the financial statements.", "48. The adoption of IPSAS will promote useful practices such as cost accounting and data sharing among departments or services that have so far worked in isolation in order to provide accountants with complete, accurate and reliable information to produce FS according to the new standards. It may also usher in a common chart of accounts. Inventory receipts and distributions will need to be reflected in a timely manner in the general ledger in order to accurately disclose inventory balances.", "6. Political aspects", "49. Politically the most sensitive requirement is contained in IPSAS 6–Consolidated[35] and Separate Financial Statements, which stipulates that an entity shall present FS in which it consolidates all the entities it controls[36]. The application of this stipulation raises several key questions for an organization like the United Nations, including whether all United Nations funds and programmes should be considered as subsidiaries of the Organization and whether the concept of consolidation should be applied to joint initiatives and if so which organization should be designated as their parent entity. These are important, legal, financial and political considerations that need to be addressed and agreed upon, ideally during an early preparation phase, as recommended by the Board of Auditors (BoA).[37] On the basis of the recommendation of the Advisory Committee[38] a Secretary-General’s report addressed this issue and confirmed the complexity of IPSAS compliance for the United Nations[39]. The United Nations IPSAS implementation project team observed that IPSAS 6 is not prescriptive as to the identification of the “core” reporting entity, which can be an administrative arrangement without legal identity. Hence the United Nations and its related entities, including the Funds and Programmes, would not need to undertake a formal consolidation, thus allowing a pragmatic approach in such a grey area. The United Nations IPSAS implementation project team eventually agreed not to present consolidated data.", "50. Two other politically sensitive issues relate to revenue recognition: the treatment of delays in collection of outstanding contributions and the Recording of Voluntary Contributions. With regard to the former, while under UNSAS an organization may make provision for such delays, IPSAS requires all assets (including receivables) to be carried at their fair value. Therefore, in cases where contributions are unlikely to be received, their value will have to be adjusted accordingly. This may generate a political debate on whether some Member States may be excused from paying their assessed contributions because of arrears in payments and whether other Member States will have to cover the resulting shortfall. IFAD had to solve a similar problem to comply with the IFRS. The TF issued a paper on the matter in December 2009. The BoA suggested in June 2008 that with the advent of IPSAS it may become necessary for the organizations to make provision for non-recoverable or late-paying debtors.", "51. The transition to full accrual-based accounting means that United Nations system organizations will have to rapidly determine the criteria to be applied to legal commitments underpinning voluntary contributions. Implementation of IPSAS 23 means that the terms of the commitments will have to be studied carefully in order to identify the date and amount that will be posted in the FS. Donors’ commitments can vary considerably according to the project or the State concerned. It is therefore important to define the degree of formalization of the commitment: the status of the signatory and type of document (contract, pledge, budgetary document, etc.).", "C. Some accounting changes with most impact", "52. In a survey conducted by the TF (see annex II) respondents identified the standards which they perceived as having the most significant impact on their organizations. Three standards were named by all the organizations: IPSAS 1–Presentation of financial statements, (most indispensable); IPSAS 17–Property, Plant and Equipment; and IPSAS 24–Presentation of Budget Information in Financial Statements. Other important impacts were expected from the adoption of IPSAS 3–Net Surplus or Deficit for the Period, Fundamental Errors and Changes in Accounting Policies; IPSAS 12–Inventories; IPSAS 18–Segment Reporting; IPSAS 19–Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets; IPSAS 23–Revenue from Non-Exchange Transactions (Taxes and Transfers); IPSAS 25–Employee benefits; and IPSAS 31–Intangible Assets. Comments on issues of particular interest to United Nations system organizations are presented below.", "1. Presentation of financial statements", "53. According to IPSAS 1–Presentation of Financial Statements, “financial statements shall be presented at least annually” [40] because their “usefulness … is impaired if they are not made available to users within a reasonable period after the reporting date. An entity should be in a position to issue its financial statements within six months of the reporting date.”[41] This requirement will be challenging for all organizations and their external auditors since almost all financial reporting has so far been done on a biennial or multi-year basis.", "2. Treatment of assets: Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE)", "54. According to the basic principle of IPSAS 17 (revised), assets which are utilized over more than one financial period should be “capitalized” in the balance sheet. This standard allows entities to initially recognize PPE items either at their historical cost[42] or their fair value[43], which is then charged to expenses over the period of use of each asset. The use of fair value is justified by the difficulty of reliably substantiating the acquisition cost of PPE items held by an entity for a long period of time, transferred between field offices, etc. Either method will have to be backed by supporting documentation, thus requiring significant effort, including work to identify and classify all PPE items using an appropriate valuation methodology. For subsequent measurement of PPE, IPSAS allows for a choice between the cost model and the revaluation model. The costs to be capitalized must be distinguished from those to be expensed: a difficult exercise in the case of a complex operation such as the Capital Master Plan for the United Nations Headquarters in New York. Regarding this case, the BoA recommended that the Accounts Division should consider capitalizing renovation work carried out on the United Nations Organization’s assets.", "55. The threshold level for PPE recognition was a subject of heated debate among United Nations organizations, with some arguing for a higher threshold to reduce the administrative costs of capturing and maintaining data, and others advocating a lower one to ensure better control over PPE. The level recommended by the TF is US$5,000. Currently, there is no requirement for the recognition of heritage assets[44].", "56. Accrual-based accounting requires that PPE items be depreciated over their useful lives. A depreciation charge is made periodically against an individual PPE item to gradually decrease its value. The accounting treatment of depreciation under IPSAS will allow management to make informed decisions on matters such as construction and renovation works, sometimes years in advance. In practice, this will require the development of an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system module capable of automatically carrying out calculations and making corresponding records in the accounting system.", "57. Although in the context of the United Nations it is often difficult to determine the nature of project assets and inventories[45] it is important that they be recognized in the FS. While the IPSAS standards provide definitions of “asset” and “control”, the application of these definitions is complex and may lead to different interpretations. For instance, control over assets transferred from a funding entity to an implementing partner may depend on the subtle language of implementation agreements and/or the use of the assets.", "58. The IPSASB has included transitional provisions for the initial adoption of certain standards in order to give new adopters additional time to fully meet the standards’ requirements. For instance, the transitional provisions of IPSAS 17 provide relief from the requirement to recognize all PPE in FS during the first five years of expected compliance. Since most organizations have numerous PPE items which are expected to fully depreciate by the end of the five-year transitional period, the invocation of the transitional provisions will relieve them from the requirement of ever having to recognize these items in their FS. WFP, for example, has invoked these provisions in 2008, recognizing only those tangible assets whose useful lives exceeded five years from its initial IPSAS adoption date.", "59. By introducing integrated capitalized assets and inventory modules into financial accounting software, the organizations could improve existing management controls over the location and condition of their assets worldwide. They would also have the capability to disclose capitalized asset values in accordance with international standards. The social benefit of such capitalization for public-sector organizations and citizens, relative to its costs, has been questioned by some accountants, in particular on the grounds that “Governments [and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)] do not exist for commercial reasons but to provide services, fundamentally social in nature and those other services that the commercial sector is not willing to venture into for economic reasons”[46].", " Risk: In the first countries where accrual accounting was adopted (1991-1992), such as the United Kingdom and New Zealand, particular “concerns have been raised about the efficacy of capital charges, when rules are enforced by top-level management rather than through the integration and education of users of such information”.[47]", "3. Employee benefits", "60. The HLCM had acknowledged the magnitude of the implications of IPSAS adoption, especially the impact of a full recognition of liabilities for employee benefits, such as after-service health insurance (ASHI), annual leave and the repatriation grant. Indeed, HLCM noted that although IPSAS would only require recognition and reporting of such liabilities, the issue of funding would have to be addressed with concurrent and similarly urgent attention.[48]", "61. This issue was first raised by the ACABQ in 1997, long before IPSAS adoption decisions were envisaged. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a precursor, recognized ASHI since 2001. However, now with implementation of IPSAS under way, full ASHI liabilities will have to be recognized in the FS. Considering their magnitude, in spite of the serious margin of uncertainties affecting estimates which use different parameters[49], it becomes increasingly important to identify present and future sources of funding. At the 60th and 61st sessions of the General Assembly[50], the Secretary-General recommended that the United Nations recognize full ASHI liabilities in its FS and that a funding strategy aiming towards full funding within a 30-year time frame be put into place. While the General Assembly deferred a decision on the subject, several organizations, including FAO, UNDP, UNICEF, WFP, WHO and WMO, had already taken steps to secure – although never fully – the funds required to cover these liabilities.[51] Other organizations remained undecided about the most suitable funding arrangements, stressing the need for further harmonization of funding mechanisms and for clear commitment from Member States, as it is they which will ultimately have to determine the modalities for financing these costs. In this regard, Member States are advised to be consistent in their decisions across all the organizations of which they are members, especially if a common system-wide solution can be devised. For the present, each organization will have to consider the following two options when assessing the long-term impact of this liability with their inherent risks:", "with IPSAS requirements should ensure fund management in a fund which contains Member States’ contributions over time and which earns investment income, facilitating future payments to the former employees; and", "affected by the state of the economy and the management of public funds, not only by the Member State concerned, but by all the Member States of the organization, who would all have to pay significant amounts in the future to the organization’s budget to cover actual obligations to former employees.", "62. Where there is an agreed-to funding strategy, IPSAS will highlight the responsibility of Member States by disclosing the level of liabilities compared to the assets of the accumulated fund. In the absence of such a strategy, Member States’ accountability will be lessened. There are uncertainties in both cases and the recent financial crisis demonstrates that there is no risk-free option. An agreed-to funding strategy could be a safer choice if investments are well managed as appears to be the case in another context with the UNJSPF.", "63. Currently, most liabilities to employees are paid out on a “pay-as-you-go” basis, with any unfunded portions being met from resources available in the period during which payments are made. This means that subsequent accounting periods generally bear some costs incurred in earlier periods for liabilities that had not been previously recognized and accrued for.[52] The recent financial crisis demonstrated the need for long-term planning.", "64. The funding of ASHI liabilities is made even more complex by the fact that many trust funds are of a short-term nature. After their closure they cannot provide any funding for after-service benefits to former employees who, for example, have taken up employment with another organization. This means that future liabilities will have to be covered in their entirety by the receiving organization.", "3. The budget issue", "65. IPSAS 24 (Presentation of the budget information in financial statements) prescribes mandatory presentation of budget amounts against accounting data. Two main options are available when making the transition from UNSAS (“modified cash basis”) to accrual-based accounting:", "(1) To fully apply the principle of accrual-based accounts to both the budget and general accounts (in which case the budgetary balance will correspond to the difference between budgetary entitlements and obligations established in the course of the financial year, irrespective of the amount that may be disbursed or collected);", "(2) To apply the accrual principle to the general accounts only, while budget implementation remains subject to the cash principle (in which case a “dual” system exists, whereby a reconciliation has to be made on a yearly basis, published in notes to FS and certified by the auditor). One of the main challenges of IPSAS adoption is matching FS information to budgets, a practice which may help to better assess the performance of the reporting organization. This will require an explicit yearly (or quarterly) reconciliation of budget and FS. For example, the International Agency for Atomic Energy (IAEA) was invited by its external auditor to link accounts and budget more closely.[53] The challenge is how to encourage programme managers to analyze accrual-based data and make good use of the findings.", "66. By 2006, only two out of eight European countries who officially adopted accrual-based accounting had taken up that double challenge: the United Kingdom (which took 13 years to complete the transition) and Switzerland.", "67. For the time being, most IGOs which have already moved to accrual-based accounting (including the EC) find it difficult to introduce accrual-based budgeting, at least in the short term. They will continue with cash-based budget presentation, arguing that accrual-based budgeting will not be easily accepted by their member States. Cash-based budget presentations, however, have to be made on the basis of an annual financial period; while most United Nations system organizations have biennial or even multi-annual budgets. Another argument used for that choice is that the implementation phase of IPSAS requires significant financial and human resources, affecting their ability to undertake another large-scale project. Additionally, accrual budgeting is more suitable for a stable environment such as that of the United Nations Secretariat, but to a lesser extent to rapidly changing conditions, as in Peacekeeping operations.", "68. Although accrual-based budgeting is not a requirement under IPSAS, the practice is championed by several accounting authorities, including the FEE, which stated in 2006 that “It is important to note that the benefits of accrual accounting can only be fully realized and embedded if budgets are also prepared on an accruals basis. Without accrual-based budgets, financial managers will not be disposed to manage their key indicators on an accruals basis and thus are less likely to operate a fully accruals based finance function. They are also less likely to exploit the full potential of accrual-based financial information as an in-year financial management tool.”[54]", "69. Upgrading ERP systems to allow for simultaneous recording of each expense in the “accrual” and “cash” ledgers, as already done by some vendors, will facilitate the comparison between actual and original amounts. The preparation of comparative schedules will require a joint effort by staff from accounts and budget, who have so far worked apart and lack experience in this new area.", "5. Revenue recognition", "70. Revenue recognition is another technically demanding area. IPSAS 23 Revenue from non‑exchange transactions[55] (as opposed to revenue from sales or leasing) determines when revenue should be recognized and how it should be measured. The difficulty for United Nations system organizations, versus the private sector, arises mainly from the predominance (80-90 per cent) of such non-exchange transactions in the case of these organizations and the requirement to distinguish between the various types of such revenue transactions, which need to be recorded in different ways. While assessed contributions will be subject to similar treatment across the organizations, the different types of voluntary funding agreements and pledges call for a specific treatment of the accounts, to be determined only after careful review and interpretation of the funding agreements. [56] The thousands of trust funds agreed upon in the United Nations system raise a real issue in this regard[57].", "4. Fund accounting", "71. Funds represent a pool of resource set aside for the carrying on of specific activities or attaining certain objectives in accordance with legislative or other regulatory restrictions placed on the use of those resources. Most United Nations system organizations report using fund accounting under UNSAS: Accordingly, FS should provide breakdowns and disclosures by fund, specifying “the nature of each capital fund and reserve account, the authority for establishing it, its authorized level, its source of funding, and movements in its constituent funds should be separately disclosed.” [58] “In presenting data in the columns, organizations should show clearly which funds are at the disposal of the member States of the reporting organization (e.g. regular budget, working capital funds, etc.), and which are not (e.g. funds received from donors to finance projects)[59]” However, these issues are not addressed under IPSAS, which are silent on fund accounting, another sign that IGOs needs were not in the minds of IPSAS drafters.. A harmonized approach has been recommended by the TF, but at the time of the JIU review no common solution had been found due to different arrangements with donors and conflicting interpretations of the “Trust Fund” concept. Thereafter, it will be an issue of implementation for each organization to discuss and agree to with their external auditors.", "5. Foreign exchange rates and timing of financial statements", "72. According to IPSAS 4–The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates, “a foreign currency transaction shall be recorded, on initial recognition in the functional currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction”. This IPSAS provision was highlighted by the National Audit Office (NAO), the external auditors of WFP, to demonstrate that the existing system of setting the monthly United Nations operational rate of exchange (UNORE) was not sufficient for IPSAS requirements since the “spot exchange rate is the exchange rate for immediate delivery[60] ”. According to the standards, “an average rate for a week or a month might be used for all transactions occurring during that period” as long as the exchange rates do not fluctuate significantly. However, this problem was resolved by the TF in 2009. It was decided that organizations wishing to use the UNORE (United Nations official exchange rate) instead of the spot exchange rate would need to demonstrate that this does not create any material discrepancy. As a follow-up to that decision, procedures were put in place to minimize differences between UNORE and spot exchange rates, including mid-month adjustments when given thresholds are met. It was further decided that based on the spot rates a revised UNORE would be issued at the end of June and December to ensure that there were no rate differences at the balance sheet date.", "IV. IPSAS PROJECTS IMPLEMENTATION IN THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM", "73. Once adopted by all the Organizations of the United Nations system, the principle of transition to IPSAS resulted in a two-level strategy where projects would coexist and interact:", "establishing its own project team and for dedicating sufficient human and financial resources to ensure successful IPSAS implementation. Their concerted initial strategy foresaw two phases: some “early adopters” targeted compliance effective 2008 (with only one meeting this target), while other organizations aimed for 2010.", "team is tasked with developing accounting policies to promote and foster a consistent understanding of the IPSAS requirements across the system, and facilitate consideration of common implementation issues where there is scope for a system-wide approach that would generate efficiencies[61].", "A. The system-wide (CEB) project", "1. An inter-agency undertaking", "74. Once the choice of IPSAS had been made it became necessary to translate each IPSAS requirement into guidelines and policy papers to be used by each organization for its own project and specific needs. Inter-agency cooperation was essential. Indeed, as stated by the former External Auditor of UNIDO, “It is of key importance that the Organization participates in the various meetings and contributes to the development of consistent interpretation and application of IPSAS requirements across the system.[62] ”", "75. As part of the jointly funded activities in the United Nations Budget, a first project, known as “the accounting standards project” was started in 2005 to determine the way forward for the United Nations system to align with appropriate accounting standards[63] . This project ended in November 2005 with the recommendation to adopt IPSAS. A new project was approved by HLCM for the period 2006-2009 with an annual budget of US$1.160.000 million per year[64] to support IPSAS implementation at the system-wide level and to ensure harmonized implementation and economies of scale. The project was extended until 2011, but reduced to $1.33 million for the biennium. It provides for one team leader and two professionals. The New York-based system-wide team, also severely reduced in number, reports to a Steering Committee, formed from two organizations from each of the main United Nations system centres (New York, Geneva, Vienna and Rome) meeting on a bi-monthly basis – accountable to the TF – composed of senior finance staff from United Nations system organizations and tasked with setting project priorities, defining deliverables, and reviewing IPSAS progress. The team developed broad accounting policies to support consistency and harmonization and facilitate consideration of common implementation issues where there is scope for a system-wide approach that would generate efficiencies and improve the quality of financial reporting. It has also developed a review process involving four regional focus groups comprising accounting professionals from United Nations system organizations. These “focus groups”, established in New York, Geneva, Vienna and Rome, review the accounting policies and guidance papers prepared by the Team and provide recommendations and comments which the team analyses and then submits to the TF for review and approval. In 2010 inter-agency working groups were established to share knowledge and experience on specific IPSAS key requirements such as employee benefits, controlled entities, common services, inventories and donated rights to use premises under joint arrangements[65], while the system-wide team was providing policy guidance and support. Finally, the team is also responsible for representing United Nations accounting issues to IPSASB, with the limited influence of a mere observer in a club.", "76. While most of the organizations’ accountants interviewed in 2009 found that this inter-agency cooperation was very useful, some expressed concerns about what they considered to be an excessive standardization drive even in instances where it was not proven that “one size fits all”. It was further observed that the harmonization process had delayed the achievement of consensus on key IPSAS policies such as treatment of revenue, expenses and project assets. Taking these critical observations into account the TF decided in May 2010 to allow and manage the emerging accounting policies diversity among organizations, arising from differences in their regulatory frameworks, institutional arrangements, mandates, business processes etc.: a baseline of policies and practices would be established where necessary, and system-wide processes established for further monitoring and further harmonization.", "1. Deliverables and services", "77. In 2006, the Team produced its first set of IPSAS accounting policies and guidance for review by four regional focus groups. Since then, it has produced briefing notes, papers and guidelines detailing proposals for harmonizing IPSAS compliant accounting policies/guidance. By December 2009, the Team’s papers and briefing notes and related minutes of meetings had resulted in 59 accounting policy papers and guidelines, which were reviewed by the TF and subsequently approved by the FBN and the HLCM.[66]", "78. The Team is also charged with maintaining and constantly updating the CEB accounting standards webpage and servicing the semi-annual meetings of the TF. The JIU team was invited to attend its May 2009 meeting in Rome and made a presentation on the preparation of the JIU review.", "79. The Team engages with the organizations, tracking their progress toward IPSAS compliance by using a checklist questionnaire that is sent to them on a regular basis. It also communicates with the organizations’ external auditors, providing them with copies of its papers and guidelines. In addition, it has established a formal process of communication with the Technical Group of the Panel of External Auditors to solicit its views on accounting policies and guidance[67] .", "80. An important achievement of the Team was the development of IPSAS training courses for system-wide use. After a delay of several years, all 18 courses have now been completed. They comprise seven computer-based training (CBT) and eleven instructor-led training (ILT) courses, now available on Internet and CD-ROM. While each individual organization is responsible for developing its own IPSAS training plan and rolling out training according to that plan, these courses are open to participants from all the organizations.", "81. The training products range from general IPSAS topics to the technically specialized. As outlined in the CEB IPSAS progress report, comments received on the courses have been very positive. These courses are expected to be run for several years, depending on each organization’s training plans and implementation timeline.", "82. The work ahead includes: resolution of any issues arising; formal evaluation of training materials; course maintenance (amendments in response to IPSAS developments); and translation of the courses into French and Spanish. The HLCM approved resources for 2010-2011 for the administration and communication of IPSAS adoption information, further development of accounting policies and guidance and involvement in the IPSASB, but made no provisions for further work on IPSAS training.", "83. Despite its small size (one P5 team leader and three professionals in 2008, reduced to one P5 team leader, two full-time professionals and a part-time general service position for 2010-2011), there is a general consensus that the Team plays a significant role in facilitating the CEB IPSAS interagency work.", "B. The organizations’ projects: strategic issues and diversity", "1. Governance and change management", "84. According to the Federation of European Accountants[68], several key conditions need to pre-exist in public sector entities to ensure that the introduction of accrual-based accounting would not only be technically successful, but also improve the quality of financial management and increase the independence and transparency of the financial reporting process. These conditions should include:", " Risks: The absence of any of these conditions poses a serious risk.", "85. The Inspector believes that it is now difficult to know whether these conditions existed in United Nations system organizations between 2005 and 2007, when individual and collective decisions were being taken on the adoption of IPSAS as of 2010.", "86. The notion of “acceptance” is of particular relevance in the case of this reform and means, in the present context, the willingness of civil servants to accept that reforms would change the role of those responsible for financial management, with significantly changing influence and responsibilities. Acceptance has to go beyond a relatively small group of technocrats. Management must be convinced that such a decision, if seriously followed, will provide clear and concrete benefits to the Organization, compensating for the difficulties and complexities involved in such a transition. Given the critical nature of the project, the full commitment of senior management and finance officials is essential, especially since such an undertaking requires a significant change in professional behaviour and is likely to encounter resistance.", "87. Resistance is inherent to the process of change. As John P. Kotter, one of the world’s leading experts on business leadership noted “whenever human communities are forced to adjust to shifting conditions, pain is ever present”. [69] Based on his observation of common errors made in leading change, he defined an interesting eight-stage process, which can be summarized as follows:", "88. The first three stages fit particularly well within the context of the transition to IPSAS: In order to set change in motion within an organization, a strong guiding coalition is needed. The right composition of individuals, level of trust and a shared vision are key factors in the success of this team and in breaking through the forces that support the status quo. Furthermore, one strong leader alone cannot make change happen. This team must also possess significant credibility within the organization in order to be effective.", "89. It is imperative that all senior managers should understand the importance, scope and benefits to be expected from the transition to IPSAS.", "Best Practice 1", "Successful IPSAS implementation requires the setting up an inter-departmental IPSAS project steering committee or equivalent body tasked with ensuring that senior management understand the goals and vision driving the transition to IPSAS. Such a committee should be entrusted with a multi-year mandate and include staff or consultants specialized in the pre-design, design and implementation of ERP systems.", "90. Most organizations have adopted a standard project governance structure (see fig. 1 below) comprising a sponsor, in most cases (providing strategic and political leadership); a steering committee/project board (meeting at least monthly, advising on strategic and political issues and providing support at the “top level”); an internal and/or external oversight body (providing feedback to the steering committee); a project leader and a project team (carrying out implementation work).", "91. The project team is generally supported by working groups, consisting of professionals from all the relevant functional areas, assigned with the task of providing technical expertise based on their organization’s specific business activities.", "[]Figure 1: A Common Project Governance Structure", "92. One good practice is to create a full-time position of project leader, reporting directly to senior management and given the authority needed to overcome the resistance that the imposition of a major reform of organizational practices and reporting culture will inevitably generate. The United Nations IPSAS project governance structure appears in a chart of the ACABQ report (A/63/496).", "93. Some organizations, including ILO and WIPO, have not put in place a formal project implementation structure. Their implementation teams were informal groups reporting to the Comptroller or Director of Finance. The Inspector is doubtful that such support structures are efficient and concurs with those experts who consider that a powerful coalition at the top of each organization should support projects of such magnitude and communicate their vision and urgent nature.", "94. Many organizations have a significant IT component in their project team given that IT systems need to be upgraded to support IPSAS (see Chapter III Section B 4). However, they have also kept their IPSAS implementation project separate from a significantly larger ERP element. Good practices consist in placing the two distinct projects under the same authority, e.g. a common project board; as done by United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), or a common leader (WFP). ITU is implementing a joint IPSAS-ERP streamlining project. WHO is the only organization that has not undertaken a separate implementation project since IPSAS is an integral part of its ERP project, at the risk of neglecting some aspects of the transition to IPSAS.", "2. Gap analysis and users", "95. It is critical to first assess the scope and magnitude of planned action. The transition to international accounting standards requires a significant amount of review and analysis of organizational processes, together with the formulation of policies and procedure guidance. At some stage each implementing agency or organization has to draft its own policies, in line with its own business process and goals. In accordance with the ancient Greek proverb: “know thyself”, planning should be based on a clear vision of the goals assigned to the entity concerned and an in-depth knowledge of its existing activities, processes and accounting flows. A good practice is to define from the very beginning the content of reporting under IPSAS by integrating operational and financial reporting and identifying current and potential users of future financial reports. Internal users include senior managers, authorizing services and internal auditors. As of June 2010, 81 per cent of the organizations had reviewed the standards and identified the impact of each. The United Nations Organization was not in that number.", "96. External users include members of the governing body, Governments, external auditors, political and financial analysts, rating agencies, the media and the public at large. Users should be provided with financial information about such matters as the resources controlled by the entity, the cost of its operations (cost of providing goods and services), enhanced cash flow information and other financial data useful for assessing the entity’s financial position and changes in it, and for determining whether it is operating economically and efficiently. Users may also use financial reports to assess the organization’s stewardship of resources and its compliance with legislation. In sum, the quality of the information provided in financial reports determines the usefulness of those reports to users. In this respect, accrual-based accounting requires entities to maintain complete records of assets and liabilities on their balance sheets and identify and record any off-balance sheet transactions.", "Best practice 2", "For a successful transition to IPSAS, it is critical to first undertake a gap analysis of business processes, procedures, financial reporting and functionalities developed under UNSAS and to subsequently conduct an in-depth analysis of the requirements and impact of each IPSAS standard.", "3. A phased and planned strategy", "97. The organizations should not claim to be IPSAS-compliant until they have put in place and tested all the policies and procedures governing the application of the standards. As part of the adoption strategy, every organization should have planned a feasible timeline to make the requisite policy and procedural changes, opting either for a “big-bang”, a D-Day implementation date well planned in advance, or progressive implementation, by groups of standards. The collective response of the United Nations system was a “big bang phased approach”; with early adopters setting (1 January) 2008 for compliance and others (1 January) 2010. In fact however, some organizations’ strategies were ill-defined and the length of the transition period depended on the specific environment and constraints. In some cases it was heavily influenced by the recommendations of consulting firms.", "98. The experience of the countries that first migrated to IPSAS (New Zealand, Canada, United States and United Kingdom) shows that their transition took on average 10 years. The French transition, of the “big bang” type, took only five (2001-2006), thanks to a clear separation of responsibilities (authorizing and certifying services), benchmarking suggested by British, American and Canadian experts, and, above all, the assistance for three years of a specialized team of 15 experts.", "99. Like OECD, during the same period (2000-2005) and with the same degree of success, the EC has experimented with a well-prepared accelerated process. It complied with the deadlines set out in its financial regulations for the preparation of FS compliant with international standards; conducting feasibility and financial studies in 2002; accounting studies in 2003; and in 2004 collecting all the necessary information for an opening balance on 1 January 2005. This shows that a “big-bang strategy” is not only compatible with rigorous planning, but may also warrant it.", "100. The “big-bang” approach offers several clear advantages and can help organizations to become IPSAS compliant more quickly. However, it does entail more risks as, in view of the instant changeover, a series of simultaneous actions needs to be undertaken, a difficult situation for a small project team or a complex organization. The United Nations IPSAS implementation team has chosen to progressively incorporate IPSAS requirements to the extent allowed by the current information systems of the Organization, conscious that the year 2013 will be particularly difficult, with some offices accounting under UNSAS and others under IPSAS requirements. A solution is being sought with the Umoja team. However this casts a doubt on the feasibility of the 2014 compliance target. Whatever their strategic choice, and especially when adopting this approach, the organizations are encouraged to undertake, in consultation with their external auditors, a set of “dry-run” accounts covering a nine-month period prior to the presentation of their first annual IPSAS-compliant FS, in order to test their preparedness level for IPSAS. This will give them important feedback on the magnitude of amendments and improvements needed to obtain an unqualified audit opinion on their year-end IPSAS compliant FS. They should also regularly update their IPSAS adoption plans and budgets, in line with the BoA recommendation to UNHCR[70] and UNRWA[71] .", "101. This raises another question, namely whether IPSAS-compliant processes can be run in parallel with traditional accounting methods. In the view of the Inspector, there is a serious and probable risk of current activities being sacrificed to ensure future compliance and staff are overburdened with IPSAS-related work on top of their usual duties. The quality of tasks accomplished on both counts could be negatively affected, preventing any valid comparison between current and subsequent financial periods.", "102. Competition among management initiatives might represent other serious risks which should be taken into account by senior management and governing bodies. In 2009, UNDP, with the approval of its Executive Board, decided to defer its IPSAS implementation from 2010 to 2012. It also decided to change its implementation approach for all the IPSAS standards from a phased to a “big bang” approach. The key consideration was the mitigation of risks arising from multiple competing organization-wide change initiatives, particularly the system-wide implementation of United Nations Contractual Reform and the new system of Administration of Justice, both mandated by the General Assembly and scheduled to take effect in July 2009. The rescheduling also ensured that UNDP invested adequate time and resources for the delivery of a comprehensive change management programme (e.g. extensive training and communication), and to allow sufficient time for country offices to prepare for the implications of the adoption of IPSAS, for example by achieving appropriate staffing levels and the required skill sets. This would avoid overburdening country offices during 2008 when they were expected to be engaged in several other large initiatives, such as implementation of results-based budgeting and strategic plans.", "Best Practice 3", "In the case of a major shift in the project’s environment, it is important that organizations reassess their initial adoption strategy, adjusting it as necessary.", "2. Project management", "103. Sound management, ownership of the project, clear definition of responsibilities and assignment of tasks, high involvement of all parties concerned and synergies between sub-projects are key to a smooth transition to IPSAS. In the words of an EC official commenting on the successful EC experience, “the main issue is neither the standards, nor the accounting policies, it is project management”.", "104. As of June 2010, 86 per cent of the organizations had a detailed timetable and project plan (81 per cent as of December 2009). Some organizations (e.g. UNICEF, UNDP, WFP, UNESCO and ICAO) have formal project management processes, often the fruit of lessons learned from managing previous projects and strategic initiatives. Others (e.g. the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Agency for Atomic Energy (IAEA) and the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS)) have adopted standardized project management tools such as “PRINCE2”[72]. The main features of the latter are:", "stages; and", "105. Many project teams have a significant IT component since IT systems need to be upgraded to support IPSAS. This is creating a real mutual dependence between projects, and for example, the difficulty in funding the ERP project of the United Nations has been a major reason for delays in the IPSAS project. There were others, and the BoA had to recommend finalizing the detailed timetable and project plan for IPSAS implementation.[74]", "106. In addition to the adoption of accrual-based accounting principles, measures required to achieve conformity with IPSAS include the development of a new integrated accounting system. Such a system should provide the requisite tools for presenting accrual-based accounts, including information on accounting methods, valuation rules and the accounting principles adopted. This should lead to improved quality of financial reporting and a more accurate picture of an organization’s financial situation in terms of assets and liabilities, budget implementation and cash flow.", "107. To this end a full set of accounting policies needs to be developed. According to the EC it is necessary to:", "policies prior to final approval;", "policies will be required;", "policies. (Minimal guidance is appropriate when employees are familiar with accrual-based accounting and the standards applied);", "will be appropriate under the new basis of accounting;", "specific accounting transactions and events;", "balance sheet;", "control[75] procedures to guarantee the accuracy and completeness of the data;", "put in place by management to guarantee the legality and regularity of transactions, notably by ensuring the safeguarding of assets and information, the quality of accounting records and the timely production of reliable financial and management information);", "108. The inspector found that project teams worked best when they followed the following principles:", "multi-disciplinary team;", "Risks:", "committee;", "supervisory board).", "Best Practice 4", "The implementation of IPSAS works best if it is treated as a full-fledged and distinct project. To facilitate implementation, proven project planning and implementation methodologies should be adopted, containing such elements as clearly defined strategic objectives, deliverables, timelines, milestones and monitoring procedures.", "3. Enterprise Resource Planning", "109. The development of new ERP systems is a prerequisite for the phased implementation of IPSAS by United Nations system organizations. At present, these systems are either fully ready and operational, or in the process of being rolled out to field offices. A comprehensive gap analysis should be accompanied by a realistic estimate of the tasks associated with the required changes. As much as possible, the IPSAS and ERP projects should then combine their efforts and cooperate closely [78].", "110. In the pioneering cases of the EC and WFP, even establishing the opening balances proved to be a daunting task. Opening balances for IPSAS-compliance as of 1 January of year Y will be based on the account balances as of 31 December of year Y-1 restated[79] from UNSAS to IPSAS.", "111. A telling example of the challenges to be faced in this regard is provided by the EC. All the information necessary for accrual-based accounting was uploaded into the EC central accounting system in January 2005. This included over 7,000 invoices or cost claims, 30,000 pre-financing entries, 92,000 assets and 3,100 guarantees. Each service[80] was asked to verify the accuracy of these uploads by 1 May 2005, and in July 2005 more than fifty Directors-General (DG) and Heads of Service were requested to formally validate their opening operational balances. After verifications and controls, each DG validated the figures but requested some corrections to ensure the quality of the data. The last validation was received in January 2006. In 2005 the bulk of work for the transition was to finalize the opening accrual balances as at 1 January 2005, which proved to be an arduous task for DG Budget and all services alike. Reviews and coherence checks were performed by DG Budget to ensure the quality of data.", "Best Practice 5", "In order to minimize potential transitional problems, it makes good sense to develop a strategy for producing the opening balances in IPSAS for the targeted implementation date (first day of the first year of compliance) as well as the closing balance for the previous day, based on the previous accounting standard (UNSAS), but easily translatable into IPSAS terms for the opening balance of the targeted year.", "4. Keeping up with the governing body and its initial expectations", "112. Member States have made the decision to adopt IPSAS on the basis of expected benefits for their respective organizations and allocated specific resources to this end. The governing bodies are therefore entitled to be kept informed on the planned and effective progress achieved during the transition phase; even if this means investing efforts in drafting reports which simplify some highly technical issues. In particular, Managers should share their own expectations and compare them to achievements, in a results-based management spirit.", "113. Replies from secretariats to the JIU questionnaire show that the main benefits that United Nations system organizations expected from the transition to IPSAS were: improved FS in terms of transparency (84.2 per cent of respondents), standardization, harmonization and consistency (57.9 per cent), quality (52.6 per cent); comparability (47.4 per cent), improved internal controls (36.8 per cent), as well as other benefits as illustrated in Figure 2.", "Figure 2: Expected benefits from IPSAS compliance", "[]", "Source: Replies to the JIU questionnaire", "Best Practice 6", "With a view to ensuring continued engagement of governing bodies in the change process and acquiring their commitment, regularly update the governing bodies on progress made in the implementation of IPSAS and request that they adopt the relevant decisions, in particular with regard to amendments required to financial regulations and allocation of resources for the project.", "The following recommendations are expected to enhance accountability, effectiveness and efficiency:", "Recommendation 1", "The legislative bodies should request their respective executive heads to issue regular progress reports on the implementation status of IPSAS.", "Recommendation 2", "The legislative bodies should provide the appropriate support, staffing and funding required to ensure successful and effective transition to IPSAS.", "5. Human resources", "114. According to data from the January 2009 TF questionnaire, 52 per cent of the organizations had a full-time project leader, 33 per cent had a part-time project leader, whereas 14 per cent were yet to appoint either a full- or part-time project leader (a percentage reduced to 5 per cent in June 2010). As of June 2009, 68 per cent of respondents to the JIU questionnaire reported that they had the requisite human resources to work exclusively on IPSAS implementation. As of June 2010, only 88 per cent of the organizations expecting a 2010 compliance had appointed a project manager. IPSAS projects are usually supported by a small team (maximum four staff members) and a project leader assigned to work on a full-time basis. The other team members usually work on the project on a part-time basis, in addition to their existing tasks. It is essential that all the organizations analyze the changes required and identify possible gaps within their existing human resources. They need to decide whether the required expertise can be tapped from existing staff and/or whether external experts need to be recruited to handle the emerging tasks and challenges. For some teams, time to be dedicated to the IPSAS project had to be negotiated in advance (e.g. Universal Postal Union (UPU)). In 2009 and 2010, the lack of a properly staffed IPSAS team was one of the main reasons given by the organizations for their need to revise their implementation dates. The movement of IPSAS team members from one organization to another does not help with the general problem. As of June 2010, six organizations did not yet have a fully staffed IPSAS team.", "115. Based on lessons learnt to date, it is key to start the IPSAS undertaking with a basic gap analysis and skills inventory in order to take stock of the existing expertise and experience of in-house accounting and finance professionals and determine to what extent, and for how long, external expertise is needed to complement in-house capacity.", "Risk: A strategy that does not take into account the human resources requirements of IPSAS may result in the disengagement of staff when their regular duties conflict with those of the project.", "Best practice 7", "During the transition towards IPSAS, organizations should determine and subsequently budget for the additional human resources required in the administrative, budgetary and finance areas to ensure not only effective implementation of the transition to IPSAS but also adequate capacity for maintaining future IPSAS compliance. If needed, additional funding should be obtained from governing bodies or other sources while avoiding any conflict of interest.", "Best practice 8", "It is essential to take into account the cost of training staff for successful transition to IPSAS. Financial resources should be made available for training in-house experts in accounting, business and change management or for the recruitment of external experts", "116. Most organizations stated in their replies to the JIU questionnaire that they had either “sufficient” or “partly sufficient” human resource capacity. However, given their tight timelines, they encountered difficulties identifying IPSAS experts. FAO, UNIDO, UNHCR and UNOPS all had insufficient staff to successfully implement IPSAS. In addition, the simultaneous demand for IPSAS experts (a new specific profile) by Governments, municipalities and organizations made their recruitment more difficult and costly. Although the success of the project depends on available expertise, the organizations can usually offer only short-term contracts due to budgetary constraints, thus making contractual conditions less attractive. Some organizations, including the United Nations, UNICEF and WFP, felt that including certified accountants in their project teams would be advantageous. Reacting to a concern about future human resources requirements, the United Nations representative at a TF meeting stressed the need to immediately start hiring certified/chartered accountants and also work out how to retain them, at least for the duration of the implementation stage. The Board of Auditors, in its rigorous analysis of the IPSAS-related issues at the United Nations had to recommend increasing the staffing of the project team[81]. Examples of good practices are provided by UNICEF and UNESCO. The former has developed an informal network of professionals in order to involve in-house experts in the project whereas the latter expects to achieve a high degree of staff involvement throughout the process. Its policy aims to ensure that full understanding of the UNESCO structure and operations is applied to the adoption process, and also facilitates the retention of IPSAS knowledge within the Organization. As such, the key role of the Project Management Team is performed internally. The consultants and international firm of accountants PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC) provide support, primarily in the form of ongoing advice and assistance in managing the project and technical inputs, following the review of IPSAS documentation.", "6. Financial resources", "117. Despite funding difficulties, almost all the organizations have been working within the budgets allocated for their IPSAS implementation projects, sometimes involving major difficulties for the staff concerned. In order to fund the project, organizations have been using their regular budget, extra-budgetary funds, reserve funds, carry-over and budgetary surpluses from previous years. While some secretariats have been very accurate in their estimates, others underestimated the needs for the IPSAS project.", "118. The analysis of available but not quite comparable data on IPSAS and ERP budgets shows that while larger organizations such as UNDP and FAO had substantial implementation budgets in absolute figures (given their size and their many field offices) the IPSAS+ERP budgets of smaller organizations such as WMO, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the Universal Postal Union (UPU) represented a significant portion of their overall annual budgets. At WHO, the IPSAS project was not considered to be specific. Furthermore, securing funding for the project proved particularly difficult for some smaller organizations, especially when fund allocations could only be provided from budgetary “carry-over” (e.g. ICAO) or through surpluses from previous years (second-best solutions in the case of restricted budgetary policy or non-aligned budget cycles). Since June 2010, all organizations have had an approved budget for their transition to IPSAS The BoA recommended to the Fifth Committee of the United Nations a close monitoring of costs to prevent their excessive and unnecessary escalation (12 May 2009).", "7. ERP and its interactions with IPSAS implementation", "119. An Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) system integrates all data and processes into a unified IT system. This includes consolidation of several or all of the organization’s software applications, including finance, human resources, logistics, procurement, inventory, etc. For instance, when a purchase order is made, a procurement process is initiated, a supplier is selected, goods are ordered and received in the warehouse and an invoice is received and paid. Data on this activity flows through the different functional units of an entity. Each unit captures details relevant to its operations and eventually contributes to the preparation of the FS. The advantage of ERP is that users can retrieve relevant information in the same system at any time instead of having to search for it in many separate applications. This is why IPSAS standards requiring inputs from many functional areas within an entity are best served by an ERP system.", "120. The transition to IPSAS requires a specific gap analysis of all existing (legacy) information systems, with a view to ascertaining whether they can support the production of accrual-based accounts (including inventory ledgers and client and supplier ledgers); interface with other systems; and provide effective security. As of June 2009, 91 per cent of the organizations had conducted evaluations of the changes required to their information systems.", "121. Most organizations had to update their existing ERP systems or replace their legacy systems (e.g. the Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) used by the United Nations) to achieve an IPSAS-compliant environment. Changes in accounting procedures to achieve IPSAS compliance offer the opportunity to introduce new optimized processes by developing, adapting or replacing existing legacy systems. The reasons for introducing a new ERP system include the need to integrate various systems or the fact that most of the legacy systems are no longer capable of accommodating certain processes required under IPSAS, especially since their original objective was to mechanize manual activities rather than to modernize business processes. This explains why large, decentralized organizations such as WHO, FAO and the United Nations decided to link IPSAS implementation to ERP projects involving field and decentralized offices. As of June 2010, 90 per cent of the organizations had carried out assessments of their systems’ changes.", "require manual intervention which will increase the risk of inaccuracy and incompleteness of the data obtained partly manually and used for the preparation of FS.", "On the other hand, linking IPSAS projects closely with major new ERP projects involving field and decentralized offices raises the risk of significant delays coupled with uncertain timelines, as their implementation is conditional on funding and project management of ERP projects.", "122. Taking into account the specificities of each organization and the state of its IT architecture, a strategic short, medium and long-term cost benefit analysis should weigh the following alternative options:", "(a) Continued use of the present system;", "(b) Single commercial package approach (standard package or package accompanied by compatible modules;", "(c) New integrated system with a core integrated package plus sectoral systems maintained or developed within the overall architecture.", "The ideal situation would be to have all functionalities fully integrated so as to ensure data consistency at all times. Three commercial ERP packages have been widely adopted by large-scale organizations and companies. They are produced by PeopleSoft (recently acquired by Oracle), SAP and Oracle. Second-tier systems such as Exact Software, Agresso Worldwide and JD Edwards are some of the packages most widely used by mid-size entities. Because they were developed for IFRS compliance, most recent ERP systems can support IPSAS requirements, provided that the necessary setups are configured. The choice of an ERP system is, however, primarily based on an entity’s requirements, functionality and the value for money offered by the provider. For a large-scale multifunctional system like the United Nations it may take significant time to develop an ERP system. A basic problem is that these different ERP systems cannot interface with each other.", "123. ERP systems adopted by different United Nations system organizations (based on the available data) are presented in Figure 3.", "Figure 3: Choice of ERP across the United Nations system", "[]", "Source: Replies to the CEB adoption checklists and the JIU questionnaire", "124. The deployment of ERP system in large entities calls for the commitment of staff and consultants specialized in the pre-design, design and implementation of ERP systems and may take several years to complete.", "125. ERP systems in each United Nations system organization are at different implementation stages (see Figure 4 below). A majority of organizations with operational ERP systems are in the upgrading phase but may still need to adjust the latest version or add a module to become IPSAS compliant. Also, some organizations, repeating a major weakness of the IMIS at the United Nations, have not yet rolled out their ERP system to their offices outside headquarters. At the beginning of 2009, the United Nations selected and initiated a new ERP project called “Umoja”. The first Umoja progress report[82] projected a pilot deployment during the fourth quarter of 2011 and a fully functional ERP system Organization-wide by the end of 2013, giving hope for an IPSAS-compliant FS for 2014. However, if some of the findings of the United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) audit report dated 24 August 2010 on the Human Resources Management in the office of the ERP project director are reassuring, in particular on the organizational structure of the ERP and the experience and expertise of the staff hired, some serious breaches of HR, financial and procurement regulations posed a reputation risk for the ERP project, to which the IPSAS project is tightly linked.", "Figure 4: ERP Implementation Progress Level", "[]", "Source: Replies to the CEB adoption check-lists and the JIU questionnaire", "126. At the beginning of 2009, 76.2 per cent of organizations were in the process of assessing or had finished assessing the compliance of their ERP systems with IPSAS requirements. UNDP, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and UNOPS have a joint ERP platform; and UNFPA and UNOPS are dependent on the outcome of UNDP analysis.", "127. By early 2009, following a thorough analysis of their legacy systems for their compatibility and synergy with IPSAS requirements, several organizations had upgraded their ERP systems while others had to purchase a new IPSAS-compliant ERP system. As of June 2009, 86 per cent of the organizations had completed studies to determine the required ERP systems upgrades and approved their implementation. The rest had to revise their IPSAS implementation target date, as implementation can take place only in parallel with the upgrading of existing ERP systems. However, UNHCR and WFP indicated that IPSAS could be implemented in time even in the case of belated upgrading of their ERP systems, explaining that their current ERP versions were able to support IPSAS with some manual operations and could be updated after IPSAS implementation (see WFP in annex IV).", "128. Challenges with IPSAS implementation and related ERP capability were encountered by some organizations with field presence such as ILO. This organization, which by the time of the JIU review had completed the deployment of its ERP system, does not have adequate ERP infrastructure at field level and would need to process accounting data manually in order to comply with IPSAS. This is not an isolated case. The EC also faced difficulties in introducing new systems and providing training in geographically dispersed locations. It is therefore crucial to factor in field requirements at an early stage of the project.", "129. Data cleansing is the process of cleaning the existing Legacy data, ensuring that the data that is being migrated to new ERP system is valid, correct and agrees with the required new format. Often, data cleansing continues in the project’s final or post implementation stage. Organizations tend to underestimate the effort and time required to accomplish this process.", "Best practice 9", "Existing (legacy) systems must be thoroughly analyzed for compatibility and synergy with IPSAS requirements, fully taking into account field needs and capacities.", "8. Awareness and communications", "130. Awareness of the change process should be developed through communication and training. The objective of awareness training is to “communicate the upcoming changes and their impact on the Organization to all stakeholders, encourage staff to start thinking about the implications for their own areas of work, and build “buy in” for the change to IPSAS. Awareness training is seen as a key component of the overall change management process”[83]. The magnitude of the IPSAS implementation projects implies expanding awareness to governing bodies and senior management. Getting the right message across to the right people, in the right place, and at the right time is key to effective communication, which itself has three rules: communicate often, communicate openly and communicate to all. Thus, awareness training to these target groups is an even more important activity than that directed to the user community who will experience the new environment.", "Best practice 10", "In order to create a sense of collective ownership of the project, organizations should invest time and effort in ensuring that all stakeholders understand the vision behind the transition to IPSAS. This can be done in various forms: training, retreats, presentations to staff, information products and testimonies of people closely involved in successful cases elsewhere.", "131. Thanks to awareness raising “senior managers and programme managers will have the tools to generate better information on the financial impact of decisions; they will be in a better position to explain financial results and be more accountable and motivated to take a longer view of plans and finances” Line managers should learn how to use the new system and achieve its expected benefits. They will also appreciate how “control” will change, from a focus on “time” (manipulated in order to meet the budget provisions), to a focus on resources used and the price paid. This move is akin to and fits well with the trend towards Results-Based Management (RBM).", "132. Organizational transitions are critical to an organization’s change efforts, but without individual transitions, the likelihood of the organization’s change effort being successful is severely diminished. Managers and individual employees play different roles in these transitions. The managers’ role is to convince stakeholders (including employees) of the need for the changes. To achieve success in the final transition, every individual employee is important.[84] As of June 2010, 86 per cent of the organizations had prepared a communication plan, major progress since December 2009 (48 per cent) which probably comes too late.", "133. Communication tools in international organizations include the use of Internet or Intranet websites, broadcasts, press releases, electronic newsletters, bulletin board messages, expert lectures to permanent missions and staff, special events, presentations, conferences, etc. As of June 2009, only 63.6 per cent of the organizations had IPSAS project communication plans, and, paradoxically, a higher percentage (68.2 per cent) had de facto started awareness-raising activities. Target recipients of communication activities are presented in Figure 5 below:", "Figure 5: Communication Plans by Targeted Audience", "[]", "Source: replies to the JIU questionnaire", "11. Training", "134. According to a 2007 system-wide survey, 36,000 staff across the United Nations system required IPSAS-related training, of which 65 per cent needed awareness training, 25 per cent basic conceptual training, and 10 per cent specialist conceptual training.[85] In 2008 and 2009 the division of labour between the system-wide IPSAS project team and individual organizations regarding the development of training products was somewhat blurred and needed to be clarified. The second progress report of the Secretary General on the adoption of IPSAS by the United Nations clarified that the organizations were responsible for developing their IPSAS training plans and rolling out their training according to plan, adding that a system-wide approach to training had been developed to support organizations’ IPSAS training. This approach consisted of three phases: training needs assessment; procurement of training courses; and deployment of training.[86]", "135. Following a Request for Proposal issued in September 2007, a winning bidder was identified (International Business and Technical Consultants, Inc) and it was expected that a contract would be concluded shortly.[87] However, interviews conducted in 2009 by the JIU team confirmed that due to lack of resources the training materials would not be available before the end of 2009. Despite this, the United Nations IPSAS team, with the support of the external service provider, was able to finalize the training content, design and delivery. According to the CEB survey on the IPSAS adoption progress, covering the period up to the end of December 2009, 77 per cent of the 21 responding organizations had completed a training needs analysis and 59 per cent had completed their training plans. However, a higher percentage (52 per cent in June 2009, according to the JIU survey) had already started to provide training although only 32 per cent had completed their training plans by that time.", "136. Among the issues affecting the roll-out of training were the need to conduct a formal evaluation of the training materials; course maintenance (amendments in response to IPSAS developments); and translations of the training products into French and Spanish. A preliminary assessment by UNDP was that the translation of courses would require significant resources and time. In the Inspector’s opinion, this requires political will, as shown by WFP, which had successfully developed training material in English, French, Spanish and Arabic.", "Best practice 11", "Organizations should ensure that existing and future staff, in particular managers and finance and procurement personnel are fully familiarized with the new procedures and requirements through the use of specific communications tools, including manuals and training products in the appropriate languages.", "137. The JIU survey of March 2009 showed that 88.2 per cent of the organizations had already provided awareness training without using CEB support team material. 70.6 per cent of training courses on offer were conceptual; 41.2 per cent were “hands on” (often with the assistance of the ERP provider); and another 23.5 per cent were unspecified IPSAS-related modules, including project management training. Replies from 17 organizations to the JIU questionnaire are presented in Figure 6 below.", "Figure 6: IPSAS Training Started (March 2009)", "[]", "Source: replies to the JIU questionnaire", "138. According to the organizations interviewed, training and communication must be synchronized with implementation.", " Risk: Training delivered prior to the deployment of the relevant systems may demotivate staff.", "139. Figure 7 below shows distribution by type of training offered to the various beneficiaries as of March 2009, relative to the total number of responding organizations. It is essential that senior management receive awareness-training early in the project life to help ensure that they fully support implementation. The delegates governing bodies concerned should be encouraged to take part in such training. However, as of Spring 2009, in nearly half of the organizations, senior management and the governing bodies had not yet received awareness training, which puts in doubt their ability to lead important and necessary reforms.", "Figure 7: Training Beneficiaries and Type of Training Offered", "[]", "Source: replies to the JIU questionnaire", "11. Risk assessment", "140. The organizations were also requested to share the conclusions of risk assessments they have undertaken, if any, considering that an exercise of this type is an important factor in successful project implementation. According to their responses to the TF implementation checklist of January 2009, more than one third (38.1 per cent) had not undertaken any risk assessment for their IPSAS project. This category included:", "into their ERP projects (WHO, WIPO); and", "implementation (United Nations, UNWTO).", "141. Where risk assessments were conducted they were not always supported by a formal risk assessment methodology such as COSO 2[88]. The Inspector wishes to highlight that risk assessment is a prerequisite for risk management and key to ensuring that project objectives are met, as confirmed by the BOA to UNDP[89] and UNFPA[90]. A positive example in this regard is WIPO, which had undertaken an assessment to determine the requirements to meet the 2010 implementation date and what could possibly cause delays.", "142. The information collected by the JIU team confirms the risk factors mentioned in the second progress report of the Secretary-General on the adoption of IPSAS by the United Nations[91]. The report added another relevant factor: “an improved appreciation of the scale and complexity of the work involved after completing a diagnosis of required procedures and system changes”. The main reasons for deferred implementation of IPSAS are the following:", "requirements (70 per cent of respondents to the survey). For instance, the obsolete United Nations Secretariat “homemade” Integrated Management and Information System (IMIS), developed in the late 1980s and expanded in the mid-1990s, required a complex revamping leading to a Request For Proposal and a contract award in mid-2009 to replace it as part of the overall management project “Umoja”; The United Nations IPSAS Implementation Project Team worked closely with the Umoja Project Functional Team Leaders to ensure that the information system requirements for IPSAS were incorporated in the ERP software selection process (see the above-mentioned report, para. 51 and forthcoming progress reports)", "necessary technical expertise (30 per cent of respondents). Retaining people with institutional knowledge was listed as a related challenge;", "respondents).", "level, turning focus away from IPSAS (15 per cent of respondents). For instance, UNICEF had identified 12 ongoing major organizational initiatives for 2009‑2011 besides IPSAS; UNHCR was in the process of implementing a new RBM system, which had an implementation priority over IPSAS, limiting the availability of staff to work on IPSAS; and at ICAO two other simultaneous initiatives were the introduction of a new ERP system and the implementation of Results Based Budgeting (RBB).", "(10 per cent of respondents); and", "subsidiary entities on IPSAS compliance at headquarters; uncertainty over opening balances and initial recognition of property; delay in the preparation of training materials; uncertainties over re-configuration of business processes; and security issues (5 per cent of respondents).", " Risk: The absence of an adequate risk mitigation strategy.", "143. UNESCO and WMO offer examples of best practices in this regard. UNESCO published an internal control policy framework which captures in a single document the revised framework for the financial policies, procedures and processes. The framework provides the basis for developing specific rules, policies and processes to comply with IPSAS requirements and gives a common understanding of internal control issues to all staff. WMO published a comprehensive table of risk assessment relating to its IPSAS project.", "Figure 8: Risk factors as perceived by organization", "[]", "Source: replies to the CEB adoption checklists", "Best practice 12", "Risk assessment, management and mitigation strategies and practices for project implementation should be adopted by all organizations transitioning to IPSAS, in accordance with the project’s objectives.", "12. Oversight", "144. The transition to IPSAS and the presentation of accrual-based FS will have a significant impact on oversight tasks.", "145. To ascertain IPSAS compliance, auditors, internal and external, will need to determine whether appropriate internal controls and corresponding testing procedures were put in place by management, as well as how effective these are.", "146. Both external and internal auditors will also have to invest, to gain and/or refresh (depending on their experience and professional certifications) accrual accounting and IPSAS-specific knowledge, as well as adapt their audit practices to the new control environment and changes in management practices, to align their practices to the new environment. For instance, the new cut-off procedures[92] make the closing of operations more complex, thereby increasing the scope and detail level of audit procedures.", "A. External Auditors", "147. The Inspector agrees with the view of the organizations that external auditors have an important role in reviewing and commenting on accounting policy developments, especially during a transition from one accounting standard to another. After the claimed IPSAS compliant financial period, external auditors will have to independently decide whether to give a qualified or unqualified opinion on overall IPSAS compliance. Their decision would conclude a technical and human relationship which should have accompanied the transition to IPSAS over the years. On the basis that no one has absolute knowledge in an area as new as the application of IPSAS to IGOs, the only viable way forward is a readiness from both sides to learn together from the standards, but also from the interpretations translating these into accounting policies (in particular the work of the TF) and also from the concrete reality of an organization. The WFP-NAO relationship, as described in annex IV, is an example of this process.", "148. Interestingly, at the Rome meeting of the TF, the BoA identified the following potentially critical issues for thorough consideration by the organizations:", "versus spot rate;", "interim) to an organization before FS are completed;", "followed from the beginning of year).", "149. Several organizations (ICAO, IMO, UNIDO, WFP, WIPO, WHO, WMO) prepared their interim (mock) FS to be reviewed by their external auditors prior to the presentation of their first IPSAS-compliant FS. For instance, WFP had its accounts reviewed twice at an interim stage. However, as was rightly underlined by the BOA, formal audit opinions cannot be provided for interim FS. Yet the Inspector believes that it is imperative that organizations identify and resolve in a timely manner any outstanding issues that may lead to a qualified audit opinion.", "Best practice 13", "Plan and prepare interim financial statements for review by external auditor(s) well ahead of the final implementation date to avoid unpleasant surprises.", "150. Further, there will likely be inconsistencies in the audit opinions given by the ten Supreme Audit Institutions engaged in auditing the accounts of United Nations system organizations[93], as they have varying degrees of experience in auditing IPSAS-based accounts. A few have been involved in such audits to date: the Swiss Federal Audit Office (Swiss public entities use IPSAS as their accounting standards); the National Audit Office (NAO) of United Kingdom (IPSAS are used in the United Kingdom government accounts and NAO audited the IPSAS-based accounts of WFP); the French Cour des Comptes also benefits from its fresh experience of certifying the French Government’s accounts guided by an IPSAS-type approach.", "151. Hence, guidance is of utmost importance. The NAO has developed tools to help external auditors to audit compliance with IPSAS. It has also published an “IPSAS compliance guide” designed to assist client organizations understand the prerequisite for an unqualified audit opinion; it includes a step-by-step checklist to help practitioners ensure that accounts have been prepared in accordance with IPSAS requirements. The guidance sets out the circumstances required and the evidence needed by external auditors from management; and gives illustrations of the audit issues and problems that can arise and which need to be avoided. In the case of United Nations system organizations, the guidance approved by CEB is, of course, the yardstick. However, there is still a need for a framework to guide the interactions of the organizations with their external auditors. The framework adopted by the TF should be discussed by the PoEA. The Inspector refrained from making any recommendations to this body, which would have been unusual for the JIU, but he hopes that the framework would make the performance of best practices 13 and 14 easier.", "Best practice 14", "Establish and maintain, as soon as feasible, a bilateral dialogue between the organization and its external auditor(s) on the transition to IPSAS to help ensure that both external and internal auditors gain in-depth understanding of the new system and its impact on control procedures as the implementation of IPSAS would require migration to accrual-based accounting.", "B. Internal Auditors", "152. Increased engagement on IPSAS issues by internal auditors is a factor in ensuring that adequate procedures were designed to allow for an objective view of the financial position and performance of the organizations. Unfortunately, the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI) Guidelines for Internal Control Standards for the Public Sector, as updated in 2004 and approved by INTOSAI, can only be of limited value for practical use.", "153. During the review, the Inspector observed that the degree of internal auditors’ engagement in the change process varied considerably across organizations, depending on the openness and commitment and the project team’s policy. In some organizations, the internal auditors were not involved at all or given an observer role only, while in others, they participated actively and followed progress made, discussed the project’s difficulties and exchanged views on risk areas with project team members. When they met with the Inspector, internal auditors were involved as follows:", "UNICEF and WFP);", "UNDP, UPU, WMO, UNESCO);", "to be brought to the Financial Regulations or Rules (ILO, ITU, UNFPA, WIPO, WMO, UNOPS);", "and engaging in discussions with external auditors (UNFPA);", "accounting policies, coordinating with BoA and approving training plans (UNRWA);", "(UNHCR);", "IPSAS team, the external auditor playing the major oversight role.", "strengthened, with a change management coordinator and a project management coordinator, thus reducing reliance on consultants and providing stability for major managerial functions.", "154. A subgroup of internal auditors presented a detailed paper on the role of internal audit in adoption of IPSAS to the UN-RIAS meeting of September 2008 in Washington[94]. The paper defined core internal audit roles in IPSAS conversion to give assurance that risks related to IPSAS conversion are correctly evaluated and managed through verifying the results of the gap analysis at an early stage; and doing assurance work through a series of reviews of the IPSAS project at various phases such as project initiation, milestones, and deliverables where internal auditors can provide value-added advice to management in the transition to IPSAS. For them those roles might include guidance on governance and risk management; project deliverables and agreed upon dates; opening balance sheet, systems upgrade and project close-out, all of which cover most of the IPSAS project components. The paper also proposed potential internal audit roles in the transition phase while at the same time noting that “the advisory role of internal audit and the timing of the various reviews can themselves pose risks for internal audit objectivity”. Consequently, in order to safeguard their independence and objectivity, internal auditors were advised not to get involved in decision-making on IPSAS conversion or implementation, by, for instance “undertaking the gap analysis or dictating accounting policies”.", "155. The topic of IPSAS was again addressed in 2009 by the UN-RIAS on the firm basis of recent experience and lessons learned. Later, the UN-RIAS subgroup on IPSAS insisted on the responsibility of management (of the organizations and in particular of the IPSAS and ERP projects), which is accountable for the continuous testing of new internal controls installed during the preliminary implementation stage. Again, internal auditors from 14 organizations are rightly warning against taking on the responsibilities of management in this regard.", "Best practice 15", "During the preliminary IPSAS implementation phase business process owners should regularly test internal controls so as to ensure the accuracy of data.", "Best practice 16", "Ensure that an independent and comprehensive validation and verification of the system is performed towards the end of its completion.", "C. A key indicator: expected compliance date by organization", "156. According to IPSAS entities Organizations can only be considered as fully compliant with IPSAS once they receive from their external auditors an unqualified opinion on their FS. For this reason, the BOA, when auditing the FS of the United Nations for the biennium 2006-2007, recommended that the Organization continually review its milestones towards IPSAS implementation. The adoption progress report of February 2010 showed that only eight organizations were on track to become IPSAS-compliant in 2010. In light of written replies to the JIU questionnaire and interviews he conducted during his first missions, the Inspector expressed serious doubts, which were subsequently confirmed, about the system-wide target of 2010 compliance.", "157. In 2009 76 per cent of responding organizations stated that their governing bodies were aware of the implications of the implementation when they voted to adopt IPSAS in 2006 and 2007. At that time, following the TF and CEB recommendations, most organizations targeted the financial period ending on 31 December 2010 as compliance deadline, while a few “early adopters” aimed for 2008.", "158. Initially, the TF provided only a brief and generic description of the common benefits and implications of IPSAS, stating that the “adoption would have major implications on the accounting, financial reporting and associated IT systems of the organizations; it would also have important implications for the budgeting, funding and management systems of organizations”[95]. However, none of the organizations was at the same starting point in 2006 and the document used by most secretariats and issued with their own respective logos to mobilize their governing body did not – and probably could not - give an idea of either the degree of preparedness of each organization for IPSAS or the magnitude and duration of the changes required from many to achieve compliance.", "159. The Inspector can confirm that implementation levels differed significantly among organizations due to their different size and circumstances, as well as the compatibility of their ERP systems in 2005-2006 with IPSAS requirements.", "160. The decisions of the TF, HLCM, CEB and the Secretary-General of 2005 and 2006 [96] can be criticized in that they pressed all organizations to opt for the same year of compliance, regardless of their actual readiness level. Instead, sufficient time should have been allocated to carry out a feasibility study first. Indeed, many more papers were necessary to inform governing bodies of the prerequisites for a successful transition to IPSAS.", "Figure 9: Planned and Expected Year of Full IPSAS Implementation as of February 2010, based on information provided by the organizations.[97]", "[]", "Sources: Secretary-General’s progress reports on IPSAS implementation", "161. Of the three planned “early adopters”, only WFP fully implemented IPSAS for the year ending 31 December 2008 as planned, thanks to favourable initial conditions and concerted efforts (see annex IV for details); WHO, which had adopted several individual IPSAS standards since 2008, closely linked with the deployment of its ERP system, is now expecting to become compliant in 2012, after its ERP system is rolled out to the rest of the Organization. ICAO, whose procurement has been accrual-based since January 2008, when the first phase of its ERP roll-out was completed and the delivery principle adopted, expects IPSAS compliance as of 2010.", "162. Of the 19 other organizations reviewed, seven are expected to be IPSAS-compliant on 1 January 2010 as planned: IMO, ITU, PAHO, UNESCO, UNIDO, WIPO and WMO. Of the remaining 12, two are now expecting to adopt IPSAS in 2011 (IAEA and UPU); eight in 2012 (FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNOPS, UNRWA); and two in 2014 (United Nations and UNWTO).[98] This should not come as a surprise, given the unexpected complexity and scale of preparations and changes required by the transition to full IPSAS compliance, and, in the case of many organizations, the simultaneous adoption of other challenging management initiatives. This shows that jolting organizations into adopting IPSAS as early as four years after the political decision of the General Assembly – as was advocated in 2005 by the proponents of the 2010 target, was neither technically feasible nor realistic. All the more so for those organizations that lagged far behind in accrual-based accounting, had inadequate ERP systems and a shortage of trained staff. According to a key actor interviewed by the Inspector in 2008, “migration in 2010 is but a slogan”.", "163. Delays in their milestones obliged some organizations to revise the timeframe for the project in 2009 or 2010, a revision fully encouraged by the HLCM. The United Nations, for instance, has rescheduled adoption to 2014, to allow it more time to synchronize implementation with the introduction of a new ERP system, stating that “the single most important issue with respect to the adoption of IPSAS is the information systems requirements for successful IPSAS adoption and the synchronization of implementation plans for IPSAS adoption and the ERP project”[99]. As of June 2009, 62 per cent of the organizations, having foreseen implementation delays, had decided to adopt a progressive approach (implementing standard by standard). In some cases the decision to postpone the deadline was also influenced by the availability of resources.", "V. IPSAS AND THE FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC CRISIS", "164. The global financial and economic crisis has been affecting the project in several ways:", "and sometimes too modest to be fully effective, even harder to obtain and more contingent on the understanding and goodwill of senior management and the legislative bodies, especially in the context of a simultaneous adoption of several competing management initiatives and increasing demands of Member States, ever reluctant to approve additional expenditure and human resources;", "financial strength of the organizations and the related risks they faced. The credit crisis has increased the need for accountability in the public sector and transparency in its financial transactions.", "pro-cyclical impact of international financial reporting standards and how fair value[100] should be measured in times of crisis. This is embedded in particular in IAS 39 and IPSAS 15 on financial instruments, disclosure and presentation. The former has been criticized for contributing to greater balance sheet volatility due to its requirement that a wide variety of assets be measured at fair value.", "165. Spurred into action by political pressure in the wake of the Lehman Brothers collapse, then by the G20 meetings, accountants have taken the issue very seriously. IFAC organized several seminars at its Global Council Meeting to discuss the causes of the financial crisis and what the accountancy profession, regulators and Governments could do to prevent future crises. The IASB and the FASB agreed to work jointly and expeditiously towards common standards that deal with off-balance sheet activity and accounting for financial instruments. Furthermore, they agreed to issue proposals to replace their respective financial instruments standards with a common standard “in a matter of months, not years”[101]. Both clarified that firms were not obliged to use market prices in distressed conditions. For its part, the IPSASB has recently developed additional IPSAS standards (28, 29 and 30) based on the models of IAS 32, 39 and 7 and dealing with the same issues of presentation, recognition and measurement and disclosure.", "166. Like any other accounting standards, the IPSAS standards are subject to continued improvements and modifications, entailing corresponding changes in the accounting policies of United Nations system organizations. In April 2009, the G20 called upon FASB and IASB to “make significant progress towards a single set of high-quality global accounting standards” by the end of the year”[102]. The Inspector welcomes the efforts made by the IASB and the FASB for the convergence of the IFRS and GAAPs in the private sector, promoting “accounting standards convergence”, one of the accounting profession’s ideals.", "167. This, however, invites the question of how a single set of accounting standards conceived for the service of the private profit-making sector could possibly meet the specific needs of public sector entities and non-profit organizations where most of the transactions are not based on exchange but on asymmetric transactions for both revenues and expenses. The question needs to be followed closely by the United Nations observers (United Nations Secretariat and UNDP) on the IPSASB, as this body officially supports the convergence of IPSAS and IFRS. Since the IPSASB is not accountable before any governing body within the United Nations system and because the “United Nations” observers have no delegated authority to speak for the system, should they simply accept, endorse, promote or remain silent in view of the will for such a convergence? An informed debate among the United Nations stakeholders should take place and make the issue and stakes understandable and understood by all actors. Let us recall that the very reason why IPSAS were chosen is that they were better suited than IFRS to the specific nature of public entities. The IPSAS standards have already embraced most of the features of the IFRS standards, conceived for the private companies. The Inspector shares the view of the International Director of the French Conseil National de la Comptabilité (National Council for Accounting) that “it is regrettable that mainly due to time constraints most IPSAS standards were copied from IFRS and were only partially compatible with the realities of the public sector”. As long as there are “non-exchange transactions”, the “Accounting of Princes” will have to remain distinct from the “Accounting of Merchants”.", "168. The guiding principle in the future development and implementation of IPSAS should be accountability, which IFAC defines concisely and correctly as “an obligation to answer for a responsibility conferred”[103]. An important task similar to that performed by the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) in the area of IFRS could be executed by a special committee charged by IFAC with assisting public sector entities, in particular international organizations, in harmonizing and interpreting the IPSAS standards, especially in the first years of implementation process as they venture into uncharted territories. Such a committee would continue the work accomplished by the TF, but its scope could be much broader, with representatives from States, cities and non-profit organizations, in accordance with the principles of due process.", "VI. CONCLUSION", "169. The transition of all United Nations system organizations to IPSAS is certainly one of the most ambitious management initiatives ever undertaken at the system-wide level. It is an initiative that cannot be dispensed with if the organizations are to move towards informed management. This report has endeavoured to highlight the obstacles, constraints and risks in the transition from UNSAS to IPSAS, be they the time required to select the best or to upgrade the existing ERP systems, poor dialogue with legislative bodies, lack of vision and sense of collective ownership of the change process or lack of commitment of senior management.", "170. Few, if any of the organizations realized back in 2005 the magnitude of changes required. There are many reasons why, out of 22 organizations, only one achieved acknowledged compliance by the initial deadline and eight others plan to attain this in 2010. Based on the review, the Inspector must conclude that a majority of organizations misjudged the monumental changes required at many different levels and that some were slow to recognize that only by making this effort a corporate priority would they be able to follow this through. Nor did the initial commitment to achieve IPSAS compliance by 2010 reflect the fact that each organization had a completely different starting point, which made the move towards IPSAS a major undertaking for some organizations. Early pioneers such as OECD, the EC and WFP have demonstrated that with sufficient will and determination the enormous task could be achieved. However, lessons need to be learned from their experiences so as to help other organizations to achieve IPSAS compliance within the coming years.", "171. Following a momentum lasting several years during which a series of important political decisions were taken, it is now clear that it would take more time for some organizations to attain the goal of producing unqualified IPSAS compliant FS.[104] Disillusion and discouragement are now the major risks to be prevented, all the more so since the beneficial effects of the transition will become apparent only once the transition is completed and managers will need time to grasp the new requirements. The review identified a number of best practices (listed in the Executive Summary) based on the experiences of the United Nations organizations or other early implementers outside the United Nations system. The inspector believes that applying them will help ensure that the transition towards IPSAS is done in a strategic, comprehensive and timely manner. Taking them all into account, the Inspector considers that the following recommendation should enhance effectiveness, efficiency and accountability in the transition of each and every organization of the United Nations system to IPSAS implementation.", "Recommendation 3", "The Executive Heads should ensure that the set of 16 best practices identified in the present JIU report is applied when implementing the IPSAS project.", "Annex I", "List of IPSAS", "(2010 IFAC Handbook of International Public Sector Accounting Pronouncements)", "Scope of the Handbook", "This handbook brings together for continuing reference background information about the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and the currently effective pronouncements for the public sector issued by IFAC as of", "January 15, 2010.", "Volume I", "CONTENTS", "Page", "Changes of Substance from the 2009 Handbook 1", "International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board – Interim Terms of Reference 3", "International Federation of Accountants 8", "Preface to International Public Sector Accounting Standards 11", "Introduction to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards 20", "IPSAS 1—Presentation of Financial Statements 21", "IPSAS 2—Cash Flow Statements 82", "IPSAS 3—Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors 104", "IPSAS 4—The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 135", "IPSAS 5—Borrowing Costs 160", "IPSAS 6—Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements 172", "IPSAS 7—Investments in Associates 207", "IPSAS 8—Interests in Joint Ventures 227", "IPSAS 9—Revenue from Exchange Transactions 251", "IPSAS 10—Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies 274", "IPSAS 11—Construction Contracts 288", "IPSAS 12—Inventories 314", "IPSAS 13—Leases 333", "IPSAS 14—Events After the Reporting Date 369", "IPSAS 15—Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation 385", "IPSAS 16—Investment Property 443", "IPSAS 17—Property, Plant and Equipment 476", "IPSAS 18—Segment Reporting 517", "IPSAS 19—Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets 548", "IPSAS 20—Related Party Disclosures 592", "IPSAS 21—Impairment of Non–Cash Generating Assets 613", "IPSAS 22—Disclosure of Information about the General Government Sector 652", "IPSAS 23—Revenue from Non-Exchange Transactions (Taxes and Transfers) 678", "IPSAS 24—Presentation of Budget Information in Financial Statements 735", "IPSAS 25—Employee Benefits 763", "Volume II", "CONTENTS", "Page", "IPSAS 26—Impairment of Cash-Generating Assets 845", "IPSAS 27—Agriculture 904", "IPSAS 28—Financial Instruments: Presentation 933", "IPSAS 29—Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement 1022", "IPSAS 30—Financial Instruments: Disclosures 1287", "IPSAS 31—Intangible Assets 1337", "Cash Basis IPSAS—Financial Reporting Under the Cash Basis of Accounting 1388", "Glossary of Defined Terms in IPSAS 1 to IPSAS 26 1389", "Guideline 2—Applicability of International Standards on Auditing to Audits", "of Financial Statements of Government Business Enterprises 1514", "Summary of Other Documents 1555", "IFAC Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants 1558", "Annex II", "Perceived importance of each IPSAS in per cent as identified by participating organizations", "[]", "Annex III", "Process Flow for transition to IPSAS Implementation", "[]", "Annex IV", "A SUCCESS STORY: THE WFP PROCESS", "1. This is only one of over twenty detailed accounts of IPSAS projects in the JIU participating organizations. It is the first, and for the moment (2010), the only success story, from which the Inspector believes there is much to draw. The WFP is far from the only agency where good practices have been found, but in April 2009 the WFP succeeded in having its financial statements for 2008, presented as IPSAS compliant, certified by its external auditor, less than three years after its Board decided (in June 2006) to comply with IPSAS, a success repeated for the next financial period and worthy of detailed description. This section is mostly based on official texts from the WFP Executive Director, (including the six progress reports on the project), the accounts published and the reports and statements by the External Auditor. For the sake of brevity, few references have been given in the present text; the others are available on request.", "2. The deadline for the beginning of the financial period projected as IPSAS compliant allowed the WFP IPSAS Project team only 18 months to prepare itself. Starting from scratch and building one block at a time, the introduction of IPSAS has been a multifaceted, time-bound, complex project. Thanks to effective leadership and careful risk management it has finally been successfully delivered as originally envisaged. Because the WFP was in the end the only so-called IPSAS “Early Adopter” it was ahead of the United Nations system as a whole in the formulation of technical accounting issues related to IPSAS. This major initiative involved a comprehensive review of all financial policies and many revisions to these, the preparation of a related Policy Guidance Manual and extensive staff training.", "A. Setting up the financial management as a preparatory step", "3. This remarkable achievement also crowns an overall process of transformation of the financial management of the whole organization, the origins of which are to be found at least as far back as the biennium 2002-2003, when, at the instigation of its external auditor (NAO) and its top management, the WFP undertook to improve its financial administration.", "4. An IPSAS project is built on the shared motivation, knowledge and accountability of all those in the finance functions of the entity, at all levels of headquarters, regional and field offices: an active network had to be created among them all to ensure a full understanding and implementation of the organization business model and a fertile ground receptive to the necessary reforms. To this end, essential posts must be filled in a timely manner with staff in the required numbers and with the required qualifications. The training of finance managers and staff, and the mixture of employees from these different levels is a key factor for success as a prerequisite for the creation of a modern accounting culture.", "5. In 2004-2005, the WFP leadership introduced a number of initiatives aiming at improved quality and timeliness in the financial reporting for its Board, donors and management. Those management priorities included the following:", "(known as the WFP Information Network and Global System or WINGS, subsequently WINGS II after it was enhanced);", "additional finance officers in the field (an increase of 61 per cent and 68 per cent respectively) and 5 regional financial analysts to support the new business model resulting from a business process review;", "finance staff on WFP business and financial processes, in particular in the field offices, with a monthly closure reporting package;", "their responsibilities for internal controls and effective financial management;", "regional bureaus and country offices to discuss strategic issues on financial management and to clarify roles and responsibilities;", "country offices, to prepare for the closure of the biennial financial accounts, introduce new initiatives, review audit response follow-up and provide advanced training to WINGS;", "on financial policies and procedures, while reports on the management and the financial implementation of projects were produced by WINGS;", "the basis of an analysis of the exposure of the WFP;", "analysis and internal controls.", "B. Choice of accounting standards: a resolutely proactive position", "6. In January 2005 the WFP External Auditor observed that WFP already provided an almost complete set of financial statements (FS) as required by either the IAS/IFRS or the IPSAS. After the presentation of the External Auditor’s report on financial reporting standards to the Board, through which the External Auditor was encouraging the WFP Board to accept universally accepted international accounting standards, the Executive Director established a steering committee and a task force to manage the transition in that direction. After discussions with external organizations and with experts in accounting standards, they made a preliminary review of those WFP regulations and rules that might require revision before WFP could fully adopt international accounting standards. Changes toward accrual accounting being a requirement common to all modern accounting standards, their implementation would significantly prepare the entity to implement any of the standards. In 2007, WFP recognized that the present WINGS, which supported some aspects of IPSAS, had allowed WFP in recent years to introduce systematic improvements into its financial reporting, including accrual-based income recognition, investments recognition at market rate, expense recognition based on the delivery principle and annual financial reporting. In this respect, WFP had already achieved an advanced level of readiness for IPSAS.", "7. But this had not been easy: IPSAS is principles based. WFP being the first in the United Nations and among the first organizations in the world to implement IPSAS, its IPSAS team had to draft many policies, often before the discussion and publication of any guidance by the inter-agency Task Force. Some of the very difficult policies to draft were, inter alia, the inventory capitalization, expensing, and measurement, financial instruments, services in kind, PPE, intangibles, and, in particular, revenue recognition, which was particularly difficult given the major differences between WFP and the private sector, but which also assessed contributions-based organizations and States. Comparing the previous UNSAS-compliant FS and the present IPSAS-compliant FS gives a measure of the impact and the difficulties faced in the accounting policies.", "8. The WFP attitude toward the supporting work carried out by the System-wide team and TF was full proactive participation and a resolute move ahead, and even ahead of the team if necessary, as with the training materials (where WFP went ahead by creating its own training material without waiting for the delayed CEB training kit). As an early adopter, the perspectives and experience of WFP with regard to IPSAS implementation are very relevant to other United Nations system organizations. In circumstances where United Nations discussions had not yet matured enough to be able to pronounce on all IPSAS issues, management interpreted them as they saw fit, in agreement with the External Auditor. Where no IPSAS was available, the IFRS were used. As the “trail blazer”, WFP could not always count on the United Nations to provide practical advice and counsel on the wide range of issues faced during the transition. Indeed, other United Nations organizations looked to WFP for guidance and example. WFP also had contacts with other IPSAS pioneers such as the EC, NATO and the Government of Switzerland.", "9. When, during the summer of 2005, the TF discussed the matter with the CEB project development team and turned to IPSAS, at an accelerating pace, WFP, which had prepared itself for such a transition, positioned itself as ready to play a leading role as an early adopter. It thus set out two basic documents which demonstrate in-depth autonomous thinking about its own situation: a tentative timetable for the transition to international accounting standards from 2005 to 2008 and a table on all changes required from the entity according to its gap analysis, IPSAS by IPSAS. They constituted the backbone of the WFP IPSAS project. The business plan approved in June 2006 by the Executive Board included timelines, milestones, coordination with the WINGS II project and the estimated costs, budget and funding options to enable WFP to implement IPSAS from 2008 on, as recommended.", "C. Full measurement and realization of the tasks to be implemented", "10. According to an excerpt from the WFP external auditors’ report on preparedness on two major projects: IPSAS and WINGS II, adherence to international accounting standards required considerably more than revision and improvement of the presentational aspects of financial reporting as seen through the organization’s annual accounts. Improvements were required in business procedures and SOPs, for example on how WFP manages and accounts for assets and liabilities; and on how income and expenditure are accounted for and reported. They require major business process and financial management changes in WFP operational infrastructure and financial procedures, which the Secretariat has been taking forward.", "11. WFP, which, more than other entities of the United Nations system, was already prepared to comply with many of these changes, as observed above, chose a fast track: a transition in eighteen months from where it was, well prepared as it was, with probably the shortest path to the target among all organizations of the United Nations system. A full set of (UNSAS compliant) annual FS was prepared for the first time at WFP in 2006. That enabled the Programme to position itself for the introduction of annual accounts and a full audit, as an advance exercise for the annual financial period which became mandatory from 2008 onwards. While its area would be most directly affected by IPSAS, the WFP financial reporting unit played a key role in the challenge of their implementation. WFP launched a series of “dry runs” over 6-month and 9-month periods, as “IPSAS compliant” parts of the future 2008 accounts.", "D. A fully fledged project", "1. Outline", "12. Following the Board’s decision in November 2005, the Secretariat developed a comprehensive workplan for the accounting standards project. The plan outlined the approach to identifying and addressing changes to WFP Rules and Regulations, accounting policies and administrative procedures affected by the implementation of IPSAS. Milestones were set for the different phases of the project, including analysis, proposals for revised policies and procedures, endorsement by management, the External Auditor and the Board, preparation of guidelines and the training of Headquarters and field staff. The Secretariat also prepared budgetary estimates of implementation costs.", "2. Governance", "13. Governance for the transition was first conceived as a relatively small team (four finance consultants, one project management consultant, one other consultant, two finance staff and four others) under the leadership of a full-time project manager reporting to the Chief Finance Officer, who was also in charge of the WINGS II project and thus able to monitor the WINGS II/IPSAS synergies. In 2007, a “Project Governance Board” was established to provide high-level oversight, guidance and advice to the IPSAS project. Further to internal audit recommendations and risk assessment, a change management coordinator and a project management coordinator were added to the project staff. This reduced reliance on consultants and provided stability in communications and training and in monitoring and updating the budget and workplan.", "3. Funding", "14. Thanks to its renewed financial management culture, WFP was very soon (September 2005) able to produce detailed cost estimates and planned budgetary requirements for:", "i. transition to international accounting standards;", "ii. change in organization process flows;", "iii. asset management; and", "iv. preparation of policies, procedures and guidance manuals.", "(workshops etc.)", "review, together with the formulation of policies and procedure guidance.", "15. The first move toward funding the project was to try to identify savings by seeking possible absorption of the additional costs. The second was to seek out synergy with an already existing and related project. The third was merely to look for new forms and sources of funding.", "16. In June 2006 the Board authorized an allocation of US$3.7 million from the Programme Support and Administration line, to cover for two years the cost of a timely introduction of IPSAS for the 2008 financial period. Two years later, a retrospective analysis of the project expenditures highlighted an overall actual level of expenditures similar to the planned amount, showing some under-budgeting in staff costs (which are governed by the United Nations common system), offset by savings in most of the other items and particularly travel. The cost of consultants was kept at the remarkably low level of US$0.3 million, over the whole duration of the project, compared to a projected US$0.5 million, itself relatively modest in comparison with some other organizations.", "4. Human resources", "17. The project plan provided for the creation of a dedicated team to implement the accounting standards project with support from WFP staff, which would provide expertise relevant to their areas of competence and responsibility. A project manager had been identified to lead the project, which drew on in-house expertise, specialist staff and specially recruited consultants to ensure that WFP had the capacity to make a successful transition to IPSAS. But staffing was difficult: when the project began trying to hire staff experts in the IPSAS field in 2006, there were virtually none. Many accountants were experts in IFRS or New Zealand or Australian Standards, but hardly any had expertise in IPSAS implementation. Only those who worked with pioneering organizations such as OECD and EC would have had IPSAS experience. Also, many consultants had theoretical experience in IPSAS but no implementation experience. The project manager opted at the end to hire professional accountants and to give them the time necessary to familiarize themselves with IPSAS, investing in them, so that, over time, they built up an expert implementation knowledge of IPSAS.", "5. Content and deliverables", "18. The team developed comprehensive implementation documents covering all IPSAS and IPSAS exposure drafts, including the new draft accounting requirements and practices under which the WFP FS would be prepared from 1 January 2008, to guide business users and systems developers. Detailed implementation plans for each area of accounting were linking implementation documents to the practical adoption of IPSAS, including the establishment of opening balances for 1 January 2008 for inventories, employee benefits and property, plant and equipment, and the accounting of revenue under IPSAS. An implementation manual was to be developed for business units and finance professionals.", "E. A motivated Organization: communication, training and change management", "1. Communication and training support", "19. As part of its communication programme the WFP set up a special website page dedicated to the transition to IPSAS and produced an additional series of six “progress reports” on the subject, from 2006 to 2008, where all the relevant information on past and forthcoming decisions was explained or proposed, submitted to the Board for information, consideration or approval, thereby keeping it fully informed, motivated and active in the interests of the smooth progress of the transition process.", "20. This IPSAS project Intranet website, much used by WFP staff, provided information on the UNSAS, International Accounting Standards, IPSAS and the IPSAS adoption process. It served as a one-stop information source for users seeking information or guidance on IPSAS. As part of the communications strategy, bimonthly bulletins were distributed to finance officers and other staff members, mainly to inform field staff members about the project’s progress. IPSAS and financial experts with experience of IPSAS implementation projects in other organizations held workshops to familiarize WFP staff with the nature of IPSAS implementation. During the latter half of 2006 and in early 2007, workshops were held at all regional offices to brief regional directors, country directors and finance officers about IPSAS implementation activities and major impacts on WFP. Additional training workshops and sessions were arranged as IPSAS-compliant processes became available.", "21. In the same way, the maintenance of a communication flow to top management, middle management and staff with provision for feedback was necessary to create awareness and support. The IPSAS implementation team embarked on an organizational communications and training strategy to ensure wide coverage of IPSAS awareness and knowledge within WFP. This was coordinated with WINGS II and the Human Resources Division’s training unit to ensure efficiency and economies of scale. At the beginning of 2008, regular IPSAS training in Headquarters and field offices had already been given to 1,400 staff members. Refresher courses would be offered throughout 2008 for stakeholders such as Board members and participants in United Nations workgroups and events. Coordination with the New York IPSAS team continued as specialized training materials on accrual accounting applicable to the United Nations were being developed, but were either not yet published or not usable.", "22. Altogether, training, communication, discussions, workshops, meetings and workgroups required a considerable amount of time to convert people's behaviours from UNSAS to IPSAS, and IPSAS was seen as (and in fact is) more difficult and more demanding. Therefore, changing behaviour, especially that of the “non-believers” was extremely difficult and called for the use of various means.", "2. “Tuning” with the Executive Board", "23. WFP established and maintained close relations in communication on its IPSAS project with its Executive Board (EB), composed of 36 member States of United Nations and FAO, donors and recipient countries. Despite this diversity, from 2005 to 2009, the External Auditor and the Secretariat of WFP played a “duet” for the Board, with various reports relating to their respective roles. They brought converging views on the transition to international accounting standards, thus creating a climate of trust, explaining at every stage the situation, risks, proposals made, and their expected benefits. Raising and retaining such interest and support in the administrative and financial area, often considered less attractive to Member States delegates, is a major achievement. Concerns were raised regarding the level of understandability of the new IPSAS compliant FS versus previous FS produced under UNSAS, which used the budgetary financial reporting format. They were addressed through ongoing discussion, briefings, informal consultations, finance seminars and guest speakers’ events.", "24. Communication with the legislative body (the Executive Board) was also carried out by various means, including a special series of six progress reports as mentioned above. This permitted in particular the initial funding of posts to strengthen the finance administration, and thereafter the relatively straightforward funding of the IPSAS and WINGS projects, thus allowing their respective teams to fully dedicate themselves to the substantive activities associated with the projects without wasting their energy on fund-raising. As a result, the EB endorsed the various steps toward IPSAS as proposed. But obtaining funding is easier than changing deeply entrenched working and managing processes of management and staff. This was very difficult at WFP, as in other organizations.", "F. A project in a network", "1. Institutional Partnerships", "25. The WFP never worked in isolation. Just as it had organized thinking and training internally, it was keen to make the most of profitable linkages with existing external partners.", "26. The first of these partners was the External Auditor of the WFP, from the National Audit Office (NAO) of the United Kingdom, who very soon proved to be a driving force in the introduction of internationally recognized accounting standards, in particular in his report on the subject for the consideration of the Executive Board.[105] The External Auditor and the Executive Director of WFP regularly underlined their valuable collaboration in their respective reports until they could proudly share in 2009 the honour of having achieved the first set of FS prepared under IPSAS for 2008 and presented these to the Executive Board without any qualification in the opinion of the External Auditor, as repeated for the next annual financial period. The Inspector considers that it is fair to mention, in addition to the local involvement of the External Auditor, the enormous efforts made by the NAO in terms of education and information with regard to the use of IPSAS, including two important and detailed “guides” downloadable from the NAO website at www.nao.org.uk :", "step-by-step checklist to ensure accounts conform to the requirements of the Standards;", "specifically to assist international organizations in understanding what their External Auditor will require to support an unqualified audit opinion against the requirements of IPSAS. In the foreword, NAO claims that “the guidance sets out the circumstances required and the evidence needed by external auditors from management; and gives illustrations of the audit issues and problems that can arise and which need to be avoided.”", "27. Another important institutional partner was the Audit Committee (AC), which, according to its annual report issued in 2009, “devoted considerable time and attention to the oversight of this challenging project. At each meeting, implementation plans and potential obstacles, including changes in key project personnel, were monitored. The AC noted key milestones (e.g. June and September 2008 \"dry runs\") and assessed the results produced by management and the reports on progress provided independently by the NAO and the Office of Internal Audit. It advised on how to deal effectively with obstacles encountered and reinforced management’s commitment to the project. The AC’s views and advice were conveyed to management. It suggested changes and reviewed management’s response during the implementation process and when discussing the final versions of the draft FS”.", "28. As mentioned above, WFP played more than its part in the interaction with the other agencies of the United Nations system through its active participation in the TF and the related Rome “focus group”. Once again, the Inspector stresses that, without wishing to downplay its merits in this successful transition, it is fair to say that WFP was probably among the best prepared organizations, in particular through its financial corporate culture.[106]", "2. Internal partnerships", "29. Another, no less important partnership was internal, with the conception and realization of the coordinated planning and running of two interrelated IPSAS and WINGS II projects. From the outset, synergy and continuous interaction to identify and initiate new and improved business processes were essential to avoid duplication of effort or the omission of processes necessary to ensure compliance with IPSAS. But the need to prepare WINGS II to IPSAS requirements represented a high level of demand from the modestly sized WFP IPSAS project team.", "30. Partnership not only involves institutional partners but, just as importantly, various components of the secretariat. Distinct but synergetic roles were to be attributed to the IPSAS and the ERP projects, in mutual respect and collaboration for the overriding common goal of better management of the organization. In this type of situation there should be no domination, no competition and no confusion, leaving the way clear for systematic ongoing development. The same is true for the community of all users and staff affected in their jobs by the changing business processes.", "G. Legal framework and accounting policies", "31. The project team identified the General Regulations, General Rules and Financial Regulations that required amendment as a result of the implementation of IPSAS. This initial assessment of changes had been re-evaluated throughout the project. The main change affecting the General Regulations is the move to annual financial reporting. No other accounting policy change requiring Board approval was identified. In this regard, the case of WFP can be considered particularly favourable, because with the exception of this amendment and some funding such a major transition process was legally mostly in the hands of the executive head.", "32. From 2005 on, the WFP kept its accounting policies under review, and introduced changes resulting in improved standards of financial reporting. Examples included changes in the income recognition policy, from cash to accrual, and in the recognition of after-service medical liabilities for WFP staff.", "33. Key changes from the previous standards (UNSAS) included the capitalization of PPE, recording of inventories, recording of employee benefits and recognition of income. But IPSAS reform is a continuous process: nearly one year after the opening balance date of the 2008 IPSAS compliant accounts, the year 2008 was still considered by the project team as a “transition year”, implying that there was room for further progress.", "H. Final situation, risks and dividends arising from the transition", "34. In June 2008, the capacity built into the IPSAS adoption team needed to be maintained, subject to resource availability, at least until WINGS II went live in early 2009 and the first IPSAS-compliant FS was submitted for Board approval in June 2009. It was expected that IPSAS adoption would be completed in June 2009 and the capacity built by the project then mainstreamed as far as possible, taking into account resource constraints.", "35. Major challenges that persisted included inventory accounting, PPE recognition and completeness, revenue recognition and other accounting policies, calculation of employee benefits related to those staff members administered in the field by organizations other than WFP, intangible assets identification and management and budget reconciliation. The many associated risks of all kinds - internal and external, stakeholders’ risks, and IPSAS Board risks had been assessed and were to be managed. The greatest stress and pressure related to senior management support, IPSAS-compliant ERP system availability, sustained staff capacity and knowledge of IPSAS, Governing Body support, effective communications with the External Auditor, effective communications and training and TF involvement. Coming from an agency which had already given much importance to all those factors, and at a time when the first year of compliance was completed, this demonstrates how vulnerable such a project is and remains, until everyone is accustomed to the new roles assigned. The retrospective analysis of risks contained in the sixth and last progress report concludes: “Challenges included the scarcity of qualified candidates who would commit themselves to a project of short duration, the tight adoption timeline, the lack of specialized training materials and the lack of internal capacities at the early stages of the project.”[107]", "36. In other words, the main challenges were to continuously brief the governing body, deal with internal stakeholders, communicate with the external auditor, manage differences in opinion with internal auditors, deal with difficulties and differences of opinion within the interagency TF on accounting standards and still continue with the implementation. Countless hours were spent on ironing out differences and trying to come up with all sorts of solutions and risk mitigations.", "37. The WFP and its External Auditor are rightly proud of their achievement regarding IPSAS compliance and a June 2009 brochure on the subject was titled: WFP Leads the Way: enhanced credibility and transparency in the United Nations system accounting practices – A glance at WFP’s 2008 Financial Statements under IPSAS, while the Report of the external Auditor on the IPSAS dividend prepared for the February 2010 session of the EB is subtitled: “Strengthening Financial Management”[108]. Far from considering the success of the WINGS II and IPSAS projects as ends, in either sense of that word, it recommends that their benefits for financial reporting be used in order to:", "including on key areas of financial management risks or interest, to enhance and focus their monitoring function at the corporate level and inform decision-making", "outcomes", "management group.", "Annex V", "Overview of action to be taken by participating organizations on JIU recommendations", "JIU/REP/2010/6", "[TABLE]", "Legend: L: Recommendation for decision by legislative organ", "E: Recommendation for action by executive head (*in case of the CEB by the Chair of the CEB)", ": Recommendation does not require action by this organization", "Intended impact: a: enhanced accountability b: dissemination of best practices c: enhanced coordination and cooperation d: enhanced controls and compliance", "e: enhanced effectiveness f: significant financial savings g: enhanced efficiency o: other", "** Covers all entities listed in ST/SGB/2002/11 other than UNCTAD, UNODC, UNEP, UN-HABITAT, UNHCR, UNRWA.", "[1] Article 5 of the JIU Statute", "[2] International Federation of Accountants, Study 13: Governance in the Public Sector: A Governing Body Perspective, August 2001", "[3] Although the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) considers itself to be the Regional Office of the World Health Organization (WHO) for the Americas, it is not a participating organization of the JIU. However, it appears among the 22 organizations participating (including financially) in the interagency project and the Task Force on Accounting Standards and was reviewed in the Secretary-General’s progress reports on IPSAS.", "[4] His publications included Normes IFRS et PME (2004) and Les Normes IPSAS et le Secteur Public (2008), the latter published posthumously by Dunod, Paris. An English translation was planned.", "[5] In addition to preparing general purpose financial statements, an entity may prepare financial statements for parties who can demand financial statements tailored to meet their specific information needs (e.g. governing bodies, the legislature and other parties who perform an oversight function). Such statements are referred to as “special purpose financial statements.”", "[6] Established in 1973", "[7] Established in 1991 as an independent privately funded accounting standard setter.", "[8] Fédération des Experts Comptables Européens (FEE): The adoption of accrual accounting and budgeting by Governments (July 2003), hereinafter referred to as “FEE 2003”.", "[9] A/46/341, paras. 9 and 10", "[10] In A/RES/45/235, para. 5", "[11] A/48/530", "[12] For example, para. 4 reads: “If these fundamental accounting assumptions are not followed, that fact should be disclosed together with the reasons.”", "[13] IFAC is comprised of 159 members and associates in 124 countries and jurisdictions, representing over 2.5 million accountants.", "[14] See www.ifac.org , “Preface to International Public Sector Accounting Standards, 2008, para. 30-35.", "[15] It is worth noting that this initiative was supported not only by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, but also by the United Nations and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).", "[16] See Annex I for the table of contents of the 2010 IFAC Handbook of International Public Sector Accounting Pronouncements", "[17] For example, “income” becomes “revenue” and “expenditures”, “expenses”, with minor differences in meaning.", "[18] The TF members select their Chair with the endorsement of the FBN and HLCM.", "[19] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.24, paras. 25 (a) to (e).", "[20] A/60/846 and A/60/846/Add.3 and supplementary information transmitted to the ACABQ.", "[21] A/60/870, para. 42", "[22] A/RES/60/283, section IV", "[23] Or “modified cash”, a notion used in the United Nations system, but never explained satisfactorily.", "[24] 180 EX/33, Part I Rev", "[25] IFAC Public Sector Committee, Transition to the Accrual Basis of Accounting: Guidance for Governments and Government Entities (2003), para. 1.19, p. 7", "[26] IFAC Public Sector Committee, Resource Accounting: Framework of Accounting Standard Setting in the UK Central Government Sector (2002).", "[27] Equity or net asset value is the net value of an entity’s assets after deduction of its liabilities. Most States which have begun using IPSAS have negative equity, with New Zealand one of the few exceptions.", "[28] A/64/7/Add.4", "[29] Ibid, para. 5.3", "[30] COM 2002 755 final: Modernization of the Accounting System of the European Communities, Brussels, 17-12-2002", "[31] 180 EX/33 Part I Rev.", "[32] “Inventories are assets: (a) in the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the production process; (b) in the form of materials or supplies to be consumed or distributed in the rendering of services; (c) held for sale or distribution in the ordinary course of operations; or (d) in the process of production for sale or distribution” (IPSAS 12).", "[33] To capitalize is “to record expenditure as an asset rather than as an expense” (www.reallifeaccounting.com/dictionary.asp)", "[34] ULO – Unliquidated Obligation is a type of accounting transaction under UNSAS, which recognizes future liability for goods or services ordered (either delivered or not). ULOs may or may not materialize during the financial period.", "[35] Consolidation is the process of presenting the financial statements of all entities that make up the reporting entity as if they were the financial statements of a single entity. It involves adding together all items on a line-by-line basis and eliminating any transactions or balances between members of the reporting entities. The entities need to conform to", "the standard policies and classifications when providing financial information for consolidation (IPSAS 6).", "[36] Control is the power to govern the financial and operating policies of another entity so as to benefit from its entities.", "[37] A/63/5 (Vol. I), chap. II, para. 10(a) and 27.", "[38] A/63/496, para. 7.", "[39] A/64/355 paras. 12 and 45-47.", "[40] IPSAS 1, para. 66.", "[41] Ibid., para. 69", "[42] Historical cost: an asset value based on the actual purchase cost.", "[43] Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction (IPSAS 9). It is approximated by the market value.", "[44] Heritage assets are assets bearing cultural, environmental, educational and historical significance (IPSAS 17) such as the Palais des Nations in Geneva or the ECA building in Addis Ababa.", "[45] See definition above, footnote 43.", "[46] The Ben Chu, former Deputy Accountant General of Malaysia, “Accrual accounting in the Public Sector”, Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) International Public Sector Bulletin, issue 11, February 2008", "[47] H. Mellet, Cardiff Business School (BS) and Neil Marriot, Winchester BS, “Resource accounting in the Public Sector: Problems of implementation”, ibid.", "[48] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.24", "[49] See A/65/5(vol. I), paras. 164-180", "[50] A/60/450 and A/61/730.", "[51] A/60/450, annex I.", "[52] WFP/EB.A/2007/6-A/1", "[53] IAEA, The Agency’s Accounts for 2007, GC(52)/11, para. 100", "[54] Féderation des Experts Comptables Européens, “Accrual Accounting for more effective public policy” (February 2006)", "[55] When an entity receives value from another entity without directly giving approximately equal value in exchange (e.g. grants, donations, contributions).", "[56] For instance, a donor may impose a condition on the transferred asset, requesting that resources be used within a two-year period and demanding that the unused portion be refunded.", "[57] See JIU report 2010/7 “Policies and procedures for the administration of trust funds in the United Nations system organizations.", "[58] UNSAS, Rev. VIII, (01-01-2007) para. 56.", "[59] UNSAS, Rev. VIII, para. 9.", "[60] IPSAS 4", "[61] A/62/806", "[62] UNIDO, Report of the External Auditor on the accounts of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization for the financial period 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2007, IDB.35/3, para. 13", "[63] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.21", "[64] See table in A/64/355", "[65] For example the Vienna International Center, that Austria authorized some organizations of the UN system to use, free of charges other than maintenance, or the provisions found in the Status of Force (or Mission) Agreements (SOFAs, SOMAs) signed by the UN/Department of Peace Keeping Operations. The IPSAS did not provide for such situations.", "[66] List available in the respective annexes I of the progress reports A/62/806 and A/64/355.", "[67] A/62/806", "[68] FEE, 2003, ibid.", "[69] Leading change: Why transformation efforts fail. John P. Kotter. Harvard Business Review, 1994.", "[70] A/63/5/Add.5, chap. II, para. 52.", "[71] A/63/5/Add.3, chap. II, para. 51.", "[72] PRINCE2 (PRojects IN Controlled Environments) is a process-based method for effective project management - a standard used extensively by the United Kingdom Government and the private sector.", "[73] See http://www.prince2.com/what-is-prince2.asp", "[74] A/65/5 (Vol.1), para. 33.", "[75] Internal control in the context of accounting is broadly defined as the overall set of policies and procedures conceived and put in place by an organization’s management to safeguard assets and information, the quality of accounting records and the timely production of reliable financial and management information.", "[76] See Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission, COM (2002)", "[77] The Steering Committee comprises participants from Finance, Budget, HR, IT, Training, External Relations, field users, and Audit.", "[78] See ACABQ report A/64/531, end of para. 12.", "[79] The FS for the previous year have to be restated to express financial information according to IPSAS.", "[80] A service is an administrative unit within the EC.", "[81] A/65/5(Vol.1), para. 33.", "[82] A/64/380", "[83] A/64/355, para. 68", "[84] Mastering the transformation – New public management accrual accounting and budgeting, Deloitte, Netherlands 2004", "[85] A/64/355, para. 19", "[86] Ibid, para. 19", "[87] CEB/2008/HLCM/7", "[88] Name used successively for a model of framework for the management of internal controls (COSO 1992), then a model of risk management (COSO 2, 2004), from the Committee Of Sponsoring Organizations of the National Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting (Treadway Commission) after the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.", "[89] A/63/5/Add.1 (Supp.), para. 191", "[90] A/63/5/Add.7 (Supp.), para. 47", "[91] A/64/355, para. 27", "[92] Audit procedures used for determining whether a transaction took place prior to or after the end of an accounting period, and therefore ensuring that transactions are recorded in the accounting records and recognized in the financial statements of the periods to which they relate.", "[93] Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Africa, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.", "[94] “UNSAS to IPSAS conversion – adoption of IPSAS by the UN: what should be the role of Internal Audit Service?”", "[95] November 2005: recommendation 25 to the HLCM, para. 4", "[96] See Chap. II.5 above, 2005-2007: The political decisions to adopt IPSAS", "[97] CEB/2010/HLCM/7", "[98] CEB/2010/HLCM/26", "[99] A/62/806", "[100] Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm's length transaction. (IPSAS terminology)", "[101] Joint FASB-IASB press release,(24 March 2009)", "[102] For details, see Risk, May 20-2009", "[103] International Federation of Accountants, Study 13 Governance in the Public Sector: A Governing Body Perspective (August 2001)", "[104] See for example the Progress Report on the Adoption of IPSAS at UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS: Briefing to the Executive Board (1 June 2009), available at www.undp.org/about/ipsas/doc/Progress_report_presentation_june09.ppt", "[105] Report of the external auditor on financial reporting standards of the World Food Programme (WFP/EB.1/2005/5-E)", "[106] See JIU/REP/2009/7 Management and Administration Review of the World Food Programme", "[107] Sixth progress report on the Implementation of IPSAS (WFP/EB.A/2008/6-G/1), para. 31", "[108] Report of the External Auditor on the IPSAS Dividend: Strengthening Financial Management (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-E/1)" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 140 of the provisional agenda*", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Preparations for the implementation of IPSAS by United Nations system organizations", "Note by the Secretariat", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Preparations for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards by United Nations system organizations”.", "∗ A/63/250.", "Preparations for the implementation of IPSAS by the United Nations system organizations (IPSAS)", "Prepared by", "Gérard Biraud", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Geneva, 2010", "[]", "United Nations", "Preparations for the implementation of IPSAS by the United Nations system organizations (IPSAS)", "Prepared by", "Gérard Biraud", "Joint Inspection Unit", "[]", "United Nations 2010 Geneva", "Executive summary", "The purpose of the present report is to provide an overview of the status of the transition and implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) by the organizations of the United Nations system and indicate how each organization conducts this process, with a focus on best practices and possible risks.", "Following 25 years of efforts to harmonize financial reporting practices across the United Nations system organizations and make their financial statements more comparable (i.e., using a set of specialized United Nations accounting standards), the General Assembly endorsed the recommendations of the CEB in 2006 and approved the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). Other United Nations organizations have also been replicated soon, as the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) is recognized as the most appropriate non-profit intergovernmental organizations.", "The adoption of IPSAS is seen as a key reform component within the United Nations system and continues to be supported by the governing bodies and senior management. Since 2006, the United Nations system organizations have made progress in looking at the requirements of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards. However, they are also increasingly aware that this work is much more difficult and complex than initially anticipated. Of the 22 organizations reviewed, one (WFP) has received the unconditional advice of its external auditors on their financial statements for 2008 and 2009 (i.e., enabling) as the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (In their experience and best practices (see annex IV); eight - International Civil Aviation Organization, IMO, ITU, the Pan American Health Organization, UNESCO, UNIDO, WIPO and WMO - have already introduced the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), initially targeted in 2010, and their external auditors will determine whether they have actually reached the mark in 2011; and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and UNICEF are expected to implement the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (UNICEF) in 2011.", "The review indicated that the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards was beginning to have a significant impact on the organizations of the United Nations system, far beyond accounting. The shift to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards should enable the entire United Nations system to strengthen the management and improvement of results-based management of resource and business processes. The transition to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) is a major cause for most organizations, depending on the initial readiness conditions required by the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), as it affects accounting, financial reporting and related information technology systems and leads to new approaches to planning, policymaking, budgeting and financial reporting. It is expected that the reporting of assets, liabilities, income and expenditure in accordance with independent international standards will significantly enhance the quality, comparability and credibility of the United Nations system's financial statements for Member States, donors and staff, thereby strengthening accountability, transparency and management.", "Many organizations underestimate the importance of the required joint efforts and resources and do not assess initial readiness and risk. The review also found that the key to the successful transition to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards was the strong support and participation of senior management, the interdepartmental thematic task force and the adoption of project management practices.", "The system-wide projects under the auspices of the High-level Committee on Management (HLCM) are critical to supporting the International Public Sector Accounting Standards projects of the United Nations system organizations. The project, coordinated by the Task Force on Accounting Standards, includes the development of accounting guidelines, training materials and the exchange of experience among the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (as reflected in the Secretary-General's progress report and the accounting standards of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Commission (IPSASB).", "In addition to providing a brief overview of the benefits expected from the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), the present report also indicates a number of risks to be considered by the executive head to ensure a successful transition to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "The report recommends that, in addition to the two recommendations made to the relevant legislative bodies, the executive heads should ensure the implementation of the following 16 best practices noted in the present report. The Inspectors know that many organizations are implementing or implementing most of these recommendations.", "16 best practices for the successful transition to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards:", "1: Establish an Interdepartmental Steering Committee on International Public Sector Accounting Standards projects or a considerable body responsible for ensuring that senior management understands the objectives and vision of the transition to International Public Sector Accounting Standards. The Commission should have a multi-year mandate with staff with institutional resource planning for the design, design and implementation of expertise.", "2: In-depth analysis of the gap between existing business processes, procedures, financial reporting and functionalities based on United Nations system accounting standards and the requirements and impacts of each International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "3: If a major change in the project environment arises, the initial adoption strategy of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards should be re-evaluated and adjusted as necessary.", "4: The application of mature project planning and implementation methods, including clearly defined strategic objectives, deliverables, time series, phase-specific objectives and monitoring procedures.", "5: The development of a strategy to determine the initial balance of compliance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) and the previous end-of-service balances, based on previous accounting standards (United Nations system accounting standards), for the target implementation date (the first day of the first year of compliance with the standards), would easily translate the initial balance of the target year into the formulation of IPSAS.", "6: In order to ensure the continued participation of the governing bodies in the process of change, the governing bodies are regularly informed of progress in the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards and require their adoption of relevant decisions, in particular decisions on necessary changes to financial regulations and the allocation of resources for projects.", "7: Identify additional human resources needed in the area of administration, budget and finance and include budgets to ensure not only the effective implementation of the transition to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, but also adequate capacity to maintain compliance with IPSAS in the future.", "8: Ensure funding and, where feasible, internal training of experts in accounting, business and change management or recruitment of external experts.", "9: A thorough analysis of existing (subsidised) information systems to understand their consistency and synergies with the International Public Sector Accounting Standards requirements and to understand the reforms that must be experienced in support of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS).", "10: Advocacy on transition to International Public Sector Accounting Standards through all available means of communication, training and documentation. This can be achieved through personal contacts, briefings, presentations from those who participated in successful examples outside this unit, leave-by-ground meetings, practical operation and training materials that compare current accounting policies with new policies.", "11: Ensure that existing and future staff, in particular managers, supply chain and financial personnel, are fully familiar with new procedures and requirements through the use of specialized documentation (the manual) and training.", "12: The implementation of risk assessment, management and mitigation strategies and practices for projects is based on project objectives.", "13: In order to avoid a distressing situation, the planned and prepared provisional financial statements should be reviewed by external auditors well before the final implementation date.", "14: The establishment and maintenance of bilateral dialogues between organizations and their external auditors on the transition to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards as early as possible, to help ensure that external and internal auditors have an in-depth understanding of the new system and its impact on the control process, as the implementation of IPSAS requires a shift in accounting.", "15: During the initial implementation phase of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards project, continuous testing of internal control measures is carried out to ensure the accuracy of the data.", "16: Ensure that the system is independently and comprehensively validated and verified when the project is close to the end.", "Taking into account all these best practices, the first two of the recommendations listed below are specifically directed to the legislative organs of the organizations of the United Nations system and Article 3 is to their executive heads: All recommendations are aimed at strengthening the accountability, effectiveness and efficiency of each organization of the United Nations system in the transition to IPSAS implementation.", "Recommendation 1", "The legislative organs should request the executive heads of their respective organizations to issue regular progress reports on the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Recommendation 2", "The legislature should provide the required support, staff and funds to ensure the successful and effective transition to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Recommendation 3", "The executive heads should ensure that 16 best practices described in the present JIU report are implemented when implementing IPSAS projects.", "Contents", "The Executive Board", "Executive summary 4", "Abbreviations 9", "Chapter Paragraphs", "Introduction 1-8 11", "Contents", "Purpose 4-5 12", "C. Methods 6-8 12", "International Public Sector Accounting Standards 9-28 14", "Why financial reporting requires accounting 9-13 14", "Difficulties faced by United Nations system organizations 14", "C. Initially unfulfilled solutions: United Nations accounting standards (UNSAS) 15-18 15", "New solutions to the old problem: International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) 19-21 16", "E. 2005-2007: political decisions on the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards 22-28 17", "Impact of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards on organizations: key issues 29-72 20", "Major shifts to accounted for 29-37 20", "News", "Challenges 31-35 20", "Benefits 36-37 21", "Other issues related to the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards 38-51 23", "reputational risks 38-40 23", "Potential risks 41-43 24", "Changes in management 44 24", "International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "Cultural aspects 47-48 25", "Political aspects 49-51 26", "C. Some of the most influential accounting changes 52-72 27", "Submitted by the financial statements 53 27", "Treatment of assets: property, fixed assets and equipment (PPE) 54-59 27", "Staff benefits 60-64 29", "Budget questions 65-69 30", "Recognition of age 70 31", "Fund accounting system 71 32", "Foreign exchange rate and financial statements", "Implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) project in the United Nations system 73-163", "A. System-wide (CEB) projects 74-83 33", "An inter-agency cause 74-76 33", "Outputs and services delivered 77-83 34", "Organizations' projects: strategic issues and diversity 84-155 35", "Governance and management change 84-94 35", "Gaps analysis and users 95-96 38", "Phased, systematic strategy 97-102 39", "Item management 103-108 40", "Institutional resource planning 109-111 42", "Note by the Secretariat", "Human resources 114-116 45", "Financial resources 117-118 46", "Institutional resource planning and their mutual assistance with the implementation of ISAS 119-129 47", "Awareness-raising and advocacy 130-133 50", "Training 134-139 52", "Risk assessment 140-143 54", "Oversight 144-155 57", "C. A key indicator: expected date for the organization 156-163 60", "Poverty and economic crisis 164-168 64", "Conclusion 169-171 66", "Annex", "Scope of the manual on IPSAS (IFAC International Public Sector Accounting Bulletin 2010) 67", "The importance of the percentage of each IPSAS standard identified by participating organizations 69", "Process of transition to ISAS 70", "A successful example: WFP experience 1-37 71", "List of actions to be taken by participating organizations with regard to the JIU recommendations", "Abbreviations", "Executive Board", "ACC Administrative Committee on Coordination", "ASHI after retirement", "BoA United Nations Board of Auditors", "CCAQ Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions", "CCAQ (FB) Subcommittee on Finance and Budgets of the Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions", "Chief Executives Board for Coordination", "CNC National Accounts Council", "EC Council of Europe", "* Circulated in accordance with a decision taken by the Committee at its 1st meeting.", "ERP", "FASB Financial Accounting Standards Commission", "FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "FBN Finance and Budget Network", "FEE European Union of Accounting Experts", "Financial statements", "GAAP Universally recognized accounting principles", "HLCM High-level Committee on Management", "IAS International Accounting Standards", "IASB International Accounting Standards Board", "IASC International Accounting Standards Commission", "ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization", "ICT", "IFAC International Federation of Accountants", "IFRIC International Financial Reporting Day", "International financial reporting standards", "ILO International Labour Organization", "IMIS Integrated Management Information System", "IMO Maritime Organization", "IPSAS International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "IPSAS Committee", "ITU International Telecommunication Union", "NO United Kingdom Audit Office", "Non-governmental organizations", "OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development", "PAHO Pan American Health Organization", "PoEA External Auditor Group", "PPE Property, fixed assets and equipment", "Secretary-General", "TFG Task Force on Accounting Standards", "ULO Unliquidated obligations", "UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "UNDP United Nations Development Programme", "UNFPA United Nations Population Fund", "UNGA General Assembly United Nations General Assembly", "UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "UNICEF Children's Fund", "UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization", "UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services", "UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "UNSAS United Nations System Accounting Standards", "World Tourism Organization", "UPU Universal Postal Union", "WFP World Food Programme", "WHO World Health Organization", "WINGS Food Programme Information Network and Global System", "WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization", "WMO World Meteorological Organization", "Introduction", "As part of its programme of work for 2008, the Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) conducted a review of the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards in the United Nations system organizations. The present review report is directed at a wide audience and seeks to elaborate a number of complex and interrelated issues and provide a comprehensive overview. Given the scale and high-technical nature of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards project (the full text of all IPSAS accounting guidelines is more than 1,000 pages), it is not easy to translate the review into a readable and as concise report as possible. Thus, in the present report, the information is divided into a relatively short section to facilitate individual studies as appropriate. Welcoming the use of the directory to identify issues of particular interest to them,", "Chapter II refers specifically to readers who wish to know the purpose of reform;", "Chapter III explains the specific differences between IPSAS and the United Nations system accounting standards and how the requirements and benefits of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards affect organizations;", "Chapter IV describes how organizations can deal with the same challenges in different environments; factors contributing to success or failure; projects task forces supporting organizations at the inter-agency level; and best practices - executive heads and Member States have an important role to play;", "Chapter V is a summary of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards;", "Chapter VI focuses on the first and only successful example of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) mark in the United Nations system.", "Geology", "Since 1980, in particular since 2004, the organizations of the United Nations system have recognized the need for a common process towards an orderly transition to compliance with internationally recognized common accounting standards. The review of this common process provides a special opportunity for the Unit to complete its mandate, i.e., to ensure that organizations make best use of the resources they possess, especially through better coordination among them. This review started in 2008, while most research and drafting are conducted in 2009.", "It is not surprising that the urgency of this reform is first felt by experts from the international accounting field of the United Nations system. The Inspectors also recall the harsh assessment of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), which stated that “[i]n, despite the importance of high-quality financial reporting and accounting standards for improved governance, accountability and transparency, the management reform report of the United Nations system does not largely link financial reporting and accounting standards to the three reform objectives” [2] (other than the World Food Programme (WFP) pipeline project). Specifically, if the International Public Sector Accounting Standards had been implemented over the past decades, there would be no need and cost for the capital master plan, liability for post-retirement health insurance (ASHI), or an unpredictable situation of millions of assets, particularly in peacekeeping missions.", "Purpose", "In the light of all principles on the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) decisions taken in 2006 and 2007, the present report will not be properly addressed, but rather seek to propose ways and means of how it is most effective. Therefore, the purpose of the present report is to:", "The present report seeks to raise awareness of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards among representatives and Secretariat officials, most of which do not have an accounting professional context. The Inspectors feel that this very technical reform of the accounting process, like any other management reform, is understandable so that member States and officials can understand the benefits expected after the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards. Another purpose is to help policymakers to take full account of the most relevant success factors in achieving their common goals in producing IPSAS-compliant financial statements as soon as possible, in accordance with the decisions of the Director of Accounting and Finance of the United Nations system organizations in 2004 and 2005 and the subsequent decisions of their respective legislative bodies in 2006 and 2007.", "C. Methodology", "The present review covers the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards for all participating organizations from 2006 to mid-2010. [3] In accordance with the internal standards and guidelines of the Unit and its internal working procedures, the following methods were used in the preparation of the present report: preliminary desk reviews, interviews and in-depth analysis. The Unit consulted responses to the semi-annual questionnaire circulated by the United Nations Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB) Task Force on Accounting Standards. In addition, the Unit issued a detailed questionnaire to all participating organizations. On the basis of responses received, the Inspectors interviewed officials from participating organizations. He also sought the views of the secretariat of ACC and the organizations that had adopted the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, including the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the Council of Europe and the World Bank. Comments were also sought from the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Committee, the International Federation of Accountants, the United Nations Board of Auditors and the Government of France.", "In finalizing the report, substantive views of participating organizations on the draft report were sought and considered. In accordance with article 11.2 of the statute of the Unit, the present report discusses among the Inspectors and is finalized for the collective wisdom of the group. In order to facilitate the effectiveness and monitoring of the report and its recommendations, annex V contains tables indicating whether the present report has been submitted to the relevant organizations for action or information. The table lists recommendations relating to each organization specifying whether decisions are required by the legislative organs or councils of the organization or may be taken by the executive head of the organization. The Inspectors express their appreciation to all those who have assisted them in the preparation of this report, particularly those who participated in interviews and share their knowledge and expertise.", "I have the honour to submit the present report to the late Jean François des Robert, who gave the JIU lectures to raise the project and, although he was recognized as experts in various countries in Africa, Asia and Central Europe for the implementation of international financial reporting standards and the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), only humiliating acceptance of the project as a research officer of the Unit, from January 2008 to the final day of his life in April 2008. [4] He is deeply missible as an expert and a human table. The project has since been suspended for one year.", "Towards the International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "Why financial reporting requires accounting standards", "Most organizations of the United Nations system, prior to the decision to transition from the United Nations system accounting standards to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), only a small number of accountants have some modest understanding of the important role that they can play in improving the financial management of public services and ensuring greater value.", "The purpose of the financial statements (FS) is to provide structured basic information on the performance and financial situation of private or public entities (i.e., their health and wealth) for use by both internal and external users. [5]", "In order to be useful, the financial statements must be interpreted in an equal manner by all users, and therefore, the application of the generic accounting principles, policies or rules developed by authoritative and independent experts has resulted in the concept of accounting standards. With the development of international trade, financial and investment exchanges, the need to apply generic tools to estimate the value of commercial entities is required to be internationally recognized.", "This need was initially felt in the private sector, with the first time being domestically followed by international meetings to deal with this issue, the establishment and maintenance of a number of normative institutions such as the International Accounting Standards Commission (IASC) [6] and subsequent institutions, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) of 15 members in London (IASB). [7] Its international financial reporting standards (IFRS) derivatives from international accounting standards (IAS), which were established by the European Union in 2005 as a mandatory norm for all market companies and are becoming mandatory in other countries, including India, South Africa, Turkey and the United States.", "“The underlying rationale for the maintenance of international accounting standards is a set of principles that govern decisions on specific transaction records. The application and audit of these guidelines are based on the assumption that they are used to have a thorough understanding of them in theory and practice and that the auditors have similar backgrounds.” [8]", "Difficulties faced by United Nations system organizations", "The organizations of the United Nations system spent 25 years from a lack of a common accounting and financial reporting framework that would not allow comparison between organizations to move towards the progressive application of the same internationally accepted accounting standards. The main step in this evolution is as follows:", "1980: The Financial and Budget Subcommittee of the Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions established a working group and agreed that the Commission's recommendations should serve as useful guidance.", "1981: The Administrative Committee on Coordination has adopted a number of commonly accepted principles from “universally accepted accounting principles”, which are based on standards, practices and rules followed by the accountants in recording transactions and preparing financial reports. In particular, the principles of continuity (the “continual relationship”), consistency, precision, substantive weight, disclosure of important accounting policies, materiality, authenticity, periodicity and recurrentity. In the same year, the Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions (financial and budgetary) (CCAQ (FB) provided that disclosure of accounting policies was mandatory for United Nations system organizations.", "The difficulty in developing a set of accounting standards specifically applicable to the organizations of the United Nations system (CCAQ (FB)) or the need for (the external audit team) has two opposing schools.", "1991: The external audit team (PoEA) clearly describes the challenges faced by the organizations of the United Nations system: “It is, of course, there are many reasons for why the guidelines developed specifically for business needs and commercial accounting cannot be used directly in the very different circumstances of United Nations organizations (....) in the broader sense that the purpose and objectives of the United Nations organizations, the organization of financial statements and the appropriate disclosure requirements, interests and needs of all users in the year are significantly different from those applicable to commercial bodies”. [9] The Guidelines Committee was established in the same year.", "C. Initial unmet solutions: United Nations accounting standards (UNSAS)", "Finally, the Secretary-General's report on accounting standards of 1993 [10], as requested by the General Assembly in connection with the external audit team [10] on 21 December 1990. 11] The annex is the first version of the United Nations system accounting standards. Although these guidelines have been modified by a series of changes and continue to be applied by most United Nations system organizations at the time of JIU review, their objectives remain unchanged.", "The use of United Nations system accounting standards is a first step towards the use of common language and professional terminology in the accounts of the organizations of the United Nations system, but their objectives are only partially achieved.", "The three main shortcomings will remain, irrespective of the efforts made to modify the United Nations system accounting standards, namely, the cost of flexibility and adaptability to the needs of the organizations of the United Nations system:", "(a) The United Nations system accounting standards leave sufficient room for interpretation, as the text establishing these guidelines itself recognizes the principle of the freeness of financial supervisors, which allows organizations to abandon strict disciplines; [12]", "(b) Therefore, they are not truly “entry into force”, “universal”, or in a broad sense of credibility;", "(c) From the point of view of the auditors, they cause conflicts of interest, as they are promulgated by the authorities of the organization that are subject to their own standard audits.", "While the United Nations has repeatedly modified its own guidelines to modernize its accounting practices, in civil society, the trend in accounting has evolved rapidly, particularly in the context of the present century, and has led public opinion to enhanced accounting regulations and policies and their international convergence. Thus, it is increasingly clear that the only way to ensure coherence and comparability of the United Nations system-wide financial reporting and accounting processes is to ensure that all financial statements are consistent with the same set of standards promulgated by an independent, international body of external authority and adapted to the needs of non-profit entities.", "New solutions to the problems of the elderly: International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)", "Fortunately, following the success of international financial reporting standards, an initiative was launched in 1996 to meet these needs. The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) [13] established the Public Sector Council (PSC) in Toronto, which was renamed the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) to develop an independent and transparent process similar to that followed by the International Accounting Standards Board [14]. [15] The objective is to develop high-quality accounting standards for use by public sector entities worldwide in preparing financial statements for general purposes. Public sector entities include national Governments, regions and local governments and their components. Intergovernmental organizations do not include the initial scope of the guidelines. The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board works as an independent norm-making body under the leadership of the International Federation of Accountants. It achieves its objectives through:", "In essence, the International Public Sector Accounting Standards imposes requirements for recognition, measurement, expression and disclosure for transactions and events that should be reflected in the general purpose financial statements. The full text of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards uses a number of new terms [17] and provides examples of which should be used for certain transactions in order to better understand those requirements. In order to help implement the necessary reforms required for the system-wide adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, the Task Force on Accounting Standards discussed the issue of the interpretation of guidelines and guidelines. At the end of 2007, the system-wide project team developed a policy and guidance outline for IPSAS compliance, accepted by the United Nations system organizations and recognized as a stable platform for the United Nations system-wide harmonization of IPSAS-compliant financial reporting. Further system-wide guidance documents were accepted, approved or endorsed in 2008 and 2009. However, the issue of interpretation of accounting standards remains the subject of ongoing debate, even within the same organization, and has evolved over the years. (In this regard, the Food Programme, as the first implementing unit, cannot benefit from the direction of other organizations. (b)", "As in international financial reporting standards, IPSAS requires full compliance. If any IPSAS is not fully respected, the financial statements cannot be claimed as compliance with the International Public Sector Accounting Standards. However, in order to facilitate the progressive implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, the High-level Management Committee recommended that, on the basis of the recommendations of the Task Force on Accounting Standards (see para. 26 below), the flexibility in the application of United Nations system accounting standards and the inclusion of accounting policies and practices that have been in line with IPSAS requirements prior to the transition.", "E. 2005-2007: political decisions on the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "In order to focus on the need for a thorough transformation of the United Nations accounting system, a Task Force on Accounting Standards (TF) was established in 2002. This inter-agency group consists of accountants from the organizations of the United Nations system, which was established and continues to be chaired by the then Director of the United Nations Accounts Division (current Deputy General Accounts) and served as Co-Chairs of the ACC Financial and Budget Network. [18] The High-level Committee on Management approved the establishment of a joint project on international accounting standards recommended by the Thematic Task Force. Once a qualified team leader has been identified and a joint fund has been implemented, the project will provide an opportunity for organizations to share their views and experiences through a questionnaire based on the tight schedule and comments on the various deliverables (position papers, draft guidelines, etc.).", "The first basic issue raised by the ACC Project Group to members of the thematic task force relates to the best accounting standards of the United Nations system and the criteria for its assessment. Four options were proposed:", "12 formal responses had been received from 28 organizations that had been contacted (some of them from the largest organizations), with considerable attention being paid to guidelines such as “internationalness, solid legitimacy processes and full-scale accounting” (see paras. It is interesting that organizations are almost divided into two factions: one is a “practical” assignment, in favour of international financial reporting standards, a set of international standards widely used by large private companies in many countries is known by most accountants and comprehensive information and training materials; and another is a “prisoner” assignment, in favour of the new International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) and considers it particularly appropriate to the special needs of public sector entities. Finally, there is no clear majority (11 in favour of International Public Sector Accounting Standards and 10 in favour of international financial reporting standards).", "“When you agree with the document, the full use of external accounting standards may not be done by the United Nations system organizations in the short and medium term?” As of June 2005, 10 of the 12 responses did agree with the statement. As a result, considerable efforts have been made within the system-wide to promote the views that the transition to international norms could be completed during the medium term. These efforts are key elements of the work of the thematic task forces and, with the support of the High-level Committee on Management, contribute to accelerating the transition from the United Nations system accounting standards to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards. It follows that each organization should conduct an in-depth analysis of its readiness in 2005. This makes it very good for all organizations to understand the requirements of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, but this is not the case. Instead, a study on system-wide readiness was conducted. Based on the findings of the study and the successful experience of legitimate organizations, the Council of Europe and NATO, the time frame for the five-year transition was selected. In addition, three organizations were identified as likely to apply international norms as early as 2008, while other organizations were expected to be ready to mark in 2010. Although technically speaking, the feasibility and lack of flexibility at this time should be questioned, organizations were subject to pressure in summer 2005. On the other hand, it should be acknowledged that, at the initial stage, the identification of a challenging deadline would help to give priority to senior management and the Governing Council in this transition and would create momentum to ensure project resources and commitment to reform management input efforts.", "This explains why five months later, on 30 November 2005, the High-level Committee on Management unanimously adopted the following recommendations:", "(a) The United Nations system organizations should adopt IPSAS.", "(b) Organizations of the United Nations system should develop their implementation schedules, and all organizations should not be allowed to apply the entry into force of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) until 1 January 2010 - for United Nations peacekeeping operations, as at 1 July 2010.", "(c) Continue to provide support, coordination and leadership for the system-wide change, under the leadership of the Thematic Task Force under the Financial and Budget Network, and continue to provide project resources to ensure the interpretation and implementation of IPSAS requirements in the system-wide coherence.", "(d) Add the following sentence at the end of paragraph 3 of the United Nations system accounting standards:", "“AOrganization should be considered to be in compliance with United Nations accounting standards when it departs from the practices set out below for the implementation of IPSAS.”", "(e) Continue to provide inter-agency funding and other support to ensure effective representation of the United Nations system in the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Committee. [19]", "In accordance with the relevant report of the Secretary-General [20] and with the exchange of Secretariat officials, the Advisory Committee, in the light of the paternity of this body, endorsed those recommendations: “In the case of the Committee, it is clear that the Organization should be converted from United Nations system accounting standards to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards] [. 21] However, caution and right warning against unrealistic timetables, and stress that implementation needs to be synchronized with the introduction of new information technology systems.", "On 7 July 2006, the General Assembly adopted two observations of the Committee and decided to ratify the United Nations International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), but did not set the target date recommended by the Secretary-General. In addition, in accordance with the recommendations of the Committee, the General Assembly approved the Secretary-General's resource requirements to implement the process. [22] During less than two years, all organizations have followed the United Nations footprint and started to transition to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) as a remarkable achievement.", "Impact of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards on organizations: main issues", "Major changes to accounting", "News", "In 2000, the Preparatory Committee participated in the annual project symposium organized by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) for its financial experts from member States to discuss the introduction of a new basis for accounting: “Information project” in relation to “ cash” [23]. Since then, there has been a professional consensus that accounting should be the best way to meet the needs of modern financial reporting, best suited to providing an entity-wide picture of the financial situation, in order to gain an in-depth understanding of the actual assets, liabilities, entry and expenditure of one year. All international accounting standards now require compliance with this recording approach.", "According to the accounts payable, transactions and other incidents were recognized at the time of their occurrence (not only when cash was paid or its equivalent). Therefore, transactions and events are recorded in the accounting records and are confirmed in the financial statements for the period in question. Although the transaction date and the date of payment are often not the same day, under the new methodology, each incident is recorded on the date of actual occurrence and is pending in the financial statements for the related financial period. Thus, accounting treatment would be different. The elements identified under the accounting are assets, liabilities, entry and expenditure (IPSAS 1).", "Challenges", "The impact of the use of accounting in public management is far greater than the financial scope, as it affects the usual practice of work, ranging from political decision-making to the day-to-day operation. Indeed, the use of this approach is not a cultural revolution. A number of United Nations system organizations have long recorded certain years of entry or expenditure using accounting for accounting and thus more conditional implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards. However, for other organizations, such changes require not only the adaptation of their financial organizers, but also the adaptation of existing financial statements, or national representatives and managers who contribute to the production of new statements.", "Such changes are sensible as a Google or television broadcaster moves from the audio recording to live. In the traditional cash-based accounting, transactions are recorded in accordance with the amount paid; however, the use of the accounting accounts, transactions are recorded when the income expires and expenditures are generated (and not when cash payments are paid) and are reported in the financial statements for the period in question. The transaction and payment days are often different, and their accounting treatment is not the same in every method.", "Example A: Procurement of services to consultants", "The signing of the contract does not have an accounting effect. However, the date of delivery or delivery of the services purchased will be the only accounting reference rather than the retention of budgetary funds. The receipt of the payment requirement will be a key event (unless a single day can be determined for delivery and the purchase of the same property) and the liabilities are included in the financial period. This presupposes that compliance with intermediate payment conditions has been fully verified. This would no longer be a question of liquidating the reserve of funds, but it would be a matter of recording each incident once it happens. [24]", "Example B: Transport of Goods", "When an entity purchases 900 tents to be subsequently allocated to the beneficiaries, under the cash-based accounting system, the transaction will confirm expenditure regardless of when the actual delivery occurs (usually after delivery of the goods). The receipt of the goods will first be recorded in the accounts of the inventory ( Assets) as an increase in the value of assets, representing an increase in the stock of 900 tents in the current entity's warehouse. Since then, the second or subsequent transaction will record the decrease in inventory value and the increase in expenditure to reflect the value of tents distributed. Thus, the distribution of 200 tents to beneficiaries would lead to a decrease in the same 200 tents, such as inventory (assets), with the remaining balance of 700 tents, but the value of 200 tents would be absorbed into expenditure.", "Under the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), it is no longer possible to adjust the accounting records to a small extent, since any event affecting the wealth of the reporting entity must be confirmed when it occurs.", "Under the traditional cash-based accounting methodology, expenditure and entry are not required to record during the period in question; expenditure and age are recorded together with capital expenditures in the total year when capital purchases and processing occur. In addition, cash-based accounts do not fully recognize assets and liabilities. Conversely, accounting should be measured by the performance and financial situation of an entity by identifying economic events when transactions occur (and not when payments are made). As a result, the financial statements based on a system-specific basis should be able to provide the following: reporting on the resources controlled by the entity, its operating costs (provided freight or service costs), cash flows and other useful financial information on its performance and financial recovery capacity.", "Given that, in many organizations, budgetary information (monitoring the implementation of the budget adopted) will continue to be based on cash statements, the transition to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards will result in a marked separation of accounting and financial data (p.", "Benefits", "Once appropriate conditions have been created, the accounting of accounts will result in many benefits, which largely compensated for the initial omissions:", "◦ All resources controlled by the assessment entity and their accountability for deployment;", "◦ Assessment of the performance, financial situation and cash flow of entities; and", " o A decision on whether to fund the entity or whether it is doing business. [25]", "(b) The following:", "In summary, IPSAS implementation means that:", "Improving internal ownership and transparency of all assets and liabilities;", "b. More comprehensive and coherent information on costs and incomes so as to better support governance, in particular results-based management (RBM);", "c. Integrate non-expendable equipment (NEE) into the accounting system so that records of such equipment are more accurate;", "d. Improving coherence in the financial statements to make it more comparable between time and organizations;", "e. Best accounting practices through the application of credible and independent international accounting standards.", "Other issues related to the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "reputational risk", "A fundamental question is whether the implementation target date established by the United Nations system organizations is realistic and whether organizations can receive audit opinions on their first compliance with the IPSAS financial statements.", "A Risk: The risk lies in the fact that if its financial statements are referred to as compliance with the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), their external auditors will give reservations on the financial matters disclosed.", "From a financial perspective, some of the accounting reforms required for the implementation of International Public Sector Accounting Standards are expected to significantly reduce the net value of the assets of the organizations concerned [shall]. 27] (The balance of the Fund) and even the net value of the encumbered asset, as in the case of a few countries that opted for the financial statements (other than New Zealand). For officials of the Council of Europe, they have found that the first full-scale financial statements of the Commission reported a total amount of $64 million, while the cumulative total income of €2.5 million and €5.5 million to be paid by Member States, rather than €13.5 million as previously reported. This change is due to the recognition of the full welfare liabilities of the employee, in particular the post-retirement health insurance (paras. It is estimated that as at 31 December 2007, the liabilities for the United Nations post-retirement health insurance for all insured personnel amounted to $24,300 million, covering all sources of funding. [28] These large amounts of unanticipated liabilities in the financial statements do not require new costs. They were not only confirmed in the past, that was not quantified in the financial statements and that the full disclosure of existing obligations had been made.", "A number of United Nations system organizations have disclosed in part of their financial statements the benefits of future staff, although accumulated during the previous financial period. As United Nations system accounting standards do not disclose requirements, these liabilities are reflected only in the notes to the financial statements. Although technically, it appears that an organization is in bankrupt, experience has shown that the recognition of these liabilities after the application of the accounting system would often obey the Government and relevant organizations. On the other hand, such as the International Federation of Accountants report on “Transparency in Accounts: Guidance for Government and Government entities”, the liabilities were confirmed:", "Potential risks", "The adoption of IPSAS is a complex and comprehensive change management process. Although there will be many benefits in the medium and long term, there is also a need to pay short-term costs and to bring the challenge to the executive heads of all relevant organizations.", "In order to fully realize the potential for the use of the accounting information, managers must be convinced that the value of the accounting data will be calculated and that they can act accordingly to improve management processes. The accounting system should not be an end in itself.", "AD risk: According to the European Federation of Accounting Experts, the main risks inherent in the International Public Sector Accounting Standards are more relevant to perceptions rather than to substance:", "The reform of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards will affect operational procedures, reporting practices, and their relationship with Member States. In addition to the provision of useful information for better management and decision-making, the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) also enables managers to face a broader public scrutiny, thus giving them greater responsibility for their effectiveness and effectiveness.", "Changes in management", "The application of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards would inevitably result in a certain cost for each organization. As noted by the Council of Europe in its 2002 communication, “Member States have shown that reforming the public accounting system is a major change from the point of view of adopting new practices or from a human perspective, not to mention the financial resources required”. [30]", "International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "The use of IPSAS compliance methods requires staff to invest in additional time and energy. In the transition phase, depending on the availability of resources, organizations will have to rely on additional support from existing staff for normal work or the recruitment of many additional staff. In this regard, the recommendations of the external auditors of UNESCO apply all International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) projects: “In estimating the time required for the implementation of the changes required by the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, organizations should retain additional time to avoid underestimate the risk of the time required. Often, in the course of work, the whole picture of implementation will be presented” [31]. Once compliance has been achieved, the new area of accounting will require permanent attention. For example, while providing basic information on the assets available and their remaining life expectancy, International Public Sector Accounting Standards 17, “Securities, fixed assets and equipment” (PPE), will require the monitoring, recognition, measurement, depreciation and disclosure of such items in the notes to the financial statements, rather than the immediate incorporation of them into expenditure as provided for in United Nations system accounting standards. This permanent monitoring of PPE will require organizations to designate specialized persons and establish systems to ensure a full accounting cycle for PPE.", "The accounts of the inventory [32] will be particularly time-consuming: compliance with ISAS 12 will require capitalization [33] and disclosure of appropriate values. When the final recipients (e.g., non-governmental organizations or target populations) renounce their ownership, banks will be transferred to expenditure. This new financial open approach would be better able to take control of banks, but additional work would be required to clear (including physical strength) and to estimate their value and determine when they were categorized as expenditure.", "The initial balance in the preparation of banks is a major challenge for the Food Programme. More than one year prior to the start-up balance of 1 January 2008, the preparation of stock inventories was initiated, involving approximately 1,000 people in 700 locations of the Food Programme.", "ADB Risk:", "Cultural aspects", "The adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards will result in cultural changes that affect key accounting practices and the way in which some commercial transactions are conducted. For example, a major difference between the United Nations system accounting standards (UNSAS) and the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) is the “delivery principle”. Under UNSAS, a expenditure was confirmed at the time of the issuance of the procurement orders and commenced the record of unliquidated obligations (ULO) [34]. Thus, ULO was recorded before receipt of the goods or services. The current approach to treatment (under United Nations system accounting standards) means that the intention is reported as an implementation. In contrast, the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) allows for confirmation of expenditure only when delivery is actually occurring. This major change removed the need to report unliquidated obligations in the financial statements, leading to more accurate alignment of expenditure and approval budgets over their related periods. However, for the reporting period, unliquidated obligations will remain recorded in the budget and procurement system, and one approach that can be applied is disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.", "The adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards will facilitate useful practices, such as cost accounting and the direct sharing of data to each of the sectors and units of war to date, in order to produce financial statements in accordance with new standards for the provision of complete, accurate and reliable information to accountants. This could also be a common form of accounts. The collection of banks will need to be reflected in the accounts in a timely manner in order to accurately disclose the stock balances.", "Political aspects", "Politically sensitive requirements include the financial statements of all entities subject to a summary of their control [36] in ISAS 6 - “Uniting [35] and separate financial statements”. The implementation of this provision raises a number of issues for organizations like the United Nations, including whether all United Nations funds and programmes should be considered to be a subsidiary organ of the Organization and whether the concept of a summary should apply to joint initiatives and, if so, what organization should be designated as a parent entity. These are important legal, financial and political considerations that need to be addressed and agreed, preferably at an early stage of preparation, as recommended by the United Nations Board of Auditors (UNCITRAL). [37] On the basis of the Advisory Committee's recommendation [38], the Secretary-General's report addresses this issue and recognizes the complexity of adherence to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). [39] The United Nations IPSAS Implementation Project Group stated that IPSAS 6 was not mandated to determine “core” reporting entities, which could be an administrative arrangement without legal status. Therefore, the United Nations and its relevant entities, including foundations and programmes, do not need to be formally consolidated, thus allowing for a pragmatic approach in such a grey area. The UNIPSAS Implementation Project Team eventually agreed not to produce a summary of data.", "Two other political sensitive issues related to the re-registration of the year-old: processing and recording of voluntary contributions for the collection of contributions. With regard to former, under the United Nations system accounting standards, an organization could make such delays, while the International Public Sector Accounting Standards required all assets, including accounts receivable, to be transferred in a fair value. Therefore, the value of the contributions may be adjusted accordingly when the contributions are received. This may result in a political debate: as a result of arrears, whether a number of Member States may be allowed to pay unpaid assessed contributions and whether other Member States pay the shortfall. IFAD had to address a similar issue in line with the requirements of the international financial statements. The thematic task force sent a paper on the matter in December 2009. In June 2008, the Board suggested that, with the arrival of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), organizations might need to pay the borrowers for death or delays.", "The transition to full-scale accounting means that the United Nations system organizations will have to decide soon on the criteria applicable to the legal commitment to support voluntary contributions. Implementation of IPSAS 23 means that the time period for commitment must be carefully studied to determine the date and amount to be included in the financial statements. Donor commitments may vary considerably depending on the difference between the project or the country concerned. Thus, the formality of the commitment must be defined: the types of signatures and documents (contracts, pledges, budget documents, etc.).", "C. Some of the most influential accounting changes", "In a survey conducted by the thematic task force (see annex II), respondents noted some of the guidelines that they considered to have the greatest impact on their organizations. Three guidelines were mentioned by all organizations: ISAS 1 - the submission of financial statements (the most indispensable); ISAS 17 - property, fixed assets and equipment; and ISAS 24 - Budget information in the financial statements. Other important impacts are expected from: IPSAS 3 - a period of pure balances and deficits, basic errors and changes in accounting policies; IPSAS 12 - inventory; ISAS 18 - Operational classification report; ISAS 19 - mattress payments, unintended debt and occasional assets; IPSAS 23 - non-exchange transactions (levies and transfers); IPSAS 25 - Staff Welfare; and ISA 31 - intangible assets. The following comments are made on a number of issues of particular relevance to the United Nations system organizations.", "Submitted by the financial statements", "According to IPSAS 1 - financial statements, “The financial statements are to be submitted at least once a year” [40], as their “use ... will be damaged — if they are not made available to the user at a reasonable time after the reporting date. An entity shall publish its financial statements within six months of the reporting date.” [41] Since all financial reports to date are based on two years or years, this requirement is a challenge for all organizations and their external auditors.", "Treatment of assets: property, fixed assets and equipment (PPE)", "Under the basic principles of IPSAS 17 (revised edition), the use of more than one financial period of assets shall be “ capitalized” in the asset balance sheet. This enables the entity to pre-empt the PPE project or its historical cost [42], or its fair value [43], before being included in the expenditure of the assets used. The reason for the use of fair value is that it is difficult to prove reliablely the cost of purchasing power goods that have been held by entities for long periods, between field offices, etc. Whatever the approach must be supported by documentation, this requires much work, including through the use of appropriate evaluation methods to identify and disaggregate all PPE projects. For the subsequent PPPE measurement, the International Public Sector Accounting Standards allows for selection between cost patterns and revaluation patterns. The cost of capitalization must be distinguished from the cost of naturalization: this is a difficult work in complex situations like the United Nations General Plan at Headquarters in New York. In this context, the Board recommended that the Accounts Division should consider capitalizing on refurbished works to be carried out in the assets of the Organization.", "The PPE threshold is a topic of intense debate among United Nations organizations, with the view that the threshold should be increased to reduce administrative costs for the capture and maintenance of data, and that there is a reduction in the level of claims to ensure better monitoring of PPPE. The level recommended by the thematic task force is $5,000. Currently, there is no requirement for the property of the heritage [44].", "The PPE project should be depreciated with life. The deduction of depreciation fees for all PPE goods is regularly reduced to their value. The depreciation under the International Public Sector Accounting Standards allows management to make informed decisions on construction and renovation works, which may sometimes be made in advance. In practice, this will require the development of a institutional resource planning (ERP) model that is automatically calculated and recorded in the accounting system.", "Although it is often difficult to determine the nature of project assets and stockpiles [45] in the context of the United Nations, it is important that they recognize in the financial statements. Although the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) provided a definition of assets and “ownership”, their application was complex and could lead to different interpretations. For example, ownership of assets may be transferred from a funding entity to an implementing partner depending on the delicate wording of the implementation agreement and/or the use of assets.", "In order to give new users more time to comply fully with the requirements of the guidelines, the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Committee included temporary provisions that had initially adopted certain guidelines. For example, IPSAS 17 provides that all property, fixed assets and equipment (E) are not recognized in the financial statements during the first five years of expected compliance. Because most organizations have a number of PPE items that are expected to be fully depretated at the end of the five-year transition period, temporary provisions will not be required to confirm them in their financial statements. For example, the Food Programme invokes these provisions in 2008 and accounts for only tangible assets with life from the initial implementation date of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards for more than five years.", "Through the introduction of capitalized assets and inventory integrated procedures in the financial accounting software, organizations can improve their current management control over the location and status of their assets worldwide. They will also be able to disclose the value of capitalized assets in accordance with international norms. Some accountants raised questions about the social benefits of such capitalization vis-à-vis the costs incurred by public sector organizations and citizens, in particular on the grounds that “Governments [intergovernmental organizations] are not in place for commercial reasons, but for services - fundamentally, social and other services that the business sector is unwilling to engage for economic reasons” [46].", "AD risks: in the first country with accounting (1991-1992), for example, in the United Kingdom and New Zealand, concerns were raised about the effect of capital costs, particularly when the rules were mandatory by the highest management rather than through advocacy and education of such information users.” [47]", "Staff welfare", "The High-level Committee on Management acknowledged the gravity of the impact of the application of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, in particular the full recognition of liabilities for staff welfare, such as post-retirement health insurance (ASHI), annual leave and naturalization. The High-level Management Committee noted that, while the International Public Sector Accounting Standards only required recognition and reporting of such liabilities, funding issues must be addressed simultaneously with the same urgent attention. [48]", "The issue was initially raised by the Advisory Committee in 1997 and was well-conceived by the decision to adopt the International Public Sector Accounting Standards. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a pioneer, confirmed after-service health insurance since 2001. However, the full liabilities for post-retirement health insurance will now be confirmed in the financial statements as the International Public Sector Accounting Standards is being implemented. Taking into account the magnitude of its size, although there is considerable uncertainty with regard to estimating different parameters The identification of current and future sources of funding has become increasingly important. At its 60th and 61th General Assembly [50], the Secretary-General recommended that the United Nations, in the financial statements, recognize the full liabilities of the post-retirement health insurance and implement a strategy for financing it in full within the framework of 30 years of time. Although the General Assembly postponed its decision on the subject, including FAO, UNDP, UNICEF, WFP, WHO and WMO, steps have been taken to ensure that: Although it is not in full - the funds required to pay these liabilities. [51] Other organizations still do not ches for the most appropriate financial arrangements, emphasizing the need for further harmonization of financing mechanisms and clear commitments for Member States, since they are the way in which Member States ultimately determine the payment of these costs. In that regard, Member States should be brought into line with all the organizations they participated, in particular if a common system-wide solution could be developed. As for the present time, each organization has to consider the following two options in assessing the long-term impact of this inherent risk liabilities:", "In the context of an agreed funding strategy, the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) highlights the responsibility of member States by comparing the level of liabilities with the accumulation of financial assets. Without this strategy, the accountability of Member States would be reduced. Both cases have uncertainties, and the recent financial crisis has shown that there is no risk option. If investment management is concerned, the agreed funding strategy is a safer option, which appears to be the case for the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund.", "At present, most of the staff's debts are paid in the form of “Em you leave to pay” and the portion of the unavailability of funds is supplemented by funds available during the payment period. This means that the subsequent accounting period is generally subject to the costs arising from the non-recorded or unaccounted debts that have not been recorded in previous periods. [52] The recent financial crisis demonstrates the need for long-term planning.", "As many trust funds are short-term, funding for post-retirement health insurance has become more complex. After the closure of the Fund, they cannot provide any post-retirement benefits fund for former workers, such as those employed in another organization. This means that future obligations must be fully borne by the accepted organization.", "Budget questions", "IPSAS 24 (statements made in the financial statements) provide for a mandatory presentation of the budget for accounting data. There are two main options available from the United Nations system accounting standards (the “relevant cash base”) for the transition to the accounting system:", "(1) The full application of the accounting principle to the budget and the general accounts (i.e., the difference between the budget balances and the budgetary rights and obligations established in the fiscal year, irrespective of the amount that may be paid);", "(2) The principle of accounting will be used only in the general accounts, while the budget implementation is still subject to the principles of cash (in that context, there is a “double” system, which will be published in the notes to the financial statements and certified by the auditors). One of the main challenges in the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards is to make the financial statements data and budget available, which will help to better assess the performance of the organization. This requires a clear adjustment of budgets and financial statements every year (or in each quarter). For example, an external auditor of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) requested the organization to link accounts and budgets more closely. [53] The challenge is to encourage programme managers to analyse the data that should be counted and make good use of the conclusions.", "By 2006, only two European countries that had formally applied accounting had met that double challenge: the United Kingdom (compared with 13 years of transition) and Switzerland.", "On a temporary basis, most of the intergovernmental organizations (including the Council of Europe) that have converted to accounting will find it difficult to use budget-based budgeting, at least in the short term. They will continue to be based on cash budget formulations, on the grounds that budget-based budgeting is not easily acceptable to their member States. However, the cash-based budget formulation must be based on the annual financial period; most United Nations system organizations are biennial or even multi-year budgets. Another reason for this option is that the implementation phase of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards requires substantial financial and human resources that will affect its ability to carry out other large-scale projects. In addition, budget-based budgeting is more suited to a stable environment like the United Nations Secretariat and is not suitable for a rapidly changing environment as peacekeeping operations.", "While budget-based budgeting is not required by the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, some accounting organizations, including the European Union of Accounting Experts, supported this approach and noted in 2006 that “It must be noted that the benefits of the budget can be fully realized and reflected in the calculation of the budget only if the budget is based on the system. Without a budget-based budget, the financial manager would not be willing to manage the key index on the basis of a system-wide approach, and therefore would not be able to play a full-scale financial function. They also do not have the potential to fully capture the accrued financial information as a financial management tool for the year.” [54]", "The upgrading of the institutional resource system to allow for the simultaneous recording of each expenditure in “accountable” and “cash” classifications has been used by some commercial companies, which would facilitate comparison between actual and original amounts. The preparation of the comparative tables would require the staff of the Accounts Section and the Budget Section to work together, and so far they are separated from their work, without experience in this new area.", "Recognition of age", "The recognition of age is another area of high demand for technology. When the age of 23 from non-exchange transactions is determined by the age of [55] (as compared to the age of sale and rental) is recognized and measured. The difficulty of the organizations of the United Nations system (as opposed to the private sector) derives mainly from the absolute ownership of such non-exchange transactions (80-90 per cent) and the requirement to distinguish the different types of such age into the transaction. Although assessed contributions are treated in a similar manner in all organizations, different types of voluntary funding agreements and pledges require special treatment of the accounts, which will require a careful review of the funding agreement. [56] The thousands of trust funds agreed within the United Nations system are a real problem in this regard. [57]", "Fund accounting system", "The Fund is intended to carry out specific activities or achieve a single pool of resources, subject to legislative or other limitations imposed on the use of its resources. Most United Nations system organizations have reportedly used the Fund accounting system under United Nations system accounting standards: Accordingly, the financial statements should provide a breakdown and disaggregation of the funds, specifying the nature of each capital fund and reserve, the authority established, the level of authorization, the source of funds, and the movement of its sub-funds, which should be disclosed separately.” [58] “When data are presented in columns, organizations should clarify which funds are available by the member States of the reporting organization (e.g., regular budget, swing funds, etc.), and what are not (e.g., funds from donor funding projects) [59]. However, these issues were not addressed under the International Public Sector Accounting Standards and were not covered by the IMF accounting system, which was another sign that the drafters of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards did not consider the needs of intergovernmental organizations. The thematic task force presented a coordinated approach, but a common solution had not been found as a result of different arrangements with donors and the interpretation of the concept of “trust funds”. Since then, this will be an implementation issue that will be discussed and agreed by organizations with their external auditors.", "Time of exchange rate and financial statements", "According to the impact of IPSAS 4 - exchange rate changes, “The foreign exchange transaction must be translated into a successful currency by an exchange rate of exchange between functional currencies and foreign exchange on the date of the transaction”. The IPSAS stated that it was not sufficient to demonstrate the current monthly United Nations operational rate (UNOCIRE) requirements for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) as “the exchange rate for immediate delivery [60]”. According to that criterion, as long as exchange rate fluctuations are not too large, “the average exchange rate for one week or one month can be used for all transactions during that period”. However, this issue was addressed by the thematic task force in 2009. Decides that organizations wishing to use UNOMIGRE (United Nations official exchange rate) rather than the temporal exchange rate need to show that this does not result in any substantive access. As a follow-up to this decision, a procedure has been established to minimize the differences between UNOMIGRE and the temporal exchange rate, including in the months following the completion of the established threshold. In addition, it was further decided that, at the end of June and at the end of December, the United Nations Mission in Kosovo, which had been adjusted on the basis of the current exchange rate, would be issued to ensure that no exchange rate existed at the end of the calculation date.", "Implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) project in the United Nations system", "Once adopted by all organizations of the United Nations system, the principle of transition to ISAS will lead to a two-tier strategy, which can coexist and interact:", "A. System-wide (CEB) project", "An inter-agency cause", "Once the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) has been selected, it is necessary to translate the requirements of each IPS into guiding principles and policy documents for each organization for its own projects and specific needs. Inter-agency cooperation is indispensable. Indeed, as noted by the former UNIDO External Auditor, “there is critical to the participation of relevant organizations in meetings and to actively develop system-wide coherence interpretation and application of IPSAS requirements. [62]", "As part of the joint funding activities of the United Nations budget, the first project, known as the Accounting Standards Project - - Launched in 2005 to determine the way forward by the United Nations to see appropriate accounting standards [63]. The project ended in November 2005 and made recommendations for the adoption of IPSAS. The High-level Committee on Management approved a new project for the period 2006-2009, with an annual budget of $1.6 million to support the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards at the system-wide level and to ensure coordinated implementation and economies of scale. The project was extended until 2011, but the budget cut to $13 million in the biennium. One team leader and two professionals were provided. The system-wide task force, based in New York, has also significantly reduced its number and reported to a steering committee; the Steering Committee consists of representatives of two organizations at each of the major centres of the United Nations system (New York, Geneva, Vienna and Rome) and is responsible for the thematic task forces, consisting of senior financial staff of the organizations of the United Nations system, with the task of identifying project priorities, defining the deliverable results, and reviewing progress in the International Public Sector Accounting Standards. The Task Force has developed a wide range of accounting policies to support coherence and coherence and to promote consideration of common implementation issues with a system-wide approach and to enhance efficiency and improve the quality of financial reporting. It also established a review process involving four regional contact groups, consisting of accounting professionals from the United Nations system organizations. These “linkages groups” are based in New York, Geneva, Vienna and Rome to review the accounting policies and guidance documents developed by the Task Force and make recommendations and observations for the analysis of the Task Force before submitting the thematic task force approval. In 2010, an inter-agency working group was established on the main specific requirements of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), such as staff welfare, controlled entities, common services, inventory and contributions, in accordance with common arrangements for the use of consulates. 65], for example, share knowledge and experience, while the system-wide task forces provide policy guidance and support. Finally, the Task Force is also responsible for the submission of United Nations accounting issues to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board, but only an observer in the Club has limited impact.", "Although most of the auditors of the organizations interviewed in 2009 considered this inter-agency cooperation very useful, some expressed concern about the standardized movement that they considered transition, even where “one Turin” had not been proven. The view was further expressed that the harmonization process had delayed consensus on key ISAS policies, such as age entry, expenditure and treatment of project assets. Taking into account these criticisms, the thematic task force decided in May 2010 to allow and manage the diversity of the emerging accounting policies due to differences in the management framework, institutional arrangements, mandates, business processes, etc.: the baselines of policies and practices are to establish system-wide processes where necessary to further monitor and promote harmonization.", "deliverables and services", "In 2006, the Task Force developed the first set of ISAS accounting policies and guidelines for consideration by the four regional contact groups. Thereafter, a briefing point, documentation and guidance was also provided on the recommendations for the harmonization of ISAS mark accounting policies/Guiding Principles. By December 2009, the Working Group's documentation, briefing points and relevant conference records generated 59 accounting policy documents and guidelines, which were considered by the Task Force on Accounting Standards and subsequently approved by the Finance and Budget Network and the High-level Committee on Management. [66]", "The Task Force is also responsible for maintaining and continuously updating the ACC accounting standards web page and servicing the thematic task force's semi-annual meetings. The Unit was invited to participate in its meeting held in Rome in May 2009 and to present its readiness to review the Unit.", "The task force engages with organizations to issue periodic checklist questionnaires to track their IPSAS Da mark. In addition, communications were also made with their external auditors to provide copies of their documents and guidelines. In addition, formal contact channels with the external audit team technical group have been established to seek their views on accounting policies and guidelines [67].", "An important achievement of the Task Force is the development of IPSAS training courses for system-wide use. After several years of delay, all 18 courses have been completed. They are composed of 7 courses based on computer-based training and 11 teacher training courses, which are now on the Internet and CD-ROMs. Although organizations themselves are responsible for the development of their ISAS training plans and training in accordance with plans, these courses are open to all participants in the organization.", "Training products range from general IPSAS to technical expertise. As outlined in the ACC International Public Sector Accounting Standards progress report, the comments received on the course were positive. These courses are expected to take place for several years, depending on the training plans and implementation schedules of organizations.", "Future work includes addressing any emerging issues; conducting a formal evaluation of training materials; maintenance of curricula (based on the development of ISAS); and translation of curricula into French and Spanish. The High-level Committee on Management has approved resources for 2010-2011 for the administration and dissemination of information on the implementation of ISAS, the further development of accounting policies and guidelines, and participation in the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Committee, but there is no provision for further work on ISAS training.", "Despite the small size (in 2008), a P-5 team leader and three Professional staff were reduced in 2010-2011 to one P-5 team leader, two Professional and one General Service post), the general consensus was that the task force played a significant role in advancing the inter-agency work of ACCIPSAS.", "Organizations' projects: strategic issues and diversity", "Governance and management of change", "According to the European Union Federation of Accounts [68], several key conditions need to be pre-existing in public sector entities in order to ensure that the use of accounting is not only technically successful but also improved quality of financial management and the independence and transparency of the financial reporting process. These conditions should include:", "Risk: The lack of any such conditions poses a serious risk.", "The Inspectors are of the opinion that it is now difficult to know whether the individual decisions of the United Nations system organizations during the period 2005-2007 have been taken from 2010 to the use of ISAS.", "The term “acceptance” is particularly relevant in the context of this reform, and in the current situation, civil servants are willing to accept reforms that will change the role of those responsible for financial management, with their implications and responsibilities going to take significant changes. Acceptance must go beyond the relatively small circle of technical bureaucracy. Management must believe that such a decision, if implemented seriously, would have a clear and concrete benefit to the organization, sufficient to compensate for the difficulties and complexity involved in this transition. Given the important nature of the project, the overall commitment of senior managers and financial officials is indispensable, particularly since such a cause requires significant changes in professional conduct and is likely to be resisted.", "The resistance is inherent in the process of change. As noted by a world top-level expert on business leadership, John P. Kotter, “The suffering persists when human groups are forced to adapt to the changing environment”. [69] On the basis of a shared error in the direction of change, he defines a very interesting eight-phase process that could be summarized as follows:", "The first three phases were particularly appropriate for the transition to ISAS: a strong guidance alliance was needed to bring about change within an organization. The appropriate composition, level of trust and shared vision are key elements for the success of the team and breaking the power to support the maintenance of the situation. Moreover, a powerful leader alone cannot achieve change. The team must also have a high reputation within the organization.", "All senior managers must understand the importance, scope and expected benefits of the transition to ISAS.", "Best practices 1", "The successful implementation of ISAS will require the establishment of an Interdepartmental ISAS project steering committee or a considerable body responsible for ensuring that senior management understands the objectives and vision to facilitate the transition to ISAS. The Commission should have a multi-year mandate with staff or consultants with expertise in the design, design and implementation of the institutional resource planning system.", "Most organizations have adopted the standard project management structure (see figure 1 below), which consists of the hostr - most of the cases (provided strategic and political leadership); the steering committee/project committees (at least once a month, providing advice on strategic and political issues and providing support at the highest level); internal and/or external oversight bodies (to provide feedback to the Steering Committee); a project leadership and project team (implementation).", "The project team was generally supported by the Working Group, composed of professionals from all functional areas, with technical expertise based on the specific operational activities of the respective organizations.", "[] [[]]] []] [] map1 Common project management structure", "A good approach is the establishment of a full-time position of project leaders, reporting directly to senior management and the need to overcome the unavoidable resistance to the implementation of organizational practices and reporting on major cultural reforms. The UNIPSAS project management body appears in the chart of the Advisory Committee's report (A/63/496).", "Some organizations, including ILO and WIPO, have not established formal project implementation structures. Its implementation team is an informal team to report to the Chief of Finance or Director. The Inspectors doubt that such support structures are sufficient and agree with the views of experts that each organization's top-level power alliance should support such projects and promote their vision and urgency.", "In view of the need to upgrade the information technology system to support ISAS, many organizations have a large number of IT members in their project teams (see chapter III, sect. However, they also separate the ISAS implementation project from the larger body resource planning (ERP). It is good to place these two separate projects under the same leadership, such as the Common Project Committee (as the United Nations Children's Fund) or the co-lead leadership (WFP). ITU is implementing a joint IPSAS-ERP streamlined project. WHO is the only organization that does not carry out a separate project because ISAS is an integral part of its ERP project, a risk of neglecting certain elements of the transition to ISAS.", "Gaps analysis and users", "The scope and scope of the actions planned by the first assessment plan are essential. The transition to international accounting standards requires considerable inspection and analysis of the Organization's procedures and the development of policy and procedural guidance. In some phases, the implementing agencies or organizations must draw up their own policies based on their own business processes and objectives. In accordance with the “know your own”, the planning should be based on the objectives envisaged for the relevant entities and in-depth understanding of their existing activities, procedures and accounting processes. The good approach was to define the reporting elements under ISAS by combining operational and financial reports and identifying potential users of the financial reports and future reports. Internal users include senior management, authorized sections and internal auditors. As of June 2010, 81 per cent of organizations had reviewed the guidelines and identified the impact of each guideline. United Nations organizations are not included.", "External users include members of the governing bodies, Governments, external auditors, political and financial analysts, rating agencies, media and the general public. Financial information should be provided to users on the resources controlled by entities, operating costs (costing of goods or services), enhanced cash flow information and other financial changes to the assessment entity, as well as on the identification of whether or not they operate efficiently. Users may also use financial reports to assess the organization's ownership of resources and its compliance. In summary, the quality of information provided in the financial report determines the user's use of these reports. In this regard, the accounting requirement entity shall maintain a complete record of the assets and liabilities in its statement of assets liabilities and identify and document transactions in any asset balance sheet.", "Best practices 2", "The successful transition to ISAS must begin with a gap analysis of the operational processes, procedures, financial reports and functions developed in accordance with United Nations accounting standards, followed by in-depth analysis of the requirements and impacts of each article IIPSAS Guidelines.", "Phased and planned strategies", "Before establishing and testing policies and procedures for the application of all normative standards, organizations should not claim that they have IPSAS Da mark. As part of the application strategy, each organization should plan a time frame for the necessary changes in policies and procedures, or select the “green days” of the planned “green explosion” approach in advance, or implement progressively and standard categories. The collective response of the United Nations system is the “green explosive phased approach”; the early perpetrators identified compliance in 2008 (1 January) and others in 2010 (1 January). In practice, however, the strategy of a number of organizations is incomplete and the length of the transition period depends on specific environmental and constraints. In some cases, the impact of the company's recommendations has been significant.", "Experience from the first transition to ISAS (New Zealand, Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom) showed that its transition time was averaged for 10 years. France's transition, “green explosion” was spent only five years (2001-2006), due to a clear division of responsibility (authorization and certification) and the use of benchmarks recommended by experts from the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, as well as, more importantly, the assistance of a team of experts composed of 15 experts for three years.", "As legitimate organizations, the Council of Europe piloted a fully accelerated process during the same period (2000-2005) and achieved the same degree of success. It adheres to the deadline set out in the financial regulations for the preparation of financial statements in line with international standards; a feasibility and financial study was conducted in 2002; in 2003, accounting studies; in 2004, all necessary information was collected for the initial balance of 1 January 2005. This suggests that the “green bomb strategy” is not only consistent with strict planning but may be worthwhile.", "The “green explosion” approach has a number of clear advantages that can help to organize faster IPSAS Da mark. However, it does also contain additional risks, as it is from the point of view of immediate transformation that requires a series of synchronistic actions, which are a challenge for a small project team or complex organization. The United Nations IPSAS Implementation Task Force has chosen to incorporate IPSAS requirements in the extent permitted by the current information system of the Organization, and is aware that 2013 will be a particularly difficult year, as accounting in some sectors is based on United Nations system accounting standards, while others are subject to IPSAS. A solution is being sought with the Umoja Panel. However, this raises questions about the feasibility of reaching the target in 2014. Regardless of their strategic options, in particular when it was adopted, organizations were encouraged, in consultation with their external auditors, to conduct a number of “simulation exercises” accounts covering nine months prior to their submission to the first IPSAS annual financial statements in order to test the readiness of their ISAS. This would provide important feedback to relevant organizations to understand the scale of revisions needed and the improvements required to obtain the audit opinion on the financial statements of IPSASd. They should also update ISAS implementation plans and budgets on a regular basis, as recommended by the Audit Committee to UNHCR [70] and UNRWA [71].", "This raises another question whether the IPSAS Damark process can be conducted in parallel with traditional accounting methods. The Inspectors are of the view that there is a serious and potential risk: at the expense of current activities to ensure that future compliance and staff are also subject to the transitional burden of work related to ISAS. The quality of the tasks performed by the two practices would be negatively affected and prevented any effective comparison between the current financial period and the subsequent financial period.", "Competition among various management initiatives represents other risks, which should be considered by senior management and the Council. In 2009, UNDP, with the approval of its Executive Board, decided to defer the implementation of ISAS until 2012 and also decided to change its implementation practices in all IPSAS standards from a phased approach to the “green explosion”. The main considerations are risk mitigation - these risks come from a wide range of competing organizational changes initiatives, in particular system-wide implementation of United Nations contractual reform and new law enforcement systems, which are mandated by the General Assembly and scheduled to enter into force in July 2009. This time change also ensures that UNDP can invest sufficient time and resources to implement a comprehensive management change programme (e.g., extensive training and communication) and allow country offices to have sufficient time to prepare for the application of the impact of ISAS, for example, to achieve adequate staffing and the skills mix required. Country offices were involved in several other major initiatives in 2008, such as the implementation of results-based budgeting and strategic plans, which could avoid affording them to increase their transition.", "Best practices 3", "If the project environment has changed significantly, the organization must reassess its initial implementation strategy and make the necessary adjustments.", "Project management", "Sound management, project ownership, clear definition of responsibility and clear allocation of mandates, high participation of all relevant parties and synergies between sub-projects are key elements for a smooth transition to ISAS. In the case of the formal comments of the Council of Europe on the successful experience of the Council of Europe, “the main problem is neither standard nor accounting policies but project management”.", "As of June 2010, 86 per cent of organizations had detailed schedules and project plans (81 per cent as of December 2009). Some organizations (e.g., UNICEF, UNDP, WFP, UNESCO and ICAO) have formal project management processes, often drawing on lessons learned from past projects and strategic initiatives. Other organizations (e.g., the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) have adopted standardized project management tools such as “PRINCE2” [72]. The main features are as follows:", "As the information technology (IT) system needs to be upgraded to support ISAS, many project teams have a significant number of IT members. This has resulted in real interconnection between the project, for example, the difficulty in funding the United Nations agency resource planning project is a major cause for delays in the ISAS project. In other cases, the Board may recommend the finalization of the detailed schedule and project plan for IPSAS. [74]", "In order to achieve IPSAS Dae, the measures required include the development of a new integrated accounting system, in addition to the application of the accounting principles. This system should be able to provide the necessary tools for the formulation of accounting accounts, including information on accounting methods, valuation rules and accounting principles used. This would result in improvements in the quality of financial reporting and more accurate clarification of the financial situation of the organizations concerned from the perspective of assets, liabilities, budget implementation and cash flows.", "To that end, a set of accounting principles is needed. According to the Council of Europe, it is necessary to:", "Procedures to ensure the accuracy and integrity of data;", "The Inspectors found that the best position of work would be possible if the project team followed the following principles:", "A Risk:", "Best practices 4", "Its implementation is best operational if it is to be treated as a complete and independent project. In order to facilitate implementation, certified project planning and implementation methods should be used, including the following elements: There are clearly defined strategic objectives, deliverables, time limits, stages and monitoring procedures.", "Institutional resource planning", "The development of a new institutional resource planning (ERP) system is a prerequisite for the phased implementation of IPSAS in the United Nations system organizations (IPSAS). At present, these systems are fully operational and are in the process of outreach to field offices. A comprehensive gap analysis is accompanied by realistic estimates of the tasks involved in the reforms required. The IPSAS project and ERP projects should then combine their work to the extent possible and cooperate closely [78].", "In the case such as the Council of Europe and the Food Programme, the even determination of the initial balances has also proved to be a difficult task. The start-up balance effective 1 January will be based on the re-establishment of the accounts balance from the United Nations system accounting standards to ISAS by 31 December of a year previously.", "CEE provided examples of the challenges to be faced in that regard. All the necessary information on the accounting system of the IASC was available in January 2005. This includes over 7,000 payment orders or cost statements, 30,000 pre-payments, 92,000 assets and 3,100 security. Each office [80] was required to verify the accuracy of these information by 1 May 2005 and, in July 2005, over 50 directors and heads of sections were requested to formally validate their initial operating balances. After verification and inspection, the Directors of the General have validated the figures, but some corrective actions are required to ensure the quality of the data. The final verification was received in January 2006. In 2005, the releasing of the transition process was the final determination of the initially accrued balances as at 1 January 2005, which proved to be a daunting task for the Budget Branch and all sectors of the Division. The General Division Budget Office has assumed all inspections and uniform work to ensure the quality of the data.", "Best practices 5", "In order to minimize potential transition problems, it is worthwhile to develop a strategy to present the initial balance of IPSAS (IPSAS) in line with the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), as well as the previous day's transferable balance based on previous accounting standards (UNSAS) and IPS for the initial period of the target year.", "The Council and its initial expectations", "Member States have taken decisions on the basis of the expected benefits of IPSAS to their respective organizations and have allocated dedicated resources to that end. Therefore, the Council has the right to keep the information on the planned and progress achieved during the transition period; even if that means that it would be in the process of drafting a simplified report on a number of highly technical issues. In particular, managers should share what they expect and compare them with actual performance in a results-based management spirit.", "The responses of the secretariats to the JIU questionnaire indicate that the main benefits that the organizations of the United Nations system expect for the transition to ISAS are to improve financial statements in the areas of transparency (84.2 per cent of respondents), standardization, harmonization and consistency (57.9 per cent), quality (52.6 per cent), comparability (47.4 per cent), improvement of internal controls (36.8 per cent), and other benefits as shown in figure 2.", "Figure 2", "Source: responses to the JIU questionnaire", "Best practices 6", "In order to ensure the continued involvement of the Council in the process of change and its commitment, the Council should be briefed regularly on the latest progress made in the implementation of ISAS and request that it adopt relevant decisions, in particular those that require necessary amendments to the financial regulations, and allocate resources for the project.", "The following recommendations are expected to strengthen accountability and enhance effectiveness and efficiency:", "Recommendation 1", "The legislative organs should request their executive heads to make regular progress reports on the implementation of ISAS.", "Recommendation 2", "The legislature should provide adequate support and staffing and funding to ensure the successful and effective transition to ISAS.", "Human resources", "Based on the data provided by the thematic task force questionnaire survey in January 2009, 52 per cent of the organization had a full-time project leader, 33 per cent had a half-time project leader, while 14 per cent had yet to appoint a full-time or half-time project leader (see annex). In June 2010, this percentage was reduced to 5 per cent. As of June 2009, 68 per cent of respondents to the JIU questionnaire reported that they had already made the necessary human resources for the implementation of ISAS. As of June 2010, only 8 per cent of the project manager is expected to be appointed by the organization at DaO in 2010. The project is usually supported by a small team (up to four staff) and a project leader designated for full-time work. Other members of the team, in addition to existing work, are usually part of the project. It is essential that all organizations analyse the necessary reforms and identify gaps in existing human resources. The need to determine whether the expertise required can be extracted from existing staff and/or whether external experts are required to deal with emerging mandates and challenges. For a number of teams, the time frame for the IPSAS project (e.g., the Universal Postal Union (UPU). In 2009 and 2010, the main reason given by organizations for the need to revise their implementation dates was the lack of adequately staffed ISAS team. The transfer of members of a team from an organization to another organization would not help to address the overall problem. As of June 2010, six organizations had not been equipped with the full ISAS team.", "Based on lessons learned to date, it is crucial that ISAS begin with a gap analysis and a skills list to understand existing expertise and experience of internal accounting and financial professionals and to determine the extent to which external expertise is needed to complement internal capacity and the need for a long period of time.", "Risks: strategies that do not take into account the human resources requirements of ISAS may lead to conflicts in the day-to-day work of staff with project mandates.", "Best practices 7", "During the transition to ISAS, organizations should decide on the additional human resources required in the area of administration, budget and finance and subsequently make budgets to ensure that not only the transition to ISAS is effectively implemented, but also sufficient capacity to maintain compliance with ISAS in the future. If necessary, additional funds should be obtained from the Council or other sources, while avoiding any conflict of interest.", "Best practices 8", "The cost of training staff must be taken into account for the successful transition to ISAS. Funds to train internal accounting, operations and reform management experts or to recruit external experts should be implemented.", "In response to the JIU questionnaire survey, most organizations noted that they had “adequate” or “partly sufficient” human resources capacity. However, given their time-bound framework, they encounter difficulties with experts from IPSAS. FAO, UNDP, UNHCR and UNOPS have not been able to successfully implement ISAS. In addition, governments, cities and organizations are simultaneously required to demand IPSAS experts (a new specific situation), making recruitment more difficult and costly. While the success of the project depends on the situation of professional talents, organizations often offer short-term contracts because of budgetary constraints, thereby reducing the attractiveness of contractual conditions. Some organizations, including the United Nations, UNICEF and WFP, were of the view that the inclusion of registered auditors in the project team would be beneficial. Responding to concerns about future human resource requirements, the representative of the United Nations, at a thematic task force meeting, emphasized the need for the immediate commencement of the recruitment of registered/licensor accountants and how to retain them, at least during the implementation phase. In its rigorous analysis of issues related to UNIPSAS, the Board had to recommend an increase in the staffing of the project team [81]. UNICEF and UNESCO provided examples of good practices. The former developed an informal network of professionals in order to involve internal experts in the project, which is expected to achieve a high level of staff participation throughout the process. Its policy aims to fully understand the application of the structure and operation of UNESCO and to promote the retention of ISAS knowledge within the Organization. Thus, the key role of the Project Management Group is in place within the country. Consultants and Pricewaterhouse Coopers (PWC) of the International Accounts Agency (IPSAS) provided support primarily in the form of ongoing counselling and assistance in the management of projects and technical inputs, following a review of ISAS documents.", "Financial resources", "Despite financial difficulties, almost all organizations operate within the budget allocated to IPSAS implementation projects, sometimes causing considerable difficulties for the staff concerned. To fund the project, organizations have used regular budget, extrabudgetary funds, reserve funds, calendar year-long roll-out and budgetary balances. Some Secretariat estimates are accurate and others underestimate the needs of ISAS projects.", "An analysis of available but less comparable data on IPSAS and institutional resource planning (ERP) budgets shows that the budgets of IPSASERP account for a large number of implementation budgets in absolute numbers (in view of their size and many field offices), while smaller organizations, such as WMO, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the Universal Postal Union (UPU), account for a significant portion of the overall budget. In WHO, IPSAS projects are not seen as specific. In addition, for smaller organizations, funding is particularly difficult for the implementation of the project, in particular when funds are allocated only from the budget “removal” (e.g., ICAO) or through the balances from calendar years (subsidised in the context of the restrictive budget policy or the non-tank budget cycle). Since June 2010, all organizations have the approved budget for the transition to ISAS. The Audit Committee recommended to the Fifth Committee of the United Nations that the costs be strictly monitored to prevent excessive and unnecessary growth (12 May 2009).", "Institutional resource planning and its interaction with ISAS implementation", "The institutional resource planning (ERP) system incorporates all data and processes into a unified information technology system. This includes the consolidation of several or all software applications of the Organization, including finance, human resources, logistics, procurement, inventory. For example, a procurement process was initiated when the procurement orders were made, with the selection of suppliers, the purchase of goods and the collection of payment notices and payments in the bank. Data on these activities have streamed the different functional units of the entity. Each unit captures details related to its operations and ultimately provides financial statements. The strength of the ERP is that users can access relevant information at any time in the same system rather than search for such information in many separate applications. This is why ISAS standards require that inputs in many functional areas within the same entity be best suited by the ERP system.", "The transition to ISAS requires a specific gap analysis of all existing (subsidised) information systems to determine whether they can support the production of accounts (including inventory classifications and customer and vendor classifications); links with other systems; and effective security. As of June 2009, 91 per cent of organizations had assessed the changes required for their information systems.", "Most organizations must update their existing ERP systems or retrieve systems (e.g., the Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) used by the United Nations) to achieve an environment for IPSAS Da mark. Changes in the accounting process to achieve IPSAS Da mark provide an opportunity to introduce new optimization processes through the development, adaptation or replacement of existing systems. The rationale for the introduction of the new ERP system includes the need for a combination of systems or because most of the systems that have been handed down will no longer be able to accommodate the procedures required by some ISAS, in particular the original purpose of mechanicing rather than modernization of business processes. This explains why a large and decentralized organization like WHO, FAO and the United Nations decides to link ISAS' implementation with the ERP project involving field, decentralized offices. As of June 2010, 90 per cent of organizations had assessed changes in their systems.", "Risks: retaining these systems and attempting to upgrade them may require some manual operations, which adds the imprecise and incomplete risk of some manuals obtaining data for the preparation of financial statements.", "On the other hand, the IPSAS project is closely linked to the new ERP project involving field-based and decentralized offices, which causes serious delays and time uncertainty, as its implementation depends on funding and project management in the ERP project.", "A short, medium- and long-term strategic cost-benefit analysis, taking into account the characteristics of organizations and their state of the IT system, should measure the following options:", "(a) Continue to use existing systems;", "(b) A single commercial software package approach (standard software kits or software kits plus compatible procedural blocks);", "(c) A new system, with a core software package, along with sectoral systems maintained or developed within the overall structure.", "The most desirable is the full alignment of all functions in order to ensure consistency of data. Three commercial NERP software packages were widely used by large-scale organizations and companies. They are the products of the People Soft (most recently acquired by the Acillary Corporation), SAP and Achiev. The second system, such as Exact Software, Agresso Worldwide and JD Edwards, is the most extensive software package used by medium-sized entities. As they were developed in response to international financial reporting standards (IFRS), the latest ERP system could support IPSAS requirements, subject to the necessary configuration. However, the choice of the ERP system would first be based on the monetary value of the entity's requirements, functions and vendor offers. The deployment of the ERP system may require considerable time for a large-scale multifunction system like the United Nations. These ERP systems are not connected to each other.", "Figure 3 shows the use of the ERP system by different organizations of the United Nations system (based on available data).", "Figure 3", "Source: CEB responses to the list and JIU questionnaire", "The deployment of the ERP system in large entities requires staff and consultants specialized in the pre-project design, design and implementation of the ERP system to do their utmost and may require several years to be completed.", "The ERP system is at different stages of implementation in the United Nations system organizations (see figure 4). Most organizations operating the ERP system are at the upgrading stage, but they are still subject to adjustments to the latest version or an additional process to achieve IPSAS Da mark. In addition, the main weaknesses of the United Nations IMIS system are being repeated, and their ERP system has not been extended to offices away from Headquarters. In early 2009, the United Nations chose and launched a new ERP system called “Umoja”. The first progress report on “Umoja” [82] forecasts pilot deployment in the fourth quarter of 2011 to achieve full operation of the system-wide ERP system by the end of 2013, and hopes that financial statements ISASda will be achieved in 2014. However, if the United Nations Office for Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) report of 24 August 2010 on human resources management in the Office of the Director of the ERP Project, in particular the organizational structure of the ERP and the experience and expertise of employed persons, is to be reassured, a number of serious violations of human resources, financial and procurement regulations pose a risk to the reputation of the ERP project, which is closely linked to them.", "Figure 4", "Source: CEB responses to the list and JIU questionnaire", "At the beginning of 2009, 76.2 per cent of the organization was or had concluded its assessment of the IPSAS requirement for the ERP system. UNDP, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and UNOPS have a joint ERP platform, while UNFPA and UNOPS depend on the UNDP analytical results.", "By the first half of 2009, several organizations had upgraded their ERP system after a detailed analysis of the compatibility and synergy of their systems with IPSAS requirements, while others had to procure the new ISAS Daap. As of June 2009, 86 per cent of organizations completed the study, thereby identifying the upgrading and approval of the implementation of the ERP system. Other organizations may modify the target date of implementation of their ISAS, as implementation can only be carried out in conjunction with the upgrading of existing ERP systems. However, UNHCR and WFP indicated that, in the context of its ERP system, ISAS could be implemented and explained that its current version of the ERP could support ISAS, but that some manual operations would be carried out and could be updated after ISAS implementation. (see annex IV, Food Programme).", "Some organizations with field offices, such as ILO, face the challenge of ISAS' implementation and related ERP capacity. The organization completed the deployment of the ERP system at the time of the JIU review, but at the field level there was no adequate ERP infrastructure that would require manual processing of accounting data in order to meet IPSAS requirements. This is not an isolated case. The Commission also faces difficulties in introducing new systems and training in geographically dispersed locations. It is therefore important to include requirements on the ground at the early stages of the project.", "Data clean-up is a process for identifying existing legacy data to ensure that data transferred to the new ERP system are valid, correct and consistent with the required new format. Frequently, data clean-up continues at the final stage of the project or after its implementation. Organizations often underestimate the workload and time required to complete the process.", "Best practices 9", "In order to meet the requirements of IPSAS and to produce synergies, a thorough analysis of existing (subsidised) systems must be carried out, taking fully into account the needs and capacities of the field.", "Awareness-raising and advocacy", "Raising awareness of the change process through advocacy and training. The purpose of the training is “to promote the upcoming reforms and their impact on the Organization by all stakeholders, and to encourage staff to begin to reflect on their impact in their areas of work and to create “buy” for the transformation of IPSAS. Awareness training is considered a key component of the overall change management process [83]. The size of the project is largely meant that awareness-raising efforts should be extended to the Council and senior management. The transmission of appropriate information at the appropriate time and place is key to effective advocacy, with three rules in itself: regular publicity, public outreach and awareness-raising for all. Therefore, awareness-raising training for these target groups is even more important than for the training of user groups that will test the new environment.", "Best practices 10", "In order to generate a collective sense of the project, organizations should invest time and effort to ensure that all stakeholders understand the prospects for the transition to ISAS. This can be done in different formats: training, vacation sessions, lectures for staff, information products and presentations of those who are closely involved in successful examples elsewhere.", "As a result of increased awareness, “Managed managers and programme managers will have the tools to better understand the financial implications of the decisions taken; to have better conditions to interpret financial results and be more responsible and to make more proactive consideration of plans and finances in the long term”. Industrial managers should learn to use new systems and achieve their expected benefits. They also turn into the cost of attention to the resources and payments used. This change appears to be well suited to a change in results-based management (RBM).", "The Organization's transition is important for a change effort in an organization, but if there is no individual transition, the success of the organization's change effort will be significantly reduced. Managers and employees play different roles in the transition. The role of managers is to convince stakeholders, including employees, of the need for change. The final success of the transition will be important for each employee. [84] As of June 2010, 86 per cent of organizations prepared a sensitization plan, which has been a significant step since December 2009 (48 per cent) but may be too late.", "The advocacy tools of international organizations include the use of the Internet or website, broadcasting, press release, electronic press newsletters, bulletins, expert lectures for permanent missions and staff, special events, reports, conferences and meetings. As of June 2009, only 63.6 per cent of organizations had launched the ISAS project advocacy plan and, in contradiction, a higher percentage (68.2 per cent) had actually started awareness-raising activities. Figure 5 below shows the target groups of advocacy activities:", "Figure 5", "Source: responses to the JIU questionnaire", "Source: responses to the JIU questionnaire", "Training", "According to the 2007 system-wide survey, 36,000 staff across the United Nations system will require training related to ISAS, of which 65 per cent require awareness training, 25 per cent require basic conceptual training, and 10 per cent require expert conceptual training. [85] In 2008 and 2009, the division of labour between the system-wideIPSAS project team and organizations on the production of training products is ambiguous and requires clarification. The second progress report of the Secretary-General on the use of ISAS clarified that organizations were responsible for the development of their ISAS training plans and planned training, adding that a system-wide training approach had been developed to support the training of ISAS among organizations. This includes three phases: training needs assessment; procurement training courses; and training. [86]", "After the submission of tenders in 2007, the bidder (international commercial and technical advice companies) was identified and contracts are expected to be concluded soon. [87] However, the Unit's interviews in 2009 identified that training materials could not be provided by the end of 2009. Nevertheless, the UNIPSAS thematic task force, supported by external service providers, has been able to finalize training content, design and delivery. In accordance with the ACC survey on progress made by IPSAS at the end of December 2009, 77 per cent of the 21 respondents completed training needs analysis and 59 per cent completed the development of training plans. However, the percentage of the training started to be higher (in line with the JIU survey, 52 per cent in June 2009), although only 32 per cent of the training plans were completed at that time.", "The issues affecting the training paved the way include the need for a formal evaluation of training materials; the updating of the curriculum (in line with the developments in ISAS); and the translation of training products into French and Spanish. The initial UNDP estimate is that the translation of the course will require considerable resources and time. The Inspectors believe that this requires political will, as shown by the Food Programme, which has successfully developed training materials in English, French, Spanish and Arabic.", "Best practices 11", "Organizations should ensure that existing and future staff, in particular managers and financial and procurement personnel, are fully familiar with new procedures and requirements through the use of specific communication tools, including appropriate language manuals and training products.", "The JIU survey of March 2009 showed that 88.2 per cent of organizations had provided awareness-raising training without using the ACC support task force materials. 6 per cent of the active training courses were conceptual; 41.2 per cent were “active” (often with the assistance of institutional resource planning providers); and an additional 23.5 per cent was the process related to ISAS, including project management training). The responses of 17 organizations to the JIU questionnaire are presented in figure 6 below.", "Figure 6", "Source: responses to the JIU questionnaire", "Training and advocacy must be conducted in parallel with implementation, in accordance with the organizations interviewed.", "AD risks: training prior to deployment of the relevant system may lead to a reduction in motivation of staff.", "Figure 7 below shows that training provided to different beneficiaries by March 2009 is distributed according to type, as compared to the total number of organizations. High-level management is critical to receiving awareness training at the early stages of project life, which helps to ensure its full support for implementation. Relevant governing bodies representing States should be encouraged to participate in such training. However, as of the spring of 2009, the high-level management and the Council of almost half of the organizations had not been trained in awareness-raising, raising questions about their ability to lead important and necessary reforms.", "Figure 7 Training beneficiaries and types of training provided", "Source: responses to the JIU questionnaire", "Risk assessment", "Organizations should also share their findings on risk assessment (if available) as such activities are an important factor for successful project implementation. More than one third (38.1 per cent) of the Task Force's response to the implementation verification checklist in January 2009 has not carried out any risk assessment of its ISAS project. Organizations that fall under this category include:", "Where a risk assessment has been conducted, the assessment is not always carried out in a regular assessment methodology, such as COSO 2 [88]. The Inspectors wish to emphasize that risk assessment is a prerequisite for risk management and key to ensuring the achievement of project objectives, which is undoubtedly confirmed by the Audit Committee to UNDP [89] and UNFPA [90]. WIPO is a positive example in this regard, and the organization undertook an assessment of the requirements to be met at the 2010 implementation date and, if any, the delays.", "The information collected by the Unit confirmed the risk factors referred to in the second progress report of the Secretary-General on the use of ISAS [91]. The report also supplements a related factor: “To improve understanding of the scale and complexity of the work involved after the completion of the diagnosis of the required procedures and systemic changes”. The main reasons for the delay in the implementation of ISAS are as follows:", "Risk: lack of adequate risk mitigation strategies", "In this regard, UNESCO and WMO provided examples of best practices. UNESCO published the internal control policy framework and incorporated a revised framework for financial policies, procedures and processes in a single document. The framework provides the basis for the development of specific rules, policies and processes for IPSAS requirements to mark, and provides a common understanding among all staff on internal control issues. WMO published a comprehensive table on risk assessment for IPSAS projects.", "Figure 8", "Source: responses to the information verification checklist issued by ACC", "Best practices 12", "All organizations that transition to ISAS should use risk assessment, management and mitigation strategies and practices implemented by the project, in accordance with its objectives.", "Oversight", "The transition to IPSAS and the financial statements for the accounting of accounts will have an important impact on the oversight mandate.", "In order to check compliance with ISAS, whether internal and external auditors need to determine whether management has established appropriate internal controls and corresponding test procedures, and how results can be achieved.", "Internal and external auditors must also invest, acquire and/or re-entry (depending on their experience and professional certificates) in accounting and ISAS expertise and adjust their audit practices to adapt to changes in environmental and management practices in order to align their practices with the new environment. For example, the new deadline procedure [92] makes operational accounts more complex, thus increasing the scope and level of audit procedures.", "External Auditor", "The Inspectors agree with a number of organizations that external auditors have an important role to play in reviewing and commenting on developments in accounting policies, particularly during the transition from one standard to another criterion. Following the financial period claimed by IPSASda, the external auditor will have to decide independently on the eligibility or non-qualified opinion of ISAS's overall compliance. It decided to summarize the relationship of a technical and personnel transition to ISAS over the years. In the new area, such as the application of ISAS to intergovernmental organizations, there is no absolute knowledge, on the basis that the only viable approach is to be prepared by both sides, to study standards together and to translate standards into the reading of accounting policies (see annex). In particular, the work of the thematic task force and the specific realities of the organization. The WFP-NATO relationship described in annex IV is an example of this process.", "Interestingly, at the Rome meeting of the thematic task force, the Board noted the following potential critical issues for careful consideration by organizations:", "A number of organizations (ICAO, IMO, UNIDO, WFP, WIPO, WHO, WMO) prepared provisional (simulation) financial statements to request their external auditors to review prior to the submission of the first IPSAS Da financial statement. For example, WFP has conducted two reviews of its accounts at the temporary stage. However, as the Board rightly stressed, the interim financial statements are not provided with a formal audit opinion. However, the Inspectors believe that organizations must promptly identify and resolve all outstanding issues that may lead to a reservation.", "Best practices 13", "The plan and preparation of the interim financial statements for review by the external auditor before the final implementation is very early in order to avoid a sudden sense of mistrust.", "In addition, there is likely to be inconsistencies in the audit opinion given by 10 top audit bodies involved in the audit of the accounts of the United Nations system organizations. 93] They vary in terms of their experience in auditing accounts based on IPSAS. A few have so far been involved in such audits: the Swiss Federal Audit Office (the Swiss Public entity used the International Public Sector Accounting Standards as its accounting standards); the United Kingdom National Audit Office (NAO) (the United Kingdom Government's accounts using ISAS, NAO audited WFP-based IPSAS accounts); and the French Court of Audit had also benefited from its new experience in approving accounts made by the French Government under ISAS Practice.", "Thus, guidance is most important. The National Audit Office of the United Kingdom has developed tools to assist external auditors in the audit of IPSAS Daes. It also published the “IPSAS Daes Guidelines” to assist client organizations in understanding the preconditions for the non-reservation of audit opinions; including a verification checklist that takes a step to help practitioners ensure that the production of accounts is in line with IPSAS requirements. The guidance sets out the required situation and the evidence provided by external auditors; and provides examples of possible audit problems and challenges that should be avoided. In the case of organizations of the United Nations system, the guidance approved by ACC is of course a measure. However, a framework is still needed to guide the interaction of organizations with their external auditors. The framework adopted by the thematic task force should be discussed by the external audit team. The Inspectors did not make any recommendation to the Panel because it was not the usual practice of the Unit, but the Inspectors hope that the framework would make it easier to implement best practices 13 and 14.", "Best practices 14", "With regard to the transition of ISAS, as soon as possible, bilateral dialogue with its external statisticians is maintained to ensure that external and internal auditors have an in-depth understanding of the new system and its impact on the monitoring process, as ISAS will require a transition to accounting.", "B: Internal auditor", "The increased involvement of internal auditors in ISAS is a factor to ensure that the process is designed with a view to achieving an objective perception of the financial situation and performance of the organization. Unfortunately, the 2004 update of the 2004 edition of the IGO (INTOSAI) Guidelines for Internal Oversight Standards in the public sector is limited to the actual use value.", "During the review, the Inspectors observed that the level of participation of internal auditors in the reform process varies considerably among organizations, depending on the level of openness and commitment to the policies of the project team. In a number of organizations, the internal auditor is not involved or merely an observer's role, while in other organizations, the internal auditor is actively involved in tracking the progress made, discussing the difficulties of the project with members of the project team and exchanging views on risk areas. The internal auditor spoke of their involvement with the Inspectors as follows:", "A sub-group of internal auditors submitted a detailed paper to the United Nations-Institutional Representative for Internal Audit, held in Washington, D.C., in September 2008. The document defines the central role of internal audit in IPSAS conversion in order to ensure that risks associated with IPSAS are properly assessed and managed through verification of the results of the gap analysis at an early stage, as well as through a series of reviews of IPSAS projects at different stages, such as project launch, phase-out, and that the delivery of value-added advice to management through IPSAS transitional internal auditor can be delivered. For them, these roles could include guidance on management and risk management; the deliverable results and agreed dates for the project; the early balance sheets, systems upgrades and project accounts, which covered most of the ISAS project content. The paper also presents the potential role of internal audit in the transition phase, noting that “the advisory role of internal audit and the time-bound review itself may pose a risk to internal audit objectivity”. As a result, in order to guarantee its independence and objectivity, the internal auditor would preferably refrain from engaging in decision-making on the conversion and implementation of ISAS, for example through the adoption of a gap analysis or an award of accounting policies.", "On the basis of recent experience and the strengths of lessons learned, the United Nations-Organization for Internal Audit Affairs (UN-RIAS) again considered ISAS in 2009. Subsequently, the UN-RIAS Subgroup on IPSAS insisted on the management responsibilities of an organization, in particular the ISAS and the Institutional Resource Planning Project, and was responsible for continuing testing of new internal control tools installed at the initial implementation stage. The internal auditor from 14 organizations once again rightly warned against assuming managerial responsibility in this regard.", "Best practices 15", "In the initial implementation phase of IPSAS, the owners of the business process should regularly test internal control instruments to ensure the accuracy of the data.", "Best practices 16", "To ensure that the system is fully validated and verified at the end of the system.", "C. A key indicator: expected date for the organization", "According to IPSAS entities, an organization could be considered as an IPSAS complete Dae mark only if it had received the unqualified opinion of its external auditors on its financial statements. As a result, in the audit of the financial statements of the United Nations for the biennium 2006-2007, the Board recommended that the organization keep under review the performance of ISAS at the stage. A progress report on the implementation of the situation in February 2010 showed that only eight organizations entered the ISAS Da mark orbit in 2010. In accordance with the written replies to the JIU questionnaire and the interviews he conducted during his first visit, the Inspectors expressed serious doubts about the system-wide target for the 2010 Da mark, which was subsequently identified.", "In 2009, 76 per cent of the respondents noted that their governing bodies were aware of the implications of the implementation when they voted in 2006 and 2007. At that time, most organizations heard the recommendations of the Thematic Task Force and ACC, setting the financial period ended 31 December 2010 as a deadline for the achievement of the mark, while a few “present” targeted the target in 2008.", "Initially, the thematic task force only briefly describes the general benefits and implications of ISAS, noting that “the use of the post would have a significant impact on the accounting, financial reporting and related information technology systems of the organizations concerned; and would also have an important impact on the organization's budgeting, funds and management systems” [95]. However, in 2006, organizations were not at the same point of departure and most secretariat documents used and mobilized their governing bodies by their respective markings were not available - perhaps unable - to indicate what extent their organization was ready for IPSAS or the scale of the changes required by the mark.", "The Prosecutor may confirm that the level of implementation varies widely among the organizations because of their varying scales and conditions, and the degree of consistency between their respective ERP systems in 2005-2006 and ISAS requirements.", "The decisions of the thematic task force, the High-level Committee on Management, the ACC and the Secretary-General in 2005 and 2006 exert pressure on all organizations to select them for the same year, which is inappropriate because it ignores the degree of readiness of organizations. Rather, sufficient time should be allocated to conduct feasibility studies. Indeed, there is a need for many documents to inform the governing bodies about the preconditions for the successful transition to ISAS.", "Figure 9 (97)", "Source: Progress report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of ISAS", "In the three planned “previously adopted” organizations, only WFP fully implemented ISAS in full years planned for the end of 31 December 2008, which is due to favourable and common efforts (see annex IV); WHO has adopted several individual IPSAS standards since 2008 closely linked to the deployment of its ERP system, which are now expected to extend to the remaining parts of the organization in 2012. The procurement of ICAO started in January 2008 with the application of the accounting system, when the first phase of its ERP roll-out was completed and the delivery principle was adopted, and IPSAS Da mark was expected to be completed by 2010.", "Of the 19 other organizations reviewed, seven are expected to be scheduled to be IPSASd: IMO, ITU, PAHO, UNESCO, UNIDO, WIPO and WMO. Two of the remaining 12 organizations are now expected to use ISAS in 2011 (IAEA and PU), eight in 2012 (FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNOPS, UNRWA) and two in 2014 (United Nations and World Tourism Organization). [98] This is not surprising in the light of the complexity and scale of the preparations and changes required for the transition to IPSAS to a full-fledged mark, and many organizations have adopted other challenging management initiatives simultaneously. This indicates that the use of ISAS, which was advocated by the 2010 target advocate in 2005 — is neither technical nor realistic — by organizations as early as the adoption of political resolutions by the General Assembly. This is even more true for organizations that have accounted for far behind, inadequate ERP systems and trained staff shortages. In the case of an important player in the 2008 interview, the Inspectors said that “The transition in 2010 was only a word but a word”.", "The delays in phase-based results have compelled some organizations to modify the time frame for the project in 2009 or 2010, which is fully encouraged by the High-level Committee on Management. For example, the United Nations will use time to be changed to 2014, so that more time will be synchronized with the introduction of the new ERP system, noting that “the most important issue in the use of ISAS is the successful application of ISAS's letterbox requirements and the coordination of ISAS implementation plans with the ERP project” [99]. As of June 2009, 62 per cent of the organizations foreseen delays in implementation and decided to adopt a gradual approach (a performance standard). In some cases, the decision to defer up to time has also been influenced by resource situations.", "IPSAS and the financial and economic crisis", "The global financial and economic crisis has affected projects in several ways:", "The question of how to measure the problem during times of crisis is disputed. This has been reflected in IAS 39 and IPSAS 15 on financial instruments, disclosure and expression. The former had been criticized for the greater uncertainty of the asset balance sheet due to the need for a wide range of assets to be measured in fair terms.", "The issue was followed by political pressure following the collapse of the Brormann brother and then by the auditors who had taken action at the G-20 meeting. The International Federation of Accountants organized several workshops during its Global Council session to discuss the causes of the financial crisis and what can be done in the accounting industry, managers and Governments to avoid future crises. The International Accounting Standards Commission and the Financial Standards Committee agreed to cooperate in rapidly developing common standards to deal with activities outside the asset balance sheet and accounting for financial instruments. In addition, it was agreed to make recommendations to replace their financial instruments by using a common standard in the months, not in the years. Both organizations clarified that enterprises are not required to use market prices in emergency situations. In addition, IPSAS standards (28, 29 and 30) have recently been developed on the basis of IAS 32, 39 and 7 and are addressed in the same terms, recognition and measurement and disclosure.", "As in any other accounting standards, IPSAS standards need to be constantly improved and adjusted, which would require a corresponding change in the accounting policies of the United Nations system organizations. In April 2009, the Group of 20 called on the Commission on Standards of Finance and the International Accounting Standards Commission “to make significant progress towards the development of a single high-quality global accounting standards by the end of the year” [102]. The Inspectors welcome the efforts of the two organizations to harmonize international financial reporting standards and universally accepted accounting principles with the private sector and to promote the ideals of the “Uniformity of accounting standards” accounting industry.", "However, this raises the question of how a set of accounting standards for private sector services in pursuit of profit might meet the special needs of public sector entities and non-profit organizations, where most transactions are not based on exchange but are not perceived as transactions based on age and expenditure. United Nations observers (United Nations Secretariat and UNDP) should follow the matter closely with the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board, which formally supports the harmonization of IPSAS (IPSAS) and international financial statements standards (IFRS). Because the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Committee does not be accountable to any governing body within the United Nations system, and since the observer “United Nations” has not been given a system of authorized representatives, they should not express their acceptance, approval, promotion, or silence on the basis of the will to do so? United Nations stakeholders should engage in an informed debate to understand and understand the problems and the stakes. We recall that the selection of international public sector accounting standards is because it is more tailored to the specific nature of public entities than international financial reporting standards. It has included most of the characteristics of the IFRS standards designed for private companies. The Inspectors agree with the opinion of the Director of the International Bureau of the National Accounts Council of France, “Regrets that most ISAS standards are copied from IFRS standards only in part with the realities of the public sector”. As long as there is “non-exchange transactions”, the “principant accounting” would be distinguished from “people accounting”.", "Future guidelines for the development and implementation of ISAS should be accountability, and the International Federation of Agents define them in a concise and correct manner as “a obligation to respond to the responsibilities assigned” [103]. An important task similar to those carried out by the International Financial Reporting Committee in the area of international financial reporting standards could be carried out by a special committee, which was mandated by the International Federation of Accountants to assist public sector entities, in particular international organizations, in coordinating the harmonization and interpretation of ISAS standards, particularly in the initial years of implementation process, when the former had not taken place their own mapping. The Commission will continue the work of the Special Task Force, but it will be much broader, with the participation of representatives from national, urban and non-profit organizations in accordance with the principles of due process.", "Conclusion", "The transition of all United Nations system organizations to ISAS is of course one of the most ambitious management initiatives undertaken at the system-wide level. If organizations are to move towards informed management, this initiative is not possible. The present report seeks to highlight the obstacles, constraints and risks associated with the transition from UNSAS to ISAS, i.e., the time required to select the best ERP system or upgrade existing systems, the lack of dialogue with the legislature, the lack of vision planning and the collective ownership of the process of change or the lack of senior management commitment.", "At the time of 2005, little organizations were aware of the scale of the changes required. This is why, in 22 organizations, only one of the identified Daes was achieved at the initial deadline and eight planned to achieve that goal in 2010. Based on the review, the Inspectors must conclude that most organizations have misjudication of the large number of reforms required at many different levels, and that delays cannot be recognized only as having this work become a institutional priority. The initial commitment to achieving IPSAS DaO by 2010 did not reflect the fact that each organization had a fully different starting point, making it a major cause for transition to ISAS for certain organizations. The daunting task of action is to be accomplished if OECD, CEE and WFP show to the world, and if there is sufficient will and resolve. However, lessons learned are also needed to help other organizations to achieve IPSAS Daes in the coming years.", "After a series of important decisions that have been taken over a number of years, it is now clear that, for some organizations, more time is needed to achieve the goal of producing the ISAS's full-fledged financial statements. [104] Disadvantages and leakage are the main risk for prevention at present, as the benefits of the transition have become apparent only after the completion of the transition, and managers need time to take stock of the new requirements. The review identifies a number of best practices based on the experience of United Nations organizations or other pioneerers outside the United Nations system (as summarized in the executive summary). The Inspectors believe that the application of these practices will help to ensure a strategic, comprehensive and timely transition to ISAS. Taking into account all this, the Inspectors believe that the following recommendations should contribute to the effectiveness, efficiency and accountability of each organization of the United Nations system in the transition to ISAS.", "Recommendation 3", "The Chief Executives Board should ensure that 16 best practices identified in the present JIU report are applied when implementing ISAS projects.", "Annex I", "Scope of the manual", "The handbook is the background information of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and a compilation of the current valid public sector announcements issued by IFAC as at 15 January 2010 for routine reference.", "Volume I", "Contents", "The Executive Board", "Substantive changes to the 2009 manual 1", "International Public Sector Accounting Standards Committee - Interim Terms of Reference 3", "International Federation of Accountants 8", "Preamble to International Public Sector Accounting Standards 11", "International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "Table 1", "Table 2", "Accounting policy, changes in accounting estimates and errors", "Impact of exchange rate changes 135", "Table 5: borrowing costs 160", "v.", "Investment in joint ventures 207", "Note by the Secretariat", "Figure 9 - Age of exchange 251", "Figure 10 - Financial report of the supra-inflated economies 274", "J. Construction contract 288", "Figure 12", "Table 13: Rental 333", "Table 14 - Subsequent events 369", "JS15 - Financial means: disclosure and expression 385", "Investment property 443", "Table 17 - Property, fixed assets and equipment 476", "Table 18 - Operational classification report 517", "Table 19 - Reserves, uncertainty and occasional assets 548", "Figure 20 - Disclosure 592", "Figure 21 - Los of cash assets 613", "Figure 22 - Disclosure of information in the general sector of the Government 652", "Beneficiaries of non-exchange transactions (levies and transfers) 678", "Presentation of budgetary information in the financial statements 735", "Table 25: Staff benefits 763", "Volume II", "Contents", "The Executive Board", "Table 26 - Losss of cash assets 845", "Figure 27 Agriculture 904", "Table 28 - Financial means", "IPSAS 29 - Financial means: accounts and measurement 1022", "Figure 30 - Financial means: disclosure 1287", "Table 31: intangible assets 1337", "Financial report under the cash-based IPSAS - cash-based accounting system 1388", "* The present document was not edited before being sent to the United Nations translation services.", "Guideline 2 - Application of international audit standards for the audit of the Government's commercial enterprise financial statements 1514", "Summary of documents 1555", "IFAC Code of Professional Ethics of Accountants 1558", "Annex II", "The importance of the percentage of each of the IPSAS criteria identified by the participating organizations", "Annex III", "Process for transition to ISAS", "Annex IV", "One successful example: WFP experience", "The present text is only one of the more than 20 detailed presentations of JIU participation in the organization of IPSAS project. This is the first time, which is also the only success story, and the Inspectors believe that much can be drawn from. WFP is far from being the only body found to have good practices, but in April 2009, WFP was successfully submitting its 2008 financial statements in a manner marked by ISAS and certified by its external auditors, which was further repeated in the next fiscal year. This section is based mainly on the official documents of the Executive Director of WFP, including six progress reports on the project, and the reports and statements of the external auditors. For the sake of clarity, this text provides only very few reference sources; other reference sources may be requested.", "It is expected that the deadline for the start of the financial period of IPSAS is available to the WFP ISA project team for only 18 months. The use of IPSAS began with zero, and a piece was a multifaceted and time-bound complex project. As a result of leadership and careful risk management, the project was successfully implemented as originally envisaged. Since WFP was ultimately the only so-called “bearers”, it was before the United Nations system as a whole with regard to the development of accounting technology in IPSAS. This major initiative involves a comprehensive review of all financial policies and many modifications, the preparation of the relevant policy guide manuals, and extensive staff training.", "Establishment of financial management as a first step in preparation", "This remarkable achievement also led to the overall process of financial management reform of the Organization as a whole, with the origin of at least once the biennium 2002-2003, when WFP pledged to improve its financial administration with the impetus of its external auditors (United Kingdom national statistical offices) and its highest management.", "The IPSAS project was established on the basis of joint drives, knowledge and accountability at all levels, regional offices and field offices at this entity headquarters: an active network must be created among them to ensure a comprehensive understanding and implementation of the organization's business model and a fertile land that is ready to accept necessary reforms. To that end, key positions must be filled in a timely manner by a sufficient number of qualified staff. Training of financial management personnel and staff, as well as the pool of persons at these different levels, is a key factor for success and is a prerequisite for creating a modern accounting culture.", "In 2004-2005, WFP leadership launched a series of initiatives aimed at improving the quality and timeliness of financial reporting to its Governing Council, donors and management. These management priorities include the following:", "later known as WINGS II after the upgrade;", "Options for accounting standards: strong positive position", "In January 2005, WFP external auditors considered that WFP had provided almost complete set of financial statements requested by IAS/IFRS or ISAS. The external auditor submitted a financial reporting standard report to the Board, in which external auditors encouraged the WFP Board to accept the generally accepted international accounting standards, after which the Executive Director established a steering committee and a thematic task force to manage the transition in that direction. After discussions with external organizations and accounting standards experts, they undertook a progressive review of the regulations and rules of the WFP, which might need to be modified, in order to enable WFP to fully implement international accounting standards. The implementation of all modern accounting standards will greatly contribute to the implementation of any of these standards by entities. In 2007, WFP recognized that its current information network and global system in support of certain aspects of IPSAS had enabled WFP to systematically improve its financial reporting in recent years, including income recognition, market value recognition, investment, recognition of expenditure and annual financial reporting, in accordance with the principle of delivery. In this regard, WFP has reached the advanced level of ISAS readiness.", "This is not easy: ISAS is based on principles. WFP is the first United Nations implementing ISAS and one of the first implementing organizations worldwide, and its ISAS team is often obliged to draft many policies before the Inter-Agency Task Force discusses and publishes any guiding principles. A number of very difficult drafting policies include the capitalization of the stock, in terms of expenditure and measurement, financial instruments, in-kind services, property, fixed assets and equipment, intangible assets, and, in particular, the recognition of the entry into force, which is particularly difficult, given the significant differences between WFP and the private sector. The financial statements of former UNSAS Daes will be compared with the current ISAS-damark financial statements, and will be apprised of the shocks and difficulties faced in accounting policies.", "WFP's approach to supporting the system-wide task forces and thematic task forces is fully active and decisively advanced, and, if necessary, even before the task force, as in the case of training materials (the WFP's training kits for delays are not dependent, but they have produced training materials). As a first step, WFP's views and experience on the implementation of ISAS are very practical for the United Nations system organizations. In the discussion at the United Nations, it was not mature to provide advice on all IPSAS issues, and management provided a consistent interpretation of those standards with the views of the external auditors. In the absence of ISAS, international financial reporting standards (IFRS). As “One fronts”, WFP cannot always rely on the practical advice and advice of the United Nations on a wide range of issues facing the transition period. It is true that other United Nations organizations use WFP as a direction and example. WFP also maintains contact with other ISAS, such as the Council of Europe, NATO and the Government of Switzerland.", "In the summer of 2005, the thematic task force discussed this matter with the ACC Project Development Group and accelerated the pace of moving towards ISAS, when WFP was ready to play a leading role in this transition as a step forward. It has two basic documents that give its own insights into its own situation: a tentative timetable for the transition from 2005 to 2008 to the International Accounting Standards and a list of all reforms required by the Organization based on an article-by-article gap analysis against ISAS standards. They constitute the core elements of the WFP ISAS project. The operational plan approved by the Executive Committee in June 2006 included time framework, phase-based results, coordination and cost estimates, budget and funding options with WINGS II projects to enable WFP to implement ISAS from 2008 as recommended.", "C. Overall measurement and fulfilment of the tasks to be carried out", "In accordance with the excerpt from the report of the External Auditor of WFP on two major projects: ISAS and WINGS II, the annual accounts of the organization are seen in the organization's annual accounts that compliance with IPSAS requirements is much more than in the presentation of financial reporting. Improvements are needed in terms of operational procedures and purpose statements (SOPs), such as how WFP manages and describes assets and liabilities; and how income and expenditure are described and reported. These require significant changes in business processes and financial management in the operating structure and financial procedures of WFP, both in progress by the Secretariat.", "As noted above, WFP has been more well prepared for many such changes than other entities of the United Nations system, and has chosen fast-tracks: from its point of departure, it has been fully prepared to complete the transition from 18 months, perhaps the shortest route for all United Nations system organizations. In 2006, WFP prepared for the first time the annual financial statements (UNSAS Da mark). This enables the organization to use annual accounts and audit-wide practices as pre-empts for the annual financial period and to translate from 2008 to mandatory requirements. This area is most directly affected by ISAS, and the WFP Financial Reporting Unit plays an important role in addressing the challenges of implementation. WFP launched a series of six months and nine months of “delivery” as part of the Future 2008 accounts.", "A mature project", "General", "In accordance with the Board's decision of November 2005, the Secretariat developed a comprehensive workplan for the accounting standards project. The plan outlines practices to identify and address changes to WFP regulations, accounting policies and administrative procedures arising from the implementation of ISAS. During the various phases of the project, milestones were made, including: analytical work, policy and procedures changes of recommendations, management, external auditors and the Commission's approval, development of guidelines and training of staff at Headquarters and field offices. The Secretariat has also prepared estimates of implementation costs.", "Governance", "The transitional management initially envisages a relatively small team (4 financial advisers, one project management adviser, one other consultant, two financial staff and four other personnel), reporting to the Chief Finance Officer under the leadership of a full-time project manager, which is also responsible for the WINGS II project, thereby monitoring synergies in WINGS II/IPSAS. In 2007, the Project Management Committee was established to provide high-level oversight, guidance and advice to IPSAS projects. In order to implement internal audit recommendations and risk assessments, a change management coordinator and a project management coordinator were added to project staff. This has reduced reliance on consultants, increased stability in communication and training and monitoring and updating of budgets and workplans.", "Financing", "WFP can prepare detailed cost estimates and budgetary requirements for the following areas as a result of the updating of the financial management culture soon (September 2005):", "Transition to international accounting standards;", "Changes in the organization's work process;", "Management of assets; and", "Policy formulation, procedures and guidance manuals.", "The first step in financing projects is to identify areas where savings can be achieved through internalization of additional costs. The second step is to seek synergies with already existing and relevant projects. The third step is to find new forms of financing.", "In June 2006, the Committee authorized the allocation of $3.7 million from programme support and administrative levels to cover the cost of the timely introduction of IPSAS for a period of two years during the financial period 2008. After two years, the retroactive analysis of project expenditure highlights a similar level of overall expenditure to the planned level, indicating that underexpenditures for staff costs (at the disposal of the United Nations common system) are offset by savings in most other projects, in particular in the travel costs. Throughout the project period, the costs of consultants remained at a level of $30,000, compared with other organizations.", "Human resources", "The project plan provides for the establishment of a dedicated team, in collaboration with WFP staff, to implement IPSAS projects and to provide relevant expertise in their areas of competence and responsibility. A project manager was identified to lead the project by bringing together internal specialized talents, integrated experts and specialized consultants to ensure that WFP was able to transition successfully to ISAS. However, staffing difficulties have been encountered: when the project started to hire a pool of experts in the area of ISAS in 2006, almost one was found. Many accountants are experts of international financial reporting standards or New Zealand or Australian standards, but there is little experience in the implementation of ISAS. Only those who had worked with pioneering organizations, such as the OECD and the European Commission, would have ISAS experience. In addition, many consultants have only theoretical experience in ISAS, but do not experience. Finally, the project manager has chosen to hire professional accountants and familiarize them with ISAS for the time they need to invest in order to have their expertise in implementing ISAS over time.", "Contents and deliverables", "The team has developed a comprehensive implementation document to guide operational users and system developers, which cover all ISAS and ISAS for comments, including new accounting requirements and substantive drafts, which are based on the preparation of WFP financial statements effective 1 January 2008. Details of implementation plans in all areas of accounting will link the implementation of documents to the actual application of ISAS, including accounting for stock inventories, employee benefits, property, fixed assets and equipment and entry into line with ISAS standards, and determine the initial balance of 1 January 2008. An implementation manual will be developed for business units and financial professionals.", "E. An influential organization: advocacy, training and change management", "Advocacy and training support", "As part of the advocacy plan, WFP established a special web page on the topic of the transition of ISAS and produced six additional reports on the theme from 2006 to 2008, explaining or recommending all relevant information on past and upcoming decisions and submitting them to the Committee for information, consideration or approval so that the Committee is fully informed, maximous and active in moving the transition process forward.", "WFP staff use the frequent ISAS Internet web page to provide information on United Nations accounting standards, international accounting standards, international public sector accounting standards and their implementation processes. For users to retrieve IPSAS information or guidance, it is a source of information. As part of the advocacy strategy, a semi-month briefing was distributed to financial officers and other staff, mainly to field staff on the progress of the project. IPSAS experts and financial experts with experience in other organizations organized workshops for WFP staff to familiarize them with the nature of ISAS implementation. In the second half of 2006 and early 2007, workshops were held in all regional offices to brief regional directors, heads of country offices and financial officials on the implementation activities of ISAS and the main impact on WFP. More training workshops and training sessions have been organized with the arrival of the ISAS Da mark process.", "Similarly, it is necessary to maintain the flow and feedback of information to the highest management, middle-level management and staff in order to raise awareness and support. The implementation team has adopted an organizational advocacy and training strategy to ensure that awareness and knowledge are widely covered within ISAS within WFP. This work was coordinated with the WINGS II and the Training Unit of the Human Resources Division to ensure efficiency and economies of scale. In early 2008, 1,400 staff were trained at regular IPSAS training at Headquarters and field offices. A re-entry course will be held in 2008 for stakeholders, such as members of the Committee, the United Nations Working Group and participants in the event. Coordination with the IPSAS Task Force in New York continued with the development of standardized United Nations accounting thematic training materials, which have not yet been published or are not available.", "Training, advocacy, discussions, workshops, conferences and working groups, which require considerable time to transform people from UNSAS to ISAS, and ISAS is considered more difficult and demanding. It is therefore extremely difficult to transform behaviour, in particular those who “would not believe” and to use all means.", "Maintenance of “consistent” with the Executive Committee", "WFP established and maintained close liaison relations with the Executive Committee, composed of 36 Member States and donors and recipients of the United Nations and FAO. Despite the diversity of members of the Executive Committee, from 2005 to 2009, the external auditor and the WFP secretariat presented various reports on their respective roles and made a “green”. There was a convergence of views on the transition to international accounting standards, which had created a climate of trust and explained risk, proposals and expected benefits at every stage of the situation. Raising and maintaining such interest and support in the area of administration and finance - often perceived as less attractive to Member States - is a major achievement. Concern was expressed about the level of understanding of the financial statements for the new IPSAS Daes vis-à-vis the financial statements that had previously been prepared in accordance with United Nations financial standards. Such issues were addressed through ongoing discussions, briefings, informal consultations, financial seminars and lectures by guest experts.", "Communications with the legislature (Executive Committee) were also conducted in different ways, including the special series of six progress reports referred to above. In particular, the initial funding sought to strengthen the financial administration to a number of positions, as well as the subsequent relatively straightforward funding of IPSAS and WINGS, makes it unnecessary for each team to waste its efforts in raising funds and to focus on substantive activities related to the project. As a result, the Executive Committee endorsed the proposed steps towards ISAS. However, access to funds is easier to change the deep-rooted work and management processes of management and staff. This is very difficult in WFP, as in other organizations.", "A project in the network", "Institutional partnerships", "WFP never worked in isolation. As it had organized awareness-raising and training activities within the country, it was also very willing to maximize the benefits associated with existing external partners.", "Among them, the first partner was the external auditor of WFP from the United Kingdom National Statistics Office, who was soon proved to be a driving force for the adoption of internationally accepted accounting standards, particularly in his report on the subject for consideration by the Executive Committee. [105] The external auditors and the Executive Director of the World Food Programme often highlight their valuable cooperation in their respective reports until 2009 they were proud to share the honour of the first set of financial statements for 2008 for the achievement of IPSAS's mark and to submit these financial statements to the Executive Committee without the views of the external auditors, as well as repeat them in the next financial period. The Inspectors are of the view that, in addition to the participation of external auditors on the ground, the British Statistics Agency has made great efforts in the area of education and information on the application of ISAS, including two important and detailed “Guide” downloads from the website of the Bureau at www.nao.org.uk:", "Another important institutional partner is the Board of Auditors (AC), which, according to its annual report issued in 2009, “to invest considerable time and attention in monitoring this challenging project. At each meeting, the implementation plan and the study of potential obstacles, including changes in key project personnel, were reviewed. The Committee notes the key milestones (the “trajectives” of June and September 2008), assesses the results of management and report on progress made independently of the British Statistics Agency and the Office of Internal Audit. Comments on how to effectively address the obstacles encountered and enhance management commitment to the project. The Board's views and advice were transmitted to management. In the course of the implementation process and in the discussion of the final draft financial statements, the Committee proposed amendments and considered management responses.”", "As noted above, WFP has played a greater role in interactions with other agencies of the United Nations system as a result of active participation in the thematic task force and the relevant Rome Focus Group. The Inspectors once again stress that, in particular through its institutional financial culture, WFP may be the most adequate organization, and that it is not intended to destabilize it in this successful transition. [106]", "Internal partnerships", "With the vision and implementation of the coordination planning and operation of two interrelated projects IPSAS and WINGS II, the other important partnership is not in any way poor. From the outset, synergies and sustained interaction to identify and initiate new improvements in business processes are essential to avoid duplication of efforts or to avoid omissions that ensure the necessary aspects of ISAS Daes. However, the preparation of WINGS II to meet IPSAS' requirements is a higher requirement for the small size of the WFP ISAS project team.", "Partnerships relate not only to institutional partners, but also to the various components of the secretariat. In order to improve the Organization's management as an overriding shared goal, mutual respect and collaboration play a unique and mutually reinforcing role in ISAS and ERP projects. In such cases, there should be no subordination, competition and confusion and a systematic and continuous development path. This is also true for all users and staff who are affected by changes in business processes.", "Legal framework and accounting policies", "The project team identified the overall, general rules and financial regulations required for the implementation of ISAS. This preliminary assessment on amendments was re-evaluated and the cross-cutting project was consistently. The main changes affecting the overall level are the shift to annual financial reporting. No other accounting policies requiring approval by the Commission were identified. In this regard, the example of WFP can be said to be particularly beneficial, since, in addition to this amendment, some of the funds of this major transition process are legally in the hands of executive heads.", "Since 2005, WFP has continuously reviewed and modified its accounting policies, thereby improving the criteria for financial reporting. For example, the income recognition policy has been revised to reflect income and expenditure and to amend the recognition of the post-retirement health insurance liabilities of WFP staff.", "The main features of previous standards (UNSAS) include the capitalization of property, fixed assets and equipment (PPE), the record of the stock, the record of the employee's benefits and the recognition of income. However, IPSAS reform is a continuing process: after almost one year after the initial balance of the ISAS Damark accounts in 2008, the project team continued to believe that 2008 was a “transfer year”, and there was still room for further progress.", "H. Finally, the risks and dividends arising from the transition", "In June 2008, the capacity of the ISAS Implementation Team should be maintained, with resources permitting, at least until early 2009, when the WINGS II project was operational and the first IIPSASda financial statement was submitted to the Commission for approval. It is expected that IPSAS will be completed in June 2009 and that the capacity generated by the project will be mainstreamed as possible, taking into account resource constraints.", "The main remaining challenges include bank accounting, recognition and integrity of PPE, recognition of and other accounting policies for entry into force, calculation of employee benefits associated with the management of staff in organizations other than WFP on the ground, authentication and management of intangible assets and budgetary regulation. Many of the risks associated with internal and external - stakeholders and the risks of ISAS have been assessed and managed. The greatest tension and stress are related to the support of senior management, the presence of the ISAS ERP system, the ability and knowledge of staff IPSAS, the Board's support, effective communication with external auditors, and effective advocacy, training and thematic engagement. The institutions in this project have attached great importance to all of these factors and have reached a full year, which demonstrates that the project is and remains even fragile, and that it is time for everyone to customize their new roles. The retroactive risk analysis presented in the sixth and final progress report concluded that: “The challenge includes the scarcity of qualified personnel who are willing to take part in a short-term project, the duration of implementation, the lack of specialized training materials and the lack of internal capacity at the initial stages of the project”. [107]", "In other words, the main challenge is the continuous briefings to the governing bodies, the communication with internal stakeholders, the handling of differences with the internal auditor, the handling of difficulties and disagreements within the Inter-Agency Thematic Task Force on accounting standards and the continued implementation. Many time has been spent to eliminate differences and to try to identify solutions and risk mitigation options.", "WFP and its external auditors have reason to be proud of their achievements: achieving IPSAS Daes and the June 2009 brochure on this subject, entitled “Food roads: enhancing the credibility and transparency of United Nations system accounting substantives - a humiliation of the WFP 2008 ISAS Da financial statement”, and the small title of the report prepared by the external auditors for the February 2010 Executive Committee meeting on ISAS dividends is “Strengthening financial management” [108]. The report does not see the success of the WINGS II and ISAS projects as an objective, but rather as a reflection, and recommends that the benefits of their financial reporting be used in order to:", "Annex V", "Summary of action to be taken by participating organizations on JIU recommendations", "[TABLE]", "Figure I: L: Recommendations for legislative decisions", "E: Recommendations for action by executive heads (see ACC, chap.", "Recommendations that do not require action by the organization", "Forthcoming impacts: a strengthened accountability b: promotion of best practices c: enhanced coordination and cooperation d: enhanced monitoring and compliance e: enhanced effectiveness f: savings g: efficiency o: other", "** Includes all entities listed in ST/SGB/2002/11, except UNCTAD, UNODC, UNEP, UN-Habitat, UNHCR, UNRWA.", "Article 5 of the JIU statute.", "[2] International Federation of Accountants, study 13: Public sector governance: Council perspective, August 2001.", "[3] Although the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) considers itself a regional office for the Americas of the World Health Organization (WHO), it is not a participating organization of the Unit. However, it appeared among the 22 organizations participating in the Inter-Agency Project and Accounting Standards Task Force (including financially) and was reviewed in the Secretary-General's progress report on International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "[4] His works include Normes regulations et PME (2004) and Lees Normes et le. Sectioneur Public (2008), which was published by Dunod in Paris. It was planned to be translated into English.", "[5] In addition to the development of financial statements for general purposes, an entity may prepare financial statements for users who require financial statements to meet their special information needs (e.g., government agencies, legislation and other aspects of monitoring functions). This statement is referred to as “A financial statement for special purposes”.", "[6] Established in 1973.", "[7] Established in 1991 as an independent private accounting standard-funded institution.", "[8] European Union of Accounting Experts (FE): Government has adopted accounting and budgeting (July 2003), which is then referred to as “FE 2003”.", "[9] A/46/341, paras. 9 and 10.", "[10] A/RES/45/235, para.", "[11] A/48/530.", "[12] For example, paragraph 4 states that “If these fundamental accounting assumptions are not used, the facts should be disclosed and justified”.", "[13] The International Federation of Accountants comprises 159 members and informal members from 124 countries and jurisdictions representing over 2.5 million accountants.", "[14] See www.ifac.org, preamble to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, 2008, pp. 30-35.", "[15] It is worth noting that this initiative is not only supported by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund but also supported by the United Nations and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).", "[16] A directory of the IPSAS International Public Sector Accounting Briefing Manual for 2010, annex I.", "[17] For example, “income” becomes “year-old” and “expenditure”, “expenditures”, with a slight difference in meaning.", "[18] The members of the thematic task force shall elect their chairperson, subject to approval by the Finance and Budget Network and the High-level Committee on Management.", "[19] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.24, paras. 25 (a) to (e).", "[20] A/60/846 and A/60/846/Add.3 and additional information submitted to the Advisory Committee.", "[21] A/60/870, para.", "[22] A/RES/60/283, sect.", "[23] or “removal cash”, a statement used in the United Nations system, has never been interpreted satisfactorily.", "[24] 180 EX/33, Part I, Revision.", "[25] Public Sector Commission of the International Federation of Accountants, transition to accounting: guidance for governmental and governmental entities (2003), p. 7, para.", "[26] Public Sector Commission of the International Federation of Accounts, Resource Accounting: United Kingdom central government accounting outline (2002).", "[27] The net value of assets or pure assets is a net value after deduction of liabilities. Most countries that started to apply the International Public Sector Accounting Standards were net assets and New Zealand was one of the few exceptions.", "[28] A/64/7/Add.4.", "[29] Ibid., para.", "[30] COM 2002 755 final draft: modernization of the European Community accounting system, Brussels, 17 December 2002.", "[31] 180 EX/33 Part I, revised.", "[32] “The inventory is assets: (a) in the form of material or supplies to be consumed in the production process; (b) in the form of material or supplies to be consumed or distributed in the service delivery process; (c) in the ordinary course of business; or (d) in the course of production (IPSAS 12).", "[33] Capitalization is the “reallifeaccounting.com/dictionary.asp”.", "[34] ULO - Unliquidated obligations are an accounting transaction under UNSAS, recognizing future obligations for the purchase of goods or services, whether or not delivered. There may be or may occur during the financial period.", "[35] The consolidated financial statements are the presentation of the financial statements of all entities that constitute the reporting entity as a single entity's financial statements. This involves bringing together all projects on a case-by-case basis and eliminating any transactions or balances between members of the reporting entity. These entities need compliance with standard policies and classifications when providing financial information for consideration (IPSAS 6).", "[36] Control is the authority to govern the financial and operational policies of another entity in order to benefit from its entity.", "[37] A/63/5 (Vol. I), chap. II, paras. 10 (a) and 27.", "[38] A/63/496, para.", "[39] A/64/355 paras. 12 and 45-47.", "[40] Japan 1, paragraph 66.", "[41] Ibid., para.", "[42] Historical costs: asset value based on actual purchase costs.", "[43] The fair value is estimated at market value by the value of assets that are known and willing to be exchanged in the near-range transaction.", "[44] Heritage assets are assets of cultural, environmental, educational and historical significance (IPSAS 17), such as the Palais des Nations, Geneva or the ECA building in Addis Ababa.", "[45] See definition, footnote 43.", "[46] The Ben Chu, former Vice-President of Malaysia, “Decorded accounting in the public sector”, International Public Sector Bulletin, No. 11, February 2008.", "[47] H. Mellet, Cardav Business College (BS) and Neil Marriot, Winchester BS, “Public sector resource accounting: implementation issues”, ibid.", "[48] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.24.", "[49] See A/65/5 (vol. I), paras.", "[50] Abel50 and A/61/730.", "[51] Abel50, annex I.", "[52] WFP/EB.A/2007/6-A/1.", "[53] IAEA, Agency 2007 accounts, GC(52)/11, para.", "[54] European Union of Accounting Experts, “Effective accounting for more effective public policies” (February 2006).", "[55] When an entity receives the value of another entity without direct exchange of about considerable value (e.g., gifts, contributions, donations, etc.).", "[56] For example, donors may provide an additional condition for the transfer of assets, requiring resources to be used in the biennium and for the return of unused parts.", "[57] See JIU report 2010/7, “Policy and procedures for the administration of trust funds in the United Nations system organizations”.", "[58] UNSAS, Rev. VIII, paras.", "[59] UNSAS, Rev. VIII, para.", "[60] Japan 4", "[61] A/62/806.", "[62] UNIDO, Report of the External Auditor on the accounts of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization for the financial period from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2007, IDB.35/3, para.", "[63] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.21.", "[64] See table in A/64/355.", "[65] For example, at the Vienna International Centre, Austria authorizes the use of a number of organizations of the United Nations system, free of charge, in addition to the items listed in the maintenance or effectiveness of agreements signed by the United Nations/Department of Peacekeeping Operations (SOFAs, SOMAs). There are no provisions on such cases.", "[66] The list appears in annex I to the progress report A/62/806 and A/64/355.", "[67] A/62/806.", "[68] FEE, 2003, Ibid.", "[69] Leading change: why reform efforts fail. John P. Kotter, Harvard Business Review, 1994.", "[70] A/63/5/Add.5, chap. II, para.", "[71] A/63/5/Add.3, chapter II, para.", "[72] PRINCE2 (projects in a controlled environment) are based on the methodology for the effective management of projects in the process - the criteria used widely by the Government of the United Kingdom and the private sector.", "See http://www.prince2.com/what-is-prince2.asp.", "[74] A/65/5 (Vol. 1), para.", "[75] The general definition of internal controls in accounting work is an overall set of policies and procedures envisaged and established by an organizational management to protect assets and information, ensure the quality of accounting records and produce reliable financial and management information in a timely manner.", "[76] See Commission of the European Community, communication of the Commission, COM (2002).", "[77] The Steering Committee consists of participants from the financial, budgetary, human resources, information technology, training, external relations, field users, and audits.", "[78] See the Advisory Committee's report A/64/531, para.", "[79] The financial statements for the previous year will need to be re-established in accordance with the financial data presented by ISAS.", "]", "[81] A/65/5 (Vol. 1), para.", "[82] A/64/380.", "[83] A/64/355, para.", "[84] Structural reforms - new public management accounting and budgeting, Deloitte, Netherlands 2004.", "[85] A/64/355, para.", "[86] Ibid., para.", "[87] CEB/2008/HLCM/7.", "[88] The name of the internal regulatory framework model (COSO 1992) is then the risk management model (COSO 2, 2004), which was hosted by the National Committee for Fraud Financial Reporting after the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002.", "[89] A/63/5/Add.1 ( addenda), para.", "[90] A/63/5/Add.7 ( addenda), para.", "[91] A/64/355, para.", "[92] Determines whether a transaction occurs prior to or after a accounting period, thereby ensuring that the transaction is recorded in the accounting records and the audit procedures used in the financial statements for the period in question.", "[93] Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Pakistan, Philippines, South Africa, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.", "[94] “UNSAS conversion to ISAS - United Nations use ISAS: what role the Internal Audit Office should play?”", "[95] November 2005: recommendation 25, paragraph 4.", "[96] See chapter II,5 above, 2005-2007: political decisions adopted by ISAS.", "[97] CEBIGHLCM/7.", "[98] ChiefjeHLCM/26.", "[99] A/62/806.", "[100] The fair value is the amount that an asset that is known and willing by both sides in the near-range transaction may be exchanged or an obligation closed. (IPSAS terminology)", "[101] Joint FASB-IASB press release, 24 March 2009.", "[102] For further information, see risk, 20 May 2009.", "[103] International Federation of Accountants, study 13, Public Sector Governance: Perspectives of the Council (August 2001).", "[104] See, for example, the progress report of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS on ISAS: briefing to the Executive Board (1 June 2009), available at www.undp.org/about/ips/doc/Progress_report_presentation_june09.ppt.", "[105] Report of the External Auditor on the financial reporting standards of the World Food Programme (WFP/EB.1/2005/5-E).", "[106] See JIU/REP/2009/7, World Food Programme management and administration review.", "[107] Sixth progress report on the implementation of ISAS (WFP/EB.A/2008/6-G/1), para.", "[108] Report of the External Auditor on IPSAS dividends: enhanced financial management (WFP/EB.1 live 6-E/1)." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目109", "^(*) A/66/150。", "消除国际恐怖主义的措施", "消除国际恐怖主义的措施", "秘书长的报告", "增编", "1. 白俄罗斯指出，它加入了13个全球反恐文书，并在各个级别设立了执行这些文书的适当法律、法规、方案、行动计划和框架。", "2. 白俄罗斯报告称，它在反恐行动中与独立国家联合体(独联体)成员国积极合作。在独联体主持下起草了六个反恐文书。为在反恐领域协调独联体成员国的活动设立了反恐中心。白俄罗斯国家安全委员会与该中心长期合作。", "3. 2010年12月10日，独联体国家元首理事会核准了一个2011-2013年期间合作打击恐怖主义和其他暴力形式的极端主义的新方案和一个新的国家间打击犯罪的联合措施方案。", "4. 白俄罗斯在打击国际有组织犯罪、非法贩运毒品和国际恐怖主义领域与德国、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、斯洛伐克、土耳其和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国签署了协定和谅解备忘录。", "5. 2000年7月19日关于防止犯罪所得合法化和资助恐怖主义活动的措施的第426-3号法，已于2010年6月14日的第132-3号法修正，其中规定了白俄罗斯防止犯罪所得合法化和资助恐怖主义的措施体系。", "6. 2003年设立的隶属白俄罗斯国家监督委员会的金融监督司有权防止犯罪所得合法化和资助恐怖主义。该司在机构间一级与阿富汗、亚美尼亚、格鲁吉亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、摩尔多瓦共和国、俄罗斯联邦、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、土耳其和乌克兰的金融情报单位缔结了交换关于洗钱和资助恐怖主义信息的协定。", "7. 布隆迪报告，它加入了5个全球反恐文书和2个区域反恐文书。", "8. 布隆迪与刚果民主共和国、卢旺达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国签署了关于引渡和司法合作的协定。有关与乌干达在司法警察和监狱等领域合作的协议也已生效。", "9. 布隆迪新刑法用整整一章的篇幅专门对恐怖主义和生物恐怖主义行为作出规定，并规定了严厉的处罚，从10年到终身监禁不等。", "10. 科威特报告，它加入了 9个国际反恐文书和4个区域反恐文书。", "11. 科威特通过了必要的法律，以保护更广泛的地区和确保对大片脆弱的土地和海洋实施完全控制。它已向议会提交了反洗钱法草案，并已起草了一个关于反恐的法律草案。该草案经一个专家委员会审议后将提交议会。", "12. 在科威特中央银行的主持下，设立了打击洗钱及资助恐怖主义活动全国委员会，以编制有关打击洗钱和资助恐怖主义的战略和公共政策。该委员会拟就决定草案和执行条例，并将其转递给相关方供颁布。", "13. 科威特还加强了与其签署安全协定的国家的合作，以预先消除潜在威胁。 它还与国际刑事警察组织(国际刑警组织)加强合作，携手分析影响任何成员国的恐怖案件的嫌疑人的最新数据。科威特当局还连通了被盗护照、被盗车辆、恐怖主义罪行嫌疑人和通缉犯的DNA数据库。", "14. 立陶宛报告，它加入了13个全球反恐文书以及《欧洲制止恐怖主义公约》。它还与2009年秘书长关于消除国际恐怖主义的措施的报告(A/64/161)第48段中提到的国家缔结了有关打击恐怖主义和其他罪行的双边协定。它还提供了有关该报告第49段中所述法律的资料。", "15. 立陶宛表示，没有发生国际恐怖主义引起的事件。它还再次提供了2010年秘书长关于消除国际恐怖主义的措施的报告(A/65/175)第52段所载的有关审前调查和判刑的信息。在A/64/161第50段所述的刑事诉讼方面，一人正在受审，另两人正在被引渡。", "16. 塔吉克斯坦的主管当局与其他国家的主管当局合作，在多边监管和法律文书框架中，尤其是在上海合作组织和独联体的监管和法律文书框架内打击恐怖主义，处理以下问题：加强主管当局之间的合作，打击恐怖主义和其他暴力形式极端主义；制定一个监管和法律框架以促进合作；加强和协调国家法律；开展协调的联合预防跟踪活动和特别行动；与国际组织合作；进行与反恐有关的分析、信息和方法研究；开展合作，培训主管当局的工作人员，并为其提供继续教育。", "17. 乌克兰提交了它加入的13个全球反恐文书和5个区域反恐文书的清单。它还提交了它与其他国家在反恐领域签署的39个双边协定、议定书和谅解备忘录清单。", "18. 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国加入了7个全球反恐文书和2个区域反恐文书。它正在研究加入《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》的可能性。作为《化学武器公约》的缔约方，并根据安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议，委内瑞拉制定了旨在防止恐怖集团获得大规模毁灭性武器的法案，该法案将在不久后提交给其国民议会讨论和批准。其国民议会还在辩论，有关火器和炸药的法律草案该法将取代1939年通过的有关该问题的现行法律。", "19. 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国继续努力加强其有关核安全、核实物安全和废物管理措施的国家安全综合计划(2008年)。核准《及早通报核事故公约》的法律已于2009年7月10日通过。", "20. 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国再次要求将路易斯·波萨达·卡里略斯从美利坚合众国引渡回国，因他对1976年10月策划炸毁古巴航空公司航班负有责任。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 109 of the provisional agenda*", "Measures to eliminate international terrorism", "* A/66/150.", "Measures to eliminate international terrorism", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "1. Belarus indicated that it was party to 13 universal counter-terrorism instruments. Appropriate laws, regulations, programmes, action plans and frameworks had been established at various levels to implement those instruments.", "2. Belarus reported that it was actively cooperating with the States members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in their counter-terrorism actions. Six counter-terrorism instruments had been drawn up under CIS. The Anti-Terrorism Centre had been established to coordinate the activities of the members of CIS in the area of counter-terrorism. The State Security Committee of Belarus cooperates with the Centre on a permanent basis.", "3. On 10 December 2010, the Council of Heads of State of CIS had approved a new programme of cooperation on countering terrorism and other violent manifestations of extremism and a new inter-State programme of joint measures to combat crime, for the period 2011-2013.", "4. Belarus had signed agreements and memorandums of understanding in the areas of combating international organized crime, illegal drug trafficking and international terrorism with Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Turkey and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "5. Act No. 426-3 of 19 July 2000, on measures to prevent the legalization of criminally obtained proceeds and the financing of terrorist activities, was amended by Act No. 132-3 of 14 June 2010, providing for a system of measures to prevent the legalization of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism in Belarus.", "6. The Department of Financial Oversight under the Belarusian State Monitoring Committee, established in 2003, is empowered to prevent the legalization of the proceeds of crime and the financing of terrorism. The Department had concluded agreements on the exchange of information on money-laundering and the financing of terrorism at the inter-agency level with the financial intelligence units of Afghanistan, Armenia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Ukraine.", "7. Burundi reported that it was party to five universal and two regional counter-terrorism instruments.", "8. Burundi had signed agreements on extradition and judicial cooperation with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and the United Republic of Tanzania. An agreement regulating cooperation with Uganda in the areas of judicial police and prisons was also in force.", "9. The new Penal Code of Burundi devotes an entire chapter to acts of terrorism and bioterrorism and provides for severe penalties ranging from 10 years to life imprisonment.", "10. Kuwait reported that it was party to nine international and four regional counter-terrorism instruments.", "11. Kuwait had adopted the necessary legislation to protect border areas and ensure complete control over vulnerable stretches of land and sea. A draft anti-money-laundering law was currently before its Parliament and it had also prepared a draft law on counter-terrorism, which, after consideration by a committee of experts, would be tabled before Parliament.", "12. Under the auspices of its Central Bank, a National Committee to Combat Money-Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism had been established to design strategies and develop public policy on combating money-laundering and the financing of terrorism. It prepares draft decisions and implementing regulations and transmits them to relevant parties for promulgation.", "13. Kuwait had also enhanced its cooperation with States with which it had signed security agreements, to pre-empt potential threats. It had also strengthened its cooperation with the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) in analysing the latest data regarding suspects in terrorism cases affecting any Member State, and its authorities were connected to databases of stolen passports, stolen cars and DNA of suspects and persons wanted for terrorist offences.", "14. Lithuania reported that it was party to 13 universal counter-terrorism instruments, as well as to the European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism. It had also concluded bilateral agreements concerning cooperation, in combating terrorism and other crimes, with countries referred to in paragraph 48 of the 2009 report of the Secretary-General on measures to eliminate international terrorism (A/64/161). It also provided information on legislation referred to in paragraph 49 of that report.", "15. It stated that there had been no incidents caused by international terrorism. It also reiterated the information on pretrial investigations and sentencing contained in paragraph 52 of the 2010 report of the Secretary-General on measures to eliminate international terrorism (A/65/175). With respect to the criminal proceedings referred to in paragraph 50 of A/64/161, one person was on trial and the extradition process was ongoing in respect of two others.", "16. The competent authorities in Tajikistan were cooperating with the competent authorities of other States to counter terrorism in the framework of multilateral regulatory and legal instruments, particularly in the context of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and CIS, addressing such issues as: strengthening cooperation among the competent authorities to counter terrorism and other violent manifestations of extremism; developing a regulatory and legal framework for cooperation; enhancing and harmonizing national legislation; organizing coordinated joint preventive tracking activities and special operations; cooperation with international organizations; analysis, information and methodological research in connection with counter-terrorism; and cooperation to train and provide continuing education for staff of the competent authorities.", "17. Ukraine submitted the list of 13 universal and 5 regional counter-terrorism instruments to which it was a party. It also submitted the list of 39 bilateral agreements, protocols and memorandums of understanding that it had signed with other States in the field of counter-terrorism.", "18. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela was party to seven universal and two regional counter-terrorism instruments. It was examining the possibility of becoming a party to the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism. As a party to the Chemical Weapons Convention and in line with Security Council resolution 1540 (2004), it had prepared a bill aimed at preventing the acquisition of weapons of mass destruction by terrorist groups, which would soon be submitted to its National Assembly for discussion and approval. Its National Assembly was also debating a draft law on firearms and explosives, which would replace the current legislation on the subject, passed in 1939.", "19. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela had continued its efforts to strengthen its Comprehensive National Security Plan (2008), in respect of measures to be applied to nuclear safety, nuclear physical security and waste management. The law approving the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident was passed on 10 July 2009.", "20. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela reiterated its request for the extradition of Luis Posada Carriles from the United States of America, for his responsibility in planning the bombing of a Cubana de Aviación flight in October 1976." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 109 of the provisional agenda*", "∗ A/63/250.", "Measures to eliminate international terrorism", "Measures to eliminate international terrorism", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "Belarus noted that it had acceded to 13 global counter-terrorism instruments and had established appropriate laws, regulations, programmes, action plans and frameworks for their implementation at all levels.", "Belarus reported that it cooperated actively with the States members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in counter-terrorism operations. Six counter-terrorism instruments were drafted under the auspices of the CIS. Counter-terrorism centres have been established to coordinate the activities of CIS member States in the area of counter-terrorism. The National Security Committee of Belarus has long-term cooperation with the Centre.", "On 10 December 2010, the Council of Heads of State of CIS approved a new programme for cooperation in combating extremism in the form of terrorism and other forms of violence in the period 2011-2013 and a new joint inter-State measures against crime.", "Belarus signed agreements and memorandums of understanding with Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Turkey and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in the field of combating international organized crime, illicit trafficking in drugs and international terrorism.", "Act No. 426-3 of 19 July 2000 on measures to prevent the legalization of proceeds of crime and the financing of terrorism have been amended by Act No. 132-3 of 14 June 2010, providing for a system of measures to prevent the legalization and financing of terrorism in Belarus.", "The Financial Monitoring Division, established in 2003, under the National Monitoring Committee of Belarus, was mandated to prevent the legalization of proceeds of crime and the financing of terrorism. At the inter-agency level, the Division concluded an agreement on the exchange of information on money-laundering and financing of terrorism with financial intelligence units in Afghanistan, Armenia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Ukraine.", "Burundi reported that it had acceded to five global counter-terrorism instruments and two regional counter-terrorism instruments.", "Burundi has signed agreements with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and the United Republic of Tanzania on extradition and judicial cooperation. Agreements relating to cooperation with Uganda in the areas of justice police and prisons have also entered into force.", "The new criminal code in Burundi specifically provides for terrorist and biological terrorism and imposes severe penalties ranging from 10 years to life imprisonment.", "Kuwait reported that it had acceded to nine international counter-terrorism instruments and four regional counter-terrorism instruments.", "Kuwait has adopted the necessary legislation to protect the wider region and ensure full control over large-scale fragile land and oceans. It had submitted draft anti-money-laundering legislation to Parliament and had drafted a draft law on counter-terrorism. The draft will be submitted to Parliament after consideration by a Committee of Experts.", "The National Committee for Countering Money-Laundering and Financing of Terrorism was established under the auspices of the Central Bank of Kuwait to prepare strategies and public policies on countering money-laundering and financing of terrorism. It is proposed that the draft decision and the regulations be forwarded to the relevant parties for enactment.", "Kuwait has also strengthened its cooperation with States that have signed security agreements to advance the elimination of potential threats. It also cooperates with the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) to analyse the latest data on suspects affecting terrorist cases in any Member State. The Kuwaiti authorities also have access to the DNA database of stolen passports, stolen vehicles, suspected terrorists and wanted offenders.", "Lithuania reported that it acceded to 13 global counter-terrorism instruments and the European Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism. It also concluded bilateral agreements with the States referred to in paragraph 48 of the 2009 report of the Secretary-General on measures to eliminate international terrorism (A/64/161). It also provided information on the laws described in paragraph 49 of the report.", "Lithuania indicated that there were no incidents arising from international terrorism. It also provided information on pretrial investigations and sentences contained in paragraph 52 of the report of the Secretary-General on measures to eliminate international terrorism (A/65/175). In relation to criminal proceedings referred to in paragraph 50 of A/64/161, one is being tried and two others are being extradited.", "The competent authorities of Tajikistan, in cooperation with the competent authorities of other States, deal with the following issues in the framework of multilateral regulatory and legal instruments, in particular in the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the regulatory and legal instruments of the CIS: strengthening cooperation between the competent authorities, combating terrorism and other forms of violence; developing a regulatory and legal framework to promote cooperation; strengthening and coordinating national legislation; coordinating joint preventive follow-up activities and special actions; cooperation with international organizations; conducting research, information and methodological studies on counter-terrorism-terrorism-related issues; cooperation, training of staff of the competent authorities and providing continuous education.", "Ukraine submitted its list of 13 global counter-terrorism instruments to which it is a party and five regional counter-terrorism instruments. It also submitted a list of 39 bilateral agreements, protocols and memorandums of understanding signed with other States in the area of counter-terrorism.", "The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela has acceded to seven global counter-terrorism instruments and two regional counter-terrorism instruments. It is studying the possibility of acceding to the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism. As a party to the Chemical Weapons Convention and in accordance with Security Council resolution 1540 (2004), Venezuela has developed a bill aimed at preventing terrorist groups from acquiring weapons of mass destruction, which will be discussed and approved shortly before its National Assembly. The National Assembly also debated that the draft law on firearms and explosives would replace the existing legislation on the subject adopted in 1939.", "The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela continued its efforts to strengthen its comprehensive national security plan on nuclear safety, verification and waste management measures (2008). The law approving the Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident Convention was adopted on 10 July 2009.", "The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela reiterates its request for the extradition of Luiz Posada Carriellos from the United States of America, which is responsible for the planned bombing of Cuban airline flights in October 1976." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目75", "国际刑事法院的报告", "国际刑事法院的报告", "秘书长的说明", "兹根据《联合国和国际刑事法院间关系协定》第6条和大会第65/12号决议第17段，向大会提交国际刑事法院2010/11年度活动报告。", "国际刑事法院提交联合国的2010/11年度报告", "摘要", "本报告所述期间为2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日，是国际刑事法院(下称“法院”)向联合国提交的第七次年度报告。报告涵盖法院活动的主要发展和涉及法院与联合国关系的其他发展。", "在本报告所述期间，法院取得了重大进展。又有5个国家加入或批准《国际刑事法院罗马规约》，使缔约国总数达到116个。法院开始审理第三个案件，司法活动达到新高度。法院第一个案件呈递证据阶段已经结束，预计最迟将在今年年底作出判决。", "在安全理事会一致决定将阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势送交法院后，检察官已着手进行第六项调查。法院受理诉讼程序涉及的总人数从15人增至25人，又有7人接到逮捕令或出庭传票，到法院出庭。", "在本报告所述期间，联合国继续向法院提供重要支持和协助。法院与各国家、联合国以及区域和政府间组织密切互动，加强国际合作，打击灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪和战争罪等罪行不受惩罚的现象。", "国际社会日益重视法院的工作和《罗马规约》的重要性，但依然存在巨大挑战。共有11名犯罪嫌疑人的逮捕令仍然未执行，各国必须合作，将这些人绳之以法，这是法院有效执行任务的关键条件。与此同时，法院处理的案件越来越多，安全理事会又送来新案件，法院在可用资源方面感到吃紧。", "法院继续审理七个局势，其中科特迪瓦局势仍在等待预审分庭授权展开调查。乌干达、刚果民主共和国和中非共和国的局势是这些国家自行送交法院的，苏丹达尔富尔和阿拉伯利比亚民众国的局势是联合国安全理事会送交法院的。关于上述每个局势，检察官都确定有合理根据展开调查。在检察官提出请求后，第三预审分庭授权对肯尼亚局势展开调查。", "关于乌干达局势，有一个案件，即检察官诉约瑟夫·科尼、文森特·奥蒂、奥科特·奥齐阿姆布和多米尼克·翁古文案，自2005年7月以来，其四个逮捕令一直未执行。", "关于刚果民主共和国局势，有4个案件，其中2个在审判阶段。关于检察官诉托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛案，呈递证据阶段已结束，预计最迟将于今年年底作出判决。关于检察官诉热尔曼·加丹加和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊案，检方已于2010年12月完成起诉，第一名被告于2011年3月21日开始陈述案情。关于检察官诉卡利克斯特·姆巴鲁希马纳案，在本报告所述期间发出了逮捕令，犯罪嫌疑人已被逮捕。该案现在处于预审阶段。关于检察官诉博斯科·恩塔甘达案，自2006年8月以来，其逮捕令一直未执行。", "关于中非共和国局势，有一个案件，即检察官诉让-皮埃尔·本巴·贡博案。审判于2010年11月22日开始进行，检方呈递了证据。", "关于苏丹达尔富尔局势，有3个正在审理的案件。关于检察官诉阿卜杜拉·班达·阿巴卡尔·努宁和萨利赫·穆罕默德·杰宝·贾穆斯案，2011年3月7日，第一预审分庭确认了与攻击非洲联盟特派团行动相关的战争罪指控，将案件发送审判。关于检察官诉艾哈迈德·穆罕默德·哈伦和阿里·穆罕默德·阿里·阿卜杜勒-拉赫曼案和检察官诉奥马尔·哈桑·艾哈迈德·巴希尔案，逮捕令仍未执行。", "根据安全理事会第1593(2005)号决议的规定，检察官分别于2010年12月9日和2011年6月8日向安理会提出了关于达尔富尔局势调查现状的第十二次和第十三次报告，特别指出：苏丹政府不合作，指控的罪行仍在当地发生以及必须执行仍未执行的逮捕令。", "关于肯尼亚局势，有2个正在处理的案件处于预审阶段：检察官诉威廉·萨莫埃·鲁托、亨利·基普洛诺·科斯盖和乔舒亚·阿拉普·桑和检察官诉弗朗西斯·基里米·穆萨乌拉、乌呼鲁·穆伊盖·肯雅塔和穆罕默德·侯赛因·阿里。所有六个嫌疑人都接到出庭传票，并于2011年4月到第二预审分庭出庭，已订于2011年9月举行确认指控的听讯。", "关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势，有一个正在处理的案件：检察官诉穆阿迈尔·穆罕默德·阿布·米尼亚尔·卡扎菲、赛义夫·伊斯兰·卡扎菲和阿卜杜拉·赛努西。2011年6月27日，第一预审分庭以2011年2月15日以来的危害人类罪指控，对三名犯罪嫌疑人发出逮捕令。根据安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议的规定，检察官于2011年5月4日提出了关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势调查现状的第一次报告。", "在本报告所述期间，除六项调查外，检察官办公室还对阿富汗、哥伦比亚、科特迪瓦、格鲁吉亚、几内亚、洪都拉斯、尼日利亚、大韩民国和巴勒斯坦进行了初步审查。在本报告所述期间，检察官请求预审分庭授权，针对关于2010年11月28日以来科特迪瓦境内所犯罪行的指控展开调查。截至提交本报告之时，预审分庭尚未对该请求作出决定。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 6\n2.司法诉讼 6\nA.检察官诉托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛(刚果民主共和国局势) 7\nB.检察官诉热尔曼·加丹加和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊(刚果民主共和国局势) 7\nC.检察官诉卡利克斯特·姆巴鲁希马纳(刚果民主共和国局势) 8\nD.检察官诉让-皮埃尔·本巴·贡博(中非共和国局势) 8\nE.检察官诉奥马尔·哈桑·艾哈迈德·巴希尔(苏丹达尔富尔局势) 9F.检察官诉阿卜杜拉·班达·阿巴卡尔·努宁和萨利赫·穆罕默德·杰宝·贾穆斯 9 \n(苏丹达尔富尔局势) G.检察官诉威廉·萨莫埃·鲁托、亨利·基普洛诺·科斯盖和乔舒亚·阿拉普·桑 10 \n(肯尼亚局势) H.检察官诉弗朗西斯·基里米·穆萨乌拉、乌呼鲁·穆伊盖·肯雅塔和穆罕默 10 \n德·侯赛因·阿里(肯尼亚局势) I.检察官诉穆阿迈尔·穆罕默德·阿布·米尼亚尔·卡扎菲、赛义夫·伊斯兰·卡 11 \n扎菲和阿卜杜拉·赛努西(阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势) \nJ.尚未执行的逮 11\n3.调查和初步审查 12\nA.调查 12\n1.刚果民主共和国局势 12\n2.乌干达局势 12\n3.中非共和国局势 13\n4.苏丹达尔富尔局势 13\n5.肯尼亚局势 14\n6.阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势 14\nB.初步审查 14\n1.阿富汗 15\n2.哥伦比亚 15\n3.科特迪瓦 15\n4.格鲁吉亚 16\n5.几内亚 16\n6.洪都拉斯 16\n7.大韩民国 16\n8.尼日利亚 17\n9.巴勒斯坦 17\n4.国际合作 17\nA.同联合国的合作 17\nB.同各国、其他国际组织及民间社会的合作以及它们提供的协助 19\n5.体制发展 21\nA.选举和任命 21\nB.协助塞拉利昂问题特别法庭 22\n6.结论 22", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告所述期间为2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日，是国际刑事法院根据《联合国和国际刑事法院间关系协定》[1] 第6条向联合国提交的第七次年度报告。报告叙述法院向联合国提交第六次报告(A/65/313)以来法院活动的主要发展以及有关法院与联合国关系的其他发展。", "2. 法院是根据1998年7月17日通过并于2002年7月1日生效的一项国际条约即《国际刑事法院罗马规约》[2] 成立的。在本报告所述期间，格林纳达、摩尔多瓦共和国、圣卢西亚、塞舌尔和突尼斯等国交存了批准书或加入书，因此，批准或加入《罗马规约》的国家已达116个，其中包括32个非洲国家、15个亚洲国家、18个东欧国家、26个拉丁美洲和加勒比国家以及25个西欧和其他国家。除这些缔约国外，还有34个国家签署但尚未批准《罗马规约》。", "3. 法院是独立的司法机构，负责对涉嫌犯有国际关切的最严重罪行的个人开展调查和进行审判，这些罪行是灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪和战争罪。", "4. 《罗马规约》规定，法院诉讼程序公平、公正并充分尊重被告人权利。《罗马规约》的创新之处在于受害人即使未作为证人传唤，也可以参加诉讼。", "5. 法院在行使职能时，依靠各国、国际组织和民间社会按照《罗马规约》和法院缔结的国际协定给予合作。法院要求各国合作的领域包括初步审查、调查、逮捕和交出被告人、追踪和冻结资产、保护受害人和证人、暂时释放、执行判决以及执行法院的裁定和命令。", "6. 法院独立于联合国，但又在历史、法律和业务方面与联合国有着密切的联系。《罗马规约》有关条款和《联合国和国际刑事法院间关系协定》以及其他辅助协定管理法院与联合国之间的关系。", "二. 司法诉讼", "7. 在本报告所述期间，法院继续审理已开审的乌干达、刚果民主共和国、中非共和国、苏丹达尔富尔和肯尼亚等五地的局势。", "8. 2011年3月，检察官展开第六项调查，即调查安全理事会在2011年2月26日通过的第1970(2011)号决议中一致决定送交法院的阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势。检察官还要求预审分庭授权展开第七项调查，即调查科特迪瓦局势。", "9. 关于这六项调查，现在已经针对每一项进行司法诉讼，建立了13个案件，涉及26人，他们被指控犯下了属于法院管辖范围的罪行。这26人中，1人被正式宣告死亡，对其提出的诉讼已终止。下文详细介绍在本报告所述期间有司法发展的各案件。", "A. 检察官诉托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛(刚果民主共和国局势)", "10. 据称，托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛是刚果爱国者联盟领导人，其军事部门解放刚果爱国力量总司令。他被控在刚果民主共和国犯下战争罪，具体而言，他被指控招募、征召和使用未满15岁的儿童积极参与敌对行动。", "11. 迪伊洛先生一案于2009年1月26日在第一审判分庭开始审理。检方在2009年1月26日至7月14日期间传唤了29名证人。2010年，检方又传唤或再传唤了其他证人，回应辩方提出的滥用法律程序指控。在2010年1月27日至2011年4月18日期间，辩方陈述案情。在此期间，共开庭68天，辩方提出133项物证，传唤24名证人作证。共118名受害人通过法律代表参与了卢班加案的诉讼。三名获得授权参与诉讼的受害人于2010年1月在审判分庭作证。", "12. 2010年10月8日，上诉分庭推翻审判分庭关于搁置诉讼和释放被告的决定。在此之前，审判分庭因检方在实质上不遵其命令而下令搁置诉讼，并下令无限制和无条件释放托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛，但对其命令可以上诉，而且其命令须受上诉分庭2010年7月15日将发出的停止执行命令的约束。上诉庭推翻审判分庭的决定，裁定审判分庭在命令搁置诉讼之前，应先根据《规约》第71条实施制裁，促使检方遵守其命令。", "13. 2011年2月23日，第一审判分庭驳回辩方搁置诉讼的申请，裁定该申请滥用法律程序。审判于2011年3月21日恢复。", "14. 2011年5月20日，第一审判分庭下令结束呈证阶段。检方和辩方分别于6月1日和7月15日提交结辩要点。各当事方和参与方将在2011年8月25和26日举行的公开审讯上提出最后口头陈述。", "B. 检察官诉热尔曼·加丹加和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊(刚果民主共和国局势)", "15. 热尔曼·加丹加先生和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊先生是在刚果民主共和国伊图里地区积极活动的武装团体两个前领导人。据称，加丹加先生指挥伊图里爱国抵抗力量，并已被任命为刚果民主共和国武装部队准将；据称，恩乔洛先生是民族主义与融合主义者阵线前领导人，也是刚果民主共和国武装部队中校。他们两人都被控7项战争罪(任意杀人、利用儿童积极参与敌对行动、性奴役、强奸、袭击平民，掠夺和破坏敌方财产)以及三项危害人类罪(谋杀、性奴役和强奸)。据称，所犯罪行与2003年2月24日博戈罗村被袭有关。", "16. 加丹加先生和恩乔洛先生的案子于2009年11月24日在第二审判分庭开庭。2010年12月8日，检方完成呈递该案活证据的工作。检方在陈述案情过程中呈递了270件证据，并传唤24名证人出庭作证，其中包括2名专家证人。", "17. 第一名被告加丹加先生在2011年3月24日至2011年7月12日期间陈述案情，并传唤17名证人出庭作证，其中3人是与第二名被告恩乔洛先生共同传唤的证人。加丹加先生辩护律师共呈递150项证据，恩乔洛先生辩护律师共呈递59项证据。恩乔洛先生的辩护律师定于2011年8月15日开始进行辩护。共有366名受害人通过法律代表参与该案，其中两人在审讯中作证。", "C. 检察官诉卡利克斯特·姆巴鲁希马纳(刚果民主共和国局势)", "18. 据称，卡利克斯特·姆巴鲁希马纳是解放卢旺达民主力量(卢民主力量)执行秘书。2010年9月28日，第一预审分庭发出逮捕令，裁定有合理根据相信，他本人有意识地促成了卢民主力量领导阶层的一项共同计划，即在为卢民主力量攫取政治力量的国际行动中，发起一项针对南北基伍省平民的攻势，以获得政治上的让步。", "19. 2010年10月11日，姆巴鲁希马纳先生被法国当局逮捕后，逮捕证启封。2011年1月25日，他被转送到设在海牙的法院羁留中心，并于2011年1月28日初次在法院出庭。鉴于审查在犯罪嫌疑人住所获得的电子设备时遇到技术困难，因而出现延误，根据检方要求，原定于2011年7月4日举行的确认控罪听讯被推迟。", "20. 2010年7月15日，检方提交指控文件和证据目录。指控包含13项战争罪和危害人类罪，据称这些罪行是2009年1月20日至12月31日期间在南北基伍省和刚果民主共和国东部犯下的。检方指称，姆巴鲁希马纳先生应对卢民主力量领导阶层的共同目的负责任，这个共同目的是，在南北基伍采取各种犯罪行动，制造“人道主义灾难”，促使卢旺达和刚果民主共和国两国政府放弃对该集团的军事行动，并在卢旺达攫取政治力量。", "D. 检察官诉让-皮埃尔·本巴·贡博(中非共和国局势)", "21. 让-皮埃尔·本巴·贡博是刚果解放运动前主席兼总司令。据称，在2002年10月26日至2003年3月15日的非国际性武装冲突期间，他在中非共和国各地犯下了各种罪行。第三预审分庭于2009年6月15日确认对本巴先生的指控。根据《罗马规约》第28条(指挥官和其他上级的责任)，他作为一名军事指挥官被控三项战争罪(谋杀、强奸和掠夺)以及两项危害人类罪(谋杀和强奸)。", "22. 2010年10月19日，上诉分庭针对本巴先生对第三审判分庭2010年6月24日所作题为“关于可受理性和滥用法律程序质疑的裁决”提出的上诉作出判决。上诉分庭确认受到质疑的裁决，裁定，根据《规约》第17条第1款b项，当有人向审判分庭提出国内司法诉讼结果是否等同于裁决不进行起诉的问题时，审判分庭应初步接受国内法院裁决的有效性和实效，除非有令人信服的证据表明不得接受这些裁决。", "23. 本巴先生的审判于2010年11月22日在第三审判分庭开庭。迄今为止，1 619名受害人已获准通过法律代表参与审判程序。截至2011年7月31日，检方传唤了计划传唤40证人中的25人。", "E. 检察官诉奥马尔·哈桑·艾哈迈德·巴希尔(苏丹达尔富尔局势)", "24. 2009年3月4日，第一预审分庭对苏丹现任总统奥马尔·哈桑·艾哈迈德·巴希尔发出第一个逮捕令，他被指控5项危害人类罪(谋杀、灭绝、强迫转移、酷刑和强奸)和2项战争罪(攻击平民和抢劫)。 2010年7月12日，第一预审分庭对巴希尔先生发出第二个逮捕令，对他又提出3项灭绝种族罪指控。已向所有缔约国、苏丹当局和不是《罗马规约》缔约国的所有安全理事会成员国通报这两项逮捕令。", "25. 2010年8月27日，第一预审分庭作出两项决定，向安全理事会和《罗马规约》缔约国大会通报巴希尔先生对肯尼亚和乍得的访问，以便他们采取他们可能认为适当的任何行动。2011年5月12日，第一预审分庭针对巴希尔先生对吉布提的访问作出了类似决定。第一预审分庭在上述决定中指出，根据安全理事会第1593(2005)号决议和肯尼亚、乍得和吉布提都已加入为缔约国的《罗马规约》第87条的规定，这些国家有义务与法院合作。", "26. 巴希尔先生仍未归案。共12名受害人获准通过法律代表参与该案诉讼。", "F. 检察官诉阿卜杜拉·班达·阿巴卡尔·努宁和萨利赫·穆罕默德·杰宝·贾穆斯(苏丹达尔富尔局势)", "27. 阿卜杜拉·班达·阿巴卡尔·努宁据称是正义与平等运动总司令，穆罕默德·杰宝·贾穆斯据称是苏丹解放军——统一派前参谋长。2009年8月，第一预审分庭向班达先生和杰宝先生发出出庭传票。", "28. 2010年12月8日，第一预审分庭举行确认指控听讯。2011年3月7日，第一预审分庭针对2007年9月29日攻击苏丹北部一个非洲联盟特派团——非洲联盟驻苏丹特派团(非苏特派团)——维和人员的行动，确认对指称的苏丹达尔富尔局势叛军领导人的3项战争罪指控(暴力危害生命、故意下令攻击维持和平特派团和掠夺)。", "29. 2011年3月16日，法院院长将该案送交新组建的第四审判分庭。2011年5月16日，当事各方提出一项联合呈件，表示被告在审讯中将仅对某些特定问题进行抗辩：", "(a) 2007年9月29日对哈斯卡尼塔军事团伙地点的攻击是否非法；", "(b) 如果攻击被视为非法，那么，被告人对确定攻击行为非法性质的实际情况是否知情；", "(c) 非苏特派团是否属于符合《联合国宪章》定义的维持和平特派团。", "30. 当事各方达成协议，将审判焦点仅仅放在各方有争议的问题上，这可以明显缩短审判程序，从而促进提高审判效率和成本效益，与此同时，还能够维护受害人参与诉讼的权利，保护被告受到公平和迅速审判的权利。", "31. 截至2011年5月31日，共有89名受害人获准通过法律代表参与诉讼。将在适当的时候确定开审日期。", "G. 检察官诉威廉·萨莫埃·鲁托、亨利·基普洛诺·科斯盖和乔舒亚·阿拉普·桑(肯尼亚局势)", "32. 2011年3月8日，第二预审分庭对下列人员发出出庭传票：被停职的高等教育、科学和技术部长威廉·萨莫埃·鲁托、国会议员兼“橙色民主运动”主席亨利·基普洛诺·科斯盖和内罗毕卡斯调频广播电台业务负责人乔舒亚·阿拉普·桑，他们涉嫌在2007和2008年选举后暴力行动中，犯下了危害人类罪。据称，所有三名被告都是“橙色民主运动”成员，该运动是肯尼亚执政联盟的两个政党之一。", "33. 2011年4月7日，三名犯罪嫌疑人主动到第二预审分庭出庭。第二预审分庭定于2011年9月1日举行确认指控的听讯，届时，第二预审分庭将审议三项危害人类罪(谋杀、强行迁移居民和迫害)指控。", "34. 2011年3月31日，肯尼亚政府根据《罗马规约》第19条提出申请，对法院是否可受理该案提出质疑。2011年5月30日，第二预审分庭驳回该申请，认为该申请未提供具体证据，证明该国正在对法院诉讼程序受理的人士进行法律诉讼。上诉分庭尚未对肯尼亚政府对该裁决提出的上诉作出裁决。", "H. 检察官诉弗朗西斯·基里米·穆萨乌拉、乌呼鲁·穆伊盖·肯雅塔和穆罕默德·侯赛因·阿里(肯尼亚局势)", "35. 2011年3月8日，第二预审分庭对下列人员发出出庭传票：公务员局局长兼内阁秘书弗朗西斯·基里米·穆萨乌拉、副总理兼部长财政乌呼鲁·穆伊盖·肯雅塔和邮政公司执行长穆罕默德·侯赛因·阿里，他们涉嫌在2007和2008年选举后暴力行动中犯下了危害人类罪。据称，所有三名被告都是民族团结党成员，该党是肯尼亚执政联盟的两个政党之一。", "36. 2011年4月8日，三名犯罪嫌疑人主动到第二预审分庭出庭。第二预审分庭定于2011年9月21日举行确认指控的听讯，届时，第二预审分庭将审议五项危害人类罪(谋杀，强行迁移居民、强奸、迫害和其他不人道行为)指控。", "37. 2011年3月31日，肯尼亚政府根据《罗马规约》第19条提出申请，对法院是否可受理该案提出质疑。2011年5月30日，第二预审分庭驳回该申请，认为该申请未提供具体证据，证明该国正在对法院诉讼程序受理的人士进行法律诉讼。", "I. 检察官诉穆阿迈尔·穆罕默德·阿布·米尼亚尔·卡扎菲、赛义夫·伊斯兰·卡扎菲和阿卜杜拉·赛努西(阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势)", "38. 2011年6月27日，第一预审分庭对下列人员发出逮捕令：利比亚领导人穆阿迈尔·穆罕默德·阿布·米尼亚尔·卡扎菲、他的儿子、利比亚政府发言人赛义夫·伊斯兰·卡扎菲和军事情报局局长阿卜杜拉·赛努西，对他们提出两项危害人类罪(谋杀和迫害)指控，据称这些罪行发生在2011年2月15日之后。第一预审分庭裁定，有合理根据认为，穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲与其核心圈子协调，构思和策划了一项计划，要不惜一切手段，防止和平息平民反对该政权的示威行动。安全理事会在2011年2月26日通过的第1970(2011)号决议中将阿拉伯利比亚民众国的局势送交检察官，检察官根据该决议，于2011年3月3日对该局势展开调查，逮捕令是在调查开始后发出的。", "J. 尚未执行的逮", "39. 在提交本报告时，有12个逮捕令尚未执行：", "(a) 乌干达局势：约瑟夫·科尼先生、文森特·奥蒂先生、奥科特·奥齐阿姆布先生和多米尼克·翁古文先生。这些逮捕令自2005年以来一直未执行；", "(b) 刚果民主共和国局势：博斯科·恩塔甘达先生。这一逮捕令自2006年以来一直未执行；", "(c) 苏丹达尔富尔局势：艾哈迈德·哈伦先生和阿里·库沙卜先生，他们的逮捕令自2007年以来一直未执行；巴希尔先生有两个逮捕令，分别自2009年和2010年以来一直未执行；", "(d) 阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势：穆阿迈尔·穆罕默德·阿布·米尼亚尔·卡扎菲、赛义夫·伊斯兰·卡扎菲和阿卜杜拉·赛努西，他们的逮捕令自2011年6月27日以来一直未执行。", "40. 法院已发出逮捕和交出这些人的合作请求，并通知了有关国家。凡是缔约国和有法律义务与法院合作的其他国家都必须答应这些请求。关于苏丹达尔富尔局势和阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势，根据安全理事会第1593(2005)号和第1970(2011)号决议，包括两国在内的所有当事方都有义务同法院和检察官充分合作。", "三. 调查和初步审查", "A. 调查", "1. 刚果民主共和国局势", "检察官诉托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛案和检察官诉热尔曼·加丹加和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊案", "41. 在2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间，检方对5个国家进行了16次访问，主要是争取对审案的支持，并反驳辩方在检察官诉托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛案和检察官诉热尔曼·加丹加和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊案中提出的论点。", "南北基伍省案件", "42. 在2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间，检察官办公室派人到10个国家进行了34次访问，以便在刚果民主共和国进行第三次调查，重点是卢民主力量民兵在南北基伍省所犯罪行，调查促进逮捕和收押了卡利克斯特·姆巴鲁希马纳，为筹备即将举行的确认指控听讯提供了支持。", "43. 据称，卢民主力量民兵在刚果民主共和国东部南北基伍省犯下了各种罪行，对这些罪行进行调查和起诉是《罗马规约》系统互补性最成功的例子之一。卢民主力量部分领导机关设在欧洲。卡利克斯特·姆巴鲁希马纳据称是民兵执行秘书，他人在法国。他被法国当局逮捕并送交法院。伊尼亚斯·穆尔瓦纳什亚卡和斯塔顿·穆索尼分别担任卢民主力量主席和副主席，他们于2009年11月17日被德国当局逮捕，根据《德国关于违反国际法罪行的法典》，他们在德国面临战争罪和危害人类罪审判。", "44. 德国、卢旺达、刚果民主共和国、法国和检察官办公室对据称在南北基伍省所犯罪行和特别是卢民主力量的活动进行了两年多的调查，对卢民主力量领导人的起诉是这些调查的结果。", "45. 检察官办公室仍在调查据称在南北基伍省犯下的罪行，包括继续调查卢民主力量其他领导人。", "46. 检察官办公室执行积极互补政策，积极鼓励各国切实进行法律诉讼，在执行这项政策过程中，检察官办公室分别于2010年10月和2011年2月为北基伍省和南基伍省调查战争罪和危害人类罪的刚果司法当局人员进行了培训。", "2. 乌干达局势", "47. 检察官办公室继续收集关于上帝抵抗军(上帝军)涉嫌犯下的罪行的资料，促进采取行动，执行对上帝军最高层领导人发出的逮捕令，在这个过程中，该办公室针对乌干达局势，派出了三个代表团，访问了三个国家。该办公室收集了许多关于上帝军涉嫌在约瑟夫·科尼领导下犯下的罪行的资料。收到的资料显示，上帝军一年四季持续犯罪，在刚果民主共和国、苏丹南方和中非共和国大肆进行杀戮和绑架。据报道，自2008年初以来，仅在刚果民主共和国一地，上帝军就杀害2 000多人，绑架2 500多人，致使30多万人流离失所。在同一时期里，在苏丹南方和中非共和国，12万多人流离失所，至少450人被杀害，800多人被绑架。", "48. 检察官办公室还继续收集和分析有关乌干达人民国防军涉嫌犯下的罪行的资料。该办公室继续鼓励乌干达当局对冲突双方进行法律诉讼。", "49. 检察官办公室执行积极互补政策，协助乌干达当局调查和起诉个人。该国当局准备在高等法院新设立的国际罪行司审判第一个国内战争罪案件，对一个据称为上帝军中级军官的人提出指控，在该国当局准备案件期间，检察官办公室与该其分享了经验教训和最佳做法，包括关于保护和支持证人和处理证据的经验教训和最佳做法。关于乌干达高等法院选择审理的案件，该办公室曾进行过调查，从乌干达当局那里得到了原始材料，该办公室提供了这些材料的可检索版本、翻译版本和记录誊本。该办公室得到乌干达当局的正式承诺，将以符合国际公认人权标准的方式，在法律诉讼中使用检察官办公室与其分享的任何信息。", "3. 中非共和国局势", "50. 检察官办公室继续调查中非共和国局势，在2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间，对5个国家共进行了14次访问，其目的包括查验证人，追踪调查收到的新信息。", "4. 苏丹达尔富尔局势", "51. 在2010年8月1日至2011年7月30日期间，检察官办公室派人到9个国家进行了16次访问，以调查达尔富尔局势。", "52. 按照安全理事会第1593(2005)号决议，检察官分别于2010年12月10日和2011年6月8日向安全理事会提交了关于达尔富尔局势调查情况的第十二次和第十三次报告。", "53. 检察官在2010年12月10日通报情况时提请注意，预审分庭以三项灭绝种族罪指控，对巴希尔总统发出第二个逮捕令。他再次着重指出，苏丹政府不合作，该国也未对应对所犯罪行负责的人提出法律诉讼。", "54. 检察官在2011年6月8日通报情况时谈到了逮捕令尚未执行和罪行仍在发生的问题，检察官特别关切关键人物艾哈迈德·哈伦所扮演的角色。", "55. 检察官办公室继续监测和收集有关苏丹达尔富尔局势的资料。所收集的资料表明，危害人类罪、战争罪和灭绝种族罪仍在发生。", "5. 肯尼亚局势", "56. 在获得展开调查的授权后，在本报告所述期间，检察官办公室派人到14个国家进行了71次访问。", "57. 2010年12月15日，检察官针对六人提出了2项出庭传票申请。", "6. 阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势", "58. 在安全理事会一致决定将该局势送交法院后，检察官办公室对该局势进行了初步审查，进行了事实和法律分析。分析的问题包括管辖权、可受理性(互补性和严重性)和伸张正义，在分析之后，检察官办公室于2011年3月3日确定，对阿拉伯利比亚民众国展开调查的法定标准已经达到。", "59. 2011年5月4日，检察官向安全理事会通报情况，提交第一次报告，介绍其办公室调查工作取得的实质性和迅速进展，他在结束发言时说，他将在未来几周内寻求对三个人发出逮捕令，他们似乎应对2011年2月15日以来在阿拉伯利比亚民众国所犯危害人类罪行承担最大刑事责任。", "60. 此后，检察官于2011年5月16日要求第一预审分庭对利比亚领导人穆阿迈尔·穆罕默德·阿布·米尼亚尔·卡扎菲、他的儿子、利比亚政府发言人赛义夫·伊斯兰·卡扎菲和军事情报局局长阿卜杜拉·赛努西发出逮捕令。检察官在申请中提出证据，除证明三人举行会议，策划行动外，还证明根据穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲的命令，赛义夫·伊斯兰组织招募外国士兵，阿卜杜拉·赛努西参与攻击示威者的行动。", "61. 在本报告所述期间，检察官办公室派人对11个国家进行了28次访问，调查阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势。该办公室正在调查强奸、性暴力和对被视为持不同政见者的平民使用酷刑和采取不人道行动等其他危害人类罪行指控。该办公室还在调查对被误认为雇佣军的撒哈拉以南非洲人进行攻击的指控以及武装冲突各方在冲突期间所犯战争罪指控。", "B. 初步审查", "62. 检察官办公室继续主动监测有关可能属于法院司法管辖范围犯罪行为的信息，分析从各种渠道收到的来文。截至2011年6月30日，该办公室已收到与《罗马规约》第15条有关的9 253件来文，其中419件是在本报告所述期间收到的。", "63. 该办公室继续在阿富汗、哥伦比亚、格鲁吉亚、几内亚和巴勒斯坦进行初步审查。该办公室公开宣布，它已开始对洪都拉斯、尼日利亚和大韩民国等国局势展开初步审查。2011年6月23日，检察官请求预审分庭授权对科特迪瓦局势展开调查。", "1. 阿富汗", "64. 检察官办公室继续监测阿富汗局势，考虑所有信息，包括公开的信息。该办公室与该地区专家、民间社会组织和公职人员保持密切联系，参加了关于阿富汗问题的各种国际学术会议。", "65. 根据《罗马规约》的规定，该办公室评估是否已经在进行真正的调查和法律诉讼，以将应该对在阿富汗所犯最严重罪行承担最大责任的人绳之以法。这种分析涵盖的范围包括可能在嫌疑人国籍国或对在阿富汗所犯指称的罪行具有管辖权的任何其他国家进行的调查和法律诉讼。", "2. 哥伦比亚", "66. 哥伦比亚在批准《罗马规约》时(根据《罗马规约》第124条)宣布，七年内不接受法院对战争罪的管辖权。该七年期限于2009年11月1日结束。从此以后，检察官办公室可以调查和起诉战争罪。哥伦比亚国家刑事司法系统已作出努力，调查应对《罗马规约》管辖范围内罪行负责的人。", "67. 该办公室正在监测和分析关于该国各项调查和法律诉讼的资料，重点是涉及据称应对可能属于法院管辖范围的行为负责任的准军事团体和游击队领导人以及军队领导人的调查和诉讼。该办公室正在分析有关国际支持网络在哥伦比亚境内协助犯罪武装团体的指控。此外，该办公室还在监测准军政丑闻(parapolitica)案件。", "68. 该办公室已去信各国索取资料。在本报告所述期间，该办公室还在哥伦比亚和海牙会晤了来自政府、司法当局和非政府组织的哥伦比亚利益攸关方。", "69. 在2010年10月20日非政府组织双年度圆桌会议上，该办公室就哥伦比亚初步审查工作举行了一次关于互补性问题的会议，与会人员评论了哥伦比亚当局打击有罪不罚现象的行动，尤其是评论了根据《正义与和平法》进行的诉讼。", "70. 该办公室将继续审查哥伦比亚局势和该国进行的法律诉讼。在这方面，该办公室根据积极促进互补的做法，欢迎桑托斯总统努力争取国际社会进一步支持哥伦比亚进行的法律诉讼，努力促进合作，在2010年12月缔约国大会第九届会议期间对此作了解释。一直担任检察官办公室咨询人的西班牙籍巴尔塔萨·加尔松法官被任命为美洲国家组织支持哥伦比亚和平进程特派团顾问，这是落实积极互补性的一个例子，希望这项任命能够帮助哥伦比亚当局朝着积极的方向努力。", "3. 科特迪瓦", "71. 检察官办公室继续检测科特迪瓦局势，特别是2010年11月28日举行第二轮总统选举后出现的暴力行动。", "72. 2010年12月18日，法院收到由瓦塔拉总统签署的一项声明，确认科特迪瓦政府此前于2003年10月根据《规约》第12条第3款提交的声明，接受法院对2002年9月19日以后在该国境内所犯罪行的管辖权。", "73. 检察官已得出结论，《罗马规约》关于展开调查的法定标准已经达到。2011年6月23日，检察官请求预审分庭授权对2010年11月28日以来科特迪瓦境内所犯指控罪行展开调查。", "4. 格鲁吉亚", "74. 在本报告所述期间，检察官办公室继续追踪关于2008年8月格鲁吉亚冲突期间所犯罪行指控的调查。", "75. 2011年2月，检察官办公室一个代表团第二次访问俄罗斯联邦，听取了关于俄罗斯联邦调查委员会进行的本国调查最新进展情况的全面介绍。该办公室与格鲁吉亚当局保持定期接触。", "76. 该办公室与该区域非政府组织保持密切联系，接收这些组织提供的报告，参加与它们举行的会议。", "5. 几内亚", "77. 2009年10月14日，检察官宣布对几内亚局势进行初步审查，这次审查涉及的是与2009年9月28日在科纳克里发生的事件相关的指控。", "78. 该办公室派人两次访问几内亚，追踪几内亚法官对2009年事件进行的调查，并且为了执行该办公室的预防任务，还监测在选举期间是否发生了新的犯罪行为。该办公室会见了政府官员以及司法部门、民间社会和受害人及受害人协会的代表。", "6. 洪都拉斯", "79. 2010年11月18日，检察官宣布对洪都拉斯局势进行初步审查。该办公室正在分析，据称在2009年6月28日反塞拉亚总统政变后发生的侵犯人权行为是否构成法院管辖权范围内的罪行。该办公室收到了17件关于该局势的来文。洪都拉斯当局立即表示愿意合作。", "7. 大韩民国", "80. 2010年12月6日，检察官办公室宣布收到来文，其中指称朝鲜民主主义人民共和国部队在大韩民国境内犯下了战争罪。", "81. 对大韩民国局势的初步审查以两个事件为重点：(a) 2010年11月23日炮击延坪岛事件，该事件导致韩国海军陆战队员和平民死亡，致使许多其他人受伤；(b) 2010年3月26日，据称朝鲜民主主义人民共和国潜艇发射一枚鱼雷，击沉大韩民国天安号军舰，造成46人死亡。", "82. 该办公室一直在从相关来源搜寻更多的信息。初步审查包括分析标的物管辖权问题，因此，该办公室一直与韩国当局接触，以确定事实真相。", "8. 尼日利亚", "83. 2010年11月18日，检察官办公室宣布对尼日利亚局势进行审查。该办公室正在分析据称自2004年年中以来在尼日利亚中部所犯的罪行，并一直与尼日利亚当局进行建设性的接触。该办公室会晤了在“中间带”各州活动的尼日利亚和国际民间社会组织。该办公室已邀请尼日利亚司法当局与其分享关于现有法律事实的信息。", "9. 巴勒斯坦", "84. 巴勒斯坦民族权力机构2009年1月22日根据《罗马规约》第12条第3款发表声明，接受法院的管辖权，该办公室继续审查这项接受法院管辖权的声明是否符合法定要求。由于国际刑事法院是终审法院，检察官办公室还审查是否已有国家对指控罪行提出法律诉讼，这关系到该局势可能产生的案件是否可受理的问题。该办公室共收到400件关于巴勒斯坦境内所犯指控的罪行的来文。", "85. 关于是否已满足展开调查的法定要求，包括巴勒斯坦是否为《规约》第12条第3款所指的国家问题，巴勒斯坦民族权力机构要求给予它陈情权。该办公室认为，按照公平程序要求，巴勒斯坦民族权力机构和其他有关方面都应有陈情的机会。因此，该办公室确保了各方的适当法律程序。巴勒斯坦民族权力机构代表提出口头和书面意见，表达了其论点。不久将提出最后公开辩护状。[3]", "86. 该办公室还审查了各种公开报道，并为在2010年10月20日法院双年度圆桌会议期间在法院所在地提交呈件的各专家和非政府组织举办了一次互动讨论。", "87. 2011年7月，应联合国人权事务高级专员办事处请求，检察官办公室向其介绍了该办公室对巴勒斯坦声明所采取步骤的最新情况。", "88. 检察官会晤了各利益攸关方，包括巴勒斯坦民族权力机构、阿拉伯国家联盟秘书处以及若干巴勒斯坦和以色列非政府组织的代表，讨论法院的管辖权问题。", "四. 国际合作", "A. 同联合国的合作", "89. 法院与联合国合作的依据是两个组织2004年10月4日签署的《关系协定》。根据《关系协定》第10条，联合国向2010年12月6日至10日在纽约联合国总部举行的《罗马规约》缔约国大会第九届会议提供了设施和服务。第十届会议定于2011年12月12日至21日在联合国总部举行。", "90. 在安全领域，法院是联合国安全管理系统成员，每年获邀参加联合国机构间安全管理网络两次会议。这使法院可以在实地同联合国和其他成员组织统一标准、条例和行动。", "91. 关于各局势国，法院从联合国得到支持和协助，包括为法院车辆提供燃油，让法院使用联合国航空资产，这些支持和协助至关重要。在本报告所述期间，法院使用了由联合国安排的862次飞行，支持对各局势国的访问。联合国继续向法院提供各种服务和设施，包括为法院实地业务提供后勤支持。", "92. 法院继续与法律事务厅广泛接触，特别是进行协调，让联合国官员作证、提供信息和将法院纳入整个联合国系统的主流。联合国应检察官和辩护律师请求，向他们提供文件。2010年12月，第二名联合国官员在审判热尔曼·加丹加和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊时到法院作证。", "93. 法院赞赏联合国秘书处内部监督事务厅(监督厅)给予的合作和协助。2010年7月16日，法院和联合国签署一项谅解备忘录，为借调监督厅一名专家提供便利，该专家将担任国际刑事法院独立监督机制临时负责人，任期至2011年7月18日止。同样，法院得到监督厅内部审计司专家的协助，2011年4月，他们对法院现有内部和外部监督机制进行了一次保证映射研究。", "94. 2011年6月13日，法院书记官处就联合国内罗毕办事处提供支持服务和设施，支持书记官处在肯尼亚的活动问题，与联合国签订了一项谅解备忘录。", "95. 2011年6月14日和15日，检察官办公室高级代表在纽约参加了与法律事务厅、维持和平行动部、联合国开发计划署、人道主义事务协调厅和联合国难民事务高级专员办事处等联合国机构举行的会议，除其他事项外，他们重点介绍了检察官办公室活动的最新发展以及关于合作、信息交流和最佳做法的最新情况。", "96. 联合国与法院的下次圆桌协调会议定于2011年12月8日和9日在纽约举行。", "97. 国际刑事法院与联合国总部定期接触，促进了合作。法院的纽约联络处是与联合国秘书处接触的主要对话者。纽约联络处继续推动和促进法院与联合国及其各基金、方案和机构之间的合作，并推动和促进法院与各常驻联合国代表团和观察员代表团之间的合作。", "98. 纽约联络处主任以观察员身份参与安全理事会会议，并按照《关系协定》第4条，参与联合国大会涉及法院工作的会议。联络处为法院高级官员访问纽约对应高级官员提供便利，注视联合国会议与法院相关的发展，并向法院官员介绍这方面的最新情况。联络处不断向联合国秘书处和各常驻团介绍法院的最新司法发展，转递法院给秘书长和安全理事会的司法通知。由于法院工作在联合国的地位日益重要，联络处主任越来越多地被要求向联合国各部门和各常驻代表团提供信息。", "99. 除业务和后勤援助外，联合国及秘书长等高级官员给予公开和外交支持对法院仍然很重要。", "100.　在本报告所述期间，法院院长与联合国高级官员举行了若干次会议，特别重点讨论了法治协调和资源小组就与《罗马规约》管辖范围内犯罪行为有关的问题增强接触的可能性。院长和秘书长在2010年12月9日会议上讨论了联合国在加强各国司法系统方面可发挥的关键作用，途径是，在编制法治方案和提供发展援助时，增加对《罗马规约》所涵盖问题的重视。他们还一致认为，必须在全球提高对法院的认识，推动批准《罗马规约》，特别是在缔约国数不足地区推动批准《规约》。2011年3月17日，院长会晤联合国开发计划署署长，讨论了联合国和法院在支持各国建设本国起诉严重罪行能力方面可发挥的协同作用。2011年5月9日，法院院长会晤联合国人权事务高级专员，讨论了两个组织在确保追究《罗马规约》所涵盖罪行的责任方面可进行的各种形式的合作。院长还在一些国家公务旅行期间会晤联合国特派团首长，讨论了共同关心的问题。", "101.　如上文所述，关于调查达尔富尔局势工作的现状，检察官向安全理事会作了两次通报，关于调查阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势工作的现状，检察官向安理会作了一次通报。此外，在本报告所述期间，检察官办公室与联合国代表举行了各种高级别会议，以增强对其具体任务的认识，加强相互合作。主管政治事务副秘书长、主管维持和平行动副秘书长、主管法律事务副秘书长兼联合国法律顾问、联合国人权事务高级专员和负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表以及人道主义事务协调厅的代表参加了这些会议。", "B. 同各国、其他国际组织及民间社会的合作以及它们提供的协助", "102.　按照《罗马规约》第九部分，法院向各国多次提出合作或协助请求。依照《罗马规约》第87条，此种请求和相关往来文件的内容往往具有保密性质。", "103.　在本报告所述期间，检察官办公室向缔约国、非缔约国、国际和区域组织以及其他方面提出了211项协助请求。虽然其中许多请求尚未执行，特别是最近提出的许多请求尚未执行，但在本报告所述期间结束时，执行率已经达到70%。", "104.　法院除根据《罗马规约》第九和第十部分提出具体合作和协助请求外，还继续与各国发展双边交流与合作安排，特别是在分析和调查活动、跟踪和冻结资产、保护受害人和证人、逮捕行动、执行判决和暂时释放候审被告等方面。", "105.　在本报告所述期间，法院与哥伦比亚和塞尔维亚签订了执行判决协定，使此类协定总数达到7个。这种情况值得欢迎，因为在2011和2012年期间可能作出一些判决，法院更需要为被判刑的人找到合适的关押场所。", "106.　在本报告所述期间，没有与各国签订新的重新安置证人协定，不过，在这方面，与若干国家一直在进行深入的谈判。为了增加法院在国际上重新安置证人的选择，法院开设了一个新的重新安置证人特别基金，使各国可以捐赠资金，资助向第三国重新安置证人活动。法院已经收到向该特别基金捐赠的大量资金，这些资金目前用于资助重新安置若干证人的活动。法院目前正在与缔约国接触，询问他们是否愿意与法院签订不增加费用的重新安置证人协定，重新安置活动的费用由特别基金资助。", "107.　此外，缔约国可以通过双边渠道或多边机构支持缺乏保护证人能力的其他国家建立这种能力。若干国家已对该提议表示浓厚兴趣，发展该提议将促进互补原则。", "108.　《罗马规约》设立的受害人信托基金对法院管辖范围内受害人负有双重任务。信托基金秘书处在机构和业务两级定期与各国和联合国各组织互动和协调。", "109.　预计法院第一项定罪判决将使信托基金开始执行法院命令的赔偿的任务。在过去四年里，信托基金根据其康复任务，一直在乌干达北部和刚果民主共和国开展活动，预计2012年年初将在中非共和国开始开展这些活动。信托基金董事会主席伊丽莎白·雷恩女士定期参与国际论坛，包括参与2011年5月在多哈举行的阿拉伯国家联盟会议。", "110.　在本报告所述期间，法院与美洲国家组织签订了一项框架合作安排，与英联邦秘书处签订了一项合作谅解备忘录。这些协定非常有价值，将加强法院与各政府间组织的合作，从而按照互补原则，促进交换信息、提高认识和支持各国国家司法当局建设能力。", "111.　法院加强了与阿拉伯国家联盟的合作和接触。2011年5月24日和25日，卡塔尔和阿拉伯国家联盟与法院合作，在多哈举行了一次关于国际刑事法院的区域会议，法院代表、各国政府高级代表团、法律专家和媒体代表出席了会议。这是首次在中东举办这类活动，目的是介绍法院工作和法院的法律框架。法院院长、书记官长和检察官以及阿拉伯各国国际刑事司法问题主要专家作了发言。", "112.　法院继续与非洲联盟密切沟通。2011年7月18日和19日，非洲联盟和法院在非洲联盟亚的斯亚贝巴总部联合举办了一次关于《罗马规约》和法院实践技术层面问题的研讨会，法院官员和来自15个非洲国家的50多名与会者参加了研讨会。会议介绍了法院的结构和管理原则，包括互补原则，此后，与会者坦诚地讨论了法院在国际司法系统中的作用、区域组织与国际组织之间的关系以及和平与正义之间的关系。在本报告所述期间，法语国家国际组织为这次研讨会和其他区域研讨会提供了资助，法院对此表示感谢。", "113.　法院欢迎欧洲联盟于2011年3月21日通过第2011/168/CFSP号理事会决定，以取代欧盟以前对法院的共同立场。在本报告所述期间，欧洲联盟继续向法院提供宝贵的技术、财政和其他形式的支持。", "114.　法院高级官员经常会晤各国家、国际组织和民间社会代表，向他们介绍法院工作的最新情况，提高他们对《罗马规约》系统的认识，讨论共同关心的问题。除其他人士外，法院院长会晤了哥伦比亚、爱尔兰、马来西亚、蒙古、菲律宾和卡塔尔等国国家元首或政府首脑，并会晤了各地区许多国家的外交部长和司法部长。此外，法院院长会晤了欧洲联盟主席、非洲联盟委员会主席、英联邦秘书长和美洲国家组织秘书长。", "115.　检察官办公室正式拜访了不同国家的国家元首和政府首脑，包括博茨瓦纳、几内亚和塞拉利昂总统、科特迪瓦总统和总理以及卡塔尔埃米尔和首相。该办公室还会晤了利比亚全国过渡理事会总理、丹麦、埃及、荷兰、塞内加尔和西班牙等国外交部长以及埃及、利比里亚、塞内加尔、南非和巴勒斯坦司法部长等人士。此外，该办公室还会晤了阿拉伯国家联盟、非洲联盟、欧洲联盟(欧洲对外行动局和欧洲议会)、美洲国家组织和法语国家国际组织等国际和区域组织的高级别代表。", "116.　法院在海牙举行了两次外交简报会，向外交界介绍法院工作最新情况。此外，在纽约也为各外交使团举行了简报会。法院和民间社会代表除定期接触外，还在海牙举行了两次双方之间的战略级别会议。", "五. 体制发展", "A. 选举和任命", "117.　在定于2011年12月12日至21日在联合国总部举行的第十届会议上，缔约国大会将选出6名新法官，取代9年任期将于2012年3月10日届满的6名法官。新法官的任期将从2012年3月11日开始。", "118.　大会还将选出一名检察官，取代任期将于2012年6月届满的现任检察官。在2010年12月大会第九届会议上，大会主席团成立了一个检察官人选物色委员会，[4] 其任务是协助以协商一致方式推荐和选举下任检察官。[5] 委员会于2011年初开始工作，并已非正式地收到个人、国家和民间社会等不同来源的意向书。委员会正在根据有关标准审查这些意向书，如果可能，将提出至少有三名合适候选人的短名单，供主席团审议。", "119.　2011年5月27日，检察官宣布任命米雷耶·德尔马斯-马蒂教授为检察官办公室法律问题国际化特别顾问。2011年7月19日，刘仁文教授被任命为检察官中国法律制度问题特别顾问。这些任命是根据《规约》第42条第9款作出的，该款规定，检察官应任命对具体问题具有法律专门知识的顾问。预防犯罪问题特别顾问胡安·门德斯辞职，因为他已被任命为联合国酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员。", "B. 协助塞拉利昂问题特别法庭", "120.　在本报告所述期间，国际刑事法院继续向塞拉利昂问题特别法庭提供羁押服务和其他有关协助，以使特别法庭能在海牙对查尔斯·泰勒进行审讯。向塞拉利昂问题特别法庭提供的协助包括使用国际刑事法院信息和通信技术设施、其保险库和供泰勒辩护小组使用、与拘留中心连通的设备齐全办公室。法院通过详细列出服务范围的双方换文，同意向塞拉利昂问题特别法庭提供这些服务。", "六. 结论", "121.　在本报告所述期间，法院比以往任何时候都更加繁忙，犯罪嫌疑人或被告人数从15人增至25人。法院开始审判第三个案件，一个案件的呈递证据阶段已经结束，对两名被告提出的指控已得到确认，又有七人接到逮捕令或出庭传票，到法院出庭。检察官展开了第六项调查，并请求预审分庭授权展开第七项调查。", "122.　又有5个国家加入或批准《罗马规约》，使缔约国总数达到116个。联合国继续向法院提供重要支持和协助。在全球打击有罪不罚现象的斗争中，加强法院与各国司法当局的互补性至关重要，联合国及其各专门机构可与法院和其他相关行为者合作，在这方面发挥重要作用。", "123.　法院的工作日益受到重视，《罗马规约》在国际社会中的相关性与日俱增，但依然存在巨大挑战。审案工作量增加，安全理事会又送来一个新局势，这使法院在资源方面感到吃紧。共有11名嫌疑人的逮捕令仍未执行，各国必须合作，将这些人绳之以法，这依然是法院有效执行任务的一个关键条件。", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第2283卷，第1272号。", "[2] 同上，第2187卷，第38544号。", "[3] 检察官办公室已在其网站上登载关于巴勒斯坦民族权力机构声明是否符合法定要求的呈件第一份摘要。", "[4] 见“缔约国大会主席团：国际刑事法院检察官人选物色委员会：职权范围”(ICC-ASP/9/INF.2)。", "[5] 同上，第5段。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 75 of the provisional agenda*", "Report of the International Criminal Court", "Report of the International Criminal Court", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The report of the International Criminal Court on its activities for 2010/11 is submitted herewith to the General Assembly in accordance with article 6 of the Relationship Agreement between the United Nations and the International Criminal Court and paragraph 17 of General Assembly resolution 65/12.", "Report of the International Criminal Court to the United Nations for 2010/11", "Summary", "The present report, covering the period 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, is the seventh annual report of the International Criminal Court submitted to the United Nations. It covers the main developments in the activities of the Court and other developments of relevance to the relationship between the Court and the United Nations.", "The Court made significant progress during the reporting period. Five new States acceded to or ratified the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, bringing the total number of States parties to 116. The Court’s judicial activity reached a new high with the start of a third trial. The presentation of evidence in the Court’s first trial was concluded, and the verdict is expected by the end of the year.", "The Prosecutor opened a sixth investigation, following the Security Council’s unanimous referral of the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The total number of individuals subject to proceedings before the Court increased from 15 to 25, and seven new persons appeared before the judges pursuant to an arrest warrant or a summons to appear.", "The United Nations continued to provide important support and assistance to the Court during the reporting period. The Court engaged closely with States, the United Nations and regional and intergovernmental organizations to enhance international cooperation in the fight against impunity for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.", "As the importance attached to the Court’s work and the relevance of the Rome Statute on the international scene grow, great challenges remain. Arrest warrants are outstanding against a total of 11 suspects, and the cooperation of States in bringing these persons to justice continues to be a key condition for the effective implementation of the Court’s mandate. At the same time, the growing casework and the referral of a new situation by the Security Council has increased pressure on the resources available to the Court.", "The Court is seized of seven situations, of which the situation in Côte d’Ivoire is pending the Pre-Trial Chamber’s authorization for the opening of an investigation. The situations in Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic were referred by the States in question, and the situations in Darfur, Sudan, and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya were referred by the United Nations Security Council. In each case, the Prosecutor decided that there was a reasonable basis for the opening of investigations. The investigation into the situation in Kenya was authorized by Pre-Trial Chamber III following a request from the Prosecutor.", "In respect of the situation in Uganda, there is one case, The Prosecutor v. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Okot Odhiambo and Dominic Ongwen, with four warrants of arrest outstanding since July 2005.", "In respect of the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, there are four cases, of which two are at the trial stage. In The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, the presentation of evidence has concluded and a verdict is expected by the end of the year. In The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, the prosecution case finished in December 2010 and the first accused began presenting his case on 21 March 2011. In The Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana, an arrest warrant was issued and the suspect arrested during the reporting period. The case is at the pre-trial stage. In The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, the arrest warrant has remained outstanding since August 2006.", "In respect of the situation in the Central African Republic, there is one case, The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo. The trial started on 22 November 2010 with the presentation of prosecution evidence.", "In respect of the situation in Darfur, Sudan, there are three active cases. In The Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, on 7 March 2011 Pre-Trial Chamber I confirmed charges of war crimes in connection with an attack on an African Union mission, sending the case to trial. Arrest warrants remain outstanding in The Prosecutor v. Ahmad Muhammad Harun and Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-Al-Rahman, as well as in The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir.", "In accordance with Security Council resolution 1593 (2005), the Prosecutor presented his twelfth and thirteenth reports on the status of the investigation into the situation in Darfur to the Council on 9 December 2010 and 8 June 2011, respectively, highlighting the lack of cooperation by the Sudanese Government, the continuation of the alleged crimes on the ground and the need to execute the outstanding arrest warrants.", "In respect of the situation in Kenya, there are two ongoing cases at the pre-trial stage, The Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang and The Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali. All six suspects appeared before Pre-Trial Chamber II in April 2011 pursuant to summonses to appear, and the confirmation of charges hearings are scheduled for September 2011.", "In respect of the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, there is one ongoing case, The Prosecutor v. Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi. On 27 June 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued warrants of arrest against the three suspects for crimes against humanity allegedly committed since 15 February 2011. In accordance with Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), the Prosecutor presented his first report on the status of the investigation into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on 4 May 2011.", "In addition to the six investigations, the Office of the Prosecutor is conducting preliminary examinations in Afghanistan, Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire, Georgia, Guinea, Honduras, Nigeria, the Republic of Korea and Palestine. During the reporting period, the Prosecutor sought authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to open an investigation into the alleged crimes committed on the territory of Côte d’Ivoire after 28 November 2010. The request was pending at the time of the submission of the present report.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 6II.Judicial 6 \nproceedings A.The 7 Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (situation in the Democratic Republic of the \nCongo) B.The 8 Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui (situation in the Democratic Republic of the \nCongo) C.The 8 Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana (situation in the Democratic Republic of the \nCongo) D.The 9 Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo (situation in the Central African \nRepublic) E.The 9 Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (situation in Darfur, \nSudan) F.The 10 Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus (situation in Darfur, \nSudan) G.The 10 Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang (situation in \nKenya) H.The 11 Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali (situation in \nKenya) I. Prosecutor v. 11 Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi (situation in the Libyan Arab \nJamahiriya) J.Outstanding 12 warrants of \narrest III. Investigations 12 and preliminary \nexaminations \nA.Investigations 121. Situation 12 in the Democratic Republic of the \nCongo 2. Situation 13 in \nUganda 3. Situation 14 in the Central African \nRepublic 4. Situation 14 in Darfur, \nSudan 5. Situation 14 in \nKenya 6. Situation 14 in the Libyan Arab \nJamahiriya B.Preliminary 15 \nexaminations \n1.Afghanistan 15\n2.Colombia 163.Côte 16 \nd’Ivoire \n4.Georgia 17\n5.Guinea 17\n6.Honduras 177.Republic 17 of \nKorea \n8.Nigeria 18\n9. Palestine 18IV. International 19 \ncooperation A.Cooperation 19 with the United \nNations B.Cooperation 21 with and assistance from States, other international organizations and civil \nsociety V. Institutional 23 \ndevelopments A. Elections 23 and \nappointments B.Assistance 24 to the Special Court for Sierra \nLeone \nVI. Conclusion 24", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report, covering the period 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, is the seventh annual report of the International Criminal Court submitted to the United Nations in accordance with article 6 of the Relationship Agreement between the United Nations and the International Criminal Court.[1] It covers the main developments in the activities of the Court and other items relevant to the relationship between the Court and the United Nations since the sixth report of the Court to the United Nations (A/65/313).", "2. The Court was created by an international treaty, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court,[2] which was adopted on 17 July 1998 and entered into force on 1 July 2002. During the reporting period, Grenada, the Republic of Moldova, Saint Lucia, Seychelles, and Tunisia deposited instruments of ratification or accession, resulting in 116 States having ratified or acceded to the Rome Statute. These include 32 African States, 15 Asian States, 18 Eastern European States, 26 States from Latin America and the Caribbean and 25 Western European and other States. In addition to these States parties, 34 countries have signed but not yet ratified the Rome Statute.", "3. The Court is an independent judicial institution, charged with carrying out investigations into and trials of individuals allegedly responsible for the most serious crimes of international concern, namely, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.", "4. The Rome Statute requires that proceedings before the Court be carried out fairly and impartially, with full respect for the rights of the accused. An innovative aspect of the Rome Statute is that victims may participate in proceedings, even if not called as witnesses.", "5. In carrying out its functions, the Court relies on the cooperation of States, international organizations and civil society in accordance with the Rome Statute and international agreements concluded by the Court. Areas where the Court requires cooperation from States include preliminary examinations, investigations, the arrest and surrender of accused persons, asset tracking and freezing, victim and witness protection, provisional release, the enforcement of sentences and the execution of the Court’s decisions and orders.", "6. The Court is independent from, but has close historical, legal and operational ties to, the United Nations. The relationship between the Court and the United Nations is governed by the relevant provisions of the Rome Statute as well as by the Relationship Agreement between the Court and the United Nations and other subsidiary agreements.", "II. Judicial proceedings", "7. During the reporting period, the Court continued to be seized of the five situations already opened: the situations in Uganda; the Democratic Republic of the Congo; the Central African Republic; Darfur, Sudan; and Kenya.", "8. In March 2011, the Prosecutor opened a sixth investigation, into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, following a unanimous referral by the Security Council pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011), adopted on 26 February 2011. The Prosecutor also requested authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to open a seventh investigation, into the situation in Côte d’Ivoire.", "9. Judicial proceedings have taken place in relation to each of the six investigations, resulting in 13 cases involving 26 individuals alleged to have committed crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court. Of these 26 individuals, one was officially declared dead and the proceedings against him were terminated. The cases in which there have been judicial developments during the reporting period are detailed below.", "A. The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "10. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo is alleged to be the leader of the Union des patriotes congolais and Commander-in-Chief of its military wing, the Forces patriotiques pour la libération du Congo. He is charged with having committed war crimes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, specifically enlisting, conscripting and using children under the age of 15 years to participate actively in hostilities.", "11. The trial of Mr. Lubanga started on 26 January 2009 before Trial Chamber I. The Prosecution called 29 witnesses between 26 January 2009 and 14 July 2009. Additional prosecution witnesses were subsequently called or recalled in 2010 to respond to the abuse of process allegations made by the defence. The defence case was presented in the period from 27 January 2010 to 18 April 2011. During this period, the defence tendered 133 items of evidence and called 24 witnesses to testify over a total of 68 trial days. A total of 118 victims have participated, through their legal representatives, in the Lubanga case. Three of the victims authorized to participate in the proceedings testified before the Chamber in January 2010.", "12. On 8 October 2010, the Appeals Chamber reversed the decisions of Trial Chamber I to stay the proceedings and to release the accused. The Trial Chamber had previously ordered a stay of the proceedings as a consequence of the prosecution’s material non-compliance with the Chamber’s orders and had ordered the unrestricted and unconditional release of Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, subject to the appeal and an order of suspensive effect by the Appeals Chamber, on 15 July 2010. The Appeals Chamber reversed the Trial Chamber’s decision, finding that before ordering a stay of proceedings, the Trial Chamber should have first imposed sanctions under article 71 of the Statute to bring about compliance.", "13. On 23 February 2011, Trial Chamber I refused the defence application to stay the proceedings as an abuse of the process. The trial resumed on 21 March 2011.", "14. On 20 May 2011, Trial Chamber I ordered the closing of the presentation of evidence stage. The prosecution and the defence submitted their closing briefs on 1 June and 15 July, respectively. The parties and participants will present their closing oral statements in public hearings on 25 and 26 August 2011.", "B. The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui (situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "15. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui are two former leaders of armed groups active in the Ituri region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mr. Katanga allegedly commanded the Forces de résistance patriotiques en Ituri and had been appointed Brigadier General of the Forces armées de la République démocratique du Congo (FARDC); Mr. Ngudjolo was allegedly the former leader of the Front des nationalistes et intégrationnistes and a Colonel in FARDC. They are both charged with seven counts of war crimes (wilful killing, using children to participate actively in hostilities, sexual slavery, rape, attacking civilians, pillaging and destroying the enemy’s property) and three charges of crimes against humanity (murder, sexual slavery and rape). These crimes were allegedly committed in connection with the attack on the village of Bogoro on 24 February 2003.", "16. The trial of Mr. Katanga and Mr. Ngudjolo started on 24 November 2009 before Trial Chamber II. The prosecution concluded its presentation of live evidence in the case on 8 December 2010. During its case, the prosecution presented 270 pieces of evidence and called 24 witnesses, including 2 expert witnesses, to testify.", "17. The first defendant, Mr. Katanga, presented his case between 24 March 2011 and 12 July 2011 and called 17 witnesses to testify, including 3 witnesses in common with the second accused, Mr. Ngudjolo. In all, 150 items tendered by the defence of Mr. Katanga and 59 items submitted by the defence of Mr. Ngudjolo were admitted as evidence. The defence case of Mr. Ngudjolo is scheduled to commence on 15 August 2011. A total of 366 victims are participating through their legal representatives, 2 having testified at trial.", "C. The Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana (situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "18. Callixte Mbarushimana is the alleged Executive Secretary of the Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda (FDLR). Pre-Trial Chamber I issued a warrant of arrest on 28 September 2010, finding reasonable grounds to believe that he personally and intentionally contributed to a common plan of the FDLR leadership to launch an offensive targeting the civilian population of the Kivus in order to obtain political concessions, as part of an international campaign to extort concessions of political power for FDLR.", "19. On 11 October 2010, after the arrest of Mr. Mbarushimana by French authorities, the warrant of arrest was unsealed. He was transferred to the Court’s Detention Centre in The Hague on 25 January 2011 and his initial appearance before the Court took place on 28 January 2011. The confirmation of charges hearing, initially scheduled for 4 July 2011, was postponed at the request of the prosecution in view of delays caused by technical difficulties encountered in reviewing electronic devices seized at the premises of the suspect.", "20. On 15 July 2010, the prosecution filed the document containing the charges and list of evidence. The charges contain 13 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity allegedly committed in the provinces of North and South Kivu and eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo in the period from 20 January to 31 December 2009. The prosecution argues that Mr. Mbarushimana is responsible for contributing to the FDLR leaders’ common purpose to commit crimes by creating a “humanitarian catastrophe” in the Kivus in order to persuade the Governments of Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to abandon their military campaign against the group and to extort concessions of political power in Rwanda.", "D. The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo (situation in the Central African Republic)", "21. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo was formerly President and Commander-in-Chief of the Mouvement de libération du Congo. He allegedly committed crimes in various locations in the Central African Republic in connection with a non‑international armed conflict that took place from 26 October 2002 to 15 March 2003. Charges against Mr. Bemba were confirmed by Pre-Trial Chamber III on 15 June 2009. He is charged with three counts of war crimes (murder, rape and pillaging) and two counts of crimes against humanity (murder and rape) in his capacity as a military commander under article 28 of the Rome Statute (Responsibility of commanders and other superiors).", "22. On 19 October 2010, the Appeals Chamber delivered its judgement on the appeal of Mr. Bemba against the 24 June 2010 decision of Trial Chamber III entitled “Decision on the admissibility and abuse of process challenges”. The Appeals Chamber confirmed the challenged decision, finding that when a Trial Chamber is presented with the question of whether the outcome of domestic judicial proceedings is equivalent to a decision not to prosecute in terms of article 17, paragraph (1) (b), of the Statute, the Trial Chamber should accept prima facie the validity and effect of the decisions of domestic courts, unless presented with compelling evidence indicating otherwise.", "23. The trial of Mr. Bemba started on 22 November 2010 before Trial Chamber III. To date, 1,619 victims have been admitted to participate in the trial proceedings through their legal representatives. As at 31 July 2011, the prosecution had presented 25 of its 40 planned witnesses.", "E. The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (situation in Darfur, Sudan)", "24. A first warrant of arrest against Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, current President of the Sudan, was delivered on 4 March 2009 by Pre-Trial Chamber I for five counts of crimes against humanity (murder, extermination, forcible transfer, torture and rape) and two counts of war crimes (attacking civilians and pillaging). On 12 July 2010, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued a second warrant of arrest which charged Mr. Al Bashir with three additional counts of genocide. Both warrants of arrest were notified to all States parties, to the authorities of the Sudan and to all Security Council members that are not parties to the Rome Statute.", "25. On 27 August 2010, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued two decisions informing the Security Council and the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of Mr. Al Bashir’s visits to Kenya and Chad, in order for them to take any action they may deem appropriate. On 12 May 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued a similar decision with respect to Mr. Al Bashir’s visit to Djibouti. In the aforementioned decisions, Pre-Trial Chamber I noted that the States in question have an obligation to cooperate with the Court, stemming both from Security Council resolution 1593 (2005) and from article 87 of the Rome Statute, to which Chad, Djibouti and Kenya are States parties.", "26. Mr. Al Bashir remains at large. A total of 12 victims have been admitted to participate in this case through their legal representatives.", "F. The Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus (situation in Darfur, Sudan)", "27. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain is alleged to be the Commander-in-Chief of the Justice and Equality Movement and Mohammed Jerbo Jamus is alleged to be the former Chief-of-Staff of the Sudan Liberation Army-Unity. Mr. Banda and Mr. Jerbo were issued summonses to appear in August 2009 by Pre-Trial Chamber I.", "28. The confirmation of charges hearing was held on 8 December 2010. On 7 March 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I confirmed three charges of war crimes (violence to life, intentionally directing attacks against a peacekeeping mission and pillaging) against the alleged rebel leaders in the situation in Darfur, Sudan, in relation to an attack on peacekeepers in an African Union mission in Northern Darfur, Sudan (the African Union Mission in the Sudan (AMIS)), on 29 September 2007.", "29. On 16 March 2011, the Presidency of the Court referred the case to the newly constituted Trial Chamber IV. On 16 May 2011, the parties filed a joint submission stating that the accused would contest only certain specified issues at their trial:", "(a) Whether the attack on the Haskanita military group site on 29 September 2007 was unlawful;", "(b) If the attack was deemed unlawful, whether the accused were aware of the factual circumstances that established the unlawful nature of the attack;", "(c) Whether AMIS was a peacekeeping mission in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.", "30. The agreement reached by the parties could significantly shorten the trial proceedings by focusing the trial on only those issues that are contested between the parties, thus promoting an efficient and cost-effective trial while preserving the rights of victims to participate in the proceedings and protecting the rights of the accused persons to a fair and expeditious trial.", "31. As at 31 May 2011, a total of 89 victims had been authorized to participate through their legal representatives in the proceedings. The date of the commencement of trial will be set in due course.", "G. The Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang (situation in Kenya)", "32. On 8 March 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber II issued summonses to appear for William Samoei Ruto, a suspended Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology, Henry Kiprono Kosgey, a member of Parliament and Chairman of the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM), and Joshua Arap Sang, the head of operations at Kass FM in Nairobi, for their alleged roles in committing crimes against humanity in connection with the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008. All three accused are allegedly members of ODM, one of the two political parties of Kenya’s ruling coalition.", "33. On 7 April 2011, the three suspects voluntarily appeared before Pre-Trial Chamber II. The confirmation of charges hearing is scheduled for 1 September 2011, when Pre-Trial Chamber II will consider the charges, namely, three counts of crimes against humanity (murder, forcible transfer of population and persecution).", "34. On 31 March 2011, the Government of Kenya filed an application pursuant to article 19 of the Rome Statute challenging the admissibility of the case before the Court. Pre-Trial Chamber II rejected the application on 30 May 2011, considering that the application did not provide concrete evidence of ongoing national proceedings with respect to the persons subject of the proceedings at the Court. The Government’s appeal against the decision is pending before the Appeals Chamber.", "H. The Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali (situation in Kenya)", "35. On 8 March 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber II issued summonses to appear for Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Head of Public Service and Secretary to the Cabinet, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Finance, and Mohammed Hussein Ali, Chief Executive of the Postal Corporation, for their alleged roles in committing crimes against humanity in connection with the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008. All three accused are allegedly members of the Party of National Unity, one of the two political parties of Kenya’s ruling coalition.", "36. On 8 April 2011, the three suspects voluntarily appeared before Pre-Trial Chamber II. The confirmation of charges hearing is scheduled for 21 September 2011, when Pre-Trial Chamber II will consider the charges of five counts of crimes against humanity (murder, forcible transfer of population, rape, persecution and other inhumane acts).", "37. On 31 March 2011, the Government of Kenya filed an application pursuant to article 19 of the Rome Statute challenging the admissibility of the case before the Court. Pre-Trial Chamber II rejected the application on 30 May 2011, considering that the application did not provide concrete evidence of ongoing national proceedings with respect to the persons subject of the proceedings at the Court. The Government’s appeal against the decision is pending before the Appeals Chamber.", "I. Prosecutor v. Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi (situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)", "38. On 27 June 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued warrants of arrest against Libyan leader Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, his son Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi, Libyan Government Spokesman, and Abdullah Al-Senussi, Director of Military Intelligence, for two counts of crimes against humanity (murder and persecution) allegedly committed since 15 February 2011. Pre-Trial Chamber I found that there were reasonable grounds to believe that Muammar Gaddafi, in coordination with his inner circle, conceived and orchestrated a plan to deter and quell, by all means, civilian demonstrations against the regime. The warrants of arrest follow the investigation into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, opened by the Prosecutor on 3 March 2011 pursuant to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), adopted on 26 February 2011, by which the Council referred the situation to the Prosecutor.", "J. Outstanding warrants of arrest", "39. At the time of submission of the present report, 12 warrants of arrest were outstanding:", "(a) Uganda: Mr. Joseph Kony, Mr. Vincent Otti, Mr. Okot Odhiambo and Mr. Dominic Ongwen, outstanding since 2005;", "(b) Democratic Republic of the Congo: Mr. Bosco Ntaganda, outstanding since 2006;", "(c) Darfur, Sudan: Mr. Ahmad Harun and Mr. Ali Kushayb, outstanding since 2007 and, in the case of Mr. Omar Al Bashir, two warrants outstanding since 2009 and 2010;", "(d) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi, outstanding since 27 June 2011.", "40. The Court issued requests for cooperation in the arrest and surrender of each of these individuals and notified these requests to the relevant States. States parties and other States that have legal obligations to cooperate with the Court are required to comply with these requests. In respect of the situations in Darfur, Sudan, and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, all parties, including the respective States, are obliged to cooperate fully with the Court and the Prosecutor pursuant to Security Council resolutions 1593 (2005) and 1970 (2011), respectively.", "III. Investigations and preliminary examinations", "A. Investigations", "1. Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo and The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui", "41. During the period 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, the prosecution conducted 16 missions to five countries mainly for the support of trials, to address the arguments raised by the defence in The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo and in The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui.", "The case of the Kivu provinces", "42. During the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, the Office of the Prosecutor conducted 34 missions to 10 countries for its third investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, focusing on crimes committed by the FDLR militia in the Kivu provinces, which led to the arrest and surrender of Callixte Mbarushimana and supported the preparation for the upcoming confirmation of charges hearing.", "43. The investigation and prosecution of crimes allegedly committed by the FDLR militia in the Kivu provinces in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo represent one of the most successful examples of complementarity under the Rome Statute system. Part of the FDLR leadership was based in Europe. Callixte Mbarushimana, the militia’s alleged Executive Secretary, was based in France. He was arrested by French authorities and surrendered to the Court. Ignace Murwanashiyaka and Straton Musoni, FDLR President and Vice-President, respectively, were arrested by German authorities on 17 November 2009 and are currently facing trial in Germany for war crimes and crimes against humanity charged under the German Code of Crimes against International Law.", "44. The prosecution of the FDLR leadership is the result of more than two years of investigations conducted by Germany, Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, France and the Office of the Prosecutor into the alleged crimes in the Kivus and specifically into the activities of FDLR.", "45. The investigation of the Office of the Prosecutor into alleged crimes committed in the Kivus continues, including against other leaders of FDLR.", "46. As part of its policy of positive complementarity, which actively encourages genuine national proceedings, the Office has furthermore contributed to the training of Congolese judicial authorities in North and South Kivu provinces investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity, in October 2010 and February 2011, respectively.", "2. Situation in Uganda", "47. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to gather information on crimes allegedly committed by the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) and to promote action to implement warrants against the top LRA leadership, carrying out three missions to three countries in relation to the situation in Uganda. The Office has collected a range of information on crimes allegedly being committed by LRA under Joseph Kony’s leadership. According to the information received, LRA crimes continued to be committed throughout the year, with a substantial number of killings and abductions across the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Southern Sudan and the Central African Republic. Since early 2008, the LRA is reported to have killed more than 2,000, abducted more than 2,500 and displaced well over 300,000 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo alone. During the same period, more than 120,000 people have been displaced, at least 450 killed and more than 800 abducted in Southern Sudan and the Central African Republic.", "48. The Office also continued gathering and analysing information related to alleged crimes committed by the Uganda People’s Defence Forces. The Office continued to encourage Ugandan authorities to conduct proceedings in relation to both parties to the conflict.", "49. As part of its policy of positive complementarity, the Office has provided assistance to Ugandan authorities to investigate and prosecute individuals. As national authorities prepared for their first domestic war crimes case before the newly established International Crimes Division of the High Court, against an alleged mid-level LRA commander, the Office shared lessons learned and best practices, including with regard to witness protection and support and evidence-handling. The Office was able to provide searchable copies, translations and transcripts of the raw material originally received from Ugandan authorities in the context of the Office’s own enquiries that related to the incidents selected for prosecution in the High Court of Uganda. The Office received a formal undertaking from Ugandan authorities that any information shared by the Office will be used in the context of proceedings that are consistent with internationally recognized human rights standards.", "3. Situation in the Central African Republic", "50. The Office of the Prosecutor continued its investigation into the situation in the Central African Republic and conducted a total of 14 missions to five countries between 1 August 2010 and 31 July 2011 for the purposes of, inter alia, screening potential witnesses and following up on new information received.", "4. Situation in Darfur, Sudan", "51. In the period from 1 August 2010 and 30 July 2011, the Office conducted 16 missions to nine countries in relation to investigations into the situation in Darfur.", "52. In accordance with Security Council resolution 1593 (2005), the Prosecutor presented his twelfth and thirteenth reports on the status of the investigation into the situation in Darfur to the Security Council, on 10 December 2010 and 8 June 2011, respectively.", "53. In his briefing of 10 December 2010, the Prosecutor drew attention to the issuance by the Pre-Trial Chamber of a second arrest warrant against President Al Bashir on three charges of genocide. He again highlighted the lack of cooperation by the Government of the Sudan and the lack of national proceedings against those responsible for the crimes committed.", "54. In his briefing of 8 June 2011, the Prosecutor addressed the outstanding arrest warrants and ongoing crimes, expressing particular concern about the role of Ahmad Harun as a key player.", "55. The Office continues to monitor and gather information regarding the situation in Darfur, Sudan. The information collected indicates that crimes against humanity, war crimes and genocide continue to be committed.", "5. Situation in Kenya", "56. Following the authorization to commence an investigation, the Office conducted 71 missions to 14 countries during the reporting period.", "57. The Prosecutor submitted two applications for summonses to appear regarding six individuals on 15 December 2010.", "6. Situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "58. Following the unanimous Security Council referral, the Office conducted a factual and legal analysis during its preliminary examination of the situation. As a result of this analysis, covering issues of jurisdiction, admissibility (complementarity and gravity) and the interests of justice, on 3 March 2011 the Office determined that the statutory criteria for opening an investigation into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya had been met.", "59. In his briefing to the Security Council on 4 May 2011, the Prosecutor gave his first report on the substantial and swift progress made in the Office’s investigations, concluding that he would in the coming weeks be seeking arrest warrants against three individuals who appeared to bear the greatest criminal responsibility for crimes against humanity committed in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya since 15 February.", "60. Subsequently, on 16 May 2011, the Prosecutor requested that Pre-Trial Chamber I issue arrest warrants against Libyan leader Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, his son Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi, Libyan Government Spokesman, and Abdullah Al-Senussi, Director of Military Intelligence. In this application the Prosecutor produced evidence, relating to orders issued by Muammar Gaddafi, of Saif Al-Islam organizing the recruitment of foreign soldiers, and of Al-Senussi participating in attacks against demonstrators, in addition to documenting how the three had held meetings to plan the operations.", "61. During the reporting period, the Office conducted 28 missions to 11 countries with regard to the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The Office is investigating allegations of rape, sexual violence and other instances of crimes against humanity, including torture and inhuman acts committed against civilians perceived as dissidents. The Office is also investigating allegations of attacks against sub-Saharan Africans wrongly perceived to be mercenaries and allegations of war crimes committed by different parties during the armed conflict.", "B. Preliminary examinations", "62. The Office continued to proactively monitor information on crimes potentially falling within the jurisdiction of the Court, analysing communications received from various sources. As at 30 June 2011, the Office had received 9,253 communications relating to article 15 of the Rome Statute, of which 419 were received during the reporting period.", "63. The Office continued preliminary examinations in Afghanistan, Colombia, Georgia, Guinea and Palestine. The Office made public the fact that it had initiated preliminary examinations of situations in Honduras, Nigeria and the Republic of Korea. On 23 June 2011, the Prosecutor requested authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to commence an investigation into the situation in Côte d’Ivoire.", "1. Afghanistan", "64. The Office continued to monitor the situation in Afghanistan, considering all information, including open sources. It maintains close contact with experts, civil society organizations and public officials in the region, and participated in various international academic conferences on Afghanistan.", "65. In accordance with the Rome Statute, the Office assesses whether there are genuine investigations and proceedings consistent with an intent to bring to justice those bearing the greatest responsibility for the most serious crimes committed in Afghanistan. This analysis covers investigations and proceedings that may be carried out in the State of nationality of those allegedly responsible or any other State having jurisdiction over alleged crimes committed in Afghanistan.", "2. Colombia", "66. Upon ratification of the Rome Statute, Colombia declared (according to article 124 of the Rome Statute) that it would not accept the Court’s jurisdiction with respect to war crimes for seven years. That seven-year period ended on 1 November 2009. War crimes committed after that date could be investigated and prosecuted by the Office of the Prosecutor. Colombia’s national criminal justice system has made efforts to investigate those responsible for crimes covered by the Rome Statute.", "67. The Office is monitoring and analysing information on investigations and proceedings, focusing on those dealing with the leadership of paramilitary and guerrilla groups and the military allegedly responsible for conduct that may fall under the Court’s jurisdiction. The Office is analysing allegations of international support networks assisting armed groups committing crimes within Colombia. The Office is also monitoring the cases of “parapolitica”.", "68. Letters requesting information have been sent by the Office to various States. During the reporting period, the Office also met with Colombian stakeholders from the Government, judicial authorities and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), in both Colombia and The Hague.", "69. At the biannual NGO round table on 20 October 2010, the Office held a session on complementarity in the context of the preliminary examination in Colombia, at which panellists commented on the response of Colombian authorities to fighting impunity, with a focus on Justice and Peace Law proceedings.", "70. The Office will continue to examine the situation and national proceedings in Colombia. In this context, in accordance with its positive approach to complementarity, the Office has welcomed the efforts of President Santos in seeking further international support for the Colombian national proceedings and in promoting cooperation, as explained during the ninth session of the Assembly of States Parties in December 2010. The appointment of Spanish Judge Baltasar Garzón, who has worked as a consultant for the Office, as adviser to the Mission to Support the Peace Process in Colombia of the Organization of American States, is an example of positive complementarity in practice and will, it is to be hoped, contribute to helping the Colombian authorities to move in a positive direction.", "3. Côte d’Ivoire", "71. The Office continued to monitor the situation in Côte d’Ivoire, in particular the violence following the presidential run-off election held on 28 November 2010.", "72. On 18 December 2010, the Court received a declaration signed by President Ouattara which confirmed the previous declaration, submitted in October 2003 by the Government of Côte d’Ivoire pursuant to article 12, paragraph 3, of the Statute, accepting the jurisdiction of the Court for crimes committed on the country’s territory since 19 September 2002.", "73. The Prosecutor has concluded that the statutory criteria established by the Rome Statute for the opening of an investigation have been met. On 23 June 2011, the Prosecutor requested authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to open an investigation into the alleged crimes committed on the territory of Côte d’Ivoire since 28 November 2010.", "4. Georgia", "74. During the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor has continued to follow up on investigations into alleged crimes committed during the August 2008 conflict in Georgia.", "75. In February 2011, a delegation from the Office of the Prosecutor led a second visit to the Russian Federation and received a comprehensive update on the progress of national investigations undertaken by the investigative committee of the Russian Federation. The Office has maintained regular contacts with the Georgian authorities.", "76. The Office maintains close contacts with NGOs in the region, receiving reports from and participating in meetings with these organizations.", "5. Guinea", "77. The Prosecutor announced on 14 October 2009 that the situation in Guinea was under preliminary examination, relating to allegations surrounding the events of 28 September 2009 in Conakry.", "78. The Office conducted two missions to Guinea to follow up on investigations being carried out by Guinean judges into the 2009 events, and to monitor whether new crimes were committed during the election period, as part of the Office’s preventive mandate. The Office met with Government officials and representatives of the judiciary and civil society, as well as victims and victims’ associations.", "6. Honduras", "79. On 18 November 2010, the Prosecutor announced that the situation in Honduras was under preliminary examination. The Office is analysing whether alleged human rights violations following the 28 June 2009 coup d’etat against President Zelaya constitute crimes under the jurisdiction of the Court. The Office received 17 communications regarding the situation. Honduran authorities immediately offered their cooperation.", "7. Republic of Korea", "80. On 6 December 2010, the Office announced the receipt of communications alleging that forces of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea had committed war crimes in the territory of the Republic of Korea.", "81. The preliminary examination of the situation in the Republic of Korea is focusing on two incidents: (a) the shelling of Yeonpyeong Island on 23 November 2010, which resulted in the killing of marines and civilians of the Republic of Korea and injury to many others; and (b) the sinking of a Republic of Korea warship, the Cheonan, which was hit by a torpedo allegedly fired from a submarine of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea on 26 March 2010, which resulted in the deaths of 46 persons.", "82. The Office has been seeking additional information from relevant sources. The Office is engaged with the Korean authorities on determining factual issues as part of the subject-matter jurisdiction analysis of the preliminary examination.", "8. Nigeria", "83. The Office of the Prosecutor made its examination of the situation in Nigeria public on 18 November 2010. The Office is analysing alleged crimes committed in Central Nigeria since mid-2004 and has engaged constructively with the Nigerian authorities. The Office met with Nigerian and international civil society organizations which work in the “middle belt” states. Nigerian judicial authorities have been invited to share information with the Office on existing proceedings.", "9. Palestine", "84. In connection with the declaration lodged by the Palestinian National Authority under article 12, paragraph 3, of the Rome Statute on 22 January 2009 accepting the jurisdiction of the Court, the Office continues to examine whether the declaration meets statutory requirements. As the International Criminal Court is a court of last resort, the Office of the Prosecutor also considers whether there are national proceedings in relation to alleged crimes, relating to the admissibility of the cases potentially arising from the situation. In total, the Office received 400 communications on crimes allegedly committed in Palestine.", "85. The Palestinian National Authority requested the right to be heard on the fulfilment of the statutory requirements for opening an investigation, including on the issue as to whether Palestine qualifies as a “State” for the purpose of article 12, paragraph 3, of the Statute. The Office considered that a fair process required that the Palestinian National Authority as well as other interested parties have the opportunity to be heard. The Office therefore ensured due process to all parties involved. Representatives of the Palestinian National Authority presented arguments by oral and written submissions. The final public briefing will be presented soon.[3]", "86. The Office has also considered various public reports and organized an interactive discussion among the various experts and NGOs that had provided submissions at the seat of the Court during its biannual round table on 20 October 2010.", "87. In July 2011, the Office provided updated information to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights pursuant to its request on steps taken by the Office of the Prosecutor with regard to the Palestinian declaration.", "88. The Prosecutor met with various stakeholders, including representatives of the Palestinian National Authority, the secretariat of the League of Arab States and a number of Palestinian and Israeli NGOs to discuss the jurisdiction of the Court.", "IV. International cooperation", "A. Cooperation with the United Nations", "89. Cooperation between the Court and the United Nations is based on the Relationship Agreement signed between the two organizations on 4 October 2004. Pursuant to article 10 of the Relationship Agreement, the United Nations provided facilities and services for the ninth session of the Assembly of States Parties, held at United Nations Headquarters, New York, from 6 to 10 December 2010. The tenth session is due to take place at United Nations Headquarters from 12 to 21 December 2011.", "90. In the area of security, the Court is a member of the United Nations security management system and is invited to participate in the United Nations Inter-Agency Security Management Network meetings twice a year. This allows the Court to align its standards, regulations and operations with the United Nations and other member organizations in the field.", "91. In situation countries, the support and assistance received by the Court from the United Nations is of crucial importance, ranging from the provision of fuel for the Court’s vehicles to the use of United Nations air assets. During the reporting period the Court made use of 862 flights operated by the United Nations in support of missions in all situation countries. The United Nations continues to provide a range of services and facilities to the Court, including logistical support for the Court’s field operations.", "92. The Court has extensive contact with the Office of Legal Affairs, particularly in coordinating the testimony of United Nations officials, the provision of information and the mainstreaming of the Court throughout the United Nations system. The United Nations provided documents to the Prosecutor and defence counsel upon their request. In December 2010, the second United Nations official to testify before the Court gave evidence in the trial of Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui.", "93. The Court appreciates the cooperation and assistance received from the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) of the United Nations Secretariat. On 16 July 2010, the Court and the United Nations signed a memorandum of understanding in order to facilitate the secondment of an expert from OIOS to act as the temporary head of the Independent Oversight Mechanism of the International Criminal Court until 18 July 2011. Similarly, the Court benefited from the assistance provided by experts from the Internal Audit Division of OIOS who, in April 2011, conducted an assurance mapping study of the current internal and external oversight mechanisms of the Court.", "94. On 13 June 2011, the Registry concluded a memorandum of understanding with the United Nations concerning the provision of support services and facilities by the United Nations Office at Nairobi to the Registry of the Court in connection with its activities in Kenya.", "95. On 14 and 15 June 2011, senior representatives of the Office of the Prosecutor participated in meetings in New York with United Nations Offices, including the Office of Legal Affairs, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the United Nations Development Programme, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, focusing on, inter alia, updates on recent developments relating to the activities of the Office, cooperation, exchange of information and best practices.", "96. The next round table coordination meeting between the United Nations and the Court has been scheduled for 8 and 9 December 2011 in New York.", "97. Regular contact between the International Criminal Court and United Nations Headquarters has been instrumental in facilitating cooperation. The Court’s New York Liaison Office is the primary interlocutor for the United Nations Secretariat. The New York Liaison Office continued to facilitate and promote cooperation between the Court and the United Nations and its funds, programmes and agencies, as well as between the Court and Permanent and Observer Missions to the United Nations.", "98. The head of the New York Liaison Office participated as an observer at meetings of the Security Council and, pursuant to article 4 of the Relationship Agreement, in General Assembly meetings concerning the work of the Court. The Liaison Office facilitated visits of senior Court officials to their counterparts in New York, followed developments of relevance to the Court in various United Nations meetings and updated Court officials accordingly. It also constantly updated the United Nations Secretariat and Permanent Missions on judicial developments within the Court and transmitted judicial notifications from the Court to the Secretary-General and the Security Council. As the work of the Court continued to gain prominence at the United Nations, the head of the Liaison Office was increasingly called upon to provide information to various United Nations departments and Permanent Missions.", "99. In addition to operational and logistical assistance, the public and diplomatic support of the United Nations and its senior officials, including the Secretary-General, continued to be important to the Court.", "100. The President of the Court held several meetings with senior United Nations officials during the reporting period, with a particular focus on the possibilities for the Rule of Law Coordination and Resource Group to reinforce engagement on issues relating to crimes covered by the Rome Statute. In their meeting on 9 December 2010, the President and the Secretary-General discussed the potential for the United Nations to play a key role in the strengthening of national justice systems by increasing focus on Rome Statute issues within rule-of-law programming and development aid. They also agreed on the importance of raising awareness globally about the Court and promoting the ratification of the Rome Statute, particularly in regions underrepresented among the States parties. On 17 March 2011, the President met with the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme and discussed the synergies between the United Nations and the Court in supporting the domestic capacity of States to prosecute serious crimes. On 9 May 2011, the President of the Court met with the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and discussed various forms of cooperation between the two organizations in ensuring accountability for Rome Statute crimes. The President also met with the heads of United Nations missions in several countries during his official travels to discuss issues of mutual interest.", "101. As indicated above, the Prosecutor briefed the Security Council on two occasions on the status of the investigation into the situation in Darfur and on one occasion on the status of the investigation into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. In addition, during the reporting period the Office of the Prosecutor held various high-level meetings with representatives of the United Nations in order to increase understanding of its specific mission and increase mutual cooperation. The meetings included the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, the Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs and United Nations Legal Counsel, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, as well representatives of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.", "B. Cooperation with and assistance from States, other international organizations and civil society", "102. The Court made numerous requests to States for cooperation or assistance pursuant to part IX of the Rome Statute. Pursuant to article 87 of the Statute, the content of such requests and related communications is often confidential in nature.", "103. During the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor sent 211 requests for assistance to States parties, non-States parties, international and regional organizations and others. While many of these requests are still pending, in particular the recent ones, the execution rate at the end of the reporting period already stood at 70 per cent.", "104. In addition to specific requests for cooperation and assistance made pursuant to parts IX and X of the Rome Statute, the Court continued to develop bilateral exchanges and arrangements for cooperation with States, especially with respect to analysis and investigative activities, asset tracking and freezing, victim and witness protection, arrest operations, the enforcement of sentences and the provisional release of accused persons pending trial.", "105. During the reporting period, agreements on the enforcement of sentences were concluded with Colombia and Serbia, bringing to seven the total number of such agreements. This is welcome, as the possibility of sentences being handed down in 2011 and 2012 has increased the need for the Court to find suitable detention places for sentenced persons.", "106. No new witness relocation agreements were entered into with States during the reporting period, although advanced negotiations are ongoing with a number of States in this respect. In order to increase the Court’s options for relocating witnesses internationally, the Court opened a new special fund for witness relocation for States to donate funds for the purposes of funding relocations to third States. The Court has already received a substantial donation to the special fund, currently used to finance several witnesses relocations. The Court is now approaching States parties to enquire about their willingness to enter into a cost-neutral witness relocation agreement with the Court, financed by the special fund.", "107. In addition, States parties may support, bilaterally or through multilateral institutions, the establishment of witness protection capabilities in other States where capacity is lacking. A number of countries have already indicated their keen interest in this proposal, the development of which would further the principle of complementarity.", "108. The Trust Fund for Victims, established by the Rome Statute, has a dual mandate in respect of victims with the jurisdiction of the Court. The secretariat of the Trust Fund regularly interacts and coordinates with States and United Nations organizations at the institutional and operational levels.", "109. The mandate of the Trust Fund for Victims related to the implementation of Court-ordered reparations is expected to be triggered by a first conviction by the Court. Activities under the Fund’s rehabilitation mandate have been under way in northern Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for the past four years, and it is anticipated that they will start in the Central African Republic early in 2012. The Chair of the Board of the Fund, Ms. Elisabeth Rehn, contributes on a regular basis to international forums, which have included the League of Arab States conference held in Doha in May 2011.", "110. During the reporting period, the Court concluded a framework cooperation arrangement with the Organization of American States and a memorandum of understanding on cooperation with the Commonwealth Secretariat. These agreements are highly valuable in enhancing the Court’s cooperation with intergovernmental organizations with a view to exchanging information, raising awareness and supporting the capacity-building of national jurisdictions in accordance with the principle of complementarity.", "111. The Court increased its cooperation and engagement with the League of Arab States. On 24 and 25 May 2011 in Doha, Court representatives, high-level Government delegations, legal experts and media representatives attended a regional conference on the International Criminal Court, organized by Qatar and the League of Arab States in cooperation with the Court. The conference was the first major event of its kind in the Middle East aimed at providing information on the workings of the Court and its legal framework. Speakers included the President, Registrar and Prosecutor of the Court, as well as leading Arab experts on international criminal justice.", "112. The Court continued to communicate closely with the African Union. On 18 and 19 July 2011 at African Union headquarters in Addis Ababa, Court officials and more than 50 participants representing 15 African States participated in a seminar on the technical aspects of the Rome Statute and Court practice, jointly organized by the African Union and the Court. Presentations on the Court’s structure and governing principles, including complementarity, were followed by candid discussions about the role of the Court within the international justice system, the relationship between regional and international organizations and the relationship between peace and justice. The Court acknowledges the financial support of the International Organization of la Francophonie for this and other regional seminars held during the reporting period.", "113. The Court welcomes the adoption by the European Union of Council Decision 2011/168/CFSP of 21 March 2011, replacing the Union’s previous Common Position on the Court. The European Union continued to provide valuable technical, financial and other forms of support to the Court during the reporting period.", "114. Senior officials of the Court met frequently with representatives of States, international organizations and civil society to update them on the work of the Court, to raise awareness about the Rome Statute system and to discuss issues of mutual interest. The President of the Court met, inter alia, the Heads of State or Government of Colombia, Ireland, Malaysia, Mongolia, the Philippines and Qatar, as well as with ministers of foreign affairs and justice of numerous States from all regions. Furthermore, the President of the Court met with the President of the European Union, the Chairman of the Commission of the African Union and the Secretaries-General of the Commonwealth and the Organization of American States.", "115. The Office of the Prosecutor paid official visits to various Heads of State and Government, including the Presidents of Botswana, Guinea and Sierra Leone, the President and the Prime Minister of Côte d’Ivoire and the Emir and the Prime Minister of Qatar. The Office also met with the Prime Minister of the Libyan Transitional National Council, the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Denmark, Egypt, the Netherlands, Senegal and Spain and the Ministers of Justice of Egypt, Liberia, Senegal, South Africa and Palestine, among others. In addition, the Office met with high-level representatives of international and regional organizations, including the League of Arab States, the African Union, the European Union (the European External Action Service and the European Parliament), the Organization of American States and the International Organization of la Francophonie.", "116. The Court held two diplomatic briefings in The Hague in order to update the diplomatic community on the work of the Court. Briefings for diplomatic missions were also held in New York. Two strategic-level meetings were held between the Court and civil society organizations in The Hague, in addition to regular contacts between the Court and representatives of civil society.", "V. Institutional developments", "A. Elections and appointments", "117. At its tenth session, to be held from 12 to 21 December 2011 at United Nations Headquarters, the Assembly of States Parties will elect six new judges to replace the six judges whose nine-year terms will expire on 10 March 2012. The terms of office of the new judges will begin on 11 March 2012.", "118. The Assembly will also elect a Prosecutor to replace the current Prosecutor, whose term ends in June 2012. At the ninth session of the Assembly, in December 2010, the Bureau of the Assembly established a search committee for the position of Prosecutor[4] with a mandate to facilitate the nomination and election, by consensus, of the next Prosecutor.[5] The committee began its work early in 2011 and has informally received expressions of interest from various sources, including individuals, States and civil society. It is reviewing the expressions of interest in the light of the relevant criteria, and will produce a shortlist of at least three suitable candidates, if possible, for consideration by the Bureau.", "119. On 27 May 2011, the Prosecutor announced the appointment of Professor Mireille Delmas-Marty as his Office’s Special Adviser on the Internationalization of Legal Issues. On 19 July 2011, Professor Renwen Liu was appointed as Special Adviser to the Prosecutor on the Chinese legal system. These appointments are in accordance with the duty of the Prosecutor established by article 42, paragraph 9, of the Statute to appoint advisers with legal expertise on specific issues. Juan Mendez, Special Adviser on Crime Prevention, resigned from his position as a consequence of his appointment as United Nations Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.", "B. Assistance to the Special Court for Sierra Leone", "120. During the reporting period, the International Criminal Court continued to provide detention services and other related assistance to the Special Court for Sierra Leone in its trial of Charles Taylor in The Hague. The assistance provided to the Special Court for Sierra Leone includes access to the information and communications technology facilities of the International Criminal Court, its vault and a fully equipped office connected to the detention centre for the defence team. The Court agreed to provide these services to the Special Court for Sierra Leone through an exchange of letters detailing the relevant services.", "VI. Conclusion", "121. The Court was busier during the reporting period than ever before, with the number of suspects or accused persons increasing from 15 to 25. A third trial started before the Court, presentation of evidence was concluded in one trial, charges were confirmed against two accused and seven new persons appeared before the judges pursuant to an arrest warrant or a summons to appear. The Prosecutor opened a sixth investigation and requested authorization of the Pre-Trial Chamber to open a seventh investigation.", "122. Five new States acceded to or ratified the Rome Statute, bringing the total number of States parties to 116. The United Nations continued to provide important support and assistance to the Court. Enhancing the complementarity of the Court and national jurisdictions is a crucial task in the global struggle against impunity, and the United Nations and its specialized agencies play a major role in this respect, in cooperation with the Court and other relevant actors.", "123. As the importance attached to the Court’s work and the relevance of the Rome Statute on the international scene grow, great challenges remain. The increased casework, and the referral of a new situation by the Security Council, has added pressure on the resources available to the Court. Arrest warrants are outstanding against a total of 11 suspects and the cooperation of States in bringing these persons to justice continues to be a key condition for the effective implementation of the Court’s mandate.", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2283, No. 1272.", "[2] Ibid., vol. 2187, No. 38544.", "[3] The Office of the Prosecutor has made available on its website a first summary of submissions on whether the declaration lodged by the Palestinian National Authority meets statutory requirements.", "[4] See “Bureau of the Assembly of States Parties: Search Committee for the position of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court: terms of reference” (ICC-ASP/9/INF.2).", "[5] Ibid., para. 5." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "∗ A/63/250.", "Item 75 of the provisional agenda*", "Report of the International Criminal Court", "Report of the International Criminal Court", "Note by the Secretariat", "In accordance with article 6 of the United Nations and the Inter-International Criminal Court Agreement and paragraph 17 of General Assembly resolution 65/12, we have submitted to the General Assembly the report on the activities of the International Criminal Court for the period 2010/11.", "Annual report of the International Criminal Court to the United Nations 2010/11", "Summary", "During the reporting period, the seventh annual report of the International Criminal Court (hereinafter referred to as “the Court”) was submitted to the United Nations from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011. The report covers the main development of the Court's activities and other developments concerning the Court's relationship with the United Nations.", "During the reporting period, the Court made significant progress. Five States have also acceded to or ratified the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, bringing the total number of States parties to 116. The Court began its third case and the judicial activity reached a new height. The Court's first case was closed and the judgement was expected to be delivered by the end of the year.", "Following the unanimous decision of the Security Council to transmit the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to the Court, the Prosecutor has started the sixth investigation. The total number of persons covered by the Court's proceedings increased from 15 to 25, with 7 having received arrest orders or summons to appear before the Court.", "During the reporting period, the United Nations continued to provide important support and assistance to the Court. The Court interacts closely with States, the United Nations and regional and intergovernmental organizations to strengthen international cooperation to combat impunity for crimes such as genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.", "The international community has increasingly attached importance to the work of the Court and the importance of the Rome Statute, but there remain great challenges. A total of 11 suspects remain unimplemented, and States must cooperate in bringing them to justice, which is a key condition for the effective implementation of the Court's mandate. At the same time, the number of cases handled by the courts, and the Security Council sent new cases, and the Court felt tightly in terms of the resources available.", "The Court continued to hear seven situations, in which the situation in Côte d'Ivoire remains pending the authorization of the Pre-Trial Chamber for the investigation. The situation in Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic has been brought to the courts themselves, and the situation in Darfur and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in the Sudan was brought before the Court by the United Nations Security Council. With regard to each of the above situations, the Prosecutor has identified reasonable grounds for conducting investigations. Following a request by the Prosecutor, Pre-Trial Chamber III authorized the investigation into the situation in Kenya.", "With regard to the situation in Uganda, there has been a case in which the Prosecutor v. Joseph Konini, Senit Oti, Okot Oziamb and Dominicaonguić have been executed since July 2005.", "With regard to the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, there were four cases, two of them at the trial stage. With regard to the case of Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Diilo, the stage of the submission of the evidence was closed and the judgement is expected to be delivered by the end of this year. With regard to the Prosecutor v. Helman Katanga and Mattien Njolo Chini, the Prosecution completed the prosecution in December 2010, and the first-accused case commenced on 21 March 2011. With regard to the case of the Prosecutor v. Cast Mubarusheana, a warrant of arrest was issued during the reporting period and the suspect was arrested. The case is now in the pretrial phase. With regard to the Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, its arrest warrant has not been implemented since August 2006.", "With regard to the situation in the Central African Republic, there was a case in which the Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gbagbo. The trial commenced on 22 November 2010, and the Prosecution presented evidence.", "With regard to the situation in Darfur in the Sudan, there were three ongoing cases. On 7 March 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I confirmed allegations of war crimes related to attacks on the operations of the African Union Mission and sent the case to trial. In the case of the Prosecutor v. Ahmad Mohamed Harron and Ali Mohamed Ali Abdalahman and the Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir, the arrest warrant has not been implemented.", "In accordance with Security Council resolution 1593 (2005), the Prosecutor presented to the Council, on 9 December 2010 and 8 June 2011, the twelfth and thirteenth reports on the status of investigations into the situation in Darfur, noting in particular that the Government of the Sudan does not cooperate, the charges remain on the ground and the need to implement the warrant of arrest.", "With regard to the situation in Kenya, two cases are being processed at the pretrial stage: Prosecutor v. William Samoe Ruto, Henry Kiplono Kosé and Che Shoya Absan and Prosecutor v. Francis Kirarim Muussara, Uruiru Mujé Kanyata and Mohamed Al-Hussein Ali. All six suspects have received summons to appear before the Court and appear before Pre-Trial Chamber II in April 2011 and have been scheduled to hold a hearing to confirm the allegations in September 2011.", "With regard to the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, there was a case that was being addressed by the Prosecutor v. Muammar Mohamed Abu Miriaul Karzafi, Saidif Islam Qazfi and Abdouisey. On 27 June 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I, in charge of crimes against humanity since 15 February 2011, issued an arrest warrant for three suspects. Pursuant to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), the Prosecutor presented the first report on the status of investigations into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on 4 May 2011.", "During the reporting period, in addition to six investigations, the Office of the Prosecutor conducted a preliminary review of Afghanistan, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, Georgia, Guinea, Honduras, Nigeria, the Republic of Korea and Palestine. During the reporting period, the Prosecutor requested the Pre-Trial Chamber to authorize the investigation into allegations of crimes committed in Côte d'Ivoire since 28 November 2010. As at the time of the present report, the Pre-Trial Chamber had not taken a decision on the request.", "Contents", "The situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Introduction", "The seventh annual report of the International Criminal Court submitted to the United Nations pursuant to article 6 of the Agreement on Relations between the United Nations and the International Criminal Court for the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011. The report describes the main developments in the Court's activities since the submission of the sixth report to the United Nations (A/65/313), as well as other developments relating to the Court's relationship with the United Nations.", "The Court was established pursuant to an international treaty adopted on 17 July 1998 and entered into force on 1 July 2002, namely the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court [2]. During the reporting period, States such as Grenada, the Republic of Moldova, Saint Lucia, Seychelles and Tunisia had deposited instruments of ratification or accession, and thus had 116 States that had ratified or acceded to the Rome Statute, including 32 African States, 15 Asian States, 18 Eastern European States, 26 Latin American and Caribbean States and 25 Western European and other States. In addition to those States parties, 34 States have signed but not ratified the Rome Statute.", "The Court is an independent judiciary responsible for investigating and conducting trials against individuals suspected of having committed the most serious crimes of international concern, which are genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.", "The Rome Statute provides for fair, fair and full respect for the rights of the accused in court proceedings. The innovation of the Rome Statute lies in the fact that victims may participate in the proceedings even if they are not summoned as witnesses.", "In exercising its functions, the Court relied on cooperation from States, international organizations and civil society in accordance with the Rome Statute and international agreements concluded by the courts. Areas requiring cooperation by States include preliminary review, investigation, arrest and surrender of accused, tracing and freezing of assets, protection of victims and witnesses, temporary release, enforcement of sentences and enforcement of court decisions and orders.", "The Court is independent of the United Nations, but also has close links with the United Nations in terms of history, law and operations. The relevant provisions of the Rome Statute and the Relationship Agreement between the United Nations and the International Criminal Court, as well as other supporting agreements, regulate the relationship between the Court and the United Nations.", "Judicial proceedings", "During the reporting period, the Court continued to hear the situation in five places, such as Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, Darfur, the Sudan and Kenya.", "In March 2011, the Prosecutor launched a sixth inquiry into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, which was unanimously decided by the Security Council in resolution 1970 (2011), adopted on 26 February 2011. The Prosecutor also requested the Pre-Trial Chamber to authorize the conduct of the seventh investigation into the situation in Côte d'Ivoire.", "With regard to the six investigations, 13 cases have been established for each judicial proceeding, involving 26 persons, charged with crimes falling within the jurisdiction of the courts. Of those 26, one was officially declared dead and the proceedings against them were terminated. Details are provided below on cases where there has been judicial development during the reporting period.", "Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Diilo (The situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "It was reported that Thomas Lubanga Diilo was the leader of the Congolese Patriotic Union, whose military component liberated the Congolese Patriots' General Command. He was charged with war crimes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and in particular, he was charged with the recruitment, recruitment and use of children under the age of 15 to participate actively in hostilities.", "The case of Mr. Diilo commenced before Trial Chamber I on 26 January 2009. The Prosecution summoned 29 witnesses between 26 January and 14 July 2009. In 2010, the Prosecution also summoned or revoted other witnesses to respond to allegations of abuse of legal proceedings made by the defence. The defence presented the merits during the period from 27 January 2010 to 18 April 2011. During that period, a total of 68 days were held, and the defence presented 133 exhibits and 24 witnesses. A total of 118 victims participated in the Lubanga proceedings through legal representatives. Three victims who have been authorized to participate in the proceedings were heard in the Trial Chamber in January 2010.", "On 8 October 2010, the Appeals Chamber reversed the Trial Chamber's decision to hold proceedings and release the accused. In advance, the Trial Chamber ordered the suspension of proceedings owing to the substantive failure of the Prosecution to comply with its orders and ordered the unrestricted and unconditional release of Thomas Lubanga Diilo, subject to an appeal against its orders and subject to the cessation of the execution orders to be issued by the Appeals Chamber on 15 July 2010. The Appeals Chamber reversed the decision of the Trial Chamber by deciding that the Trial Chamber shall, prior to the ordering of the proceedings, impose sanctions in accordance with article 71 of the statute, prompt the prosecution to comply with its orders.", "On 23 February 2011, Trial Chamber I dismissed the application of the defence to hold proceedings and ruled that the application was misused. The trial resumed on 21 March 2011.", "On 20 May 2011, Trial Chamber I ordered the conclusion of the evidentiary phase. The Prosecution and the defence presented the defence points on 1 June and 15 July, respectively. The final oral presentation will be made by the parties and participants at the open interrogation held on 25 and 26 August 2011.", "Prosecutor v. German Katanga and Mattien Njolo Chini (The situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "Mr. Helman Katanga and Mr. Maitè Njolo Cuti were two former leaders of armed groups active in the Ituri region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mr. Katanga has allegedly commanded the Patriotic Resistance Force in Ituri and has been appointed as the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; Mr. Njolo is alleged to be former leader of the Front nationalist pour l'homme and integration, as well as in the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Both of them were charged with seven war crimes (arbitrary killing, the active involvement of children in hostilities, sexual slavery, rape, attacks on civilians, looting and destruction of enemy property) and three crimes against humanity (homicide, sexual slavery and rape). It was allegedly related to the attack on the village of Bogoro on 24 February 2003.", "The case of Mr. Katanga and Mr. Njolo was held in Trial Chamber II on 24 November 2009. On 8 December 2010, the Prosecution completed its work on the presentation of the evidence of the deportation case. The Prosecution submitted 270 evidence in the presentation of the case and summoned 24 witnesses to testify, including two expert witnesses.", "The first accused, Mr. Katanga, presented the merits for the period from 24 March 2011 to 12 July 2011 and summoned 17 witnesses to testify before the Court, three of whom were witnesses co-sponsored with Mr. Njolo, second accused. Mr. Katanga's defence counsel submitted 150 evidence, and Mr. Njolo's defence counsel presented 59 evidence. The defence counsel of Mr. Njolo will commence on 15 August 2011. A total of 366 victims participated in the case by legal representatives, two of whom were heard during interrogations.", "C. Prosecutor v. Karel Mubarushea (The situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "It was reported that Karel Mubarusheana was the Executive Secretary of the Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda (FDLR). On 28 September 2010, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued an arrest warrant to determine that there was reasonable ground to believe that he had a common plan for the leadership of the FDLR, namely, the launch of an international campaign against civilians in North and South Kivu to gain political concessions.", "On 11 October 2010, Mr. Mbarakana was arrested by the French authorities and was arrested. On 25 January 2011, he was transferred to the Court's Detention Centre in The Hague and was first heard in court on 28 January 2011. In view of the technical difficulties encountered in reviewing the electronic equipment obtained at the residence of the suspect, delays occurred, the confirmation of the crime was postponed at the request of the Prosecution, on 4 July 2011.", "On 15 July 2010, the Prosecution submitted a list of allegations and evidence. The allegations included 13 war crimes and crimes against humanity, allegedly committed in North Kivu and eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo between 20 January and 31 December 2009. The Prosecution alleged that Mr. Mbarakana was responsible for the common purpose of the FDLR leadership, the common purpose of which was to take various criminal actions in North and South Kivu to create a “humanitarian disaster”, which prompted the Governments of Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to renounce military operations against the Group and to seize political forces in Rwanda.", "Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo (The situation in the Central African Republic)", "Jean-Pierre Bemba Gabo is the former President and Commander-in-Chief of the Congolese Liberation Movement. He had allegedly committed various crimes throughout the Central African Republic during the non-international armed conflict from 26 October 2002 to 15 March 2003. Pre-Trial Chamber III confirmed the charges against Mr. Benba on 15 June 2009. In accordance with article 28 of the Rome Statute (Responsibility of commanders and other superiors), he was charged with three war crimes (homicide, rape and robbery) as a military commander and two crimes against humanity (homicide and rape).", "On 19 October 2010, the Appeals Chamber imposed a judgement on Mr. Benba's appeal against Trial Chamber III on 24 June 2010, concerning the admissibility and abuse of legal proceedings. The Appeals Chamber confirmed the challenged decision that, in accordance with article 17, paragraph 1 (b), of the statute, the Trial Chamber shall accept the validity and effectiveness of the decisions of the domestic courts in the first instance when the results of the domestic judicial proceedings are presented to the Trial Chamber as tantamount to the issue of non-adjustment, unless there is convincing evidence that these decisions are not accepted.", "Mr. Benba's trial was held in Trial Chamber III on 22 November 2010. To date, 1,619 victims have been allowed to participate in the trial process through legal representatives. As at 31 July 2011, the Prosecution had summoned 25 of the 40 witnesses planned.", "E. Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir (The situation in Darfur in the Sudan)", "On 4 March 2009, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued the first arrest warrant against the current President of the Sudan, Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir, charged with five counts of crimes against humanity (homicide, extermination, forced diversion, torture and rape) and two war crimes (attacks against civilians and robbers). On 12 July 2010, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued a second arrest warrant against Mr. Al-Bashir, and three additional allegations of genocide. These arrests have been communicated to all States parties, the Sudanese authorities and all States members of the Security Council that are not parties to the Rome Statute.", "On 27 August 2010, Pre-Trial Chamber I decided to brief the Security Council and the General Assembly of States parties to the Rome Statute on the visit of Mr. Al-Bashir to Kenya and Chad in order to take any action that they might consider appropriate. On 12 May 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I adopted a similar decision on Mr. Al-Bashir's visit to Djibouti. In the above-mentioned decision, Pre-Trial Chamber I noted that, in accordance with Security Council resolution 1593 (2005) and article 87 of the Rome Statute, which had been acceded to by Kenya, Chad and Djibouti, those States had an obligation to cooperate with the Court.", "Mr. Al-Bashir has not been returned. A total of 12 victims were allowed to participate in the case through legal representation.", "F. Prosecutor v. Abdullah Banda Abacarnuin and Salalikh Mohamed Jammus (The situation in Darfur in the Sudan)", "Abdullah Banda Abacar Nenin was allegedly the Commander-in-Chief of the Justice and Equality Movement, Mohamed Jammus was allegedly the former Chief of Staff of the Sudan Liberation Army. In August 2009, Pre-Trial Chamber I sent a summons to Mr. Banda and Mr. Jericho.", "On 8 December 2010, Pre-Trial Chamber I held a confirmation hearing. On 7 March 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I, in response to the attack on 29 September 2007 against a African Union mission in northern Sudan — the African Union Mission in the Sudan (AMIS) — peacekeepers, confirmed the three war crimes allegations against alleged rebel leaders in Darfur (violence endangers life, deliberately order attacks on peacekeeping missions and loods).", "On 16 March 2011, the President of the Court sent the case to the new Trial Chamber IV. On 16 May 2011, the parties presented a joint submission stating that the accused would be only contesting certain specific issues during the interrogation:", "(a) The illegality of the attack on the location of the military group in Haskanita on 29 September 2007;", "(b) If the attack is considered illegal, then the accused is informed of the factual circumstances that determine the unlawful nature of the attack;", "(c) Whether AMIS is a peacekeeping mission consistent with the definition of the Charter of the United Nations.", "The parties agreed that the focus of the trial would be solely on the disputed issues of the parties, which could significantly reduce the trial proceedings, thereby contributing to greater efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the trial, while at the same time preserving the right of victims to participate in the proceedings and protecting the right of the accused to a fair and prompt trial.", "As at 31 May 2011, a total of 89 victims were allowed to participate in the proceedings through legal representatives. The opening date will be determined when appropriate.", "Public Prosecutor v. William Samoto, Henry Kiplono Kosé and Çor Shoya Aapp San (The situation in Kenya)", "On 8 March 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber II issued a summons to the following: William Smorimer Ruto, Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology, member of Parliament and President of the Aorange Democracy Movement, Henry Kiplono Kosé, and Head of Operations of the Cars FM radio station in Nairobi, who were suspected of committing crimes against humanity in the aftermath of the violence in 2007 and 2008. All three accused were allegedly members of the “orange Democracy Movement”, one of the two political parties in the Kenya ruling Union.", "On 7 April 2011, three suspects took the initiative to appear before Pre-Trial Chamber II. Pre-Trial Chamber II will hold a hearing on the confirmation of charges on 1 September 2011, when Pre-Trial Chamber II will consider three counts of crimes against humanity, murder, forced relocation of residents and persecution.", "On 31 March 2011, the Government of Kenya, in accordance with article 19 of the Rome Statute, challenged the Court's admissibility of the case. On 30 May 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber II dismissed the application and considered that the application did not provide specific evidence to demonstrate that the State was in the process of legal proceedings against persons before the court proceedings. The Appeals Chamber has not ruled on the appeal made by the Government of Kenya to that decision.", "H. Prosecutor v. François Muussaoura, Urru Mujé Kanyata and Mohamed Hussein Ali (The situation in Kenya)", "On 8 March 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber II issued a summons to appear before the Court: Frances Kiarim Moussaoua, Director of the Civil Service and Cabinet Secretary, França, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance Uru Mujé Kenyata and Postal Corporation Executive Director Mohamed Hisin Ali, who had allegedly committed crimes against humanity in post-election violence. All three accused were allegedly members of the National Solidarity Party, one of the two political parties in the Kenya ruling Union.", "On 8 April 2011, three suspects took the initiative to appear before Pre-Trial Chamber II. Pre-Trial Chamber II is scheduled to hold a hearing on the confirmation of charges on 21 September 2011, at which Pre-Trial Chamber II will consider the allegations of five crimes against humanity, murder, forced relocation of residents, rape, persecution and other inhuman acts.", "On 31 March 2011, the Government of Kenya, in accordance with article 19 of the Rome Statute, challenged the Court's admissibility of the case. On 30 May 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber II dismissed the application and considered that the application did not provide specific evidence to demonstrate that the State was in the process of legal proceedings against persons before the court proceedings.", "I. Prosecutor v. Muammar Mohamed Abmir Kazafi, Saidif Islam Qazfi and Abdoui (The situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)", "On 27 June 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued a warrant for the arrest of two charges against humanity, murder and persecution, allegedly committed after 15 February 2011. Pre-Trial Chamber I ruled that there was a reasonable basis to believe that Muammar Al-Qadhafi, in coordination with its core circle, had a plan to think and plan a plan to prevent peaceful civilians from opposing demonstrations by that regime. In its resolution 1970 (2011), adopted on 26 February 2011, the Security Council transmitted the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to the Prosecutor, in accordance with which the Prosecutor conducted an investigation into the situation on 3 March 2011 and the arrest warrant was issued after the start of the investigation.", "J. Non-implementation", "At the time of the present report, 12 arrests have not been carried out:", "(a) The situation in Uganda: Mr. Joseph Konini, Mr. Steret Oti, Mr. Okot Oziamb and Mr. Commonwealthongu. These arrest warrants have not been implemented since 2005;", "(b) The situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Mr. Bosco Ntaganda. This arrest warrant has not been implemented since 2006.", "(c) The situation in Darfur in the Sudan: Mr. Ahmed Harence and Mr. Ali Kushab, whose arrest warrants have been unimplemented since 2007; Mr. Al-Bashir has two warrants of arrest, which have been implemented since 2009 and 2010 respectively;", "(d) The situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Muammar Mohamed Abu Millan Kazafi, Saidif Islam Qazfi and Abdoui, whose arrest warrants have not been implemented since 27 June 2011.", "The Court has issued a request for the arrest and surrender of these persons and informed the State concerned. All States parties and other States that have legal obligations to cooperate with the courts must respond to these requests. With regard to the situation in Darfur and the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, all parties, including both States, have an obligation to cooperate fully with the courts and prosecutors, in accordance with Security Council resolutions 1593 (2005) and 1970 (2011).", "Investigation and preliminary review", "Investigation", "The situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Diilo and Prosecutor v. Helman Katanga and Mattièle Njolo Chini", "During the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, the Prosecution undertook 16 missions to five States, mainly to seek support for the trial and to reject the argument made by the defence in the Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dylo and the Prosecutor v. Helman Katanga and Martèle Njolo Cuti.", "North Kivu Province", "During the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, the Office of the Prosecutor dispatched 34 missions to 10 countries to conduct a third survey in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, focusing on the crimes committed by the FDLR militias in North and South Kivu, to investigate the arrest and seizure of Karlikster Mubaimana and to support the preparation of the forthcoming confirmation hearing.", "It was alleged that FDLR militias committed crimes in North Kivu, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, and that investigations and prosecutions of those crimes were one of the most successful examples of the complementarity of the Rome Statute system. Part of the FDLR leadership is based in Europe. Karlikster Mubarusheana was allegedly the Executive Secretary of the militia and others were in France. He was arrested and sent to the Court by the French authorities. On 17 November 2009, Iyas Mubaraashacas and Staton Mussoini served as Chairman and Vice-Chairpersons of the FDLR, who were arrested by the German authorities and tried in Germany for war crimes and crimes against humanity, in accordance with the German Code on International Law.", "In Germany, Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, France and the Office of the Prosecutor have conducted more than two years of investigation into alleged crimes committed in North Kivu and, in particular, the activities of FDLR leaders, as a result of these investigations.", "The Office of the Prosecutor continues to investigate alleged crimes committed in North and South Kivu, including continuing to investigate other FDLR leaders.", "The Office of the Prosecutor implements positive complementary policies and actively encourages States to conduct legal proceedings effectively, and in the implementation of this policy, the Office of the Prosecutor trained Congolese judicial authorities in the investigation of war crimes and crimes against humanity in North and South Kivu provinces in October 2010 and February 2011.", "The situation in Uganda", "The Office of the Prosecutor continued to collect information on the alleged crimes committed by the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) and to promote action to implement the arrest warrant issued by the LRA leaders, which, in response to the situation in Uganda, dispatched three delegations to visit three countries. The Office collected information on the alleged crimes committed by LRA under Joseph Konini. According to information received, LRA continued to commit crimes four times a year, killing and abduction in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Southern Sudan and the Central African Republic. It was reported that since the beginning of 2008, LRA had killed more than 2,000 people and abducted more than 2,500, leaving over 300,000 people displaced. During the same period, more than 120,000 people were displaced in Southern Sudan and the Central African Republic, at least 450 people were killed and more than 800 were abducted.", "The Office of the Prosecutor also continued to collect and analyse information on crimes allegedly committed by the Uganda People's Defence Force. The Office continued to encourage the authorities of Uganda to conduct legal proceedings against both parties to the conflict.", "The Office of the Prosecutor implements positive complementary policies to assist the authorities of Uganda in investigating and prosecuting individuals. The authorities are ready to try the first domestic war crimes case in the new Division of International Crime established by the High Court, charges against a person allegedly at the LRA level, during the preparation of the case by the authorities of the country, the Office of the Prosecutor shared lessons learned and best practices, including the protection and support of witnesses and lessons learned and best practices. With regard to the selection of cases by the Uganda High Court, the Office had conducted a survey that had received raw material from the Uganda authorities, which provided a retrieval, translation and transcript of the material. The Office is fully committed by the Uganda authorities to use any information shared by the Office of the Prosecutor in legal proceedings in a manner consistent with internationally recognized human rights standards.", "The situation in the Central African Republic", "The Office of the Prosecutor continued to investigate the situation in the Central African Republic, during the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, a total of 14 missions were undertaken to five countries, with the purpose of including the identification and tracking of new information received by the investigation.", "The situation in Darfur in the Sudan", "During the period from 1 August 2010 to 30 July 2011, the Office of the Prosecutor sent 16 missions to nine States to investigate the situation in Darfur.", "In accordance with Security Council resolution 1593 (2005), the Prosecutor submitted to the Security Council the twelfth and thirteenth reports on the investigation of the situation in Darfur, on 10 December 2010 and 8 June 2011.", "In his briefing on 10 December 2010, the Prosecutor drew attention to the fact that the Pre-Trial Chamber issued a second arrest warrant against President Al-Bashir on three genocide allegations. He again stressed that the Government of the Sudan had not cooperated and that it had not brought legal proceedings against those responsible for the crimes.", "In his briefing on 8 June 2011, the Prosecutor spoke of the continuing problems of arrest warrants and crimes, with particular concern about the role played by key figures Ahmed Harron.", "The Office of the Prosecutor continued to monitor and collect information on the situation in Darfur in the Sudan. Information collected indicates that crimes against humanity, war crimes and genocide are still taking place.", "The situation in Kenya", "Following the authorization to conduct investigations, the Office of the Prosecutor sent 71 visits to 14 countries during the reporting period.", "On 15 December 2010, the Prosecutor filed two applications for court summonses against six persons.", "The situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "After the unanimous decision of the Security Council to transmit the situation to the Court, the Office of the Prosecutor conducted a preliminary review of the situation and carried out factual and legal analysis. The issue of analysis included jurisdiction, admissibility (comparability and severity) and justice, and following the analysis, the Office of the Prosecutor established on 3 March 2011 that the statutory criteria for conducting investigations into the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya had been met.", "On 4 May 2011, the Prosecutor briefed the Security Council on his first report on the substantive and rapid progress made in the investigation of his office, which he concluded, said that he would seek to issue a warrant for the arrest of three persons in the coming weeks, who seemed to have the greatest criminal responsibility for crimes against humanity committed in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya since 15 February 2011.", "Since then, on 16 May 2011, the Prosecutor requested Pre-Trial Chamber I to issue a warrant of arrest against the Libyan leader, Muammar Mohamed Abu Mi Nyazfi, his son, Saidif Islam Karzafi, spokesperson of the Government of Libya, and Abdullah Saidey, Director of Military Intelligence. In his application, the Prosecutor presented evidence that, in addition to the testimony of the three individuals to meet, the planning of the operation was also evidenced by the recruitment of foreign soldiers by Seyif Islam, in accordance with the Order of Muammar Karzafi.", "During the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor dispatched 28 missions to 11 countries to investigate the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The Office is investigating allegations of rape, sexual violence and other crimes against humanity, such as torture and inhuman action, against civilians perceived as dissidents. The Office also investigates allegations of attacks against sub-Saharan Africans who were deemed wrongly mercenaries and allegations of war crimes committed by parties to armed conflict during the conflict.", "Preliminary review", "The Office of the Prosecutor has continued to proactively monitor information on possible criminal acts falling within the jurisdiction of the Court and to analyse communications received from various sources. As at 30 June 2011, the Office had received 9,253 communications relating to article 15 of the Rome Statute, of which 419 were received during the reporting period.", "The Office continued its preliminary review in Afghanistan, Colombia, Georgia, Guinea and Palestine. The Office publicly announced that it had begun to conduct a preliminary review of the situation in Honduras, Nigeria and the Republic of Korea. On 23 June 2011, the Prosecutor requested the Pre-Trial Chamber to authorize the investigation into the situation in Côte d'Ivoire.", "Afghanistan", "The Office of the Prosecutor continued to monitor the situation in Afghanistan and to consider all information, including public information. The Office maintains close contact with experts, civil society organizations and public officials in the region and participated in various international academic meetings on Afghanistan.", "In accordance with the Rome Statute, the Office assesses whether a genuine investigation and legal proceedings have been undertaken to bring to justice those responsible for the most serious crimes committed in Afghanistan. The scope of such analysis includes investigations and legal proceedings that may be carried out in the State of the suspect or in any other State with jurisdiction over the alleged crimes committed in Afghanistan.", "Colombia", "In ratifying the Rome Statute (in accordance with article 124 of the Rome Statute), Colombia declared that it would not accept the Court's jurisdiction over war crimes within seven years. The seven-year period ended on 1 November 2009. Since then, the Office of the Prosecutor can investigate and prosecute war crimes. Colombian national criminal justice systems have made efforts to investigate those responsible for crimes under the Rome Statute.", "The Office is monitoring and analysing information on investigations and legal proceedings in the country, with a focus on investigations and proceedings involving paramilitary groups and cruise leaders allegedly responsible for acts that may fall under the jurisdiction of the courts and military leaders. The Office is analysing allegations of international support networks to assist criminal armed groups in Colombia. In addition, the Office also monitors cases of quasi-military scandal (parapolitica).", "The Office has sent information to States. During the reporting period, the Office also met with Colombian stakeholders from Governments, judicial authorities and non-governmental organizations in Colombia and The Hague.", "At the two-year NGO round table on 20 October 2010, the Office held a meeting on complementarity with respect to the initial review of Colombia, which commented on the actions of the Colombian authorities to combat impunity, in particular the proceedings under the Justice and Peace Act.", "The Office will continue to review the situation in Colombia and legal proceedings in the country. In this regard, in accordance with the positive approach to promoting complementarity, the Office welcomes the efforts of President Sández to seek further support from the international community for legal proceedings in Colombia and to work to promote cooperation, which was explained during the ninth session of the Conference of the States Parties in December 2010. The appointment of Judge Chuaa Garsson, who served as consultant to the Office of the Prosecutor, was appointed as Adviser to the Organization of American States Mission in Support of the Colombian peace process, as an example of the implementation of positive complementarity, and hopes that this appointment will help the Colombian authorities to work actively.", "Ivorian", "The Office of the Prosecutor continued to test the situation in Côte d'Ivoire, in particular the violence that occurred following the second round of presidential elections held on 28 November 2010.", "On 18 December 2010, the Court received a statement signed by President Vatara confirming that the Government of Côte d'Ivoire had previously submitted its declaration under article 12, paragraph 3, of the Statute in October 2003, accepting the Court's jurisdiction over the crimes committed in the country since 19 September 2002.", "The Prosecutor has concluded that the statutory standards for conducting investigations in the Rome Statute have been met. On 23 June 2011, the Prosecutor requested the Pre-Trial Chamber to authorize the investigation into the charges committed in Côte d'Ivoire since 28 November 2010.", "Georgia", "During the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor continued to track the investigation into allegations of crimes committed during the Georgian conflict in August 2008.", "In February 2011, a delegation of the Office of the Prosecutor visited the Russian Federation for a second time and heard a comprehensive presentation on the latest progress of national investigations conducted by the Russian Federation Commission of Inquiry. The Office maintains regular contacts with the Georgian authorities.", "The Office maintains close contact with non-governmental organizations in the region, receives reports from these organizations and participates in meetings with them.", "Guinea", "On 14 October 2009, the Prosecutor announced a preliminary review of the situation in Guinea, which covered allegations related to the events in Conakry on 28 September 2009.", "The Office undertook two visits to Guinea to track the investigation of the events of Guinean judges and to monitor whether new criminal acts occurred during the elections in order to carry out the Office's preventive mandate. The Office met with Government officials and representatives of the judiciary, civil society and victim and victim associations.", "Honduras", "On 18 November 2010, the Prosecutor announced a preliminary review of the situation in Honduras. The Office is analysing whether human rights violations allegedly committed following the President's coup d'état on 28 June 2009 constitute offences within the jurisdiction of the Court. The Office received 17 communications on the situation. The authorities of Honduras immediately expressed their willingness to cooperate.", "Republic of Korea", "On 6 December 2010, the Office of the Prosecutor announced receipt of a communication alleging that the Democratic People's Republic of Korea forces committed war crimes in the Republic of Korea.", "The preliminary review of the situation in the Republic of Korea was focused on two incidents: (a) the shelling of the island on 23 November 2010, which resulted in the deaths of Korean naval land squads and civilians, causing many other injuries; and (b) on 26 March 2010, the alleged launch of a fish mine by the submarine of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the silence of the Republic of Korea's air fleet and 46 deaths.", "The Office has been searching more information from the relevant sources. The preliminary review included an analysis of the issue of the jurisdiction of the mark, and therefore, the Office has been engaged with the Korean authorities to determine the facts.", "Nigeria", "On 18 November 2010, the Office of the Prosecutor announced a review of the situation in Nigeria. The Office is analysing alleged crimes committed in central Nigeria since mid-2004 and has been engaged constructively with the Nigerian authorities. The Office met with Nigeria and international civil society organizations operating in the “intermediate” states. The Office has invited the authorities of Nigeria to share information with them on existing legal facts.", "Palestine", "On 22 January 2009, the Palestinian National Authority issued a statement under article 12, paragraph 3, of the Rome Statute to accept the jurisdiction of the Court, which continued to review the compatibility of the declaration accepting the jurisdiction of the Court with the statutory requirements. As the International Criminal Court is the Court of Cassation, the Office of the Prosecutor also examines whether there have been legal proceedings in the State for the alleged crimes, which is related to the admissibility of cases that may arise. The Office received a total of 400 communications on alleged crimes committed in Palestine.", "With regard to whether the statutory requirements for conducting investigations have been met, including whether Palestine is a State referred to in article 12, paragraph 3, of the Statute, the Palestinian National Authority requires that it be given its right to be heard. The Office is of the view that, in accordance with the requirements of the fair process, Palestinian National Authority and other relevant parties should have access to opportunities. Therefore, the Office ensures the appropriate legal process of all parties. The representative of the Palestinian National Authority made his oral and written observations and expressed its arguments. The final public defence brief will soon be presented. [3]", "The Office also reviewed various public reports and organized an interactive discussion for experts and non-governmental organizations that submitted submissions at the seat of the Court during the two-year round tables on 20 October 2010.", "In July 2011, at the request of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Office of the Prosecutor provided an update on the steps taken by the Office towards the Palestinian declaration.", "The Prosecutor met with stakeholders, including the Palestinian National Authority, the Secretariat of the League of Arab States and representatives of several Palestinian and Israeli non-governmental organizations, to discuss the jurisdiction of the Court.", "International cooperation", "Cooperation with the United Nations", "The Court cooperates with the United Nations on the basis of the Agreement on Relations signed by the two organizations on 4 October 2004. In accordance with article 10 of the Relationship Agreement, the United Nations provided facilities and services to the Ninth Meeting of the States Parties to the Rome Statute, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York from 6 to 10 December 2010. The tenth session will be held at United Nations Headquarters from 12 to 21 December 2011.", "In the area of security, the Court is a member of the United Nations security management system and is invited annually to participate in two meetings of the United Nations Inter-Agency Security Management Network. This enables courts to organize standards, regulations and actions on the ground with the United Nations and other members.", "With regard to States in situations, the Court received support and assistance from the United Nations, including the provision of fuel for court vehicles and the use of United Nations air assets, which are essential. During the reporting period, the Court used 862 flights arranged by the United Nations to support visits to the various situation countries. The United Nations continues to provide the Court with various services and facilities, including logistical support for court operations on the ground.", "The Court continued to engage widely with the Office of Legal Affairs, in particular in coordination, by bringing United Nations officials to testify, provide information and mainstream the Court throughout the United Nations system. The United Nations, at the request of the Prosecutor and the defence counsel, provides them with documentation. In December 2010, the second United Nations officer gave testimony to the Court at trial of Gerelman Katanga and Mattien Njolo Cuti.", "The Court appreciated the cooperation and assistance provided by the Office of Internal Oversight Services of the United Nations Secretariat (OIOS). On 16 July 2010, the Court and the United Nations signed a memorandum of understanding to facilitate the secondment of an OIOS expert who will serve as the interim head of the independent oversight mechanism of the International Criminal Court for a term of office until 18 July 2011. Similarly, the Court was assisted by an expert from the Internal Audit Division of OIOS, and in April 2011 they conducted a screening of the existing internal and external oversight mechanisms of the Court.", "On 13 June 2011, the Registry of the Court signed a memorandum of understanding with the United Nations on the provision of support services and facilities at the United Nations Office at Nairobi to support the activities of the Registry in Kenya.", "On 14 and 15 June 2011, the High Representative of the Office of the Prosecutor participated in a meeting with United Nations bodies, such as the Office of Legal Affairs, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the United Nations Development Programme, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, in New York, which focused, inter alia, on the latest developments in the activities of the Office of the Prosecutor and updates on cooperation, information exchange and best practices.", "The next round-table coordination meeting of the United Nations and the Court will be held in New York on 8 and 9 December 2011.", "The regular engagement of the International Criminal Court with United Nations Headquarters has facilitated cooperation. The Court's New York Liaison Office is the main interlocutors with the United Nations Secretariat. The New York Liaison Office continued to promote and facilitate cooperation between the Court and the United Nations and its funds, programmes and agencies and to promote and facilitate cooperation between the Court and the Permanent Missions to the United Nations and observers.", "The Director of the New York Liaison Office participated in the meetings of the Security Council in his capacity as observers and in accordance with article 4 of the Relationship Agreement, in the United Nations General Assembly meetings concerning the work of the Court. The liaison office facilitates the visit of senior court officials to New York, with reference to developments relating to the Court and updates on this matter to court officials. The liaison offices are constantly presenting the Court's latest judicial developments to the United Nations Secretariat and Permanent Missions, transmitting the Court's judicial notification to the Secretary-General and the Security Council. Because of the growing importance of the Court's work in the United Nations, the Director of the Liaison Service is increasingly requested to provide information to all United Nations departments and permanent missions.", "In addition to operational and logistical assistance, public and diplomatic support from senior officials, such as the United Nations and the Secretary-General, remains important for the Court.", "During the reporting period, the President of the Court held several meetings with senior United Nations officials, with a particular focus on the possibility of strengthening contacts between the Rule of Law Coordination and Resource Group on issues related to criminal acts within the scope of the Rome Statute. At the 9 December 2010 meeting, the President and the Secretary-General discussed the key role that the United Nations could play in strengthening the national justice system by increasing the attention paid to the issues covered by the Rome Statute in the preparation of the rule of law programme and the provision of development assistance. They also agreed that there was a need to raise awareness at the global level and promote the ratification of the Rome Statute, in particular in areas where States parties were under-represented. On 17 March 2011, the President met with the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme to discuss synergies that the United Nations and the Court could play in supporting national efforts to build national capacity to prosecute serious crimes. On 9 May 2011, the President of the Court met with the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to discuss various forms of cooperation that could be undertaken by the two organizations in ensuring accountability for crimes covered by the Rome Statute. The President also met with heads of United Nations missions during official travel in a number of countries to discuss issues of common interest.", "As noted above, with regard to the status of investigations into the situation in Darfur, the Prosecutor briefed the Security Council twice on the status of investigations into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and the Prosecutor briefed the Council once. In addition, during the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor held a number of high-level meetings with United Nations representatives to raise awareness of its specific mandate and enhance mutual cooperation. The Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, the Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs and the United Nations Legal Counsel, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Sexual Violence in Conflict, and the representative of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs participated in these meetings.", "Cooperation with States, other international organizations and civil society and assistance provided by them", "In accordance with Part IX of the Rome Statute, the Court has made numerous requests for cooperation or assistance to States. In accordance with article 87 of the Rome Statute, the content of such requests and related documents is often confidential.", "During the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor submitted 211 requests for assistance to States parties, States not parties, international and regional organizations and others. While many of these requests have not yet been implemented, in particular the many recent requests have not been implemented, the implementation rate has reached 70 per cent at the end of the reporting period.", "In addition to requests for specific cooperation and assistance under sections 9 and 10 of the Rome Statute, the Court continued to develop bilateral communication and cooperation arrangements with States, in particular in the areas of analytical and investigation activities, tracing and freezing of assets, protection of victims and witnesses, arrest action, enforcement of sentences and the temporary release of accused awaiting trial.", "During the period under review, the Court concluded enforcement sentences agreements with Colombia and Serbia, bringing the total number of such agreements to seven. This is welcome because, in 2011 and 2012 there may be some judgements, the Court needs to find appropriate places of detention for the sentenced person.", "During the reporting period, no new resettlement witness agreements were concluded with States, although in this regard, in-depth negotiations have been held with several States. In order to increase the Court's choice to resettle witnesses at the international level, the Court established a new Special Fund for Resettlement of Witnesses, enabling States to do so to do so to finance the resettlement of witnesses to third countries. The Court had received a large amount of funds that had been donated to the Special Fund, which were currently being used to finance the resettlement of several witnesses. The Court is currently in contact with the State party to enquire whether they are willing to enter into a resettlement witness agreement with the Court that does not increase the cost of resettlement activities financed by the Special Fund.", "In addition, States parties can build this capacity through bilateral channels or by other States that support the lack of witness protection capacity. Several States have expressed strong interest in the proposal and the development of the proposal will promote the principle of complementarity.", "The Trust Fund for Victims established by the Rome Statute has a dual mandate for victims within the jurisdiction of the Court. The Trust Fund secretariat interacts and coordinates regularly with States and United Nations organizations at the institutional and operational levels.", "The first conviction judgement of the Court is expected to enable the Trust Fund to begin the task of implementing the compensation ordered by the Court. During the past four years, the Trust Fund has been operating in northern Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in accordance with its mandate for rehabilitation and is expected to start these activities in the Central African Republic in early 2012. The President of the Board of Trustees of the Trust Fund, Ms. Elizabeth Rehn, participated regularly in the International Forum, including in the League of Arab States meeting held in Doha in May 2011.", "During the period under review, the Court concluded a framework cooperation arrangement with the Organization of American States and signed a memorandum of understanding with the Commonwealth Secretariat. These agreements are very valuable and will enhance cooperation between the courts and intergovernmental organizations, thereby promoting the exchange of information, awareness-raising and supporting national judicial authorities in building their capacity, in accordance with the principle of complementarity.", "The Court strengthened its cooperation and contacts with the League of Arab States. On 24 and 25 May 2011, Qatar and the League of Arab States, in cooperation with the Court, held a regional conference on the International Criminal Court in Doha, which was attended by representatives of the Court, senior delegations of Governments, legal experts and media. This was the first such event in the Middle East, aimed at presenting the legal framework of the Court's work and the courts. Statements were made by the President of the Court, the Registrar and the Prosecutor and the main experts on international criminal justice in the Arab States.", "The Court continued to communicate closely with the African Union. On 18 and 19 July 2011, the African Union and the Court jointly organized a seminar on the technical dimensions of the Rome Statute and the Court's practice at the headquarters of Addis Ababa, where over 50 participants from 15 African countries participated. The Meeting provided information on the Court's structure and management principles, including the principle of complementarity, and since then, participants took a frank discussion on the role of the Court in the international justice system, the relationship between regional organizations and international organizations and the relationship between peace and justice. During the reporting period, the International Organization of la Francophonie provided funding for the seminar and other regional seminars, and the Court expressed its appreciation.", "The Court welcomed the adoption by the European Union of Council decision 2011/168/CFSP of 21 March 2011 to replace the Council's previous Common Position on the Court. During the reporting period, the European Union continued to provide valuable technical, financial and other forms of support to the Court.", "Senior officials of the Court met regularly with representatives of States, international organizations and civil society to update them on their work and to raise their awareness of the Rome Statute system and to discuss issues of common interest. Among other things, the President of the Court met with Heads of State or Government of Colombia, Ireland, Malaysia, Mongolia, the Philippines and Qatar and met with the Ministers for Foreign Affairs and Justice of many countries in all regions. In addition, the President of the Court met with the President of the European Union, the Chairperson of the African Union Commission, the Commonwealth Secretary and the Secretary-General of the Organization of American States.", "The Office of the Prosecutor officially visited the heads of State and Government of different countries, including Botswana, Guinea and Sierra Leone, the President and the Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire and the Prime Minister of Qatar Emir and the Prime Minister. The Office also met with the Prime Minister of the National Transition Council of Libya, the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Denmark, Egypt, the Netherlands, Senegal and Spain, and the Ministers of Justice of Egypt, Liberia, Senegal, South Africa and Palestine. In addition, the Office met with high-level representatives of international and regional organizations, such as the League of Arab States, the African Union, the European Union (Europol and the European Parliament), the Organization of American States and the International Organization of la Francophonie.", "The Court held two diplomatic briefings in The Hague to update the diplomatic community on the work of the Court. In addition, briefings were held in New York for diplomatic missions. In addition to regular contacts, representatives of the courts and civil society held two strategic-level meetings between the parties in The Hague.", "Institutional development", "Elections and appointments", "At its tenth session, to be held at United Nations Headquarters from 12 to 21 December 2011, the Assembly of States Parties will elect six new judges to replace the nine-year term of office of six judges who will expire on 10 March 2012. The term of office of the new judge will begin on 11 March 2012.", "The General Assembly will also elect a prosecutor to replace the current Prosecutor who will expire in June 2012. At the ninth session of the General Assembly in December 2010, the Bureau of the General Assembly established a Committee of Prosecutors, [4] with a mandate to assist in the selection and election of prosecutors by consensus. [5] The Committee began its work in early 2011 and has received informal expressions of interest from different sources, such as individuals, States and civil society. The Committee is reviewing these expressions of interest in accordance with the relevant criteria and, if possible, will propose a short list of at least three suitable candidates for consideration by the Bureau.", "On 27 May 2011, the Prosecutor announced the appointment of Professor Mileier Delmas-Mai as Special Adviser on the Legalization of the Office of the Prosecutor. On 19 July 2011, Professor Liuin was appointed as Special Adviser on the Legal System of China. These appointments are made in accordance with article 42, paragraph 9, of the statute, which stipulates that the Prosecutor shall appoint a consultant with legal expertise on specific issues. The Special Adviser on Crime Prevention, Juan Méndez, resigned since he had been appointed as the United Nations Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.", "Assistance to the Special Court for Sierra Leone", "During the reporting period, the International Criminal Court continued to provide detention services and other related assistance to the Special Court for Sierra Leone in order to enable the Special Court to hear Charles Taylor in The Hague. The assistance provided to the Special Court for Sierra Leone included the use of information and communications technology facilities of the International Criminal Court, its insurance bank and the equipment to be used by the Taylor defence team and connected with the detention centre. The Court agreed to provide these services to the Special Court for Sierra Leone through a detailed description of the terms of reference.", "Conclusion", "During the period under review, the Court was more busy than ever before and the number of suspects or defendants increased from 15 to 25. The Court commenced the trial of a third case, which was closed at the time of the submission of a case, and the charges against the two accused had been confirmed and seven had received a warrant of arrest or summonses before the court. The Prosecutor initiated six investigations and requested the Pre-Trial Chamber to authorize the conduct of seven investigations.", "Also five States have acceded to or ratified the Rome Statute, bringing the total number of States parties to 116. The United Nations continues to provide important support and assistance to the Court. In the global fight against impunity, strengthening the complementarity of courts with national judicial authorities is essential, and the United Nations and its specialized agencies can play an important role in this regard in cooperation with the courts and other relevant actors.", "The work of the Court has been increasingly valued, and the relevance of the Rome Statute in the international community has increased, but there remain great challenges. The increase in the number of trials and the fact that the Security Council has sent a new situation has made the Court feel tight in terms of resources. A total of 11 suspects have not been executed, and States must cooperate in bringing them to justice, which remains a key condition for the effective implementation of the Court's mandate.", "United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2283, No. 1272.", "[2] Ibid., vol. 2187, No. 38544.", "[3] The Office of the Prosecutor has posted on its website the first summary of the submission on whether the declaration of the Palestinian National Authority meets the statutory requirements.", "[4] See “The Bureau of the General Assembly of States Parties: Committee of Prosecutors of the International Criminal Court: terms of reference” (ICC-ASP/9/INF.2).", "Ibid., para." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目140", "联合检查组", "联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)的准备情况", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递他本人和联合国系统行政首长协调理事会就联合检查组题为“联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)的准备情况”的报告(JIU/REP/2010/6)发表的评论意见。", "摘要", "联合检查组题为“联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)的准备情况”的报告审查了联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门会计准则的过渡情况并确定了最佳做法和风险。", "本报告介绍了联合国系统各组织对联合检查组报告所提建议的看法。本系统的这些看法已依据联合国系统行政首长协调理事会各成员组织所提意见进行了综合，它们对报告所载分析和及其建议表示了欢迎。各机构普遍接受了报告提出的基准，尽管它们也对其中一些基准表示了保留。", "1. 联合检查组题为“联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)的准备情况”的报告(JIU/REP/2010/6)审查了联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)的过渡情况并确定了最佳做法和风险。报告提出了各机构在实施公共部门会计准则时应当运用的一批基准。", "2. 行政首长理事会各成员对报告所载分析以及建议表示了欢迎，不少机构都表示它们已通过或即将通过提出的许多基准。", "3. 虽然注意到头两项建议的对象是立法机构，但行政首长理事会许多成员都表示，它们已按建议1的要求，就其实施公共部门会计准则的情况定期向立法机构提交了报告。", "4. 各机构接受联合检查组提出的基准，但有些机构对其中数项基准提出了评论意见。首先，行政首长理事会成员指出，最佳做法13(“为避免令人不愉快的意想不到局面，应在最后实施日期之前很早就计划和准备临时财务报表供外部审计员审查”)对于那些结构高度分散、运行多个财务系统的机构而言可能难以应用。例如，联合国秘书处目前正在实施一个新的机构资源规划系统，以整合目前存在于不同地点的多种系统。由于所有地点可能并不同步实施新的机构资源规划系统，而且鉴于实施机构资源规划系统的时限较紧，本组织在编制一大批临时财务报表方面就可能遇到困难。", "5. 各机构对于最佳做法15(“在国际公共部门会计准则项目的初步实施阶段，对内部监控措施进行连续的测试，以确保数据的准确性”)也表示了关切，认为这一做法可能无法充分反映业务主管部门与内部审计部门之间在内部控制测试方面的恰当关系。一些机构认为，这一进程可能最好充分纳入内部审计的任务规定之中。为支持这一看法，联合国秘书处援引了其《财务条例和细则》条例5.15，其中有一部分规定“……内部审计员应审查、评价和报告财政资源的使用情况、以及内部财务控制制度、程序和其他有关内部控制是否有效、是否适当、是否得到适用”。", "6. 最后，一些机构还评论说，对它们而言，最佳做法16(“确保在项目接近尾声时对系统进行独立的和全面的验证和核查”)可能难以应用。这些机构指出，由于公共部门会计准则的要求被嵌入现行业务流程和机构资源规划系统之中，在部署前为确保验证和核查要经过广泛测试。因此，等实施结束达到完成的尾声时，要进行更改可能为时已晚。", "[1] ^(∗) A/66/150。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 140 of the provisional agenda*", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly his comments and those of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination on the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)” (JIU/REP/2010/6).", "Summary", "The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)” reviews the status of the transition by organizations of the United Nations system to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards and identifies best practices and risks.", "The present report presents the views of United Nations system organizations on the recommendations provided in the report of the Joint Inspection Unit. The views of the system have been consolidated on the basis of inputs provided by member organizations of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, which welcomed the analysis contained in the report and its recommendations. Agencies generally accepted the benchmarks proposed in the report, although they expressed reservations regarding some of them.", "1. The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)” (JIU/REP/2010/6) reviews the status of the transition by organizations of the United Nations system to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) and identifies best practices and risks. The report proposes a collection of benchmarks that agencies should apply when implementing IPSAS.", "2. The members of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination welcomed the analysis contained in the report, as well as its recommendations, with many agencies indicating that they have either adopted, or are in the process of adopting, many of the proposed benchmarks.", "3. While noting that the first two recommendations are directed at legislative bodies, many CEB members note that they already provide regular reports to their legislative bodies regarding their IPSAS implementations, as called for in recommendation 1.", "4. Agencies accept the benchmarks proposed by the Joint Inspection Unit; however, agencies commented on several of them. First, CEB members noted that best practice 13 (“plan and prepare interim financial statements for review by external auditor(s) well ahead of the final implementation date to avoid unpleasant surprises”) may prove difficult to apply for agencies that have a highly decentralized structure that operates multiple financial systems. The United Nations Secretariat, for instance, is currently implementing a new enterprise resource planning system that will integrate multiple systems that currently exist in different locations. Since all locations may not implement the new enterprise resource planning system simultaneously, and given the tight timeline for the enterprise resource planning implementation, this organization may encounter difficulties in producing a large number of interim financial statements.", "5. Agencies also expressed concern that best practice 15 (“perform continuous testing of internal controls during the preliminary implementation stage of an IPSAS project to ensure the accuracy of the data”) may not fully represent the proper relationship between business owners and internal audit departments in the area of internal control testing. Some agencies felt that this process may best fully belong within the mandate of internal audit. In support of this view, the United Nations Secretariat cites Regulation 5.15 of its Financial Regulations and Rules, which states, in part, that “… internal auditors shall review, evaluate and report on the use of financial resources and on the effectiveness, adequacy and application of internal financial control systems, procedures and other relevant internal controls”.", "6. Finally, some agencies also commented that for them, best practice 16 (“ensure that an independent and comprehensive validation and verification of the system is performed towards the end of its completion”) may prove difficult to apply. These agencies note that as IPSAS requirements are embedded into existing business processes and ERP systems, they will be subject to extensive testing before deployment in order to assure validation and verification. Therefore, waiting until the end of the implementation reaches the end of its completion may prove too late to make changes." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 140 of the provisional agenda", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Preparations for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) by the United Nations system organizations", "Note by the Secretariat", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly his comments and those of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination on the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Application of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in the United Nations system organizations” (JIU/REP/1998/6).", "Summary", "The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Preparations for the implementation of International Public Sector Accounting Standards by United Nations system organizations (IPSAS)” reviewed the transition of the United Nations system organizations to implement IPSAS and identified best practices and risks.", "The present report presents the views of the organizations of the United Nations system on the recommendations of the Joint Inspection Unit. These observations of the system have been consolidated in the light of the comments made by the member organizations of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination and welcomed the analysis and recommendations contained therein. Agencies generally accepted the benchmarks set out in the report, although they also expressed reservations about some of these benchmarks.", "The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Preparations for the implementation of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) by the organizations of the United Nations system” (JIU/REP/1998/6) examined the transition of the United Nations system organizations to implement IPSAS (IPSAS) and identified best practices and risks. The report presents a set of benchmarks that should be used by agencies in implementing IPSAS.", "Members of the Chief Executives Board welcomed the analysis contained in the report and the recommendations, and a number of institutions indicated that they had adopted or were to adopt a number of benchmarks.", "While noting that the first two recommendations are the legislative bodies, many members of the Chief Executives Board have indicated that they have regularly submitted reports to the legislative bodies on their implementation, as required by recommendation 1.", "Agencies accepted the benchmarks proposed by the Joint Inspection Unit, although some agencies commented on several of these benchmarks. First, the Chief Executives Board members noted that best practice 13 (“to avoid unpredictable scenarios and to prepare provisional financial statements for review by external auditors” might be difficult to apply for those bodies that have highly dispersed and operated multiple financial systems. For example, the United Nations Secretariat is currently implementing a new institutional resource planning system to integrate multiple systems currently in different locations. Since all locations may not be synchronized with the implementation of the new institutional resource planning system, and given the tight time frame for the implementation of the enterprise resource planning system, the Organization may face difficulties in preparing a large number of interim financial statements.", "Agencies also expressed concern about best practices 15 (the initial implementation phase of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards project, continuous testing of internal control measures to ensure the accuracy of the data) and expressed the view that this practice could not adequately reflect the appropriate relationship between the business authorities and the internal audit department with regard to internal control testing. Some agencies were of the view that this process might be best integrated into the internal audit mandate. In support of this view, the United Nations Secretariat invokes its Financial Regulations and Rules Regulation 5.15, which provides that “the internal auditor shall review, evaluate and report on the use of financial resources and whether internal financial control systems, procedures and other related internal controls are effective, appropriate and applicable”.", "Finally, some agencies commented that, for their part, best practices 16 (“to ensure the independent and comprehensive verification and verification of systems in the near end of the project”) may be difficult to apply. Those bodies noted that, as IPSAS requirements were incorporated into existing business processes and institutional resource planning systems, there was a broad test to ensure verification and verification before deployment. Thus, when implementation is completed, changes may be later.", "AD ∗ A/63/250." ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目128和135", "审查联合国行政和财政业务效率", "联合检查组", "联合国系统企业风险管理审查", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递他以及联合国系统行政首长协调理事会对联合检查组题为“联合国系统企业风险管理审查：基准框架”的报告(见A/65/788)的评论意见。", "摘要", "联合检查组题为“联合国系统企业风险管理审查：基准框架”的报告评估了联合国系统各组织采用的风险管理做法并提出一套基准，供各机构在采用风险管理框架时适用。", "本说明介绍了联合国系统各组织对上述报告中所提建议的看法。联合国系统的意见已在联合国系统行政首长协调理事会成员组织提供的投入基础上进行了综合。理事会对风险管理综合审查表示欢迎。各机构虽然对若干基准表达了一些保留意见，但总体上接受了各项建议。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合检查组题为“联合国系统企业风险管理审查：基准框架”的报告(见A/65/788)审查了风险管理概念及其与联合国各组织的相关性，评估了联合国系统内的风险管理做法和经验，并提出了一套基准，供各机构在采用风险管理框架时适用。", "二. 一般性评论", "2. 联合国系统行政首长协调理事会成员对报告表示欢迎，并赞赏其对这一难题采取的综合方法。各成员认识到，企业风险管理对本组织的几乎每一方面都很重要，并认为，有条理地应对风险可有助于其组织履行任务规定。各机构注意到并总体接受该报告中列出的3条建议。这些建议着重执行被视为企业风险管理最佳做法的10项基准。但各机构对若干基准有些关切。", "三. 对各项建议的具体意见", "建议1", "行政首长应采纳本报告中所列的前九个基准，以确保机构风险管理的做法是以最佳做法的标准加以接受和采纳的。", "3. 虽然各机构总体上支持建议1，但还是表示对基准6有些关切。这一基准指出，成功实施企业风险管理需要适当资金。各机构非常支持这一观点，但指出，明确用于企业风险管理项目的专项资源是一个挑战，特别是在预算灵活性有限的情况下更是如此。此外，由于许多其他基准也取决于资源，无论是财政资源还是人力资源，因此各机构在充分执行这些基准时可能会遇到各种困难。各机构注意到，联合检查组报告第115段也考虑到资源可能变得有限的情况，并进一步指出一些机构曾在没有广泛资金的情况取得了进展。但各机构希望指出两点：一是没有适当资源推进工作受限，二是对许多机构而言，确保基准中提出的为采用机构风险管理和维持实施进程提供足够的资源可能超出了行政首长的职权范围，因为一般来说，决定资金分配的是立法机构。", "建议2", "理事机构对于本报告所列的机构风险管理基准在各自组织的采用、实施的效果和关键风险的管理行使其监督作用。", "4. 各机构指出，建议2是向立法机构提出的，并对立法机构在支持各机构内企业风险管理综合进程发展方面发挥的潜在作用表示欢迎。", "建议3", "行政首长协调会应通过高级别管理委员会采用本报告所列的10个基准，以推动机构间合作、协调和知识分享，和对共同的跨部门的风险的管理，从而实现全系统范围的更切实有效的风险管理。", "5. 尽管有一些保留意见，但各机构表示支持建议3。这一建议呼吁设立高级别管理委员会，以执行基准10(机构间合作与协调，包括制定共同的企业风险管理框架，知识分享机制以及管理共同的跨部门的关键性组织风险)。各机构一致认为，成立一个联合国系统各机构风险工作者非正式网络共享知识和经验有其好处，但建议的其余部分(即根据统一标准、政策、框架和惯例制定一个全系统的风险环境)对整个系统来说可能是一个挑战，特别是考虑到各机构的业务和任务授权并不相同。行政首长协调会成员指出，采用这一方法可能会偏离设计、执行和体现满足联合国各机构特定需求的风险管理方法这一首要任务。尽管如此，但各机构一致认为，采取协调方法还是很有用的，特别是因为很多机构似乎还处在企业风险管理发展的早期阶段。" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda items 128 and 135", "Review of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Review of enterprise risk management in the United Nations system", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly his comments and those of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination on the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Review of enterprise risk management in the United Nations system: benchmarking framework” (see A/65/788).", "Summary", "The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Review of enterprise risk management in the United Nations system: benchmarking framework” assesses the risk management practices in place in United Nations system organizations and proposes a collection of benchmarks that agencies can apply when implementing a risk management framework.", "The present note presents the views of United Nations system organizations on the recommendations provided in the said report. The views of the system have been consolidated on the basis of inputs provided by member organizations of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, which welcomed the comprehensive review of risk management. Agencies generally accepted the recommendations, although they expressed some reservations regarding several of the benchmarks.", "I. Introduction", "1. The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Review of enterprise risk management in the United Nations system: benchmarking framework” (see A/65/788) examines the concept of risk management and its relevance to United Nations organizations, assesses the risk management practices and experiences within the United Nations system and proposes a collection of benchmarks that agencies should apply when implementing a risk management framework.", "II. General comments", "2. Members of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB) welcomed the report and expressed appreciation for its comprehensive approach to a difficult subject. They recognized the importance of enterprise risk management in almost every facet of an organization’s operations and were of the view that a well-structured approach to risk could help their organizations deliver on their mandates. Agencies noted, and generally accepted, the three recommendations contained in the report, which were focused on the implementation of the 10 benchmarks considered as best practices for enterprise risk management. However, agencies noted some concerns with several of the benchmarks.", "III. Specific comments on recommendations", "Recommendation 1 Executive heads should adopt the first nine benchmarks set out in this report, with a view to ensuring that the enterprise risk management approach is accepted and implemented in line with best practices.", "3. While generally supportive of recommendation 1, agencies also indicated concern regarding benchmark 6, which recognizes that the successful implementation of enterprise risk management requires adequate funding, a view that agencies strongly support. However, agencies noted the challenge of identifying dedicated resources for enterprise risk management projects, especially in an environment of limited budget flexibility. In addition, since many of the other benchmarks depend on resources, whether financial or human, agencies may experience difficulties in fully implementing the benchmarks. Agencies noted that the Joint Inspection Unit, in paragraph 115 of the report, considered a situation in which resources might become constrained and further noted that some agencies had been able to make progress without extensive funding. However, agencies wished to convey both the limitations of proceeding without appropriate resources and the consideration that, for many agencies, ensuring adequate resources to introduce enterprise risk management and sustain the implementation process, as stated in the benchmark, may go beyond the mandate of executive heads as, in general, legislative bodies determine funding allocations.", "Recommendation 2 Governing bodies should exercise their oversight role regarding the adoption of enterprise risk management benchmarks set out in this report, the effectiveness of implementation and the management of critical risks in their respective organizations.", "4. Agencies noted that recommendation 2 was addressed to legislative bodies and welcomed the potential role of those bodies in supporting the development of comprehensive enterprise risk management processes within their agencies.", "Recommendation 3 The CEB, through the High-level Committee on Management, should adopt benchmark 10 of this report, with a view to facilitating inter-agency cooperation, coordination, knowledge-sharing and the management of common and cross-cutting risks for more effective and efficient risk management throughout the system.", "5. Agencies supported recommendation 3, albeit with some reservations. This recommendation calls for the High-level Committee on Management to implement benchmark 10 (inter-agency cooperation and coordination, including the development of a common enterprise risk management framework, knowledge-sharing mechanisms and management of common and cross-cutting key organizational risks). Agencies agreed that there was merit in creating an informal network of risk practitioners across the United Nations system to share knowledge and experience; however, the remainder of the recommendation (i.e. to develop a system-wide risk universe based on unified standards, policies, frameworks and practices) might prove challenging for the system to achieve, particularly given the lack of homogeneity of operations and mandates across agencies. CEB members suggested that such an approach might distract from the higher priority of designing, implementing and embedding an approach to risk management that meets the particular needs of each United Nations body. Nevertheless, agencies agreed that a coordinated approach would prove useful, especially as many agencies appeared to be in the early stages of enterprise risk management development." ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda items 128 and 135", "Review of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Enterprise risk management review of the United Nations system", "Note by the Secretariat", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly his comments and those of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination on the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Review of enterprise risk management in the United Nations system: benchmarks framework” (see A/65/788).", "Summary", "The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Management review of enterprise risk management in the United Nations system: benchmarks framework” assesses the risk management practices adopted by the organizations of the United Nations system and sets a set of benchmarks for the application of the risk management framework by agencies.", "The present note presents the views of the organizations of the United Nations system on the recommendations made in the above-mentioned report. The views of the United Nations system have been consolidated on the basis of inputs from member organizations of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination. The Board welcomed the integrated risk management review. While some reservations have been expressed to a number of benchmarks, the agencies have generally accepted the recommendations.", "Introduction", "The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Review of enterprise risk management in the United Nations system: benchmarks framework” (see A/65/788) reviews the concept of risk management and its relevance to United Nations organizations, assesses the risk management practices and experiences within the United Nations system and sets a set of benchmarks for the application of the risk management framework by agencies.", "General comments", "Members of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination welcomed the report and appreciated its comprehensive approach to that challenge. Members recognized the importance of enterprise risk management for almost every aspect of the Organization and expressed the view that a structured response to risks could help their organizations to fulfil their mandates. Agencies noted and generally accepted the three recommendations contained in the report. These recommendations focus on the implementation of 10 benchmarks considered to be best practices in enterprise risk management. However, agencies have some concerns about a number of benchmarks.", "Specific comments on recommendations", "Recommendation 1", "The executive heads should adopt the first nine benchmarks set out in this report to ensure that institutional risk management practices are accepted and adopted by best practices standards.", "While agencies generally support recommendation 1, some concerns about benchmark 6 are expressed. This benchmark indicates that successful implementation of enterprise risk management requires adequate funding. Agencies very much support this view, but it was noted that the specific resources earmarked for enterprise risk management projects were a challenge, particularly in the context of limited budgetary flexibility. In addition, as many other benchmarks depend on resources, whether financial resources or human resources, institutions may face difficulties in their full implementation. Agencies note that paragraph 115 of the report of the Joint Inspection Unit also takes into account the limited circumstances in which resources may become available and further points to the progress made by some agencies in the absence of broad funding. However, agencies wish to point out that it is not sufficient to move forward and that it is for many agencies to ensure that the benchmarks provide sufficient resources for the use of institutional risk management and maintenance of implementation processes that may go beyond the terms of reference of the executive head, since it generally determines that funds are allocated to the legislature.", "Recommendation 2", "The governing bodies exercise their oversight role in the management of the enterprise risk management benchmarks listed in the present report, using, implementing and key risks in their respective organizations.", "Agencies noted that recommendation 2 was submitted to the legislative bodies and welcomed the potential role of legislative bodies in supporting the development of an integrated enterprise risk management process within agencies.", "Recommendation 3", "CEB should adopt the 10 benchmarks listed in the present report through the High-level Committee for Management to promote inter-agency cooperation, coordination and knowledge sharing and management of common cross-sectoral risks, thereby achieving more effective risk management across the system.", "Notwithstanding some reservations, agencies expressed support for recommendation 3. This recommendation calls for the establishment of a high-level management committee to implement benchmark 10 (inter-agency cooperation and coordination, including the development of a common enterprise risk management framework, knowledge-sharing mechanisms and the management of common cross-sectoral key organizational risks). Agencies agreed that the creation of an informal network of risk practitioners in the United Nations system would benefit from knowledge-sharing and experience, but the remainder of the recommendation (i.e., the development of a system-wide risk environment based on harmonized standards, policies, frameworks and practices) could be a challenge for the system as a whole, particularly given that the operations and mandates of the agencies were not identical. CEB members noted that the use of this approach may deviate from the primary task of design, implementation and risk management that reflects the specific needs of United Nations agencies. Nevertheless, agencies agreed that a coordinated approach was useful, particularly since many agencies seemed to be in the early stages of enterprise risk management development." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目34、39、66和75", "古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其 对国际和平、安全与发展的影响", "被占领阿塞拜疆领土的局势", "消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理 和相关不容忍行为", "国家对国际不法行为的责任", "2011年8月16日亚美尼亚常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨提请你注意阿塞拜疆在纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫与阿塞拜疆之间的接触线沿线违反停火的行为空前增加。这作为又一项证据，表明阿塞拜疆违反了在亚美尼亚、俄罗斯和阿塞拜疆总统三方会议上达成的关于“付出更多努力以巩固停火并促进在军事领域建立信任”以及“力争通过和平方式解决所有争议问题”的承诺。", "阿塞拜疆极力扭曲冲突的根本原因，其方式是定期在联合国分发包含虚假信息的信函，包括推卸其本应对在纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫以及阿塞拜疆不同地区犯下的不计其数的暴行、有系统的集体迫害以及野蛮杀害手无寸铁的亚美尼亚无辜儿童、妇女和老人所负的责任。为此目的，阿塞拜疆招募、提供资金、培训并使用与恐怖组织有密切联系的雇佣军。", "阿塞拜疆代表于2011年8月3日给联合国的信作为文件A/65/921-S/2011/ 492分发，这是阿塞拜疆领导人实施的反亚美尼亚仇恨宣传的新例子。", "该信表明，阿塞拜疆代表显然擅自无耻地解释或者说曲解亚美尼亚总统谢尔日·萨尔基相的讲话，他们不顾上下文，挑出讲话中的某些部分，从而彻底曲解其实质内容。", "欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)明斯克小组共同主席在许多场合呼吁双方巩固停火，从接触线上撤回狙击手并实施其他建立信任措施。阿塞拜疆对此全部拒绝。阿塞拜疆通过经常违反停火，在接触线沿线进行挑衅，威胁使用武力以及在各国际组织散发上述信函，实际上在持续摧毁信任而非致力于建立信任。", "此外，阿塞拜疆还在2010年6月于圣彼得堡、2010年10月于阿斯特拉罕、2011年3月于索契和2011年6月于喀山举行的亚美尼亚、俄罗斯和阿塞拜疆总统会议上拒绝明思克小组共同主席就纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫冲突解决方案提出的建议。这就是谈判进程没有产生任何结果的原因。", "尽管阿塞拜疆坚持毫无建设性的立场，亚美尼亚仍然致力于和平解决纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫问题，坚信只能根据国际法原则，通过和平方式解决该问题。", "请将本信作为大会议程项目34、39、66和75的文件以及安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "临时代办", "卡琳·胡达维迪安(签名)" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda items 34, 39, 66 and 75 Protracted conflicts in the GUAMarea and their implications forinternational peace, securityand development The situation in the occupiedterritories of Azerbaijan Elimination of racism, racialdiscrimination,xenophobia and related intolerance \nResponsibility of States forinternationallywrongful acts", "Letter dated 16 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Armenia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I would like to draw your attention to the unparalleled increase in ceasefire violations by Azerbaijan along the line of contact between Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan. This stands as yet another evidence that Azerbaijan violates commitments reached during the trilateral meetings of the Armenian, Russian and Azerbaijani Presidents on “additional efforts aimed at the reinforcement of the ceasefire and enhancement of confidence-building in the military sphere” and “to strive to solve all contentious issues through peaceful means”.", "Through circulating letters containing false information at the United Nations on a regular basis, Azerbaijan strives to falsify the root causes of the conflict, including by shifting its own responsibility for countless atrocities, systematic pogroms and barbaric killings of defenceless and innocent Armenian children, women and elderly in Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as in different parts of Azerbaijan. With this aim, Azerbaijan has recruited, financed, trained and used mercenaries closely linked to terrorist organizations.", "The letter of the Azerbaijani representative to the United Nations circulated as document A/65/921-S/2011/492, dated 3 August 2011, represents a new example of anti-Armenian hate propaganda conducted by the leadership of Azerbaijan.", "The letter reveals that the representative of Azerbaijan has apparently taken it upon himself to blatantly interpret, or rather misinterpret, the remarks made by the President of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan, singling out of context certain parts of the statement, and thus completely misrepresenting its essence.", "On many occasions the Co-Chairs of the Minsk Group of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) called on the parties to consolidate the ceasefire, withdraw snipers from the line of contact and carry out other confidence-building measures. Azerbaijan rejected all of them. By regular violations of the ceasefire, provocations on the line of contact, threats of use of force and circulation of the above-mentioned letters at international organizations, Azerbaijan, in fact, continually destroys the confidence instead of engaging in confidence-building.", "Furthermore, Azerbaijan rejected the proposal of the Co-Chairs of the Minsk Group on Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resolution at the meetings of the Presidents of Armenia, Russia and Azerbaijan in June 2010 in St. Petersburg, in October 2010 in Astrakhan, in March 2011 in Sochi and in June 2011 in Kazan. This is the reason why the negotiation process has not produced results.", "Despite Azerbaijan’s non-constructive stance, Armenia remains committed to the peaceful resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh issue, strongly believing that the solution of the problem must be achieved only by peaceful means based on the principles of international law.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 34, 39, 66 and 75, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Karine Khoudaverdian Chargé d’affaires a.i." ]

[ "General Assembly", "Sixty-sixth session", "Agenda items 34, 39, 66 and 75", "The protracted conflicts in the GUAM region and their implications for international peace, security and development", "The situation in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan", "Elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "Responsibility for internationally wrongful acts", "Letter dated 16 August 2011 from the Chargé d'affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Armenia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I should like to draw your attention to the unprecedented increase in violations of the ceasefire along the lines of contacts between Azerbaijan and Azerbaijan. This is another evidence that Azerbaijan violates the commitments made at the Tripartite Conference of the Presidents of Armenia, Russia and Azerbaijan on “to make additional efforts to consolidate the ceasefire and to promote confidence-building in the military sphere” and “to strive for a peaceful solution to all disputes”.", "Azerbaijan is strongly distorting the underlying causes of the conflict by regularly disseminating correspondence containing false information at the United Nations, including by devoting its responsibility to respond to the countless atrocities committed in Nagorny Karabakh and in various parts of Azerbaijan, systematic collective persecution and brutal killing of innocent Armenian children, women and the elderly. To that end, Azerbaijan has recruited, funded, trained and used mercenaries in close contact with terrorist organizations.", "The letter dated 3 August 2011 from the representative of Azerbaijan to the United Nations was circulated as document A/65/921-Samp 492, a new example of the anti-Armenian hate propaganda carried out by the Azerbaijani leadership.", "The letter indicates that the representative of Azerbaijan clearly failed to speak in a shameful manner or in the light of the statement made by the President of Armenia, Sergeal Sarki, who, despite the fact that the statements were presented below, provoked certain parts of the statement, thereby completely defusing its substance.", "The Co-Chairs of the Minsk Group of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) called on the parties to consolidate the ceasefire on a number of occasions, withdraw the savings from the reach line and implement other confidence-building measures. Azerbaijan rejects all this. Azerbaijan, through frequent violations of the ceasefire, provocation along the line of contact, threatens the use of force and the dissemination of the above-mentioned letters by international organizations, in practice destroying confidence and not committed to confidence-building.", "In addition, Azerbaijan rejects the recommendations of the Co-Chairs of the Panel on the Nagorny Karabakh conflict resolution at the meetings of the Presidents of Armenia, Russia and Azerbaijan, held in San Petersburg in June 2010, in Astilham in October 2010, Soci in March 2011 and in June 2011. This is why the negotiating process does not produce any outcome.", "Despite Azerbaijan's unreasonable position, Armenia remains committed to the peaceful resolution of the Nagorny Karabakh problem and is convinced that it can only be resolved through peaceful means, in accordance with the principles of international law.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 34, 39, 66 and 75, and of the Security Council.", "Interim office", "Permanent Representative" ]

[ "国际税务合作专家委员会", "第七届会议", "2011年10月24日至28日,日内瓦", "临时议程", "1. 秘书长代表宣布会议开幕。", "2. 选举主席和副主席。", "3. 委员会主席发言。", "4. 通过议程和工作安排(E/C.18/2011/1和E/C.18/2011/2)。", "5. 讨论与国际税务合作有关的实质性问题：", "(a) 《联合国征税示范公约》最新情况(E/C.18/2011/3、E/C.18/2011/4、E/C.18/2011/CRP.1和E/C.18/2011/CRP.2)；", "(b) 争端的解决(E/C.18/2011/CRP.3和E/C.18/2011/CRP.4)；", "(c) 转移定价：发展中国家实用手册(E/C.18/2011/5和E/C.18/2011/CRP.10)；", "(d) 第13条：资本收益(E/C.18/2011/CRP.6)；", "(e) 发展项目的课税问题；", "(f) 服务税处理办法(E/C.18/2011/CRP.7)；", "(g) 实际所有人的概念(E/C.18/2011/CRP.5)；", "(h) 修订《发达国家与发展中国家间双边税务条约谈判手册》(E/C.18/ 2011/CRP.11)；", "(i) 能力建设(E/C.18/2011/CRP.8)；", "(j) 税务合作及其对重大环境问题特别是气候变化的意义(E/C.18/2011/ CRP.9)；", "(k) 供委员会审议的其他问题(E/C.18/2011/CRP.12)。", "6. 委员会第八届会议的日期和议程。", "7. 通过委员会第七届会议报告。" ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "Provisional agenda", "1. Opening of the session by the representative of the Secretary-General.", "2. Election of the Chair and Vice-Chairs.", "3. Remarks by the Chair of the Committee.", "4. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work (E/C.18/2011/1 and E/C.18/2011/2).", "5. Discussion of substantive issues related to international cooperation in tax matters:", "(a) United Nations Model Tax Convention update (E/C.18/2011/3, E/C.18/2011/4, E/C.18/2011/CRP.1 and E/C.18/2011/CRP.2);", "(b) Dispute resolution (E/C.18/2011/CRP.3 and E/C.18/2011/CRP.4);", "(c) Transfer pricing: practical manual for developing countries (E/C.18/2011/5 and E/C.18/2011/CRP.10);", "(d) Article 13: capital gains (E/C.18/2011/CRP.6);", "(e) Taxation of development projects;", "(f) Tax treatment of services (E/C.18/2011/CRP.7);", "(g) Concept of beneficial ownership (E/C.18/2011/CRP.5);", "(h) Revision of the Manual for the Negotiation of Bilateral Tax Treaties between Developed and Developing Countries (E/C.18/2011/CRP.11);", "(i) Capacity-building (E/C.18/2011/CRP.8);", "(j) Tax cooperation and its relevance to major environmental issues, particularly climate change (E/C.18/2011/CRP.9);", "(k) Further issues for consideration by the Committee (E/C.18/2011/CRP.12).", "6. Dates and agenda for the eighth session of the Committee.", "7. Adoption of the report of the Committee on its seventh session." ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "Provisional agenda", "The Representative of the Secretary-General opened the session.", "Election of the President and Vice-Chairpersons.", "The Chairman of the Committee made a statement.", "Adoption of the agenda and organization of work (E/C.18 (2009) and E/C.18 (2009)2).", "Discussion on substantive issues relating to international cooperation in tax matters:", "(a) Update on the United Nations Model Convention on Taxation (E/C.18 (2009)3, E/C.18 remnants4, E/C.18 (2009)CRP.1 and E/C.18 (2009)CRP.2);", "(b) Settlement of disputes (E/C.18 permitted CRP.3 and E/C.18 perpetuateCRP.4);", "(c) Transfer pricing: practical manuals for developing countries (E/C.18 (2009)5 and E/C.18 (2009)CRP.10);", "(d) Article 13: Capital gains (E/C.18 (2009)CRP.6);", "(e) Tax issues for development projects;", "(f) Treatment of service taxes (E/C.18 permittedCRP.7);", "(g) The concept of practical owner (E/C.18 permitting CRP.5);", "(h) Revision of the Manual for Negotiation of Bilateral Tax Treaties between Developed and Developing Countries (E/C.18/2011/CRP.11);", "(i) Capacity-building (E/C.18 repeatCRP.8);", "(j) Tax cooperation and its significance for major environmental issues, in particular climate change (E/C.18 (2009) CRP.9);", "(k) Other questions for consideration by the Committee (E/C.18 (2009).12).", "Date and agenda of the eighth session of the Commission.", "Adoption of the report of the Commission on its seventh session." ]

[ "国际税务合作专家委员会", "第七届会议", "2011年10月24至28日，日内瓦", "拟议工作安排", "日期 项目 方案 \n 10月24日，星期一 \n 上午9时至10时 与会者登记 \n 上午10时至10时45分 1 秘书长代表宣布会议开幕 \n 2 选举主席和副主席 \n 3 委员会主席讲话 \n\t4\t通过议程和工作安排(E/C.18/2011/1和E/C.18/2011/2)\n\t5\t讨论与国际税务合作有关的实质性问题：上午10时45分至下午1时\t5(b)\t解决争议(E/C.18/2011/CRP.3和E/C.18/2011/CRP.4) \n 介绍者：Devillet女士 \n 下午3时至4时 5(b) 解决争议(续) 下午4时\t5(a)\t《联合国税务示范公约》最新情况(E/C.18/2011/3、E/C.18/2011/4、E/C.18/2011/CRP.1和E/C.18/2011/　CRP.2) \n 介绍者：Oliver先生 \n 10月25日，星期二 \n 上午10时至10时30分 报告员关于项目5(a)和(b)的报告", "日期 项目 方案 \n上午10时30分至下午1时\t5(a)\t《联合国税务示范公约》最新情况(续)\n下午3时至4时\t5(a)\t《联合国税务示范公约》最新情况(续)下午4时至5时\t5(g)\t实际所有人的概念(E/C.18/2011/CRP.5) \n 介绍者：Louie先生 下午5时至6时\t5(d)\t第13条：资本收益(E/C.18/2011/CRP.6) \n 介绍者：廖先生 \n 10月26日，星期三 \n上午10时至10时30分 报告员关于项目5(a)、(d)和(g)的报告 上午10时30分至下午1时 5(f) 服务的税务处理(E/C.18/2011/CRP.7) \n 介绍者：Kana女士 下午3时至3时30分 5(e) 发展项目的课税问题 \n 介绍者：Sasseville先生和Thuronyi先生 下午3时30分至5时 5(i) 能力建设(E/C.18/2011/CRP.8) \n 介绍者：Omoigui-Okauru女士 下午5时至6时\t5(j)\t税务合作及其对重大环境问题特别是气候变化的意义(E/C.18/2011/CRP.9) \n 介绍者：秘书处 \n 10月27日，星期四 \n上午10时至10时30分 报告员关于项目5(e)、(f)、(i)和(j)的报告\n上午10时30分至下午1时\t5(a)\t《联合国税务示范公约》最新情况(续)下午3时至6时\t5(c)\t转移定价：供发展中国家使用的实用手册(E/C.18/2011/　5和E/C.18/2011/CRP.10) \n 介绍者：Sollund先生 \n 10月28日，星期五 \n 上午10时至10时30分 报告员关于项目5(a)和(c)的报告 上午10时30分至下午12时15分\t5(h)\t修订《发达国家和发展中国家间双边税务条约谈判手册》(E/C.18/2011/CRP.11) \n 介绍者：Arrindell先生 下午12时15分至1时\t5(k)\t其他供委员会审议的问题(E/C.18/2011/CRP.12) \n 介绍者：秘书处 \n 下午3时至4时 6 委员会第八届会议的日期和议程 \n 下午4时至5时45分 7 通过委员会第七届会议的报告 \n 下午5时45分至6时 第七届会议闭幕" ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International", "Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "Proposed organization of work", "Date\tItem\tProgramme \nMonday, 24October \n 9-10 a.m. Registration of participants \n10-10.45 a.m.\t1\tOpening of the session by therepresentative of the Secretary-General\n 2 Election of the Chair and Vice-Chairs \n 3 Remarks by the Chair of the Committee \n\t4\tAdoption of the agenda and organizationof work (E/C.18/2011/1 andE/C.18/2011/2)\n\t5\tDiscussion of substantive issuesrelated to international cooperation intax matters:\n10.45 a.m.-1 p.m.\t5(b)\tDispute resolution (E/C.18/2011/CRP.3and E/C.18/2011/CRP.4)Presenter: Ms. Devillet 3-4 p.m. 5 Dispute resolution (continued) \n (b) 4 p.m.\t5(a)\tUnited Nations Model Tax Conventionupdate (E/C.18/2011/3, E/C.18/2011/4,E/C.18/2011/CRP.1 andE/C.18/2011/CRP.2) \n Presenter: Mr. Oliver \nTuesday, 25October \n10-10.30 a.m. Report of the Rapporteur on items 5 (a)and (b)\n10.30 a.m.-1 p.m.\t5(a)\tUnited Nations Model Tax Conventionupdate (continued)\n3-4 p.m.\t5(a)\tUnited Nations Model Tax Conventionupdate (continued)\n4-5 p.m.\t5(g)\tConcept of beneficial ownership(E/C.18/2011/CRP.5)Presenter: Mr. Louie\n5-6 p.m.\t5(d)\tArticle 13: capital gains(E/C.18/2011/CRP.6)Presenter: Mr. Liao\nWednesday, 26October \n10-10.30 a.m. Report of the Rapporteur on items 5(a), (d) and (g)\n10.30 a.m.-1 p.m.\t5(f)\tTax treatment of services(E/C.18/2011/CRP.7)Presenter: Ms. Kana 3-3.30 p.m. 5 Taxation of development projects \n\t(e)\tPresenters: Mr. Sasseville and Mr.Thuronyi 3.30-5 p.m. 5 Capacity-building (E/C.18/2011/CRP.8) \n (i) Presenter: Ms. Omoigui-Okauru 5-6 p.m.\t5(j)\tTax cooperation and its relevance tomajor environmental issues,particularly climate change(E/C.18/2011/CRP.9) \n Presenter: Secretariat \nThursday, 27October \n10-10.30 a.m. Report of the Rapporteur on items 5(e), (f), (i) and (j)\n10.30 a.m.-1 p.m.\t5(a)\tUnited Nations Model Tax Conventionupdate (continued)3-6 p.m.\t5(c)\tTransfer pricing: practical manual fordeveloping countries (E/C.18/2011/5 andE/C.18/2011/CRP.10) \n Presenter: Mr. Sollund \nFriday, 28October \n10-10.30 a.m. Report of the Rapporteur on items 5 (a)and (c)10.30 a.m.-12.15p.m.\t5(h)\tRevision of the Manual for theNegotiation of Bilateral Tax Treatiesbetween Developed and DevelopingCountries (E/C.18/2011/CRP.11) \n Presenter: Mr. Arrindell \n12.15-1 p.m.\t5(k)\tFurther issues for consideration by theCommittee (E/C.18/2011/CRP.12)Presenter: Secretariat\n3-4 p.m.\t6\tDates and agenda for the eighth sessionof the Committee\n4-5.45 p.m.\t7\tAdoption of the report of the Committeeon its seventh session\n 5.45-6 p.m. Closing of the seventh session" ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "Proposed organization of work", "Item 3 of the provisional agenda*", "Note by the secretariat" ]

[ "国际税务合作专家委员会", "第七届会议", "2011年10月24日至28日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目5(a)", "《联合国税务示范公约》的更新", "《联合国税务示范公约》2011年更新工作特设专家组会议", "秘书处的说明[1]", "本说明所附报告由秘书处编写，其中记录了2011年6月9日和10日在纽约举行的特设专家组会议的情况。这次会议的目的是协助联合国国际税务合作专家委员会及其《联合国税务示范公约》更新小组委员会从事《联合国税务示范公约》的更新工作。有关会议材料可查阅www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax/2011EGM/index.htm。", "附件", "《联合国税务示范公约》2011年更新工作特设专家组会议的报告", "1. 2011年6月9日和10日秘书处经济和社会事务部发展筹资办公室举行了关于《联合国发达国家和发展中国家双重征税示范公约》(联合国税务示范公约)2011年更新工作特设专家组的会议。会议的目的是召集国际税务合作专家委员会成员和具有国际税收和税务条约专门知识的其他专家审议《联合国税务示范公约》2011年更新问题并协助委员会和《联合国税务示范公约》更新小组委员会完成这项工作。有20名专家参加了会议，包括政府、商界和学术界的代表。非政府组织的代表也受到了邀请，但未能参加。", "2. 本报告反映了会议的主要成果。如下文所述，会议的技术成果将汇编成另一份报告，说明《联合国税务示范公约》在提高回应能力和增强效用方面的可能修订意见以及作为2011年更新工作的一部分能够落实的修订意见。该报告(E/C.18/2011/CRP.1)将提交给2011年10月24日至28日在日内瓦举行的委员会第七届会议审议，在第七届会议前可通过网站www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax查阅。", "3. 《联合国税务示范公约》2011年更新工作是自1999年修订(2001年公布)以来的第一次并为将来更经常更新做好准备。会议议程包括介绍《联合国税务示范公约》所有条款。不过，会议集中讨论了那些被视为可在2011年落实的《联合国税务示范公约》修订意见。与会者认识到必须研究其他问题(如一般性审查权益费的规定)，但他们也注意到，由于时间限制，在2011年更新期间不可能这样做。小组委员会向委员会第七届会议提交拟议的修订意见时，将认真审查会上提出的建议。", "4. 委员会主席阿曼多·拉拉·亚法尔主持了会议。布赖恩·阿诺德和戴维·罗森布洛姆在介绍会议情况时提出了他们对《联合国税务示范公约》目前更新工作的看法。关于将来更新问题，阿诺德先生提到《联合国税务示范公约》导言，认为应根据该导言不断审查和更新《示范公约》。他得出的结论是，10年期的间隔不够频繁。这一结论得到几位与会者的认同。阿诺德先生然后强调说，由于联合国资源有限，将来的更新不应该全面展开，而应集中于某些条款或问题，委员会应优先考虑《联合国税务示范公约》与经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)《收入和资本税务示范公约》有重大差异的领域。其他与会者支持这种方式。关于《联合国税务示范公约》的更新过程，阿诺德先生承认在联合国范围内透明度高，但也强调必须最大限度地普遍利用利益攸关者对税收制度的投入。", "5. 阿诺德先生强调必须建立机制，把各国解释《联合国税务示范公约》的不同意见记录在案，他建议委员会审查建立这种机制的可能性。其他与会者也提出了这个一般问题。阿诺德先生建议，编写《示范公约》的评注应采用方便用户的格式。例如，这意味着解决评注熟悉的基本问题和包括更多的实例。", "6. 罗森布洛姆先生提出了他对税务条约的看法，他解释说，对他来说，税务条约最重要的功能之一是建立相互协商程序和向政府提供信息交流的条款。他建议联合国考虑编写一种替代的“短式”条约，其中仅着重阐明真正的重要事项。他认为，由于发展中国家资源有限和条约谈判的费用高昂，这样的文件可能对它们帮助很大。", "7. 罗伊·罗哈吉评论说，《联合国税务示范公约》实际上是一种促进发展的模式，这项目的至关重要。罗哈吉先生建议，把《联合国税务示范公约》改名为《联合国双重征税促进发展示范公约》，以反映《示范公约》导言中赋予它的作用和它的基础是发展筹资过程。与会者简要讨论了这个题目，几位与会者反对改变名称。虽然有几位与会者赞成短式的《联合国双重征税示范公约》，但是讨论中并没有提出明确的建议。", "8. 在会议期间，与会者讨论了与2011年更新工作相关的其他几个一般性问题，每个问题都由委员会成员介绍。关于可能列入国家意见和保留的问题，与会者一致认为，由秘书处为委员会第七届会议编写一份背景文件，说明把发展中国家立场(至少是对2011年更新工作的立场)列入《联合国税务示范公约》还是列入一份单独文件的问题。[2] 有人提议，汇总这些立场的工作不应阻碍2011年更新工作的完成。", "9. 与会者讨论了引用经合组织《税务示范公约》评注的适当方式。有人指出，在目前《联合国税务示范公约》中引用方式并不一致，如使用“复制”、“适用于”、“进一步规定”、“内容如下”和“有关”等词组。几位与会者关注的是，这种不一致可能引发《联合国税务示范公约》是否认可经合组织《税务示范公约》评注引文的问题。有人建议，可以在《联合国税务示范公约》导言中列入有关措词，以便包括《联合国税务示范公约》中仅仅复制经合组织相关评注某些部分的情况，同时说明如何一般地解释排除其他部分的原因。", "10. 秘书处指出，委员会过去曾讨论过引用经合组织《税务示范公约》的评注能否被视为认可经合组织引文的问题。尽管各方广泛赞同除了另有相反说明外，较新的引文可以被解释为认可经合组织《税务示范公约》(见E/2010/45-E/CN.18/2010/7，第14段)，但是对以前的特设专家组列入《联合国税务示范公约》但未经委员会审查的引文却不能这样假定。", "11. 小组委员会协调员罗宾·奥利弗建议，《联合国税务示范公约》修订本中引用经合组织《税务示范公约》的所有引文都来自经合组织公约的2010年版，但另加说明的除外。与会者建议，在《联合国税务示范公约》导言中明确阐述这个问题。在2010年第六届会议上，委员会支持酌情使用经合组织公约的2010年版作为参考文献(同上，第15段)。关于一般问题，与会者建议把《联合国税务示范公约》的具体条款视为专有名词，因此，将来把各条款首字母大写。", "12. 克洛迪娜·德维莱特按照相互协商程序，提出了第25 B条新的替代版本评注草案。争端解决小组委员会按照2010年委员会关于把第25 B条列入《联合国税务示范公约》的决定，(经德维莱特女士协调)编写了该评注草案。", "13. 奥利弗先生提出了关于企业利润的第7条新的评注草案。奥利弗先生在介绍草案时建议，《联合国税务示范公约》主要使用2008年版的经合组织公约第7条评注作为引用的适当版本。这与委员会第六届会议所表达的意见是一致的，所述意见认为，2010年版的经合组织公约第7条及其评注与《联合国税务示范公约》第7条所采取的方式大相径庭。", "14. 在讨论第23条时，与会者认为有可能把经合组织《税务示范公约》第23 A条第4款列入《联合国税务示范公约》，以解决无意双重不征税的问题。然而，其他与会者表示了不同的意见，会议决定由德维莱特女士起草一项与上述列入相关的评注。然后，由委员会进一步审议该问题。", "15. 会议期间与会者并没有详细讨论所有拟议的《联合国税务示范公约》修订意见，以便能够尽可能充分地讨论更为紧迫的问题，确定什么修订意见可能被列入2011年更新工作。因此，会议鼓励与会者在四个星期的会议期间向小组委员会协调员奥利弗先生提供可能修订的书面意见并向秘书处提供这些意见的副本。", "16. 在这种情况下，会议主席强调，尤其重要的是与会者在会议结束后继续考虑拟议的修订意见并以书面方式确认他们是否认为这些修订意见有可能出现争议，妨碍2011年更新工作的完成。《联合国税务示范公约》的某些拟议修订意见需要在提交给委员会审议之前，在小组委员会范围内重新起草。会议期间对这一进程的贡献特别有帮助。", "[1] ^(*) 本说明表达的意见不一定代表联合国国际税务合作专家委员会的意见。秘书处对说明中的错误和遗漏负责。", "[2] 将作为E/C.18/2011/4号文件分发。" ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "Item 5 (a) of the provisional agenda", "United Nations Model Tax Convention update", "Ad hoc expert group meeting on the 2011 update of the United Nations Model Tax Convention", "Note by the Secretariat*", "* The views expressed in the present note do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters. The Secretariat is responsible for any errors and omissions in the note.", "The report annexed to the present note was prepared by the Secretariat as a record of an ad hoc expert group meeting held in New York on 9 and 10 June 2011. The meeting was designed to assist the United Nations Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters and its Subcommittee on the United Nations Model Tax Convention Update in their work of updating the United Nations Model Tax Convention. Materials relating to the meeting are available from www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax/2011EGM/index.htm.", "Annex", "Report on an ad hoc expert group meeting on the 2011 update of the United Nations Model Tax Convention", "1. On 9 and 10 June 2011, the Financing for Development Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat held an ad hoc expert group meeting on the 2011 update of the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries (United Nations Model Tax Convention). The purpose of the meeting was to bring together members of the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters and other experts with special knowledge about international taxation and tax treaties to consider issues for the 2011 update of the United Nations Model Tax Convention and to assist the Committee and its Subcommittee on the United Nations Model Tax Convention Update in completing that work. Twenty experts participated, including representatives from government, business and academia. Representatives from non‑governmental organizations were also invited but were unable to participate.", "2. The present report reflects the main outcomes of the meeting. The technical outcomes of the meeting are being compiled in a separate report indicating possible changes to the United Nations Model Tax Convention that would improve its responsiveness and effectiveness and that could be achieved as part of the 2011 update, as noted below. That report (E/C.18/2011/CRP.1) will be submitted to the Committee for its consideration at its seventh session, to be held in Geneva from 24 to 28 October 2011. It will be available from www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax prior to the seventh session.", "3. The update of the United Nations Model Tax Convention that will be done in 2011 will be the first since the 1999 revision (published in 2001) and should set the scene for more frequent updates in the future. The agenda of the meeting included presentations on all the articles of the United Nations Model Tax Convention. The discussions, however, concentrated on those changes to the United Nations Model Tax Convention that were considered achievable in 2011. Participants in the meeting recognized the need to look into other issues (e.g. reviewing the provisions on royalties in general) but noted that, due to time constraints, it would not be possible to do so during the 2011 update. The recommendations made at the meeting will be closely reviewed by the Subcommittee in presenting proposed changes to the Committee at its seventh session.", "4. The meeting was chaired by Armando Lara Yaffar, Chair of the Committee. In their introduction to the meeting, Brian Arnold and David Rosenbloom shared their reflections on the current update of the United Nations Model Tax Convention. On future updates, Mr. Arnold referred to the introduction to the United Nations Model Tax Convention, according to which the Model Convention shall be continuously reviewed and updated. He concluded that intervals of 10 years are not sufficiently frequent. That conclusion was endorsed by several participants in the meeting. Mr. Arnold then stressed that, due to limited resources within the United Nations, future updates should not be carried out on a comprehensive basis but instead be focused on certain articles or issues, and that the Committee should prioritize those areas where the United Nations Model Tax Convention differs significantly from the Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Other participants supported that approach. With regard to the process of updating the United Nations Model Tax Convention, Mr. Arnold recognized the high level of transparency within the United Nations but also emphasized the need to maximize input from stakeholders in tax systems generally.", "5. Mr. Arnold stressed the need to have mechanisms for registering countries’ dissenting views on interpretations of the United Nations Model Tax Convention and suggested that the Committee review the possibility of establishing such a mechanism. That general issue was also raised by other participants. Mr. Arnold advised that the commentaries to the Model Convention be written in a more user-friendly style. That would mean, for example, dealing with basic issues that the commentaries just assumed knowledge of and including more examples.", "6. Mr. Rosenbloom shared his views on what a tax treaty does and explained that, for him, one of the most important functions of a tax treaty was to establish the mutual agreement procedure and provide Governments with exchange-of-information provisions. He suggested that the United Nations consider preparing an alternative “short-form” treaty that would focus only on the really important matters. In his view, such a document could be very helpful to developing countries, since they had limited resources and the costs of treaty negotiation were high.", "7. Roy Rohatgi commented that the United Nations Model Tax Convention was effectively a model for development and that this purpose was critical. Mr. Rohatgi suggested that the United Nations Model Tax Convention have its title changed to the “United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention for Development”, to reflect the role ascribed to it in the introduction to the Model Convention and the fact that it was grounded in the financing-for-development process. The participants in the meeting briefly discussed the topic and several participants opposed such a change. No clear recommendation came out of the discussion, although several participants favoured the short form “United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention”.", "8. During the meeting several other general issues relevant to the 2011 update were discussed, each of which was introduced by a Committee member. On the issue of the potential inclusion of country observations and reservations, it was agreed that a background paper on the inclusion of developing country positions in the United Nations Model Tax Convention or (at least for the 2011 update) in a separate document, would be prepared by the Secretariat for the seventh session of the Committee.[1] It was suggested that the collection of such positions should not be allowed to hold up completion of the 2011 update.", "9. The participants in the meeting discussed appropriate ways of presenting citations from the commentary to the OECD Model Tax Convention. It was noted that in the current United Nations Model Tax Convention such citations were rendered in an inconsistent way, including by using phrases such as “is reproduced”, “is applicable”, “further states”, “reads as follows” and “is relevant”. Several participants were concerned that such inconsistency could raise the question of whether the United Nations Model Tax Convention endorsed the citations form the commentary to the OECD Model Tax Convention. It was suggested that wording could be included in the introduction to the United Nations Model Tax Convention to cover situations in which only some portions of relevant OECD commentary were reproduced in the United Nations Model tax Convention, indicating how to generally interpret the exclusion of other portions.", "10. The secretariat noted that the issue of whether citations from the commentary to the OECD Model Tax Convention could be considered an endorsement of the OECD passages had been discussed by the Committee in the past. While there had been broad acceptance that newer citations might be interpreted as expressing agreement with the OECD Model Tax Convention unless they indicate the opposite (see E/2010/45-E/CN.18/2010/7, para. 14), the same could not be assumed about citations that had been introduced into the United Nations Model Tax Convention by the previous ad hoc group of experts and that had not yet been reviewed by the Committee.", "11. Robin Oliver, Coordinator of the Subcommittee, proposed that all references to the OECD Model Tax Convention in the revised United Nations Model Tax Convention be to the 2010 version of the OECD instrument unless otherwise stated. Participants recommended that this be explicitly mentioned in the introduction to the United Nations Model Tax Convention. At their sixth session, in 2010, the Committee expressed support for using the 2010 version of the OECD instrument as the reference, where appropriate (ibid., para. 15). Under general issues, the participants in the meeting recommended that specific articles of the United Nations Model Tax Convention be treated as proper nouns and, therefore, be written with a capital A in the future.", "12. Claudine Devillet presented a draft commentary on a new alternative version of article 25 B, on the mutual agreement procedure. The draft had been prepared by the Subcommittee on Dispute Resolution (coordinated by Ms. Devillet) to address the decision taken by the Committee in 2010 to include article 25 B in the United Nations Model Tax Convention.", "13. Mr. Oliver presented a new draft commentary on article 7, on business profits. In his presentation, Mr. Oliver recommended that the United Nations Model Tax Convention use primarily the 2008 version of the commentary on article 7 of the OECD instrument as the appropriate version to quote. That was consistent with the views expressed at the sixth session of the Committee, according to which the 2010 version of article 7 of the OECD instrument and its commentary significantly conflicted with the approach taken in article 7 of the United Nations Model Tax Convention.", "14. During the discussion of article 23, participants considered the possibility of including paragraph 4 of article 23 A of the OECD Model Tax Convention in the United Nations Model Tax Convention in order to address situations of unintended double non-taxation. Differing views were expressed, however, and it was decided that Ms. Devillet would draft a commentary relevant for such an inclusion. This would then be the subject of further consideration by the Committee.", "15. Not all the suggested changes to the United Nations Model Tax Convention were addressed in detail during the meeting so that the more pressing issues could be discussed as fully as possible, with a view to determining what changes might be feasible for inclusion in the 2011 update. The participants were therefore encouraged to provide written comments on possible changes within four weeks of the meeting to Mr. Oliver, Coordinator of the Subcommittee, and to provide a copy of such comments to the secretariat.", "16. In that context, the Chair of the meeting emphasized that it was particularly important for participants to continue to consider the proposed changes after the meeting had concluded and to identify in writing whether they thought it was likely that there would be any controversies that would hamper their finalization for the 2011 update. Certain proposed changes to the United Nations Model Tax Convention would need redrafting within the Subcommittee before being presented to the Committee for consideration. Contributions to that process during the meeting had been especially helpful.", "[1] To be issued as document E/C.18/2011/4." ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "Item 5 (a) of the provisional agenda", "Update of the United Nations Model Tax Convention", "Ad hoc expert group meeting on updating the work of the United Nations Model Convention on Tax Matters, 2011", "Note by the Secretariat", "The report annexed to the present note is prepared by the Secretariat, which contains information on the ad hoc expert group meeting held in New York on 9 and 10 June 2011. The purpose of the conference was to assist the United Nations Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters and its United Nations Model Convention on Tax Matters in updating the Subcommittee's work on the United Nations Model Convention on Tax Matters. The conference materials are available at www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax/2011EGM/index.htm.", "Annex", "Report of the Ad Hoc Expert Group Meeting on updating the Work of the United Nations Model Convention on Tax Matters, 2011", "On 9 and 10 June 2011, the Financing for Development Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat held a meeting of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts on the updating of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts on the United Nations Model Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries (UN Model Tax Convention). The purpose of the meeting was to convene the members of the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters and other experts with expertise from international tax and tax treaties to consider the issue of updating the United Nations Model Convention on Tax Matters in 2011 and to assist the Commission and the updating of the Subcommittee on the United Nations Model Convention on Tax Matters. Twenty experts participated in the meeting, including representatives of Governments, the business community and academia. Representatives of non-governmental organizations have also been invited but have not been involved.", "The present report reflects the main outcome of the Conference. As noted below, the technical outcomes of the Conference will be compiled into another report on possible revisions to the United Nations Model Convention on Tax Matters in terms of enhanced responsiveness and enhanced effectiveness, as well as revisions that could be implemented as part of the 2011 update process. The report (E/C.18 (2009)CRP.1) will be submitted to the Commission at its seventh session, held in Geneva from 24 to 28 October 2011, and will be available at www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax, prior to its seventh session.", "The United Nations Model Tax Convention was updated in 2011 for the first time since the 1999 Revision (published in 2001) and is ready for more regular updating in the future. The agenda included the introduction of all provisions of the United Nations Model Tax Convention. However, the meeting focused on the revision of the United Nations Model Tax Convention, which was considered to be implemented in 2011. Participants recognized the importance of studying other issues (e.g., the general review of royalties), but also noted that it was not possible to do so during the 2011 update due to time constraints. In submitting the proposed revisions to the Commission at its seventh session, the Subcommittee will carefully review the recommendations made at that meeting.", "The meeting was chaired by the Chairman of the Committee, Omani Raa Yafar. In the presentation of the meeting, Buai Anoed and David Rosenblom provided their views on the current updating of the United Nations Model Convention on Tax Matters. With regard to future updating, Mr. Anoder referred to the introduction to the United Nations Model Convention on Taxation and considered that the Model Convention should be reviewed and updated in accordance with the introduction. He concluded that the spacing of 10 years was not frequent. This conclusion was endorsed by several participants. Mr. Anoder then stressed that, owing to the limited resources of the United Nations, future updating should not be carried out in a comprehensive manner, but should focus on certain provisions or issues, the Commission should give priority to areas where the United Nations Model Convention on Tax Matters differs significantly from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Model Taxation Convention. Other participants supported this approach. With regard to the updating process of the United Nations Model Convention on Taxation, Mr. Anov acknowledged the high level of transparency within the United Nations, but emphasized the importance of maximizing the use of inputs from stakeholders to the tax system.", "Mr. Anod stressed the importance of establishing mechanisms to record the different views of States in interpreting the United Nations Model Convention on Taxation, and recommended that the Commission review the possibility of establishing such mechanisms. Other participants also raised this general issue. Mr. Anod suggested that the commentary to the Model Convention should adopt user-friendly formats. This means, for example, addressing the basic issues familiar with the commentary and including additional examples.", "Mr. Rosenblom raised his view on tax treaties, explaining that, for his part, one of the most important functions of the tax treaty was to establish mutual consultation procedures and to provide information to Governments. He recommended that the United Nations consider the development of an alternative “flight” treaty, which focused solely on clarifying real matters. In his view, such a document could help them considerably because of the limited resources of developing countries and the high cost of treaty negotiations.", "Roy Rohaji commented that the United Nations Model Convention on Taxation was indeed a model for development, which was crucial. Mr. Rohaji suggested that the United Nations Model Convention on Taxation for Development should be renamed the United Nations Model Convention on double taxation for development in order to reflect the role conferred upon it in the introduction of the Model Convention and its basis as the financing for development process. The topic was briefly discussed and several participants opposed the name of change. Although several participants favoured a short United Nations Model Convention on double taxation, there was no clear recommendation in the discussion.", "During the session, participants discussed several other general issues related to the 2011 update, each of which was presented by the Committee members. With regard to the possible inclusion of national views and reservations, it was agreed that a background paper for the seventh session of the Commission would be prepared by the Secretariat on the inclusion of developing country positions (at least in the position of updating in 2011) in the United Nations Model Tax Convention or a separate document. [2] It was proposed that the work on the summary of those positions should not hinder the completion of the 2011 update.", "Participants discussed the appropriate way to refer to the OECD Model Tax Convention commentary. It was noted that the modalities cited in the current United Nations Model Convention on Tax Matters were not inconsistent, such as the use of “renewable”, “implementation”, “Further provisions”, “The content” and “relevant” groups. Several participants were concerned that such inconsistencies could trigger the question of whether the United Nations Model Convention on Taxation endorsed the OECD Commentary on the Model Tax Convention. It was suggested that the relevant wording could be included in the introduction to the United Nations Model Convention on Tax Matters, in order to include only the replication of certain parts of the relevant OECD commentary in the United Nations Model Convention on Taxation, while indicating how to generally explain the reasons for excluding others.", "The Secretariat noted that the Commission had discussed in the past whether the commentary to the OECD Model Convention could be considered an issue of accreditation to OECD. Although there was broad agreement that, in addition to other contrary notes, a relatively new reference could be interpreted as endorsed by the OECD Model Tax Convention (see Echo45-E/CN.18/2004/7, para. 14), the inclusion of former ad hoc expert groups in the United Nations Model Convention on Taxation could not be assumed without reference to the Commission's review.", "The Coordinator of the Subcommittee, Robin Olif, suggested that all references to the OECD Model Tax Convention in the revised United Nations Model Convention were drawn from the 2010 edition of the OECD Convention, with the exception indicated. It was suggested that this issue be explicitly addressed in the introduction to the United Nations Model Convention on Tax Matters. At its sixth session, in 2010, the Committee supported the use of the 2010 edition of the OECD Convention as a reference document (ibid., para. With regard to general issues, it was suggested that the specific provisions of the United Nations Model Convention on Taxation should be deemed to be exclusive and that, in future, the first letter of the articles would be drawn up.", "The draft commentary to article 25 B was presented in accordance with the procedures for mutual consultations. In accordance with the 2010 Committee's decision to include article 25 B in the United Nations Model Convention on Tax Matters (coordinated by Ms. Devilett) the draft commentary was prepared.", "Mr. Olif introduced a draft new commentary on article 7 on corporate profits. In introducing the draft, Mr. Olif suggested that the United Nations Model Convention on Tax Matters would use the commentary to article 7 of the OECD Convention for 2008 as an appropriate version. This was in line with the views expressed at the sixth session of the Commission, and the view was expressed that article 7 of the OECD Convention and its commentary in the 2010 edition corresponded to the manner in which article 7 of the United Nations Model Tax Convention was adopted.", "In discussing article 23, participants were of the view that it was possible to include article 23 A, paragraph 4, of the OECD Model Convention in the United Nations Model Tax Convention in order to address the issue of unintentional double taxation. However, a different view was expressed by other participants, which decided that Ms. Devilett would draft a commentary with respect to the above-mentioned inclusion. The Commission then considered this issue further.", "During the session participants did not discuss in detail all proposed amendments to the United Nations Model Convention on Tax Matters in order to enable the fullest possible discussion of more urgent issues and to determine what amendments might be included in the 2011 update. The Meeting therefore encouraged participants to provide Mr. Olifford, Coordinator of the Subcommittee, with possible written comments and to provide copies of those comments to the Secretariat during the four-week sessions.", "In this context, the President of the Conference stressed that it was particularly important for participants to continue to consider the proposed revisions at the end of the meeting and to confirm in writing whether they were of the view that they might be controversial and hinder the completion of the 2011 update. Some proposed revisions to the United Nations Model Convention on Tax Matters need to be redrafted within the scope of the Subcommittee prior to submission to the Commission. The contribution of the process during the session was particularly helpful.", "The views expressed in this note do not necessarily represent the views of the United Nations Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters. The Secretariat is responsible for errors and omissions in the notes.", "]" ]

[ "国际税务合作专家委员会", "第七届会议", "2011年10月24日至28日，日内瓦", "临时议程^(*) 项目5(a)", "讨论与国际税务合作有关的实质性问题： 《联合国税务示范公约》最新情况", "国家意见、保留和立场：与《联合国税务示范公约》的相关性", "秘书长的说明^(**)", "一. 导言", "1. 对《联合国发达国家和发展中国家双重征税示范公约》可能有国家意见、保留和立场的问题已成为一个重要问题，因为国际税务合作专家委员会较接近完成其2011年更新《联合国税务示范公约》的工作。对该问题的两个方面不应混淆：", "(a) 第一方面是，在广泛援引《经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)收入和资本税务示范公约》时，是否也应注意到经合组织成员国的有关意见和保留以及非经合组织成员国的立场，以便全面了解对某一特定问题的各种观点；", "(b) 第二个方面是《联合国示范公约》是否应包括国家对《示范公约》本身的意见、保留和立场，或者由后者对前者进行补充。这两个方面是不同的，虽然一个国家，当然，可对两个示范公约采取相同立场。", "^(*) E/C.18/2011/1。", "^(**) 本说明是为了协助专家委员会进行审议，表达的意见不一定代表专家委员会或联合国的意见。", "二. 对《经济合作与发展组织收入和资本税务示范公约》的引文的意见、保留和立场", "2. 第一方面(见上文第1段(a)分段)涉及到有关《经合组织税务示范公约》的一个特定做法，经合组织一个成员国对本国不遵守的条款提出保留。但有一项理解，在一个条款的评注对该条案文提供了替代性案文，经合组织的一个成员国遵守该替代性案文的情况下，则无需提出保留。", "3. 但在经合组织的一个成员国不反对该条的措辞，但以不同于该条的评注解释该条的方式来解释该条时，该国发表意见。有关国家在发表意见时，通常说明它们的解释有何不同。每一条案文的评注结尾会注意到意见和保留。此外，《经合组织税务示范公约》在评注的结尾处，会在单独一个部分列出选择就公约案文及解释案文的方法进行评论的非经合组织成员国的立场。", "4. 表达意见和保留的正式依据源于1997年经合组织理事会一条建议[1] 所引发的对国家行为的期待，该建议仍适用于经合组织成员。", "理事会在该建议中建议各成员国政府：", "1. 开展努力，与成员国缔结关于收入和资本的双边征税公约，并酌情与尚未缔结此类双边公约的非成员国缔结公约，并修改现有公约中那些可能不再反映当今需要的公约；", "2. 在缔结新的双边公约或修改现有的双边公约时，要按照《税务示范公约》的评注的解释，符合《税务示范公约》；", "3. 税务部门适用和解释基于《税务示范公约》条款的双边税务公约的条款时，要遵守不时修改的《税务示范公约条款评注》。", "二. 请各成员国政府继续向财政事务委员会通知其对条款的保留和对评注的意见。", "三. 指示财政事务委员会继续不断审查可能需根据成员国获得的经验对《税务示范公约》所载条款或有关评注进行修订的情形，并就定期更新提出适当建议。", "5. 因为《联合国税务示范公约》广泛援引《经合组织税务示范公约》，这就产生了这一问题，即是否需要一般性地或在具体情况下提及这些意见、保留和立场，以便有完整性。委员会第三届会议较长时间讨论了这一问题，并表述如下(见E/2007/45，第34和43段):", "34. 有两个国家提出一点，即在(拟议第73段)引用经合组织关于第1条的评注第23段(关于通过受控外国公司法处理基地公司问题)时，必须考虑到这两个国家和经合组织其他一些国家对该段存有意见。有与会者指出，在常设机构问题上出现少数意见问题，E/C.18/2007/CRP.3号文件注2提出了一个解决这一问题的办法。委员会审议了这一问题，并决定有关国家的立场应当列入[发达国家与发展中国家间双边税务条约谈判]手册，而不是评注本身。", "43. 与会者指出，(常设机构定义)小组委员会(在注2中)提出，《联合国税务示范公约》应当有一个附件，其中载列有关经合组织成员对于《联合国税务示范公约》中引用的经合组织评注的“意见”和非经合组织成员对此的“立场”。小组委员会提议在《联合国税务示范公约》导言中添加一个关于这些意见和国家立场的相关性的说明。会议商定，在审议对经合组织范本的引用问题时将讨论这种做法。正如上文第31段所指出，委员会最终决定，有关国家立场将在《手册》中讨论，而不放入《评注》本身。", "6. 委员会第三届会议的报告提及的注 (E/C.18/2007/CRP.3，附件，脚注 2)如下:", "小组委员会建议，《联合国示范公约》下一版本应在其导言中指出大意如下的话：“在广泛引用《经合组织示范公约》的评注时，必须指出，评注必须连同经合组织成员国‘意见’一并阅读，以便对具体的经合组织国家在特定情况下接受或不接受评注的某些部分有一个全面的了解。为方便起见，对《经合组织示范公约》(2005年)最新版本的意见载于本出版物的附录，^(**)同时也列入了非经合组织成员向经合组织提供的对经合组织评注的有关‘立场’”。小组委员会指出，导言部分的这一段落，使得没有必要在对《联合国示范公约》的每一具体条款的评注中列入意思相同的具体评论。", "7. 发展中国家的决策者和管理者，现在比过去更容易查阅《经合组织税务示范公约》，列入《经合组织税务示范公约》的所有意见、保留和立场的价值，远不及这样做所造成的混乱，即在联合国和经合组织两个示范公约间的差异方面的混乱以及有关阅读《联合国示范公约》的复杂性方面的混乱，特别是在对《经合组织税务示范公约》引文不是来自该条约的最新版本，而在这期间已经对意见、保留和立场作出了修改的情况下引起的混乱。列入意见、保留和立场也可被视作否认了《联合国示范公约》有“自己的生命”的地位，也会使该公约不必要地受到《经合组织税务示范公约》发展的驱动。", "8. 如果不提供关于《联合国示范公约》的立场，有人可能会怀疑为什么给有关《经合组织税务示范公约》的立场以特殊待遇，而不给不曾对经合组织示范公约作出评论的国家提供发表评论的机会。另一方面，如果给关于《联合国示范公约》的立场提供此类机会，有人会问，为什么仍然需要单独列出对《经合组织税务示范公约》中那些已通过援引被纳入《联合国示范公约》的部分的立场。当清楚知道有关经合组织公约案文的评注已经同意并被纳入联合国示范公约中时，这一论点是最有道理的，当不清楚有关方面对援引是否表示同意时，这一论点最弱。委员会目前正在努力确保，在引用对经合组织案文的评注时，很清楚委员会是同意还是不同意有关解释(见E/2010/45，第14段)，所以，可能只有《联合国示范公约》中最近未修改的部分才会出现上面这个问题。", "9. 不列入有关《经合组织税务示范公约》的所有具体意见、保留和立场的概念基础，一个或许会引发是否需要有关《联合国示范公约》的意见、保留和立场的疑问的概念基础就是，《示范公约》是一个以个人身份行事的专家小组(委员会)的建议，并无意代表各国政府的正式意见，尽管该委员会表达了专家对各国做法和关切的了解。即使在“软”意义上说，它也不会在谈判中抑制各国政府，不应认为它会限制政府采取行动，谈判达成适合其特殊情况的协议。《联合国示范公约》可以促进投资者和管理者所期望的确定性，但是，这不会限制主权决定。", "10. 正如《联合国示范公约》导言第35段所述，象所有示范公约一样，该公约是不可强制执行的。其条款没有约束力，而且，也不应构成联合国的正式建议。", "11. 虽然委员会第三届会议没有采取这一选项，但一个可能的办法是，在评注导言中作出下列一般性评论：“在援引《经合组织收入和资本税务示范公约》(各个版本)时，认识到经合组织诸多成员国已就该案文条款表示保留，并就这些条款的评注发表了意见，一些非经合组织成员国就有关条款和评注发表了立场。不时修订的《经合组织税务示范公约》的案文中载入了此类正式表达的与示范公约的差异。委员会表示，从理解如何在实践中应用和解释《经合组织税务示范公约》的角度来看，这些是该公约一个有用的方面，尽管因实际的原因未在本示范公约中重复这些意见和评论。”", "12. 如果要寻求了解有关《联合国示范公约》的国家意见、保留和立场，各国强烈感到这样一个一般性的声明不够，当然可以表明对《示范公约》的立场，只要它在一个特定案例中引用了《经合组织税务示范公约》即可。这将会更加直接地谈及就《经合组织税务示范公约》表达的意见、保留和立场，尽管只是在《联合国示范公约》采纳了特定解释，但所采纳的方式不足以解决有关国家的关切(如替代性草拟)的情况下才会谈及。", "三. 关于《联合国示范公约》的意见、保留和立场", "13. 上文概述的办法引出了本文处理的第二个方面：对国家可能就《联合国示范公约》本身提出的意见、保留和立场的处理(见上文第1段(b)分段)。委员会2008年第四届会议也讨论了这一事项(见E/2008/45):", "22. 会上讨论了各国就《联合国示范公约》提出正式意见的可能价值，与会者普遍支持提供这样一些方便，包括增加谈判立场的透明度。一名专家对这种看法表示异议。然而，对于是否有必要区分经合组织国家对《经合组织示范公约》的“意见”和“保留”，也进行了一些讨论。会上指出，参照没有约束力的“立场”甚至“评论”可能更好。会上还指出，鉴于委员会资源紧张，需要将任何这种任务保持在可控制的范围内。", "14. 关于上述方面，建立任何接近关于国家立场的综合数据库的东西，将涉及秘书处，可能是委员会要使用大量的资源。即使设立一个处理国家立场的小组委员会或工作组，仍将有相当的工作量，要通过正确的渠道通知所有会员国，列入国家立场的可能性，并对没有作出回应的国家进行跟踪，并与潜在答复者进行联络，包括与委员会或小组委员会联络。还要注意确保有关答复：不使对《联合国示范公约》的误解永久化；是以统一的方式提供的；体现出对记录国家立场的过程的了解。可能需要找到赞助者来解决这些资源问题，尤其是如果要提议印刷刊物的话。", "15. 这一过程将需要时间，但秘书处认为，这不应该妨碍2011年《联合国示范公约》最新情况的完成。它应作为一个单独的项目进行，至少在本次这种情况下，要与通知各国《示范公约》新版本和秘书处建议的和秘书长在最近的关于为促进国际税务合作加强体制安排的报告(见E/2011/76，第17段)中提及的能力建设举措同时开展。特别重要的是，要掌握尽可能多的发展中国家对《示范公约》的立场；在实践中这不易实现。", "16. 如上所述，在经合组织的做法中提及国家的意见和保留有特别的意义，而这种意义对《联合国示范公约》就不存在，这就是为什么《联合国示范公约》最好避免使用这种语言可能引起的混乱。假设要求各国提供立场或意见，如果一些国家认为，它们可能会被别国视为它们自己未来要受某些立场的约束(包括地方立法或法院这样看)，它们就可能不愿作出答复。在关于经合组织案文的立场的导言中，是这样说的：", "5. 虽然这些经济体普遍同意《税务示范公约》条款的案文，并同意评注中提出的解释，但每个经济体都有一些不同意的领域。对《税务示范公约》的每一条款，本节所述的各国立场中会说明一国在什么地方不同意条款案文，它在什么地方不同意有关该条款的评注中提供的解释。有关成员国的意见和保留，情况也如此，不会提及一个经济体希望以与该条款不冲突的规定来补充该条款案文的情况，特别是如果已在评注中将这些规定作为替代性内容提出来了，或者想提出一种与有关评注并不冲突的解释。", "17. 在这方面应该指出，中国和印度尼西亚，在导言的一个脚注中，希望“明确澄清，在与其他国家谈判的过程中，它们将不会被本节所列其声明的立场所约束”。当国家谈判和解释条约时，这些立场没有约束力，包括通过其法院系统也没约束力，《联合国示范公约》或任何其他载有立场的文件，可以更明确地肯定这一情况。同样，可以明确，各国所采取的立场，不应该阻止它们不同意立场中没有具体讨论的对《示范公约》的解释。", "18. 为了采取这一方法，可能需要保持最新的立场清单，即使在对《联合国示范公约》进行更新期间也如此，以便考虑到以前未提供立场的各国的立场以及对现有立场的修改。这也是为什么收集这些立场不应与出版《示范公约》的新版本过于紧密地挂钩的又一原因。", "19. 此外，Brian Arnold 在2011年发表的一篇文章中表示：", "有关第14条的讨论引起了对更新《联合国示范公约》过程中的严重缺陷的注意，例如，不象《经合组织示范公约》那样，各国没有机会对《联合国示范公约》作出保留或就《联合国示范公约》评注中对那些条款的解释提出意见。保留和意见是使少数立场得到承认的有用方式。如前所述，委员会是由以个人身份而不是国家代表身份任职的专家组成的。因此，这些专家提出保留或意见是不合适的，没有让国家作出此类保留或意见的机制。缺乏承认少数立场的明确机制，意味着这些立场经常在有关《联合国示范公约》的评注中得到反映，所以，这些立场应得到它们当之无愧的更大的重视。[2]", "20. 提议的办法，将允许国家一级此类少数立场得到适当记录，而不一定必须在评住中加以处理。一些少数立场，特别是发展中国家广泛持有的少数立场，仍然最适合在评注中加以提及(如《联合国示范公约》的情况)。这也使得在由于委员会成员没有确定有关国家立场或由于其他原因有关国家立场而未纳入评注的情况下，有关国家立场可被记录下来。", "四. 建议", "21. 在《联合国示范公约》后附上国家立场，有下列方面的好处：增加透明度；评注案文有机会更清晰；给《示范公约》注入更大的“拥有感”；使得可能利用这一进程获得对《示范公约》未来版本的反馈；实现对更新版本更广泛的参与。", "22. 也可能有下列方面的缺点：鉴于秘书处资源有限，征求和处理各国立场，并确保这些立场不断更新，要涉及后勤问题(可能依赖国家或其他实体捐款的一个项目)；在如何表述立场方面需要某些一致性，可能需要在敲定立场前进行对话；让联合国193个会员国充分利用机会提出立场有困难；有一种风险，国家感到提出它们的立场会不合理地“捆绑住他们的手脚”。委员会在就这一问题作出决定之前，需要对这些优点和缺点加以讨论。", "23. 有人建议，为了《联合国示范公约》即将出现的最新版本：", "(a) 当谈及使用《经合组织示范公约》时，在《联合国示范公约》的导言中最多应一般性地提及关于《经合组织税务示范公约》的国家意见、保留和立场；", "(b) 编撰关于《联合国示范公约》的立场，不应拖延该公约的出版，然而，如果要编撰的话，应是一个独立但相关的过程；", "(c) 应提及国家“立场”、“评论”或类似的东西，而不是提及“意见”和“保留”，以防引起混淆，尤其是考虑到《经合组织税务示范公约》使用这些措词的方式；", "(d) 在向提出国家立场的国家建议采用的用词时要小心——《经合组织税务示范公约》通常遵循以下格式：“[X国]保留权利”。无论这在《经合组织税务示范公约》的背景下的适合程度有多大，但提及有关国家“表示”或“指出”或“载入记录地指出”的用语，或许更适合此类文件的目的，因为，偏离《联合国示范公约》的权利是固有的，并不需要正式指出，无论是否就评注的其他条款或方面提出立场；", "(e) 应当承认，制作和出版有关国家立场的一个综合清单的速度，在一定程度上取决于捐助方支持这一努力的意愿。", "[1] 经合组织 C (97)195/FINAL号建议。", "[2] Brian J. Arnold著,“税务条约新闻”，国际税务通告，第56卷，第3(2011)期。" ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "* E/C.18/2011/1.", "** The present note is intended to assist the Committee of Experts in its deliberations and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Committee or of the United Nations.", "Item 5 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Discussion of substantive issues related to international cooperation in tax matters: United Nations Model Tax Convention update", "Country observations, reservations and positions: relevance to the United Nations Model Tax Convention", "Note by the Secretariat**", "I. Introduction", "1. The issue of possibly having country observations, reservations and positions on the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries has become a significant one as the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters comes closer to concluding its work on the 2011 update of the United Nations Model Convention. There are two aspects of the issue that should not be confused:", "(a) The first aspect is whether, in extensively citing the Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the relevant observations and reservations of OECD member States and the positions of non-OECD member States should also be noted, in order to give a complete picture of views on a particular issue;", "(b) The second aspect is whether the United Nations Model Convention should include, or be complemented by, country observations, reservations and positions on the Model Convention itself. The two aspects are distinct, although a State could, of course, take the same position in relation to both model conventions.", "II. Observations, reservations and positions on citations from the Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development", "2. The first aspect (see para. 1 (a) above) relates to a particular practice relative to the OECD Model Tax Convention whereby a reservation is made by an OECD member State with regard to provisions of the treaty that the State does not follow. However, it is understood that where the commentary to an article provides an alternative formulation to that of the article, and an OECD member State follows that formulation, it is not necessary to make a reservation.", "3. An OECD member State makes an observation when it has no objections to the wording of the article but interprets it in a way that is different from the way it is interpreted in the commentary to the article. States usually indicate how their interpretation differs when making an observation. Observations and reservations are noted at the end of the commentary on each article. In addition, the OECD Model Tax Convention includes, in a separate part, at the end of the commentaries, the positions of those non-OECD member States that have chosen to comment on their approaches to the text of the instrument and the interpretations of that text.", "4. The formal basis for the observations and reservations can be found in expectations of country conduct that flow from a 1997 recommendation of the OECD Council[1] that still applies to OECD members. In the recommendation, the Council:", "Recommends the Governments of member countries:", "1. to pursue their efforts to conclude bilateral tax conventions on income and on capital with those member countries, and where appropriate with non‑member countries, with which they have not yet entered into such conventions, and to revise those of the existing conventions that may no longer reflect present-day needs;", "2. when concluding new bilateral conventions or revising existing bilateral conventions, to conform to the Model Tax Convention, as interpreted by the Commentaries thereon;", "3. that their tax administrations follow the Commentaries on the Articles of the Model Tax Convention, as modified from time to time, when applying and interpreting the provisions of their bilateral tax conventions that are based on these Articles.", "II. Invites the Governments of member countries to continue to notify the Committee on Fiscal Affairs of their reservations on the Articles and observations on the Commentaries.", "III. Instructs the Committee on Fiscal Affairs to continue its ongoing review of situations where the provisions set out in the Model Tax Convention or the Commentaries thereon may require modification in the light of experience gained by member countries, and to make appropriate proposals for periodic updates.", "5. As the United Nations Model Convention cites the OECD Model Tax Convention extensively, the question has arisen of whether these observations, reservations and positions need to be referenced, for completeness, either generally or in specific cases. The Committee discussed the matter at some length at its third session, and noted the following (see E/2007/45, paras. 34 and 43):", "34. The point was made by two countries that in citing (at proposed para. 73) paragraph 23 of the OECD Commentary on article 1 (addressing base companies through controlled foreign corporations (CFC) legislation), there must be some regard for the fact that they and other OECD countries had observations on that paragraph. It was noted that the issue of minority views had arisen in the context of permanent establishments, with note 2 of paper E/C.18/2007/CRP.3 suggesting an approach to dealing with this issue. The issue was considered by the Committee and it was decided that relevant country positions should be included in the Manual [for the Negotiation of Bilateral Tax Treaties between Developed and Developing Countries] rather than in the Commentaries themselves.", "43. It was noted that the subcommittee [on definition of permanent establishment] had proposed (at note 2) that there should be an annex to the United Nations Model Taxation Convention containing the relevant OECD member “observations” and non-OECD member “positions” on the OECD Commentaries cited in the United Nations Model Taxation Convention. The subcommittee proposed to include a note in the introduction to the United Nations Model Taxation Convention referring to the relevance of these observations and country positions. It was agreed that such an approach would be discussed when considering the issue of citation of the OECD Model. As noted at paragraph 31 above, the Committee ultimately decided that relevant country positions would be addressed in the Manual rather than in the Commentaries themselves.", "6. The note referred to in the report of the Committee on its third session (E/C.18/2007/CRP.3, annex, footnote 2) reads:", "The subcommittee proposes that the next version of the United Nations Model should note in its introduction, words along the following lines: “In extensively quoting the Commentary to the OECD Model , it is noted that this has be to read together with the ‘observations’ of OECD Member countries to obtain a full understanding of the acceptance or otherwise of certain parts of the Commentary by specific OECD countries in particular cases. The observations on the most recent version of the OECD Model (2005) are included at Appendix** of this publication for convenience, along with relevant “positions” on the OECD Commentaries provided to the OECD by some non-members of the OECD”. The subcommittee notes that such an introductory paragraph would render it unnecessary to include a special comment along the same lines in the Commentaries of the United Nations Model on each specific Article.", "7. The OECD Model Tax Convention is more readily accessible to policymakers and administrators from developing countries now than it has been in the past, and the value of including all observations, reservations and positions to the OECD Model Tax Convention that are quoted in the United Nations Model Convention would seem to be heavily outweighed by the confusion that doing so could create with regard to the differences between the United Nations and the OECD model conventions and with regard to the complexity of reading the United Nations Model Convention, especially in cases when quotations of the OECD Model Tax Convention do not come from the latest version of the treaty and when changes have been made to the observations, reservations and positions in the meantime. Including the observations, reservations and positions could also be viewed as denying the United Nations Model Convention its status as having a “life of its own” and as being unnecessarily driven by developments in the OECD Model Tax Convention.", "8. If there was no provision for positions on the United Nations Model Convention, it could be questioned why special treatment should be given to positions on the OECD Model Tax Convention, with no opportunity given for comments to be made by States that had not commented on the OECD instrument. If, on the other hand, there was a provision for positions on the United Nations Model Convention, it could be questioned why there would remain a need to separately note positions on those parts of the OECD Model Tax Convention that were incorporated by reference into the United Nations Model Convention. This argument is strongest for cases where it is clear that the commentary on the OECD text is being agreed with and incorporated and is weakest for cases where it is not clear whether the quotation is a sign of agreement. The Committee is currently seeking to ensure that where the commentary to the OECD text is cited it is clear whether the Committee agrees or disagrees with the interpretation (see E/2010/45, para. 14), so this last issue would probably only arise for parts of the United Nations Model Convention that have not been revised recently.", "9. A conceptual basis for not including all specific observations, reservations and positions on the OECD Model Tax Convention, and one that perhaps raises the question of whether there is any need for observations, reservations and positions on the United Nations Model Convention, is that the Model Convention is a recommendation of a group of experts (the Committee) acting in their own capacity and is not intended to represent the formal views of Governments, even though it expresses the experts’ knowledge of national practices and concerns. It does not, even in a “soft” sense, inhibit Governments in their negotiations and should not be seen as limiting their actions to negotiate the agreements suitable to them in particular circumstances. The certainty desired by investors and administrators can be facilitated by the United Nations Model Convention, which does not, however, constrain sovereign decisions.", "10. As noted in paragraph 35 of its introduction, like all model conventions, the United Nations Model Convention is not enforceable. Its provisions are not binding and furthermore should not be construed as formal recommendations of the United Nations.", "11. Although the option was not taken up by the Committee at its third session, a possible approach would be to include the following general comment in the introduction to the commentaries: “In citing the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital (in its various versions) it is recognized that various OECD member States have expressed reservations on the articles of that text and made observations on the commentaries on the articles, and that some non-OECD member States have expressed positions on the articles and commentaries. Such formal expressions of differences from that Model Convention are contained in the text of the OECD Model Tax Convention, as revised from time to time. The Committee notes that they are a useful aspect of the OECD Model Tax Convention in terms of understanding how it is applied and interpreted in practice, even though they have not been repeated in this Model Convention for practical reasons.”", "12. If country observations, reservations and positions are sought in relation to the United Nations Model Convention, States that feel strongly that such a general statement is insufficient could, of course, indicate a position on the Model Convention in so far as it cited the OECD Model Tax Convention in a particular case. This would more directly address the observations, reservations and positions expressed on the OECD Model Tax Convention although only to the extent that a particular interpretation had been picked up in the United Nations Model Convention, and where the way it was picked up did not sufficiently accommodate the concerns of States (such as by having an alternative formulation).", "III. Observations, reservations and positions on the United Nations Model Convention", "13. The approach outlined above raises the second aspect dealt with in this paper: the treatment of possible country observations, reservations and positions to the United Nations Model Convention itself (see para. 1 (b) above). The matter was also discussed by the Committee at its fourth session, in 2008 (see E/2008/45):", "22. The possible value of countries making formal comments on the United Nations Model Convention was discussed, with general support for some such facility, including in terms of increased transparency in negotiating positions. One expert disagreed with that view. However, there was also some discussion on the need to differentiate between the terms “observations” and “reservations” used by OECD countries for the OECD Model Convention. A reference to non-binding “positions” or even “comments”, it was noted, might be better. The need to keep any such task a manageable one in view of the Committee’s resource constraints was also noted.", "14. With regard to the above, achieving anything approaching a comprehensive database of country positions will involve a considerable amount of resources from the secretariat and, possibly, the Committee. Even if a subcommittee or working group were to be formed to deal with country positions, there would be a considerable amount of work involved in notifying all Member States, through the correct channels, of the possibility of including country positions, to follow up on States that do not respond and to liaise with potential responders, including with the Committee or a subcommittee. Attention would also have to be paid to ensure that responses: do not perpetuate misinterpretations of the United Nations Model Convention; are provided in a uniform way; and reflect an understanding of the process of recording country positions. It might be necessary to find a sponsor to address those resource issues, especially if a printed publication were proposed.", "15. The process will take time and it should not, in the secretariat’s view, hold up the completion of the 2011 update to the United Nations Model Convention. It should be undertaken as a distinct project, at least in this instance, in tandem with informing countries of the new version of the Model Convention and the capacity-building initiatives proposed by the Secretariat and referred to in the recent report of the Secretary-General on the strengthening of institutional arrangements to promote international cooperation in tax matters (see E/2011/76, para. 17). It will be especially important to have as many developing country positions on the Model Convention as possible; this will not be easy to achieve in practice.", "16. As indicated above, the reference to observations and reservations of countries has a particular meaning in OECD usage that does not exist for the United Nations Model Convention, which is why it is best to avoid the confusion that the use of such language might introduce. Assuming that positions or comments are called for, some States may be hesitant to respond if they believe that they may be perceived (including by local legislatures or courts) as binding themselves to certain positions in the future. In the introduction to the positions on the OECD text, it is noted that:", "5. Whilst these economies generally agree with the text of the Articles of the Model Tax Convention and with the interpretations put forward in the Commentary, there are for each economy some areas of disagreement. For each Article of the Model Tax Convention, the positions that are presented in this section indicate where a country disagrees with the text of the Article and where it disagrees with an interpretation given in the Commentary in relation to the Article. As is the case with the observations and reservations of member countries, no reference is made to cases where an economy would like to supplement the text of an Article with provisions that do not conflict with the Article, especially if these provisions are offered as alternatives in the Commentary, or would like to put forward an interpretation that does not conflict with the Commentary.", "17. It should be noted in that respect that China and Indonesia, in a footnote to the introduction, wished “to clarify expressly that in the course of negotiations with other countries, they will not be bound by their stated positions included in this section”. The fact that the positions are not binding when it comes to States negotiating and interpreting treaties, including through their court systems, could be affirmed more explicitly in the United Nations Model Convention or any other document containing the positions. Likewise, it could be made clear that the positions taken by States should not prevent them from disagreeing with interpretations of the Model Convention not specifically discussed in the positions.", "18. In order to adopt such an approach, it may be necessary to keep the list of positions up to date, even in between updates to the United Nations Model Convention, in order to take into account the positions of States that have not provided their positions before and modifications to existing positions. That is an additional reason why the collection of such positions should not be linked too closely to the publication of a new version of the Model Convention.", "19. Moreover, in an article published in 2011, Brian Arnold noted:", "The discussions regarding Article 14 drew attention to a serious deficiency in the process for updating the United Nations Model, i.e. there is no opportunity for countries to make reservations on the articles of the United Nations Model or observations on the interpretation of those articles in the Commentaries on the United Nations Model, as is the case with the OECD Model. Reservations and observations are useful ways for minority positions to be recognized. As noted previously, the Committee is composed of experts serving in their personal capacities and not as country representatives. Accordingly, it would be inappropriate for these experts to make reservations or observations and there is no mechanism for countries to make such resolutions or observations. The absence of a clear mechanism to recognize minority positions means that these positions are often reflected in the Commentaries on the United Nations Model and may, therefore, be accorded more weight than they deserve.[2]", "20. The proposed approach would allow such minority positions at the country level to be recorded appropriately without necessarily being addressed in the commentaries. Some minority positions, especially those widely held among developing countries, would still be most appropriately noted in the commentaries (as occurs in the United Nations Model Convention). This would also allow country positions to be recorded in cases where they may not have been incorporated in the commentary by the members of the Committee because they were not identified or for other reasons.", "IV. Recommendations", "21. There could be advantages to having country positions attached to the United Nations Model Convention, in terms of transparency and the opportunity to have cleaner texts of the commentary, as well as in terms of instilling greater ownership in the Model Convention and making it possible to use the process to obtain feedback for future versions of the Convention and to achieve wider participation in the updating process.", "22. There could also be disadvantages, including: in terms of the logistical issues involved in seeking and processing positions and then ensuring they are kept up to date in view of limited secretariat resources (a project that might be dependant on contributions from States or other entities); the need to have some coherence with regard to how positions are expressed and, probably, the need for dialogue before positions are finalized; the difficulty in taking sufficient advantage of the opportunity for positions to be put forward by the 193 States Members of the United Nations; and the risk that countries may feel they are unjustifiably “tying their hands” by putting their positions forward. Such advantages and disadvantages will need to be discussed by the Committee prior to a decision on this issue.", "23. It is suggested that for the forthcoming updated version of the United Nations Model Convention:", "(a) Country observations, reservations and positions on the OECD Model Tax Convention should, at most, be generally mentioned in the introduction to the Model Convention when the use of the OECD Model is addressed;", "(b) The development of positions on the Model Convention should not delay its publication, but should, if embarked upon, be a separate but related process;", "(c) References should be made to country positions, comments or the like, rather than to observations and reservations, in order to prevent confusion, especially given the way in which those words are used in relation to the OECD Model Tax Convention;", "(d) Care should be taken in the language suggested to countries proposing a country position. The OECD Model Tax Convention usually follows the following format: “[country X] reserves the right”. Whatever its appropriateness in the context of the OECD Model Tax Convention, language referring to countries “noting” or “pointing out” or “putting on record” would perhaps be better suited to the purpose of such a document, since the right to depart from the United Nations Model Convention is inherent and does not need to be stated formally, whether or not positions are stated on other provisions or aspects of the commentaries;", "(e) It should be recognized that the speed with which a comprehensive list of positions can be produced and published will depend in part upon the willingness of donors to support such an effort.", "[1] OECD recommendation C (97)195/FINAL.", "[2] Brian J. Arnold, “Tax treaty news”, Bulletin for International Taxation, vol. 65, No. 3 (2011)." ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "Item 5 (a) of the provisional agenda", "Discussion on substantive issues related to international cooperation in tax matters: Update on the United Nations Model Tax Convention", "State opinions, reservations and positions: relevance to the United Nations Model Convention on Taxation", "Note by the Secretary-General (**", "Introduction", "The question of the possibility of national opinions, reservations and positions in the United Nations Model Convention on double taxation in developed and developing countries has become an important issue since the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters is closer to completing its work on updating the United Nations Model Tax Convention in 2011. Two aspects of this issue should not be confused:", "(a) In the first area, if the Model Convention on Income and Capital Taxation of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is widely invoked, it should also take note of the views and reservations of OECD member States, as well as the positions of non-OECD member States, in order to fully understand the views of a particular issue;", "(b) The second aspect is whether the United Nations Model Convention should include the State's views, reservations and positions on the Model Convention itself or be supplemented by the latter. Both are different, although one country, the same position can be taken on both model conventions.", "∗ E/C.18 (2009).", "vii (**) The present note is intended to assist the Committee of Experts in its deliberations and the views expressed do not necessarily represent the Committee of Experts or the United Nations.", "Comments, reservations and positions on the Model Convention on income and capital taxes of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development", "The first aspect (see paragraph 1 (a) above) relates to a specific approach to the OECD Model Tax Convention, and a member State of OECD made a reservation to the provisions of non-compliance by the country. It was understood, however, that a commentary to a provision provided alternative text for the text of the article and that a member of OECD had not been required to make reservations.", "However, a member of OECD does not object to the wording of the article, but the State expressed its views when interpreting it in a manner that differs from that article. In their comments, the States concerned usually indicate what their interpretation differs. At the end of the commentary to each article text, observations and reservations will be noted. In addition, the OECD Model Tax Convention, at the end of the commentary, lists the position of non-OECD member States that chose to comment on the text of the Convention and the methodology for interpretation.", "The formal basis for the expression of opinions and reservations stems from expectations arising from a proposal by the OECD Council in 1997, which is still applicable to OECD members.", "In that recommendation, the Council recommended that member Governments:", "Undertake efforts to conclude bilateral taxation conventions with Member States on income and capital and, where appropriate, to conclude conventions with non-member States that have not yet done so and to modify existing conventions that may no longer reflect today's needs;", "In concluding new bilateral conventions or modifying existing bilateral conventions, the tax model convention is in line with the interpretation of the commentary to the Model Convention;", "In applying and interpreting the provisions of the bilateral tax conventions based on the provisions of the Model Tax Convention, the tax authorities are required to comply with the commentary to the terms of the Model Tax Convention, which are not amended in time.", "Requests the Governments of member States to continue to inform the Committee on Finance of their reservations to the provisions and their views on the commentary.", "Directs the Committee on Finance to continue to keep under review the circumstances that may require revisions of the provisions contained in the Model Tax Convention or the related commentary, based on the experience gained by Member States, and to make appropriate recommendations for regular updating.", "Since the United Nations Model Convention on Taxation extensively invokes the OECD Model Tax Convention, this raises the question of whether these opinions, reservations and positions are required in general or in specific circumstances so as to be complete. At its third session, the Committee discussed this issue at a long time and expressed the following (see E/2007/45, paras. 34 and 43):", "Two States suggested that, in reference to paragraph 23 of the OECD commentary to article 1 (for processing of base companies through controlled foreign companies law), the paragraphs should be taken into account in the light of the views of both countries and other OECD countries. It was noted that there were a few views on the issue of permanent institutions, and note 2 of document E/C.18/2007/CRP.3 suggested a solution to this problem. The Committee considered this issue and decided that the position of the State concerned should be included in the manual [Tunilateral tax treaty negotiations between developed and developing countries] rather than the commentary itself.", "It was noted that the Subcommittee (Definition of Permanent Institutions) had suggested that the United Nations Model Convention on Tax Matters should have an annex containing “conceptions” and “positions” for OECD members with regard to the OECD commentary cited in the United Nations Model Convention on Taxation” and non-OECD members. The Subcommittee proposed that a note on the relevance of these observations and national positions be added in the introduction to the United Nations Model Convention on Taxation. The Meeting agreed that this approach would be discussed when considering the reference to the OECD Model. As noted in paragraph 31 above, the Committee finally decided that the position of the State concerned would be discussed in the Manual without reproducing the commentary itself.", "The note referred to in the report of the Committee on its third session (E/C.18/2007/CRP.3, annex, footnote 2) read as follows:", "The Subcommittee recommended that the next version of the United Nations Model Convention should be noted in its introduction as follows: “In the context of the extensive reference to the OECD Model Convention, it must be noted that the commentary must be read in conjunction with OECD member States, so that there is a comprehensive understanding of certain parts of the commentary to be accepted or accepted by specific OECD countries in specific circumstances. For ease of reference, the latest version of the OECD Model Convention (2005) is contained in the appendix to this publication, X(**) and is also included in the relevant obedience of OECD Commentary from non-OECD members to OECD. The Subcommittee noted that the paragraph in the introduction section made it unnecessary to include the same specific comments in the commentary to each specific article of the United Nations Model Convention.", "Policymakers and regulators in developing countries now have easier access to the OECD Model Tax Convention, including the value of all the views, reservations and positions of the OECD Model Tax Convention, far from confusing the situation between the United Nations and the two OECD Model Conventions and the complexity of reading the United Nations Model Convention, particularly in the light of the fact that references to the OECD Model Tax Convention are not drawn from the latest version of the Treaty, and the confusion arising from the changes in views, reservations and positions have been made during that period. The inclusion of opinions, reservations and positions may also be denied the status of the United Nations Model Convention with its own life, and it will not be necessary to be driven by the OECD Model Tax Convention.", "In the absence of a position on the United Nations Model Convention, there may be doubts as to why the position on the OECD Model Tax Convention is given special treatment without giving the opportunity to comment on the OECD Model Convention. On the other hand, if such opportunities were provided to the position on the United Nations Model Convention, it was asked why there was still a need for a separate listing of the positions of the OECD Model Tax Convention that had been invoked into the United Nations Model Convention. This argument is most justified when it is clear that the commentary on the text of the OECD Convention has agreed and incorporated into the United Nations Model Convention, which is not clear as to whether the relevant parties have expressed their consent. The Committee is currently working to ensure that, when reference is made to the commentary to the OECD text, it is clear that the Committee is in agreement or does not agree on the interpretation (see Evian 45, para. 14), it may arise only if the most recent non-removable portion of the United Nations Model Convention has not been revised.", "Without including the conceptual basis for all specific views, reservations and positions on the OECD Model Convention, a concept that might trigger the question of the need for views, reservations and positions on the United Nations Model Convention is that the Model Convention is a recommendation of a panel of experts acting in an individual capacity (the Commission) and does not intend to make a formal view on behalf of Governments, although the Commission expressed the expert's knowledge of the practices and concerns of States. Even in the “soft” sense, it will not deter Governments in negotiations and should not be considered to limit the Government's actions to negotiate agreements that are tailored to its special circumstances. The United Nations Model Convention could promote the certainty expected by investors and regulators, but this would not limit sovereignty decisions.", "As indicated in paragraph 35 of the introduction to the United Nations Model Convention, the Convention, like all model conventions, is not enforceable. Their provisions are not binding and should not constitute a formal United Nations recommendation.", "Although this option was not adopted at the third session of the Commission, one possible way was to make the following general comments in the introduction of the commentary: “Invoking the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and Capital (releases), it was recognized that a number of OECD member States had expressed reservations with regard to the provisions and had expressed their position on the commentary to those provisions, some non-OECD member States had expressed their position on the terms and the commentary. The text of the OECD Model Tax Convention, which was not amended at the time, includes differences in such formal expressions with the model conventions. The Committee expressed the view that, in the context of how to apply and interpret the OECD Model Tax Convention in practice, these were a useful aspect of the Convention, despite the fact that these observations and comments were not repeated in the present Model Convention for practical reasons.”", "In order to seek knowledge of national views, reservations and positions concerning the United Nations Model Convention, States strongly feel that such a general statement is not sufficient and can of course indicate their position on the Model Convention as long as it refers to the OECD Model Tax Convention in a given case. This would be more direct to the views, reservations and positions expressed in relation to the OECD Model Tax Convention, although the modalities adopted were not sufficient to address the concerns of the countries concerned (e.g. alternative drafting).", "Comments, reservations and positions on the United Nations Model Convention", "The approach outlined above gives rise to the second aspect of the paper dealing with States' views, reservations and positions on the United Nations Model Convention itself (see paragraph 1 (b) above). The Committee also discussed this matter at its fourth session in 2008 (see E/2008/45):", "The potential value of formal comments by States on the United Nations Model Convention was discussed, and participants generally supported the provision of such convenience, including increased transparency in negotiating positions. One expert contested that view. However, some discussions were also held on the need to distinguish between “conceptions” and “reservations” of the OECD Model Convention between OECD countries. It was noted that the reference to “position” that was not binding might be better. It was also noted that, in view of the Committee's resource constraints, any such task would need to be maintained within the limits of control.", "With regard to the above, the establishment of any comprehensive database close to the national position would involve the Secretariat, which could be a significant resource for the Commission. Even if a subcommittee or working group dealing with national positions would continue to have a considerable amount of work, it would be useful to inform all Member States, through the right channels, of the possibility of incorporating national positions and to track States that have not responded and liaise with potential respondents, including the Committee or the Subcommittee. Attention should also be paid to ensuring that the responses are not perpetuated by misunderstandings of the United Nations Model Convention; provided in a uniform manner; and reflected the understanding of the process of recording State positions. It may be necessary to find sponsors to address these resources, particularly if print publications are to be proposed.", "The process will require time, but the Secretariat believes that this should not prevent the completion of the 2011 United Nations Model Convention update. It should be carried out as a separate item, at least in such cases, in conjunction with the new version of the Model Convention and the secretariat's recommendations, and the capacity-building initiatives referred to in the Secretary-General's recent report on strengthening institutional arrangements for international cooperation in tax matters (see E/63/276, para. It is particularly important to have the position of developing countries as many as possible on the Model Convention; this is not possible in practice.", "As noted above, the reference to national views and reservations in the OECD approach is particularly relevant, and this is not true of the United Nations Model Convention, which is why the United Nations Model Convention best avoids confusion that might arise from the use of such languages. It is assumed that States will be required to provide positions or opinions, and if some States believe that they may be considered to be bound by certain positions in their own future, including local legislation or courts, they may be reluctant to respond. This is said in the introduction to the position on the OECD text:", "Although these economies generally agree with the text of the provisions of the Model Tax Convention and agree with the explanation provided in the commentary, there are areas of disagreement among each economy. In each article of the Model Tax Convention, the State's position referred to in this section would indicate what place the text of the article does not agree with the interpretation provided in the commentary on that provision. The views and reservations of the member States concerned do not refer to the desire of an economy to complement the text of the article by conflicting provisions, in particular if they have been presented as an alternative element in the commentary, or to provide an interpretation of the relevant commentary that does not conflict.", "In this regard, it should be noted that, in a footnote to the introduction, China and Indonesia wish to “recognize that they will not be bound by their statements in the course of negotiations with other countries”. When States negotiate and interpret treaties, these positions are not binding, including through their court systems, which can be more clearly confirmed by the United Nations Model Convention or any other document containing their position. Similarly, it may be clear that the positions taken by States should not prevent them from agreeing with the interpretation of the Model Convention without specific discussion in their positions.", "In order to adopt this approach, it may be necessary to maintain an updated list of positions, even during the updating of the United Nations Model Convention, in order to take into account the position of States that have not previously provided positions and changes to existing positions. It is also why the collection of these positions should not be linked to the publication of a new version of the Model Convention.", "In addition, Brian Arnold indicated in an article published in 2011:", "The discussion on article 14 raises attention to the serious flaws in the process of updating the United Nations Model Convention, for example, the lack of opportunities for States to make reservations to the United Nations Model Convention or to comment on the interpretation of those provisions in the commentary to the United Nations Model Convention. Reservations and opinions are useful means for the recognition of a few positions. As mentioned earlier, the Commission is composed of experts serving in their personal capacity rather than national representatives. As such, it was not appropriate for those experts to make reservations or opinions, and no mechanism for States to make such reservations or views. The lack of a clear mechanism to recognize a few positions means that these positions are often reflected in the commentary on the United Nations Model Conventions, which should be given greater attention as they are. [2]", "The proposed approach would allow such a small number of positions at the country level to be properly recorded without necessarily being dealt with in the assessment. A few positions, especially those of developing countries, are still best suited to the reference in the commentary (e.g., the United Nations Model Convention). This also allows the position of the State concerned to be recorded in cases where the Committee members have not established the position of the State concerned or have not been incorporated into the commentary for other reasons.", "Recommendations", "A national position is attached after the United Nations Model Convention, with the following benefits: increased transparency; more clarity in the commentary text; greater “ownership” injecting the Model Convention; making it possible to use this process to obtain feedback on future versions of the Model Convention; and achieving wider participation in updating the version.", "Disadvantages may also be found in terms of the limited resources of the Secretariat to seek and address the positions of States and to ensure that these positions are continually updated to address logistics issues (a project that may depend on contributions from States or other entities); the need for certain coherence in the formulation of positions may require dialogue before the finalization of the position; the difficulty in making the United Nations 193 Member States with full advantage of the opportunity to make a position; and a risk that the State feels that their position would be unreasonably “to block their hands”. The Commission will need to discuss these advantages and disadvantages before deciding on this issue.", "It was suggested that the latest version of the United Nations Model Convention would be forthcoming:", "(a) When it comes to the use of the OECD Model Convention, in the introduction to the United Nations Model Convention, a reference to national views, reservations and positions on the OECD Model Convention should be made to the most general extent;", "(b) The preparation of the position on the United Nations Model Convention should not delay the publication of the Convention, but if so, should be an independent but relevant process;", "(c) Reference should be made to “State positions”, “reviews” or similar parts, rather than to “conservations” and “reservations”, in order to prevent confusion, especially given the manner in which these terms are used in the OECD Model Tax Convention;", "(d) In making use of the phrase proposed to the State in which it is proposed, the OECD Model Tax Convention generally follows the following format: “[X] right to reservations”. It may be more appropriate for the purposes of such documents, regardless of their suitability in the context of the OECD Model Tax Convention, to refer to the terms “notes” or “notes” or “recorded to the record” of the States concerned, since it is inherent in departing the rights of the United Nations Model Convention and does not require a formal point of view, whether there is any position on the other terms or aspects of the commentary;", "(e) It should be recognized that the pace of production and publication of a consolidated list of national positions depends to a certain extent on the willingness of donors to support that effort.", "OECD C (97) No. 195/FINAL.", "[2] Brian J. Arnold, “Renews of Tax Treaties”, International Tax Proclamation, vol. 56, No. 3." ]

[ "国际税务合作专家委员会", "第七届会议", "2011年10月24日至28日，日内瓦", "临时议程^(*) 项目5(c)", "讨论与国际税务合作有关的实质性问题： 转让定价：发展中国家实用手册", "发展中国家转让定价实务问题非正式会议报告", "秘书处的说明", "所附为秘书处编写的2011年6月7日和8日在纽约联合国总部举行的发展中国家转让定价实务问题非正式会议的报告。会议由秘书处经济和社会事务部发展筹资办公室、弗里德里希·埃伯特基金会纽约办事处、关心世事中心和基督教援助会共同主办。会议相关材料(包括所附报告的更详细版本)可查阅http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax/2011_TP/index.htm。", "^(*) E/C.18/2011/1。", "附件", "发展中国家转让定价实务问题非正式会议报告^(*)", "^(*) 本报告表达的意见不一定代表专家委员会或联合国的意见。秘书处对其中的错误和遗漏负责。", "导言", "1. 发展中国家转让定价实务问题非正式会议由经济和社会事务部发展筹资办公室、弗里德里希·埃伯特基金会纽约办事处、关心世事中心和基督教援助会共同主办。会议的目的包括：(a) 帮助国际税务合作专家委员会转让定价实务问题小组委员会(小组委员会)确保小组委员会正在编写的联合国转让定价问题发展中国家实用手册充分反映发展中国家的观点、优先事项和情况；(b) 向各常驻联合国代表团介绍转让定价问题以及跨国企业采取“不正当定价”做法的代价(人们普遍认为这一代价极高)。预期成果包括一个关于发展工作中的转让定价问题的非正式讨论和发展中国家对实用手册各章草稿的新的具体投入。不必要就具体问题达成一致意见，但是一旦达成一致意见，本报告都将记录在案。", "2. 来自各国政府的60名与会者(包括来自各常驻联合国代表团、企业、非政府组织、国际组织和学术界的代表和顾问)出席了会议。", "3. 经济和社会事务部发展筹资办公室主任Alexander Trepelkov和弗里德里希·埃伯特基金会纽约办事处执行主任Werner Puschra致欢迎辞。发展筹资办公室主任感谢弗里德里希·埃伯特基金会、关心世事中心和基督教援助会对举办本次会议的大力支持。他指出，这些机构的参与为有关国际税务合作和联合国在这一领域的作用的讨论增加了新的视角。", "4. 主任还指出，会议的主要目的是在联合国转让定价问题发展中国家实用手册中充分反映发展中国家的观点、优先事项和情况。他简要介绍了实用手册项目的有关情况，并提及转让定价实务问题小组委员会的任务授权。他还提到需要采取适用于各国具体发展阶段的分阶段做法，并且需要在符合《联合国发达国家和发展中国家双重征税示范公约》(《联合国示范公约》)的前提下探讨可适用于发展中国家的灵活性。", "5. 主任指出小组委员会的工作与委员会的总体工作以及其他小组委员会的工作的联系。他指出，各界对本组织在转让定价方面的工作极有兴趣，并肯定了与活跃在这一领域的其他有关各方开展合作的重要性，同时确认在这方面极需采取包容各方的做法，并肯定了联合国在这方面的作用。", "6. 弗里德里希·埃伯特基金会主任特别指出了基金会纽约办事处在就全球经济治理以及国际和平与安全问题开展联络方面的作用。他强调指出基金会对发展筹资工作以及发展筹资办公室的长期支持。他指出，税收和公共财政已经成为国际上一个十分重要的问题，由于这两个问题涉及各国人民对其政府的期望，因而尤其重要。最后他强调，为改进国际税务合作，需要做的还有很多。", "7. 主管经济发展助理秘书长乔莫·夸梅·孙达拉姆作了主旨发言。他强调转让定价问题在发展工作中的意义，并强调，交易定价如果不能真实地反映在一国赚取的利润，就会剥夺该国发展所需的资金和机会。同样，如果一国的征税额超出在该国境内所产生的利润的公平份额，也会造成双重征税，这就可能对投资环境造成不利影响，从而影响一国的发展潜力。", "8. 助理秘书长指出，大多数力图解决错误转让定价问题的国家，包括发展中国家，都在处理这一问题上采纳了正常交易原则，真正的困难和不公平并不在于理论本身，而在于理论的实际应用。他强调，有必要开展有针对性的响应需求的能力建设，并帮助各国为试图建立长期互惠发展合作关系的企业创造降低合规成本的投资环境。国际机构必须开展合作，发展中国家也必须积极参与进来。", "9. 谈到联合国能够为满足这些需求做些什么的问题，助理秘书长提及联合国的成员普遍性、任务授权和合法性，这使得联合国能够兼收并蓄各种观点，他还提及联合国与其他组织、企业、民间社会利益攸关方和各国开展合作的能力。", "10. 最后，助理秘书长指出，联合国可以在确保“游戏规则”关系到其利益的所有各方都能参与制订这些规则的谈判方面发挥更大的作用。这种包容性将有助于：确保这些规则考虑到税收制度和国际税务合作的实际复杂性；尊重各国决定其税收制度的主权权利，同时确认这种决定在国际上的“溢出”效应；最好地应对发展挑战。", "议程项目1 联合国在国际税务合作中的作用、转让定价对于可持续发展的影响以及可能的应对措施", "专题小组讨论会1：更广泛的国际税务合作问题", "11. 专题小组讨论会1的目的是为讨论转让定价问题奠定基础，特别是讨论联合国在国际税务合作问题上的作用。", "12. 发展筹资办公室主任的发言着重介绍了关于将国际税务合作专家委员会改组为一个政府间机构的提议，并向与会者简要介绍了应经济及社会理事会要求编写的秘书长题为“为促进国际税务合作加强体制安排，包括国际税务合作专家委员会”的报告(E/2011/76)。", "13. 主任简要介绍了该报告，并说，该报告确定了加强体制安排的三种可选办法，供经社理事会考虑：(a) 加强现有安排；(b) 将委员会改组为一个政府间委员会；(c) 设立一个新的政府间委员会，同时保留现有委员会。经社理事会于2011年4月26日就该报告进行的首次讨论显示，在是否支持改组委员会的问题上意见不一。主任指出，就阿根廷于2011年6月1日代表77国集团提出的有关决议草案(E/2011/L.13)进行的政府间非正式协商正在进行之中。", "14. 专家组的第一位发言者强调委员会在国际税务问题上支持发展中国家方面的作用。他指出，企业界对于联合国在这些领域的作用十分有兴趣，特别是委员会目前正在审议转让定价问题。他还指出，来自发达国家和发展中国家的人员开展合作，就可以达成各方均可接受的规则，这些规则应当承认发展中国家和发达国家所采取的办法的多样性。实际上，所有税务条约都是基于健全的正常交易办法，但是在实践中，正常交易原则的适用有可能非常复杂。一个好的办法应审查功能、资产和风险，这样就能实现公平分享税收收入。尽管有经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)关于复杂的转让定价问题的准则，仍然有必要就如何处理转让定价问题并将正常交易原则运用于发展中国家提供实务指导。联合国的工作应当与经合组织跨国企业与税务部门转让定价准则保持一致，而不是重复经合组织和其他有关组织的工作，联合国的工作应当就正常交易原则的实际应用提供更多指导。在这方面，企业需要法律确定性，包括各国一致适用的准则。", "15. 第二位发言者强调，联合国在国际税务合作中的作用是基于其普遍被接受性和合法性。本组织完全有能力支持发展中国家的税务部门处理跨国税收问题，并在各国增强税务部门效能的能力建设方面具有重要作用。他强调，发展中国家应当兼顾创收和创造一个有利于投资的环境这两个方面。", "16. 另一位发言者强调，民间社会组织支持联合国在国际税务合作方面发挥更大的作用。本组织相比其他论坛具有一些比较优势：它拥有发展中国家的代表；它是一个具有召集能力的政治论坛；它可以结合贸易和发展等以综合方式讨论税收问题。该发言者指出，不应允许“资源重复”和“任务蠕升”的说法排挤联合国的正当作用。他强调，发展中国家被邀请与会讨论问题，与它们参与关键性决策会议(包括投票权和施加影响的能力)，不是一码事。", "17. 在随后的讨论中，主席提到两个具体问题：(a) 如将委员会改组为一个政府间委员会，应采取什么样的结构；(b) 本组织在拟订转让定价准则方面的作用是什么。关于后一问题，企业界代表指出，如联合国和经合组织各自发出相竞信息，就会造成困难，发展中国家指出，需要建立在其实际情况基础上的更实用的准则。", "18. 在一般性讨论中，与会者指出，实用手册不是为了制造经合组织转让定价准则的替代文书，而是为了维护经合组织收入和资本双重税收示范公约和准则所采用的同一正常交易原则，并使正常交易原则在实践中的应用变得更为容易。谈到重复的问题，来自发展中国家的一些与会者指出，在这方面不应有思想的垄断，只有参与不同论坛的国家为同一组国家才会有“重复”，而实际情况往往不是这样。", "专题小组讨论会2：具体转让定价问题", "19. 主席介绍了一系列具体的转让定价问题，包括转让定价对发展的影响、发展中国家处理转让定价问题的可选办法和委员会在转让定价问题上的作用。", "20. 第一位发言者强调，转让定价对发展的影响是一个至关重要的问题，必须在更广泛的经济和税收政策范围内看待转让定价问题。发展中国家需要为发展的目的创收，同时促进商业活动。根据经济结构，发展中国家有可能对转让定价采取不同的方法。此外，争端解决机制在解决跨境税收问题上也是一个重要因素。", "21. 另一位发言者指出，确定正确的转让价格也是企业内部面对的挑战。他说，随着企业全球化，行业发展趋势和保密管辖区的崛起，滥用转让定价来避税的现象不断增加。滥用转让定价在全世界造成了巨额税收损失。为了改进决策依据，他呼吁进行更多有关转让定价的实证研究和数据收集。", "22. 第三位发言者指出，立法者与私营部门之间的知识差距是制定转让定价法规的主要制约因素。因此，提高认识、国际对话和教育至关重要。为了帮助解决发展中国家的转让定价问题，有必要设计简便、廉价和创造性的解决方案。", "23. 另一位发言者指出，税收和发展是欧盟委员会工作的高度优先事项，因此，其重要的目的之一是提高发展中国家在转让定价方面的能力。为此，委员会已启动了关于如何支持发展中国家设计和实施转让定价立法的研究。初步结论之一是，实施转让定价立法通常会导致更高的税收。", "24. 在讨论中，与会者强调，跨国公司与发展中国家税务机关之间在评估集团内部交易方面的信息不对称是一个关键的挑战。发展中国家的能力建设和增加关于转让定价的数据的获取和信息交流被视为关键的行动要点。", "议程项目2 转让定价的商业框架", "25. 第一位发言者谈到企业在处理转让定价问题时的常见问题，并强调指出，公司并不都属于一种类型——它们各不相同。对私人公司税务主管的要求是最大限度地为股东带来回报，但必须以可持续的方式来做。税务主管不应关心在哪里缴税，只要他们只需缴纳一次税款。根据他的经验，税务主管的大部分时间都用在避免双重征税上，许多人没有时间来做积极的税收筹划。他欢迎联合国通过实用手册参与转让定价工作，因为他的公司需要同来自许多非经合组织成员国的人打交道。", "26. 他还认为，从公司的角度看，安全港有好有坏，但一旦设立，企业就没有义务将所缴税额最大化。转让定价是复杂的，简单的应对办法往往无法奏效，但实践中往往行之有效的一个简单的办法是，一旦政府介入，税务主管就应放手，让政府来做决定，以便公司只缴一次税，因此良好的争端解决机制十分重要。他指出，诉诸仲裁有时是合理的，但必须务实，并使用常识来判断。", "27. 另一位发言者指出，在“商业框架”一章中确定实用手册的适用环境十分重要。作为税务部门主管，他的主要关切是搞清在他的国家境内实施的功能和活动的真实价值。一般来说，按照独立市场价值进行的市场定价是在一个特定法域的一个可接受的价值衡量，尽管有时不完全如此。他还指出，即使有积极的税收筹划和滥用避税的例子，一般来说，转让定价日常要管的就是不可避免的集团内交易。转让定价是复杂和困难的，但并非“不可执行”的，并且是税收环境的一个非常重要的部分。", "28. 另一位与会者指出，不同的企业集团有不同的模式，一些发展中国家的跨国公司模式可能会有所不同，例如，它们可能更偏向家族式。各国应了解这些问题，而不仅仅是因为为了赶时髦而建立转让定价制度。一些国家选择不建立具体的制度，因为会造成企业的合规成本过高。", "29. 该发言者说，正常交易原则目前还没有明确的国际定义。目前对该原则所采取的办法是经合组织的做法，在将这一概念引入发展中国家时，可能需要加以修改。在初始阶段可以建立一个更具分摊性质的模式，以后随着能力的提高再建立完全的正常交易模式。实用手册商业框架一章的开头可以更清楚地介绍一下该模式。", "30. 一位与会者指出转让定价制度在确定跨国公司在发展中国家的业务的价值方面的潜力，同时承认，这也有可能会阻碍投资、造成双重征税、增加合规成本、增加不确定性等等。所有这些因素都必须平衡兼顾地加以考虑。他指出，分摊利润非常困难，因为跨国公司具有协同效应和规模经济，可以创造无法按国别锁定的价值。联合国的工作可以帮助确保有效的立法，非政府组织有可能在帮助正在考虑立法的国家的议员了解这一问题方面发挥一定作用。", "31. 他指出，获取信息和风险管理是关键性问题，国别报告将有助于发展中国家确定高风险问题。他指出，这方面的审查越来越多，不仅仅针对公司的利润，而且针对其运作是否道德。他谈到联合国在帮助发展中国家获取关于公司结构的信息方面的作用，以及跨国公司的所在国在交换关于高风险交易和跨国公司的运作的信息方面的作用。", "32. 他认为，联合国作为企业主管部门和民间社会可以在一个“安全空间”一起讨论这些问题的一个论坛，可以发挥一定作用，这将促进对于这些问题的根源的认识。转让定价的重点领域因国家而异，原因包括商业的规模和类型、行业重点以及商业和法律环境。如果联合国能够帮助发展中国家排定这些问题的优先次序将十分有益。此外，应当讨论商业模式的分步骤方法，以及这些模式是否有价值。", "议程项目3 一般法律环境", "33. 谈到印度在建立转让定价的法律环境方面的经验，第一位发言者说，印度在实行“更加开放的经济体系”的政策，从而吸引了更多外国直接投资后，于2001年成立其转让定价小组。当局在认识到需要符合本地实际情况的政策设计后，就应当设计一个适合本国行业类型的稳定的政策，因为法律或法规的频繁变更可能给企业带来不确定性。", "34. 另一位发言者介绍了她认为有助于使正常交易办法更为行之有效的几个关键因素：(a) 存在被广泛接受的国际“规则”和诸如经合组织转让定价准则和联合国发展中国家转让定价实用手册这类准则；(b) 具体国内转让定价法律；(c) 有效的争端解决和避免双重征税机制；(d) “基于经验的”可比数据。她认为，如果没有可用作可比数据的当地数据，纳税人就可以利用区域数据或全球数据。在某些情况下，可使用一些类型的真正基于经验的客观数据。她还建议，对于发展中国家而言，需要确定国家建立一个可比数据数据库初期可使用的数据类型，在建立一个完整的大型数据库之前可能需要有一个最初的加速期。未来象联合国这类机构可以在协助这一进程方面发挥重要作用。", "35. 另一位发言者指出，推出具体的转让定价制度并不总是一件坏事，因为确定性对于企业来说十分重要。", "36. 还有与会者指出，国家需要高质量的数据，以受益于预定价格协议方案。另一位发言者说，从出售数据库访问权的私营实体获取这类数据的成本阻碍了高质量数据的使用。", "议程项目4 建立发展中国家的转让定价能力", "37. 第一位发言者谈到获取实施转让定价方案所需的高素质工作人员的困难和缺乏数据的问题。他建议开始小规模实施，然后逐步扩大，随着方案的扩大，税收当局将制定更多一般规则和法规。", "38. 另一位与会者认为，在大多数情况下，发展中国家的小型本地企业最终必须缴税，而大型跨国公司往往很少或根本不缴税。制订良好的投资政策和不提供过多的税率奖励非常重要。他欢迎就税率减让和税率奖励进行公开辩论。", "39. 一位发言者认为，在许多情况下，本地公司不知道如何运用正常交易原则。有一个国家做了研究，结果表明，接受调查的200家附属公司中几乎没有一家知道内部价格是如何确定的。因此有必要教育企业。海关官员也需要接受关于如何确定转让定价风险的培训。", "40. 谈及能力建设和技术援助问题，一位与会者谈到一个良好的司法系统以及一个善于听取意见的议会制定适当的法律的重要性。她还强调必须平衡兼顾实施转让定价制度的好处及其实施成本。对于国家整体而言，实施转让定价带来的好处必须高于其成本，在这方面，实用手册应反映每个国家的情况。", "41. 谈到能力建设，另一位发言者认为，转让定价制度最好应作为更广泛的税收政策改革的一部分推出。转让定价法应涵盖国内转让定价和国际转让定价，特别是在提供税率奖励的国家。在发展中国家，保障税务当局转让定价审计所需的高层次专门人才的最实用的办法，是让一个由一小组审计人员组成的转让定价团队进行全面转让定价审计，而由其他审计人员在日常审计期间处理转让定价风险问题。", "42. 在一般性讨论中，与会者一致认为，重点明确的能力建设的好处大于成本。这在转让定价领域十分重要，但这种能力建设不应以牺牲其他重要问题上的工作为代价。与会者还认为不同政府实体的税收政策一致性也十分重要，政府内部缺乏协调给政府和纳税人造成的不确定性会影响能力建设。因此，能力建设需要针对整个政府结构。一位与会者指出，只要有足够的政治意愿，税收立法就应考虑具有税收影响的税率奖励，这将是确保一致性的一个有用的方法，也更便于确保充分计入税率奖励对税收的影响。", "43. 另一位与会者指出，投资促进当局的主要目的是鼓励投资，有时会过度依赖税率奖励，这可能与税务部门的目标相冲突。这一问题尤其突出，因为往往不需要用税率奖励来吸引投资。", "44. 数名与会者指出，能力建设应当满足一个国家的特定需要，应以国家主导为前提，并且不应在不考虑其更广泛的影响的情况下将其限于转让定价。不过，也有人指出，大范围改革是一个代价巨大的长期过程，也许必须开展战略领域的早期改革，如分析和“逐步取消”免税期，包括积累对长期变革的支持和公信力。", "45. 一位与会者谈到能力建设的技能建设方面，并指出，能够提供在咨询公司无法获得的兼顾工作与生活的机会，也是吸引和留住高素质员工队伍的一种方式。", "46. 在许多国家，人们看重是否能够确保有关人员在初步培训(往往为期两年)后能够留在转让定价领域。不过，另一些与会者强调，让有关人员长期留在某一领域可能引发操守问题。", "47. 一位与会者指出，即便建议采纳国际标准，最终也须由具体国家决定采取什么样的转让定价标准。人们公认，发展中国家必须有能力做出这些决定，并在拟订所建议的标准方面发挥他们自身的作用。在这方面，秘书处指出，实用手册的目的不是告诉各国应当做什么，而是在实务层面帮助那些选择在拟订转让定价标准时采用正常交易办法的国家。这并不意味着关于更广泛和更长期问题的讨论不应当在委员会内进行，包括那些旨在扩大发展中国家在制定可能成为国际标准的准则过程中的参与的讨论。", "议程项目5 实现正常交易定价的方法", "48. 实用手册第五章提出了用来确定正常交易价格的不同方法，并讨论了每种方法的优缺点。在以往的草稿中，传统方法和交易利润方法在两个不同的章次分述，而当前草稿将这两种方法放在同一章中处理。", "49. 第一位发言者指出，该章尽可能在实质上接近经合组织准则，但在如何处理每种方法的优缺点方面有所不同，并且在可以适用这两种方法的情况下提供了例子和公式，以明确应当何时以及如何在实际层面予以应用。还讨论了交易利润方法的一些方面，提供了比经合组织准则更多的实用细节。", "50. 她提到关于如何处理缺乏可比数据以及使用假设可比数据或秘密可比数据的讨论，并说，或许可以研究一个日落条款，其中可以在纳税人选择退出的基础上对简单的功能使用一个客观的“基于经验”的范围。显然，数据将从何而来是一个问题，联合国这类组织可以在这方面发挥一定作用。这类基于经验的数据必须是透明的，能够大致反映正常交易情况，需要讨论这类数据应当基于全球情况，还是区域情况，还是地方情况。", "51. 主席指出，试图在缺乏必要信息的情况下运用转让定价方法，将不可避免地导致失败和可能的双重征税，因此这个问题是一个非常实际的讨论问题。", "52. 第二位发言者确认发展中国家采用全面的正常交易定价需要有过渡期，但说他不认为一个固定的利润率制度能够实现这一目的。一个更合适的过渡概念，是逐步取消以前的封闭经济体制的限制性规定。关于经过渡性简化或非常简单的转让定价机制，人们需要意识到一旦这些机制已经实行，再去除它们所面临的困难，特别是在这些机制提供了让税的情况下。", "53. 他认为，在发展中国家最有代表性的情况出现在传统产业，这些产业对无形资产(如品牌或商标)的估值并不那样困难。鉴于往往缺少当地可比数据，有必要在可比数据方面向发展中国家提供指导，并且有必要对外国可比数据作出必要的调整，包括就会计原则的差异进行调整。", "54. 另一位发言者指出，应当在“方法”一章中应更全面地阐述确定企业的功能和评估风险问题。他强调必须确定管理企业功能的人是否能够管理它们所审查的实体的这种功能。必须考虑的不仅是人数，而且还有他们的技能和经验。", "55. 他强调，从商业角度看，只有建立了完善的解决争端和仲裁机制，以解决冲突可能导致双重征税的问题，在不同国家适用不同的转让定价标准才能有效运作。", "56. 另一位发言者认为，实用手册应侧重于简化转让定价准则，使之便于发展中国家税务部门执行。实用手册不仅应当反映经合组织准则，还应当考虑到所有会员国的情况。 他认为，主要问题有：(a) 发展中国家采用经合组织准则太过困难，正常交易原则是否实际可执行也仍不确定，因此按照这些准则来办对于发展中国家来说也许并不是最好的路子。因此有必要强调简便和可持续性；(b) 实用手册在获取可比数据的实际困难方面应更为客观；(c) 应更直接地面对获取必要信息的困难，实用手册应当更加明确地支持国别报告；(d) 应更多考虑其他替代方法，如安全港、剩余利润分割法、固定利润率和综合方法；(e) 应处理使用转让定价方法将利润转至避税天堂的问题，在转让定价方法一章中还应论述举证责任倒置等方法；(f) 许多参与这项工作的人对于复杂性和继续使用经合组织准则有既得利益，因此，应当让非政府组织和独立学者更多地参与实用手册的编写工作；(g) 正如助理秘书长在主旨发言中所指出的，应当认识到，目前的规则是由发达国家设计的，发展中国家需要更多地参与这一进程。如果实用手册只考虑到经合组织准则，那么它就应当受到批评。", "57. 一位发言者说，方法一章是实用手册的核心部分，应成为主管部门在实践中如何运用正常交易原则的“工具箱”。他称其为达到正常交易效果的路线图，但他说，具体转让定价方法的选择取决于有关情况和现有信息。处理转让定价问题的人必须能够对这些问题进行评估，税务部门好的税务审计人员应当能够做到这一点。", "58. 另一位发言者提到一个国家在转让定价方面使用固定利润率的经验。这样就不需要寻找可比数据，是纳税人和税务部门的一个简便廉价的系统。他承认，需要在法律中细致规定固定利润率，必须充分针对具体行业，计算公式也应透明。他建议在“方法”一章或独立的一章中列入有关固定利润率的一节。", "59. 在随后的讨论中，与会者就在各种情况下哪种转让定价方法最为合适交换了意见。就一些国家法律规定的“其他”方法的性质进行了讨论；有人建议，如果这种做法被充分肯定为根据正常交易原则确定价格的方法，其经验就可以让其他国家受益。也有人指出，任何“固定”的做法都应该认识到，可能需要做出一些调整，以考虑到特殊情况。一位与会者认为，简化利润率可能难以符合正常交易原则，与会者就这种做法是否只适用于利润趋向于在竞争对手之间获得均衡的充分竞争的市场进行了讨论。", "60. 主席在总结中指出，经常缺乏可靠的信息以及对这些信息进行必要的分析和调整的能力有限是普遍的关切。他指出，委员会可以请转让定价实务问题小组今后在当前的实用手册工作以外，就这一问题做一些工作。他还指出，能力建设问题已经被再次提出，这一问题不仅体现在风险管理方面，而且体现在如何运用方法方面，包括在衡量功能、资产和风险方面。", "议程项目6 可比性", "61. 第一位发言者阐述了经常缺乏可比性数据的问题，并谈到有一个国家的情况，税务部门在寻找可比交易时不得不使用欧洲的数据库，因为没有国内数据。由于该国与欧洲情况有所不同，而且他们在进行调整以使之符合国内市场情况方面尚未取得长足的进步，这些数据不完全可比，不过，纳税人也有类似的问题。一个棘手的问题是，许多发展中国家缺少支付这些数据库的使用费的资金，而纳税人自己可能根本无法使用这些数据库。一种可能性是出台法律，要求提供财务信息，以便建立数据库。", "62. 另一位发言者着重谈到功能、资产和风险分析。例如，功能尤为重要，应审查招聘了哪些人，他们的技能和基本情况。对于一些国家而言，市场渗透战略十分重要。在决定谁应承担子公司和母公司之间的成本时，各国是看它们的整体业务的性质以及相关部门，在搜索数据库后将采用过滤问题，以确保有功能上和经济上的可比性。它们将寻找公开可用的材料，包括其他国际监管机构所要求的材料。就可比性来说，必须了解某一行业的程序。在印度，在大多数情况下，可以在相应的数据库中找到可比数据，但这些产品往往是复杂的，可能很难找到可比数据。", "63. 另一位与会者表示，可比性问题十分复杂，并指出，可比性是必要的，也是复杂的，但总可以找到借口认为没有可比性。这就带来了不确定性，并导致经常使用交易净利润率法。不论使用的是何种可比性，总可以有理由反对它。关键是，可比性问题必须以诚信的方式对待。它不只记录了你正在做什么，还记录了为什么你这样做，不只记录了什么是你不做的，而且记录了为什么你不做。这既适用于政府，也适用于纳税人。不利的一面是很少有决定是黑白分明的，在处理这些不确定性问题时需要诚实信用。实用手册可以以较大篇幅处理这类问题。", "64. 一位与会者指出，举证责任是动态的或可转移的推定，可能有助于处理复杂性的代价和信息差距的问题。", "65. 主席在总结讨论情况时谈到在同一区域内各国之间统一做法的好处。他指出，非转让定价专家的法官可能不理解在技术上没有问题的情况，因此必须将这些复杂的问题变得尽可能便于理解。完备的文件来自好的数据，而这些数据可能很难获取，因为跨国公司往往能比政府部门获得更多信息。", "议程项目7 争端解决", "66. 第一位发言者介绍了这个题目，并解释说，转让定价项下的争端解决非常类似于委员会目前正在《联合国发达国家和发展中国家双重征税示范公约》工作中讨论的一般相互协商程序意义上的争端解决。她指出，有效的争端解决机制十分重要，并强调，如果妥善和完善地设计并实施这一机制，它对税务部门和企业都是有好处的。", "67. 她指出，许多发展中国家税务部门缺少资源，并建议建立实用和有效的争端解决机制，尽量避免争端，帮助它们提高效率。她谈到相互协商程序在确保加强双重征税条约的目的方面的作用，包括在避免双重征税方面的作用。最成功的相互协商程序的特点包括透明度、合作和审计职能的一定独立性。", "68. 关于预定价格协议，她指出，这种协议未必对每个人都合适，在建议将它们作为第一选择时应谨慎从事，不过它们对于许多国家都十分重要。", "69. 她认为，税务条约仲裁是处理大量争端解决工作、帮助主管部门更顺利处理有关工作并使人们对该系统有信心的一个重要途径。在实践中，它也许比调解更为重要。应当务实地解决所面临的困难，包括仲裁费用的再分配是否可以促使各国更易于接受这种方式。", "70. 秘书处指出，仲裁有助于带来更大的确定性。然而，仲裁的成本和复杂性对许多发展中国家而言是一个很大的挑战，并可能使这些国家不愿意采用这种方式。如果费用由纳税人承担(并且各国同意纳税人密切参与这一过程，而这往往本身就是一个问题)，则给人的感觉可能是，这可能鼓励仲裁员作出不利于税务部门的决定，因此这不是一种解决办法。另外有可能，至少在最初几年，仲裁员可能被认为缺乏对发展中国家的实际情况和条件的了解。可能需要为仲裁费用提供预算外拨款，并且在大多数情况下都需要大量的外汇。如果这方面有困难，就会有一个问题，即一国可能从现实出发同意采取某一立场，即使这在客观上可能不是最适当和公正的结果。关于预定价格协议，有可能各国只有在慎重考虑，并且只有当他们相信自己了解“游戏规则”后才加入该系统。许多国家可能不认为它们应当在早期阶段就将有限资源花费在很可能合规的纳税人身上。在这个过程中需要采取分阶段方法，以增强信心。", "71. 一位发言者提请注意各国能够为主要涉及合规的纳税人的预定价格协议投入多少资源。他说，一个好的仲裁条款不应费用过高，仲裁条款可能有利于具备许多预定价格协议经验的国家，但不建议没有这种经验和专门知识的发展中国家采用这一条款。应当更重视税务条约以外的仲裁和争端解决问题，因为发展中国家没有强大的条约网络，对这类仲裁条款的经验很少。联合国可以在拟订一份可靠的仲裁专家名单方面发挥重要作用。", "72. 关于仲裁和争端解决的国内方面，一位发言人提及其本国的争端解决程序，他的国家税务条约数目很少，而且要花费很长时间才能通过立法程序。因此在实践中，这一问题更多是国内争端解决，而不是条约项下的仲裁。许多发展中国家不愿在这样一个复杂的领域采用仲裁和调解，这些国家的许多主管部门经费预算很紧，使它们难以获取仲裁案件所需的资金。他提到关于仲裁员缺乏有关发展中国家的经验和对发展中国家的了解的关切，并提请注意需要有发展中国家的专家。这是联合国在能力建设方面可以发挥作用的一个领域。", "73. 一位发言者在回应纳税人不提供适当文件的问题时，提出一个问题，即发展中国家为什么不能在缺少文件而纳税人能够弥补这一问题的情况下作出坚定的推定。", "74. 另一位发言者指出，诉讼在发达国家比在发展中国家更昂贵，因此发展中国家有更多的转让定价诉讼。这种诉讼程序冗长，因此必须找到避免这类纠纷或处理这类纠纷的途径。安全港是一种可能性，但实践比理论更困难。", "75. 另一位与会者指出，企业界强烈青睐仲裁能够带来的投资制度的确定性和完备性。至于成本，可以将一些用于能力建设的资金用于支持一个常设小组，以便使发展中国家不用承担这些费用。在许多情况下，各国提到主权问题，表示它们不能同意仲裁，但他认为，它们至少应当检查一下，它们在投资协议等其他领域签订的条约是否有类似的条款。他指出，按照《欧洲联盟与调整关联企业利润有关的消除双重征税公约》(欧洲联盟仲裁公约)的做法，仲裁条款的巨大好处之一是迫使双方签订相互协商程序协议。但是，秘书处询问，欧洲的做法是否适用于更不平衡的关系，比如一些发达国家和发展中国家之间的关系，与会者讨论了解决这种不平衡问题的大致方法。", "76. 一位与会者指出，仲裁条款是完备的，它们可能对投资者有吸引力。也许可以为发展中国家做一些修改，让联合国或其他可接受的机构提出或选择仲裁员。只要运用得当，仲裁费用可能低于其他机制，也可以避免操守问题，而且较少受到国内诉讼程序的影响。另一位与会者指出，只要运用得当，仲裁可以提高发展中国家的地位，例如根据具体情况向部长们提供不担任高级职务的专家。", "议程项目8 审计和风险评估", "77. 第一位发言者强调审计和风险评估对于发展中国家的重要性，并建议，应实行鼓励效率和效力的战略。各国必须确定哪些案子是高风险的，哪些不属于高风险，因而不需要采取进一步行动。许多国家没有“风险分析”，尤其是在境外关联方是一个低税收法域的情况下。有限的资源应尽可能高效地使用。在转让定价问题的开始阶段即应如此，在这一阶段应先解决容易取得成效的问题(不需要大量资源的明显错误定价的情况)，而后再处理更复杂的资源密集型案件。", "78. 她说，在确定风险评估战略时，一个重要的问题是，是集中还是分散转让定价小组。她注意到在风险评估阶段，而不是审计阶段引入安全港的可能性，这将为纳税人提供某种程度的确定性，明确他们是否有可能被审计。她还指出，实现健全的风险评估的另一个重要途径是确保有关资料一应俱全。", "79. 另一位发言者提出了他认为对于有效的风险评估十分关键的几点。在评估风险时，当一个国家刚刚开始转让定价工作时，集中的方式往往是必须的。但这并不意味着，应由一个设在总部的单位负责进行整个审计，但建议总部进行监督，以确保风险评估和审计质量。必须获取正确的信息，纳税申报应列入关联方交易的关键信息。在作为风险评估的一部分与海关当局共享信息时必须小心谨慎。海关信息可能不准确，纳税人避免遭遇反倾销行动的理由可能被用作转让定价调整的依据，因此也可能面临困难的境地。", "80. 关于转让定价制度，发展中国家往往可以借鉴其他国家，但应注意两国可能不同的国内情况。在一个具备庞大的国内市场或者丰富资源的国家，一个严格的审计方法可能会取得成功，但在没有这些条件的发展中国家采取类似的严厉方法就可能阻碍外商投资。他建议在制定新的税务审计法律时，利用律师和企业内部税务人员的知识，他们在一些情况下有可能比税务官员有更多的经验。并非所有情况都可以进行审计，因此与企业内部税务人员合作非常重要，特别是在早期阶段，以便在纳税人中推广良好行为。", "81. 另一位与会者指出，当局应仔细考虑他们希望纳税人在报税时提供哪些信息，要求的太多，可能会导致提供了他们无法正确分析的信息，提出正确的问题可以使风险评估更知情和有效。她提到目前在经合组织内部进行的关于不同税收管辖区联合进行税务审计的讨论，并说，这是一个有创意的想法，可能有助于更有效地使用资源。不过，这种审计在解决可能的税务纠纷时可能更有效。她说，采用在一定时期内税务官员的评估税额指标给税务人员造成了很大压力，尽管有些国家出于操守考虑可能采取这种办法。最后，秘密可比数据的使用，使公司神经很紧张，原因要么是所使用的是敏感的商业信息，纳税人对竞争力感到担忧，要么是公司无法获取被用作可比数据的信息，因此无法对其进行质疑。", "82. 一位与会者在谈到为可比性的目的使用来自包括海关在内的其他来源的数据时，同意这一做法的困难。他注意到这些数据的价值，并指出，尽管海关部门和税务部门要看的是不同的东西，但他们有共同的兴趣。另一位与会者指出，海关数据对于大量从事商品贸易并下大力气确保贸易数据的准确性的发展中国家可能尤为重要，特别是其他有用的数据几乎没有。", "83. 另一位与会者建议，审计不仅个别纳税人，而且整个行业，是一个很好的主意，因为同一行业中的公司往往采取类似的行动。进行跨国合作，以形成一个对于全行业的合规看法，将有助于积累经验，拟订更多指标，并发挥资源的规模效益。", "84. 一位发言者表示，行业联合审计的想法有一定困难，因为难以在其他公司在场的情况下从一个公司获得信息，一些问题具有全行业性质，但另一些问题只涉及具体公司。对全行业的所有企业进行审计，确保共有问题得到相同的对待，而不是审计该行业，将更有成效。联合审计涉及尚未经过检验的信息，在这个阶段没有什么可供比较，因此他不能肯定这在实践中有多有效。", "85. 另一位与会者指出，他的国家已开始了联合审计计划，公司发现很难理解为什么所得税税务部门会审查有关材料，而其他税务部门，如增值税部门，会在之后再次审查类似的材料。此外，工作中与纳税人密切接触几年的人员可能不再可靠，由于培训税务审计师费用昂贵，如何处置那些有可能已经不再可靠的人员，以及如何替换他们是一个问题。即使从私营部门征聘会计人员，他们也需要大量的再培训。", "86. 另一位发言者指出，为明确起见，联合审计不必为实时审计，这可能解决了所提到的一些关切。一位与会者指出，出于与反垄断/竞争法有关的原因，有关于哪些信息可以在竞争对手之间共享的限制。他不得与竞争对手会面和讨论除税收以外的任何问题，即便如此也必须记录他说了什么。例如，在试图确定一个国家的矿产的可比价格时，可能竞争对手那里有现成的信息，但是由于有反垄断/竞争政策，无法要求提供这些信息。", "会议闭幕", "87. 秘书处指出，这次会议十分重要，体现了联合国在税务合作问题上的召集能力和非政府组织在这些辩论中的重要作用。对话带来了许多迥然不同但非常有道理的意见，与会者本着相互尊重和合作的精神提出了这些意见，现在可以吸收到实用手册中，以满足发展中国家的需要。本报告将转交负责起草有关各章的小组委员会，供其在2011年9月的会议上审议。" ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "* E/C.18/2011/1.", "Item 5 (c) of the provisional agenda*", "Discussion of substantive issues related to international cooperation in tax matters: transfer pricing: practical manual for developing countries", "Report on the informal meeting on practical transfer pricing issues for developing countries", "Note by the Secretariat", "The annexed report, prepared by the Secretariat, is on the informal meeting on practical transfer pricing issues for developing countries held on 7 and 8 June 2011 at United Nations Headquarters in New York. The meeting was co-sponsored by the Financing for Development Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat, the New York office of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, the Center of Concern and Christian Aid. Materials relating to the meeting, including a more detailed version of the annexed report, may be found at http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax/2011_TP/index.htm.", "Annex", "* The views expressed in the present report should not necessarily be taken as representing those of the Committee of Experts or the United Nations. The Secretariat is responsible for any errors and omissions.", "Report on the informal meeting on practical transfer pricing issues for developing countries*", "Introduction", "1. The informal meeting on practical transfer pricing issues for developing countries was co-sponsored by the Financing for Development Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the New York office of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, the Center of Concern and Christian Aid. The objectives of the meeting were: (a) to assist the Subcommittee on Transfer Pricing — Practical Issues, of the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters (the Subcommittee) in ensuring that developing country perspectives, priorities and experiences were fully reflected in the United Nations Transfer Pricing Practical Manual for Developing Countries, which the Subcommittee is preparing; and (b) to familiarize the Permanent Missions to the United Nations with the issue of transfer pricing and the costs to development of “improper pricing” by multinational enterprises, which are widely considered to be extremely high. Expected outcomes included an informed discussion on the issues of transfer pricing in the context of development and specific new input from developing countries to the draft chapters of the Practical Manual. It was not necessary to reach a consensus on specific issues, although that would be noted where it was achieved.", "2. Sixty participants from Governments (including representatives and advisers from Permanent Missions to the United Nations, business, non-governmental organizations, international organizations and academia) attended the meeting.", "3. Alexander Trepelkov, Director of the Financing for Development Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and Werner Puschra, Executive Director of the New York office of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation delivered the welcoming remarks. The Director of the Financing for Development Office thanked the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, the Center of Concern and Christian Aid for their strong support in organizing the meeting. He noted that the involvement of such bodies added an extra dimension to the discussion on international tax cooperation and the role of the United Nations in that area.", "4. The Director also noted that the main purpose of the meeting was to fully reflect the perspectives, priorities and experiences of developing countries in the United Nations Transfer Pricing Practical Manual for Developing Countries. He gave a brief history of the Practical Manual project, referring to the mandate of the Subcommittee on Transfer Pricing — Practical Issues. The need for a staged approach suitable to the specific stage of development of each country and the need to explore the flexibilities that might be applicable for developing countries, consistent with the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries (United Nations Model Convention), was also addressed.", "5. The Director noted links to the work of the Committee as a whole and to that of its other subcommittees. He indicated that there had been great interest in the Organization’s work on transfer pricing and acknowledged the importance of collaborating with others active in the area, while recognizing the deep need for globally inclusive approaches and the special role of the United Nations in that respect.", "6. The Director of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation noted the particular role of the Foundation’s New York office in liaising on issues of global economic governance and international peace and security. He underlined its long-standing support to the financing for development process and the work of the Financing for Development Office. He noted that taxing and public finance had become high-profile issues internationally and that they had become especially important because they related to what people expected from their Governments. Lastly, he stressed that more needed to be done to improve international tax cooperation.", "7. The Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development, Jomo Kwame Sundaram, delivered a keynote address, emphasizing the development context of transfer pricing issues, and the fact that failure to price transactions in a way that truly reflected the profits earned in a country unfairly deprived it of funds and opportunities for development. Similarly, a country taxing more than the fair share of profits generated within its jurisdiction could lead to double taxation, which might result in negative effects on the investment climate and therefore on a country’s development potential.", "8. The Assistant Secretary-General noted that most countries, including developing countries, seeking to address transfer mispricing had adopted the “arm’s length principle” as their response to the issue and that the real difficulties and unfairness arose not so much from the theory in itself but from its practical application. He emphasized the need for targeted and needs-responsive capacity-building and for helping countries to create investment environments that reduced compliance costs for businesses seeking to enter mutually beneficial long-term partnerships for development. International institutions must work together cooperatively and developing countries must be actively engaged.", "9. Addressing the issue of what the United Nations could bring to the table in meeting those needs, the Assistant Secretary-General referred to the universal membership, mandate and legitimacy of the United Nations, which embraced all viewpoints, as well as its ability to work cooperatively with other organizations, businesses, civil society stakeholders and individual countries.", "10. In concluding, the Assistant Secretary-General noted that the United Nations could play a greater role in ensuring that all parties with an interest in the “rules of the game” had a seat around the table in developing those rules. Such inclusiveness would help to ensure that the rules addressed the real complexities of tax systems and international tax cooperation; respected the sovereign right of countries to determine their tax systems while also recognizing the “spillover” effects of such decisions internationally; and best meet the challenges of development.", "Agenda item 1 The role of the United Nations in international tax cooperation, the impact of transfer pricing on sustainable development and possible responses", "Panel 1: Broader international tax cooperation issues", "11. The purpose of panel 1 was to set the stage for discussing transfer pricing issues, and, in particular, to elaborate the role of the United Nations in international tax cooperation issues.", "12. The Director of the Financing for Development Office focused his presentation on the proposals for conversion of the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters into an intergovernmental body and briefed participants on the report of the Secretary-General on the strengthening of institutional arrangements to promote international cooperation in tax matters, including the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters (E/2011/76) prepared in response to a request by the Economic and Social Council.", "13. The Director noted the outline of the report and said that it identified three options for strengthening institutional arrangements for consideration by the Council: (a) strengthening existing arrangements; (b) converting the Committee into an intergovernmental commission; and (c) creating a new intergovernmental commission while retaining the current Committee. A first discussion on the report by the Council on 26 April 2011 showed mixed support for converting the Committee. Informal consultations among Governments on a relevant draft resolution (E/2011/L.13) tabled by Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China on 1 June 2011 were noted as ongoing.", "14. The first speaker from the panel underlined the role of the Committee in supporting developing countries in international tax matters. He noted business interest in the role of the United Nations in those areas, especially since the Committee was currently considering transfer pricing issues. He also noted that persons from both developed and developing countries working together could achieve rules that worked for all, recognizing that the diversity of the approaches adopted by developing and developed countries. Virtually all tax treaties were predicated on sound arm’s length approaches, but the application of the arm’s length principle could be very complex in practice. A sound approach that examined functions, assets and risks could lead to sharing of tax revenues on an equitable basis. Although Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines on the complex issue of transfer pricing existed, there was a need to provide practical guidance on dealing with transfer pricing issues and applying the arm’s length principle to developing countries. It was important that the United Nations work should be consistent with the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations rather than duplicate the work of OECD and others, and that it should provide greater guidance on the practical application of the arm’s length principle. In that respect, business needed legal certainty, including guidance that was consistently applied across countries.", "15. The second speaker stressed that the role of the United Nations in international tax cooperation was based on its universal acceptance and legitimacy. The Organization was well placed to support tax administrations in developing countries in cross-border taxation issues and had a key role in building national capacity to increase the effectiveness of tax administrations. He underlined that developing countries should strike a balance between revenue generation and creating an enabling investment climate.", "16. Another speaker emphasized that civil society organizations supported a stronger role for the United Nations in international tax cooperation. The Organization had a number of comparative advantages over other forums in that: it included the representation of developing countries; it was a political forum with convening power; it could address tax matters in an integrated way, in conjunction with issues such as trade and investment. The speaker noted that “duplication of resources” arguments and “mission creep” should not be allowed to displace legitimate United Nations roles. He underlined that there was a difference between developing countries being invited to a meeting to discuss issues, on the one hand, and having a seat at the table when key decisions were made, including voting rights and the ability to exert influence, on the other.", "17. In the ensuing discussion, the Chair noted two particular issues: (a) if the Committee was transformed into an intergovernmental commission, what structure should it have; and (b) what was the Organization’s role in developing transfer pricing guidance. With regard to the latter, business representatives noted that there would be difficulties if there were competing messages from the United Nations and OECD. Developing countries noted the need for more practical guidance based on their realities.", "18. In the general discussion, it was noted that the purpose of the Practical Manual was not to create an alternative to the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines but to preserve the same “arm’s length principle” as the OECD Model Double Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and the Guidelines and to make it easier to apply the arm’s length principle in practice. Referring to the issue of duplication, some participants from developing countries noted that there was no monopoly on ideas in that area and that there could only be “duplication” if the same countries were represented in the different forums, which was not often the case.", "Panel 2: Specific transfer pricing issues", "19. The Chair introduced a range of specific transfer pricing issues, including the impact of transfer pricing on development, options for developing countries to tackle transfer pricing and the role of the Committee in transfer pricing.", "20. The first speaker stressed that the impact of transfer pricing on development was a crucial issue and that transfer pricing had to be seen in the broader context of economic and tax policies. Developing countries needed to generate revenue for development purposes, while at the same time promoting business activities. Depending on the economic structure, developing countries might have different approaches to transfer pricing. In addition, dispute settlement mechanisms were an important factor in addressing cross-border taxation issues.", "21. Another speaker pointed out that identifying correct transfer prices was also a challenge within corporations. Following corporate globalization, certain industry trends and the rise of secrecy jurisdictions, there had been an increase in the abuse of transfer pricing to avoid taxation. Such abuses accounted for a significant loss of tax revenues worldwide. In order to improve the basis for decision-making, he called for more empirical research and data collection on transfer pricing.", "22. A third speaker identified knowledge gaps among legislators and the private sector as major constraints in establishing transfer pricing regulation. Awareness-raising, international dialogue and education were therefore critical. To facilitate addressing transfer pricing in developing countries, there was a need to design easy, cheap and creative solutions.", "23. Another speaker noted that taxation and development were high priorities in the work of the European Commission and that, as a result, one of its important objectives was to enhance the capacity of developing countries in transfer pricing. To that end, the Commission had initiated a study on how to support developing countries in designing and implementing transfer pricing legislation. One preliminary finding was that introducing transfer pricing legislation typically led to higher tax revenues.", "24. In the discussion, participants stressed the asymmetric information between multinational enterprises and developing country tax authorities in the context of evaluating intra-group transactions as a crucial challenge. Capacity-building in developing countries and improving data availability and information exchange on transfer pricing were seen as key action points.", "Agenda item 2 The business framework for transfer pricing", "25. The first speaker addressed the day-to-day issues for businesses dealing with transfer pricing issues, emphasizing that there was no one type of “firm” — they all differed. The requirement for tax managers in private companies was to maximize returns for shareholders, but in a sustainable way. Tax managers should not care where they paid tax as long as they paid tax only once. In the speaker’s experience, tax managers spent most of their time avoiding double taxation and many did not have time for aggressive tax planning. He welcomed United Nations involvement in transfer pricing through the Practical Manual, since his firm dealt with people from many countries that were not members of OECD.", "26. He also expressed the view that safe harbours could be good or bad from a corporate perspective, but once they were in place there was no obligation to maximize tax payments. Transfer pricing was complex and simple responses often would not work; however, a simple approach that often worked well in practice was that, once Governments become involved, tax managers should stand aside and let them decide the matter with a view to companies paying tax only once — hence the importance of good dispute resolution mechanisms. He indicated that there were legitimate opportunities for arbitrage, but one had to be practical and use common sense.", "27. Another speaker noted the importance of the chapter on the business framework in setting the scene for the Practical Manual. His major concern as a tax administrator was capturing the true value of functions and activities carried out in his country. Generally, market pricing at independent market value was an acceptable measure of the value created in a particular jurisdiction, although sometimes that was not fully the case. He also noted that even though there were examples of aggressive tax planning and abuse, transfer pricing was generally about day-to-day dealing with unavoidable transactions within the group. Transfer pricing was complex and difficult but not “unenforceable” and was a very important part of the tax environment.", "28. Another participant noted that different corporate groups had different models and that some developing country multinational models might be different. For example, they might be more family-driven. Countries should understand such issues and not have transfer pricing regimes just because it was the fashion. Some countries had chosen not to have specific regimes because of the compliance costs for business.", "29. The same speaker said there was no clear international definition of the arm’s length principle. The current approach to the principle was the OECD approach, and when introducing the concept to developing countries, it might be necessary to modify it. A more apportionment-based model could be developed in the initial stages and the full-fledged arm’s length model could be followed later, as capacities developed. The beginning of the business framework chapter of the Practical Manual could describe that approach more clearly.", "30. One participant noted the potential of transfer pricing regimes to capture the value of operations of multinational enterprises in developing countries, while recognizing that there were also risks of hampering investment, double taxation, costs of compliance, uncertainty and so forth. All of those factors needed to be considered in a balanced way. He noted that apportioning profit was very difficult because multinational enterprises offered synergies and economies of scale to unlock value not available on a country-by-country basis. The United Nations work could help to ensure effective legislation and non-governmental organizations had a potential role in assisting parliamentarians in understanding the issue in countries considering legislating.", "31. He indicated that access to information and risk management were key issues and that country-by-country reporting would help developing countries to identify high-risk issues. He noted the reality of increasing scrutiny not just of company profits but also the ethics of their operations. He addressed the possible role of the United Nations in helping developing countries to obtain information on company structures and of host countries of multinational enterprises in exchanging information on high-risk transactions and the operations of such enterprises.", "32. He was of the view that the United Nations had a role as a forum where business administrations and civil society could come together to discuss those issues in a “safe space” that would further the understanding of where they were coming from. Areas of transfer pricing focus would vary from country to country, including because of the scale and type of business, specializations and the business and legal environments. It would be useful if the United Nations could help developing countries to prioritize those issues. In addition, there should be a discussion on step-by-step approaches to business models and whether that would be of value.", "Agenda item 3 General legal environment", "33. Addressing India’s experience in establishing a transfer pricing legal environment, the first speaker said that India had set up its transfer pricing unit in 2001 following a “more open economy” policy which had resulted in more foreign direct investments. Acknowledging the need for a policy design that fit the local realities, authorities ought to design a stable policy that was appropriate to the type of industries found in a particular country, since frequent changes in legislation or regulations might create uncertainty for businesses.", "34. Another speaker presented a few key factors which she thought would help to make the arm’s length approach work more effectively: (a) the existence and broad acceptance of international rules and guidance such as the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines and the United Nations Transfer Pricing Practical Manual for Developing Countries; (b) specific domestic transfer pricing laws; (c) effective dispute resolution and avoidance of double taxation; and (d) “experience-based” comparables. When there were no local data for comparables, she argued, the taxpayer could make use of regional or global data. In certain cases, some types of objective and genuinely experience-based data might be used. She also suggested that in the case of developing countries, there was a need to identify the type of data countries had to start with to build a database of comparables and it might be necessary to have an initial ramp-up period before a full-scale database was established. Bodies such as the United Nations could have an important role in assisting that process in the future.", "35. Another speaker commented that introducing specific transfer pricing regimes was not always a bad thing since certainty was important to business interests.", "36. The need for quality data for countries to benefit from advance pricing agreement programmes was also noted. Another speaker commented that the use of quality data was hampered by the cost of obtaining such data from private entities selling access to databases.", "Agenda item 4 Establishing transfer pricing capability in developing countries", "37. The first speaker addressed the problem of obtaining qualified staff for the application of a transfer pricing programme and the data-deficiency issue. He suggested starting small and then growing; as the programme grew, the tax administration would develop more general rules and regulations.", "38. Another participant expressed the view that in most cases small local businesses in developing countries ended up paying corporate tax while large multinational companies often paid little or no tax. It was very important to develop good investment policies and not to offer excessive tax incentives. He welcomed a public debate on concessions and tax incentives.", "39. One speaker expressed the view that in many instances local companies did not know how to apply the arm’s length principle. A study conducted in one country revealed that almost none of the 200 subsidiary companies interviewed knew how internal prices were determined. Thus, there was a need to educate businesses. Customs officials also required training on how to identify transfer pricing risks.", "40. Considering the issues of capacity-building and technical assistance, one participant commented on the importance of a good judicial system and a receptive parliament to enact appropriate laws. She also highlighted the importance of balancing the benefits of implementing transfer pricing regimes and the cost of their implementation. For the country as a whole, the benefits of transfer pricing implementation needed to be higher than its cost, and in that respect the Practical Manual should reflect the situation of each country.", "41. In giving his perspectives on capacity-building, another speaker suggested that transfer pricing regimes were best introduced as part of broader tax policy reforms. The transfer pricing law should cover both domestic and international transfer pricing, especially in a country that offered tax incentives. The most practical way to secure the high level of expertise required for transfer pricing audits in the tax administrations in developing countries would be to have a transfer pricing team composed of a small group of auditors conduct a full-fledged transfer pricing audit, with other auditors addressing transfer pricing risks during ordinary audits.", "42. In the general discussion, participants agreed that the benefits of well-focused capacity-building outweighed the costs. It was important in the area of transfer pricing, but such capacity-building should not be at the expense of work on other important subjects. The consistency of tax policies across different Government entities was also considered important; the uncertainty for both Government and taxpayers of lack of coordination within Government had capacity-building consequences. Capacity-building therefore needed to target the entire Government structure. One participant noted that provided there was sufficient political will, any incentives having a tax impact should be addressed in tax legislation alone. This would be a useful way of ensuring consistency and would make it easier to ensure that the tax consequences of incentives were fully accounted for.", "43. Another participant noted that the main objective of investment promotion authorities was to encourage investment; there was sometimes excessive reliance on tax incentives, which could clash with the objectives of tax administrations. That was especially the case since the tax incentives were often not needed to attract investment.", "44. It was noted by several participants that capacity-building should address the particular needs of a country; be premised on country ownership; and not be limited to transfer pricing without reference to its wider context. However, it was also noted that widespread reform was a costly and long-term process and that early reforms in strategic areas, such as analysing and “sunsetting” tax holidays, might be important, including in building support and credibility for longer-term changes.", "45. One participant addressed the skill-building aspects of capacity-building, noting that the ability to offer a work-life balance that might not be available in consultancy firms was also a way of attracting and retaining high-quality staff.", "46. The possibility of ensuring that officers could stay in the transfer pricing field after initial training, which would often take two years, was seen as important in many countries. However, others underlined that keeping the same people in one area for a long time could raise integrity issues.", "47. One participant noted that even where international standards were recommended, ultimately, it was up to a particular country to decide what standards it adopted in transfer pricing. There was a recognized need for developing countries to be in a position to make those decisions and to play their part in developing the recommended standards. In that respect, the Secretariat noted that the purpose of the Practical Manual was not to tell countries what to do, but to assist those that had chosen to follow the arm’s length approach in doing so at the practical level. That did not mean that discussions on broader and longer-term issues should not be held in the context of the Committee, including with a view to greater developing country involvement in setting what might become international standards.", "Agenda item 5 Methods of achieving arm’s length pricing", "48. Chapter 5 of the Practical Manual presented different methods used to determine an arm’s length price and discussed the strengths and weaknesses of each. In previous drafts, traditional methods and transactional profit methods had been covered in two different chapters, whereas the current draft dealt with them in one.", "49. The first speaker noted that the chapter stayed as close as possible to the OECD Guidelines in substance, but differed in how it addressed the strengths and weaknesses of each method and that it provided, when they could be applied, examples and formula, to make it clear when and how the methods should be applied at a practical level. Aspects of transactional profit methods were also discussed in more practical detail than in the OECD Guidelines.", "50. She referred to the discussions on how to deal with lack of comparables and the use of hypothetical or secret comparables and said that it might be useful to explore a sunset provision, where an objectively “experience-based” range could be used on a taxpayer opt-out basis for simple functions. Where the data would come from was obviously an issue and organizations such as the United Nations might have a role in that regard. Any such experience-based data would have to be transparent and broadly indicative of arm’s length dealings and there would need to be a discussion on whether it should be based on global, regional or local experience.", "51. The Chair noted that trying to apply transfer pricing methods without the necessary information would inevitably lead to failure and possible double taxation; thus, that issue was a practical topic for discussion.", "52. The second speaker recognized the need for transitional periods in developing countries to allow adoption of a full-fledged regime of arm’s length pricing but said he did not believe that a fixed-margins system could serve that purpose. A more appropriate concept of transition was to gradually lift the restrictive provisions of the previous closed economy regime. In relation to transitional downgraded or very simplified transfer pricing mechanisms, one needed to be aware of the difficulty in removing them once they were in place, especially if they gave tax concessions.", "53. He held that the cases that were likely to be most usual for developing countries were in the traditional industries, where valuing intangibles (for example, brands or trademarks) was not so difficult. There was a need to provide guidance on comparables to developing countries, given the frequent absence of local comparables and the need to make the necessary adjustments to foreign comparables, including for differences such as accounting principles.", "54. Another speaker noted that determining corporate functions and valuing risks should be featured more fully in the chapter on methods. He underlined the importance of determining whether the people in charge of managing corporate functions were capable of managing such a function in the entity they were examining. It was important to consider not just the number of persons, but their skills and experience.", "55. He emphasized that, from a business perspective, applying different transfer pricing standards in different countries would function effectively only if a robust dispute resolution and arbitration mechanism was established to address the points where a clash could lead to double taxation.", "56. Another speaker argued that the Practical Manual should focus on simplifying and making transfer pricing guidelines enforceable for tax administrations in developing countries. The Practical Manual should not only reflect the OECD Guidelines but also take into account the circumstances of all Members States. In his view, the main issues were that: (a) it was too difficult for developing countries to apply the OECD Guidelines and it was not certain that the arm’s length principle was in effect enforceable — thus, aligning with those Guidelines might not lead developing countries down the best path — the emphasis therefore needed to be on simplicity and enforceability; (b) the Practical Manual should be more objective about the practical difficulties of obtaining comparables; (c) the difficulty of obtaining necessary information should be confronted more directly and the Practical Manual should support country-by-country reporting more explicitly; (d) other alternative methods, such as safe harbours, the residual profit split method, fixed margins and hybrid methods should receive more consideration; (e) the use of transfer pricing methods to direct profits to tax havens should be addressed, and methods such as the reversal of the onus of proof should be addressed in the chapter on transfer pricing methods; (f) many of those who were involved in such work had a vested interest in complexity and the continued use of the OECD Guidelines — non-governmental organizations and independent academics therefore should be more involved in the development of the Practical Manual; and (g) it should be recognized that the current rules had been designed by developed countries and that developing countries needed to be more involved in the process, as noted in the keynote address by the Assistant Secretary-General. If the Practical Manual addressed the OECD Guidelines only, it could be criticized for that.", "57. One speaker remarked that the chapter on methods was a core element of the Practical Manual and should function as a “toolkit” for administrations on how to apply the arm’s length principle in practice. He referred to it as a road map to reaching arm’s length outcomes but said that the choice of any particular transfer pricing method would depend on the circumstances and the information available. Anyone dealing with transfer pricing issues would need to be able to assess such issues, and a good tax auditor in any administration should be able to do so.", "58. Another speaker referred to the experience of one country in using fixed margins for transfer pricing. That would eliminate the need to find comparables and constitute a simple and low-cost system for both taxpayers and authorities. He acknowledged that fixed margins needed to be carefully established in legislation, sufficiently industry-specific and transparent in formulation. He proposed that a section on fixed margins be included in the chapter on methods or as a separate chapter.", "59. In the ensuing discussion, participants exchanged views on which transfer pricing methods might be most suitable in different circumstances. There was a discussion on the nature of an “additional” method provided for in the legislation of some countries; it was suggested that if such an approach was sufficiently defined as a way of determining prices in accordance with the arm’s length principle, it might be an experience that could benefit other countries. It was also noted that any “fixed” approach should recognize that some adjustments might be needed to take into account particular circumstances. One participant found it difficult to see how simplified margins could be consistent with the arm’s length principle, and there was a discussion of whether such approaches would only work in very competitive markets where profits tended to equalize among competitors.", "60. In summarizing, the Chair noted the general concern about the frequent lack of reliable information and limitations on the ability to analyse and adjust that information as necessary. He noted that the Committee could ask the Subcommittee on Transfer Pricing-Practical Issues to do some work on that issue in the future, separately from the current work on the Practical Manual. He also noted that capacity-building had been raised again, not only in terms of risk management, but also in terms of how to apply methods, including measuring functions, assets and risks.", "Agenda item 6 Comparability", "61. The first speaker elaborated on the frequent lack of comparability data and referred to one country where, when searching for comparable transactions, the tax authorities had had to use European databases because there was no domestic alternative. The data were not fully comparable because of the differences and they had not made great strides in making adjustments to align with the domestic market; however, taxpayers had similar issues. A problematic issue was that many developing countries did not have the funds to pay the fees for accessing those databases and the taxpayers themselves might not have access. One possibility might be to implement legislation requiring financial information to allow databases to be built up.", "62. Another speaker focused on functions, assets and risk analysis. For example, functions were particularly important when recruiting personnel, when it was essential to examine their skills and profiles. Market penetration strategies were an important issue for some countries. In determining who should bear the costs between the subsidiary and the parent, countries looked at the nature of the business as a whole and the relevant sector; filters would be applied after the databases were searched to make sure there was functional and economic comparability. They would look for publicly available material, including that required by other regulatory agencies internationally. It was very important to understand processes in a particular industry for comparability purposes. In India, comparables could mostly be found in appropriate databases, but those products were often complicated and the comparables could be hard to find.", "63. Another participant expressed mixed feelings about comparability, noting that it was essential and complex, but there were always excuses for arguing that there was no comparability. That created uncertainty and led to frequent use of the transactional net margin method. Regardless of what comparable was used, arguments could always be made against it. The key was that the issue of comparability had to be approached with good faith. It was not just a case of documenting what you were doing, but also why you were doing it, what you were not doing and why not. That applied to Governments as well as taxpayers. The downside was that few decisions were black and white, and honesty and good faith were needed in addressing those uncertainties. The Practical Manual could deal with such issues at greater length.", "64. One participant noted that a presumption, with a dynamic or shifting burden of proof, might help to deal with the cost of complexity and information-gap issues.", "65. Summarizing the discussion, the Chair remarked on the benefits of harmonized approaches among countries in the same region. He noted that a technically good case might not be understood by a judge who was not a transfer pricing specialist; it was therefore important to make those complex issues as understandable as possible. Good documentation came from good data, which might be difficult to obtain since the multinational enterprises often had more access to such information than administrations.", "Agenda item 7 Dispute resolution", "66. The first speaker introduced the topic and explained that dispute resolution under transfer pricing was very similar to dispute resolution in a general mutual agreement procedure sense, currently under discussion by the Committee in the context of the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries. She noted the importance of effective dispute resolution mechanisms and stressed that if they were properly and robustly designed and implemented, they benefited tax administrations as well as business.", "67. She noted the resource shortages in many developing country tax administrations and suggested practical and efficient dispute settlement mechanisms and dispute avoidance to assist them by improving their efficiency. She reflected upon the role of the mutual agreement procedure in ensuring that the purposes of double taxation treaties were furthered, including with respect to avoiding double taxation. The most successful mutual agreement procedure programmes exhibited characteristics of transparency, cooperation and a certain independence from the audit function.", "68. With respect to advance pricing agreements, she noted that they might not be for everyone and that some caution should be exercised in recommending them as first options. However, they had an important role in many countries.", "69. She considered that tax treaty arbitration was an important way to manage heavy dispute settlement loads, make competent authority processes work more smoothly and inspire confidence in the system. In practice, it was probably much more important than conciliation or mediation. The challenges, including whether the costs of arbitration could be reallocated in a way that helped countries to accept the approach more readily, should be addressed in a practical manner.", "70. The Secretariat pointed out that arbitration could contribute to greater certainty. However, the cost and complexity of arbitration could be a major challenge for many developing countries and might unduly weight the scales against them. If the cost was borne by the taxpayer (and the countries agreed on such close involvement of the taxpayer, which itself would often be an issue), there might be a perception that it could encourage arbitrators to make decisions unfavourable to the tax administration, and therefore that would not be a solution. It was also possible, at least in the early years, that arbitrators might be seen as lacking understanding of developing country realities and conditions. Extrabudgetary allocation for an arbitration and, in most cases, considerable foreign exchange amounts would often be required. If that was difficult, there would be a concern that a country might have to agree to a position for practical reasons even though objectively that might not be the most appropriate and fair outcome. Regarding the advance pricing agreement process, it was possible that countries should enter such a system only after careful consideration and only when they were confident that they knew the “rules of the game”. Many countries might not feel they should, at an early stage, be expending scarce resources on the taxpayers most likely to be compliant. A staged approach to gaining confidence in the process was needed.", "71. One speaker drew attention to the issue of how many resources countries should devote to advance pricing agreement programmes, dealing basically with compliant taxpayers. He said that a good arbitration provision should not be too costly; it could be beneficial for countries with considerable mutual agreement procedure experience but was not recommended for developing countries without such experience and expertise. More emphasis should be put on the issues of arbitration and dispute resolution outside the tax treaty context, since developing countries did not have strong treaty networks and had limited experience with arbitration provisions in that context. The United Nations might have an important role in developing a list of reliable experts for arbitrations.", "72. Regarding the domestic aspect of arbitration and dispute resolution, one speaker referred to dispute settlement procedures in his country, where tax treaties were few in number and took a long time to be legislated. In practice, the issue was therefore more one of domestic dispute resolution than of arbitration under treaties. Many developing countries were hesitant to adopt arbitration and mediation in such a complex area and the tight budgetary circumstances of many of their administrations would make it difficult to obtain funding for arbitration cases. He noted the concerns about the arbitrators lacking developing country experience and understanding and drew attention to the need for developing country experts. That was an area where the United Nations had a role in capacity-building.", "73. Responding to the issue of proper documentation not being provided by the taxpayer, one speaker raised the question of why developing countries did not establish strong presumptions in cases where there was a lack of documentation and the taxpayer was in a position to remedy that.", "74. Another speaker noted that litigation was more expensive in developed countries than in developing countries; as a result, there was more transfer pricing litigation in developing countries. Such litigation took a long time to clear, so it was important to find ways of avoiding or otherwise dealing with such disputes. Safe harbours were one possibility, but the practice was more difficult than the theory.", "75. Another participant noted the strong business preference for the certainty and robustness of the investment regime that arbitration could provide. With respect to cost, some of the funds used for capacity-building could be used to support a standing panel so that developing countries would not have to bear those costs. In many cases, countries noted the issue of sovereignty and said they could not agree to arbitration, but he considered that they should at least examine whether they were signing treaties with similar clauses in other areas, such as investment agreements. He noted that in the practice of the European Union Convention on the elimination of double taxation in connection with the adjustment of profits of associated enterprises (European Union Arbitration Convention), one of the great benefits of an arbitration clause was to force mutual agreement procedure agreement. However, the Secretariat queried whether the practice of Europe would be applicable to a more imbalanced relationship between, for example, certain developed and developing countries, and there was a discussion about broader ways of addressing such imbalances.", "76. One participant noted that arbitration provisions were robust and that they could be attractive to investors. It might be possible to modify them for developing countries by having the United Nations or other acceptable bodies propose or choose arbitrators. Properly applied, arbitration could cost less than other mechanisms, prevent integrity concerns and be less vulnerable to domestic processes. Another participant commented that, properly applied, arbitration might enhance the position of developing countries, providing access to expertise without high-level representations on a case-by-case basis to Ministers, for example.", "Agenda item 8 Audit and risk assessment", "77. The first speaker emphasized the importance of audit and risk assessment for developing countries and suggested that strategies should be adopted to encourage efficiency and effectiveness. It was important that countries identify which cases were high risk and which ones did not need to be pursued any further because they were not. Many countries did “risk-profiling”, especially where the offshore related party was in a low-tax jurisdiction and scarce resources should be used as efficiently as possible. That was especially the case in the early years of a transfer pricing regime where the “low-hanging fruit” (clear examples of mispricing that would not require a great deal of resourcing) should be addressed prior to more complex and resource-intensive cases.", "78. She said that, in determining risk assessment strategies, an important issue was whether to centralize or decentralize the transfer pricing units. She noted the possibility of introducing safe harbours at a risk assessment stage rather than at an audit stage, which would provide taxpayers with some degree of certainty as to whether they were likely to be audited. She also indicated that another important way of achieving robust risk assessment was to ensure that relevant information was readily available.", "79. Another speaker presented a few points that he considered key to effective risk assessment. In assessing risk, the centralized approach would often be essential when a country was starting off in transfer pricing. That did not mean that one unit in Headquarters should conduct the whole audit, but supervision from Headquarters was recommended in order to ensure the quality of risk assessments and audits. Obtaining the right information was essential and tax returns should include key information about related party transactions. Care must be taken with sharing information, as part of the risk assessment, with customs authorities. Customs information might be inaccurate, and taxpayers might also face a difficult situation in that their arguments to avoid anti-dumping actions could be used as a basis for transfer pricing adjustments.", "80. With respect to the transfer pricing system, developing countries could often learn from other countries, but attention should be paid to domestic conditions that might be different in the two countries. A robust audit approach in a country with a very large domestic market or abundant natural resources might be successful, but a similar rigid approach in developing countries without those characteristics might deter foreign investment. When enacting new tax audit laws, he suggested tapping into the knowledge of lawyers and tax practitioners who, in some cases, might have more experience than tax administrators. Not every case could be audited, so working with tax practitioners as partners was very important especially at the early stage, to disseminate good behaviours among taxpayers.", "81. Another participant indicated that administrations should think carefully about what they wanted from taxpayers in tax returns; asking too much might result in information they could not properly analyse, but asking the right questions could make risk assessment more informed and efficient. She referred to the current discussion in OECD circles on joint tax audits between different tax jurisdictions and said it was a creative idea that might facilitate more effective use of resources. However, such audits could be more efficient in resolving any potential tax disputes. She said that the use of target amounts of tax to be assessed by a tax official in a given period put a lot of pressure on the officials, although some countries might take that approach for integrity reasons. Lastly, the use of secret comparables made companies nervous either because sensitive business information was being used and the taxpayer had concerns about competitiveness or because information was being used as a comparable but companies did not have access to it for the purposes of challenging it.", "82. Addressing the use of data from other sources, including customs, for comparability purposes, one participant concurred on the difficulty of the approach. He noted the value of such data and pointed out that even though customs administrations and tax administrations were looking for different things, they had common interests. Another participant noted that customs data might be especially important to a developing country heavily involved in trading commodities and with a heavy investment in ensuring trade data was accurate, especially since there might be little other useful data.", "83. Another participant suggested that it might be useful to audit not just individual taxpayers but whole industries, since companies in the same industry tended to act similarly. Cross-country collaboration to develop an industry-wide view of compliance would help to build experience, develop a richer body of targets and economize on resources.", "84. One speaker expressed difficulty with the idea of a joint audit of industry, since it was difficult to obtain information from one company in the presence of other companies, and some issues were industry-wide while others were company-specific. It might be more productive to audit all companies in the industry, ensuring common issues were treated in the same way rather than auditing the industry as such. Joint audits might involve information that was not yet tested, since there was nothing to be compared with at that stage. He therefore was not certain how effective it would be in practice.", "85. Another participant noted that his country had started a joint audit programme and that companies found it hard to understand why income tax authorities would examine materials and others, such as value added tax authorities, would separately examine similar materials later. In addition, personnel who worked very closely with a taxpayer for some years could become compromised; since training tax auditors was expensive, the issue of where to put those who had been potentially compromised and how to replace them was a concern. Even when accountants were brought in from the private sector, they needed extensive retraining.", "86. Another speaker noted, for clarification, that joint audits need not be real-time audits, which might address some of the concerns mentioned. One participant noted that for reasons relating to anti-trust/competition laws, there were restrictions on what information could be shared between competitors. He was not permitted to meet with competitors and discuss anything but tax and even then, he had to record what he said. For example, in trying to establish what constituted a comparable price for a mineral in a country, the information might be readily available from competitors but for anti-trust/competition policy reasons it could not be sought.", "Close of meeting", "87. The Secretariat noted the importance of the meeting in the context of the convening power of the United Nations on tax cooperation issues and the important role of the non-governmental organizations in the debates. The dialogue had brought forth many very different but very valid viewpoints; they had been put forward in a spirit of respect and cooperation and could now be assimilated into the Practical Manual in a manner that met developing country needs. The report would be forwarded to the subcommittee responsible for drafting the chapters, for consideration at its meeting in September 2011." ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "Item 5 (c) of the provisional agenda*", "Discussion on substantive issues related to international cooperation in tax matters: transfer pricing: practical manuals for developing countries", "Report of the informal meeting on transfer pricing practices in developing countries", "Note by the Secretariat", "Report on the informal meeting on developing country transfer pricing substantive issues, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 7 and 8 June 2011. The meeting was co-sponsored by the Financing for Development Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat, the New York Office of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, the Centre for Concern and Christian Aid. Relevant materials for the Conference, including more detailed versions of the accompanying report, are available at http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax/2011_TP/index.htm.", "∗ E/C.18 (2009).", "Annex", "Report of the informal meeting of developing countries on the substantive aspects of transfer pricing AD(*)", "The views expressed in the present report do not necessarily represent the views of the Committee of Experts or the United Nations. The Secretariat is responsible for errors and omissions in it.", "Introduction", "The informal meeting on the transfer of pricing substantive issues in developing countries was co-sponsored by the Financing for Development Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the New York office of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, the Centre for Concern and the Christian Aid. The purpose of the meeting was to (a) assist the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters in the transfer of the Sub-Commission on the substantive issue of price-setting (the Subcommittee) to ensure that the practical manuals of developing countries that are being prepared by the Subcommittee reflect the views, priorities and circumstances of developing countries; and (b) to present to the Permanent Missions the issue of the pricing of transfers and the costs of the “non-priority pricing” approach to transnational enterprises (the prevailing perception of this high cost). The expected accomplishments included an informal discussion on the transfer pricing issues in development work and new specific inputs from developing countries to the draft chapters of the practical manual. There is no need for agreement on specific issues, but the present report will be recorded once agreement is reached.", "Sixty participants from Governments (including representatives and advisers from Permanent Missions to the United Nations, businesses, non-governmental organizations, international organizations and academia) attended.", "The Director of the Financing for Development of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Alexander Trepelkov and the Executive Director of the Friedrich Ebert New York Office, Werner Puschra, addressed the message. The Director of the Financing for Development thanked Friedrich Ebert Foundation, the Centre for Concern and Christian assistance for their strong support for the holding of this meeting. He noted that the involvement of those institutions had increased a new perspective for discussions on international cooperation in tax matters and the role of the United Nations in that area.", "The Director also noted that the main purpose of the meeting was to fully reflect the views, priorities and circumstances of developing countries in the practical manual on United Nations transfer pricing. He briefed on the relevant aspects of the practical manual project and referred to the mandate of the Sub-Commission on the Transfer of Selections. He also referred to the need for a phased approach that would apply to the specific stages of development of States and the need to explore the flexibility that could be applied to developing countries in line with the United Nations Model Tax Convention on double taxation in developed and developing countries (the United Nations Model Convention).", "The Director noted the link between the work of the Subcommittee and the work of other subcommittees. He noted that the various communities were extremely interested in the Organization's work on the transfer pricing and affirmed the importance of cooperation with other interested parties active in that area, while recognizing the importance of an inclusive approach in that regard and recognizing the role of the United Nations in that regard.", "The Director of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation noted in particular the role of the Foundation New York Office in liaison on global economic governance and international peace and security. He highlighted the Foundation's long-standing support for financing for development and the Financing for Development Office. He noted that taxation and public finance had become a very important issue at the international level, and that it was particularly important because the two issues involved the expectations of peoples on their Governments. Lastly, he stressed that there was still much to be done to improve international cooperation in tax matters.", "A keynote statement was made by the Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development, Jomo Quamer Sundalam. He stressed the value of the transfer pricing in development efforts and stressed that trade pricing could deprive the country of the funds and opportunities required for development if it was not really reflected in the profits earned by a State. Similarly, if the taxation of a State exceeds the fair share of profits generated in the country, it may have a negative impact on the investment environment, thereby affecting the development potential of a country.", "The Assistant Secretary-General noted that most States seeking to address the issue of the price of wrong transfers, including developing countries, had adopted the principle of regular transactions in that regard, and that real difficulties and inequity were not theoretical, but were theoretical and practical applications. He stressed the need for capacity-building for targeted response needs and to help countries to create an investment climate for reducing compliance costs for enterprises seeking to build a long-term reciprocity for development cooperation. International institutions must cooperate and developing countries must be actively involved.", "Turning to what the United Nations could do to meet those needs, the Assistant Secretary-General referred to the universality, mandate and legitimacy of the membership of the United Nations, which allowed the United Nations to share and share views, and to the ability of the United Nations to cooperate with other organizations, businesses, civil society stakeholders and States.", "Lastly, the Assistant Secretary-General noted that the United Nations could play a greater role in ensuring that all parties concerned with the “rules of game” were able to participate in negotiations on the development of those rules. Such inclusiveness will help to ensure that these rules take into account the actual complexity of the tax system and international cooperation in tax matters; respect the sovereign right of States to determine their tax systems, while recognizing the effect of such decisions at the international level; and best address development challenges.", "Agenda item 1", "Thematic panel 1: broader issues of international cooperation in tax matters", "The objective of the panel discussion 1 was to lay the foundation for discussion on the issue of the pricing of transfers, in particular with regard to the role of the United Nations in international cooperation in tax matters.", "The statement by the Director of the Financing for Development Office highlighted the proposal to restructure the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters as an intergovernmental body and briefed participants on the report of the Secretary-General entitled “Strengthening institutional arrangements for international cooperation in tax matters, including the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters” (E/63/276).", "The Director briefed the report and said that the report identified three options for strengthening institutional arrangements for consideration by the Economic and Social Council: (a) strengthening existing arrangements; (b) restructuring the Commission as an intergovernmental committee; and (c) establishing a new intergovernmental committee while retaining existing committees. The first discussion of the report by the Economic and Social Council on 26 April 2011 showed that there was no opinion on whether to support the restructuring of the Commission. The Director noted that intergovernmental informal consultations on the draft resolution on Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 on 1 June 2011 (E/63/2L.13) were under way.", "The first speaker of the Group stressed the role of the Commission in supporting developing countries in international tax matters. He noted that the business community was very interested in the role of the United Nations in those areas, in particular that the Commission was currently considering the issue of transfer pricing. He also pointed out that cooperation among persons from both developed and developing countries could lead to a mutually acceptable rule that should recognize the diversity of approaches taken by developing countries and developed countries. In practice, all tax treaties are based on sound normal trading methods, but in practice the application of the principle of regular transactions is very complex. A good approach should review functional, asset and risk, so that fair sharing of tax revenues can be achieved. Despite the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines on complex transfer pricing issues, there is still a need to provide substantive guidance to developing countries on how to deal with the issue of transfer pricing. The work of the United Nations should be consistent with the OECD Guidelines on Transfer pricing with the tax sector rather than duplicate the work of OECD and other relevant organizations, and the work of the United Nations should provide more guidance on the practical application of the principle of regular transactions. In this regard, enterprises need legal certainty, including guidelines that are consistent among States.", "The second speaker emphasized that the role of the United Nations in international cooperation in tax matters was based on its universal acceptance and legitimacy. The Organization is fully able to support the tax sector in developing countries in dealing with transnational tax issues and has an important role to play in enhancing capacity-building in the tax sector. He stressed that developing countries should balance income generation and create an enabling environment for investment.", "Another speaker stressed that civil society organizations supported the United Nations's greater role in international cooperation in tax matters. Other forums in comparison with the organization have a comparative advantage: it has a representative of developing countries; it is a political forum with a convening capacity; it could discuss tax issues in an integrated manner, including trade and development. The speaker noted that the words “repetition of resources” and “mission creation” should not be allowed to marginalize the legitimate role of the United Nations. He stressed that developing countries had been invited to participate in the discussions and were not at a minimum with their participation in key decision-making meetings, including voting rights and the ability to influence them.", "In the ensuing discussion, the Chair referred to two specific issues: (a) what should be done if the Commission was to be restructured as an intergovernmental committee; and (b) what was the Organization's role in developing the transfer pricing guidelines. With regard to the latter issue, the representative of the business community noted that, as the United Nations and OECD had each competing information, it would be difficult to make it clear that more practical guidelines were needed on the basis of their actual situation.", "In the general discussion, it was noted that the practical manual was not intended to create an alternative instrument for the OECD transfer pricing guidelines, but rather to preserve the same normal trade principles adopted in OECD Model Conventions and guidelines on income and capital, and to make the application of the principle of regular transactions in practice easier. Turning to the question of duplication, some participants from developing countries noted that there should be no ideological monopoly in this regard, and that only States participating in different forums would have “repetition”, which is often not the case.", "Panel discussion 2: Specific transfer pricing issues", "The Chair introduced a range of specific transfer pricing issues, including the impact of the transfer pricing on development, the options available for developing countries to deal with the issue of transfer pricing and the role of the Commission in the issue of transfer pricing.", "The first speaker emphasized that the impact of the transfer pricing on development was a crucial issue and that the issue of the transfer pricing needed to be considered within the broader economic and tax policies. Developing countries need income for development purposes while promoting business activities. Based on economic structures, developing countries may have different approaches to the transfer pricing. In addition, dispute resolution mechanisms are also an important factor in addressing cross-border taxation issues.", "Another speaker noted that the determination of the right transfer price was also a challenge within the enterprise. He said that, with the globalization of enterprises, there was an increasing trend in industrial development and the emergence of confidential jurisdictions, the abuse of transfer pricing to avoid tax avoidance. The misuse of the transfer pricing creates significant tax losses worldwide. In order to improve the basis for decision-making, he called for more empirical studies and data collection on transfer pricing.", "The third speaker noted that the knowledge gap between the legislators and the private sector was the main constraint to the development of the transfer pricing legislation. Awareness-raising, international dialogue and education are therefore essential. In order to help address the problem of developing countries' transfer pricing, it is necessary to design simple, affordable and creative solutions.", "Another speaker noted that taxation and development were a high priority for the work of the European Commission, and that one of its important aims was to increase the capacity of developing countries to transfer pricing. To that end, the Commission has launched a study on how to support the design and implementation of transfer pricing legislation in developing countries. One of the preliminary conclusions is that the implementation of the transfer pricing legislation often leads to higher taxation.", "In the discussion, it was stressed that information between transnational corporations and tax authorities in developing countries in assessing intra-group transactions was a key challenge. Capacity-building in developing countries and the increased availability and exchange of information on the transfer pricing are considered key points of action.", "Agenda item 2", "The first speaker referred to the common problems of business in dealing with the issue of transfer pricing, and stressed that companies were not a type — they differ. The requirement for private corporate tax chiefs is to maximize returns for shareholders but must be done in a sustainable manner. The tax chiefs should not be interested in the payment of taxes, provided they are required to pay one tax. According to his experience, most of the tax chiefs had been used to avoid double taxation and many had no time to make active tax planning. He welcomed the involvement of the United Nations in the transfer pricing process through a practical manual, as his company needed to deal with persons from many non-OECD member States.", "He also expressed the view that, from the point of view of the company, the safe port was mixed, but, once established, the enterprise had no obligation to maximize the tax contributions. Transfer pricing is complex and simple responses are often not successful, but a simple approach that is often effective in practice is that, once the Government is involved, the tax chiefs should take the decision to make the Government so that the company pays only once a tax, the good dispute settlement mechanism is important. He noted that recourse to arbitration was sometimes justified, but it was necessary to be pragmatic and to use common knowledge to judge.", "Another speaker noted the importance of identifying the application of the practical manual in chapter I of the Business Framework. As the head of the tax sector, his main concern is the real value of the functioning and activities carried out in his country. Generally, market pricing based on the value of an independent market is measured by an acceptable value in a particular jurisdiction, although it is sometimes not entirely true. He also pointed out that, even if there were positive tax preparation and the abuse of tax avoidance examples, it was generally an unavoidable intra-group transaction for the day-to-day transfer of pricing. Transfer pricing is complex and difficult, but not “non-implementation” and is a very important part of the tax environment.", "Another participant noted that different enterprise groups had different models and that transnational corporations models in some developing countries might differ, for example, they might favour family approaches. States should be aware of these issues, not only because a transfer pricing system is developed in order to arrive at a time of exit. Some countries chose not to establish a specific system, as it would result in excessive compliance costs for enterprises.", "The speaker said that the principle of regular transactions had not been clear international definitions. The current approach to this principle is the OECD approach that may need to be revised when the concept is introduced in developing countries. A more cost-sharing model could be established at the initial stage and a full normal trading model would be established as a result of increased capacity. The opening of chapter I of the practical manual's business framework could make it more clear.", "One participant noted the potential of the transfer pricing system to determine the value of the operations of transnational corporations in developing countries, while recognizing that it could also impede investment, create double taxation, increase compliance costs, increase uncertainty, etc. All these factors must be taken into account in a balanced manner. He noted that the sharing of profits was very difficult because transnational corporations had a synergetic effect and economies of scale that could create values that could not be locked in the country. The work of the United Nations can help to ensure effective legislation and non-governmental organizations may play a role in helping parliamentarians from countries that are considering legislation to understand this issue.", "He noted that access to information and risk management was key issues and that country reports would help developing countries identify high-risk issues. He noted that there was a growing number of reviews in that regard, not only for corporate profits but also for the morality of their functioning. He spoke of the role of the United Nations in helping developing countries gain access to information on corporate structures and the role of transnational corporations in exchanging information on high-risk transactions and the operation of transnational corporations.", "In his view, the United Nations, as an enterprise authority and civil society, could play a role in discussing these issues together with a “safe space”, which would promote awareness of the root causes of those issues. The focus area of the transfer pricing varies from country to country because of the size and type of business, the industrial focus and the commercial and legal environment. It would be useful if the United Nations could help developing countries to prioritize those issues. In addition, the sub-step approach to commercial models should be discussed and whether they are valuable.", "Agenda item 3 General legal environment", "Turning to the experience of India in establishing a legal environment for transfer pricing, the first speaker said that India had established its transfer pricing group in 2001. In recognition of the need for policy design consistent with local realities, the authorities should design a policy tailored to the type of stability of their industries, since the frequent changes in laws or regulations may give rise to uncertainty for enterprises.", "Another speaker introduced several key elements that she considered to be useful in making the normal trading approach more effective: (a) There are widely accepted international “rules” and such guidelines as the OECD Transfer pricing guidelines and the practical manual on the United Nations transfer pricing for developing countries; (b) specific domestic transfer pricing laws; (c) effective dispute resolution and avoidance of double taxation mechanisms; and (d) “on the basis of experience” comparable data. She was of the view that, without local data that could be used as comparable data, taxpayers would have access to regional data or global data. In some cases, some types of realistic empirically based objective data could be used. She also suggested that, for developing countries, it would be necessary to determine the type of data available at the outset of a comparable data database and that an initial accelerated period might be required before a complete large database was established. Future such bodies as the United Nations could play an important role in assisting the process.", "Another speaker noted that the roll-out of a specific transfer pricing system was not always a bad problem, since certainty was important for businesses.", "It was also noted that the State needed high-quality data to benefit from the planned price agreement programme. Another speaker said that the cost of accessing such data from private entities that had the right to access the database impeded the use of high-quality data.", "Agenda item 4", "The first speaker referred to the difficulty and lack of data for high-quality staff needed to implement the transfer pricing programme. He suggested that a small-scale implementation would then be expanded, with the expansion of the programme, the tax authorities would develop more general rules and regulations.", "Another participant expressed the view that, in most cases, small local enterprises in developing countries must finally pay taxes, while large transnational corporations often have little or no taxes. It is important to develop good investment policies and not provide excessive tax incentives. He welcomed the open debate on tax reductions and tax incentives.", "One speaker expressed the view that in many cases local companies were unaware of the application of the principle of regular transactions. One country carried out a study that showed that almost one of the 200 companies surveyed was aware of how internal prices were determined. There is therefore a need to educate businesses. Customs officials also need training on how to identify the risk of transfer pricing.", "Turning to the issue of capacity-building and technical assistance, one participant referred to the importance of a good justice system and a parliament that listened to the appropriate legislation. She also emphasized the need to balance the benefits of the implementation of the transfer pricing system and its cost of implementation. For the country as a whole, the benefits of implementing the transfer pricing must be higher than their costs, and in this regard, the practical manual should reflect the situation of each country.", "Turning to capacity-building, another speaker expressed the view that the transfer pricing system should be best introduced as part of the broader tax policy reform. The transfer pricing law should cover domestic transfer pricing and international transfer pricing, particularly in countries providing tax incentives. In developing countries, the most practical way to secure the high-level expertise required for the transfer of pricing audits by tax authorities is to enable a comprehensive transfer pricing audit by a transferable pricing team composed of one team auditor, while other auditors deal with the issue of the transfer pricing risk during the day-to-day audit.", "In the general discussion, it was agreed that the benefits of focusing on clear capacity-building were greater than those of costs. This is important in the area of transfer pricing, but such capacity-building should not be at the expense of other important issues. It was also considered important to harmonize tax policies among different governmental entities, and the lack of coordination within the Government would affect capacity-building. Therefore, capacity-building needs to be directed at the entire Government structure. One participant noted that, as long as there was sufficient political will, tax legislation should consider tax incentives that had a tax impact, which would be a useful way to ensure consistency and to ensure that the impact of tax incentives was fully taken into account.", "Another participant noted that the main purpose of the investment promotion authorities was to encourage investment, sometimes relying on tax incentives, which could conflict with the objectives of the tax sector. This issue was particularly highlighted as it often did not require tax incentives to attract investment.", "Several participants noted that capacity-building should meet the specific needs of a country and should be premised on national ownership and should not be limited to transfer pricing without considering its wider impact. It was also noted, however, that the broader reform was a costly long-term process, and that early reform in the strategic area, such as analysis and “removal” tax period, including the accumulation of support and credibility for long-term changes.", "One participant referred to the development of skills in capacity-building and noted that opportunities for balance-of-work and life that were not available to the consulting firm were also a way of attracting and retaining a high-quality workforce.", "In many countries, there is a need to see whether persons concerned can remain in the area of transfer pricing after preliminary training, often for a period of two years. Other participants, however, stressed that long-term retention of the persons concerned might trigger the issue of integrity.", "One participant noted that, even if international standards were suggested, the criteria for the transfer pricing that were to be decided by specific States. It was recognized that developing countries must be able to take those decisions and play their part in developing the recommended criteria. In that regard, the Secretariat noted that the purpose of the practical manual was not to tell States what should be done, but rather to help countries that had chosen to adopt a normal trading approach in developing the criteria for the transfer of pricing. This does not mean that discussions on broader and longer-term issues should not be held within the Commission, including those aimed at expanding the participation of developing countries in the development of guidelines that may become international standards.", "Agenda item 5", "The practical manual sets out the different methods used to determine normal transaction prices and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method. In previous drafts, traditional methods and methods of dealing with profit were described in two different chapters, while the current draft contained both methods in the same chapter.", "The first speaker noted that the chapter was, to the extent possible, substantively close to the OECD Guidelines, but differed in how to deal with the advantages and disadvantages of each method and provided examples and formulas, if applicable, to clarify when and how to apply at the practical level. Some aspects of the transaction profit approach were also discussed, providing more practical details than OECD guidelines.", "She referred to the discussion on how to deal with the lack of comparable data and the use of hypotheses comparable data or secret comparable data, and said that it might be useful to study a sunset clause, which could use an objective “learning-based” of a simple function on the basis of the choice of the taxpayers to withdraw. Clearly, data will be a problem, and such organizations of the United Nations can play a role in that regard. Such empirical-based data must be transparent and reflective of normal transactions and need to discuss such data should be based on global circumstances or regional situations or local circumstances.", "The Chairman noted that attempts to use a transfer pricing method without the necessary information would inevitably lead to failures and possible double taxation, which was a very practical discussion.", "The second speaker acknowledged that developing countries needed a transition period to adopt a comprehensive normal transaction pricing, but said that he did not believe that a fixed profit rate system could achieve that purpose. A more appropriate concept of transition is the progressive elimination of restrictive provisions of the former closed economic system. With regard to the transitional simplification or very simple transfer pricing mechanisms, it is necessary to be aware that, once these mechanisms have been implemented, they face difficulties, particularly when such mechanisms provide tax.", "He was of the view that the most representative situation in developing countries appeared in traditional industries, which were not difficult to valuation intangible assets (such as brands or trademarks). Given the often lack of local comparable data, it is necessary to provide guidance to developing countries on comparable data and to make necessary adjustments to foreign comparable data, including adjustments to the accounting principles.", "Another speaker noted that the issue of determining the functioning and assessment of risks for enterprises should be addressed more fully in chapter I of the methodology. He stressed the importance of identifying whether those responsible for the management of business functions would be able to manage such functions as entities reviewed by them. It is important to consider not only numbers but also their skills and experience.", "He stressed that, from a commercial perspective, only a well-established dispute resolution and arbitration mechanism was established to address issues that could lead to double taxation and that different transfer pricing standards would be effective in different countries.", "Another speaker expressed the view that the practical manual should focus on streamlining the transfer pricing guidelines to facilitate the implementation of the tax sector in developing countries. The practical manual should reflect not only the OECD guidelines but also the situation of all Member States. In his view, the main issues were: (a) the difficulty of adopting OECD guidelines in developing countries and whether the principle of regular transactions could be implemented in practice, and therefore it might not be the best way for developing countries in accordance with those guidelines. It is therefore necessary to emphasize both simple and sustainable; (b) practical manuals should be more objective in terms of practical difficulties in accessing comparable data; (c) the difficulty in obtaining the necessary information, the practical manual should be more explicit in supporting country reports; (d) additional consideration should be given to other alternatives, such as safe ports, residual profit divisional laws, fixed profit rates and integrated approaches; (e) the need to address the issue of using transfer pricing methods to avoid tax spaces, and the need for non-governmental organizations and practitioners to continue to participate in the design of the manuals for this process; and (f) non-governmental organizations should be involved in the development of the most developing countries. If the practical manual takes into account the OECD guidelines, it should be criticized.", "One speaker said that the chapter of the methodology was a central part of the practical manual and should be a “toolbox” for the authorities to use the principle of regular transactions in practice. He stated that his road map for achieving normal transaction effectiveness, but he said that the choice of a specific transfer pricing method depended on the circumstances and available information. Persons dealing with the issue of transfer pricing must be able to assess these issues and tax auditors in the tax sector should be able to do so.", "Another speaker referred to the experience of a State in using fixed profit rates in terms of the transfer pricing. This does not require the identification of comparable data, a simple cheaper system for taxpayers and tax authorities. He acknowledged the need for a breakdown of fixed profit rates in the law and the need for full-specific industries and that the formula should also be transparent. He suggested that a section on fixed profit rates should be included in chapter I or in an independent chapter.", "In the ensuing discussion, participants exchanged views on the most appropriate manner in which the transfer pricing method was in various circumstances. Discussions were held on the nature of the “other” approach provided by some States; it was suggested that if it was fully recognized as a method of determining prices based on the principle of regular transactions, its experience would benefit other countries. It was also pointed out that any “fixed” approach should be recognized that some adjustments might be needed to take into account special circumstances. One participant expressed the view that the simplification of profit rates might be difficult to conform to the principle of regular transactions, and that discussions were held on whether such practices were applied only to markets that were sufficiently competitive between competitions.", "In summary, the Chair noted that the regular lack of reliable information and the limited capacity to analyse and adapt the information needed was of general concern. He noted that the Committee could request the transfer of the Working Group on Servicing to do some work on this issue in the future, beyond the current practical manual. He also noted that the issue of capacity-building had been reiterated, not only in the area of risk management, but also in the use of methodologies, including in measuring functionality, assets and risks.", "Agenda item 6 Comparison", "The first speaker elaborated on the regular lack of comparable data and referred to the existence of a country where the tax sector had to use the European database in finding comparable transactions, since there was no domestic data. Since the country differs from the European situation, and they have not yet made considerable progress in adapting them to the domestic market situation, these data are not entirely comparable, although the taxpayers have similar problems. One difficulty is the lack of funds to pay for the use of these databases in many developing countries, which may not be used by taxpayers themselves. One possibility is to introduce legislation requesting financial information to establish databases.", "Another speaker highlighted functional, asset and risk analysis. For example, functionality is particularly important and needs to be reviewed to recruit persons, their skills and basic circumstances. For some countries, market penetration strategies are important. In deciding who should assume costs between subsidiaries and parent companies, States are mindful of the nature of their overall operations and the relevant sectors, which will be filtered after search databases to ensure functional and economic comparability. They will find publicly available materials, including those required by other international regulatory bodies. In terms of comparability, it is important to know the process of a particular industry. In India, comparable data can be found in the corresponding databases in most cases, but these products are often complex and may be difficult to find comparable data.", "Another participant indicated that the issue of comparability was complex and noted that comparability was necessary and complex, but that it was generally possible to find a pretext that was not comparable. This raises uncertainty and leads to the regular use of the net profit rate. Whatever comparability is used, it may be justified against it. It is critical that the issue of comparability must be treated in good faith. It does not record what you are doing, but also why you do so, and does not only record what you do and record why you do not do. This applies both to Governments and to taxpayers. The negative side is very few decisions that are dark and require good credit in dealing with these uncertainties. The practical manual could deal with such issues in greater detail.", "One participant noted that the burden of proof was a dynamic or transferable presumption that could contribute to addressing complex costs and information gaps.", "In summarizing the discussion, the Chair referred to the benefits of harmonization among States in the same region. He noted that judges from non-transfer pricing experts might not understand the technical absence, and that such complex issues must be read as easily as possible. The incomplete documentation comes from good data, which may be difficult to obtain, as transnational corporations often have more information than government departments.", "Agenda item 7 Dispute settlement", "The first speaker introduced the topic and explained that the dispute settlement under the transfer pricing was very similar to that of the Commission's general mutual consultation process currently under discussion in the United Nations Model Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries. She noted the importance of effective dispute resolution mechanisms and stressed that it was beneficial for the tax sector and enterprises if properly and properly designed and implemented the mechanism.", "She noted the lack of resources in the tax sector in many developing countries and recommended that practical and effective dispute resolution mechanisms be put in place to minimize disputes and help them improve their efficiency. Turning to the role of the mutual consultation process in ensuring the purpose of strengthening double taxation treaties, including in avoiding double taxation. The most successful mutual consultation process is characterized by transparency, cooperation and certain independence of the audit function.", "With regard to the scheduled price agreements, she noted that such agreements were not necessarily appropriate for everyone and that they should be carefully engaged as a first option, although they were important for many countries.", "She was of the view that tax treaty arbitration was an important way to deal with a large number of dispute resolution efforts, to help the authorities deal more successfully with the work and to make confidence in the system. In practice, it may be more important than mediation. It should be pragmatic to address the difficulties faced, including whether the redistribution of arbitration costs could make it easier for States to accept that approach.", "The Secretariat noted that arbitration contributes to greater certainty. However, the cost and complexity of arbitration are a major challenge for many developing countries and may discourage them from adopting this approach. If the cost is borne by the taxpayer (and the consent of the taxpayer to participate closely in the process, it is often a problem in itself), the sense that this may encourage arbitrators to make decisions that are not conducive to the tax sector is therefore not a solution. It is also possible that, at least in the initial years, arbitrators may be considered to be lacking knowledge of the facts and conditions of developing countries. Extrabudgetary allocations may be required for arbitration costs and, in most cases, substantial foreign exchange will be required. If there are difficulties in that regard, there is a question that a State may agree on a position in a realistic way, even if it is objectively not the most appropriate and impartial result. With regard to pre-predictable price agreements, it is possible for States to join the system only when they believe that they are aware of the rules of game. Many countries may not consider that they should spend limited resources at an early stage on taxpayers that are likely to be in compliance. A phased approach was needed in that process to enhance confidence.", "One speaker drew attention to the extent to which States were able to invest in pre-payment agreements that were mainly related to compliance. He said that a good arbitration clause should not be costly, and the arbitration clause could be beneficial to a country that had many predetermined price agreements experience, but did not recommend that a developing country that had no such experience and expertise to adopt that provision. Greater attention should be given to arbitration and dispute settlement issues other than tax treaties, as there is no strong treaty network in developing countries, with little experience in such arbitration provisions. The United Nations could play an important role in developing a reliable list of experts for arbitration.", "With regard to domestic aspects of arbitration and dispute resolution, one speaker referred to the country's dispute resolution process, with very few national tax treaties and lengthy time to adopt legislative procedures. Thus, in practice, this issue is more internal disputes than arbitration under treaties. Many developing countries are reluctant to use arbitration and conciliation in such complex areas, and many of them have tight budget allocations that make it difficult to obtain the funds needed for arbitration cases. He referred to concerns about the lack of experience of arbitrators in developing countries and the need for experts from developing countries. This is an area in which the United Nations can play a role in capacity-building.", "In responding to the question of the failure of taxpayers to provide adequate documentation, a speaker raised the question of why developing countries could not make a firm presumption in the absence of documentation for taxpayers to fill the problem.", "Another speaker noted that litigation was more expensive in developed countries than in developing countries, and that developing countries had therefore transferred pricing litigation. Such proceedings are lengthy and must therefore find ways to avoid such disputes or to deal with such disputes. The safe port is a possibility, but it is more difficult than theory.", "Another participant noted that the business community strongly favoured the certainty and integrity of the investment system that could be brought by arbitration. As for costs, some funding for capacity-building could be used to support a standing group so that developing countries would not use those costs. In many cases, States referred to the issue of sovereignty and indicated that they could not agree to arbitration, but he considered that they should at least check whether they had similar provisions in treaties that they had signed in other areas of investment agreements. He noted that, in accordance with the European Union's approach to the elimination of double taxation in relation to the adjustment of corporate profits (European Union Arbitration Convention), one of the great benefits of the arbitration clause was to compel both parties to enter into mutual consultative process agreements. The Secretariat, however, asked whether the European approach applied to a more imbalanced relationship, such as the relationship between some developed and developing countries, and that a broad approach to addressing such imbalances was discussed.", "One participant noted that arbitration provisions were incomplete and that they might be attractive to investors. A number of amendments may be made to developing countries to make or select arbitrators by the United Nations or other acceptable bodies. As long as they are used, arbitration costs may be lower than other mechanisms, and they may avoid problems of integrity and are less affected by domestic proceedings. Another participant noted that arbitration could enhance the status of developing countries, as appropriate, by providing ministers with experts who do not hold high-level posts.", "Agenda item 8 Audit and risk assessment", "The first speaker stressed the importance of auditing and risk assessment for developing countries and recommended that strategies to encourage efficiency and effectiveness be put in place. States must determine which cases are high-risk and which are not high-risk and therefore do not require further action. Many countries do not “risk analysis”, particularly in cases where the relevant parties outside the country are a low tax jurisdiction. Limited resources should be used as efficiently as possible. This should be the case at the start-up stage of the transfer pricing problem, and at this stage it should address the issue of vulnerability to effectiveness (where there is no apparent error in the availability of substantial resources) and then address more complex resource-intensive cases.", "She said that, in the identification of risk assessment strategies, an important issue was whether there was a centralized or decentralized transfer pricing group. She noted the possibility of introducing safe ports at the risk assessment stage rather than at the audit stage, which would provide a degree of certainty for taxpayers and whether they were likely to be audited. She also noted that another important way of achieving a sound risk assessment was to ensure that the information was all relevant.", "Another speaker raised a number of points he considered essential for effective risk assessment. When assessing risks, the central approach is often necessary when a country has just started to transfer pricing. This does not mean, however, that a unit based at Headquarters is responsible for the conduct of the audit as a whole, but it is recommended that headquarters monitor to ensure risk assessment and audit quality. The right information must be obtained and the tax declaration should be included in key information on the transaction of the relevant parties. Care must be taken when sharing information with customs authorities as part of risk assessment. Customs information may be inaccurate and taxpayers may avoid being used as a basis for the transfer pricing adjustments and may also face difficulties.", "With regard to the transfer pricing system, developing countries are often able to draw on other countries, but attention should be given to the different domestic circumstances of the two countries. In a country with large domestic markets or rich resources, a rigorous audit approach may be successful, but a similar harsh approach in developing countries that do not have such conditions may impede external investment. He recommended that, in developing new tax audit laws, the knowledge of taxpayers within lawyers and enterprises be used, and in some cases they might have more experience than tax officials. Not all cases can be audited, and cooperation with taxpayers within the enterprise is important, particularly in the early stages, to promote good behaviour among taxpayers.", "Another participant noted that the authorities should carefully consider what information they wish taxpayers to provide in the reporting of taxes, requiring too much information that could lead to the provision of information that they were unable to properly analyse and that the right question could make risk assessments more informed and effective. She referred to the ongoing discussions within OECD on joint tax audits in different tax jurisdictions and said that it was a creative idea that could contribute to more efficient use of resources. However, such audits may be more effective in resolving potential tax disputes. She said that the use of tax assessment indicators for tax officials during a period of time had placed considerable pressure on taxpayers, although some States might take such an approach in the light of their integrity. Finally, the use of secret comparable data makes companies nervely strained, either because they are sensitive commercial information, and taxpayers are concerned about competitiveness or are unable to obtain information that is used as comparable data and thus cannot be questioned.", "One participant agreed with the difficulty of using data from other sources, including customs, for purposes of comparability. He noted the value of those data and noted that, despite the fact that the customs and tax sectors were to see different things, they had a common interest. Another participant noted that customs data were of particular importance to developing countries that were largely engaged in commodity trade and had made a strong effort to ensure the accuracy of trade data, particularly with little other useful data.", "Another participant suggested that auditing was not only individual taxpayers, but also the whole industry, a good idea, since companies in the same industry often took similar action. Cross-border cooperation to generate a compliance perception of the whole industry would help to build experience, develop more indicators and maximize resource benefits.", "One speaker said that the idea of a joint industrial audit was somewhat difficult because it was difficult to obtain information from a company in the presence of other companies, some of which were of a full-fledged nature, but others involved only specific companies. Auditing of all enterprises across the industry to ensure that common issues are treated equally, rather than auditing the industry will be more effective. The joint audit concerned information that had not been tested, and at that stage, he could not be sure that it was more effective in practice.", "Another participant noted that his country had initiated a joint audit plan, which found it difficult to understand why the tax sector would review the relevant materials, while other tax authorities, such as the value-added tax sector, would once again review similar material. In addition, the number of persons working in close contact with taxpayers may no longer be reliable, and as a result of the cost of training of tax auditors, how those who may have ceased to be reliable and how to replace them is a problem. Even with the recruitment of accountants from the private sector, they also require significant retraining.", "Another speaker noted that, in order to make clear, joint audits were not subject to real-time audits, which could address some of the concerns mentioned. One participant noted that, for reasons related to anti-monopoly/ competition law, information could be limited between competition. He shall not meet with a competition to meet and discuss any issues other than taxation, even if it must be recorded. For example, when attempting to determine the comparable price of a country's minerals, there may be competitive information available on the hand, but these information cannot be requested because of anti-monopoly/competitive policies.", "Closure of the session", "The Secretariat noted the importance of the conference, reflecting the important role of the United Nations convening capacity and non-governmental organizations in tax cooperation. The dialogue brought a number of different but very justifiable views, which were presented in a spirit of mutual respect and cooperation and could now be absorbed in the practical manual to meet the needs of developing countries. The present report will be transmitted to the Subcommittee responsible for drafting the chapters for consideration at its meeting in September 2011." ]

[ "联 合 国", "联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处主任专员的报告", "2012-2013年方案预算", "大 会", "正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第13 A号", "大 会 正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第13 A号", "[] 联合国 • 2011年，纽约", "联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处主任专员的报告", "2012-2013年方案预算", "A/66/13/Add.1", "说明", "ISSN 0251-7973", "联合国文件都用英文大写字母附加数字编号。凡是提到这种编号，就是指联合国的某一个文件。", "[2011年8月17日]", "目录", "章次 页次\n1.导言 1\n2.健康长寿的生活 19\n3.获得知识和技能 21\n4.体面的生活水准 24\n5.最充分地享受人权 28\n6.近东救济工程处有效和高效治理与支助 30\n7.联合国审计委员会的建议：执行情况 32", "第一章", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处或工程处)根据大会1949年12月8日第302(IV)号决议成立，1950年5月1日开始运作，是联合国系统的大会附属机构。工程处是联合国最大的方案之一，2011年任务规定涵盖了480万巴勒斯坦难民。正如大会第65/100号决议所述，工程处成立六十多年来发挥了重要作用，为巴勒斯坦难民的福祉、人类发展和保护以及改善其困境提供重要服务。大会每三年延长工程处的任务期限，最近第65/98号决议延长了工程处的任务期限，决议申明在巴勒斯坦难民问题得到公正解决以前，工程处的工作有必要继续下去。", "2. 近东救济工程处的任务是依照国际商定目标和标准，帮助巴勒斯坦难民在其生活的困难环境下实现人类发展的全部潜力。工程处实现这一任务的途径是，依照国际标准，向加沙地带、西岸、约旦、黎巴嫩和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国的巴勒斯坦难民提供各种基本服务。在联合国各机构中，近东救济工程处与众不同的是它直接为难民提供服务。工程处的任务由大会规定，随着时间的推移，根据业务情况的发展而演化。目前，工程处的任务已扩大到向难民提供教育、保健、救济和社会服务及小额供资和紧急援助，还提供基础设施和难民营改善，以及保护难民。", "A. 背景", "3. 中东最近的政治和安全事态只是对工程处的新近困扰，进一步消耗了工程处的有限资源，因而，限制了工程处为加沙地带、西岸、约旦、黎巴嫩和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国约500万难民提供服务的能力。西岸准入问题、加沙地带继续受到封锁、严重的资金限制和安全问题只是工程处日常面临的其中一些困难。尽管处境困难，被许多人视作这一动荡地区稳定力量的近东救济工程处仍在竭尽全力继续向巴勒斯坦难民提供直接服务。", "4. 近东救济工程处提供的核心服务在性质和范围上可与地方或国家政府提供的服务相比。近东救济工程处约有29 000名工作人员，是中东最大的用人单位之一，其中大部分工作人员本身就是巴勒斯坦难民。超过480 000名儿童在由约22 000名教育工作人员经办的工程处学校上学。去年，1 000多万病人在遍布这一区域的工程处137个保健中心就诊。近东救济工程处还协助将近280 000名最贫困、最脆弱的难民获取经改良的、针对最贫困者的社会安全网方案提供的额外援助。残障人士等有其他特殊需要者也获益于工程处保健中心提供的专门服务。性别平等问题正在纳入工程处各项核心方案的主流，而社区妇女赋权是工程处的主要核心领域。目前，在提供这些服务方面的挑战非常艰巨。", "5. 在加沙，工程处为注册的110万巴勒斯坦难民服务，其中包括210 000多名学生。尽管还有好几千学生有资格到工程处学校就学，但由于缺少教室不能上学。由于加沙地带受到封锁和2008年12月至2009年1月在加沙地带发生的冲突，经济遭到破坏，还需要大规模重建难民住房。在加沙地带需要重建的住房中，难民收容所占很大一部分，因此，工程处的责任因缺少资金和由于封锁难以运入建筑材料而更具挑战性。", "6. 在西岸，尽管情况有所改善，如减少了检查站数目，但准入和行动限制仍在孤立社区，不仅对政治而且对后勤提出挑战。这些挑战加剧了难民的困境，削弱了工程处在受影响地区以讲究成本效益的方式提供服务的能力。", "7. 在黎巴嫩，近东救济工程处仍是向贫穷程度高、脱贫机会有限的边缘化巴勒斯坦难民社区提供服务的主要方面。在黎巴嫩，2011年初新政府的成立增加了在工程处和难民关切的若干问题方面取得进展的希望。其中的一个关切领域是允许难民从事各种职业的立法，该立法尚有待实施。由于工程处不能向难民提供充分补助，使他们能够获取针对危及生命疾病的三级治疗，难民营出现骚动，直接威胁到工程处前线工作人员的安全。", "8. 在难民情况仍保持稳定的约旦，政府针对大众要求采取了各种措施，其中一项是增加公营部门雇员的薪金。对这一做法的影响讨论如下(见第12和第13段)。阿拉伯叙利亚共和国一直是状况稳定的行动区，但2011年发生了暴乱，对工程处在这一地区的活动造成了挑战。", "9. 工程处提供的直接服务对整个区域巴勒斯坦难民的福祉至关重要。若工程处的财政状况没有改善，则会受益者造成直接巨大的影响。没有充足的资源已经损害了工程处各方案的质量。尽管这些年来对工程处的预算外捐款逐步增加，但跟不上人口和费用不断增加的速度。", "B. 规划假定", "10. 近东救济工程处充分认识到，致力于满足受益者的要求和应对财务困难的核心是，工程处必须大幅改善其运作方式。", "11. 2004年6月举行划时代的日内瓦会议后，2006年，近东救济工程处开始了迄今最雄心勃勃的改革进程，题为“组织发展”。这一改革进程于2009年结束，对工程处的管理制度和规划框架进行了意义深远的变革。在组织发展计划的基础上，工程处继续改革，制订了称作“持续变革”的计划。该计划大纲于2011年5月审定，于2011年6月末提交给工程处的咨询委员会届会。该计划主旨是在接下来的两个两年期完成构想的工程处体制变革。组织发展计划着手振兴近东救济工程处的管理，而持续变革旨在搞活方案，确保在过度拥挤的学校、诊所和营地服务中心提供服务时，加强最需要的平等和效力。该计划还把增强工程处的资源调动能力放在优先地位。由于组织发展和根据持续变革计划取得的进展，工程处通过2010-2015年中期战略等提出了较长期的战略重点，由一个有力的成果规划制度提供支助。监测和评价能力得到了进一步发展，而且工程处还在其规划中纳入了对联合国全系统发展和人道主义工作有重要意义的贯穿各领域的问题，诸如性别平等、残疾与保护。工程处还向外地管理层授予了更大权力，以提高效率，同时力求确保工程处总部提供所需的支助，维护全工程处的相关标准、方案规划和评价方面的良好做法以及成果问责。此外，对工程处的采购规则做了全面修订，使其更符合整个联合国系统采用的标准。工程处的人力资源程序也做了彻底革新，侧重于改善征聘进程和工作人员管理，这对拥有约29 000名工作人员的工程处而言非常重要，这些工作人员是向数以百万计受益者提供优质服务的关键。", "12. 工作人员费用占近东救济工程处预算很大部分(见表4)，因为每天直接提供服务需要大量工作人员(约29 000人)。努力与东道国当局公共部门薪金保持一致，使工程处的资金可持续性很容易受到经济动荡的冲击。例如，2011年间，阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和约旦增加了公共部门的薪金，近东救济工程处因而每年多支出约850万美元。", "13. 东道国政府面临日益增加的提供优质服务的要求，而其自身的财政状况在恶化。有些情况下，利用东道国政府服务的一些巴勒斯坦难民回到工程处，这增加了近东救济工程处提供服务的压力。与此同时，捐助方期望提高服务提供的效率、效力和质量。因此，工程处在资源基础有限和业务费用不断增加的情况下，面临来自所有主要利益攸关方提出的不断增加的要求和期望。", "C. 预算结构", "14. 近东救济工程处的预算结构反映了2010-2015年中期战略，是根据为各个外地办事处和总部部门编制的第二个两年期战略的实施计划制订的。以下各章以及其中提出的预期成绩、绩效指标和计量办法，反映出近东救济工程处继续决心实行在2010-2011两年期开始实行的成果预算编制。", "15. 中期战略为巴勒斯坦难民确定了4项人类发展目标，即：", "(a) 拥有健康长寿的生活；", "(b) 获得知识和技能；", "(c) 拥有体面的生活水准；", "(d) 最充分地享受人权。", "16. 为了根据工程处战略把资金直接与落实成果相联系，本预算包括了按目标和战略目标分列的细目，如以下图表所示：", "按部门和行动区分列、显示各部门国际和地区工作人员数目的近东救济工程处组织结构图(图一)；按人类发展目标、经常预算、项目预算和其他要求分列的2012-2013年方案预算总表(表1)；按外地办事处分列的经常预算以及2008-2009、2010-2011和2012-2013两年期的比较数字(表2和图二)；按人类发展目标分列的经常预算以及2008-2009、2010-2011和2012-2013两年期的比较数字(表3和图三)；按支出类别分列的经常预算以及2008-2009、2010-2011和2012-2013两年期的比较数字(表4和图四)；按人类发展目标和外地办事处分列的项目预算(表5)。", "图一", "联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处2012-2013两年期组织结构和员额分配", "注：75个国际员额由预算外资源供资。", "缩写：USG，副秘书长；ASG，助理秘书长；RB，经常预算；XB，预算外；GS，一般事务；OL，其他职等。", "^(a) 本地员额。 ^(b) 新员额。 ^(c) 改叙员额。 ^(d) 表7未列入小额供资部员额数目。", "表1 2012-2013两年期预算", "(以千美元计)", "2012财政年度 2013财政年度 2012-2013两年期\n 经常预算 项目预算 共计 经常预算 项目预算 共计 经常预算 项目预算 共计", "人类发展目标 现金^(a) 实物 共计 现金^(a) 实物 共计 现金^(a) 实物 共计", "健康长寿的生活 116 513 1 313 117 826 14 673 132 116 1 320 117 14 673 132 489 233 2 633 235 642 29 346 264 499 496 816 009 988", "获得知识和技能 327 572 523 328 095 8 581 336 336 530 336 8 581 345 426 663 1 053 664 940 17 162 682 676 315 845 887 102", "体面的生活水准 82 889 — 82 889 302 288 385 86 076 — 86 076 265 673 351 749 168 — 168 965 567 961 736 177 965 926", "最充分地享受人权 3 719 1 3 720 12 765 16 485 3 519 1 3 520 12 765 16 285 7 238 2 7 240 25 530 32 770", "近东救济工程处有效和高 90 246 — 90 246 20 623 110 83 900 — 83 900 20 623 104 523 174 — 174 146 41 246 215 效的治理与支助 869 146 392", "小计 620 939 1 837 622 776 358 930 981 626 1 851 628 322 315 950 472 1 247 3 688 1 250 933 681 245 1 932 706 306 157 245 178", "所需其他资源", "意外准备金^(b) 11 000 — 11 000 — 11 000 11 000 — 11 000 — 11 000 22 000 — 22 000 — 22 000", "加薪准备金 16 135 — 16 135 — 16 135 31 135 — 31 135 — 31 135 47 270 — 47 270 — 47 270", "离职福利准备金 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 4 000 — 4 000 — 4 000", "新的企业资源规划准备金 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 4 000 — 4 000 — 4 000", "资本化和折旧准备金^(c) 1 000 — 1 000 — 1 000 1 000 — 1 000 — 1 000 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000", "小计 32 135 — 32 135 — 32 135 47 135 — 47 135 — 47 135 79 270 — 79 270 — 79 270", "共计 653 074 1 837 654 911 358 930 1 013 673 1 851 675 322 315 997 607 1 326 3 688 1 330 203 681 245 2 011 841 441 292 515 448", "^(a) 包括2012-2013年分册要求增设的13个国际员额和5个改叙员额的费用。", "^(b) 包括用于购粮现金、外汇、年假和普通用途的准备金。", "^(c) 为遵守落实《国际公共部门会计准则》的要求，资本化和折旧准备金被列为专项准备金。", "表2 按外地办事处分列的所需经常预算", "(现金和实物，以千美元计)", "资源增长^(d)", "外地办事处 2008年 2009年 2010年 2011年 2012年 2013年 数额 百分比 支出 支出 支出 预算 估计数^(a) 估计数^(a)", "加沙地带 183 994 179 864 213 600 205 995 214 905 216 106 11 416 2.72", "黎巴嫩 61 929 72 492 75 360 74 714 78 869 79 533 8 328 5.55", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国 44 194 45 861 48 640 54 226 56 339 57 383 10 856 10.55", "约旦 105 866 104 671 116 902 116 697 123 182 124 541 14 124 6.05", "西岸 83 102 82 229 96 658 96 617 103 269 103 868 13 862 7.17", "总部", "教育方案 2 707 2 406 2 887 3 247 2 915 2 925 (294) (4.79)", "保健方案 717 1 043 1 114 1 283 1 236 1 245 84 3.50", "救济和社会服务方案 873 914 1 209 1 272 1 172 1 181 (128) (5.16)", "基础设施和营地改善方案 1 158 1 728 1 415 1 881 2 345 1 949 998 30.28", "支助部门 23 718 22 351 28 865 36 425 38 544 39 426 12 680 19.42", "小计 508 258 513 559 586 650 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "所需其他资源", "意外准备金^(b，a) — — — 2 809 11 000 11 000 19 191 683.20", "加薪准备金^(b) — — — 24 500 16 135 31 135 22 770 92.94", "离职福利准备金^(b) — — — 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 078) (21.23)", "新的企业资源规划准备金^(b) — — — — 2 000 2 000 4 000 —", "资本化和折旧准备金^(b，e) (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) — 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77)", "小计 (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539", "共计 505 974 512 531 584 994 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9.96", "^(a) 包括2012-2013年分册要求增设的13个国际员额和5个改叙员额的费用。", "^(b) 2008-2010年比较数字列入了各个外地办事处和总部支出。", "^(c) 包括用于购粮现金、外汇、年假和普通用途的准备金。", "^(d) 资源增长：两个两年期之间的比较。", "^(e) 为遵守落实《国际公共部门会计准则》的要求，资本化和折旧准备金被列为专项准备金。", "图二", "按外地办事处分列的经常预算", "(现金和实物，以千美元计)", "[]", "表3", "按人类发展目标分列的所需经常预算", "(现金和实物，以千美元计)", "资源增长^(d)", "人类发展目标 2008年 2009年 2010年 2011年 2012年 2013年 数额 百分比 支出 支出 支出 预算 估计数^(a) 估计数^(a)", "健康长寿的生活 89 001 89 735 107 770 116 302 117 826 117 816 15 023 6.81", "获得知识和技能 277 713 281 851 313 679 299 571 328 095 336 845 51 975 8.48", "体面的生活水准 68 344 63 932 73 387 72 260 82 889 86 076 44 173 35.40", "最充分地享受人权 4 279 4 223 3 875 4 598 3 720 3 520 (1 233) (14.55)", "近东救济工程处有效和 68 921 73 818 87 938 99 626 90 246 83 900 (38 012) — 高效的治理与支助", "小计 508 258 513 559 586 649 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "所需其他资源", "意外准备金^(b，c) — — — 2 809 11 000 11 000 19 191 683.20", "加薪准备金^(b) — — — 24 500 16 135 31 135 22 770 92.94", "离职福利准备金^(b) — — — 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 078) (21.23)", "新的企业资源规划准备金^(b) — — — — 2 000 2 000 4 000", "资本化和折旧准备金^(b，e) (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) — 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77)", "小计 (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 157.95", "共计 505 974 512 531 584 993 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9.96", "^(a) 包括2012-2013年分册要求增设的13个国际员额和5个改叙员额的费用。", "^(b) 2008-2010年比较数字列入了各个外地办事处和总部支出。", "^(c) 包括用于购粮现金、外汇、年假和普通用途的准备金。", "^(d) 资源增长：两个两年期之间的比较。", "^(e) 为遵守落实《国际公共部门会计准则》的要求，资本化和折旧准备金被列为专项准备金。", "图三", "按人类发展目标分列的经常预算", "(现金和实物，以千美元计)", "[]", "表4", "按支出类别分列的所需经常预算", "(现金和实物，以千美元计)", "资源增长^(d)", "支出类别 2008年 2009年 2010年 2011年 2012年 2013年 数额 百分比 支出 支出 支出 预算 估计数^(a) 估计数^(a)", "国际工作人员费用 20 525 22 611 26 648 32 587 30 460 30 843 2 068 3.49", "地区工作人员费用 379 354 372 734 429 053 424 676 451 516 471 662 69 449 8.13", "服务 25 860 26 957 34 360 42 264 41 600 38 717 3 693 4.82", "用品 50 464 59 091 59 872 59 195 67 288 65 184 13 405 11.26", "设备和建筑 5 978 8 186 12 926 12 294 15 060 12 505 2 345 9.30", "房地 8 377 8 165 9 713 14 170 16 491 15 258 7 866 32.94", "赠款和补贴 22 258 17 090 18 567 14 480 21 366 20 825 9 144 27.67", "外地准备金 — — — (4 457) 1 282 837 6 576 —", "成本回收 (4 558) (1 275) (4 489) (2 852) (22 287) (27 674) — —", "小计 508 258 513 559 586 650 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "所需其他资源", "意外准备金^(b，c) — — — 2 809 11 000 11 000 19 191 683.20", "加薪准备金^(b) — — — 24 500 16 135 31 135 22 770 92.94", "离职福利准备金^(b) — — — 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 078) (21.23)", "新的企业资源规划准备金^(b) — — — — 2 000 2 000 4 000 —", "资本化和折旧准备金^(b，e) (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) — 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77)", "小计 (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 157.95", "共计 505 974 512 531 584 994 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9.96", "^(a) 包括2012-2013年分册要求增设的13个国际员额和5个改叙员额的费用。", "^(b) 2008-2010年比较数字列入了各个外地办事处和总部支出。", "^(c) 包括用于购粮现金、外汇、年假和普通用途的准备金。", "^(d) 资源增长：两个两年期之间的比较。", "^(e) 为遵守落实《国际公共部门会计准则》的要求，资本化和折旧准备金被列为专项准备金。", "图四", "按支出类别分列的经常预算", "(现金和实物，以千美元计)", "[]", "表5", "按人类发展目标和外地办事处分列的项目预算", "(以千美元计)", "人类发展目标 加沙地带^(a) 黎巴嫩^(b) 阿拉伯叙利亚 约旦 西岸 总部 共计 共和国", "健康长寿的生活 13 198 14 563 — — — 1 585 29 346", "获得知识和技能 — — 2 814 14 348 — — 17 162", "体面的生活水准 402 485 155 940 — 2 005 6 599 932 567 961", "最充分地享受人权 25 530 — — — — — 25 530", "近东救济工程处有效和高效的治理与支助^(c) — — — — — 41 246 41 246", "共计 441 213 170 503 2 814 16 353 6 599 43 763 681 245", "^(a) 加沙地带项目预算包括与重建有关的4亿美元。", "^(b) 黎巴嫩外地办事处项目预算包括2012-2013年间用于巴里德河难民营的1.15亿美元。完成整个项目所需资金总额为2.07亿美元。", "^(c) 近东救济工程处有效和高效的治理与支助项下的4 120万美元包括用于企业资源规划的2 600万美元和用于持续变革倡议的1 500万美元，持续变革倡议涉及教育和保健领域的改革及设立对外关系和通信部。", "D. 人员配置表", "17. 为交付核心方案和项目，工程处雇用国际和地区工作人员。", "18. 大会1974年12月17日第3331 B(XXIX)号决议决定，在近东救济工程处任职的国际工作人员的薪金费用，原本由自愿捐款支付，在工程处任务期限内改由联合国经常预算供资，自1975年1月1日起开始实行。2010-2011两年期，133个国际工作人员员额由经常预算供资。", "19. 除核定的133个国际工作人员员额外，主计长建议将13个新员额(1个D-1、3个P-5、4个P-4和5个P-3)和5个改叙员额(4个D-1改为D-2、1个P-4改为P-5)列入2012-2013年拟议方案预算。这些新的国际工作人员员额有助于达到对工程处的更高要求，因为大会在整个联合国倡议遵循主要最佳做法政策和倡议，包括执行《国际公共部门会计准则》和安全管理系统标准和政策，如最低运作安保标准和性别平等主流化等。", "20. 除上述外，75个国际工作人员员额由经常预算以外的来源供资(见表6)。共69个员额由项目基金供资；2个员额由联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)供资；2个员额由世界卫生组织(世卫组织)供资；1个员额由小额供资和微型企业部通过其方案收入供资；1个员额由工程处节约储金供资。", "表6 2012-2013年所需国际工作人员编制", "类别 经常预算 其他来源 \n 专业及以上 \n 副秘书长 1 — \n 助理秘书长 1 — \n D-2 8 2 \n D-1 10 2 \n P-5 27 7 \n P-4/P-3 86 54 \n P-2/P-1 2 3 \n 小计 135 68 \n 其他职等 \n 总务 11 7 \n 小计 11 7 \n 共计 146 75", "^(a) 在经常预算栏内列入拟增设的13个国际员额和5个核定改叙员额。", "21. 截至2011年6月30日，近东救济工程处核心方案主要通过29 763名当地(“地区”)工作人员交付。如果工程处要实现本预算中提出的绩效，2013年底这一数目需增至30 823名(见表7)。", "表7 截至2013年12月31日地方工作人员估计数按人类发展目标分列", "目标 加沙 黎巴嫩 阿拉伯叙利亚 约旦 西岸 总部 共计 共和国", "长寿健康的生活 1 439 592 412 1 065 850 22 4 380", "获得知识和技能 9 329 1 840 2 552 5 251 2 854 80 21 906", "体面的生活水准 560 229 167 351 417 19 1 743", "最充分地享受人权 48 16 63 42 37 5 211", "近东救济工程处有效和高效的治理和支助 537 347 390 442 509 358 2 583", "共计 11 913 3 024 3 584 7 151 4 667 484 30 823", "E. 财务状况", "22. 除了由经常预算(通过分摊的会费)供资的国际工作人员员额和联合国其他机构提供的员额之外，近东救济工程处现在的业务、项目和紧急呼吁的经费都来自捐助者的自愿捐款。", "23. 表8显示2010年工程处预算的筹资现况，包括由经常预算专用捐款和非专用捐款供资的活动。", "24. 2010财政年度财务结果明确显示，工程处在努力执行任务过程中遇到资金短缺的情况。由非专用自愿捐款供资的经常预算出现4 730万美元资金缺口，而项目预算短缺2.049亿美元。", "表8 2010年工程处筹资现况", "(以百万美元计)", "经常资源\n 编入预算的活动 未编入预算的活动 项目 紧急呼吁", "预算 601.9 262.0 323.3^(a)", "捐款和收入 554.6^(b) 50.6^(c) 57.1 162.0", "资金缺口 (47.3) — (204.9) (161.3)", "^(a) 指2010年紧急呼吁中的所需数额。", "^(b) 包括现金和实物收入。", "^(c) 指标明未列于公布的2010年方案预算中的活动收入(例如，粮食援助(现金补贴)和特困情况援助)：巴勒斯坦被占领土为2008年12月27日至2009年1月19日期间近东救济工程处在加沙地带发生的事件中蒙受的损失提供赔偿，组织发展——第二阶段和企业资源规划。", "25. 2010年巴勒斯坦被占领土紧急呼吁资金短缺1.613亿美元。", "26. 2011年当前收支预测(见表9)显示，对比编入预算的支出额6.247亿美元和预计普通基金收入总额5.202亿美元(根据指示性捐助者捐款估计数和利息收入估计数计算)，经常预算资金缺口为1.045亿美元。普通基金是为工程处所需现金和实物提供非专用自愿捐款的机制。如果得不到额外捐助，工程处将无法充分开展编入预算的活动。巴勒斯坦被占领土2011年紧急呼吁资金短缺2.059亿美元，预计项目预算短缺1.53亿美元。", "表9 预计2011年工程处筹资状况", "(以百万美元计)", "经常预算 项目 紧急呼吁", "预算 624.7 228.8 342.6", "预计收入^(a) 520.2 75.8 136.7", "资金缺口 (104.5) (153.0) (205.9)", "^(a) 年终预测和截至2011年6月底确认的认捐。", "27. 目前2012年收支预测(见表10)不看好。如果事实证明这些预测正确，资金缺口将进一步增至1.332亿美元(根据指示性捐助者捐款估计数和预测的方案支助费用回收额计算)。", "表10 预计2012年资金缺口", "(以百万美元计)", "经常预算", "预算 654.9", "预计收入 521.7", "资金缺口 (133.2)", "28. 2011年和2012年预计捐助者捐款收入见下文表11", "表11 2011年和2012年普通基金收入预测", "(以百万美元计)", "捐助者\t预计收入2011\t收入预测2012\t捐助者\t预计收入^(a)2011\t收入预测2012 \n澳大利亚\t6 300\t6 300\t小计^(b/f)\t215700\t215 100\n 巴林 100 100 沙特阿拉伯 5 200 2 000 \n 比利时 4 300 1 400 西班牙 14 300 12 600 \n 加拿大 0 — 瑞典 43 900 43 600 \n 丹麦 12 800 13 400 瑞士 10 500 12 000 \n 埃及 100 100 土耳其 1 000 1 000 \n欧盟\t115100\t114 400\t阿拉伯联合酋长国\t1 800\t1 800\n 芬兰 4 200 4 300 联合王国 31 900 47 900 \n法国\t6 700\t6 400\t联合王国(业绩增长)\t5 400\t—\n德国\t8 700\t9 000\t美国\t114600\t114 600\n 爱尔兰 5 700 5 700 非咨询委员会 13 600 13 600 \n 意大利 2 900 2 900 非政府组织 1 900 3 800 \n 日本 2 900 2 900 实物捐助 3 500 1 900 \n 科威特 2 000 2 000 利息 2 118 3 000 \n 荷兰 18 600 18 600 \n挪威\t25 200\t27 500\t方案支助费用回收\t24 000\t20 000\n卡塔尔\t100\t100\t由纽约供资的国际工作人员\t30 782\t28 803\n小计^(c/f)\t215700\t215 100\t共计\t520200\t521 703", "^(a) 年终预测和截至2011年6月底确认的认捐。", "29. 目前，近东救济工程处在预算与收支之间长期存在差异的财务状况下运作。工程处审查了其在一些关键领域致力于发展资源调动能力的情况，包括：", "(a) 将前对外关系部和前总部新闻办公室合并为对外关系和沟通部；", "(b) 拟订伙伴关系战略，并在对外关系和沟通部内设立伙伴关系处；", "(c) 在哥伦比亚特区华盛顿建立新的代表处；", "(d) 加强布鲁塞尔代表处；", "(e) 重申对外关系和沟通部作为工程处资源调动协调中心的核心作用；及", "(f) 任命一名对外关系和沟通部高级主任，在加强内部协调的支持下，领导新战略的制订工作。", "30. 近东救济工程处新资源调动战略假定，有可能增加来自市场各部门的总体收入，但承认不可能大幅改变目前轨迹。工程处承认，普通基金今后几年的目标具有挑战性，但认为如果采取一些措施减少费用，则能够实现这些目标。工程处指出阿拉伯捐助者为近东救济工程处项目提供了慷慨支持，工程处继续与他们联系，争取他们为普通基金提供更多捐款。对传统捐助者的相对依赖可进一步减少，但从这些来源的资助水平必须继续增加。为了进一步成功调动资源，还需对宣传部门投资。", "31. 该战略提出三项战略目标：", "(a) 加深与传统捐助者的合作，导致：", "• 可预测的普通基金捐款与支出预测同步增长；", "• 适当应对紧急情况和外地具体需要；", "• 就外联活动和资源调动开展合作。", "(b) 捐助群体多样化，导致：", "• 新兴经济体增加他们在普通基金中的份额。", "• 非传统捐助者(欧洲联盟)增加对各筹资门户的捐款；", "• 在各筹资门户中增加阿拉伯捐款；", "• 私人和公司捐款大幅增加；", "• 伙伴关系和合作行动给工程处带来经济和非经济惠益。", "(c) 发展工程处调动资源和管理捐助者关系的能力", "• 在战略上，总部和各外地办事处与近东救济工程处总体资源调动优先事项保持一致；", "• 充分利用宣传与捐助者关系之间的协同作用。", "32. 图五显示预计2012年和2013年工程处预算总额供资来源，包括经常预算和项目预算。", "图五 2012-2013年预算供资", "(以千美元计)", "对普通基金的自愿现金捐款 1 228 063 []", "对项目的自愿现金捐款 681 245", "对普通基金的自愿实物捐助 3 688", "联合国经常预算 50 346", "其他 48 106", "共计 2 011 448", "33. 2012-2013年预算总额约95%需由自愿捐款支付，其中64.2%是对普通基金的现金捐款，所收现金的35.6%用于资助项目，约0.2%是对普通基金的实物捐助。", "34. 133个核定国际员额、拟增设的13个员额和5个拟改叙员额由经常预算供资，约占年度预算总额的2.5%。其余2.4%的其他收入来自以下来源：", "(a) 利息收入和杂项收入，包括方案支助费用，每年不超过2 300万美元；", "(b) 教科文组织和世卫组织分别为6个工作人员员额(2个国际和4地区工作人员员额)和4个员额(2个国际和2个地区工作人员员额)提供经费，作为他们向教育和卫生方案提供的一部分技术援助。", "35. 如果捐助者的捐款继续低于为不断增加的服务需求供资所需的数额，则对工程处能力的制约将继续损害难民的人类发展标准，给东道国当局造成额外压力。", "36. 近东救济工程处认识到，由于当前全球经济环境导致资源匮乏、人口增长导致需求不断增加以及通货膨胀压力，工程处必须确定其主要方案中各项服务和活动的优先次序。因此，预算中的资金仅用于已确定的核心活动，这些活动对满足难民基本需要非常重要。工程处需要这样做的所需资源，以履行其核心任务。", "第二章", "目标1：健康长寿的生活", "A. 人类发展目标", "37. 近东救济工程处保健方案通过提供综合初级保健服务及与社区协力促进健康的生活方式，使巴勒斯坦难民能够长寿健康地生活。", "B. 具体目标", "38. 该方案的具体目标如下：", "(a) 普及高质量综合初级保健；", "(b) 可持续地保护和促进家庭健康；", "(c) 确保预控疾病。", "C. 制约与挑战", "39. 60多年来，近东救济工程处保健方案一直向巴勒斯坦难民提供初步保健服务，在保健方面，特别是在妇幼保健领域取得一些显著收益。但实施保健方案的背景正在发生变化，带来一系列新的挑战。", "40. 人口老化和生活方式的改变导致巴勒斯坦难民非传染性疾病发病率增加，赶上了全球类似趋势。非传染性疾病包括高血压、糖尿病、肥胖症、与吸烟有关的肺病和癌症。这些疾病通常需要终生保健，用于治疗的药物往往很贵。由于预算限制，目前近东救济工程处不能够提供降低胆固醇的药物，而这些药物对大部分非传染性疾病患者的治疗至关重要。此类疾病的并发症可能严重到需要住院治疗，也可能导致残疾。因此，处理日益增加的慢性病负担对人员配置、药品和住院治疗造成巨大资源问题。此外，必须与社区共同作出巨大努力，处理与生活方式有关的危险因素，这些因素是防控传染性疾病的关键所在。目前，需要资源开展有效的宣传活动，并建设社区支助组织的能力。", "41. 与世界各国的情况一样，近东救济工程处业务领域的保健费继续攀升。近年来，工程处面临药物费和住院费大幅上涨的情况。此外，贫穷加剧可能使以前使用私人医生的难民开始使用工程处的服务，给工程处保健服务造成额外负担。另一个令人关切的问题是东道国政策发生变化，可能影响难民利用卫生部设施，使他们更加依赖工程处的服务。因此，今后几年对工程处保健服务的需求可能增加，但可利用的资源可能不会同步增加。", "42. 由于对服务的需求不断增加，慢性病终身保健的需要日益增长，因此近东救济工程处必须寻找新的方式提供保健服务，以确保今后保健服务的质量。最近实行的家庭保健工作队办法促进了整个家庭的综合保健，重点是继续提供保健服务，在保健人员、患者、家庭和社区之间建立联系。这是初级保健现代化，以跟上区域和全球趋势，还必须投资于系统开发和工作人员能力培养，从而能够满足今后保健需要的有效的高质量保健服务。", "43. 许多非传染性疾病患者通常有处理复杂病情的需要，他们的长期保健需要运作良好的病历系统。此外，与许多患者使用昂贵药物有关的所涉资源问题需要适当的保健管理信息系统，以监测保健的效率。近东救济工程处目前的信息系统不足以满足这些复杂的信息需求。为了今后能够循证决策和适当分配资源，需要大量投资于保健信息系统。", "44. 许多保健设施都设在旧楼里，由于资金拮据，多年来一直失于维修。评估所有保健设施仍是一项没有供资的挑战性工作，评估旨在确保这些设施能够发挥必要功能、有效、使用安全、抗震、环保及符合既定目标。", "45. 虽然大多数难民营都有供水和下水道网络，但对难民饮水和用水的质量以及基础设施系统的适当性所知甚少。要根据世卫组织标准改进难民营环境基础设施网络的质量，就必须对各系统的适当性进行综合评估，但这也是一项没有供资的挑战性工作。", "46. 由于预算限制，虽然认识到环境问题的重要性，但是近东救济工程处只在机会出现和设想最低支出时处理环境问题。目前，只通过项目为一般环境问题编制预算。", "47. 大约28 000名巴勒斯坦难民生活在阿拉伯叙利亚共和国南部的Dar'a营地，不卫生、不安全的生活条件影响着他们的健康。在该营地和其他营地，由于供水系统和下水道系统不适当且漏水，与水有关的疾病报道并非不寻常。", "D. 财政资源", "48. 表12按人类发展目标1的具体目标分列所需资源。", "表12 按具体目标分列健康长寿的生活所需资源 (现金与实物，以千美元计)", "2012年估计数 2013年估计数", "普及高质量综合初级保健 83 520 84 327", "可持续地保护和促进家庭保健 7 282 7 327", "确保防控疾病 27 024 26 162", "经常预算共计 117 826 117 816", "项目预算 14 673 14 673", "总计 132 499 132 489", "第三章", "目标2：获得知识和技能", "A. 人类发展目标", "49. 近东救济工程处力图将其教育发展与优先事项纳入千年发展目标和全民教育倡议的全球框架。近东救济工程处通过设在约旦、黎巴嫩、加沙地带、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和西岸的约700所学校，为近500万巴勒斯坦难民儿童提供教育服务。近一半的工程处学校位于难民营内。", "50. 近41%的巴勒斯坦难民在18岁以下，受到高失业率和贫穷率的影响。在这种情况下，教育仍是产生持久积极的社会经济影响的最可靠方法之一。因此，为实现第二个千年发展目标(普及基础教育)，近东救济工程处2012-2013两年期的重点将是通过全系统教育改革来提高基础教育服务质量。教育改革战略符合整体近东救济工程处持续改革议程、中期战略及国家、区域和全球全民教育的愿望。", "51. 近东救济工程处的教育改革关注通过全工程处监测和学习成绩测试查明的教育质量下降的看法。教育改革的目的是建立一个有利的环境，让学校和教师得到适当、及时、专业和行政支持。这将在教育、技术和经济上有助于在实现近东救济工程处学校内的巴勒斯坦难民学生接受高质量教育方面取得有意义的进展。", "52. 儿童有受教育的权利——大会维护这项权利，一直鼓励工程处与联合国其他有关实体密切合作，继续在按照《儿童权利公约》满足儿童需要和维护儿童权利方面取得进展。实现普及初级教育是第二个千年发展目标，国际社会一直致力于改进全民教育质量。近东救济工程处开办了700所小学和预备学校，为近50万名巴勒斯坦难民儿童提供免费基础教育。随着时间的推移，工程处的学校赢得了辍学率低和学习成绩较好的声誉。巴勒斯坦难民的识字率与该区域的人不相上下，自1970年代以来招生工作落实了两性平等。", "53. 通过其教育系统，近东救济工程处在帮助巴勒斯坦难民儿童茁壮成长、实现其潜力及在成长过程中了解自己的权利并尊重他人的权利方面潜力最大。因此，工程处教育方案所提供的基础教育被视为工程处所有难民服务的最高优先事项。近东救济工程处的教育方案还有助于实现就业战略目标。", "B. 具体目标", "54. 目标2的具体目的是：", "(a) 普及基础教育；", "(b) 按照既定标准提高教育质量和成果；", "(c) 增加有特殊教育需要的学生受教育的机会。", "C. 制约与挑战", "55. 学校建筑和基础设施。70%以上的学校实行二部制，15%租用校舍，用于学校基础设施维修和加固的资源微薄。近东救济工程处致力于向其所有学生提供完整的基础教育。尽管不断努力降低辍学率，仍需要进一步努力，因为在近东救济工程处系统中，约有10%的男生和5%的女生没有完成整个基础教育周期。", "56. 学生成绩。在近东救济工程处监测和学习成绩测试中，在认知要求不高的技能上表现最好，在要求较高的技能(如推论、将知识运用到现实世界和实行两步程序)上表现较差。后者前提是掌握不太复杂的思维技巧。一些近东救济工程处学生明显成绩不佳，只有不到三分之一参加监测和学习成绩测试算术技能评估的四年级和八年级学生得分在零至30%之间。此外，在相同测试中，近三分之二近东救济工程处学生的八年级阿拉伯语得分在零至30%之间。这突出表明，有必要通过适当的职前和在职培训以及对教师的支持，更加注重提高教学和学习质量。", "57. 丰富课程内容。近东救济工程处的五个行动区都使用东道国课程。这使得提供统一质量的教育，以及有关课程质量的全工程处政策、结构和系统主流化，特别具有挑战性。近东救济工程处丰富课程内容，以提高质量并确保将联合国的价值观纳入课程，尽管工程处教育方案主管人员的能力受到制约。", "58. 教育质量。当前的教师培养及任职前和在职职业生涯发展方案往往是较常规的，必须努力采取非常规的战略，包括利用开放式远程学习方法的学校教师发展方案。", "59. 全纳教育。目前在近东救济工程处各机构中，估计有10万名有特殊教育需要的学生没有得到照顾。工程处的全纳教育愿景将保证所有难民儿童，不论性别、能力、残疾、残障、健康状况和社会经济地位平等如何，都能平等接受有意义的和高质量教育。因此，近东救济工程处日趋注重全纳教育，正在为工程处学校制定关于以最佳方式支持有特殊教育需要儿童的政策、共用术语和准则。", "60. 许多学校的设施已经破旧，多年来由于资金限制忽略了维护。对学校建筑结构完整性的评估显示，这些学校的一些校舍必须加固结构，或者作为当务之急予以取代，否则将危及学生的健康和安全。仍需要获得资金来解决这个问题。", "61. 此外，对所有教育设施进行评估仍然是资金无着落的挑战，该项评估旨在确保教育设施发挥必要的功能、有效率、使用安全、抗震、无害环境及符合既定标准。此类评估将使工程处能够确定措施的优先次序并提高效率。", "D. 财政资源", "62. 表13按人类发展目标2的具体目标分列所需资源", "表13 获得知识和技能：按具体目标分列的所需资源", "(现金和实物，以千美元计)", "2012年估计数 2013年估计数", "普及基础教育 83 650 82 280", "按照既定标准提高教育质量和成果 239 584 249 538", "增加有特殊教育需要的学生受教育的机会 4 861 5 027", "经常预算共计 328 095 336 845", "项目预算 8 581 8 581", "共计 336 676 345 426", "第四章", "目标3：体面的生活水准", "A. 人类发展目标", "63. 要有尊严地生活，难民必须能够达到体面的生活水准；有一个安全的住所；足够数量的粮食；有机会学习可找到工作的技能。从本质上讲，难民必须有机会摆脱贫穷。享有体面生活水准的权利——通过适当的住房、食物和工作——载于各项人权协定，并得到千年发展目标1(消除赤贫和饥饿)的加强，该目标包括实现生产性就业和体面工作的指标。联合国还致力于为穷人提供普惠金融服务。", "64. 工程处为支持这一目标所采取的各项措施要求其救济与社会事务部方案、小额供资方案、教育方案、难民营改善和基础设施方案作出一致反应。", "65. 难民人口发生了变化，25%以上在15岁至24岁之间。在许多方面，巴勒斯坦难民实现未来的希望、愿望和特性取决于他们接受何种教育和培训。近东救济工程处技术职业教育和培训方案旨在为巴勒斯坦难民提供其他教育机会。", "66. 约有7 000名正式学生参加了近东救济工程处10个职业培训中心的各种方案。此外，在行动区采取各种具体举措，为青年和辍学者开设短期课程，向他们提供就业技能和培训。", "67. 工程处开设的技术课更加以市场为导向、以技能为基础并注重赚取收入的可能性，在学校和技术职业教育和培训课程中更多强调创业和生活技能。新的基于能力的培训办法引入了新的培训类别，侧重于发展由雇主自己确定的技能，创建一支熟练的劳动队伍，并建立更适应当地和地区劳动力市场需求的技术职业教育和培训方案。", "68. 近东救济工程处还在各外地办事处为毕业生提供专业职业指导和就业服务。", "69. 近东救济工程处将优先改善弱势难民的住房，并对难民营改善采取反映出建筑环境的社会和物质方面的整体和参与式办法。", "B. 具体目标", "70. 目标2的具体目的是：", "(a) 减轻最穷巴勒斯坦难民的贫穷；", "(b) 提供普惠金融服务和增加使用信贷和储蓄设施的机会；", "(c) 增强巴勒斯坦难民的技能和增加其就业机会；", "(d) 难民营持续发展及改进不合标准的基础设施和住宿条件。", "C. 制约与挑战", "71. 近东救济工程处每年在特困援助方案下为288 405名难民提供直接支助；为7 000多名毕业生提供了技术和职业技能培训；自成立以来向难民提供了微额供资产品，约112 000笔贷款；随着时间的推移，修复了约3 235所住房。特困援助方案的首要重点是粮食无保障，或那些被确定为在赤贫线之下的人。传统上，近东救济工程处通过特困援助方案应对贫穷，为约占所有登记巴勒斯坦难民5.5%的难民提供服务。2011年，288 405名巴勒斯坦难民参加了五个区的特困援助方案，每季接受粮食援助。在约旦河西岸和加沙地带，83 000个无粮食保障家庭获得额外现金援助，以弥合贫穷差距。", "72. 特困援助方案上限尽管每年上升3.5%，但仍跟不上巴勒斯坦难民贫困率不断提高的速度。在本两年期，在近东救济工程处三个行动区开展工作，了解需要援助的粮食无保障难民的人数。这项工作中使用的贫困线由基本粮食需求费用来定义，因此一名难民若被确定为贫穷，按照定义他或她无粮食保障。这项工作的结果表明，无粮食保障难民人数远远超过方案的资源。据估计，加沙地带301 301名难民(登记人口的27%)、西岸170 944名难民(登记人口的20%)、在黎巴嫩的约16万名难民(在该国居住的登记难民的三分之二)没有粮食保障。在约旦，近东救济工程处的援助使巴勒斯坦难民的社会和经济条件与约旦普通民众不相上下。来自加沙的难民是一个例外，目前大约有136 000人。约旦统计局估计，13%的约旦人生活在赤贫中(基本食品和非食品需求)。这意味着在约旦的253 500名巴勒斯坦难民处于赤贫。2010年，阿拉伯叙利亚共和国中央统计局报告称，12%的叙利亚人无粮食保障。至于约旦，当前的评估是，巴勒斯坦难民人口的境况与阿拉伯叙利亚共和国普通民众差不多，所以可以假设，在叙利亚的57 216名巴勒斯坦难民没有粮食保障。在近东救济工程处的五个行动区，需要粮食援助的巴勒斯坦难民总数估计为80万左右——几乎是当前特困援助方案上限的三倍。", "73. 日益加剧的贫穷增加了对救济和社会服务的需求；但是捐助者的捐款跟不上这些需求的步伐。由于国内压力，捐助国的预算捉襟见肘，粮食援助供资机制的变化对近东救济工程处满足穷人粮食需求构成重大挑战。", "74. 如果没有紧急情况，有的贫穷难民若有适当的教育、培训和就业机会，能够摆脱贫穷。西岸和加沙地带的经济形势，以及难民在黎巴嫩工作的机会有限，是减少贫穷的严重限制因素。但近东救济工程处仍然可以通过“装备难民”——提供培训或小额贷款，以及帮助他们利用适当的脱贫机会，对他们的生活前景产生重大影响。", "75. 对于所有难民，特别是对于最脆弱的难民来说，如果他们要有尊严地生活(这是他们的权利)，工程处将其住房质量提高到可接受标准的工作仍极为重要。巴勒斯坦难民的居住环境很拥挤，特别是在加沙地带、黎巴嫩，阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和约旦难民营。仅在约旦行动区，便有约500所住房最迫切需要修复。", "76. 近东救济工程处的职业培训中心只能接受30%的申请人。尽管多次努力，近东救济工程处的技术职业教育和培训的扩展相当缓慢，而且极其有限。原因多种多样，从政治原因到资源稀缺，到社会认识不足和全球金融危机。近东救济工程处技术职业教育和培训的主要问题与制约包括：缺少机会和公平；技术职业教育和培训的供资限制与能力；没有高质量的技术职业教育和培训框架与标准；需要重新设计课程和实施机制；与产业和劳动力市场的联系薄弱。", "77. 缺乏普通基金和项目资金将促使不合标准的生活条件、无法居住的住所和缺乏基本基础设施的情况继续存在。除非作为优先事项为一项改善城市环境的战略计划供资并实施该计划，否则难民的经济、健康、社会，物质和环境福祉将继续恶化。这通常导致经济和健康/生命损失，也可能会引发政治动乱，并使工程处在难民中丧失公信力。此外，紧急情况(自然或人为)导致基础设施被大规模摧毁，并将增加修复和重建需求。进入加沙地带的合法通道能力不足，严重限制了工程处达到加沙地带重建需要和目标的能力，阻碍了经济和人类发展。", "78. 各行动区没有城市规划能力，这将导致行动区一级基础设施和难民营改善方案推迟实施。在约旦行动区，2010年没有为修复500个最高优先低于标准的住所筹集资金。这是对特困援助方案受益人安全和安保的最直接威胁。在黎巴嫩，工程处资助重建巴里德河难民营的呼吁使工程处取得了一些进展，并给一些难民营居民重新安排了住房。然而，这项呼吁仍严重资金不足，使该难民营26 000名登记巴勒斯坦难民中的大多数人暂住在临时住所内，直至该难民营重建。这些居民需要不断的供资，来支持他们的紧急人道主义需要：食品、住房、保健和教育。近东救济工程处必须继续提供食品包裹形式的紧急粮食援助。", "79. 近东救济工程处加沙分处在紧急情况领域采取了双管齐下的做法。争取通过重建振兴经济，使数以万计的家庭脱离对援助的依赖，同时在找到可持续解决办法之前，必须关注和照顾生活艰难的人的基本需求。在此背景下，紧急呼吁最突出地体现了工程处的人道主义援助和贫穷对策。加强自力更生的允诺和希望在于加沙恢复和重建计划。该计划是稳定和机会的支柱，在下一个两年期的预算是4亿美元，预算内有以下项目：建造100所学校；为17 500多名受益者重建住房；建造一个保健中心；为多个饮水、环卫和讲卫生项目提供资金，以更新难民营的水和污水基础设施。这些项目缺乏经费是完成项目的唯一障碍。不完成这些项目的影响包括学校继续实行二部、最终三部制，以及工程处有可能无法完成为加沙地带难民普及教育的任务。加沙的人口增长反映在工程处学校每年增加10 000名学生。住房重建部分满足了难民社区的紧急住房需求，还重建了一些在与以色列冲突期间被毁坏的住房。", "80. 预计没有关于各行动区低于标准住房数目的全面资料是工程处的主要挑战之一。对所有难民营进行一次快速评估调查，将为确定必要的住房修复措施的优先次序提供可靠的数据依据。", "D. 财政资源", "81. 表14按人类发展目标3的具体目标分列所需资源。", "表14", "体面的生活水准：按具体目标分列的所需资源", "（现金和实物，以千美元计）", "2012年估计数 2013年估计数", "减轻最穷巴勒斯坦难民的贫穷 58 035 61 426", "提供普惠金融服务和增加使用信贷和储蓄设施的机会^(a)", "增强巴勒斯坦难民技能和增加其就业机会 21 041 20 880", "难民营持续发展及改进不合标准的基础设施和住宿条件 3 813 3 770", "经常预算共计 82 889 86 076", "项目预算 302 288 265 673", "共计 385 177 351 749", "^(a) 不包括小额部通过发放贷款的利息收入自我维持的预算。小额供资部2012-2013两年期预算总额为2 580万美元，其中2 570万美元与此目标有关。", "第五章", "目标4：最充分地享受人权", "A. 人类发展目标", "82. 公正和公平的人类发展需要对人权的尊重。对近东救济工程处而言，保护是一项贯穿各领域的主题，也就是说，在所有方案编制工作中都要考虑到保护问题。", "B. 具体目标", "83. 目标2的具体目标是：", "(a) 保障和促进巴勒斯坦难民的权利；", "(b) 加强难民在其社区内拟定和落实可持续社会服务的能力；", "(c) 巴勒斯坦难民的登记和获得近东救济工程处服务资格的认证符合有关国际标准。", "C. 制约和挑战", "84. 近东救济工程处的保护工作有内外两方面。在内部，近东救济工程处通过方案活动和提供服务促进保护。对外，工程处对难民状况进行监测和报告，并采取适当措施，而且主任专员强调指出，应在尊重难民权利的情况下公正、持久解决冲突。", "85. 近东救济工程处提供一些基本服务，并确保在武装冲突等种种不同情况下都能获得这些服务，这是难民应享权利之一。与其他行为者直接和间接接触有助于创建和增强尊重权利的环境和做法。这些权利包括与教育等工程处核心服务领域相关的经济和社会权利，也包括生命权等公民和政治权利。此外，近东救济工程处作为公共服务的主要提供者，力求确保其提供服务的方式确实尊重受益人的权利、尊严和安全。工程处为此采用多种途径，例如：在各领域的所有方案中使最低限度保护标准主流化；采取行动消除学校中的暴力；采取措施防止基于性别的暴力和虐待儿童行为；通过在其各所学校内长期开办人权和宽容课程以促进对个人权利的了解。监测和报告机制有助于有效开展这些保护活动。", "86. 2010-2011年期间，工程处方案的重点是努力确保为社区内的难民提供高质量社会服务。为此，开发和传播了供工作人员和难民管理的社区组织使用的各种工具。", "87. 这些工具中的第一个是一套能力评估工具包，用以全面分析作为民间社会组织的社区组织，并衡量其提供高质量服务的能力和经济上的可持续性。该评估与各组织合作实施，每年跟踪一次进展情况。其他工具侧重社区组织提供的小额贷款方案等具体服务，以确保有内部管控政策和程序，并探讨小额贷款对小额贷款者的社会影响。", "88. 社会服务方案及其与社区组织的合作面临的主要挑战是：这些组织如何接触到社区中较他人更为弱势、需要社会服务但因种种原因无法获得援助的难民。", "89. 工程处为更好地向巴勒斯坦难民提供服务，开发了一个新的在线网上难民登记信息系统，以取代过时的实地登记系统。新系统加强了难民信息的完整性，并有助于收集和分析有关难民的新信息，从而提高工程处更好地制订政策和方案的能力。", "90. 此外，目前近东救济工程处在行动区发放了新家庭登记卡，使难民登记服务效率更高、更有尊严。此举取消了以前依靠总部印制登记卡的做法，大幅缩短了以前印发登记卡的三个月时限。在此方面，工作人员能力建设和专业发展仍很重要，但也受到长期资金紧缺的影响。", "91. 目前已登记的巴勒斯坦难民已接近500万人，由于他们都需要资格认证和登记服务，因此需要更多工作人员来确保按照有关的国际标准提供登记服务。", "92. 工程处能否实现各项具体目标取决于一系列其无法直接控制的因素，包括东道国和该区域其他国家政府的协助。该区域的政治局面对实现这一人类发展目标构成巨大挑战。", "93. 在项目下包括为近东救济工程处夏季运动会提供资金。这是加沙地带难民儿童所能参加的规模最大的有组织娱乐活动。该运动会在加沙地带普遍存在的贫穷和拥挤状况以外为难民儿童提供一个安全和发挥创意的空间。此外，运动会还让儿童有机会参加一些对近东救济工程处教育方案有辅助作用的活动，从而促进其获得技能，能够成为对社会有贡献的成员。加沙地带没有可与之匹敌的其他活动；其他主要的娱乐性夏令营都不举办如此多种多样的、无政治干扰的活动。如果此方案不能获得资金，将限制加沙地带难民儿童的活动空间和种类，包括有助于他们发挥学习潜力和达到体面生活水准的活动。", "D. 财政资源", "94. 表15按人类发展目标4的具体目标分列所需资源。", "表15", "最充分地享受人权：按具体目标分列所需资源", "(现金和实物，以千美元计)", "2012年估计数 2013年估计数", "保障和促进巴勒斯坦难民的权利 17 17", "加强难民在其社区内拟定和落实可持续社会服务的能力 1 425 1 224", "巴勒斯坦难民的登记和获得近东救济工程处服务资格的认证符合有关国际标准 2 278 2 279", "经常预算共计 3 720 3 520", "项目预算 12 765 12 765", "共计 16 485 16 285", "第六章", "目标5：近东救济工程处有效和高效治理与支助", "A. 目标", "95. 近东救济工程处有效和高效治理与支助的目标是促进和保持尽可能最佳管理标准、增强利益攸关方关系及能够提供高质量方案，协助实现巴勒斯坦难民的人类发展。", "96. 这一目标系通过总部下列部门以及外地办事处的相应单位予以实现：", "(a) 主任专员办公室；", "(b) 行政管理服务部；", "(c) 人力资源部；", "(d) 财务部；", "(e) 法律事务部；", "(f) 内部监督事务部；", "(g) 对外关系与交流部。", "B. 具体目标", "97. 目标5的具体目标是：", "(a) 发挥领导作用，增强治理和调动更多资金；", "(b) 发展和维持近东救济工程处，使其能够完成任务。", "C. 制约和挑战", "98. 在本两年期内，近东救济工程处将继续在支助部门组织发展改革成果的基础上更进一步，着手规划和实施其“持续变革”方案改革活动。虽然工作人员发展和实行企业资源规划系统等管理支助改革仍是优先事项，但增强近东救济工程处的核心服务及其资源调动能力是“持续变革”改革的中心内容。吸引和留住合格工作人员并对工作人员的发展进行投资将继续对改革的成功具有重大意义。", "99. 几项内部研究得出的结论是，工程处降低风险的唯一方式就是开发和实行一个新的企业资源规划系统。目前采用的企业系统已经陈旧过时。能否实行新的企业资源规划系统完全取决于是否获得年度项目概算所列的足够资金。缺少资金是难以克服的限制因素，因为近东救济工程处无法购买开始实行新系统所需的软件许可证，也无法开始与项目未来的系统集成公司进行合同谈判。如果该项目的两年期资金不充分到位，则此限制因素将导致无法启动新的企业资源规划系统。", "100. 近东救济工程处不断面临资金压力，影响到治理能力，对整个工程处都产生影响。由于全球经济下滑，2012年的经济预测尤其令人担忧。巨大的资金缺口将给支助和方案这两方面的服务都带来严重挑战。调动足够资源使改革持续下去并进一步提高效率是一个优先事项。", "101. 鉴于该区域目前的改革以及政治事态发展，包括捐助者和受益人在内的利益攸关方的期望很高而且不断升高。近东救济工程处正努力达到这些期望，但同时也指出，改革公共服务是一项复杂的任务，不会迅速产生效果。工程处行动区域旷日持久的冲突和日益不稳定的局势使这项任务更加复杂。", "102. 为推进“持续变革”改革进程，必须进一步加强透明和问责文化。要使众多国际和区域工作人员支持改革，就必须获得所有管理人员的认同，同时进行培训和辅导，并对关键管理系统进行改革。", "D. 财政资源", "103. 表16按人类发展目标5的具体目标分列所需资源。", "表16", "近东救济工程处有效和高效治理与支助：按具体目标分列所需资源", "(现金和实物，以千美元计)", "2012年估计数 2013年估计数", "发挥领导作用，增强治理和促进伙伴合作 28 703 28 842", "发展和维持近东救济工程处，使其能够完成任务^(a) 61 543 55 058", "经常预算共计 90 246 83 900", "项目预算 20 623 20 623", "共计 110 869 104 523", "^(a) 不包括小额供资部通过发放贷款的利息收入自我维持的预算。小额供资部2012-2013两年期预算总额为2 580万美元，其中117 000万美元(2012年57 000美元，2013年60 000美元)与此目标有关。", "第七章", "联合国审计委员会的建议：执行情况", "104. 表17显示联合国审计委员会在2008-2009两年期报告中所提61项建议的现况。截至2011年3月31日，30项建议已经执行，25项建议正在执行，4项建议尚未执行，2项建议因事态发展而过时。", "105.　近东救济工程处管理层致力于执行这些建议，其中一些建议或需要更多资金，或跨越两个两年期，或需要采取战略措施。大多数上述的正在执行建议计划于2010年第二和第三季度执行。", "表17", "审计委员会2009年12月31日终了两年期建议的执行情况", "执行情况 \n部门\t建议数\t已执行\t正在执行\t尚未执行\t因事态发展而过时\n 财务 19 14 2 2 1 \n加沙外地办事处\t6\t2\t4\t—\t—\n约旦外地办事处\t2\t1\t1\t—\t—\n叙利亚外地办事处\t2\t1\t1\t—\t—\n 行政支助部： \n 信息系统司 10 6 3 1 — \n 采购和后勤司 1 — 1 — — \n 行政司 1 — 1 — — \n方案协调和支助\t4\t—\t4\t—\t—\n 人力资源部 6 5 1 — — \n内部监督事务部\t9\t—\t7\t1\t1\n 高级管理层 1 1 — — — \n 共计 61 30 25 4 2", "11-45674(C) 080911 130911 *1145674*" ]

[ "United Nations", "Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "Programme budget 2012-2013", "General Assembly", "Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 13A", "General Assembly Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 13A", "[] United Nations • New York, 2011", "Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "Programme budget 2012-2013", "A/66/13/Add.1", "Note", "Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.", "[17 August 2011]", "Contents", "Chapter Page\nI.Introduction 1II. A 18 long and healthy \n life III.Acquired 21 knowledge and \nskills IV. A 24 decent standard of \nliving V. Human 28 rights enjoyed to the \nfullest VI. Effective 31 and efficient governance and support in the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near \n East VII.Recommendations 33 of the United Nations Board of Auditors: status of \nimplementation", "Chapter I", "Introduction", "1. The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) was established within the United Nations system as a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly by the Assembly in its resolution 302 (IV) of 8 December 1949 and became operational on 1 May 1950. It is one of the largest United Nations programmes, with a population of 4.8 million Palestine refugees covered by its mandate in 2011. As the General Assembly expressed in its resolution 65/100, the Agency has played an essential role for over 60 years since its establishment in providing vital services for the well-being, human development and protection of Palestine refugees and the amelioration of their plight. The General Assembly renews the mandate of the Agency every three years, most recently in its resolution 65/98, when it affirmed the necessity for the continuation of the Agency’s work pending the just resolution of the question of the Palestine refugees.", "2. The mission of UNRWA is to help Palestine refugees achieve their full potential in human development under the difficult circumstances in which they live, consistent with internationally agreed goals and standards. The Agency fulfils this mission by providing a variety of essential services within the framework of international standards to Palestine refugees in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic. Among United Nations agencies, UNRWA is unique in delivering services directly to beneficiaries. The mandate of the Agency, which derives from the General Assembly and has evolved over time in response to developments in the operational context, extends at present to providing education; health; relief and social services; microfinance and emergency assistance to refugees; infrastructure and improvements within refugee camps; and protection.", "A. Context", "3. The latest political and security developments in the Middle East are only the most recent pressures on the Agency, further straining its limited resources and therefore its ability to serve approximately 5 million refugees in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic. Access problems in the West Bank, the continuing blockade of the Gaza Strip, serious financial constraints and security concerns are only some of the difficulties the Agency is faced with on a daily basis. Despite these difficulties, UNRWA, which is seen by many as a stabilizing influence in this volatile region, is doing its utmost to continue providing direct services for Palestine refugees.", "4. The core services that UNRWA provides are comparable in nature and scope to those provided by a local or national government. With around 29,000 staff, most of whom are Palestine refugees themselves, UNRWA is one of the largest employers in the Middle East. Over 480,000 children go to Agency schools, run by approximately 22,000 education staff. The Agency’s 137 health centres across the region received over 10 million patient visits last year. UNRWA also assists close to 280,000 of the poorest and most vulnerable refugees with additional assistance provided by a reformed society safety net programme targeting the poorest of the poor. Persons with other special needs, such as people with disabilities, also benefit from specialized services in the Agency’s health centres. Gender is being mainstreamed into the core programmes of UNRWA, with the empowerment of women in their communities a key area of focus for the Agency. At present, the challenges in providing those services are daunting", "5. In Gaza, the Agency serves a registered population of 1.1 million Palestine refugees, including more than 210,000 students. Although thousands more students are eligible to attend UNRWA schools, they are not able to do so due to the lack of classrooms. The effects of the blockade of and the conflict in the Gaza Strip from December 2008 to January 2009 have devastated the economy and resulted in the need for large-scale reconstruction of refugee housing. As refugee shelters constitute much of the housing stock requiring reconstruction in the Gaza Strip, the responsibility shouldered by UNRWA is made all the more challenging by a lack of funding and difficulties in importing construction materials as a result of the blockade.", "6. In the West Bank, despite some improvement, such as the reduction in the number of checkpoints, restrictions of access and movement continue to isolate communities and pose not only political but also logistical challenges. These challenges increase hardships for the refugee population and weaken the Agency’s ability to provide services in a cost-effective manner in the affected areas.", "7. In Lebanon, UNRWA remains the main provider of services to a marginalized Palestine refugee community that is faced with high levels of poverty and limited opportunities to escape such poverty. In Lebanon, the formation of a new government in early 2011 raised hopes for progress on a range of issues of concern to UNRWA and the refugees. Among the areas of concern was legislation granting refugees access to a range of professions, which is yet to be implemented. The Agency’s inability to provide what refugees perceive to be an inadequate subsidy to enable them to access tertiary care for life-threatening illnesses has resulted in unrest in refugee camps and direct threats to the safety of front-line Agency staff.", "8. In Jordan, where the refugee situation remains stable, the Government has responded to popular demands with a range of measures, among them salary increases for public sector employees. The implications are discussed below (see paras. 12 and 13). The Syrian Arab Republic, traditionally a stable area of operation, has seen violent unrest erupt in 2011, posing a challenge to UNRWA activities in this field.", "9. The direct services provided by the Agency are critical for the well-being of Palestine refugees throughout the region. If the financial situation of UNRWA does not improve, the impact on its beneficiaries will be immediate and substantial. The lack of adequate resources has already eroded the quality of UNRWA programmes. While extrabudgetary contributions to the Agency have risen gradually over the years, they have not kept pace with a growing population and rising costs.", "B. Planning assumptions", "10. UNRWA fully recognizes that central to its commitment to address the needs of beneficiaries and address financial difficulties is a need for it to make substantial improvements to the way in which it operates.", "11. Following the landmark June 2004 Geneva conference, in 2006 UNRWA began its most ambitious reform process to date entitled “organizational development”. This reform process, which concluded in 2009, introduced far-reaching changes in the Agency’s management systems and planning frameworks. Building on the organizational development plan, UNRWA continued its reforms with the development of a plan known as “sustaining change”. Its outline was finalized in May 2011 and presented to the Agency’s Advisory Commission in its session in late June 2011. The plan aims to complete the envisaged institutional transformation of the Agency over the next two bienniums. Where the organizational development plan started revitalization of the UNRWA management, sustaining change aims at invigorating its programmes, ensuring equality and effectiveness are improved where they are needed most, at the point of delivery in overcrowded schools, clinics and camp service centres. The plan also prioritizes the enhancement of the Agency’s resource mobilization capacity. As a result of organizational development and with the progress made under the sustaining change plan, the Agency has introduced a longer-term strategic focus, for example, through a medium-term strategy for the period 2010-2015, that is supported by a robust results-based planning system. Monitoring and evaluation capacities are being developed further, and the Agency is also integrating into its planning cross-cutting issues that are central to United Nations system-wide development and humanitarian work, such as gender, disabilities and protection. The Agency has also delegated greater authority to management in the field in order to enhance efficiencies, while at the same time seeking to ensure that UNRWA headquarters provides the support required to uphold relevant standards Agency-wide, good practices in terms of programme planning and evaluation, and accountability for results. In addition, the Agency’s procurement rules have been overhauled, bringing them closer to the standards used throughout the United Nations system. The Agency’s human resources processes have also been overhauled, with a focus on improving recruitment processes and workforce management which is so important for an Agency of approximately 29,000 staff members who are critical for the delivery of quality services to millions of beneficiaries.", "12. Staff costs constitute the bulk of the UNRWA budget (see table 4). This is because the day-to-day direct delivery of services requires a large number of staff (some 29,000). Efforts to maintain parity with host authorities’ public sector salaries render the Agency’s financial sustainability susceptible to economic volatility. As an example, during 2011, public sector salary increases in the Syrian Arab Republic and Jordan resulted in an additional cost of around $8.5 million per annum to UNRWA.", "13. Host governments face an increasing demand for quality services while their own financial situation is deteriorating; in some cases this puts additional pressure on UNRWA services, when some Palestine refugees availing themselves of host government services return to UNRWA. At the same time, donors expect improved efficiency, effectiveness and quality of service delivery. UNRWA therefore is faced with increasing demands and expectations from all of its primary stakeholders, with a constrained resource base and increasing operational costs.", "C. Budget structure", "14. The budget structure of UNRWA reflects the medium-term strategy for the period 2010-2015 and is based on the implementation plans prepared for each field office and headquarters department for the second biennium of the strategy. The chapters that follow and the expected accomplishments, indicators of achievement and measurements set out therein reflect the ongoing commitment of UNRWA to results-based budgeting, as introduced during the biennium 2010-2011.", "15. The medium-term strategy identifies four human development goals for Palestine refugees, namely, to:", "(a) Have a long and healthy life;", "(b) Acquire knowledge and skills;", "(c) Have a decent standard of living;", "(d) Enjoy human rights to the fullest extent possible.", "16. In order to link financial resources directly to the achievement of results consistent with the Agency’s strategy, the budget includes a breakdown by goals and strategic objectives, as illustrated in the following tables and figures:", "organizational chart of UNRWA broken down by department and area of operation and showing the number of international and area staff located in each department (figure I); summary of the programme budget for 2012-2013 broken down by human development goal, regular budget, project budget and other requirements (table 1); breakdown of the regular budget by field office with comparative figures for the bienniums 2008-2009, 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 (table 2 and figure II); breakdown of the regular budget by human development goal with comparative figures for the bienniums 2008-2009, 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 (table 3 and figure III); breakdown of the regular budget by category of expenditure with comparative figures for the bienniums 2008-2009, 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 (table 4 and figure IV); breakdown of the project budget by human development goal and field office (table 5).", "Figure I", "United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East Organizational structure and post distribution for the biennium 2012-2013", "Note: Seventy-five international posts are funded through extrabudgetary resources.", "Abbreviations: USG, Under-Secretary-General; ASG, Assistant Secretary-General; XB, extrabudgetary; RB, regular budget; GS, General Service; OL, Other level.", "^(a) Local posts.", "^(b) New post.", "^(c) Reclassified post.", "^(d) Number of Microfinance and Microenterprise Department posts was excluded from table 7.", "Table 1", "Budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Human Fiscal Fiscal Biennium development goal year 2012 year 2013 2012-2013\n Regular Project Total Regular Regular Project Total budget budget budget budget budget", "Cash ^(a) In kind Total Cash In Total Project Total Cash In kind Total ^(a) kind budget ^(a)", "A Long and 116 513 1 313 117 14 673 132 499 116 1 320 117 14 132 489 233 009 2 633 235 29 346 264 988 Healthy Life 826 496 816 673 642", "Acquired 327 572 523 328 8 581 336 676 336 530 336 8 581 345 426 663 887 1 053 664 17 162 682 102 Knowledge and 095 315 845 940 Skills", "A Decent 82 889 — 82 302 288 385 177 86 — 86 076 265 351 749 168 965 — 168 567 961 736 926 Standard of 889 076 673 965 Living", "Human Rights 3 719 1 3 720 12 765 16 485 3 519 1 3 520 12 16 285 7 238 2 7 240 25 530 32 770 Enjoyed to the 765 Fullest", "Effective and 90 246 — 90 20 623 110 869 83 — 83 900 20 104 523 174 146 — 174 41 246 215 392 efficient 246 900 623 146 governance and support in UNRWA", "Subtotal 620 939 1 837 622 358 930 981 706 626 1 851 628 322 950 472 1 247 245 3 688 1 250 681 245 1 932 776 306 157 315 933 178", "Other requirements", "Contingency 11 000 — 11 — 11 000 11 — 11 000 — 11 000 22 000 — 22 000 — 22 000 reserve^(b) 000 000", "Salary increase 16 135 — 16 — 16 135 31 — 31 135 — 31 135 47 270 — 47 270 — 47 270 reserve 135 135", "Separation 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 4 000 — 4 000 — 4 000 benefits reserve", "New enterprise 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 4 000 — 4 000 — 4 000 resource planning reserve", "Capitalization 1 000 — 1 000 — 1 000 1 000 — 1 000 — 1 000 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 and depreciation reserve^(c)", "Subtotal 32 135 — 32 — 32 135 47 — 47 135 — 47 135 79 270 — 79 270 — 79 270 135 135", "Total 653 074 1 837 654 358 930 1 013 673 1 851 675 322 997 607 1 326 515 3 688 1 330 681 245 2 011 911 841 441 292 315 203 448", "^(a) Includes the cost of 13 additional international posts and 5 reclassifications requested in the 2012-2013 fascicle.", "^(b) Includes reserves for: cash for food, foreign exchange, annual leave and general purposes.", "^(c) A reserve for capitalization and depreciation has been included as a provision to comply with requirements for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Table 2", "Regular budget requirements by field office", "(Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "Field office 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Resource headquarters expenditure expenditure expenditure budget estimate^(a) estimate^(a) growth ^(d)\n Amount Percentage", "Gaza Strip 183 994 179 864 213 600 205 995 214 905 216 106 11 416 2.72", "Lebanon 61 929 72 492 75 360 74 714 78 869 79 533 8 328 5.55", "Syrian Arab 44 194 45 861 48 640 54 226 56 339 57 383 10 856 10.55 Republic", "Jordan 105 866 104 671 116 902 116 697 123 182 124 541 14 124 6.05", "West Bank 83 102 82 229 96 658 96 617 103 269 103 868 13 862 7.17", "Headquarters", "Education 2 707 2 406 2 887 3 247 2 915 2 925 (294) (4.79) programme", "Health programme 717 1 043 1 114 1 283 1 236 1 245 84 3.50", "Relief and social 873 914 1 209 1 272 1 172 1 181 (128) (5.16) services programme", "Infrastructure and 1 158 1 728 1 415 1 881 2 345 1 949 9 998 30.28 camp improvement programme", "Support 23 718 22 351 28 865 36 425 38 544 39 426 12 680 19.42 departments", "Subtotal 508 258 513 559 586 650 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "Other requirements", "Contingency — — — 2 809 11 000 11 000 19 191 683.20 reserve^(b,a)", "Salary increase — — — 24 500 16 135 31 135 22 770 92.94 reserve^(b)", "Separation — — — 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 078) (21.23) benefits reserve^(b)", "New enterprise — — — — 2 000 2 000 4 000 — resource planning reserve^(b)", "Capitalization and (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) — 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77) depreciation reserve^(b,e)", "Subtotal (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 —", "Total 505 974 512 531 584 994 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9.96", "^(a) Includes the cost of 13 additional international posts and 5 reclassifications requested in the 2012-2013 fascicle.", "^(b) Comparative figures for 2008-2010 are incorporated into the respective field office and headquarters expenditure.", "^(c) Includes reserves for: cash for food, foreign exchange, annual leave and general purposes.", "^(d) Resource growth: comparison between two bienniums.", "^(e) A reserve for capitalization and depreciation has been included as a provision to comply with requirements for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Figure II", "Regular budget by field office", "[]", "Table 3", "Regular budget requirements by human development goal", "(Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "Human development 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Resource goal expenditure expenditure expenditure budget estimate estimate^(a) growth ^(a) ^(d)\n Amount Percentage", "A Long and Healthy 89 001 89 735 107 770 116 302 117 826 117 816 15 023 6.81 Life", "Acquired Knowledge 277 713 281 851 313 679 299 571 328 095 336 845 51 975 8.48 and Skills", "A Decent Standard 68 344 63 932 73 387 72 260 82 889 86 076 44 173 35.40 of Living", "Human Rights 4 279 4 223 3 875 4 598 3 720 3 520 (1 233) (14.55) Enjoyed to the Fullest", "Effective and 68 921 73 818 87 938 99 626 90 246 83 900 (38 012) — efficient governance and support in UNRWA", "Subtotal 508 258 513 559 586 649 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "Other requirements", "Contingency — — — 2 809 11 000 11 000 19 191 683.20 reserve^(b,c)", "Salary increase — — — 24 500 16 135 31 135 22 770 92.94 reserve^(b)", "Separation — — — 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 078) (21.23) benefits reserve^(b)", "New enterprise — — — — 2 000 2 000 4 000 — resource planning reserve^(b)", "Capitalization and (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) — 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77) depreciation reserve^(b,e)", "Subtotal (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 157.95", "Total 505 974 512 531 584 993 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9.96", "(Footnotes on following page)", "(Footnotes to table 3)", "^(a) Includes the cost of 13 additional international posts and 5 reclassifications requested in the 2012-2013 fascicle.", "^(b) Comparative figures for 2008-2010 are incorporated into the respective field office and headquarters expenditure.", "^(c) Includes reserves for: cash for food, foreign exchange, annual leave and general purposes.", "^(d) Resource growth: comparison between two bienniums.", "^(e) A reserve for capitalization and depreciation has been included as a provision to comply with requirements for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Figure III", "Regular budget by human development goal", "[]", "Table 4", "Regular budget requirements by category of expenditure", "(Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "Category of 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Resource expenditure expenditure expenditure expenditure budget estimate estimate^(a) growth ^(a) ^(d)\n Amount Percentage", "International 20 525 22 611 26 648 32 587 30 460 30 843 2 068 3.49 staff costs", "Area staff costs 379 354 372 734 429 053 424 676 451 516 471 662 69 449 8.13", "Services 25 860 26 957 34 360 42 264 41 600 38 717 3 693 4.82", "Supplies 50 464 59 091 59 872 59 195 67 288 65 184 13 405 11.26", "Equipment and 5 978 8 186 12 926 12 294 15 060 12 505 2 345 9.30 construction", "Premises 8 377 8 165 9 713 14 170 16 491 15 258 7 866 32.94", "Grants and 22 258 17 090 18 567 14 480 21 366 20 825 9 144 27.67 subsidies", "Field reserve — — — (4 457) 1 282 837 6 576 —", "Cost recovery (4 558) (1 275) (4 489) (2 852) (22 287) (27 674) — —", "Subtotal 508 258 513 559 586 650 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "Other requirements", "Contingency — — — 2 809 11 000 11 000 19 191 683.20 reserve^(b,c)", "Salary increase — — — 24 500 16 135 31 135 22 770 92.94 reserve^(b)", "Separation — — — 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 078) (21.23) benefits reserve^(b)", "New enterprise — — — — 2 000 2 000 4 000 — resource planning reserve^(b)", "Capitalization and (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) — 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77) depreciation reserve^(b,e)", "Subtotal (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 157.95", "Total 505 974 512 531 584 994 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9.96", "^(a) Includes the cost of 13 additional international posts and 5 reclassifications requested in the 2012-2013 fascicle.", "^(b) Comparative figures for 2008-2010 are incorporated into the respective field office and headquarters expenditure.", "^(c) Includes reserves for: cash for food, foreign exchange, annual leave and general purposes.", "^(d) Resource growth: comparison between two bienniums.", "^(e) A reserve for capitalization and depreciation has been included as a provision to comply with requirements for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Figure IV", "Regular budget by category of expenditure", "[]", "Table 5", "Project budget by human development goal and field office", "Human development Gaza Lebanon^(b) Syrian Jordan West Headquarters Total goal Strip^(a) Arab Bank Republic", "A Long and Healthy 13 198 14 563 — — — 1 585 29 346 Life", "Acquired Knowledge — — 2 814 14 348 — — 17 162 and Skills", "A Decent Standard 402 485 155 940 — 2 005 6 599 932 567 961 of Living", "Human Rights 25 530 — — — — — 25 530 Enjoyed to the Fullest", "Effective and — — — — — 41 246 41 246 efficient governance and support in UNRWA^(c)", "Total 441 213 170 503 2 814 16 353 6 599 43 763 681 245", "^(a) The Gaza Strip project budget includes $400 million related to reconstruction.", "^(b) The Lebanon field office project budget includes $115 million for the Nahr El-Bared camp during 2012-2013. The total funding requirement to finish the entire project is $207 million.", "^(c) The $41.2 million under effect and efficient governance and support in UNRWA includes $26 million for enterprise resource planning and $15 million for the sustaining change initiative related to reforms in education and health and formation of the Department of External Relations and Communications.", "D. Staff", "17. In order to deliver its core programmes and projects, the Agency employs international and area staff.", "18. Through its resolution 3331 B (XXIX) of 17 December 1974, the General Assembly decided that the expenses for salaries of international staff in the service of UNRWA, which would otherwise be a charged to voluntary contributions, should, with effect from 1 January 1975, be financed from the regular budget of the United Nations for the duration of the Agency’s mandate. During the biennium 2010-2011, the posts of 133 international staff were funded from the regular budget.", "19. In addition to the approved 133 international staff posts, 13 new posts (1 D-1, 3 P-5, 4 P-4, 5 P-3), plus five reclassifications (4 D-1 to D-2, 1 P-4 to P-5), have been recommended by the Controller for inclusion in the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013. The establishment of the new international staff posts would serve to meet the increased demands on the Agency stemming from the General Assembly’s United Nations-wide initiatives to follow key best practice policies and initiatives, including the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, internal justice reform, security management system standards and policies, such as the minimum operational security standards, and gender mainstreaming.", "20. Apart from the above, 75 international staff posts are funded from the regular budget (see table 6). A total of 69 posts are funded from project funds; two posts are funded by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); two posts are funded by the World Health Organization (WHO); one post is funded by the Microfinance Department through its programme income; and one post is covered by the Agency’s Provident Fund.", "Table 6", "International staffing requirements for the biennium 2012-2013", "Category Regular budget ^(a) Other sources", "Professional and above", "USG 1 —", "ASG 1 —", "D-2 8 2", "D-1 10 2", "P-5 27 7", "P-4/P-3 86 54", "P-2/P-1 2 3", "Subtotal 135 68", "General Service", "Other level 11 7", "Subtotal 11 7", "Total 146 75", "^(a) Included in the regular budget column are the proposed 13 additional international posts and 5 reclassifications of approved posts.", "21. The core programmes of UNRWA are otherwise delivered primarily through 29,763 local staff as at 30 June 2011, the number of which will need to increase to over 30,823 by the end of 2013 if the Agency is to realize the achievements set out in this budget proposal (see table 7).", "Table 7", "Estimated number of local staff as at 31 December 2013 by human development goal", "Goal Gaza Lebanon Syrian Jordan West Headquarters Total Arab Bank Republic", "A Long and Healthy 1 439 592 412 1 065 850 22 4 380 Life", "Acquired Knowledge 9 329 1 840 2 552 5 251 2 854 80 21 906 and Skills", "A Decent Standard of 560 229 167 351 417 19 1 743 Living", "Human Rights Enjoyed 48 16 63 42 37 5 211 to the Fullest", "Effective and 537 347 390 442 509 358 2 583 efficient governance and support in UNRWA", "Total 11 913 3 024 3 584 7 151 4 667 484 30 823", "E. Financial situation", "22. With the exception of international staff posts funded from the regular budget through assessed contributions and posts provided by other United Nations agencies, the ongoing operations, projects and emergency appeals of UNRWA are funded by voluntary contributions of donors.", "23. Table 8 shows the funding status of the Agency’s budget for 2010, including activities funded through both unearmarked contributions to the regular budget and earmarked contributions.", "24. The financial results for the fiscal year 2010 clearly illustrate the funding shortfalls experienced by the Agency in its efforts to implement its mandate. The funding gap for the regular budget funded through unearmarked voluntary contributions amounted to $47.3 million, whereas the projects budget experienced a shortfall of $204.9 million.", "Table 8", "Funding status of the Agency — 2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "Regular Projects Emergency budget appeal\n Budgeted Unbudgeted activities activities", "Budget 601.9 262.0 323.3^(a)", "Contributions and 554.6^(b) 50.6^(c) 57.1 162.0 income", "Funding gap (47.3) — (204.9) (161.3)", "^(a) Represents the amount requested in the 2010 emergency appeal.", "^(b) Includes cash and in kind income.", "^(c) Represents income earmarked for activities that were not included under the published programme budget for 2010 (for example, food aid (cash subsidies) for SHC) in the occupied Palestinian territory, reimbursement to UNRWA for losses in respect of incidents in the Gaza Strip between 27 December 2008 and 19 January 2009, organizational development — phase II and enterprise resource planning.", "25. The 2010 emergency appeal in the occupied Palestinian territory was underfunded by $161.3 million.", "26. Current projections of income and expenditure for 2011, shown in table 9, indicate a funding gap for the regular budget of $104.5 million when comparing the budgeted expenditure of $624.7 million with total expected income (based on indicative estimates from donors and estimated interest income) of $520.2 million to the General Fund — the mechanism of unearmarked, voluntary contributions for the Agency’s cash and in kind requirements. Without additional contributions, the Agency will not be in a position to fully implement its budgeted activities. The 2011 Emergency Appeal in the occupied Palestinian territory was underfunded by $205.9 million, whereas the shortfall forecast of the projects budget is $153.", "Table 9", "Expected funding status of the Agency — 2011", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "Regular budget Projects Emergency appeal", "Budget 624.7 228.8 342.6", "Projected income^(a) 520.2 75.8 136.7", "Funding gap (104.5) (153.0) (205.9)", "^(a) As end of year forecast and confirmed pledges by the end of June 2011.", "27. Current projections of income and expenditure for 2012, shown in table 10, do not look promising. If these projections prove to be correct, the funding gap will widen further to $133.2 million (based on indicative estimates from donors as well as forecasted programme support cost recoveries).", "Table 10", "Expected funding gap — 2012", "Regular budget", "Budget 654.9", "Projected income 521.7", "Funding gap (133.2)", "28. Income projections by donor for 2011 and 2012 appear in table 11 below.", "Table 11 Income projections for the General Fund — 2011 and 2012", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Donor\tProjectedincome2011\tIncomeforecast2012\tDonor\tProjectedincome^(a)2011\tIncomeforecast2012 \nAustralia\t6300\t6300\tSubtotal b/f\t215700\t215100\nBahrain\t100\t100\tSaudi Arabia\t5200\t2000\nBelgium\t4300\t1400\tSpain\t14300\t12600\nCanada\t0\t—\tSweden\t43900\t43600\nDenmark\t12800\t13400\tSwitzerland\t10500\t12000\nEgypt\t100\t100\tTurkey\t1000\t1000\nEU\t115100\t114400\tUAE\t1800\t1800\nFinland\t4200\t4300\tUK\t31900\t47900\nFrance\t6700\t6400\tUK (PerformanceIncrement)\t5400\t—\nGermany\t8700\t9000\tUSA\t114600\t114600\nIreland\t5700\t5700\tNon-Advisory Commission\t13600\t13600\nItaly\t2900\t2900\tNGOs\t1900\t3800\nJapan\t2900\t2900\tIn kind\t3500\t1900\nKuwait\t2000\t2000\tInterest\t2118\t3000\nNetherlands\t18600\t18600 \nNorway\t25200\t27500\tPSC recoveries\t24000\t20000\nQatar\t100\t100\tInternational stafffunded by New York\t30782\t28803\nSubtotalc/f\t215700\t215100\tTotal\t520200\t521703", "^(a) As end of year forecast and confirmed pledges by the end of June 2011.", "29. UNRWA is operating in a financial situation where the disparity between the budget and income and expenditure has become chronic. The Agency has renewed its commitment to developing its resource mobilization capacity in a number of key areas, including:", "(a) Merging the former Department of External Relations with the former headquarters Public Information Office to create the Department of External Relations and Communications;", "(b) Developing a partnership strategy and establishing a Partnerships Division within the Department of External Relations and Communications;", "(c) Establishing a new representative office in Washington, D.C.;", "(d) Strengthening the existing representative office in Brussels;", "(e) Reaffirming the central role of the Department of External Relations and Communications as the focal point for resource mobilization in the Agency;", "(f) Appointing a senior Director of the Department of External Relations and Communications to lead the development of a new strategy supported by enhanced internal alignment.", "30. The new resource mobilization strategy of UNRWA assumes that it will be possible to increase overall income from all sectors of the market, but recognizes that it will not be possible to dramatically alter present trajectories. It acknowledges that targets for the General Fund in the coming years are challenging but assumes that these can be reached given some movement to reduce outlays. While noting the generous support of Arab donors for UNRWA projects, the Agency continues to reach out to them to provide additional contributions to the General Fund. Relative dependence on traditional donors can be reduced further, but levels of funding from these sources will have to continue to increase. In order to further resource mobilization successfully, investments are needed that also address communication components.", "31. The strategy presents three strategic objectives:", "(a) Deepen the partnership with traditional donors, resulting in:", "• Predictable General Fund contributions that grow in line with expenditure projections", "• Adequate response to emergencies and to field-specific needs", "• Partnership on outreach and resource mobilization;", "(b) Diversify the donor base, resulting in:", "• Emerging economies increasing their share of the General Fund", "• Non-traditional (European Union) donors increasing contributions across funding portals", "• Higher Arab contributions across funding portals", "• Private and corporate donations increasing substantially", "• Partnerships and collaborative action bringing financial and non‑financial gains to the Agency;", "(c) Develop the capacity of the Agency to mobilize resources and manage donor relations:", "• Headquarters and fields offices are strategically aligned around the corporate resource mobilization priorities of UNRWA", "• Synergies between communications and donor relations are fully utilized.", "32. Figure V shows the expected sources of funding of the Agency’s total budget volume for 2012 and 2013, including both the regular and projects budgets.", "Figure V Budget funding — 2012-2013", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "[] \nVoluntary cashcontribution to theGeneral Fund 1 228 063\nVoluntary cashcontribution toprojects 681 245\nVoluntary in kindcontributions to theGeneral Fund 3 688\nUnited Nationsregular budget 50 346\n Other 48 106 \n Total 2 011 448", "33. Voluntary contributions will be requested to cover about 95 per cent of total budget volume for 2012-2013, of which 64.2 per cent are cash contributions to the General Fund, 35.6 per cent cash receipts to fund projects, and about 0.2 per cent constitutes in kind contributions to the General Fund.", "34. The funding of 133 approved international posts, the proposed 13 additional posts and 5 proposed reclassifications funded from the regular budget accounts for about 2.5 per cent of the annual total budget volume. The remaining 2.4 per cent of other income is derived from the following sources:", "(a) Interest income and miscellaneous income, including programme support costs in the range of $23 million per annum;", "(b) Funding of six staff posts (2 international and 4 local staff) by UNESCO and four posts (2 international and 2 local staff) by WHO as part of their technical assistance to the education and health programmes, respectively.", "35. If donor contributions continue to fall behind the levels required to finance rising levels of service delivery requirements, the resulting constraints on the Agency’s capacity will continue to undermine the human development standards of the refugees and put additional pressure on the host authorities.", "36. UNRWA recognizes that the resource scarcity resulting from the current global economic climate, increasing needs resulting from population growth and inflationary pressures require that the Agency prioritize services and activities within and among its main programmes. The budget therefore encompasses funding for only an identified set of core activities fundamental in meeting the basic needs of the refugees. The resources required to do so are necessary for the Agency to fulfil the essence of its mandate.", "Chapter II", "Goal 1: a long and healthy life", "A. Human Development goal", "37. The UNRWA health programme enables Palestine refugees to achieve a long and healthy life through the provision of comprehensive primary health-care services and through working with communities to promote healthy lifestyles.", "B. Objectives", "38. The objectives of the programme are:", "(a) Universal access to quality, comprehensive. primary health care;", "(b) Sustained protection and promotion of family health;", "(c) Ensured prevention and control of diseases.", "C. Constraints and challenges", "39. The UNRWA health programme has delivered comprehensive, primary health-care services to Palestine refugees for over 60 years, achieving some remarkable gains, particularly in the fields of maternal and child health. However, the context in which the health programme operates is changing, bringing a range of new challenges.", "40. Ageing populations, as well as changes in lifestyle, have resulted in increases in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases among Palestine refugees, in keeping with similar trends observed globally. Non-communicable diseases include hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking-related lung disease and cancers. These diseases usually require lifelong care and are treated with medicines that are often expensive. As a result of budget constraints, UNRWA is at present unable to provide the cholesterol-lowering medicines that are essential in the management of a high proportion of patients with non-communicable diseases. The complications of such diseases may be severe enough to require hospitalization and may result in disability. Management of this increasing burden of chronic diseases thus has substantial resource implications for staffing, medicines and hospital care. Furthermore, significant efforts will have to be made in working with communities to address lifestyle-related risk factors, which are key to preventing and controlling non-communicable diseases. Resources are needed to develop effective communication campaigns and to build the capacity of community support organizations.", "41. Costs of health care continue to rise in the Agency’s fields of operation, as is the case in countries worldwide. UNRWA has faced substantial increases in the costs of medicines and hospitalization fees in recent years. Furthermore, deepening poverty may cause refugees who previously used private service providers to start using UNRWA services, creating an additional burden for the Agency’s health services. Another concern is that policy changes in host countries may affect the access of refugees to Ministry of Health facilities, making them even more reliant on UNRWA services. The years ahead are therefore likely to see an increase in demand for the Agency’s health services, while available resources may not increase at the same pace.", "42. Escalating demand for services and the increasing need for lifelong care of chronic diseases have necessitated UNRWA to seek new ways of delivering health services in order to ensure quality of care for the future. The recently introduced family health team approach promotes comprehensive care for the whole family, focusing on continuity of care and on building relationships among health-care providers, patients, families and communities. This approach represents a modernization of primary health care, in keeping with regional and global trends, and requires an investment in systems development and staff capacity that will result in high quality, efficient health services that are able to respond to future health needs.", "43. Long-term care of high numbers of patients with non-communicable diseases, who often have complex case management needs, requires a well functioning patient record system. Furthermore, the resource implications associated with high numbers of patients on costly medications requires adequate health management information systems to monitor the efficiency of care. Current UNRWA information systems are inadequate to meet these complex information needs. In order to enable evidence-based decision-making and appropriate resource allocation in the future, substantial investment is needed in health information systems.", "44. Many of the health facilities are located in old buildings, the maintenance of which has been neglected over the years because of funding constraints. Assessment of all health facilities to ensure that they meet the required functions and are efficient, safe for use, safe under seismic activities and are environmentally sound and within set standards remains an unfunded challenge.", "45. While most of the refugees in camps are served with water supply and sewer networks, very little is known about the quality of water they drink and use and the adequacy of infrastructure systems. Improving the quality of the environmental infrastructure networks in camps based on WHO standards requires comprehensive assessments on adequacy of systems but remains an unfunded challenge too.", "46. Due to budget constraints, UNRWA will address only the environmental issues, although recognizing the importance, as opportunity arises and when minimum expenditure is envisaged. Budgeting for general environmental concerns is addressed only through projects.", "47. There are approximately 28,000 Palestine refugees living in Dar’a Camp in southern Syrian Arab Republic whose health is affected by unsanitary and unsafe living conditions. Reported cases of water-related diseases due to inadequate and leaking water and sewer systems is not uncommon in this and other camps.", "D. Financial resources", "48. Table 12 sets out the resource requirements by objective for human development goal 1.", "Table 12 A long and healthy life Resource requirements by objective", "(Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "2012 2013 estimate estimate", "Universal access to quality, comprehensive, 83 520 84 327 primary health care", "Sustained protection and promotion of family 7 282 7 327 health", "Ensured prevention and control of diseases 27 024 26 162", "Total regular budget 117 826 117 816", "Project budget 14 673 14 673", "Total 132 499 132 489", "Chapter III", "Goal 2: acquired knowledge and skills", "A. Human development goal", "49. UNRWA attempts to situate its educational developments and priorities within the global frameworks of the Millennium Development Goals and the Education for All initiative. UNRWA provides education services to nearly 0.5 million Palestine refugee children through some 700 schools located in Jordan, Lebanon, the Gaza Strip, the Syrian Arab Republic and the West Bank. Nearly half of the Agency’s schools are located within the camps.", "50. In a situation where almost 41 per cent of Palestine refugees are below the age of 18 and affected by high levels of unemployment and poverty, education remains one of the surest ways to make a lasting positive socio-economic impact. Thus, in achieving the second Millennium Development Goal of universal basic education, the focus of UNRWA for the biennium 2012-2013 will be on enhancing the quality of its basic education services through a system-wide education reform. The education reform strategy is in line with the overall UNRWA sustaining change agenda, medium-term strategy and national, regional and global education for all aspirations.", "51. The UNRWA education reform addresses perceptions of declining quality which have been identified through the Agency-wide monitoring and learning achievement tests. The education reform is designed to establish an enabling environment whereby schools and teachers receive appropriate, timely, professional and administrative support. This will facilitate educationally, technically and economically meaningful progress towards the achievement of quality education for Palestine refugee students in UNRWA schools.", "52. Children have a right to education, one that is upheld by the General Assembly, which has encouraged the Agency, in close cooperation with other relevant United Nations entities, to continue making progress in addressing the needs and rights of children in accordance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Achieving universal primary education is the second Millennium Development Goal, and the international community has committed itself to work towards better quality education for all. UNRWA operates 700 elementary and preparatory schools, providing free basic education for nearly 0.5 million Palestine refugee children. Over time, the Agency’s schools have acquired a reputation for low dropout rates and high academic achievement. Literacy rates among Palestine refugees compare well with those in the region, and there has been gender equity in enrolment since the 1970s.", "53. Through its education system, UNRWA has the greatest potential to help Palestine refugee children to thrive, to achieve their potential and to grow up understanding their rights and respecting the rights of others. Basic education, delivered by the Agency’s education programme, is therefore considered among the highest priorities of all the Agency’s services to refugees. The UNRWA education programme also contributes to the strategic objective on employability.", "B. Objectives", "54. The objectives of goal 2 are:", "(a) Universal access to and coverage of basic education;", "(b) Educational quality and outcomes against set standards are enhanced;", "(c) Improve access to educational opportunities for learners with special education needs.", "C. Constraints and challenges", "55. School buildings and infrastructure. More than 70 per cent of the schools are operating on double shift, and 15 per cent from rented premises with meagre resources for upkeep and enhancement of school infrastructure. UNRWA is committed to providing all its students with a complete basic education. Despite continued efforts to decrease the dropout rate, further efforts are needed, as approximately 10 per cent of boys and 5 per cent of girls in the UNRWA system do not finish the full cycle of basic education.", "56. Student achievement. Performance in the Agency’s monitoring and learning achievement tests is highest in less cognitively demanding skills and lower in more demanding skills (such as drawing inferences, applying knowledge to real world situations and performing two-step procedures). These skills are premised on the mastery of less complex thinking skills. A number of UNRWA students markedly underperform, with just under one third of grade four and grade eight students assessed for numeracy skills and scoring between zero and 30 per cent in the monitoring and learning achievement tests. In addition, in the same tests, close to two thirds of UNRWA students scored between zero and 30 per cent in eighth grade Arabic. This underscores the need for an increased focus on improving the quality of the teaching and learning process through the provision of appropriate pre- and in-service training and support to teachers.", "57. Curriculum enrichment. UNRWA utilizes host country curriculum in each of its five fields of operation. This makes the delivery of uniform quality education and mainstreaming Agency-wide policies, structures and systems that are relevant to curriculum quality particularly challenging. UNRWA enriches curricula to improve quality and to ensure that United Nations values are embedded within the curricula, notwithstanding the constraints on the capacity of the Agency’s education programme managers.", "58. Quality education. Current teacher preparation and pre-service and in-service career development programmes tend to be more conventional, and efforts will be required to adopt non-conventional strategies, which will involve a school-based teacher development programme using open distance learning methodologies.", "59. Inclusive education. Currently there are an estimated 100,000 students in UNRWA institutions with special education needs who are not being cared for. An inclusive education vision for the Agency will assure the rights of all refugee children, regardless of gender, abilities, disabilities, impairments, health conditions and socio-economic status, to equal access to a meaningful and quality education. UNRWA is thus increasing its focus on inclusive education and is developing a policy, shared terminology and guidelines for Agency schools on how best to support children with special education needs.", "60. Many of the school facilities are deteriorated, and maintenance has been neglected over the years because of funding constraints. Assessment of the structural integrity of schools has revealed that a number of the buildings housing these schools need to be either structurally strengthened or replaced as an immediate priority; students’ health and safety will otherwise be placed at risk. Funding still needs to be secured to address this issue.", "61. Furthermore, assessment of all education facilities to ensure that they meet the required function and are efficient, safe for use, safe under seismic activities and are environmentally sound and within set standards remains to be an unfunded challenge. Such assessments will enable the Agency to prioritize interventions and achieve efficiencies.", "D. Financial resources", "62. Table 13 sets out the resource requirements by objective for human development goal 2.", "Table 13 Acquire knowledge and skills Resource requirements by objective", "(Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "2012 2013 estimate estimate", "Universal access and coverage of basic education 83 650 82 280", "Educational quality and outcomes against set 239 584 249 538 standards are enhanced", "Improve access to educational opportunities for 4 861 5 027 learners with special education needs", "Total regular budget 328 095 336 845", "Project budget 8 581 8 581", "Total 336 676 345 426", "Chapter IV", "Goal 3: a decent standard of living", "A. Human development goal", "63. To live with dignity, refugees must be able to attain a decent standard of living; a safe place to live; sufficient quantities of food; and the opportunity to learn skills that will lead to work. Essentially, refugees must be given the opportunity to escape poverty. The right to a decent standard of living — through adequate shelter, food and work — are set out in human rights agreements and reinforced in the first Millennium Development Goal, to “eradicate extreme poverty and hunger”, that includes targets to achieve productive employment and decent work. The United Nations is also committed to building inclusive financial services for the poor.", "64. The Agency’s interventions in support of this goal require an integrated response from its Relief and Social Services programme, microfinance programme, education programme, and camp improvement and infrastructure programme.", "65. There has been a demographic shift in the refugee population, with more than 25 per cent between the ages of 15 and 24. In many ways the realization of the future hopes, aspirations and identity of Palestine refugees depends on the type of education and training they receive. The UNRWA technical and vocational education and training programme aims to provide Palestine refugees with alternative educational opportunities.", "66. There are around 7,000 regular students enrolled in various programmes in the 10 UNRWA vocational training centres. In addition, there are various specific initiatives in the fields catering to short-term courses for youth and school dropouts providing them with employable skills and training.", "67. The Agency has developed its technical courses to be more market-oriented, skill-based and is addressing possibilities of income generation placing more emphasis on entrepreneurial and life skills in the school and technical and vocational education and training curricula. The new competency-based training approach introduces new categories of training that focus on the development of skills identified by employers themselves, creating a skilled labour force and establishing a technical and vocational education and training programme that is more responsive to the demands of local and regional labour markets.", "68. UNRWA also provides professional career guidance and placement services for graduates within its field offices.", "69. UNRWA will prioritize shelter improvements for vulnerable refugees and will pursue a holistic and participatory approach to camp improvement that reflects the social as well as the physical aspects of the built environment.", "B. Objectives", "70. The objectives of goal 3 are:", "(a) Reduce poverty among the poorest Palestine refugees;", "(b) Increase availability to inclusive financial services and access to credit and savings facilities;", "(c) Achieve enhanced skills and improved access to employment for Palestine refugees;", "(d) Sustain camp development and upgrade of substandard infrastructure and accommodation.", "C. Constraints and challenges", "71. UNRWA provides direct support to the poorest under its special hardship assistance to 288,405 refugees annually; has trained more than 7,000 graduates in technical and vocational skills; provided microfinance products for approximately 112,000 loans to refugees since its inception; and over time has rehabilitated around 3,235 shelters. The special hardship assistance programme’s primary focus is upon the food insecure, or those who are identified as falling below the abject poverty line. Traditionally, UNRWA has dealt with poverty through its special hardship assistance programme, serving approximately 5.5 per cent of all registered Palestine refugees. In 2011, 288,405 Palestine refugees were enrolled in the special hardship assistance programme across the five fields and received food assistance on a quarterly basis. In the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, 83,000 food insecure families received additional cash assistance to bridge the poverty gap.", "72. Although the special hardship assistance programme ceiling rises by 3.5 per cent annually, the programme is unable to keep pace with the increasing rates of poverty among Palestine refugees. During the current biennium, work has been undertaken in three fields of UNRWA operations to understand the numbers of food insecure refugees who are in need of assistance. The poverty line used in this work was defined as the cost of basic food needs, so if a refugee was determined to be poor, he or she is by definition food insecure. The results from this work show the number of food insecure refugees far outstrips the resources of the programme: 301,301 refugees in the Gaza Strip (27 per cent of the registered population); 170,944 refugees in the West Bank (20 per cent of the registered population); and approximately 160,000 refugees in Lebanon (two thirds of the registered refugees residing in the country); are estimated to be food insecure. In Jordan, assistance from UNRWA renders the social and economic conditions of the Palestine refugees more or less comparable with the general Jordanian population, with the exception of refugees from Gaza, who currently number around 136,000 individuals. The Department of Statistics of Jordan estimates that 13 per cent of Jordanians are living in absolute poverty (basic food and non-food needs). This translates into 253,500 Palestine refugees in Jordan who are in absolute poverty. In 2010, the Central Bureau of Statistics of the Syrian Arab Republic reported that 12 per cent of the population were food insecure. As with Jordan, the assessment for the time being is that the Palestine refugee population is more or less in the same position as the general population of the Syrian Arab Republic so it can be assumed that 57,216 Palestine refugees in the country are food insecure. The estimated total number of Palestine refugees in need of food assistance in the five fields of UNRWA is around 800,000 individuals. This is nearly three times the current ceiling of the special hardship assistance programme.", "73. Increasing poverty has heightened demand for relief and social services; however, donor contributions have not kept pace with these demands. Due to domestic pressures, donor countries’ budgets are stretched, and changes in food aid funding mechanisms pose a significant challenge to UNRWA to meet food requirements for the poor.", "74. In the absence of emergencies, there are poor refugees who are able to exit poverty given the right educational, training and employment opportunities. While the economic situation in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, as well as the limited opportunities for refugees to work in Lebanon, are severe limiting factors for poverty reduction, UNRWA can nevertheless make a significant impact on refugees’ livelihood prospects by equipping them — through training or microfinance — and helping them to access the right opportunities to exit poverty.", "75. For all refugees, but especially the most vulnerable, the Agency’s work in raising the quality of refugees’ shelter to acceptable standards remains vital if they are to live with the dignity that is their right. Levels of overcrowding among Palestine refugees are very high, especially in camps in the Gaza Strip, Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic and Jordan. In the Jordan field alone, approximately 500 shelters are in most urgent need of rehabilitation.", "76. UNRWA could accommodate only 30 per cent of the applicants to the vocational training centres. Despite several efforts, the expansion of UNRWA technical and vocational education and training has been quite slow and extremely limited. The reasons have been varied, ranging from political to resource scarcity to low social perceptions and the global financial crisis. The major issues and constraints of UNRWA technical and vocational education and training include: low access and equity; funding constraints and capacity of vocational training centres; lack of a quality framework and standards for technical and vocational education and training; need for redesign of curricula and implementation mechanisms; and weak linkages with industry and labour markets.", "77. Lack of General Fund and project funding will contribute to the continuation of substandard living conditions, inhabitable shelters and lack of basic infrastructure. Unless a strategic plan to improve the urban environment is funded and implemented as a priority, the economic, health, social, physical and environmental well-being of refugees will continue to deteriorate, which normally results in economic and loss of health/life, but also might lead to political unrest as well as loss of credibility on the part of the Agency with the refugees. Furthermore, emergencies (natural or man-made) result in the large-scale destruction of infrastructure and will increase the demand for repair and reconstruction. Inadequate capacity at legitimate crossings into the Gaza Strip has severely limited the Agency’s ability to meet reconstruction needs and targets for the Gaza Strip and stymied economic and human development.", "78. Lack of urban planning capacity in the fields will result in operational delays of the infrastructure and camp improvement programme at the field level. In the Jordan field, there were no funds raised in 2010 to rehabilitate the 500 highest priority substandard shelters, which pose an immediate risk to the safety and security of beneficiaries of the Special Hardship Assistance Programme. In Lebanon, the Agency’s appeal for funding for the reconstruction of the Nahr El‑Bared Camp has enabled it to make some progress and begin rehousing some of the camp residents. The appeal however, remains heavily underfunded, leaving most of the camp’s 26,000 registered Palestine refugees displaced in temporary accommodation until it is rebuilt. The residents require continuous funding to support their critical humanitarian needs: food; shelter; health; and education. UNRWA is required to continue to provide emergency food assistance in the form of food parcels.", "79. UNRWA Gaza has taken a two-pronged approach to the emergency in the area. While seeking to reactivate the economy through reconstruction and thus bring tens of thousands of families out of aid dependency, the basic needs of those who suffer hardship require attention and care until sustainable solutions are found. Against this backdrop, the Agency’s humanitarian assistance and poverty approach is expressed most prominently through the emergency appeal. The promise of increased self-reliance and hope lies with the Gaza Recovery and Reconstruction Plan. Budgeted at $400 million over the next biennium, the plan represents pillars of stability and opportunity. Within that budget are projects to build 100 schools, rebuild shelters for more than 17,500 beneficiaries, build one health centre and fund water, sanitation and hygiene projects to upgrade the water and sewage infrastructure in the refugee camps. The lack of funding for these projects is the sole impediment to completion. The implications of not completing these projects include the continued double shifting, and eventual triple shifting, of schools, as well as the possibility that the Agency will not meet its mandate to provide universal access to education for the refugee population of the Gaza Strip. The population growth in Gaza is reflected by an annual increase of 10,000 students in the Agency’s schools. Shelter reconstruction partially addresses the emergent shelter needs of the refugee community and reconstructs a number of shelters destroyed during the conflict with Israel.", "80. Lack of comprehensive information on the number of substandard shelters across the fields is envisaged to be one of the main challenges for the Agency. A rapid assessment survey in all camps would provide a reliable database to prioritize shelter rehabilitation interventions that are required.", "D. Financial resources", "81. Table 14 sets out the resource requirements by objective for human development goal 3.", "Table 14 A decent standard of living Resource requirements by objective (Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "2012 2013 estimate estimate", "Reduced poverty among the poorest Palestinian 58 035 61 426 refugees", "Inclusive financial services and increased access to credit and savings facilities^(a)", "Enhanced skills and improved access to employment for 21 041 20 880 Palestinian refugees", "Sustained camp development and upgraded substandard 3 813 3 770 infrastructure and accommodation", "Total regular budget 82 889 86 076", "Project budget 302 288 365 673", "Total 385 177 351 749", "^(a) Excludes Microfinance Department budget self-sustained through interest income on loan distributions. The total Microfinance Department budget for the biennium 2012-2013 is $25.8 million, of which $25.7 million relates to this goal.", "Chapter V", "Goal 4: human rights enjoyed to the fullest", "A. Human development goal", "82. Just and equitable human development requires respect for human rights. Protection is a cross-cutting theme for the Agency, meaning that protection issues will be taken into consideration in all programming.", "B. Objectives", "83. The objectives of goal 2 are:", "(a) Rights of Palestine refugees are safeguarded and advanced;", "(b) Strengthened capacity of refugees to formulate and implement sustainable social services in their communities;", "(c) Registration and eligibility of Palestine refugees for UNRWA services are in accordance with relevant international standards.", "C. Constraints and challenges", "84. The Agency’s protection work has internal and external dimensions. Internally, UNRWA promotes protection through programming and service delivery. Externally, it engages in monitoring and reporting of refugee conditions and undertakes appropriate interventions, and the Commissioner-General highlights the need for a just and durable solution to the conflict that respects the right of the refugees.", "85. The provision of essential services by UNRWA and ensuring access to them under varying circumstances, including armed conflict, is integral to the enjoyment of rights of the refugees. Direct and indirect engagement with other actors helps create and consolidate an environment and practices in which rights are respected. These rights include economic and social rights associated with the core areas of service delivery of UNRWA, such as education, as well as civil and political rights, such as the right to life. In addition, as a major provider of public services, UNRWA seeks to ensure that the manner in which it provides them ensures respect for the rights, dignity and safety of its beneficiaries. It does this by, for example, mainstreaming minimum protection standards in all programmes across all fields, acting to eliminate violence in schools, taking steps to prevent gender-based violence and abuse of children, and promoting knowledge of individual rights through a long-term human rights and tolerance programming in its schools. Monitoring and reporting mechanisms help in the effective implementation of these protection activities.", "86. In 2010-2011, the Agency programme focused its efforts on ensuring that quality social services were being provided by refugees in their communities. This was done through the development and promulgation of a variety of tools for staff and refugee-run community-based organizations.", "87. The first of these tools, a capacity assessment toolkit, takes a comprehensive look at community-based organizations as civil society organizations and measures their ability to provide quality service and financial sustainability. Administered in partnership with the organizations, progress is tracked on an annual basis. Other tools focused on specific services offered by the community-based organizations, such as the microlending programme, ensuring that internal control policies and procedures are in place as well as exploring the social impact the small loans have on those who take small loans.", "88. The main challenge for the social services programme and its work with community-based organizations is the organizations’ outreach to refugees in the community who may be more vulnerable than others and in need of social services but for a variety of reasons are unable to access the assistance.", "89. As part of the Agency’s desire to improve service delivery to Palestine refugees, the Agency developed a new online web-based Refugee Registration Information System to replace the outdated Field Registration System. The new system enhances the integrity of refugee data and facilitates collection of new information being gathered about refugees and its analysis, thereby improving the Agency’s ability to better formulate policy and programming.", "90. In addition, more efficient and dignified registration services are being provided to refugees through new family registration cards issued in the UNRWA fields of operation. This has eliminated the previous reliance upon headquarters to print these cards and significantly reduced the three-month time frame in which registration cards were previously issued. The capacity-building and professional development of staff remains important in this regard, and is in turn affected by chronic resource constraints.", "91. Due to the fact all registered Palestine refugees, now numbering nearly 5 million persons, rely upon eligibility and registration services, more staff are required to ensure that registration services are carried out in accordance with relevant international standards.", "92. The Agency’s ability to achieve its objectives relies on a range of factors outside its direct control, including the facilitation of host and other governments in the region. The political context in the region poses a significant challenge to fulfilment of this human development goal.", "93. Included under projects are provisions for the UNRWA Summer Games, which is the largest organized recreational activity available to refugee children in the Gaza Strip. The games provide a safe and creative space for refugee children, away from conditions of poverty and overcrowding that prevail in the Gaza Strip. Equally, they provide an opportunity for children to engage in activities that complement the UNRWA education programme, enhancing the acquisition of skills that enable them to become productive members of society. There is no equivalent activity in the Gaza Strip; none of the other major summer recreational camps feature such diverse activities in a setting free from politics. Should this programme not be funded, the space and range of activities available to the refugee children of the Gaza Strip, including one which helps them reach their potential as students and achieve a decent standard of living, will be curtailed.", "D. Financial resources", "94. Table 15 sets out the resource requirements by objective for human development goal 4.", "Table 15 Human rights enjoyed to the fullest Resource requirements by objective (Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "2012 2013 estimate estimate", "Rights of Palestine refugees are safeguarded and 17 17 advanced", "Strengthened capacity of refugees to formulate and 1 425 1 224 implement sustainable social services in their communities", "Registration and eligibility of Palestine refugees 2 278 2 279 for UNRWA services are in accordance with relevant international standards", "Total regular budget 3 720 3 520", "Project budget 12 765 12 765", "Grand total 16 485 16 285", "Chapter VI", "Goal 5: effective and efficient governance and support in the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "A. Goal", "95. The goal of effective and efficient governance and support in UNRWA is to promote and sustain the best possible standards of management, enhance stakeholder relations and enable the delivery of quality programmes that help achieve the human development of the Palestine refugees.", "96. This goal is achieved by the following Headquarters Departments and the corresponding units in the field offices:", "(a) Commissioner-General’s Office;", "(b) Administrative Services Department;", "(c) Human Resources Department;", "(d) Finance Department;", "(e) Department of Legal Affairs;", "(f) Department of Internal Oversight Services;", "(g) External Relations and Communications Department.", "B. Objectives", "97. The objectives of goal 5 are:", "(a) To provide leadership, strengthen governance and mobilize additional resources;", "(b) To develop and sustain UNRWA, enabling it to carry out its mandate.", "C. Constraints and challenges", "98. During the biennium, UNRWA will continue to build on the results of its organizational development reform of the support departments and move forward with planning and implementation of its “sustaining change” programme reforms. While management support reforms, such as staff development and introduction of an enterprise resource planning system remain priorities, the strengthening of the core services of UNRWA — and its resource mobilization capacity — lie at the heart of the “sustaining change” reforms. Attracting and retaining qualified staff and investing in their development will continue to be important to the success of the reforms.", "99. Several internal studies have concluded that the only alternative that the Agency has to mitigate risk is to develop and implement a new enterprise resource planning system. The current enterprise system has become obsolete. The introduction of an enterprise resource planning system depends entirely on the availability of sufficient funding, as reflected in the estimated annual project budget. The lack of funds is an overwhelming constraint, as UNRWA cannot proceed with the acquisition of the required software licences to start the implementation, nor can it begin contractual negotiations with prospective system integrators for the project. If the project is not fully funded for the biennium, this constraint will prevent the initiation of the new enterprise resource planning system.", "100. The continuing financial pressures facing UNRWA affect governance capacity, with implications for the Agency as a whole. Due to the global economic downturn, economic forecasts for 2012 are of particular concern. Large funding gaps will pose a severe challenge to both support and programme services. Mobilizing sufficient resources to sustain reforms and achieve greater efficiencies is a priority.", "101. In the light of ongoing reforms and political developments in the region, the expectations of stakeholders, including donors and beneficiaries, are high and growing. As UNRWA seeks to meet these expectations, it notes that reforming public services is a complex task that does not yield results quickly. The task is complicated further by conditions of protracted conflict and growing instability in the Agency’s areas of operations.", "102. To move the sustaining change reform process forward, it is necessary to strengthen further the culture of transparency and accountability. Engendering reform support from a large number of staff, both international and area staff, requires the buy-in of all managers, combined with training, coaching and the reform of key management systems.", "D. Financial resources", "103. Table 16 sets out the resource requirements by objective for human development goal 5.", "Table 16 Effective and efficient governance and support in UNRWA Resource requirements by objective (Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "2012 2013 estimate estimate", "Provide leadership, strengthen governance and 28 703 28 842 foster partnerships", "Develop and sustain UNRWA, enabling it to carry 61 543 55 058 out its mandate^(a)", "Total regular budget 90 246 83 900", "Project budget 20 623 20 623", "Total 110 869 104 523", "^(a) Excludes Microfinance Department (MD) budget self-sustained through interest income on loan distributions. The total MD budget for the biennium 2012-2013 is $25.8 million, of which $117,000 ($57,000 for 2012 and $60,000 for 2013) relates to this goal.", "Chapter VII", "Recommendations of the United Nations Board of Auditors: status of implementation", "104. Table 17 illustrates the current status of 61 recommendations made by the United Nations Board of Auditors in its report for the biennium 2008-2009. As at 31 March 2011, 30 recommendations had been implemented, 25 were under implementation, 4 were yet to be implemented, and 2 recommendations had been overtaken by events.", "105. The management of UNRWA is committed to implementing the recommendations, some of which require additional funding, span bienniums or require strategic intervention. Most of the recommendations indicated as being under implementation are planned for the second and third quarters of 2011.", "Table 17 Status of implementation of the recommendations of the Board of Auditors for the biennium ended 31 December 2009", "Implementationstatus \nDepartment/office\tNumberofrecommendations\tImplemented Underimplementation\tNotimplemented\tOvertakenby events \nFinance\t19\t14 2\t2\t1\n Gaza field office 6 2 4 — — \n Jordan field office 2 1 1 — — \nSyrian Arab Republicfield office\t2\t1 1\t—\t—Department ofAdministrative Support:Information SystemsDivision\t1011\t6—— 311\t1——\t——— Procurement andLogistics Division \n Administration \nProgramme Coordinationand Support\t4\t— 4\t—\t—\nDepartment of HumanResources\t6\t5 1\t—\t—\nDepartment of InternalOversight Services\t9\t— 7\t1\t1\n Executive Management 1 1 — — — \nTotal\t61\t30 25\t4\t2", "150911", "*1145675*", "[]" ]

[ "United Nations", "Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "Programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011", "General Assembly", "Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 13A", "General Assembly Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 13A", "[] United Nations • 2011, New York", "Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "Programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011", "A/63/33/Add.1", "Note", "ISSN 0251-7973", "Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.", "[17 August 2011]", "Contents", "Introduction 1", "Chapter I", "Introduction", "The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA or the Agency) was established in accordance with General Assembly resolution 302 (IV) of 8 December 1949 and started functioning on 1 May 1950 as a subsidiary organ of the United Nations system. The Agency is one of the largest programmes of the United Nations, and the 2011 mandate covers 460,000 Palestine refugees. As noted in General Assembly resolution 65/100, the Agency has played an important role for over 60 years to provide important services for the well-being, human development and protection of Palestine refugees and to improve their plight. The General Assembly extended the mandate of the Agency every three years, with the recent extension of the mandate of the Agency in resolution 65/98, which affirmed the need for the continuation of the work of the Agency until the issue of Palestine refugees was resolved fairly.", "The mandate of UNRWA is to help the Palestine refugees to realize the full potential of human development in the difficult environment in which they live, in accordance with internationally agreed goals and standards. The Agency's approach to this task is to provide basic services to Palestine refugees in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic, in accordance with international standards. Of the United Nations agencies, UNRWA is distinct from its direct service to refugees. The mandate of the Agency is mandated by the General Assembly to make operational developments over time. At present, the Agency's mandate has been expanded to provide education, health, relief and social services and microfinance and emergency assistance to refugees, as well as to provide infrastructure and refugee camps to improve and protect refugees.", "Background", "The recent political and security developments in the Middle East are merely a new stumbling of the Agency and further depleting the Agency's limited resources, thus limiting the Agency's ability to service some 5 million refugees in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic. Access in the West Bank, the continued blockade of the Gaza Strip, severe financial constraints and security issues are only some of the difficulties that the Agency faces on a daily basis. Despite the difficult situation, UNRWA, which is seen by many as stabilizing forces in this volatile area, continues to make every effort to continue providing direct services to the Palestine refugees.", "The core services provided by UNRWA are in nature and scope comparable to the services provided by local or national Governments. Approximately 29,000 UNRWA staff members are one of the largest user units in the Middle East, most of whom are refugees themselves. More than 4,000 children were enrolled in the Agency's schools with approximately 220,000 educational staff. Last year, more than 1,000 patients were briefed at 137 UNRWA health centres across the region. UNRWA also assists nearly 28,000 most poor and most vulnerable refugees in accessing additional assistance from improved social safety net programmes targeting the poorest. Other special needs such as maimers also benefit from specialized services provided by the Agency's health centres. The issue of gender equality is being mainstreamed into the core programmes of the Agency, while community empowerment is the main core area of the Agency. Currently, the challenge of providing these services is very daunting.", "In Gaza, the Agency is registered with 1.1 million Palestine refugees, including over 2,000 students. Despite the fact that thousands of students are eligible for school attendance at the Agency's schools, the lack of classrooms cannot attend school. As the Gaza Strip was blocked by the blockade and the conflict that took place in the Gaza Strip between December 2008 and January 2009, the economy was damaged and there was a need for large-scale reconstruction of refugee housing. In the need for reconstruction in the Gaza Strip, refugee shelters account for a large part, and the Agency's responsibilities are more challenging owing to the lack of funding and the difficulty of the embargo in transporting construction materials.", "In the West Bank, despite improvements in the situation, such as a reduction in the number of checkpoints, access and operational restrictions remain isolated communities, not only political but logistical challenges. These challenges exacerbate the plight of refugees and weaken the Agency's ability to deliver services in a cost-effective manner in affected areas.", "In Lebanon, UNRWA remains the main aspect of providing services to marginalized Palestine refugees with high levels of poverty and limited opportunities for poverty. In Lebanon, the establishment of the new Government in early 2011 increased the hope for progress on a number of issues of concern to UNRWA and refugees. One area of concern is legislation allowing refugees to engage in various occupations, which is yet to be implemented. As the Agency cannot provide adequate assistance to refugees to enable them to obtain three-tier treatments that endanger life, the riots in the camps threaten directly the safety of the Agency's front-line staff.", "In Jordan where the situation of refugees remains stable, the Government has taken various measures against the general public, one of which is to increase the salaries of public sector employees. The impact of this approach is discussed below (see paras. 12 and 13). The Syrian Arab Republic has been a stable area of operations, but the riots occurred in 2011 have challenged the Agency's activities in that region.", "The direct services provided by the Agency are essential for the well-being of the Palestine refugees throughout the region. If the Agency's financial situation is not improved, the beneficiaries will have a direct impact. The lack of adequate resources has undermined the quality of the Agency's programmes. Despite the gradual increase in extrabudgetary contributions to the Agency over the years, the pace of population and costs is not kept pace.", "Planning assumptions", "UNRWA was fully aware that the core of its commitment to meeting the needs of beneficiaries and responding to financial difficulties was that the Agency must significantly improve its functioning.", "Following the Geneva Conference in June 2004, UNRWA started the most ambitious reform process to date, entitled “Organizational development”. This reform process ended in 2009, with far-reaching changes to the Agency's management system and planning framework. On the basis of the organizational development plan, the Agency continued to reform and developed a plan called “Sustainable change”. The plan outline was finalized in May 2011 and presented to the Agency's Advisory Committee at its session by the end of June 2011. The key thrust of the plan is to complete the conceptual changes in the Agency's institutional structure in the next two bienniums. The organizational development plan started to revitalize the management of UNRWA, with sustained changes aimed at delivering a programme to ensure that the most needed equality and effectiveness are strengthened when the services of the overcrowded schools, clinics and camp services centres are delivered. The plan also prioritizes the empowerment of the Agency. As a result of the organization's development and progress in line with the ongoing change plan, the Agency has given a longer-term strategic focus, including through the medium-term strategy for 2010-2015, to support a robust results-based planning system. Monitoring and evaluation capacity has been further developed and the Agency has also incorporated cross-cutting issues of importance to United Nations system-wide development and humanitarian work in its planning, such as gender equality, disability and protection. The Agency also granted greater authority to field management to enhance efficiency, while seeking to ensure the support required by the Agency's headquarters, to maintain the relevant standards of the Agency, good practices in programme planning and evaluation and results-based accountability. In addition, the Agency's procurement rules have been fully revised to make them more consistent with the standards adopted throughout the United Nations system. The Agency's human resources procedures have also been thoroughly renovated, focusing on improving the recruitment process and staff management, which are very important for the Agency with approximately 29,000 staff members who are key to providing quality services to millions of beneficiaries.", "Staff costs represent a significant portion of the UNRWA budget (see table 4), since direct service delivery requires a large number of staff (approximately 29,000). Efforts to harmonize public sector salaries with host authorities make the Agency's financial sustainability vulnerable to economic instability. For example, in 2011, the Syrian Arab Republic and Jordan had increased public sector salaries, and UNRWA had therefore spent approximately $8.5 million per year.", "The host Government faces increasing demands for quality services, while its financial situation deteriorates. In some cases, some Palestine refugees who use host Government services returned to the Agency, which adds the pressure on UNRWA to provide services. At the same time, donors expect to increase efficiency, effectiveness and quality of service delivery. As a result, the Agency faces increasing demands and expectations from all major stakeholders in the context of limited resource base and increased operating costs.", "C. Budget structure", "The UNRWA budget structure reflects the medium-term strategy for 2010-2015, based on the implementation plan for the second two-year strategy developed for field offices and headquarters sectors. The following chapters and the expected accomplishments, indicators of achievement and measurements proposed therein reflect the continued commitment of UNRWA to the implementation of results-based budgeting in the biennium 2010-2011.", "The medium-term strategy identifies four human development goals for Palestine refugees, namely:", "(a) Life with a healthy long life;", "(b) Access to knowledge and skills;", "(c) A decent standard of living;", "(d) The fullest enjoyment of human rights.", "In order to link funds directly to implementation results in line with the Agency's strategy, this budget includes a breakdown of the objectives and strategic objectives, as shown in the table below:", "Figure 1", "Figure I", "Organizational structure and post distribution for the biennium 2012-2013", "Note: 75 international posts are funded from extrabudgetary resources.", "Abbreviations: USG, Under-Secretary-General; ASG, Assistant Secretary-General; RB, regular budget; XB, extrabudgetary; GS, General Service; OL, Other level.", "AD(a) Local posts. ∗ New posts. AD(c) Reclassification posts. Table 7", "Table 1 Budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Total regular budget project budget", "Human development Goal cash nil (a) in kind", "Long-term life 116 5131 313 117 826 673 132 1117 613", "Access to knowledge and skills 327 572 523,328,581 336 336,530 336,581 345 426 663 1,053 664 940 17", "A decent standard of living 82,889 - 82 889 302 288 385 86,087 - 86,0776 265 363 351 749 - 168 965 567 961 736 177 965 926", "The most adequate enjoyment of human rights 3 719 1 3 720 12765 16, 485 319, 3 520 12765 16 285 7 238 2", "UNRWA's effective and high 90 246 - 90 246 20,623 110 83,900 - 83, 20, 623,104 523 174 - 146 41 246 215 Effective Governance and Support 869 146 392", "Subs 620 939 1 837 622 776 358,930 981 626 1 851 628 322 315, 950 472 1,247, 688 1,233 681", "Other resources required", "Contingency reserve (ADb) 110,000 - 111,000 - 110,000 - 111,000 - 11,000 - 110,000 - 22,000 - 220,000", "Salary reserve 16 135 - 16 135 - 135 31 135 - 31 135 - 31 135 47 270 - 47 27", "Removal benefits reserve of 2,000 - 2,000 - 2,000 - 2,000 - 2,000 - 4,000 - 4,000 - 4,000 - 4,000", "New enterprise resource planning reserve of 2,000 - 2,000 - 2,000 - 2,000 - 2,000 - 4,000 - 4,000 - 4,000 - 4,000", "Capitalization and depreciation reserve (c) 1000 - 1,000 - 1,000 - 1,000 - 1,000 - 1000 - 1000 - 2,000 - 2,000 - 2,000 - 2,000", "Sub 32 135 - 32 135 - 32 135 47 135 - 47 135 - 47 135 79 270 - 79 270 - 79", "Total 653,074 1,837 654,911 358,930 1,013, 673", "lob (a) Includes 13 additional international posts and 5 reclassification posts requested in the editor for the period 2012-2013.", "AD(b) includes reserves for the purchase of food cash, foreign exchange, annual leave and general-purpose.", "COM(c) The capitalization and depreciation reserves are earmarked for compliance with the requirements of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Table 2", "(In cash and in kind, in thousands of dollars)", "Resource growth (ADd)", "Field offices 2008 2012-2013, 2011", "Gaza Strip 183,994, 864 213, 205,995 214 905 216 106 11416 2.72", "Lebanon 61 929 72 492 75", "Syrian Arab Republic 44 194 45 861 48 640 546 56 339 57383 10,856 10", "Jordan 105 866 104 671 116 697 123 182 124 541 124", "West Bank 83 102 82 229 96 658 96 617 103, 868 13862", "Headquarters", "Education programmes 2 707 2 406 2887 3 247,915 2 925 (294)", "Health Programme 717 1,043 1 114", "Relief and social services programmes 873,914 1 209", "Infrastructure and camp improvement programme 1,158,728 1,415 1,881,345 1 949 998 28", "Support services 23,718 22, 351 2865 36 425 38 544 39 426 12 680 19.42", "Subs 508 258 513 586 650 592 357 622 776 628 71 926", "Other resources required", "Contingency reserve (ADb,a) - 2,809,000 111,000 191 683.20", "Salary reserve (ADb) - 24,500 16 135 31 135 22 770 44", "Removal benefits reserve (ADb) - 5,078 2,000 (1,078)", "New enterprise resource planning reserve (ADb) - - - 24,000 -", "Capitalization and depreciation reserve (b,e) (2,284) (1,066) - 1000 36 (220.77)", "Subs (2,284) (11,028) (1, 656) 32 387 32 135 47", "Total 505 974 512 531 584 994 624 644 644 611 675 292 120 465 9.96", "lob (a) Includes 13 additional international posts and 5 reclassification posts requested in the editor for the period 2012-2013.", "AD(b) Comparative figures for 2008-2010 include field offices and headquarters expenditure.", "AD(c) includes reserves for the purchase of food cash, foreign exchange, annual leave and general-purpose.", "AD(d) Resource growth: comparison between the two bienniums.", "COM(e) The capitalization and depreciation reserves are earmarked for compliance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards requirements.", "Figure II", "Regular budget by field offices", "(In cash and in kind, in thousands of dollars)", "[]", "Table 3", "Regular budget requirements by human development objective", "(In cash and in kind, in thousands of dollars)", "Resource growth (ADd)", "Human Development Goal 2008 2013, percentage of expenditure, expenditure, budget estimates xa)", "Life of the healthy life 89 001 89 735 107 770 116 302 117 826 117 816,036", "Access to knowledge and skills 277,713 281 851 313 679 299,571 328,059 336 845 51 975", "A decent standard of living 68 344 63 932 73 387 72 260 82 889 86,0776 473", "(14.55)", "UNRWA's effectiveness and 68 921 73 818 87 938 99 626 90 246,900 (38,012) - Effective governance and support", "Sub 508 258 513 586 592 357,622 776 628 71,926", "Other resources required", "Contingency reserve (continued) - 2809,000 111,000 191 683.20", "Salary reserve (ADb) - 24,500 16 135 31 135 22 770 44", "Removal benefits reserve (ADb) - 5,078 2,000 (1,078)", "New enterprise resource planning reserve (ADb) - - 2,000", "Capitalization and depreciation reserve (b,e) (2,284) (1,066) - 1000 36 (220.77)", "Subs (2,284) (11,028) (1, 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 157.95", "Total 505 974 512 531 584 993 624 744 611 675 292 120 465 9.96", "lob (a) Includes 13 additional international posts and 5 reclassification posts requested in the editor for the period 2012-2013.", "AD(b) Comparative figures for 2008-2010 include field offices and headquarters expenditure.", "AD(c) includes reserves for the purchase of food cash, foreign exchange, annual leave and general-purpose.", "AD(d) Resource growth: comparison between the two bienniums.", "COM(e) The capitalization and depreciation reserves are earmarked for compliance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards requirements.", "Figure III", "Regular budget, by human development objective", "(In cash and in kind, in thousands of dollars)", "[]", "Table 4", "Regular budget requirements by expenditure category", "(In cash and in kind, in thousands of dollars)", "Resource growth (ADd)", "Estimates (a)", "International staff costs 20 525 22 611 2648 32 587 30 460 30 443 2 068 3.49", "Regional staff costs 379, 354 372,734 429,033,424 676 451 16, 471 662 694", "Services 25 860 26 957 34 360 42 264 41,717 369", "Supplies 50 464 591,091 872 59 195 67 184 13405", "Equipment and construction 5 978 8 186 12 926 294 155,060 12 505,345 9.30", "Premises 8 377 8 165 913 1717 491 15", "Grants and subsidies 22 258 17,090 18 567 1480 21 366 20 825 9 144", "Field reserves - 4 457", "Cost recovery (4,558) (1,275) (4 489) (22,287) -", "Subs 508 258 513 586 650 592 357 622 776 628 71 926", "Other resources required", "Contingency reserve (continued) - 2809,000 111,000 191 683.20", "Salary reserve (ADb) - 24,500 16 135 31 135 22 770 44", "Removal benefits reserve (ADb) - 5,078 2,000 (1,078)", "New enterprise resource planning reserve (ADb) - - - 24,000 -", "Capitalization and depreciation reserve (b,e) (2,284) (1,066) - 1000 36 (220.77)", "Subs (2,284) (11,028) (1, 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 157.95", "Total 505 974 512 531 584 994 624 644 644 611 675 292 120 465 9.96", "lob (a) Includes 13 additional international posts and 5 reclassification posts requested in the editor for the period 2012-2013.", "AD(b) Comparative figures for 2008-2010 include field offices and headquarters expenditure.", "AD(c) includes reserves for the purchase of food cash, foreign exchange, annual leave and general-purpose.", "AD(d) Resource growth: comparison between the two bienniums.", "COM(e) The capitalization and depreciation reserves are earmarked for compliance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards requirements.", "Figure IV", "Regular budget by expenditure category", "(In cash and in kind, in thousands of dollars)", "[]", "Table 5", "Project budget by human development goals and field offices", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Human Development Goals in the Gaza Strip AD (a) Lebanon (2011) (b)", "Long-term life 13,198 14 563 - 1 585 29 346", "Knowledge and skills - 2 814 348 - 17162", "A decent standard of living 402 485 155 940 - 2,005 6599 932 567 961", "The most adequate enjoyment of human rights 25,530 - 25 530", "UNRWA's effective and efficient governance and support package (c) - - 41 246", "Total 441 213 170 503 2 14 16 353 6599 43 763 681 245", "AD(a) The project budget for the Gaza Strip includes $400 million related to reconstruction.", "lob (b) The project budget for the Lebanese field offices included $115 million for the Bahr el camp for the period 2012-2013. Total funds required to complete the project as a whole amount of $207 million.", "AD(c) An amount of $41.2 million under effective and efficient governance and support for UNRWA includes $26 million for enterprise resource planning and $15 million for ongoing change initiatives, ongoing change initiatives relate to reform in the area of education and health and the establishment of the Ministry of External Relations and Communications.", "Staffing table", "In order to deliver core programmes and projects, the Agency employs international and regional staff.", "By its resolution 3331 B (XXIX) of 17 December 1974, the General Assembly decided that the salary costs of international staff serving in UNRWA had been paid by voluntary contributions, which had been refunded by the United Nations regular budget within the Agency's mandate, beginning on 1 January 1975. In the biennium 2010-2011, 133 international staff posts were funded from the regular budget.", "In addition to the authorized 133 international staff posts, the Controller recommends that 13 new posts (1 D-1, 3 P-5, 4 P-4 and 5 P-3) and 5 reclassification posts (4 D-1 to D-2, 1 P-4 to P-5) be included in the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013. These new international staff posts have helped to meet the higher demands for the Agency, as the General Assembly has followed key best practices policies and initiatives throughout the United Nations initiative, including the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards and the safety management system standards and policies, such as the minimum operating security standards and gender mainstreaming.", "In addition to the above, 75 international staff posts are funded from sources other than the regular budget (see table 6). A total of 69 posts are funded by the Project Fund; 2 posts are funded by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); 2 posts funded by the World Health Organization (WHO); 1 post funded by the Ministry of Microfinance and Microenterprise through its programme income; and 1 post funded by the Agency's savings reserve.", "Table 6", "The Executive Board", "lob (a) The proposed establishment of 13 additional international posts and 5 approved reclassification posts within the regular budget column.", "As at 30 June 2011, the UNRWA core programme was delivered mainly through 29,763 local (“the area”) staff. If the Agency is to achieve the performance set out in this budget, this number will need to increase to 30,823 at the end of 2013 (see table 7).", "Table 7", "Goal 6", "Life of long life 1 439 592 412 1,065 22 480", "Access to knowledge and skills 9 329 1 840 2 552 251 2 854 80 21 906", "A decent standard of living 560 229 167 351 417 191 743", "The most adequate enjoyment of human rights 48 16 63 37 511", "Effective and efficient governance and support of UNRWA 537 347 390 442 509 358 2 583", "Total", "E. Financial situation", "In addition to international staff posts funded from the regular budget (through assessed contributions) and posts provided by other United Nations agencies, the funding of UNRWA's current operations, projects and flash appeals is funded from voluntary contributions from donors.", "Table 8 shows the status of funding for the Agency's budget in 2010, including activities funded from earmarked contributions from the regular budget and non-earmarked contributions.", "The financial results for the financial year 2010 clearly show that the Agency was experiencing a shortage of funds in its efforts to carry out its mandate. The regular budget, funded by non-earmarked voluntary contributions, experienced a shortfall of $47.3 million, compared with a shortfall in the project budget of $2049 million.", "Table 8 Status of Agency funding for 2010", "(In millions of dollars)", "Urgent appeals for non-budgeted activities", "Budgets 601.9 262.0 323.3(a)", "Contributions and income 554.6 (2009) (b) 50.6 x (c) 57.1 162.0", "Fund gaps (47.3) - (204.9) (161.3)", "AD(a) refers to the amount required for the 2010 flash appeal.", "AD(b) includes cash and in-kind income.", "AD(c) Indicators indicate the income of activities in the 2010 programme budget that have not been published (e.g., food aid ( cash subsidies) and special hardship assistance): The Occupied Palestinian Territory provided compensation for the losses incurred by UNRWA in the Gaza Strip between 27 December 2008 and 19 January 2009, organized development — phase II and enterprise resource planning.", "In the Occupied Palestinian Territory, there was a shortfall of $1613 million in the funding of the urgent appeal.", "The current income and expenditure projections for 2011 (see table 9) show that the total income of $520.2 million for the regular fund is estimated to be higher than budgeted expenditure (see table 9). Based on indicative donor contributions estimates and interest income estimates, the regular budget funding gap is $1045 million. The General Fund is a mechanism for providing non-earmarked voluntary contributions to the Agency's cash and in kind. If additional contributions are not available, the Agency will not be able to fully carry out its budget activities. In the Occupied Palestinian Territory, a shortfall of $2059 million was projected in the project budget of $153 million.", "Table 9", "(In millions of dollars)", "Urgent appeals for the regular budget project", "Budget 624.7 228", "Projected income AD(a) 520.2 75.8", "Fund gaps (104.5) (153.0) (205.9)", "AD(a) Annual projections and pledges confirmed by the end of June 2011.", "Current income and expenditure projections for 2012 (see table 10). If these projections proved to be correct, the funding gap would increase to $133.2 million (based on the estimates for indicative donor contributions and the projected cost recovery).", "Table 10", "(In millions of dollars)", "Regular budget", "Budget 654.9", "Figure 521.7", "Fund gaps (133.2)", "The projected income for donor contributions for 2011 and 2012 is shown in table 11 below.", "Table 11 Income projections for the General Fund for 2011 and 2012", "(In millions of dollars)", "Total income projections for donors for 2011 - 207 (a) 2011 income projections for Australia, 6300 omnes (b/f) 215,215,100 Bahrain, 100 Saudi Arabia 5,200 1,300 Spain 14,300,600 Canada - Sweden 43,900 Denmark, 13,800 Switzerland, 10,31,000 Egypt, 100 million Turkey, 115,400 United Arab Emirates, 3,473,", "AD(a) Annual projections and pledges confirmed by the end of June 2011.", "At present, UNRWA operates under the long-standing financial situation between budget and income and expenditure. The Agency reviewed its commitment to the development of resource mobilization capacities in a number of key areas, including:", "(a) Integration of the former Ministry of External Relations and the former Headquarters Public Information Office into the Ministry of External Relations and Communications;", "(b) Develop partnerships strategies and establish partnerships within the Ministry of External Relations and Communications;", "(c) Establishment of a new office in Washington, D.C.;", "(d) Strengthening the Brussels Representative;", "(e) Reaffirm the central role of the Ministry of External Relations and Communications as the hub for resource mobilization of the Agency; and", "(f) Appointment of a Senior Director of the Ministry of External Relations and Communications to lead the development of the new strategy, supported by enhanced internal coordination.", "UNRWA's new resource mobilization strategy assumes that it is possible to increase the overall income from all sectors of the market, but recognizes that there is no significant change in the current orbital monuments. The Agency recognizes that the objectives of the General Fund in the coming years are challenging, but considers that they can be achieved if measures are taken to reduce costs. The Agency noted the generous support provided by the Arab donors for UNRWA projects and continued to contact them in order to obtain their contribution to the General Fund. The relative reliance on traditional donors could be further reduced, but the level of funding from these sources must continue to increase. Investment in the advocacy sector is also required in order to further succeed resource mobilization.", "The strategy presents three strategic objectives:", "(a) Increase cooperation with traditional donors, leading to:", "• A predictable regular fund contribution synchronized with expenditure projections;", "• Adequate response to emergencies and specific needs in the field;", "• Cooperation on outreach and resource mobilization.", "(b) Diversity of donor groups leading to:", "• Emerging economies increase their share in the General Fund.", "• Non-traditional donors (European Union) increase their contributions to the financing portals;", "• Increase Arab contributions in the financing portal;", "• Increased private and corporate contributions;", "• Partnership and cooperative action brings economic and non-economic benefits to the Agency.", "(c) Developing the Agency's capacity to mobilize resources and manage donor relations", "• Strategically, headquarters and field offices are aligned with UNRWA overall resource mobilization priorities;", "• Make full use of synergies between advocacy and donor relations.", "Figure V shows the projected total funding sources for the Agency's budget for 2012 and 2013, including the regular budget and project budgets.", "Figure V", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Voluntary cash contributions to the General Fund", "Voluntary cash contributions to the project 681 245", "Voluntary contributions to the General Fund 3 688", "United Nations regular budget 50 346", "Other 48 106", "Total 2,011 448", "About 95 per cent of the total budget for 2012-2013 is to be paid by voluntary contributions, of which 64.2 per cent are cash contributions to the General Fund, 35.6 per cent of cash received for funding projects, and about 0.2 per cent is in-kind contributions to the General Fund.", "133 approved international posts, 13 proposed additional posts and 5 proposed reclassification posts are funded from the regular budget, representing about 2.5 per cent of the total budget. The remaining 2.4 per cent of other income is from the following sources:", "(a) Interest income and miscellaneous income, including programme support costs, do not exceed $23 million per year;", "(b) The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and WHO provide funding for six staff posts (2 international and 4 regional staff posts) and 4 posts (2 international and 2 regional staff posts) as part of their technical assistance to education and health programmes.", "If donor contributions continue to fall short of the amount required to fund growing service needs, the constraints on the Agency's capacity will continue to undermine the human development standards of refugees and impose additional pressure on host authorities.", "UNRWA recognizes that, as a result of the current global economic environment, resulting in a lack of resources, rising population growth and inflationary pressures, the Agency must prioritize its services and activities in its main programmes. As a result, the funds in the budget are used only for identified core activities, which are very important to meet the basic needs of refugees. The Agency needs to do so to meet its core mandate.", "Chapter II", "Goal 1: A healthy life", "Human development goals", "UNRWA health programmes enable the Palestine refugees to live in a healthy life by providing integrated primary health care services and working with communities to promote healthy lifestyles.", "Targets", "The objectives of the programme are as follows:", "(a) Universal and comprehensive primary health care;", "(b) Sustainable protection and promotion of family health;", "(c) Ensure pre-emptive disease.", "C. Constraint and challenges", "Over 60 years, UNRWA's health programme has been providing initial health-care services to Palestine refugees, with some notable gains in the area of health care, particularly in the area of maternal and child health. However, the context in which health programmes are being implemented is changing and presents a number of new challenges.", "Changes in population ageing and lifestyles have led to an increase in the incidence of non-communicable diseases among Palestine refugees and to a similar global trend. Non-communicable diseases include hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking-related pneum diseases and cancer. These diseases often require end-of-life health care, which is often valuable. As a result of budgetary constraints, UNRWA is not able to provide medicines for the reduction of solidol, which are critical to the treatment of most non-communicable diseases. The complications of such diseases may be severe to the need for inpatient treatment and may also result in disability. Therefore, addressing the growing chronic burden of disease has resulted in enormous resources for staffing, medicine and inpatient treatment. In addition, there is a need to work together with the community to address the risk factors associated with lifestyles, which are key to preventing infectious diseases. At present, resources are needed to carry out effective advocacy activities and build the capacity of community support organizations.", "As in the case of the world, the health costs in the area of UNRWA operations continue to rise. In recent years, the Agency has faced significant increases in drug and inpatient costs. Moreover, the increase in poverty may lead to the start of the use of the Agency's services by former private doctors, which impose additional burdens on the Agency's health services. Another issue of concern is the change in the host country policy, which may affect the use of the Ministry of Health facilities by refugees and their reliance on the Agency's services. As a result, the demand for UNRWA health services in the coming years may increase, but the resources available may not be synchronized.", "Because of the increasing demand for services and the growing demand for chronic health care, UNRWA must find new ways to provide health services to ensure the quality of future health services. The recently introduced Family Health Task Force approach has contributed to comprehensive health care for the entire family, with a focus on continued delivery of health services and networking among health personnel, patients, families and communities. This is a modernization of primary health care, keeping in line with regional and global trends, and it is also important to invest in the development of systems and in the development of staff capacity-building so as to enable effective and high-quality health services to meet future health needs.", "Many non-communicable diseases often have the need to deal with complex diseases, and their long-term health needs to operate well-functioned vector systems. In addition, the resource implications associated with the use of expensive drugs by many patients require appropriate health management information systems to monitor the efficiency of health care. The current UNRWA information system is not sufficient to meet these complex information needs. In order to enable future evidence-based decision-making and appropriate allocation of resources, substantial investments in health information systems are needed.", "Many health-care facilities are located in the old building, which has been lost for many years owing to financial constraints. The assessment of all health facilities remains a challenge that is not funded and aims to ensure that such facilities are able to perform the necessary functions, efficiently, secure, combat, environmental protection and meet established goals.", "Although most refugee camps have access to water supply and watercourse networks, there is little knowledge about the quality of water and water for refugees and the appropriateness of infrastructure systems. In order to improve the quality of refugee environmental infrastructure networks in accordance with WHO standards, an integrated assessment of the appropriateness of the systems must be carried out, but it is also a challenge that is not funded.", "Because of budgetary constraints, while recognizing the importance of environmental issues, UNRWA deals only with environmental issues when opportunities arise and envisage minimum expenditure. Currently, only the project has been developed for general environmental issues.", "About 28,000 Palestine refugees live in the Dar'a camp in southern Syrian Arab Republic, with unhealthy and unsafe living conditions affecting their health. In the camps and other camps, water-related disease coverage is not unusual because water systems are inadequate and watershed.", "Financial resources", "Table 12 Resource requirements by target 1 for human development.", "Table 12", "Estimates of 2013 for 2012", "Universal and comprehensive primary health care 83 520 84 327", "Sustainable protection and promotion of family health 7 282 7", "Ensuring prevention of disease 27,02 24 26", "Total regular budget", "Item 6", "Total 132 499 132 489", "Chapter III", "Goal 2: Access to knowledge and skills", "Human development goals", "UNRWA sought to integrate its educational development and priorities into the global framework of the Millennium Development Goals and the Education for All initiative. UNRWA provided education services for nearly 5 million Palestinian refugee children through approximately 700 schools located in Jordan, Lebanon, the Gaza Strip, the Syrian Arab Republic and the West Bank. Nearly half of the Agency's schools are in refugee camps.", "Nearly 41 per cent of Palestine refugees are under 18 years of age and are affected by high unemployment and poverty rates. In this context, education remains one of the most reliable ways to generate lasting and positive socio-economic impacts. As a result, in order to achieve the second Millennium Development Goals (Education of basic education), the focus of the biennium 2012-2013 will be on improving the quality of basic education services through system-wide education reform. The educational reform strategy is in line with the overall UNRWA agenda for continuous reform, the medium-term strategy and the desire for education for all at the national, regional and global levels.", "UNRWA's education reform is concerned at the decline in the quality of education identified through the Agency-wide monitoring and learning performance test. Education reform is aimed at creating an enabling environment for schools and teachers to receive adequate, timely, professional and administrative support. This will help to make meaningful progress in achieving quality education for Palestinian refugee students in UNRWA schools.", "The right of the child to education — the General Assembly upholds this right and has been encouraging the Agency to continue to make progress in meeting the needs and maintenance of the rights of the child in line with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, in close cooperation with other relevant United Nations entities. The achievement of universal primary education is the second Millennium Development Goals, and the international community has been committed to improving the quality of education for all. UNRWA established 700 primary and preparatory schools to provide free basic education for nearly 500,000 Palestinian refugee children. Over time, the Agency's schools have earned a better reputation for drop-out rates and learning performance. The literacy rate of Palestine refugees is not comparable to those in the region, and gender equality has been achieved since the 1970s.", "Through its educational system, UNRWA has the greatest potential to help Palestine refugee children to grow, realize their potential and understand their rights and respect others in their growth. The basic education provided by the Agency's education programme is therefore considered the highest priority for all UNRWA refugee services. UNRWA education programmes also contribute to the achievement of employment strategic objectives.", "Targets", "Goal 2 specifically aims to:", "(a) Universal access to basic education;", "(b) Improve the quality of education and results in accordance with established standards;", "(c) Increase access to education for students with special educational needs.", "C. Constraint and challenges", "School buildings and infrastructure. More than 70 per cent of schools have two structures and 15 per cent rent school premises for school infrastructure maintenance and modest resources. UNRWA is committed to providing complete basic education to all its students. Despite ongoing efforts to reduce the drop-out rate, further efforts are needed, as about 10 per cent of boys and 5 per cent of girls in the UNRWA system do not complete the entire basic education cycle.", "Student performance. In the UNRWA monitoring and learning performance test, it was preferable to demonstrate the skills that were not high in recognition of the need for higher skills (e.g. promotion, use of knowledge to the real world and the implementation of two step-by-step procedures). The latter premised on less complex thinking skills. A number of UNRWA students have shown poor performance, with less than one third participating in the four-year and eight grades for monitoring and learning performance tests between zero and 30 per cent. In addition, in the same test, nearly two thirds of UNRWA students were in the eight-year Arabic language between zero and 30 per cent. This underscores the need to focus more on the quality of teaching and learning through appropriate pre- and in-service training and support for teachers.", "enriching the curriculum. Each of the five UNRWA operational areas uses the host country curriculum. This has made it particularly challenging to provide integrated quality education and to mainstream the Agency's policies, structures and systems on the quality of the curriculum. UNRWA enriches the curriculum to improve quality and ensure that United Nations values are incorporated into the curriculum, although the capacity of the Agency's education programme managers is constrained.", "Quality of education. The current teacher development and pre-service and in-service career development programmes are often more conventional and must work towards non-conventional strategies, including the development of school teachers using open distance learning methods.", "Education at all. Of the UNRWA agencies, an estimated 10,000 students with special education needs have not been cared. The Agency's full-scale education vision will ensure that all refugee children, regardless of gender, capacity, disability, disability, health and socio-economic status, are given equal access to meaningful and quality education. As a result, UNRWA has increased its focus on education and is developing policies, terminology and guidelines for the Agency's schools to support children with special education needs in the best way.", "The facilities in many schools have been dilapidated and over the years have been neglected by financial constraints. An assessment of the integrity of the school structure shows that some of the school premises must be accompanied by an inherent structure or replaced as a matter of urgency, which will endanger the health and safety of students. Funds are still needed to address this problem.", "In addition, the assessment of all educational facilities remains a challenge of funding, which aims to ensure that educational facilities perform the necessary functions, efficiency, use of safety, resistance, environmentally sound and consistent with established standards. Such assessments will enable the Agency to prioritize and improve its efficiency.", "Financial resources", "Table 13", "Table 13 Access to knowledge and skills: resource requirements by target", "(In cash and in kind, in thousands of dollars)", "Estimates of 2013 for 2012", "Universal basic education 83 650 82 280", "Improving the quality of education and results 239,584 249 538", "Improving access to education for students with special education needs 4 861 5 027", "Total regular budget", "Item 8", "Total 336 676 345 426", "Chapter IV", "Goal 3: A decent standard of living", "Human development goals", "In order to live in dignity, refugees must be able to achieve a decent standard of living; a safe place; a sufficient quantity of food; and an opportunity to learn from the skills that can be found. In essence, refugees must have the opportunity to emerge from poverty. The right to a decent standard of living — through adequate housing, food and work — is enshrined in human rights agreements and strengthened by Millennium Development Goal 1, Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, which includes indicators for productive employment and decent work. The United Nations is also committed to providing inclusive financial services to the poor.", "The measures taken by the Agency to support this goal require a consistent response from its Relief and Social Affairs programme, microfinance programmes, education programmes, refugee camps improvement and infrastructure programmes.", "The refugee population has changed, with more than 25 per cent between 15 and 24 years. In many respects, the future hopes, aspirations and specificities of Palestine refugees depend on what education and training they receive. UNRWA technical vocational education and training programmes are aimed at providing alternative education opportunities for Palestine refugees.", "About 7,000 formal students participated in various UNRWA 10 vocational training centres. In addition, specific initiatives have been taken in the area of action to introduce short-term courses for young people and drop-out scholars to provide them with employment skills and training.", "The technical courses offered by the Agency are more market-oriented, skills-based and income-generating possibilities, with greater emphasis on entrepreneurial and life skills in schools and technical vocational education and training courses. The new competency-based training approach introduces new types of training, focusing on the development of skills identified by employers themselves, the creation of a skilled workforce and the establishment of technical vocational education and training programmes that are more responsive to local and regional labour market needs.", "UNRWA also provides professional vocational guidance and employment services to graduates in various field offices.", "UNRWA will give priority to improving the housing of vulnerable refugees and to adopting a holistic and participatory approach to social and material aspects that reflect the building environment.", "Targets", "Goal 2 specifically aims to:", "(a) Reduce poverty among the poorest Palestine refugees;", "(b) Provide general financial services and increase access to credit and savings facilities;", "(c) Enhance the skills of Palestine refugees and increase their employment opportunities;", "(d) The continued development and improvement of standard infrastructure and accommodation conditions in refugee camps.", "C. Constraint and challenges", "UNRWA provided direct support to 288,405 refugees under the special hardship assistance programme year; technical and vocational skills training for more than 7,000 graduates; microfinance products have been provided to refugees since its inception; approximately 11,000 loans have been rehabilitated over time. The primary focus of the special hardship assistance programme is food insecurity or those identified as being under the extreme poverty line. Traditionally, UNRWA has responded to poverty through special hardship assistance programmes, providing services to some 5.5 per cent of all registered Palestine refugees. In 2011, 288,405 Palestine refugees participated in special hardship assistance programmes in five districts, receiving food aid every quarter. In the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, 33,000 households without food security received additional cash assistance to bridge the poverty gap.", "Despite an increase of 3.5 per cent per year, the Special hardship Assistance Programme has not kept pace with the rising rate of Palestinian refugees. During the biennium, work has been carried out in three UNRWA operational areas to understand the number of food-insecure refugees in need of assistance. The poverty line used in this work is defined by basic food needs costs and, therefore, a refugee is identified as poverty and is not food security as defined in his or her definition. The results of this work show that the number of refugees without food security is far greater than the resources of the programme. It is estimated that 301,301 refugees in the Gaza Strip (27 per cent of the registered population), 170,944 refugees in the West Bank (20 per cent of the registered population), about 160,000 refugees in Lebanon (two thirds of registered refugees residing in the country) do not have food security. In Jordan, UNRWA's assistance makes the social and economic conditions of the Palestine refugees different from the general population of Jordan. Refugees from Gaza are an exception, with about 136,000 people currently. The Jordanian Bureau of Statistics estimates that 13 per cent of Jordanians live in extreme poverty (basic food and non-food needs). This means that 253,500 Palestine refugees in Jordan are in extreme poverty. In 2010, the Central Bureau of Statistics of the Syrian Arab Republic reported that 12 per cent of Syrians had no food security. As for Jordan, the current assessment is that the situation of the Palestinian refugee population is quite different from the ordinary population of the Syrian Arab Republic, so it can be assumed that 57,216 Palestine refugees in Syria have no food security. The total number of Palestinian refugees in need of food aid is estimated at about 800,000 in the five UNRWA area of operations, almost three times the current ceiling for the special hardship assistance programme.", "Increasing poverty increases the demand for relief and social services; however, donor contributions keep pace with these needs. As a result of domestic pressures, the budget constraints of donor countries are overshadowed, the changes in the food aid financing mechanism pose a major challenge for UNRWA to meet the food needs of the poor.", "In the absence of an emergency, poor refugees can emerge from poverty if they have adequate education, training and employment opportunities. The economic situation in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, as well as the limited opportunities for refugees to work in Lebanon, are a serious constraint on poverty reduction. However, UNRWA can continue to have a significant impact on their livelihood prospects through the provision of training or microfinance, as well as by helping them to take advantage of appropriate opportunities for poverty eradication.", "For all refugees, particularly for the most vulnerable, they live in dignity if they are to live in dignity (art. This is their rights, and the Agency's work to raise its housing quality to acceptable standards remains extremely important. The living environment of Palestine refugees is crowded, particularly in the Gaza Strip, Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic and Jordan refugee camps. Only in Jordan's area of operations, some 500 homes are most urgently needed.", "UNRWA vocational training centres are only 30 per cent of applicants. Despite repeated efforts, the expansion of UNRWA technical vocational education and training is slow and very limited. There are a variety of causes, ranging from political reasons to scarce resources, to inadequate social awareness and the global financial crisis. The main issues and constraints of UNRWA technical vocational education and training include: lack of opportunities and equity; funding constraints and capacities for technical vocational education and training; lack of high-quality technical vocational education and training frameworks and standards; need to redesign curriculum and implementation mechanisms; and weak linkages with industry and the labour market.", "The lack of general funds and project funds will result in continuing unstandard living conditions, inaccessible accommodation and lack of basic infrastructure. The economic, health, social, material and environmental well-being of refugees will continue to worsen unless funding and implementation of a strategic plan to improve the urban environment as a matter of priority. This usually leads to economic and health/life losses, which may also trigger political instability and deprive the Agency of its credibility in the context of refugees. In addition, emergency situations (natural or man-made) have resulted in massive destruction of infrastructure and will increase rehabilitation and reconstruction needs. The lack of legitimate access to the Gaza Strip severely limits the ability of the Agency to meet the needs and objectives of reconstruction in the Gaza Strip and hinder economic and human development.", "There is no urban planning capacity in various theatres, which will result in delays in the implementation of the regional infrastructure and refugee camp improvement programmes. In the Jordan area of operations, no funds were mobilized in 2010 for the rehabilitation of 500 top-priority shelters. This is the most immediate threat to the safety and security of the beneficiaries of the special hardship assistance programme. In Lebanon, the Agency's appeal to fund the reconstruction of the Bahr el-Bared refugee camp led to some progress made by the Agency and reorganized housing for some refugee camp residents. However, this appeal remains severely underfunded, leaving the majority of the 260,000 registered Palestine refugees in the refugee camp temporarily in temporary shelters until the reconstruction of the refugee camp. These residents need continuous funding to support their urgent humanitarian needs: food, housing, health and education. UNRWA must continue to provide emergency food aid in the form of food kits.", "UNRWA Gaza took a two-pronged approach in the area of emergency. For the reconstruction of the economy, tens of thousands of households are separated from aid dependence, while the basic needs of those who live in hardship must be addressed and taken into account before finding sustainable solutions. Against this background, the urgent appeal most prominently reflects the Agency's humanitarian assistance and poverty response. Enhanced self-reliance promises and hopes for the recovery and reconstruction plan in Gaza. The plan is the pillar of stability and opportunities, with a budget of $400 million for the next biennium, with the following projects in the budget: construction of 100 schools; reconstruction of housing for over 17,500 beneficiaries; construction of a health centre; and funding for multiple water, sanitation and hygiene projects to update water and sewage infrastructure in refugee camps. The lack of funding for these projects is the only obstacle to the completion of projects. The impact of the failure to complete these projects includes the continuation of two schools, the final three systems, and the possibility that the Agency could not fulfil its mandate to achieve universal education for refugees in the Gaza Strip. The population growth in Gaza is reflected in an increase of 10,000 students per year in the Agency's schools. The housing reconstruction component has partially met the urgent housing needs of refugee communities and has also rebuilt some of the destroyed homes during the Israeli conflict.", "It is anticipated that no comprehensive information on the number of understandard housing in the various areas of action is one of the main challenges of the Agency. A rapid assessment of all refugee camps will provide a reliable data base for the prioritization of necessary housing rehabilitation measures.", "Financial resources", "Table 14 Resource requirements by target 3 of human development.", "Table 14", "A decent standard of living: resource requirements by target", "(In cash and in kind, in thousands of dollars)", "Estimates of 2013 for 2012", "Poverty alleviation of the poorest Palestine refugees 585,035 61 426", "Access to inclusive financial services and increased use of credit and savings facilities (10)", "Enhancing Palestine refugees' skills and increasing their employment opportunities 21,014 20 880", "Continuous development and improvement of standard infrastructure and accommodation conditions in refugee camps 3 813 3 770", "Total regular budget", "Project budget 302 288 673", "Total 385 177 351 749", "AD(a) does not include the budget for the self-sustainment of interest income earned by the small Ministry through the granting of loans. The total budget for the biennium 2012-2013 for the Ministry of Microfinance was $25.8 million, of which $25.7 million was related to the target.", "Chapter V", "Goal 4: maximize the enjoyment of human rights", "Human development goals", "A just and equitable human development requires respect for human rights. For UNRWA, protection is a cross-cutting theme, meaning that protection concerns are taken into account in all programming processes.", "Targets", "Goal 2 targets specifically:", "(a) Guarantee and promote the rights of Palestine refugees;", "(b) Strengthen the capacity of refugees to develop and implement sustainable social services within their communities;", "(c) The registration of Palestine refugees and the accreditation of UNRWA services are in compliance with relevant international standards.", "C. Constraints and challenges", "UNRWA's protection efforts are both internal and external. In-house, UNRWA promotes protection through programme activities and service delivery. Externally, the Agency monitors and reports on the situation of refugees and takes appropriate measures, and the Commissioner-General stresses that a just and lasting solution to the conflict should be respected.", "UNRWA provided some basic services and ensured access to such services in different circumstances, such as armed conflict, one of the refugee entitlements. Direct and indirect contacts with other actors contribute to the creation and strengthening of the environment and practices of respect for rights. These rights include economic and social rights related to the core services of the Agency, such as education, and civil and political rights, such as the right to life. In addition, UNRWA, as the primary provider of public services, seeks to ensure that its service delivery is truly respectful of the rights, dignity and security of the beneficiaries. In this regard, the Agency has adopted a variety of ways, such as mainstreaming minimum protection standards in all programmes in various areas; taking action to eliminate violence in schools; measures to prevent gender-based violence and child abuse; and promoting knowledge of individual rights through the long-term human rights and tolerance curriculum in its schools. Monitoring and reporting mechanisms contribute to the effective implementation of these protection activities.", "During 2010-2011, the Agency's programme focused on efforts to ensure the provision of quality social services for refugees in the community. To that end, various tools were developed and disseminated for the use of community organizations for staff and refugee management.", "The first of these tools is a capacity assessment toolkit to comprehensively analyse as a community organization of civil society organizations and to measure their capacity and economic sustainability in providing quality services. The assessment is carried out in cooperation with organizations to track progress annually. Other tools focus on specific services such as microfinance programmes provided by community organizations to ensure internal control policies and procedures and explore the social impact of small loans on small lenders.", "The main challenge for the social services programme and its cooperation with community organizations is how these organizations reach more vulnerable people in the community and require social services, but for all reasons they do not have access to assistance.", "In order to better service the Palestine refugees, the Agency developed a new online refugee registration information system to replace the outdated field registration system. The new system strengthens the integrity of refugee information and contributes to the collection and analysis of new information on refugees, thereby enhancing the Agency's ability to better develop policies and programmes.", "In addition, UNRWA has now issued new family registration cards in the area of operations, making refugee registration services more efficient and dignified. This eliminates the previous reliance on the production of registration cards at Headquarters, which significantly reduces the three-month time limit previously issued registration cards. In this regard, staff capacity-building and professional development are still important, but they are also affected by long-term funding constraints.", "The currently registered Palestine refugees are nearly 5 million, and as they require accreditation and registration services, additional staff are required to ensure that registration services are provided in accordance with relevant international standards.", "The Agency's ability to achieve the specific goals depends on a range of factors beyond its direct control, including assistance from host countries and other countries in the region. The political situation in the region poses a great challenge to achieving this human development goal.", "Under this item, funding will be provided to the UNRWA summer movement. This is the largest organization of recreational activities for refugee children in the Gaza Strip. The campaign will provide a safe and creative space for refugee children beyond the prevailing poverty and overcrowding in the Gaza Strip. In addition, the Movement has given children the opportunity to participate in a number of activities that are complementary to the UNRWA education programme, thereby promoting their skills and becoming a member of society. There are no other activities that may be hostile to the Gaza Strip; other major recreational summer camps do not hold such a diversity of activities without political interference. If the programme does not receive funding, it will limit the space and types of activities of refugee children in the Gaza Strip, including activities that contribute to their learning potential and to achieving a decent standard of living.", "Financial resources", "Table 15 Resource requirements by target 4 of human development.", "Table 15", "The most adequate enjoyment of human rights: resource requirements by target", "(In cash and in kind, in thousands of dollars)", "Estimates of 2013 for 2012", "Guarantee and promotion of the rights of Palestine refugees 17", "Strengthening the capacity of refugees to develop and implement sustainable social services within their communities 1 425", "Registration of Palestine refugees and accreditation of UNRWA services are in compliance with relevant international standards 2 278 279", "Total regular budget", "Item 12", "Total 16 485 16", "Chapter VI", "Goal 5: UNRWA effectively and efficiently Governance and Support", "Objectives", "The objective of UNRWA's effective and efficient governance and support is to promote and maintain the best possible management standards, enhance stakeholder relations and provide quality programmes to help achieve the human development of Palestine refugees.", "The objective was achieved through the following departments at Headquarters and the corresponding units in field offices:", "(a) Office of the Commissioner-General;", "(b) Department of Administrative Services;", "(c) Ministry of Human Resources;", "(d) Ministry of Finance;", "(e) The Ministry of Legal Affairs;", "(f) The Ministry of Internal Oversight;", "(g) Ministry of External Relations and Exchange.", "Targets", "Goal 5 targets specifically:", "(a) Leadership in strengthening governance and mobilizing additional funds;", "(b) Develop and maintain UNRWA to enable it to fulfil its mandate.", "C. Constraints and challenges", "During the biennium, UNRWA will continue to work on planning and implementing its programme reform activities, building on the results of the development reforms organized by the support sector. While management support reforms, such as staff development and the implementation of the enterprise resource planning system, are still priorities, the strengthening of UNRWA core services and its resource mobilization capacity is central to the ongoing change. The attraction and retention of qualified staff and investment in staff development will continue to be important for the success of the reform.", "Several internal studies have concluded that the only way in which the Agency reduces the risk is to develop and implement a new enterprise resource planning system. The enterprise system currently employed is outdated. The introduction of a new enterprise resource planning system depends entirely on the availability of sufficient funds as reflected in the annual project estimates. The lack of funding is a constraint that is difficult to overcome, since UNRWA cannot purchase the software licences required to start the implementation of the new system, nor will it start contract negotiations with future systemners of the project. If the biennial funding for the project is not fully in place, this limitation will result in a failure to launch a new enterprise resource planning system.", "UNRWA continues to face financial pressures that affect governance capacities and have an impact on the Agency as a whole. As a result of the global economic downturn, economic projections in 2012 were particularly worrying. The huge funding gap will pose serious challenges for both support and programme services. The mobilization of adequate resources is a priority for the continuation and further efficiency of reforms.", "Given the current reforms in the region and the high expectations and rising political developments, including donors and beneficiaries. UNRWA was working to meet those expectations, but it was also noted that the reform of public services was a complex task and would not have a rapid impact. The protracted conflicts and the increasingly precarious situation in the Agency's area of operations have complicated the task.", "To advance the process of “sustainable change”, a culture of transparency and accountability must be further strengthened. For many international and regional staff to support reform, it is important to obtain the identity of all managers, training and mentoring, and to reform key management systems.", "Financial resources", "Table 16 Resource requirements by target 5 of human development.", "Table 16", "UNRWA Effective and efficient governance and support: Targeted resource requirements", "(In cash and in kind, in thousands of dollars)", "Estimates of 2013 for 2012", "Leadership, empowerment and promotion of partnerships 28,703 28", "Development and maintenance of UNRWA to enable it to fulfil its mandate (a) 61 543 55,058", "Total regular budget", "Project budget 20 623 20", "Total", "AD(a) does not include the self-sustainment budget of the Ministry of Microfinance through the granting of loans. The total budget for the biennium 2012-2013 for the Ministry of Microfinance amounted to $25.8 million, of which $1.1 million (US$77,000 in 2012 and $60,000 in 2013.", "Chapter VII", "Recommendations of the United Nations Board of Auditors: implementation", "Table 17 shows the status of the 61 recommendations made by the United Nations Board of Auditors in its report for the biennium 2008-2009. As at 31 March 2011, 30 recommendations had been implemented, 25 recommendations were being implemented and four recommendations had not been implemented and two were outdated due to developments.", "UNRWA management is committed to the implementation of these recommendations, some of which require additional funding, either over two bienniums or require strategic measures. Most of the above-mentioned implementation recommendations are planned to be implemented in the second and third quarters of 2010.", "Table 17", "Implementation of the recommendations of the Board for the biennium ended 31 December 2009", "Implementation of sectoral recommendations 2", "11-45674 (C) 080911 130911*1145674*" ]

[ "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日，纽约", "临时议程项目3", "国家方案和有关事项", "合作框架和国家方案的延长", "署长的说明", "摘要", "本说明叙述了南南合作第四个合作框架延长两年和厄立特里亚和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国的国家方案首次延长一年的情况。署长核准了国家方案首次延长一年的请求并把它提交执行局备查。", "决定的要点", "如表1所述，执行局不妨注意到根据第2009/9号决定把南南合作第四个合作框架延长两年的情况以及把厄立特里亚和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国的国家方案各延长一年的情况，即从2012年1月1日延长至2012年12月31日。", "附件", "表1 2011年6月以来经署长核准延长国家方案的情况", "理由和解释", "国别 原有框架-国家方案文件期间 拟议延长年份 联合国协调 国内政局发展 执行和(或)其他问题", "南南合作第四 2008-2011 2012-2013 根据第2009/9号决定延长该框架,以便与2008-2013年开发署战略计划同步。如DP/CF/SSC/4/Rev.1所述，在延长期间，框架的目标和活动保持不变，特别股支持的方案活动与框架的重点领域保持一致。 个合作框架", "厄立特里亚 2007-2011 2012 厄立特里亚国政府已决定选择脱离下个联发援框架进程。这次延长了解到与现有和新兴国家优先事项相一致的概念说明，说明了联合国国家工作队和开发署在2012年年底前集中注意的部门。", "叙利亚 2007-2011 2012 联合国国家工作队和叙利亚政府商定把国家方案延长一年，以便有更多的时间展开编制新方案的协商过程。", "UNDAF：联合国发展援助框架(联发援框架)", "UNCT：联合国国家工作队(国家工作队)" ]

[ "Second regular session 2011", "6 to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 3 of the provisional agenda", "Country programmes and related matters", "Extensions of cooperation frameworks and country programmes", "Note of the Administrator", "Summary", "The present note contains information on the two-year extension of the Fourth Cooperation Framework for South-South Cooperation, and the first one-year extensions for the country programmes for Eritrea and the Syrian Arab Republic. Requests for first one-year extensions of country programmes are approved by the Administrator and presented to the Executive Board for information.", "Elements of a decision", "The Executive Board may wish to take note of the two-year extension of the Fourth Cooperation Framework for South-South Cooperation pursuant to decision 2009/9, and the extensions for the country programmes for Eritrea and the Syrian Arab Republic for a period of one year each, from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2012, as reported in table 1.", "Annex", "Table 1. Extensions of country programmes approved by the Administrator since June 2011", "Country\tOriginalframework/CPDperiod\tYear(s)proposedfornewextension\tReasonand explanation \n United Nations harmonization\tIn-country political development\tImplementation and/or other issues\nFourthCooperationFrameworkforSouth-SouthCooperation\t2008-2011\t2012-2013 Pursuant todecision 2009/9,the framework isbeing extendedto synchronizewith the UNDPstrategic planfor 2008-2013.During theextensionperiod, theobjectives andactivities ofthe frameworkwould remain thesame, andprogrammeactivitiessupported by theSpecial Unitwould beconsistent withthe focus areasof the frameworkas elaborated inDP/CF/SSC/4/Rev.1\nEritrea\t2007-2011\t2012 The Governmentof the State ofEritrea hasdecided to optout of the nextUNDAF process.This extensionis informed by aConcept Notethat is alignedto existing andemergingnationalpriorities, anddescribes thesectors in whichthe UNCT/UNDPwill concentrateuntil the end of2012.\nSyria\t2007-2011\t2012 The UNCT and thegovernment ofSyria agreed toextend thecountryprogramme forone year toallow for moretime forconsultativeprocess indeveloping a newprogramme.\t-", "UNDAF = United Nations Development Assistance Framework", "UNCT= United Nations Country Team" ]

[ "Second regular session 2009", "New York, 6-9 September 2011", "Item 3 of the provisional agenda", "Country programmes and related matters", "Cooperation frameworks and extensions of country programmes", "Note by the Administrator", "Summary", "The present note describes the first one-year extension of the fourth cooperation framework for South-South cooperation for two years and the country programme for Eritrea and the Syrian Arab Republic. The Administrator approved a request for the first one year extension of the country programme and submitted it to the Executive Board for review.", "Elements of a decision", "As indicated in table 1, the Executive Board may wish to take note of the extension of the fourth cooperation framework for South-South cooperation for a period of two years pursuant to decision 2009/9 and the extension of the country programme for Eritrea and the Syrian Arab Republic for one year, from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2012.", "Annex", "Table 1 Extension of country programmes approved by the Administrator since June 2011", "Justification and interpretation", "Country-specific framework-country programme documents proposed for an extension year", "South-South cooperation IV, 2008-2011, 2012-2013, extended the framework in line with decision 2009/9 in order to synchronize the UNDP strategic plan for 2008-2013. As indicated in DP/CF/TC/4/Rev.1, the objectives and activities of the framework remained unchanged during the extension period, and programme activities supported by the Special Unit were aligned with the focus areas of the framework. Cooperation Framework", "The Government of Eritrea has decided to choose to separate from the next UNDAF process. The extension was informed of the concept statement that was consistent with existing and emerging national priorities, indicating that the United Nations country team and UNDP focused on sectors by the end of 2012.", "The United Nations country team and the Government of Syria agreed to extend the country programme for one year to allow more time for the process of consultations on the development of new programmes.", "UNDAF: United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF)", "UNCT: United Nations country team (UNCT)" ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第十届紧急特别会议 第六十六年", "议程项目5", "以色列在被占领的东耶路撒冷和其 余被占领巴勒斯坦领土的非法行动", "2011年8月17日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "占领国以色列再次以粗暴的方式确认，它将顽固地继续在巴勒斯被占领土，包括东耶路撒冷履行其非法的扩张主义议程，而不是认真地进行和平努力，以结束1967年6月以来长达44年的这种以阴险、非法、好战方式对巴勒斯坦土地的军事占领。", "我在2011年8月8日和8月11日的两封信(A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500和A/ES-10/527-S/2011/515)中提及，以色列政府最近宣布批准在被占领的东耶路撒冷的两个非法定居点建造至少2 500个新居住单位。8月15日，以色列政府又宣布，国防部长已经批准进一步扩大阿列尔非法定居点的计划。该定居点远远超出了1967年前的边界，深入西岸中部和北部达22公里。", "根据这项计划，以色列将在该非法定居点至少建造277个新单位，同时宣布有意为在2005年实施的所谓“脱离接触”前在加沙地带定居点生活的以色列定居者提供100个单位。如同数以千计被转移的定居者一样，这些定居者将再次被非法转移进入巴勒斯坦被占领土，这种做法严重违反了《日内瓦公约》。在批准这些建造计划后，在非法定居点内批准新建的单位仅在短短两周时间内就增加至近2 800个。这表明了占领国的强烈企图和巨大野心，即进一步巩固巴勒斯坦被占领土，包括东耶路撒冷内的这些非法定居点，并进一步改变该领土的人口组成和特征，以便通过强行和非法的手段为和平解决预设最终结果，并破坏以1967年前边界为基础的两国解决方案的实质和基础。", "这种非法的单方面行动是严重的挑衅行为，它加剧了本已十分紧张的局势，加重了继续目睹占领国以色列没收其领土并将其殖民化的巴勒斯坦人民的挫折感，并加深了巴勒斯坦人民对占领国的不信任，因为占领国的这种非法行动和政策一再暴露出了它的险恶用心。为此，我们重申，巴勒斯坦人民和领导谴责并反对以色列在巴勒斯坦被占领土，包括东耶路撒冷开展的一切定居活动，特别是建造定居点和隔离墙以及破坏巴勒斯坦人民的住房和财产的行径。", "并且，我们重申以国际法为坚实基础的国际社会的一致立场，即这种殖民措施是完全非法的，将继续遭到国际社会的反对，并不为国际社会所承认。的确，以色列继续开展定居活动，是对国际社会的严重挑战。国际社会一再呼吁，全面停止在巴勒斯坦被占领土，包括东耶路撒冷的所有定居活动。", "以色列置这些国际呼吁，包括四方昨天(2011年8月16日)再度明确要求全面禁止定居点活动的呼吁于不顾，这是绝不能容忍的。国际社会必须立即采取直接措施，以实施国际法。国际社会(包括安全理事会)如不这样做，只会进一步助长以色列肆无忌惮的行为。事实上，以色列继续开展非法的定居点活动，不仅仅是对以1967年前边界为基础的两国解决方案发出威胁，并且从实际和政治方面而言，会使得两国解决方案无法实现。", "占领国一系列破坏性的非法行动造成多种威胁，需要紧急采取对策，否则，就没有机会再制止以色列的侵权行为和实地局势的进一步恶化，就无从按照联合国相关决议和和平进程长期性的工作范围、以两国解决方案为基础实现和平。国际社会，包括安全理事会，在这方面的责任和义务是明确的，要加以坚持。时不我待，必须要采取有效和严肃的国际行动。", "今天，我还必须提请注意：以色列继续对被占领加沙地带采取军事行动，继续导致平民死伤。昨天，8月16日，以色列占领军对加沙地带的平民区发动了一系列空袭，袭击目标为加沙市、汗尤尼斯和拉法赫。袭击导致一名巴勒斯坦男子(穆萨·希特伊维，29岁)遇难，另有数人(包括一名6岁儿童)受伤。以色列这种军事行动继续使加沙的巴勒斯坦人感到恐怖，进一步加重了他们在以色列残忍和不合法的封锁之下所受的苦难。同样是在昨天，在被占领东耶路撒冷的阿布格尼姆山居民区，一名38岁的巴勒斯坦男子(阿明·塔勒布·达巴希)被以色列占领军车辆辗过毙命。我们谴责所有此种暴力行为，重申必须要保护被占领巴勒斯坦领土内的巴勒斯坦平民。", "自2000年9月28日以来，我们已就包括东耶路撒冷在内被占巴勒斯坦领土的持续危机向你发出了399封信，本信是上述信件的后续。从2000年9月29日(A/55/432-S/2000/921)至2011年8月11日(A/ES-10/527-S/2011/515)的这些信件，基本记录了占领国以色列自2000年9月以来对巴勒斯坦人民实施的犯罪行为。占领国以色列必须为其对巴勒斯坦人民犯下的所有这些战争罪行、国家恐怖主义行为和有系统地侵犯人权的行为负责，犯罪者必须被绳之以法。", "请将此信作为大会第十届紧急特别会议议程项目5的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员", "大使", "里亚德·曼苏尔(签名)" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Tenth emergency special session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 5 \nIllegal Israeli actions in OccupiedEast Jerusalem and the rest of theOccupied Palestinian Territory", "Identical letters dated 17 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "Once again, Israel, the occupying Power, is grossly confirming its insistence on continuing to pursue its illegal, expansionist agenda in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, rather than pursuing serious peace efforts that will bring an end to its insidious, illegitimate forty-four year belligerent military occupation of the Palestinian land since June 1967.", "Following the recent announcements of the approval of plans for the construction of at least 2,500 new units in two illegal settlements in Occupied East Jerusalem, to which I referred in my recent letters of 8 and 11 August 2011 (A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500 and A/ES-10/527-S/2011/515), the Israeli Government declared, on 15 August, that the Defense Minister has approved plans for the further expansion of the illegal settlement of Ariel, established far beyond the pre-1967 borders, 22 kilometres deep into the central northern West Bank.", "The plans provide for construction of at least 277 new units in that illegal settlement, with the declared intention of providing at least 100 of those units for Israeli settlers who had in the past been living in settlements in the Gaza Strip prior to the so-called “disengagement” carried out in 2005, who will now be again transferred illegally into the Occupied Palestinian Territory, as thousands of settlers like them have already been transferred, in grave breach of the Fourth Geneva Convention. The approval of these plans raises the total of new units approved in the illegal settlements to nearly 2,800 units in the span of just two weeks, revealing the intensity and extent of the occupying Power’s attempts to further entrench these illegal settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and to further alter the demographic composition and character of that Territory in order to forcibly and illegally prejudge the final outcome of a peace settlement, undermining the essence and foundation of the two-State solution based on the pre‑1967 borders.", "Such illegal, unilateral actions constitute flagrant provocations that are stoking already-high tensions and frustrations among the Palestinian people as they continue to witness the confiscation and colonization of their land by Israel, the occupying Power, and are deepening the people’s mistrust of the occupying Power, whose malicious intentions are repeatedly exposed by such illegal actions and policies. In this regard, we reiterate the total condemnation and rejection by the Palestinian people and their leadership of all Israeli settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, including, in particular, the construction of settlements and the Wall and the demolition of Palestinian homes and properties.", "Furthermore, we reaffirm the international consensus position, firmly rooted in international law, that such colonization measures have no legitimacy whatsoever and will remain rejected and unrecognized by the international community. Indeed, Israel’s continued pursuit of settlement activities constitutes a brazen challenge to the international community’s repeated calls for a total cessation of all settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem.", "Israel’s defiance of these international calls, including that of the Quartet of yesterday, 16 August 2011, whereby it issued yet another unequivocal demand for a complete cessation of settlement activities, must not be tolerated. Immediate and direct measures by the international community are needed to enforce international law. Failure by the international community, including the Security Council, to do so will only foster further Israeli impunity. As such, more than merely threatening the two-State solution on the basis of the pre-1967 borders, the continuation of Israel’s illegal settlement campaign will make it physically and politically impossible to achieve the two-State solution.", "The dangers are of the occupying Power’s illegal, destructive course of action are manifold and require urgent redress if there is to be any chance to stop Israel’s violations and the further deterioration of the situation on the ground and to salvage the prospects for achieving a peace based on the two-State solution in accordance with the relevant United Nations resolutions and the long-standing terms of reference of the peace process. The responsibilities and obligations of the international community, including of the Security Council, in this regard are clear and must be upheld. The time is now, and effective and serious international action must be undertaken.", "Today, I must also draw your attention to the continuing Israeli military campaign against the Occupied Gaza Strip that continues to cause loss of civilian life and injuries. Yesterday, 16 August, the Israeli occupying forces carried out a series of air strikes against civilian areas in the Gaza Strip that targeted Gaza City, Khan Younis and Rafah. Those attacks resulted in the killing of one Palestinian man, Mousa Shteiwi, aged 29, and the wounding of several others, including a 6-year-old child. Such Israeli military operations continue to terrorize the Palestinian people in Gaza, further deepening their suffering under the blockade being cruelly and illegally imposed by Israel. Also yesterday, a Palestinian man, Amin Taleb Al-Dabash, aged 38, was killed when he was run over by a vehicle of the Israeli occupying forces in the Jabal Abu Ghneim neighbourhood of Occupied East Jerusalem. We condemn all such violent actions and reiterate the need for protection of the Palestinian civilian population in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.", "This letter is in follow-up to our previous 399 letters regarding the ongoing crisis in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, since 28 September 2000. These letters, dated from 29 September 2000 (A/55/432-S/2000/921) to 11 August 2011 (A/ES-10/527-S/2011/515) constitute a basic record of the crimes being committed by Israel, the occupying Power, against the Palestinian people since September 2000. For all of these war crimes, acts of State terrorism and systematic human rights violations committed against the Palestinian people, Israel, the occupying Power, must be held accountable and the perpetrators must be brought to justice.", "I should be grateful if you would arrange to have the text of the present letter distributed as a document of the tenth emergency special session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 5, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Riyad Mansour Ambassador Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations" ]

[ "General Assembly", "Tenth emergency special session", "Agenda item 5", "Illegal Israeli actions in Occupied East Jerusalem and in the Occupied Palestinian Territory", "Identical letters dated 17 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "Israel, the occupying Power, once again firmly confirmed that it will persist in fulfilling its illegal expansionist agenda in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, rather than in serious peace efforts to end the military occupation of Palestinian land over 44 years since June 1967.", "In my two letters dated 8 August and 11 August 2011 (A/ES-10/526-Speak 500 and A/ES-10/527-Speak515), the Israeli Government recently announced approval of the construction of at least 2,500 new residential units in two illegal settlements in Occupied East Jerusalem. On 15 August, the Israeli Government further announced that the Minister of Defence had approved plans to further expand the illegal settlement of Adol. The settlements go far beyond the 1967 borders and reach 22 kilometres in central and northern West Bank.", "In accordance with this plan, Israel will build at least 277 new units in this illegal settlement, while at the same time declares its intention to provide 100 units for Israeli settlers who have lived in the Gaza Strip before the so-called “dislocated” settlement in 2005. Like thousands of displaced settlers, these settlers will be once again illegally transferred into the Occupied Palestinian Territory, a grave violation of the Geneva Convention. Following the approval of these construction plans, new units in illegal settlements have increased to almost 2,800 in a short period of two weeks. This demonstrates the strong attempts and great ambition of the occupying Power to further consolidate these illegal settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and to further change the demographic composition and character of the Territory in order to achieve the final outcome of the peaceful settlement of the two-State solution based on the 1967 borders by force and illegal means and undermine the essence and foundation of the two-State solution.", "This illegal unilateral act is a grave provocation, which exacerbates the already tense situation, exacerbates the frustration of the Palestinian people who continue to witness the confiscation and colonization of their territories by Israel, the occupying Power, and deepens the Palestinian people's mistrust with the occupying Power, as such illegal actions and policies of the occupying Power have repeatedly exposed its heinous use. To that end, we reiterate the Palestinian people and leadership's condemnation and opposition to all Israeli settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, in particular the construction of settlements and the separation wall, as well as the destruction of Palestinian homes and property.", "Moreover, we reaffirm the unanimous position of the international community, which is firmly based on international law, that such colonial measures are completely illegal and will continue to be rejected by the international community and do not recognize by the international community. Indeed, the continuation of Israeli settlement activities is a serious challenge for the international community. The international community has repeatedly called for a complete cessation of all settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem.", "These international appeals, including the Quartet yesterday (16 August 2011), have once again explicitly called for a comprehensive ban on settlement activities, which must not be tolerated. The international community must take immediate and direct measures to implement international law. If the international community, including the Security Council, does not do so, will only further contribute to Israel's horrendous conduct. In fact, Israel continues its illegal settlement activities, not only by threatening the two-State solution based on the 1967 borders, but also by practical and political terms, will make the two-State solution impossible.", "A series of destructive illegal actions by the occupying Power pose multiple threats and require urgent responses, without which there is no opportunity to stop further Israeli violations and the further deterioration of the situation on the ground, and to achieve peace on the basis of a two-State solution, in accordance with the relevant United Nations resolutions and the long-term nature of the peace process. The responsibility and obligations of the international community, including the Security Council, are clear and must be upheld. I cannot wait for effective and serious international action.", "Today, I must also draw attention to Israel's continued military operation in the occupied Gaza Strip, which continues to cause civilian deaths and injuries. Yesterday, 16 August, Israeli occupying forces launched a series of air strikes against civilian areas in the Gaza Strip, targeting Gaza City, Khan Younis and La Farah. The attack resulted in a Palestinian man (Muslim Hatvi, 29 years old) being killed and several others (including a 6-year-old child) were injured. This Israeli military operation continues to terrorize Palestinians in Gaza and further exacerbates the suffering they suffer under the cruel and unlawful blockade of Israel. It was also yesterday that, in the Abugham neighbourhood of occupied East Jerusalem, a 38-year-old Palestinian man (Amin Talb Dabbashi) was killed by Israeli occupying forces vehicles. We condemn all such violence and reaffirm the need to protect the Palestinian civilian population in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.", "Since 28 September 2000, we have sent 399 letters to you regarding the ongoing crisis in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, as a follow-up to the aforementioned letter. These letters, dated 29 September 2000 (A/55/432-S/2000/921) to 11 August 2011 (A/ES-10/527-Speak515), record the crimes committed by Israel, the occupying Power, against the Palestinian people since September 2000. Israel, the occupying Power, must be responsible for all of these war crimes, State terrorism and systematic human rights violations against the Palestinian people, and the perpetrators must be brought to justice.", "I should be grateful if you would have this letter circulated as a document of the tenth emergency special session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 5, and of the Security Council.", "Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations", "Ambassador", "(Signed) Riyad Mansour Ambassador Permanent Representative" ]

[ "安全理事会第1718(2006)号 决议所设委员会", "2011年7月27日土库曼斯坦常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "土库曼斯坦常驻联合国代表团谨提及安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议所设委员会主席2011年2月7日的说明，并随信转递关于执行该决议各项规定的资料(见附件)。", "2011年7月27日土库曼斯坦常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "[原件：俄文]", "土库曼斯坦执行安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议的情况", "土库曼斯坦一贯积极执行作为建立国际安全体系和巩固社会和平及稳定之核心文本的相关公约、决议、协定和条约等文书，并确认普遍接受的国际法准则的重要性。我国政府完全支持联合国关于禁止现代大规模毁灭性武器以及关于禁止、裁减和不扩散常规武器的倡议。", "2008年12月20日，联合国中亚地区预防性外交中心在阿什哈巴德启用。土库曼斯坦完全支持联合国在中亚地区建立无核武器和没有其他现代大规模毁灭性武器区的努力，并严格履行我国签署的所有公约和为禁止此类武器而承担的所有国际义务。", "土库曼斯坦的外交政策以积极中立地位为基础，土库曼斯坦尊重别国的主权、领土完整和边界的不可侵犯性，奉行不干涉他国内政、不使用武力、不参加军事集团和联盟的政策，遵循合作原则与本区域和世界各国发展友好互利关系，并在我国和平政策中完全遵守这些原则。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006)", "Note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Turkmenistan to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Turkmenistan to the United Nations has the honour, in reference to the note of the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006), dated 7 February 2011, to transmit herewith the information concerning the implementation of the provisions of that resolution (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Turkmenistan to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "[Original: Russian]", "Information on the implementation by Turkmenistan of Security Council resolution 1718 (2006)", "Turkmenistan has been active in implementing instruments such as the conventions, resolutions, agreements and treaties that are the core texts for building an international security system and for consolidating social peace and stability and recognizes the importance of universally accepted norms of international law. Our Government fully supports the United Nations initiative to prohibit modern weapons of mass destruction, and for the prohibition, reduction and non-proliferation of conventional weapons.", "On 20 December 2008, the United Nations Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia was opened in Ashgabat. Turkmenistan fully supports the efforts of the United Nations to establish zones in the Central Asian region that are free of nuclear weapons and other modern weapons of mass destruction and strictly observes all the conventions to which it is a signatory and all the international obligations which it has undertaken to prohibit such weapons.", "Turkmenistan bases its foreign policy on its status of positive neutrality; respects the sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of the borders of other States; maintains a policy of non-interference in the internal affairs of other States, the non-use of force and non-participation in military blocs and unions; follows the principles of cooperation to develop friendly and mutually beneficial relations with all States in the region and the world; and fully complies with those principles in its peaceful policy." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006)", "Note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Turkmenistan to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Turkmenistan to the United Nations wishes to refer to the note by the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006) dated 7 February 2011 and to transmit herewith information on the implementation of the provisions of the resolution (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Turkmenistan to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "[Original: Russian]", "Implementation of Security Council resolution 1718 (2006) by Turkmenistan", "Turkmenistan has consistently actively implemented the relevant instruments, resolutions, agreements and treaties, such as the establishment of the international security system and the consolidation of the core text of social peace and stability, and recognizes the importance of universally accepted norms of international law. My Government fully supports the United Nations initiative on the prohibition of modern weapons of mass destruction and on the prohibition, reduction and non-proliferation of conventional arms.", "On 20 December 2008, the United Nations Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy in Central Asia was launched in Ashhal. Turkmenistan fully supports the efforts of the United Nations to establish a zone free of nuclear weapons and other modern weapons of mass destruction in Central Asia, as well as the strict implementation of all conventions signed by my country and all international obligations to prohibit such weapons.", "Turkmenistan's foreign policy is based on active neutrality and respects the inviolability of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and borders of other States, pursues policies that do not interfere in the internal affairs of other States, refrain from the use of force, do not participate in military groups and alliances, guided by the principle of cooperation and the development of friendly relations with the region and the world, and fully respect these principles in our policy of peace." ]

[ "安全理事会第1718(2006)号 决议所设委员会", "2011年7月29日巴拿马常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信", "我谨随函附上巴拿马政府按照安理会第1718(2006)号决议第8段和安全理事会第1874(2009)号决议第9、10、18和20段所采取措施的信息(见附件)。", "常驻代表", "大使", "巴勃罗·安东尼奥·塔拉西诺斯(签名)", "2011年7月29日巴拿马常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信的附件", "巴拿马海事管理局海运总局已经于2006年11月16日发布了106-36 DGMM号决议，这一决议完全符合联合国安全理事会2006年10月14日举行的第5551次会议通过的第1718(2006)号决议。因此，朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的船只提出在巴拿马注册及悬挂巴拿马国旗的所有请求都被拒绝。", "关于第1874(2009)号决议涉及战争材料或爆炸物的转让、销售和/或出口的第9、10、18和20段,海运总局通报表示，目前并未设立检查委员会；但设有一个登船委员会，由巴拿马海事管理局的一名登船官员负责协调，并且由各主管部门的检查员构成，其中包括国家海关管理局的一名检查员，负责检查船只到港和离港时提交的货物清单和其他文件。", "因此，作为主管机构的国家海关管理局是通过风险分析办公室、集装箱检查和国际集装箱管制规划署的技术股，采取货物控制和检查方面的措施。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006)", "Letter dated 29 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Panama to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "I have the honour to transmit herewith information from the Government of Panama on the measures adopted in accordance with paragraph 8 of Security Council resolution 1718 (2006) and paragraphs 9, 10, 18 and 20 of Security Council resolution 1874 (2009) (see annex).", "(Signed) Pablo Antonio Thalassinós", "Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 29 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Panama to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Merchant Marine Directorate of the Panama Maritime Authority has issued resolution No. 106-36-DGMM of 16 November 2006, which is fully consistent with resolution 1718 (2006), adopted by the United Nations Security Council at its 5551st meeting, held on 14 October 2006. Therefore, all requests for vessels from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to register in Panama and fly its flag are denied.", "With regard to paragraphs 9, 10, 18 and 20 of resolution 1874 (2009), on the transfer, sale and/or export of war materiel or explosives, the Merchant Marine Directorate has informed us that it does not have an inspection committee; there is, however, a Boarding Committee, which is coordinated by a Boarding Official from the Panama Maritime Authority and is composed of inspectors from the various competent authorities, including an inspector from the National Customs Authority, who is responsible for checking the cargo manifest and other documents presented by the vessel upon arrival and departure from the port.", "Therefore, the competent body with regard to cargo control and inspection measures is the National Customs Authority, through its risk-analysis office, the Technical Unit for Container Inspection (UNITEC) and the International Container Control Programme (CCP)." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006)", "Letter dated 29 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Panama to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "I have the honour to transmit herewith the information on measures taken by the Government of Panama pursuant to paragraph 8 of Security Council resolution 1718 (2006) and paragraphs 9, 10, 18 and 20 of Security Council resolution 1874 (2009) (see annex).", "Permanent Representative", "Ambassador", "Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 29 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Panama to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The General Maritime Authority of Panama had issued resolution 106-36 DGMM on 16 November 2006, in full compliance with Security Council resolution 1718 (2006), adopted at its 5551th meeting, on 14 October 2006. Therefore, all requests from the Democratic People's Republic of Korea's vessels to register in Panama and the flag of Panama were denied.", "With regard to paragraphs 9, 10, 18 and 20 of resolution 1874 (2009) concerning the transfer, sale and/or export of war materials or explosives, the Directorate-General of Maritime informed that no inspection board had been established at present; however, a board of boarding vessels had been established, coordinated by a board of boarding officers of the Maritime Authority of Panama and composed of inspectors from competent authorities, including a Inspector of the National Customs Administration, responsible for inspecting the list of goods and other documents submitted by vessels to the port and the port of departure.", "Thus, the National Customs Authority, which is the competent authority, adopts measures in the area of cargo control and inspection through the Technical Unit of the Risk Analysis Office, the Container Inspection and the International Carriage Control Programme." ]

[ "安全理事会第1718(2006)号 决议所设委员会", "2011年8月10日文莱达鲁萨兰国常驻联合国代表团给委员会的普通照会", "文莱达鲁萨兰国常驻联合国代表团谨附上文莱达鲁萨兰国执行安全理事会关于朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的第1874(2009)号决议的报告(见附件)。", "2011年8月10日文莱达鲁萨兰国常驻联合国代表团给委员会的普通照会的附件", "1. 文莱达鲁萨兰国政府注意到安全理事会通过了第1874(2009)号决议，以其按照其相关国内法律规章执行其中相关执行段落。", "2. 根据上述决议，文莱达鲁萨兰国举行了一次机构间会议，向所有相关国家机构通报了他们的义务，并考虑执行第1874(2009)号决议的相关执行段落。", "3. 文莱达鲁萨兰国谨表示，文莱达鲁萨兰国与朝鲜民主主义人民共和国之间仅有极少量的贸易活动以及货物交流。", "4. 文莱达鲁萨兰国支持通过和平和建设性对话，为确保朝鲜半岛的和平、稳定和无核化所作努力。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006)", "Note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations has the honour to enclose herewith a copy of the report of Brunei Darussalam on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1874 (2009) concerning the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "1. The Government of Brunei Darussalam has taken note of the adoption of Security Council resolution 1874 (2009) with a view to implementing the provisions of the relevant operative paragraphs, in accordance with its relevant domestic laws and regulations.", "2. In compliance with the said resolution, an inter-agency meeting had been convened to inform all relevant national agencies in Brunei Darussalam of their obligations and to consider implementing the relevant operative paragraphs of resolution 1874 (2009).", "3. Brunei Darussalam also has the honour to report that trade activities and the exchange of goods between Brunei Darussalam and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea are minimal.", "4. Brunei Darussalam supports efforts to ensure peace, stability and the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula through peaceful and constructive dialogue." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established", "Note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations addressed to the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations has the honour to enclose herewith the report of Brunei Darussalam on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1874 (2009) concerning the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations addressed to the Committee", "1. The Government of Brunei Darussalam takes note of the adoption by the Security Council of resolution 1874 (2009) to implement its relevant operative paragraphs in accordance with its relevant domestic laws and regulations.", "2. Pursuant to the above-mentioned resolution, Brunei Darussalam convened an inter-agency meeting to inform all relevant national institutions of their obligations and to consider implementing the relevant operative paragraphs of resolution 1874 (2009).", "Brunei Darussalam wishes to state that there is only a very small amount of trade and exchange of goods between Brunei Darussalam and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.", "4. Brunei Darussalam supports efforts to ensure peace, stability and denuclearization of the Korean peninsula through peaceful and constructive dialogue." ]

[ "2011年8月17日苏丹常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信", "尽管我们知道人权状况的报告是在日内瓦人权理事会这个合适的人权论坛中加以审议，并鉴于联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱女士就南科尔多凡人权状况所做的简报，谨随函附上一份文件，说明苏丹政府对“2011年6月5日至30日在南科尔多凡州违反国际人权法和人道主义法情况的初步报告”的评论意见(见附件)。", "请将该文件作为安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "达法-阿拉·哈吉·阿里·奥斯曼(签名)", "2011年8月17日苏丹常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信的附件", "苏丹政府对联合国人权事务高级专员关于苏丹人权状况的第十三份定期报告(题为“2011年6月5日至30日在南科尔多凡州违反国际人权法和人道主义法情况的初步报告”)发表的评论意见", "导言和概论", "1． 首先，苏丹政府想指出，联合国人权事务高级专员题为“2011年6月5日至30日在南科尔多凡州违反国际人权法和人道主义法情况的初步报告”的第十三份定期报告没有提到“指控”。尽管该报告包含没有确凿证据的证词和看法，但不能被视为发生了“违反行为”，并表明，报告的内容只是对最近在上述时间和地点发生的事件做出的结论和推定的最终结果。", "2． 报告提到2011年6月5日至30日苏丹武装部队(武装部队)和所谓“武装部队附属民兵”与苏丹人民解放运动(解放运动)之间在南科尔多凡州发生的武装冲突中发生违反国际人权法和人道主义法的行为。需要指出的是，关于武装冲突期间人权状况的报告原则上不能将所有违反行为归咎于冲突一方，而排除另一方。报告很少提到苏丹人民解放军(人民解放军)的违反行为。令人惊讶的是，报告没有指责在这些城镇发起战斗并造成平民死亡的当事方犯有违法行为。这表明甚至在确定受害者和侵略者时采用了双重标准。", "3． 该报告通篇采用有选择的做法，违背了联合国所有监测人权状况的标准，以及联合国工作人员和人权工作人员在联合国外地办事处的行为守则。", "4． 报告在背景情况段落中提到，苏丹政府对努巴部落边缘化的作法导致该部落参加苏丹人民解放军。这种说法是基于Alex de Waal和Yoanes Ajawin于1995年在伦敦出版的题为《面对种族灭绝：苏丹的努巴部落》一书。这本书反映了作者的政治观点，但联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)将其报告基于此书并将该书作为参考资料的作法是不能被接受的。这种作法导致在报告开始时就确定了受害者和侵略者，而对据称受害者(人民解放军)的所有违反行为视若无睹和保持缄默。", "5． 整份报告提到努巴部落边缘化的情况是不正确的。努巴部落在苏丹所有官方机构各职等均有良好的任职情况。此外，努巴部落不仅存在于苏丹这部分地区，而且在苏丹全国各地都有。在历届政府中，他们从来没有抱怨遭受边缘化。这种边缘化的说法是一种误导，会导致日益严重的种族分歧和种族歧视，这是所有人权标准所禁止的。", "6． 报告关于据称发生的大规模违反行为的说法甚至不能被认为是信息来源，并在有关段落末尾的结论中说明，这个信息未经核实。这种方法缺乏编写此类报告所需的诚实及专业精神。", "7． 在报告所述期间，如下文所述，苏丹政府不遗余力地向受冲突影响者提供救援设备和人道主义援助，但这些努力并没有反映在报告中。", "8． 虽然报告声称，编写报告的人员与一些机构的政府官员会见，包括联邦和州政府，却没有提到联邦和州政府为消除事件的影响采取的所有措施。", "背景情况和违反国际人道主义法和人权法的指控(第4至25段)", "9. 这部分报告充满捏造的指控，在涉及事件发生的地方、时间和日期方面违背基本事实。此外，还有关于《全面和平协定》的错误引述，以及对南科尔多凡州行政系统的无知，尽管联合国驻苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)在南科尔多凡州已经六年。", "10. 报告所提供的信息据称是通过实地考察、对受害者和目击者的访谈，与政治家、宗教和地方领袖、境内流离失所者、联苏特派团工作人员、志愿组织成员的会面以及从一些媒体来源所收集的信息，这些信息仍然不准确(下文将指出一些例子)，这直接影响报告的可信度。", "11. 捏造指控的例子：", "(a) 根据报告所述，2011年6月5日在卡杜格利城里发生战斗。事实上，同一天在卡杜格利城外也发生战斗，当时，人民解放军于上午8点15分在Um Dorein区卡杜格利城以东35公里的地方袭击了武装部队(第14段)；", "(b) 没有叫作Um Battah的地方(第16段)。Um Battah是卡杜格利附近的一个居民区，但没有以该地名命名的军事区；", "(c) 联合整编部队是根据《全面和平协定》的规定建立的，该部队的人数在人民解放军和武装部队之间平均分配。报告中提到的苏丹人民解放军部队-北方(解放军-北方)不存在。这是联苏特派团明显捏造的信息(第5段)；", "(d) 无法在卡杜格利和Eldalang对平民进行空中轰炸，因为这两个城市是在武装部队控制下。卡杜格利是南科尔多凡州政府首府，此外，该城市平民的保护和安全责任在于武装部队；", "(e) 在报告对阿拉伯民族的杀戮时，尽管报告提供了所有其他攻击来源的细节，报告也提到身份不明的武装集团，以避免将人民解放军的行为定罪。这种态度表明，报告有明显和故意的倾向性。", "12. 与报告第8段提到的情况相反，6月5日，卡杜格利城内的情况是正常的。武装部队没有封锁通往Abdelaziz EIHilu房子的主要道路，而是一直在试图打通这些道路。通往他家的所有道路被人民解放军封锁，并埋下地雷。当时没有发生任何战斗，可以证明这一点的证据是，2011年6月6日，由人民解放运动和全国大会党领袖组成的高级别委员会从喀土穆来到该城市，而且没有命令用武力解除人民解放军的武装，否则会导致直接攻击。", "13. 据报告第9段称，武装部队在卡杜格利城的袭击造成数以千计的平民流离失所，他们到教堂、医院和联苏特派团房地避难。但是，武装部队当时在卡杜格利城内，因此，认为是武装部队对该城市进行攻击的说法是不合逻辑的，也是不可能的。事实上是人民解放军对该城进行攻击。", "14. 报告第13段提到法外处决的情况。这是不符合武装部队的实际情况和专业精神，他们一向非常守纪律，而且遵守苏丹关于在战争期间的军事规则和国际人道主义法。武装部队与红十字国际委员会(红十字委员会)协作开展高层次的培训课程，而且军事法律是非常严格的，会将任何违法者绳之以法，达尔富尔的情况便是一个例子。此外，在南科尔多凡州的武装部队有一半来自努巴部落，苏丹军队作战总司令也来自努巴部落。", "15. 第14段提到6月6日一些平民被杀害的虚假情况。但正如前面提到的，战斗实际上是于6月7日在卡杜格利城内发生，因此，关于当天有平民伤亡需要任何医疗保健的说法是不正确的。", "16. 上文第15段提供的答复也适用于该报告第15段。此外，武装部队也没有对卡杜格利城内任何住宅区进行空袭。", "17. 报告第16段提供的伤亡人数是基于某个人的证词，此人估计在武装部队营地中丧生的人数为150人。这个证词是不合逻辑的，因为，如果该营地发生了这种罪行，此人是不会被释放出来透露这一信息。", "18. 第18段提到，一些境内流离失所者作证说，有一个公民在卡杜格利警察医院死亡。这是不正确的说法。在医院外被打死的两个人是人民解放军便衣人员，他们是与警察交火中被打死，其中一名警官也被打死。卡杜格利警方有关于这一事件的报告和记录。", "19. 报告第19段的内容纯属没有任何证据的指控。", "20. 武装部队没有以任何方式参与杀害联苏特派团的承包商。如第17段所述，此人也是人民解放运动的成员。如果这个人是解放运动的一名活跃分子，审问他以获取情报，比杀害他更有用处。上文第14段的答复也可作为对这一事件的另一个答复。", "21. Al Faid地区没有发生任何事故，武装部队离该地区很远。在选举期间，该地区发生过一些部族紧张局势，后得到控制。2011年6月14日，如本报告第20段所述，该地区没有发生任何战斗。该段落清楚地表明，有人故意混淆信息来源。", "22. 上文第5段的答复也适用于第21段。", "23. 第22段提到在Elgrood地区有乱葬坑，但事实是，这里埋葬的是双方一些军事人员的尸体。这是苏丹红新月会志愿者在红十字委员会的协助下履行所有必要的法律程序之后将这些尸体埋葬的。", "24. 报告第23段提到有证人认为是乱葬坑的地方实际上是一个住宅区，它从第14师总部一直到市场所在地，而不是一个空旷的地方，无法用作坟场，因为任何平民都可以注意到。联苏特派团还可以到该地区进行实地考察，来核实该情况，而不是信赖一名证人的说法。", "25. 第25段提到武装部队和人民解放军均埋下杀伤人员地雷，这是错误的报告。人民解放军于6月6日在卡杜格利城里和从卡杜格利到Elrosairis的公路以及Taloudi地区埋雷。武装部队帮助清除Hajar Elnar地区以及从Rosairis到卡杜格利公路的地雷。武装部队还收到了17枚反坦克地雷，这些地雷是人民解放军打算埋在Hajar Elnar周围地区。有些地雷是由一个称作挪威教会援助社的非政府组织发现的，该组织向人民解放运动提供支助。", "滥杀和使用违禁武器(第26和27段)", "26. 第26段提到未经证实的报告表明武装部队对平民使用化学武器。这是完全不正确的报告。武装部队的法规禁止使用这种武器。", "27. 第27段提到对平民的空袭也不是事实。武装部队的攻击是使用自卫权利，专门针对人民解放军的具体地区，另外也是为了保护平民，同时尽量减少人民解放军的攻击对平民的影响(只有两个人被打死，这证明是尽可能做到了)。攻击没有针对卡杜格利和Aldalang这两座城市的平民。联苏特派团在Kauda营地并没有受到影响。相反的，从第四区负责人收到关于有人昏厥和歇斯底里病例的报告，武装部队都对这些病例采取积极应对措施，并在联苏特派团要求下，准许这些病人撤离卡杜格利。联苏特派团从卡杜格利前往Kauda的飞行是采用可以使用任何跑道的直升机。", "28. 对上文第27段做出的答复同样适用于报告第29段。", "强迫失踪/任意逮捕和非法拘禁(第30至36段)", "29. 第30段谈到针对基督徒的攻击，这是不实的报告。武装部队从未对基督教徒或其教堂进行攻击。和平共处是苏丹的特点之一。另外，许多正规部队人员也是基督徒。武装部队不能对在这些事件中失踪的任何人负责，检查身份证在这种情况下是正常安保程序。", "30. 卡杜格利城里没有阿拉伯民兵，他们也没有像报告第31段所述，对平民进行抢劫或攻击，无论是在这些事件之前或期间均没有。", "31. 报告第32段提到，武装部队突击搜查房屋，以便寻找人民解放军成员或支持者。武装部队得到关于曾经属于人民解放军的地方有武器的报告，因此，武装部队需要核实这些报告，以确保该地区的安全与稳定。", "32. 上文第28段对报告第33段做出了答复。", "33. 第34段提到的情况并非如此。", "34. 第21段已经对第37段做出了答复。", "35. 第41段的内容是不正确的。6月6日，卡杜格利的情况很平静，没有对圣公会或天主教教堂进行攻击。次日。那天早上已部署的所有正规部队均看到人民解放军(在卡杜格利周围的山上)与武装部队、警察以及安保部队之间开始战斗。因此，任何影响教堂的轰炸只能是在卡杜格利周围山上的人民解放军造成的。", "36. 第44段所提到的情况是不正确的。在发生这些事件之前，武装部队与联苏特派团的关系很好。随着战斗升级，武装部队仍然与第四区负责人定期接触，该负责人不止一次访问了第14师总部，并表示欣见在这种特殊情况下与武装部队的协调和合作。武装部队从来没有控制联苏特派团的燃料。该区负责人在证实报告有误之后就该误解向武装部队道歉。存放食物的设施是由武装部队人员把守，因为供应商车辆的车牌有被联合国国徽遮盖的解放运动标志。该公司工作人员之一(印度籍)试图毁坏车牌来掩盖这种关系。尽管如此，联苏特派团继续能够进入该仓库，直到他们把所有用品取走。", "37. 至于第45段提到关于武装部队逮捕和殴打3名协助联苏特派团的人员，并威胁联苏特派团的一些成员的说法，这是不正确的，因为随着战斗继续进行，没有任何武装部队驻扎在联苏特派团的营地之外，而且，在该城市也没有设立任何检查站。", "38. 关于第46段指出联苏特派团的一名国家工作人员被开枪打伤的情况，武装部队对此不负任何责任。此人当时被送到卡杜格利军事医院，后来被转移到喀土穆，现在他健康状况良好。", "39. 报告第48段谈到Kaiga地区居民被迁移到联苏特派团附近的地方。这也不是真实的。Kaiga是在卡杜格利以北的地区。从逻辑上来说，当大家都向Aldalang和EIObied转移，以逃离战斗，不可能有人要转移到南方。此外，武装部队没有在Kaiga驻军，也没有名叫Um Battah军事区的地方。", "40. 报告第50段谈到一支由四人组成的联苏特派团巡逻队遭到怠慢的事情，该巡逻队包括一名约旦上校，在第四区没有提前通知情况下到达第14师总部。当向该区负责人询问此事时，他表示不知道该巡逻队的情况。鉴于该地区目前的形势，他认为，他的主要任务是加强协调，并确保巡逻队在巡逻过程中的安全和安保。巡逻队成员被送交最近的国家监测人员，然后被释放。这段中提及的所有情况均是捏造的。", "41. 第52段提到的空袭是一个已提到的情况，该情况从来没有在卡杜格利城内或该城周边地区发生。火灾和抢劫是因人民解放军造成的不安全状况引起的。武装部队从来没有使用推土机摧毁房屋，因为他们在卡杜格利没有任何推土机。", "42. 报告第53段提到与第四区负责人商定的一个法律程序。因为一些国家工作人员被指控参与了一些安保事故，所以，武装部队要求检查前往Wau的所有乘客的身份。在二十名国家工作人员中，只有六人被拘留，其中五人被释放。有两人是基督徒，其中之一是牧师，所有这些人都是努巴人。武装部队从第四区负责人以及被释放者得到确认，他们在被拘留期间，受到良好待遇。有一人仍然被扣留，将在法院提出起诉。", "43. 第54段的内容已经提到过，由第35段加以答复。", "被迫流离失所和非自愿返回", "44. 报告第37段声称，Umber村村民被迫流离失所。该村完全是努巴部落聚居的村庄。但报告没有提到，同一天(2011年6月10日)，阿拉伯部落聚居的邻近村庄(Alfeid，Tomy，Khour-Aldilaib 和Umbrimbeeta)村民也被迫流离失所。由于在Azrag，Algimaizaya和Umbrtabou村庄发生的军事冲突， 来自Umbrimbeeta和Umber村民以及Khour-Aldilaib村部分村民逃到Abu-Karshula，他们获得了人道主义援助，并在6月底返回自己的村庄。", "45. 虽然卡杜格利居民是在2011年6月6日事件发生后才开始流离失所，但第38段提到2011年6月20日卡杜格利市有11 000人被迫流离失所。2011年6月20日这一天，被迫流离失所到AIshaeir联苏特派团附近地方的那些人已返回到卡杜格利。由于2011年6月6日在卡杜格利发生的事件，每天大约有13 722左右的人逃到该城市之外联苏特派团营地附近的Alshaeir地方。苏丹人道主义援助委员会与联合国各机构(世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)、世界卫生组织(世卫组织)、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)、联合国人口基金(人口基金)、国际移民组织(移民组织)和联合国人道事务协调厅(人道协调厅))、苏丹红新月会委员会以及全国Mubadiroun组织举行了协调会议，并在会议后商定向受影响者提供紧急人道主义援助。", "46. 除了由苏丹政府和人道主义援助委员会提供紧急援助之外，还采取了以下措施：", "• 粮食计划署提供一个月的粮食，供苏丹红新月会委员会分发", "• 儿基会、移民组织、难民署和联合供应中心提供搭建临时住所的材料(防雨毯子、烹饪器具、床单、装水容器、蚊帐和肥皂)，由苏丹红新月会委员会分发", "• 供水：联苏特派团提供8大箱水，儿基会提供3个能装3 000立升塑料容器的水", "• 公共卫生：联苏特派团、儿基会和人口基金设立150个公厕，以及由苏丹卫生部提供两个流动诊所", "• 安保服务和儿童保护：儿基会和难民署提供这方面的支助", "47. 所有这些服务均在苏丹人道主义援助委员会的监督和协调下提供，并由联合国各机构进行监测。", "48. 在6月20日结束军事冲突之后，卡杜格利市恢复平静，苏丹政府开始扫雷行动，由警察提供保护，确保平民及其财产的安全，并恢复该城市基础设施(供水、供电和医院)。商家和杂货店重新开门，境内流离失所者开始自愿返回自己的家中。老年人和那些有特殊需要者要求帮助运送，因此，苏丹政府向他们提供了回到该城市的必要交通手段。", "49. 关于报告第39段的内容，在流离失所者返回该城市后，人道主义援助委员会进行了一项联合调查，由在该城市的联合国各机构、本国各组织，以及政府相关机构参与，以确定该城市回返者的需要。根据这次调查，参与者同意提供必要的援助和基本服务如下：", "• 粮食计划署为12 000回返者提供整整一个月的粮食，由苏丹红新月会委员会分发", "• 由儿基会和移民组织负责更新和修复63个水泵，由苏丹自来水公司和国家环境卫生部共同实施", "• 由移民组织负责修复一个雨水收集站(Donki)", "• 由儿基会和移民组织与自来水公司和苏丹卫生环境部合作设立180个厕所", "• 由移民组织和联合国联合后勤中心向7 000户家庭提供食品之外的物资(防雨毛毯、烹调器具、床单、装水容器、蚊帐和肥皂)，由苏丹红新月会委员会和参与的各组织分发", "• 由世卫组织和苏丹卫生部为该城市7家诊所提供医药和急救箱", "• 由儿基会与苏丹社会事务部共同制订一个项目，保护儿童与家人团聚", "• 由儿基会、救助儿童会(瑞典)和教育部负责让流离失所者的子女能在卡杜格利的学校上学，并提供学习材料", "结论", "50. 在关于人权高专办报告的评论意见结尾，苏丹政府表示，拒绝接受并强烈反对在收集和编写关于最近在南科尔多凡州发生的事件情况所采用的不专业办法。这种作法违反了监测人权状况的国际标准。苏丹政府的《宪法》合法性和民选政府已遭受奸诈攻击。人民解放军/民兵在南科尔多凡州的所作所为，是对南科尔多凡州举行的选举结果进行的政治和军事政变。而根据苏丹本国和国际观察员的意见，该州的选举结果是公平的。", "51. 报告充斥着各种错误，以及没有基于逻辑和客观调查结果的假设。如上文所述，在大多数情况下，这些假设与地面上的事实相矛盾。", "52. 苏丹政府坚决认为，这份报告没有真正反映所述时间和地点的人权状况，因此，不能参考该报告的内容采取任何程序或措施。", "53. 该报告及其措辞方式无助于苏丹政府采取正确的措施，它也无助于苏丹政府与根据该报告采取的任何未来程序进行合作。" ]

[ "Letter dated 17 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Sudan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Despite our conviction and knowledge that reports on the human rights situation are considered within the appropriate forum of human rights that is the Human Rights Council in Geneva, and in the light of the briefing by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Ms. Navanethem Pillay, on the human rights situation in South Kordofan, I have the honour to enclose herewith a document containing the comments of the Government of the Sudan on the preliminary report on violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in South Kordofan from 5 to 30 June 2011 (see annex).", "I have further the honour to request you to circulate the enclosed document as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 17 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Sudan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Comments of the Government of the Sudan on the thirteenth periodic report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in the Sudan, entitled “Preliminary report on violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Southern Kordofan from 5 to 30 June 2011”", "Introduction and general observations", "1. First of all, the Government of the Sudan would like to point out that the thirteenth periodic report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights was entitled “Preliminary report on violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Southern Kordofan from 5 to 30 June 2011” without mentioning “allegations”, although the report contains mere undocumented testimonies and observations that cannot be considered as “violations”, which indicates that the contents of the report are just a conclusion and a presumed final result of recent incidents that took place in the area during the mentioned time frame.", "2. The report mentioned violations of international human rights law and humanitarian law that took place during the armed conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the so-called “militias affiliated to SAF” and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM) in South Kordofan from 5 to 30 June 2011. It is worth mentioning in principle that a report describing the situation of human rights during armed conflict cannot attribute all the violations to one party of the conflict and exclude the other. The report rarely pointed out violations committed by the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). Surprisingly, the party that started the fighting inside the towns and caused the death of civilians was not blamed for these violations. This indicates double standards even when it comes to determining victims and aggressors.", "3. This selective approach throughout the report contradicts all United Nations standards governing the monitoring of human rights situations, as well as the code of conduct of United Nations officers and human rights officers in the United Nations field offices.", "4. The report mentions in the background paragraph that marginalization by the Government of the Sudan of the Nuba led them to join the SPLA. The report is based on a book by Alex de Waal and Yoanes Ajawin, published in London in 1995 entitled Facing Genocide: The Nuba of Sudan. This book reflects the political views of the writers, but it is unacceptable for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) to base its report on this book and use it as a reference. This leads to a determination of the victims and the aggressors at the beginning of the report and to ignoring and remaining silent with regard to all the violations committed by the alleged victim (SPLA).", "5. The marginalization of the Nuba mentioned throughout the report was not true. The Nuba are well represented in all official institutions of the State, at all grades and levels. In addition, their presence is not confined to this geographic part of the Sudan, they are present throughout the Sudan and they have never complained of marginalization during the previous Governments. Reference to marginalization is misleading and leads to escalating ethnic tensions and racism, which is prohibited by all the human rights standards.", "6. The report referred to alleged large-scale violations in a way that cannot even be considered as a source of information, and concludes at the end of the paragraph by stating that this information was not verified, a method that lacks honesty and professionalism in preparing such reports.", "7. During the reporting period, the Government of the Sudan, as will be indicated later, spared no efforts to provide the affected populations with rescue equipment and humanitarian assistance, but these efforts were not reflected in the report.", "8. Although the report alleged that those who prepared the report met with officials in a number of institutions, including federal and state government authorities, it fails to mention all the measures taken by federal and state government authorities to overcome the impact of the incidents.", "Background and alleged violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law (paras. 4-25)", "9. This part of the report is full of fabricated allegations that contradict basic facts when it comes to the places, timing and dates on which incidents took place, in addition to false quotations from the comprehensive peace agreement and ignorance of the administrative system of South Kordofan, although the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) had been present in South Kordofan for six years.", "10. The report provides information allegedly collected through field visits, interviews with victims and witnesses, meetings with politicians, religious and local leaders, internally displaced persons, UNMIS staff, members of voluntary organizations and some media sources, it is still inaccurate (as will be pointed out in some examples), which directly affect the credibility of the report.", "11. Examples of the fabricated allegations:", "(a) Fighting inside Kadugli did not start on 5 June 2011 as alleged in the report, but started outside Kadugli when the SPLA attacked the SAF on that same day in the Um Dorein area 35 km east of Kadugli at 8.15 a.m. (para. 14);", "(b) There is no locality called Um Battah (para. 16). Um Battah is a neighbourhood in Kadugli and there is no military area with that name;", "(c) The Joint Integrated Units were established according to provisions of the comprehensive peace agreement, they are equally divided between the SPLA and the SAF; the Sudan People’s Liberation Army-North (SPLA-N) forces referred to in the report do not exist. This indicates clearly fabricated information by UNMIS (para. 5);", "(d) It is impossible to conduct aerial bombardments against Kadugli and Eldalang and to target civilians because the two cities are under the control of the SAF and Kadugli is the capital of South Kordofan State; in addition, the protection and security of civilians and their property lies with the SAF;", "(e) When reporting the killings of ethnic Arabs, the report referred to an unknown armed group, to avoid criminalizing the SPLA, although it provides all details regarding the source of the other attacks; such an attitude reflects a clear and deliberate selectivity.", "12. Contrary to what was mentioned in paragraph 8 of the report, the situation inside Kadugli was normal on 5 June. The SAF did not block the major roads to Abdelaziz ElHilu’s house, but had been trying to open them. All roads leading to his house were blocked by the SPLA and planted with mines. There was no fight at all; this was evidenced by the arrival of a high-level committee from Khartoum on 6 June 2011 composed of leaders from the SPLM and the National Congress Party, and there were no orders to disarm the SPLA by force, which could have led to a direct attack, which did not happen.", "13. Paragraph 9 of the report alleged that the SAF attacks on Kadugli resulted in the displacement of thousands of civilians, who consequently took refuge in churches, hospitals and UNMIS compounds, but since the SAF are inside Kadugli it is illogical and unlikely that the attacks against the city come from the SAF, but from the other party, which is the SPLA.", "14. Paragraph 13 refers to extrajudicial killings, which is not in line with the nature and professionalism of the SAF, which has always been very disciplined and committed to national military rules and international humanitarian law during war. The SAF conducts high-level training programmes in coordination with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and the military law is very strict in making anyone who violates the law accountable, an example of that is in Darfur. In addition, half of the SAF forces in South Kordofan are originally from the Nuba tribe and the Commanding General of Operations in the Sudanese Army is also from the Nuba tribe.", "15. Paragraph 14 mentioned false information about the killing of some civilians on 6 June, but, as mentioned previously, the fighting actually started on 7 June inside Kadugli, therefore talking about civilian casualties in need of any medical care on that day is not true.", "16. The response provided in paragraph 15 above also applies to paragraph 15 of the report. Furthermore the SAF did not launch air attacks targeting any residential areas inside Kadugli.", "17. The number of casualties provided in paragraph 16 of the report is based on the testimony of one person, who estimated that the number of people killed inside the SAF compound was 150. This testimony is illogical because that person should not have been released to reveal this information if such a crime had taken place inside the compound.", "18. What was mentioned in paragraph 18 by some internally displaced persons, who testified that one citizen was killed in the police hospital in Kadugli, was not true. The two persons killed outside the hospital were SPLA personnel wearing civilian dress; they were killed following an exchange of fire with the police and a police officer was also shot. This incident was reported and documented in police records in Kadugli.", "19. Paragraph 19 of the report contains mere allegations without any proof.", "20. The SAF was not involved in any way in the killing of the UNMIS contractor who was also a member of the SPLM, as mentioned in paragraph 17. If that person was an active SPLM member, it would have been useful to interrogate him in order to obtain information instead of killing him. What was mentioned in paragraph 14 above can also be added as a response to this incident.", "21. The AlFaid area was not the scene of any incidents, and the SAF was very far from the area. It witnessed some tribal tensions during the election, which were brought under control. On 14 June 2011 this area did not witness any fighting, as indicated in paragraph 20 of the report, which indicates clearly that there is deliberate confusion from the source of the information.", "22. The response provided in paragraph 5 above applies to paragraph 21.", "23. Paragraph 22 mentioned the existence of mass graves in Elgrood area, but the truth is that the bodies of some military members from both sides were buried. This was done by volunteers of the Sudanese Red Crescent with the support of ICRC after fulfilling all the required legal procedures.", "24. The area mentioned in paragraph 23 of the report, which was described by the witness as a mass grave, is a residential and inhabited area that extends from the headquarters of the Fourteenth Division to the market area, it is not an empty area that can be used as a cemetery, since any civilian can notice it. UNMIS can also make a field visit to the area to verify the information instead of depending on the allegations of one witness.", "25. What was mentioned in paragraph 25 of the report, that both the SAF and the SPLA laid anti-personnel mines, is not true. The SPLA mined areas inside Kadugli and on the road from Kadugli to Elrosairis and in the Taloudi area; these acts took place on 6 June. The SAF helped to clear the area in Hajar Elnar and also the road from Rosairis to Kadugli. The SAF also received 17 anti-tank mines, which the SPLA intended to plant in areas around Hajar Elnar. Some mines were found with a non-governmental organization called NCA, known to provide support to the SPLM.", "Indiscriminate killings and use of prohibited weapons (paras. 26 and 27)", "26. Paragraph 26 mentioned unconfirmed reports of the use of chemical weapons by the SAF against civilians, which is totally incorrect. The SAF is forbidden by virtue of its law and regulations from using such weapons.", "27. What was mentioned in paragraph 27, about aerial bombardments targeting civilians, was also not true. The truth is that SAF attacks targeted specific areas of the SPLA using the right to self-defence and also to protect the civilians and, at the same time, to minimize the impact of SPLA attacks on civilians (only two persons were killed, which proves that this was done to the minimum). Cities with civilians like Kadugli and Aldalang were not targeted and the UNMIS compound in Kauda was not affected, instead reports were received from the Head of Sector IV about cases of fainting and hysteria, which were positively responded to by the SAF and permission was given upon UNMIS request to evacuate those persons from Kadugli. UNMIS flights from Kadugli to Kauda use helicopters that can use any runway.", "28. The same response to paragraph 27 above applies to paragraph 29 of the report.", "Forced disappearances, arbitrary arrests and illegal detention (paras. 30-36)", "29. Paragraph 80 talked about targeting Christians, which is not true. The SAF never targeted Christians or their churches. Peaceful coexistence is one of the characteristics of this State; in addition, many of the officers in the regular forces are also Christians. Also, the SAF cannot be responsible for the disappearance of any person during the incidents and the checking of identification documents is a normal security procedure in such circumstances.", "30. There is no Arab militia in Kadugli, nor looting or attacking civilians as indicated in paragraph 31 of the report. Neither before nor during the incidents.", "31. Paragraph 32 of the report mentioned that the SAF raided houses to search for SPLA members or supporters. The SAF received reports about weapons in places that used to be SPLA locations, and it was the task of the SAF to verify these reports to ensure security and stability in the area.", "32. Paragraph 28 above provides the answer for paragraph 33 of the report.", "33. What was mentioned in paragraph 34 was not true.", "34. Paragraph 37 was a repetition responded to in paragraph 21.", "35. Paragraph 41 was not true. On 6 June the situation in Kadugli was very calm. Anglican and Catholic churches were never targeted. On the next day, all regular forces that were in place since that morning witnessed the beginning of fighting inside Kadugli between the SPLA (on the mountains surrounding Kadugli) and the SAF, the police and security forces, and any bombing affecting a church would have been caused by the SPLA, who were in the mountains surrounding Kadugli.", "36. What was mentioned in paragraph 44 was not correct. The relationship with UNMIS was excellent before the incidents. Following the escalation of fighting, the SAF remained in regular contact with the Head of Sector IV, who visited the headquarters of the Fourteenth Division more than once and welcomed the coordination and the cooperation of the SAF in such an exceptional situation. The SAF never controlled the fuel of UNMIS; the Head of the Sector apologized to the SAF for the misunderstanding after verification of the incorrect information. The food storage facility was guarded by officers from the SAF because the supplying company had the SPLM emblem on the cars’ number plates hidden by the United Nations emblem. One of the members of the company (an Indian national) tried to destroy the cars’ number plates to hide this relationship. In spite of all these facts, UNMIS continued to have access to the storage facility until they took all the supplies.", "37. As regards information provided in paragraph 45, about arresting and beating three personnel assisting UNMIS and the threatening of UNMIS officers by some SAF members, this is not true because, as the fighting continued, no SAF forces were stationed outside the compound and there were no checkpoints established inside the town.", "38. With regard to the information in paragraph 46, stating that one national staff of UNMIS was shot: the SAF was not responsible for that. That person was hospitalized in Kadugli military hospital and transferred later to Khartoum and is now in good health.", "39. Paragraph 48 of the report talked about the displacement of residents of Kaiga area to a place near UNMIS, which is also not true. Kaiga is an area north of Kadugli and logically it is impossible to move to the south while everyone is moving to the north, to Aldalang and ElObied, running away from the fighting. In addition, the SAF has no presence in Kaiga and there is no place named Um Battah military area.", "40. Paragraph 50 of the report talked about the mistreatment of a UNMIS patrol composed of four members including a Jordanian major, who arrived at the headquarters of the Fourteenth Division without prior notice from Sector IV. The Head of the Sector was questioned and he stated that he was not aware of the patrol, the main purpose — given the situation in the area — was to enhance coordination and ensure the safety and security during their movement. They were taken to the nearest national monitoring officers and then released. All statements mentioned in this paragraph were fabricated.", "41. What was mentioned in paragraph 52 about aerial bombardments was a repetition and never happened, neither inside Kadugli nor in the surrounding area. Fire and looting are part of the insecurity situation caused by the SPLA. The SAF never destroyed houses using bulldozers since they do not have any in Kadugli.", "42. What was mentioned in paragraph 53 of the report was a legal procedure with the agreement of the Head of Sector IV. Since a number of national staff are accused of involvement in some security incidents, the SAF requested that the identity of all passengers to Wau be checked. Of the 20 national staff, only 6 were detained. Five were released, two were Christians, one was a priest and all were Nubas. The SAF received acknowledgement from the Head of Sector IV and from released persons of the good treatment received during detention. One person is still detained and will be brought before a court.", "43. Paragraph 54 is a repeated paragraph, responded to in paragraph 36 above.", "Forced displacement and involuntary return", "44. Paragraph 37 of the report claims that villagers from the village of Umber, exclusively inhabited by Nuba tribes, were displaced. The report did not mention the displacement of citizens from the other neighbouring villages (Alfeid, Tomy, Khour-Aldilaib and Umbrimbeeta), inhabited by Arab tribes, although they were all displaced on the same day, 10 June 2011, as a result of the military confrontations that took place in the villages of Azrag, Algimaizaya and Umbrtabou. Villagers from Umbrimbeeta, Umber and part of Khour-Aldilaib who fled to Abu-Karshula were provided humanitarian assistance and returned to their villages by late June.", "45. Paragraph 38 referred to the displacement of 11,000 people from Kadugli on 20 June 2011, though the displacement from Kadugli began on 6 June 2011, following the events. On 20 June 2011 those who were displaced to Alshaeir near UNMIS returned to Kadugli. As a result of the events that took place in Kadugli, on 6 June 2011 approximately 13,722 people fled on a daily basis to the area of Alshaeir near the UNMIS compound outside the city. The Humanitarian Aid Commission of the State held a coordination meeting with the United Nations agencies (World Food Programme (WFP), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the Sudanese Committee of the Red Crescent and the Mubadiroun National Organization, and it was agreed after the meeting to provide urgent humanitarian assistance to those affected.", "46. In addition to the urgent aid provided by the Government of the Sudan and the Humanitarian Aid Commission, the following was done:", "• Provision of a one-month supply of food by WFP to be distributed by the Sudanese Committee of the Red Crescent", "• Provision of shelter materials (rainproof blankets, cooking utensils, sheets, water containers, mosquito nets and soap) by UNICEF, IOM, UNHCR and the Joint Supply Centre, and distributed by the Sudanese Committee of the Red Crescent", "• Water: provision of eight tankers from UNMIS and three plastic containers with a capacity of 3,000 cubic litres by UNICEF", "• Sanitation: setting up of 150 public toilets by UNMIS, UNICEF and UNFPA, as well as two mobile clinics provided by the state ministry of health", "• Security services and child protection: provision of support by UNICEF and UNHCR", "47. All those services were carried out under the supervision and coordination of the Humanitarian Aid Commission in the State and with a follow-up from the United Nations agencies.", "48. Following the end of military confrontations on 20 June and the return of calm to Kadugli, the government of the State started mine-clearing operations, securing and protecting civilians and their properties by the police and restoring the infrastructure to the city (water, electricity, hospitals). Trade and grocery stores reopened their doors, internally displaced persons starting to voluntarily return to their houses. Elders and those with special needs called for help to be transported, thus the government of the State provided them with the necessary means of transportation to the city.", "49. Concerning paragraph 39 of the report, the Humanitarian Aid Commission, after the return of the displaced to the city, carried out a joint survey involving the United Nations agencies in the city, the national organizations and the relevant government institutions so as to determine the needs of the returnees in the city. Based on this survey, the participants agreed to provide the needed assistance and basic services as follows:", "• Provision of food for 12,000 returnees for a whole month by WPF, distributed by the Sudanese Committee of the Red Crescent", "• Refurbishment and rehabilitation of 63 water pumps by UNICEF and IOM, jointly implemented by the Water Corporation and Environment Sanitation of the State", "• Rehabilitation of a rainwater collection station (Donki) by IOM", "• Setting up of 180 toilets by UNICEF and IOM in cooperation with the Water Corporation and Environment Sanitation of the State", "• Provision of non-food materials for 7,000 families by IOM and the United Nations Joint Logistics Centre (rainproof blankets, cooking hardware, sheets, water containers, mosquito nets and soap) distributed by the Sudanese Committee of the Red Crescent with the participation of the organizers", "• Provision of medicine and first aid kits for seven clinics in the city by WHO and the State Ministry of Health", "• A programme was developed to protect and reunite children with their families by UNICEF and the State Ministry of Social Affairs", "• Absorption of the sons of displaced people in the schools of Kadugli and provision of study materials by UNICEF, Save the Children Sweden and the Ministry of Education", "Conclusion", "50. At the end of its comments on the report of OHCHR, the Government of the Sudan expresses its rejection and deepest resentment at the unprofessional method adopted in collecting and formulating the information concerning the events that took place in South Kordofan lately, which contradict the international standards followed in monitoring the situation of human rights. The Government of the Sudan has come under a treacherous attack against its constitutional legitimacy and its elected Government. What the SPLA/M did in South Kordofan is both a political and military coup on the elections’ results held in South Kordofan, which were considered to be fair elections according to national and international observers.", "51. The report is riddled with flaws and assumptions not based on logical and objective findings, which in most cases contradict the facts on the ground, as mentioned above.", "52. The Government of the Sudan firmly believes that this report does not really reflect the situation of human rights in the said time and place, consequently it cannot be considered as a reference for adopting any procedures or measures based on the content of the report.", "53. This report and the way it was worded does not help the Government of the Sudan to take the right measures and it does not encourage cooperation with any future procedure based on this report." ]

[ "Letter dated 17 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Sudan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "While we are aware that the report on the human rights situation was considered in the Human Rights Council in Geneva, the appropriate human rights forum, and in the light of the briefing by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Ms. Navanethem Pillay, on the human rights situation in Southern Kordofan, I have the honour to enclose herewith a document containing the comments of the Government of the Sudan on the “Preliminary report on violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Southern Kordofan State from 5 to 30 June 2011” (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have this document circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "Permanent Representative", "(Signed) Daffa-Alla El Hadj Ali Osman Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Permanent Representative", "Comments of the Government of the Sudan on the thirteenth periodic report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in the Sudan, entitled “Preliminary report on violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Southern Kordofan State, 5-30 June 2011”", "Introduction and general remarks", "At the outset, the Government of the Sudan wishes to point out that the thirteenth periodic report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, entitled “Preliminary report on violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Southern Kordofan from 5 to 30 June 2011”, makes no reference to “allegations”. Although the report contained testimonies and observations without hard evidence, it could not be considered as “violations” and indicated that the content of the report was merely a conclusion and a presumption of the end result of recent events at the time and place described above.", "The report refers to violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in the armed conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the so-called Armed Forces-affiliated militias and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) in Southern Kordofan from 5 to 30 June 2011. It should be noted that reports on the situation of human rights during armed conflict cannot, in principle, attribute all violations to one party to the conflict and exclude the other. There is little mention of violations by the Sudan People ' s Liberation Army (SPLA). Surprisingly, the report did not accuse the parties who had started fighting in those towns and had caused the deaths of civilians of committing violations. This shows even double standards in the identification of victims and aggressors.", "3. The selective approach adopted throughout the report ran counter to all United Nations standards for monitoring human rights situations and the code of conduct for United Nations staff and human rights staff in United Nations field offices.", "4. In the background paragraphs, the report refers to the marginalization of the Nuba tribe by the Government of the Sudan, which led to its participation in the Sudan People ' s Liberation Army. This statement is based on the book Alex de Waal and Yoanes Ajawin, published in London in 1995, entitled Face to Genocide: The Nuba Nation in the Sudan. The book reflected the author ' s political views, but the practice of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) to base its report on the book and use it as a reference material was unacceptable. This practice led to the identification of victims and aggressors at the beginning of the report, while turning a blind eye and silence to all violations committed by the alleged victims (PLA).", "5. The reference to the marginalization of the Nuba tribe throughout the report is incorrect. Nuba tribes are well represented at all levels of official institutions in the Sudan. In addition, the Nuba tribe is present not only in this part of the Sudan, but throughout the Sudan. In successive Governments, they have never complained about marginalization. Such marginalization was misleading and could lead to growing ethnic divisions and racial discrimination, which were prohibited by all human rights standards.", "6. The report ' s allegations of alleged large-scale violations cannot even be considered a source of information and indicates in its conclusions at the end of the relevant paragraphs that this information has not been verified. This approach lacks the honesty and professionalism required to prepare such reports.", "7. During the reporting period, the Government of the Sudan spared no effort to provide relief equipment and humanitarian assistance to those affected by the conflict, as described below, but those efforts were not reflected in the report.", "8. While the report states that the authors of the report met with government officials from a number of agencies, including the federal and state governments, it does not mention all measures taken by the federal and state governments to address the impact of the events.", "Background and allegations of violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law (paras. 4-25)", "9. This part of the report is full of false allegations and contradicts basic facts with regard to the place, time and date of the events. In addition, there are erroneous references to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement and ignorance of the administrative system in Southern Kordofan, despite the fact that the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) has been in Southern Kordofan for six years.", "10. The information provided in the report, allegedly through field visits, interviews with victims and witnesses, meetings with politicians, religious and local leaders, internally displaced persons, UNMIS staff, members of voluntary organizations and information gathered from a number of media sources, remains inaccurate (see some examples below), which directly affects the credibility of the report.", "11. Examples of false accusations:", "(a) According to the report, fighting took place in Kadugli on 5 June 2011. In fact, fighting took place the same day outside Kadugli, when the People ' s Liberation Army attacked the armed forces at 8.15 a.m. 35 kilometres east of Kadugli, Um Dorein district (para. 14);", "(b) No place called Um Battah (para. 16). Um Battah is a residential area near Kadugli, but there is no military area named after that name;", "(c) The Joint Integrated Units were established in accordance with the provisions of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, and their number was evenly distributed between the People ' s Liberation Army and the armed forces. The Sudan People's Liberation Army-North (SPLA-North) mentioned in the report does not exist. This information is clearly fabricated by UNMIS (para. 5);", "(d) It was not possible to carry out aerial bombardment of civilians in Kadugli and Eldalang, since the two cities were under the control of the armed forces. Kadugli is the capital of the Government of Southern Kordofan State, and responsibility for the protection and security of civilians in the city rests with the armed forces;", "(e) In reporting on the killings of the Arab nation, while the report provides details of all other sources of attack, it also refers to unidentified armed groups in order to avoid criminalizing the actions of the People ' s Liberation Army. This attitude indicates a clear and deliberate bias in the report.", "12. Contrary to what was mentioned in paragraph 8 of the report, the situation in Kadugli on 5 June was normal. The armed forces have not blocked the main roads leading to Abdelaziz EIhilu ' s house, but have been trying to access them. All roads leading to his home were blocked by the People ' s Liberation Army and laid mines. There was no fighting at that time, as evidenced by the fact that on 6 June 2011, a high-level committee composed of leaders of the People ' s Liberation Movement and the National Congress Party came to the city from Khartoum and did not order the disarmament of the People ' s Liberation Army by force, which would have led to direct attacks.", "13. According to paragraph 9 of the report, the armed forces attack in Kadugli resulted in the displacement of thousands of civilians who sought refuge in churches, hospitals and UNMIS premises. However, the argument that the armed forces had attacked Kadugli was illogical and impossible. It was in fact the People's Liberation Army that attacked the town.", "14. Paragraph 13 of the report refers to extrajudicial executions. This is contrary to the actual situation and professionalism of the armed forces, which have always been very disciplined and in compliance with Sudanese military rules and international humanitarian law during the war. The armed forces, in collaboration with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), conducted high-level training courses and military laws were very strict and brought to justice any violators, as in the case of Darfur. In addition, half of the armed forces in Southern Kordofan state are from the Nuba tribe and the Sudanese Army Chief of Operations from the Nuba tribe.", "15. Paragraph 14 referred to the false killing of civilians on 6 June. However, as mentioned earlier, the fighting actually took place in Kadugli on 7 June, and it is therefore incorrect to say that any medical care was needed on that day for civilian casualties.", "16. The response provided in paragraph 15 above also applies to paragraph 15 of the report. In addition, there were no air strikes by the armed forces on any residential areas in Kadugli.", "17. The number of casualties provided in paragraph 16 of the report is based on the testimony of an individual who estimates that 150 people were killed in armed forces camps. This testimony is illogical because the person would not have been released to reveal this information if the crime had been committed in the camp.", "18. Paragraph 18 mentioned that some internally displaced persons had testified that a citizen had died at the police hospital in Kadugli. That is incorrect. Two people killed outside the hospital were plainclothes members of the People ' s Liberation Army, who were killed in an exchange of fire with police officers, one of whom was also killed. The Kadugli police have reports and records of the incident.", "19. The content of paragraph 19 of the report is a purely unsubstantiated allegation.", "20. The armed forces were not involved in any way in the killing of UNMIS contractors. As stated in paragraph 17, this person is also a member of the SPLM. If he was an activist of the liberation movement, it would be more useful to interrogate him to obtain information than to kill him. The response provided in paragraph 14 above may also be another response to this incident.", "21. There were no accidents in the Al Faid area, and the armed forces are far from the area. During the elections, there were some communal tensions in the area that were brought under control. On 14 June 2011, as indicated in paragraph 20 of the present report, no fighting took place in the area. The paragraph made it clear that there was a deliberate confusion of sources.", "22. The response in paragraph 5 above also applies to paragraph 21.", "23. Paragraph 22 referred to the existence of mass graves in the Elgrud area, but the fact was that the bodies of military personnel from both sides were buried there. These bodies were buried by Sudanese Red Crescent volunteers, with the assistance of ICRC, following all the necessary legal procedures.", "24. In paragraph 23 of the report, reference is made to the fact that the site, which is considered by witnesses to be a mass grave, is a residential area that runs from the headquarters of the 14th Division to the market site, rather than an empty area, and cannot be used as a graveyard, as any civilian can notice. UNMIS could also conduct field visits to the area to verify the situation rather than rely on the statements of a witness.", "25. The reference in paragraph 25 to the laying of anti-personnel mines by both the armed forces and the People ' s Liberation Army was a false report. On 6 June, the People ' s Liberation Army mined the town of Kadugli and the road from Kadugli to Elrosairis and the Taloudi area. The armed forces helped clear the area of Hajar Elnar and the road from Rosairis to Kadugli. The armed forces also received 17 anti-tank mines that the People ' s Liberation Army intended to bury in the vicinity of Hajar Elnar. Some of the mines were discovered by a non-governmental organization called Norwegian Church Aid, which provided support to the People ' s Liberation Movement.", "Indiscriminate killing and use of prohibited weapons (paras. 26 and 27)", "26. Paragraph 26 referred to unconfirmed reports of the use of chemical weapons by armed forces against civilians. This is a completely incorrect report. The legislation of the armed forces prohibits the use of such weapons.", "27. The reference in paragraph 27 to air strikes against civilians is also not true. Attacks by the armed forces use the right to self-defence, specifically targeting specific areas of the People ' s Liberation Army and also to protect civilians, while minimizing the impact of attacks by the People ' s Liberation Army on civilians (only two people were killed, which proved to be as successful as possible). The attack did not target civilians in the cities of Kadugli and Aldalang. UNMIS was not affected at the Kauda camp. On the contrary, reports of cases of fainting and hysteria were received from the head of sector IV, and the armed forces responded positively to those cases and, at the request of UNMIS, authorized the evacuation of the patients from Kadugli. The UNMIS flight from Kadugli to Kauda was conducted using a helicopter that could use any runway.", "28. The response to paragraph 27 above applies equally to paragraph 29 of the report.", "Enforced disappearance/Arbitrary arrest and unlawful detention (paras. 30-36)", "29. The reference in paragraph 30 to attacks against Christians is false. The armed forces never attacked Christians or their churches. Peaceful coexistence is one of the characteristics of the Sudan. In addition, many regular army personnel are Christians. The armed forces cannot be held accountable for anyone who disappeared in these incidents, and the identity check is a normal security procedure in such cases.", "30. There are no Arab militias in Kadugli, nor have they carried out looting or attacks against civilians, either before or during these incidents, as indicated in paragraph 31 of the report.", "31. In paragraph 32 of the report, it is mentioned that the armed forces raided houses in order to find members or supporters of the People ' s Liberation Army. The armed forces have received reports of weapons in areas formerly belonging to the People ' s Liberation Army, and therefore they need to verify those reports to ensure security and stability in the area.", "32. The response to paragraph 33 of the report is provided in paragraph 28 above.", "33. This is not the case with paragraph 34.", "34. Paragraph 21 has already been answered.", "35. The content of paragraph 41 was incorrect. On 6 June, the situation in Kadugli was calm and there were no attacks on Anglican or Catholic churches. The next day. All regular forces deployed that morning saw the beginning of fighting between the People ' s Liberation Army (on the hills around Kadugli) and the armed forces, the police and the security forces. Therefore, any bombing affecting churches can only be caused by the People ' s Liberation Army in the mountains around Kadugli.", "The situation referred to in paragraph 44 was incorrect. These incidents were preceded by good relations between the armed forces and UNMIS. As the fighting escalated, the armed forces remained in regular contact with the head of sector IV, who visited the headquarters of division 14 on more than one occasion and welcomed the coordination and cooperation with the armed forces in such exceptional circumstances. The armed forces never controlled UNMIS fuel. The head of the district apologized to the armed forces for the misunderstanding after confirming that the report was wrong. The food storage facility is guarded by armed forces personnel, as the vehicle licence plates of the vendor are marked by the liberation movement, which is covered by the United Nations emblem. One of the company ' s staff (Indian) attempted to conceal the relationship by destroying licence plates. Nevertheless, UNMIS continued to be able to access the warehouse until they removed all supplies.", "37. With regard to the reference in paragraph 45 to the arrest and beating by the armed forces of three personnel assisting UNMIS and the threats to some UNMIS members, that was incorrect, since as the fighting continued, no armed forces were stationed outside UNMIS camps and no checkpoints had been established in the city.", "38. With regard to paragraph 46, concerning the shooting and injury of a national staff member of UNMIS, the armed forces were not responsible. He was then taken to Kadugli military hospital and later transferred to Khartoum, where he is in good health.", "39. Paragraph 48 of the report refers to the relocation of residents of the Kaiga area to areas close to UNMIS. It's not real either. Kaiga is north of Kadugli. Logically, when everyone moves to Aldalang and EIObied to escape the fighting, no one can move to the south. In addition, the armed forces were not stationed in Kaiga, nor was it located in the Um Battah military zone.", "40. In paragraph 50 of the report, reference is made to a four-member UNMIS patrol, including a Jordanian colonel, which arrived at the 14th Division headquarters without prior notice in Sector 4. When asked about the matter, he indicated that he was not aware of the patrol. In view of the current situation in the area, he believed that his main task would be to enhance coordination and ensure the safety and security of patrols during their patrols. Members of the patrol were handed over to the most recent national monitors before being released. All the situations mentioned in this paragraph are fabricated.", "41. The air strikes referred to in paragraph 52 are a case already mentioned, which never occurred in or around Kadugli. Fires and looting were caused by insecurity caused by the People ' s Liberation Army. The armed forces never used bulldozers to destroy houses because they had no bulldozers in Kadugli.", "42. Paragraph 53 of the report refers to a legal procedure agreed with the Head of Region IV. As some national staff members were accused of involvement in security incidents, the armed forces requested that the identity of all passengers travelling to Wau be checked. Of the 20 State agents, only six were detained, five of whom were released. Two of them are Christians, one of them a priest, all of them Nuba. The armed forces received confirmation from the head of sector IV and those released that they had been treated well during their detention. One person is still detained and will be prosecuted in court.", "43. As already mentioned in paragraph 54, paragraph 35 responds.", "Forced displacement and involuntary return", "44. Paragraph 37 of the report states that the villagers of Umber village have been forcibly displaced. The village is entirely a village inhabited by the Nuba tribe. However, the report does not mention that on the same day (10 June 2011), villagers of neighbouring villages (Alfeid, Tomy, Khour-Aldilaib and Umbrimbeeta) inhabited by Arab tribes were also forcibly displaced. As a result of military clashes in Azrag, Algimaizaya and Umbrtabou villages, villagers from Umbrimbeeta and Umber, as well as some from Khour-Aldilaib village, fled to Abu-Karshula, where they received humanitarian assistance and returned to their villages at the end of June.", "45. Although the population of Kadugli began displacement only after the events of 6 June 2011, paragraph 38 refers to the forced displacement of 11,000 people in Kadugli on 20 June 2011. On 20 June 2011, those forcibly displaced to areas near UNMIS in Aishaeir returned to Kadugli. As a result of the events in Kadugli on 6 June 2011, approximately 13,722 people fled daily to the area of Alshaeir, near the UNMIS camp outside the city. The Sudan Humanitarian Aid Commission held coordination meetings with United Nations agencies (the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Children ' s Fund (UNICEF), the World Health Organization (WHO), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)), the Sudan Red Crescent Society Committee and the national Mubadiroun organization, following which it agreed to provide emergency humanitarian assistance to those affected.", "46. In addition to emergency assistance provided by the Government of the Sudan and the Humanitarian Aid Commission, the following measures have been taken:", "• WFP will provide one month of food for distribution to the Sudanese Red Crescent Committee", "• UNICEF, IOM, UNHCR and the Joint Supply Centre provided materials for the construction of temporary shelters (rain blankets, cooking equipment, sheets, water containers, mosquito nets and soap), distributed by the Sudanese Red Crescent Committee", "• Water supply: UNMIS provided 8 large boxes of water and UNICEF provided 3 water containers with 3,000 litres of plastic", "• Public health: establishment of 150 latrines by UNMIS, UNICEF and UNFPA and provision of two mobile clinics by the Ministry of Health of the Sudan", "• Security services and child protection: UNICEF and UNHCR provide support in this regard", "47. All these services are provided under the supervision and coordination of the Sudan Humanitarian Aid Commission and monitored by United Nations agencies.", "48. Following the end of the military conflict on 20 June, calm was restored in the town of Kadugli, and the Government of the Sudan began demining operations, with police providing protection, ensuring the safety of civilians and their property and rehabilitating the city ' s infrastructure (water, electricity and hospital). Businesses and grocery stores were reopened and internally displaced persons began voluntarily returning to their homes. The Government of the Sudan had provided the elderly and those with special needs with the necessary means of transportation to return to the city, as they had requested help to transport them.", "49. With regard to paragraph 39 of the report, following the return of displaced persons to the city, the Humanitarian Aid Commission had conducted a joint survey involving United Nations agencies in the city, national organizations and relevant Government agencies to determine the needs of the city ' s returnees. On the basis of the survey, the participants agreed to provide the necessary assistance and basic services as follows:", "• WFP provided food for 12,000 returnees for a full month, distributed by the Sudanese Red Crescent Committee", "• 63 water pumps upgraded and rehabilitated by UNICEF and IOM, implemented jointly by the Sudan Water Company and the Ministry of National Environment and Health", "• Rehabilitation of a rainwater harvesting station (Donki) by IOM", "• 180 latrines established by UNICEF and IOM in collaboration with Water and Water Company and the Ministry of Health and Environment of the Sudan", "• Provision of non-food items (rain blankets, cooking equipment, sheets, water containers, mosquito nets and soap) to 7,000 families by IOM and the United Nations Joint Logistics Centre, distributed by the Sudanese Red Crescent Committee and participating organizations", "• Provision of medicines and first aid kits to seven clinics in the city by WHO and the Ministry of Health", "• Development of a project by UNICEF with the Ministry of Social Affairs of the Sudan to protect children from family reunification", "• UNICEF, Save the Children (Sweden) and the Ministry of Education to enable children of displaced persons to attend schools in Kadugli and to provide learning materials", "Conclusions", "50. In concluding its comments on the OHCHR report, the Government of the Sudan expressed its rejection and strong opposition to the unprofessional approach used to collect and compile information on recent events in Southern Kordofan. This practice violates international standards for monitoring the human rights situation. The legitimacy of the Constitution of the Government of the Sudan and the democratically elected Government have been subjected to fraudulent attacks. The actions of the People ' s Liberation Army/militia in Southern Kordofan were a political and military coup against the results of the elections in Southern Kordofan. According to Sudanese national and international observers, the results were fair.", "51. The report was full of errors and assumptions based on logical and objective findings. As noted above, in most cases these assumptions contradict the facts on the ground.", "52. The Government of the Sudan strongly believes that the report does not really reflect the human rights situation at the time and place described, and that no procedure or measure can therefore be taken in the light of its contents.", "53. The report and its wording did not help the Government of the Sudan to take the right measures, nor did it help the Government to cooperate with any future procedures under the report." ]

[ "主席： 曼吉夫·辛格·普里先生 (印度) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 杜尔米奇先生 \n 巴西 费尔南德斯先生 \n 中国 杨涛先生 \n 哥伦比亚 奥索里奥先生 \n 法国 布里安先生 \n 加蓬 梅索尼先生 \n 德国 胡特先生 \n 黎巴嫩 贾比尔先生 \n 尼日利亚 奥格武夫人 \n 葡萄牙 卡布拉尔先生 \n 俄罗斯联邦 茹科夫先生 \n 南非 拉海尔先生 \n 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 泰瑟姆先生 \n 美利坚合众国 德劳伦蒂斯先生", "议程项目", "中部非洲区域", "上午10时10分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "中部非洲区域", "主席(以英语发言)：按照安理会暂行议事规则第39条，我邀请秘书长特别代表兼联合国中部非洲区域办事处负责人阿布·穆萨先生参加本次会议。", "我向穆萨先生表示欢迎，他在利伯维尔以电视电话会议方式参加今天的会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "我现在请阿布·穆萨先生发言。", "穆萨先生(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先，我愿借此机会祝贺你担任本月份安理会主席，并祝你取得圆满成功。", "我荣幸地以负责中部非洲区域问题的秘书长首任特别代表兼联合国中部非洲区域办事处负责人的新身份在安理会发言。坐在我身边的是我的高级政治顾问保罗·祖马尼吉先生。", "我感谢中部非洲次区域各国、联合国国家工作队，特别是我们的东道主加篷政府及人民在我6月15日抵达利伯维尔时自发而热烈地欢迎我，他们的持续、慷慨支持大大促进了联合国中部非洲区域办事处的成功设立。", "我们认识到，正如安全理事会重申的那样，各国政府和其它当地行为体担负着预防冲突的责任，因此，我们的工作是从当前礼节性访问该区域各国开始的。我们这样做的目的在于与该区域各国政府的领导人、联合国国家工作队、外交使团成员以及驻该次区域的各区域组织代表建立联系，以便了解区域事态发展和领导人的优先事项，特别是那些关系到协助国家政府及其当地利益攸关方找到问题的持久解决办法以及支持国家和区域预警、预防冲突以及长期建设和平能力建设的问题。", "在我们访问乍得、赤道几内亚、喀麦隆以及中非共和国期间，我们结合与利伯维尔当局进行的讨论，探讨了联合国中部非洲办事处与这些会员国的领导人、联合国国家工作队以及在这些国家派驻代表的其它国际伙伴合作，促进中部非洲次区域实现更广泛和平、安全与发展的问题。通过迄今与联合国各国家工作队、实地的联合国特别政治特派团、特别是联合国中非共和国建设和平综合办事处以及联合国人权和民主事务中部非洲中心的互动，我们为建立一个有效协调联合国在该次区域存在的机制奠定了基础。", "我们打算在接下来的数周继续并完成对会员国的礼节性访问。不过，我们从迄今所作访问期间进行的讨论中形成的初步意见再次确认了会员国和联合国最初形成的关于应当设立联合国中部非洲办事处的评估意见。这些评估意见包括：需加强联合国对该次区域的支助，以帮助会员国处理安全、建设和平以及预防冲突方面的挑战；需加强联合国对有关会员国内部政治对话的支助，这是一项预防冲突措施；以及需支持各次区域机构包括中非国家经济共同体和几内亚湾委员会的能力建设。", "最近，建设能力以处理诸如几内亚湾海盗行为以及中非共和国境内上帝抵抗军(上帝军)和Baba Ladde等反叛团体所构成威胁等具体跨界安全挑战的必要性已成为联合国、非洲联盟和该次区域的一个共同关切。联合国中部非洲办事处承担起了协调联合国系统在实地开展的各种努力的职责，以支持非洲联盟业已启动的现有工作。", "在这方面，我打算尽快访问亚的斯亚贝巴，与非洲联盟就上帝军和其它共同关心的次区域有关事务进行讨论。为此，我们打算在礼节性访问一旦完成后，就召开一次由派驻该次区域的秘书长特别代表和所有驻地协调员参加的会议。", "我愿特别提请安理会注意，利比亚局势的余波对中部非洲次区域邻国构成了新挑战。迄今，有报告显示，在当前冲突发生前估计有50多万乍得人生活在利比亚，这些人中有将近８万人已于７月底前返回家园。他们的返回给乍得带来了多重挑战，特别是汇款的损失。重返家园者容易受到上帝军等武装团体大量非法贩运和流通小武器和轻武器的影响，这使乍得政府和中非共和国政府越来越感到担忧。", "此外不难想象，有些重返家园者，特别是那些可能参加过利比亚军事或安全行动的人，有可能被征募为雇佣军甚至士兵，为中部非洲次区域的一些武装团体作战。我们担心，从利比亚偷走的武器可能会被运入该次区域那些管制松懈的地区，从而有可能助长犯罪行为，损害到最近旨在加强乍得、苏丹和中非共和国之间合作与安全的态势。", "但是，乍得新任驻地协调员的到任以及向其位于恩贾梅纳的办事处部署一名和平与发展问题顾问将有助于分析乍得境内及其与利比亚、苏丹和中非共和国接壤一带局势的发展变化。联合国中部非洲办事处将与联合国国家工作队密切合作，探讨可能出现的巩固和平的机会。", "当前的氛围也令我们感到鼓舞，次区域各国再次下定决心，为处理该次区域和平与安全遇到的共同威胁而共同努力，建立合作和外交关系。在这方面，5月23日，乍得、苏丹和中非共和国在喀土穆召开的三方首脑会议上设立了一个促进边界安全与稳定、加强三国经济联系的联合机制，此举证明了次区域各国领导消除恐吓人民的持续和平与安全威胁的积极姿态与决心，这些威胁包括上帝抵抗军以及在乍得-苏丹-中非共和国三角地带农村流窜的其它犯罪团体的活动。", "同样，尽管几内亚湾资源富饶，但它却面临常常被称作的“自然资源诅咒”或“富足的烦恼”。该地区各国由于受到国内、区域和国际上的多重威胁及多种脆弱性，例如日益加剧的海盗威胁，继续面临着低增长和持续贫困。一些团伙把该地区作为转运路线，在该地区开展非法活动，造成威胁，并从事种种犯罪行径，例如侵占其丰富水资源、海盗行为以及相关罪恶袭击，还将几内亚湾用作转运麻醉品的贩运枢纽，这些都加剧了几内亚湾沿岸各国边境地区的不安全。", "该区域各国一贯肯定加强跨界安全带来的广泛裨益，并为解决所出现的跨界安全问题、防止相关事件再次发生进行了谈判。加篷政府8月17日在庆祝独立51周年时，指示其军队“代表加篷参与保护几内亚湾的安全”，这不足为奇。在今后时期，我们将努力把联合国中部非洲区域办事处的任务授权转化为具有凝聚力的次区域举措，以促进联合国各实体与其它伙伴之间的协调与信息交流，支持次区域的这些建设和平与预防性外交举措。", "我们希望得到安理会的支持，以凝聚促进预防性外交所需的政治意愿，将此作为一个有效工具，通过与会员国和次区域其它伙伴开展具体活动，增进次区域和平与稳定。这将证明联合国中部非洲办事处在实地具有的早期附加值和实际作用。", "继联合国中部非洲办事处成立后，为在中部非洲次区域内部建立协同关系，秘书长将联合国中部非洲安全问题常设咨询委员会的秘书处职能从裁军事务办公厅下属的联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心转到了政治事务部，由联合国中部非洲办事处承担。因此，联合国中部非洲区域办事处正在为将于今年晚些时候在中非共和国班吉举行的委员会第33次会议做准备。", "在我们承担这一重要职能时，我们将与会员国、裁军事务厅、联合国其它实体以及相关国际伙伴合作，以确保常设咨询委员会在该次区域裁军领域取得的重要政策成果得到执行，并且协助委员会处理为促进和平与安全而列入其议程的项目的工作。这些问题包括几内亚湾日益严重的海盗威胁和海上安全问题、姆博罗罗游牧民族在中部非洲次区域的状况和活动、气候变化与冲突、跨界安全问题、小武器和轻武器问题、中部非洲自然资源非法开采与冲突之间的联系、该次区域人权尤其是人口贩运和童工问题以及妇女与和平与安全问题。", "为此，我打算在我的办事处中设立一个专门单位，负责为常设咨询委员会提供秘书事务支持，这不仅是为了处理委员会半年期会议的筹备工作，也是为了帮助会员国把委员会制订的各项政策文书转化为国家一级和跨界性质的建设和平和预防冲突举措。这些文书包括《中部非洲管制小武器和轻武器及其弹药以及用于制造、修理和装配此类武器的所有零配件公约》(《金沙萨公约》)，这项公约是在2010年11月于刚果共和国布拉柴维尔举行的中部非洲安全问题常设咨询委员会的第31次部长级会议上通过的。", "《金沙萨公约》在打击该次区域的小武器和轻武器贩运问题方面确实是一个重大法律突破，小武器和轻武器贩运导致该次区域的冲突长期不绝，而且愈演愈烈。《公约》为缔约国提供了一个共同参照点，以便协调它们的努力，并且制止中部非洲地区小武器和轻武器不受控制扩散的状况。因此，我们打算通过与中非经共体秘书长协作，与联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心共同努力，在《公约》批准进程中为委员会提供支持，以确保《公约》早日生效，并且得到执行。", "最后，我们感谢安理会和秘书处各部门自今年3月2日启动该办事处以来为设立办事处提供了宝贵支持。在这方面取得了巨大进展，办事处已有近80%的工作人员到位，其工作环境也不断得到改善。", "不过，前方仍然有更多挑战。但是，我们相信，在安理会的支持下，我们肯定能够履行我们的使命。", "主席(以英语发言)：我非常感谢穆萨先生所作的通报。", "我的名单上没有其他发言者了。我现在请安理会成员进行非正式磋商，继续讨论这个问题。", "上午10时25分散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Hardeep Singh Puri\t(India) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Durmić\n Brazil Mr. Fernandes \n China Mr. Yang Tao \n Colombia Mr. Osorio \n France Mr. Briens \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n Germany Mr. Huth \n Lebanon Mr. Jaber \n Nigeria Mrs. Ogwu \n Portugal Mr. Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Zhukov \n South Africa Mr. Laher \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tMr. Tatham\n United States of America Mr. DeLaurentis", "Agenda", "Central African region", "The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "Central African region", "The President: Under rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Abou Moussa, Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of the United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa, to participate in this meeting.", "I welcome Mr. Moussa, who is joining today’s meeting via video teleconference from Libreville.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "I now give the floor to Mr. Abou Moussa.", "Mr. Moussa: First of all, I wish to take this opportunity to congratulate you, Sir, on your assumption of the Council presidency this month, and to wish you full success.", "I am honoured to address the Council in my new capacity as the first Special Representative of the Secretary-General for the Central African region and Head of the United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa (UNOCA). Sitting next to me is my senior political advisor, Mr. Paul Zoumanigui.", "I am grateful for the spontaneous and warm welcome extended to me since my arrival in Libreville on 15 June by States of the Central African subregion, the United Nations country team and in particular our hosts, the Government Gabon and its people, whose continued and generous support has greatly facilitated the successful establishment of UNOCA.", "Cognizant of the fact that responsibility for conflict prevention rests with national Governments and other local actors, as reiterated by the Security Council, we launched our work with ongoing courtesy visits to States of the region. We did so with a view to establishing contact with Government leaders, the United Nations country teams, members of diplomatic corps and representatives of regional organizations present in the subregion in order to familiarize ourselves with developments in the region and the priorities of the leaders, particularly those relating to assistance for national Governments and their local stakeholders in finding lasting solutions to their problems, and to support for the development of national and regional capacities for early warning, conflict prevention and long-term peacebuilding.", "During our visits paid to Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon and the Central African Republic, coupled with our discussions with the authorities in Libreville, we discussed issues pertaining to cooperation between UNOCA and leaders of these Member States, United Nations country teams and other international partners represented in these countries for the promotion of greater peace, security and development in the Central African subregion. Through interaction thus far with United Nations country teams, the United Nations special political missions on the ground, in particular the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic and the United Nations Centre for Human Rights and Democracy in Central Africa, we are laying the basis for framing an effective coordination mechanism for the United Nations presence in the subregion.", "We intend to pursue and complete the courtesy visits to Member States in the coming weeks. However, our preliminary observations from the discussions during the visits conducted thus far reconfirm the initial assessments of Member States and the United Nations that warranted the establishment of UNOCA. These include the need for enhanced United Nations support in the subregion to help Member States address security, peacebuilding and conflict-prevention challenges; the need to strengthen United Nations support for internal political dialogue within relevant Member States as a conflict-prevention measure; and the need to support the capacity-building of subregional institutions, including the Economic Community of Central African States and the Gulf of Guinea Commission.", "Most recently, the need to build capacity for tackling specific trans-border security challenges, such as piracy in the Gulf of Guinea and the threats posed by such rebel groups as the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) and Baba Ladde in the Central African Republic, has become a shared concern of the United Nations, the African Union and the subregion. UNOCA has assumed the responsibility for the coordination of the efforts of United Nations family on the ground with a view to supporting existing efforts initiated by the African Union.", "In this regard, I intend to visit Addis Ababa as soon as possible for discussions with the African Union on the issue of the LRA and other pertinent subregional matters of common concern. To this effect, we intend to convene a meeting of the Special Representatives of the Secretary-General and all the resident coordinators in the subregion once we complete our courtesy visits.", "I would, in particular, like to draw the attention of the Council to the fallout of the situation in Libya, which presents new challenges for neighbouring countries in the Central African subregion. So far, reports are that, of the more than 500,000 Chadians estimated to be living in Libya prior to the current conflict, close to 80,000 had returned home by the end of July. Their return presents several challenges for Chad, particularly the loss of remittances. The vulnerability of returnees to the pervasive illicit trafficking and the circulation of small arms and light weapons by armed groups, including the LRA, are increasingly worrying for the Governments of Chad and the Central African Republic.", "It is also not inconceivable that some returnees, particularly those who may have participated in military or security operations in Libya, could be recruited as mercenaries or even as fighters for armed groups in the Central African subregion. It is feared that stolen weapons from Libya, which may be moved into the porous areas in the subregion, could fuel criminality and undermine recent developments designed to enhance cooperation and security between Chad, the Sudan and the Central African Republic.", "However, the arrival of a new Resident Coordinator in Chad and the deployment of a peace and development adviser to his Office in N’djamena will be helpful in providing analyses of the evolution of the situation within Chad and along its borders with Libya, the Sudan and the Central African Republic. UNOCA will work closely with the United Nations country team to address peace consolidation opportunities that may arise.", "We are also encouraged by the prevailing climate of renewed determination of countries of the subregion to work together to foster cooperation and diplomatic ties towards addressing common threats to peace and security in the subregion. In this connection, the establishment on 23 May by Chad, the Sudan and the Central African Republic at their tripartite summit meeting in Khartoum of a joint mechanism to promote border security and stability and strengthen economic ties among themselves testifies to the positive posture and determination of leaders of the subregion to eliminate the persisting peace and security threats that have terrorized the people, including the activities of the Lord’s Resistance Army and other criminal groups roaming the countryside in the Chad-Sudan-Central African Republic triangle.", "In the same vein, despite its wealth, the Gulf of Guinea area is facing what is often referred to as the “natural resource curse” or the “paradox of plenty”. The countries of the area continue to face low growth and persisting poverty as a result of multifaceted domestic, regional and international threats and vulnerabilities, such as the increasing threat of piracy. Border insecurity in the Gulf of Guinea is further aggravated by the perpetration of unlawful activities in the area by groups that use the area as a transit route, posing threats and committing criminal acts such as poaching of its rich water resources, piracy and related criminal attacks, and the use of the Gulf as a trafficking hub for the transshipment of narcotics.", "The countries of the region have always recognized the wide-ranging benefits of enhanced cross-border security, and have initiated negotiations towards resolving cross-border security issues that arise and preventing the reoccurrence of related incidents in the future. It is no wonder that the Government of Gabon, at its fifty-first Independence Day celebration on 17 August, dedicated its military to “the participation of Gabon in the security of the Gulf of Guinea”. In the coming period, we will be working to translate the mandate of UNOCA into cohesive subregional initiatives to facilitate coordination and information exchange between United Nations entities and other partners towards supporting such peacebuilding and preventive diplomacy initiatives in the subregion.", "We are counting on the support of the Council in order to muster the requisite political will to promote preventive diplomacy as an effective tool for peace and security in the subregion through concrete activities with Member States and other partners in the subregion, which will demonstrate the early added value and relevance of UNOCA on the ground.", "Following the establishment of UNOCA, and with a view to building synergies within the Central Africa subregion, the Secretary-General transferred the secretariat functions of the United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Issues in Central Africa from the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa in the Office of Disarmament Affairs to the Department of Political Affairs, to be assumed by UNOCA. UNOCA is therefore pursuing preparations for the 33rd meeting of the Committee, to be held later this year in Bangui, the Central African Republic.", "As we assume that important function, we will work with Member States, the Office for Disarmament Affairs, other United Nations entities and relevant international partners to ensure that the Standing Advisory Committee’s important policy accomplishments in the area of disarmament in the subregion are implemented, and to facilitate the work of the Committee in addressing the items that it has listed on its agenda for greater peace and security. Those include the growing threat of piracy and maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea, the situation and activities of Mbororo nomads in the Central African subregion, climate change and conflict, cross-border security, small arms and light weapons, the link between the illegal exploitation of natural resources and conflict in Central Africa, human rights, in particular trafficking and child labour, and women and peace and security in the subregion.", "To that end, I intend to organize a dedicated capacity for secretarial support to the Standing Advisory Committee in my Office in order not only to tackle the preparation of the biannual meetings of the Committee, but also to help Member States to translate the policy instruments that it has developed into national and cross-border initiatives for peacebuilding and conflict prevention. Such instruments include the Central African Convention for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and All Parts and Components That Can Be Used for Their", "Manufacture, Repair and Assembly, known as the Kinshasa Convention, adopted at the 31st ministerial meeting of the Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa, held in Brazzaville, the Republic of Congo, in November 2010.", "The Kinshasa Convention indeed represents a major legal breakthrough in the fight against the trafficking of small arms and light weapons in the subregion, which contribute to the prolongation and exacerbation of conflicts within the subregion. The Convention provides the States parties with a common reference point to coordinate their efforts and to end the uncontrolled proliferation of small arms and light weapons in Central Africa. We therefore intend to work with the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa, in collaboration with the ECCAS Secretary-General, in lending our support to the Committee for the ratification process with a view to ensuring the Convention’s early entry into force and implementation.", "Finally, we are grateful to the Council and to the various components of the Secretariat for their valuable support of efforts to establish the Office since its inauguration on 2 March. Tremendous progress has been achieved in that regard, with almost 80 per cent of its staff complement on board and continued improvement in its operational environment.", "Yet, still more challenges lie ahead. Nevertheless, we trust that, with the Council’s support, we will certainly be able to deliver on our mandate.", "The President: I thank Mr. Moussa very much for his briefing.", "There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. I now invite Council members to informal consultations to continue our discussion on the subject.", "The meeting rose at 10.25 a.m." ]

[ "Mr. Manjiv Singh Puri (India) Members: Mr. Bosnia and Herzegovina Mr. Durmić Mr. Brazil Mr. Fernández China Mr. Yangtao Colombia Mr. Osorio France Mr. Burian Gabon Mr. Messone Germany Mr. Hutt Lebanon Mrs. Ogwuer Nigeria Mrs. Ogwu", "Agenda", "Central African region", "The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "Central African region", "The President: In accordance with rule 39 of the Council's provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Abou Moussa, Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of the United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa, to participate in this meeting.", "I welcome Mr. Moussa, who attended today's meeting by videoconference in Libreville.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "I now give the floor to Mr. Abu Musa.", "Mr. Moussa: At the outset, I would like to take this opportunity to congratulate you, Sir, on your assumption of the presidency of the Council for this month and to wish you every success.", "I am honoured to address the Council in my new capacity as the first Special Representative of the Secretary-General for the Central African region and Head of the United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa. I am next to my Senior Political Adviser, Mr. Paul Zoumanigui.", "I would like to thank the countries of the Central African subregion, the United Nations country teams, in particular our host, the Government of Gabon, and the people for their spontaneous and warm welcome to me when I arrived in Libreville on 15 June, whose continued and generous support has greatly contributed to the successful establishment of the United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa.", "We recognize that, as reaffirmed by the Security Council, national Governments and other local actors have a responsibility to prevent conflict, and therefore our work begins with the current courtesy of visiting countries in the region. In doing so, we aim to establish contacts with the leaders of the Governments of the region, the United Nations country teams, members of the diplomatic corps and representatives of regional organizations in the subregion in order to understand regional developments and priorities of leaders, especially those related to assisting national Governments and their local stakeholders in finding durable solutions to problems and supporting national and regional early warning, conflict prevention and long-term peacebuilding capacity-building.", "During our visits to Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon and the Central African Republic, in conjunction with our discussions with the Libreville authorities, we explored the issue of the United Nations Office for Central Africa, in cooperation with the leaders of those Member States, the United Nations country teams and other international partners represented in those countries, to promote wider peace, security and development in the Central African subregion. Through our interaction to date with United Nations country teams, United Nations special political missions in the field, in particular the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic and the United Nations Central African Centre for Human Rights and Democracy, we have laid the foundation for a mechanism for effective coordination of the United Nations presence in the subregion.", "We intend to continue and complete our courtesy visits to Member States in the coming weeks. However, the preliminary observations that emerged from our discussions during our visits to date reaffirm the initial assessment by Member States and the United Nations that UNOCA should be established. These assessments include the need to strengthen United Nations support to the subregion to help Member States address security, peacebuilding and conflict prevention challenges; the need to strengthen United Nations support for the internal political dialogue among Member States concerned, a conflict prevention measure; and the need to support capacity-building in various regional institutions, including the Economic Community of Central African States and the Gulf of Guinea Commission.", "Recently, the need to build capacity to address specific cross-border security challenges, such as piracy in the Gulf of Guinea and the threat posed by rebel groups such as the Lord ' s Resistance Army (LRA) and Baba Ladde in the Central African Republic, has become a common concern for the United Nations, the African Union and the subregion. The United Nations Office for Central Africa has assumed the responsibility of coordinating the efforts of the United Nations system in the field in support of the ongoing work already initiated by the African Union.", "In this regard, I intend to visit Addis Ababa as soon as possible to discuss with the African Union matters of common concern to LRA and other subregions. To that end, we intend to convene a meeting of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and all resident coordinators in the subregion once the courtesy visit has been completed.", "I would like to draw the Council's particular attention to the fact that the aftermath of the situation in Libya poses new challenges to neighbouring countries in the Central African subregion. To date, there have been reports of an estimated 500,000 cases prior to the current conflict Some 80,000 of them had returned home by the end of July. Their return poses multiple challenges to Chad, particularly the loss of remittances. The vulnerability of returnees to the massive illicit trafficking and circulation of small arms and light weapons by armed groups such as LRA is a source of growing concern for the Governments of Chad and the Central African Republic.", "Moreover, it is conceivable that some returnees, especially those who may have participated in military or security operations in Libya, may be recruited as mercenaries or even soldiers to fight against armed groups in the Central African subregion. We are concerned that weapons stolen from Libya may be brought into porous areas of the subregion, which could contribute to criminal behaviour and undermine recent developments aimed at strengthening cooperation and security between Chad, the Sudan and the Central African Republic.", "However, the arrival of the new Resident Coordinator for Chad and the deployment of a peace and development adviser to his office in N'Djamena would assist in analysing the evolution of the situation in Chad and along its borders with Libya, the Sudan and the Central African Republic. UNOCA will work closely with the United Nations country team to explore possible opportunities for peace consolidation.", "We are also encouraged by the current atmosphere and by the renewed determination of the countries of the subregion to work together to address common threats to peace and security in the subregion and to establish cooperation and diplomatic relations. In this regard, the establishment by Chad, the Sudan and the Central African Republic, at the tripartite summit held in Khartoum on 23 May, of a joint mechanism to promote border security and stability and strengthen their economic ties is testimony to the positive gestures and determination of the leadership of the countries of the subregion to address the continuing threats to peace and security that terrorize the population, including the activities of the Lord ' s Resistance Army and other criminal groups that are moving in rural areas in the Chad-Sudan-Central African Republic triangle.", "Similarly, the Gulf of Guinea, despite its abundant resources, faces what is often called a “natural resource curse” or “rich trouble”. Countries in the region continue to face low growth and persistent poverty as a result of multiple threats and vulnerabilities, such as the growing threat of piracy, at the domestic, regional and international levels. The use of the region as a transit route by groups that carry out illegal activities in the region, pose a threat and engage in criminal practices, such as the appropriation of its rich water resources, piracy and related criminal attacks, as well as the use of the Gulf of Guinea as a trafficking hub for the transit of narcotics, have increased insecurity in the border areas of the countries bordering the Gulf of Guinea.", "The States of the region have consistently acknowledged the wide-ranging benefits of strengthening cross-border security and have negotiated to address cross-border security issues that have arisen and to prevent the recurrence of related incidents. It is not surprising that the Gabonese Government, on 17 August, on the occasion of the 51st anniversary of independence, instructed its army “to represent Gabon in the security of the Gulf of Guinea”. In the coming period, we will work to translate the mandate of the United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa into cohesive subregional initiatives to promote coordination and information exchange between United Nations entities and other partners in support of those peacebuilding and preventive diplomacy initiatives in the subregion.", "We hope to receive the Council's support in order to muster the political will needed to promote preventive diplomacy as an effective tool for enhancing peace and stability in the subregion through concrete activities with Member States and other partners in the subregion. This will prove the early added value and practical role of UNOCA on the ground.", "Following the establishment of the United Nations Office for Central Africa and with a view to building synergies within the Central African subregion, the Secretary-General transferred the secretariat functions of the United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa from the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa, under the Office for Disarmament Affairs, to the Department of Political Affairs, to be assumed by UNOCA. Accordingly, the United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa is preparing for the thirty-third meeting of the Committee, to be held later this year in Bangui, Central African Republic.", "As we assume this important function, we will work with Member States, the Office for Disarmament Affairs, other United Nations entities and relevant international partners to ensure the implementation of the important policy outcomes of the Standing Advisory Committee in the field of disarmament in the subregion and to assist the Committee in its work on the items on its agenda for the promotion of peace and security. These include the growing threat of piracy and maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea, the situation and activities of the Mbororo nomads in the Central African subregion, climate change and conflict, cross-border security issues, the issue of small arms and light weapons, the link between the illegal exploitation of natural resources and conflict in Central Africa, human rights, in particular human trafficking and child labour, and women and peace and security in the subregion.", "To that end, I intend to establish a dedicated unit in my Office to provide secretarial support to the Standing Advisory Committee, not only to deal with the preparations for the biannual meetings of the Committee, but also to assist Member States in translating the policy instruments developed by the Committee into peacebuilding and conflict prevention initiatives at the national and cross-border levels. These instruments include the Central African Convention for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and All Parts and Components Used for Their Manufacture, Repair and Assembly (see annex). The Kinshasa Convention was adopted at the 31st ministerial meeting of the Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa, held in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo, in November 2010.", "The Kinshasa Convention is indeed a major legal breakthrough in the fight against trafficking in small arms and light weapons in the subregion, where small arms and light weapons trafficking perpetuates and exacerbates conflicts. The Convention provides a common reference point for States parties to coordinate their efforts and to combat the uncontrolled spread of small arms and light weapons in the Central African region. We therefore intend to work with the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa, in collaboration with the Secretary-General of ECCAS, to support the Committee in the ratification process of the Convention, in order to ensure its early entry into force and its implementation.", "Finally, we would like to thank the Council and all parts of the Secretariat for their valuable support for the establishment of the Office since its launch on 2 March this year. Considerable progress had been made in that regard, with nearly 80 per cent of the Office ' s staff already in place and its working environment constantly improving.", "However, more challenges remain ahead. However, we are confident that, with the support of the Council, we will certainly be able to carry out our mission.", "The President: I thank Mr. Moussa very much for his briefing.", "There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. I now invite Council members to informal consultations to continue our discussion of this issue.", "The meeting rose at 10.25 a.m." ]

[ "安全理事会第6601次会议临时议程", "定于2011年8月18日星期四上午10时举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 中部非洲区域。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6601st meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Thursday, 18 August 2011, at 10 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Central African region." ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6601st meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Thursday, 18 August 2011, at 10 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Central African region." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题， 包括增进人权和基本自由 切实享受的各种途径", "^(*) A/66/150。", "反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会转交反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员本·埃默森根据大会第65/221号决议和人权理事会第15/15号决议提交的报告。", "反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员的报告", "摘要", "本报告是新任反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员第一次提交给大会的报告，该报告根据大会第65/221号决议和人权理事会第15/15号决议的规定提交。在简短的导言(第一节)后，报告说明了前任和现任特别报告员的活动(第二节和第三节)。", "现任特别报告员提供了一些初步意见，说明他对任务的理解和如何执行任务的打算(第四节)，同时着重阐述了一些结论和建议(第五节)。他确认了两个属于其任务范围的实质性关切领域，即恐怖行为受害者的权利和防止恐怖主义，他将在任期内为其作出进一步努力；他简要地说明了他如何利用一些现有工具来执行任务，如将来的国家访问和与各国政府和所有有关行为者的合作，包括与联合国有关机构的合作。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.前任特别报告员的活动 4\n3.现任特别报告员的活动 6\n4.现任特别报告员对关切领域的初步概述 6\nA.恐怖行为受害者的权利 6\nB.防止恐怖主义 9\nC.国家访问 9\nD.合作 10\n5.结论和建议 11", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是新任反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员第一次提交给大会的报告，该报告根据大会第65/221号决议和人权理事会第15/15号决议的规定提交。本报告说明了现任特别报告员对任务的理解和如何执行任务的打算等一些初步意见。", "2. 2011年6月17日人权理事会第十七届会议任命本·埃默森为反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员，他于2011年8月1日就职。2010年10月7日人权理事会第15/15号决议决定把反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员的任期延长三年。", "3. 现任特别报告员报告了前任特别报告员马丁·谢宁向人权理事会提交最后一份报告以来的工作(第二节)，接着说明了现任特别报告员的活动(第三节)。在第四节中，他初步探讨了他执行任务所关切的领域。第五节提出了一些结论和建议。", "二. 前任特别报告员的活动", "4. 前任特别报告员参加了2011年2月17日和18日在曼谷举行的关于确保对涉嫌犯下恐怖罪行的人公平审判的原则的区域专家座谈会，座谈会由反恐执行工作队反恐时保护人权工作组举办，而联合国人权事务高级专员办事处主持反恐执行工作队的工作。", "5. 2011年3月7日前任特别报告员向人权理事会第十六届会议提交了年度报告(A/HRC/16/51)，其中汇编了10大领域的反恐最佳做法。该汇编是前任特别报告员在近6年的工作基础上分析研究的结果，涉及与多方利益攸关者各种形式的互动。该年度报告增编中全文转载了各国政府对人权事务高级专员办事处关于特别报告员年度报告的问卷书面答复(A/HRC/16/51/Add.4)。他还就2010年1月1日至12月31日他与各国政府通信往来的报告(A/HRC/16/51/Add.1)、访问突尼斯的报告(A/HRC/16/51/Add.2)和访问秘鲁的报告(A/HCR/16/51/Add.3和Corr.1)与人权理事会举行了互动对话。", "6. 2011年3月11日前任特别报告员以专门小组成员的身份参加了根据2010年10月1日人权理事会第15/116号决定举行的讨论会，讨论对扣留人质恐怖行为采取行动时的人权问题。", "7. 前任特别报告员还作为发言人分别参加了2011年3月8日和11日的两个会外活动，一个是世界人权法院的设立进展情况，另一个是防恐中遵守人权的落实问题。", "8. 在2011年3月3日至11日期间，前任特别报告员在日内瓦与布基纳法索、吉布提、墨西哥、秘鲁、菲律宾、泰国和突尼斯的大使举行了会议，与尼日利亚常驻联合国代表团和俄罗斯联邦常驻联合国代表团的代表举行了会议。他还会晤了许多非政府组织的代表并举行了一次记者招待会。", "9. 2011年4月15日前任特别报告员出席美国众议院汤姆·兰托斯人权委员会关于北高加索人权与反恐问题的听证会。", "10. 2011年4月19日在布鲁塞尔出席欧洲联盟反恐政策主要成就和未来挑战听证会时，前任特别报告员在欧洲议会公民自由、司法和民政事务委员会发言。", "11. 2011年4月19日至21日前任特别报告员与国际、区域和次区域组织一起参加了在法国斯特拉斯堡的欧洲委员会总部举行的关于防止恐怖主义的反恐怖主义委员会特别会议，该会议由反恐怖主义委员会和欧洲委员会共同举办。", "12. 2011年5月12日和13日反恐执行工作队在美利坚合众国纽约州绿树山庄召开了一个机构间会议，前任特别报告员出席会议。", "13. 应突尼斯过渡政府邀请，2011年5月22日至26日前任特别报告员对突尼斯进行了后续访问。他与该国司法和人权部长、内务和地方发展部长、外交国务秘书、司法检察长、为调查2010年12月17日侵犯人权事件设立的实况调查委员会主席、实现革命、政治改革和民主过渡目标高级理事会发言人、执法官员和律师等民间社会代表讨论了有关问题。前任特别报告员还前往布舒舍和莫尔纳圭监狱的拘留中心，与恐怖犯罪嫌疑人私下进行了面谈，他在访问结束后发表了一份新闻稿。[1] 现任特别报告员将在2012年把后续访问报告提交给人权理事会。", "14. 在人权理事会第十七届会议休会期间，2011年6月1日前任特别报告员作为专门小组成员参加了根据2011年3月24日人权理事会第16/116号决定举行的关于恐怖行为受害者人权问题的讨论。", "15. 2011年6月27日至7月1日，前任特别报告员出席了在日内瓦举行的人权理事会特别程序第十八届年会。2011年6月30日，他会见了布基纳法索大使。", "16. 2011年6月29日前任特别报告员在日内瓦举行了关于安全理事会第1988(2011)号和第1989(2011)号决议中人权问题的新闻发布会，这两项决议都是2011年6月17日安全理事会根据《联合国宪章》第七章通过的，并据此把关于塔利班和“基地”组织的制裁制度彼此分开。[2]", "三. 现任特别报告员的活动", "17. 2011年8月8日现任特别报告员在伦敦出席了参与吉布森调查的律师、非政府组织和议员参加的会议，大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府展开的吉布森调查针对其他国家官员在主要涉嫌恐怖活动的审问期间采取的酷刑、不人道或有辱人格待遇的行为，审查英国情报和安全事务官员被指控串通舞弊的行为。召开这次会议是为了弥补在调查范围和运作程序方面已发现的缺陷。特别报告员随后收到了联合王国特别引渡问题议会委员会、有关非政府组织和代表受害者的律师关于该问题的书面信函。特别报告员正与酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员胡安·门德斯合作，审议这些信函和它们产生的问题。", "四. 现任特别报告员对关切领域的初步概述", "18. 特别报告员赞扬他的前任马丁•谢宁的工作。他将采用、旨在借鉴和阐述谢宁先生在他给人权理事会的2011年年度报告(A/HRC/16/51)中提出的十方面最佳做法。", "19. 特别报告员要强调他在执行任务时关注的一些问题，包括恐怖行为受害者的权利(A分节)、防止恐怖主义问题(B分节)、国家访问(C分节)以及与各国政府和所有相关行为者，包括与联合国有关机构、专门机构和计(规)划署，以及非政府组织和其他区域或次区域国际机构的合作(D分节)。", "A. 恐怖行为受害者的权利", "20. 特别报告员要强调的是，在他的任期内，他将致力于确保恐怖行为直接和间接受害者的权利和国家对实际和潜在受害者的义务都得到适当的关注。任何完善、可持续和全面的打击恐怖主义战略都必须承认恐怖行为受害者遭受的苦难。国家在这方面承担重要义务。国家的第一项义务，即国家存在理由的一个重要部分就是保护其公民的生命以及受其管辖的境内所有个人的生命，这包括：国家有义务合法和适当地行使国家权力，以符合人权保护的方式采取合理措施，防止实际和眼前的生命风险变成现实；如有人强词指控这项主要的积极义务没有得到履行时，国家有义务进行彻底、独立和公正的调查；国家有义务以符合人权保护国际标准的方式调查恐怖行为肇事者并将其绳之以法；如经调查确定，国家未能履行其主要义务，未采取防止非国家行为者侵犯生命权或人身安全权的合理步骤，国家有义务向恐怖行为直接和间接受害者提供充分的赔偿。", "21. 即使有关当局为防止恐怖行为发生，已经合法和适当地行使了权力，做了所有可以合理要求它们做的工作，各国在支持恐怖行为受害者方面还拥有更广泛的义务。《联合国全球反恐战略》[3] 强调，“需要促进和保护恐怖行为受害者的权利”[4] 并把“一切形式和表现的恐怖行为受害者受到的非人性化对待”确定为“有利于恐怖主义蔓延的条件”之一。[5] 2005年世界首脑会议成果文件强调，“必须向恐怖主义受害者提供支助，帮助他们及其家属应付损失和哀痛”。[6] 安全理事会在第1963(2010)号决议中，“表示安理会大力声援恐怖行为受害者及其家人”，并着重指出“必须援助恐怖行为受害者，为他们和他们的家人提供支助，帮助他们应对遭受的损失和哀痛”，确认“受害者和幸存者网络在反恐方面发挥重要作用，包括勇敢地站出来反对暴力思想和极端思想，”并在这方面，欢迎并鼓励“各会员国和联合国系统在这一领域的努力和活动，包括反恐执行工作队(反恐工作队)”。[7] 人权理事会第13/26号决议对恐怖主义给受害者及其家属造成的痛苦深感痛惜，对他们深表同情，并强调必须向他们提供适当援助。[8]", "22. 对恐怖行为受害者的非人待遇可能呈现各种形式，包括把他们降格为侵犯人权的国家为更严厉反恐措施辩解的托辞。特别报告员赞同他的前任在人权理事会关于恐怖行为受害者人权问题的小组讨论会上的发言，即政府“可以公开声明恐怖分子侵犯人权，而与恐怖分子的人权相比，恐怖行为受害者的人权是优先事项。不过，很多时候，这样的话仅仅是夸夸其谈，政府采取这种说法并没有解决恐怖行为受害者的权利和关切问题。[9]", "23. 特别报告员认为，必须把保护恐怖行为受害者的权利视为主要由国家承担的真正法律义务，而不是被滥用为一种托辞，用于侵犯恐怖行为嫌疑人的人权、为行使过度和不当行政权力采取紧急措施或采取其他基本政治行动，他认为，无论何时保护恐怖行为受害者权利的义务被用于掩盖国家采取的镇压行动，而这些行动不符合关于调查、审讯和惩罚涉嫌筹备、唆使或实施恐怖行为者的国际标准，他坚持国家必须承担问责。", "24. 尽管《联合国全球反恐战略》向会员国作出承诺，“考虑在自愿基础上建立国家援助系统，促进满足恐怖主义受害者及其家属的需要，帮助他们恢复正常生活，”[10] 但是特别报告员认为，国家必须承担向恐怖行为受害者、包括其家属提供这种援助的国际人权义务。不过，在他看来，这项义务比上述情况还要更进一步，它包括，但不仅仅限于防止恐怖行为的义务；如果发生恐怖行为，妥善调查、公布真相和把肇事者绳之以法的义务；合法和适当地行使权力，调查对国家当局失职应受惩罚的任何指控，采取防止恐怖行为的合理措施的义务；法律上承认恐怖行为受害者；金钱赔偿，包括对遭受的精神损害的赔偿；康复；提供保健、心理社会和法律援助；确保返回的安全环境，如果不可能，重新安置恐怖行为或反恐措施造成的流离失所者；提供道义上的支持；培养良好的社区关系和提供人权教育以促进容忍。", "25. 在国家一级实施赔偿计划应遵循一定的原则，下文用实例列举了其中一些原则。赔偿计划的目的应是采用参与方式，实行充分补偿，并预见国家反恐措施受害者和恐怖行为受害者将获得个人和集体的赔偿。国家赔偿机制必须是独立的并提供充分、有效和及时的赔偿，其中包括便利受害者获得赔偿和考虑到对他们的性别平等观点。补偿绝不能替代将肇事者绳之以法，绝不能替代按照适用的国际人权义务披露真相。国家还可以选择向支持恐怖行为受害者的组织提供财政援助，以履行其对恐怖行为受害者的国际义务。另一方面，特别报告员也将监察有关组织支助受害者的工作受阻扰的情况，例如，在向恐怖主义提供“物质支持”的大概念下过于宽泛的刑事条款可能导致这些组织的努力受到阻碍。", "26. 特别报告员将重点关注恐怖行为受害者的情况并进一步研究这一问题，同时以建设性和公开对话的精神，继续让国家政府对反恐情况下的其他侵犯人权行为负责。", "27. 特别报告员认为，他的前任给人权理事会的关于10大领域反恐最佳做法的报告[11] 所列向受害者提供赔偿和援助的示范规定以及关于严重违反国际人权法和严重违反国际人道主义法行为受害人获得补救和赔偿的权利的基本原则和导则[12] 提供了有益的标准和指导，包括对最佳做法的指导。", "28. 特别报告员感到鼓舞的是，国家和国际组织采取主动行动，把恐怖行为受害者的困境列入议事日程并在解决这个问题时提倡基于人权的方式，包括2008年秘书长主持的关于支持恐怖行为受害者的座谈会；[13] 2010年在意大利锡拉库萨举行的由国际犯罪学高级研究所和反恐执行工作队共同举办的讲习班，研究支持国内法和国际法确定的恐怖罪行和相关罪行受害者的最佳做法；反恐执行工作队专门成立的支持和重视恐怖行为受害者的工作组；2011年6月1日根据人权理事会第16/116号决定举办的恐怖行为受害者人权问题小组讨论会；建议大会宣布8月19日为国际纪念和悼念恐怖行为受害者日的人权理事会第17/8号决议。", "B. 防止恐怖主义", "29. 特别报告员在其任期内要重点解决的另一个其职责内的实质性问题是防止恐怖主义问题。现在人们普遍认为，各会员国履行根据国际人权法承担的义务，促进和保护各项人权，还消除有利于恐怖主义的条件，积极地防止恐怖主义，不过，特别报告员认为非常明确的是任何这些条件都不得构成为恐怖行为开脱的理由或借口。《全球反恐战略》明确和坚定地把人权放在反恐斗争的中心位置并强调指出，(a) 反恐采取的措施必须符合国际人权法；[14] (b) 尊重所有人的各项人权和法治是反恐斗争的基础，对《反恐战略》的所有组成部分都至关重要；[15] (c) 否认人权和法治本身可能造成有利于恐怖主义的条件。[16] 安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议不仅呼应《反恐战略》第一支柱，其中重申侵犯人权行为是有利于恐怖主义蔓延的条件之一，而且进一步提出了第一支柱的实际构成内容。安全理事会第一次在一项决议中确认仅凭军事力量、执法措施和情报作业无法打败恐怖主义，强调除其他外，需要加强对人权和基本自由的保护。[17]", "30. 在这种情况下，特别报告员深信，深入地了解忽视人权和导致个人作出错误选择的实际或感觉的冤情之间的联系，就可能更有效地消除有利于恐怖主义蔓延的条件。尊重所有人权——公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利——与防止恐怖主义之间的相互关系值得进一步关注。审视这种联系有可能帮助会员国制订防止恐怖主义的有效政策，同时尊重和履行人权义务。2011年4月反恐怖主义委员会在斯特拉斯堡欧洲委员会总部举行有国际、区域和次区域组织参加的关于防止恐怖主义的上述特别会议，其中把人权问题列为议程的突出议题，这是一个令人鼓舞的迹象。", "31. 上述两个实质性关切领域绝不应被视为囊括一切的重点。在各种其他问题出现时，特别报告员将在其职责范围内处理所有这些问题。", "C. 国家访问", "32. 在计划的国家访问方面，2011年期间特别报告员已收到访问布基纳法索的邀请。智利政府表示，2012年可能实施国家特派任务。", "33. 阿尔及利亚、马来西亚、尼日利亚、巴基斯坦、菲律宾、俄罗斯联邦和泰国都提出过尚未成行的访问请求。2011年3月7日埃及政府与人权理事会和前任特别报告员互动对话时表示，2009年4月前任特别报告员到开罗进行国家访问，埃及从访问期间举行的详细讨论中获益匪浅，它保证在目前埃及政治和政府组建过渡阶段一结束，将认真积极地研究第二次访问的请求以及根据特别程序任务提出的其他请求。", "34. 在设想的国家访问方面，特别报告员强调，在请国家政府发出国家访问邀请时，他将和他的前任一样，继续适当关注反恐执行工作队反恐综合援助倡议(反恐援助倡议)的伙伴国家。根据《联合国全球反恐战略》关于“建立各国防止和打击恐怖主义的能力以及加强联合国系统在这方面的作用的措施”的第三支柱，反恐执行工作队认识到“所有国家的能力建设是全球反恐努力的核心要素”，[18] 它打算加强联合国系统内部的能力，以便应有关会员国请求帮助它们以综合方式实施《联合国全球反恐战略》的四大支柱。", "35. 特别报告员的国家访问提供了一个极好的机会，特别有助于在实施《全球反恐战略》关于“确保尊重所有人的人权和实行法治作为反恐斗争根基的措施”的第四支柱方面找出差距，使反恐执行工作队的人权实体能协助各自国家的政府全面实施《反恐战略》。如上所述，布基那法索，作为反恐援助倡议的试点伙伴国家之一已接受特别报告员关于邀请他进行国家访问的请求。特别报告员感谢布基纳法索政府的邀请并希望另一个试点伙伴国家尼日利亚政府也发出邀请。", "D. 合作", "36. 大会第65/221号决议欢迎安全理事会及其反恐怖主义委员会与促进和保护人权的相关机构之间在反恐斗争中建立持续对话，并鼓励安全理事会及其反恐怖主义委员会加强与相关人权机构，特别是与联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员、人权理事会其他相关特别程序和机制以及相关条约机构之间的联系、合作与对话，同时在目前的反恐工作中适当考虑促进和保护人权及法治(第12段)。", "37. 人权理事会第15/15号决议请特别报告员与各国政府和所有相关行动者，包括联合国相关机构、专门机构和计(规)划署，尤其是安全理事会反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局、反恐执行工作队、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处预防恐怖主义处和各条约机构，以及非政府组织和其他区域和次区域国际机构，定期开展对话并讨论可能的合作领域，同时尊重其任务范围，充分尊重上述机构各自的职权，并避免工作上的重叠(第2(f)段)。", "38. 特别报告员期待着执行这些决议的条款，关于与联合国有关机构的合作，他收到了安全理事会关于基地组织和塔利班及有关个人和实体的第1267(1999)号决议所设委员会主席的支持信，很受鼓舞，根据安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议，第1267(1999)号决议所设委员会已被更名为安全理事会关于基地组织及有关个人和实体的第1267(1999)号和第1989(2011)号决议所设委员会，特别报告员还收到反恐怖主义委员会执行局执行主任的支持信。特别报告员还希望像前任特别报告员与前安全理事会第1267(1999)号决议所设委员会合作那样，继续与安全理事会关于反恐怖主义的第1373(2001)号决议所设反恐怖主义委员会和安全理事会第1988(2011)号决议所设委员会合作。", "五. 结论和建议", "39. 由于特别报告员仅在2011年8月1日才承担这项任务，他利用本报告的机会初步概述了他执行任务时关切的领域，他还将提出这些方面的建议。", "40. 在借鉴和阐述他的前任编写的十大领域最佳实践汇编(见A/HRC/16/51)的同时，特别报告员打算确保对恐怖行为直接和间接受害者的权利和国家有义务对实际和潜在受害者履行的职责加以适当的注意。", "41. 此外，特别报告员在其任期内将通过促进和保护人权和履行人权法规定的义务重点解决防止恐怖主义的问题。", "42. 此外，特别报告员将想方设法访问反恐执行工作队“反恐综合援助倡议”的伙伴国家。还有，特别报告员打算继续与各国政府和所有相关行为者，包括与联合国相关机构、专门机构和计(规)划署，以及非政府组织和其他区域或次区域国际机构进行合作。", "43. 特别报告员要强调的是，尽管本专题报告的重点除其他外针对恐怖行为受害者的权利，但是这方面的任务绝不是在确保国家调查、起诉和惩处涉嫌参与筹备、唆使或从事恐怖行为者时履行人权义务方面，降低其重要性。这些孪生必要条件是相辅相成的，形成了反恐举措中有效维护人权必不可少的双重支柱。特别报告员强调，这两套义务都是主要由国家承担的义务。国家在反恐战略的背景下采取合法行动的实质是在这两套义务之间实现公平和相称的平衡。虽然实现这种平衡首先是国家主管部门的事宜，但是它要接受国际监督。", "44. 特别报告员将协助监督，他将彻底审查国家实现平衡的方式，努力查明国家滥用恐怖行为受害者的困境作为采取过度或压制性执行行动的借口或作为侵犯人权的理由，对恐怖行为受害者造成进一步伤害的情况。", "[1] http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11066&LangID=E。", "[2] http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11191&LangID=E。", "[3] 经大会第62/272号和第64/297号决议重申的大会第60/288号决议。", "[4] 大会第60/288号决议，附件，第四节，起首部分。", "[5] 同上，附件，第一节，起首部分。", "[6] 见大会第60/1号决议，第89段。", "[7] 见安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议，序言部分第19段。", "[8] 见人权理事会第13/26号决议，第3段。", "[9] 见http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Terrorism/Pages/Statements.aspx。", "[10] 见大会第60/288号决议，附件，第一节。", "[11] 见A/HRC/16/51，第25段。", "[12] 见大会第60/147号决议，附件。", "[13] 见http://www.un.org/terrorism/pdfs/UN%20Report%20on%20Supporting%20Victims%20of%20 Terrorism.pdf。", "[14] 见大会第60/288号决议，附件，第3段。", "[15] 同上，附件，第四节，起首部分。", "[16] 同上，附件，第一节，起首部分。", "[17] 见安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议，序言部分第4段。", "[18] 见大会第60/288号决议，附件，第三节。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Ben Emmerson, submitted in accordance with Assembly resolution 65/221 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/15.", "* A/66/150.", "Summary", "The present report is the first submitted to the General Assembly by the newly appointed Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism. It is submitted pursuant to Assembly resolution 65/221 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/15. A brief introduction (sect. I) is followed by a description of the activities of the former and present Special Rapporteurs (sects. II and III).", "The present Special Rapporteur shares several initial thoughts reflecting his interpretation of his mandate and how he intends to discharge it (sect. IV) and highlights some conclusions and recommendations (sect. V). He identifies two substantive areas of interest falling within that mandate — namely, the rights of victims of terrorism, and the prevention of terrorism — where, during the period of his tenure, he wishes to pursue the further development of efforts; and provides a concise discussion on how he would like to utilize some of the tools available to him in the discharge of his mandate, such as future country visits and cooperation with Governments and all pertinent actors, including relevant United Nations bodies.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Activities 3 of the former Special \nRapporteur III. Activities 5 of the present Special \nRapporteur IV.Preliminary 5 outline of areas of interest to the present Special \nRapporteur A.The 5 rights of victims of \nterrorism B.Prevention 8 of \nterrorism C.Country 9 \nvisits \nD.Cooperation 10V.Conclusions 11 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is the first report submitted to the General Assembly by the newly appointed Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism. It is submitted pursuant to Assembly resolution 65/221 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/15. The report provides several initial thoughts of the present Special Rapporteur reflecting his interpretation of the mandate and how he intends to discharge it.", "2. On 17 June 2011, Mr. Ben Emmerson was appointed Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights while countering terrorism by the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session and took office on 1 August 2011. The Council, in its resolution 15/15 of 7 October 2010, had decided to extend the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism for a period of three years.", "3. A report on the work of the former Special Rapporteur, Martin Scheinin, undertaken since the submission of his last report to the Human Rights Council (sect. II), is followed by a description of the activities of the present Special Rapporteur (sect. III). In section IV, the present Special Rapporteur presents a preliminary discussion of his areas of interest in respect of the discharge of his mandate and in section V offers some conclusions and recommendations.", "II. Activities of the former Special Rapporteur", "4. The former Special Rapporteur took part in a regional expert symposium on securing the principles of a fair trial for persons accused of terrorist offences, held in Bangkok, on 17 and 18 February 2011, which was organized by the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism. The Task Force is chaired by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.", "5. The former Special Rapporteur presented his annual report (A/HRC/16/51) to the Human Rights Council at its sixteenth session, on 7 March 2011. The report contained a compilation of 10 areas of best practices in countering terrorism. The compilation was the outcome of an analysis undertaken on the basis of his work conducted over almost six years which involved various forms of interaction with multiple stakeholders. The written submissions of Governments in response to a questionnaire of the Office of the High Commissioner related to the annual report of the Special Rapporteur were reproduced in full in an addendum to that report (A/HRC/16/51/Add.4). He also held an interactive dialogue with the Council on his report containing communications to and from Governments (from 1 January to 31 December 2011) (A/HRC/16/51/Add.1) and his reports on his missions to Tunisia (A/HRC/16/51/Add.2) and Peru (A/HCR/16/51/Add.3 and Corr.1).", "6. On 11 March 2011, the former Special Rapporteur participated as a panellist in a discussion on the issue of human rights in the context of action taken to address terrorist hostage-taking, pursuant to Human Rights Council decision 15/116 of 1 October 2010.", "7. The former Special Rapporteur also participated as speaker in two side events, on progress towards a world court for human rights and on the operational dimensions of human rights compliance in the prevention of terrorism, on 8 and 11 March 2011, respectively.", "8. During the period from 3 to 11 March 2011, the former Special Rapporteur held meetings in Geneva with the Ambassadors of Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Mexico, Peru, the Philippines, Thailand and Tunisia, and with representatives of the Permanent Missions of Nigeria and the Russian Federation to the United Nations. He also met with a number of representatives of non-governmental organizations and held a press conference.", "9. On 15 April 2011, the former Special Rapporteur appeared before the Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission of the United States House of Representatives in a hearing on human rights and counter-terrorism in the northern Caucasus.", "10. On 19 April 2011, the former Special Rapporteur addressed the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs of the European Parliament in Brussels during a hearing on the main achievements of, and future challenges for, the European Union counter-terrorism policy.", "11. The former Special Rapporteur participated in the special meeting of the Counter-Terrorism Committee with international, regional and subregional organizations on the prevention of terrorism, held in Strasbourg, France, at the headquarters of the Council of Europe from 19 to 21 April, and co-organized by the Counter-Terrorism Committee and the Council of Europe.", "12. The Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force convened an inter-agency meeting, on 12 and 13 May 2011, at the Greentree Estate, New York State, United States of America, which was attended by the former Special Rapporteur.", "13. At the invitation of the Transitional Government of Tunisia, the former Special Rapporteur conducted a follow-up mission to that country from 22 to 26 May 2011. He had discussions with the Minister of Justice and Human Rights, the Minister of the Interior and Local Development, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the Prosecutor General for the Administration of Justice, the President of the fact-finding commission established to investigate human rights abuses since 17 December 2010, the spokesperson of the High Council for the realization of the objectives of the revolution, political reform and democratic transition, law enforcement officials, and representatives of the civil society, including lawyers. The former Special Rapporteur also visited the detention centre at Bouchoucha and Al Mornaguia Prison, where he interviewed persons, in private, suspected of terrorism-related crimes, and, upon the conclusion of his visit, issued a press statement.[1] The present Special Rapporteur will present the report on this follow-up mission to the Human Rights Council in 2012.", "14. On the margins of the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council, the former Special Rapporteur participated, on 1 June 2011, as a panellist in a discussion on the issue of the human rights of victims of terrorism, pursuant to Council decision 16/116 of 24 March 2011.", "15. The former Special Rapporteur attended the eighteenth annual meeting of special procedures of the Human Rights Council, held in Geneva from 27 June to 1 July 2011. On 30 June 2011, he met with the Ambassador of Burkina Faso.", "16. On 29 June 2011, the former Special Rapporteur held a press conference in Geneva on the human rights aspects of Security Council resolutions 1988 (2011) and 1989 (2011), both adopted on 17 June 2011 under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, pursuant to which the Taliban and Al-Qaida sanctions regimes were separated from each other.[2]", "III. Activities of the present Special Rapporteur", "17. On 8 August 2011, the present Special Rapporteur attended a meeting convened in London with lawyers, non-governmental organizations and parliamentarians involved in the Gibson Inquiry set up by the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to examine allegations of collusion by officers of the British intelligence and security services in respect of acts of torture or inhuman or degrading treatment by officials of other States, during interrogations relating primarily to allegations of involvement in terrorism. The meeting was convened to address perceived shortcomings in the Inquiry’s terms of reference and operating procedures. The Special Rapporteur subsequently received written communications on the subject from the United Kingdom Parliamentary Committee on Extraordinary Rendition, relevant non-governmental organizations and lawyers representing the victims. These communications and the issues to which they have given rise are under consideration by the Special Rapporteur, who is working in cooperation with the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Juan Méndez.", "IV. Preliminary outline of areas of interest to the present Special Rapporteur", "18. The Special Rapporteur pays tribute to the work of his predecessor Martin Scheinin. He adopts and will aim to build upon, and elaborate, the 10 areas of best practice identified by Mr. Scheinin in his 2011 annual report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/51).", "19. The Special Rapporteur would like to highlight some areas that are of interest to him in the discharge of his mandate, including the rights of victims of terrorism (subsect. A), the issue of prevention of terrorism (subsect. B), country visits (subsect. C) and cooperation with Governments and all relevant actors, including relevant United Nations bodies, specialized agencies and programmes, as well as non-governmental organizations and other regional or subregional international institutions (subsect. D).", "A. The rights of victims of terrorism", "20. The Special Rapporteur wishes to emphasize that, during the period of his tenure, he is committed to ensuring that proportionate attention is paid to the rights of direct and indirect victims of acts of terrorism, and the duties of States to actual and potential victims. Any sound, sustainable and comprehensive strategy for combating terrorism requires the recognition of the suffering of victims of terrorist acts. States have important duties in this regard. The first obligation of any State — indeed, a key component of its raison d’être — is to protect the lives of its citizens, and of all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction, which includes: the duty to take reasonable measures, within the lawful and proportionate exercise of State powers, and in a manner consistent with the protection of human rights, to prevent the materialization of a real and immediate risk to life; the duty to conduct thorough, independent and impartial investigations when it is plausibly alleged that this primary positive obligation has been violated; the duty to investigate and bring to justice the perpetrators of acts of terrorism in a manner consistent with international standards on the protection of human rights; and the duty to afford adequate reparation to direct and indirect victims of terrorism in cases where, on inquiry, it is established that the State has failed to discharge its primary obligation to take reasonable steps to prevent violations by non-State actors of the right to life or the right to physical security.", "21. States also have broader duties with respect to supporting the victims of terrorism, even in cases where the relevant authorities have done all that can reasonably be required of them, within the lawful and proportionate exercise of their powers, to prevent acts of terrorism from occurring. The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy[3] stresses “the need to promote and protect the rights of victims of terrorism”[4] and identifies the “dehumanization of victims of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations” as one of the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism.[5] The 2005 World Summit Outcome stresses “the importance of assisting victims of terrorism and of providing them and their families with support to cope with their loss and their grief”.[6] In resolution 1963 (2010), the Security Council, while “(e)xpressing its profound solidarity with the victims of terrorism and their families”, stressed the “importance of assisting victims of terrorism, and providing them and their families with support to cope with their loss and grief”, recognized “the important role that victims and survivor networks play(ed) in countering terrorism, including by bravely speaking out against violent and extremist ideologies” and in that regard, welcomed and encouraged “the efforts and activities of Member States and the United Nations system, including the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force (CTITF)” in this field.[7] Human Rights Council in its resolution 13/26 deeply deplored the suffering caused by terrorism to the victims and their families and expresse(d) its profound solidarity with them, and stresse(d) the importance of providing them with proper assistance.[8]", "22. Dehumanization of victims of terrorism can take various forms, including reducing them to mere pretexts for justification of tougher counter-terrorism measures by States that violate human rights. The Special Rapporteur concurs with the statement made by his predecessor on the occasion of the Human Rights Council panel discussion on the issue of the human rights of victims of terrorism, namely, that Governments:", "“may make public statements about terrorists violating human rights and the human rights of victims of terrorism being a priority compared to ‘human rights of terrorists’. All too often, such words are mere rhetoric, and the Governments resorting to them fail to address the rights and concerns of victims of terrorism.”[9]", "23. The Special Rapporteur considers it essential that the protection of the rights of the victims of terrorism be perceived as a genuine legal duty resting primarily with States, and not misappropriated as a pretext for violating the human rights of those suspected of terrorism, for taking emergency measures that provide for exertion of excessive and disproportionate executive powers, or for other essentially political actions, and will be adamant in respect of holding States accountable whenever he considers that the obligation to protect rights of victims of terrorism is being used as a cover for repressive State action which is inconsistent with international standards on the investigation, trial and punishment of those alleged to have been involved in the preparation, instigation or commission of acts of terrorism.", "24. Whereas the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy makes a pledge to Member States to only “consider putting in place, on a voluntary basis, national systems of assistance that would promote the needs of victims of terrorism and their families and facilitate the normalization of their lives”,[10] the Special Rapporteur considers that States are bound by an international human rights obligation to provide for such assistance to victims of terrorism, including their families. In his view, however, the obligation goes further than that and includes, but is not limited to, the duty to prevent acts of terrorism; the duty, if they have occurred, to properly investigate, publicly disclose the truth and bring the perpetrators to justice; the duty to investigate any allegations of culpable failure on the part of State authorities, in the lawful and proportionate exercise of their powers, to take reasonable steps to prevent acts of terrorism; legal recognition of victims of terrorism; pecuniary compensation, including for moral damages sustained; rehabilitation; provision of health care and psychosocial and legal assistance; ensuring a safe environment for the return or, if impossible, the resettlement of persons displaced by acts of terrorism or counter-terrorism measures; provision of moral support; and fostering good community relations and providing human rights education as a means of furthering tolerance.", "25. Reparation schemes put in place on the national level should follow certain principles, some of which are listed below by way of example. Reparation schemes should aim at full restitution and foresee individual and collective reparation for both victims of counter-terrorism measures by the State and victims of terrorist acts, and follow a participatory approach. National reparation mechanisms must be independent and provide for adequate, effective and prompt reparation, which includes their being readily accessible and their taking a gender perspective into account. Compensation must never become a substitute for bringing perpetrators to justice or for revealing the truth in compliance with applicable international human rights obligations. States may also choose to provide financial assistance to organizations supporting victims of terrorism in order to comply with their international obligations vis-à-vis victims of terrorism. On the other hand, the Special Rapporteur will also monitor hindrances to the work of victims support organizations, in cases where, for example, over-broad criminal provisions under the umbrella of “material support” to terrorism may result in obstruction of the efforts of those organizations.", "26. The Special Rapporteur will focus on the situation of victims of terrorism and study the issue further while at the same time continuing to hold Governments to account, in a spirit of constructive and open dialogue, for other human rights violations in the context of countering terrorism.", "27. The Special Rapporteur considers that the model provisions on reparations and assistance to victims contained in his predecessor’s report to the Human Rights Council on 10 areas of best practices in countering terrorism[11] as well as the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law[12] provide useful standards and guidance, including on best practices.", "28. The Special Rapporteur is inspired by initiatives taken by States and international organizations to put the plight of victims of terrorism in the agenda and to promote a human rights-based approach in addressing that issue, including the 9 September 2008 symposium hosted by the Secretary-General on supporting victims of terrorism;[13] the 2010 workshop on a study of best practices on supporting victims of terrorist crimes and related offences as defined in national and international law, held in Siracusa, Italy, and co-organized by the International Institute of Higher Studies in Criminal Sciences and the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, which has formed a dedicated Working Group on Supporting and Highlighting Victims of Terrorism; the panel discussion held on 1 June 2011 on the issue of the human rights of victims of terrorism pursuant to Human Rights Council decision 16/116; and Council resolution 17/8 which recommended that the General Assembly proclaim 19 August as the International Day of Remembrance of and Tribute to the Victims of Terrorism.", "B. Prevention of terrorism", "29. Another substantive issue falling within his mandate on which the Special Rapporteur would like to focus during the period of his tenure is that of the prevention of terrorism. It is now widely accepted that by promoting and protecting all human rights under their obligations to be fulfilled pursuant to international human rights law, Member States are also actively preventing terrorism by addressing the conditions conducive to it, although, in the view of the Special Rapporteur it is very clear that none of these conditions can justify or excuse acts of terrorism. The Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy clearly places human rights squarely at the centre of the fight against terrorism and emphasizes that (a) measures taken to counter terrorism must comply with international human rights law;[14] (b) respect for all human rights for all and the rule of law is the basis of the fight against terrorism and essential to all components of the Strategy;[15] and (c) that the denial of human rights and the rule of law might, in itself, create conditions that are conducive to terrorism.[16] Security Council resolution 1963 (2010) not only echoes pillar I of the Strategy, which reiterates that violations of human rights are one of the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism, but goes a step further by introducing a positive formulation. For the first time in a resolution, the Council recognized that terrorism would not be defeated by military force, law enforcement measures, and intelligence operations alone, and underlined, inter alia, the need to strengthen the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms.[17]", "30. In this context, the Special Rapporteur is convinced that by deepening understanding of the link between neglect of human rights and grievances — actual or perceived — that cause individuals to make the wrong choices, conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism could be more effectively addressed. The interrelation between respect for all human rights — civil, cultural, economic, political and social — and prevention of terrorism deserves further attention. Examining this link has the potential to result in assistance to Member States in formulating effective policies to prevent terrorism, while respecting and complying with human rights obligations. The fact that human rights featured prominently in the agenda of the above-mentioned April 2011 special meeting of the Counter-Terrorism Committee with international, regional and subregional organizations on the prevention of terrorism at Council of Europe headquarters in Strasbourg is an encouraging sign.", "31. The two substantive areas identified above as being of interest shall by no means be regarded as constituting an exhaustive focus. The Special Rapporteur will deal with all other issues within the scope of his mandate when and as they arise.", "C. Country visits", "32. In terms of planned country visits, the Special Rapporteur has received an invitation to visit Burkina Faso during the course of 2011. The Government of Chile has indicated that a country mission could be conducted in 2012.", "33. There are outstanding visit requests from Algeria, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, the Russian Federation and Thailand. The Government of Egypt, in the interactive dialogue with the Human Rights Council and with the former Special Rapporteur, on 7 March 2011, stated that it had benefited from the detailed discussions held during the country visit of the former Special Rapporteur to Cairo in April 2009 and gave its assurance that the request for a second visit would be seriously and positively examined, together with other requests under special procedures mandates, as soon as the current transitional phase in the political and governmental organization of Egypt had been completed.", "34. In terms of envisaged country missions, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes that when requesting invitations for country visits from Governments, he, like his predecessor, will continue to pay due regard to the partnering countries of the Integrated Assistance for Countering Terrorism (I-ACT) initiative of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force. In accordance with pillar III of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy on “measures to build States’ capacity to prevent and combat terrorism and to strengthen the role of the United Nations system in this regard” and the recognition “that capacity-building in all States is a core element of the global counter-terrorism effort”,[18] the Task Force aims to enhance the capacity within the United Nations system to help interested Member States, upon their request, implement the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy in an integrated manner across its four pillars.", "35. Country missions of the Special Rapporteur provide an excellent opportunity to contribute, in particular, to the identification of gaps, if any, in the implementation of pillar IV of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy on “measures to ensure respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as the fundamental basis of the fight against terrorism”, and enable the human rights entities of the Task Force to assist the respective Government in fully implementing the Strategy. As indicated, Burkina Faso, as one of the pilot partnering countries of the I-ACT initiative, has accepted the request by the Special Rapporteur for an invitation to undertake such a country visit. The Special Rapporteur would like to thank the Government of Burkina Faso for the invitation and expresses his hope that the Government of Nigeria, as another pilot partnering country, will extend an invitation as well.", "D. Cooperation", "36. In its resolution 65/221, the General Assembly welcomed the ongoing dialogue established in the context of the fight against terrorism between the Security Council and its Counter-Terrorism Committee and the relevant bodies for the promotion and protection of human rights, and encouraged the Security Council and its Counter-Terrorism Committee to strengthen the links, cooperation and dialogue with relevant human rights bodies, in particular with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, other relevant special procedures and mechanisms of the Human Rights Council, and relevant treaty bodies, giving due regard to the promotion and protection of human rights and the rule of law in their ongoing work relating to counter-terrorism (para. 12).", "37. In its resolution 15/15, the Human Rights Council requested the Special Rapporteur to develop a regular dialogue and discuss possible areas of cooperation with Governments and all relevant actors, including relevant United Nations bodies, specialized agencies and programmes, with, inter alia, the Counter-Terrorism Committee of the Security Council, including its Executive Directorate, the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and treaty bodies, as well as non-governmental organizations and other regional or subregional international institutions, while respecting the scope of his or her mandate and fully respecting the respective mandates of the above-mentioned bodies and with a view to avoiding duplication of effort (para. 2 (f)).", "38. The Special Rapporteur looks forward to implementing the provisions of these resolutions and, in regard to cooperation with relevant United Nations bodies, is encouraged by the supportive letters received from the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999) concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and associated individuals and entities, as transformed, pursuant to Security Council resolution 1989 (2011), into the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1989 (2011) concerning Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities, and from the Executive Director of the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate. The Special Rapporteur also hopes to continue the cooperation with the Counter-Terrorism Committee established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) concerning counter-terrorism and the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1988 (2011), that was achieved by the former Special Rapporteur with the former Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999).", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "39. Since the Special Rapporteur assumed his mandate only on 1 August 2011, he takes the opportunity in the present report to provide a preliminary outline of his areas of interest pursuant to the discharge of his mandate, regarding which he will develop recommendations.", "40. While building and elaborating on the compilation of the 10 areas of best practice prepared by his predecessor (see A/HRC/16/51), the Special Rapporteur intends to ensure that proportionate attention is paid to the rights of direct and indirect victims of acts of terrorism, and to the duties towards actual and potential victims that States are obligated to fulfil.", "41. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur would like to focus during the period of his tenure on the issue of prevention of terrorism through, promotion and protection of human rights, and in compliance with obligations under, human rights law.", "42. In addition, the Special Rapporteur seeks to conduct visits to partnering countries of the “Integrated Assistance for Countering Terrorism” initiative of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force. Moreover, the Special Rapporteur intends to continue to cooperate with Governments and all pertinent actors, including relevant United Nations bodies, specialized agencies and programmes, as well as non-governmental organizations and other regional or subregional international institutions.", "43. The Special Rapporteur wishes to emphasize that while the present thematic report focuses, inter alia, on the rights of victims of terrorism, this dimension of the mandate will in no sense detract from the importance of ensuring compliance of States with their human rights obligations in respect of the investigation, prosecution and punishment of those alleged to have engaged in the preparation, instigation or commission of acts of terrorism. These twin imperatives are complementary and form the dual pillars essential to the maintenance of effective human rights-compliant anti-terrorism initiatives. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that both sets of obligations involve duties resting primarily on States. The essence of lawful State action in the context of anti-terrorism strategies lies in the striking of a fair and proportionate balance between two sets of duties. While the striking of that balance is, in the first instance, a matter for national authorities, it is subject to international supervision.", "44. The Special Rapporteur will contribute to that supervision by closely scrutinizing the manner in which States have struck that balance, and by seeking to identify those situations in which States have inflicted further harm on the victims of terrorism by misappropriating their plight as a pretext for excessive or oppressive executive action, or as a justification for the violation of human rights.", "[1] http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11066&LangID=E.", "[2] http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11191&LangID=E.", "[3] General Assembly resolution 60/288, as reaffirmed by Assembly resolutions 62/272 and 64/297.", "[4] General Assembly resolution 60/288, annex, sect. IV, chapeau.", "[5] Ibid., annex, sect. I, chapeau.", "[6] See General Assembly resolution 60/1, para. 89.", "[7] See Security Council resolution 1963 (2010), nineteenth preambular paragraph.", "[8] See Human Rights Council resolution 13/26, para. 3.", "[9] See http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Terrorism/Pages/Statements.aspx.", "[10] See General Assembly resolution 60/288, annex, sect. I.", "[11] See A/HRC/16/51, para. 25.", "[12] General Assembly resolution 60/147, annex.", "[13] See http://www.un.org/terrorism/pdfs/UN%20Report%20on%20Supporting%20Victims%20of% 20Terrorism.pdf.", "[14] See General Assembly resolution 60/288, annex, para. 3.", "[15] Ibid., annex, sect. IV, chapeau.", "[16] Ibid., annex, sect. I, chapeau.", "[17] See Security Council resolution 1963 (2010), fourth preambular paragraph.", "[18] See General Assembly resolution 60/288, annex, sect. III, introduction." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "A/66/150.", "Promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Ben Emmerson, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/221 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/15.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism", "Summary", "The present report is the first submitted to the General Assembly by the new Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/221 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/15. Following a brief introduction (section I), the report describes the activities of the former and current Special Rapporteurs (sections II and III).", "The current Special Rapporteur provided some preliminary observations on his understanding of the mandate and his intention to implement it (sect. IV), while highlighting some conclusions and recommendations (sect. V). He identified two substantive areas of concern falling within his mandate, namely, the rights of victims of terrorist acts and the prevention of terrorism, for which he would make further efforts during his term of office; he outlined how he had used some of the tools available to carry out his mandate, such as future country visits and cooperation with Governments and all relevant actors, including relevant United Nations bodies.", "Contents", "2. Activities of the current Special Rapporteur", "Introduction", "1. The present report is the first submitted to the General Assembly by the new Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/221 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/15. The present report sets out some preliminary observations on the understanding of the mandate and on how it is intended to be carried out by the current Special Rapporteur.", "2. On 17 June 2011, at its seventeenth session, the Human Rights Council appointed Ben Emerson as Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, who took office on 1 August 2011. On 7 October 2010, the Human Rights Council decided to extend the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism for a period of three years.", "3. The present Special Rapporteur reported on the work of the former Special Rapporteur, Martin Scheinin, since his last report to the Human Rights Council (sect. II), followed by an account of the activities of the current Special Rapporteur (sect. III). In section IV, he explores preliminary areas of concern to him in the discharge of his mandate. Section V contains a number of conclusions and recommendations.", "II. Activities of the former Special Rapporteur", "4. The former Special Rapporteur participated in the regional expert seminar on the principle of ensuring a fair trial for persons suspected of terrorist crimes, held in Bangkok on 17 and 18 February 2011, organized by the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism, chaired by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.", "5. On 7 March 2011, the former Special Rapporteur submitted his annual report to the Human Rights Council at its sixteenth session (A/HRC/16/51), which compiled best practices in 10 areas of counter-terrorism. The compilation was the result of an analytical study conducted by the former Special Rapporteur on the basis of his work over the past six years and involved various forms of multi-stakeholder interaction. The addendum to the annual report reproduced in full the written replies of Governments to the questionnaire of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the annual report of the Special Rapporteur (A/HRC/16/51/Add.4). He also held an interactive dialogue with the Human Rights Council on his communications with Governments from 1 January to 31 December 2010 (A/HRC/16/51/Add.1), his mission to Tunisia (A/HRC/16/51/Add.2) and his visit to Peru (A/HCR/16/51/Add.3 and Corr.1).", "6. On 11 March 2011, the former Special Rapporteur participated, as a panellist, in a seminar held pursuant to Human Rights Council decision 15/116 of 1 October 2010 on the human rights aspects of action taken against acts of hostage-taking.", "7. The former Special Rapporteur also participated as a speaker in two side events on 8 and 11 March 2011, one on progress in the establishment of the World Court on Human Rights and the other on the implementation of respect for human rights in the prevention of terrorism.", "8. From 3 to 11 March 2011, the former Special Rapporteur held meetings in Geneva with the Ambassadors of Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Mexico, Peru, the Philippines, Thailand and Tunisia, and with representatives of the Permanent Missions of Nigeria and the Russian Federation to the United Nations. He also met with representatives of a number of non-governmental organizations and held a press conference.", "9. On 15 April 2011, the former Special Rapporteur attended a hearing on human rights and counter-terrorism in the North Caucasus before the United States House of Representatives Human Rights Committee, Tom Landos.", "10. On 19 April 2011, the former Special Rapporteur addressed the European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Civil Affairs in Brussels during the European Union hearings on key achievements and future challenges in counter-terrorism policy.", "11. From 19 to 21 April 2011, the former Special Rapporteur, together with international, regional and subregional organizations, participated in a special meeting of the Counter-Terrorism Committee on the prevention of terrorism, held at the headquarters of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, France, organized jointly by the Counter-Terrorism Committee and the Council of Europe.", "12. On 12 and 13 May 2011, the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force convened an inter-agency meeting at Greentree Hill, New York State, United States of America, with the participation of the former Special Rapporteur.", "13. At the invitation of the Transitional Government of Tunisia, the former Special Rapporteur undertook a follow-up mission to Tunisia from 22 to 26 May 2011. He discussed the issues with the Minister of Justice and Human Rights, the Minister of Internal Affairs and Local Development, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the Attorney-General for Justice, the Chairman of the Fact-Finding Commission established to investigate the human rights violations of 17 December 2010, the spokesperson of the High Council for the Achievement of the Revolution, Political Reform and Democratic Transition, law enforcement officials and lawyers, among others, representatives of civil society. The former Special Rapporteur also travelled to detention centres in Busushe and Mornagui prisons, where he conducted private interviews with suspected terrorists and issued a press release following his visit. [1] The current Special Rapporteur will submit a follow-up mission report to the Human Rights Council in 2012.", "14. During the intersessional period of the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council, on 1 June 2011, the former Special Rapporteur participated as a panellist in a discussion on the human rights of victims of terrorist acts, pursuant to Human Rights Council decision 16/116 of 24 March 2011.", "15. From 27 June to 1 July 2011, the former Special Rapporteur attended the eighteenth annual meeting of special procedures of the Human Rights Council, held in Geneva. On 30 June 2011, he met with the Ambassador of Burkina Faso.", "16. On 29 June 2011, the former Special Rapporteur held a press conference in Geneva on human rights issues in Security Council resolutions 1988 (2011) and 1989 (2011), both of which were adopted by the Security Council on 17 June 2011 under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, thus separating the sanctions regime on the Taliban and Al-Qaida. [2]", "III. Activities of the current Special Rapporteur", "17. On 8 August 2011, the current Special Rapporteur attended a meeting in London with lawyers, non-governmental organizations and parliamentarians involved in the Gibson investigation, which was launched by the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to investigate acts of torture, inhuman or degrading treatment committed by officials of other States during interrogations mainly suspected of terrorist activities and to examine alleged collusion by British intelligence and security officials. The meeting was convened to fill the gaps identified in the scope of the investigation and operational procedures. The Special Rapporteur subsequently received written communications on this issue from the Parliamentary Committee on Special Extradition of the United Kingdom, relevant NGOs and lawyers representing victims. The Special Rapporteur is working with the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Juan Méndez, to consider these communications and the issues they raise.", "IV. Preliminary overview of areas of concern by the current Special Rapporteur", "The Special Rapporteur commends the work of his predecessor, Martin Scheinin. He will use and aim to draw on and elaborate on the best practices in the 10 areas presented by Mr. Shenin in his 2011 annual report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/51).", "19. The Special Rapporteur would like to highlight a number of issues of concern to him in the discharge of his mandate, including the rights of victims of terrorist acts (subsection A), the prevention of terrorism (subsection B), country visits (subsection C) and cooperation with Governments and all relevant actors, including relevant United Nations bodies, specialized agencies and programmes, as well as non-governmental organizations and other regional or subregional international bodies (subsection D).", "A. Rights of victims of terrorist acts", "20. The Special Rapporteur would like to emphasize that, during his tenure, he will work to ensure that the rights of direct and indirect victims of terrorist acts and the obligations of States towards actual and potential victims are given due attention. Any sound, sustainable and comprehensive strategy to combat terrorism must recognize the suffering of victims of terrorist acts. States have important obligations in this regard. The first obligation of the State, which is an important part of its raison d ' être, is to protect the lives of its citizens and those of all individuals within its territory under its jurisdiction. This includes the obligation of the State to exercise State authority lawfully and properly and to take reasonable measures in a manner consistent with the protection of human rights in order to prevent the real and immediate risk of life from becoming a reality; the obligation of the State to conduct thorough, independent and impartial investigations when there are allegations that this primary positive obligation has not been fulfilled; the obligation of the State to investigate and bring to justice the perpetrators of terrorist acts in a manner consistent with international standards for the protection of human rights; and the obligation of the State to provide adequate compensation to the direct and indirect victims of terrorist acts if it is established that it has failed to fulfil its primary obligation to take reasonable steps to prevent non-State actors from violating the right to life or physical integrity.", "21. Even if the authorities have exercised their powers legally and duly to prevent the commission of terrorist acts, and have done all that can reasonably be required of them, States have a broader obligation to support the victims of terrorist acts. The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy [3] emphasizes “the need to promote and protect the rights of victims of terrorist acts”. Also identified as one of the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism “the dehumanization of victims of terrorist acts in all their forms and manifestations”. [5] The 2005 World Summit Outcome stressed “the importance of providing support to victims of terrorism to help them and their families cope with loss and grief”. [6] In its resolution 1963 (2010), the Security Council “expressed its strong solidarity with the victims of terrorist acts and their families”, and stressed “the importance of assisting victims of terrorist acts, providing support to them and their families and helping them to cope with the loss and grief”, recognized “the important role that victims and survivors' networks play in countering terrorism, including by courageously speaking out against violent and extremist ideas”, and in this regard welcomed and encouraged “the efforts and activities of Member States and the United Nations system in this field, including the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force (CTITF). [7] The Human Rights Council, in its resolution 13/26, deeply deplores the suffering caused by terrorism to the victims and their families, expresses its profound solidarity with them and stresses the importance of providing them with appropriate assistance. [8]", "22. The inhuman treatment of victims of terrorist acts may take various forms, including reducing them to pretexts for more stringent counter-terrorism measures by States that violate human rights. The Special Rapporteur endorses the statement made by his predecessor at the Human Rights Council panel discussion on the human rights of victims of terrorist acts that Governments “can make public statements that terrorists violate human rights, and that the human rights of victims of terrorist acts are a priority compared to the human rights of terrorists. On many occasions, however, such statements are mere rhetoric, and their adoption by the Government does not address the rights and concerns of victims of terrorist acts. [9]", "In the view of the Special Rapporteur, the protection of the rights of victims of terrorist acts must be seen as a genuine legal obligation that is primarily incumbent upon the State, rather than being misused as a pretext for violating the human rights of persons suspected of terrorist acts, for taking urgent measures or other basic political actions in the exercise of excessive and improper administrative powers, and he believes that whenever the obligation to protect the rights of victims of terrorist acts is used to conceal repressive actions by the State that are not in accordance with international standards for the investigation, interrogation and punishment of those suspected of preparing, abetting or committing terrorist acts, he insists that the State must be held accountable.", "Despite the commitment made by Member States in the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy to “consider, on a voluntary basis, the establishment of national assistance systems to facilitate the rehabilitation and rehabilitation of victims of terrorism and their families”, the Special Rapporteur believes that States must assume international human rights obligations to provide such assistance to victims of terrorist acts, including their families. In his view, however, that obligation went further than the above, and included, but was not limited to, the obligation to prevent terrorist acts; the obligation to properly investigate, disclose the truth and bring the perpetrators to justice in the event of terrorist acts; the obligation to lawfully and duly exercise the power to investigate any allegations of negligence by State authorities and to take reasonable measures to prevent terrorist acts; the legal recognition of victims of terrorist acts; monetary compensation, including compensation for moral damage suffered; rehabilitation; the provision of health care, psychosocial and legal assistance; ensuring a safe environment for return, and, if not possible, the resettlement of displaced persons as a result of terrorist acts or counter-terrorism measures; moral support; the development of good community relations and human rights education to promote tolerance.", "25. A number of principles should guide the implementation of reparation plans at the national level, some of which are set out below with examples. Reparation schemes should be designed to provide adequate compensation in a participatory manner and to foresee individual and collective reparations for victims of national counter-terrorism measures and victims of terrorist acts. National reparation mechanisms must be independent and provide adequate, effective and timely reparation, including by facilitating victims ' access to reparation and taking into account their gender perspective. Reparation must not be a substitute for bringing the perpetrators to justice and for disclosing the truth in accordance with applicable international human rights obligations. States may also choose to provide financial assistance to organizations supporting victims of terrorist acts in order to fulfil their international obligations to victims of terrorist acts. On the other hand, the Special Rapporteur will also monitor situations where the work of relevant organizations in support of victims is hampered, for example, where too broad a criminal provision under the broad concept of “material support” for terrorism may hinder their efforts.", "26. The Special Rapporteur will focus on the situation of victims of terrorist acts and further study this issue, while continuing to hold Governments accountable for other human rights violations in the context of counter-terrorism in a spirit of constructive and open dialogue.", "27. The Special Rapporteur considers that the model provisions on reparation and assistance to victims, as well as the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law [12], listed in his predecessor ' s report to the Human Rights Council on best practices in the 10 areas of counter-terrorism,[11] provide useful standards and guidance, including on best practices.", "28. The Special Rapporteur is encouraged by the initiatives taken by States and international organizations to put the plight of victims of terrorist acts on the agenda and to promote a human rights-based approach in addressing this issue, including the 2008 symposium on support for victims of terrorist acts, hosted by the Secretary-General; the 2010 workshop organized by the International Institute of Higher Studies in Criminal Sciences and the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, held in Siracusa, Italy, to study best practices in support of victims of terrorist and related crimes as defined in domestic and international law; the Task Force ' s dedicated Working Group on Support and Attention to Victims of Terrorist Acts; the panel discussion on the human rights of victims of terrorist acts, held on 1 June 2011 in accordance with Human Rights Council decision 16/116; and Human Rights Council resolution 17/8 recommending that the General Assembly declare 19 August the International Day of Remembrance and Remembrance of Victims of Terrorist Acts.", "Prevention of terrorism", "29. Another substantive issue that the Special Rapporteur will focus on in his mandate is the prevention of terrorism. It is now widely accepted that Member States fulfil their obligations under international human rights law to promote and protect all human rights and also to address conditions conducive to terrorism and actively prevent terrorism, although the Special Rapporteur is of the view that it is clear that none of these conditions can justify or excuse terrorist acts. The Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy clearly and firmly places human rights at the centre of the fight against terrorism and stresses that (a) measures taken to combat terrorism must be consistent with international human rights law; [14] (b) respect for all human rights for all and the rule of law is the basis of the fight against terrorism and is essential to all components of the Strategy; [15] (c) denial of human rights and the rule of law per se may create conditions conducive to terrorism. [16] Security Council resolution 1963 (2010) not only echoes the first pillar of the Strategy, which reaffirms that violations of human rights are one of the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism, but further sets out the actual components of the first pillar. For the first time in a resolution, the Security Council recognized that terrorism could not be defeated by military force, law enforcement measures and intelligence operations alone, and stressed, inter alia, the need to strengthen the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. [17]", "30. In this context, the Special Rapporteur is convinced that an in-depth understanding of the links between the neglect of human rights and the actual or perceived grievances that lead individuals to make the wrong choices can more effectively address the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism. The interrelationship between respect for all human rights — civil, cultural, economic, political and social — and the prevention of terrorism deserves further attention. An examination of such linkages has the potential to assist Member States in developing effective policies to prevent terrorism while respecting and fulfilling their human rights obligations. It is an encouraging sign that the above-mentioned special meeting of the Counter-Terrorism Committee on the prevention of terrorism, with the participation of international, regional and subregional organizations, held at the headquarters of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg in April 2011, placed human rights high on its agenda.", "31. These two substantive areas of concern should in no way be regarded as an all-encompassing focus. When other issues arise, the Special Rapporteur will address all of them within his mandate.", "C. Country visits", "32. In connection with planned country visits, the Special Rapporteur received an invitation to visit Burkina Faso during 2011. The Government of Chile indicated that a country mission might be undertaken in 2012.", "33. Algeria, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, the Russian Federation and Thailand have all submitted outstanding requests for visits. During the interactive dialogue between the Government of Egypt and the Human Rights Council and the former Special Rapporteur on 7 March 2011, it was stated that Egypt had benefited from the detailed discussions held during the country visit of the former Special Rapporteur to Cairo in April 2009 and had pledged to study the request for a second visit, as well as other requests under the special procedures mandate, carefully and actively as soon as the current transitional phase of political and governmental formation in Egypt ended.", "34. With regard to envisaged country visits, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes that, when inviting Governments to issue country visits, he will continue to give due attention to partner countries of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Integrated Assistance for Countering Terrorism (CTIS) initiative, as will his predecessor. Under the third pillar of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, “Measures to build the capacity of States to prevent and combat terrorism and to strengthen the role of the United Nations system in this regard”, the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force recognizes that “capacity-building for all States is a central element of global counter-terrorism efforts”,[18] it intends to strengthen the capacity within the United Nations system to assist interested Member States, upon request, in implementing the four pillars of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy in an integrated manner.", "The Special Rapporteur's country visits provide an excellent opportunity to identify gaps in the implementation of pillar IV of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, on “Measures to ensure respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as the basis of the fight against terrorism”, and to enable the human rights entities of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force to assist their respective Governments in fully implementing the Strategy. As noted above, Burkina Faso, as one of the pilot partner countries of the Counter-Terrorism Assistance Initiative, has accepted the Special Rapporteur ' s request for a country visit. The Special Rapporteur thanks the Government of Burkina Faso for its invitation and hopes that the Government of Nigeria, another pilot partner country, will also extend an invitation.", "D. Cooperation", "36. In its resolution 65/221, the General Assembly welcomed the ongoing dialogue established in the context of the fight against terrorism between the Security Council and its Counter-Terrorism Committee and the relevant bodies for the promotion and protection of human rights and encouraged the Security Council and its Counter-Terrorism Committee to strengthen the links, cooperation and dialogue with relevant human rights bodies, in particular with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, other relevant special procedures and mechanisms of the Human Rights Council and relevant treaty bodies, giving due consideration to the promotion and protection of human rights and the rule of law in the ongoing counter-terrorism efforts (para. 12).", "37. In its resolution 15/15, the Human Rights Council requested the Special Rapporteur to engage in regular dialogue and discuss possible areas of cooperation with Governments and all relevant actors, including relevant United Nations bodies, specialized agencies and programmes, in particular the Counter-Terrorism Committee of the Security Council and its Executive Directorate, the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and treaty bodies, as well as non-governmental organizations and other regional and subregional international bodies, while respecting the scope of his mandate, fully respecting the respective mandates of those bodies and avoiding duplication of efforts (para. 2 (f)).", "38. The Special Rapporteur looks forward to the implementation of the provisions of those resolutions and, with regard to cooperation with relevant United Nations bodies, is encouraged by the letter of support received from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999) concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and associated individuals and entities, which, pursuant to Security Council resolution 1989 (2011), has been renamed the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1989 (2011) concerning Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities, and from the Executive Director of the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate. The Special Rapporteur also hopes to continue to cooperate with the Counter-Terrorism Committee established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) concerning counter-terrorism and the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1988 (2011), as did the previous Special Rapporteur in cooperation with the former Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999).", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "39. As the Special Rapporteur assumed this mandate only on 1 August 2011, he takes the opportunity of the present report to provide an initial overview of the areas of concern to him in the discharge of his mandate, and he will make recommendations in these areas.", "40. While drawing on and elaborating on the compilation of best practices in the 10 areas prepared by his predecessor (see A/HRC/16/51), the Special Rapporteur intends to ensure that the rights of direct and indirect victims of terrorist acts and the obligation of States to pay due attention to the duties of actual and potential victims.", "41. In addition, during his mandate, the Special Rapporteur will focus on the prevention of terrorism by promoting and protecting human rights and fulfilling his obligations under human rights law.", "In addition, the Special Rapporteur will explore ways to visit partner countries of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Integrated Assistance Initiative. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur intends to continue to cooperate with Governments and all relevant actors, including relevant United Nations bodies, specialized agencies and programmes, as well as non-governmental organizations and other regional or subregional international institutions.", "43. The Special Rapporteur would like to emphasize that, while the focus of the present thematic report is on, inter alia, the rights of victims of terrorist acts, the task in this regard is in no way less important in ensuring that States fulfil their human rights obligations when investigating, prosecuting and punishing persons suspected of involvement in the preparation, instigation or commission of terrorist acts. These twin imperatives are mutually reinforcing and form the twin pillars that are essential to the effective defence of human rights in counter-terrorism initiatives. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that both sets of obligations are primarily obligations of States. The essence of States ' legitimate action in the context of counter-terrorism strategies is to strike a fair and proportionate balance between the two sets of obligations. While achieving this balance is primarily a matter for national authorities, it is subject to international supervision.", "44. The Special Rapporteur, who will assist in monitoring, will undertake a thorough review of the State ' s approach to achieving a balance and will seek to identify situations in which States have abused the plight of victims of terrorist acts as a pretext for excessive or repressive enforcement or as a justification for human rights violations, causing further harm to victims of terrorist acts.", "[1] http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11066&LangID=E.", "[2] http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11191&LangID=E.", "[3] General Assembly resolution 60/288, as reaffirmed by the Assembly in its resolutions 62/272 and 64/297.", "[4] General Assembly resolution 60/288, annex, sect. IV, chapeau.", "[5] Ibid., annex, section I, chapeau.", "[6] See General Assembly resolution 60/1, para.", "[7] See Security Council resolution 1963 (2010), nineteenth preambular para.", "[8] See Human Rights Council resolution 13/26, para.", "[9] See http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Terrorism/Pages/States.aspx.", "[10] See General Assembly resolution 60/288, annex, sect.", "[11] See A/HRC/16/51, para. 25.", "[12] See General Assembly resolution 60/147, annex.", "[13] See http://www.un.org/terrorism/pdfs/UN%20Report%20on%20Reporting%20Victims%20of%20Terrorism.pdf.", "[14] See General Assembly resolution 60/288, annex, para.", "[15] Ibid., annex, sect. IV, chapeau.", "[16] Ibid., annex, section I, chapeau.", "[17] See Security Council resolution 1963 (2010), fourth preambular para.", "[18] See General Assembly resolution 60/288, annex, sect." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目43", "塞浦路斯问题", "2011年8月15日土耳其常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "谨随函转递2011年8月12日北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国临时代办塞尔塔奇·居文先生给你的信(见附件)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目43项下以及安理会的文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "埃尔图鲁尔·阿帕坎(签名)", "2011年8月15日土耳其常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信附件", "谨随函转递2011年8月11日北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国总统德尔维什·埃罗格卢博士阁下给你的信(见附文)。", "请将本函及其附文作为大会议程项目43项下以及安理会的文件分发为荷。", "北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国", "临时代办", "塞尔塔克·居文(签名)", "附文", "你必然已经获悉希族塞人方面最近的官方声明，其中宣布塞浦路斯岛南部的水下自然资源钻探工作将在十月初开始。对此，我谨提请你注意以下情况。", "首先我愿重申，自称为“塞浦路斯共和国政府”的希族塞人行政当局没有任何法律或道义权利来代表或以土族塞人或整个塞浦路斯岛的名义采取行动。这一观点除其他外也适用于希族塞人行政当局同该区域国家签署的双边协定，特别是那些与主权有关的协定，诸如在塞浦路斯问题得到解决以前划定海洋管辖区或专属经济区的界限，以及在地中海东部开展石油/天然气勘探活动。", "土族塞人作为被希族塞人以同希腊合并的名义毁掉的1960年塞浦路斯共和国政治上平等的共同缔造伙伴，在未来任何全面解决方案中将再次成为希族塞人的政治平等方，在包括塞浦路斯岛海域在内的塞浦路斯自然资源问题上当然有平等的权利和发言权。包括目前进程在内的历次谈判中还有一项既定理解，即同划定塞浦路斯岛海洋管辖区界限有关的问题将留给土族塞人和希族塞人在政治平等基础上分享权力的新伙伴关系政府酌情处理。", "在此回顾，我们已通过反复交涉提请你注意，希族塞人行政当局试图通过划定海洋管辖区的界限以及开展石油/天然气勘探活动等单方面行为，在地中海东部造成一个“既成事实”。众所周知，希族塞人行政当局早在2003年就同埃及签署了海上划界协定，2007年同黎巴嫩签署了协定，2010年12月17日同以色列签署了协定。对此，土族塞人方面和土耳其均向联合国表达了反对立场。", "已经表明的意见还有，根据国际法，希族塞人行政当局无权缔结双边协定划定海洋管辖区，或者在地中海东部进行勘查或钻探活动。众所周知，在地中海东部这样一个半封闭海域划定大陆架或专属经济区的界限，只有经所有各方同意才能实施，并要考虑到国际法规定的所有有关方的权利和利益。", "尽管我们已表明上述立场，但希族塞人行政当局对我们的正当反对意见和警告置若罔闻，继续其单方面行为，侵犯土族塞人的正当权利，挑战邻国的海洋管辖区，从而有可能破坏地中海东部的稳定。", "希族塞人行政当局最近宣布，塞浦路斯岛南部自然资源钻探工作定于2011年10月开始，这样，希族塞人在这方面的挑衅行为上升到一个新的、危险水平。当前，确定整个岛屿未来的谈判正在继续进行，这种单方面行为除了导致紧张局势进一步升级以外，还对正在持续的进程造成严重消极影响，对谈判双方之间的气氛产生不利影响。我相信你也认为这一行为的时机特别不利，因为同这一行为巧合的是，我们正在为10月份由你主持的三方会议做准备，各项谈判正处于一个关键、甚至也许起到决定作用的阶段。更重要的是，在目前的谈判进程中，希族塞人行政当局勘探和开采离岸碳氢化合物资源的行为不能简单视为或说成是单纯的经济活动，因为此类活动有可能从根本上改变当地的局面，破坏现有的实现全面解决的机会。", "我谨重申，希族塞人方面最近的挑衅行动和声明，使人们对其在可预见的未来谈判达成一项全面解决方案的诚意产生严重怀疑。我希望国际社会在了解到上述情况以后，利用其影响力说服希族塞人方面停止其就岛屿的自然资源开展的单方面活动，直到达成双方商定的关于塞浦路斯岛的解决办法以及采取更具建设性的态度。任何背离这一途径的行为都只能加剧紧张局势，破坏解决问题的前景。", "我们作为土族塞人方面，决心继续采取建设性的立场，致力于完成目前的谈判进程，达成一个双方都能接受的全面解决办法。我真诚相信，如果希族塞人方面决定以同样的精神投桃报李，而不开展与这一目标不相符的活动，塞浦路斯问题在你斡旋下是可以实现最终解决的。", "总统", "德尔维什·埃罗格卢(签名)" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 43 \n Question of Cyprus", "Letter dated 15 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a letter dated 12 August 2011, addressed to you by Mr. Sertaç Güven, Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (see annex).", "I would be grateful if the text of the present letter and its annex could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly under agenda item 43, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Ertuğrul Apakan Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 15 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to convey herewith a copy of the letter dated 11 August 2011 addressed to you by His Excellency Dr. Derviş Eroğlu, President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (see enclosure).", "I would be grateful if the text of the present letter and its enclosure could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 43, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Sertaç Güven Chargé d’affaires a.i. Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus", "Enclosure", "You must no doubt be aware of the recent official statements by the Greek Cypriot side announcing that drilling for underwater natural resource exploration to the south of the island will commence at the beginning of October. In this connection, I would like to bring the following to your kind attention.", "At the outset, I wish to reiterate that the Greek Cypriot administration, which purports to be the “Government of the Republic of Cyprus”, has no legal or moral right to represent or act on behalf of the Turkish Cypriot people or the whole island. This also extends, inter alia, to the signing, by the Greek Cypriot administration, of bilateral agreements with the countries of the region, particularly agreements related to sovereignty, such as the delimitation of maritime jurisdiction areas or exclusive economic zones and conducting oil/natural gas exploration activities in the eastern Mediterranean before the settlement of the Cyprus issue.", "As the politically equal co-founding partner of the 1960 Republic of Cyprus, destroyed by the Greek Cypriots in the name of union with Greece, the Turkish Cypriots, who will again be the political equal of the Greek Cypriots in any future comprehensive settlement, certainly have an equal right and say on the natural resources of Cyprus, including in sea areas of the island. It is also an established understanding in the negotiations, including the current process, that issues related to the delimitation of maritime jurisdiction areas of the island of Cyprus will be left to the discretion of the new partnership government, where Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots will share power on the basis of political equality.", "It will be recalled that the attempts by the Greek Cypriot administration to create a fait accompli in the eastern Mediterranean through unilateral acts such as delimitation of maritime jurisdiction areas and the conducting of oil/natural gas exploration activities have already been brought to your attention through our repeated representations. As is known, the Greek Cypriot administration signed maritime delimitation agreements with Egypt as early as 2003, with Lebanon in 2007 and with Israel on 17 December 2010, to which both the Turkish Cypriot side and Turkey have registered their objections with the United Nations.", "It has also been put on record that, in accordance with international law, the Greek Cypriot administration has no right to conclude bilateral agreements to delimit maritime jurisdiction zones, or to conduct exploratory surveys or drilling activities in the eastern Mediterranean. As known, the delimitation of the continental shelf or the exclusive economic zone in a semi-enclosed sea, such as the eastern Mediterranean, can only be effected by the agreement of all parties and taking into account the rights and interests of all concerned under international law.", "In spite of the foregoing, our legitimate objections and warnings have gone unheeded and the Greek Cypriot administration has continued its unilateral acts, violating the legitimate rights of the Turkish Cypriot people, challenging neighbouring countries’ maritime jurisdiction areas and, thus, threatening to undermine stability in the eastern Mediterranean.", "The latest announcement by the Greek Cypriot administration to the effect that drilling for natural resource exploration to the south of the island is scheduled to start in October 2011 has taken the Greek Cypriot provocations in this respect to a new and dangerous level. At a time when negotiations are continuing to determine the future of the island together, such unilateral acts, apart from escalating tension, have a serious negative impact on the ongoing process, adversely affecting the atmosphere between the two negotiating parties. I am sure you will agree that the timing of this act is particularly unfortunate, as it coincides with a critical, perhaps even decisive, phase of the negotiations, as we prepare for the tripartite meeting in October under your auspices. What is more, exploration and exploitation of offshore hydrocarbon resources by the Greek Cypriot administration cannot be simply viewed or presented as mere economic activities amid the current negotiation process, since such activities have the potential to fundamentally change the parameters on the ground and destroy the existing window of opportunity for a comprehensive solution.", "I wish to reiterate that the recent provocative actions and statements of the Greek Cypriot side are casting serious doubts on its sincerity to negotiate and conclude a comprehensive settlement in the foreseeable future. I hope that the international community, in awareness of the above, uses its influence to convince the Greek Cypriot side to cease its unilateral activities regarding the natural resources of the island until the achievement of a mutually agreed settlement on the island and to adopt a more constructive attitude. Moving contrary to this path will serve no other purpose than increasing tension and damaging prospects for a settlement.", "As the Turkish Cypriot side, we are determined to continue our constructive stance and to direct all our efforts towards concluding the present negotiating process with a mutually acceptable comprehensive settlement. I sincerely believe that a final solution of the Cyprus question is within our reach under your mission of good offices if the Greek Cypriot side decides to reciprocate in the same spirit, instead of engaging in activity that is not compatible with this objective.", "(Signed) Derviş Eroğlu President" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council", "Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year", "Agenda item 43", "Question of Cyprus", "Letter dated 15 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a letter dated 12 August 2011, addressed to you by Mr. Sertac Güwin, Chargé d ' affaires a.i. of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 43, and of the Security Council.", "Permanent Representative", "(Signed) Ertuğrul Apakan Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Permanent Representative", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a letter dated 11 August 2011 addressed to you by His Excellency Dr. Derviş Eroğlu, President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (see enclosure).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its enclosure circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 43, and of the Security Council.", "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus", "Annex", "(Signed) Sertak Güvin", "Enclosure", "You must have been informed of the recent official statement of the Greek Cypriot side, in which it was announced that underwater natural resource drilling in the southern part of the island would begin in early October. In this connection, I would like to draw your attention to the following.", "At the outset, I wish to reiterate that the Greek Cypriot administration, which calls itself the “Government of the Republic of Cyprus”, has no legal or moral right to act on behalf of or on behalf of the Turkish Cypriot people or the island as a whole. This view also applies, inter alia, to bilateral agreements signed by the Greek Cypriot administration with the countries of the region, in particular those relating to sovereignty, such as the delimitation of maritime jurisdiction areas or exclusive economic zones pending the settlement of the Cyprus problem, and oil/gas exploration activities in the eastern Mediterranean.", "The Turkish Cypriot side, as a co-founder partner of political equality in the 1960 Republic of Cyprus, which was destroyed by the Greek Cypriots in the name of integration with Greece, will once again become the Greek Cypriot political equal, with, of course, equal rights and a say in the natural resources of Cyprus, including the maritime areas of the island. There is also an established understanding in the successive negotiations, including the current process, that issues relating to the delimitation of the maritime jurisdiction of the island of Cyprus will be left to the discretion of the Government of the New Partnership, which shares power on the basis of political equality between the Turkish Cypriots and the Greek Cypriots.", "It will be recalled that, through repeated interventions, we have drawn your attention to the attempt of the Greek Cypriot administration to create a “factual fait accompli” in the eastern Mediterranean through unilateral acts such as delimitation of maritime jurisdiction areas and oil/gas exploration activities. As is well known, the Greek Cypriot administration signed an agreement on maritime delimitation with Egypt as early as 2003, with Lebanon in 2007 and with Israel on 17 December 2010. In response, both the Turkish Cypriot side and Turkey have expressed their opposition to the United Nations.", "The view has also been expressed that, under international law, the Greek Cypriot administration does not have the right to conclude bilateral agreements for the delimitation of maritime jurisdiction areas or to conduct surveys or drilling activities in the eastern Mediterranean. It is well known that the delimitation of the continental shelf or the exclusive economic zone in such a semi-enclosed area as the eastern Mediterranean Sea can only be implemented with the consent of all parties, taking into account the rights and interests of all parties concerned under international law.", "Despite our stated position, the Greek Cypriot administration has ignored our legitimate objections and warnings, continued its unilateral acts, violated the legitimate rights of the Turkish Cypriot people and challenged the maritime jurisdictions of neighbouring countries, which could destabilize the eastern Mediterranean.", "The recent announcement by the Greek Cypriot administration that drilling for natural resources in the southern part of the island is scheduled to begin in October 2011 has raised the level of Greek Cypriot provocation in this regard to a new and dangerous level. Currently, negotiations were continuing to determine the future of the island as a whole, a unilateral act that, in addition to further escalating tensions, had a serious negative impact on the ongoing process and on the atmosphere between the negotiating parties. I am sure you too believe that the timing of this act is particularly unfavourable, because it coincides with the fact that we are preparing for the tripartite meeting to be chaired by you in October, and that the negotiations are at a critical and perhaps decisive stage. More importantly, in the current negotiating process, the exploration and exploitation of offshore hydrocarbon resources by the Greek Cypriot administration cannot be considered or described simply as a purely economic activity, as such activities have the potential to fundamentally change the situation on the ground and undermine existing opportunities for a comprehensive settlement.", "I would like to reiterate that the recent provocative actions and statements of the Greek Cypriot side raise serious doubts about its sincerity in negotiating a comprehensive settlement in the foreseeable future. I hope that the international community, having learned of the above, will use its influence to persuade the Greek Cypriot side to cease its unilateral activities on the island ' s natural resources until a mutually agreed settlement on the island is reached and a more constructive approach is taken. Any deviation from this path can only exacerbate tensions and undermine prospects for a solution.", "As the Turkish Cypriot side, we are determined to continue to take a constructive position and to work towards the conclusion of the current negotiation process and a comprehensive settlement acceptable to both sides. I sincerely believe that a final settlement of the Cyprus problem can be achieved under your good offices mission if the Greek Cypriot side decides to deliver in the same spirit without undertaking activities that are inconsistent with that objective.", "President", "(Signed) Derviş Eroglu Ambassador Permanent Representative" ]

[ "2011年8月17日苏丹常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信", "谨向你通报，在今年5月苏丹人民解放军(苏丹解放军)候选人未能赢得南科尔多州州长一职后苏丹解放军最近发动了多起事件，致使苏丹共和国司法部长2011年8月16日颁布了一项法令，成立委员会，负责评估南科尔多凡州的人权状况和遵守国际人道主义法的情况。", "该委员会包括所有相关部委和政府机构，由人权协商理事会报告员担任主席。", "该法令授权委员会收集信息和文件并进行核证；访问流离失所者营地并与居民进行访谈及听取地方当局和公民的意见。", "该法令还允许委员会执行任务时酌情寻求援助，并在工作开始后两周内提交报告。", "谨提请你注意这一事项并将本函作为安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "达法-阿拉·哈吉·阿里·奥斯曼(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 17 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Sudan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "It gives me great pleasure to inform you that the Minister of Justice of the Republic of the Sudan has issued a decree, on 16 August 2011, establishing a committee to assess the human rights situation as well as compliance with the international humanitarian law in South Kordofan in the wake of the recent incidents triggered by the Sudan People’s Liberation Army after the failure of their candidate to win the post of governor of the state last May.", "The committee comprises all the relevant Ministries and Government bodies, under the chairmanship of the rapporteur of the consultative council of human rights.", "The decree authorizes the committee to collect information and documents and verify them; visit camps of displaced persons and conduct interviews with the residents; and seek the views of local authorities and citizens.", "The decree also made it possible for the committee to seek the assistance of whoever it deems appropriate to carry out its assignment and to submit its report within two weeks of the date of commencing its work.", "Having brought this matter to your kind attention, I request that the present letter be circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman Permanent Representative" ]

[ "Letter dated 17 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Sudan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to inform you that, following the failure of the Sudan People ' s Liberation Army (SPLA) candidate to win the post of Governor of Southern Kordofan State in May of this year, the Sudan People ' s Liberation Army (SLA) recently launched a number of incidents, which led to the issuance on 16 August 2011 by the Minister of Justice of the Republic of the Sudan of a decree establishing a commission to assess the human rights situation and respect for international humanitarian law in Southern Kordofan State.", "The committee includes all relevant ministries and government agencies and is chaired by the Rapporteur of the Consultative Council on Human Rights.", "The decree empowers the Commission to collect information and documents and to certify them; to visit camps for displaced persons and interview the population; and to hear the views of local authorities and citizens.", "It also allows the Committee to seek assistance, as appropriate, in the discharge of its mandate and to submit a report within two weeks of the commencement of its work.", "I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to your attention and have the present letter circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "Permanent Representative", "(Signed) Daffa-Alla El Hadj Ali Osman Ambassador Permanent Representative" ]

[ "2011年联合国发展活动认捐会议", "2011年11月8日，纽约", "截至2011年6月30日在2010年联合国发展活动认捐会议上为2011年度认捐或缴付的款项", "秘书长的说明", "1. 根据联合国认捐会议议事规则第21条，秘书长谨分发截至2011年6月30日在2010年联合国发展活动认捐会议上为2011年度认捐或缴付款项的报表(见附件)。已向下列基金和方案提供了捐款：", "联合国国际药物管制规划署基金", "联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(前身为支助人权事务中心活动信托基金)", "发展中国家间经济和技术合作佩雷斯·格雷罗信托基金", "救灾援助信托基金", "加强紧急救济协调员办公室信托基金(前身为人道主义事务协调厅)", "联合国国际贸易法委员会专题讨论会信托基金", "联合国资本发展基金", "联合国儿童基金会", "联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法基金", "联合国开发计划署", "联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署", "联合国环境规划署", "联合国南南合作基金", "联合国人类住区规划署联合国生境和人类住区基金会", "联合国训练研究所", "联合国人口基金", "联合国老龄问题信托基金", "联合国援助土著居民自愿基金", "联合国酷刑受害者自愿基金", "联合国残疾问题自愿基金", "联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金", "联合国志愿人员", "联合国青年基金", "2. 除上述基金和方案外，还对下列基金和方案作了认捐：", "中央应急基金", "支助最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处工作信托基金", "3. 若干国家政府在认捐会议上宣布了对一个或多个方案和基金的认捐。会议注意到，几个国家政府虽然未能宣布捐款数额，但表示在会议结束后一旦有能力这样做，会立刻将捐款数额通知秘书长。", "附件一", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国国际药物管制规划署基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "孟加拉国 美元 1 000.00", "中国 美元 30 000.00", "印度^(b) 美元 3 000.00", "科威特^(b) 美元 5 000.00", "新加坡 美元 5 000.00", "泰国 美元 30 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "附件二", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(前身为支助人权事务中心活动信托基金)认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "罗马教廷^(b) 美元 1 000.00", "摩纳哥^(c) 欧元 20 000.00 28 860.03", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至付款当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 为《禁止酷刑公约任择议定书》项目认捐。", "^(c) 已缴付。", "附件三", "截至2011年6月30日对发展中国家间经济和技术合作佩雷斯·格雷罗信托基金的累计捐款^(a)", "A. 缴付捐款", "(单位：美元)", "国家 数额 日期 共计 \n 阿尔及利亚 2 000.00 1999年6月 \n 10 000.00 2004年4月 \n 10 000.00 2005年1月 \n 10 000.00 2005年12月 \n 10 000.00 2006年12月 \n 10 000.00 2008年2月 \n 10 000.00 2009年1月 \n 10 000.00 2009年12月 72 000.00 \n 安提瓜和巴布达 5 000.00 2008年1月 \n 5 000.00^(b) 2008年11月 \n 5 000.00 2009年10月 15 000.00 \n 阿根廷 5 000.00 2011年2月 5 000.00 \n 巴西 2 000.00 2004年3月 \n 20 000.00 2006年6月 22 000.00 \n 喀麦隆 4 514.67 2009年7月 \n 4 461.00 2009年8月 8 975.67 \n 智利 5 000.00 2009年11月 5 000.00 \n 中国 2 000.00 2000年2月 \n 20 000.00 2007年7月 \n 20 000.00 2008年12月 \n 20 000.00 2009年6月 \n 20 000.00 2010年7月 \n 20 000.00 2011年6月 102 000.00 \n 塞浦路斯 2 000.00 1999年3月 \n 3 000.00 2002年1月 \n 2 775.00 2003年5月 7 775.00 \n朝鲜民主主义人民共和国\t2 000.00\t1999年2月\t\n 2 000.00 2000年5月 \n 2 000.00 2001年3月 \n 2 000.00 2002年2月 \n 2 000.00 2003年12月 \n 2 000.00 2004年10月 \n 2 000.00 2005年6月 14 000.00 \n 埃及 2 000.00 2001年3月 \n 2 000.00 2002年9月 \n 10 000.00 2010年2月 14 000.00 \n 印度 2 000.00 1999年8月 2 000.00 \n 印度尼西亚 2 000.00 2003年3月 \n 5 000.00 2010年3月 7 000.00 \n 伊朗伊斯兰共和国 3 000.00 1999年1月 \n 10 000.00^(c) 2005年2月 \n 10 000.00^(d) 2005年2月 \n 10 000.00 2007年7月 33 000.00 \n 牙买加 1 000.00 2009年4月 1 000.00 \n 科威特 3 000.00 2003年4月 \n 5 000.00 2011年1月 8 000.00 \n 黎巴嫩 2 000.00 2009年10月 2 000.00 \n 马达加斯加 1 000.00 2010年5月 1 000.00 \n 马来西亚 2 000.00 1999年5月 2 000.00 \n 毛里求斯 500.00 1997年12月 500.00 \n 纳米比亚 1 000.00 2005年1月 1 000.00 \n 巴基斯坦 1 000.00 1998年4月 \n 5 000.00 2006年6月 6 000.00 \n 秘鲁 2 000.00 2000年8月 2 000.00 \n 菲律宾 1 500.00 1999年9月 \n 1 500.00 2006年8月 3 000.00 \n 卡塔尔 10 000.00 2004年1月 \n 10 000.00 2009年5月 \n 20 000.00 2010年5月 40 000.00 \n 新加坡 2 000.00 1998年12月 \n 2 000.00 2001年9月 \n 2 000.00 2006年4月 \n 2 000.00 2010年12月 8 000.00 \n 南非 3 000.00 2001年8月 \n 6 765.90 2003年9月 \n 8 187.73 2005年3月 \n 8 016.03 2006年12月 \n 6 666.67 2007年4月 \n 7 645.15 2008年1月 \n 5 888.54 2009年2月 \n 7 822.00 2010年2月 \n 9 179.83 2011年2月 63 171.85 \n 苏丹 10 000.00 2010年1月 10 000.00 \n 苏里南 1 500.00 2007年11月 1 500.00 \n 泰国 2 000.00 1999年5月 \n 2 289.90 2002年4月 \n 2 000.00 2004年2月 6 289.90 \n 特立尼达和多巴哥 4 130.07 2006年8月 \n 2 000.00 2007年3月 \n 2 000.00 2009年9月 \n 2 000.00 2010年1月 10 130.07 \n 坦桑尼亚联合共和国 5 000.00 2002年1月 5 000.00 \n 乌拉圭 5 000.00 2007年11月 \n 5 000.00 2009年5月 10 000.00 \n委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国\t1 000 000.00\t2004年9月\t\n 5 000.00 2004年9月 \n 5 000.00 2004年9月 \n 5 000.00 2004年11月 \n 5 000.00 2004年11月 \n 5 000.00 2005年5月 \n 10 000.00 2006年10月 \n 10 000.00 2007年10月 1 045 000.00 \n 越南 2 000.00 2001年6月 2 000.00 \n 共计 1 535 342.40", "B. 认捐捐款", "(单位：美元)", "国家 数额 日期 共计 \n 老挝人民民主共和国 1 000.00 2009年12月 1 000.00 \n 马达加斯加 1 000.00 2005年11月 1 000.00 \n 塞内加尔 10 000.00 2005年9月 10 000.00 \n 津巴布韦 1 000.00 2006年12月 1 000.00 \n 共计 13 000.00", "C. 国际组织捐款", "(单位：美元)", "组织 数额 日期 共计 \n 国际农业发展基金 100 000.00 2007年8月 \n 100 000.00 2009年10月 200 000.00 \n 共计 200 000.00", "^(a) 依据77国集团外交部长第二十届年会(1996年9月27日于纽约)通过的宣言第58段规定和77国集团外交部长第二十七届年会(2003年9月25日于纽约)通过的宣言第47段所载决定。", "^(b) 2009年捐款。", "^(c) 2004年捐款。", "^(d) 2005年捐款。", "附件四", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度救灾援助信托基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "阿根廷^(b) 美元 500.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "附件五", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度加强紧急救济协调员办公室信托基金(前身为人道主义事务协调厅)认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "阿富汗^(b) 美元 500.00", "中国^(b) 美元 30 000.00", "摩纳哥^(b) 欧元 40 000.00 53 426.40", "新加坡 美元 20 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "附件六", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国国际贸易法委员会专题讨论会信托基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "印度尼西亚 美元 20 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "附件七", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国资本发展基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家\t认捐货币\t数额\t美元或美元等值数额^(a) \n \n 安道尔 美元 27 000.00 \n 奥地利 欧元 1 000 000.00 1 430 615.00 \n 比利时 欧元 2 200 000.00 3 147 353 .00 \n 不丹 努扎姆 181 800.00 3 995.00 \n 中国 美元 30 000.00 \n 列支敦士登 瑞士法郎 60 000.00 63 091.00 \n 卢森堡 欧元 900 000.00 1 267 606.00 \n 挪威 挪威克朗 15 000 000.00 2 750 779.00 \n 西班牙 欧元 1 000 000.00 1 430 615.00 \n 瑞典 瑞典克朗 35 000 000.00 5 416 280.00 \n 泰国 美元 2 500.00 \n 美利坚合众国 美元 1 000 000.00 \n 共计 15 669 834.00", "^(a) 以当地货币认捐的数额已按付款之日生效的联合国业务汇率兑换成美元等值。未支付的数额按截至2011年6月30日生效的联合国业务汇率兑换成美元等值。", "附件八", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国儿童基金会认捐或缴付的款项", "(美元)", "国家 经常资源 当地费用 共计", "阿富汗 1 000.00 1 000.00", "安道尔 28 128.00 28 128.00", "阿根廷 25 000.00 25 000.00", "奥地利 1 991 763.50 1 991 763.50", "孟加拉国 34 500.00 34 500.00", "巴巴多斯 4 000.00 4 000.00", "比利时 26 641 744.00 26 641 744.00", "不丹 15 435.00 15 435.00", "布隆迪 807.75 807.75", "加拿大 18 848 160.00 18 848 160.00", "智利 70 000.00 70 000.00", "中国 1 316 456.67 1 316 456.67", "哥斯达黎加 6 011.91 6 011.91", "丹麦 28 577 350.00 28 577 350.00", "爱沙尼亚 48 820.87 48 820.87", "芬兰 23 239 425.00 23 239 425.00", "法国 1 994 300.00 1 994 300.00", "德国 6 480 043.75 6 480 043.75", "洪都拉斯 30 005.78 30 005.78", "匈牙利 135 250.00 135 250.00", "冰岛 688 248.90 688 248.90", "爱尔兰 11 549 290.00 11 549 290.00", "以色列 100 000.00 100 000.00", "意大利 3 708 801.00 3 708 801.00", "日本 18 288 364.00 18 288 364.00", "科威特 200 000.00 200 000.00", "莱索托 2 000.00 2 000.00", "列支敦士登 54 230.00 54 230.00", "卢森堡 3 732 392.50 3 732 392.50", "马来西亚 284 000.00 284 000.00", "墨西哥 214 000.00 214 000.00", "摩纳哥 10 685.28 10 685.28", "黑山 5000.00 5000.00", "摩洛哥 84 309.12 84 309.12", "缅甸 72.79 320.31 393.10", "荷兰 48 433 000.00 48 433 000.00", "新西兰 4 580 160.00 4 580 160.00", "尼加拉瓜 2 000.00 2 000.00", "挪威 75 555 000.00 75 555 000.00", "巴基斯坦 35 700.00 35 700.00", "巴拿马 26 750.00 26 750.00", "菲律宾 28 168.45 28 168.45", "葡萄牙 300 000.00 300 000.00", "卡塔尔 100 000.00 100 000.00", "大韩民国 3 000 000.00 3 000 000.00", "俄罗斯联邦 1 000 000.00 1 000 000.00", "斯洛文尼亚 31 972.00 31 972.00", "瑞典 75 024 000.00 75 024 000.00", "瑞士 21 231 400.00 21 231 400.00", "泰国 179 929.00 67 998.50 247 927.50", "多哥 2 000.00 2 000.00", "特立尼达和多巴哥 15 000.00 15 000.00", "土耳其 150 000.00 150 000.00", "阿拉伯联合酋长国 100 000.00 100 000.00", "美利坚合众国 132 250 000.00 132 250 000.00", "附件九", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "土耳其 美元 200 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "附件十", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国开发计划署认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "奥地利 欧元 5 000 000.00 6 868 132.00", "巴林 美元 56 000", "比利时 欧元 4 100 000.00 5 891 497.00", "不丹 不丹努扎姆 806 738.00 17 731.00", "加拿大 加拿大元 50 000 000.00 51 493 306.00", "哥斯达黎加 哥斯达黎加科朗 60 000 150.00 120 590.00", "丹麦 丹麦克朗 320 000 000.00 60 445 788.00", "爱沙尼亚 欧元 25 565.00 35 507.00", "芬兰 欧元 20 000 000.00 28 612 303.00", "法国 欧元 16 000 000.00 22 792 023.00", "德国 欧元 13 500 000.00 18 852 838.00", "圭亚那 美元 40 640.00", "冰岛 美元 197 778.00", "爱尔兰 欧元 8 940 000.00 12 591 549.00", "意大利 欧元 1 500 000.00 2 112 676.00", "科威特 美元 570 000.00", "卢森堡 欧元 2 950 000.00 4 154 930.00", "摩洛哥 摩洛哥迪拉姆 1 750 000.00 214 198.00", "荷兰 欧元 66 300 000.00 94 849 785.00", "新西兰 新西兰元 8 000 000.00 6 191 950.00", "挪威 挪威克朗 770 000 000.00 132 461 724.00", "巴基斯坦 美元 8 000.00", "大韩民国 美元 5 000 000.00", "沙特阿拉伯 美元 2 000 000.00", "南非 南非兰特 1 150 000.00 160 615.00", "瑞典 瑞典克朗 344 500 000.00 54 917 902.00", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国 叙利亚镑 1 313 115.00 28 337.00", "泰国 美元 865 112.00", "阿拉伯联合酋长国 美元 324 000.00", "共计 511 874 911", "^(a) 以当地货币认捐的数额已按付款之日生效的联合国业务汇率兑换成美元等值。未支付的数额按截至2011年6月30日生效的联合国业务汇率兑换成美元等值。", "附件十一", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "阿富汗 美元 400.00", "安哥拉 美元 750.00", "安提瓜和巴布达 美元 1 000.00", "阿根廷^(b) 美元 12 000.00", "澳大利亚^(b,c) 澳大利亚元 9 400 000.00 9 494 902.00", "奥地利^(b,d) 欧元 240 000.00 338 670.00", "比利时^(b) 欧元 1 250 000.00 1 788 269.00", "不丹^(b) 美元 500.00", "布基纳法索 非洲法郎 2 000 000.00 3 620.00", "加拿大^(b) 加拿大元 10 000 000.00 10 289 124.00", "智利^(b) 美元 23 000.00", "中国^(b) 美元 60 000.00", "刚果 美元 10 000.00", "科特迪瓦 非洲法郎 10 000 000.00 19 954.00", "塞浦路斯^(b) 美元 7 400.00", "丹麦^(b) 丹麦克朗 20 000 000.00 3 777 862.00", "多米尼克 美元 475.00", "埃及 美元 5 000.00", "厄立特里亚 美元 200.00", "芬兰 欧元 3 000 000.00 4 273 504.00", "法国^(b) 欧元 200 000.00 284 900.00", "加蓬^(b) 美元 150 000.00", "德国^(b,e) 欧元 818 000.00 1 165 242.00", "加纳 美元 2 000.00", "希腊 美元 35 000.00", "格林纳达 美元 3 000.00", "几内亚比绍 美元 100.00", "圭亚那^(b) 美元 5 000.00", "洪都拉斯^(b) 美元 5 000.00", "冰岛^(b) 美元 359 022.00", "印度^(b) 美元 1 021 043.00", "印度尼西亚 美元 70 000.00", "伊拉克 美元 100.00", "爱尔兰^(b) 欧元 1 200 000.00 1 690 141.00", "意大利 欧元 700 000.00 997 151.00", "牙买加 美元 2 000.00", "日本 美元 446 808.00", "约旦 美元 1 200.00", "科威特^(b) 美元 20 000.00", "利比里亚^(b) 美元 500.00", "列支敦士登^(b) 美元 79 482.00", "卢森堡^(b) 欧元 1 005 000.00 1 415 493.00", "马来西亚^(b) 美元 10 000.00", "毛里求斯^(b) 美元 5 000.00", "黑山 欧元 5 000.00 6 570.00", "摩洛哥^(b) 美元 5 000.00", "纳米比亚 美元 3 000.00", "荷兰 欧元 4 000 000.00 5 925 926.00", "新西兰^(b) 新西兰元 2 500 000.00 1 908 397.00", "尼日利亚 美元 500 000.00", "挪威 挪威克朗 80 000 000.00 15 000 000", "阿曼^(b) 美元 5 000.00", "巴拿马^(b) 美元 15 000.00", "巴拉圭 美元 250.00", "秘鲁 美元 2 500.00", "卡塔尔 美元 30 000.00", "大韩民国^(b) 美元 3 000 000.00", "沙特阿拉伯 美元 100 000.00", "塞内加尔 美元 5 000.00", "塞尔维亚^(b) 美元 2 000.00", "塞拉利昂 美元 500.00", "新加坡 美元 50 000.00", "斯洛文尼亚 美元 38 503.00", "西班牙^(f) 欧元 18 500 000.00 25 412 088.00", "苏里南 美元 500.00", "瑞典^(b,g) 瑞典克朗 52 000 000.00 8 322 663.00", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国^(b) 叙利亚镑 515 000.00 11 114.00", "泰国 美元 13 000.00", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 美元 3 500.00", "东帝汶 美元 15 000.00", "多哥^(b) 美元 500.00", "特立尼达和多巴哥 美元 5 000.00", "突尼斯^(b) 美元 12 500.00", "土耳其 美元 250 000.00", "乌克兰^(b) 美元 500.00", "阿拉伯联合酋长国^(b) 美元 50 000.00", "坦桑尼亚联合共和国 美元 5 000.00", "美利坚合众国 美元 6 000 000.00", "越南 美元 5 000.00", "^(a) 以当地货币认捐的数额已按付款之日生效的联合国业务汇率兑换成美元等值。未支付的数额按截至2010年11月1日生效的联合国业务汇率兑换成美元等值。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "^(c) 截至2011年6月30日已缴付7 355 865.00美元。", "^(d) 截至2011年6月30日已缴付281 690.00美元。", "^(e) 截至2011年6月30日已缴付571 171.00美元。", "^(f) 等待国会批准。", "^(g) 截至2011年6月30日已缴付4 048 583.00美元。", "附件十二", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国环境规划署认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "孟加拉国 美元 653.00", "不丹^(b) 美元 1 450.00", "印度^(c) 美元 100 000.00", "科威特 美元 200 000.00", "蒙古^(b) 美元 1 000.00", "俄罗斯联邦^(b) 美元 900 000.00", "新加坡^(b) 美元 40 000.00", "泰国^(b) 美元 2 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "^(c) 截至2011年6月30日已收到4 415美元。", "附件十三", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国南南合作基金认捐或缴付的款项", "A. 各国捐款", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额", "阿根廷 美元 30 000.00", "孟加拉国 美元 1 000.00", "中国 美元 900 000.00", "大韩民国 美元 2 200 887.24", "苏里南 美元 100 000.00", "B. 国际组织捐款", "国际组织 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元等值数额", "德国技术合作署 美元 47 551.71", "欧佩克国际发展基金 美元 20 000.00", "附件十四", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国人类住区规划署联合国生境和人类住区基金会认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)\n 印度 美元 80 000.00", "阿富汗^(b) 美元 500.00", "印度 美元 80 000.00", "俄罗斯联邦^(b、c) 美元 10 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "^(c) 科威特(347 705美元)和俄罗斯联邦(390 000美元)所作其他认捐被指定用于联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)的其他活动。", "附件十五", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国训练研究所认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)\n 印度 美元 80 000.00", "罗马教廷 美元 1 000.00", "印度尼西亚 美元 10 000.00", "科威特^(b) 美元 20 000.00", "泰国^(b) 美元 2 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "附件十六", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国人口基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)\n 印度 美元 80 000.00", "阿富汗 美元 500.00", "安哥拉 美元 15 000.00", "安提瓜和巴布达 美元 1 000.00", "阿根廷 美元 2 500.00", "亚美尼亚 美元 2 500.00", "澳大利亚 澳大利亚元 10 500 000.00 10 388 205.00", "奥地利 欧元 600 000.00 824 176.00", "巴哈马 美元 1 000.00", "孟加拉国 美元 25 000.00", "巴巴多斯 美元 5 000.00", "比利时 欧元 4 500 000.00 6 437 768.00", "贝宁 美元 4 000.00", "博茨瓦纳 美元 5 000.00", "布基纳法索 非洲法郎 4 000 000.00 8 066.00", "布隆迪 美元 769.00", "柬埔寨 美元 8 264.00", "加拿大 加拿大元 17 350 000.00 17 868 177.00", "中国 美元 1 050 000.00", "科摩罗 美元 500.00", "刚果 非洲法郎 25 000 000.00 55 496.00", "库克群岛 新西兰元 1 500.00 1 145.00", "哥斯达黎加 哥斯达黎加科朗 1 447 103 2 908.00", "科特迪瓦 美元 10 000.00", "丹麦 丹麦克朗 205 700 000 37 794 985.00", "吉布提 美元 3 000.00", "厄瓜多尔 美元 4 000.00", "赤道几内亚 非洲法郎 19 754 315.00 41 029.00", "厄立特里亚 美元 2 000.00", "爱沙尼亚 欧元 25 565.00 35 507.00", "斐济 斐济元 8 449.00 4 827.00", "芬兰 欧元 28 500 000.00 40 772 532.00", "加蓬 美元 10 016.00", "冈比亚 达拉西 300 000.00 11 009.00", "格鲁吉亚 美元 3 500.00", "德国 欧元 15 600 000.00 22 003 862.00", "加纳 美元 12 500.00", "几内亚 美元 5 808.00", "几内亚比绍 美元 1 000.00", "圭亚那 美元 500.00", "冰岛 美元 71 592.00", "印度 美元 500 000.00", "印度尼西亚 印尼盾 350 000 40 721.00 000.00", "爱尔兰 欧元 3 050 000.00 4 295 775.00", "意大利 欧元 300 000.00 412 088.00", "日本 美元 25 438 946.00", "肯尼亚 肯尼亚先令 800 000.00 9 610.00", "基里巴斯 美元 195.00", "科威特 美元 10 000.00", "利比里亚 美元 10 000.00", "卢森堡 欧元 2 650 000.00 3 732 394.00", "马来西亚 美元 200 000.00", "马尔代夫 美元 5 000.00", "马里 非洲法郎 3 000 000.00 6 515.00", "马绍尔群岛 美元 1 500.00", "毛里塔尼亚 乌吉亚 1 000 000.00 3 610.00", "墨西哥 墨西哥比索 1 183 220.00 100 785.00", "密克罗尼西亚联邦 美元 1 000.00", "摩纳哥 美元 20 035.00", "蒙古 美元 4 000.00", "缅甸 缅元 200 000.00 242.00", "荷兰 欧元 42 538 000.00 60 855 508.00", "新西兰 美元 4 573 775.00", "尼日尔 美元 10 000.00", "尼日利亚 美元 31 167.00", "挪威 挪威克朗 332 000 57 113 367.00 000.00", "阿曼 美元 10 000.00", "巴拿马 美元 10 000.00", "巴布亚新几内亚 基纳 10 000.00 4 367.00", "大韩民国 美元 100 000.00", "俄罗斯联邦 美元 300 000.00", "卢旺达 美元 1 000.00", "萨摩亚 美元 3 000.00", "圣多美和普林西比 多布拉 300 000 17 607.00 000.00", "塞拉利昂 利昂 30 000 000.00 6 977.00", "新加坡 美元 5 000.00", "所罗门群岛 美元 1 000.00", "南非 南非兰特 632 000.00 91 303.00", "斯威士兰 美元 10 000.00", "瑞典 瑞典克朗 445 500 000 70 813 208", "瑞士 瑞士法郎 14 000 000.00 14 861 996.00", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国 叙利亚镑 520 000.00 11 221.00", "泰国 美元 96 000.00", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 美元 2 500.00", "多哥 非洲法郎 6 000 000.00 13 030.00", "托克劳 斐济元 8 449.00 4 828.00", "汤加 美元 100.00", "土耳其 美元 150 000.00", "图瓦卢 美元 3 000.00", "乌干达 美元 10 000.00", "阿拉伯联合酋长国 美元 10 000.00", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 英镑 20 000 000.00 32 894 737.00", "美利坚合众国 美元 40 000 000.00", "乌拉圭 美元 5 000.00", "乌兹别克斯坦 美元 1 211.00", "瓦努阿图 美元 1 049.00", "也门 美元 30 000.00", "共计 454 339 009.00", "注：下列国家的2011年度捐款承诺于2010年收到并入账：博茨瓦纳、科摩罗、爱沙尼亚、冈比亚、几内亚、马绍尔群岛、密克罗尼西亚联邦、阿曼、卢旺达、南非、瑞士、乌干达和瓦努阿图。", "^(a) 未支付认捐款余额按截至2011年6月1日生效的联合国业务汇率计算。", "附件十七", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国老龄问题信托基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)\n 印度 美元 80 000.00", "土耳其 美元 10 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "附件十八", "截至2011年6月30 日为2011年联合国援助土著居民自愿基金认捐或缴付的捐款", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或等值数额^(a)", "罗马教廷^(b) 美元 1 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "附件十九", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国酷刑受害者自愿基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "阿富汗^(b) 美元 500.00", "科威特^(b) 美元 10 000.00", "土耳其 美元 10 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "附件二十", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国残疾问题自愿基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "土耳其 美元 10 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "附件二十一", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "卡塔尔 美元 10 000.00", "土耳其 美元 6 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "附件二十二", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国志愿人员认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "阿富汗^(b) 美元 500.00", "阿根廷^(b) 美元 200 000.00", "澳大利亚^(b) 美元 642 540.00", "比利时 美元 2 252 760.00", "比利时 欧元 350 000.00 486 111.11", "巴西^(b) 美元 600 000.00", "中国^(b) 美元 30 000.00", "丹麦^(b) 美元 613 487.00", "芬兰^(b) 欧元 770 961.19 1 184 285.29", "法国 欧元 490 000.00 680 555.55", "德国^(b) 欧元 1 705 000.00 2 362 394.25", "德国^(b) 美元 400 000.00", "德国 美元 199 618.00", "德国 欧元 60 000.00 83 333.33", "德国^(c) 欧元 18 564.40 26 580.51", "意大利^(b) 欧元 500 000.00 724 550.00", "日本^(b) 3 013 199.93", "卢森堡^(b) 欧元 400 000.00 580 120.00", "密克罗尼西亚^(b) 美元 50 000.00", "挪威^(b) 美元 25 446.00", "巴拿马^(b) 美元 500", "大韩民国 美元 300 000.00", "西班牙^(b) 欧元 1 640 000.00 2 284 192.00", "西班牙^(b) 美元 480.31", "瑞典 瑞典克朗 4 000 000.00 595 858.78", "瑞士^(b) 美元 299 975.00", "瑞士 瑞士法郎 800 000.00 813 008.00", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国^(b) 叙利亚镑 225 000.00 4 855.42", "美利坚合众国 美元 100 000.00", "共计 17 741 342.48", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年11月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "^(c) 这一认捐于2011年6月30日之前做出，但捐款于2011年7月8日收到。因此，这一捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "附件二十三", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国青年基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "土耳其 美元 10 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "附件二十四", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度中央应急基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "阿富汗^(b) 美元 500.00", "不丹^(b) 美元 1 500.00", "中国^(b) 美元 500 000.00", "科威特^(b) 美元 300 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "附件二十五", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度支助最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处工作信托基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "中国 美元 20 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转 账当日的现行汇率入账。" ]

[ "2011 United Nations Pledging Conference for Development Activities", "New York, 8 November 2011", "Contributions pledged or paid at the 2010 United Nations Pledging Conference for Development Activities for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. The Secretary-General has the honour to circulate, in accordance with rule 21 of the rules of procedure for United Nations pledging conferences, a statement of contributions pledged or paid at the 2010 United Nations Pledging Conference for Development Activities for 2011, as at 30 June 2011 (see annexes). Contributions were made to the following funds and programmes:", "Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme", "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (formerly Trust Fund for Support of the Activities of the Centre for Human Rights)", "Perez-Guerrero Trust Fund for Economic and Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries", "Trust Fund for Disaster Relief Assistance", "Trust Fund for Strengthening the Office of the Emergency Relief Coordinator (formerly Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs)", "Trust Fund for the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Symposia", "United Nations Capital Development Fund", "United Nations Children’s Fund", "United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund", "United Nations Development Programme", "United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women", "United Nations Environment Programme", "United Nations Fund for South-South Cooperation", "United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme", "United Nations Institute for Training and Research", "United Nations Population Fund", "United Nations Trust Fund for Ageing", "United Nations Voluntary Fund for Indigenous Populations", "United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture", "United Nations Voluntary Fund on Disability", "United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery", "United Nations Volunteers", "United Nations Youth Fund", "2. Contributions other than those to the funds and programmes listed above were pledged to:", "Central Emergency Response Fund", "Trust Fund in Support of the Activities Undertaken by the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States", "3. The Conference heard the announcement of pledges by a number of Governments to one or more programmes and funds, and took note of the fact that several Governments were not in a position to announce their contributions but proposed to communicate their announcement of such contributions to the Secretary-General as soon as they were in a position to do so after the close of the Conference.", "Annex I", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Bangladesh United States 1 000.00 dollar", "China United States 30 000.00 dollar", "India^(b) United States 3 000.00 dollar", "Kuwait^(b) United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Singapore United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Thailand United States 30 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex II", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (formerly Trust Fund for Support of the Activities of the Centre for Human Rights) for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Holy See^(b) United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Monaco^(c) Euro 20 000.00 28 860.03", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of payment.", "^(b) Pledge was made towards the Project for the Optional Protocol of the Convention against Torture.", "^(c) Paid.", "Annex III", "Cumulative contributions to the Perez-Guerrero Trust Fund for Economic and Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries^(a) as at 30 June 2011", "A. Contributions paid", "(In United States dollars)", "Country Amount Date Total \n Algeria 2 000.00 June 1999 \n 10 000.00 April 2004 \n 10 000.00 January 2005 \n 10 000.00 December 2005 \n 10 000.00 December 2006 \n 10 000.00 February 2008 \n 10 000.00 January 2009 \n\t10 000.00\tDecember 2009\t72000.00\n Antigua and Barbuda 5 000.00 January 2008 \n\t5000.00^(b)\tNovember 2008\t\n\t5 000.00\tOctober 2009\t15000.00\nArgentina\t5 000.00\tFebruary 2011\t5000.00\n Brazil 2 000.00 March 2004 \n\t20 000.00\tJune 2006\t22000.00\n Cameroon 4 514.67 July 2009 \n\t4 461.00\tAugust 2009\t8975.67\nChile\t5 000.00\tNovember 2009\t5000.00\n China 2 000.00 February 2000 \n 20 000.00 July 2007 \n 20 000.00 December 2008 \n 20 000.00 June 2009 \n 20 000.00 July 2010 \n\t20 000.00\tJune 2011\t102000.00\n Cyprus 2 000.00 March 1999 \n 3 000.00 January 2002 \n\t2 775.00\tMay 2003\t7775.00\nDemocratic People’sRepublic of Korea\t2 000.00\tFebruary 1999\t\n 2 000.00 May 2000 \n 2 000.00 March 2001 \n 2 000.00 February 2002 \n 2 000.00 December 2003 \n 2 000.00 October 2004 \n\t2 000.00\tJune 2005\t14000.00\n Egypt 2 000.00 March 2001 \n 2 000.00 September 2002 \n\t10 000.00\tFebruary 2010\t14000.00\nIndia\t2 000.00\tAugust 1999\t2000.00\n Indonesia 2 000.00 March 2003 \n\t5 000.00\tMarch 2010\t7000.00\n Iran (Islamic Republic of) 3 000.00 January 1999 \n\t10000.00^(c)\tFebruary 2005\t\n\t10000.00^(d)\tFebruary 2005\t\n\t10 000.00\tJuly 2007\t33000.00\nJamaica\t1 000.00\tApril 2009\t1000.00\n Kuwait 3 000.00 April 2003 \n\t5 000.00\tJanuary 2011\t8000.00\nLebanon\t2 000.00\tOctober 2009\t2000.00\nMadagascar\t1 000.00\tMay 2010\t1000.00\nMalaysia\t2 000.00\tMay 1999\t2000.00\n Mauritius 500.00 December 1997 500.00 \nNamibia\t1 000.00\tJanuary 2005\t1000.00\n Pakistan 1 000.00 April 1998 \n\t5 000.00\tJune 2006\t6000.00\nPeru\t2 000.00\tAugust 2000\t2000.00\n Philippines 1 500.00 September 1999 \n\t1 500.00\tAugust 2006\t3000.00\n Qatar 10 000.00 January 2004 \n 10 000.00 May 2009 \n\t20 000.00\tMay 2010\t40000.00\n Singapore 2 000.00 December 1998 \n 2 000.00 September 2001 \n 2 000.00 April 2006 \n\t2 000.00\tDecember 2010\t8000.00\n South Africa 3 000.00 August 2001 \n 6 765.90 September 2003 \n 8 187.73 March 2005 \n 8 016.03 December 2006 \n 6 666.67 April 2007 \n 7 645.15 January 2008 \n 5 888.54 February 2009 \n 7 822.00 February 2010 \n\t9 179.83\tFebruary 2011\t63171.85\nSudan\t10 000.00\tJanuary 2010\t10000.00\nSuriname\t1 500.00\tNovember 2007\t1500.00\n Thailand 2 000.00 May 1999 \n 2 289.90 April 2002 \n\t2 000.00\tFebruary 2004\t6289.90\n Trinidad and Tobago 4 130.07 August 2006 \n 2 000.00 March 2007 \n 2 000.00 September 2009 \n\t2 000.00\tJanuary 2010\t10130.07\nUnited Republic ofTanzania\t5 000.00\tJanuary 2002\t5000.00\n Uruguay 5 000.00 November 2007 \n\t5 000.00\tMay 2009\t10000.00\nVenezuela (BolivarianRepublic of)\t1 000000.00\tSeptember 2004\t\n 5 000.00 September 2004 \n 5 000.00 September 2004 \n 5 000.00 November 2004 \n 5 000.00 November 2004 \n 5 000.00 May 2005 \n 10 000.00 October 2006 \n\t10 000.00\tOctober 2007\t1 045000.00\nViet Nam\t2 000.00\tJune 2001\t2000.00\nTotal 1 535342.40", "B. Contributions pledged", "(In United States dollars)", "Country Amount Date Total \nLao People’s DemocraticRepublic\t1 000.00\tDecember 2009\t1000.00\nMadagascar\t1 000.00\tNovember 2005\t1000.00\nSenegal\t10 000.00\tSeptember 2005\t10000.00\nZimbabwe\t1 000.00\tDecember 2006\t1000.00\nTotal 13000.00", "C. Contributions by international organizations", "(In United States dollars)", "Organization Amount Date Total \nInternational Fund forAgricultural Development\t100000.00\tAugust 2007\t\n\t100000.00\tOctober 2009\t200000.00\nTotal 200000.00", "^(a) Pursuant to the provisions contained in para. 58 of the declaration adopted by the twentieth annual meeting of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the Group of 77 (New York, 27 September 1996) as well as the decision contained in para. 47 of the declaration adopted by the twenty-seventh annual meeting of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the Group of 77 (New York, 25 September 2003).", "^(b) Represents contribution for 2009.", "^(c) Represents contribution for 2004.", "^(d) Represents contribution for 2005.", "Annex IV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund for Disaster Relief Assistance for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount Amount in United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex V", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund for Strengthening the Office of the Emergency Relief Coordinator (formerly Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount Amount in United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "China^(b) United States 30 000.00 dollar", "Monaco^(b) Euro 40 000.00 53 426.40", "Singapore United States 20 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex VI", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund for the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Symposia for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Indonesia United States 20 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex VII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Capital Development Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount Amount in United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Andorra United States 27 000.00 dollar", "Austria Euro 1 000 000.00 1 430 615.00", "Belgium Euro 2 200 000.00 3 147 353.00", "Bhutan Ngultrum 181 800.00 3 995.00", "China United States 30 000.00 dollar", "Liechtenstein Swiss franc 60 000.00 63 091.00", "Luxembourg Euro 900 000.00 1 267 606.00", "Norway Norwegian kroner 15 000 000.00 2 750 779.00", "Spain Euro 1 000 000.00 1 430 615.00", "Sweden Swedish krona 35 000 000.00 5 416 280.00", "Thailand United States 2 500.00 dollar", "United States of United States 1 000 000.00 America dollar", "Total 15 669 834.00", "^(a) Pledges denominated in local currency have been converted into their United States dollar equivalent by using the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at the date of payment. The unpaid amounts have been converted into their United States dollar equivalent by applying the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex VIII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Children’s Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Regular resource Local cost Total", "Afghanistan 1 000.00 1 000.00", "Andorra 28 128.00 28 128.00", "Argentina 25 000.00 25 000.00", "Austria 1 991 763.50 1 991 763.50", "Bangladesh 34 500.00 34 500.00", "Barbados 4 000.00 4 000.00", "Belgium 26 641 744.00 26 641 744.00", "Bhutan 15 435.00 15 435.00", "Burundi 807.75 807.75", "Canada 18 848 160.00 18 848 160.00", "Chile 70 000.00 70 000.00", "China 1 316 456.67 1 316 456.67", "Costa Rica 6 011.91 6 011.91", "Denmark 28 577 350.00 28 577 350.00", "Estonia 48 820.87 48 820.87", "Finland 23 239 425.00 23 239 425.00", "France 1 994 300.00 1 994 300.00", "Germany 6 480 043.75 6 480 043.75", "Honduras 30 005.78 30 005.78", "Hungary 135 250.00 135 250.00", "Iceland 688 248.90 688 248.90", "Ireland 11 549 290.00 11 549 290.00", "Israel 100 000.00 100 000.00", "Italy 3 708 801.00 3 708 801.00", "Japan 18 288 364.00 18 288 364.00", "Kuwait 200 000.00 200 000.00", "Lesotho 2 000.00 2 000.00", "Liechtenstein 54 230.00 54 230.00", "Luxembourg 3 732 392.50 3 732 392.50", "Malaysia 284 000.00 284 000.00", "Mexico 214 000.00 214 000.00", "Monaco 10 685.28 10 685.28", "Montenegro 5000.00 5000.00", "Morocco 84 309.12 84 309.12", "Myanmar 72.79 320.31 393.10", "Netherlands 48 433 000.00 48 433 000.00", "New Zealand 4 580 160.00 4 580 160.00", "Nicaragua 2 000.00 2 000.00", "Norway 75 555 000.00 75 555 000.00", "Pakistan 35 700.00 35 700.00", "Panama 26 750.00 26 750.00", "Philippines 28 168.45 28 168.45", "Portugal 300 000.00 300 000.00", "Qatar 100 000.00 100 000.00", "Republic of Korea 3 000 000.00 3 000 000.00", "Russian Federation 1 000 000.00 1 000 000.00", "Slovenia 31 972.00 31 972.00", "Sweden 75 024 000.00 75 024 000.00", "Switzerland 21 231 400.00 21 231 400.00", "Thailand 179 929.00 67 998.50 247 927.50", "Togo 2 000.00 2 000.00", "Trinidad and 15 000.00 15 000.00 Tobago", "Turkey 150 000.00 150 000.00", "United Arab 100 000.00 100 000.00 Emirates", "United States of 132 250 000.00 132 250 000.00 America", "Annex IX", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Turkey United States 200 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex X", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Development Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Austria Euro 5 000 000.00 6 868 132.00", "Bahrain United States 56 000.00 dollar", "Belgium Euro 4 100 000.00 5 891 497.00", "Bhutan Bhutan ngultrum 806 738.00 17 731.00", "Canada Canadian dollar 50 000 000.00 51 493 306.00", "Costa Rica Costa Rican colón 60 000 150.00 120 590.00", "Denmark Danish kroner 320 000 000.00 60 445 788.00", "Estonia Euro 25 565.00 35 507.00", "Finland Euro 20 000 000.00 28 612 303.00", "France Euro 16 000 000.00 22 792 023.00", "Germany Euro 13 500 000.00 18 852 838.00", "Guyana United States 40 640.00 dollar", "Iceland United States 197 778.00 dollar", "Ireland Euro 8 940 000.00 12 591 549.00", "Italy Euro 1 500 000.00 2 112 676.00", "Kuwait United States 570 000.00 dollar", "Luxembourg Euro 2 950 000.00 4 154 930.00", "Morocco Moroccan dirham 1 750 000.00 214 198.00", "Netherlands Euro 66 300 000.00 94 849 785.00", "New Zealand New Zealand 8 000 000.00 6 191 950.00 dollar", "Norway Norwegian kroner 770 000 000.00 132 461 724.00", "Pakistan United States 8 000.00 dollar", "Republic of Korea United States 5 000 000.00 dollar", "Saudi Arabia United States 2 000 000.00 dollar", "South Africa South Africa rand 1 150 000.00 160 615.00", "Sweden Swedish krona 344 500 000.00 54 917 902.00", "Syrian Arab Syrian pound 1 313 115.00 28 337.00 Republic", "Thailand United States 865 112.00 dollar", "United Arab United States 324 000.00 Emirates dollar", "Total     511 874 911.00", "^(a) Pledges denominated in local currency have been converted into their United States dollar equivalent by using the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at the date of payment. The unpaid amounts have been converted into their United States dollar equivalent by applying the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex XI", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan United States 400.00 dollar", "Angola United States 750.00 dollar", "Antigua and Barbuda United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Argentina^(b) United States 12 000.00 dollar", "Australia^(b,c) Australian dollar 9 400 000.00 9 494 902.00", "Austria^(b,d) Euro 240 000.00 338 670.00", "Belgium^(b) Euro 1 250 000.00 1 788 269.00", "Bhutan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Burkina Faso CFA franc 2 000 000.00 3 620.00", "Canada^(b) Canadian dollar 10 000 000.00 10 289 124.00", "Chile^(b) United States 23 000.00 dollar", "China^(b) United States 60 000.00 dollar", "Congo United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Côte d’Ivoire CFA franc 10 000 000.00 19 954.00", "Cyprus^(b) United States 7 400.00 dollar", "Denmark^(b) Danish krone 20 000 000.00 3 777 862.00", "Dominica United States 475.00 dollar", "Egypt United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Eritrea United States 200.00 dollar", "Finland Euro 3 000 000.00 4 273 504.00", "France^(b) Euro 200 000.00 284 900.00", "Gabon^(b) United States 150 000.00 dollar", "Germany^(b,e) Euro 818 000.00 1 165 242.00", "Ghana United States 2 000.00 dollar", "Greece United States 35 000.00 dollar", "Grenada United States 3 000.00 dollar", "Guinea-Bissau United States 100.00 dollar", "Guyana^(b) United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Honduras^(b) United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Iceland^(b) United States 359 022.00 dollar", "India^(b) United States 1 021 043.00 dollar", "Indonesia United States 70 000.00 dollar", "Iraq United States 100.00 dollar", "Ireland^(b) Euro 1 200 000.00 1 690 141.00", "Italy Euro 700 000.00 997 151.00", "Jamaica United States 2 000.00 dollar", "Japan United States 446 808.00 dollar", "Jordan United States 1 200.00 dollar", "Kuwait^(b) United States 20 000.00 dollar", "Liberia^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Liechtenstein^(b) United States 79 482.00 dollar", "Luxembourg^(b) Euro 1 005 000.00 1 415 493.00", "Malaysia^(b) United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Mauritius^(b) United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Montenegro Euro 5 000.00 6 570.00", "Morocco^(b) United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Namibia United States 3 000.00 dollar", "Netherlands Euro 4 000 000.00 5 925 926.00", "New Zealand^(b) New Zealand 2 500 000.00 1 908 397.00 dollar", "Nigeria United States 500 000.00 dollar", "Norway Norwegian krone 80 000 000.00 15 000 000.00", "Oman^(b) United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Panama^(b) United States 15 000.00 dollar", "Paraguay United States 250.00 dollar", "Peru United States 2 500.00 dollar", "Qatar United States 30 000.00 dollar", "Republic of United States 3 000 000.00 Korea^(b) dollar", "Saudi Arabia United States 100 000.00 dollar", "Senegal United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Serbia^(b) United States 2 000.00 dollar", "Sierra Leone United States 500.00 dollar", "Singapore United States 50 000.00 dollar", "Slovenia United States 38 503.00 dollar", "Spain^(f) Euro 18 500 000.00 25 412 088.00", "Suriname United States 500.00 dollar", "Sweden^(b,g) Swedish krona 52 000 000.00 8 322 663.00", "Syrian Arab Syrian pound 515 000.00 11 114.00 Republic^(b)", "Thailand United States 13 000.00 dollar", "The former Yugoslav United States 3 500.00 Republic of dollar Macedonia", "Timor-Leste United States 15 000.00 dollar", "Togo^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Trinidad and Tobago United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Tunisia^(b) United States 12 500.00 dollar", "Turkey United States 250 000.00 dollar", "Ukraine^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "United Arab United States 50 000.00 Emirates^(b) dollar", "United Republic of United States 5 000.00 Tanzania dollar", "United States of United States 6 000 000.00 America dollar", "Viet Nam United States 5 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges denominated in local currency have been converted into their United States dollar equivalent by using the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 November 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing at the time of the payment.", "^(b) Paid.", "^(c) $7,355,865.00 paid as at 30 June 2011.", "^(d) $281,690.00 paid as at 30 June 2011.", "^(e) $571,171.00 paid as at 30 June 2011.", "^(f) Pending parliamentary approval.", "^(g) $4,048,583.00 paid as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex XII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Environment Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Bangladesh United States 653.00 dollar", "Bhutan^(b) United States 1 450.00 dollar", "India^(c) United States 100 000.00 dollar", "Kuwait United States 200 000.00 dollar", "Mongolia^(b) United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Russian United States 900 000.00 Federation^(b) dollar", "Singapore^(b) United States 40 000.00 dollar", "Thailand^(b) United States 2 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "^(c) $4,415 was received as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex XIII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Fund for South-South Cooperation for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "A. Contributions by countries", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent", "Argentina United States 30 000.00 dollar", "Bangladesh United States 1 000.00 dollar", "China United States 900 000.00 dollar", "Republic of Korea United States 2 200 887.24 dollar", "Suriname United States 100 000.00 dollar", "B. Contributions by international organizations", "Organization Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent", "German Agency for United States 47 551.71 International dollar Cooperation", "OPEC Fund for United States 20 000.00 International dollar Development", "Annex XIV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "India United States 80 000.00 dollar", "Russian United States 10 000.00 Federation^(b,c) dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "^(c) Additional pledges made by Kuwait ($347,705) and the Russian Federation ($390,000) were earmarked towards other activities of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat).", "Annex XV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Institute for Training and Research for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Holy See United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Indonesia United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Kuwait^(b) United States 20 000.00 dollar", "Thailand^(b) United States 2 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex XVI", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Population Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country or area Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan United States 500.00 dollar", "Angola United States 15 000.00 dollar", "Antigua and Barbuda United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Argentina United States 2 500.00 dollar", "Armenia United States 2 500.00 dollar", "Australia Australian 10 500 10 388 205.00 dollar 000.00", "Austria Euro 600 000.00 824 176.00", "Bahamas United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Bangladesh United States 25 000.00 dollar", "Barbados United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Belgium Euro 4 500 000.00 6 437 768.00", "Benin United States 4 000.00 dollar", "Botswana United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Burkina Faso CFA franc 4 000 000.00 8 066.00", "Burundi United States 769.00 dollar", "Cambodia United States 8 264.00 dollar", "Canada Canadian dollar 17 350 17 868 177.00 000.00", "China United States 1 050 000.00 dollar", "Comoros United States 500.00 dollar", "Congo CFA franc 25 000 55 496.00 000.00", "Cook Islands New Zealand 1 500.00 1 145.00 dollar", "Costa Rica Costa Rican 1 447 103.00 2 908.00 colón", "Côte d’Ivoire United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Denmark Danish krone 205 700 37 794 985.00 000.00", "Djibouti United States 3 000.00 dollar", "Ecuador United States 4 000.00 dollar", "Equatorial Guinea CFA franc 19 754 41 029.00 315.00", "Eritrea United States 2 000.00 dollar", "Estonia Euro 25 565.00 35 507.00", "Fiji Fiji dollar 8 449.00 4 827.00", "Finland Euro 28 500 40 772 532.00 000.00", "Gabon United States 10 016.00 dollar", "Gambia Dalasi 300 000.00 11 009.00", "Georgia United States 3 500.00 dollar", "Germany Euro 15 600 22 003 862.00 000.00", "Ghana United States 12 500.00 dollar", "Guinea United States 5 808.00 dollar", "Guinea-Bissau United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Guyana United States 500.00 dollar", "Iceland United States 71 592.00 dollar", "India United States 500 000.00 dollar", "Indonesia Indonesian 350 000 40 721.00 rupiah 000.00", "Ireland Euro 3 050 000.00 4 295 775.00", "Italy Euro 300 000.00 412 088.00", "Japan United States 25 438 946.00 dollar", "Kenya Kenya shilling 800 000.00 9 610.00", "Kiribati United States 195.00 dollar", "Kuwait United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Liberia United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Luxembourg Euro 2 650 000.00 3 732 394.00", "Malaysia United States 200 000.00 dollar", "Maldives United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Mali CFA franc 3 000 000.00 6 515.00", "Marshall Islands United States 1 500.00 dollar", "Mauritania Ouguiya 1 000 000.00 3 610.00", "Mexico Mexican peso 1 183 220.00 100 785.00", "Micronesia (Federated United States 1 000.00 States of) dollar", "Monaco United States 20 035.00 dollar", "Mongolia United States 4 000.00 dollar", "Myanmar Kyat 200 000.00 242.00", "Netherlands Euro 42 538 60 855 508.00 000.00", "New Zealand United States 4 573 775.00 dollar", "Niger United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Nigeria United States 31 167.00 dollar", "Norway Norwegian krone 332 000 57 113 367.00 000.00", "Oman United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Panama United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Papua New Guinea Kina 10 000.00 4 367.00", "Republic of Korea United States 100 000.00 dollar", "Russian Federation United States 300 000.00 dollar", "Rwanda United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Samoa United States 3 000.00 dollar", "Sao Tome and Principe Dobra 300 000 17 607.00 000.00", "Sierra Leone Leone 30 000 6 977.00 000.00", "Singapore United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Solomon Islands United States 1 000.00 dollar", "South Africa Rand 632 000.00 91 303.00", "Swaziland United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Sweden Swedish krona 445 500 70 813 208.00 000.00", "Switzerland Swiss franc 14 000 14 861 996.00 000.00", "Syrian Arab Republic Syrian pound 520 000.00 11 221.00", "Thailand United States 96 000.00 dollar", "The former Yugoslav United States 2 500.00 Republic of Macedonia dollar", "Togo CFA franc 6 000 000.00 13 030.00", "Tokelau Fiji dollar 8 449.00 4 828.00", "Tonga United States 100.00 dollar", "Turkey United States 150 000.00 dollar", "Tuvalu United States 3 000.00 dollar", "Uganda United States 10 000.00 dollar", "United Arab Emirates United States 10 000.00 dollar", "United Kingdom of Great Pound sterling 20 000 32 894 737.00 Britain and Northern 000.00 Ireland", "United States of America United States 40 000 000.00 dollar", "Uruguay United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Uzbekistan United States 1 211.00 dollar", "Vanuatu United States 1 049.00 dollar", "Yemen United States 30 000.00 dollar", "Total 454 339 009.00", "Note: Contribution commitments for 2011 from Botswana, Comoros, Estonia, Gambia, Guinea, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Oman, Rwanda, South Africa, Switzerland, Uganda and Vanuatu were received and recorded in 2010.", "^(a) All unpaid pledges are calculated using the United Nations rate of exchange effective as at 1 June 2011.", "Annex XVII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Trust Fund for Ageing for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Turkey United States 10 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XVIII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Indigenous Populations for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Holy See^(b) United States 1 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex XIX", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Kuwait^(b) United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Turkey United States 10 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex XX", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Fund on Disability for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Turkey United States 10 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XXI", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Qatar United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Turkey United States 6 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XXII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Volunteers for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Argentina^(b) United States 200 000.00 dollar", "Australia^(b) United States 642 540.00 dollar", "Belgium United States 2 252 760.00 dollar", "Belgium Euro 350 000.00 486 111.11", "Brazil^(b) United States 600 000.00 dollar", "China^(b) United States 30 000.00 dollar", "Denmark^(b) United States 613 487.00 dollar", "Finland^(b) Euro 770 961.19 1 184 285.29", "France Euro 490 000.00 680 555.55", "Germany^(b) Euro 1 705 000.00 2 362 394.25", "Germany^(b) United States 400 000.00 dollar", "Germany United States 199 618.00 dollar", "Germany Euro 60 000.00 83 333.33", "Germany^(c) Euro 18 564.40 26 580.51", "Italy^(b) Euro 500 000.00 724 550.00", "Japan^(b) 3 013 199.93", "Luxembourg^(b) Euro 400 000.00 580 120.00", "Micronesia^(b) United States 50 000.00 dollar", "Norway^(b) United States 25 446.00 dollar", "Panama^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Republic of Korea United States 300 000.00 dollar", "Spain^(b) Euro 1 640 000.00 2 284 192.00", "Spain^(b) United States 480.31 dollar", "Sweden Swedish krona 4 000 000.00 595 858.78", "Switzerland^(b) United States 299 975.00 dollar", "Switzerland Swiss franc 800 000.00 813 008.00", "Syrian Arab Republic^(b) Syrian pound 225 000.00 4 855.42", "United States of America United States 100 000.00 dollar", "Total 17 741 342.48", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 November 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "^(c) This pledge was made before 30 June 2011 but the contribution was received on 8 July 2011. Therefore, this contribution is recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XXIII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Youth Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Turkey United States 10 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XXIV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Central Emergency Response Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Bhutan^(b) United States 1 500.00 dollar", "China^(b) United States 500 000.00 dollar", "Kuwait^(b) United States 300 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational exchange rate in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the prevailing exchange rate as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex XXV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund in Support of the Activities Undertaken by the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount Amount in United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "China United States 20 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer." ]

[ "2011 United Nations Pledging Conference for Development Activities", "New York, 8 November 2011", "Contributions pledged or paid for 2011 at the 2010 United Nations Pledging Conference for Development Activities as at 30 June 2011", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. In accordance with rule 21 of the rules of procedure for United Nations pledging conferences, the Secretary-General has the honour to circulate a statement of contributions pledged or paid at the 2010 United Nations Pledging Conference for Development Activities for 2011, as at 30 June 2011 (see annex). Contributions have been made to the following funds and programmes:", "Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme", "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (formerly Trust Fund to Support the Activities of the Centre for Human Rights)", "Perez-Guerrero Trust Fund for Economic and Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries", "Trust Fund for Disaster Relief Assistance", "Trust Fund for the Strengthening of the Office of the Emergency Relief Coordinator (formerly Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs)", "United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Trust Fund for Symposia", "United Nations Capital Development Fund", "United Nations Children ' s Fund", "United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund", "United Nations Development Programme", "United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women", "United Nations Environment Programme", "United Nations Fund for South-South Cooperation", "United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation", "United Nations Institute for Training and Research", "United Nations Population Fund", "United Nations Trust Fund for Ageing", "United Nations Voluntary Fund for Indigenous Populations", "United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture", "United Nations Voluntary Fund on Disability", "United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery", "United Nations Volunteers", "United Nations Youth Fund", "2. In addition to the funds and programmes mentioned above, the following funds and programmes have been pledged:", "Central Emergency Response Fund", "Trust Fund in Support of the Work of the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States", "3. Pledges to one or more programmes and funds were announced by several Governments at the Pledging Conference. The Meeting noted that several Governments, while not in a position to announce their contributions, had indicated that they would inform the Secretary-General of their contributions as soon as they were in a position to do so after the conclusion of the Meeting.", "Annex I", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount US$ or US$ equivalent ^ (a)", "Bangladesh $ 1000.00", "China US$ 30,000.00", "India (b) US$ 3,000.00", "Kuwait ^ (b) US$ 5,000.00", "Singapore", "Thailand US$ 30,000.00", "(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate in effect as at the date of transfer.", "(b) Paid.", "Annex II", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (formerly Trust Fund for Support of the Activities of the Centre for Human Rights) for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount US$ or US$ equivalent ^ (a)", "Holy See (b) US$ 1,000.00", "Monaco ^ (c) Euro 20,000.00 28 860.03", "(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate in effect as at the date of payment.", "(b) Pledge for the OPCAT project.", "^ (c) Paid.", "Annex III", "Cumulative contributions to the Perez-Guerrero Trust Fund for Economic and Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries as at 30 June 2011 (a)", "A. Contributions paid", "(United States dollars)", "5 May 2008", "B. Pledges", "(United States dollars)", "Country Amount Lao People ' s Democratic Republic: 1,000.00 December 2009", "C. Contributions from international organizations", "(United States dollars)", "International Fund for Agricultural Development", "(a) In accordance with paragraph 58 of the Declaration adopted by the 20th Annual Meeting of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the Group of 77 (New York, 27 September 1996) and the decision contained in paragraph 47 of the Declaration adopted by the 27th Annual Meeting of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the Group of 77 (New York, 25 September 2003).", "(b) Contributions in 2009.", "(c) Contributions for 2004.", "(d) Contributions in 2005.", "Annex IV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund for Disaster Relief Assistance for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount US$ or US$ equivalent ^ (a)", "Argentina (b) US$ 500.00", "(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate in effect as at the date of transfer.", "(b) Paid.", "Annex V", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund for the Strengthening of the Office of the Emergency Relief Coordinator (formerly the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount US$ or US$ equivalent ^ (a)", "Afghanistan (b) US$ 500.00", "China ^ (b) US$ 30,000.00", "Monaco ^ (b) Euro 40,000.00 53 426.40", "Singapore US$ 20,000.00", "(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate in effect as at the date of transfer.", "(b) Paid.", "Annex VI", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund for the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Symposia for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount US$ or US$ equivalent ^ (a)", "Indonesia", "(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate in effect as at the date of transfer.", "Annex VII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Capital Development Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge (a) Andorra US$ 27 000.00 Austrian EUR 1,000,000.00 1 430 615.00 Belgium EUR 2 200 000.00 3 147 353.00 Bhutan Nuzham 181 800.00 3 995.00 China US$ 30,000.00 Liechtenstein Swiss franc 60 000.00 63 091.00 Luxembourg Euro 9000.00 1 267 606.00 Norwegian kroner 15 000.00 2 750 709.00 Spanish Euro 1 000.00 1 430 615.00 Swedish kroner 35 000.00 5 416.280.00 Thailand US$ 2 500.00 United States of America $ 1 000.00 Total 15 669 834.00", "(a) The dollar equivalent of contributions pledged in local currencies has been converted at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect on the date of payment. The unpaid amounts have been converted into their United States dollar equivalent at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex VIII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Children ' s Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "(United States dollars)", "National regular resources Local costs Total", "Afghanistan", "Andorra 28 128.00 28 128.00", "Argentina", "Austria 1 991 763.50 1 991 763.50", "Bangladesh 34 500.00 34 500.00", "Barbados", "Belgium 26 641 744.00 26 641 744.00", "Bhutan 15 435.00 15 435.00", "Burundi 807.75 807.75", "Canada 18 848 160 00 18 848 160 00", "Chile", "China 1 316 456.67 1 316 456.67", "Costa Rica 6 011.91 6 011.91", "Denmark 28 577 350.00 28 577 350.00", "Estonia 48 820.87 48 820.87", "Finland 23 239 425.00 23 239 425.00", "France 1 994 300.00 1 994 300.00", "Germany 6 480 043.75 6 480 043.75", "Honduras 30 005.78 30 005.78", "Hungary 135 250.00 135 250.00", "Iceland 688 248 90 688 248.90", "Ireland 11 549 290.00 11 549 290.00", "Israel", "Italy 3 708 801.00 3 708 801.00", "Japan 18 288 364.00 18 288 364.00", "Kuwait", "Lesotho", "Liechtenstein 54 230.00 54 230.00", "Luxembourg 3 732 392.50 3 732 392.50", "Malaysia 284 000.00 284,000.00", "Mexico 214 000.00 214,000.00", "Monaco 10 685.28 10 685.28", "Montenegro 5000.005000.00", "Morocco 84 309.12 84 309.12", "Myanmar 72.79 320.31 393.10", "Netherlands 48 433 000.00 48 433 000.00", "New Zealand", "Nicaragua", "Norway 75 555,000.00 75 555,000.00", "Pakistan 35 700.00 35 700.00", "Panama 26 750.00 26 750.00", "Philippines", "Portugal", "Qatar", "Republic of Korea", "Russian Federation 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00", "Slovenia", "Sweden 75 024,000.00 75 024,000.00", "Switzerland 21 231 400.00 21 231 400.00", "Thailand 179 929.00 67 998.50 247 927.50", "Togo", "Trinidad and Tobago", "Turkey 150,000.00 150 000.00", "United Arab Emirates", "United States of America 132 250,000.00 132 250,000.00", "Annex IX", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount US$ or US$ equivalent ^ (a)", "Turkey", "(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate in effect as at the date of transfer.", "Annex X", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Development Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount US$ or US$ equivalent ^ (a)", "Austria Euro 5,000,000.00 6 868 132.00", "Bahrain US$ 56 000", "Belgium Euro 4 100 000.00 5 891 497.00", "Bhutan 806 738.00 17 731.00", "Canadian dollar 50 000 000.00 51 493 306.00", "Costa Rica", "Danish kroner 320 000 000.00 60 445 788.00", "Estonia Euro 25 565.00 35 507.00", "Finland EUR 20,000,000.00 28 612 303.00", "France Euro 16,000,000.00 22 792 023.00", "Germany Euro 13 500 000.00 18 852 838.00", "Guyana $ 40 640.00", "Iceland US$ 197 778.00", "Ireland Euro 8,940 000.00 12 591 549.00", "Italy Euro 1,500 000.00 2 112 676.00", "Kuwait US$ 570,000.00", "Luxembourg Euro 2,950 000.00 4 154 930.00", "Morocco 1,750 000.00 21419.00", "Netherlands Euro 66 300 000.00 94 849 785.00", "New Zealand $ 8,000,000.00 6 191 950.00", "Norwegian kroner 770 000 000.00 132 461 724.00", "Pakistan", "Republic of Korea", "Saudi Arabia US$ 2,000,000.00", "South Africa Rand, South Africa", "Swedish kroner 344,500 000.00 54 917 902.00", "Syrian Arab Republic 1 313 115.00 28 337.00", "Thailand US$ 865 112.00", "United Arab Emirates US$ 324,000.00", "Total 511,874,911", "(a) The dollar equivalent of contributions pledged in local currencies has been converted at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect on the date of payment. The unpaid amounts have been converted into their United States dollar equivalent at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex XI", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount US$ or US$ equivalent ^ (a)", "Afghanistan US$ 400.00", "Angola US$ 750.00", "Antigua and Barbuda $ 1000.00", "Argentina (b) US$ 12,000.00", "Australia ^(b,c) Australian dollar 9,400 000.00 9 494 902.00", "Austria ^ (b,d) Euro 240,000.00 338 670.00", "Belgium ^ (b) Euro 1 250,000.00 1 788 269.00", "Bhutan (b) US$ 500.00", "Burkina Faso CFAF 2,000,000.00 3 620.00", "Canada ^ (b) Canadian dollar", "Chile (b) US$ 23 000.00", "China ^ (b) US$ 60,000.00", "Congo US$ 10,000.00", "Côte d ' Ivoire CFA francs 10,000,000.00 19 954.00", "Cyprus ^ (b) US$ 7400.00", "(b) Danish kroner 20,000,000.00 3 777 862.00", "Dominica $ 475.00", "Egypt", "Eritrea US$ 200.00", "Finland EUR 3 000 000.00 4 273 504.00", "France ^ (b) Euro 200,000.00 284 900.00", "Gabon (b) US$ 150,000.00", "Germany ^ (b, e) Euro 818,000.00 1 165 242.00", "Ghana", "Greece", "Grenada US$ 3,000.00", "Guinea-Bissau United States dollar", "Guyana (b) US$ 5,000.00", "Honduras (b) US$ 5,000.00", "Iceland ^ (b) US$ 359 022.00", "(b) US$ 1,021 043.00", "Indonesia US$ 70,000.00", "Iraq US$ 100.00", "(b) Euro 1 200 000.00 1 690 141.00", "Italy Euro 700,000.00 997 151.00", "Jamaica", "Japan US$ 446 808.00", "Jordan $1 200.00", "Kuwait ^ (b) US$ 20,000.00", "Liberia (b) US$ 500.00", "Liechtenstein ^ (b) US$ 79 482.00", "Luxembourg ^ (b) Euro 1 005,000.00 1 415 493.00", "Malaysia (b) US$ 10,000.00", "Mauritius (b) US$ 5,000.00", "Montenegro Euro 5 000.00 6 570.00", "Morocco (b) US$ 5,000.00", "Namibia", "Netherlands Euro 4 000 000.00 5 925 926.00", "New Zealand ^ (b) New Zealand $ 2,500 000.00 1 908 397.00", "Nigeria", "Norwegian kroner 80 000 000.00 15 000 000", "Oman (b) US$ 5,000.00", "Panama (b) US$ 15,000.00", "Paraguay US$ 250.00", "Peru US$ 2 500.00", "Qatar US$ 30,000.00", "Republic of Korea ^ (b) US$ 3,000,000.00", "Saudi Arabia US$ 100,000.00", "Senegal", "Serbia (b) US$ 2,000.00", "Sierra Leone US$ 500.00", "Singapore US$ 50,000.00", "Slovenia US$ 38 503.00", "Spain ^ (f) Euro 18,500,000.00 25 412 088.00", "Suriname US$ 500.00", "SEK 52,000,000.00 8 322 663.00", "Syrian Arab Republic ^ (b) Syrian pound 515,000.00 11 114.00", "Thailand US$ 13,000.00", "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", "Timor-Leste US$ 15,000.00", "Togo (b) US$ 500.00", "Trinidad and Tobago $5 000", "Tunisia ^ (b) US$ 12 500.00", "Turkey US$ 250,000.00", "Ukraine ^ (b) US$ 500.00", "United Arab Emirates (b) $50,000.00", "United Republic of Tanzania US$ 5,000.00", "United States of America", "Viet Nam", "(a) The dollar equivalent of contributions pledged in local currencies has been converted at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect on the date of payment. The unpaid amounts have been converted into their United States dollar equivalent at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 November 2010.", "(b) Paid.", "(c) An amount of $7,355,865.00 had been paid as at 30 June 2011.", "(d) As at 30 June 2011, $281,690.00 had been paid.", "(e) $571,171.00 had been paid as at 30 June 2011.", "^ (f) Pending approval by Congress.", "(g) An amount of $4,048,583.00 had been paid as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex XII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Environment Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount US$ or US$ equivalent ^ (a)", "Bangladesh US$ 653.00", "Bhutan ^ (b) US$ 1.450.00", "(c) US$ 100,000.00", "Kuwait", "Mongolia (b) US$ 1,000.00", "Russian Federation (b) $900,000.00", "Singapore (b) US$ 40,000.00", "Thailand (b) US$ 2,000.00", "(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate in effect as at the date of transfer.", "(b) Paid.", "(c) An amount of $4,415 had been received as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex XIII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Fund for South-South Cooperation for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "A. Contributions from States", "Currency of pledge Amount United States dollars or United States dollars equivalent", "Argentina US$ 30,000.00", "Bangladesh $ 1000.00", "China $900,000.00", "Republic of Korea", "Suriname US$ 100,000.00", "B. Contributions from international organizations", "Currency of pledge Amount in United States dollars or dollar equivalent", "GTZ US$ 47 551.71", "OPEC Fund for International Development", "Annex XIV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "(a) India US$ 80,000.00", "Afghanistan (b) US$ 500.00", "India US$ 80,000.00", "Russian Federation (b, c) US$ 10,000.00", "(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate in effect as at the date of transfer.", "(b) Paid.", "(c) Other pledges made by Kuwait ($347,705) and the Russian Federation ($390,000) were earmarked for other activities of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat).", "Annex XV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Institute for Training and Research for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "(a) India US$ 80,000.00", "Holy See", "Indonesia", "Kuwait ^ (b) US$ 20,000.00", "Thailand (b) US$ 2,000.00", "(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate in effect as at the date of transfer.", "(b) Paid.", "Annex XVI", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Population Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "(a) India US$ 80,000.00", "Afghanistan US$ 500.00", "Angola US$ 15,000.00", "Antigua and Barbuda $ 1000.00", "Argentina US$ 2 500.00", "Armenia", "Australian dollars 10 500 000.00 10 388 205.00", "Austria Euro 600 000.00 824 176.00", "Bahamas", "Bangladesh $ 25,000.00", "Barbados US$ 5,000.00", "Belgium Euro 4 500 000.00 6 437 768.00", "Benin", "Botswana", "Burkina Faso CFA francs 4,000,000.00 8 066.00", "Burundi US$ 769.00", "Cambodia US$ 8 264.00", "Canadian Canadian dollar 17 350 000.00 17 868 177.00", "China US$ 1,050 000.00", "Comoros US$ 500.00", "Congo CFA francs 25,000,000.00 55 496.00", "Cook Islands New Zealand dollar", "Costa Rica", "Côte d ' Ivoire US$ 10,000.00", "Danish kroner 205 700 000 37 794 985.00", "Djibouti", "Ecuador", "Equatorial Guinea 19 754 315.00 41 029.00", "Eritrea", "Estonia Euro 25 565.00 35 507.00", "Fiji $ 8 449.00 4 827.00", "Finland Euro 28,500,000.00 40 772 532.00", "Gabon US$ 10 016.00", "Gambia", "Georgia US$ 3 500.00", "Germany Euro 15,600 000.00 22 003 862.00", "Ghana US$ 12 500.00", "Guinea United States dollar 5 808.00", "Guinea-Bissau US$ 1,000.00", "Guyana US$ 500.00", "Iceland USD 71 592.00", "India", "Indonesia guilders 350 000 40 721.00 000.00", "Ireland Euro 3,050 000.00 4 295 775.00", "Italy Euro 300,000.00 412 088.00", "Japan US$ 25 438 946.00", "Kenya shilling 800 000.00 9 610.00", "Kiribati US$ 195.00", "Kuwait", "Liberia US$ 10,000.00", "Luxembourg Euro 2 650 000.00 3 732 394.00", "Malaysia", "Maldives US$ 5,000.00", "Mali CFA francs 3,000,000.00 6 515.00", "Marshall Islands $1 500.00", "Mauritania 1,000,000.00 3 610.00", "Mexican peso 1 183 220.00 100 785.00", "Micronesia (Federated States of)", "Monaco United States dollar", "Mongolia", "Myanmar Kyat 200 000.00 242.00", "Netherlands", "New Zealand", "Niger US$ 10,000.00", "Nigeria US$ 31167.00", "Norwegian kroner 332 000 57 113 367.00 000.00", "Oman US$ 10,000.00", "Panama US$ 10,000.00", "Papua New Guinea", "Republic of Korea", "Russian Federation US$ 300,000.00", "Rwanda", "Samoa", "Sao Tome and Principe", "Sierra Leone", "Singapore", "Solomon Islands", "South Africa Rand 632 000.00 91 303.00", "Swaziland US$ 10,000.00", "Swedish kroner 445 500 000 70 813 208", "Switzerland CHF 14,000,000.00 14 861 996.00", "Syrian Arab Republic 520 000.00 11 221.00", "Thailand US$ 96 000.00", "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", "Togo CFAF 6,000,000.00 13 030.00", "Tokelau $ 8 449.00 4 828.00", "Tonga $ 100.00", "Turkey US$ 150,000.00", "Tuvalu US$ 3,000.00", "Uganda US$ 10,000.00", "United Arab Emirates US$ 10,000.00", "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Pound20,000,000.00 32 894 737.00", "United States of America", "Uruguay", "Uzbekistan US$ 1 211.00", "Vanuatu US$ 1 049.00", "Yemen US$ 30,000.00", "Total 454 339 009.00", "Note: Contributions for 2011 were received and recorded in 2010 for Botswana, Comoros, Estonia, Gambia, Guinea, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Oman, Rwanda, South Africa, Switzerland, Uganda and Vanuatu.", "(a) The balance of unpaid pledges is calculated at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 June 2011.", "Annex XVII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Trust Fund for Ageing for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "(a) India US$ 80,000.00", "Turkey US$ 10,000.00", "(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate in effect as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XVIII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Indigenous Populations for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Currency of pledge Amount in United States dollars or equivalent ^ (a)", "Holy See (b) US$ 1,000.00", "(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate in effect as at the date of transfer.", "(b) Paid.", "Annex XIX", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount US$ or US$ equivalent ^ (a)", "Afghanistan (b) US$ 500.00", "Kuwait ^ (b) US$ 10,000.00", "Turkey US$ 10,000.00", "(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate in effect as at the date of transfer.", "(b) Paid.", "Annex XX", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Fund on Disability for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount US$ or US$ equivalent ^ (a)", "Turkey US$ 10,000.00", "(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate in effect as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XXI", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount US$ or US$ equivalent ^ (a)", "Qatar US$ 10,000.00", "Turkey", "(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate in effect as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XXII", "Contributions pledged or paid to United Nations Volunteers for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount US$ or US$ equivalent ^ (a)", "Afghanistan (b) US$ 500.00", "Argentina (b) US$ 200,000.00", "Australia ^ (b) US$ 642 540.00", "Belgium US$ 2 252 760.00", "Belgium Euro 350 000.00 486 111.11", "Brazil ^ (b) US$ 600,000.00", "China ^ (b) US$ 30,000.00", "(b) United States dollars", "Finland ^ (b) Euro 770 961.19 1 184 285.29", "France Euro 490,000.00 680 555.55", "Germany ^ (b) Euro 1 705,000.00 2 362 394.25", "Germany ^ (b) US$ 400,000.00", "Germany US$ 199 618.00", "Germany Euro 60 000.00 83 333.333", "Germany ^ (c) Euro 18 564.40 26 580.51", "Italy ^ (b) Euro 500,000.00 724 550.00", "Japan ^ (b) 3,013,999/93", "Luxembourg ^ (b) Euro 400,000.00 580 120.00", "Micronesia (Federated States of)", "Norway ^ (b) US$ 25 446.00", "Panama (b) $500", "Republic of Korea", "Spain ^ (b) Euro 1 640,000.00 2 284 192.00", "Spain (b) US$ 480.31", "SKr 4,000,000.00 595 858.78", "Switzerland ^ (b) US$ 299 975.00", "Switzerland CHF 800 000.00 813 008.00", "Syrian Arab Republic ^ (b) Syrian pound 225 000.00 4 855.42", "United States of America", "Total", "(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 November 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate in effect as at the date of transfer.", "(b) Paid.", "(c) This pledge was made by 30 June 2011 but was received on 8 July 2011. Therefore, this contribution is recorded at the rate of exchange in effect as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XXIII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Youth Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount US$ or US$ equivalent ^ (a)", "Turkey US$ 10,000.00", "(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate in effect as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XXIV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Central Emergency Response Fund for 2011 as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount US$ or US$ equivalent ^ (a)", "Afghanistan (b) US$ 500.00", "Bhutan (b) US$ 1 500.00", "China ^ (b) US$ 500,000.00", "Kuwait ^ (b) US$ 300,000.00", "(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate in effect as at the date of transfer.", "(b) Paid.", "Annex XV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund in Support of the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount US$ or US$ equivalent ^ (a)", "China US$ 20,000.00", "(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate in effect as at the date of the transfer." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目87(b)", "裁减军事预算：军事情况的客观", "情报，包括军事支出的透明度", "联合国军事支出标准汇报表的运作和进一步发展问题政府专家组的报告", "秘书长的说明", "更正", "附件一，表7", "把脚注(f)改为：", "^(f) 瑞士于2002年成为会员国。瑞士在1996年和1998年至2001年期间提交了资料。", "^(*) A/66/150。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 87 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Reduction of military budgets: objective information on military matters, including transparency of military expenditures", "Group of Governmental Experts on the Operation and Further Development of the United Nations Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Corrigendum", "Annex I, table 7", "Footnote (f) should read", "^(f) Switzerland became a Member State in 2002. Switzerland provided information in 1996 and from 1998 to 2001." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 87 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Reduction of military budgets: objective military information", "Information, including transparency of military expenditures", "Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on the Operation and Further Development of the United Nations Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Corrigendum", "Annex I, table 7", "Replace footnote (f) with the following:", "(f) Switzerland became a Member State in 2002. Switzerland submitted information between 1996 and 1998 and 2001.", "A/66/150." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目67(b)", "消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和", "相关不容忍行为：《德班宣言和行动", "纲领》的全面执行和后续行动", "打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为以及《德班宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和后续行动", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨依照大会第65/240号决议，向大会成员转递由人权理事会当代形式种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为问题特别报告员吉苏·穆伊盖编写的临时报告。", "当代形式种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为问题特别报告员的临时报告", "摘要 本报告是根据大会关于彻底消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的全球努力以及《德班宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和其后续活动的第65/240号决议向大会提交的。 在简要的导言之后，特别报告员在报告第二节中提到自他上次向大会提交报告（A/65/295）以来在其任务框架中涉及的专题问题。这些问题包括：结构性歧视；煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨；包括新纳粹分子和光头党组织和类似极端主义意识形态运动在内的各种极端主义政党、运动和团体；以及种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的受害者，其中包括非洲裔人、罗姆人和基于工作和出身的歧视受害者，包括基于种姓和类似世系制度的歧视受害者。特别报告员还强调了打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的一些最佳做法。 在第三节，特别报告员提及自他上次向大会提交报告以来开展的进一步行动，包括国家访问、专题新闻稿、研讨会和协商。 \n最后，在第四节，特别报告员提出与上述关切问题相关的若干结论和建议。特别报告员注意到各国为应对挑战所做的可贵努力，并赞扬了各国政府在国家和区域两级采用的若干良好做法。然而，他强调，不幸的是，种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为继续对充分享受公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利造成消极影响。一般来说，这些行为尤其公然针对非洲裔人、罗姆人、基于种姓和类似世系制度的社区成员以及少数族裔，包括在教育、就业、保健、住房、获得国籍、司法、种族貌相及进入政治决策和司法系统领域。在此背景之下，特别报告员提出了若干建议，各国可利用这些建议作为进一步分析和进步的工具。", "目录", "页 次", "一、导言 4", "二、任务授权涉及的关切问题 4", "A. 种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的各种表现和形式 5", "B. 种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的受害者 8", "C. 打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的最佳做法 11", "三、特别报告员的活动 12", "A. 国家访问 12", "B. 专题新闻稿 14", "C. 研讨会和协商 14", "四、结论和建议 15", "一、导言", "1. 2011年3月25日，人权理事会通过了第16/33号决议，依据人权理事会第7/34号决议阐述的职权范围，将当代形式种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为问题特别报告员的任务期限延长三年。", "2. 本报告是根据大会关于彻底消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的全球努力以及《德班宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和其后续活动的第65/240号决议向大会提交的。大会请特别报告员在其任务范围内继续特别注意种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为对充分享受公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利的消极影响。", "3. 在本报告中，特别报告员概述了自他上次向大会提交报告（A/65/295）以来在其任务框架中涉及的关切问题。其任务授权涉及的关切问题载于第二节，包括：结构性歧视；煽动种族、种族或宗教仇恨；包括新纳粹分子、光头党和类似极端主义意识形态运动在内的极端主义政党、运动和团体；以及种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的受害者，包括非洲裔人、罗姆人和基于工作和出身的歧视受害者，包括基于种姓和类似世系制度的歧视受害者。特别报告员还强调了打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的一些最佳做法。", "4. 在第三节，特别报告员提及自他上次向大会提交报告以来开展的进一步行动，包括国家访问、专题新闻稿，研讨会和协商。", "5. 在第四节，特别报告员提出与上述关切问题相关的若干结论和建议。", "二、任务授权涉及的关切问题", "6. 特别报告员根据大会第65/240号决议第32段，在其专题报告、新闻稿及向研讨会和其他会议的投稿中继续特别注意种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为对充分享受公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利的消极影响。", "7. 在本节中，特别报告员提及了种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的各种表现和形式（A分节）；种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的受害者（B分节）；和打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的最佳做法（C分节）。", "A. 种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的各种表现和形式", "1. 结构性歧视", "8. 自他上次向大会提交报告以来，特别报告员已在许多场合，包括一份公开声明和其向人权理事会第十七届会议提交的年度报告（A/HRC/17/40）中强调了结构性歧视问题。", "9. 2010年10月18日，特别报告员参加了在有效执行德班宣言和行动纲领政府间工作组第八届会议框架内举行的关于“结构性歧视：定义、方法和趋势”的专题讨论。在此次讨论发表的声明中，特别报告员承认，尽管包括联合国专家机制在内的各界已广泛研究和讨论结构性歧视的普遍存在和表现形式，但仍难以对该现象进行界定。他提出了可能有助于更好地理解结构性歧视不同表现形式及其各种成因的一些要素。", "10. 特别报告员认为，结构性歧视是指社会结构中针对特定个人或特定人群，涉及种族、肤色、血统或民族或族裔本源的种族主义、仇外心理和不容忍模式的行为和态度。除其他外，这一“社会的”结构性歧视与社会中长期留存的根深蒂固的种族偏见和消极的陈规定型观念有关。", "11. 特别报告员进一步强调结构性歧视可能源于过去对特定人群犯下的历史性不公平。在正式化的种族歧视瓦解很久之后，所形成的不公平继续对特定族裔和种族群体中的个人人权产生不利或不均衡的影响。土著人民、罗姆人、基于种姓和类似世系制度的社区成员、少数族裔和非洲裔人尤其仍受到这一历史遗留问题的影响，特别是在保健、住房、就业、教育、司法以及政治代表权和赋权方面。因此，结构性歧视是种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为对充分享受公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利产生消极影响的一个实例。", "12. 在结构性歧视方面，特别报告员希望重申应对那些貌似不具有歧视性的法律、政策和方案的歧视性影响的重要性。实际上，在某些情况下，尽管立法或公共政策似乎符合国际人权法，并且各国政府将禁止种族歧视作为目标，但执行这些立法或政策会产生歧视性后果。特别报告员敦促各国审查并重新制定具有歧视性影响的法律、政策和方案，包括可能间接歧视特定个人群体的法律、政策和方案。他还建议在解决结构性歧视问题时对移民的处境给予特别关注。", "2. 煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨", "13. 自他上次向大会提交报告以来，特别报告员已在许多场合，包括在与宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员及促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题特别报告员共同提交的联合新闻稿和联合意见书中提出煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨问题。", "14. 2011年4月1日，在与其他联合国人权专家共同发布的关于科特迪瓦局势的新闻稿中，[2] 特别报告员呼吁各方制止宣传会煽动歧视、敌对或暴力的民族或种族仇恨。他要求结束对外国公民的攻击，并加入到要求消除种族歧视委员会立即调查并惩治族裔暴力事件责任人的呼声之中。", "15. 特别报告员在维也纳、[3] 内罗毕[4] 和曼谷[5] 向联合国人权事务高级专员办事处（人权高专办）专家系列讲习班提交的关于禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨的联合意见书中谈及了煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨问题。专家讲习班讨论了国际人权文书以下条款明文昭告的权利和自由：《世界人权宣言》和《公民及政治权利国际公约》第18条，分别关于思想、良知和宗教自由；《世界人权宣言》和《公民及政治权利国际公约》第19条，分别关于见解和言论自由；《公民及政治权利国际公约》第20条，关于禁止鼓吹构成煽动歧视、敌对或暴力的民族、种族或宗教仇恨；以及《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第4条，关于消除煽动种族歧视和实施暴力行为或煽动此种行为。", "16. 特别报告员在联合意见书中探讨了讲习班涉及的区域（欧洲、非洲和亚太；关于美洲区域的第四期专家讲习班将于2011年10月举办）的一些立法和司法做法，他还探讨了有利于有效禁止和预防鼓吹构成煽动歧视、敌对或暴力的民族、种族或宗教仇恨的政策。在这方面，他提及了一些实例和中肯建议，这些实例和建议是从任务授权对不同区域进行国家实况调查访问和向各国发出的旨在帮助审查立法和司法政策和做法的来文中得出的。", "17. 特别报告员重申，所有人权都是普遍的、不可分割的、相互依存和相互关联的。他强调，这种相互依存性在关于言论自由和煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨的讨论中最为明显。他极力强调，在被审查的一切情形中，都需要考虑到言论自由和对多元、包容、无偏见和民主的社会的需求。必须以积极的态度来理解言论自由，将其视为民主和多元社会的根本基础。必须保证人人平等，这是打击种族主义和歧视的方式。通过践行言论自由，在不同人群、文化、宗教间将产生尊重和理解氛围。", "18. 特别报告员进一步回顾了2008年10月在日内瓦举办人权高专办关于《公约》第19条和第20条的专家研讨会，研讨会确定了一些客观标准，用以防止任意执行有关煽动种族或宗教仇恨的国家法律标准：必须将煽动歧视、敌对和暴力的公共意图视为敌视性言论并予以惩罚；应按照法律规定明确、狭义界定对言论自由的限制，这对实现其提出的目标，即禁止敌视性言论而言是必要的和相称的；限制不应威胁权利本身的落实；应在言论自由范围内使用最低的侵入性手段来预防寒蝉效应；应由一个独立、公正的司法机构来裁定这些限制。特别报告员同时提及了《关于言论自由和平等的卡姆登原则》，[6] 它为解释国际法和国际标准，特别是与煽动仇恨有关的国际法和国际标准提供了有益指导。在这方面，他重申了《卡姆登原则》第12条，该条指出，“‘仇恨’和‘敌对’词语是指针对目标群体的强烈和非理性的侮辱、敌意和憎恨情绪”，“‘鼓吹’一词应理解为要求有意宣传公开针对目标群体的仇恨”，“‘煽动’一词是针对民族、种族或宗教团体的言论，这种言论可给此类团体成员带来即时的歧视、敌对或暴力风险。”", "19. 特别报告员在联合意见书中也指出了人权理事会2011年3月24日未经表决通过的、题为“打击基于宗教或信仰原因对他人不容忍、进行丑化和侮辱及歧视的行为，以及煽动暴力和暴力侵害他人的行为”的第16/18号决议这一积极事态发展。他表示赞赏人权理事会历经数年辩论最终找到了办法，在不提及会损害国际人权法的概念的情况下一致应对这些令人不安的现象。在此背景之下，特别报告员强调了权利持有人是个人而非宗教本身这一原则。", "3. 包括新纳粹分子、光头党组织和类似极端主义意识形态运动在内的各种极端主义政党、运动和团体", "20. 有关包括新纳粹分子、光头党组织和类似极端主义意识形态运动在内的各种极端主义政党、运动和团体问题，特别报告员向人权理事会第十八届会议提交了一份报告（A/HRC/18/44）。", "21. 特别报告员确认了成员国和其他利益攸关方为对抗极端主义政党、运动和团体采用的良好做法。在这方面，他对一些国家的宪法和立法禁止种族歧视表示欢迎，并对一些国家的刑法将种族歧视和煽动种族仇恨列为犯罪表示赞赏。他还欢迎一些刑法将种族主义或仇外动机当作是某些罪行的加重处罚情节。在其他良好做法中，特别报告员强调了各国发起的专门打击极端主义的方案，包括引导青少年远离极端主义团体；在检察署设立处理仇恨罪的具体单位；收集关于仇恨罪的资料，包括极端主义团体犯下的种族主义罪行；以及培训执法人员、教育措施和提高认识活动，以促进对文化多样性的包容和尊重。", "22. 特别报告员注意到各国为打击极端主义政党、运动和团体所做的努力，但他强调仍遇到严峻的挑战，包括保护弱势人群免受种族主义和仇外犯罪之害，这要求付出更多的努力并提高警觉。特别报告员强调，在极端主义政党、运动和团体煽动或发起的攻击中，包括罗姆人、辛提人、移民、难民和寻求庇护者在内的少数群体成员仍然是主要受害者。他强调种族主义罪行的实施者仍然逍遥法外，并表示关切在此类犯罪中受害者人数被低估。", "23. 在此背景之下，特别报告员也提到了极端主义政党、运动和团体在保护和巩固民主与人权方面提出的挑战。他强调，极端主义政党、运动和团体已拥有一定影响力，包括通过在国家和区域两级的议会中获得议席。此外，一些极端主义政党、运动和团体采取了全新战略，借由不公开宣扬种族主义和仇外言论在政治舞台上占得一席之地。特别报告员还关切地强调，与极端主义运动联系密切的个人和团体利用互联网散布种族主义思想做法正与日俱增。", "24. 鉴于一些国家即将举行总统和立法选举，特别报告员呼吁各传统政党避免利用选举背景煽动民粹思想，且不要寻求与极端主义政党联盟。他进一步回顾，必须按照国际人权法并以维护民主原则的方式采取措施，以对抗极端主义政党、运动和团体。", "B. 种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的受害者", "25. 特别报告员反复强调，需要采用一种以受害者为中心的办法，确保所采取的行动真正满足遭受种族主义和歧视的人士的具体需求。按照德班会议文件，特别报告员强调，所有受害者都应得到同样的关注和保护，关键是要避免对不同表现形式的歧视建立等级，即使各种歧视因历史、地域和文化背景的不同而在性质和程度上有所不同。应以同样的重视和同样的决心对待一切形式的种族主义和歧视。", "26. 在此背景之下，特别报告员希望强调种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为对某些群体充分享受公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利的消极影响。自他上次向大会提交报告以来，特别报告员讨论了非洲裔人（见B.1分节）、罗姆人（见B.2分节）和因工作和血统面临歧视的人，包括因种姓和类似世系制度遭受歧视的人（见B.3分节）的处境。", "1. 非洲裔人", "27. 在庆祝非洲裔人国际年之际，特别报告员为消除种族歧视委员会于2011年3月7日在日内瓦举行的关于“针对非洲裔人的种族歧视”的专题讨论投稿。此外，他参加了在非洲裔人专家工作组第十届会议框架内于3月29日举行的名为“非洲裔人：非洲裔人面临的现况概述”的专题讨论。在3月21日消除种族歧视国际日之际，特别报告员还会同其他联合国独立人权专家提交了一份名为“认可、公正和发展：实现非洲裔人完全平等的路线图”的联合声明。", "28. 特别报告员承认已经取得了进展和积极变化，但他强调，严峻的挑战依然存在。实际上，尽管与种族主义和种族歧视已进行了一个多世纪的斗争，但因过去曾遭受的历史不公正和严重侵犯人权行为，包括奴隶制和跨大西洋奴隶贸易，非洲裔人继续遭受歧视和边缘化。这在教育、就业、保健和住房领域尤为明显。不公平现象还渗透到进入政治决策和司法系统。特别是在司法方面，针对非洲裔人的种族歧视和非洲裔人在法律面前，尤其是在刑事司法系统面前的不公正待遇仍存在严峻的挑战。他们往往在刑罚管理中遭受体制种族主义。警方的种族貌相分析也对其造成不利影响。", "29. 迫切需要持续注意非洲裔人在日常生活的各个方面遭受的不公平。微小但无处不在的结构性歧视或体制种族主义是其日常生活的一部分。令人遗憾的是，他们不被接纳为公共机构或私营企业内部文化的一部分，也不被认可为更广泛社会文化的一部分。至关重要的是，要认识到仍扎根于社会中的针对非洲裔人的种族主义和种族歧视。", "30. 在此背景之下，特别报告员还强调非洲裔妇女和女童的处境，她们往往遭受基于血统和性别的多种形式歧视。在教育、公共和政治生活、保健以及进入劳动力市场等关键领域，同男性相比，非洲裔妇女和女童通常更加边缘化且更加遭受歧视，她们还特别易受剥削、人口贩运、种族虐待和暴力之害。", "31. 特别报告员认为，非洲裔人参与社会的政治、经济、社会和文化方面以及参与其国家进步和经济发展，对一个包容性社会而言必不可少。在这方面，特别报告员特别提及了《德班宣言》第32段，[7] 该段肯定了确保非洲裔人充分融入社会、经济和政治生活以促进其充分参与各级决策制定过程的重要性和必要性。还强调了非洲裔人为社会的经济、社会、文化、公民和政治生活所做的宝贵贡献。", "32. 针对非洲裔人的种族歧视是实现发展的主要障碍。因此，特别报告员回顾，对发展而言，有意义地参与和赋权、平等和非歧视，是基于人权的办法的核心特征，并且应鼓励在实现千年发展目标方面的进步。", "2. 罗姆人", "33. 在其提交给人权理事会第十七届会议的年度报告中，特别报告员分析了针对罗姆人的种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为问题。他注意到，尽管各国在区域和国家两级采取了广泛措施以消除针对罗姆人的种族主义和种族歧视，但根据现状来看，各国仍任重而道远。实际上，依然存在的严峻挑战揭示了针对罗姆人的种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为问题的严重性和根深蒂固。在此方面，特别报告员强调，当涉及享受教育、卫生、就业和住房权利时，罗姆人特别容易遭受种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为。他们遭受的普遍歧视以一种恶劣方式造成了其边缘处境及社会排斥。特别报告员关切地注意到罗姆儿童在学校被隔离、罗姆人的失业率高、遭受被迫驱逐、在住房领域日益隔离，以及他们在获得保健和服务时遇到的歧视性做法。", "34. 罗姆人的社会经济边缘处境和排斥是其面临的种族主义和种族歧视最常见的表现形式之一，在享受公民和政治权利方面，罗姆人也是歧视的受害者。实际上，在一些国家，罗姆人在获得国籍方面遭受着歧视，他们在许多国家仍被广泛排斥在公共和政治生活之外，在这些国家的公共行政机构或政党中，罗姆人的代表性仍不足或根本没有代表权。特别报告员还关切地注意到罗姆人在诉诸司法，包括刑事司法系统时遭受歧视，例如公诉人的歧视性态度、过分拖延处理罗姆人起诉的案件及报道所称警察对其进行的种族貌相分析。", "35. 在许多国家，私人或公众行为者对罗姆人的暴力仍是一个严重且愈演愈烈的问题。在此背景之下，特别报告员强调了警方对罗姆人的虐待和暴力行为，极端主义的抬头加剧了罗姆人面对种族主义暴力的脆弱性，也增加了包括国家高官在内的公职人员和政客针对罗姆人的种族主义和仇外言论。", "36. 特别报告员也对罗姆移民既是罗姆人又是非国民而面临双重歧视提出关切。他注意到，罗姆人在原籍国所经历的贫穷以及种族主义、种族歧视和边缘化往往有助于解释他们为什么要移居国外。此外，数年来，罗姆移民经常是安全政策和言论的攻击目标，有时这也导致他们被驱除。在这方面，特别报告员表示关切罗姆移民遭受有针对性的驱逐，他们有可能被驱逐到歧视罗姆人的国家。他呼吁各国尊重罗姆移民的权利，这些权利受到相关区域和国际人权文书的保障。", "37. 特别报告员评价针对罗姆人的种族歧视和种族主义的原因仍很复杂，同时强调可以解释这种情况持续存在的三个主要因素，但这不应被视为详尽无遗。这些因素包括：罗姆人在决策过程中缺少参与、针对罗姆人的政策和立法得不到执行，以及他们面临的种族主义和种族歧视的结构性方面。在这方面，特别报告员还强调，罗姆人遭遇的体制性歧视体现在立法、政策和行政措施中以及国家官员的歧视性态度上。他强调，各国有必要确保其行政人员的行为符合国际人权义务。", "3. 基于工作和血统的歧视，包括基于种姓和类似世系制度的歧视", "38. 特别报告员多次提出基于工作和血统的歧视对充分享受公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利的消极影响。他重申，各国必须认识到，以血统为理由的歧视构成种族歧视形式，是被《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》所禁止的。特别报告员赞同消除种族歧视委员会采取的立场，即该委员会第29号一般性建议：2002年《公约》第1条第1款（血统）强烈重申“基于‘血统’的歧视包括基于种姓和类似世系制度的社会分层形式、针对社区成员的歧视，使他们平等享受人权的权利丧失或受到损害”。", "39. 特别报告员想要强调，多重歧视使得低种姓人士遭受的困境更加严重，这些人有时构成了宗教少数群体的一部分。例如，许多属于“贱民种姓”（达利特人）的印度教徒在获得住房方面遭到隔离，生活在贫困线以下，收入低于最低工资，没有受教育机会。他们患有多种疾病，不仅是由于得不到安全饮用水和卫生设施，还因为有时在进入公共卫生机构时受到歧视。无处不在的歧视使他们摆脱不了贫穷、接受不到教育、生活条件糟糕、工作卑微。低种姓儿童在教育方面遭受歧视，是最脆弱人群之一，面临被征募为童工、士兵或沦为性工作者，遭受猖獗的酷刑和体罚。贩运和买卖儿童，尤其是幼女以及杀害女婴是歧视的其他多重形式。妇女和女童面临着多重歧视，包括遭受性剥削、强迫卖淫、家庭和社区暴力以及来自其他种姓行为者的暴力。", "40. 同时，特别报告员确认了在打击基于工作和血统的歧视中国际和国家两级的良好做法和挑战。他满意地注意到，一些国家政府已采取主动行动，解决社区因受基于工作和血统的歧视面临的问题，他鼓励政府继续努力，分享最佳做法，在区域和国际行动中树立榜样以消除这种形式的歧视。", "41. 但是，尽管各国政府努力通过宪法保障、立法和平等权利行动方案来根除这一类歧视，但特别报告员注意到，基于种姓的歧视仍然分布广泛，令人扼腕，并且依然根深蒂固。他想要重申，尽管存在着防止基于工作和血统歧视的国际法律义务，但某些国家政府未能有效履行这些义务，在某些情况下，这些政府借由宣称种姓歧视问题不属于《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》等国际公约的管辖范围，回避此类问题，这与消除种族歧视委员会的主张背道而驰。在这方面，他再次建议将消除种族歧视委员会第29号一般性建议（2002年）所载的一般措施加以执行。", "42. 特别报告员建议，继续使用消除基于工作和血统歧视的原则和准则草案，[8] 将其作为制定各国履行国际法律义务所采取的有效措施的指导框架，并请各国政府考虑建立一个区域人权机构的协商机构，研究这一问题并提高区域认识。此外，特别报告员建议同时采取法律框架方面的措施和提高认识方面的措施。", "C. 打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的最佳做法", "43. 特别报告员已在多个场合，包括在人权理事会第十七届会议框架内于2011年6月15日举行的“打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为最佳做法的专门小组讨论”上，谈及了打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的最佳做法问题。该专门小组是在即将庆祝《德班宣言和行动纲领》发表十周年之际成立的。", "44. 在那次讨论会上，特别报告员有机会分享了他在这个问题上的经验感受。特别报告员强调的良好做法包括在其国家访问期间和提交给人权理事会和大会的报告中确认的法律、政策和机构措施。特别报告员特别注意到制定了一些打击种族主义和种族歧视的国家法律，提供了良好保护。", "45. 《德班审查会议成果文件》[9] 第28段重申了呼吁各国制定行动计划，防止、打击和消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为。在这方面，特别报告员强调，一些国家按照《德班宣言和行动纲领》的条款制定了反对种族主义的国家行动计划。在某些情况下，制定这些国家行动计划和战略，是为了涵盖包括罗姆人在内的特定人群。特别报告员还强调了用以保护移徙工人而采取的具体措施，包括为外籍工人建立提出申诉的渠道，以及为其在法庭提起诉讼提供语言和经济援助。", "46. 特别报告员还强调，若干国家已投资于教育，以促进互相理解和对文化多样性的尊重；并且制定了一些教育政策和方案，以促进不同社区在国家一级的和平共处。特别报告员确认的其他积极实例包括培训执法人员及提高认识措施。", "47. 在此背景之下，特别报告员重申，创建体制框架用以充分推广并分享打击种族主义的最佳做法，将有助于各国吸取积极经验，然后再应用在其他情形下。人权高专办的最佳做法数据库一旦完成，将成为确认和分享最佳做法的关键工具。各国也可以更好地利用普遍定期审议进程来分享最佳做法。", "三、特别报告员的活动", "48. 在本节中，特别报告员提及了自他上次向大会提交报告以来开展的另一些活动，其中包括国家访问（A分节），专题新闻稿（B分节）以及研讨会和协商（C分节）。", "A. 国家访问", "1. 对匈牙利的访问", "49. 特别报告员于2011年5月23日至27日访问了匈牙利。他希望借此机会再次衷心感谢匈牙利政府在整个访问期间的合作和开诚布公。载有特别报告员关于此次访问的意见和结论的详细报告将于2012年提交给人权理事会第二十届会议。", "50. 2011年5月27日，在布达佩斯举行的新闻发布会上，[10] 特别报告员强调了此次访问的特定背景，这是继前任种族主义问题特别报告员十多年前首访匈牙利后再次对该国进行的访问，也恰逢匈牙利政府通过新宪法并担任欧洲联盟的轮值主席国。他进一步回顾，他在访问中提出的问题必须放在匈牙利的历史背景下加以理解，特别是共产主义政权垮台对弱势群体，尤其是罗姆人的影响。", "51. 特别报告员称赞匈牙利政府为履行其关于民族和族裔少数群体状况的国际人权义务和承诺及在打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为中做出巨大努力。他注意到该国采取的关键立法、体制和政治措施。在此方面，他特别欢迎1993年关于民族和族裔少数群体权利的第七十八号法令和2003年关于平等待遇和促进机会均等的第一百二十五号法令等突出成就，这些法令为消除歧视提供了一个全面而宝贵的立法框架。特别报告员还对匈牙利独特的少数民族自治制度，政府与罗姆人领袖之间新近达成的协议以及匈牙利作为欧洲联盟委员会主席国提出的欧洲罗姆人战略表示欢迎。", "52. 虽然在过去几年取得了巨大的成就，但特别报告员强调，挑战仍然存在，包括在所采取措施的执行方面。他强调，匈牙利必须确保所有措施产生有效成果，且覆盖遭受过种族主义和种族歧视的所有个人的情况。他确认了值得特别关注和果断行动的关键领域。在此方面，他强调，难民、寻求庇护者和移民的处境是一项需要特别关注的问题。特别报告员还强调确保宪法的修改不会减弱保护少数民族权利的法律和体制框架的重要性。他建议赋予少数族群成员有效的权力。", "53. 特别报告员强调，在过去数年里，匈牙利最大的少数民族罗姆人的处境发生恶化，政府官员也认识到这一点。他们面临种族主义和种族歧视，包括教育领域的隔离，并且易遭受暴力和虐待。特别报告员意识到罗姆人当前处境的历史根源及解决这一问题的难度，他强调，迫切需要有一种强烈的政治意愿来解决其处境。利用匈牙利政府的一切必要资源振兴罗姆人的教育极为紧迫。至关重要的是，匈牙利要制定一种针对罗姆人的综合办法并详细制定一项始于地方一级并在所有层面实施的巩固和协调方案。在此方面，必须弥补匈牙利政府在国际一级的参与与地方政府的承诺之间的差距。", "54. 最后，特别报告员强调，必须立即行动，以应对反犹太主义。他还呼吁政府警惕极端主义政党、运动和团体死灰复燃，其中一些据称有种族主义平台，他还提请政府注意仇视性言论再现。", "2. 即将进行的访问", "55. 特别报告员感谢玻利维亚政府同意他访问该国的请求。他计划在2011年年底前到该国访问。他还感谢南非政府邀请他进行访问，他计划尽快成行。", "56. 特别报告员非常期待分别与玻利维亚和南非政府当局就与其任务授权有关的一切事务展开建设性对话。", "B. 专题新闻稿", "57. 在2010年12月10日国际人权日之际，特别程序协调委员会代表联合国人权理事会的任务执行人提交了联合声明。[11] 特别报告员赞扬了在全球范围内与歧视作斗争的人权卫士，并呼吁给予他们更多的保护。人权卫士战斗在打击歧视和一切侵权行为的第一线——他们的工作至关重要，但他们经常受到威胁，必须得到更好的保护。在声明中，特别报告员还强调，人权卫士通过他们的献身精神和牺牲推进了人权议程，并使《世界人权宣言》的原则更接近其社会现状、促进平等以及法治和正义。他们促成了规定人人都不应成为歧视受害者的法律和政策。特别报告员进一步强调，人权卫士和非政府组织对于自由而公正的社会运行而言至关重要，在这种社会，任何人，无论其种族、宗教、性别、政治或性别特性如何，都有权反对不平等或虐待，并有权寻求公正和赔偿。", "58. 2010年9月17日，在迎接千年发展目标高级别全体会议之际，特别报告员就千年发展目标1的实现情况发表了联合新闻稿。[12] 其中他注意到，在若干千年发展目标的实现方面已取得了重大进展，但仍有许多工作有待完成。在国家和国际两级要处理结构性问题，必须着眼于人权，因为人权问题支撑并维持了贫穷和欠发达，千年发展目标正试图缓解其影响。他强调，千年发展目标是值得称道的政治承诺，有利于动员资金和能量，但只有当各国履行了规定应由何人、采取何种行动的人权义务时，才能可持续地实现这些目标。此外，特别报告员强调国家和国际两级的善治和法治十分关键。", "C. 研讨会和协商", "59. 2010年11月30日，特别报告员在日内瓦主持了一场名为“平等、不歧视和多样性：大众媒体的挑战或机遇？”的专家协商。该讨论会汇聚了有着在全球性大众媒体机构供职经验的12名专家以及促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题特别报告员和宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员。从专业背景来看，这12名专家中各有一名报纸编辑、电视主播、驻外记者、连线记者、在线博客作者和新闻收集负责人以及来自记者联合团体、国际人权组织、联合国教育、科学及文化组织和不同文明联盟的代表各一人。作为讨论的一部分，他们分析了两个具体案例研究，即媒体近期对焚烧可兰经副本计划的报道[13] 和在族裔分裂国家报道选举后冲突的挑战。[14] 特别报告员进一步获悉不同大众媒体机构的内部决策过程，以及帮助他们做出日常判断并恪守专业性和独立性关键原则的条件。专家们强调，大众媒体面临若干挑战，例如行业内日益剧烈的竞争，不分昼夜提供新闻的需求，以及全球性和不断演变的媒体视角。根据自己的工作经验，专家们还回顾了大众媒体机构为促进平等、言论自由和多样性所采用的现行举措和准则。[15] 他们承认，尽管不完美，但大众媒体自律还是最佳制度，同时他们强调，自律不应导致自我审查或保持沉默攻守同盟的有害后果。他们还强调了包括调查报道在内的技能培训的重要性。", "60. 2011年1月10日，特别报告员向在欧洲理事会组织的“打击基于种族、民族、宗教或其他偏见的歧视”的研讨会框架内在安卡拉举行的主题为“欧洲反对种族主义和不容忍委员会及其国际伙伴：合作和增效作用”的会议投稿。当回顾《德班文件》关于区域机构的作用的条款时，特别报告员强调欧洲反对种族主义和不容忍委员会、欧安组织民主制度和人权办公室以及欧洲联盟基本权利机构在打击欧洲一级的种族主义方面做出了巨大贡献。为了加强合作，特别报告员强调，采用应对一切形式种族主义和歧视的综合法律框架，使其存在于联合国一级和欧洲一级，是一项正确战略。此外，应定期与其他国家和区域分享最佳做法，包括采取旨在促进社会内部理解的教育和提高认识举措等综合措施。特别报告员认为，利用吸取的经验教训，更频繁地进行经验交流，必定能为制定打击歧视和种族主义的有用工具提供一个框架。他鼓励打击歧视的国家、区域和国际机制展开进一步的联合行动，欢迎与欧洲机制进一步互动，包括在欧洲国家访问的准备、数据、研究、判例法、法律和政策措施方面。同时，在一些问题上值得采用一种通用办法。", "四、结论和建议", "61. 特别报告员注意到各国为解决本报告提出的专题问题的相关挑战所做的可贵努力，并赞扬各国政府在国家和区域两级制定了若干良好做法。但是，特别报告员想要强调，要想有效对抗世界各地许多妇女、男子和儿童实际上面临的种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为，仍有很多工作有待完成。", "62. 不幸的是，种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为继续对充分享受公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利造成消极影响。这通常在非洲裔人、罗姆人、基于种姓和类似世系制度的社区成员和少数民族身上尤其明显，包括在教育、就业、保健、住房、获得国籍、司法、种族貌相以及进入政治决策和司法系统领域。此外，某些社区的妇女和女童特别容易遭受剥削、贩运、种族虐待和暴力行为。", "63. 在此背景之下，根据本报告提出的令人关切的专题问题，特别报告员想要提出以下一般性建议，各国可将这些建议用作进一步分析和进步的工具。", "64. 对付种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为祸患的第一个步骤是认识到它在社会和国家机构中的存在。尽管特别报告员知道承认这一现实的难度。但他确信，对于终结种族歧视而言，认识到这一点是至关重要的第一步。", "65. 各国不一定知晓种族主义和种族歧视在其社会中的表现形式和蔓延趋势，也不一定知晓它对于受害者日常生活的影响，包括边缘化和社会排斥。缺少评估状况的适当工具，包括可靠的统计资料和数据，是造成这一局面的原因之一。特别报告员重申，这些数据和统计资料不仅需要用来确认受种族歧视影响的个人和群体，还可以用来更好地了解他们面临的不公平的性质和程度，用于制定可补救不公平现象的有针对性的政策和措施。因此，他鼓励各国收集按族裔分列的资料，提高现有的资料收集系统质量。这种收集工作必须根据国际人权标准经与相关人群协商完成。特别报告员还强烈建议收集与极端主义政党、运动和团体，包括新纳粹分子和光头党组织联系密切的个人犯下的种族主义和仇外罪行的资料。按族裔分列的资料也是一种重要工具，可对各国种族主义和种族歧视的结构性方面获得全面了解。", "66. 此外，特别报告员强烈呼吁所有成员国展示其预防和打击种族主义和种族歧视的进一步政治意愿，并促进消除全世界种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的进一步有效行动。实际上，消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为并不总被视为优先事项。在这方面，特别报告员重申，《德班宣言和行动纲领》以及《德班审查会议成果文件》构成了打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的最全面的国际框架。他呼吁所有国家支持德班进程，并切实履行载于这些文件中的承诺。他还敦促有关国家批准《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》。", "67. 认识和强烈的政治意愿如果再加上日益提高的警惕性，特别是针对种族主义和种族歧视的某些表现和形式的抬头，包括针对例如新纳粹分子、光头党组织和类似极端主义运动意识形态在内的极端主义政党、运动和团体现象，将产生成效。特别报告员回顾，没有一个国家不存在此类现象。在这方面，他重申政治领袖和政党必须强烈谴责一切散布基于种族优越性或仇恨、煽动种族歧视或仇外心理的政治信息。尊重人权和自由、民主和法治必须始终成为各政党制定的任何方案和活动的基石，同时谨记需要确保政治和法律制度在所有层面体现出社会的多元文化特征。", "68. 特别报告员鼓励各国在制定措施以应对种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为对充分享受公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利产生的消极影响时，采用一种综合性方法。", "69. 此外，在制定此类综合性方法时，各国应考虑到种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的结构性层面，包括非洲裔人、罗姆人和基于工作和血统的歧视受害者等人群遭受的此类行为。实际上，需要通过一种能够解决这一现象方方面面的综合性方法来应对结构性歧视的根源。在此方面，特别报告员敦促各国审查并重新制定影响过大的立法、政策和方案，包括间接歧视一些特定人群的立法、政策和方案。他进一步建议在采取打击种族主义的国家战略和方案时关注结构性歧视以及种族主义与某部分人口受到的社会经济或政治排斥之间的相互关系。", "70. 适当的法律对策是特别报告员在本报告中建议的方法的一个基本支柱。法律应禁止鼓吹构成煽动歧视、敌对或暴力的国家、种族或宗教仇恨，同样应禁止传播基于种族优越感或仇恨的思想、煽动种族歧视和实施所有暴力行为和煽动此种行为。在这方面，特别报告员建议制定符合国际人权标准，包括《公民及政治权利国际公约》第20条第2款和《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第4条的法律。他还敦促各国将一项条款纳入国内刑法，根据该条款，犯下具有种族主义或仇外动机或目的的罪行构成加重处罚情节，应受到严惩。特别报告员还呼吁各国充分执行《公民及政治权利国际公约》第19至第22条，上述条款保障了言论、集会和结社自由权并确定了有关限制。在这方面，他强调各国决不能忽略一个事实，即在应对煽动国家、种族或宗教仇恨问题时，最终目标在于找到最有效的方法，使个人得以免受鼓吹仇恨和他人施暴之害。", "71. 法律对策远不足以引起真正变化。实际上，立法措施应辅以一套更广泛的政策措施，诸如平等权利行动；收集按族裔分列的数据和统计资料；对国家工作人员进行人权培训；以及为促进相互了解、尊重和容忍而采取教育和提高认识措施。", "72. 特别报告员对平等权利行动措施或方案的制定和执行提出了建议，包括矫正非洲裔人、罗姆人和基于工作和血统的歧视受害者等特定人群遭受的历史性不平等。在这方面，特别报告员敦促各国按照消除种族歧视委员会第32号一般性建议和德班条款制定并执行特别措施。", "73. 国家机构内部的种族主义和种族歧视是各国不可否认的现实。在这方面，特别报告员建议各国通过定期开展适足的强制性人权培训活动加强执法人员和司法人员的能力，这些培训活动侧重于种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为，同时也涵盖与极端主义政党、运动和团体，包括新纳粹分子、光头党组织联系密切的个人犯下的种族主义和仇外罪行。", "74. 为了解决社会内部的种族主义和种族歧视根源，并建设一个基于容忍、尊重文化多样性和不歧视的社会，特别报告员强烈建议各国投资于教育。在这方面，特别报告员想要特别强调，在教授非洲裔人、罗姆人和其他社区的历史、其文化和积极贡献，以及他们过去遭受的严重侵犯人权行为方面历史课具有重要意义。他进一步回顾，在对抗极端主义政党、运动和团体抬头方面，人权教育是一项主要工具。", "75. 各国也应提高认识并对长期盘踞的观念提出质疑，以促进打造舆论，迈向更公平、更平等的社会。因此，用以启发和敏化居民的提高认识措施应辅以教育工作。在这方面，特别报告员呼吁国家人权机构制定适当的方案，促进对所有人和所有人权的包容和尊重，并对抗极端主义。", "76. 此外，应给予受害者特别关注。在这方面，特别报告员敦促各国保证种族主义和种族歧视受害者充分获得有效的法律补救，包括寻求公正和适当赔偿的权利。应对种族主义和仇外态度和犯罪进行迅速、彻底和公平的调查，应让受害者认识到自身的权利，并且上述罪行责任人应受到应有的惩罚。通过进一步措施赋予种族主义和种族歧视受害者权力，以确保他们获得优质的高等教育，这也是各国应采取的主要步骤。此外，特别报告员敦促各国确保种族主义和种族歧视受害者参与到国家政策，特别是影响他们的政策的设计、决策和执行工作中。", "77. 特别报告员重申，为了预防和消除种族主义和种族歧视所采取的一切措施应依照国际人权标准制定和执行。另外，至关重要的是，基于坚实的法律框架的综合方法和关键补充措施应以有效、包容和合作方式，并在有关利益攸关方参与下加以执行。在这方面，特别报告员建议加强并更好地协调国家和地方两级的执行工作，他鼓励各国适当地与民间社会组织、联合国和区域人权机制合作。他还建议各国做出进一步努力，以分享在地方、国家和区域各级制定的最佳做法，从而防止和消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为。", "————————", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 新闻稿全文请登录www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10908& LangID=E查阅。", "[3] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/CRP3Joint_SRSubmission_for_ Vienna.pdf。", "[4] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles 1920_iccpr/docs/JointSRsubmissionforNairobi workshop.pdf。", "[5] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/expert_papers_Bangkok/SR SubmissionBangkokWorkshop.pdf。", "[6] www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/standards/the-camden-principle-on-freedom-of-expression- and-equality.pdf。", "[7] 见A/CONF.189/12和Corr.1，第一章。", "[8] www.2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/11session/CRP/A-HRC-11CRP3.pdf。", "[9] 见A/CONF.211/8，第一章。", "[10] 新闻稿全文请登录www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11078&LangID= E查阅。", "[11] 新闻稿全文可登录www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID= 10587&LangID=E查阅。", "[12] 新闻稿全文可登录www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID= 10344&LangID=E查阅。", "[13] 另见特别报告员2010年9月8日的指控信（A/HRC/17/40/Add.1，第149-155段）。", "[14] 见www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=2122&LangID=E。", "[15] 例如，见《阿拉伯半岛电视台道德守则》（http://english.aljazeera.net/aboutus/2006/11/20085251857 33692771.html）；《英国广播公司编辑指南》（www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/editorialguidelines）；《根据第19条编写的关于言论自由和平等的卡姆登原则》（www.article19.org/data/files/medialibrary/ 1214/camden-Principles-ENGLISH-web.pdf）；以及国际新闻工作者联合会，《新闻职业道德倡议》（http://ethicaljournalisminitiative.org）。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 67 (b) of the provisional agenda[1]", "Elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance: comprehensive implementation of and follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action", "Combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and the comprehensive implementation of the follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the interim report prepared by the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, Githu Muigai, pursuant to Assembly resolution 65/240.", "Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "Summary", "The present report to the General Assembly is submitted pursuant to Assembly resolution 65/240 on global efforts for the total elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and the comprehensive implementation of and follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action.", "Following a brief introduction, the Special Rapporteur refers, in section II of the report, to thematic issues of concern as addressed within the framework of his mandate since the submission of his previous report to the General Assembly (A/65/295). These issues include: structural discrimination; incitement to national, racial or religious hatred; extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups, and similar extremist ideological movements; and victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including people of African descent, Roma and the victims of discrimination based on work and descent, including discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status. The Special Rapporteur also highlights some best practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.", "In section III, the Special Rapporteur refers to further activities carried out since his previous report to the General Assembly, including country visits, thematic press releases, seminars and consultations.", "Finally, in section IV, the Special Rapporteur presents a number of conclusions and recommendations relating to the above-mentioned issues of concern. The Special Rapporteur takes note of the valuable efforts made by States to address the challenges and commends Governments for having developed a number of good practices both at national and regional levels. However, he emphasizes that racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance unfortunately continue to have a negative impact on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. This is particularly blatant for people of African descent, Roma, members of communities based on caste or analogous systems of inherited status and ethnic minorities in general, including in the areas of education, employment, health, housing, access to citizenship, administration of justice, racial profiling as well as access to political decision-making and judicial systems. In this context, the Special Rapporteur provides several recommendations which could be used by States as tools for further analysis and progress.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II. Issues 4 of concern for the \nmandate A.Manifestations 5 and forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related \nintolerance B.Victims 9 of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related \nintolerance C.Best 13 practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related \nintolerance III. Activities 14 of the Special \nRapporteur A.Country 14 \nvisits B.Thematic 15 press \nreleases C.Seminars 16 and \nconsultations IV.Conclusions 17 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. On 25 March 2011, the Human Rights Council adopted resolution 16/33, by which it extended the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance for a further period of three years, in accordance with the terms of reference contained in Human Rights Council resolution 7/34.", "2. The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/240 on global efforts for the total elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and the comprehensive implementation of and follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. The Assembly requested the Special Rapporteur, within his mandate, to continue giving particular attention to the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.", "3. In this report, the Special Rapporteur gives an overview of the issues of concern as addressed within the framework of his mandate since the submission of his previous report to the Assembly (A/65/295). These issues of concern for the mandate are presented in section II and include structural discrimination; incitement to national, racial or religious hatred; extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups, and similar extremist ideological movements; and victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including people of African descent, Roma and the victims of discrimination based on work and descent, including discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status. The Special Rapporteur also highlights some best practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.", "4. In section III, the Special Rapporteur refers to further activities carried out since his previous report to the Assembly, including country visits, thematic press releases, seminars and consultations.", "5. In section IV, the Special Rapporteur presents a number of conclusions and recommendations relating to the above-mentioned issues of concern.", "II. Issues of concern for the mandate", "6. In his thematic reports, press releases, contributions to conferences and other meetings, the Special Rapporteur has continued to give particular attention to the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights, pursuant to paragraph 32 of General Assembly resolution 65/240.", "7. In the present section, the Special Rapporteur refers to various manifestations and forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (subsection A); victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (subsection B); and best practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (subsection C).", "A. Manifestations and forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "1. Structural discrimination", "8. Since the submission of his last report to the General Assembly, the Special Rapporteur has highlighted the issue of structural discrimination on several occasions, including in a public statement and in his annual report submitted to the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session (A/HRC/17/40).", "9. On 18 October 2010, the Special Rapporteur participated in the thematic discussion on “Structural discrimination: definitions, approaches and trends” held in the framework of the eighth session of the Intergovernmental Working Group on the Effective Implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. In the statement delivered on that occasion, the Special Rapporteur acknowledged that while the pervasive existence and manifestations of structural discrimination had been studied and addressed widely, including by United Nations expert mechanisms, that phenomenon remained a difficult one to define. He provided some elements that might contribute to a better understanding of the different manifestations of structural discrimination and its various causes.", "10. The Special Rapporteur took the view that structural discrimination refers to racist, xenophobic or intolerant patterns of behaviour and attitudes within societal structures that target specific individuals or groups of individuals, in relation to their race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin. Such “societal” structural discrimination is related, inter alia, to the persistence of deeply rooted racial prejudice and negative stereotypes within the societies.", "11. The Special Rapporteur further highlighted that structural discrimination can be the result of past historical injustices perpetrated against specific groups of individuals. Long after that formalized racial discrimination was dismantled, the inequalities that were created continued to have a disadvantage or disproportionate effect on the human rights of individuals of specific ethnic and racial groups. Indigenous peoples, Roma, members of communities based on caste or analogous systems of inherited status, ethnic minorities and people of African descent remain particularly affected by this historical legacy, notably in the areas of health, housing, employment, education, administration of justice as well as political representation and empowerment. Thus structural discrimination is one example of the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.", "12. In the context of structural discrimination, the Special Rapporteur would like to reiterate the importance of addressing any discriminatory effects of those laws, policies and programmes that are prima facie non-discriminatory. Indeed, in some cases while the legislation or the public policies seem to be in conformity with international human rights law, and the aim of Governments is to prohibit racial discrimination, their application may have a discriminatory effect. The Special Rapporteur urges States to review and redesign legislation, policies and programmes that have a disproportionate effect, including the legislation, policies and programmes that may discriminate indirectly against specific groups of individuals. He further recommends that particular attention be paid to the situation of migrants while addressing the question of structural discrimination.", "2. Incitement to national, racial or religious hatred", "13. Since the submission of his previous report to the General Assembly, the issue of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred has been raised by the Special Rapporteur on several occasions, including in a joint press release and in the joint written submissions presented with the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief and the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression.", "14. In the joint press release regarding the situation in Côte d’Ivoire, issued with other United Nations human rights experts on 1 April 2011,[2] the Special Rapporteur called on all parties to refrain from any advocacy of national or racial hatred that might incite to discrimination, hostility or violence. He demanded an end to attacks against foreign nationals and joined his voice to the appeal made by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination to promptly investigate and punish those responsible for ethnic violence.", "15. The Special Rapporteur also addressed the issue of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred in the joint written submissions presented in Vienna,[3] Nairobi[4] and Bangkok[5] to the series of expert workshops of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred. The expert workshops touched upon the rights and freedoms enshrined in the following provisions of international human rights instruments: article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, respectively, on freedom of thought, conscience and religion; article 19 of the Universal Declaration and of the International Covenant on freedom of opinion and expression, respectively; article 20 of the Covenant on the prohibition of any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence; and article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination on the eradication of incitement to racial discrimination as well as acts of violence or incitement to such acts.", "16. In the joint written submissions, the Special Rapporteur explored some legislative and judicial practices in the workshops’ regions (Europe, Africa and Asia-Pacific; the fourth expert workshop on the Americas will be held in October 2011). He also explored policies conducive to effectively prohibiting and preventing advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence. In that regard, he referred to some examples and pertinent recommendations from the mandate’s country fact-finding visits in the different regions and the communications sent to States to help to review legislative and judicial practices and policies.", "17. The Special Rapporteur reiterated that all human rights were universal, indivisible and interdependent and interrelated. He underlined that nowhere was that interdependence more obvious than in the discussion on freedom of expression and incitement to national, racial or religious hatred. He strongly emphasized that freedom of expression and the demands of a pluralist, tolerant, broad-minded and democratic society needed to be taken into consideration in all cases being examined. Freedom of expression had to be understood in a positive sense as one of the essential foundations of a democratic and pluralistic society. It had to be guaranteed equally for all as a way to combat racism and discrimination. With the exercise of that freedom, an atmosphere of respect and understanding between peoples, cultures and religions had to be generated.", "18. The Special Rapporteur further recalled that the OHCHR expert seminar on articles 19 and 20 of the Covenant, held in Geneva in October 2008, identified some objective criteria to prevent arbitrary application of national legal standards pertaining to incitement to racial or religious hatred: the public intent of inciting discrimination, hostility or violence must be present for hate speech to be penalized; any limitations on freedom of expression should be clearly and narrowly defined, provided by law, necessary and proportionate to the objective they propound to achieve, i.e., prohibiting hate speech; limitations should not threaten the exercise of the right itself; the least intrusive means insofar as freedom of expression is concerned should be used to prevent a chilling effect; and the adjudication of such limitations should be made by an independent and impartial judiciary. The Special Rapporteur also referred to the Camden Principles on Freedom of Expression and Equality,[6] which provide useful guidance for the interpretation of international law and standards, inter alia, with regard to incitement to hatred. In that regard, he reiterated Principle 12, which clarifies that “the terms ‘hatred’ and ‘hostility’ refer to intense and irrational emotions of opprobrium, enmity and detestation towards the target group”, that “the term ‘advocacy’ is to be understood as requiring an intention to promote hatred publicly towards the target group” and that “the term ‘incitement’ refers to statements about national, racial or religious groups which create an imminent risk of discrimination, hostility or violence against persons belonging to those groups”.", "19. In the joint written submissions, the Special Rapporteur also noted the positive development of the adoption, on 24 March 2011, by the Human Rights Council, without a vote, of resolution 16/18, entitled “Combating intolerance, negative stereotyping and stigmatization of, and discrimination, incitement to violence, and violence against, persons based on religion or belief”. He expressed his appreciation that the Human Rights Council had, after years of debate, ultimately found a way to unanimously address those worrying phenomena without referring to concepts or notions that would undermine international human rights law. In that context, the Special Rapporteur emphasized the principle that individuals rather than religions per se were the rights-holders.", "3. Extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups, and similar extremist ideological movements", "20. With regard to the issue of extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazi and skinhead groups, and similar extremist ideological movements, the Special Rapporteur has submitted a report to the Human Rights Council at its eighteenth session (A/HRC/18/44).", "21. The Special Rapporteur identified good practices developed by States and other stakeholders to counter extremist political parties, movements and groups. In that regard, he welcomed the prohibition of racial discrimination in a number of States’ constitutions and legislation, and appreciated that racial discrimination and incitement to racial hatred were declared an offence under the criminal law of some countries. He also welcomed the fact that racist or xenophobic motives in some criminal legislation were aggravating factors in relation to some offences. Among other good practices, the Special Rapporteur highlighted the programmes specifically launched by States to combat extremism, including to steer youth away from extremist groups; the establishment of specific units to deal with hate crimes in Public Prosecutor’s offices; the collection of data on hate crimes, including racist crimes committed by members of extremist groups; as well as training of law enforcement agents, educational measures and awareness-raising activities to foster tolerance and respect for cultural diversity.", "22. While taking note of efforts made by States to counter extremist political parties, movements and groups, the Special Rapporteur underlined that important challenges remained which required more efforts and increased vigilance, including with regard to the protection of vulnerable groups of individuals against racist and xenophobic crimes. The Special Rapporteur emphasized that members of minorities, including Roma, Sinti, migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers, continued to be the main victims of violence and attacks perpetrated or incited by extremist political parties, movements and groups. He highlighted the remaining impunity of the perpetrators of racist crimes and expressed his concern about the underreporting of such crimes by the victims.", "23. In this context, the Special Rapporteur also raised the challenges posed by extremist political parties, movements and groups regarding the protection and consolidation of democracy and human rights. He highlighted that extremist political parties, movements and groups had gained influence, including through seats obtained in parliaments at the national and regional levels. Furthermore, some extremist political parties, movements and groups had adopted new strategies to secure a place on the political scene by refraining from openly propagating racist and xenophobic discourse. The Special Rapporteur also highlighted with concern the increased use of the Internet to disseminate racist ideas by individuals and groups of individuals closely linked to extremist movements.", "24. In view of upcoming presidential and legislative elections to be held in some countries, the Special Rapporteur called upon traditional political parties to avoid using electoral contexts to fuel populist ideas and to refrain from seeking coalitions with extremist political parties. He further recalled that any measures to counter extremist political parties, movements and groups had to be taken in accordance with international human rights law and in a manner that upheld democratic principles.", "B. Victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "25. The Special Rapporteur has repeatedly emphasized the need to adopt a victim-oriented approach, to ensure that actions undertaken truly respond to the concrete needs of those experiencing racism and discrimination. In line with the Durban documents, the Special Rapporteur has highlighted that all victims should receive the same attention and protection and that it is essential to avoid establishing any hierarchy among the different manifestations of discrimination, even if they may vary in nature and degree depending on the historical, geographical and cultural context. All forms of racism and discrimination should be addressed with the same emphasis and determination.", "26. In this context, the Special Rapporteur would like to highlight the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of the civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights of certain groups. Since his previous report to the General Assembly, the Special Rapporteur has discussed the situation of people of African descent (see subsection B.1), Roma (see subsection B.2) and those who face discrimination based on work and descent, including discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status (see subsection B.3).", "1. People of African descent", "27. In the context of the celebration of the International Year for People of African Descent, the Special Rapporteur contributed to the thematic discussion on “Racial discrimination against people of African descent”, held by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in Geneva on 7 March 2011. In addition, he participated in the thematic discussion on “People of African descent: Overview of the current situation facing people of African descent”, held in the framework of the tenth session of the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent on 29 March. A joint statement on “Recognition, justice and development: a road map to achieve full equality for people of African descent” was also delivered by the Special Rapporteur and other United Nations independent human rights experts on the occasion of the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination on 21 March.", "28. The Special Rapporteur acknowledged that progress and positive changes had been made; however, he emphasized that important challenges still remained. Indeed, despite century-long fights against racism and racial discrimination, people of African descent continued to be discriminated against and marginalized as a result of the historical injustices and grave human rights violations they had suffered from in the past, including slavery and the transatlantic slave trade. That was particularly blatant in the areas of education, employment, health and housing. Inequalities also seeped into the access to political decision-making and judicial systems. In the administration of justice in particular, important challenges remained with regard to racial discrimination against people of African descent and their unequal treatment before the law, especially in the criminal justice system. They often face institutional racism in the area of penal administration. Racial profiling by the police also adversely affects them.", "29. Inequalities in all aspects of daily life of people of African descent demand continued urgent attention. Subtle, but ever present, structural discrimination or institutionalized racism is part of their everyday existence. They are regrettably not accepted as part of the culture within public institutions or private enterprises, nor within the wider society. It is crucial to recognize that racism and racial discrimination against people of African descent remain embedded in societies.", "30. In that context, the Special Rapporteur also emphasized the situation of women and girls of African descent who often suffer multiple forms of discrimination on the basis of their descent and gender. Women and girls of African descent are regularly more marginalized and discriminated in comparison to men in key areas such as education, public and political life, health, and access to labour markets, and they remain particularly vulnerable to exploitation, trafficking, racial abuse and violence.", "31. In the Special Rapporteur’s view, the participation of people of African descent in political, economic, social and cultural aspects of society, as well as in the advancement and economic development of their countries, is indispensable for an inclusive society. A particular reference was made in that regard by the Special Rapporteur to paragraph 32 of the Durban Declaration,[7] which affirms the importance and necessity of ensuring the full integration of people of African descent into social, economic and political life with a view to facilitating their full participation at all levels in the decision-making process. The invaluable contributions to the economic, social, cultural, civil and political life of society that have been made by people of African descent were also emphasized.", "32. Racial discrimination against people of African descent is a major obstacle to achieving development. The Special Rapporteur therefore recalled that meaningful participation and empowerment, equality and non-discrimination were central features of a human rights-based approach to development and that progress in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals should be encouraged.", "2. Roma", "33. In his annual report submitted to the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session, the Special Rapporteur analysed the issue of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance against Roma. He noted that despite the wide range of measures taken by States at the regional and national levels to eliminate racism and racial discrimination against Roma, more remained to be done in the light of their current situation. Indeed, important challenges remained that revealed grave and deep-rooted problems of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance against Roma. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur stressed that Roma were particularly exposed to racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and intolerance when it came to the enjoyment of their rights to education, health, employment and housing. The widespread discrimination they faced fed their marginalization and social exclusion in a vicious manner. The Special Rapporteur noted with concern the segregation of Roma children in schools, the high rate of unemployment of Roma, their forced evictions and growing segregation in the area of housing, and the discriminatory practices they experienced while accessing health care and services.", "34. While the socio-economic marginalization and exclusion of Roma was one of the most frequent manifestations of the racism and racial discrimination they faced, Roma were also victims of discrimination in the enjoyment of their civil and political rights. Indeed, in a number of countries, Roma were discriminated against in their access to citizenship, and they were still widely excluded from the public and political life of many countries, where they remained underrepresented or not represented at all in States’ public administration and institutions, or in political parties. The Special Rapporteur also noted with concern that Roma were discriminated against in access to justice, including in the criminal justice system, where discriminatory attitudes by prosecutors, excessive delays in dealing with cases brought by Roma and racial profiling by the police were reported.", "35. Violence against Roma by private and public actors remains a serious and increasing problem in many countries. In this context, the Special Rapporteur highlighted abuse and violence against Roma by the police, the rise of extremism which increased Roma vulnerability to racist violence, and the persistence of racist and xenophobic discourse against Roma by public officials and politicians, including high-ranking State officials.", "36. The situation of Roma migrants who face double discrimination as Roma and non-citizens was also raised with concern by the Special Rapporteur. He noted that the poverty they experienced in their country of origin, as well as racism, racial discrimination and marginalization, often helped to explain their emigration. Furthermore, for several years Roma migrants had frequently been targeted by security policies and discourse that had sometimes resulted in their expulsions. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur expressed his concern about the targeted expulsion of Roma migrants, including to countries where they were likely to face discrimination. He called upon States to respect the rights of Roma migrants as guaranteed by the relevant regional and international human rights instruments.", "37. While assessing the reasons for racial discrimination and racism against Roma remained complex, the Special Rapporteur stressed that three main factors, which should not be considered as exhaustive, might explain the persistence of such a situation. They included the lack of participation of Roma in decision-making processes, the lack of implementation of policies and legislation targeting Roma, and the structural dimension of the racism and racial discrimination they faced. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur also underlined that Roma were confronted with institutionalized discrimination reflected both in legislation, policies and administrative measures, and in the discriminatory attitudes of State officials. He emphasized the need for States to ensure that the behaviour of their agents complied with their international human rights obligations.", "3. Discrimination based on work and descent, including discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status", "38. The Special Rapporteur has repeatedly raised the negative impact of discrimination based on work and descent on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. He reaffirms that States have to recognize that discrimination on the ground of descent constitutes a form of racial discrimination prohibited by the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. The Special Rapporteur has associated himself with the position taken by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination which in its general recommendation No. 29: Article 1, paragraph 1, of the Convention (Descent) (2002), strongly reaffirmed that “discrimination based on ‘descent’ includes discrimination against members of communities based on forms of social stratification such as caste and analogous systems of inherited status which nullify or impair their equal enjoyment of human rights”.", "39. The Special Rapporteur would like to stress that multiple discrimination compounds the severity of the plight of low castes, who sometimes form part of a religious minority. For instance, many Hindu members belonging to “scheduled castes” (Dalits) experience segregation in access to housing, live below the poverty line, earn less than the minimum wage and have no access to education. They suffer from numerous diseases, not least because of lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation, and sometimes face discrimination in accessing public-health facilities. Pervasive discrimination keeps them poor, uneducated, in terrible living conditions and in menial jobs. Discriminated against in terms of education, children of lower castes are among the most vulnerable, facing recruitment as child labour, soldiers or as sex workers, and rampant torture and corporal punishment. Trafficking and the sale of children, especially young girls, and infanticide of female children are other multiple forms of discrimination. Women and girls face multiple discrimination, including through sexual exploitation, forced prostitution, violence in their family and communities, and from actors in other castes.", "40. At the same time, the Special Rapporteur has identified good practices and challenges in the fight against discrimination based on work and descent at the international and national levels. He notes with satisfaction that some Governments have taken initiatives to address the problems facing communities affected by discrimination based on work and descent, and he encourages them to continue their efforts, share best practices and take the lead in regional and international initiatives to eliminate this form of discrimination.", "41. However, despite Government efforts to eradicate this type of discrimination through constitutional guarantees, legislation and affirmative action programmes, the Special Rapporteur notes that caste-based discrimination remains deplorably widespread and deeply rooted. He would like to reiterate that, notwithstanding the existence of international legal obligations to protect against discrimination based on work and descent, certain Governments have failed to implement such obligations effectively and have, in some instances, sidestepped the question of caste discrimination by claiming that it does not fall under the scope of the international conventions, such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, in contrast to the opinion of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. In that regard, he again recommends that the general measures contained in general recommendation No. 29 (2002) of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination be implemented.", "42. The Special Rapporteur recommends the continued use of the draft principles and guidelines for the elimination of discrimination based on work and descent[8] as a guiding framework for the elaboration of effective measures to be taken by States to fulfil international legal obligations, and invites Governments to consider creating a consultative body of regional human rights institutions to study the issue and raise regional awareness. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur recommends that measures with regard to the legal framework be taken hand-in-hand with awareness-raising measures.", "C. Best practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "43. The issue of best practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance has been addressed on several occasions by the Special Rapporteur, including at the “Panel discussion on best practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance”, held in the framework of the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council on 15 June 2011. The Panel was organized in the context of the upcoming celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action.", "44. On that occasion, the Special Rapporteur had the opportunity to share his experience on this issue. Good practices highlighted by the Special Rapporteur included legal, policy and institutional measures identified during his country visits and in his reports to the Human Rights Council and the General Assembly. The Special Rapporteur noted, in particular, the development of some national laws against racism and racial discrimination that provided good protection.", "45. The outcome document of the Durban Review Conference,[9] in paragraph 28, reaffirmed the call upon States to formulate action plans to prevent, combat and eradicate racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur stressed that some States had developed national action plans against racism that were in line with the provisions of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. In some cases, those national action plans and strategies had been elaborated to cover specific groups of individuals, including, for instance, the Roma. The Special Rapporteur also highlighted the specific measures adopted to protect migrant workers, including through the setting up of channels for foreign workers to submit complaints and the establishment of language and financial assistance to file lawsuits in court.", "46. The Special Rapporteur also stressed that several countries had already invested in education to foster mutual understanding and respect for cultural diversity, and that some educational policies and programmes had been developed to contribute to the peaceful coexistence of the diverse communities at the national level. Other positive examples identified by the Special Rapporteur included the training of law enforcement agents and awareness-raising measures.", "47. In this context, the Special Rapporteur reiterated that creating an institutional framework for the adequate promotion and sharing of best practices in the fight against racism would help States to draw on positive lessons that could be transferred to other contexts. The best practices database of OHCHR, once finalized, will be a key tool in the identification and sharing of good practices. States can also make better use of the universal periodic review process to share good practices.", "III. Activities of the Special Rapporteur", "48. In this section, the Special Rapporteur refers to further activities carried out since the submission of his previous report to the General Assembly, including country visits (subsection A), thematic press releases (subsection B) as well as seminars and consultations (subsection C).", "A. Country visits", "1. Mission to Hungary", "49. The Special Rapporteur visited Hungary from 23 to 27 May 2011. He would like to reiterate his sincere appreciation to the Government of Hungary for its full openness and cooperation throughout the visit. A detailed report containing the observations and conclusions of the Special Rapporteur on the visit will be submitted to the Human Rights Council at its twentieth session, in 2012.", "50. At the press conference held in Budapest on 27 May 2011,[10] the Special Rapporteur highlighted the particular context of his visit, which occurred more than 10 years after the first visit to Hungary of a previous Special Rapporteur on racism, and at a time when the Government of Hungary had adopted a new Constitution and was holding the European Union’s presidency. He further recalled that the issues raised during his mission had to be understood in the context of the history of Hungary, in particular, the impact of the fall of the Communist regime on disadvantaged groups, especially the Roma minority.", "51. The Special Rapporteur commended the Government of Hungary for the significant efforts made to fulfil its international human rights obligations and commitments with respect to the situation of national and ethnic minorities and the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. He noted that key legislative, institutional and political measures had been taken. In that regard, he welcomed, among others, key achievements such as Act LXXVII of 1993 on the Rights of National and Ethnic Minorities, and Act No. CXXV of 2003 on Equal Treatment and the Promotion of Equal Opportunities, which both provided a comprehensive and valuable legislative framework on anti-discrimination. The Special Rapporteur also welcomed the unique Hungarian system of minority self-governments, the newly adopted agreement between the Government and Roma leaders, and the European Roma Strategy initiated by the Hungarian presidency of the Council of the European Union.", "52. While much had been achieved in the past few years, the Special Rapporteur emphasized that challenges remained, including in relation to the implementation of the measures taken. He stressed that Hungary had to ensure that all those measures led to an effective outcome that would cover the situation of all the individuals who experienced racism and racial discrimination. He identified critical areas which deserved specific attention and determined action. In that regard, he stressed that the situation of refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants was a matter that called for specific attention. The Special Rapporteur also emphasized the importance of ensuring that the constitutional changes would not weaken the legal and institutional framework for the protection of minorities’ rights. He recommended an effective empowerment of members of minorities.", "53. The Special Rapporteur stressed that the situation of Roma individuals, who represented the largest minority group in Hungary, had worsened in the last years, as also recognized by Government officials. They faced racism and racial discrimination, including segregation in the area of education, and were exposed to violence and abuse. Being aware of the historical roots of the current situation of Roma and the difficulties in fixing it, the Special Rapporteur underlined the urgent need for a strong political will to address their situation. There was a great urgency to reinvigorate the education of Roma with all the necessary resources of the Government of Hungary. It was essential that Hungary develop a comprehensive approach for Roma and elaborate a consolidated and coordinating programme of implementation at all levels, starting at the local level. The gap between Hungary’s engagement at the international level and the commitment of local governments must be filled in that regard.", "54. Finally, the Special Rapporteur underlined that immediate action was required to tackle anti-Semitism. He also called upon the vigilance of the Government vis-à-vis the resurgence of extremist political parties, movements and groups, some of which were alleged to have a racist platform, and he drew the attention of the Government to the recurrence of hate speech.", "2. Forthcoming missions", "55. The Special Rapporteur would like to thank the Government of Bolivia, which has accepted his request to visit the country. He plans to undertake the mission before the end of 2011. He would like also to thank the Government of South Africa for inviting him to conduct a mission, which he plans to carry out as soon as possible.", "56. The Special Rapporteur is very much looking forward to engaging in a constructive dialogue, respectively, with the authorities of the Governments of Bolivia and South Africa on all matters related to his mandate.", "B. Thematic press releases", "57. On 10 December 2010, in a joint statement delivered by the Coordination Committee of Special Procedures on behalf of mandate holders of the Human Rights Council on the occasion of Human Rights Day,[11] the Special Rapporteur paid tribute to human rights defenders who act against discrimination globally and called for their greater protection. Human rights defenders were the front line of efforts to confront discrimination and all violations of rights — their work was vital, yet they were frequently under threat and must be better protected. On that occasion, the Special Rapporteur also emphasized that human rights defenders had advanced the human rights agenda and brought the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights closer to reality in their societies, promoting equality, the rule of law and justice through their commitment and sacrifices. They had helped to shape the laws and policies that established that no one should be the victim of discrimination. He further underlined that human rights defenders and non-governmental organizations were essential to the functioning of free and fair societies in which anyone, irrespective of his or her ethnicity, religion, gender, politics or sexual identity, had the right to object to inequality or mistreatment and to seek justice and redress.", "58. On 17 September 2010, in anticipation of the High-level Plenary Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals, the Special Rapporteur issued a joint press release on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals,[12] in which he noted that significant progress had been made on the achievement of a number of Millennium Development Goals, but much more needed to be done. A focus on human rights was needed to tackle the structural problems, at both national and international levels, that underpinned and sustained the poverty and underdevelopment whose effects the Millennium Goals tried to alleviate. He emphasized that the Goals were laudable political commitments and had been useful in mobilizing money and energy, but States could achieve those Goals sustainably only if they were guided by human rights obligations that defined which actions should be taken, and by whom. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur stressed that good governance and the rule of law at national and international levels were critical.", "C. Seminars and consultations", "59. On 30 November 2010, the Special Rapporteur held an expert consultation in Geneva on the theme “Equality, non-discrimination and diversity: challenge or opportunity for the mass media?”. That discussion brought together 12 experts with work experience in mass media organizations with a global outreach, as well as the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression and the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief. In terms of their professional backgrounds, the 12 experts included a newspaper editor, television anchor, foreign correspondent, wire reporter, online blogger, head of newsgathering and representatives of an umbrella organization of journalists, an international human rights organization, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the Alliance of Civilizations. As part of the discussion, two specific cases studies were analysed, i.e., the media coverage of recent plans to burn copies of the Koran[13] and the challenges of reporting on post-electoral conflicts in an ethnically divided country.[14] The Special Rapporteur learned more about the decision-making processes within the different mass media organizations and the conditions for making their day-to-day judgement calls, adhering to the key principles of professionalism and independence. The experts highlighted several challenges faced by mass media, for example, the increasingly competitive nature of the industry and the need to provide news around the clock, coupled with a global and evolving media landscape. Drawing on their work, the experts also reflected upon existing initiatives and guidelines used by mass media organizations to promote equality, freedom of expression and diversity.[15] They acknowledged that self-regulation for mass media was the best system, albeit imperfect, yet they also emphasized that self-regulation should not lead to detrimental self-censorship or a conspiracy of silence. They also stressed the importance of skills training, including with respect to investigative reporting.", "60. On 10 January 2011, the Special Rapporteur contributed to the session on the theme “ECRI [European Commission against Racism and Intolerance] and its international partners: cooperation and synergies”, held in the framework of the seminar organized by the Council of Europe on “The fight against discrimination based on racial, ethnic, religious or other bias” in Ankara. While recalling the Durban documents’ provisions on the role of regional bodies, the Special Rapporteur underlined the considerable contribution of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe/Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights in the fight against racism at the European level. In order to strengthen cooperation, the Special Rapporteur emphasized that adopting a comprehensive legal framework addressing all forms of racism and discrimination, as it existed at the United Nations and at European levels, was the correct strategy. In addition, best practices should be shared with other countries and regions on a regular basis, including on complementary measures such as education and awareness-raising initiatives aiming at promoting understanding within society. The Special Rapporteur took the view that a more regular exchange of experiences could certainly provide a framework for the development of useful tools to fight discrimination and racism, making use of the lessons learned. He encouraged further joint action of national, regional and international mechanisms fighting discrimination, and welcomed more interaction with European mechanisms, including with respect to the preparation of country visits in Europe, data, studies, case law, and legal and policy measures. A common approach on some issues would also be worthwhile.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "61. The Special Rapporteur takes note of the valuable efforts made by States to address the challenges related to the thematic issues raised in the present report, and commends Governments for having developed a number of good practices both at national and regional levels. However, the Special Rapporteur would like to emphasize that much remains to be done to effectively counter the racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance faced in practice by many women, men and children worldwide.", "62. Racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance unfortunately continue to have a negative impact on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. This is particularly blatant for people of African descent, Roma, members of communities based on caste or analogous systems of inherited status and ethnic minorities in general, including in the areas of education, employment, health, housing, access to citizenship, administration of justice, racial profiling as well as access to political decision-making and judicial systems. In addition, women and girls belonging to certain communities remain particularly vulnerable to exploitation, trafficking, racial abuse and violence.", "63. Against this background and pursuant to the thematic issues of concern raised in the present report, the Special Rapporteur would like to make the following general recommendations which could be used by States as tools for further analysis and progress.", "64. A first step to be taken to address the scourge of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance is to recognize its existence in our societies as well as in State institutions. While the Special Rapporteur is aware of the difficulty in acknowledging such a reality, he is, however, convinced that recognition is a vital first step towards ending racial discrimination.", "65. States are not necessarily aware of the manifestations and the spread of racism and racial discrimination in their societies and how it impacts on the everyday life of the victims, including in terms of marginalization and social exclusion. The absence of appropriate tools to assess the situation, including reliable statistics and data, is among the reasons for such a situation. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that such data and statistics are not only needed to identify the persons and groups affected by racial discrimination, but also to better understand the nature and extent of the inequalities they face, and design targeted policies and measures that will remedy inequalities. He therefore encourages States to collect ethnically disaggregated data and to improve the quality of existing data-collection systems. Such collection must be done in consultation with the concerned groups of individuals and in accordance with international human rights standards. The Special Rapporteur also strongly recommends collecting data on racist and xenophobic crimes perpetrated by individuals closely linked to extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups. Ethnically disaggregated data may also be an important tool to have a comprehensive picture of the structural dimension of racism and racial discrimination in countries.", "66. In addition, the Special Rapporteur strongly calls upon all States Members to demonstrate further political will to prevent and combat racism and racial discrimination, and to promote further effective action to eliminate instances of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance around the world. Indeed, the elimination of racism and racial discrimination is not always seen as a priority. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur reaffirms that the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action and the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference form the most comprehensive international framework in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. He calls upon all States to bring their support to the Durban process and to effectively implement the commitments contained in those documents. He also urges the concerned States to ratify the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.", "67. Recognition and strong political will may lead to results if they are also coupled with an increased vigilance, especially with regard to the rise of certain manifestations and forms of racism and racial discrimination, including the phenomenon of extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups, as well as similar ideological extremist movements. The Special Rapporteur recalls that no State is immune from such phenomena. In this regard he reiterates that political leaders and political parties must strongly condemn all political messages that disseminate ideas based on racial superiority or hatred, incitement to racial discrimination or xenophobia. Respect for human rights and freedoms, democracy and the rule of law must always be the cornerstone of any programme or activity developed by political parties, while they bear in mind the need to ensure that the political and legal systems reflect the multicultural character of their societies at all levels.", "68. The Special Rapporteur encourages States to develop a comprehensive approach when designing measures to address the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.", "69. Furthermore, while developing such a comprehensive approach, States should take into account the structural dimension of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including as experienced by some groups of individuals such as people of African descent, Roma and the victims of discrimination based on work and descent. Indeed, the root causes of structural discrimination need to be addressed through a comprehensive approach that will make it possible to address this phenomenon in all its dimensions. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur urges States to review and redesign legislation, policies and programmes that have a disproportionate effect, including the legislation, policies and programmes that discriminate indirectly against some specific groups of individuals. He further recommends the adoption of national strategies and plans of action against racism, focusing on structural discrimination and the interrelation between racism and the socio-economic or political exclusion of certain parts of their population.", "70. An appropriate legal response is a fundamental pillar of the approach recommended by the Special Rapporteur in the present report. Any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence should be prohibited by law, as should the dissemination of ideas based on racial superiority or hatred, incitement to racial discrimination as well as all acts of violence or incitement to such acts. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur recommends the enactment of legislation consistent with international human rights standards, including article 20, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. States are also urged to introduce into their domestic criminal law a provision according to which committing an offence with racist or xenophobic motivation or aim constitutes an aggravating circumstance allowing for heavier sanctions. The Special Rapporteur also calls upon States to fully implement articles 19 to 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which guarantee the rights to freedom of expression, assembly and association and determine the limitations thereto. In this regard, he emphasizes that States should never lose sight of the fact that the ultimate goal, while addressing the issue of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred, is to find the most effective ways through which individuals can be protected from advocacy of hatred and violence by others.", "71. Legal responses are far from being sufficient to bring about real changes. Indeed, legislative measures should be complemented by a much broader set of policy measures, such as affirmative action; the collection of ethnically disaggregated data and statistics; human rights training of State agents; and educational and awareness-raising measures to foster mutual understanding, respect and tolerance.", "72. The design and implementation of affirmative action measures or programmes are recommended, including to redress the historical inequalities experienced by certain groups of individuals such as people of African descent, Roma and the victims of discrimination based on work and descent. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur urges States to develop and implement special measures in line with general recommendation No. 32 of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, and the Durban provisions.", "73. Racism and racial discrimination within State institutions is a reality that States should not deny. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States strengthen the capacity of law enforcement agents and members of the judiciary through regular, adequate and mandatory human rights training activities focusing on racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, that will also cover racist and xenophobic crimes perpetrated by individuals closely linked to extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups.", "74. To address the root causes of racism and racial discrimination within society and build a society based on tolerance, respect for cultural diversity and non-discrimination, the Special Rapporteur strongly recommends that States invest in education. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur would like to emphasize in particular the importance of history classes in teaching the history of people of African descent, Roma and other communities, their culture and positive contributions, as well as the grave human rights violations they have suffered in the past. He further recalls that human rights education is a major tool in countering the rise of extremist political parties, movements and groups.", "75. States should also raise awareness and challenge long-entrenched perceptions to help to shape public opinion towards fairer and more equitable societies. Awareness-raising measures to inform and sensitize populations should therefore complement education efforts. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur calls upon national human rights institutions to develop appropriate programmes to promote tolerance of, and respect for, all persons and all human rights, and to combat extremism.", "76. Furthermore, particular attention should be paid to the victims. In this respect, the Special Rapporteur urges States to guarantee to victims of racism and racial discrimination full access to effective legal remedies, including the right to seek just and adequate reparation. Prompt, thorough and impartial investigation of racist and xenophobic attitudes and crimes should be undertaken, the victims should be made aware of their rights, and those responsible adequately sanctioned. The empowerment of the victims of racism and racial discrimination through further measures to ensure their access to quality and higher education is also a major step to be taken by States. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur urges States to ensure that victims of racism and racial discrimination be involved in the design, decision-making, implementation and evaluation processes of the national policies, especially those affecting them.", "77. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that all the measures taken to prevent and eliminate racism and racial discrimination should be designed and implemented in conformity with international human rights standards. Moreover, it is crucial that the comprehensive approach, based on a solid legal framework, and key complementary measures are implemented in an effective, inclusive and cooperative manner with the involvement of relevant stakeholders. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur recommends strengthening and better coordinating implementation efforts at the national and local levels, and he encourages States to duly cooperate with civil society organizations, the United Nations and regional human rights mechanisms. He also recommends that further efforts be made by States to share good practices that have been developed at the local, national and regional levels to prevent and eliminate racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] The full text of the press release is available from www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/ DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10908&LangID=E.", "[3] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/CRP3.Joint_ SRSubmission_for_Vienna.pdf.", "[4] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/ JointSRsubmissionforNairobiworkshop.pdf.", "[5] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/expert_papers_Bangkok/ SRSubmissionBangkokWorkshop.pdf.", "[6] http://www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/standards/the-camden-principles-on-freedom-of-expression-and-equality.pdf.", "[7] See A/CONF.189/12 and Corr.1, chap. I.", "[8] www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/11session/CRP/A-HRC-11CRP3.pdf.", "[9] See A/CONF.211/8, chap. I.", "[10] The full text of the press release is available from www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/ DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11078&LangID=E.", "[11] The full text of the press release is available from www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/ DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10587&LangID=E.", "[12] The full text of the press release is available from www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/ DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10344&LangID=E.", "[13] See also the allegation letter of the Special Rapporteurs dated 8 September 2010 (A/HRC/17/40/Add.1, paras. 149-155).", "[14] See www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=2122&LangID=E.", "[15] See, for example, Al Jazeera’s Code of Ethics (http://english.aljazeera.net/aboutus/2006/11/ 2008525185733692771.html); the British Broadcasting Corporation’s Editorial Guidelines (www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/editorialguidelines); Camden Principles on Freedom of Expression and Equality, prepared by Article 19 (www.article19.org/data/files/medialibrary/1214/Camden-Principles-ENGLISH-web.pdf); and the International Federation of Journalists, The Ethical Journalism Initiative (http://ethicaljournalisminitiative.org)." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 67 (b) of the provisional agenda [1]", "Elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia", "related intolerance: Durban Declaration and Programme of Action", "implementation of and follow-up to the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States", "Combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and the comprehensive implementation of and follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly, pursuant to Assembly resolution 65/240, the interim report prepared by Githu Muigai, Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.", "Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/240 on global efforts for the total elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and the comprehensive implementation of and follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. Following a brief introduction, the Special Rapporteur refers in section II of his report to the thematic issues addressed in the framework of his mandate since his last report to the General Assembly (A/65/295). These issues include: structural discrimination; incitement to national, racial or religious hatred; extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups and similar extremist ideological movements; and victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including people of African descent, Roma and victims of discrimination based on work and descent, including those based on caste and analogous descent systems. The Special Rapporteur also highlighted some best practices in combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. In section III, the Special Rapporteur refers to further initiatives undertaken since his last report to the General Assembly, including country visits, thematic press releases, seminars and consultations. Finally, in section IV, the Special Rapporteur presents a number of conclusions and recommendations relevant to the above-mentioned concerns. The Special Rapporteur notes the valuable efforts of States to address the challenges and commends a number of good practices adopted by Governments at the national and regional levels. However, he stressed that, unfortunately, racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance continued to have a negative impact on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. In general, these acts are directed at people of African descent, Roma, members of caste-based and analogous descent-based communities and ethnic minorities, including in the areas of education, employment, health, housing, access to nationality, justice, racial profiling and access to political decision-making and the justice system. Against this background, the Special Rapporteur makes a number of recommendations that States can use as tools for further analysis and progress.", "Contents", "Page", "Introduction", "II. Issues of concern addressed by the mandate 4", "A. Various manifestations and forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance 5", "B. Victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "C. Best practices in combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance 11", "III. Activities of the Special Rapporteur 12", "A. Country visits 12", "B. Thematic press releases", "C. Seminars and consultations 13", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations 14", "Introduction", "1. On 25 March 2011, the Human Rights Council adopted resolution 16/33, extending the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance for a period of three years, in accordance with the terms of reference set out in Human Rights Council resolution 7/34.", "2. The present report is submitted to the General Assembly pursuant to Assembly resolution 65/240 on global efforts for the total elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and the comprehensive implementation of and follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. The Assembly requested the Special Rapporteur, within his mandate, to continue to pay particular attention to the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.", "3. In the present report, the Special Rapporteur outlines the concerns that have been addressed in the framework of his mandate since his last report to the General Assembly (A/65/295). The concerns addressed in its mandate are contained in section II, including: structural discrimination; incitement to racial, racial or religious hatred; extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis, skinheads and similar extremist ideological movements; and victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including people of African descent, Roma and victims of discrimination based on work and descent, including on caste and analogous systems of descent. The Special Rapporteur also highlighted some best practices in combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.", "In section III, the Special Rapporteur refers to further initiatives undertaken since his last report to the General Assembly, including country visits, thematic press releases, seminars and consultations.", "5. In section IV, the Special Rapporteur presents a number of conclusions and recommendations relevant to the above-mentioned concerns.", "II. CONCERNS CONTAINED IN THE MANDATE", "6. Pursuant to paragraph 32 of General Assembly resolution 65/240, the Special Rapporteur continued to pay particular attention to the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights in his thematic reports, press releases and contributions to seminars and other meetings.", "7. In the present section, the Special Rapporteur refers to manifestations and forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (subsection A); victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (subsection B); and best practices in combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (subsection C).", "A. Manifestations and forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "1. Structural discrimination", "8. Since his last report to the General Assembly, the Special Rapporteur has highlighted structural discrimination on numerous occasions, including in a public statement and in his annual report to the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session (A/HRC/17/40).", "On 18 October 2010, the Special Rapporteur participated in a thematic discussion on structural discrimination: definitions, methods and trends, held within the framework of the eighth session of the Intergovernmental Working Group on the Effective Implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. In his statement to the discussion, the Special Rapporteur acknowledged that, although the prevalence and manifestations of structural discrimination had been extensively studied and discussed, including by the United Nations Expert Mechanism, it was difficult to define the phenomenon. He identified elements that could contribute to a better understanding of the different manifestations of structural discrimination and their causes.", "In the Special Rapporteur's view, structural discrimination refers to acts and attitudes of racism, xenophobia and intolerance that are directed at particular individuals or groups of persons in the social fabric and involve race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin. This “social” structural discrimination is linked, inter alia, to the persistence of deep-rooted racial prejudices and negative stereotypes in society.", "11. The Special Rapporteur further emphasizes that structural discrimination may result from historical injustices committed against specific groups of people in the past. Long after the breakdown of formalized racial discrimination, the resulting inequities continue to have an adverse or uneven impact on the human rights of individuals within particular ethnic and racial groups. Indigenous peoples, Roma, members of caste-based and analogous systems of communities, ethnic minorities and people of African descent continue to be particularly affected by this legacy, particularly in the areas of health, housing, employment, education, justice and political representation and empowerment. Structural discrimination is therefore an example of the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.", "12. With regard to structural discrimination, the Special Rapporteur wishes to reiterate the importance of addressing the discriminatory effects of laws, policies and programmes that do not appear to be discriminatory. Indeed, in some cases, the implementation of legislation or public policies has discriminatory consequences, although it appears to be consistent with international human rights law and Governments have targeted the prohibition of racial discrimination. The Special Rapporteur urges States to review and reformulate laws, policies and programmes with discriminatory effects, including those that may indirectly discriminate against specific groups of individuals. He also recommended that special attention be paid to the situation of migrants in addressing structural discrimination.", "2. Incitement to national, racial or religious hatred", "Since his last report to the General Assembly, the Special Rapporteur has raised the issue of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred on numerous occasions, including in joint press releases and joint opinions with the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief and the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression.", "14. On 1 April 2011, in a press release on the situation in Côte d ' Ivoire issued jointly with other United Nations human rights experts, the Special Rapporteur [2] called on all parties to put an end to the propaganda of national or ethnic hatred that incites discrimination, hostility or violence. He called for an end to attacks on foreign citizens and joined the call for the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination to investigate and punish without delay those responsible for ethnic violence.", "15. The Special Rapporteur addressed the issue of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred in a joint opinion on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred submitted to the series of expert workshops of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in Vienna, [3] Nairobi and Bangkok. The expert workshop discussed the rights and freedoms enshrined in the following international human rights instruments: article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, on freedom of thought, conscience and religion; article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, on freedom of opinion and expression; article 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, on the prohibition of advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence; and article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, on the elimination of incitement to racial discrimination and acts of violence or incitement to such acts.", "16. In his joint submission, the Special Rapporteur explored a number of legislative and judicial practices in the regions covered by the workshop (Europe, Africa and Asia-Pacific; the fourth expert workshop on the Americas region will be held in October 2011), as well as policies conducive to the effective prohibition and prevention of advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence. In that regard, he referred to a number of examples and pertinent recommendations that had emerged from the mandate ' s country fact-finding visits to different regions and communications sent to States to assist in the review of legislative and judicial policies and practices.", "17. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that all human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated. He stressed that this interdependence was most evident in the discussions on freedom of expression and incitement to national, racial or religious hatred. He strongly emphasized the need to take into account freedom of expression and the need for pluralistic, inclusive, non-biased and democratic societies in all the situations examined. Freedom of expression must be understood in a positive manner as a fundamental basis for a democratic and pluralistic society. Equality for all must be guaranteed as a way of combating racism and discrimination. By exercising freedom of expression, a climate of respect and understanding will be created among different groups, cultures and religions.", "18. The Special Rapporteur further recalls the OHCHR expert seminar on articles 19 and 20 of the Covenant, held in Geneva in October 2008, which identified objective criteria to prevent the arbitrary implementation of national legal standards relating to incitement to racial or religious hatred: public intent to incite discrimination, hostility and violence must be considered and punished as hostile speech; restrictions on freedom of expression should be clearly and narrowly defined in accordance with the law, which are necessary and proportionate to achieve its stated objective, namely, the prohibition of hostile speech; restrictions should not threaten the implementation of the right itself; minimum intrusive means should be used within freedom of expression to prevent the chilling effects; and such restrictions should be determined by an independent and impartial judiciary. The Special Rapporteur also referred to the Camden Principles on Freedom of Expression and Equality,[6] which provide useful guidance for the interpretation of international law and standards, in particular those relating to incitement to hatred. In this regard, he reiterates article 12 of the Camden Principles, which states that “the words `hate' and `enemy' refer to strong and irrational insults, hostility and hatred directed at the target group”, that “the term `advocacy' should be understood as requiring the deliberate promotion of public hatred against the target group” and that “the term `incitement' is speech directed at national, racial or religious groups, which may pose an immediate risk of discrimination, hostility or violence against members of such groups”.", "In his joint submission, the Special Rapporteur also noted the positive development of Human Rights Council resolution 16/18, entitled “Combating intolerance, negative stereotyping and stigmatization of, and discrimination against, persons based on religion or belief”, adopted without a vote on 24 March 2011. He expressed appreciation for the fact that the Human Rights Council, after years of debate, had finally found a way to address those disturbing phenomena in a coherent manner, without reference to concepts that would undermine international human rights law. Against this background, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes the principle that rights-holders are individuals and not religions themselves.", "3. Extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis, skinhead organizations and similar extremist ideological movements", "20. With regard to various extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis, skinhead groups and similar extremist ideological movements, the Special Rapporteur submitted a report to the Human Rights Council at its eighteenth session (A/HRC/18/44).", "21. The Special Rapporteur has identified good practices adopted by Member States and other stakeholders to counter extremist political parties, movements and groups. In that regard, he welcomed the constitutional and legislative prohibition of racial discrimination in some countries and expressed appreciation for the criminalization of racial discrimination and incitement to racial hatred in the criminal laws of some countries. He also welcomes the fact that some criminal laws make racist or xenophobic motivation an aggravating circumstance for certain offences. Among other good practices, the Special Rapporteur highlighted programmes launched by States specifically to combat extremism, including the diversion of young people from extremist groups; the establishment of specific units in the Public Prosecutor ' s Office to deal with hate crimes; the collection of information on hate crimes, including racist crimes committed by extremist groups; and the training of law enforcement officials, educational measures and awareness-raising activities to promote tolerance and respect for cultural diversity.", "22. While noting the efforts of States to combat extremist political parties, movements and groups, the Special Rapporteur stresses that serious challenges remain, including the protection of vulnerable groups from racist and xenophobic crimes, which require additional efforts and vigilance. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that members of minorities, including Roma, Sinti, migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers, continue to be the main victims of incitement or attacks by extremist political parties, movements and groups. He stressed that the perpetrators of racist crimes remained at large and expressed concern that the number of victims of such crimes was undervalued.", "Against this background, the Special Rapporteur also referred to the challenges posed by extremist political parties, movements and groups in the protection and consolidation of democracy and human rights. He stressed that extremist political parties, movements and groups already had some influence, including through representation in parliaments at the national and regional levels. In addition, some extremist political parties, movements and groups have adopted a new strategy to take a place in the political arena through the non-public promotion of racist and xenophobic speech. The Special Rapporteur also stresses with concern the increasing use of the Internet by individuals and groups closely associated with extremist movements to disseminate racist ideas.", "24. In view of the upcoming presidential and legislative elections in some countries, the Special Rapporteur calls on traditional political parties to refrain from using the electoral context to incite populist ideas and not to seek alliances with extremist political parties. He further recalls that measures must be taken to confront extremist political parties, movements and groups in accordance with international human rights law and in a manner that upholds democratic principles.", "B. Victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "25. The Special Rapporteur has repeatedly stressed the need for a victim-centred approach to ensure that actions truly respond to the specific needs of those who suffer racism and discrimination. In the light of the Durban conference documents, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes that all victims should receive the same attention and protection and that it is essential to avoid establishing hierarchies for different manifestations of discrimination, even if they vary in nature and extent by historical, geographical and cultural background. All forms of racism and discrimination should be treated with the same emphasis and determination.", "26. Against this background, the Special Rapporteur wishes to highlight the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights by certain groups. Since his last report to the General Assembly, the Special Rapporteur has discussed the situation of people of African descent (see subsection B.1), Roma (see subsection B.2) and persons facing discrimination on the basis of work and descent, including discrimination on the basis of caste and analogous systems of descent (see subsection B.3).", "1. People of African descent", "On the occasion of the celebration of the International Year for People of African Descent, the Special Rapporteur contributed to the thematic discussion on “Racial discrimination against people of African descent” organized by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in Geneva on 7 March 2011. In addition, he participated in the thematic discussion entitled “People of African descent: an overview of the current situation facing people of African descent”, held on 29 March within the framework of the tenth session of the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent. On the occasion of the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination on 21 March, the Special Rapporteur also submitted a joint statement with other independent United Nations human rights experts entitled “Acceptance, justice and development: a road map towards full equality for people of African descent”.", "28. While acknowledging the progress made and the positive changes, the Special Rapporteur stresses that serious challenges remain. Indeed, despite the centuries of struggle against racism and racial discrimination, people of African descent continued to suffer discrimination and marginalization as a result of historical injustices and gross violations of human rights, including slavery and the transatlantic slave trade. This is particularly evident in the areas of education, employment, health and housing. Inequities also permeate political decision-making and the judicial system. In particular, with regard to the administration of justice, serious challenges remain with regard to racial discrimination against people of African descent and the unfair treatment of people of African descent before the law, particularly before the criminal justice system. They are often subjected to institutional racism in penal administration. The police ' s racial profiling has also had a negative impact.", "29. There is an urgent need for sustained attention to the inequities that people of African descent suffer in all aspects of their daily lives. Small but pervasive structural discrimination or institutional racism is part of their daily lives. Unfortunately, they are not accepted as part of the culture within public institutions or private enterprises, nor are they recognized as part of the wider social and cultural context. It was essential to recognize the racism and racial discrimination against people of African descent, which were still rooted in society.", "30. Against this background, the Special Rapporteur also highlights the situation of women and girls of African descent, who often suffer multiple forms of discrimination based on descent and gender. In key areas such as education, public and political life, health and access to the labour market, women and girls of African descent are often more marginalized and discriminated against than men, and are particularly vulnerable to exploitation, human trafficking, racial abuse and violence.", "31. The Special Rapporteur believes that the participation of people of African descent in the political, economic, social and cultural aspects of society and in the progress and economic development of their country is essential for an inclusive society. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur refers in particular to paragraph 32 of the Durban Declaration,[7] which affirms the importance of and the need to ensure the full integration of people of African descent into social, economic and political life in order to promote their full participation in decision-making processes at all levels. The valuable contribution of people of African descent to the economic, social, cultural, civil and political life of societies was also highlighted.", "32. Racial discrimination against people of African descent was a major obstacle to development. The Special Rapporteur therefore recalls that meaningful participation and empowerment, equality and non-discrimination for development are central features of a human rights-based approach and should encourage progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "2. Roma", "33. In his annual report to the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session, the Special Rapporteur analysed the issue of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance against Roma. He noted that, despite the wide range of measures taken by States at the regional and national levels to eliminate racism and racial discrimination against Roma, there was still a long way to go under the current circumstances. Indeed, the serious challenges that remain reveal the seriousness and depth of the problem of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance against the Roma. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes that Roma are particularly vulnerable to racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance when it comes to the enjoyment of their rights to education, health, employment and housing. The widespread discrimination to which they are subjected results in their marginalization and social exclusion in a negative manner. The Special Rapporteur notes with concern the segregation of Roma children in schools, the high unemployment rate among Roma, forced evictions, the increasing segregation in the housing sector and the discriminatory practices they face in accessing health care and services.", "34. The socio-economic marginalization and exclusion of Roma is one of the most common manifestations of racism and racial discrimination they face, and Roma are also victims of discrimination in the enjoyment of civil and political rights. Indeed, in some countries, the Roma suffer discrimination in the acquisition of nationality and are still widely excluded from public and political life in many countries, where Roma are still underrepresented or not represented at all in public administration or political parties. The Special Rapporteur also notes with concern discrimination against Roma in access to justice, including in the criminal justice system, such as discriminatory attitudes of prosecutors, excessive delays in handling cases of Roma prosecution and reports of racial profiling by police officers.", "35. Violence against Roma by private or public actors remains a serious and growing problem in many countries. In this context, the Special Rapporteur highlights the ill-treatment and violence by the police against Roma, the rise of extremism which increases the vulnerability of the Roma to racist violence and the increase in racist and xenophobic discourse against Roma by public officials, including high State officials, and politicians.", "36. The Special Rapporteur also raised concerns about the double discrimination faced by Roma migrants, both Roma and non-nationals. He noted that the poverty experienced by Roma in their countries of origin, as well as racism, racial discrimination and marginalization, often helped to explain why they had emigrated. In addition, for several years, Roma migrants have often been the targets of security policies and statements, which have sometimes led to their expulsion. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur is concerned about the targeted expulsion of Roma migrants, who are at risk of being deported to countries that discriminate against Roma. He called on States to respect the rights of Roma migrants, which were guaranteed by relevant regional and international human rights instruments.", "37. The Special Rapporteur ' s assessment that the causes of racial discrimination and racism against Roma remain complex, while stressing that the three main factors that can explain the persistence of this situation should not be considered exhaustive. These include the lack of participation of Roma in decision-making processes, the lack of implementation of policies and legislation for Roma and the structural aspects of racism and racial discrimination they face. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur also emphasizes that the institutional discrimination experienced by the Roma is reflected in legislation, policy and administrative measures, as well as in discriminatory attitudes of State officials. He stressed the need for States to ensure that their administrative personnel acted in accordance with international human rights obligations.", "3. Discrimination based on work and descent, including caste and analogous systems of descent", "38. The Special Rapporteur has repeatedly raised the negative impact of discrimination based on work and descent on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. He reiterates that States must recognize that discrimination based on descent constitutes a form of racial discrimination and is prohibited by the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. The Special Rapporteur endorses the position taken by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, which in its general recommendation No. 29, article 1, paragraph 1, of the Convention of 2002, descent, strongly reiterates that “discrimination on the basis of `blood' includes discrimination on the basis of caste and analogous systems of descent, and discrimination against members of the community, resulting in the loss or impairment of their equal enjoyment of human rights”.", "39. The Special Rapporteur wishes to emphasize that multiple discrimination exacerbates the plight of persons belonging to lower castes, who sometimes form part of religious minorities. For example, many Hindus belonging to the Dalit caste are segregated in terms of access to housing, living below the poverty line, earning below the minimum wage and without access to education. They suffer from multiple diseases, not only because they do not have access to safe drinking water and sanitation, but also because they are sometimes discriminated against when entering public health institutions. Pervading discrimination prevents them from escaping poverty, from receiving education, from living in poor conditions and from working poorly. Low-caste children are discriminated against in education and are among the most vulnerable, facing recruitment as child labourers, soldiers or sex workers, rampant torture and corporal punishment. Trafficking and sale of children, especially young girls, and female infanticide are other multiple forms of discrimination. Women and girls face multiple forms of discrimination, including sexual exploitation, forced prostitution, family and community violence and violence from other caste-based actors.", "40. At the same time, the Special Rapporteur has identified good practices and challenges at the international and national levels in combating discrimination based on work and descent. Noting with satisfaction that some Governments had taken initiatives to address the problems faced by communities as a result of discrimination based on work and descent, he encouraged the Government to continue its efforts to share best practices and to set an example in regional and international action to eliminate such discrimination.", "41. However, despite the efforts of Governments to eradicate this category of discrimination through constitutional guarantees, legislation and affirmative action programmes, the Special Rapporteur notes that caste-based discrimination remains widespread, daunting and deeply rooted. He wishes to reiterate that, despite the existence of international legal obligations to prevent discrimination based on work and descent, certain Governments have failed to effectively implement these obligations and, in some cases, have avoided such issues by claiming that caste discrimination is not covered by international conventions, such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, contrary to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. In this regard, he reiterates his recommendation that the general measures contained in CERD general recommendation No. 29 (2002) be implemented.", "42. The Special Rapporteur recommends the continued use of the draft principles and guidelines on the elimination of discrimination based on work and descent as a guiding framework for the development of effective measures to be taken by States to comply with their international legal obligations, and invites Governments to consider the establishment of a consultative body of regional human rights bodies to study this issue and raise regional awareness. In addition, the Special Rapporteur recommends that measures on legal frameworks and awareness-raising be undertaken simultaneously.", "C. Best practices in combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "The Special Rapporteur has addressed the issue of best practices in combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on a number of occasions, including at the panel discussion on best practices in combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, held on 15 June 2011 within the framework of the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council. The panel was established on the occasion of the forthcoming celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action.", "At that seminar, the Special Rapporteur had the opportunity to share his experience on the issue. Good practices highlighted by the Special Rapporteur include legal, policy and institutional measures identified during his country visits and in his reports to the Human Rights Council and the General Assembly. In particular, the Special Rapporteur notes the existence of a number of national laws to combat racism and racial discrimination, which provide good protection.", "45. Paragraph 28 of the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference [9] reiterates the call upon States to develop plans of action to prevent, combat and eradicate racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes that a number of States have developed national action plans to combat racism in line with the provisions of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. In some cases, these national action plans and strategies have been developed to cover specific groups, including the Roma. The Special Rapporteur also highlighted specific measures taken to protect migrant workers, including the establishment of channels for foreign workers to file complaints and the provision of language and financial assistance for their access to courts.", "46. The Special Rapporteur also emphasizes that a number of countries have invested in education to promote mutual understanding and respect for cultural diversity, and have developed educational policies and programmes to promote peaceful coexistence among different communities at the national level. Other positive examples identified by the Special Rapporteur include training of law enforcement personnel and awareness-raising measures.", "47. Against this background, the Special Rapporteur reiterates that the creation of an institutional framework for the full promotion and sharing of best practices to combat racism will help States to learn from positive experiences before applying them in other contexts. Once completed, the OHCHR best practices database will be a key tool for identifying and sharing best practices. States could also make better use of the universal periodic review process to share best practices.", "Activities of the Special Rapporteur", "In this section, the Special Rapporteur refers to other activities undertaken since his last report to the General Assembly, including country visits (subsection A), thematic press releases (subsection B) and seminars and consultations (subsection C).", "A. Country visits", "Mission to Hungary", "49. The Special Rapporteur visited Hungary from 23 to 27 May 2011. He wishes to take this opportunity to reiterate his sincere thanks to the Government of Hungary for its cooperation and openness throughout the visit. A detailed report containing the observations and conclusions of the Special Rapporteur on the visit will be submitted to the Human Rights Council at its twentieth session, in 2012.", "50. On 27 May 2011, at a press conference held in Budapest, the Special Rapporteur highlighted the specific context of the visit, which followed the first visit to Hungary by the former Special Rapporteur on racism more than 10 years ago and coincided with the adoption of a new Constitution by the Government of Hungary and its Presidency of the European Union. He further recalls that the issues raised during his visit must be understood in the historical context of Hungary, in particular the impact of the fall of the communist regime on vulnerable groups, particularly the Roma.", "51. The Special Rapporteur commends the Government of Hungary for its considerable efforts to fulfil its international human rights obligations and commitments regarding the situation of national and ethnic minorities and to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. He noted the key legislative, institutional and political measures taken. In this regard, he particularly welcomes the notable achievements of Act No. 78 of 1993 on the rights of national and ethnic minorities and Act No. 125 of 2003 on equal treatment and the promotion of equal opportunities, which provide a comprehensive and valuable legislative framework for the elimination of discrimination. The Special Rapporteur also welcomes the unique system of national minority self-government in Hungary, the new agreement between the Government and Roma leaders and the European Roma strategy proposed by Hungary as the Presidency of the European Commission.", "52. Despite the significant achievements of the past few years, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes that challenges remain, including in the implementation of measures taken. He stressed that Hungary must ensure that all measures produced effective results and covered the situation of all individuals who had suffered racism and racial discrimination. He identified key areas that deserved special attention and decisive action. In that regard, he stressed that the situation of refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants was an issue requiring special attention. The Special Rapporteur also stresses the importance of ensuring that constitutional changes do not weaken the legal and institutional framework for the protection of the rights of national minorities. He recommended that members of minorities be effectively empowered.", "53. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that the situation of the Roma, the largest ethnic minority in Hungary, has deteriorated in the past few years, as has been recognized by government officials. They face racism and racial discrimination, including segregation in the field of education, and are vulnerable to violence and abuse. Aware of the historical causes of the current situation of the Roma and the difficulty of addressing it, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes the urgent need for a strong political will to address their situation. Using all the necessary resources of the Hungarian Government to revitalize Roma education is of the utmost urgency. It was essential for Hungary to develop an integrated approach for the Roma and to elaborate a consolidation and coordination programme that had begun at the local level and was being implemented at all levels. In this regard, the gap between the participation of the Hungarian Government at the international level and the commitment of local governments must be bridged.", "54. Finally, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes that immediate action must be taken to address anti-Semitism. He also called on the Government to guard against the resurgence of extremist political parties, movements and groups, some of which allegedly had racist platforms, and drew its attention to the resurgence of hate speech.", "2. Upcoming visits", "55. The Special Rapporteur thanks the Government of Bolivia for agreeing to his request to visit the country. He plans to visit the country before the end of 2011. He also thanks the Government of South Africa for inviting him to visit the country, which he plans to undertake as soon as possible.", "56. The Special Rapporteur very much looks forward to a constructive dialogue with the authorities of Bolivia and South Africa, respectively, on all matters related to his mandate.", "B. Thematic press releases", "57. On the occasion of International Human Rights Day, 10 December 2010, the Coordination Committee of Special Procedures submitted a joint statement on behalf of the mandate holders of the United Nations Human Rights Council. [11] The Special Rapporteur commends human rights defenders in the global fight against discrimination and calls for their increased protection. Human rights defenders are at the forefront of the fight against discrimination and all violations — their work is crucial, but they are often threatened and must be better protected. In the statement, the Special Rapporteur also stressed that human rights defenders, through their dedication and sacrifice, had advanced the human rights agenda and brought the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights closer to their social realities, the promotion of equality and the rule of law and justice. They have contributed to laws and policies that stipulate that no one should be a victim of discrimination. The Special Rapporteur further emphasizes that human rights defenders and non-governmental organizations are essential to the functioning of a free and just society in which everyone, regardless of race, religion, sex, political or gender identity, has the right to oppose inequality or abuse and to seek justice and reparation.", "58. On 17 September 2010, on the occasion of the High-level Plenary Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals, the Special Rapporteur issued a joint press release on the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 1. [12] Among them, he noted that significant progress had been made towards achieving several of the Millennium Development Goals, but much remained to be done. To address structural issues at the national and international levels, it was necessary to focus on human rights, which underpinned and sustained poverty and underdevelopment, and the Millennium Development Goals were trying to mitigate their impact. He stressed that the Millennium Development Goals were a commendable political commitment that facilitated the mobilization of resources and energy, but they could be achieved in a sustainable manner only if States fulfilled their human rights obligations as to who should act and what should be done. In addition, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes that good governance and the rule of law at the national and international levels are crucial.", "C. Seminars and consultations", "On 30 November 2010, the Special Rapporteur chaired an expert consultation in Geneva entitled “Equality, non-discrimination and diversity: challenges or opportunities for the mass media?”. The seminar brought together 12 experts with experience in working in global mass media institutions, as well as the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression and the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief. From a professional background, each of the 12 experts consisted of a newspaper editor, television anchor, a foreign correspondent, an online journalist, an online blogger and a news-gathering director, as well as a representative from a journalist consortium, international human rights organizations, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the Alliance of Civilizations. As part of their discussions, they analysed two specific case studies, namely the recent media coverage of the Quran copy burning scheme [.. 13] and reporting on the challenges of post-election conflict in ethnically divided countries. [14] The Special Rapporteur was further informed about the internal decision-making process of the different mass media bodies and the conditions under which they can make their daily judgements and adhere to the key principles of professionalism and independence. Experts emphasized that the mass media faced a number of challenges, such as growing competition within the industry, the need to provide news around the clock, and a global and evolving media perspective. Based on their work experience, the experts also reviewed existing initiatives and guidelines used by mass media institutions to promote equality, freedom of expression and diversity. While acknowledging that, although imperfect, the mass media self-regulation is the best system, they stressed that self-regulation should not lead to the harmful consequences of self-censorship or silence against allies. They also stressed the importance of skills training, including investigation coverage.", "On 10 January 2011, the Special Rapporteur contributed to a conference on the theme “The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance and its international partners: cooperation and synergy”, held in Ankara within the framework of a seminar organized by the Council of Europe on “Combating discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion or other prejudice”. Recalling the provisions of the Durban Document on the role of regional bodies, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes the significant contribution of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights in combating racism at the European level. In order to strengthen cooperation, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes that the adoption of a comprehensive legal framework to address all forms of racism and discrimination, at the United Nations and European levels, is a sound strategy. Furthermore, best practices should be regularly shared with other countries and regions, including through integrated measures such as education and awareness-raising initiatives aimed at promoting understanding within society. The Special Rapporteur believes that a more frequent exchange of experience, drawing on lessons learned, would certainly provide a framework for the development of useful tools to combat discrimination and racism. He encourages further joint action by national, regional and international mechanisms to combat discrimination and welcomes further interaction with European mechanisms, including in the preparation of visits to European countries, data, research, case law, legal and policy measures. At the same time, there are a number of issues that merit a common approach.", "IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS", "61. The Special Rapporteur notes the valuable efforts of States to address the challenges related to the thematic issues raised in the present report and commends Governments for developing a number of good practices at the national and regional levels. However, the Special Rapporteur would like to emphasize that much remains to be done to effectively combat the racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance that many women, men and children face in practice around the world.", "62. Unfortunately, racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance continued to have a negative impact on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. This is often particularly evident for people of African descent, Roma, members of caste-based and analogous descent-based communities and minorities, including in the areas of education, employment, health care, housing, access to nationality, justice, racial profiling and access to political decision-making and the justice system. In addition, women and girls in certain communities are particularly vulnerable to exploitation, trafficking, racial abuse and violence.", "Against this background, and on the basis of the thematic concerns raised in the present report, the Special Rapporteur would like to make the following general recommendations, which States could use as tools for further analysis and progress.", "64. The first step in combating the scourge of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance was to recognize its existence in society and State institutions. Although the Special Rapporteur is aware of the difficulty of recognizing this reality, he is aware of this. However, he is convinced that recognizing this is a crucial first step towards ending racial discrimination.", "65. States are not necessarily aware of the manifestations and trends of racism and racial discrimination in their societies or of their impact on the daily lives of victims, including marginalization and social exclusion. The lack of appropriate tools to assess the situation, including reliable statistics and data, is one of the reasons for this situation. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that these data and statistics need to be used not only to identify individuals and groups affected by racial discrimination, but also to better understand the nature and extent of the inequities they face and to develop targeted policies and measures to remedy them. He therefore encourages States to collect ethnically disaggregated data and to improve the quality of existing data collection systems. Such collection must be carried out in consultation with relevant populations, in accordance with international human rights standards. The Special Rapporteur also strongly recommends the collection of information on racist and xenophobic crimes committed by individuals closely associated with extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups. Data disaggregated by ethnicity is also an important tool for obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the structural aspects of racism and racial discrimination in various countries.", "66. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur strongly appeals to all Member States to demonstrate further political will to prevent and combat racism and racial discrimination and to promote further effective action to eliminate racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance throughout the world. Indeed, the elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance was not always considered a priority. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur reiterates that the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action and the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference constitute the most comprehensive international framework for combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. He called on all States to support the Durban process and to implement effectively the commitments contained in those documents. He also urged the States concerned to ratify the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.", "67. Awareness and strong political will would be effective if they were combined with increased vigilance, in particular with the rise of certain manifestations and forms of racism and racial discrimination, including extremist political parties, movements and groups, such as neo-Nazis, skinhead groups and ideologies similar to those of extremist movements. The Special Rapporteur recalls that no country is free of such phenomena. In this regard, he reiterates that political leaders and political parties must strongly condemn all dissemination of political messages based on racial superiority or hatred, incitement to racial discrimination or xenophobia. Respect for human rights and freedoms, democracy and the rule of law must remain the cornerstone of any programmes and activities developed by political parties, bearing in mind the need to ensure that political and legal systems reflect the multicultural character of society at all levels.", "68. The Special Rapporteur encourages States to adopt a comprehensive approach when developing measures to address the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.", "69. Furthermore, in developing such a comprehensive approach, States should take into account the structural dimensions of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including those suffered by people of African descent, Roma and victims of discrimination based on work and descent. Indeed, the root causes of structural discrimination needed to be addressed through a comprehensive approach that addressed all aspects of the phenomenon. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur urges States to review and reformulate their disproportionate legislation, policies and programmes, including those that indirectly discriminate against specific groups of persons. He further recommended that, in the adoption of national strategies and programmes to combat racism, attention be paid to structural discrimination and the interrelationship between racism and the socio-economic or political exclusion of certain segments of the population.", "70. An appropriate legal response is a fundamental pillar of the approach recommended by the Special Rapporteur in the present report. The law should prohibit advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence, as well as the dissemination of ideas based on racial superiority or hatred, incitement to racial discrimination and all acts of violence and incitement to such acts. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur recommends the adoption of legislation that is consistent with international human rights standards, including article 20, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. He also urges States to incorporate into their domestic criminal law a provision under which the commission of an offence with racist or xenophobic motivations or aims constitutes an aggravating circumstance and should be severely punished. The Special Rapporteur also calls upon States to fully implement articles 19 to 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which guarantee the rights to freedom of expression, assembly and association and establish related restrictions. In that regard, he stressed that States must not lose sight of the fact that the ultimate goal in responding to incitement to national, racial or religious hatred was to find the most effective way to protect individuals from advocacy of hatred and violence by others.", "71. Legal responses are far from sufficient to bring about real change. In practice, legislative measures should be complemented by a broader set of policy measures, such as affirmative action; the collection of ethnically disaggregated data and statistics; human rights training for State agents; and educational and awareness-raising measures to promote mutual understanding, respect and tolerance.", "72. The Special Rapporteur made recommendations on the development and implementation of affirmative action measures or programmes, including redressing the historical inequalities suffered by specific groups of people of African descent, Roma and victims of discrimination based on work and descent. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur urges States to design and implement special measures in accordance with general recommendation No. 32 of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination and the Durban provisions.", "73. Racism and racial discrimination within State institutions were undeniable realities in States. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States strengthen the capacity of law enforcement and judicial personnel through regular and adequate mandatory human rights training activities, focusing on racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and also covering racist and xenophobic crimes committed by individuals close to extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups.", "74. In order to address the root causes of racism and racial discrimination within society and to build a society based on tolerance, respect for cultural diversity and non-discrimination, the Special Rapporteur strongly recommends that States invest in education. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur would like to emphasize in particular the importance of history lessons in teaching the history, culture and positive contribution of people of African descent, Roma and other communities, as well as the gross violations of human rights they have suffered in the past. He further recalled that human rights education was a key tool in countering the rise of extremist political parties, movements and groups.", "75. States should also raise awareness and challenge long-held perceptions in order to foster public opinion towards a fairer and more equitable society. Awareness-raising measures to inspire and sensitize the population should therefore be complemented by educational efforts. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur calls upon national human rights institutions to develop appropriate programmes to promote tolerance and respect for all human rights and to counter extremism.", "76. In addition, victims should be given special attention. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur urges States to ensure that victims of racism and racial discrimination have full access to effective legal remedies, including the right to seek just and adequate reparation. Rapid, thorough and impartial investigations of racist and xenophobic attitudes and crimes should be conducted, victims should be made aware of their rights and those responsible for such crimes should be duly punished. The empowerment of victims of racism and racial discrimination through further measures to ensure their access to quality higher education is also a major step to be taken by States. In addition, the Special Rapporteur urges States to ensure the participation of victims of racism and racial discrimination in the design, decision-making and implementation of national policies, in particular those affecting them.", "77. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that all measures taken to prevent and eliminate racism and racial discrimination should be developed and implemented in accordance with international human rights standards. Furthermore, it is essential that an integrated approach based on a solid legal framework and key complementary measures be implemented in an effective, inclusive and cooperative manner, with the participation of relevant stakeholders. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur recommends that implementation at the national and local levels be strengthened and better coordinated, and encourages States to cooperate, as appropriate, with civil society organizations, United Nations and regional human rights mechanisms. He also recommended that States make further efforts to share best practices developed at the local, national and regional levels to prevent and eliminate racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.", "—— ——", "[1] ^ (*) A/66/150.", "[2] The full text of the press release is available at www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10908&LangID=E.", "[3] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles 1920_iccpr/docs/CRP3Joint_SRSubmission_for_Venna.pdf.", "[4] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles 1920_iccpr/docs/JointSRsubmissionforNairobi workshop.pdf.", "[5] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles 1920_iccpr/docs/expert_papers_Bangkok/SR SubmissionBangkokWorkshop.pdf.", "[6] www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/standards/the-camden-principle-on-freedom-of-expulsion-and-equality.pdf.", "[7] See A/CONF.189/12 and Corr.1, chap.", "[8] www.2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/11session/CRP/A-HRC-11CRP.3.pdf.", "[9] See A/CONF.211/8, chap. I.", "[10] The full text of the press release is available at www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11078&LangID=E.", "[11] The full text of the press release is available at www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10587&LangID=E.", "[12] The full text of the press release is available at www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10344&LangID=E.", "[13] See also the Special Rapporteur ' s allegation letter of 8 September 2010 (A/HRC/17/40/Add.1, paras. 149-155).", "[14] See www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=2122&LangID=E.", "[15] See, for example, the Code of Ethics for Al-Jazeera (http://english.aljazeera.net/aboutus/2006/11/200852585733692771.html); the BBC Editorial Guide (www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/editoricguidelines); and the Camden Principles of Freedom of Expression and Equality under Article 19 (www.article19.org/data/files/medialibrary/1214/camden-Principles-ENGLISH-web.pdf); and the International Federation of Journalists, The Media Ethics Initiative (http://ethicaljournalisminitiative.org)." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "加强联合国在提高定期真正选举原则的有效性和促进民主化中的作用", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告阐述过去两年联合国系统在向会员国提供选举援助方面的活动。联合国的选举援助仅在会员国的要求下，或在安理会或大会决议的基础上提供。报告显示，会员国对于联合国选举援助的需求仍然很大。在这两年期内，联合国援助了50多个国家。", "作为选举援助活动的牵头人，负责政治事务的副秘书长负责本组织的选举政策，并确保全系统范围所有联合国选举活动的一致性和连贯性。在这些任务中，政治事务部选举援助司为其提供支助，并还协助策划联合国的选举活动及其人员配备，以及维持选举专家的备选名册和本组织的选举机构记忆。", "在维和或冲突后环境中，选举援助一般通过维和行动部或政治事务部主持下 的实地特派团的组成单位提供。联合国开发计划署(开发署)通常对由实地特派团承担的选举援助任务发挥配合作用。开发署是本组织在维和或冲突后情况以外为选举法律、程序和体制提供支持的主要执行机构。", "其他一些联合国部门、机构、基金和方案也参与提供选举援助，其中包括外勤支助部、联合国民主基金、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、联合国志愿人员方案、加强两性平等和增强妇女权能(妇女署)和联合国项目事务厅。", "本报告着重介绍联合国内以及与外部行为者在选举援助的协调方面的进展情况。报告还指出了选举援助的各种资助手段以及会员国提供捐款的必要性。", "报告进一步指出本组织在性别与选举领域所做的工作。联合国继续将让选举过程做到具有包容性的援助放在优先地位，务必确保妇女和代表性不足的群体能参加自己国家的政治生活。这日益包括就消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约相关条款的适用问题提出咨询意见，其中特别包括关于临时特别措施的条款。", "报告指出，虽然全世界绝大多数的选举程序是和平地进行的，但有时选举会引发暴力行动。大多数情况下，技术缺点并不是暴力的根本原因，而只是点燃更根深蒂固的社会经济或政治紧张局势的火星。为遏制这些风险，可应要求提供调解和斡旋——最好是与区域或次区域组织一起进行——以补充技术咨询。", "报告还论述了可持续性和成本效益问题，要求联合国或其他机构将其作为设计和提供选举援助时的核心考虑因素。报告促请会员国和捐助方根据其他发展需要，仔细考虑选举成本以及选举援助成本的问题。", "报告指出，在下一个两年期内将优先重视提高提供选举援助的一致性、可预见性和问责制。这样的努力应以大会指定的、选举援助事务牵头人在所有与选举援助相关的事务中明确的领导作用为基础。", "报告最后强调了管治问题。没有独立和专业的司法、开放多元的媒体、生气勃勃的民间社会、可信赖的政府、和各级有效的管治，对于选举的投资并不能收获可持续的和平和发展。", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告系根据大会第64/155号决议编写，阐述自同一议题的上一次报告(A/64/304)以来联合国所开展的选举活动。", "2. 自向大会提交关于本组织支持选举活动的第一次工作报告以来已有20年了。 回顾过去，很难指出某个时刻对于真正的、可信赖的选举产生的领导的渴望要比今年所表达的更为强烈。始于突尼斯并继续在中东和北非展开的事件似乎体现了世界人权宣言的规定，“人民的意志是政府权力的基础；这一意志应以定期的和真正的选举予以表现，而选举应依据普遍和平等的投票权，并以不记名投票或相当的自由投票程序进行”。", "3. 遗憾的是，报告期内也发生了选举——包括某些联合国支持的选举——成了点燃根深蒂固的仇怨并导致暴力和生灵涂炭的火星。", "4. 本报告提供了一种机会，借此可思考联合国如何能向具有选举需要和渴望的会员国提供最好的援助，以及如何最有效的协助预防或减轻与选举有关的冲突和暴力的问题。", "5. 联合国可应会员国的要求，和(或)根据安理会或大会的授权，向会员国提供选举援助。联合国选举援助的提供须符合国家主权平等的原则，并认识到没有任何一种选举方法或制度是适合所有国家的。因此，在商定或提供任何选举援助之前总要进行需求评估，以确保援助是按情况的特殊需要而量身定做的。", "6. 目前，联合国能够提供五种基本类型的选举援助。前两种需要大会或安理会授权，现在很少使用：", "(a) 组织和操办选举；", "(b) 核实/认证；", "(c) 技术援助；", "(d) 专家小组；", "(e) 协调国际观察员。", "7. 自2001年(菲济)以来，联合国没有派员观察任何选举；相反，许多区域组织正将这一活动置于优先地位。今天，大多数联合国的选举支助是由某种形式的技术援助构成的。近年来，联合国已被两次要求为选举进行认证。这一任务要求联合国公开核实一个选举过程的各个阶段都是可信的并符合相关国家的法律和关于选举的国际承诺的。认证任务极少并需要安理会或大会授权。例如，在科特迪瓦，联合国维和特派团有认证任务，这在纳入安理会决议之前就已写入了相关的和平协议之中了(还见下文第42段。)", "8. 在报告期内，联合国向50多个会员国提供了选举援助(见附件二)，其中有11次是根据安理会授权进行的。本报告附件一列有一些选举援助的例子。", "9. 本报告归纳了联合国各部厅、基金会、方案和机构在报告期内选举援助方面的工作，并论及联合国系统内外的合作情况。报告还进一步提出了一些看法，旨在加强联合国系统选举援助的提供。", "二. 报告期内联合国的选举援助", "A. 任务和活动", "10. 联合国协助会员国进行可信的定期真正选举，这继续是全系统范围的事业。联合国的体制框架受益于来自大会的比较明确的授权。负责政治事务的副秘书长是联合国负责选举援助事务的牵头人(以下简称牵头人)，具有大会第64/155号决议的授权，“确保联合国选举援助的协调和一致，并避免重叠”。大会还责成牵头人制定和传播选举政策，建立和维持本组织的选举机构记忆，并维持一个事先筛选过的、多种多样的选举专家备选名册，以便迅速部署到任何联合国援助项目。", "11. 牵头人在履行这些职责时得到政治事务部选举援助司的支助。该司为本组织进行所有选举需求评估，向牵头人建议所有联合国选举援助的参数，并就所有联合国选举项目的设计提供咨询意见。它代表牵头人向所有参与选举援助的联合国实体提供日常的政治和技术指导，包括本组织的规范性框架和从本组织选举机构记忆中收集的最佳做法。大会在其关于加强政治事务部的第63/261号决议中批准了共八个新的核心员额(5个专业和3个一般事务)，和选举援助司一个员额的改叙。这些员额现已填满，大大加强了政治事务部完成其选举任务的能力。", "12. 联合国开发计划署(开发署)是维和和冲突后情况外，本组织支持制定选举法律、程序和体制的主要执行机构。大会第64/155号决议要求开发署继续其民主管治援助方案，特别是那些促进强化民主体制和民间社会与政府之间的联系的方案。", "13. 维和或冲突后环境中，选举援助一般通过维和行动部或政治事务部主持下的实地特派团的组成单位提供。随着联合国努力趋向一体化，开发署越来越为维和行动部或政治事务部主持下的实地特派团承担的选举援助任务提供支持。选举援助司则对这些实地特派团的选举单位提供政治和技术指导。", "14. 人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)继续提供选举情况下的人权监测培训和咨询意见，支持和组织无暴力选举宣传运动，进行遵守人权的选举法和体制的倡导工作，并监测和报告选举过程中的违反人权现象。自2010年7月以来，联合国中非人权和民主中心作为人权高专办中非区域办事处，就选举期间增进人权和民主问题为不同的行为者开展了能力建设活动。", "15. 联合国系统中参与同选举有关的活动的其它单位包括：外勤支持部——主要负责为维和行动部和政治事务部提供后勤、采购、人力资源和财务行政管理方面的支助；联合国项目事务厅——与政治事务部、维和行动部、开发署和会员国合作，为一般在冲突后/维和环境中的选举活动提供支助；联合国志愿人员方案——提供选举工作人员到开发署、维和行动部和政治事务部的实地行动工作；联合国民主基金会——为民主相关的民间社会项目提供资助；和妇女署——应要求，向机构利益攸关方提供技术专门知识，以确保两性平等和妇女的权利和参与问题得到足够的处理，并促进这类技术支持的一致性。", "B. 联合国系统内的合作和协调", "16. 如我在上一次报告(A/64/304)中所指出的，虽然联合国系统内众多行为者参与选举援助乃是一种实力，但来自系统内外的压力会产生不协调和重叠的刺激。大会在第64/155号决议中重申加强联合国系统内协调的重要性，并再次肯定牵头人在确保全组织范围的一致性——包括通过加强机构记忆以及制定和传播选举政策——方面的作用。", "17. 因此，我在报告期内将促进联合国选举援助的一致性、可预见性和问责制作为优先事项。为此，自我上次报告以来：", "(a) 开发署和政治事务部于2010年9月签署了修订后的选举援助指导说明[2] (修订以前的说明，见A/56/344，附件二)。这一文件帮助澄清了本组织这两个单位各自的作用和责任，以便其更好地合作。", "(b) 我已请外勤支持部和管理部就包括招聘和采购在内的业务安排问题，举行全系统范围的讨论，以了解在选举活动中在确保必要的保障和控制的同时，可如何利用更灵活有效的程序。", "(c) 我已请管理部、外勤支持部和政治事务部制定方法，以确保大会授权的选举名册成为所有联合国选举援助项目的一种资源，在遵守新的人力资源规则(ST/AI/2010/3)的前提下，确保名册的审批和招聘程序与所有机构和方案的名册可互通。", "(d) 我已请政治事务部与开发署一起，同所有相关合作伙伴协商，制定计划， 加强全系统范围政策和最佳做法文件的制作，并落实我2010年关于妇女参与建设和平的报告中所载的与选举有关的建议(A/65/354-S/2010/466)。", "(e) 我已要求我的负责政治事务的副秘书长，作为联合国选举援助问题牵头人，推动开展讨论，以便根据大会和适当的联合国机关所规定的联合国各部门、基金会和机构的任务，更清楚地界定其各自的作用和责任。", "18. 由选举援助司担任主席的机构间选举援助协调机制于2009年在牵头人主持下成立，旨在促进本组织选举工作的信息交流和进一步协调一致。它每月举行一次会议并也是协调落实我的上述要求的论坛。", "C. 与其它组织的合作", "19. 在报告期内，联合国为加强选举援助的交付，在实地和总部层面都继续加强了与其它国际、政府和非政府组织的合作。", "20. 联合国之外援助提供者的数目与日俱增，丰富了知识宝库并开辟了新的机会，包括扩大南南合作的机会。联合国经常为这样的交流提供支持和便利。", "21. 联合国继续是两个促进选举知识的能力建设和机构记忆的全球工具的合作伙伴：选举行政和费用选举知识网和民主、管治和选举的建设资源项目。选举行政和费用选举知识网包括民主和选举援助国际研究所、选举加拿大、南部非洲选举研究所、联邦选举研究所-墨西哥、选举制度国际基金会、开发署、选举援助部、和联合国经济和社会事务部。选举行政和费用项目就选举问题提供全面的权威信息，促进与选举相关的专业人员结成网络，并为选举管理机构等提供能力开发服务。第二个选举知识库——民主、管治和选举的建设资源项目——是澳大利亚选举委员会、民主和选举援助国际研究所、选举制度国际基金会、选举援助司和开发署的合作伙伴。合作伙伴关系的目的是就选举程序的有效行政管理制定、实施和维持一个全面的课程表，并为选举管理机构提供一揽子课程培训。", "22. 联合国通过妇女署和开发署，也是国际从政妇女知识网的合作伙伴——该网络是一个有创意的全球平台，利用信息交流和联网，促进全世界妇女加强在政治进程中的作用和参与。合作伙伴还包括议会联盟、民主和选举援助国际研究所、和联合国民主研究所。", "23. 2010年，科菲·安南基金会和民主和选举援助国际研究所创立了全球选举、民主和安全委员会。这一个高级别小组，旨在就如何更好地处理选举的完整性和国际选举援助的完整性所面临的挑战问题提供现实的政策建议。我的负责政治事务的副秘书长以其牵头人的身份和开发署署长作为委员会之友参加。", "24. 南部非洲发展委员会秘书处和政治事务部代表联合国秘书处于2010年9月21日签署了合作框架。其中规定，政治事务部应支持加强南部非洲发展委员会秘书处的选举能力，以及在调解和交流经验教训方面开展合作。联合国还与区域政府间组织，包括非洲联盟、欧洲安全和合作组织(欧安组织)和许多其它组织，继续就选举问题开展合作。我特别希望促进与阿拉伯联盟国家在选举领域的进一步组织间合作。鉴于我们所看到的在中东和北非的迅速发展动态，这一合作将有特别重要的意义。", "25. 在过去七年里，欧洲联盟和开发署在选举援助领域发展了牢固的伙伴关系。 开发署继续在与欧盟的合作伙伴框架内开展其选举援助活动的很大一部分。除了在国家层面的联合项目之外，伙伴关系主办了一些讲习班，内容包括选举与暴力和选举程序中技术的利用等。", "26. 联合国还就各种选举问题与个别国家开展合作。仅举一例：2010年6月，选举援助司和开发署会同罗马尼亚政府就国外投票问题举办了一次讲习班，约30个会员国、欧洲联盟、民主和选举援助国际研究所、欧安组织、中欧和东欧选举官员协会的代表、以及联合国系统的其它成员出席了讲习班。我鼓励会员国核可讲习班的主要结论，包括东道国应考虑如何为在其领土上进行的国外投票提供最大的便利和支持，而区域组织则应考虑制定一套良好做法或准则，以协助东道国这样做。", "27. 虽然联合国极少观察选举，但选举援助司继续参加各种讨论，以通过遵守国际选举观察原则宣言进一步提高选举观察员的业绩。这一文件于2005年在联合国首发，旨在协调统一许多从事选举观察的政府间和非政府组织的方法，包括保证尊重国家主权的做法。现在已有40个以上的签字，其中包括在这一领域公认的受到尊重的绝大多数行为者。我鼓励其它人参加围绕这些原则在全世界已出现的这一广泛的共识。", "三. 性别和选举", "28. 联合国继续优先重视使选举程序具有包容性的援助，关注确保妇女和代表性不足的群体能参加其本国的政治生活。", "29. 这包括日益强调应用消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约的相关条款，其中尤其包括关于临时特别措施的条款。联合国主张吸收妇女进入选举管理机构，并鼓励和支持国家当局努力将性别观点纳入选举法和条例。本组织推动了有针对性的“走出去”努力，以动员妇女既作为选举者也作为候选人，参加选举。对于境内流离失所的人口中的妇女，以及妇女利用选举争端解决机制的渠道，也给以了特别的关注。", "30. 为确保继续将性别观点纳入联合国选举援助的主流，牵头人现在要求，应会员国要求进行的每一项选举需求评估须包括对妇女代表性问题的特别关注。此外，维和行动部、政治事务部、外勤支持部、妇女署和开发署正在修订维和行动部/外勤支持部-政治事务部关于提高妇女在冲突后选举程序中的作用准则，并收到了来自使用现行准则的实地特派团的投入和吸收了他们的改进建议。", "四. 联合国选举援助的资源", "31. 选举援助司的经常预算覆盖其核心工作人员费用，而预算外资金——包括支持政治事务信托基金和快速反应信托基金——也加以利用。由开发署国别办事处管理的选举援助项目通常通过会员国的自愿捐款获得资金，而自愿捐款往往成了多个伙伴一揽子基金，其中包括了管理结构中的国家对口单位，以确保国家更大的所有权。在包括选举工作的综合和平行动中，和平行动的预算覆盖一些选举工作，而差额往往相当大，这是通过开发署多捐助方筹资机制供资的。当资金缺乏会威胁到选举的组织工作时，建设和平支持办公室偶尔也利用其建设和平基金来提供支持。妇女署有核心资金并可通过其促进两性平等基金为性别和选举工作提供补充资金，这是与开发署管理的选举援助项目密切协调、或结合进行的。", "32. 自2009年年中以来，开发署一直在实施全球选举周期支持方案，从而通过开发知识产品、将性别问题纳入选举方案编制的主流、和支持区域和国家层面举措加强选举体制和程序，强化了开发署的实践基础。全球选举周期支持方案资金来自专项资金来源(西班牙政府，并有来自加拿大政府的捐款)，并有全职顾问帮助实施其活动。它由开发署发展政策局在由开发署和两个捐助国代表组成的指导委员会领导下直接操作。", "33. 联合国民主基金为加强民间社会的声音、增进人权、和鼓励所有群体参加民主进程的项目提供资金。联合国民主基金目前为许多项目提供资金，这些项目旨在建设选举人和候选人的能力，培训和支持民间社会观察员，以及确保广泛的民主接触和参与，其中包括选举行政和费用项目。到目前为止，已收到来自39个国家的1亿1 000多万美元的捐款，并且，我最近已批准在第五轮供资中的另外64个项目。", "34. 由我的负责政治事务的副秘书长管理的支持政治事务信托基金和开发署民主管治专题信托基金仍然是选举援助活动的不可或缺的预算外资金的重要来源。有了这样的资金便可实施快速反应，创新或催化项目和方案，包括旨在预防冲突和旨在支持妇女和代表性不足的群体参与政治进程的项目和方案。在报告期内使用了预算外资金迅速开展了活动，例如，在海地、几内亚和吉尔吉斯斯坦(进一步详情见附件一)。", "五. 选举与暴力", "35. 在我的前两次报告中，我对选举、特别是在结果宣布之后有可能被政治分歧或暴力所压倒表示关切。", "36. 这种暴力可能是被选举的缺陷所引发的，例如，漏洞百出的选民名单、当政者的滥用职权、缺乏透明度、或实际的或感觉上的选举官员的偏向——这可造成实际的或感觉上的骗局。但是，最经常的情况是，技术缺陷并不是暴力或暴力冲突的根本原因，只不过是个点燃了更根深蒂固的社会、经济或政治紧张关系的火星而已。因此，如果基本的政治状况对利益攸关方之间建立信任无益，或干脆如果一个候选人拒绝接受可信的结果，那么，选举就可能成为暴力的导火索。", "37. 当然，我们必须正确看待这个问题。世界上绝大多数的选举是和平地进行的——即使选举的争议司空见惯，特别是在结果互相咬的很近的时候。这样的争议一般都是通过政治程序或国家体制和平解决的。但是，当国家体制或政治程序不能遏制，或从最坏处说，加剧了争议的时候，结果就可能是暴力、伤亡和流离失所，并可能对和平和安全造成更广泛的影响。", "38. 在两年期内，联合国为预防或减轻与选举有关的暴力冲突，采取了几项特别措施。我将举两个例子：几内亚和科特迪瓦。", "39. 在几内亚，在兰萨纳·孔戴总统去世和2008年政变后，2010年1月15日瓦加杜古协定的通过为2010年6月27日总统选举搭好了舞台，此后在2010年9月19日举行了第二轮选举。这些选举，对于处在复杂的过渡期的非常多样的人口来说，是几乎40年来头一次民主选举。联合国通过开发署的一个项目向这一进程提供了技术支助，并在由非洲联盟和西非国家经济共同体共同担任主席的几内亚问题国际接触小组的框架内，还提供了政治和外交支助。", "40. 在这两轮选举前夕，选举援助司副司长被派往实地支持开发署团队的工作。该国政府在最后一分钟提出了为选举的安全提供资助的要求，建设和平支助办公室设法评估了这一要求并以创纪录的速度从建设和平基金放出了必要的款项。项目厅在极紧急的临时通知的情况下提供了后勤支持。此外，新成立的人力厅驻几内亚办事处在选举前、选举中和选举后都监测了人权状况，这提高了对这一进程的信任和信心。", "41. 我的西非问题特别代表与非盟和西非经共体在过渡期间进行了密切紧张的合作。我的西非问题特别代表与非盟和西非经共体使节在一名联合国特别派驻科纳克里的高级调解顾问的支助下，联合访问了该国20多次。最后，尽管结果很接近并有一些政治争议，阿尔法·康德在一个大体上和平的进程中当选为总统。一些关键的因素包括：任命了一名得到第二轮竞选双方都信任的选举委员会主席，和获票第二位的塞卢·达莱因·迪亚洛以政治家风度接受了最后结果。", "42. 在科特迪瓦，本组织的认证选举的任务的依据是2005年比勒陀尼亚协定，以及随后的安理会决定(第1765(2007)号决议)。认证的条件是联合国根据2007年瓦加杜古政治协定会同科特迪瓦内部直接对话协调人、布基纳法索总统布莱斯·孔波雷和科特迪瓦各方制定的，其中包括：全国恢复和平，一个包容性的政治进程，平等利用国家媒体，建立客观的选举名单，公平公正的投票结果。第一轮总统选举于2011年10月31日举行，第二轮在11月28日举行。我的特别代表于12月3日证明：第二轮的公平公正的结果就是独立选举委员会在12月2日宣布的结果，胜出者为阿拉萨内·瓦塔拉先生。", "43. 众所周知，当政者拒绝接受结果会令人遗憾地导致暴力冲突和悲惨的生灵涂炭。然而，认证则能提供一种共识基础开展外交行动——包括西非国家经济共同体——以确保科特迪瓦人民民主表达的意愿得到尊重。虽然外交在此案例中并未制止暴力，但合法总统现已就任，并且，联合国继续支持该国政府处理主要的挑战以建立持久的和平与稳定。", "44. 科特迪瓦的暴力结果和几内亚大体上和平的结果形成了明显的对照，原因是得票第二的候选人不顾联合国及其它方面对其的催促，拒绝接受合法的结果。", "45. 在这两个事件之后，我的西非问题特别代表和他的办公室(西非办)于2011年5月在佛得角普拉亚举办了西非选举与稳定区域会议。会议由佛得角政府主办，与政治事务部和开发署合作组织。会议得到了西非经共体、非洲联盟、国际法语国家组织、欧洲联盟和国际和平研究所的支持。会议产生的西非选举与稳定普拉亚宣言于2011年5月20日通过，其中提出了推动和平选举运作的务实的建议，包括：进一步鼓励联合国-西非经共体-非盟冲突预防伙伴关系；加强西非办、人权高专办、西非经共体和相关政府之间的合作，制定选举事务区域能力建设方案；和建立早期预警机制。联合国安全理事会在2011年7月8日的新闻声明中对通过普拉亚宣言表示欢迎，并鼓励所有相关行为者落实其建议。", "46. 在两年期内，选举支持司还代表秘书处作为技术顾问出席了议会间联盟(议会联盟)会议，帮助设计处理与选举有关的暴力问题的议会联盟框架。会议产生的决议，“提供一个健全的立法框架以预防选举暴力，改进选举监测，和确保权力平稳过渡”，于2011年4月20日在议会联盟第124次大会上以协商一致通过。决议呼吁，除其它外，“联合国和议会联盟加强合作，预防选举暴力和确保政治权力平稳和平过渡，以及在整个选举周期中实施选举观察团提出的相关建议。”", "47. 在两年期内，联合国还采取了其它措施帮助预防与选举有关的暴力冲突。苏丹就是一个例子，在那里，我应当局要求设立了南部苏丹公民投票问题小组，以监测这一进程并提供斡旋，帮助解决公民投票期间出现的政治分歧。除了与南北双方的领导层保持密切磋商之外，我的小组还与联合国苏丹特派团和非洲联盟调解进程以及相关的会员国开展协调工作。联合国苏丹特派团和开发署在一个一体化结构下提供了大量选举技术援助。公民投票以和平方式进行，其结果被双方和国际社会所接受。南苏丹共和国于2011年7月9日成为一个独立的国家。", "六. 可持续性", "48. 运作良好的选举是一种极重要的投资，但全世界的经验表明，并不是制度越复杂花钱越多，选举就一定越成功。一些程序平均每个选举人的费用比其它的要贵，而供应商则继续向世界上最贫穷的国家推销某些最昂贵的选举程序和复杂的技术。虽然对选举制度和程序的选择当然是会员国的主权，但大会第64/155号决议责成本组织在我们的工作中“牢记可持续性和成本效益”。", "49. 我仍然对那些如此复杂或昂贵的选举技术和系统感到关切，担心它们有可能使一些国家要依赖供应商或捐助方。有些技术不仅在安装使用的时候，而且在将来，会涉及巨额成本影响，因此应加以彻底考虑。在选择选举技术时，捐助方和接受方需仔细考虑国家预算预报，以坚定地走向未来的选举资金自给自足的目标。", "50. 现在人们公认，选举援助应在最需要的时候提供，而不只是在选举本身进行的时候。例如，援助应在选举之前若干年就开始的关于选举改革的讨论时就提供。大会第64/155号决议建议，“联合国在整个选举周期的时间跨度内继续提供技术咨询和其它援助，包括选举前和选举后，视情况而定。”这一“选举周期做法”对于援助提供者和捐助方也是一种有用的规划工具。但我们不应将供资周期与一个国家的要求和需要混为一谈；它也不应成为忽视最终状态的援助的理由。", "七. 意见", "51. 会员国对于联合国选举援助的需求仍然很大。鉴于越来越需要对选举援助做出灵活的快速反应，尤其是在目前事件的情况下，我鼓励会员国考虑为选举援助进一步提供自愿捐款，包括为快速反应和为纳入妇女、少数群体和代表性不足的群体，向支持政治事务信托基金和开发署民主管治专题信托基金，以及向联合国民主基金和两性平等基金提供专项捐款。", "52. 对选举援助的继续需求表明人们普遍赞赏联合国在支持民主发展，包括可信、定期和真正的选举方面的工作。我相信，这主要是基于对以客观、公正、中立和独立的方式进行援助的承诺，而这正是大会在第64/155号决议中的指示。本组织的援助也基于这样的理解，即，没有“一刀切”的模式或解决办法，并且，每个国家必须掌控自己的命运。但是，联合国随时愿意奉献其专长、最佳做法和经验教训。", "53. 联合国还坚持认为实施关于选举和关于透明、可信、包容和普选权的国际承诺、准则和原则十分重要。各种联合国公约都保护每一个公民参与公共事务运作的权利，和选举和被选举权。政治包容性，特别是妇女的政治参与、以及少数群体和其它代表性不足的群体的政治参与，对于稳定的民主仍然不可或缺，是联合国提供的援助中的重要考虑因素。", "54. 但是，我们必须承认，即使是最有包容性的、搞得最好的选举本身也不能消除选举暴力的风险。虽然选举是技术性的程序，但却是根本性的政治事件。为遏制这些风险，我们必须确保向会员国提供的援助不只是技术咨询而已，而是调解和斡旋——如果有此要求的话，最好是与区域或次区域组织协作进行。这一做法的目的是在选举前解决背后的怨恨，例如，通过鼓励设计预防垄断权力和将反对派政治边缘化的政治体制，以及在选举后支持对话和鼓励以政治家风度对待胜败。一场选举的真正衡量标准是它是否导致广大公众对这一进程的信心和对结果的信任。一场选举，如果是诚实透明地运作、尊重基本的权利、得到政府机关有效和中立的支持、以及有参加者(领导人、候选人和选民)的负责任的行为，就很有可能取得大家接受的、和平的结果。", "55. 无论是联合国或是其它机构，在设计和提供选举援助时必须将可持续性和成本效益越来越作为核心因素加以考虑。建设永久性的能力并不需要永久性的能力建设。一切援助必须以长期的可持续性和国家所有权为目标，并针对明确界定的最终状态。此外，我们必须牢记更昂贵的选举机器并非治骗局的灵丹妙药。我继续呼吁会员国对照其它发展需要，仔细考虑选举的成本以及选举援助的成本。我鼓励会员国和捐助方考虑非洲联盟智者小组的建议，即，出于政治和发展理由，各国应作为一项重要目标，尽快从国家预算确立选举资金。", "56. 我将继续优先重视在提供选举援助时改进一致性、可预见性和问责制的努力。这种努力应建立在大会委派给牵头人的与选举援助相关的所有事务的明确的领导作用的基础上。", "57. 同时，我将努力加强本组织各行政程序支持其特派团、开发署和联合国发展集团其它单位的能力，以确保对会员国的援助方案能以更高的效率、更可预见和更严格的问责的方式提供。", "58. 为支持这一目标，联合国选举援助应在所有情况下都以一体化的方式提供——不管是否通过正式的一体化的实地特派团提供的。我相信这将大大提高效率和促进在实地一级的协调。我鼓励会员国在起草安理会选举授权和审议预算和对一揽子基金的捐款时，将这一点考虑进去。", "59. 在本组织外面也能加强一致性和效率。全世界多种多样的选举援助提供者和捐助者可确保向寻求援助的会员国提供范围广泛的实用的建议，但也能形成可能破坏筹备工作的无济于事的众说纷纭现象。我鼓励会员国在要求援助时，考虑指定联合国(或另一个组织，如果更偏好的话)帮助确保选举援助提供者的一致性。我进一步敦促，在所有给实地特派团的选举援助授权中，选举援助的授权应包括联合国在确保选举援助提供者的一致性方面的作用。", "60. 最后，我们应把更多的时间和资源投入管治。最近，我的工作人员中的一位年轻人与一位来自发展中国家的女青年讨论即将举行的选举。他说：“这个国家迫切需要一场好的选举。”聪明的女青年回答说，“不，这个国家迫切需要的是那些被选上的人在选举后管好它。”没有各级良好有效的管治——包括独立和专业的司法、充分尊重人权、开放多元的媒体、生气勃勃的民间社会、和可信的顺应民意的政府——对选举的投资就不会收获可持续的和平和发展。", "附件一", "报告期内联合国选举援助的一些例子", "阿富汗", "1. 阿富汗在联合国阿富汗援助团(联阿援助团)和联合国项目事务厅(项目厅)的技术和后勤支助下，于2009年8月举行了总统选举和省级选举，随后于2010年9月举行了议会选举。由联合国开发计划署(开发署)管理的“为明天提高法律和选举能力方案”继续为独立选举委员会和其它选举利益攸关方提供支持。联合国还帮助成立了选举投诉委员会和媒体委员会。为确保妇女对选举过程的关切能被人倾听并得到适当处理，联合国妇女发展基金(现称联合国妇女)为议会女议员与独立选举委员会的对话提供了支持。", "2. 2009年和2010年的总统选举、省议会选举和国民大会选举是由全阿富汗独立选举委员会操办的，由两名联合国提名的委员和三名阿富汗委员组成的选举投诉委员会对投诉进行了调查。2009年和2010年的选举举行的条件比2004-2005年投票时的条件更困难、更不安全。选举投诉委员会对广泛的欺骗进行了调查，导致2009年约150万张选票和2010年约130万张选票被作废。一些地区的不安全也是一个复杂的因素：许多候选人很难在叛乱地区搞竞选；出来投票的选民比2004-2005年少，许多候选人和选民因不安全而感到被剥夺了公民权。这种情况导致了一个有争议的附属于最高法院的“特别法庭”的设立，以处理选举公民权被剥夺和欺诈问题。在出现了相当紧张的局面后，于2011年1月26日启动了Wolesi Jirga，并达成协议，由特别法庭继续调查选举犯罪问题。法律专家认为，特别法庭的设立是不合法的，独立选举委员会从来就没有承认过它。特别法庭随后的决定——62名议员因其“重新计票”的结果须从议会清理出去——在政府部门之间造成了困难的僵局。该法庭后来根据总统令于8月被解散。虽然如此，2010年选举的亮点在于独立选举委员会能够采取未雨绸缪的做法发现骗局，同时把许多选举违法的疑案移交选举投诉委员会。此外，独立选举委员会能承担更多的责任，因此能继续建设选举能力，以便将来能更好的举办选举。", "科特迪瓦", "3. 在第一和第二轮总统选举中，联合国向独立选举委员会提供了技术、物资、后勤和安保支助。第一轮于2010年10月31日进行；在第一轮后，在两个领先的候选人阿拉萨纳·瓦塔拉和劳伦·格巴博之间有必要进行一场对决赛。在2010年11月28日举行的第二轮选举后，独立选举委员会于12月2日宣布了临时结果并宣布候选人瓦塔拉为对决赛的赢家，而宪法理事会却在12月3日公布了一个结果版本，把胜利给了格巴博先生。应2005年比勒陀利亚协定框架内科特迪瓦各派的要求和经安理会授权，秘书长在科特迪瓦的特别代表为第二轮总统选举做了证明，确认了选举委员会宣布的结果。独立选举委员会宣布并经联合国证明的结果随后被西非经共体、非洲联盟和安理会核可。不幸的是，由于格巴博先生拒绝交出权力，随后就发生了一场充满暴力的危机。秘书长和约20位国家元首出席见证了5月21日瓦塔拉总统的就职典礼。", "海地", "4. 当2010年1月12日地震灾难袭击海地的时候，2010年2月的选举筹备工作已经在如火如荼地进行了。鉴于重大的人员伤亡和巨大的物质破坏，选举被推迟。在联合国选举援助牵头人应普雷瓦尔总统的请求派遣了一个技术可行性工作队之后，通过了一个新的选举时间表，第一轮选举定于2010年11月28日举行。总统选举和议会选举(改选下院及上院的三分之一)结合在一起进行。选举进程因霍乱大爆发和热带风暴而进一步受阻。", "5. 鉴于错综复杂和动荡的政治和经济社会状况，以及一些政治团体扬言要抵制，人们对于是否可能举行选举产生了疑虑，在克服了这些疑虑之后，成功举行了选举。第一和第二轮总统和立法选举分别于2010年11月28日和2011年3月20日举行。联合国海地稳定特派团根据安理会的授权，协调了选举进程的所有国际支持，包括协助设立1 500个流离失所选民的登记站，检查所有1 483个投票站和为取代已经被损坏和摧毁的投票站物色新的地点，散发更新的选民名单，以及与海地国家警署协调，制订并实施选举安全综合计划。为支持选举而部署的资源包括：6 200名联合国维和部队，1 300名联合国警察，200名文职工作人员，174个飞行小时，和230部车辆。开发署的项目集中于支持临时选举委员会的能力，以及一些辅助领域，如，支持统计列表中心、选民名单、选举争议处理和公民教育等。", "伊拉克", "6. 联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)继续向伊拉克独立高级选举委员会提供技术咨询和支持。与包括开发署、项目厅和教科文组织在内的伙伴组织一起，联伊援助团提供了技术和警务咨询，并努力增强独立高级选举委员会及其工作人员的能力。在联合国和其他国际合作伙伴的支持下，独立高级选举委员会克服了许许多多运作、安全和法律挑战，于2010年3月成功举行了全国国民议会的选举。地方一级的参与程度比2005年的第一次议会选举要广泛的多。在其他16个国家也为符合资格的伊拉克选民举行了国外投票。民间社会的参与很踊跃。在法院的命令下，独立高级选举委员会对相当数量的已投选票进行了重新计数，结果肯定了以前结果的准确性。自2007年任命了委员会委员以来，独立高级选举委员会现已筹备并操办了共三次大的选举，包括省议会选举(2009年1月)，库尔德地区的总统和议会选举(2009年7月)和全国议会选举。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦", "7. 为响应2010年4月事件之后吉尔吉斯过渡政府的请求，联合国设立了由开发署执行的吉尔吉斯选举支持项目，其重点是技术业务准备、简化投诉程序和妇女的参与。此外，联合国派遣了两名国际顾问担任吉尔吉斯中央选举委员会成员，其专长是法律和程序问题。尽管政治形势脆弱并且时间很紧，但6月份的宪法公民表决和10月10日的议会选举都如期成功举行。", "利比里亚", "8. 利比里亚将在2011年下半年举行公民表决和总统和议会选举。自利比里亚冲突结束以来，这是第二代选举，联合国将确保组织选举的首要责任仍在国家当局，并同时向其提供必要的支助。国家选举委员会通过开发署2010-2012年选举周期能力建设方案接受技术援助。此外，国家选举委员会、开发署和联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)已查明了交通不便的地区，联利特派团将提供额外的后勤支持。根据安理会的授权，联利特派团还将支持当局确保选举，同时加紧了与利比里亚当局在法律、政治、司法、安全和人权问题上的工作，以减轻紧张局势并创造有利于和平选举的气氛。", "巴布亚新几内亚(布干维尔)", "9. 应巴布亚新几内亚政府的请求，联合国为布干维尔2010年5月的第二次总统和议会选举派遣了一个选举专家监测工作队。这次选举——胜者将领导该地区的布干维尔地位公民表决(设想在2015-2020年期间举行)的筹备进程——是在巩固布干维尔和平和民主过程中的一个里程碑。因此，这场选举被视为至关重要，而且，人们对暴力卷土重来的可能性也十分担心。选举专家监测工作队访问了全地区的投票站，包括一些在南方的许多人是第一次投票的地区。联合国的存在受到了所有有关利益攸关方的欢迎，并被广泛看作是在选举进程中建立信心从而促成最终的和平选举环境的一个重要因素。", "苏丹", "10. 联合国通过联合国公民表决和选举综合司向南部苏丹公民表决委员会(南苏丹公决委)提供了技术咨询和援助，该司由联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)选举处和开发署组成。南苏丹公决委为南部苏丹2010年11月15日至12月8日公决和为2011年1月公决，以确定南苏丹人是希望与北部分离还是统一，登记了390万名选民。2011年1月9日至15日，390万登记的选民有了投上自己一票的机会。250多名联合国工作人员向南苏丹公决委提供支持，一直到州和县一级。联合国与国际合作伙伴合作，也向公决进程提供了财政和后勤支持，包括在八个地点进行国外投票。联合国的飞机也将物资空运到偏僻和与世隔绝的公决中心。公决的结果为所有各方所接受，绝大多数赞成分离。", "11. 除了联合国公民表决和选举综合司的直接支助之外，全面和平协定的各方在2010年7月17日给联合国秘书长的一封信中要求联合国为公决派遣一个监测团。秘书长任命了一个小组监测和评估公决过程。虽然标准的做法是联合国一般不监测自己也提供技术援助的选举过程，但联合国在监测公决方面的作用被认为对于提高对进程的信心和接受其结果十分关键。因此，小组工作人员监测了南部苏丹所有各州的46个县的公决，重点是偏僻地区；在南部苏丹15个州中的13个州；以及在进行国外投票的所有八个点。小组向秘书长报告说，公决的结果反映了南部苏丹人民的自由意志。", "突尼斯", "12. 应临时政府关于选举援助的请求，联合国于2011年3月1日向突尼斯派遣了一个高级别选举需求评估团。该团报告中所载的建议得到了牵头人的批准。根据这些建议，联合国实施了一个项目——援助突尼斯当局组织设想在2011年10月举行的制宪会议代表选举。项目被确定为把重点放在联合国有明确的比较优势的领域，要确保协同增效和避免与其他行为者已经在开展的其他方案发生重叠。项目包括了一些措施，以支持选举管理机构和帮助促进包容性的参与选举进程，特别是妇女和民间社会团体。", "附件二", "报告期内接受联合国选举援助的国家和领土", "^(a) 援助是根据安理会授权提供的。", "阿富汗^(a)", "阿根廷", "孟加拉国", "贝宁", "多民族玻利维亚国", "布隆迪^(a)", "布基纳法索", "柬埔寨", "喀麦隆", "中非共和国", "乍得", "科摩罗", "刚果共和国", "科特迪瓦^(a)", "刚果民主共和国^(a)", "萨尔瓦多", "埃塞俄比亚", "冈比亚", "危地马拉", "几内亚", "几内亚比绍^(a)", "圭亚那", "海地^(a)", "印度尼西亚", "伊拉克^(a)", "肯尼亚", "吉尔吉斯斯坦", "黎巴嫩", "莱索托", "利比里亚^(a)", "马拉维", "马尔代夫", "墨西哥", "莫桑比克", "尼泊尔", "荷属安的列斯(博内尔岛)", "尼日尔", "尼日利亚", "巴勒斯坦被占领土", "巴拿马", "巴布亚新几内亚", "秘鲁", "摩尔多瓦共和国", "罗马尼亚", "卢旺达", "塞拉利昂^(a)", "所罗门群岛", "苏丹^(a)", "苏里南", "东蒂汶^(a)", "多哥", "突尼斯", "土库曼斯坦", "坦桑尼亚联合共和国", "也门", "赞比亚", "津巴布韦", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 2010年9月的指导说明已译成所有六种正式语文。索要文本，请通过electoral@un.org与选举援助司联系。英文本可在开发署网站上检索：http://www.beta.undp.org/undp/en/home/html。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Strengthening the role of the United Nations in enhancing the effectiveness of the principle of periodic and genuine elections and the promotion of democratization", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report describes the activities of the United Nations system in providing electoral assistance to Member States over the past two years. United Nations electoral assistance is provided only at the request of a Member State or on the basis of a resolution of the Security Council or the General Assembly. The report indicates that the demand from Member States for United Nations electoral assistance remains high. During the biennium, the United Nations assisted over 50 countries.", "As the focal point for electoral assistance activities, the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs is responsible for the Organization’s electoral policy and for ensuring system-wide coherence and consistency in all United Nations electoral activities. In these tasks, he is supported by the Electoral Assistance Division of the Department of Political Affairs, which also assists with the design and staffing of United Nations electoral activities and maintains both the roster of electoral experts and the Organization’s electoral institutional memory.", "In peacekeeping or post-conflict environments, electoral assistance is generally provided through components of field missions under the aegis of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations or the Department of Political Affairs. The United Nations", "Development Programme (UNDP) usually plays a supporting role to electoral assistance mandates undertaken by field missions. UNDP is the Organization’s major implementing body for support to electoral laws, processes and institutions outside the peacekeeping or post-conflict context.", "A number of other United Nations departments, agencies, funds and programmes are also involved in the provision of electoral assistance, including the Department of Field Support, the United Nations Democracy Fund, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the United Nations Volunteers programme, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), and the United Nations Office for Project Services.", "The report highlights progress in the coordination of electoral assistance both within the Organization and with outside actors. The report also notes the various funding vehicles for electoral assistance and the need for Member State contributions.", "It further notes work done by the Organization in the area of gender and elections. The United Nations continues to prioritize assistance to making election processes inclusive, with attention to ensuring that women and underrepresented groups are able to take part in the political life of their country. This increasingly includes advice on application of relevant provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, including, in particular, its provisions regarding temporary special measures.", "The report notes that although the vast majority of the world’s electoral processes are conducted peacefully, elections can on occasion trigger violence. Most often technical shortcomings are not the fundamental cause of violence, but merely the spark that ignites deeper-rooted social, economic or political tensions. To contain those risks, mediation and good offices, preferably in collaboration with regional or subregional organizations, can be made available upon request to supplement technical advice.", "The report also deals with issues of sustainability and cost-effectiveness, calling for them to be central considerations in design and provision of electoral assistance, whether by the United Nations or other bodies. It urges Member States and donors to consider carefully the cost of elections, and of electoral assistance, in the light of other development needs.", "The report notes an intention to prioritize in the next biennium the improvement of coherence, predictability and accountability in delivery of electoral assistance. Such efforts should be built upon the clear leadership role in all matters related to electoral assistance assigned by the General Assembly to the focal point for electoral assistance matters.", "The report concludes with an emphasis on governance. Investments in elections will not yield sustainable peace and development without independent and professional judiciaries, open, pluralistic media, a robust civil society, a credible government and effective governance at all levels.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report has been prepared in conformity with General Assembly resolution 64/155 and covers electoral activities undertaken by the United Nations since the previous report on this subject (A/64/304).", "2. It has been 20 years since the first report to the General Assembly on the Organization’s work on supporting elections. Looking back, it is difficult to identify a moment when the desire for genuinely and credibly elected leadership was expressed more dramatically than it was in 2011. The events which began in Tunisia and continue to unfold in the Middle East and North Africa seem to embody the provision of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that “the will of the people shall be the basis of authority of government [and that] this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures”.", "3. Regrettably, the reporting period has also seen elections — including some supported by the United Nations — act as a spark to ignite deep-seated grievances, leading to violence and loss of lives.", "4. The present report provides an opportunity to both reflect on how the United Nations can best assist those Member States which have new electoral needs and aspirations, and how it can best assist in preventing or mitigating electoral-related conflict and violence.", "5. United Nations electoral assistance can be provided to a Member State only upon request and/or a mandate from the Security Council or General Assembly. United Nations electoral assistance is provided in conformity with the principle of the sovereign equality of States and the realization that there is no single electoral methodology or system that is appropriate for all countries. Therefore, a needs assessment is always carried out before any electoral assistance is agreed or provided in order to ensure the assistance is tailored to the specific needs of the situation.", "6. The United Nations today is able to provide the following five basic types of electoral assistance, the first two of which require a General Assembly or Security Council mandate, and are now rarely utilized: (a) organization and conduct of elections; (b) verification/certification; (c) technical assistance; (d) expert panels; and (e) coordination of international observers.", "7. The United Nations has not observed an election since 2001 (Fiji); in contrast, many regional organizations are prioritizing this activity. Today, most United Nations electoral support consists of some type of technical assistance. In recent years, the United Nations has twice been asked to undertake certification of an election. This mandate requires the Organization to verify publicly that various stages of an electoral process are credible and that they conform to that country’s national laws and international commitments on elections. Certification mandates are rare and require a Security Council or General Assembly mandate. For example, in Côte d’Ivoire, the United Nations peacekeeping mission has a certification mandate that had its genesis in relevant peace agreements before being included in a Security Council resolution (see also para. 42 below).", "8. During the reporting period, the United Nations provided electoral assistance to more than 50 Member States (see annex II), 11 of them on the basis of a Security Council mandate. Selected examples of electoral assistance are listed in annex I to the present report.", "9. The present report summarizes the work of the United Nations departments, funds, programmes and agencies regarding electoral assistance during the reporting period and discusses cooperation within and outside the United Nations system. It further makes a number of observations aimed at strengthening the provision of electoral assistance by the United Nations system.", "II. United Nations electoral assistance during the reporting period", "A. Mandates and activities", "10. United Nations assistance to Member States in conducting credible, periodic and genuine elections continues to be a system-wide endeavour. The United Nations institutional framework benefits from relatively clear mandates from the General Assembly. The Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs is the United Nations focal point for electoral assistance matters (hereinafter the focal point), with a mandate under Assembly resolution 64/155 to ensure coordination and coherence and avoid duplication of United Nations electoral assistance. The focal point is also charged by the Assembly with the development and dissemination of electoral policies, building and maintaining the Organization’s electoral institutional memory, and maintaining a diverse roster of pre-screened electoral experts who can be quickly deployed to any United Nations assistance project.", "11. The focal point is supported in these functions by the Electoral Assistance Division of the Department of Political Affairs. The Division conducts all electoral needs assessments for the Organization, recommends to the focal point the parameters for all United Nations electoral assistance and advises on the design of all United Nations electoral projects. It provides, on behalf of the focal point, ongoing political and technical guidance to all United Nations entities involved in electoral assistance, including on the Organization’s normative framework and best practices gleaned from the Organization’s electoral institutional memory. In its resolution 63/261 on strengthening of the Department of Political Affairs, the General Assembly approved a total of eight new core posts (4 Professional and 4 General Service) and one post reclassification for the Electoral Assistance Division. These posts are now filled, and have greatly strengthened the ability of the Department to carry out its electoral mandate.", "12. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the Organization’s major implementing body for support to developing electoral laws, processes and institutions outside the peacekeeping or post-conflict context. In its resolution 64/155, the General Assembly requested UNDP to continue its democratic governance assistance programmes, in particular those that promote the strengthening of democratic institutions and linkages between civil society and Governments.", "13. In peacekeeping or post-conflict environments, electoral assistance is generally provided through components of field missions under the aegis of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations or the Department of Political Affairs. With the trend towards integrated United Nations efforts, UNDP is increasingly providing support to electoral assistance mandates undertaken by field missions under the aegis of the two Departments. The Electoral Assistance Division provides political and technical guidance to the electoral components of such field missions.", "14. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) continues to provide training and advice on human rights monitoring in the context of elections, support and organization of campaigns for violence-free elections, engage in advocacy for human rights-compliant electoral laws and institutions and monitor and report on human rights violations during electoral processes. Since July 2010, the United Nations Subregional Centre for Human Rights and Democracy in Central Africa, acting as the OHCHR regional office for Central Africa, has carried out capacity-building activities for various actors on the promotion of human rights and democracy during electoral periods.", "15. Other parts of the United Nations system involved in election-related activities include: the Department of Field Support, which is primarily responsible for providing logistics, procurement, human resources and financial administration support to the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Political Affairs; the United Nations Office for Project Services, which provides support to electoral activities, largely in post-conflict/peacekeeping environments, in partnership with the Department of Political Affairs, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, UNDP and Member States; the United Nations Volunteers programme, which provides electoral staff to work in UNDP, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Political Affairs field operations; the United Nations Fund for Democracy, which funds democracy-related civil society projects; and the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), which provides technical expertise, on request, to institutional stakeholders to ensure that gender equality and women’s rights and participation are adequately addressed and promotes coherence in such technical support.", "B. Cooperation and coordination within the United Nations system", "16. As I noted in my previous report (A/64/304), although the multiplicity of actors involved in electoral assistance within the United Nations system remains a strength, pressures from within and outside the system can create incentive for disharmony and overlap. In its resolution 64/155, the General Assembly reiterated the importance of reinforced coordination within the United Nations system and reaffirmed the role of the focal point in ensuring system-wide coherence, including by strengthening institutional memory and the development and dissemination of electoral policies.", "17. I have therefore made efforts to promote coherence, predictability and accountability of United Nations electoral assistance a priority during the reporting period. To that end, since my previous report:", "(a) In September 2010, UNDP and the Department of Political Affairs signed a revised note of guidance on electoral assistance[1] (revising the previous note, see A/56/344, annex II). The note helps to clarify roles and responsibilities so that the two entities can work better together;", "(b) I have asked the Department of Field Support and the Department of Management to convene a system-wide discussion on operational arrangements, including recruitment and procurement, to see how procedures that are more flexible and efficient, while ensuring necessary safeguards and controls, could potentially be utilized in electoral activities;", "(c) I have asked the Department of Management, the Department of Field Support and the Department of Political Affairs to develop means of ensuring that the General Assembly-mandated electoral roster remains a resource for all United Nations electoral assistance projects, in conformity with new human resources rules (see ST/AI/2010/3), by ensuring the interoperability of the roster clearance and recruitment procedures with those of all agencies and programmes;", "(d) I have asked the Department of Political Affairs, with UNDP and in consultation with all relevant partners, to develop plans to enhance production of system-wide policy and best practices documents and to implement the election-related recommendations contained in my 2010 report on women’s participation in peacebuilding (A/65/354-S/2010/466);", "(e) I have requested the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, as the United Nations focal point for electoral assistance, to facilitate discussions to more clearly delineate the roles and responsibilities of United Nations departments, funds and agencies, in accordance with their mandates as defined by the General Assembly, and appropriate United Nations bodies.", "18. The Inter-Agency Coordination Mechanism for Electoral Assistance, chaired by the Electoral Assistance Division, was established in 2009 under the auspices of the focal point to promote information-sharing and further harmonization of the Organization’s electoral work. It holds monthly meetings, and is also the forum for coordinating the follow-up to my requests above.", "C. Cooperation with other organizations", "19. In the reporting period, the United Nations has continued to enhance cooperation with other international, governmental and non-governmental organizations, both in the field and at Headquarters level, with a view to strengthening the delivery of electoral assistance.", "20. The increasing multiplicity of assistance providers outside the United Nations system has enriched the knowledge pool and opened new opportunities, including for greater South-South cooperation. The United Nations often supports and facilitates these exchanges.", "21. The United Nations continues to be a partner in two global tools that promote capacity-building and institutional memory in electoral knowledge: the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network and the Building Resources in Democracy, Governance and Elections (BRIDGE) project. The ACE Electoral Knowledge Network includes the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), Elections Canada, the Electoral Institute of Southern Africa, Instituto Federal Electoral-Mexico, the International Foundation for Electoral Systems, UNDP, the Electoral Assistance Division and the Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The ACE Network provides comprehensive and authoritative information on elections, promotes networking among election-related professionals and offers capacity-development services for electoral management bodies and others. The second electoral knowledge tool, the BRIDGE project, is a partnership of the Australian Electoral Commission, International IDEA, the International Foundation for Electoral Systems, the Electoral Assistance Division and UNDP. The purpose of the partnership is to develop, implement and maintain a comprehensive curriculum on effective administration of electoral processes, and provide modular training packages for electoral management bodies.", "22. The United Nations, through UN-Women and UNDP, is also a partner in the International Knowledge Network of Women in Politics (iKNOW), an innovative global platform that uses the exchange of information and networking to promote women’s increased role and presence in political processes around the world. Partners also include the Inter-Parliamentary Union, International IDEA and the National Democratic Institute.", "23. In 2010, the Kofi Annan Foundation and International IDEA created the Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security. It is a high-level panel aimed at providing realistic policy recommendations on how to better deal with challenges to the integrity of elections and to the integrity of international electoral assistance. The Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, in his capacity as focal point, and the UNDP Administrator participate as Friends of the Commission.", "24. A Framework for Cooperation between the secretariat of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Department of Political Affairs, on behalf of the United Nations Secretariat was signed on 21 September 2010. It provides that the Department shall support the strengthening of the SADC electoral capacity, along with cooperation in mediation and the exchange of lessons learned. The United Nations also continues to work on electoral issues in collaboration with regional intergovernmental organizations including the African Union, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and many others. I particularly hope to promote further organizational cooperation in the electoral field with the League of Arab States. That cooperation will be particularly important given the rapid developments being seen in the Middle East and North Africa.", "25. The European Union and UNDP have developed a strong partnership in electoral assistance over the last seven years. UNDP continues to deliver a significant part of its electoral assistance activities within the formal framework of a partnership with the European Union. In addition to joint projects at the country level, the partnership hosted a number of workshops, including on elections and violence and the use of technology in electoral processes.", "26. The United Nations also works with individual Member States on various electoral issues. To name just one, in June 2010, the Electoral Assistance Division and UNDP, in conjunction with the Government of Romania, organized a workshop on out-of-country voting, attended by representatives of approximately 30 Member States, the European Union, International IDEA, OSCE, and the Association of Central and Eastern European Electoral Officials, as well as members of the United Nations system. I encourage Member States to endorse the key conclusions of the workshop, including that host countries should consider how they can best facilitate and support out-of-country voting on their territories, and that regional organizations could consider developing a set of good practices or guidelines to assist host countries in doing so.", "27. Although the United Nations rarely observes elections, the Electoral Assistance Division continues to participate in discussions to further enhance performance of electoral observers, through adherence to the Declaration of Principles for International Election Observation. That document, launched at the United Nations in 2005, aims to harmonize the methodologies of the many intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations engaged in observing elections, including those practices which guarantee respect for national sovereignty. The more than 40 signatories now include the vast majority of recognized and respected actors in the field. I encourage others to join the broad consensus which has emerged around the globe regarding these principles.", "III. Gender and elections", "28. The United Nations continues to prioritize assistance to making election processes inclusive, with attention to ensuring that women and underrepresented groups are able to take part in the political life of their country.", "29. This increasingly includes advice on the application of relevant provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, including, in particular, its provisions regarding temporary special measures. The United Nations advocates the inclusion of women in electoral management bodies and encourages and supports efforts by national authorities to include a gender perspective in their electoral laws and regulations. The Organization has contributed to targeted outreach attempts to mobilize women’s participation in elections, both as voters and candidates. Special attention has been also accorded to women among internally displaced populations and to women’s access to electoral dispute resolution mechanisms.", "30. To ensure continued gender mainstreaming in United Nations electoral assistance, the focal point now requires that every electoral needs assessment carried out in response to a request from a Member State includes specific attention to the issue of women’s representation. In addition, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Political Affairs, the Department of Field Support, UN-Women and UNDP are revising the “DPKO/DFS-DPA Joint Guidelines on Enhancing the Role of Women in Post-Conflict Electoral Processes”, with input from field missions that have used the existing guidelines and using their suggestions for improvement.", "IV. United Nations resources for electoral assistance", "31. The regular budget of the Electoral Assistance Division covers its core staff costs, while extrabudgetary funds, including the Trust Fund in Support of Political Affairs and the Rapid Response Trust Fund, are also utilized. Electoral assistance projects managed by UNDP country offices are typically funded through voluntary contributions by Member States that often result in multi-partner basket funds, which include national counterparts in the management structure in order to ensure greater national ownership. In integrated peace operations with an electoral component, the peace operations budget covers some of the electoral work, while the balance, often quite substantial, is funded through UNDP multi-donor funding mechanisms. The Peacebuilding Support Office has occasionally utilized its Peacebuilding Fund to provide support when a lack of funding could have put at risk the organization of elections. With core funds and through its Fund for Gender Equality, UN-Women provides complementary funding for gender and elections work, closely aligned to, or integrated in, UNDP-managed electoral assistance projects.", "32. Since mid-2009, UNDP has been implementing a Global Programme on Electoral Cycle Support, which strengthens the UNDP practice architecture by, inter alia, developing knowledge products, mainstreaming gender issues into electoral programming and supporting regional and country-level initiatives to strengthen electoral institutions and processes. The Global Programme initiative draws from a dedicated funding source (the Government of Spain, with a contribution from the Government of Canada) and full time advisers to help implement its activities. It is directly executed by the UNDP Bureau for Development Policy, under a Steering Committee consisting of UNDP and representatives of the two donor countries.", "33. The United Nations Democracy Fund provides financial support for projects that strengthen the voice of civil society, promote human rights and encourage the participation of all groups in democratic processes, including many projects aimed at building capacity among voters and candidates, training and supporting civil society observers and ensuring wide democratic engagement and participation, including the ACE project. To date, contributions of more than $110 million have been received from over 39 countries, and a further 64 projects were recently approved by me in the fifth funding round.", "34. The Trust Fund in Support of Political Affairs, administered by the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, along with the UNDP Democratic Governance Thematic Trust Fund, remain important sources of critical extrabudgetary funding for electoral assistance activities. Such funds allow the implementation of rapid response and innovative or catalytic projects and programmes, including those aimed at the prevention of conflict and at supporting the participation of women and underrepresented groups in political processes. Extrabudgetary funds were used during the reporting period to rapidly establish activities, inter alia, in Haiti, Guinea, the Niger and Kyrgyzstan (for further details, see annex I).", "V. Elections and violence", "35. In my previous two reports, I expressed concern over the potential for elections to be overshadowed by political discord or violence, especially after results are announced.", "36. Such violence can be triggered by electoral shortcomings, such as severely flawed voter lists, the misuse of incumbency, a lack of transparency or the actual or perceived bias of election officials, which can result in real or perceived fraud. However, most often technical shortcomings are not the fundamental cause of violence or violent conflict, but merely the spark that ignites deeper-rooted social, economic or political tensions. Thus, if underlying political conditions are not conducive to confidence among stakeholders, or simply if one of the candidates refuses to accept credible results, elections can be a trigger for violence.", "37. We must of course keep the problem in context. The vast majority of the world’s elections are conducted peacefully, even though electoral controversy is not uncommon, especially when results are close. In general, such controversy is resolved peacefully by political processes or State institutions. However, where State institutions or political processes do not contain, or, at worst, exacerbate controversy, the result can be violence, death and displacement, with possible broader implications for peace and security.", "38. During the biennium, the United Nations took several specific measures to prevent or mitigate violent conflict related to elections. I will mention two cases: Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire.", "39. In Guinea, following the death of President Lansana Conté and a coup d’état in 2008, the adoption of the Ouagadougou Accord of 15 January 2010 set the stage for presidential elections on 27 June 2010, followed by a second round on 19 September 2010. These were the first democratic elections in almost 40 years, for a very diverse population during a complicated transition. The United Nations provided technical support to the process through a UNDP project, and also provided political and diplomatic support, within the framework of the International Contact Group on Guinea, co-chaired by the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).", "40. On the eve of both rounds of elections, the Deputy Director of the Electoral Assistance Division was deployed to support to the UNDP team on the ground. When a last-minute request for funding for security for the elections was presented by the Government, the Peacebuilding Support Office managed to assess the request and release the necessary funding from the Peacebuilding Fund in record time. The United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) provided logistics support on very short notice. In addition, the newly established OHCHR office in Guinea monitored the human rights situation before, during and after the elections, which increased trust and confidence in the process.", "41. My Special Representative for West Africa worked closely and intensively with the African Union and ECOWAS during the transition, visiting the country together with envoys of the African Union and ECOWAS more than 20 times, with the support of a United Nations senior mediation adviser specially deployed to Conakry. In the end, despite close results and some political controversy, Alpha Condé was elected President in a largely peaceful process. Among the critical factors were the appointment of an election commission chairperson who enjoyed trust of the two contestants in the second round, and the statesmanlike acceptance of the final results by runner-up Cellou Dalein Diallo.", "42. In Côte d’Ivoire, the United Nations mandate to certify elections was based on the 2005 Pretoria Accord and the subsequent decision of the Security Council (resolution 1765 (2007)). The conditions for certification, developed by the United Nations pursuant to the 2007 Ouagadougou Political Agreement, in consultation with the Facilitator of the inter-Ivorian dialogue, President Blaise Compaoré of Burkina Faso, and the Ivorian parties, included: restoration of peace across the country; an inclusive political process; equal access to the State media; the establishment of objective electoral lists; and fair and unbiased poll results. The first round of presidential elections was held on 31 October 2010, with a second round on 28 November 2010. On 3 December 2010, my Special Representative certified that the fair and unbiased result of the second round was, as announced by the Independent Electoral Commission on 2 December, the victory of Alassane Ouattara.", "43. As we know, the refusal of the incumbent to accept the result led, regrettably, to violent conflict and tragic loss of life. Yet the certification provided a consensus basis for diplomatic action, including by ECOWAS, to ensure that the democratically expressed will of the Ivorian people was respected. Although diplomacy did not prevent violence in this case, the legitimate President is now in office, and the United Nations continues to support the Government in addressing key challenges with a view to establishing lasting peace and stability.", "44. The obvious contrast between the violent outcome in Côte d’Ivoire and the largely peaceful outcome in Guinea was the refusal of the runner-up, despite urging from the United Nations and other parties, to accept the legitimate outcome.", "45. In the aftermath of these two events, my Special Representative in West Africa and the United Nations Office for West Africa (UNOWA) organized a regional conference on elections and stability in West Africa, in May 2011 in Praia, Cape Verde. The conference was hosted by the Government of Cape Verde and organized in partnership with the Department of Political Affairs and UNDP. It received the support of ECOWAS, the African Union, the International Organization of la Francophonie, the European Union and the International Peace Institute. The resulting Praia Declaration on Elections and Stability in West Africa, adopted on 20 May 2011, identified practical recommendations to facilitate the conduct of peaceful elections, including: further encouraging the United Nations-ECOWAS-African Union partnership in conflict prevention; strengthening cooperation between UNOWA, OHCHR, ECOWAS and Governments in developing a regional capacity-building programme in electoral affairs; and establishing early warning mechanisms. In a press statement on 8 July 2011, the Security Council welcomed the adoption of the Praia Declaration and encouraged all relevant actors to follow up on its recommendations.", "46. Also during the biennium, the Electoral Assistance Division participated on behalf of the Secretariat, as a technical resource during deliberations of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) to help design an IPU framework to address electoral-related violence. The resulting resolution on providing a sound legislative framework aimed at preventing electoral violence, improving electoral monitoring and ensuring the smooth transition of power was adopted by consensus at the 124th IPU assembly on 20 April 2011. The resolution calls, inter alia, for greater cooperation between the United Nations and IPU in the prevention of electoral violence, and in ensuring a smooth and peaceful transition of political power, as well as in the implementation throughout the electoral cycle of relevant recommendations made by electoral observation missions.", "47. The United Nations took other measures during the biennium to help to prevent violent conflict related to elections. One example is the Sudan, where the Secretary-General established, at the request of the authorities, a Panel on the Southern Sudan Referenda, to monitor the process and offer good offices to help resolve political discord during the referendum. In addition to consulting closely with the leadership in the North and South, the Panel worked in coordination with the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) and the African Union mediation process, as well as concerned Member States. Substantial electoral technical assistance was also provided by UNMIS and UNDP under an integrated structure. The referendum was held peacefully and its results were accepted by both sides and by the international community. South Sudan became an independent country on 9 July 2011.", "VI. Sustainability", "48. Well-run elections are a crucial investment, but experience throughout the world has shown that it is not the case that the more complex or expensive a system, the more successful the elections will be. Some processes are more costly per voter than others, and vendors continue to promote some of the most expensive electoral processes and complicated technology to some of the poorest countries in the world. While the choice of electoral system and process is, of course, the sovereign right of Member States, the General Assembly in its resolution 64/155 obliges the Organization to bear in mind “sustainability and cost-effectiveness” in its work.", "49. I remain concerned about electoral techniques and systems that are so complex or expensive that they have the potential to leave countries dependent on vendors or donors. Some technologies will have large cost implications not just at the moment they are implemented, but in the future, which should be thoroughly considered. In making choices about electoral technology, donors and recipients need to look carefully at national budget forecasts in order to aim squarely at the goal of nationally self-funded elections in future.", "50. It is now accepted that electoral assistance should be made available whenever it is most needed and not just at the time of the election itself. For example, assistance is available for discussions on electoral reform which may be initiated years before an electoral event. The General Assembly recommended in its resolution 64/155, that the United Nations continue to provide technical advice and other assistance throughout the time span of the entire electoral cycle, including before and after elections, as appropriate. This “electoral-cycle approach” is also a useful planning tool for assistance providers and donors. But we should not confuse funding cycles with what a country wants or needs; nor should they be justifications for assistance that pays little attention to the end state.", "VII. Observations", "51. Demand from Member States for United Nations electoral assistance continues to be high. Given the increasing need for flexible and rapid response in electoral assistance, particularly in the light of current events, I encourage Member States to consider making further voluntary contributions for electoral assistance, including earmarked contributions for rapid response and for the inclusion of women, minorities and underrepresented groups, to the Trust Fund in Support of Political Affairs and the UNDP Democratic Governance Thematic Trust Fund, as well as to the United Nations Democracy Fund and the Fund for Gender Equality.", "52. The continued demand for electoral assistance is an indication of the general appreciation of the work of the United Nations in supporting democratic development, including credible, periodic and genuine elections. This, I believe, is based largely on the commitment, as directed by the General Assembly, in its resolution 64/155, to carry out assistance in an objective, impartial, neutral and independent manner. United Nations assistance is also given with the understanding that there is no “one size fits all” model or solution, and that each country must be in charge of its own destiny, but the Organization is ready to make its expertise, best practices and lessons learned available.", "53. The United Nations also upholds the importance of the implementation of international commitments, norms and principles with respect to elections, as well as the need for transparency, credibility, inclusiveness and universal suffrage. Various United Nations conventions protect the right of every citizen to take part in the conduct of public affairs and the right to vote and to be elected. Political inclusiveness, in particular women’s political participation as well as that of minorities and other underrepresented groups, remains crucial for stable democracy, and is an important consideration in the assistance that the United Nations provides.", "54. However, we must recognize that even the most inclusive, best-run elections cannot by themselves erase the risk of electoral violence. While elections are technical processes, they are fundamentally political events. To contain such risks, the United Nations must ensure that the support available to Member States includes not just technical advice but also mediation and good offices, if requested, preferably in collaboration with regional or subregional organizations. This approach would aim to address underlying grievances before elections, for example, by encouraging the design of political institutions to prevent the monopoly of power and political marginalization of the opposition and, after the election, to support dialogue and encourage statesmanship both in victory and in defeat. The true measure of an election is whether it engenders broad public confidence in the process and trust in the outcome. An election run honestly and transparently, respecting basic rights, with the effective and neutral support of State institutions and the responsible conduct of participants (leaders, candidates and voters) is most likely to achieve an accepted and peaceful outcome.", "55. Sustainability and cost-effectiveness must increasingly be central considerations in the design and provision of electoral assistance, whether by the United Nations or other bodies. Building capacity that is permanent does not require permanent capacity-building. All assistance should have long-term sustainability and national ownership as its goals, and should aim at clearly defined end states. In addition, we must remember that more costly electoral machinery is not a panacea for fraud. I continue to call upon Member States to consider carefully the cost of elections and of electoral assistance, in the light of other development needs. I encourage Member States and donors to consider the recommendation of the African Union Panel of the Wise that, for political and development reasons, States should establish as an important goal the funding of elections from national budgets, as soon as possible.", "56. I will continue to prioritize efforts to improve the coherence, predictability and accountability in delivery of electoral assistance. Such efforts should be built upon the clear leadership role in all matters related to electoral assistance assigned by the General Assembly to the focal point.", "57. At the same time, I will work to strengthen the ability of the Organization’s various administrative processes to support its missions, UNDP and others in the United Nations Development Group in order to ensure that assistance programmes to Member States can be delivered with greater efficiency, predictability and accountability.", "58. In support of this goal, United Nations electoral assistance should be provided in an integrated manner in all contexts, whether or not it is provided through a formally integrated field mission. I believe that this will greatly improve efficiency and promote coordination at the field level. I encourage Member States to take this into account when drafting Security Council electoral mandates and considering budgets and contributions to basket funds.", "59. Coherence and efficiency can also be strengthened outside the Organization. While the multiplicity of electoral assistance providers and donors worldwide can ensure a broad range of useful advice for Member States seeking assistance, it can also create an unhelpful cacophony that has the potential to undermine preparations. I encourage Member States, when requesting assistance, to consider designating the United Nations (or another organization, if preferred) to help to ensure coherence among electoral assistance providers. I further urge that mandates for electoral assistance include a role for the United Nations in ensuring coherence among electoral assistance providers in any electoral assistance mandate given to a field mission.", "60. Finally, we should be investing more time and resources in governance. Recently, one of my staff members was discussing an upcoming election with a young woman from a developing country. He said, “This country desperately needs a good election.” The wise young woman replied, “No, what this country desperately needs is for those elected to govern well after their election.” Investments in elections will not yield sustainable peace and development without good and effective governance at all levels, including independent and professional judiciaries, full respect for human rights, open and pluralistic media, a robust civil society and a credible and responsive Government.", "Annex I", "Selected examples of United Nations electoral assistance during the reporting period", "Afghanistan", "1. Afghanistan held presidential and provincial elections in August 2009, followed by parliamentary elections in September 2010, with technical and logistical support from the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan and the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS). The Enhancing Legal and Electoral Capacity for Tomorrow programme, managed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), continues to support the Independent Election Commission and other electoral stakeholders. The United Nations also helped in the creation of an Electoral Complaints Commission (ECC) and Media Commission. The United Nations Development Fund for Women (now UN-Women) supported dialogue between women members of parliament and the Independent Election Commission aimed at ensuring that women’s concerns about the electoral process were heard and addressed adequately.", "2. The 2009 and 2010 Presidential, Provincial Council and National Assembly elections were conducted by an all-Afghan Independent Election Commission (IEC) and complaints were investigated by ECC, which was composed of two United Nations-nominated commissioners and three Afghan commissioners. The 2009 and 2010 elections were conducted under more difficult and insecure conditions than the 2004-2005 polls. Extensive fraud was investigated by ECC, leading to the exclusion of approximately 1.5 million votes in 2009 and 1.3 million votes in 2010. Insecurity in some areas was also a complicating factor: many candidates had difficulties conducting their campaign in insurgency-prone areas; voter turnout was lower than in 2004-2005, and many candidates and voters felt disenfranchised owing to the insecurity. This led to the establishment of a controversial “special tribunal” attached to the Supreme Court to deal with electoral disenfranchisement and fraud issues. After considerable tensions, the Wolesi Jirga was inaugurated on 26 January 2011, with an agreement that the special tribunal would continue to investigate electoral crimes. The establishment of the special tribunal was considered illegal by legal experts and it was never recognized by IEC. The special tribunal’s subsequent decision to remove 62 members from Parliament owing to “recount” results created a difficult impasse between the branches of Government. The tribunal was then dissolved by presidential decree in August. However, the highlight of the 2010 election was that IEC was able to take a proactive approach in detecting fraud while referring many suspected cases of electoral offences to ECC. In addition, IEC was able to take on more responsibility and therefore continue to build electoral capacity that will allow for better implementation of elections in the future.", "Côte d’Ivoire", "3. The United Nations provided technical, material, logistical and security support to the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) for the first and second round of presidential elections. The first round took place on 31 October 2010; a run-off was then necessary between the two top candidates after the first round, Alassane Ouattara and Laurent Gbagbo. Following the second round, held on 28 November 2010, IEC announced the provisional results on 2 December and declared candidate Ouattara as the winner of the run-off election, while the Constitutional Council proclaimed a version of results on 3 December that gave victory to Mr. Gbagbo. As requested by the Ivorian parties within the framework of the 2005 Pretoria Accord and mandated by the Security Council, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General in Côte d’Ivoire certified the second round of presidential elections, confirming the outcome as announced by the Electoral Commission. The results announced by IEC and certified by the United Nations were subsequently endorsed by the Economic Community of West African States, the African Union and the Security Council. Unfortunately, a violent crisis ensued as a result of Mr. Gbagbo’s refusal to cede power. President Ouattara was inaugurated on 21 May, with the Secretary-General in attendance along with some 20 Heads of State.", "Haiti", "4. Preparations for elections in February 2010 were already under way when Haiti was struck by a devastating earthquake on 12 January 2010. In the light of the significant human loss and the considerable material damage, elections were postponed. Following a technical feasibility mission dispatched by the United Nations focal point for electoral assistance at the request of President Préval, a new electoral timetable was then adopted, with the first round of the elections set for 28 November 2010. The presidential elections were combined with the parliamentary elections (renewal of the lower chamber and one third of the upper chamber). The electoral process was further hampered by a cholera epidemic and a tropical storm.", "5. Successful elections were held, overcoming doubts that they were possible given the complex and volatile political and socio-economic context and threats of boycott from some political groups. The first and second rounds of the presidential and legislative elections were held on 28 November 2010 and 20 March 2011. In line with its Security Council mandate, the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) coordinated all international support to the electoral process, including assisting in the setting up of 1,500 registration centres for displaced voters, inspecting all 1,483 voting centres and identifying new locations to replace those that had been damaged or destroyed, distributing the updated voters’ list and, in coordination with the Haitian National Police, developing and implementing an integrated electoral security plan. Resources deployed in support of the elections included more than 6,200 United Nations peacekeeping troops, 1,300 United Nations police, 200 civilian staff, 174 flight hours and 230 vehicles. A UNDP project focused on supporting the capacity of the provisional election commission as well as on complementary areas such as support to the tabulation centre, the voter list, electoral disputes and civic education.", "Iraq", "6. The United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) has continued to provide technical advice and support to the Independent High Electoral Commission (IHEC) of Iraq. Along with its partner organizations, including UNDP, UNOPS and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNAMI has provided technical and policy advice, and worked to build the capacity of IHEC and its staff. With the support of its United Nations and other international partners, IHEC overcame numerous operational, security and legal challenges and successfully conducted the national election for the Council of Representatives in March 2010. There was considerably broader participation at the local level than in the first parliamentary election in 2005. Voting was also conducted for eligible Iraqi voters in 16 other countries. Civil society participation was strong. Following a court order, IHEC recounted a significant amount of the cast ballots, a process that confirmed the accuracy of the earlier results. In total, IHEC has now prepared and conducted three major electoral events since the appointment of its Commissioners in 2007, including the governorate council elections (January 2009), presidential and parliamentary elections in the Kurdistan region (July 2009) and the national parliamentary elections.", "Kyrgyzstan", "7. Following the request of the Kyrgyz Interim Government in the aftermath of the April 2010 events, the United Nations responded by establishing the Kyrgyz Election Support Project executed by UNDP, focusing on technical operational preparations, the streamlining of the complaints process and women’s participation. In addition, the United Nations deployed two international advisory members to the Kyrgyz Central Electoral Commission, with expertise in legal and procedural issues. Despite the fragile political situation and tight timelines, the June constitutional referendum and the 10 October parliamentary elections took place successfully and on time.", "Liberia", "8. Liberia will hold a referendum and presidential and legislative elections during the second half of 2011. For the second generation of elections since the end of the Liberian conflict, the United Nations will ensure that the primary responsibility for organizing the elections remain with the national authorities while providing them with needed support. The National Elections Commission receives technical assistance through the UNDP capacity-building programme for the 2010-2012 electoral cycle. Additionally, the National Elections Commission, UNDP and the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) have identified less accessible areas where additional logistics support from UNMIL will be provided. In line with the mandate from the Security Council, UNMIL also supports the authorities in securing the elections while intensifying its work with the Liberian authorities on legal, political, judicial, security and human rights issues to mitigate tensions and create an atmosphere conducive to peaceful elections.", "Papua New Guinea (Bougainville)", "9. Upon the request of the Government of Papua New Guinea, the United Nations deployed an Electoral Expert Monitoring Team for Bougainville’s second presidential and parliamentary elections in May 2010. That election — the winner of which would lead the region to the preparation process for the referendum on the status of Bougainville (envisaged between 2015-2020) — was a milestone in the consolidation of peace and democracy in the country. The election was, therefore, seen as critical, and there were also serious concerns about the possibility of the recurrence of violence. The Monitoring Team was able to visit polling stations all over the region including in some areas in the south where many people were voting for the first time. The United Nations presence was welcomed by all concerned stakeholders and was widely seen as an important factor in building confidence in the electoral process and consequently contributing to the ultimately peaceful electoral environment.", "Sudan", "10. The United Nations provided technical advice and assistance to the Southern Sudan Referendum Commission (SSRC), via the United Nations Integrated Referendum and Electoral Division, composed of the electoral division of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) and UNDP. SSRC registered 3.9 million voters for the Southern Sudan Referendum between 15 November and 8 December 2010, for a referendum in January 2011 to determine if the people of Southern Sudan wished to secede from or remain a part of the Sudan. Between 9 and 15 January 2011, 3.9 million registered voters had the opportunity to cast their ballot. Over 250 United Nations staff worked to support SSRC down to the state and county levels. The United Nations, in cooperation with international partners, also provided financial and logistical support to the referendum process, including out-of-country voting in eight locations. United Nations air assets also transported materials by air to remote and isolated referendum centres. The results were accepted by all parties, with an overwhelming vote for secession.", "11. In addition to the direct support provided by the United Nations Integrated Referendum and Electoral Division, in a letter to the Secretary-General dated 17 July 2010, the parties to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement requested the United Nations to deploy a monitoring mission for the referendum. The Secretary-General appointed a panel to monitor and assess the referendums process. While standard practice is that the United Nations does not usually monitor electoral processes in which it also provides technical assistance, the role of the United Nations with respect to monitoring the referendums was deemed to be critical in enhancing confidence in the process and acceptance of results. Panel staff monitored the referendum in 46 counties in all states in Southern Sudan, focusing on remote areas; in 13 out of 15 states in northern Sudan; and in all eight countries where out-of-country voting took place. The panel reported to the Secretary-General that the outcome of the referendum reflected the free will of the people of Southern Sudan.", "Tunisia", "12. In response to the interim Government’s request for electoral assistance, the United Nations deployed a high-level electoral needs assessment mission to Tunisia on 1 March 2011. The recommendations contained in the report of the Mission were approved by the focal point. Based on those recommendations, the United Nations has implemented a project assisting the Tunisian authorities in their organization of the Constituent Assembly elections envisaged for October 2011. The project has been defined to focus on areas where the United Nations has a clear comparative advantage and to ensure synergies and avoid duplication with other programmes being put in place by other actors. It includes measures to support the electoral management body and to help to promote inclusive participation in the electoral process on the part of women and civil society groups in particular.", "Annex II", "Countries and territories receiving United Nations electoral assistance during the reporting period", "Afghanistan[2]", "Argentina", "Bangladesh", "Benin", "Bolivia (Plurinational State of)", "Burundi^(a)", "Burkina Faso", "Cambodia", "Cameroon", "Central African Republic", "Chad", "Comoros", "Congo", "Côte d’Ivoire^(a)", "Democratic Republic of the Congo^(a)", "El Salvador", "Ethiopia", "Gambia", "Guatemala", "Guinea", "Guinea-Bissau^(a)", "Guyana", "Haiti^(a)", "Indonesia", "Iraq^(a)", "Kenya", "Kyrgyzstan", "Lebanon", "Lesotho", "Liberia^(a)", "Malawi", "Maldives", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nepal", "Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire)", "Niger", "Nigeria", "Occupied Palestinian Territory", "Panama", "Papua New Guinea", "Peru", "Republic of Moldova", "Romania", "Rwanda", "Sierra Leone^(a)", "Solomon Islands", "Sudan^(a)", "Suriname", "Timor-Leste^(a)", "Togo", "Tunisia", "Turkmenistan", "United Republic of Tanzania", "Yemen", "Zambia", "Zimbabwe", "[1] The September 2010 note of guidance is available in all the official languages of the Organization. For copies, please contact the Electoral Assistance Division at electoral@un.org. An English-language copy is available on the UNDP website: see http://www.beta.undp.org/ undp/en/home/html.", "[2] Assistance being provided under a Security Council mandate." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Strengthening the role of the United Nations in enhancing the effectiveness of the principle of regular and genuine elections and in promoting democratization", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report describes the activities of the United Nations system in providing electoral assistance to Member States over the past two years. United Nations electoral assistance is provided only at the request of Member States or on the basis of the Council or the General Assembly. The report shows that the needs of Member States for United Nations electoral assistance remain high. During the biennium, the United Nations assisted more than 50 countries.", "As the lead in electoral assistance activities, the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs is responsible for the Organization's electoral policy and ensuring coherence and consistency in all United Nations electoral activities across the system. In these tasks, the Electoral Assistance Division of the Department of Political Affairs provides support and assists in the planning of United Nations electoral activities and their staffing, as well as the maintenance of the alternative roster of electoral experts and the organization's electoral institutional memory.", "In peacekeeping or post-conflict environments, electoral assistance is generally provided through the composition of field missions under the auspices of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations or the Department of Political Affairs. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) usually plays a collaborative role in the electoral assistance mission mandated by the field. UNDP is the main implementing agency for the Organization's support for electoral laws, procedures and institutions outside peacekeeping or post-conflict situations.", "Other United Nations departments, agencies, funds and programmes have also been involved in the provision of electoral assistance, including the Department of Field Support, the United Nations Democracy Fund, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the United Nations Volunteers programme, the strengthening of gender equality and the empowerment of women (soft) and the United Nations Office for Project Services.", "The present report highlights progress in the coordination of electoral assistance within the United Nations and with external actors. The report also notes the various means of funding for electoral assistance and the need for contributions from Member States.", "The report further points to the work of the Organization in the area of gender and elections. The United Nations will continue to give priority to inclusive assistance in the electoral process and must ensure that women and under-represented groups participate in the political life of their countries. This increasingly includes providing advice on the application of the relevant provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, including in particular the provisions on temporary special measures.", "The report points out that, while the vast majority of electoral processes around the world are peacefully carried out, sometimes elections trigger violence. In most cases, technological disadvantages are not the root causes of violence, but only the fires that are more deeply rooted in socio-economic or political tensions. To curb these risks, mediation and good offices may be requested — preferably with regional or subregional organizations — to complement technical advice.", "The report also addresses sustainability and cost-effectiveness and requires the United Nations or other bodies to serve as a central consideration in designing and providing electoral assistance. The report urges Member States and donors to carefully consider electoral costs and electoral assistance costs in accordance with other development needs.", "The report indicates that priority will be given to increasing coherence, predictability and accountability in the provision of electoral assistance during the next biennium. Such efforts should be based on the clear leadership of all electoral assistance-related matters, as designated by the General Assembly.", "The report finally highlights the issue of governance. Without independent and professional justice, open pluralistic media, vibrant civil society, credible governments, and effective governance at all levels, investment in elections cannot yield sustainable peace and development.", "Introduction", "The present report is prepared in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/155 to elaborate on electoral activities undertaken by the United Nations since the last report on the same subject (A/64/304).", "Since the first report of the General Assembly on the Organization's support for electoral activities, 20 years have been made. In the past, it was difficult to point out that the desire for a genuine and credible election was more strong than expressed this year. The events that started in Tunisia and continue in the Middle East and North Africa appear to reflect the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, “The will of the people is the basis for the Government's power, which should be manifested in regular and genuine elections, and the elections shall be conducted in accordance with the universal and equal right to vote and in the absence of a vote or a fairly free voting procedure”.", "Regrettably, elections, including elections supported by certain United Nations organizations, have also occurred during the reporting period, becoming a deep-rooted grievance and causing spoilers of violence and biomass.", "The present report provides an opportunity to reflect on how the United Nations can provide the best assistance to Member States with electoral needs and aspirations and how best to assist in preventing or mitigating electoral-related conflicts and violence.", "The United Nations may provide electoral assistance to Member States at their request and/or in accordance with the mandate of the Council or the General Assembly. The provision of United Nations electoral assistance must be in line with the principle of the sovereign equality of States and recognize that there is no electoral method or system that is appropriate to all States. Therefore, needs assessments will be carried out before agreement or any electoral assistance is agreed to ensure that assistance is tailored to the particular needs of the situation.", "Currently, the United Nations can provide five basic types of electoral assistance. The first two will require the authorization of the General Assembly or the Council, which is now rarely used:", "(a) Organization and conduct of the elections;", "(b) Verification/accreditation;", "(c) Technical assistance;", "(d) Panel of Experts;", "(e) Coordination of international observers.", "Since 2001 (Fanci), the United Nations has not been able to observe any elections; on the contrary, many regional organizations are prioritizing this activity. Today, most United Nations electoral support is a form of technical assistance. In recent years, the United Nations has been required to certify the elections. This task requires that the United Nations publicly verify all stages of a electoral process is credible and consistent with the relevant national laws and international commitments on elections. The certification mandate is very rare and requires the authorization of the Council or the General Assembly. For example, in Côte d'Ivoire, United Nations peacekeeping missions have a certification mandate, which has been incorporated into relevant peace agreements prior to the inclusion of Council resolutions (see also para. 42 below). (b)", "During the reporting period, the United Nations provided electoral assistance to more than 50 Member States (see annex II), 11 of which were mandated by the Council. A number of examples of electoral assistance are included in annex I to the present report.", "The present report summarizes the work of United Nations departments and offices, foundations, programmes and agencies in electoral assistance during the reporting period and addresses cooperation within and outside the United Nations system. The report further provided some observations aimed at strengthening the provision of electoral assistance by the United Nations system.", "United Nations electoral assistance during the reporting period", "Mandate and activities", "The United Nations assists Member States in conducting credible regular and genuine elections, which continues to be a system-wide cause. The United Nations institutional framework benefited from a clearer mandate from the General Assembly. The Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs is the leador for electoral assistance (hereinafter referred to as the lead), with the mandate of General Assembly resolution 64/155, “to ensure coordination and coherence in United Nations electoral assistance and to avoid duplication”. The Assembly also mandated the lead to the development and dissemination of electoral policies, the establishment and maintenance of the Organization's electoral institutional memory and the maintenance of a roster of pre-screening and diverse electoral experts to rapidly deploy to any United Nations assistance project.", "The lead was supported by the Electoral Assistance Division of the Department of Political Affairs in fulfilling these responsibilities. The Division conducts all electoral needs assessments for the Organization and proposes to the lead parameters for all United Nations electoral assistance and advises on the design of all United Nations electoral projects. It represents the lead in providing regular political and technical guidance to all United Nations entities involved in electoral assistance, including the normative framework of the Organization and best practices collected from the organization's electoral institutional memory. In its resolution 63/261 on strengthening the Department of Political Affairs, the General Assembly approved eight new core posts (5 Professional and 3 General Service) and the reclassification of one post from the Electoral Assistance Division. These posts have now been filled and significantly strengthened the Department's ability to complete its electoral mandate.", "The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the main implementing agency for the development of electoral laws, procedures and institutions beyond peacekeeping and post-conflict situations. In its resolution 64/155, the General Assembly requested UNDP to continue its programme of assistance for democracy management, in particular those aimed at promoting the strengthening of democratic institutions and the link between civil society.", "In peacekeeping or post-conflict environments, electoral assistance is generally provided through the composition of field missions under the auspices of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations or the Department of Political Affairs. As the United Nations strives to integrate, UNDP is increasingly supporting electoral assistance missions in the field under the auspices of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations or the Department of Political Affairs. The Electoral Assistance Division provides political and technical guidance to the electoral units of the field missions.", "The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) continued to provide training and advice on human rights monitoring in electoral settings, to support and organize awareness-raising campaigns on violent elections, to promote human rights law and institutions and to monitor and report on violations of human rights in the electoral process. Since July 2010, the United Nations Centre for Human Rights and Democracy in Central Africa, as the OHCHR Regional Office for Central Africa, has undertaken capacity-building activities for different actors on the promotion of human rights and democracy during the elections.", "Other units involved in election-related activities in the United Nations system include the Department of Field Support, which is primarily responsible for the provision of logistics, procurement, human resources and financial administration to the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Political Affairs; the United Nations Office for Project Services, in cooperation with the Department of Political Affairs, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, UNDP and Member States, to support electoral activities in general in post-conflict/peacekeeping environments; the United Nations Volunteers programme — the provision of electoral staff to field operations in UNDP, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Political Affairs; the United Nations Democracy Foundation — the financing of democratic-related civil society projects; and the provision of technical expertise to institutional stakeholders to ensure gender equality and the right to address such issues.", "Cooperation and coordination within the United Nations system", "As I noted in my previous report (A/64/304), while the participation of a wide range of actors within the United Nations system in electoral assistance is a strength, pressure from within and outside the system has generated uncoordinated and overlapping incentives. In its resolution 64/155, the General Assembly reaffirmed the importance of strengthening coordination within the United Nations system and reaffirmed the role of the lead in ensuring coherence across the organization, including through strengthening institutional memory and developing and disseminating electoral policies.", "I will therefore give priority to promoting coherence, predictability and accountability for United Nations electoral assistance during the reporting period. To this end, since my last report, I have the honour to:", "(a) The revised electoral assistance guidance note [2] was signed by UNDP and the Department of Political Affairs in September 2010 (see A/56/344, annex II). This document helps to clarify the respective roles and responsibilities of the two organizational units in order to better cooperate.", "(b) I have requested the Department of Field Support and the Department of Management to hold a system-wide discussion on operational arrangements, including recruitment and procurement, to understand how to use more flexible and effective procedures in ensuring the necessary safeguards and controls in electoral activities.", "(c) I have requested the Department of Management, the Department of Field Support and the Department of Political Affairs to develop ways to ensure that the electoral roster mandated by the General Assembly becomes a resource for all United Nations electoral assistance projects and to ensure that the clearance and recruitment procedures of the roster are mutually reinforcing with the rosters of all agencies and programmes, subject to the new human resources rules (ST/AI/64/23).", "(d) I have requested the Department of Political Affairs, together with UNDP, to develop plans, in consultation with all relevant partners, to strengthen the production of system-wide policy and best practices documents and to implement the election-related recommendations contained in my 2010 report on women's participation in peacebuilding (A/65/354-Samp 466).", "(e) I have requested my Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, as the lead of the United Nations electoral assistance issue, to facilitate the discussion in order to better define their respective roles and responsibilities in accordance with the mandates of the United Nations departments, foundations and agencies, as set out in the General Assembly and the appropriate United Nations organs.", "The Inter-Agency Electoral Assistance Coordination Mechanism, chaired by the Electoral Assistance Division, was established in 2009 under the leadership to promote information exchange and further coherence in the organization's electoral process. It meets every month and is also a forum for coordinating the implementation of the above-mentioned request.", "C. Cooperation with other organizations", "During the reporting period, the United Nations continued to strengthen its cooperation with other international, governmental and non-governmental organizations at the field and headquarters levels to strengthen the delivery of electoral assistance.", "The number of aid providers outside the United Nations has increased, enriched the knowledge base and opened new opportunities, including the expansion of South-South cooperation. The United Nations often supports and facilitates such exchanges.", "The United Nations continues to be a partner of two global instruments for capacity-building and institutional memory for electoral knowledge: electoral and administrative and cost electoral knowledge networks and building resource projects for democracy, governance and elections. The electoral administration and cost electoral knowledge network includes the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, the election of Canada, the Southern African Electoral Institute, the Federal Electoral Institute-Mexico, the International Foundation for the Electoral System, UNDP, the Ministry of Electoral Assistance and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The electoral administration and cost projects provide comprehensive authoritative information on electoral issues, facilitate networking among electoral-related professionals and provide capacity development services, such as electoral management agencies. The second electoral knowledge base — the building of resources for democracy, governance and elections — is a partner of the Australian Electoral Commission, the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, the International Foundation for the Electoral System, the Electoral Assistance Division and UNDP. The purpose of the Collaborative Partnership is to develop, implement and maintain a comprehensive curriculum table on the effective administration of electoral processes and to provide training packages for electoral management agencies.", "The United Nations is also a partner of the International Network on Women's Knowledge through Brigadier and UNDP. The network is a creative global platform that uses information exchange and networking to promote the role and participation of women worldwide in the political process. Partners also include IPU, the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, and the United Nations Institute for Democracy.", "In 2010, the Secretary-General's Foundation and the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance established the Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security. This high-level panel aimed at providing practical policy advice on how to better address the challenges faced by the integrity of elections and the integrity of international electoral assistance. My Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, in his capacity as lead and the Administrator of UNDP, participated as Friends of the Committee.", "The secretariat of the Southern African Development Commission and the Department of Political Affairs signed a cooperation framework on 21 September 2010, on behalf of the United Nations Secretariat. It stipulates that the Department of Political Affairs should support the strengthening of the electoral capacity of the secretariat of the Southern African Development Commission and cooperation in mediation and sharing lessons learned. The United Nations also continued to cooperate with regional intergovernmental organizations, including the African Union, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and many other organizations on electoral issues. I particularly wish to promote further inter-organizational cooperation with the Arab League countries in the area of elections. This cooperation will be particularly important given the rapid developments in the Middle East and North Africa that we have seen.", "Over the past seven years, the European Union and UNDP have developed strong partnerships in the area of electoral assistance. UNDP continues to carry out a large part of its electoral assistance activities within the framework of its partners with the EU. In addition to joint projects at the national level, the Partnership hosted a number of workshops, including the use of skills in electoral and violence and electoral processes.", "The United Nations also cooperates with individual countries on various electoral issues. Only one example: in June 2010, the Electoral Assistance Division and UNDP organized a workshop with the Government of Romania on voting abroad, attended by representatives of about 30 Member States, the European Union, the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, the OSCE, the Association of Electoral Officers in Central and Eastern Europe and other members of the United Nations system. I encourage Member States to endorse the main conclusions of the workshop, including the consideration by the host country of how best to facilitate and support foreign voting in their territories, while regional organizations should consider developing a set of good practices or guidelines to assist the host country in doing so.", "Although the United Nations rarely observes elections, the Electoral Assistance Division continued to participate in various discussions to further enhance the performance of electoral observers through compliance with the Declaration on Principles of International Electoral Observation. This document was launched at the United Nations in 2005 to harmonize the approaches of many intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations engaged in electoral observation, including the guarantee of respect for the sovereignty of States. More than 40 signatures have now been signed, including the vast majority of actors recognized in this area. I encourage others to participate in this broad consensus around those principles around the world.", "Gender and elections", "The United Nations continues to give priority to inclusive assistance to the electoral process, focusing on ensuring that women and under-represented groups are able to participate in their political life.", "This includes increasing emphasis on the application of the relevant provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, including, inter alia, provisions on temporary special measures. The United Nations advocates the inclusion of women in electoral management bodies and encourages and supports national authorities in their efforts to mainstream a gender perspective into electoral laws and regulations. The Organization has promoted targeted “down” efforts to mobilize women as both candidates and to participate in elections. Special attention was also given to women in the internally displaced population, as well as women's access to electoral dispute resolution mechanisms.", "In order to ensure the continued mainstreaming of a gender perspective into United Nations electoral assistance, the lead will now require that each electoral needs assessment, as requested by Member States, include a special focus on women's representation. In addition, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Political Affairs, the Department of Field Support, and UNDP are revising the guidance of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Department of Field Support on improving the role of women in post-conflict electoral processes and have received inputs from field missions using existing guidelines and incorporating their improvements.", "Resources for United Nations electoral assistance", "The regular budget of the Electoral Assistance Division covers its core staff costs, while extrabudgetary funds — including support for the Political Affairs Trust Fund and the Rapid Response Trust Fund — are also utilized. Electoral assistance projects administered by UNDP country offices are usually funded through voluntary contributions from Member States, while voluntary contributions tend to be a multi-partner package, including national counterparts in the management structure to ensure greater ownership of the country. In integrated peace operations, including electoral work, the budgets of peace operations cover a number of electoral processes, which are often large, funded through the UNDP multi-donor funding mechanism. When the lack of funds threatens the organization's work, the Peacebuilding Support Office sometimes uses its Peacebuilding Fund to support. The core funding and the provision of additional funding through its Fund for Gender Equality is carried out in close coordination, or in conjunction with the electoral assistance projects administered by UNDP.", "Since mid-2009, UNDP has been implementing the global electoral cycle support programme to strengthen the electoral system and procedures through the development of knowledge products, mainstreaming gender into electoral programming, and supporting regional and country-level initiatives. The global electoral cycle supports programme funds from earmarked sources of funding (Government of Spain and from the Government of Canada) and has full-time advisers to help implement their activities. It is operated directly by the UNDP Development Policy Bureau under the leadership of the Steering Committee composed of representatives from UNDP and the two donor countries.", "The United Nations Democracy Fund provides funding to strengthen the voice of civil society, promote human rights, and encourage all groups to participate in the democratic process. The United Nations Democracy Fund is currently providing funding for many projects aimed at building the capacity of electoral and candidates, training and support for civil society observers, and ensuring a wide range of democratic contacts and participation, including electoral administrative and cost projects. To date, more than $10 million has been received from 39 countries and I have recently approved 64 additional projects in the fifth round of funding.", "The Trust Fund for Supporting Political Affairs, administered by my Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, and the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Democracy, remain an important source of essential extrabudgetary funding for electoral assistance activities. With such funds, rapid response, innovation or catalytic projects and programmes, including projects and programmes aimed at preventing conflicts and supporting the participation of women and under-represented groups in the political process. During the reporting period, extrabudgetary funds were used rapidly to carry out activities, such as in Haiti, Guinea and Kyrgyzstan (see annex I for further details).", "Elections and violence", "In my previous two reports, I expressed my concern over the overriding possible political differences or violence after the announcement of results.", "Such violence may be triggered by the defects of the elections, for example, the hundreds of voters list, the abuse of power by the politico, lack of transparency, or actual or perceived bias of electoral officers, which can result in actual or perceived deception. However, the most frequent situation is that technical defects are not the root cause of violent or violent conflicts, but they are only a point that has pushed into the more deep-rooted range of social, economic or political tensions. Therefore, if the underlying political situation is to build confidence among stakeholders or simply if a candidate refuses to accept credible results, the elections may become the trigger of violence.", "Of course, we must rightly look at this issue. The vast majority of the world's elections are carried out peacefully — even if the disputed division of the elections is common, especially when the result is buoying. Such disputes are generally peacefully through political processes or national institutions. However, when national institutions or political processes cannot be curbed or, from the worst, the result may be violence, casualties and displacement and may have a wider impact on peace and security.", "During the biennium, the United Nations has taken several special measures to prevent or mitigate electoral-related violence. I will give two examples: Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire.", "In Guinea, the adoption of the Ouagadougou Agreement of 15 January 2010, following the death of President Rana Cominga and the coup d'état of 2008, was a well-established stage for the presidential elections of 27 June 2010, followed by a second round of elections on 19 September 2010. These elections are the first democratic elections for almost 40 years for a very large number of people in complex transition periods. The United Nations has provided technical support to this process through a UNDP project and has also provided political and diplomatic support within the framework of the International Contact Group on Guinea, co-chaired by the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States.", "On the eve of the two rounds of elections, the Deputy Director of the Electoral Assistance Division was sent to support the work of the UNDP team on the ground. At the last minute, the Government made a request for financing for the security of the elections, and the Peacebuilding Support Office sought to assess that requirement and to make the necessary payments from the Peacebuilding Fund at a record rate. UNOPS provided logistical support in the context of extremely urgent interim notices. In addition, the newly established Office of Human Resources in Guinea monitored the human rights situation before elections, elections and elections, which raised confidence and confidence in the process.", "My Special Representative for West Africa has cooperated closely with the AU and ECOWAS during the transition period. My Special Representative for West Africa, with the support of the African Union and ECOWAS, visited the country for more than 20 times, with the support of a senior mediation adviser in the United Nations special presence in Conakry. Finally, despite the fact that the results are close to and some political disputes, Alpha Cond was elected to the President in a process of large peace. Some key factors include the appointment of a Chairperson of the elections to be held in trust between the parties in the second round, and the final outcome of the second round of the ballot, Seoul Dalein, who received the vote.", "In Côte d'Ivoire, the Organization's mandate for the accreditation of elections is based on the 2005 Builya Agreement and subsequent Council decisions (resolution 1765 (2007)). The conditions for accreditation were developed by the United Nations, in accordance with the 2007 Ouagadougou Political Agreement, with the focal point for direct dialogue within Côte d'Ivoire, Blaise Compaoré, President of Burkina Faso, and Ivorian parties, including the National Peace Restoration, an inclusive political process, equitable access to national media, the establishment of objective electoral lists and fair and fair polling results. The first round of presidential elections was held on 31 October 2011 and the second was held on 28 November. On 3 December, my Special Representative confirmed that the outcome of the second round of fair justice was the result of the announcement by the Independent Electoral Commission on 2 December, with the winner being Mr. Al-Assain Watara.", "It is well known that the refusal of the ruling party to accept the results will result in unfortunate conflicts of violence and the tragic spoilers. However, certification can provide a consensual basis for diplomatic action, including the Economic Community of West African States, to ensure respect for the wishes of the Ivorian people for democratic expression. Although diplomacy does not stop violence in this case, the legitimate President has now assumed his duties and the United Nations continues to support the Government in addressing the main challenges to establish lasting peace and stability.", "The result of the violence in Côte d'Ivoire and the result of the large peace in Guinea constitute a clear contrast, as the second candidate of the ballot rejects the legitimate result despite the United Nations and its reminders.", "Following these two events, my Special Representative for West Africa and his Office (UNOWA) organized a regional conference on elections and stability in West Africa in Praia, Cape Verde, in May 2011. The meeting was hosted by the Government of Cape Verde and organized in cooperation with the Department of Political Affairs and UNDP. The meeting was supported by ECOWAS, the African Union, the International Organization of la Francophonie, the European Union and the International Peace Research Institute. The outcome of the conference was adopted on 20 May 2011 by the West African Declaration on Elections and Stabilization of Praia, in which practical recommendations were made to promote the functioning of peaceful elections, including the further encouragement of the United Nations-ECOWAS-AU Partnership for Conflict Prevention; strengthening cooperation between UNOWA, OHCHR, ECOWAS and relevant Governments to develop regional capacity-building programmes for electoral affairs; and the establishment of early warning mechanisms. In its press statement of 8 July 2011, the United Nations Security Council welcomed the adoption of the Praia Declaration and encouraged all relevant actors to implement its recommendations.", "During the biennium, the Electoral Support Division also participated on behalf of the Secretariat as a technical adviser to the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) meeting to help design the IPU framework for addressing electoral-related violence. Resolution emanating from the meeting, “to provide a sound legislative framework to prevent electoral violence, improve electoral monitoring and ensure a smooth transition to power”, adopted by consensus at the 124th IPU Conference on 20 April 2011. The resolution calls for, inter alia, “Strengthening cooperation between the United Nations and the IPU, preventing electoral violence and ensuring a smooth and peaceful transition to political power, and implementing the relevant recommendations of the electoral observer mission throughout the electoral cycle”.", "During the biennium, the United Nations has also taken other measures to help prevent electoral-related violence. The Sudan is an example where I should request the authorities to establish a South Sudan referendum team to monitor this process and provide good offices to help resolve political differences arising during the referendum. In addition to close consultations with the leaders of both North and South sides, my team has also worked with the United Nations Mission in the Sudan and the African Union mediation process and the relevant Member States. The United Nations Mission in the Sudan and UNDP have provided substantial electoral technical assistance under an integrated structure. The referendum was carried out peacefully, with the result being accepted by both parties and the international community. The Republic of South Sudan became an independent country on 9 July 2011.", "Sustainable development", "The functioning of good elections is an extremely important investment, but experience worldwide has shown that it is not the more complex cost of the system and that elections will be more successful. A number of procedures have averaged the costs of each electionor than others, while suppliers continue to push some of the most expensive electoral processes and complex technologies in the world's poorest countries. While the choice of electoral systems and procedures is of course the sovereignty of Member States, the General Assembly, in its resolution 64/155, mandated the Organization “to bear in mind sustainability and cost-effectiveness”.", "I remain concerned about such complex or costly electoral technology and systems, and fear that they have the potential to rely on suppliers or donors. Some technologies should be thoroughly considered not only when they are installed, but in the future, they will involve a significant cost impact. In selecting electoral technologies, donors and recipients need to carefully consider national budget forecasts in order to firmly move towards the self-sufficiency of future electoral funds.", "It is now recognized that electoral assistance should be provided at the most needed time, not only at the time of elections themselves. For example, assistance should be provided in the course of discussions on electoral reform initiated in several years prior to the elections. In its resolution 64/155, the General Assembly recommended that “the United Nations continue to provide technical advice and other assistance throughout the electoral cycle, including pre-election and post-election, as appropriate”. This “election cycle approach” is also a useful planning tool for aid providers and donors. But we should not confuse the funding cycle with a country's demands and needs; it should not be a reason for neglecting the eventuality of assistance.", "Observations", "The demand for United Nations electoral assistance by Member States remains high. In view of the increasing need for flexible and rapid response to electoral assistance, particularly in the context of current events, I encourage Member States to consider making further voluntary contributions to electoral assistance, including rapid response and the inclusion of women, minorities and under-represented groups, in support of the Political Affairs Trust Fund and the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Democracy, as well as in making specific contributions to the United Nations Democracy Fund and the Gender Fund.", "Continuing demands for electoral assistance indicate that there is general appreciation for the work of the United Nations in supporting democratic development, including credible, regular and genuine elections. I am sure that this is based primarily on the commitment to aid in an objective, impartial, neutral and independent manner, which is the direction of the General Assembly in resolution 64/155. The Organization's assistance is also based on the understanding that there is no “one-size-fits-all” model or solution and that each country must take ownership of its own fate. However, the United Nations stands ready to devote its expertise, best practices and lessons learned.", "The United Nations also insists on the importance of implementing international commitments, guidelines and principles on elections and transparency, credibility, inclusion and the right to universal election. Various United Nations conventions protect the right of every citizen to participate in the conduct of public affairs and to be elected and elected. Political inclusiveness, particularly the political participation of women, as well as the political participation of minorities and other under-represented groups, remains indispensable for stable democracy and is an important factor in United Nations assistance.", "However, we must recognize that even the most inclusive and optimal elections themselves cannot eliminate the risk of electoral violence. Although elections are technical, they are fundamental political events. To curb these risks, we must ensure that the assistance provided to Member States is not only technical advice but mediation and good offices — preferably in collaboration with regional or subregional organizations if so requested. The purpose of this approach is to address the grievances behind the elections, for example by encouraging the design of a monopoly authority and political structures that marginalize the political opposition, and by supporting dialogue and encouraging political home-based treatment. A real measure of the elections is whether it has resulted in the confidence of the general public in the process and confidence in the results. An election would have the potential to achieve the fruits of peace if it is functioning in good and transparent terms, respect for basic rights, effective and impartial support from government organs and responsible conduct involving participants (leads, candidates and voters).", "Sustainability and cost-effectiveness must be increasingly taken into account in the design and delivery of electoral assistance, whether the United Nations or other agencies. Building permanent capacities does not require permanent capacity-building. All assistance must be targeted at long-term sustainability and national ownership, with a clear definition of finality. In addition, we must bear in mind that the more expensive electoral machine is not a panacea. I continue to appeal to Member States to carefully consider the costs of elections and the costs of electoral assistance, against other development needs. I encourage Member States and donors to consider the African Union Panel's recommendation that, for political and developmental reasons, countries should, as an important objective, establish electoral funds from national budgets as soon as possible.", "I will continue to give priority to efforts to improve coherence, predictability and accountability in the provision of electoral assistance. Such efforts should build on the clear leadership of the General Assembly in all matters related to electoral assistance.", "At the same time, I will strive to strengthen the Organization's capacity to support its missions, UNDP and other United Nations Development Group units in order to ensure that assistance programmes for Member States are provided in a more efficient, predictable and more rigorous manner.", "In support of this goal, United Nations electoral assistance should be provided in all circumstances in an integrated manner, irrespective of whether it is provided through an official integrated field mission. I am sure that this will significantly enhance efficiency and promote coordination at the field level. I encourage Member States to take this into account when drafting the Council's electoral authorization and considering the budget and contributions to the package.", "Coherence and efficiency are also enhanced outside the Organization. A wide range of electoral assistance providers and donors around the world can ensure a wide range of practical recommendations to Member States seeking assistance, but also create a disproportionate phenomenon that could undermine preparatory work. I encourage Member States, when requesting assistance, to consider the designation of a United Nations (or another organization, if better) to help ensure coherence among electoral assistance providers. I further urge that the mandate of electoral assistance should include the role of the United Nations in ensuring coherence among electoral assistance providers in all electoral assistance mandates given to field missions.", "Finally, we should put more time and resources into line. More recently, a young of my staff discusses the upcoming elections with a female youth from developing countries. He said that “the country urgently needs a good election”. The stereotyped young women responded that “unless, this country urgently needs those who are chosen to run for them after the elections”. Investment in elections will not yield sustainable peace and development without good governance at all levels, including independent and professional justice, full respect for human rights, open-ended media, vibrant civil society, and credible responsive Governments.", "Annex I", "Examples of United Nations electoral assistance during the reporting period", "Afghanistan", "Afghanistan, with technical and logistical support from the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) and the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS), held presidential and provincial elections in August 2009, followed by parliamentary elections in September 2010. The Programme on Legal and Electoral Capacity for Mining Day, managed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), continues to support the Independent Electoral Commission and other electoral stakeholders. The United Nations has also helped to establish electoral complaints committees and media committees. In order to ensure that women's concerns about the electoral process are heard and properly addressed, the United Nations Development Fund for Women (now the United Nations Women) has supported the dialogue between women parliamentarians and the Independent Electoral Commission.", "The elections for the 2009 and 2010 presidential elections, provincial council elections and national congresses were carried out by the Independent Electoral Commission of Afghanistan, which was investigated by two United Nations nominated members and three Afghan members. Elections held in 2009 and 2010 are more difficult and unsafe than those in the 2004-2005 ballot. The Electoral Complaints Commission conducted a wide range of deceptions leading to approximately 1.5 million ballots in 2009 and about 1300,000 ballots in 2010. In some areas, insecurity is also a complex factor: Many candidates are difficult to contest in rebel areas; the voters voting was less than in 2004-2005, and many candidates and voters were denied citizenship because of insecurity. This led to the establishment of a disputed Special Court, which was attached to the Supreme Court, to deal with the denial and fraud of the right to elect citizens. After considerable tension, Walolesi Jirga was launched on 26 January 2011, and an agreement was reached that the Special Court would continue to investigate the issue of electoral crimes. Legal experts were of the view that the establishment of the Special Court was not lawful and that the Independent Electoral Commission had never recognized it. The subsequent decision of the Special Court — 62 members of Parliament, whose outcome of the “removal vote” must be cleared from Parliament — created a difficult stalemate among the Government. The Court was later dissolved in August in accordance with the Presidential Order. In spite of this, the brightness of the 2010 elections lies in the ability of the Independent Electoral Commission to take a proactive approach to finding a misappropriation, while transferring many cases of suspected electoral violations to the Electoral Complaints Commission. In addition, the Independent Electoral Commission can assume additional responsibilities and will therefore continue to build electoral capacity to better organize elections in the future.", "Ivorian", "In the first and second rounds of presidential elections, the United Nations provided technical, material, logistics and security support to the Independent Electoral Commission. The first round was held on 31 October 2010; after the first round, there was a need for a commitment between the two leading candidates, Arsana Watara and Lauton Gbagbo. Following the second round of elections held on 28 November 2010, the Independent Electoral Commission announced provisional results on 2 December and declared the candidate, Vatara, a winner of the finals, while the Constitutional Council published a results version on 3 December, bringing the victory to Mr. Gbarbo. The Secretary-General's Special Representative in Côte d'Ivoire has confirmed the results announced by the Electoral Commission at the request of various Ivorian factions and authorized by the Council in the framework of the 2005 Pretoria Agreement. The results announced by the Independent Electoral Commission and confirmed by the United Nations were subsequently endorsed by ECOWAS, the African Union and the Council. Unfortunately, as Mr. Gbarbo refused to surrender authority, there was a violent crisis. The Secretary-General and some 20 heads of State were present at the inauguration ceremony of President Vatara on 21 May.", "Haiti", "When the earthquake struck Haiti on 12 January 2010, the preparations for the elections in February 2010 have been carried out as a fire. The elections have been postponed in the light of the major casualties and the huge material damage. Following the dispatch of a technical feasibility task force at the request of President Préval, a new electoral timeline was adopted and the first round of elections will be held on 28 November 2010. The presidential and parliamentary elections (a third of the re-election of the House and the House) were held together. The electoral process was further hampered by the outbreak of cholera and tropical storms.", "In the light of the complex and volatile political and economic situation, as well as the resistance of some political groups, there was doubts about the possibility of holding elections and the successful holding of elections after overcoming those concerns. The first and second rounds of presidential and legislative elections were held on 28 November 2010 and 20 March 2011. In accordance with the mandate of the Council, the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti coordinated all international support for the electoral process, including assistance in the establishment of 1,500 displaced voters registration stations, the inspection of all 1,483 polling stations and the distribution of the updated list of voters for the replacement of the damaged and destroyed polling stations, as well as the development and implementation of a comprehensive electoral security plan, in coordination with the Haitian National Police Agency. Resources deployed in support of elections include 6,200 United Nations peacekeeping forces, 1,300 United Nations police, 200 civilian staff, 174 flight hours and 230 vehicles. The UNDP project focuses on supporting the capacity of the Provisional Electoral Commission and a number of complementary areas, such as support for the statistical list centre, the voters list, electoral dispute resolution and civic education.", "Iraq", "The United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) continued to provide technical advice and support to the Independent High Electoral Commission of Iraq. Together with partner organizations, including UNDP, UNOPS and UNESCO, UNAMI provided technical and police advice and worked to enhance the capacity of the Independent High Electoral Commission and its staff. With the support of the United Nations and other international partners, the Independent High Electoral Commission overcomes the many operational, security and legal challenges and successfully held the National Assembly elections in March 2010. The level of participation at the local level is broader than the first parliamentary elections in 2005. Foreign ballots were also held for eligible Iraqi voters in 16 other countries. The involvement of civil society is high. Under the Court's order, the Independent High Electoral Commission had recounted a considerable number of ballots, which confirmed the accuracy of previous results. Since the appointment of a member of the Commission in 2007, the Independent High Electoral Commission has now prepared and carried out three large elections, including provincial council elections (Parliament) (including provincial council elections). January 2009, presidential and parliamentary elections in the Kurdistan region (July 2009) and national parliamentary elections.", "Kyrgyzstan", "In response to the request of the TFG for the April 2010 events, the United Nations established the GUAM electoral support project, implemented by UNDP, with a focus on technical business preparations, simplification of complaints procedures and the participation of women. In addition, the United Nations dispatched two international advisers to serve as members of the Central Election Committee of Kyrgyzstan, whose expertise is legal and procedural. Despite the fragile political situation and the tight time, the June Constitutional Citizenship voted and the 10 October parliamentary elections were held successfully.", "Liberia", "Liberia will hold civil voting and presidential and parliamentary elections in the second half of 2011. Since the end of the conflict in Liberia, this is the second generation of elections, and the United Nations will ensure that the primary responsibility for the organization of elections is still in the national authorities and that it provides the necessary support. The National Electoral Commission receives technical assistance through the UNDP capacity-building programme for the 2010-2012 electoral cycle. In addition, the National Electoral Commission, UNDP and the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) have identified areas where transport is not accessible and UNMIL will provide additional logistical support. In accordance with the Council's mandate, UNMIL will also support the authorities in ensuring the elections, while intensifying the work of the Liberian authorities on legal, political, judicial, security and human rights in order to alleviate tensions and create a climate conducive to peaceful elections.", "Papua New Guinea (Puba)", "At the request of the Government of Papua New Guinea, the United Nations dispatched an electoral expert monitoring task force for the second presidential and parliamentary elections in Bougainville in May 2010. The elections — the winner will lead the preparatory process for the vote of the inhabitants of Bougainville in the region (as envisaged during the period 2015-2020) — a milestone in the consolidation of peace and democracy in Bougainville. The elections were therefore considered essential and there was also a concern about the possibility of a resurgence of violence. The Electoral Expert Monitoring Task Force visited polling stations throughout the region, including a number of people in the South. The United Nations presence has been welcomed by all relevant stakeholders and is widely seen as an important factor in building confidence in the electoral process leading to the ultimate peaceful electoral environment.", "Sudan", "The United Nations has provided technical advice and assistance to the Southern Sudan Civil Accreditation Commission (ARC) through the United Nations Integrated Civil Accreditation and Electoral Division, which comprises the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) Electoral Office and UNDP. The CCRC was a public decision of the South Sudan from 15 November to 8 December 2010 and a referendum of January 2011 to determine whether the South Sudan would wish to be separated from the north and that it registered 3900,000 voters. From 9 to 15 January 2011, 3.9 million registered voters had the opportunity to vote on their own. More than 250 United Nations staff have provided support to the South Sudan Principals Committee, which has been at the state and district levels. The United Nations, in partnership with international cooperation, has also provided financial and logistical support to the referendum process, including external voting at eight locations. United Nations aircraft will also be airlifted to remote and isolated centres. The result of the referendum was accepted by all parties and the vast majority favoured separation.", "In addition to the direct support of the United Nations Integrated Civil Deputies and Elections Division, the parties to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, in a letter dated 17 July 2010 to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, requested the United Nations to dispatch a monitoring mission for a referendum. The Secretary-General has appointed a team to monitor and assess the process of the referendum. While standard practices are generally not monitored by the United Nations in its own electoral process, the role of the United Nations in monitoring public decisions is seen to be crucial in raising confidence in the process and accepting its results. Therefore, the team staff monitored 46 districts in all southern Sudan, with a focus on remote areas; 13 out of 15 Southern Sudan states; and eight points for foreign voting. The Panel reports to the Secretary-General that the result of the referendum reflects the free will of the people of the South Sudan.", "Tunisia", "At the request of the interim Government for electoral assistance, the United Nations dispatched a high-level electoral needs assessment mission to Tunisia on 1 March 2011. The recommendations contained in the mission's report were endorsed by the lead. In accordance with these recommendations, the United Nations has implemented a project to assist the Tunisian authorities in the organization of the Constituent Assembly to be held in October 2011. The project has been identified as a focus on areas where the United Nations has a clear comparative advantage to ensure synergies and avoid overlap with other programmes already being undertaken by other actors. The project includes a number of measures to support election management bodies and to facilitate inclusive participation in electoral processes, in particular women and civil society groups.", "Annex II", "States and territories receiving United Nations electoral assistance during the reporting period", "AD(a) Assistance is provided under the authority of the Council.", "Afghanistan AD(a)", "Argentina", "Bangladesh", "Benin", "Plurinational State of Bolivia", "Burundi (2011) (a)", "Burkina Faso", "Cambodia", "Cameroon", "Central African Republic", "Chad", "Comoros", "Republic of the Congo", "Côte d'Ivoire (2011) (a)", "Democratic Republic of the Congo (2011) (a)", "El Salvador", "Ethiopia", "Gambia", "Guatemala", "Guinea", "Guinea-Bissau (2011) (a)", "Guyana", "Haiti (2011) (a)", "Indonesia", "Iraq (2011) (a)", "Kenya", "Kyrgyzstan", "Lebanon", "Lesotho", "Liberia (2011) (a)", "Malawi", "Maldives", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nepal", "Netherlands Antilles (Born Island)", "Niger", "Nigeria", "Occupied Palestinian Territory", "Panama", "Papua New Guinea", "Peru", "Republic of Moldova", "Romania", "Rwanda", "Sierra Leone (2011) (a)", "Solomon Islands", "Sudan (2011) (a)", "Suriname", "Timor-Leste (ADa)", "Togo", "Tunisia", "Turkmenistan", "United Republic of Tanzania", "Yemen", "Zambia", "Zimbabwe", "AD(*) A/63/250.", "[2] The guidance note of September 2010 has been translated into all six official languages. For the text, please contact the Electoral Assistance Division throughelectoral@un.org. English is available on the UNDP website at http://www.beta.undp.org/undp/en/home/html." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "贸易和发展理事会第五十三届执行会议的报告^(*)", "2011年6月27日至28日和7月11日，日内瓦", "导言", "2011年6月27日星期一，路易斯·曼努埃尔·皮安蒂尼·蒙奈先生(多米尼加共和国)宣布贸易和发展理事会第五十三届执行会议开幕。会议期间，理事会举行了四次全体会议，即第1067次至第1070次会议。", "^(*) 本文件是2011年6月27日至28日和7月11日在联合国日内瓦办事处举行的贸易和发展理事会第五十三届执行会议报告的预发本。最后定本将连同理事会第五十一届执行会议、第五十二届执行会议和第五十八届执行会议的报告，作为《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第15号》(A/66/15)印发。", "导言", "贸易和发展理事会第五十三届执行会议于2011年6月27日星期一由理事会主席Luis Manuel Piantini Munnigh先生(多米尼加共和国)宣布开幕。会议期间，理事会举行了4次全体会议，即第1067至1070次会议。", "一. 贸易和发展理事会就议程实质性项目采取的行动", "A. 贸发会议同各国议会联盟的合作", "第506(EX-53)号决定", "贸易和发展理事会，", "忆及大会第57/32和57/47号决定，", "承认各国议会联盟独特的国家间性质，", "决定使其与各国议会联盟合作的方式与大会的做法保持一致，", "决定将各国议会联盟从在贸发会议具有地位的非政府组织名单中除名，并将其列为议员国际组织观察员。", "第1070次全体会议 2011年7月11日", "B. 非政府组织参加贸发会议活动的安排", "第507(EX-53)号决定", "贸易和发展理事会，", "回顾经济及社会理事会第1996/31号决议和理事会第五十六届会议通过的贸发会议传播战略(TD/B/56/9/Rev.1)第35(f)段，", "注意到载于TD/B/EX(53)/6号文件的秘书处的说明，", "决定，今后，国家级、区域级和次区域级非政府组织，包括已拥有贸发会议咨商地位的国际非政府组织的国家分支机构，均有资格按照非政府组织参与贸发会议活动事宜的现行程序和做法申请贸发会议的咨商地位。", "第1070次全体会议 2011年7月11日", "C. 民间社会组织参加贸发十三大的资格认证", "第508(EX-53)号决定", "贸易和发展理事会，", "1. 决定基于所有资格认证申请将提交成员国批准的谅解，对民间社会经认证并参加贸发十三大及其筹备会议的问题采取与往届会议相同的安排；经贸发十二大认证的民间社会组织可申请贸发十三大的资格认证，而无需重新提交相关文件；", "2. 还决定在贸发十三大筹备委员会的框架下与民间社会、议员和私营部门举办两次听证会。", "第1070次全体会议 2011年7月11日", "D. 附属机构的报告和活动引起的或与这些报告和活动有关的需要 理事会采取行动的事项", "1. 贸易和发展委员会第三届会议报告和委员会第四届会议议程 (议程项目3(a))", "1. 理事会注意到贸易和发展委员会第三届会议报告(TD/B/C.I/21)，并核可其中所载的议定结论。理事会决定将贸易和发展委员会第四届会议推迟至2012年底举行。委员会第四届会议的议程和议题将在2012年4月卡塔尔多哈举行贸发十三大之后尽快决定。", "2. 投资、企业和发展委员会第三届会议报告和委员会第四届会议议程 (议程项目3(b))", "2. 理事会注意到投资、企业和发展委员会第三届会议报告(TD/B/C.II/15)。理事会决定将投资、企业和发展委员会第四届会议推迟至2012年底举行。委员会第四届会议的议程和议题将在贸发十三大之后尽快确定。", "3. 贸发会议副秘书长佩特科·德拉甘诺夫先生承诺，秘书处将在执行理事会关于委员会的决定方面给予充分合作。他说，秘书处可能根据委员会会议选择的议题以及选择议题的时间，要求理事会在会前文件的提交日期方面发挥灵活性。即便如此，他向理事会保证，秘书处将尽最大努力，确保及时编写高质量的文件，以便委员会有效执行任务。", "3. 即将举行的一年期专家会议议题 (议程项目3(c))", "4. 理事会决定作为例外并且在不构成先例的情况下，不举行本轮两年期专家会议。", "4. 工作组报告 (议程项目3(d))", "5. 理事会注意到战略框架和方案预算工作组第五十七届会议报告(TD/B/WP/ 227)，并核可其中所载的议定结论。理事会还注意到战略框架和方案预算工作组第五十八届会议报告(TD/B/WP/230)。", "5. 工作组职权范围草案 (议程项目3(e))", "6. 理事会决定请纽约联合国总部对“工作组职权范围草案”文件(TD/B/EX(53)/ 4)中1(a)和1(g)小段提供明确解释。同时，理事会决定将“工作组职权范围草案”推迟至贸易和发展理事会下次会议时通过。", "E. 体制、组织、行政和相关事项", "1. 按照理事会议事规则第77条指定非政府组织 (议程项目4(a))", "7. 理事会批准最不发达国家观察和消费者团结和信任国际协会载于TD/B/EX (52)/R.1和TD/B/EX(52)/R.2号文件的申请。", "2. 贸发会议同各国议会联盟的合作 (议程项目4(b))", "8. 理事会通过载于TD/B/EX(53)/5号文件的决定草案。见以上第一章。", "3 非政府组织参加贸发会议活动的安排 (议程项目4(c))", "9. 理事会通过载于TD/B/EX(53)/6号文件的决定草案。见以上第一章。", "4. 民间社会组织参加贸发十三大的资格认证 (议程项目4(d))", "10. 理事会通过载于TD/B/EX(53)/7号文件的决定草案。见以上第一章。", "F. 第六次联合国全面审查《管制限制性商业惯例的一套多边协议的 公平原则和规则》会议的报告 (议程项目5)", "11. 贸易和发展理事会欢迎“第六次联合国全面审查《管制限制性商业惯例的一套多边协议的公平原则和规则》会议的报告”(TD/RBP/CONF.7/11)以及其中所载决议。", "G. 理事会第五十三届执行会议报告 (议程项目7)", "12. 贸易和发展理事会授权报告员完成第五十三届执行会议报告。", "二. 主席的总结", "A. 会议开幕", "13. 以下发言者作了发言：贸发会议副秘书长佩特科·德拉加诺夫先生；莱索托代表，代表77国集团和中国发言；加纳代表，代表非洲集团发言；欧洲联盟代表；尼泊尔代表，代表最不发达国家集团发言；萨尔瓦多代表，代表拉丁美洲和加勒比国家集团发言；中国代表；埃塞俄比亚代表；泰国代表。", "14. 副秘书长指出，非洲正在走出近期的经济危机，但仍然面临一些挑战。食物价格上涨令人关切，该地区的主要目标仍然是开展结构转型，以减少对初级商品的依赖，并加快经济多样化的步伐。同时，非洲传统的北方贸易伙伴复苏缓慢，因此，非洲仍需注意其自身经济复苏的可持续性。副秘书长说，应把援助看作更广泛的发展议程的一部分，各国应发展各自的生产能力，促进调动国内资源，以减少对援助的依赖。他说，贸发会议已商定以下工作重点：(a) 促进所有层面的一致性，尤其是通过更广泛的区域一体化和合作，实现可持续经济发展和减贫；(b) 进一步促进贸易作为发展，包括减贫的动力的作用；(c) 促进所有层面的扶持型环境，以加强生产能力、贸易和投资；以及(d) 加强贸发会议自身的实力。", "15. 代表们指出，发展中国家近来在经济方面的良好业绩主要是初级商品的价格上涨(虽有所波动)所致。官方发展援助、外国直接投资流入、汇款、调动国内资源，以及为发展所需融资寻求其他筹集资源的创新方式仍至关重要。技术援助和能力建设仍非常重要。贸发会议在农业领域所做的工作得到赞赏。", "16. 发言者呼吁贸发会议在非洲加大三大支柱，即研究和政策分析、技术合作和建立共识等方面的工作力度。还呼吁贸发会议采取更为切实的手段，与非洲区域的政府、发展伙伴及机构合作，以便以更直接和有效的方式，为执行非洲联盟(非盟)/非洲发展新伙伴关系方案做出直接贡献。一些代表呼吁加强非洲、最不发达国家和特别方案司的实力。", "17. 一些代表认为：(a) 目前的援助制度常常反映出捐助方的优先事项和兴趣，而非接受国的真正需要和优先事项；(b) 全球的援助制度已过时；(c) 当前的援助框架本末倒置；以及(d) 承诺援助额与实际援助之间的缺口始终存在令人不安的挑战。", "18. 一些代表表示，虽然非洲的发展需在非洲人民自己的带领下在非洲内部进行，但也需要国际发展界通过政策建议、技术援助，以及促进共享其他区域的最佳做法和经验等方式，在这一征程中助非洲一臂之力。", "19. 一些代表认为，2011年5月举行的贸发会议投资、企业和发展委员会第三届会议为促进发展投资提供了有益的讨论，确认了基础设施发展的重要意义，并将促进生产能力视为发展中国家可持续经济发展和减贫的关键要素。然而，有代表认为，委员会没有在会议既定的时间范围内达成议定结论令人遗憾。尽管如此，代表们鼓励委员会继续开展其高质量且公认为非常有益的工作。", "20. 代表们认为，2011年6月举行的贸易和发展委员会会议提出了两项重要且相关的议题，即评估国际贸易体制的演变情况和增强该体制对发展和经济复苏的贡献，以及发展中国家融入全球供应链，包括通过其出口产品增值。代表们说，他们欢迎贸发会议继续在国家和国际层面开展研究与分析，以协助发展中国家融入全球供应链。代表们认为，有必要通过区域合作、南南合作及三方合作促进非洲经济体的生产能力。", "21. 代表们欢迎会议以非洲为重点。他们还赞赏为贸发十三大选定的主题和分主题。代表们还赞扬贸发会议秘书处编写的文件――“贸发会议为支援非洲所开展的活动”(TD/B/EX(53)/2)，并呼吁存在相同问题的各个地区与非洲国家开展合作。", "B. 贸发会议为支援非洲所开展的活动 (议程项目2)", "22. 理事会注意到秘书处编写的两份文件：(a) “贸发会议为支援非洲所开展的活动”(TD/B/EX(53)/2)和 (b) “加强实效：从巴黎到釜山”(TD/B/EX(53)/3)。秘书处概括介绍了贸发会议在审查期内开展的活动。许多代表表示赞赏贸发会议的研究、技术合作和建立共识活动，以及这些活动对非洲的经济发展的贡献。", "23. 在秘书处的介绍之后的互动辩论中，一些代表指出：非洲近期在经济方面的业绩主要反映出初级商品价格飙升的影响，这也是导致该地区宏观经济不稳定的因素之一。改善“软基础设施”(如法律、规章和金融系统)和“硬基础设施”(如道路和桥梁)、非采掘初级部门生产能力升级、将企业纳入增值和全球供应链、加强区域活动、促进非洲内部贸易、减少食物无保障状况和提高增长的质量，以上所有领域都有待开展大量工作。这些活动都需要官方发展援助、直接外资、汇款、调动国内资源和其他创新的发展筹资来源。", "24. 代表们赞赏贸发会议为吸引政策制定者关注发展生产能力的必要性，尤其是在农业领域发展这方面的能力所做的工作。有代表呼吁贸发会议加大努力，以支持执行近期缔结的《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》。一名代表呼吁贸发会议实施其《2010年最不发达国家报告：建立支援最不发达国家的新国际发展架构》和《2010年非洲经济发展报告：南南合作－非洲与新形式的发展伙伴关系》中的一些意见和建议。代表们承认，需加强国家的实力，使其能够在发展方面发挥重要作用，尤其是最不发达国家。", "25. 题为“贸发会议为支援非洲所开展的活动”的报告受到代表的好评。许多代表赞赏秘书处根据贸易和发展理事会前几次执行会议的建议，大力突出展示其活动在非洲的影响力。代表们强调，鉴于国际发展界迫切要求更多的援助和发展实效，因此该报告应继续强调贸发会议工作的影响力。一名代表指出，贸发会议在非洲的活动符合国家和区域的发展方案，而且是以需求为驱动的。然而，有代表建议贸发会议与受益国合作，开展重点更加突出和针对具体区域的评估，以确保做出更为有效的贡献。还建议贸发会议开展技术合作活动，因为这类活动可能提高附加值，并对发展中国家发挥有利影响，还应对这类活动的影响进行评估。", "26. 贸发会议为加强支援非洲活动的内部协调，设立了非洲发展新伙伴关系指导小组，这一举动受到赞扬。一名代表建议贸发会议与泰国的国际贸易和发展研究所合作研究非洲国家贸易自由化的影响和进展。还有一些代表表示，拉丁美洲和加勒比地区与非洲应加强交流学到的教训。", "27. 一名代表呼吁贸发会议在以下领域加强对非洲的介入：保险业的发展、加强工业发展和技术升级、贸易援助计划、气候变化和信通技术。另一名代表呼吁制定新的措施，以促进技术发展和传播，包括通过公私伙伴战略和使用直接外资等方式发展和传播可再生能源技术。该代表还鼓励贸发会议协助非洲经济体开展统计和数据收集工作，以便为外国投资者和中小企业做出适当的投资决策提供便利。有代表建议贸发会议将非洲的研究重点放在区域一体化、经济多样化和私营部门对促进生产能力发挥的作用等方面。一些代表还呼吁贸发会议在执行非洲发展新伙伴关系议程方面与非洲的机构开展更多合作，以取得更好的发展成果。", "28. 许多代表强调，有必要为非洲地区、为加强非洲科和非洲、最不发达国家和特别方案司的力量开展更多工作。在这方面，代表们请贸发会议做出更大努力，执行贸易和发展理事会前几届会议关于向非洲、最不发达国家和特别方案司提供更多资源的议定结论。", "29. 一些代表注意到理事会为加大工作组的作用所做的努力。他们强调，有必要批准有关加强工作组职能的职权范围草案，并将该草案转交大会批准。一些代表还注意到贸发会议增加了最不发达国家观察和消费者团结和信任国际协会这两个非政府组织。", "关于“加强援助实效：从巴黎到釜山”的专题小组讨论会", "30. 在议程项目2之下就“加强援助实效：从巴黎到釜山”举行了专题小组讨论会。巴黎经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)发展合作司司长Jon Lomoy先生在讨论会上作了主旨发言。出席讨论会的还有三名专题小组成员，分别是(a) 坦桑尼亚联合共和国Daima Associates Ltd咨询公司执行总裁Samuel Wangwe先生；(b) 卢旺达财政和经济规划部调动外部资源专家Ingrid Mutima女士；以及(c) 加纳财政和经济规划部对外经济关系司司长Helen Allotey女士。贸发会议副秘书长佩特科·德拉甘诺夫先生在专题讨论会上作了开幕发言。", "31. 专题小组讨论的问题包括：", "(a) 如何利用援助来推动其他形式的发展融资，并为摆脱对援助的中长期依赖奠定基础？", "(b) 援助界如何提高向受援国提供的援助质量？", "(c) 从南南合作中吸取的经验教训如何促进援助实效的提高？", "(d) 非洲国家政府应为提高援助质量建立何种体制机制？", "(e) 非洲对第四次援助实效问题高级别会议有何期待？", "32. 开幕词、主旨发言、专题讨论和互动辩论提出的关键建议和问题如下：", "(a) 履行已做出的承诺。非洲面临巨大的发展挑战，包括实现千年发展目标、应对气候变化、防止和减少冲突，以及应对高昂的粮食和能源价格。调动国内和外部资源对应对这些挑战至关重要。虽然近来对非洲的官方发展援助有所增加，但捐助方还没有履行对该地区做出的国际承诺。在这方面，捐助方有必要逐步加大努力，履行已对非洲做出的援助承诺；", "(b) 援助的实效还取决于援助的数量。关于援助实效的讨论常常使人产生援助质量和援助数量被一分为二的印象。其实，援助数量是确定援助是否有效的因素之一，因此，捐助方和接收方需承认，增加援助数量是促进对非洲的援助质量的一个必要条件；", "(c) 使用援助和提供援助。援助的有效性既取决于使用援助的质量，也取决于提供援助的质量。前者主要取决于接收方的做法，而后者则取决于捐助方的做法。加纳和卢旺达的情况表明，国家一级在提高使用援助的质量方面取得了显著进展，但在促进所提供援助的质量方面还没有太多进展。捐助方做出进一步努力减少援助的不可预测性，避免援助的分散性，促进使用国家制度及减少援助附带的条件，也有利于提高提供援助的质量；", "(d) 国家的自主权和领导作用非常重要。国家对援助和发展过程的自主权对促进援助的实效至关重要。受援国必须能够领导援助的提供和管理过程，才能利用援助实现其国家发展目标。具体而言，这些国家必须确保将援助用于其发展需要和优先事项。非洲国家要成功地发挥这方面的领导作用，必须克服依赖援助的心理，因为这一心理破坏受援国发挥领导作用和承担发展责任的能力。在处理捐助方—接收方关系方面成功地坚持自己主张的受援国政府的做法实例应得到宣传。虽然国家的自主权和领导作用非常重要，但也需承认区域环境的作用，因为发展日益受到区域合作情况的影响；", "(e) 促进使用国家制度。虽然受援国在提高本国制度和机构质量方面取得了进展，但捐助方仍不愿意利用这类制度。在过去几年中，捐助方使用国家制度有限的领域正是促进援助实效进展最微弱的领域。受援国还需将援助纳入财政、会计和审计机制。加强国家制度可能成为应对双边和多边援助分散性的最佳方式。然而，必须以透明和可信的方式开展这方面的工作；", "(f) 改善有关援助流量的资料。有必要针对援助流量提供更多和更好的资料，作为促进援助实效的一项重要元素。就受援国而言，政府应做出更大努力，向所有地方利益攸关方提供有关援助流量的资料。就捐助方而言，有必要向在受援国运营的民间社会组织公布有关援助流量的资料。此外，新出现的捐助方应提供更多资料，说明其在受援国开展发展合作活动的情况。在这方面，捐助方和接收方有必要就改善援助统计工作开展更多合作；", "(g) 需要有关摆脱援助依赖的战略。非洲国家应制定战略，以摆脱中长期对援助的依赖。虽然短期内需要援助，但应利用短期援助摆脱对援助的长期依赖。实现这一目标的方式之一，是利用援助促进调动国内资源的能力。还可利用援助促进发展融资的其他来源，如直接外资、贸易和商业筹资等。已经有迹象表明，非洲的私人资本流量增速大于来自发展筹资的援助流量。鉴于非洲国家的异质性，所以不能指望它们同时摆脱对援助的依赖。告别援助依赖的情况将因国家而异，因而可反映出各国发展程度的差异；", "(h) 承认援助与贸易之间的联系。援助实效还受到多边贸易体系性质的影响。捐助国的贸易和援助政策不一致，对受援国的援助实效产生严重影响。如果捐助国在向受援国提供援助的同时向受援国强加一些限制受援国贸易能力的贸易措施，则受援国很难实现其发展目标。因此，提供的援助应帮助受援国更有效地参与多边贸易体系，并在贸易进程中向价值链的上游移动；", "(i) 援助和发展实效是相互关联的。没有必要过分强调援助实效和发展实效之间的区别，因为前者的目的是为了促进后者。加强援助实效可对受援国产生更大影响，进而促进发展实效。在讨论援助实效时考虑受援国的能力至关重要。考虑南南合作或南北合作等各种发展合作的模式同样重要。在这方面，捐助方应尊重受援国选择的合作模式。此外应注意的是，受援国将南南合作视为南北合作的补充而非替代物；", "(j) 相互问责的必要性。在讨论援助实效时，问责制似乎被更多地适用于受援国，而非适用于它们的发展伙伴。其实，援助实效要求相互问责。此外，还存在受援国对捐助方承担的责任大于对地方利益攸关方承担责任的趋势。受援国政府应对地方利益攸关方负起更大责任，以确保对这一进程的真正自主权。承认地方价值和文化的更好的国内治理有助于实现这一目标。此外，还需要为良好治理提供明确和客观的指标；", "(k) 在国家层面加强援助的协调工作。受援国有必要在国家层面加强援助的协调工作。这要求受援国对援助的管理和提供程序实施更多控制，以确保将援助用于解决国家发展需要和优先事项。此外，协调工作应包括传统捐助方提供的援助以及来自南南合作的官方资金流。", "三. 通过议程和安排工作 (议程项目1)", "33. 理事会在2011年6月27日的开幕全体会议上通过TD/B/EX(53)/1号文件所载临时议程。因此，执行会议的议程如下：", "1. 通过议程和安排工作", "2. 贸发会议为支援非洲所开展的活动", "3. 附属机构的报告和活动引起的或与这些报告和活动有关的需要理事会采取行动的事项：", "(a) 贸易和发展委员会第三届会议报告和委员会第四届会议议程", "(b) 投资、企业和发展委员会第三届会议报告和委员会第四届会议议程", "(c) 即将举行的一年期专家会议议题", "(d) 工作组报告", "(e) 工作组职权范围草案", "4. 体制、组织、行政和有关事项：", "(a) 按照理事会议事规则第77条指定非政府组织", "(b) 贸发会议同各国议会联盟的合作", "(c) 非政府组织参加贸发会议活动的安排", "(d) 民间社会组织参加贸发十三大的资格认证", "5. 第六次联合国全面审查《管制限制性商业惯例的一套多边协议的公平原则和规则》会议的报告", "6. 其他事项", "7. 理事会第五十三届执行会议报告", "附件", "出席情况[1]", "1. 贸易和发展理事会以下成员国的代表出席了会议：", "阿尔及利亚 伊朗(伊斯兰共和国)", "安哥拉 伊拉克", "阿根廷 以色列", "奥地利 意大利", "阿塞拜疆 牙买加", "巴林 日本", "白俄罗斯 约旦", "贝宁 哈萨克斯坦", "巴西 科威特", "文莱达鲁萨兰国 莱索托", "布基纳法索 马达加斯加", "柬埔寨 马里", "喀麦隆 毛里塔尼亚", "加拿大 墨西哥", "中国 摩洛哥", "刚果 尼泊尔", "科特迪瓦 尼加拉瓜", "古巴 尼日利亚", "塞浦路斯 阿曼", "捷克共和国 巴拿马", "多米尼加共和国 菲律宾", "萨尔瓦多 波兰", "埃塞俄比亚 葡萄牙", "芬兰 罗马尼亚", "法国 俄罗斯联邦", "德国 卢旺达", "加纳 沙特阿拉伯", "危地马拉 新加坡", "匈牙利 南非", "印度尼西亚 西班牙", "苏丹 乌克兰", "瑞士 美利坚合众国", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "泰国 越南", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 也门", "多哥 赞比亚", "土耳其", "2. 以下不属于贸易和发展理事会成员的贸发会议成员国代表出席了会议：", "教廷", "3. 以下政府间组织派代表出席了会议：", "非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团", "非洲联盟", "欧洲联盟", "法语国家国际组织", "4. 以下联合国组织派代表出席了会议：", "欧洲经济委员会", "贸发会议/世贸组织国际贸易中心", "5. 以下专门机构和相关组织派代表出席了会议：", "国际电信联盟", "世界贸易组织", "6. 以下专题小组成员出席了会议：", "Jon Lomoy先生，经济合作与发展组织发展合作司司长", "Samuel Wangwe先生，坦桑尼亚联合共和国Daima Associates Ltd咨询公司执行总裁", "Ingrid Mutima女士，卢旺达财政和经济规划部调动外部资源专家", "Helen Allotey女士，加纳财政和经济规划部对外经济关系司司长", "[1] 与会者名单见TD/B/EX(53)/Inf.1。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Report of the Trade and Development Board on its fifty-third executive session[1]", "Geneva, 27 and 28 June and 11 July 2011", "Introduction", "The fifty-third executive session of the Trade and Development Board was opened by Mr. Luis Manuel Piantini Munnigh (Dominican Republic), President of the Board, on Monday, 27 June 2011. In the course of the session, the Board held four plenary meetings, the 1067th to the 1070th.", "I. Action by the Trade and Development Board on substantive items on its agenda", "A. Cooperation between UNCTAD and the Inter-Parliamentary Union", "Decision 506 (EX-53)", "The Trade and Development Board,", "Recalling General Assembly resolutions 57/32 and 57/47,", "Recognizes the unique inter-State character of IPU;", "Decides to align the modalities for its cooperation with IPU with the practices of the General Assembly;", "Decides to remove IPU from the list of NGOs having status with UNCTAD and to list it as an observer international organization of parliamentarians.", "1070th plenary meeting 11 July 2011", "B. Arrangements for the participation of non-governmental organizations in the activities of UNCTAD", "Decision 507 (EX-53)", "The Trade and Development Board,", "Recalling Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/31 and paragraph 35 (f) of the UNCTAD communications strategy (TD/B/56/9/Rev.1) adopted by the Board at its fifty-sixth session,", "Taking note of the secretariat note contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/6,", "Decides that, henceforth, national, regional and subregional non-governmental organizations, as well as the national affiliates of international non-governmental organizations already in status with UNCTAD, are eligible to apply for consultative status with UNCTAD in accordance with the existing applicable procedures and practices for the participation of non-governmental organizations in the activities of UNCTAD.", "1070th plenary meeting 11 July 2011", "C. Accreditation of civil society organizations for the purposes of UNCTAD-XIII", "Decision 508 (EX-53)", "The Trade and Development Board", "1. Decides to adopt the same arrangements for the accreditation and participation of civil society in UNCTAD-XIII and its preparatory meetings as at past Conferences, on the understanding that all applications for accreditation will be submitted to member States for approval; civil society organizations that were accredited to UNCTAD-XII may apply for accreditation to UNCTAD-XIII without the necessity to resubmit the related documentation;", "2. Further decides that two hearings with civil society, parliamentarians and the private sector will be convened within the framework of the Preparatory Committee for UNCTAD-XIII.", "1070th plenary meeting 11 July 2011", "D. Matters requiring action by the Board arising from or related to reports and activities of its subsidiary bodies", "1. Report of the Trade and Development Commission on its third session, and agenda for its fourth session", "(Agenda item 3(a))", "1. The Board took note of the Report of the Trade and Development Commission on its third session (TD/B/C.I/21) and endorsed the agreed conclusions contained therein. The Board decided to postpone the fourth session of the Trade and Development Commission until late 2012. The agenda and topics for the fourth session of the Commission were to be decided as soon as possible after UNCTAD-XIII, to be held in Doha, Qatar, in April 2012.", "2. Report of the Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission on its third session, and agenda for its fourth session", "(Agenda item 3(b))", "2. The Board took note of the Report of the Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission on its third session (TD/B/C.II/15). The Board decided to postpone the fourth session of the Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission until late 2012. The agenda and topics for the fourth session of the Commission were to be decided as soon as possible after UNCTAD-XIII.", "3. The Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD, Mr. Petko Draganov, pledged the secretariat’s full cooperation in implementing the decisions of the Board regarding the Commissions. Depending on the topics chosen for the Commission sessions, and when they were chosen — he said that the secretariat might request from the Board some flexibility concerning submission dates for pre-sessional documentation. That notwithstanding, he assured the Board that the secretariat would do its utmost to ensure that high-quality documentation was prepared in a timely manner so that the Commissions could fulfil their mandates effectively.", "3. Topics for upcoming single-year expert meetings", "(Agenda item 3(c))", "4. The Board decided — on an exceptional basis and without setting a precedent — that the two single-year expert meetings for the current cycle would not take place.", "4. Report of the Working Party", "(Agenda item 3(d))", "5. The Board took note of the Report of the Working Party on the Strategic Framework and the Programme Budget on its fifty-seventh session (TD/B/WP/227) and endorsed the agreed conclusions contained therein. It also took note of the Report of the Working Party on the Strategic Framework and the Programme Budget on its fifty-eighth session (TD/B/WP/230).", "5. Draft terms of reference for the Working Party", "(Agenda item 3(e))", "6. The Board decided to seek clarification from United Nations headquarters in New York concerning subparagraphs 1 (a) and 1 (g) of the document “Draft terms of reference for the Working Party” (TD/B/EX(53)/4). In the meantime, it decided to postpone adoption of the draft terms of reference for the Working Party until the next appropriate session of the Trade and Development Board.", "E. Institutional, organizational, administrative and related matters", "1. Designation of non-governmental organizations for the purposes of rule 77 of the rules of procedure of the Board", "(Agenda item 4 (a))", "7. The Board approved the applications of LDC Watch and Consumer Unity and Trust Society (CUTS) International as contained in documents TD/B/EX(52)/R.1 and TD/B/EX(52)/R.2.", "2. Cooperation between UNCTAD and the Inter-Parliamentary Union", "(Agenda item 4 (b))", "8. The Board adopted the draft decision contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/5. See chapter I above.", "3. Arrangements for the participation of non-governmental organizations in the activities of UNCTAD", "(Agenda item 4 (c))", "9. The Board adopted the draft decision contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/6. See chapter I above.", "4. Accreditation of civil society organizations for the purposes of UNCTAD-XIII", "(Agenda item 4 (d))", "10. The Board adopted the draft decision contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/7. See chapter I above.", "F. Report of the Sixth United Nations Conference to Review All Aspects of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices", "(Agenda item 5)", "11. The Trade and Development Board welcomed the “Report of the Sixth United Nations Conference to Review All Aspects of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices” (TD/RBP/CONF.7/11) and the resolution contained therein.", "G. Report of the Board on its fifty-third executive session", "(Agenda item 7)", "12. The Trade and Development Board authorized the Rapporteur to finalize the report of its fifty-third executive session.", "II. President’s summary", "A. Opening of the session", "13. The following speakers made statements: Mr. Petko Draganov, Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD; the representative of Lesotho, speaking on behalf of the Group of 77 and China; the representative of Ghana, speaking on behalf of the African Group; the representative of the European Union; the representative of Nepal, speaking on behalf of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Group; the representative of El Salvador on behalf of the Group for Latin America and the Caribbean (GRULAC); the representative of China; the representative of Ethiopia; and the representative of Thailand.", "14. The Deputy Secretary-General noted that Africa was bouncing back from the recent economic crisis, but that challenges remained. Rising food prices were a concern, and engaging in structural transformation to reduce dependence on commodities and accelerate economic diversification remained important objectives for the region. Meanwhile, the weak recovery of Africa’s traditional trading partners in the North implied that the region needed to remain vigilant about the sustainability of its own recovery. The Deputy Secretary-General said that aid should be seen as part of a broader development agenda, and countries also had to build their productive capacities and enhance domestic resource mobilization to lessen dependence on aid. He said that UNCTAD had agreed to focus on (a) enhancing coherence at all levels to achieve sustainable economic development and poverty reduction, especially through greater regional integration and cooperation; (b) further enhancing the role of trade as an engine of development, including poverty reduction; (c) enhancing the enabling environment at all levels to strengthen productive capacities, trade and investment; and (d) strengthening UNCTAD itself.", "15. Delegates noted that the recent positive economic performance of developing countries had been due in large part to high but volatile commodity prices. Official development assistance (ODA), foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, remittances, mobilization of domestic resources, and other innovative resource-raising efforts that were needed to finance development, continued to be critical. Technical assistance and capacity-building also remained crucial. Appreciation was expressed for UNCTAD’s efforts in the field of agriculture.", "16. Speakers called for an intensification of UNCTAD’s efforts in Africa in its three pillars of research and policy analysis, technical cooperation and consensus-building. More concrete means were also called for on how UNCTAD could collaborate with governments, development partners and institutions of the African region in order to more directly contribute towards the implementation of the African Union (AU)/New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) Programme in more direct and significant ways. Some delegates called for strengthening the Division for Africa, Least Developed Countries and Special Programmes (ALDC).", "17. It was felt by some that (a) the current aid regime too often reflected the priorities and interests of donors, rather than the real needs and priorities of recipients; (b) the global aid regime was outdated; (c) the current aid architecture confused means for ends; and (d) there was a disquieting and persistent challenge of aid commitments versus delivery gap.", "18. Some delegates expressed the view that, while Africa’s development needed to be led from within by Africans themselves, there was also the need for the international development community to accompany Africa on this journey through policy advice and technical assistance, and by promoting the sharing of best practices and experiences from other regions.", "19. Some delegates felt that the third session of UNCTAD’s Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission, which took place in May 2011, provided for useful discussions regarding the promotion of investment for development, confirmed the vital importance of infrastructure development, and enhanced productive capacities as key elements for sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction for developing countries. However, some thought it was regrettable that the Commission had failed to reach agreed conclusions within the scheduled time of its session. Nevertheless, delegates encouraged the Commission to continue its high quality work, which was considered to be very useful.", "20. Delegates felt that the Trade and Development Commission, which took place in June 2011, brought up two very interesting and relevant issues, namely the assessment of the evolution of the international trading system and the enhancement of its contribution to development and economic recovery, as well as the integration of developing countries in global supply chains, including through adding value to their exports. Delegates said they would welcome continued research and analysis by UNCTAD, both at the national and international levels, towards assisting developing countries to integrate into the global supply chains. Regional as well as South-South and Triangular cooperation was felt to be necessary to enhance the productive capacities of African economies.", "21. Delegates welcomed the session’s focus on Africa. They also praised the themes and sub-themes chosen for UNCTAD-XIII. Delegates also praised the document prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat, “Activities undertaken by UNCTAD in support of Africa” (TD/B/EX(53)/2), and called for different regions that shared the same problems to cooperate with African countries.", "B. Activities undertaken by UNCTAD in support of Africa", "(Agenda item 2)", "22. The Board took note of the two documents prepared by the secretariat: (a) “Activities undertaken by UNCTAD in support of Africa” (TD/B/EX(53)/2) and; (b) “Enhancing aid effectiveness: from Paris to Busan” (TD/B/EX(53)/3). The secretariat provided an overview of the activities carried out by UNCTAD in the period under review. Many delegates expressed their appreciation of UNCTAD’s research, technical cooperation and consensus-building activities, and their contribution to economic development in Africa.", "23. During the interactive debate that followed the presentation by the secretariat, several delegates noted that Africa’s recent economic performance largely reflected the effects of booming commodity prices, which contributed to macroeconomic instability in the region. Much remained to be done in the areas of improving “soft infrastructure” (such as the legal, regulatory and financial systems), “hard infrastructure” (such as roads and bridges), upgrading productive capacities in non‑extractive primary sectors, enabling engagement of firms in value addition and global supply chains, intensifying regional activities, boosting intra-African trade, lessening food insecurity and raising the quality of growth. Such activities would require ODA, FDI, remittances, mobilization of domestic resources and other innovative resources for financing development.", "24. Appreciation was expressed for UNCTAD’s work in drawing the attention of policymakers to the need to develop productive capacities, especially in the field of agriculture. There were calls for UNCTAD to intensify its work in order to support the implementation of the recently concluded Istanbul Programme of Action. There was a call for UNCTAD to implement some of the ideas and recommendations of its Least Developed Countries Report, 2010: Towards a New International Development Architecture for LDCs and its Economic Development in Africa Report 2010: South-South Cooperation: Africa and the New Forms of Development Partnership. It was recognized that the State needed to be strengthened for it to play a critical developmental role, especially in least developed countries (LDCs).", "25. The report “Activities undertaken by UNCTAD in support of Africa” was positively received by delegates. Many of them appreciated the fact that the secretariat had made efforts to highlight the impact of its activities in Africa as recommended in previous executive sessions of the Trade and Development Board. Delegates stressed the need for the report to continue emphasizing the impact of UNCTAD’s work as the international development community was pressing for greater aid and development effectiveness. One delegate noted that UNCTAD’s activities in Africa were aligned with national and regional development programmes and were demand-driven. However, it was suggested for UNCTAD to engage with beneficiaries to undertake more focused and area-specific assessments to ensure more effective contributions. It was also suggested for UNCTAD to engage in technical cooperation activities when such activities had the potential for increasing value added and for having a valuable impact on developing countries, and that the impact of such activities should be assessed.", "26. UNCTAD was commended for the setting up of a NEPAD Steering Group for strengthening internal coordination of its activities in support of Africa. One delegate suggested that UNCTAD should collaborate with the International Institute for Trade and Development (ITD) of Thailand to do joint work on the impact and developments of trade liberalization in African countries. Interest was also expressed by some delegates for an intensification of exchanges in terms of lessons learnt between the Latin American and Caribbean region and Africa.", "27. One delegate called for UNCTAD to strengthen its interventions in Africa in the following areas: the development of insurance, the fostering of industrial development and technological upgrading, aid for trade, climate change and ICT. Another delegate called for new measures to be developed to enhance technology development and diffusion, including renewable energy technology through strategies such as public-private partnerships and the use of FDI. The same delegate encouraged UNCTAD to assist African economies in the area of statistics and data collection in order to facilitate proper investment decisions by foreign investors and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It was suggested that UNCTAD should focus its research issues in Africa in the field of regional integration, economic diversification and the role of the private sector in enhancing productive capacities. Some delegates also called upon UNCTAD to collaborate more with African institutions to implement the NEPAD agenda for better development results.", "28. Many delegates highlighted the need for more to be done for the Africa region and for a strengthening of the Africa Section and the Division for Africa, Least Developed Countries and Special Programmes (ALDC). In this regard, they requested UNCTAD to make more efforts to implement the agreed conclusions of previous sessions of the Trade and Development Board regarding providing more resources to ALDC.", "29. Some delegates noted efforts by the Board to enhance the role of the Working Party. They stressed the need for the draft Terms of Reference on enhancing the functioning of the Working Party to be approved and transmitted to the General Assembly for approval. Some delegates also noted that LDC Watch and the Consumer Unity and Trust Society (CUTS) were added as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) at UNCTAD.", "Panel session on “Enhancing aid effectiveness: From Paris to Busan”", "30. A panel session on “Enhancing aid effectiveness: From Paris to Busan” was held as part of agenda item 2. Mr. Jon Lomoy, Director, Development Cooperation Division, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, was the keynote speaker at the panel session. The session also featured three panellists: (a) Mr. Samuel Wangwe, Executive Chair, Daima Associates Ltd., United Republic of Tanzania; (b) Ms. Ingrid Mutima, External Resources Mobilization Expert, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Rwanda; and (c) Ms. Helen Allotey, Director, External Economic Relations Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Ghana. The Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD, Mr. Petko Draganov, made opening remarks at the panel session.", "31. The questions addressed by the panel included:", "(a) How can aid be used to catalyse other forms of development finance and lay the foundations for exiting from aid dependence in the medium-to-long run?", "(b) How can the aid community improve on the quality of aid disbursed to recipient countries?", "(c) How can lessons from South-South cooperation contribute towards greater aid effectiveness?", "(d) What kinds of institutional mechanisms should be put in place by African governments to improve on the quality of aid?", "(e) What does Africa expect from the Fourth High-level Conference on Aid Effectiveness?", "32. The key recommendations made and issues that arose from the opening remarks, the keynote address, the panel discussion and the interactive debate were as follows:", "(a) Fulfil existing commitments — Africa faces enormous development challenges, including meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), dealing with climate change, preventing and reducing conflicts, and dealing with high food and energy prices. The mobilization of domestic and external resources will be critical to addressing these challenges. Despite the recent increase in ODA flows to Africa, donors are yet to meet the existing international commitments made to the region. In this regard, there is the need for donors to ratchet-up efforts to honour the existing aid commitments made to Africa;", "(b) Aid effectiveness also depends on the quantity of aid — The discussion on aid effectiveness often gives the impression of a dichotomy between aid quality and aid quantity. However, the quantity of aid is one of the factors determining whether or not aid is effective. Consequently, there is the need for donors and recipients to recognize the fact that increasing aid quantity is a necessary condition for enhancing aid quality in Africa;", "(c) Use of aid versus delivery of aid — Aid effectiveness depends on both the quality of the use of aid and the quality of the delivery of aid. The former depends mainly on the practices of the recipients, whilst the latter depends on the practices of the donors. The cases of Ghana and Rwanda showed that there has been significant progress in improving the quality of use of aid at the country level, but there has not been much progress in enhancing the quality of delivery of aid. Further efforts by donors to reduce unpredictability of aid, avoid aid fragmentation, enhance the use of country systems and reduce conditionalities associated with aid flows will all contribute to improving the quality of aid delivery;", "(d) Country ownership and leadership are important — Country ownership of the aid and development process is important in enhancing aid effectiveness. If recipient countries are to use aid to achieve their national development objectives, they have to be able to lead in the aid delivery and management process. In particular, they have to ensure that aid addresses their development needs and priorities. For African countries to successfully exercise such leadership, the psychological aspect of aid dependence has to be dealt with. It erodes recipient countries’ ability to exercise leadership and take responsibility for development. There is a need to publicize examples of recipient governments that have been able to successfully assert themselves in the donor-recipient relationship. While country ownership and leadership matter, there is also a need to recognize regional contexts, as development is increasingly influenced by regional cooperation;", "(e) Enforce the use of country systems — Despite progress by recipient countries in improving the quality of local country systems and institutions, donors are still reluctant to use them. The limited use of country systems by donors is one of the areas where there has been the least progress in enhancing aid effectiveness over the past few years. There is also the need to integrate aid into treasury, accounting and auditing mechanisms in recipient countries. The challenge of aid fragmentation both for bilateral and multilateral aid can be best addressed by strengthening country systems. It is, however, important to do this in a transparent and credible manner;", "(f) Improve information on aid flows — There is a need for more and better information on aid flows as an important element in enhancing aid effectiveness. At the recipient country level, governments should make more effort to provide information on aid flows to all local stakeholders. At the donor level, there is the need to make public information on aid flows to civil society organizations operating in recipient countries. Furthermore, emerging donors should provide more information on their development cooperation activities in recipient countries. In this regard, there is the need for more cooperation among donors and recipients in improving aid statistics;", "(g) Strategies are needed for exiting aid dependence — African countries should have strategies for exiting from aid dependence in the medium-to-long run. While aid is needed in the short run, it should be used to avoid aid dependence in the long run. One way to accomplish this is to use aid to enhance capacity for domestic resource mobilization. It could also be used to catalyse other sources of modes of development finance, such as FDI, trade and commercial financing. There are already indications that private capital flows are growing faster than aid flows as sources of development finance in Africa. Given the heterogeneity of African countries, they cannot be expected to exit aid dependence at the same time. The graduation from aid dependence will vary across countries, reflecting their differing levels of development;", "(h) Recognize the link between aid and trade — Aid effectiveness is also affected by the nature of the multilateral trading system. Incoherence between trade and aid policies of donor countries has significant impact on the effectiveness of aid in recipient countries. When donors give aid to recipients and also impose trade measures that limit the ability of recipients to trade, they make it difficult for recipients to achieve their development goals. In this regard, it is important that aid is delivered in a way that allows recipients to participate more effectively in the multilateral trading system as well as move up the value chain in the trading process;", "(i) Aid and development effectiveness are related — There is no need to overemphasize the distinction between aid effectiveness and development effectiveness because the former is geared towards enhancing the later. By making aid more effective, it would have more impact in recipient countries, thereby enhancing development effectiveness. It is important that recipient countries’ capacities be taken into account in the discussions on aid effectiveness. It is equally important to take into account the diverse modes of development cooperation: for example, South-South versus North-South. In this context, donors should respect the choice of mode of cooperation made by recipients. Furthermore, it is important that recipient countries see South-South cooperation as a complement rather than a substitute for North-South cooperation;", "(j) Need for mutual accountability — In the aid effectiveness debate, accountability seems to be applied more to recipient countries than to the development partners. However, mutual accountability is what is required for aid effectiveness. Furthermore, there is the tendency for recipient countries to be more accountable to the donors than to their local stakeholders. There is the need for recipient governments to demonstrate more accountability to local stakeholders to ensure genuine ownership of the process. Better domestic governance that recognizes local values and cultures can contribute to achieving this objective. Furthermore, there is the need for clear and objective indicators of good governance;", "(k) Improve aid coordination at the national level — There is the need for recipient countries to improve aid coordination at the national level. This requires recipient countries exercising more control over the aid management and delivery process to ensure that aid addresses their national development needs and priorities. Furthermore, coordination should cover aid from traditional donors as well as official financial flows which are part of South-South cooperation.", "III. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "(Agenda item 1)", "33. At its opening plenary meeting, on 27 June 2011, the Board adopted the provisional agenda contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/1. Accordingly, the agenda for the executive session was as follows:", "1. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "2. Activities undertaken by UNCTAD in support of Africa", "3. Matters requiring action by the Board arising from or related to reports and activities of its subsidiary bodies:", "(a) Report of the Trade and Development Commission on its third session, and agenda for its fourth session", "(b) Report of the Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission on its third session, and agenda for its fourth session", "(c) Topics for upcoming single-year expert meetings", "(d) Report of the Working Party", "(e) Draft terms of reference for the Working Party", "4. Institutional, organizational, administrative and related matters:", "(a) Designation of non-governmental organizations for the purposes of rule 77 of the rules of procedure of the Board", "(b) Cooperation between UNCTAD and the Inter-Parliamentary Union", "(c) Arrangements for the participation of non-governmental organizations in the activities of UNCTAD", "(d) Accreditation of civil society organizations for the purposes of UNCTAD-XIII", "5. Report of the Sixth United Nations Conference to Review All Aspects of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices", "6. Other business", "7. Report of the Board on its fifty-third executive session", "Annex", "Attendance[2]", "1. Representatives of the following States members of the Trade and Development Board attended the session:", "Algeria Kazakhstan\n Angola Kuwait", "Argentina Lesotho", "Austria Madagascar", "Azerbaijan Mali", "Bahrain Mauritania", "Belarus Mexico", "Benin Morocco", "Brazil Nepal", "Brunei Darussalam Nicaragua", "Burkina Faso Nigeria", "Cambodia Oman", "Cameroon Panama", "Canada Philippines", "China Poland", "Congo Portugal", "Côte d’Ivoire Romania", "Cuba Russian Federation", "Cyprus Rwanda", "Czech Republic Saudi Arabia", "Dominican Republic Singapore", "El Salvador South Africa", "Ethiopia Spain", "Finland Sudan", "France Switzerland", "Germany Syrian Arab Republic", "Ghana Thailand", "Guatemala The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", "Hungary Togo", "Indonesia Turkey", "Iran (Islamic Republic of) Ukraine", "Iraq United States of America", "Israel Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)", "Italy Viet Nam", "Jamaica Yemen", "Japan Zambia", "Jordan", "2. Representatives of the following State member of UNCTAD but not a member of the Trade and Development Board attended the session:", "Holy See", "3. The following intergovernmental organizations were represented at the session:", "African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States", "African Union", "European Union", "Organisation internationale de la Francophonie", "4. The following United Nations organizations were represented at the session:", "Economic Commission for Europe", "International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO", "5. The following specialized agencies and related organizations were represented at the session:", "International Telecommunication Union", "World Trade Organization", "6. The following panellists participated in the session:", "Mr. Jon Lomoy, Director, Development Cooperation Division, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development", "Mr. Samuel Wangwe, Executive Chair, Daima Associates Ltd., United Republic of Tanzania", "Ms. Ingrid Mutima, External Resources Mobilization Expert, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Rwanda", "Ms. Helen Allotey, Director, External Economic Relations Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Ghana", "[1] * The present document is an advance version of the report of the Trade and Development Board on its fifty-third executive session, held at the United Nations Office at Geneva on 27 and 28 June and 11 July 2011. It will appear in final form, together with the reports on the fifty-first executive session, the fifty-second executive session and the fifty-eighth session of the Board, as Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 15 (A/66/15).", "[2] For the list of participants, see TD/B/EX(53)/Inf.1." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Report of the Trade and Development Board on its fifty-third executive session (2); (*)", "Geneva, 27-28 June and 11 July 2011", "Introduction", "On Monday, 27 June 2011, Mr. Luiz Manuel Purtien (Dominican Republic) opened the fifty-third executive session of the Trade and Development Board. During the session, the Council held four plenary meetings, namely, 1067th to 1070th meetings.", "AD(*) This document is an advance version of the report of the Trade and Development Board on its fifty-third executive session, held at the United Nations Office at Geneva from 27 to 28 June and 11 July 2011. The final text will be issued as Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 15 (A/64/15), in conjunction with the report of the fiftieth executive session of the Council, the fifty-second executive session and the fifty-eighth executive session.", "Introduction", "The fifty-third executive session of the Trade and Development Board opened on Monday, 27 June 2011 by the President of the Council, Mr. Luis Manuel Piantini Munnigh (Dominican Republic). During the session, the Council held four plenary meetings, namely, 1067-1070th meetings.", "Action taken by the Trade and Development Board on substantive items of the agenda", "Cooperation between UNCTAD and the Inter-Parliamentary Union", "Decision 506 (EX-53)", "The Trade and Development Board,", "Recalling General Assembly decisions 57/32 and 57/47,", "Acknowledging the unique inter-State nature of the Inter-Parliamentary Union,", "Decides to align it with the practice of the General Assembly in a manner consistent with the Inter-Parliamentary Union.", "Decides to de-list the Inter-Parliamentary Union from the list of non-governmental organizations of UNCTAD's status as observers for parliamentarians' international organizations.", "1070th plenary meeting 11 July 2011", "Arrangements for the participation of non-governmental organizations in UNCTAD activities", "Decision 507 (EX-53)", "The Trade and Development Board,", "Recalling paragraph 35 (f) of Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/31 and the UNCTAD communications strategy adopted by the Council at its fifty-sixth session (TD/B/56/9/Rev.1),", "Taking note of the note by the Secretariat contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/6,", "Decides that, in the future, national, regional and subregional non-governmental organizations, including national branches of international non-governmental organizations that have consultative status with UNCTAD, are eligible to apply for UNCTAD's consultative status in accordance with the current procedures and practices of non-governmental organizations on UNCTAD activities.", "1070th plenary meeting 11 July 2011", "C. Participation of civil society organizations in UNCTAD X accreditation", "Decision 508 (EX-53)", "The Trade and Development Board,", "Decides that, on the basis of the understanding that all eligibility accreditation requests will be submitted to Member States, the same arrangements shall be taken with respect to civil society accreditation and participation in UNCTAD XIII and its preparatory meetings, and that civil society organizations accredited by UNCTAD XII may apply for the accreditation of UNCTAD X, without the need to resubmit the relevant documents;", "Also decides to hold two hearings with civil society, parliamentarians and the private sector in the framework of the UNCTAD thirteenth Preparatory Committee.", "1070th plenary meeting 11 July 2011", "Matters arising from reports and activities of the subsidiary bodies or related to the need for action by the Council", "(Agenda item 3 (a))", "The Board took note of the report of the Trade and Development Commission on its third session (TD/B/C.I/21) and endorsed the agreed conclusions contained therein. The Council decided to defer the fourth session of the Trade and Development Commission until the end of 2012. The agenda and topic for the fourth session of the Commission will be decided as soon as possible after the thirteenth UNCTAD Conference in Doha, Qatar, in April 2012.", "(Agenda item 3 (b))", "The Board took note of the report of the Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission on its third session (TD/B/C.II/15). The Board decided to defer the fourth session of the Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission until the end of 2012. The agenda and topics for the fourth session of the Commission will be determined as soon as possible after UNCTAD X.", "Mr. Petko Drgannov, Under-Secretary-General of UNCTAD, pledged that the Secretariat would fully cooperate in the implementation of the decisions of the Board. He said that the Secretariat could be flexible on the basis of the topics chosen by the Committee and the time to select the topic. Even so, he assured the Council that the Secretariat would do its utmost to ensure the timely preparation of quality documents in order to enable the Commission to effectively implement its mandate.", "(Agenda item 3 (c))", "The Board decided not to hold expert meetings for the biennium, as exceptional and without precedent.", "(Agenda item 3 (d))", "The Board took note of the report of the Working Group on the Strategic Framework and the Programme and Budget on its fifty-seventh session (TD/B/WP/227) and endorsed the agreed conclusions contained therein. The Council also took note of the report of the Working Group on the Strategic Framework and the Programme and Budget on its fifty-eighth session (TD/B/WP/230).", "(Agenda item 3 (e))", "The Board decided to request the United Nations Headquarters in New York to provide a clear explanation of paragraphs 1 (a) and 1 (g) of the draft terms of reference of the Working Group documents (TD/B/EX(53)/4). At the same time, the Council decided that the draft terms of reference of the Working Group would be deferred to the next meeting of the Trade and Development Board.", "E. Institutional, organizational, administrative and related matters", "(Agenda item 4 (a))", "The Board approved the application of the International Association of Observing and Consumer Solidarity and Confidence of the Least Developed Countries contained in documents TD/B/EX(52)/R.1 and TD/B/EX(52)/R.2.", "(Agenda item 4 (b))", "The Council adopted the draft decision contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/5. See chapter I above.", "(Agenda item 4 (c))", "The Council adopted the draft decision contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/6. See chapter I above.", "(Agenda item 4 (d))", "The Council adopted the draft decision contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/7. See chapter I above.", "(Agenda item 5)", "The Trade and Development Board welcomed the report of the Sixth United Nations Conference to Review All Aspects of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices (TD/RBP/CONF.7/11) and the resolutions contained therein.", "(Agenda item 7)", "The Trade and Development Board authorized the Rapporteur to complete the report of the fifty-third executive session.", "Chair's summary", "Opening of the session", "Statements were made by the following speakers: Mr. Petko Draganov, Under-Secretary-General for UNCTAD; the representative of Lesotho, speaking on behalf of the Group of 77 and China; the representative of Ghana, speaking on behalf of the African Group; the representative of Nepal, speaking on behalf of the Least Developed Countries Group; the representative of El Salvador, speaking on behalf of the Group of Latin American and Caribbean States; the representative of China; the representative of Ethiopia; and the representative of Thailand.", "The Under-Secretary-General notes that Africa is emerging from the recent economic crisis, but still faces some challenges. The rise in food prices is a cause of concern, and the main objective of the region remains structural transformation to reduce reliance on commodities and to accelerate the pace of economic diversification. At the same time, Africa's traditional northern trading partners have been slow to recover, and Africa needs to pay attention to the sustainability of their own economic recovery. The Under-Secretary-General said that assistance should be seen as part of the broader development agenda, and States should develop their productive capacities to promote the mobilization of domestic resources to reduce reliance on aid. He said that UNCTAD had agreed on the following priorities: (a) Promote coherence at all levels, in particular through broader regional integration and cooperation, in order to achieve sustainable economic development and poverty reduction; (b) promote further trade as a engine for development, including poverty reduction; (c) promote enabling environments at all levels to strengthen productive capacities, trade and investment; and (d) strengthen UNCTAD's own strength.", "Delegates noted that recent good economic performance in developing countries was due mainly to higher commodity prices (albeit volatile). ODA, foreign direct investment flows, remittances, mobilization of domestic resources, and innovative approaches to other resource mobilization for financing for development are still essential. Technical assistance and capacity-building remain important. UNCTAD's work in the field of agriculture was appreciated.", "Speakers called on UNCTAD to intensify its work on the three pillars of Africa, namely research and policy analysis, technical cooperation and consensus-building. UNCTAD was also called upon to take more practical means to work with Governments, development partners and institutions in the African region in order to contribute directly and effectively to the implementation of the African Union (AU)/NEPAD programme. Some delegates called for strengthening the strength of the Africa, the least developed countries and the Special Programme Division.", "Some delegates were of the view that (a) the current aid system often reflected donor priorities and interests, not the real needs and priorities of the recipient country; (b) the global aid system had been outdated; (c) the current aid framework had collapsed at the end of the year; and (d) the constant challenge of the gap between commitment aid and actual assistance.", "Some delegates expressed the view that, while Africa's development needed to be carried out within Africa's own leadership, the international development community needed to contribute to Africa's arms through policy recommendations, technical assistance and the sharing of best practices and experiences in other regions, including through the sharing of best practices and experiences in other regions.", "Some delegates expressed the view that the third session of the UNCTAD Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission, held in May 2011, provided useful discussions on investment for development, recognized the importance of infrastructure development and considered the promotion of productive capacities as key elements for sustainable economic development and poverty reduction in developing countries. However, the view was expressed that the Committee had not reached the agreed conclusions within the time frame established by the Conference. Nevertheless, delegates encouraged the Commission to continue its work of high quality and deemed useful.", "Delegates were of the view that the Trade and Development Commission meeting held in June 2011 presented two important and relevant topics, namely, the assessment of the evolution of the international trading system and the enhancement of its contribution to development and economic recovery, and the integration of developing countries into the global supply chain, including through the value added of their export products. Delegates said that they welcomed UNCTAD's continued research and analysis at the national and international levels to facilitate the integration of developing countries into the global supply chain. Delegates expressed the view that the productive capacities of African economies needed to be promoted through regional cooperation, South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation.", "Delegates welcomed the focus of the Conference on Africa. They also appreciated the themes and sub-themes selected for UNCTAD. Delegates also commended the paper prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat, “The activities undertaken by UNCTAD in support of Africa” (TD/B/EX(53)/2), and called for cooperation with African countries in all regions of the same issue.", "Activities undertaken by UNCTAD in support of Africa (Agenda item 2)", "The Board took note of two documents prepared by the Secretariat: (a) “UNCTAD activities in support of Africa” (para. TD/B/EX(53)/2) and (b) “Strengthening effectiveness: From Paris to Busan” (TD/B/EX(53)/3). The secretariat outlined UNCTAD activities during the review period. Many delegates expressed appreciation for UNCTAD's research, technical cooperation and consensus-building activities, as well as their contribution to the economic development of Africa.", "In the interactive debate following the presentation of the Secretariat, some delegates noted that recent economic performance in Africa reflected largely the impact of the sharp rise in commodity prices, which was also one of the factors contributing to macroeconomic instability in the region. Improving the “soft infrastructure” (e.g., legal, regulatory and financial systems) and “hard infrastructure” (e.g. roads and bridges), upgrading the productive capacities of the non-expulsive primary sector, integrating enterprises into value-added and global supply chains, strengthening regional activities, promoting intra-African trade, reducing food insecurity and improving the quality of growth, all areas above have to be done. These activities require official development assistance, FDI, remittances, mobilization of domestic resources and other innovative sources of financing for development.", "Delegates commended UNCTAD for its work in attracting policymakers to focus on the need to develop productive capacities, particularly in the field of agriculture. UNCTAD was called upon to intensify its efforts to support the implementation of the recently concluded Istanbul Programme of Action. One delegate called on UNCTAD to implement its Least Developed Countries Report 2010: to build a new international development architecture for the least developed countries and some of the ideas and proposals contained in the African Economic Development Report 2010: South-South Cooperation-Africa and New Form of Development Partnership. Delegates acknowledged the need to strengthen national capacities to enable them to play an important role in development, particularly in the least developed countries.", "The report entitled “UNCTAD activities in support of Africa” was well received by delegates. Many delegates commended the Secretariat for highlighting its impact in Africa, as recommended by the Trade and Development Board at previous executive sessions. Delegates stressed that, in view of the urgent need for additional assistance and development effectiveness by the international development community, the report should continue to highlight the impact of UNCTAD's work. One delegate noted that UNCTAD's activities in Africa were in line with national and regional development programmes and were demand-driven. However, it was suggested that UNCTAD, in cooperation with beneficiary countries, undertake a more focused and regional-specific assessment to ensure more effective contributions. It was also recommended that UNCTAD undertake technical cooperation activities, as such activities may increase value added and have a positive impact on developing countries, and should also be assessed on the impact of such activities.", "UNCTAD has established the Steering Group for the New Partnership for Africa's Development to strengthen internal coordination in support of Africa's activities, which is commended. One delegate suggested that UNCTAD work with the International Trade and Development Institute of Thailand to study the impact and progress of trade liberalization in African countries. Some delegates expressed the view that the Latin American and Caribbean region should enhance the sharing of lessons learned with Africa.", "One delegate called on UNCTAD to strengthen its engagement in Africa in the areas of insurance, industrial development and technological upgrading, trade assistance schemes, climate change and ICT. Another delegate called for new measures to promote technology development and dissemination, including through public-private partnerships strategies and the use of FDI. The representative also encouraged UNCTAD to assist African economies in their statistical and data collection efforts to facilitate appropriate investment decision-making by foreign investors and small and medium-sized enterprises. It was suggested that UNCTAD focus its research on Africa on regional integration, economic diversification and the role of the private sector in promoting productive capacities. Several delegates also called on UNCTAD to cooperate more with African institutions in the implementation of the New Partnership for Africa's Development agenda in order to achieve better development outcomes.", "Many delegates emphasized the need for more work to strengthen the strength of the Africa region and the Africa, the least developed countries and the Special Programme Division. In that regard, delegates invited UNCTAD to make greater efforts to implement the agreed conclusions of previous sessions of the Trade and Development Board on the provision of additional resources to the Africa, Least Developed Countries and Special Programmes Division.", "Several delegates noted the efforts of the Council to enhance the role of the Working Group. They stressed the need to ratify the draft terms of reference for strengthening the functions of the Working Group and transmit it to the General Assembly for its approval. Several delegates also noted UNCTAD's increase in the two non-governmental organizations of the International Association of Least Developed Countries Watch and Consumer Solidarity and Confidence.", "Thematic panel discussion on “Strengthening Aid Effectiveness: From Paris to Busan”", "Under agenda item 2, a panel discussion was held on “Strengthening aid effectiveness: from Paris to Busan”. Mr. Jon Lomoy, Director of Development Cooperation, Paris Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), made a keynote statement at the seminar. Three panellists were also present at the seminar: (a) Mr. Samuel Wangwe, Executive Director of Daima Associates Ltd, United Republic of Tanzania; (b) Ms. Ingrid Mutima, Minister of Finance and Economic Planning, Rwanda; and (c) Ms. Helen Allotey, Director of External Economic Relations, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Ghana. Mr. Petko Drgannov, Under-Secretary-General of UNCTAD, made an opening statement at the symposium.", "Issues discussed by the panel included:", "(a) How can assistance be used to promote other forms of development financing and lay the foundation for a long-term reliance on aid?", "(b) How can the aid community improve the quality of assistance provided to recipient countries?", "(c) How lessons learned from South-South cooperation can contribute to increased aid effectiveness?", "(d) What institutional mechanisms should be put in place by the Governments of African States to improve the quality of aid?", "(e) What is Africa's expectations for the Fourth High-level Meeting on Aid Effectiveness?", "The key recommendations and questions posed by opening remarks, keynote presentations, thematic discussions and interactive debates are as follows:", "(a) Implementation of the commitments made. Africa faces enormous development challenges, including achieving the Millennium Development Goals, addressing climate change, preventing and reducing conflicts, and responding to high food and energy prices. Mobilization of domestic and external resources is essential to addressing these challenges. Despite recent increases in ODA to Africa, donors have not fulfilled their international commitments to the region. In this regard, donors need to step up their efforts to fulfil the aid commitments that have been made to Africa;", "(b) The effectiveness of aid depends also on the number of assistance. Discussions on aid effectiveness often gave the impression that the number of aid quality and assistance was divided into twofold. Indeed, the number of assistance is one of the factors in determining whether aid is effective, and therefore donors and recipients need to recognize that the increase in the number of aid is a necessary condition for promoting the quality of aid to Africa;", "(c) Use assistance and assistance. Aid effectiveness depends both on the quality of aid use and on the quality of assistance. The former depends mainly on the practice of the receiving party, which depends on donor practices. The situation in Ghana and Rwanda indicates that there has been significant progress at the country level in improving the quality of aid use, but there has not been much progress in promoting the quality of assistance provided. Further efforts by donors to reduce the unpredictability of aid, avoid the dispersion of aid, promote the use of national systems and reduce the conditions attached to aid, and promote the quality of assistance;", "(d) National ownership and leadership are important. The ownership of aid and development processes by the State is crucial to promoting aid effectiveness. recipient countries must be able to lead aid delivery and management processes in order to harness assistance to achieve their national development goals. In particular, they must ensure that assistance is used for their development needs and priorities. African countries must successfully play a leading role in that regard and must overcome the psychological dependency of aid, which undermines the ability of recipient countries to lead and assume responsibility for development. Examples of successful adherence to recipient Governments in dealing with donor-receiving relationships should be disseminated. While national ownership and leadership are important, it is also important to recognize the role of the regional environment, as development is increasingly affected by regional cooperation.", "(e) Promote the use of national systems. While recipient countries have made progress in improving the quality of their systems and institutions, donors remain reluctant to use such systems. In the past few years, the limited use of national systems by donors is the most weak area for aid effectiveness. recipient countries also need to integrate assistance into financial, accounting and audit mechanisms. The strengthening of national systems may be the best way to respond to the decentralization of bilateral and multilateral assistance. However, work must be carried out in a transparent and credible manner;", "(f) Improve information on aid flows. More and better information on aid flows is needed as an important element for aid effectiveness. For recipient countries, the Government should make greater efforts to provide information on aid flows to all local stakeholders. For donors, information on aid flows needs to be published to civil society organizations operating in recipient countries. In addition, emerging donors should provide more information on their development cooperation activities in recipient countries. In this regard, donors and recipients need more cooperation on improving aid statistics;", "(g) Strategies need to emerge from aid dependence. African countries should put in place strategies to overcome the long-term dependence on aid. While assistance is needed in the short term, short-term assistance should be used to emerge from the long-term reliance on aid. One way to achieve this is to harness the ability to mobilize domestic resources. Other sources of assistance for financing for development, such as FDI, trade and commercial financing, are also available. There have been indications that private capital flows in Africa are increasing faster than aid flows from financing for development. In the light of the heterogeneity of African countries, they cannot be expected to break their dependency on aid. Disadvantages of aid dependence will vary from country to country, thus reflecting differences in the level of development of countries;", "(h) To recognize the link between aid and trade. Aid effectiveness is also influenced by the multilateral trading system. Donor countries' trade and aid policies are inconsistent and have serious implications for the effectiveness of aid in recipient countries. If donor countries, while providing assistance to recipient countries, impose a number of trade measures that restrict the trade capacity of recipient countries, recipient countries are difficult to achieve their development goals. Therefore, assistance should help recipient countries to participate more effectively in the multilateral trading system and move to the value chain in the trading process;", "(i) Aid and development effectiveness are interlinked. There was no need to overemphasize the distinction between aid effectiveness and development effectiveness, as the former was intended to promote the latter. Enhanced aid effectiveness could have a greater impact on recipient countries, thereby promoting development effectiveness. The ability of recipient countries is critical when discussing aid effectiveness. The modalities for development cooperation, such as South-South cooperation or North-South cooperation, are equally important. In that regard, donors should respect the modalities of cooperation chosen by recipient countries. Furthermore, it should be noted that the recipient country considers South-South cooperation as a supplement to North-South cooperation rather than an alternative;", "(j) The need for mutual accountability. In discussing aid effectiveness, accountability appears to be more applicable to recipient countries rather than to their development partners. Indeed, aid effectiveness requires mutual accountability. In addition, there is a tendency for recipient countries to assume greater responsibility for donors than for local stakeholders. The recipient Government should assume greater responsibility for local stakeholders to ensure genuine ownership of the process. The recognition of better domestic governance of local values and cultures helps to achieve that goal. In addition, clear and objective indicators are needed for good governance;", "(k) Enhanced coordination of assistance at the national level. It is necessary for recipient countries to strengthen aid coordination at the national level. This requires recipient countries to exercise more control over aid management and delivery processes to ensure that assistance is used to address national development needs and priorities. In addition, coordination should include assistance from traditional donors and official flows from South-South cooperation.", "(Agenda item 1)", "At its opening plenary meeting, on 27 June 2011, the Council adopted the provisional agenda contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/1. The agenda for the implementation of the Conference is therefore as follows:", "Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "Activities undertaken by UNCTAD in support of Africa", "Matters arising from the reports and activities of the subsidiary bodies or related to the action of the Council:", "(a) Report of the Trade and Development Commission on its third session and agenda for the fourth session of the Commission", "(b) Report of the Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission on its third session and agenda for the fourth session of the Commission", "(c) Issues for the upcoming one-year expert meeting", "(d) Report of the Working Group", "(e) Draft terms of reference of the Working Group", "Institutional, organizational, administrative and related matters:", "(a) Designation of non-governmental organizations in accordance with rule 77 of the rules of procedure of the Council", "(b) Cooperation between UNCTAD and the IPU", "(c) Arrangements for the participation of non-governmental organizations in UNCTAD activities", "(d) Accreditation of civil society organizations participating in UNCTAD X", "Report of the Sixth United Nations Conference to Review All Aspects of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices", "Other matters", "Report of the Council on its fifty-third executive session", "Annex", "Attendance", "The session was attended by representatives of the following States members of the Trade and Development Board:", "Algeria (Islamic Republic of)", "Angola", "Argentina", "Austria", "Azerbaijan", "Bahrain", "Belarus", "Benin", "Brazil Kuwait", "Brunei Darussalam", "Burkina Faso", "Cambodia Mali", "Cameroon", "Canada", "China", "Congo", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Nigeria", "Cyprus", "Czech Republic", "Philippines", "El Salvador", "Ethiopia", "Finland Romania", "France", "Germany Rwanda", "Ghana", "Guatemala", "Hungary South Africa", "Indonesia", "Sudan", "Switzerland", "Syrian Arab Republic Venezuela", "Thailand", "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Yemen", "Togo", "Turkey", "The following representatives of UNCTAD member States that are not members of the Trade and Development Board attended the session:", "Holy See", "The following intergovernmental organizations were represented at the session:", "African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States", "African Union", "European Union", "International Organization of la Francophonie", "The following United Nations organizations were represented at the session:", "Economic Commission for Europe", "International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO", "The following specialized agencies and relevant organizations were represented at the session:", "International Telecommunication Union", "World Trade Organization", "The following panellists attended the session:", "Mr. Jon Lomoy, Director of Development Cooperation, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development", "Mr. Samuel Wangwe, Executive Director, Daima Associates Ltd, United Republic of Tanzania", "Ms. Ingrid Mutima", "Ms. Helen Allotey, Director of External Economic Relations, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Ghana", "A list of participants is contained in TD/B/EX(53)/Inf.1." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目140", "联合检查组", "联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的管理和行政审查", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递联合检查组题为“联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的管理和行政审查”的报告(JIU/REP/2010/10)。", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室（毒品和犯罪问题办公室）的管理和行政审查", "撰写人", "张义山", "帕帕·路易斯·法尔", "猪又忠德", "联合检查组", "2010年，日内瓦", "执行摘要", "联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的管理和行政审查", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "目的 《联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室（毒品和犯罪问题办公室）的管理和行政审查》是联合检查组近年来针对参与机构开展的系列审查之一，目的是在治理、管理、行政、战略规划和预算编制、人力资源管理和监督等方面确定需要改进的领域。 主要结果和结论 毒品和犯罪问题办公室受命协助会员国打击毒品、犯罪和恐怖主义，这些都是联合国的优先要务。办公室的各项任务的重要性日益得到国际社会的认可，大多数利益攸关方都认为办公室履行了这些任务。 1997年，有关方面合并了多个联合国实体，组成了毒品和犯罪问题办公室。但最初的理事机构——麻醉药品委员会（麻委会）及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会保留了下来，相关信托基金也保持不变。由此造成治理框架和财务框架结构分散，影响到办公室的工作成效和效率。会员国认识到这些问题，在2008年组建了不限成员名额政府间工作组，启动了治理审查工作，目的是改善办公室的治理和财务状况。检查专员在本报告中提出了改进治理安排的三个备选方案，并针对建立一个结构更加紧密的综合机制来管理并指导办公室的各项活动，提出了一项具体建议。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须通过两个独立的信托基金来处理复杂的财务管理问题。检查专员鼓励提高财务管理效率，同时精简机构，检查专员认为应研究能否合并这两个信托基金。 由于毒品和犯罪问题办公室主要通过与其他国际组织缔结合作伙伴关系，参与联合国系统的和平、安全与发展议程，同时努力吸引更多财政支持，实务合作及技术合作活动已经扩展到众多新领域。这种扩张趋势在一定程度上削弱了办公室的战略远景和排序职能。检查专员建议办公室开展一次全面任务审查，对于这些任务及其相关活动排定轻重缓急的先后次序。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室面临困境：任务越来越多，相关活动范围日益扩展，而财政资源和人力资源并没有相应增加。严格限定用途的自愿捐款增加了，但办公室缺少能够支持其核心职能的经常资金。检查专员提出了多条建议，其中一条建议要求大会利用经常预算资源，确保为办公室的核心职能提供资金支持，从而确保办公室能够以连贯和可持续的方式执行任务。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室的外地派驻机构和技术援助活动近十年来迅速扩展，在很多方面给当前的管理工作造成严重影响，这些方面包括：总部对于外地的协调和支持，行政规则和程序是否充足，等等。 本报告还着重强调了行政管理（远见、管理做法和交流）和人力资源管理（透明、公平、政策的连贯性、培训）等领域。 此外，检查专员研究了独立的准司法机构——国际麻醉品管制局（麻管局）及其秘书处，并建议更改与之相关的行政结构和隶属关系。 建议 检查专员提出了14条建议，其中12条针对执行主任，1条针对麻醉药品委员会（麻委会）及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会，另有1条建议针对大会。 建议1 麻醉药品委员会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会应联合召开届会续会，作为统一的理事机构，负责监督毒品和犯罪问题办公室的预算及方案活动。 建议3 \n从2012-2013两年期开始，大会应利用经常预算资源，确保为毒品和犯罪问题办公室的核心职能提供资金支持，从而使办公室能够以连贯和可持续的方式执行任务。", "目录", "页次\n\t执行摘要. iii\n\t简称表. vi\n\t章次 段次\t\n一.\t导言. 1-14\t1\n\tA.\t规模、目标和方法\t1-7\t1\n\tB.\t办公室责任繁重，任务艰巨\t8-14\t1\n二.\t治理. 15-38\t3\n\tA.\t错综复杂的治理安排\t15-21\t3\n\tB.\t改善治理的选择方案\t22-31\t4\n\tC.\t综合任务审查和排定先后次序\t32-38\t5\n三.\t财务管理框架 39-59\t8\n\tA.\t为共同职能筹措资金，依然是一个难题\t43-48\t10\n\tB.\t简化财务管理\t49-50\t10\n\tC.\t减少严格限定资金用途的必要工作\t51-56\t11\n\tD.\t进一步扩大捐助方群体的融资战略\t57-59\t12\n四.\t行政管理 60-94\t13\n\tA.\t受到工作人员质疑的管理\t63-64\t13\n\tB.\t2010年机构改革\t65-68\t14\n\tC.\t协调不力影响成效\t69-73\t15\n\tD.\t战略规划和成果管理制\t74-83\t16\n\tE.\t与外地派驻机构有关的挑战\t84-94\t18\n五.\t人力资源管理 95-112\t20\n\tA.\t人力资源问题\t98-101\t20\n\tB.\t毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作人员\t102-105\t21\n\tC.\t两性均衡和工作人员的多样性\t106-110\t22\n\tD.\t培训资源匮乏，培训机会不平等\t111-112\t24\n六.\t监督. 113-121\t25\n\tA.\t监督框架\t113-119\t25\n\tB.\t加强整体评估能力\t120-121\t25\n七.\t其他问题 122-130\t27\n\tA.\t国际麻醉品管制局\t122-125\t27\n\tB.\t维也纳办事处/毒品和犯罪问题办公室的安排\t126-128\t27\n\tC.\t信息和通信技术服务\t129-130\t28\n八.\t调查重点 131-134\t29\n附件 \n一.\t联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室组织结构图 31二.\t专业及更高级别工作人员的原籍国地域分布情况 32 \n\t（截至2009年12月） \n三.\t毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地派驻机构 33\n四.\t根据建议采取的行动概览 34", "简称表", "行预咨委会 行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "行政首长协调会 联合国系统行政首长协调理事会", "预防犯罪中心 国际预防犯罪中心", "麻委会 麻醉药品委员会", "方案协调会 方案和协调委员会", "维和部 维持和平行动部", "经社理事会 经济及社会理事会", "麻管局 国际麻醉品管制局", "信技科 信息技术科", "联检组 联合检查组", "药管防罪办事处 联合国药物管制和预防犯罪办事处", "监督厅 内部监督事务厅", "药物管制署 联合国国际药物管制规划署", "开发署 联合国开发计划署", "毒品和犯罪问题办公室 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室", "维也纳办事处 联合国维也纳办事处", "一. 导言", "A. 规模、目标和方法", "1. 作为2010年工作方案的内容之一，联合检查组（联检组）对隶属于联合国秘书处的联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室（毒品和犯罪问题办公室）的管理和行政工作进行了审查。本报告是联检组近年来撰写的参与组织管理和行政系列审查报告之一。", "2. 审查的目的是在治理、管理、行政、战略规划和预算编制、人力资源管理和监督等方面查明需要改进的领域，同时确定最佳做法，并与联合国系统其他机构相互交流。由于毒品和犯罪问题办公室的业务模式主要依靠预算外捐款，2008至2009年的金融危机给办公室明显造成不利影响。为此，办公室在2009年厉行节约，并在2010年推行内部改革。在这一关键时刻，会员国采取了一项宏大的补救行动，组建了治理和财务问题工作组。", "3. 根据联检组的内部标准、准则及其内部工作程序，在编写本报告时采用的方法包括：对内部文献进行深度分析，同毒品和犯罪问题办公室的官员和工作人员代表进行访谈。此外，检查专员走访了各国大使/代表团团长，其中包括麻醉药品委员会（麻委会）、预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会、治理和财务问题工作组的主席及成员，以及区域集团、主要捐助方和受援国。检查专员还出席了2010年外地代表讨论会，同毒品和犯罪问题办公室的外地代表开展对话。会员国和毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员/管理人员对联检组的审查工作表示欢迎，认为此次审查是适时的。", "4. 检查专员采用在线员工调查的方式，向毒品和犯罪问题办公室总部及外地工作人员征询意见。这些答复针对本报告涉及的多个方面提出了有益的见解。除掌握总体情况之外，检查专员还广泛分析了此次调查的开放性问题部分收集到的超过1,500条各类意见、评论和建议。", "5. 根据联检组章程，为利用联检组的集体智慧检验报告提出的结论和建议，本报告在最终定稿之前在检查专员中进行了磋商。毒品和犯罪问题办公室就报告草稿提出了事实性和实质性意见，在报告最终定稿时考虑到了这些意见。", "6. 为便于处理报告以及落实报告提出的建议并监督落实情况，附件四的表格具体说明了哪些建议要求毒品和犯罪问题办公室的理事机构做出决定，以及执行主任可以根据哪些建议采取行动。", "7. 检查专员谨对协助编写本报告的所有人员表示感谢，特别要感谢那些参与访谈并自愿介绍自身知识和专长的人。为避免重复，本次审查同内部监督事务厅（监督厅）合作开展，后者在2010年对毒品和犯罪问题办公室进行了治理审计。", "B. 办公室责任繁重，任务艰巨", "8. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室成立于1997年，由联合国国际药物管制规划署（药物管制署）和国际预防犯罪中心（预防犯罪中心）合并而成。从管理的角度来看，毒品、犯罪和恐怖主义三者之间相互关联，且都具有跨国性质，通过历次行政改革，最终形成一个统一的实体负责处理所有这些问题。[1] 办公室最初名为联合国药物管制和预防犯罪办事处（药管防罪办事处），2002年更名为毒品和犯罪问题办公室。办公室受命协助会员国打击毒品、犯罪和一切形式和表现的恐怖主义。办公室的任务极为重要，属于大会第63/247号决议确定的联合国优先领域。", "9. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室从事规范性工作以促进切实执行国际法律文书，同时在外地开展研究和分析以及技术援助和能力建设活动。这反映在办公室所辖三个司的名称上（条约事务司、政策分析和公共事务司以及业务司），此外另设管理司，与联合国维也纳办事处（维也纳办事处）共用。", "10. 自成立以来，毒品和犯罪问题办公室承担的任务不断增加，特别是近十年来在预防犯罪领域。但在任务增多的同时，充足的经常预算资源并没有相应增加。由此导致结构和内部程序不适应越来越多的新挑战。这种情况致使办公室面临重大风险，可能无法全面满足各项任务要求。", "11. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室增加了外地派驻人员，以便执行多种技术援助活动。目前，国际公约总部型实体的政治咨询和监护机构同外地机构网络并存，后者类似于专门机构，提供专家技术援助/合作服务。对相关结构和程序是否做出充分调整以满足这一发展变化提出的各项要求，是毒品和犯罪问题办公室评估工作的核心内容。例如，人力资源管理或采购细则和程序似乎不足以在所有情况下确保工作成效，很多人、特别是外地工作人员认为这些细则和程序不利于提高组织的工作成效。", "12. 前任执行主任（2002至2010年）的关注重点是通过相辅相成的跨学科方式，以及同其他国际组织缔结合作伙伴关系，将毒品和犯罪问题办公室的各项活动同联合国的和平、安全和发展议程联系起来。在本报告编写期间，联合国秘书长任命了新一届执行主任，后者于2010年9月就职。", "13. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室及其工作成绩近年来日益得到认可，预算外捐助的增加就表明了这一点，但其中大多数资金都有指定用途。大部分受访者普遍强调，毒品和犯罪问题办公室在困难条件下履行了职责。但是，很多领域都存在本报告指出的结构分散问题，治理框架的分散影响到政策引导和监督，资金来源的分散影响到资源的可持续性和可预见性，管理的分散影响到效率和实效。", "14. 在此次审查的筹备期间，检查专员翻阅了内部监督事务厅（监督厅）近年来编写的多份报告，其中载有关于毒品和犯罪问题办公室及其某些外地机构的重要评估。检查专员注意到，同2000年之后几年的严峻情况相比，毒品和犯罪问题办公室在管理方面设法做出了某些改善。", "二. 治理", "A. 错综复杂的治理安排", "15. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室拥有两个完全独立的主要理事机构，即麻醉药品委员会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会。下文图1体现出了该办公室在治理框架上的分散程度和复杂性。2007年，监督厅的《毒品和犯罪问题办公室风险评估》得出结论认为战略管理和治理领域存在较高风险。[2] 检查专员同样认为，治理安排存在问题，正在影响到毒品和犯罪问题办公室在履行任务的过程中有效行使职能。", "16. 政策指导和任务授权来自多个联合国机构的决议或决定。除大会、经济及社会理事会及其两个职司委员会之外，同毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作领域有关的国际公约都是具有法律约束力的实体，例如关于药物管制的三部国际公约、《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》及其各项议定书、《联合国反腐败公约》以及打击一切形式和表现的恐怖主义的国际法律文书。联合国预防犯罪大会、《千年宣言》和《反恐战略》等其他联合国活动进一步增加了这些任务的复杂性。图1还突显出任务和资金之间的脱节。", "图1：毒品和犯罪问题办公室的治理框架", "[]", "17. 治理结构分散是有历史原因的。1990年代，负责执行毒品问题方案和犯罪问题方案这两个不同方案的多个实体被合并，组成统一的毒品和犯罪问题办公室，但两个理事机构（麻委会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会）及其两个信托基金却原封不动地保留了下来。由此，在处理毒品和犯罪问题时所采用的统筹的实务方法便没有体现在治理结构上，在两个委员会各自的实质性领域中政策和规范职能起着主导作用。", "18. 麻委会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会的成员、议程和关注要点各不相同。目前二者平行运作，各行其是，相互独立。相同的工作在各种论坛上不得不重复进行。例如，毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须向这两个委员会提交类似的呈文和文件。麻委会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会主要届会的间隔时间（一年）影响到理事机构的工作成效，及时做出反应和采取后续行动更加困难。此外，根据目前的届会长度，几乎没有时间在业务部分处理管理和行政问题。不久前，这两个委员会对于毒品和犯罪问题办公室的治理安排成效、特别是办公室各项活动的监督工作提出了某些异议。", "19. 检查专员察觉到，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的管理人员对于两个委员会及其成员国没能对办公室的工作给予及时有效的指导感到失望和挫折。会员国和检查专员都关切地注意到，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的各个层面缺乏磋商和透明，主要捐助国和受援国针对项目设计和执行（主动行动）、资源分配、机构和人员构成以及报告或出版物所采用的数据和图表等问题提出批评。", "20. 2008年，会员国启动了一项宏大的治理审查工作，组建了改进联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的治理和财务状况不限成员名额政府间工作组[3]（下文简称“治理和财务问题工作组”）。检查专员欢迎这项措施，这不仅在会员国、捐助方和受援国之间开辟了对话途径，同时也为有关方面同毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理层进行对话创造了条件。会员国及毒品和犯罪问题办公室通过这种方式深入了解了对方的困难、关注重点和期望。检查专员认为，这一论坛如能使用得当，将有助于今后建立信任。", "21. 麻委会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会规定，治理和财务问题工作组的任务有效期为两年，前提是应在2011年评估工作组的活动情况和具体成果。[4]鉴此，由于相关决议在这个问题上没有做出确切规定，需要讨论并商定明确的评估框架。治理和财务问题工作组受命针对两个委员会各自任务范围内各领域的行政、方案和财务问题向两个委员会提出建议。", "B. 改善治理的选择方案", "22. 在同会员国及毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理人员进行讨论的过程中，检查专员注意到各方普遍希望增进治理机制的统一性和协调性，以确保更有效监督办公室的各项活动。某些受访者提议建立类似于行政和预算问题咨询委员会（行预咨委会）及方案和协调委员会（方案协调会）的预算和方案机制，其他一些人则提议成立执行委员会/方案和预算执行委员会。这样做的目的是建立有效机制，确保毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理层和会员国能够实现充分对话和充分理解，为毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作及其活动排定先后次序，进行监督，同时联系必要和充足的资源，以实现其目标。", "23. 各方敦促检查专员为改善毒品和犯罪问题办公室今后的治理安排提出具体建议。检查专员认为，相关选择方案可以简要归纳如下。", "选择方案1：机构改革：合并经社理事会下设的两个委员会", "24. 合并这两个委员会的构想，可以追溯到通过合并毒品问题方案和犯罪问题方案建立毒品和犯罪问题办公室时期。这项选择方案将极大地改变经济及社会理事会的基本结构，特别是从联合国成立伊始存在至今的麻醉药品委员会。这样做的主要益处是将治理机制同行政结构统一起来，为会员国在政策指导、财务责任和方案决定方面采取统筹行动创造条件。另一方面，这样做还可以减少当前的两层治理框架导致的重复和困难。", "25. 很多人认为这是解决问题的根本出路，但检查专员知道，机构改革要靠会员国的政治意愿来推动，而且耗费时间。撤销经济及社会理事会的另一个职司委员会——人权委员会，代之以人权理事会，就是一个很能说明问题的实例。关于任务授权、成员和其他相关安排等问题的讨论和磋商历时数年之久。", "26. 检查专员认为，从长远看，应充分研究能否以一个委员会同时负责处毒品问题和犯罪问题，但这并不能马上解决当前面临的治理难题。", "选择方案2：增设机构：建立执行机构", "27. 增设执行委员会或方案和预算委员会，专门负责监督毒品和犯罪问题办公室的战略管理、预算和各项活动。这项方案提出建立常设性治理和监督机制。其他联合国实体设有类似机制，例如开发署执行局、粮食计划署执行局以及难民署执行委员会。", "28. 但是，毒品和犯罪问题办公室是唯一一个具备双重平行理事机构的联合国实体，这就在治理方面造成了棘手问题。检查专员认为，假如建立董事会或委员会，应明确规定该机构同上述两个委员会之间的关系及其隶属关系。检查专员警告说，这项方案存在一项严重缺陷，可能会在当前本已十分复杂的治理结构上再增加一层。这一机制带来的投资问题也不同低估，特别是在毒品和犯罪问题办公室正面临财政困难时期。", "选择方案3：完善机构：合并届会续会", "29. 麻委会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会召开届会续会，为会员国讨论同毒品和犯罪问题办公室有关的组织和财务问题创造了条件。目前的做法是连续、分别召开会议，各会议之间相互独立，实际上都在下半年的同一周内进行，会议议程和文件也很类似。", "30. 这项方案建议两个委员会联合召开统一的届会续会，同时调整或转换委员会的作用和职责，成为强有力的预算和方案机制。这项方案不仅为节约成本和精简组织及服务工作创造了条件，同时在一定程度上为各方采用统筹方法处理实质性问题搭建起框架。", "31. 检查专员认为，目前看来选择方案3是比较可行的。检查专员相信这项方案如能得到会员国的充分支持，就能够为更加统一、有效和协调的治理机构构建起框架。检查专员建议，初步计划在三年内合并当前的届会续会，用以检验新安排的实际效果及其对毒品和犯罪问题办公室治理的影响。会员国届时可以判断这一安排能否令人满意。", "执行如下建议，有望增强毒品和犯罪问题办公室治理安排的成效。", "建议1", "麻醉药品委员会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会应联合召开届会续会，作为统一的理事机构，为毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供政策指导，并负责监督预算和方案活动。", "C. 综合任务审查和排定先后次序", "32. 正如秘书长在2006年开展任务审查时指出，[5] 联合国在药品管制、预防跨国犯罪和打击恐怖主义等方面的活动大量增加，直接影响到在这些领域发挥重要作用的毒品和犯罪问题办公室。秘书长同时指出，毒品和犯罪问题办公室负责执行的各种性质的任务多达364项（报告义务、编写研究报告、组织会议、规范性或技术援助）。此外，该办公室还充当《联合国反腐败公约》和《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》等近十年来生效的多部国际公约的秘书处。", "33. 检查专员希望强调指出的结论意见之一是，针对毒品和犯罪问题办公室的任务繁多，为数众多的工作人员做出了积极的反应。令人惊异的是，有66%的受访者认为，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的任务繁多，给他们的工作和活动带来了积极影响。但受访者也认为，这些任务的整合工作还远未完成，对于方案/项目设计和活动的整合情况表示满意的受访者分别只有25.2%和 20.3%。", "表1和表2：毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员如何看待办公室的任务繁多（百分比）", "毒品和犯罪问题办公室的任务繁多（毒品、犯罪，等等），对你的工作和活动是否有影响？\n 有积极影响 有负面影响 没有影响 不知道", "全体工作人员 66.6 6.9 16.7 9.8", "国际专业工作人员 63.7 14.0 15.1 7.3", "P-5及更高级别 66.7 18.8 12.50 2.1", "总部工作人员 56.8 11.1 20.1 12.0", "外地工作人员 72.9 4.2 15.2 7.7", "你认为毒品和犯罪这两个问题在毒品和犯罪问题办公室的方案和项目设计工作中是否做到了充分整合？", "做到了 在一定程度上 没有做到 不知道", "全体工作人员 25.2 40.7 17.7 16.4", "国际专业工作人员 15.6 44.1 32.4 7.8", "P-5及更高级别 31.3 31.3 29.2 8.3", "总部工作人员 18.8 40.2 20.1 20.9", "外地工作人员 29.5 40.8 16.7 13.1", "你认为毒品和犯罪问题办公室在毒品、犯罪和恐怖主义任务方面的活动是否做到了充分整合？", "做到了 在一定程度上 没有做到 不知道", "全体工作人员 20.3 38.5 23.5 17.7", "国际专业工作人员 11.2 39.1 40.8 8.9", "P-5及更高级别 25.0 31.3 35.4 8.3", "总部工作人员 16.7 36.8 24.4 22.2", "外地工作人员 22.6 39.0 23.8 14.6", "资料来源：2010年联检组调查。", "34. 第三章记述的资金类型和资金来源为毒品和犯罪问题办公室的方案支助和行政职能提供了有限的可预测收入，不能保证为执行委员会批准的业务活动和技术活动获取资金。由此在任务执行方面存在风险。", "35. 检查专员审查了毒品和犯罪问题办公室在2008年分别为麻委会第五十一届会议及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第十七届会议编写的说明，其中载有资料，介绍“大会、经济及社会理事会及委员会自身在2003至2007年间通过的要求毒品和犯罪问题办公室采取行动的各项决议和决定的执行情况及所需资源”。[6] 毒品和犯罪问题办公室在遵守报告义务方面表现良好，但业务任务和技术援助业务的执行状况则面临某些实际困难。在预防犯罪和刑事司法领域，有33%的业务任务和技术援助任务没有得到充分落实，其中大多数情况据说是因为缺乏资源。在要求毒品和犯罪问题办公室开展的行动当中，有21%属于持续任务。在毒品领域，有22%的业务任务和技术任务得到充分落实，未完成任务为37%，这同样是由于预算原因。有37%的任务正处于执行过程中。在毒品和犯罪这两个领域，未执行的任务估计不足10%。", "36. 鉴于治理结构分散，必须综合看待毒品和犯罪问题办公室受命负责的各项任务和使命。检查专员认为，现在应该全面审查这些任务和使命，以便各个理事机构的成员国能够了解整体情况。通过这种方式，会员国能够深入了解情况，提出更加有效、明智的指导意见。2008年的说明提供了重要的基础，应进一步充实、更新并扩充内容，涉及到各个政策指导机构。", "37. 在此基础上，会员国能够再次评估当前的各项任务及其针对性和资源的可得性。会员国应确定这些任务的轻重缓急，进一步制订统筹方法来应对毒品、犯罪和恐怖主义的实质性问题。这样一来，执行主任便可以在重新确认的框架基础上调整毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作，并相应分配资源，同时考虑到现有的各种局限性。检查专员认为，这项工作有助于提高该办公室各项工作的协调性。理想的做法是，在开展这项工作的同时，对毒品和犯罪问题办公室的所有部门进行职能审查，使其充分适应已确定的优先事项。", "38. 关于其他联合国实体，检查专员认为，在委员会通过决议之前，应该向会员国通报相关决议的所涉经费问题以及毒品和犯罪问题办公室满足其业务要求的能力。鉴于毒品和犯罪问题办公室的财务状况，在授权该办公室负责新的使命和任务的同时，应系统地提供委员会讨论的所涉方案预算问题的明确说明 。", "执行如下建议，有望增强毒品和犯罪问题办公室在履行任务方面的成效。", "建议2", "执行主任应综合审查毒品和犯罪问题办公室负责的所有各项任务，包括必要的资源和分配的资源，及其执行情况。在此基础上，执行主任应尽早向麻醉药品委员会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会提交关于排定各项任务轻重缓急次序的文件。", "三. 财务管理框架", "39. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室的融资机制结构分散，资源来自多款联合国经常方案预算（第16款、第22款以及联合国维也纳办事处第1款和第28F款）以及分别由相关委员会监管的两个信托基金——联合国国际药物管制规划署基金及联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法基金。每个基金均分为未指定用途捐款、指定用途捐款和方案支助费用资源。财务管理细则规定，两年期预算应将国际药物管制规划署基金及预防犯罪和刑事司法基金区分开，基金的会计工作也应分开进行，由此造成了这种分散状态。", "文本框1. 定义", "《联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室财务细则》（2008年）第二条的定义", "普通用途资金：“提供给毒品和犯罪问题办公室基金的未指定用途自愿捐款，用于资助两年期预算中的行政领导和管理、方案及方案支助费用等部分。”", "特别用途资金：“提供给毒品和犯罪问题办公室的指定用途自愿捐款，用于资助技术合作及其他活动。”", "方案支助费用：“支持由自愿捐款资助的活动收回的间接费用。”", "40. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室棘手的财务状况多年来始终受到关注，各方纷纷就此发表意见。下文图2和图3展示了毒品和犯罪问题办公室的资金变化情况，从中可以看出该办公室的预算框架分散以及信托基金之间的资源分配（药物管制方案基金依然占到预算总额的三分之二以上，但预防犯罪和刑事司法基金的比重显著上升）。", "41. 会员国及毒品和犯罪问题办公室的官员在访谈中一致认为，对该办公室的工作成效和效率影响最大的主要因素之一是其财务状况。调查也印证了这一观点。例如就在不久前，由于缺乏资源，削减了差旅、咨询、培训、业务费用及订约承办事务。", "42. 但2004-2006年以来，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的资金总额大幅增加（2008-2009年达到4,660.99亿美元），增幅几近120%。然而，这项利好变化背后隐藏的问题可能会影响办公室的职司和执行能力。随着办公室的各类项目和活动激增，相关的指定用途捐款增加，拉动资金总额增长，而与此同时，未指定用途捐款减少。", "图2：2004-2005至2008-2009年毒品和犯罪问题办公室预算变化（以开支计）（单位：百万美元）", "[]", "注：采用审计委员会报告得出的综合数据（A/63/5/Add.9和A/65/5/Add.9）。", "图3：2004-2005至2008-2009年毒品和犯罪问题办公室不同来源资金的预算分配（以开支计） （单位：百万美元）", "[]", "注：采用审计委员会报告得出的综合数据（A/63/5/Add.9和A/65/5/Add.9）。2006-2007年以前，方案支助费用被列为普通用途资金。", "A. 为共同职能筹措资金，依然是一个难题", "43. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室核心职能的经费应主要来自经常预算资源和普通用途资金。随着任务的增多和外地机构网络的扩展，该办公室的作用和职能显著增加，但人力资源及核心财政资源并没有相应增加。2004-2005年以来，联合国分摊会费（经常预算）略有增加（27%），但检查专员注意到，经常预算在该办公室预算总额中所占比例反而下降了，从2004-2005年14.3%降至2008-2009年的8.3%。", "44. 另一方面，经常预算和普通用途资金总数在2004-2005年占财政资源的36.1%，四年之后便跌至19.1%（其中包括方案支助费用）。各基金的普通用途资金对于支持共同管理职能和各项服务至关重要，但这笔资金正在大幅减少。普通用途资金与特别用途资金之间的比率数年来持续下降，目前没有看到任何改善的迹象，不禁让人担心毒品和犯罪问题办公室是否持续发展下去。", "45. 检查专员注意到，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的某些核心共同职能不是由分摊会费来支持的（例如，业务司司长、财政资源管理处处长、信息技术科科长、战略规划股股长、毒品和犯罪问题办公室发言人、某些评估干事、某些部门的实务干事，等等）。", "46. 事实上，大会第五委员会“关切联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处的总体财务状况，请秘书长在其2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中提交有关建议，以确保该办事处有足够的资源执行其任务”。[7]", "47. 检查专员同意会员国常驻维也纳代表团以及毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理人员的意见，他们认为必须增加核心资源，以保证基本共同职能。提高联合国经常预算的分配比例，或是以更大的力度支持为普通用途资金提供更多的持续捐款，或者同时采用这两种方式，都可以实现这一目标。以往曾经鼓励会员国将一部分捐款用于普通用途资金，确保普通用途资金和特别用途资金捐款能够保持持续平衡，这些言论没能起到有效作用。", "48. 为此，检查专员认为，毒品和犯罪问题办公室主要依据大会第64/243号决议（第83段）要求在2012-2013两年期增加经常预算资源的请求应受到更多关注，以确保该办公室能够获得更加持续和可预测的资源，从而维护办公室的结构稳定。但前提是，毒品和犯罪问题办公室以第二章（建议2）提议的任务审查为依据，制订由各方商定并得到充分拥护的长期战略构想，并在此基础上明确界定核心共同职能。", "执行如下建议，有望增强毒品和犯罪问题办公室的效率和成效。", "建议3", "从2012-2013两年期开始，大会应利用经常预算资源，为毒品和犯罪问题办公室的核心职能提供资金支持，从而确保办公室能够以连贯和可持续的方式执行任务。", "B. 简化财务管理", "49. 供资结构包括编制和提交两年期预算的繁琐过程，这是由于尚未整合理事机构核准预算的程序。执行主任在2008年就此发表的评论做出了解释：“毒品和犯罪问题办公室仍然编制和提交两份预算：提交联合国总部的经常预算（以并入联合国的方案预算）和提交麻醉药品委员会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会的自愿资金预算，即合并预算。这两份预算文件包含的资料相同，只是重点不同，却在两个不同场合提交给行政和预算问题咨询委员会，并在三个不同场合提交给会员国。毒品和犯罪问题办公室还按照不同的列表编写两套分开审计的账目。”[8]", "50. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须同两个独立的信托基金合作，这不利于提高成效。麻委会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会曾经讨论过能否合并现有的两个信托基金，但没有得出具体结论。检查专员认为，合并基金能够精简财务管理，提高办公室的效率和成效，但检查专员也认识到，合并的前提是捐助方对此充分信任，检查专员希望提出这一问题，并呼吁开展可行性研究，评估财务结构的这项调整可能造成的潜在裨益和相关困难。应采用充分透明和更加有效的方式在同一基金内管理药物管制方案和预防犯罪方案的拨款，以便消除会员国的顾虑。", "执行如下建议，有望增进毒品和犯罪问题办公室的财务管理成效。", "建议4", "执行主任应下令研究合并联合国国际药物管制规划署基金及联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法基金的可行性和利弊，并在最迟不晚于2012年底之前向麻醉药品委员会（麻委会）及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会提交相关报告。", "C. 减少严格限定资金用途的必要工作", "51. 限定资金用途是一个敏感的棘手问题，有时涉及政治含义，主要取决于捐助方的政策。一般说来，限定资金用途的做法会影响到规划、先后安排和资源分配，在核心资源减少的情况则更是如此。捐助方提供的资源通常严格限定于某些具体项目，这种情况在毒品和犯罪问题办公室尤为突出，由此削弱了在利用资源和排定优先次序方面的灵活性，在执行阶段可能会打破轻重缓急的顺序。2008-2009年，特别用途资金捐款占到办公室资金总额的80.9%之多。此外，严格限定资金用途在一定程度上是由于办公室承担多种性质的任务，而捐助方希望将其财政支持集中用于具体工作领域。", "52. 检查专员关切地指出，会员国表示愿意通过向特别用途资金捐款的方式，为毒品和犯罪问题办公室的活动提供资金，以执行任务或开展国家项目，但会员国不愿通过普通用途资金为该办公室的基础结构提供资金。事实上，办公室的一名代表在麻委会第五十一届会议上发言时警告说：“由于普通用途资金现不足以支付业务活动费用，毒品和犯罪问题办公室不久将不得不拒绝与具体项目挂钩的预算外捐助。” [9] 毒品和犯罪问题办公室缺乏将特别用途资金捐款与普通用途资金捐款联系起来的体制机制。检查专员认为，如不能建立并执行这一机制，财政紧张的情况可能会一直持续下去。", "53. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室的财务状况在一定能够程度上迫使其努力适应限定资金用途的趋势，制订能够在“流行”领域吸引资金的项目，从而为组织争取资源。寻找资金的长期压力发展为扩展活动领域，将与其核心任务没有直接关系的一系列实质性领域都纳入工作范围。办公室工作人员在调查中表达的多种意见表明，这种扩张做法并没有得到所有员工的理解。第四章记述了专题及区域方案拟定活动，其目的是通过多年期承诺，为限定资金用途的做法增加灵活性，同时提高可预见性。", "54. 某些会员国在访谈中表示，严格限定资金的用途是由于资源分配以及毒品和犯罪问题办公室内部各个层面的透明度不足，再加之会员国认为监督不力。检查专员关切地了解到，某些捐助方对于提供给办公室的捐款指定用途，但在捐款给其他组织时则不会限定资金用途，这表明存在改进的空间。", "55. 要减少严格限定捐款用途的做法，需要捐助方及毒品和犯罪问题办公室合作。办公室应进一步提高工作程序的透明度，继续强化报告和信息分享能力，在向会员国提交文件时努力提高文件的使用舒适度。会员国应通过麻委会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会，呼吁捐助方不要限定资金用途，并在适当情况下更多地采用多年期承诺。", "56. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室应采取深入和具体的措施，在办公室的各个层面针对执行方案和高级管理层的做法推行问责制，从而增强捐助方的信心。首先，执行委员会（见第四章）确认有必要建立专门机制，负责更为频繁地监督办公室的财务状况。为此，财政资源管理处处长定期向各司司长汇报情况。检查专员认为可以扩大这种做法，使之成为一种体制机制，类似于资源分配委员会，负责审查财务状况，监督资源分配问题上的战略顺序，排定融资要求的先后次序。设立这样一个委员会还有助于提高透明度，增强捐助方的信心，从而努力减少限定捐款用途的现象。", "执行如下建议，有望增强毒品和犯罪问题办公室的成效和透明度。", "建议5", "执行主任应组建合作机制，负责监督毒品和犯罪问题办公室的财务状况，决定总体资源分配情况，主要目的是提高透明度，从而努力减少限定捐款用途的现象。", "D. 进一步扩大捐助方群体的融资战略", "57. 正如下文表3所示，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的捐助方分为五大类。其中一类捐助方提供的资助占办公室预算外捐款总额的三分之二以上，如果把基本上依靠同样一些国家的多方捐助者信托基金或国际金融机构也计算在内，这一比例更高。积极的迹象是，这种依赖程度自2005年以来显著减少，这在很大程度上是由于提供给国家执行项目的双边捐款，这些项目的执行工作被委派给毒品和犯罪问题办公室。检查专员满意地注意到，新兴国家捐助方的捐款在近五年内增加了一倍以上。这类捐款在2008至2009年大幅减少，但在办公室的预算外收入中所占比例已经超过了25%。", "表3：毒品和犯罪问题办公室捐助方预算外捐款比例（2005至2009年）（百分比）", "毒品和犯罪问题办公室捐助方类别 2005年 2006年 2007年 2008年 2009年", "主要捐助方 83.5 61.5 71.7 53.9 64.7", "新兴国家捐助方 10.5 31.7 21.2 38.7 25.6", "联合国机构 3.9 5.1 6 3.5 5.4", "多方捐助者信托基金 0 0 0 2.1 2.3", "国际金融机构和政府间组织 1.7 1.3 0.8 0.8 1.1", "私营部门 0.4 0.4 0.3 1 0.8", "资料来源：毒品和犯罪问题办公室2006至2010年年度报告。", "58. 国际货币基金组织执行董事会不久前进行改组，提高了新兴市场和发展中国家的配额。世界银行此前已经采取了类似的行动。这些变化承认发展中国家在世界经济中发挥着越来越重要的作用。检查专员认为，毒品和犯罪问题办公室应继续努力，进一步扩大捐助方群体，吸收发展中国家、特别是有着新兴市场的发展中国家以及私营部门。", "59. 现行的融资管理指示[10] 没有明确说明毒品和犯罪问题办公室在调动资源问题上的战略方法，而是注重整体政策和程序。检查专员建议更新这一文件，特别是要包含更多的战略内容。", "执行如下建议，有望增强毒品和犯罪问题办公室的成效。", "建议6", "执行主任应制订融资战略，进一步扩大毒品和犯罪问题办公室的捐助方群体。", "四. 行政管理", "60. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室的主要管理机制包括：(a)执行委员会；(b)管理审查委员会；(c)毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级工作人员会议；以及(d)各司的会议。[11]", "61. 执行委员会是级别最高的主要决策论坛，属维也纳办事处/毒品和犯罪问题办公室共有，成员包括这两个实体的所有司长及其他一些高级官员。执行委员会或许没能准确认识到毒品和犯罪问题办公室的具体问题，作为高级管理委员会，它对于办公室的影响有限。检查专员分析了执行委员会近年来的会议记录及其各项决定的监督表，并注意到这些会议更像是与会者在分享信息。检查专员认为，有必要加强执行委员会，使其更加专注于毒品和犯罪问题办公室特别关注的实质性及战略性管理（愿景）。高级管理层应评估，现行的维也纳办事处/毒品和犯罪问题办公室共有的执行委员会模式能否做到这一点，还是应建立毒品和犯罪问题办公室的专属机制。", "62. 2010年4月，高级管理小组取代了管理审查委员会，其工作范围有限，重点是业绩管理问题和工作人员发展计划。关于个人业绩评估（电子考绩制度）的讨论逐渐局限于遵约和平均分。检查专员鼓励高层管理者深入研究，在工作岗位不稳定的组织内部如何运用个人业绩评估，使之成为更加有效的员工管理工具。前任执行主任也曾关切地指出，某些管理者没有充分利用电子考绩制度。", "A. 受到工作人员质疑的管理", "63. 同十年前相比，行政管理有了很大改进。但检查专员收集到大量意见，表明工作人员对于毒品和犯罪问题办公室的总体管理状况、特别是某些高级管理者感到不满，办公室工作人员士气低落。下文图4显示，在谈到关切问题时，经常被提及的事例包括决策不透明、缺乏交流、没有充分鼓励公开讨论、做出决策之后缺乏后续行动、管理失误等等。", "64. 检查专员认为，迫切需要关注总体管理状况，以便为提高成效创造更加有利的氛围和条件。为此，毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理层应确保同工作人员开展对话和交流的机制形成制度化，定期开展对话和交流，为相互交换意见搭建切实可行的平台，以便工作人员对于直接影响其工作条件和工作环境的各项决定拥有更多的主导权。", "图4：毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员对于行政管理表示关切的领域", "[]", "资料来源：2010年联检组调查。", "B. 2010年机构改革", "65. 2010年4月，毒品和犯罪问题办公室开展机构改革，其起因不仅仅是由于财政困难要求精简某些机构，同时还是由于此前的监督建议指出实务职能或行政职能存在重复、重叠或空白，缺乏协作，以及存在内部竞争。整顿工作的指导原则是通过调整业务司和条约事务司下设的科室，整合各专题的专业知识，促进各个专题的实质性融合。", "66. 在检查专员进行审查时，结构改革刚刚完成不久，还无法就其利弊做出结论意见。但检查专员还是听到了某些意见，其中大多数意见遗憾地指出，这项工作进行得不够彻底，只涉及毒品和犯罪问题办公室四个司中的两个司，错失了根据办公室的任务来进一步调整结构的良机。", "67. 此外，有工作人员向检查专员表示，对于毒品和犯罪问题办公室的不断重组感到关切。工作人员并不总能了解开展机构改革的原因，也没有向工作人员明确说明这些原因。某些受访者强烈质疑行政变动的理由，并指出在某些情况下，这些变动给他们留下的印象是个人目的高于组织利益。", "68. 除任务审查和排定先后次序（建议2）之外，检查专员还希望建议执行主任对于毒品和犯罪问题办公室所辖各司、科、股进行职能审查，并根据经过重新确定并已经排定先后次序的活动框架，对其进行调整，其中包括调整人力资源和财政资源（如必要）。", "执行如下建议，有望增强毒品和犯罪问题办公室的成效。", "建议7", "执行主任应对毒品和犯罪问题办公室所辖各司、科、股进行职能审查，以便对其进行调整，作为建议2提议的经过重新确定并排定先后次序的行动框架的一部分。", "C. 协调不力影响成效", "69. 此前曾有监督报告指出，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的各个实体之间缺乏协调，有时甚至相互竞争。之所以会出现这些问题，原因之一是为了形成一个统一的办公室，合并了两个不同起源、不同文化的实体。另一项原因是财务状况，各个部门的活动严重依赖自愿捐款。", "70. 表4列出了毒品和犯罪问题办公室各司/部/股之间的协调与合作以及总部和外地机构之间的协调与合作调查结果。事实上，各级受访者一再指出，协作存在问题。表4还显示出，不同类别的受访者给出的意见大相径庭。检查专员注意到，国际专业人员提出的批评意见较多。令人关注的是，同外地工作人员发回的反馈意见相比，总部工作人员的评估意见总是更多地带有批评。此外，毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员对于责任和工作程序的记录方式也提出批评，这可能会影响到办公室的内部工作成效。", "71. 例如，检查专员一再听到有人抱怨筹资活动缺乏协调，不同科室之间相互竞争，竭力为各自的项目调动资源，从而保住本部门。这似乎也导致官员无法专注于实质性工作。", "72. 检查专员建议毒品和犯罪问题办公室审查现行的协调机制及其有效性，以便查清程序中的重复或繁冗之处，或是确定兜圈子或重叠的做法。", "表4：毒品和犯罪问题办公室各类工作人员如何看待协作问题（百分比）", "你认为毒品和犯罪问题办公室各司/部/股之间是否有充足的协调与合作？", "有 在一定程度上 没有 不知道", "全体工作人员 20.2 39.7 34.3 5.7", "国际专业工作人员 9.4 34.4 54.4 1.7", "总部工作人员 14.4 37.4 43.2 4.9", "外地工作人员 23.6 42.0 28.9 5.5", "你认为总部和外地办事处之间是否有充足的协调与合作？", "有 在一定程度上 没有 不知道", "全体工作人员 20.4 40.1 31.0 8.5", "国际专业工作人员 7.8 35.0 53.9 3.3", "总部工作人员 12.3 42.0 34.2 11.5", "外地工作人员 25.7 38.8 30.0 5.5", "你认为各司和/或部门的相关责任和工作程序是否明确，是否有详细记录？", "有 在一定程度上 没有 不知道", "全体工作人员 20.0 39.6 31.4 9.0", "国际专业工作人员 6.7 38.9 48.9 5.6", "总部工作人员 12.3 44.0 35.8 7.8", "外地工作人员 24.8 36.2 29.2 9.9", "资料来源：2010年联检组调查。", "73. 检查专员注意到，一年一度的外地代表讨论会是一项很好的做法，这是个内部协调机制，参与者包括毒品和犯罪问题办公室的区域代表、国家代表以及总部多个部门的官员。除实质性讨论之外，谈论会还将集体处理并讨论众多管理和行政问题。借助这个机会，外地机构的管理者与总部的管理者可以在集体会议和双边会议上开展直接互动。检查专员认为外地代表讨论会是一个有益的论坛，有利于双方在能力、局限、程序、职能、成绩等方面加深相互了解，消除同总部脱节的感觉。", "执行如下建议，有望加强毒品和犯罪问题办公室内部的整体协调，从而增强其成效。", "建议8", "在2012年底之前，执行主任应全面审查并评估毒品和犯罪问题办公室内部的协调机制和程序，并采取适当的改进措施。", "D. 战略规划和成果管理制", "74. 通过《毒品和犯罪问题办公室2008-2011年中期战略》，办公室的战略规划实现了长足发展。这项战略是《联合国战略框架》中相关方案的补充内容。[12]", "75. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室中期战略是否充分涉及战略问题，能否被用作战略管理工具，为办公室制订整体战略远景，受访者对此有着不同的见解。检查专员多次听到受访者评论办公室及其特派团缺乏长远眼光，或至少是没有把远景规划明确告知所有部门和全体工作人员。导致这种情况的另一项原因是毒品和犯罪问题办公室近年来在多个不同领域争取获得财政支持。", "76. 正如下文图5所示，毒品和犯罪问题办公室近年来启动了区域和主题规划活动。当前的主题方案[13]和区域方案得到会员国的支持，目的是协调众多分散且零星的项目，形成一系列更具有战略性和综合性的方案。检查专员通过访谈以及对方案拟定文件的审查，可以感受到办公室内部大力支持调整程序以及在已有方案的经验教训的基础上进一步完善程序，并持积极态度。某些区域方案和主题方案目前正在制订当中。", "77. 下文图5列出了毒品和犯罪问题办公室在战略规划过程中必须应对的多个层面和时限，从中还可以看出，由于规划文件是逐步构想并制订的，这些文件之间没有做到充分协调一致。", "图5：毒品和犯罪问题办公室的战略规划", "[]", "78. 制订主题方案和区域方案的做法有多个好处：(a)加强同会员国的对话，区域行为者参与方案拟定阶段以及在执行阶段参与指导委员会，从而增强会员国的主导权；(b)有可能调动资源，在方案层面上减少限定资金用途的现象，而不是针对单一项目；(c)在方案层面上开展多项管理活动，提高行政工作的成效；以及(d)强化监督框架，总部和外地办事处借助这一框架有助于加强问责制。", "79. 但也发现某些方面存在问题：(a)毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须更好地管理现有项目向方案的过渡和转化工作；(b)毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须应对因地制宜制订的多种方案和国家项目共存的情况；(c)毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须调整现有的整体管理和报告工具，以便充分满足为更加综合性的方案提供财政和行政支持的各项要求（例如报告、搜集资料、监督承诺、开支，等等）；(d)毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须协调方案拟定工作的各个层面，使其做到同时开发、拟定并获得支持。", "80. 检查专员认为，主要由于限定资金用途的做法造成资源的不可预测，在这种情况下，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的战略规划是一项难题。但检查专员强调，战略规划应以长期愿景和行动的先后次序（建议2）为依据，以期达到预期成果。毒品和犯罪问题办公室这样的组织要避免由捐助方主导各项方案和活动，这一点尤为重要。检查专员还建议对主题及区域方案拟定和执行工作开展深入细致的独立评估，并将评估结果上报理事机构。", "执行如下建议，有望提高毒品和犯罪问题办公室的效率。", "建议9", "执行主任应在2013年底之前向麻醉药品委员会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会提交主题及区域方案拟定独立评估报告，并汇报方案执行情况、影响和经验教训。", "81. 成果管理制得到会员国的大力支持，但检查专员认为，毒品和犯罪问题办公室在这方面依然面临多项难题。在线调查发现，毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员对于成果管理制的了解程度偏低，而且彼此之间相差悬殊，同相关管理者进行的访谈也证实了这一点。令人感到鼓舞的是，专业工作人员对于成果管理制的了解更多一些，但同时应该指出，有36%的专业工作人员表示，没有向他们明确告知成果管理制的目标和预期结果。关于成果管理制对于提升总体业绩的作用，受访者在回答中表现出的疑虑令人担心，特别是某些高级管理者（肯定答复仅有4.2%）。从调查得到答复来看，迫切需要开展关于成果管理制的更多培训。", "表5：毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员如何看待成果管理制对于办公室业绩的影响（百分比）", "在你看来，执行成果管理制是否改善了毒品和犯罪问题办公室的总体业绩？", "是的 在一定程度上 没有 不知道", "全体工作人员 8.6 21.7 20.8 48.9", "国际专业工作人员 5.6 26.4 32.6 35.4", "高级管理者（P-5及更高级别） 4.2 27.1 43.8 25.0", "总部工作人员 5.7 24.1 24.1 46.1", "外地工作人员 10.0 20.2 19.0 50.8", "资料来源：2010年联检组调查。", "82. 监督厅此前曾指出毒品和犯罪问题办公室在规划和成果管理制方面存在的困难。检查专员认为，在该办公室内部加强成果管理制将提高透明度，强化问责制，有助于捐助方更加深入了解办公室的活动和成绩，必然是对办公室有利的。通过这种方法可以提高捐助方的信心，从而吸引更多资源。检查专员审查了多份规划文件，承认近年来取得了进展，同时考虑到在性质特殊的毒品和犯罪领域，要确定衡量成绩的相关标准存在某些困难。", "83. 检查专员鼓励毒品和犯罪问题办公室的管理者和区域代表继续努力提高各项指标的针对性、相关性和质量。检查专员鼓励办公室的高级管理层进一步推广规划和成果管理文化，在工作人员当中逐步普及制度知识，形成人人注重成果管理的文化。", "E. 与外地派驻机构有关的挑战", "84. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室自成立以来，随着技术合作活动的扩展，外地派驻机构和国家覆盖率也相应得到长足发展。下文图6显示，办公室的外地机构网络包括四类实体：(a)区域办事处（由外地代表领导）；(b)国家办事处（由外地代表或国别负责人领导）；(c)方案办事处（酌情由部门主管或方案协调员领导）；以及(d)顾问机构。附件三载有毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地机构分布图。", "85. 检查专员注意到，毒品和犯罪问题办公室努力推动外地机构网络结构和名称实现正常化。2010年，执行委员会通过了指导说明，界定了每个实体的作用、职能和责任及其同办公室内部及外部其他实体之间的相互关系。但在审查期间发现，办公室工作人员对于这份文件显然没有充分了解，即便是外地代表也不例外。为此，有必要宣传这份概念说明文件，确保外地办事处能够遵守各项规定和指令。", "图6：毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地派驻机构的发展（2005-2009年）", "[]", "资料来源：依据《毒品和犯罪问题办公室年度报告》及办公室提供的资料得出的综合数据。所涉国家在特定年度可能有所不同。", "86. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地办事处的工作环境在不同国家有着天壤之别，开展活动的规模和性质也大不相同。检查专员希望强调指出，调查答复者认为外地派驻机构有利于办公室及其执行能力。近六成的答复者认为，外地派驻机构很成功，有助于提高办公室的执行能力。仅有5.2%的答复者给出了反面意见。", "87. 但在审查过程中，各方普遍认为毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地派驻机构的资源和专业知识有限。事实上，外地派驻机构几乎完全依靠预算外资源，业务司的情况也是一样。由此造成了矛盾和不确定性，可能会影响到方案的先后次序以及任务的执行情况。在外地实体当中，有些办事处能够自我维持（负责开展大量项目），有些办事处则需要补贴（负责的项目较少）。", "88. 检查专员认为，毒品和犯罪问题办公室目前应在排定各项事务优先次序（建议2）的基础上，重新制订外地派驻机构的战略方法，再次确认这些机构的分布原则，特别是加强区域派驻机构和/或国别机构的战略。", "89. 外地派驻机构在管理方面存在不少问题。这些机构的工作效率及成效同外地代表的领导和管理能力密切相关。办事处通常包含一到两名国际工作人员，其余均为当地工作人员。检查专员注意到，毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地代表的级别从P-4到D-1不等，视其负责的业务活动的规模而定。这些职位的职务说明制订于1999年，自然应该依据办公室及其外地业务的发展变化情况进行更新。在这方面，检查专员指出，正在制订关于外地办事处及区域办事处负责人的职务说明。检查专员还鼓励毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续为外地代表开办领导和管理培训课程，这将有助于提高办公室外地办事处的管理能力。", "90. 由于能力有限，在外地员工的选拔和行政管理、外地办事处的财务和行政管理以及项目的行政支持等方面，毒品和犯罪问题办公室依靠开发署提供支持。检查专员听到关于为办公室外地办事处提供的服务速度迟缓和存在质量问题的很多意见。各方还认识到，当地局势是造成服务质量不稳定的主要因素。此外，检查专员认为毒品和犯罪问题办公室自身对于外地机构的顺利运作负有主要责任。", "91. 外地机构的大部分员工是开发署按照自身合同地位和政策雇用的服务签约人。这些人协助执行毒品和犯罪问题办公室的任务，却不被视为办公室的工作人员。各种合同地位并存的情况可能会引发管理问题。这种情况造成员工之间的差异，同时给管理者带来繁琐的工作和程序，他们必须应对两套不同的、有时甚至相互抵触的规章制度。在工作人员的地位、福利、业绩评估制度和司法程序等方面也存在差异。这种情况最终可能会影响到工作人员的动力和人员留用，从而损害工作质量。", "92. 1997年《谅解备忘录》规定了按照《统一价目表》提供的工作安排和服务，这一价目表通常还是有竞争力的。检查专员认为，《谅解备忘录》对于服务评估和冲突解决机制的规定过于宽泛。毒品和犯罪问题办公室应与开发署协商，修订这份《谅解备忘录》，规定明确的业绩指标，确保采用共同的框架开展业绩和服务评估。检查专员还鼓励毒品和犯罪问题办公室注意到替代解决办法。该办公室在项目管理、采购、人力资源和财务管理等领域采用项目厅提供的具有相对优势的服务。还可考虑如下方案：同联合国外勤支助部合作；或是在可行情况下将某些行政活动集中保留在中央层面，同时在各地开展活动。此外，正在研究能否与联合国办事处共用同一地点（例如在内罗毕或曼谷）。", "93. 一般说来，在方案问题上，外地干事基本上都能得到总部的支持，但尚未调整行政支持结构和机制来应对这种日益分散的局面。毒品和犯罪问题办公室现在应该设立具体机构，负责提供外地业务支持。", "执行如下建议，有望增强毒品和犯罪问题办公室的成效。", "建议10", "执行主任应尽早同联合国开发计划署署长进行磋商，以便审查并更新现行《备忘录》，补充关于服务评估的规定。", "94. 监督外地活动是一项要求，但这项工作在某种程度上由于内部能力不足而受阻。近年来的审计发现，在现有制衡机构以外，应该加强总部对于外地办事处的行政和财务监督。检查专员满意地注意到，毒品和犯罪问题办公室针对外地业务的业绩和效率制订了新的监督制度，并在2010年外地代表讨论会上公布。毒品和犯罪问题办公室通过这种方式为如下工作创造了条件：(a)通过透明度和完备的记录增强整体问责制，协助办公室开展整体监督、决策和组织学习；(b)在执行的各个阶段衡量方案业绩；以及(c)促进组织学习。这项制度取得成功的先决条件是得到各方的有力支持以及所有相关实体给予充分配合（外地办事处以及毒品和犯罪问题办公室的其他实体，例如财政资源管理处、信息技术科、工作队、独立评价单位、战略规划股、共同供资和伙伴关系科、质量控制和监督股）。", "五. 人力资源管理", "95. 人力资源管理依然遵循联合国框架。为此，维也纳办事处/毒品和犯罪问题办公室人力资源管理处在很多领域内能够采取行动的范围有限。人力资源行动规划周期表明，毒品和犯罪问题办公室作为联合国秘书处的下属机构，在很多领域的目标需要联系联合国的目标来界定和评估。为开展此次审查，检查专员希望从更广泛的角度着手来分析数据，将采用除经常预算以外的其他方式支持的职位也考虑在内。", "96. 由于毒品和犯罪问题办公室开展两类活动（规范性活动及技术合作），检查专员希望提请各方注意，联合国的某些规章制度可能不完全适用于办公室的需要，特别是鉴于办公室的外地派驻机构增加。办公室在某些方面目前看起来像是一个专门机构（专业知识集中、外地派驻机构、需要快速做出反应，等等）。", "97. 供资方式时常在工作保障方面造成矛盾，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的大部分工作人员都对此表示关切。调查证实，这个问题对于整体业绩的影响十分明显，而且在专业职类中表示得更加突出。检查专员注意到毒品和犯罪问题办公室在这方面所做的努力，例如在2009年厉行节约成本的工作中，只有削减了极少数职位。但必须指出的是，受访者并不欢迎这项行动，而且指出毒品和犯罪问题办公室一反类似情况下的惯例，并没有建立机制来应对并缓解工作不稳定的情况。", "表6：毒品和犯罪问题办公室各类工作人员如何看待工作不稳定（百分比）", "在你看来，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作不稳定在何种程度上对整体业绩造成影响？", "严重影响 没有太大影响 有一些影响 影响不大 没有影响", "全体工作人员 63.3 12.5 20.4 2.4 1.4", "国际专业工作人员 72.5 7.3 16.9 2.8 0.6", "总部工作人员 67.5 9.2 18.9 3.1 1.3", "外地工作人员 61.3 14.6 20.4 2.1 1.5", "资料来源：2010年联检组调查。", "A. 人力资源问题", "98. 检查专员了解到，人力资源问题在任何国际组织的工作人员当中都会激发辩论和讨论，并造成挫折感。但在访谈过程中提到的实例以及通过调查了解到的严厉的批评意见，都表明毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员对于如下问题的看法：程序的透明度和选拔过程；遵守规章制度以及执行工作的连贯性；对于候选人的偏袒以及关于公平问题的怀疑；以及性别歧视等。检查专员认为，要改变上述看法，重要的是在处理这些问题时，在各个阶段最大限度地遵守规章制度、保持透明度并开展交流，避免产生挫折感和流言蜚语。", "99. 此外，众多批评意见指出人力资源管理处的服务质量不佳，指责这一部门没有充分为服务对象考虑。检查专员建议人力资源管理处采取措施，更加频繁地收集服务对象的反馈意见，了解对方的意见，并在自身能力和资源允许范围内做出相应调整。", "图7：毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员提及的人力资源问题", "[]", "资料来源：2010年联检组调查。", "100. 流动性取决于联合国政策，相关政策目前正在接受重新评估。在这方面，毒品和犯罪问题办公室参与了自愿网络交流倡议，以便增强工作人员的流动性。检查专员认为，虽然缺少必要的流动机制，但在总部和外地工作人员之间增加轮换，可以在更多共同经验的基础上增加对于机构的整体了解，从而有利于办公室的工作。目前，流动机制主要针对的是专业人员，而这些专业人员认为办公室没有充分鼓励这种轮换。检查专员认为，毒品和犯罪问题办公室缺少流动机制是错失良机。", "101. 关于人力资源管理以及工作人员关注的其他重要问题，检查专员忆及，从2009年开始，工作人员可以通过驻维也纳的联合国监察员区域处提出关注的问题，并研究解决这些问题的非正式方法。", "B. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作人员", "102. 表7和表8简要介绍了毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作人员构成情况。由于同维也纳办事处共用资源，难以清楚地了解毒品和犯罪问题办公室的人员配置情况，检查专员希望解决这个问题。为此，表格中的数据摘自综合管理信息系统（综管系统）数据库，并且不包括管理司的工作人员。", "表7：2005和2009年毒品和犯罪问题办公室的各地工作人员，按经常预算和预算外资金分列", "2005年 2009年 2005年（%） 2009年（%）", "经常资源 预算外资源 经常资源 预算外资源 经常资源 预算外资源 经常资源 预算外资源", "总部工作人员 135 304 159 509 30.8 69.2 23.8 76.2", "外地工作人员 2 392 2 1940 0.5 99.5 0.1 99.9", "全体工作人员 137 696 161 2449 16.4 83.6 6.2 93.8", "资料来源：依据毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供的数据得出的综合数据。", "表8：2005和2009年毒品和犯罪问题办公室的各类工作人员，按经常预算和预算外资金分列", "2005年 2009年 百分比", "经常资源 预算外资源 经常资源 预算外资源 经常资源 预算外资源", "总部工作人员 135 304 159 509 17.8 67.4", "国际专业工作人员 70 73 80 95 14.3 30.1", "一般事务人员 41 55 43 55 4.9 0.0", "个体订约人 12 7 3 40 -75.0 471.4", "顾问 12 16 33 79 175.0 393.8", "其他（初级专业人员/协理专家/志愿者） - 78 - 15 - -80.8", "实习生 - 75 - 225 - 200.0", "外地工作人员 2 392 2 1940 0.0 394.9", "国际专业工作人员 1 67 1 100 0.0 49.3", "一般事务人员 1 1 1 0.0 -100.0", "外部订约人 - 226 - 1290 - 470.8", "顾问 - 39 - 366 - 838.5", "本国干事 - 19 - 27 - 42.1", "其他（初级专业人员/协理专家/实习生/志愿者，等等） - 14 - 9 - -35.7", "开发署雇员* - 26 - 148 469.2", "不同资金来源资助的工作人员总数 137 696 161 2449 17.5 251.9", "工作人员总数 833 2610 + 213.3", "资料来源：依据毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供的数据得出的综合数据。", "103. 在员工总数增加的同时，依靠经常预算资源资助的职位比例却下降了。经常预算和预算外资源之间的比率表明，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的业务连续性、组织成效、以及专业知识和机构知识的保留都存在风险。2005年，采用经常资源的职位占总数的16.5%（采用预算外资源的职位占83.5%），但到了2009年，这一比例降至6.1%。检查专员还注意到，有两类职位（实习生和顾问）明显增加。与此同时，初级专业人员显著减少。", "104. 联合国实体的实习方案对于组织、监督者和实习生等所有相关各方都有利。检查专员对于总部越来越多地启用大量实习生提出质疑，这可能导致没有必要的资源来满足毒品和犯罪问题办公室的要求。在这种情况下，要落实政策要求，创造良好的工作环境以便有利于实习生在适当监督下开展实务学习和实现专业发展，至少是很困难的。", "105. 由于方案的增加，订约人和顾问也增加了。例如，外地顾问人数成倍增长。检查专员特别关切地注意到，正如审计委员会在多份报告中指出，在人员选拔、监督和评估等方面，顾问合同在当地的管理是一项难题。", "C. 两性均衡和工作人员的多样性", "106. 表9显示出不同级别的男女人员比例存在显著差异。专业人员职类的男女比例略有改进，女性比例在2009年为42.4%。这一改进还体现在高级职等（P-5及更高级别），但这些职位依然大多数（四分之三以上）为男性把持。在外地层面，外地代表的男女比例更加悬殊（女性为17.6%），女性顾问的比例估计约为38%。通过访谈和调查发现，人们对这种情况颇有微词，抱怨毒品和犯罪问题办公室是“男性主导的组织”。", "表9：2005和2009年毒品和犯罪问题办公室专业人员职等及更高级别的男女比例", "2005年 2009年 2005年（%） 2009年（%）", "全体专业工作人员", "女性 85 117 40.3% 42.4%", "男性 126 159 59.7% 57.6%", "高级专业工作人员（P-5及更高级别）", "女性 10 15 16.4% 24.2%", "男性 51 47 83.6% 75.8%", "资料来源：毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供的数据。", "107. 专业人员职类的征募和晋级工作在男女比例上明显呈现出积极的发展态势。但高级职等的晋级依然以男性为主。关于今后三年高级职等的征聘预测为采取行动来提高女性任职比例提供了一次机会，相关高级职位目前有八成被男性占据。检查专员敦促执行主任把握住这次机会，进一步增进高级管理人员的男女比例平等。", "表10：2005至2009年专业人员职等及更高级别征聘和晋级中的男女比例", "征聘（经常预算） 2005-2009年总数 占2005-2009年总数的 百分比（%）", "全体专业工作人员", "女性 10 47.6%", "男性 11 52.4%", "高级专业工作人员（P-5及更高级别）的招募工作不多，不足以据此得出结论。", "晋级（经常预算） 2005-2009年总数 占2005-2009年总数的 百分比（%）", "全体专业工作人员", "女性 31 64.6%", "男性 17 35.4%", "高级专业工作人员（P-5及更高级别）", "女性 5 33.3%", "男性 10 66.7%", "资料来源：毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供的数据。", "执行如下建议，有望改善毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级职等的男女任职比例。", "建议11", "执行主任应采取进一步措施，改善包括外地代表在内的高级职等的男女比例。", "108. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员的多样性问题也值得注意。附件二表明，专业工作人员的原籍地域分布不够均等。2009年，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的专业工作人员来自68个不同国家，但其中将近三分之一来自西欧和其他国家集团中的三个国家。应制订积极的中期征募战略来改变这种情况。检查专员审查了关于征募和晋级的数据，希望看到有关方面采取更加严肃和协调的工作，努力增强征募人员的多样性，吸收来自发展中国家的候选人，包括高级职等。", "109. 顾问的地域分布情况也有令人担心。2009年，有51%的顾问来自四个国家（联合王国、澳大利亚、美国和加拿大）。这种人员集中的情况降低了专业知识和经验的多样性，导致其他区域的参与和贡献不足。条约事务司和业务司司长主张从更多国家征聘顾问，但这种情况没有太大改观。", "110. 考虑到任务的特殊性，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作人员必须精通贩运人口、腐败等众多领域。人力资源管理处应采取措施，提高自身能力，主动寻求具备相关专业知识的人才，重点是从发展中国家。毒品和犯罪问题办公室往往采用新的联合国人才征聘工具Inspira来支持这方面的外联工作。", "执行如下建议，有望增进毒品和犯罪问题办公室专业工作人员的地域分配均衡。", "建议12", "执行主任应制订明确的行动计划，增强专业工作人员和顾问的多样性，特别是要更多地考虑发展中国家的候选人。", "D. 培训资源匮乏，培训机会不平等", "111. 考虑到必须在法律领域和各项技术领域保持大量专业知识，工作人员的培训和再培训对于毒品和犯罪问题办公室具有战略意义。正如上文图7所示，工作人员在调查中表示，培训是他们最关心的问题之一。", "112. 检查专员注意到，接受过培训的工作人员人数在过去五年里翻了一番，但以下问题依然值得关注：", "(a) 提供培训资金的依据是经常预算资源资助的工作人员数量，没有考虑到通过其他供资方式资助的员工，于是造成培训资源严重短缺。毒品和犯罪问题办公室积极采用创造性的解决办法，努力增加受训人数，但成果有限。", "(b) 接受培训的机会不多，而且不同职类的培训机会不平等。虽然有在线课程，但没有为外地工作人员提供充足的培训机会。在地方层面，合同地位也是一项障碍。检查专员认为，由于负责关键业务程序或提供服务的工作人员得不到充足的定期培训，这种情况可能造成重大整体风险。由于财力不足，开办基层培训课程的希望渺茫。为此，外地工作人员往往要经历一段“边干边学”的过程。", "(c) 如上所述，毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须具备特定的技能和能力，提供充足的培训，特别是提升实务技能和技术技能，增强毒品和犯罪问题办公室的专业工作成效，至关重要。在这方面，检查专员提请各方注意，仅有27%的专业职类受访者在调查中表示自己得到了充足的培训。此外，检查专员认为有必要针对毒品和犯罪问题办公室的所有各项任务制订基础培训课程，加深员工对于机构的整体了解和知识。", "六. 监督", "A. 监督框架", "113. 本报告图1显示了监督框架和治理安排。毒品和犯罪问题办公室作为联合国秘书处的下属机构，接受联合国内部监督事务厅（监督厅）的内部监督。监督厅承担着审计、评估、检查和调查职能，根据风险来确定审计或检查/监督任务，在上述各个领域均提出了多份报告。", "114. 1999年《谅解备忘录》规定了审计安排（提供资金和规划等）。检查专员同意审计委员会的建议，应该考虑更新并修订这份协议。检查专员认为，这些安排没有充分考虑到近十年来外地派驻机构的扩展以及毒品和犯罪问题办公室任务的发展情况。在这方面已经采取了初步措施。", "115. 关于评估，除不久前对毒品和犯罪问题办公室的监督及评估系统进行检查之外，检查专员还了解到，监督厅计划在今后两年内对办公室开展一项全面的方案评估。根据现有资源，在今后十多年内可能不会对毒品和犯罪问题办公室再次进行类似的评估。这样做违反了八年周期，监督厅认为八年在联合国内部是一个充分且合理的周期。", "116. 联合检查组对于作为参与机构的毒品和犯罪问题办公室进行独立的外部监督。联检组每年会要求针对其报告和说明中所载的建议提供后续资料，检查专员赞赏毒品和犯罪问题办公室遵守这项要求并做出及时反馈。检查专员支持治理和财务问题工作组要求“联检组的相关报告和监督厅相关报告的摘要也应当提交给委员会”。[14] 检查专员认为，这样做有助于加强监督，同时要铭记大会对于联检组报告的审议及由此采取的行动原则上适用于毒品和犯罪问题办公室。", "117. 关于联检组在2004至2009年间发表的报告和说明，毒品和犯罪问题办公室接受了其中40%的建议。这些建议的执行阶段非常令人满意，90%以上的建议已经得到落实或正在落实当中。接受建议的比例较低，是由于联检组的报告涉及到全系统，其中所载的多项建议针对与联合国及秘书处制订并执行的政策和准则有关的事务，而毒品和犯罪问题办公室在这方面采取行动的自由程度有限。", "118. 审计委员会审计了毒品和犯罪问题办公室各个两年期的合并财务报表，并审查了历年业务情况。审计委员会针对2006-2007年及2008-2009年提出了无保留的审计意见，但同时指出了毒品和犯罪问题办公室需要关注的一系列问题。检查专员敦促毒品和犯罪问题办公室采取适当措施，执行审计委员会在此前的报告中提出的、尚未得到充分落实的建议。", "119. 检查专员还注意到，毒品和犯罪问题办公室对于已经接受的建议的执行情况目前缺乏监督制度，内部及外部监督同时缺失。检查专员认为迫切需要建立监督制度。", "执行如下建议，有望提高毒品和犯罪问题办公室的问责制和工作业绩。", "建议13", "执行主任应采取措施，在2011年底之前建立内部监督机制度，检查相关监督机构提出的建议的执行情况。", "B. 加强整体评估能力", "120. 在审查期间，虽然会员国以及毒品和犯罪问题办公室近年来极为重视独立评价单位，但办公室的评估职能还不足以说服会员国和捐助方信任办公室的业绩评估。检查专员认为，毒品和犯罪问题办公室能否衡量并表示出在方案执行和相关方案成果方面的成效和效率，对于办公室至关重要，这是一个需要优先考虑的问题。此外，独立评价单位在很多重要问题上可以发挥作用，例如办公室内部的问责制、学习机制以及加强项目/方案制订工作。", "121. 在毒品和犯罪问题办公室的组织结构中将独立评价单位置于执行主任的领导下，解决了因此前的结构和隶属安排所致的评估职能的独立性问题。检查专员希望强调指出，有必要进一步提倡整体评估文化，以此作为一项共同的责任：(a)会员国必须提供充足的资源，并行使监督责任，特别要监督管理层是如何使用评估资金的。会员国代表明确要求，在向毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理层提交评估报告的同时，应向理事机构直接分发评估报告，检查专员支持这项要求，认为这标志着做出承诺；(b)毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理者应为提高整体评估能力创造条件，并建立机制，确保在今后的项目和方案周期中吸收评估结论和经验教训；(c)评估部门应在遵守专业人员规范和标准的情况下提出高质量的评估报告，从而提高自身的公信力，表明自身的价值；以及(d)毒品和犯罪问题办公室的各级工作人员（高级管理者、中层或项目管理者、实务干事）对于评估工作应采取开放并支持的态度。", "七. 其他问题", "A. 国际麻醉品管制局", "122. 国际麻醉品管制局（麻管局）是独立的准司法监督机构，负责监督三部联合国国籍药品管制公约的执行情况：《麻醉品单一公约》（1961年），《精神药物公约》（1971年），以及《联合国禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药物公约》（1988年）。1968年根据《麻醉品单一公约》成立了麻管局，其前身是依据此前的药物管制条约建立的机构，可以追溯到国际联盟时期。", "123. 麻管局在国际社会打击非法药物的工作中发挥了关键作用。在秘书处的协助下，麻管局行使条约机构的职能。麻管局秘书处是隶属于联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的行政实体，但在实质问题上仅对麻管局负责。为保持独立性，麻管局秘书处采用联合国经常预算资源。", "124. 检查专员认为，加强毒品和犯罪问题办公室与麻管局秘书处之间的相互了解与合作可以确保麻管局顺利运作。事实上，双方都曾表示有必要改善两者之间的关系，并指出在预算资源和管理、工作人员征聘、采购以及行政支持方面存在某些困难。", "125. 麻管局秘书在毒品和犯罪问题办公室组织结构中的隶属关系（D-1）引发关切，麻管局秘书服从条约事务司司长的领导，而不是直接听命于执行主任。检查专员查阅了大会第46/104号决议通过的经济及社会理事会第1991/48号决议，其中涉及麻管局秘书处与国际药物管制规划署（毒品和犯罪问题办公室的前身）之间的行政安排。决议规定：“麻管局秘书由秘书长与麻管局协商后任命或指派。”麻管局秘书应在所有实质性事务方面接受麻管局的指示，在其他事务方面接受执行主任的指示。根据这项决议，检查专员认为要保持麻管局及其秘书处的独立性，麻管局秘书处应直接服从执行主任的领导。", "执行如下建议，有望提高麻管局秘书处的问责制和工作业绩。", "建议14", "执行主任应尽早改变麻管局秘书的现行隶属关系，在组织结构中将这一职位直接置于执行主任的领导下。", "B. 维也纳办事处/毒品和犯罪问题办公室的安排", "126. ST/SGB/2004/5号文件和ST/SGB/2004/6号文件分别规定了联合国维也纳办事处与联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的现行组织机构。其主要特点是，维也纳办事处与毒品和犯罪问题办公室作为两个独立的实体，共用一个管理司，后者为双方以及驻维也纳的其他联合国实体提供服务。管理司的核心职能被这两个机构一分为二。", "127. 相关安排在实际工作层面令人满意，检查专员对此没有异议，但应该指出的是，审计委员会在2010年提出了财务管理等共用行政服务问题，并指出很难将维也纳办事处与毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作人员及相关开支截然分开。[15] 例如，这种情况导致难以确定及估算毒品和犯罪问题办公室的管理开支。在审查过程中，检查专员在收集只涉及毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员的数据时便遇到了困难。", "128. 下文图8概述了受访者从多个方面如何看待管理司提供服务支持毒品和犯罪问题办公室的各项活动。", "图8：毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员对于管理司提供的服务的评价", "资料来源：2010年联检组调查。", "C. 信息和通信技术服务", "129. 维也纳办事处/毒品和犯罪问题办公室信息技术科在联合国内部声名显赫，以先进的信息和通信技术能力而著称，多次用户满意度调查都证实了这一点。但在审查期间，有些意见认为信息技术科可以集中更多精力，为毒品和犯罪问题办公室的多个部门提供及时和优质的支持服务。", "130. 除提供支持服务外，信息技术科还在洗钱和金融犯罪等毒品和犯罪问题办公室方案所涉领域，为以各国政府为主的外部客户开发在商业市场上难得一见的软件应用程序。这些实务服务被视为在成本回收基础上开展的技术合作活动，需要遵守服务协定。毒品和犯罪问题办公室指出：“采用先进的信息技术解决方案和通信基础设施，极大地增强了会员国在药品管制、统计报告和监督、刑事司法改革、打击洗钱和禁止为恐怖主义筹资等领域有效履行任务的能力。”检查专员并不怀疑这些活动给会员国带来的增值效益，但检查专员希望强调，在开展这些活动时应与毒品和犯罪问题办公室的其他实体充分协调。例如，检查专员强调指出，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的外地代表应了解并参与信息技术科为支持其所在区域各国政府开展的所有各项技术合作活动。", "八. 调查重点", "131. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室的总部及外地工作人员在2010年5月和6月参与了在线调查，协助检查专员开展审查工作。在线调查的链接借助毒品和犯罪问题办公室的信息管理系统，答复由检查专员秘密收集并处理。参与比例很能说明问题，从统计意义上能够代表某些职类的工作人员的意见，特别是在维也纳。依据工作人员的不同职类和不同地点对数据进行了综合及过滤，在此基础上得出的结论已写入本报告的文字部分。", "表11：2010年联检组调查的参与情况，按不同地点分列", "地点 接受调查者 答复者 参与率", "维也纳总部 464 269 58 %", "外地* 1350 368 27.3 %", "总计 1814 665** 36.7 %", "* 包括总部外全体工作人员 ** 包括不完整调查", "132. 检查专员在分析答复时发现了如下要点：(a)国际专业工作人员的评估往往更加苛刻；(b)高级管理者（P-5以上级别）对其本人负责的领域表现出惊人的苛求，指出在执行规章制度和管理决策方面缺乏透明度，没有充分鼓励公开讨论；以及(c)总部工作人员与外地雇员的观念存在某些差异。", "133. 检查专员通过开放性问题收集到584条意见和建议，针对毒品和犯罪问题办公室的众多管理和行政问题提出了1,526点意见。检查专员分析了这些意见的内容，采用若干标题将其分类，见下文图9。此外，假如工作人员的意见涉及到具体问题，则写入报告的文字部分。", "134. 检查专员建议毒品和犯罪问题办公室内部定期开展工作人员调查。一方面，办公室的工作人员表示积极支持此类举措；另一方面，办公室的高级管理层能够从各类工作人员的反馈意见中受益。", "图9：毒品和犯罪问题办公室受访者提及的领域", "[]", "资料来源：2010年联检组调查。", "涉及到的主要方面\n 人力资源管理 培训，职业发展，合同地位，工作保障，员工多样性，征聘，流动性，机构知识，工作条件", "行政管理 透明度，高级管理层，业绩管理，战略规划和成果管理制，管理做法，交流", "组织结构 内部协调与合作，内部交流，权力下放和改革", "行政服务 财政资源管理处的质量反馈，人力资源给管理处，采购事务，同开发署的关系，特别是总部对于外地的支持", "财务框架 财务管理，财政资源，资金", "法律框架 管理安排，办公室的任务，规章制度的针对性", "监督 外地办事处的审计，评估，外地办事处的监督", "其他问题 安全，交通运输，项目管理，一般性意见", "A/66/315", "附件", "附件一：联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室组织结构图（截至2010年4月，资料来源：毒品和犯罪问题办公室）", "[]", "附件二：专业及更高级别工作人员的原籍国地域分布情况（截至2009年12月）", "国籍 工作人员人数 百分比 国籍 工作人员人数 百分比\n 意大利 29 10.5% 23.6% 白俄罗斯 1 0.4%", "德国 19 6.9% 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 1 0.4%", "美利坚合众国 17 6.2% 博茨瓦纳 1 0.4%", "加拿大 14 5.1% 科特迪瓦 1 0.4%", "法国 13 4.7% 捷克共和国 1 0.4%", "联合王国 13 4.7% 厄瓜多尔 1 0.4%", "奥地利 11 4.0% 格鲁吉亚 1 0.4%", "西班牙 9 3.3% 加纳 1 0.4%", "印度 8 2.9% 洪都拉斯 1 0.4%", "丹麦 7 2.5% 印度尼西亚 1 0.4%", "日本 7 2.5% 伊朗 1 0.4%", "巴西 6 2.2% 爱尔兰 1 0.4%", "澳大利亚 5 1.8% 以色列 1 0.4%", "比利时 5 1.8% 吉尔吉斯斯坦 1 0.4%", "南非 5 1.8% 阿拉伯利比亚民众国 1 0.4%", "埃及 4 1.4% 马里 1 0.4%", "希腊 4 1.4% 马耳他 1 0.4%", "新西兰 4 1.4% 墨西哥 1 0.4%", "挪威 4 1.4% 蒙古 1 0.4%", "瑞典 4 1.4% 摩洛哥 1 0.4%", "乌兹别克斯坦 4 1.4% 缅甸 1 0.4%", "阿根廷 3 1.1% 纳米比亚 1 0.4%", "喀麦隆 3 1.1% 巴拉圭 1 0.4%", "芬兰 3 1.1% 秘鲁 1 0.4%", "哈萨克斯坦 3 1.1% 波兰 1 0.4%", "肯尼亚 3 1.1% 葡萄牙 1 0.4%", "荷兰 3 1.1% 卡塔尔 1 0.4%", "土耳其 3 1.1% 摩尔多瓦共和国 1 0.4%", "阿塞拜疆 2 0.7% 罗马尼亚 1 0.4%", "玻利维亚 2 0.7% 俄罗斯联邦 1 0.4%", "保加利亚 2 0.7% 塞内加尔 1 0.4%", "中国 2 0.7% 塞舌尔 1 0.4%", "伊朗 2 0.7% 斯洛伐克 1 0.4%", "牙买加 2 0.7% 瑞士 1 0.4%", "拉脱维亚 2 0.7% 泰国 1 0.4%", "黎巴嫩 2 0.7% 土库曼斯坦 1 0.4%", "毛里求斯 2 0.7% 乌干达 1 0.4%", "巴基斯坦 2 0.7% 乌拉圭 1 0.4%", "阿尔及利亚 1 0.4% 委内瑞拉 1 0.4%", "孟加拉国 1 0.4% 津巴布韦 1 0.4%", "巴巴多斯 1 0.4% 总计 276 100%", "资料来源：毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供的数据。", "A/66/315", "附件三：2010年毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地派驻机构（资料来源：毒品和犯罪问题办公室2010年年度报告）", "区域办事处（10） 国家办事处（9） 联络处（2）\n 巴西和南方共同市场国家 阿富汗 纽约", "中亚 多民族玻利维亚国 布鲁塞尔", "东非 哥伦比亚", "中东和北非 伊朗伊斯兰共和国", "墨西哥、中美洲和加勒比地区 老挝人民民主共和国", "秘鲁、多民族玻利维亚国和厄瓜多尔 缅甸", "南亚 尼日利亚", "南部非洲 巴基斯坦", "西非和中非 越南", "东亚和太平洋地区中心", "方案办事处（32）", "巴拿马区域方案办事处，东南欧区域方案办事处，阿拉伯联合酋长国次区域方案办事处（针对海湾国家），以及如下次区域方案办事处：阿拉伯利比亚民众国、阿尔巴尼亚、布隆迪、柬埔寨、佛得角、中国、刚果民主共和国、多米尼加共和国、萨尔瓦多、埃塞俄比亚、几内亚比绍、危地马拉、印度尼西亚、约旦、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、黎巴嫩、摩尔多瓦共和国、尼泊尔、巴勒斯坦被占领土、卡塔尔、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、塞尔维亚、索马里、苏丹、塔吉克斯坦、土耳其、土库曼斯坦。", "[]", "A/66/315", "附件四", "参与组织根据联合检查组的建议所采取的行动概览", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "[TABLE]", "图例：L：供立法机构做出决定的建议 E：供行政首脑采取行动的建议 ：不要求相关组织采取行动的建议", "预期影响：a：加强问责制 b：传播最佳做法 c：加强协调与合作 d：加强控制和遵约 e：增强成效 f：重大财政节省 g：提高效率 o：其他", "*　除贸发会议、毒品和犯罪问题办公室、环境署、人居署、难民署和近东救济工程处外，涵盖 ST/SGB/2002/11号文件列出的所有实体。", "[1] 见A/51/950，第143-145段；ST/SGB/Organization，部门：药物管制署（1993年）；ST/SGB/1998/17和ST/SBG/2004/6。", "[2] 见监督厅的报告AE2007/361/0。", "[3] 麻醉药品委员会第51/1号决定及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第17/2号决定。", "[4] 见麻委会第52/13号决议、预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第18/3号决议以及经济及社会理事会第2009/251号决定。", "[5] A/60/733，秘书长的报告，“任务的制定与实施：为便利任务审查而提出的分析与建议”。", "[6] 见E/CN.7/2008/13和E/CN.15/2008/18。", "[7] A/64/548/Add.1，第85段。", "[8] 见E/CN.7/2008/11-E/CN.15/2008/15。", "[9] E/2008/28-E/CN.7/2008/15。", "[10] UNODC/MI/6/Rev.1。", "[11] 见UNOV/DGB.13/Rev.1-ODCCP/EDB.13/Rev.1，2002年6月。", "[12] 《联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室2008-2011年战略》，E/CN.7/2007/14-E/CN.15/2007/5，经济及社会理事会第2007/12号决议和第2007/19号决议核准。", "[13] 截至2010年12月，主题方案包括：(a)采取行动打击腐败和经济犯罪；(b)预防犯罪和刑事司法改革；(c)结合毒品和犯罪问题处理卫生和人类发展方面的脆弱性；(d)科学和法医服务；(e)防止恐怖主义；(f)研究和趋势分析；以及(g)有组织犯罪和非法贩运（包括贩运人口、走私、洗钱和火器）。", "[14] 见E/CN.15/2009/21。", "[15] 见A/63/5/Add.9，《财务报告和已审计财务报表》。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 140 of the provisional agenda*", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Review of management and administration in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Review of management and administration in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime” (JIU/REP/2010/10).", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "REVIEW OF MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION IN THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME (UNODC)", "Prepared by", "Yishan Zhang", "Papa Louis Fall", "Tadanori Inomata", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Geneva 2010", "EXECUTIVE SUMMARY", "Review of management and administration in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "Objectives This “Review of management and administration in the United NationsOffice on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)” is part of a series of reviews ofparticipating organizations undertaken by the Joint Inspection Unitin recent years. The objective is to identify areas for improvementin governance, executive management, administration, strategicplanning and budgeting, human resources management and oversight. Main findings and conclusions The Office is mandated to assist Member States in their fight againstdrugs, crime and terrorism which fall in the priority spheres of theUnited Nations. The importance of the Office’s mandates isincreasingly recognized in the international community and moststakeholders considered that the Office delivers. The Office was set up in 1997 by merging various United Nationsentities. However, the original governing bodies, the Commission onNarcotic Drugs (CND) and the Commission on Crime Prevention andCriminal Justice (CCPCJ), were kept unchanged, so were the respectivetrust funds. As a result, both governance and financial frameworksare characterized by fragmentation, which impacts on theeffectiveness and efficiency of the Office. Conscious of thedifficulties, member States in 2008 initiated a governance reviewexercise by creating an open-ended intergovernmental working groupaiming at improving the governance and financial situation of theOffice. The Inspectors present in the report three options forenhancing governance arrangements and one concrete recommendation tohave an integrated and more adhesive mechanism to govern and guidethe activities of the Office. The Office has to deal with complex financial management through twoseparate trust funds. The Inspectors encourage increased efficiencyand streamlining of the financial management and believe thatopportunities to merge the two trust funds should be explored. The substantive and technical cooperation activities have expanded tonew and diversified areas as a result of both the Office joining thepeace, security and development agenda of the United Nations system,notably via partnerships with other international organizations andits efforts to attract increased financial support. This trend forexpansion has somehow diluted the strategic vision and theprioritization functions within the Office. The Inspectors recommendto the Office that it conduct a thorough mandate review and aprioritization exercise on these mandates and related activities. The Office faces a difficult situation: the increasing number ofmandates and the expansion of related activities are not matched withfinancial and human resources. While the tightly earmarked voluntarycontributions are increasing, the Office is lacking regular fundingto secure its core functions. The Inspectors make severalrecommendations including one requesting the General Assembly toensure that core functions of the Office be funded via regular budgetresources to ensure that UNODC can carry out its mandates in aconsistent and sustainable manner. The rapid expansion of its field presence and technical assistanceactivities in the last decade heavily impacts on UNODC managementtoday in many aspects: coordination and support from the headquartersto the field, adequacy of administrative rules and procedures, etc. The report also highlights areas such as executive management(vision, management practices and communication) and human resourcesmanagement (transparency, fairness, consistency of policies,training). The Inspectors also studied the case of the independentquasi-judicial International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) and itssecretariat and recommended that the administrative structure andreporting lines concerning INCB be changed. Recommendations The Inspectors made 14 recommendations; 12 are directed to theExecutive Director, one is addressed to the Commission on NarcoticDrugs (CND) and the Commission on Crime Prevention and CriminalJustice (CCPCJ), and one is addressed to the General Assembly. Recommendation 1 The Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on CrimePrevention and Criminal Justice should hold joint reconvened sessionsthat would serve as an integrated governing body, tasked to overseebudgetary and programmatic activities of the Office. Recommendation 3 \nThe General Assembly should ensure that core functions of the Officeare funded by regular budget resources, starting at the 2012-2013biennium, to enable UNODC to carry out its mandates in a consistentand sustainable manner.", "CONTENTS", "Page\n\tEXECUTIVESUMMARY. 3\n\tABBREVIATIONS. 6\n\tChapter Paragraphs\t\nI.\tINTRODUCTION. 1-14\t7\n\tA.\tScope, objectives and methodology\t1-7\t7\n\tB.\tAn Office with diversified and demandingmandates\t8-14\t7\nII.\tGOVERNANCEFRAMEWORK 15-38\t8\n\tA.\tComplexity of governance arrangements\t15-21\t8\n\tB.\tOptions for improving governance\t22-31\t10\n\tC.\tConsolidated mandate review andprioritization exercise\t32-38\t11\nIII.\tFINANCIALFRAMEWORK 39-59\t13\n\tA.\tFinancing corporate functions remains achallenge\t43-48\t15\n\tB.\tSimplification of financial management\t49-50\t16\n\tC.\tNecessary efforts for reducing rigorousearmarking\t51-56\t17\n\tD.\tFund-raising strategy to further enlargethe donor basis\t57-59\t18\nIV.\tEXECUTIVEMANAGEMENT 60-94\t19\n\tA.\tManagement attitude questioned by staff\t63-64\t19\n\tB.\tOrganizational restructuring in 2010\t65-68\t20\n\tC.\tLack of coordination reduces effectiveness\t69-73\t21\n\tD.\tStrategic planning and results-basedmanagement\t74-83\t22\n\tE.\tChallenges related to field presence\t84-94\t24\nV.\tHUMANRESOURCESMANAGEMENT 95-112\t27\n\tA.\tHuman resources flagged as problematic\t98-101\t27\n\tB.\tUNODC workforce\t102-105\t28\n\tC.\tGender balance and workforce diversity\t106-110\t30\n\tD.\tInsufficient training resources, uneventraining opportunities\t111-112\t31\nVI.\tOVERSIGHT 113-121\t32\n\tA.\tOversight framework\t113-119\t32\n\tB.\tTowards a strengthened corporateevaluation capacity\t120-121\t33\nVII.\tOTHERISSUES 122-130\t33\n\tA.\tThe International Narcotics Control Board\t122-125\t33\n\tB.\tUNOV/UNODC arrangements\t126-128\t34\n\tC.\tInformation and communication technologyservices\t129-130\t35\nVIII.\tSURVEYHIGHLIGHTS 131-134\t35\nANNEXES \nI.\tUNODCorganizationalchart 38II.\tGeographicaldiversityatProfessionallevelandabove 39 \n\t(asofDecember2009) \nIII.\tUNODCfieldpresence 40\nIV.\tOverviewonactiontobetakenonrecommendations 41", "ABBREVIATIONS", "ACABQ Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "CCPCJ Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice", "CEB United Nations Chief Executives Board for Coordination", "CICP Centre for International Crime Prevention", "CND Commission on Narcotic Drugs", "CPC Committee for Programme Coordination", "CPS Co-financing and Partnership Section", "DPA Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs", "DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations", "GPF General Purpose Funds", "ECOSOC Economic and Social Council", "FRMS Financial Resources Management Services", "FRS Field Representatives Seminar", "HRAP Human Resources Action Planning Cycle", "IEU Independent Evaluation Unit", "INCB International Narcotics Control Board", "ITS Information Technology Section", "JIU Joint Inspection Unit", "MDTF Multi-Donors Trust Funds", "MOU Memorandum of Understanding", "MRC Management Review Committee", "ODCCP United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention", "OIOS Office of Internal Oversight Services", "PSC Programme support costs", "RBM Results-based management", "SPF Special Purpose Funds", "SPU Strategic Planning Unit", "UNCAC United Nations Convention against Corruption", "UNCTOC United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime", "UNDCP United Nations International Drug Control Programme", "UNDP United Nations Development Programme", "UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "UNOV United Nations Office at Vienna", "I. INTRODUCTION", "A. Scope, objectives and methodology", "As part of its programme of work for 2010, the Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) conducted a review of management and administration in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), which is a component of the United Nations Secretariat. This report is part of a series of reviews of management and administration of participating organizations undertaken in recent years.", "The objectives are to identify areas for improvement such as in governance, executive management, administration, strategic planning and budgeting, human resources management, oversight, etc., as well as to pinpoint best practices and share them with other United Nations system organizations. The 2008-2009 financial crisis noticeably and negatively impacted on the Office as its business model relies mainly on extrabudgetary contributions. It led to a severe cost-saving exercise in 2009 and an internal restructuring in 2010. At this critical moment, Member States embarked on an ambitious remedial exercise by setting up a working group on governance and finance.", "In accordance with the JIU internal standards and guidelines and its internal working procedures, the methodology followed in preparing this report included an in-depth analysis of internal documentation as well as interviews with UNODC officials and staff representatives. Moreover, the Inspectors met with ambassadors/heads of delegations, including the Chairmen and members of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND), the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (CCPCJ) and the Working Group on Governance and Finance as well as the regional groups, major donors and recipient countries. The Inspectors also attended the 2010 Field Representatives Seminar to dialogue with UNODC field representatives. The JIU review was welcomed as timely by both Member States and UNODC staff/managers.", "The Inspectors solicited the opinions of UNODC employees from headquarters and field locations via an online staff survey. The responses provided useful insights into various aspects tackled in this report. In addition to presenting aggregated figures, the Inspectors made an extensive analysis of more than 1,500 separate remarks, comments and suggestions made via the open questions of the survey.", "In accordance with the JIU statute, this report has been finalized after consultation among the Inspectors so as to test its conclusions and recommendations against the collective wisdom of the Unit. UNODC provided factual and substantive comments on the draft report that were taken into account in finalizing the report.", "To facilitate the handling of the report and the implementation of its recommendations and the monitoring thereof, Annex IV contains a table specifying those recommendations that require a decision by the UNODC governing bodies and those that can be acted upon by the Executive Director.", "The Inspectors wish to express their appreciation to all who assisted them in the preparation of this report, particularly to those who participated in the interviews and so willingly shared their knowledge and expertise. In order to avoid duplication, the review was conducted in coordination with the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) that carried out a governance audit of UNODC in 2010.", "B. An Office with diversified and demanding mandates", "The Office was created in 1997 by merging the United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP) and the Centre for International Crime Prevention (CICP). From the management point of view, the interrelated and transnational nature of drugs, crime and terrorism led, through successive administrative reforms, to the creation of a single entity tackling all these matters.[1] It was first called the United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (ODCCP) and renamed UNODC in 2002. UNODC is mandated to assist Member States in their struggle against illicit drugs, crime and terrorism in all its forms and manifestations. UNODC mandates are of primary importance and fall in the priority spheres of the United Nations as determined by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/247.", "The Office combines normative services for effective implementation of international legal instruments; research and analysis capacities as well as technical assistance and capacity building activities in the field. This is reflected by the denomination of the three UNODC divisions (Treaty Affairs, Policy Analysis and Public Affairs and Operations), complemented by the Division for Management, which is in common at the United Nations Office at Vienna (UNOV).", "Since its inception, the mandates entrusted to the Office have proliferated, in particular in the last decade in the field of crime prevention. However, these tasks have not been accompanied by a parallel increase of adequate regular budget resources. In turn, the structure and the internal procedures have not been adapted to the rising new challenges. This situation entails a major risk of it not being able to fully meet the mandates requirements.", "The Office has expanded its field presence for carrying out a wide range of technical assistance activities. The political advisor and guardian of international conventions headquarters-based entity now coexists with a field network similar to a specialized agency delivering expert technical assistance/cooperation services. Whether the structure and the procedures were sufficiently adapted to match the requirements of this evolution is a key aspect in assessing UNODC. For example, the rules and procedures for managing human resources or dealing with procurement do not seem to be adequate in all situations to ensure effectiveness and are seen by many, especially those working in the field, as not conducive to organizational effectiveness.", "The former Executive Director (2002-2010) focused his attention on integrating the activities of the Office into the peace, security and development agenda of the United Nations through an interrelated and interdisciplinary approach as well as on developing partnership with other international organizations. During the course of the preparation of this report, the United Nations Secretary-General appointed a new Executive Director who took office in September 2010.", "Recent years have seen increased recognition of UNODC and its achievements, as reflected in the increase of extra-budgetary contributions, even though most are earmarked. The fact that the Office delivers despite difficult circumstances was generally highlighted by most of the interviewees. Nevertheless, this report flags the fragmentation which is persistent in many areas: fragmentation of governance framework affecting policy guidance and oversight, fragmentation of sources of funding affecting sustainability and predictability of resources and fragmentation of management affecting efficiency and effectiveness.", "In preparing this review, the Inspectors came across a number of reports prepared by the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) in recent years containing critical assessments of UNODC as well as some of its field offices. The Inspectors have noticed that the efforts deployed by UNODC resulted in some improvements in terms of management compared to the critical situation of the Office at the early 2000s.", "II. GOVERNANCE", "A. Complexity of governance arrangements", "The Office is characterized by completely separate main governing bodies, namely the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. The fragmentation and complexity of the governance framework of the Office are pictured in figure 1 below. In 2007, the OIOS Risk Assessment of UNODC concluded that the areas of strategic management and governance were at higher risk.[2] The Inspectors concur with the opinion that the governance arrangements present a challenge that is affecting the efficient functioning of the Office in fulfilling its mandates.", "Policy guidance and mandates originate from resolutions or decisions of multiple United Nations bodies. Besides the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council and its two functional commissions, international conventions related to the Office’s areas of work such as the three international drug control conventions, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNCTOC) and the Protocols, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and the universal legal instruments against terrorism in all its forms and manifestations are all legally binding bodies. Other United Nations activities such as the Congress on Crime Prevention, the Millennium Declaration and the Counter-Terrorism Strategy add to the complexity of the mandates. Figure 1 also highlights the disconnection between mandates and funding.", "Figure 1: UNODC governance framework", "[]", "The reasons for governance fragmentation are historical: in the 1990s the entities responsible for the implementation of two different programmes on drugs and crime were merged into one Office while at the same time the two governing bodies (CND and CCPCJ) and their twin trust funds were kept as original and unchanged. The integrated substantive approach of drugs and crime issues was thus not reflected in the governance structure with policy and normative functions taking predominance in each commission within their respective substantive areas.", "CND and CCPCJ have different memberships, agendas and priorities of concern. They currently operate in parallel, individually and separately. Repetitive actions have to be taken in various fora. For example, similar UNODC presentations and documents have to be presented to both commissions. The interval (one year) between the main sessions of CND and CCPCJ affect the effectiveness of governing bodies, as timely reactions and follow-up appears more difficult. Furthermore, the current length of the sessions provides little time to address management and administrative aspects during the operational segments. In the recent past, the commissions themselves have expressed some reservation on the effectiveness of UNODC governance arrangements, in particular in terms of monitoring of the Office activities.", "The Inspectors perceived some disappointment and frustration among UNODC managers about the absence of timely and effective guidance to the Office from the commissions and their Member States. In turn, Member States shared their concerns with the Inspectors regarding the absence of consultation and transparency at various levels of UNODC, with criticism by major donor countries as well as recipient countries in areas such as project design and implementation (self-initiatives), allocation of resources, structure and staffing composition, data and figures utilized in reports or publications.", "In 2008, Member States embarked in an ambitious governance review exercise by creating an open-ended intergovernmental working group on improving the governance and financial situation of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime[3] (hereafter the “WG FinGov”). The Inspectors welcome this initiative that provides an avenue to create a dialogue not only within the Member State community, donors and recipient countries, but also with UNODC senior management. As a consequence, Member States and UNODC gained a better understanding of each other’s constraints, preoccupations and expectations. The Inspectors consider that such a forum, if used properly, should serve as a confidence-builder for the future.", "CND and CCPCJ institutionalized the WG FinGov for a period of two years, with the understanding that its dynamics and concrete results should be evaluated in 2011.[4] In that perspective, a clear evaluation framework will need to be discussed and agreed upon since the resolution is not precise on that matter. The WG FinGov is tasked to submit to the two commissions recommendations on administrative, programmatic and financial matters within the areas of their respective mandates.", "B. Options for improving governance", "During their discussions with Member States and senior managers of the Office, the Inspectors were impressed by the common interest for a more integrated and coherent governance mechanism that would ensure more effective scrutiny of the Office’s activities. Some interviewees suggested budgetary and programmatic mechanisms similar to the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ) and the Committee for Programme Coordination (CPC) while some others proposed the setting up of an executive board/executive programme and budget committee. The objective is to create an effective mechanism ensuring that UNODC senior management and Member States reach a sufficient level of dialogue and understanding in order to prioritize and monitor the work of the Office and its activities, and make the link with necessary and adequate resources to achieve its goals.", "The Inspectors were urged to make concrete recommendations to improve the future governance arrangements of the Office. In the Inspectors’ opinion, the options at stake can be summarized as follows:", "Option 1: Institutional reform: merging of two ECOSOC commissions", "The concept of merging the two commissions could be traced back to the time when the Office was established by combining the separate drug and crime programmes. This option represents a major change of the basic structure of the Economic and Social Council, in particular concerning CND which had been in existence since the very beginning of the United Nations. The primary benefit would be to align the governing scheme to the administrative structure and provide the conditions to act in an integrated manner for policy guidance, financial responsibility and programmatic decisions among Member States. At the same time, it would reduce duplication and difficulties caused by the present dual governance framework.", "Though believed by many to be the root option to solve problems, the Inspectors are conscious that the institutional reform depends on the political willingness of Member States and that it is a time-consuming exercise. The abolition of the Commission on Human Rights, another functional commission of the Economic and Social Council, and its replacement by the Human Rights Council offered an illustrative example. It took years to discuss and negotiate issues like mandates, membership and other related arrangements.", "In the opinion of the Inspectors, the option of having one commission dealing with both drugs and crime issues should be fully explored in the long run, but it could not solve at once the current difficulties in governance.", "Option 2: Institutional addition: creating an executive body", "To set up an additional body such as an executive board or a programme and budget committee and task it to oversee specifically the strategic management, the budget and the activities of the Office. This option provides a more permanent governance and oversight mechanism. Other United Nations entities do have similar mechanisms such as the Executive Board for UNDP, the WFP Executive Board or the Executive Committee for UNHCR.", "However, UNODC is the only United Nations entity to have two parallel governing bodies, which have brought with them a delicate situation in governance. In the view of the Inspectors, if such a board or committee were to be set up its relationship with the two Commissions, its reporting lines should be clearly stipulated. The Inspectors would like to warn that a major drawback of this option is that it might add another layer to the current already quite complex governance. It should not be underestimated in terms of investment for such a mechanism, especially when the Office is experiencing financial constraints.", "Option 3: Institutional improvement: combining the reconvened sessions", "CND and CCPCJ reconvened sessions provide an opportunity for Member States to discuss organizational and financial matters related to UNODC. These sessions are currently held back to back, separately and independently, in practice during the same week in the later half of the year. Agenda and documentation are similar.", "This option stands for a combined meeting of the reconvened sessions of both commissions with their roles and functions adjusted or converted so as to serve as a strengthened budgetary and programmatic mechanism. This option would not only offer opportunities for cost savings and streamlining the organizational and servicing aspects but also would provide to a certain extent, a framework for a more integrated approach of substantive issues.", "In the Inspectors’ views, option 3 appears to be the more actionable scenario at this point in time. They trust that it could provide a framework for a more integrated, more effective and coherent governance structure, if provided with sufficient level of commitment from Member States. The Inspectors suggest combining the current reconvened sessions for an initial period of three years, so as to test the effectiveness of the new arrangements and its impact on the Office’s governance. Member States would then be in a position to decide whether or not this arrangement is satisfactory.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to improve the effectiveness of the governance arrangements of the Office.", "Recommendation 1", "The Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice should hold joint reconvened sessions that would serve as an integrated governing body providing policy guidance to the Office, tasked to oversee budgetary and programmatic activities.", "C. Consolidated mandate review and prioritization exercise", "As noted by the Secretary-General when conducting a mandate review exercise in 2006,[5] the activities of the United Nations in the fields of drug control, transnational crime prevention and combating terrorism have expanded considerably with direct consequences on the Office which is a key player in these areas. At that time, the Secretary-General had identified 364 mandates of various nature (reporting obligations, preparation of studies, conferences organization, normative or technical assistance) for which UNODC was the implementing entity. In addition, the Office is also acting as secretariat for several international conventions such as the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and its Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNCTOC) that entered into force in the last decade.", "One of the findings that the Inspectors wish to stress is the number of positive responses collected among staff concerning the diversity of UNODC mandates. It is remarkable that 66 per cent of the respondents are of the opinion that the diversity of UNODC mandates has positively impacted their work and activities. However, the respondents also consider that the integration of these mandates is far from being achieved, with only 25.2 per cent and 20.3 per cent of positive expressions regarding integration of programme/project design and activities, respectively.", "Tables 1 and 2: Views of various categories of UNODC employees on mandate diversity (in percentage)", "Has the diversity of UNODC mandates (drugs, crime, etc.) impacted your work and activities?\n Yes, Yes, No Don’t know positively negatively", "All employees 66.6 6.9 16.7 9.8", "International Professional 63.7 14.0 15.1 7.3 staff only", "P-5 and above 66.7 18.8 12.50 2.1", "Headquarters staff 56.8 11.1 20.1 12.0", "Field staff 72.9 4.2 15.2 7.7", "In your view, is there sufficient integration between drugs and crime issues in UNODC programme and project design?", "Yes Somewhat No Don’t know", "All employees 25.2 40.7 17.7 16.4", "International Professional 15.6 44.1 32.4 7.8 staff only", "P-5 and above 31.3 31.3 29.2 8.3", "Headquarters staff 18.8 40.2 20.1 20.9", "Field staff 29.5 40.8 16.7 13.1", "In your view, are UNODC activities with regard to drugs, crime and terrorism mandates sufficiently integrated?", "Yes Somewhat No Don’t know", "All employees 20.3 38.5 23.5 17.7", "International Professional 11.2 39.1 40.8 8.9 staff only", "P-5 and above 25.0 31.3 35.4 8.3", "Headquarters staff 16.7 36.8 24.4 22.2", "Field staff 22.6 39.0 23.8 14.6", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "The type and sources of funding as described in Chapter III give limited predictable income for UNODC programme support and administrative functions and no secured funds for the implementation of operational and technical activities as approved by the commissions. There is thus a risk concerning mandate implementation.", "The Inspectors reviewed the notes prepared in 2008 by UNODC for CND at its fifty-first session and CCPCJ at its seventeenth session, respectively, which contain information on the “implementation status and resources requirements of resolutions and decisions adopted by the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the commissions themselves in which the Office action was requested for the period 2003-2007”.[6] While UNODC presents a high rate of compliance of its reporting obligations, the implementation status of operational or technical assistance mandates faces some real difficulties. In the crime prevention and criminal justice area, partly implemented mandates represented 33 per cent of operational and technical assistance mandates, in most of the cases allegedly due to lack of resources. Twenty-one per cent of actions requested of the Office were recorded as ongoing assignments. In the drug area, operational and technical mandates were fulfilled at 22 per cent while partly implemented represented 37 per cent for the same budgetary reason. Ongoing implementation concerned 37 per cent of the cases. In both drug and crime matters, mandates not implemented were estimated at fewer than 10 per cent. Given the fragmentation of the governance, it is a challenge to have a consolidated vision of mandates and missions entrusted to the Office. The Inspectors believe that it is time to have a thorough review of these mandates and missions in order to provide a consolidated picture to the Member States of all governance bodies. That would provide better information to Member States to enable more effective and informed guidance. The 2008 notes are a valuable basis that should be completed, updated and expanded to cover all policy guidance bodies.", "On that basis, the Member States would be in a position to reassess ongoing mandates, as well as their relevance and resources availability. Member States could determine their prioritization scheme and further develop an integrated approach to tackle drugs, crime and terrorism substantive issues. In turn, the Executive Director would be in a position to align the Office to work on the basis of a reconfirmed framework and allocate resources accordingly taking into consideration existing limitations. The Inspectors believe that such exercise would contribute to enhance the coherence of the Office’ work. Ideally, it should be complemented by a functional review of all UNODC units to have them fully aligned to the priorities as defined.", "As for other United Nations entities, the Inspectors consider that Member States should be informed about the financial implications of resolutions adopted by the commissions as well as on UNODC capacities to meet their operational requirements prior to the resolutions’ adoption. In the financial context in which UNODC operates, it is of primary importance that new missions and assignments entrusted to the Office be systematically accompanied by clear programme budget implications statements discussed by the commissions.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the effectiveness of the Office in delivering and fulfilling its mandates.", "Recommendation 2", "The Executive Director should establish a consolidated review of all mandates entrusted to the Office, including resources required and allocated, as well as status of implementation. On that basis, the Executive Director should submit, at the earliest opportunity, a prioritization document to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.", "III. FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK", "The Office has a fragmented structure of funding mechanisms with resources composed of multiple sections of the United Nations regular programme budget (Sections 16 and 22 as well as Sections 1 and 28F for the United Nations Office at Vienna) and of the two trust funds, namely the Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme and the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund overseen by respective commission. Each fund is divided into un-earmarked contributions, earmarked contributions and Programme support costs resources. The fragmentation is entailed in the financial rules which state that biennial budget should distinguish between the International Drug Control Programme Fund and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme Fund and that the accounting of the funds should also be distinguished.", "Box 1. Definitions", "Definitions from Article II of the Financial Rules of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2008)", "General Purpose Funds (GPF) shall mean “un-earmarked voluntary contributions to the UNODC Funds that are provided to finance executive direction and management, programme and programme support component of biennial budget”;", "Special Purpose Funds (SPF) shall mean “earmarked voluntary contributions to the UNODC that are provided to finance technical cooperation and other activities”;", "Programme support costs (PSC) shall mean “the indirect costs recovered in support of activities financed from voluntary contributions”.", "The delicate financial situation of the Office has been at the centre of interest for years and has been widely commented. Figures 2 and 3 below highlight the evolution of UNODC resources and picture the fragmentation of UNODC budgetary framework as well as the distribution of resources among its trust funds (while the drug control programme fund still represents more than two third of the overall budget, the weight of the crime prevention and criminal justice fund has significantly increased).", "Member States and UNODC officials agreed during interviews that one of the major factors most affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of UNODC is its financial situation. This opinion was confirmed by the survey. In the recent past, the lack of resources has triggered reductions in, for example, travel, consultancies, training, operating expenses and contractual services.", "Since 2004-2006, there has been, however, a sharp increase of UNODC overall funding (reaching 466,099 million USD in 2008-2009) with a percentage growth of almost 120 per cent. However, this favourable evolution hides problematic aspects that might affect the Office’s functioning and implementing capacity: this augmentation mainly corresponds to more earmarked contributions related with spectacular augmentation of UNODC projects and activities of all kinds, together with a decline of non-earmarked contributions.", "Figure 2: Evolution of UNODC budget (based on expenditures), 2004-2005 to 2008-2009, in millions of USD", "[]", "Note: Data consolidated using Board of Auditors reports (A/63/5/Add.9 and A/65/5/Add.9).", "Figure 3: Distribution UNODC budget (based on expenditures) by source of funding, 2004-2005 to 2008-2009, in millions of USD", "[]", "Note: Data consolidated using Board of Auditors reports (A/63/5/Add.9 and A/65/5/Add.9). Until 2006-2007, programme support costs were classified as general purpose.", "A. Financing corporate functions remains a challenge", "At UNODC, core functions should be financed primarily from regular budget resources and General Purpose Funds (GPFs). With the increase of its mandates and the development of its field network, the roles and functions of UNODC have expanded considerably. However, the expansion was not accompanied with matching human and financial core resources. Despite the fact that assessed United Nations contributions (regular budget, or RB) have increased since 2004-2005 in nominal terms (by 27 per cent), the Inspectors noted that the RB share of the overall UNODC budget has in fact decreased from 14.3 per cent in 2004-2005 to 8.3 per cent in 2008-2009.", "At the same time, aggregated resources from RB and GPFs represented 36.1 per cent of the financial capacity in 2004-2005 but dropped to only 19.1 per cent four years later (including PSC). GPF resources in each of the funds are critical to finance corporate management functions and support services but are sharply declining. The ratio of GPF versus SPF has been deteriorating for several years now and there is no sign to be seen for improvement which is worrisome for the sustainability of the Office.", "The Inspectors noted that some key corporate functions of the Office are not funded by assessed contributions (such as the Director of the Division for Operations, the Chief of the Financial Resources Management Service, the Chief of Information Technology Services, the Chief of the Strategic Planning Unit, the UNODC spokesperson, some of the evaluation officers, substantive officers in several branches, etc.).", "As a matter of fact, the General Assembly Fifth Committee also “expressed concern regarding the overall financial situation of UNODC, and requests the Secretary-General to submit proposals in his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 to ensure that the Office has sufficient resources to carry out its mandate”.[7]", "The Inspectors concur with the consensus view by Member States of Vienna-based permanent missions and UNODC senior management that an increase of core resources is needed in order to secure basic corporate functions. This could be achieved either by receiving a larger allocation from the United Nations regular budget or by a stronger commitment to increased and sustained contributions to GPFs, or by a combination of both means. Previous statements encouraging Member States to commit a share of their contributions to general-purpose funding to ensure a sustainable balance between GPFs and SPFs contributions have not produced a sufficient effect.", "Therefore, the Inspectors consider that the request for an increase of regular budget resources as introduced by the Office for the 2012-2013 biennium, notably on the basis of General Assembly resolution 64/243 (para. 83), merits further attention to secure more sustained and predictable resources to ensure stability of UNODC structure. However, a precondition is that key corporate functions are clearly identified by UNODC in the context of an agreed and well supported strategic long-term vision based on the mandate review as recommended above in Chapter II (recommendation 2).", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the efficiency and the effectiveness of the Office.", "Recommendation 3", "The General Assembly should ensure that core functions of the Office are funded by regular budget resources, starting at the 2012-2013 biennium, to enable UNODC to carry out its mandates in a consistent and sustainable manner.", "B. Simplification of financial management", "The funding structure involves a cumbersome process for the preparation and presentation of the biennial budget, as the approval of the budget by governing bodies has not been consolidated. The comment made by the Executive Director in 2008 on this issue is self explanatory: “UNODC still prepares and presents two budgets: its regular budget submission to United Nations Headquarters (for inclusion in the programme budget of the United Nations) and a budget on its voluntary funds, the consolidated budget, to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. The two budget documents contain the same information, albeit with a different focus, and are presented to the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions on two different occasions and to Member States on three different occasions. UNODC also prepares two sets of accounts according to different schedules, accounts that are audited separately”.[8]", "UNODC has to work with two separate trust funds which is not conducive for effectiveness. The issue of merging the two existing trust funds had been discussed in the past at CND and CCPCJ, without reaching any concrete conclusions. Believing that the fund-merging could streamline the financial management and increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the Office, but also conscious that such merging supposes a sufficient level of confidence from donors, the Inspectors wish to raise the issue again and call for a feasibility study to take stock of potential benefits and difficulties related to such adjustment of the financial structure. To address Member States’ concerns, it should be possible to manage drugs and crime programmes allocations within the same fund, in full transparency and more effectively.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the effectiveness of the financial management of the Office.", "Recommendation 4", "The Executive Director should commission a study on the feasibility, benefits and drawbacks of merging the Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme and the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund and report thereon to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice by the end of 2012 at the latest.", "C. Necessary efforts for reducing rigorous earmarking", "Earmarking is a delicate and sensitive issue, sometimes bearing political connotations and mainly decided by the donor’s policies. Generally speaking, the earmarking practice impacts on planning, prioritization and resources allocations, especially coupled with the decline of core resources. It also entails a risk of shifting priorities at the implementation stage since resources contributed by donors are often strictly earmarked to specific projects, which is very much the case of UNODC, therefore limiting flexibility in the use of resources and the prioritization. In 2008-2009 contributions to SPFs represented as much as 80.9 per cent of UNODC funding. To some extend, strict earmarking also results from the fact that UNODC mandates are broad in nature and donors wish to target their financial support to precise areas of work.", "The Inspectors are concerned by the fact that while Member States show willingness to invest in UNODC activities through contributions to SPFs, either for mandate implementation or for national project execution, they are reluctant to invest in UNODC basic structure via the GPFs. As a matter of fact, one UNODC representative addressing the CND 51st session warned that “UNODC could soon find itself in a position where it would have to refuse extra-budgetary contributions linked to specific projects because the general-purpose funds were not sufficient to meet operational costs”.[9] At UNODC, there is no institutional mechanism that links the contributions made to the SPF with contributions to GPF. In the view of the Inspectors, unless such a mechanism is developed and implemented, there is a permanent risk of financial tensions.", "To some extent, its financial situation forces the Office itself to adapt to the earmarking trend by designing projects capable of sparking off funding in a “popular” area and therefore securing resources for the organization. The constant pressure to search for money translates into a trend for expansion of activities by including a wide range of substantive areas not directly related to its core mandates. This spreading is not always well understood by UNODC staff as shown by multiple comments expressed via the survey. The thematic and regional programming initiatives described in Chapter IV are an attempt to introduce more flexibility into earmarking practices and increase predictability via multi-year pledges.", "During interviews, some Member States attributed the strong earmarking to the absence of sufficient level of transparency, not only in the allocation of resources but at various levels within the Office and also to what they consider as insufficient oversight in their eyes. The Inspectors learned with concern that some donors apply earmarking to their contributions to UNODC while they do not do so when contributing to other organizations which shows that there is room for improvement.", "Joint efforts, from both donors and UNODC, are needed in order to reduce the strict earmarking of contributions. The Office should further improve the transparency of its processes, continue to improve its reporting and information sharing capacities, and increase the user-friendliness of documents when communicating to Member States. The latter should, through CND and CCPCJ, appeal to donors to refrain from earmarking and to further develop when applicable a practice of multi-year pledging.", "UNODC should take further and concrete measures to build up donors’ confidence by demonstrating accountability at all levels of the Office, both for programme implementation and senior management practices. As a first step, the Executive Committee (Excom, see Chapter IV) confirmed the need to create a specific mechanism to monitor UNODC’s financial situation on a more regular basis. It translated into regular briefings of the divisions’ Directors by the Chief of the Financial Resources Management Section. In the Inspectors’ opinion, this could be expanded into an institutional mechanism such as a resources allocation committee to review the financial situation and oversee the strategic prioritization in the allocation of resources and prioritize fund raising appeals. The existence of such committee could also contribute to raise transparency and confidence of donors so as to strive for reducing earmarking of contributions.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the effectiveness and transparency of the Organization.", "Recommendation 5", "The Executive Director should institute a corporate mechanism to oversee the financial situation of the Office and to determine overall resource allocation, notably aiming at increasing transparency so as to strive for reducing earmarking of contributions.", "D. Fund-raising strategy to further enlarge the donor base", "UNODC categorizes its donors into five main groups as shown in Table 3. UNODC relies for more than two thirds of its extrabudgetary (XB) contributions on one category of donors, even more when adding other categories such as the multi-donor trusts funds or the international financial institutions which are also mainly relying on the same pool of countries. It is a positive sign to note that this dependence has been significantly lowered since 2005; it has been largely boosted by bilateral contributions for national execution projects for which implementation is delegated to UNODC. The Inspectors noted with satisfaction that the share of the category of emerging and national donors has more than doubled in the last five years. Despite a significant drop from 2008 to 2009, it represents a share of over 25 per cent of the extrabudgetary income for UNODC.", "Table 3: UNODC donors respective share of extrabudgetary contributions (2005-2009), in percentage", "UNODC donor category 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009", "Major donors 83.5 61.5 71.7 53.9 64.7", "Emerging and national 10.5 31.7 21.2 38.7 25.6 donors", "United Nations 3.9 5.1 6 3.5 5.4 agencies", "Multi-donor trust 0 0 0 2.1 2.3 funds", "IFIs and IGOs 1.7 1.3 0.8 0.8 1.1", "Private sector 0.4 0.4 0.3 1 0.8", "Source: UNODC Annual reports 2006-2010.", "The International Monetary Fund Executive Board recently reformed itself, increasing the quotas for the emerging markets and developing countries. The World Bank had already taken similar actions. These changes are in recognition that developing countries are playing an increasing role in world economy. In the view of the Inspectors, UNODC should continue its efforts to further enlarge its donor base from among developing countries, in particular those with emerging markets, as well as towards the private sector.", "The current management instruction on fund-raising[10] lacks a clear statement on UNODC strategic approach to resources mobilization. It focuses on overall policy and procedures. The Inspectors recommend updating the document, notably to include more strategic aspects.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the effectiveness of the Office.", "Recommendation 6", "The Executive Director should formulate a fund-raising strategy to further enlarge the Office’s donor base.", "IV. EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT", "At UNODC, the main management mechanisms are: (a) the Executive Committee (Excom); (b) the Management Review Committee (MRC); (c) the UNODC senior staff meeting, and (d) the Divisions’ meetings.[11]", "The Excom is intended to be the main forum for decision-making at the highest level. It is a common UNOV/UNODC body composed of all directors of both entities as well as other senior officials. It may lack appropriate focus on UNODC specific issues and thus have limited effect as a senior management committee for the office. The Inspectors studied the records of Excom meetings in recent years as well as the monitoring tables of its decisions and noted that meetings were more of an information sharing opportunity. In the Inspectors’ opinion, there is room for strengthening the Executive Committee and have it to focus more on substantive and strategic management (vision) with particular interest of UNODC. Its senior management should assess if this can be achieved in the current UNOV/UNODC format of the Excom or via a UNODC-dedicated mechanism.", "The MRC was replaced by the Senior Management Team in April 2010. Its terms of reference are limited in scope and focused on performance management issues and staff development plans. Discussions regarding individual’s performance appraisal (e-PAS) are generally limited to compliance and average rating. The Inspectors encourage senior managers to further explore how individual performance appraisal could be a more effective tool for managing staff in the context of an organization characterized by job uncertainty. The former Executive Director also expressed his concerns that the e-PAS was not used adequately by some of the managers.", "A. Management questioned by staff", "As far as executive management is concerned, improvements are significant as compared to a decade ago. Nevertheless, the Inspectors received a considerable number of comments revealing dissatisfaction of staff with overall management of the Office and with senior managers in particular, showing that staff morale is low in the Office. Lack of transparency in decision making, absence of sufficient communication and encouragement to open discussions, absence of follow-up to decisions, mismanagement, etc. are frequently cited as examples of concerns as shown in figure 4 below.", "The Inspectors are convinced that urgent attention should be given to overall management in order to create a better atmosphere and conditions for effectiveness. In that spirit, UNODC senior management should ensure that institutionalized mechanisms of dialogue and communication with staff are undertaken on a regular basis and provide a real forum for exchange of views in order to increase staff ownership of decisions directly affecting their working conditions and environment.", "Figure 4: Areas of concern of UNODC employees regarding executive management", "[]", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "B. Organizational restructuring in 2010", "UNODC has implemented an organizational restructuring in April 2010 that was triggered not only by financial difficulties requiring some streamlining of the structure but also by previous oversight recommendations that pointed out duplications, overlaps/gaps of substantive or administrative functions as well as a lack of coordination and the existence of internal competition. The guiding principle of the realignment exercise was to consolidate thematic expertise to increase substantive integration of themes by redeploying sections and units of two divisions, namely the Division for Operations and the Division for Treaty Affairs.", "At the time of the Inspectors’ review, the structural changes were too recent to enable drawing any conclusion on its positive or negative aspects. However, some remarks were made to the Inspectors, mostly regretting that the exercise was partial, involving only two of the four divisions of UNODC and therefore could be considered as a missed opportunity to further align the structure with the mandates of the Office.", "The Inspectors also received comments from staff expressing concerns on a constant restructuring pattern at UNODC. The reasons for organizational restructuring are not always obvious for staff and not clearly communicated to them. Some interviewees strongly questioned the rationale for the administrative changes, stressing their impression of the realization of a personal agenda above the organization’s benefit, in some cases.", "Following the mandate review and the prioritization exercise (recommendation 2), the Inspectors would also advise the Executive Director to conduct a functional review of all UNODC divisions, sections and units, and align them to the reconfirmed and prioritized framework for action of the Office, including by reorienting human and financial resources if necessary.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the effectiveness of the Office.", "Recommendation 7", "The Executive Director should conduct a functional review of all UNODC divisions, sections and units, in order to align them as part of a reconfirmed and prioritized framework for action of the Office as proposed in recommendation 2.", "C. Lack of coordination reduces effectiveness", "The lack of coordination and even some competition between UNODC entities have been pointed out by previous oversight reports. These problems are the result of merging entities of different origins and two different cultures into a single Office. It is also the consequence of the financial context in which activities of each unit are highly dependent on the voluntary contributions raised.", "Table 4 displays the survey results on coordination and cooperation of UNODC divisions/departments/units on one hand and between Headquarters and field level on the other hand. Indeed, coordination issues were repeatedly pointed out as problematic by interviewees occupying various hierarchical levels. The table also shows that opinions expressed vary significantly according to the category of respondents. The Inspectors noted that the views of international professionals were more critical. Interestingly, the assessment made by Headquarters staff is consistently more critical compared to the feedback from the field. In addition, UNODC employees are critical on the way responsibilities and work processes are documented which could impact on the internal effectiveness of the Office.", "As an example, the Inspectors heard repeated comments on the absence of coordination in fund-raising activities and even on competition between units/offices that are tempted to mobilize funds for their own projects, therefore securing their existence. This also appears to contribute to divert officers from the substantive aspects of their work.", "The Inspectors recommend that UNODC review its current coordination mechanisms and their effectiveness in order to identify either duplication or redundancy in processes or bypassing and overlapping practices.", "Table 4: Views of various categories of UNODC employees on coordination issues (in percentage)", "Do you consider that there is sufficient coordination and cooperation among divisions/departments/units at UNODC?", "Yes Somewhat No Don’t know", "All employees 20.2 39.7 34.3 5.7", "International Professional 9.4 34.4 54.4 1.7 staff only", "Headquarters staff 14.4 37.4 43.2 4.9", "Field staff 23.6 42.0 28.9 5.5", "Do you find that the level of coordination and cooperation between Headquarters/Field Offices is adequate?", "Yes Somewhat No Don’t know", "All employees 20.4 40.1 31.0 8.5", "International Professional 7.8 35.0 53.9 3.3 staff only", "Headquarters staff 12.3 42.0 34.2 11.5", "Field staff 25.7 38.8 30.0 5.5", "Do you find that respective responsibilities and work processes among divisions and/or departments are clear and well documented?", "Yes Somewhat No Don’t know", "All employees 20.0 39.6 31.4 9.0", "International Professional 6.7 38.9 48.9 5.6 staff only", "Headquarters staff 12.3 44.0 35.8 7.8", "Field staff 24.8 36.2 29.2 9.9", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "As a good practice, the Inspectors noted the annual Field Representatives Seminar (FRS) serving as an internal coordination mechanism which involves UNODC regional and country representatives and officials from various sections at Headquarters. In addition to substantive discussions, the seminar tackles a wide range of management and administrative issues that are addressed and discussed in a collective manner. It is an opportunity for field managers to directly interact with managers at Headquarters, both in collective session and in bilateral meetings. The Inspectors see it as a useful forum to increase mutual understanding of respective capacities, constraints, procedures, functions, achievements, etc. that could alleviate a certain feeling of disconnection with Headquarters.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance overall coordination within the Office and therefore its effectiveness.", "Recommendation 8", "The Executive Director should undertake a comprehensive review and assessment of coordination mechanisms and procedures within the Office and take appropriate measures for improvement by the end of 2012.", "D. Strategic planning and results-based management", "Strategic planning has undergone a major development at UNODC with the adoption of the UNODC Medium-term Strategy for the period 2008-2011 complementing the corresponding programme of the United Nations Strategic Framework.[12]", "Whether the UNODC mid-term strategy was sufficiently addressing strategic issues and would be used as a strategic management tool to develop a common vision for UNODC generated mixed comments from interviewees. The Inspectors received repeated comments on the absence of a long-term vision for the Office and its missions, or at least the absence of a clear communication of this vision to all units and staff. This situation is also the result of the trend observed in recent years during which UNODC positioned itself in many different areas to capture financial support. As shown in figure 5 below, UNODC launched in recent years regional and thematic planning initiatives. Supported by Member States, the ongoing thematic[13] and regional programming is an attempt to reconcile numerous fragmented and sporadic projects into a more strategic and consolidated set of programmes. The Inspectors could perceive through their interviews and their review of programming documents a strong internal commitment and a proactive attitude to adjust the process and build it on lessons learned from programmes already designed. Some regional and thematic programmes are currently under development.", "The multiple layers and timeframes that UNODC has to face in its strategic planning processes are shown in figure 5 below, which also shows that all planning documents are not fully aligned as they are conceived and developed gradually.", "Figure 5: Strategic planning at UNODC", "[]", "There are many benefits expected from the thematic and programmatic approach: (a) the enhanced dialogue with Member States therefore increasing ownership via the involvement of regional actors at the drafting stage and their participation in the steering committees at the implementation stage; (b) the potential for resource mobilization and softer earmarking done at the programme level rather than at single projects; (c) the increased administrative effectiveness by dealing with a number of management activities at the programme level, and (d) the creation of a reinforced oversight framework in which headquarters and field offices would contribute to increased accountability.", "However, some more problematic aspects have been identified: (a) UNODC has to better manage the transition and the phasing out of existing projects into programming; (b) UNODC has to manage the coexistence in its portfolio of programmes and national projects developed according to local situations; (c) UNODC needs to adjust current managing and reporting corporate tools to meet the full requirements for financial and administrative support of more comprehensive programmes (such as reporting, tracking down information, monitoring pledges, expenditures, etc.); (d) UNODC has to reconcile the alignment of various programming layers that are not developed, drafted and endorsed at the same time.", "The Inspectors conclude that strategic planning at UNODC represents a challenge given the context characterized by the unpredictability of resources mainly due to earmarking. However, they stress that strategic planning should be based on long-term vision and prioritization (recommendation 2) of actions to reach targeted outcomes. This is of primary importance for an organization like UNODC to avoid donor-driven programmes and activities. The Inspectors also recommend a thorough independent evaluation of thematic and regional programming implementation to be conducted and be presented to the governing bodies.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the efficiency of the Office.", "Recommendation 9", "The Executive Director should present an independent evaluation of thematic and regional programming and report on its implementation status, impact and lessons learned to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice by the end of 2013.", "While the results-based management (RBM) approach receives strong support from Member States, in the view of the Inspectors, the Office continues to face a number of challenges in that regard. The online survey showed that there is relatively low and disparate level of RBM knowledge among UNODC staff members, a fact that was confirmed during interviews with relevant managers. It was encouraging to see that professional staff members are more aware about RBM but at the same time, it should be noted that 36 per cent of them stated that the objectives and expected results of UNODC are not clearly communicated to them. The doubts expressed in the responses concerning the impact of RBM on overall performance improvement are troublesome, in particular those of senior managers (4.2 per cent of positive answers). Based on the answers to the survey, there is also an urgent need for more training on RBM.", "Table 5: Views of UNODC employees concerning the impact of RBM on the Office performances (in percentage)", "In your view, has the implementation of RBM improved the overall performance of UNODC?", "Yes Somewhat No Don’t know", "All employees 8.6 21.7 20.8 48.9", "International Professional staff only 5.6 26.4 32.6 35.4", "Senior managers (P-5 and above) 4.2 27.1 43.8 25.0", "Headquarters staff 5.7 24.1 24.1 46.1", "Field staff 10.0 20.2 19.0 50.8", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "Previous OIOS observations pointed out the difficulties in planning and results-based management at UNODC. The Inspectors consider that a stronger RBM culture at UNODC would certainly benefit the organization by contributing to donors’ better understanding of the Office’s activities and achievements, via increasing transparency and accountability. This is a way to reinforce the confidence of donors, therefore attracting more resources. The Inspectors reviewed several planning documents and acknowledged progress in recent years taking into consideration that some difficulties might arise in identifying relevant parameters measuring achievements in areas such as drugs or crime, which are delicate by nature.", "The Inspectors encourage UNODC managers and regional representatives to continue their efforts to increase the pertinence, relevance and quality of indicators. The Inspectors encourage UNODC senior management to further develop a planning and result-based culture to progressively create institutional knowledge and a shared RBM culture among staff.", "E. Challenges related to field presence", "Since its creation, UNODC has significantly developed its field presence and countries coverage that corresponds to the expansion of its portfolio of technical cooperation activities. As shown in figure 6 below, the Office’s field network encompasses four categories of entities, namely (a) Regional Offices (headed by a Field Representative); (b) Country Offices (headed by a Field Representative or a Country Manager); (c) Programme Offices (headed by a Chief or Programme Coordinator, as appropriate), and (d) advisers. Annex III contains a map of UNODC field deployment.", "The Inspectors noted the UNODC efforts to further formalize the structure and the nomenclature of its field network. In 2010, the Excom endorsed the guidance note defining the respective roles, duties and responsibilities of each entity and their interactions with other entities within and outside UNODC. During the review, it was however obvious that this document was not sufficiently made known in the Office, even within the field representatives’ community. There is thus a need to disseminate this concept note to ensure that field offices comply with their provisions and directives.", "Figure 6: Evolution of UNODC field presence (2005-2009)", "[]", "Source: Data consolidated on the basis of UNODC Annual Reports and information provided by UNODC. Country", "coverage may change during a given year.", "The operating environments of UNODC field offices vary tremendously from one country office to another, so do the scope and the nature of activities carried out. The Inspectors wish to highlight that the field presence is perceived by survey respondents as beneficial for the Office and its delivery capacity. Almost 60 per cent consider that field presence is successful and contributes to improve UNODC capacity to deliver. Only 5.2 per cent expressed negative opinion.", "However, during the review, there was a consensus that UNODC presence in the field remains limited in terms of resources and expertise available. As a matter of fact, field deployment is almost entirely sustained by extrabudgetary sources, so is the Division of Operations. This creates tensions and uncertainty and might have an influence on programme priorities as well as on mandates implementation. Among field entities there are self-sustained offices (dealing with a large portfolio of projects) or subsidized offices (dealing with a smaller project base).", "At this point in time, building on the prioritization exercise (recommendation 2), the Inspectors believe that the Office should redefine the strategic approach of its field presence and reconfirm its deployment principles, in particular the strategy to strengthen its regional presence and/or its country deployment.", "There are a number of management challenges at field level. The efficiency and effectiveness of the field presence is strongly related to the leadership and management capacities of the Field Representatives. Often, an office functions with one or two international staff complemented by local staff. The Inspectors noted that the level of UNODC representatives varies from P-4 to D-1, according to the size of the operations for which they are responsible. The job descriptions of these positions are dated from 1999 and there is certainly a need to update them taking into account the evolution of the Office and its field operations. In that context, the Inspectors noted that efforts are underway to develop generic job descriptions for the heads of field offices and of regional offices. The Inspectors also encourage UNODC to continue to enrol its Field Representatives to leadership and management training modules that could contribute to enhance managerial capacity of UNODC field office.", "Due to its limited capacity, UNODC relies on UNDP for support services in areas such as selection and administration of field personnel, financial and administrative management of field offices, administrative support to projects, etc. The Inspectors heard a number of remarks regarding the delays and the quality of services provided to UNODC field offices. It was also recognized that the local situation was a major element of variability in terms of quality of services. The Inspectors also consider that UNODC itself has a central role to play in smooth functioning of these arrangements.", "Most of field deployed employees are hired as service contractors by UNDP under UNDP contractual status and according to UNDP policies. They are contributing to implement the Office’s mandates while they are not considered as UNODC staff. The fact that various contractual status coexist might entail consequences in terms of management. It creates differences among employees and also imposes cumbersome processes and procedures on managers that are facing two sets of rules and regulations, which at times can be contradictory. There are also differences in staff status, entitlements, performance appraisal system and administration of justice processes. Ultimately, the situation might impair the quality of delivery by impacting on staff motivation as well as on staff retention.", "A 1997 Memorandum of Understanding defines the working arrangements and services provided under the Universal Price List, which is often competitive. In the Inspectors’ opinion, the MOU provisions with regards the assessment of services and the mechanisms for conflict resolutions are too general. UNODC should consult with UNDP to amend the MOU with precise performance indicators to ensure a shared framework for assessing performances and services. The Inspectors also encourage UNODC to keep in mind alternative solutions. UNODC uses services offered by UNOPS in project management, procurement, human resources and financial management for which a comparative advantage exists. Options to establish collaborations with the United Nations Department of Field Support or to retain some administrative actions at central level and act remotely, when possible could be explored as well. Explorations are also under way with United Nations Offices in co-locations (for example in Nairobi or Bangkok). More generally, while for programmatic aspects, field officers have most of the time a counterpart at Headquarters, the administrative supporting structure and mechanisms have not been adjusted to face the increased decentralized presence. It is time for UNODC to put in place a specific structure dealing with field operations support.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the effectiveness of the Office.", "Recommendation 10", "The Executive Director should consult at the earliest opportunity with the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme in order to review and update the existing Memorandum of Understanding with a view to include provisions for the assessment of services.", "Monitoring of field activities is a requirement but is, to some extent, impeded by a lack of internal capacity. Recent audits show that in addition to existing check and balance mechanisms, there is a need to increase administrative and financial oversight from Headquarters on field offices. The Inspectors are pleased that UNODC has developed a new monitoring system for performance and efficiency of its field operations as presented during the 2010 Field Representatives Seminar. By doing so, UNODC endeavours to set the conditions (a) to demonstrate more corporate accountability via transparency and documented records in order to assist UNODC corporate oversight, decision making and organizational learning; (b) to measure programme performance throughout its implementation; and (c) to promote organizational learning. Strong corporate commitment to support this system, with full cooperation of all concerned entities (field offices but also other UNODC entities such as FRMS, ITS, Tasks Teams, IEU, SPU, CPS, Quality Control and Oversight Unit) appears as the prerequisite for success.", "V. HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT", "Human resources management remains under the United Nations framework. The UNOV/UNODC Human Resources Management Section (HRMS) has therefore a limited scope for action in a number of areas. As part of the United Nations Secretariat, UNODC targets are defined and assessed in many areas through the United Nations objectives as expressed in the Human Resources Action Planning Cycle (HRAP). For the purpose of this review, the Inspectors wished to analyse figures in a larger perspective by including positions funded by means other than regular budget.", "Due to the dual nature of activities of the Office (normative and technical cooperation), the Inspectors draw attention to the fact that some of the United Nations rules might not be fully adapted to the Office’s needs, in particular with regards its increased field dimension. In some aspects, the Office now presents the profile of a specialized agency (focused expertise, field presence, need for rapid responsiveness, etc.).", "The funding modalities create constant tensions about job security, which is a concern of most UNODC employees. The survey confirms that the impact on corporate performance is not negligible and seems higher within the Professional category. The Inspectors noted the efforts of UNODC in that matter as in the case of the cost saving exercise in 2009 during which very few jobs were lost. But it must be noted that respondents were not receptive to this action and pointed out the fact that UNODC has no mechanism to face and alleviate job uncertainty, as it is often the case in a similar context.", "Table 6: Views of various categories of UNODC employees regarding impact of job uncertainty (in percentage)", "In your opinion, to what extent does job uncertainty at UNODC affect overall performance?", "Considerably Not so Somewhat Insignificantly Not at all much", "All employees 63.3 12.5 20.4 2.4 1.4", "International 72.5 7.3 16.9 2.8 0.6 professional staff only", "Headquarters 67.5 9.2 18.9 3.1 1.3 staff", "Field staff 61.3 14.6 20.4 2.1 1.5", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "A. Human resources flagged as problematic", "The Inspectors are aware that human-resource issues tend to generate debates, discussions and frustration among staff of any international organizations. Nevertheless, the examples provided during interviews sessions and the extremely critical comments expressed via the survey are indicative of the views of UNODC staff regarding aspects such as transparency of procedures and selection processes, compliance with rules and consistency in their application, impression of favouritism and doubts regarding equity towards candidates, gender biases, etc. The Inspectors are convinced that it is of primary importance to address these perceptions by applying and demonstrating the highest degree of compliance, transparency and communication in these matters at all stages in order to avoid ground for frustration and rumours.", "In addition, numerous criticisms regarding the poor quality of services provided by the Human Resources Management Section were made describing HRMS as not sufficiently client-oriented. The Inspectors recommend that HRMS take measures to collect clients’ feedback on a more regular basis in order to identify its clients’ perception and adjust accordingly if possible within its capacity and resources.", "Figure 7: Human-resources issues mentioned by UNODC employees", "[]", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "Mobility is determined by the United Nations policy which is currently being re-evaluated. In that area, UNODC participates in the Voluntary Initiative for Network Exchange (VINE) to promote mobility of staff. The Inspectors believe that, despite the absence of a required mobility scheme, more rotation between headquarters and field staff members could benefit the Office by developing better corporate and institutional knowledge based on increased sharing of experiences. At the moment, Professionals who are the primary target of the mobility scheme, consider that UNODC does not sufficiently encourage such rotation. The Inspectors consider the absence of such system as a missed opportunity in UNODC’s context.", "With regard to human resources matters as well as for other critical issues of staff interest, the Inspectors recall that, since 2009, the Regional Branch of the United Nations Ombudsman in Vienna constitutes an opportunity for staff to raise issues of concerns and explore ways of informal problem solving.", "B. UNODC workforce", "Tables 7 and 8 provide a snapshot of the UNODC workforce composition. The Inspectors wish to stress the difficulties encountered in having a clear picture of UNODC staffing due to shared resources with UNOV. As a consequence, data presented were extracted from the IMIS database and do not include staff members working in the Division of Management.", "Table 7: UNODC workforce by locations for the years 2005 and 2009, distributed by regular and", "extra-budgetary funding", "2005 2009 2005 2009 (%) (%)", "RB XB RB XB RB XB RB XB", "Headquarters staff 135 304 159 509 30.8 69.2 23.8 76.2", "Field staff 2 392 2 1940 0.5 99.5 0.1 99.9", "All employees 137 696 161 2449 16.4 83.6 6.2 93.8", "Source: Data consolidated on basis of figures provided by UNODC.", "Table 8: UNODC workforce by categories for the years 2005 and 2009, distributed by regular and", "extra-budgetary funding", "2005 2009 Percentage Growth", "RB XB RB XB RB XB", "Headquarters staff 135 304 159 509 17.8 67.4", "International 70 73 80 95 14.3 30.1 Professional Staff", "General Service 41 55 43 55 4.9 0.0", "Individual Contractors 12 7 3 40 -75.0 471.4", "Consultants 12 16 33 79 175.0 393.8", "Other: (JPO/Associate - 78 - 15 - -80.8 Experts/Volunteers),", "Interns - 75 - 225 - 200.0", "Field staff 2 392 2 1940 0.0 394.9", "International 1 67 1 100 0.0 49.3 Professional Staff", "General Service 1 1 1 0.0 -100.0", "External contractors - 226 - 1290 - 470.8", "Consultants - 39 - 366 - 838.5", "National officers - 19 - 27 - 42.1", "Other: (JPO/Associate - 14 - 9 - -35.7 Experts: Intern, Volunteer, etc.)", "UNDP hired staff* - 26 - 148 469.2", "Total by source of 137 696 161 2449 17.5 251.9 funding", "Total employees 833 2610 + 213.3", "Source: Data consolidated on basis of figures provided by UNODC.", "There is a general increase of the workforce coincident with a reduction of the proportion of positions funded by regular budget resources. The ratio RB/XB illustrates the risk for business continuity, organizational effectiveness, retention of expertise and institutional knowledge at UNODC. In 2005, RB positions represented 16.5 per cent of the workforce (83.5 per cent of XB-funded posts) but dropped to 6.1 per cent in 2009. The Inspectors also noted that two categories of the workforce (interns and consultants) are characterized by a sharp increase. In parallel, the Junior Professional Officers (JPO) category has significantly reduced.", "Internship programmes at United Nations entities are seen as a positive experience for all parties involved: organizations, supervisors and interns. The Inspectors question the considerable and increasing recourse to interns at Headquarters which might indicate a lack of the necessary resources to meet requirements of the Office. In that context, it is challenging, to say the least, to comply with policy requirements of creating a working environment conducive to interns’ substantive learning and professional development accompanied by a proper supervision.", "Contractors and consultants have been increasing as well due to the expansion of the portfolio. For instance, the number of consultants in the field has greatly multiplied. The Inspectors are concerned in particular since, as noted by the Board of Auditors in a number of reports, the management of consultancy contracts at local level might be challenging with regards aspects such as selection, monitoring and evaluation.", "C. Gender balance and workforce diversity", "Table 9 demonstrates the sharp difference in the proportion of females to males according to the hierarchical level. The gender distribution within the entire Professional category has slightly improved and the female share reached 42.4 per cent in 2009. Improvement also occurred concerning senior level positions (P-5 and above), even though these posts are still largely held by males (more than three quarters). At field level, the gender distribution of field representatives is more unfavourable (17.6 per cent female), while for consultants it is estimated at 38 per cent female. This situation generated comments during the interviews and complaints via the survey that UNODC was “a male-dominated organization”.", "Table 9: Gender distribution in UNODC at Professional level and above for the years 2005 and 2009", "2005 2009 2005 (%) 2009 (%)", "All Professional staff", "Female 85 117 40.3% 42.4%", "Male 126 159 59.7% 57.6%", "Senior Professional staff (P5 and above)", "Female 10 15 16.4% 24.2%", "Male 51 47 83.6% 75.8%", "Source: Data provided by UNODC.", "The same positive trend regarding gender balance is noticeable for recruitment and promotion exercises in the professional category. But again, the promotion at senior level remains male dominated. The forecasts for retirement at senior level in the next three years create an opportunity for action to increase women representation as 8 out of the 10 senior positions concerned are currently occupied by male staff members. The Inspectors urge the Executive Director to seize this opportunity to better balance the gender representation within senior managers.", "Table 10: Gender distribution of recruitment and promotion at Professional level and above for the", "period 2005-2009", "Recruitment (RB) Total 2005-2009 Total (%) 2005-2009", "All Professional staff", "Female 10 47.6%", "Male 11 52.4%", "Not enough recruitment exercises were conducted involving senior professional staff (P5 and above) to draw any conclusion", "Promotion (RB) Total 2005-2009 Total (%) 2005-2009", "All Professional staff", "Female 31 64.6%", "Male 17 35.4%", "Senior Professional staff (P-5 and above)", "Female 5 33.3%", "Male 10 66.7%", "Source: Data provided by UNODC.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance gender representation at senior level within the Office.", "Recommendation 11", "The Executive Director should undertake further measures to improve the gender balance at senior level, including for Field Representatives.", "The issue of the diversity of UNODC workforce also requires some attention. Annex II shows that geographic origin of Professional staff is not sufficiently balanced. While 68 nationalities were represented among UNODC Professional workforce in 2009, almost one third of these originate from three countries of the Western European and Others Group (WEOG) of States. This situation should be addressed by a medium-term proactive recruitment strategy. After reviewing data on recruitment and promotion exercises, the Inspectors would like to see more serious and consistent efforts made to broaden the diversity of recruitment towards candidates from developing countries, including at senior level.", "The geographical balance of consultants is also worrisome. In 2009, four countries (namely, the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States and Canada) contributed 51 per cent of the consultants’ pool. This concentration means a loss of diversity of expertise and experiences and a loss of participation and contributions from other regions. Even though the directors for DTA and DO advocated for enlarging the diversity of consultants’ nationalities, the situation has not improved much.", "Given the specificity of the mandates, UNODC workforce has to be highly specialized in various areas such as trafficking, corruption, etc. HRMS should take measures to strengthen its capacity for proactively seeking such specialized expertise; in particular in developing countries. UNODC intends to use the features of the new United Nations recruitment tool Inspira to support such outreach efforts.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance geographical balance of the professional workforce of the Office.", "Recommendation 12", "The Executive Director should establish a clear plan of action to broaden the diversity of the Professional workforce, as well as of the pool of consultants, in particular by considering more candidates from developing countries.", "D. Insufficient training resources, uneven training opportunities", "Given the necessity of maintaining substantive expertise in legal and varied technical areas, training and retraining of staff is strategic for UNODC. As shown in figure 7 above, training is one of the biggest interests of staff that responded to the survey.", "While the Inspectors noted that the number of staff trained doubled in the last five years, the following issues retained the Inspectors’ attention:", "(a) Training funds are provided on the basis of the workforce as funded by regular budget resources, not taking into account staff members financed via other funding types. As a consequence, resources for training are notably insufficient. UNODC has proactively introduced creative solutions to widen as much as possible enrolment, but with limited impact.", "(b) Access to training is not only limited but also uneven among categories of staff. Field-based staff members are not sufficiently exposed to training opportunities, despite the existence of online modules. At the local level, contractual status is also an obstacle. In the opinion of the Inspectors, this situation entails a major corporate risk as staff responsible for key operational procedures or provision of services is likely not to receive sufficient and regular coaching. Expectations of holding decentralized training events were limited by financial restrictions. As a consequence, field staff often goes through a “learning by doing” process.", "(c) As mentioned, UNODC deals with very specific skills and competencies, therefore the adequacy of training, in particular upgrading of substantive and technical skills to enhance professional effectiveness of UNODC officers is of primary importance. In that regard, the Inspectors draw attention to the fact that only 27 per cent of the survey respondents in the Professional category were satisfied with the adequacy of training provided to them. The Inspectors also consider that it could be beneficial to develop basic training modules on all UNODC mandates in order to increase corporate understanding and knowledge.", "VI. OVERSIGHT", "A. Oversight framework", "The oversight framework is presented in figure 1 of this report, together with the governance arrangements. As part of the United Nations Secretariat, UNODC is subject to internal oversight from the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) which is responsible for audit, evaluation, inspection and investigation functions. OIOS follows a risk-based approach to select its audit or inspection/evaluation assignments and produced a number of reports in each of these specific areas.", "A 1999 Memorandum of Understanding governs the audit arrangements (resources funding, planning, etc.). The Inspectors share the recommendation of the Board of Auditors to consider the update and revision of this agreement. In their opinion, these arrangements do not take sufficiently into consideration the expansion of the field presence and the development of UNODC portfolio in the last decade. Initial steps have been undertaken in that regard.", "With regard to evaluation, in addition to the recent inspection of UNODC monitoring and evaluation systems, the Inspectors were informed that OIOS expects to conduct a comprehensive programme evaluation of the Office in the next two years. Within existing resources UNODC is likely not to be subjected to another such evaluation for over a decade, which is not in line with the eight-year cycle envisioned by OIOS as adequate and reasonable in the United Nations context.", "The Joint Inspection Unit provides independent external oversight to the Office, which is one of its participating organizations. The Inspectors commend the compliance and timeliness of UNODC feedback to the annual request for follow-up information on recommendations included in JIU reports and notes. The Inspectors welcome the fact that the WG on Governance and Finance requested that “relevant JIU reports and the summary of relevant OIOS reports should also be submitted to the Commissions”.[14] The Inspectors consider that it could contribute to enhance oversight, keeping in mind that consideration of JIU reports and resulting actions by General Assembly are in principle applicable to the Office.", "Concerning JIU reports and notes issued during the period 2004-2009, UNODC accepted 40 per cent of recommendations addressed to it. The implementation phase of accepted recommendations is very satisfactory, with more than 90 per cent marked as either implemented or in progress. The rather low acceptance rate can be explained by the fact that a number of recommendations included in system-wide JIU reports is addressing matters related to policies and guidelines as developed and implemented at the level of the United Nations and its Secretariat and for which the Office has little latitude to take action.", "The Board of Auditors audits the consolidated financial statements and reviews the operations of the Office for each biennium. The Board issued an unqualified audit opinion for 2006-2007 and 2008-2009 but pointed out a series of issues that require attention by UNODC. The Inspectors urge UNODC to take appropriate measures to implement the recommendations made by the Board in previous reports that are not currently fully implemented.", "The Inspectors also noted that UNODC did not currently have a system of monitoring the implementation of accepted oversight recommendations, either internal or external. They believe such a system should be urgently developed.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the accountability and performance of the Office.", "Recommendation 13", "The Executive Director should undertake measures to create, by the end of 2011, an internal system to monitor the implementation of recommendations made by relevant oversight bodies.", "B. Towards a strengthened corporate evaluation capacity", "At the time of the review, and despite significant attention given by Member States and by UNODC in recent years to the Independent Evaluation Unit (IEU), the evaluation function at UNODC was not considered as giving sufficient assurance to Member States and donors on the assessment of UNODC performance. In the view of the Inspectors, this is a priority area of consideration as it is of primary importance for UNODC to be able to measure and demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of its programme delivery and related programmes outcomes. In addition, the IEU has a role to play in many important areas such as accountability, learning mechanisms and enhanced project/programme designing within the Office.", "The issue of independence of the evaluation function arising from previous structural and reporting arrangements were addressed by placing the IEU under the Executive Director in the Office’s structure. The Inspectors wish to stress the need to further promote a corporate evaluation culture, as a shared responsibility: (a) Member States have to grant sufficient resources and exercise their oversight responsibility in particular with regards how the findings of evaluations are used by management. The fact that Member State representatives have explicitly requested that evaluation reports should be circulated to the governing bodies directly and at the same time to UNODC senior management is welcomed by the Inspectors as a sign of commitment; (b) UNODC senior managers should create the conditions for a strong corporate evaluation capacity and create the mechanisms to ensure that evaluation findings and lessons learned are fed-back into the future project and programme cycles; (c) the evaluation unit itself has to contribute to its own credibility and demonstrate its usefulness by producing high quality evaluation reports in compliance with professionals norms and standards, and (d) UNODC staff at all levels (senior managers, mid-level or project managers, substantive officers) have to adopt an open and supporting attitude towards evaluations conducted.", "VII. OTHER ISSUES", "A. The International Narcotics Control Board", "The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) is the independent and quasi-judicial monitoring body for the implementation of the three United Nations international drug control conventions: the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961), the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971); and the United Nations Conventions against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988). Established in 1968 in accordance with the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, it had predecessors under the former drug-control treaties as far back as the time of the League of Nations.", "INCB plays a pivotal role in the international fight against illegal drugs. It is assisted by a secretariat in the exercise of its treaty-body functions. The INCB secretariat is an administrative entity of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, but is responsible solely to the Board on matter of substance. To ensure its independence, INCB secretariat is funded through United Nations regular budget resources.", "The Inspectors believe that better understanding and cooperation between UNODC and INCB secretariat would ensure the smooth functioning of INCB. The need to improve these relationships was indeed expressed by both sides, pointing out some difficulties in terms of budget resources and management, recruitment of staff, procurement and administrative support.", "The reporting line of the INCB secretary (D-1) within the UNODC organizational structure has caused some concerns as it reports to the Head of the Division for Treaty Affairs rather than directly to the Executive Director. The Inspectors consulted Economic and Social Council resolution 1991/48, endorsed by General Assembly resolution 46/104, on the administrative arrangements between INCB secretariat and the International Drug Control Programme, the predecessor of UNODC. The resolution says: “The Secretary of the Board shall be appointed or assigned by the Secretary-General in consultation with the Board”. The secretary shall be responsible to the Board in all substantial matters and to the Executive Director in other matters. Based on the resolution, the Inspectors hold that to ensure the independence of INCB and its secretariat, the secretary should report directly to the Executive Director.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the accountability and performance of the INCB secretariat.", "Recommendation 14", "The Executive Director should modify at the earliest opportunity the existing reporting lines of the INCB secretary, and place this position directly under his responsibility in the organizational structure.", "B. UNOV/UNODC arrangements", "The current organizational structure of the United Nations Office at Vienna and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime were established by ST/SGB/2004/5 and ST/SGB/2004/6, respectively. The main characteristic is that UNOV and UNODC, as separate entities, are sharing one Division for Management that provides services to both entities, as well as to other United Nations entities at Vienna. Core functions of the division are split between both offices.", "While the arrangements are satisfactory in practice at the working level and are not questioned by the Inspectors as such, it should be noted that in 2010 the Board of Auditors raised the point of shared administrative services such as financial management and noted difficulties to precise breakdown of staff and related costs between UNOV and UNODC.[15] As an example, it was pointed out that management costs of UNODC can therefore not be easily identified and estimated. In the course of the review, the Inspectors encountered difficulties in collecting data focusing only on UNODC staffing, for example.", "Figure 8 below provides a summary of the views of respondents with regard several aspects of services provided by the Division of Management in support of UNODC activities.", "Figure 8: Assessment by UNODC employees of the services provided by the Division of Management", "[]", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "C. Information and communication technology services", "The UNOV/UNODC Information and Technology Section (ITS) has solid reputation and a high profile within the United Nations in terms of advanced ICT capacities, as recognized by several user-satisfaction surveys. During the review some comments, however, were registered that ITS could concentrate more on providing timely and good support services to UNODC various units.", "In addition to support services, ITS also develops software applications for external clients, mainly Governments, in areas covered by UNODC programmes such as money-laundering and financial crime, and for which few alternatives are available on the commercial market. These substantive services are viewed as technical cooperation activities provided on a costs recovery basis and are governed by service level agreements. UNODC pointed out that “the ability of Member States to effectively carry out their mandates in areas such as drug control, statistical reporting and monitoring, criminal justice reform and countering money laundering and terrorist financing is significantly enhanced by the employment of sophisticated IT solutions and communications infrastructures”. While they do not question the added value for Member States, the Inspectors wish to stress that these activities should be conducted in full coordination with other UNODC entities. For example, the Inspectors stress that UNODC field representatives should be aware of and associated with all technical cooperation activities were conducted by ITS in support of Governments of countries falling into their regional scope.", "VIII. SURVEY HIGHLIGHTS", "UNODC employees contributed to the Inspectors’ review through an online survey made available to both Headquarters and field-deployed staff in May and June 2010. The link was distributed through the UNODC information management system and responses were collected and processed confidentially by the Inspectors. The participation rate, in particular at Vienna, is illustrative and statistically representative of the views of some categories of staff. The findings based on aggregated and filtered data by various categories of staff and locations have been included in the narrative of the report.", "Table 11: Participation in the JIU survey 2010, by location", "Locations Recipients Respondents Participation rate", "Vienna Headquarters 464 269 58 %", "Field locations* 1350 368 27.3 %", "Total 1814 665** 36.7 %", "* Includes all staff located outside of headquarters.", "** Includes incomplete surveys.", "In analysing the responses, the Inspectors noted the following points of interest: (a) international Professionals are often the more critical in their assessment; (b) senior managers (above P-5 level) are surprisingly critical in areas falling under their responsibility by stating that transparency is lacking in the application of rules and regulations and in management decisions; they also do not consider that there is enough encouragement for open discussion, and (c) there are some strong differences of perception between headquarters staff and field employees.", "The Inspectors collected 584 comments and suggestions through the open questions. They amounted to 1,526 different points tackling a vast number of management and administration issues within the Office. Through content analysis, the Inspectors categorized these remarks in several broad headings, as represented in figure 9 below. In addition, the opinions expressed by staff were also incorporated in the narrative when they were related to a specific issue.", "The Inspectors suggest that a staff survey be conducted on a regular basis within the Office: on one hand, UNODC staff showed that it is keen to contribute to such initiative and on the other hand, senior management could benefit from this feedback expressed by all components of UNODC workforce.", "Figure 9: Areas mentioned by UNODC respondents", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "Main aspects covered\n HR Management Training, Career Development, Contractual Status, Job Security, diversity of the workforce, Recruitment, Mobility, Institutional Knowledge, Working Conditions.", "Executive Transparency, Senior management, Performance Management Management, Strategic Planning and RBM, Management Practices, communication.", "Organizational Internal Coordination and Cooperation, Internal Structure Communication, Decentralization and Restructuring.", "Administrative Feed back on the quality of FRMS, HRMS, Procurement Services Services, and Relations with UNDP. In particular with regard to field support from HQ.", "Financial Framework Financial Management, Financial Resources and Funding.", "Legal Framework Governance arrangements, mandates of the Office, relevance of rules and regulations.", "Oversight Audit of field offices, evaluation, monitoring of Field Offices.", "Other issues Security, transportation, Project Management and comments of general nature.", "ANNEXES", "Annex I: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime organizational chart, as of April 2010 (source UNODC)", "[]", "Annex II: Geographical diversity at professional level and above (as of December 2009)", "Nationality Number In per Nationality Number In per of staff cent of staff cent\n Italy 29 10.5% 23.6% Belarus 1 0.4%", "Germany 19 6.9% Bosnia and 1 0.4% Herzegovina", "United States of 17 6.2% Botswana 1 0.4% America", "Canada 14 5.1% Cote d’Ivoire 1 0.4%", "France 13 4.7% Czech Republic 1 0.4%", "United Kingdom 13 4.7% Ecuador 1 0.4%", "Austria 11 4.0% Georgia 1 0.4%", "Spain 9 3.3% Ghana 1 0.4%", "India 8 2.9% Honduras 1 0.4%", "Denmark 7 2.5% Indonesia 1 0.4%", "Japan 7 2.5% Iran 1 0.4%", "Brazil 6 2.2% Ireland 1 0.4%", "Australia 5 1.8% Israel 1 0.4%", "Belgium 5 1.8% Kyrgyzstan 1 0.4%", "South Africa 5 1.8% Libyan Arab 1 0.4% Jamahiriya", "Egypt 4 1.4% Mali 1 0.4%", "Greece 4 1.4% Malta 1 0.4%", "New Zealand 4 1.4% Mexico 1 0.4%", "Norway 4 1.4% Mongolia 1 0.4%", "Sweden 4 1.4% Morocco 1 0.4%", "Uzbekistan 4 1.4% Myanmar 1 0.4%", "Argentina 3 1.1% Namibia 1 0.4%", "Cameroon 3 1.1% Paraguay 1 0.4%", "Finland 3 1.1% Peru 1 0.4%", "Kazakhstan 3 1.1% Poland 1 0.4%", "Kenya 3 1.1% Portugal 1 0.4%", "Netherlands 3 1.1% Qatar 1 0.4%", "Turkey 3 1.1% Republic of 1 0.4% Moldova", "Azerbaijan 2 0.7% Romania 1 0.4%", "Bolivia 2 0.7% Russian 1 0.4% Federation", "Bulgaria 2 0.7% Senegal 1 0.4%", "China 2 0.7% Seychelles 1 0.4%", "Iran 2 0.7% Slovakia 1 0.4%", "Jamaica 2 0.7% Switzerland 1 0.4%", "Latvia 2 0.7% Thailand 1 0.4%", "Lebanon 2 0.7% Turkmenistan 1 0.4%", "Mauritius 2 0.7% Uganda 1 0.4%", "Pakistan 2 0.7% Uruguay 1 0.4%", "Algeria 1 0.4% Venezuela 1 0.4%", "Bangladesh 1 0.4% Zimbabwe 1 0.4%", "Barbados 1 0.4% Grand Total 276 100%", "Source: Data provided by UNODC.", "Annex III: UNODC field presence in 2010 (source UNODC Annual Report 2010)", "[]", "Regional offices (10) Country offices (9) Liaison offices (2)\n Brazil and the Southern Cone Afghanistan New York", "Central Asia Plurinational State of Brussels Bolivia", "Eastern Africa Colombia", "Middle East and North Africa Islamic Republic of Iran", "Mexico, Central America and the Lao People’s Caribbean Democratic Republic", "Peru, Plurinational State of Myanmar Bolivia and Ecuador", "South Asia Nigeria", "Southern Africa Pakistan", "West and Central Africa Viet Nam", "Centre for East Asia and the Pacific", "Programme offices (32)", "Regional Programme Office in Panama, Regional Programme Office for South Eastern Europe, Sub-Regional Programme Office in the United Arab Emirates (for the Gulf States), Sub-Regional Programme Office in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Albania, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, Guatemala, Indonesia, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Republic of Moldova, Nepal, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Qatar, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Somalia, Sudan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan.", "Annex IV", "Overview of action to be taken by participating organizations on the recommendations of the Joint Inspection Unit", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "[TABLE]", "Legend: L: Recommendation for decision by legislative organ E: Recommendation for action by executive head", ": Recommendation does not require action by this organization Intended impact: a: enhanced accountability b: dissemination of best practices c: enhanced coordination and cooperation d: enhanced controls and compliance e: enhanced effectiveness f: significant financial savings g: enhanced efficiency o: other. * Covers all entities listed in ST/SGB/2002/11 other than UNCTAD, UNODC, UNEP, UN-Habitat, UNHCR, UNRWA.", "[1] See A/51/950, paragraphs 143-145, ST/SGB/Organization, Section: UNDCP (1993), ST/SGB/1998/17 and ST/SBG/2004/6.", "[2] See OIOS Report AE2007/361/0", "[3] Commission on Narcotic Drugs decision 51/1 and Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice decision 17/2.", "[4] See CND resolution 52/13, CCPCJ resolution 18/3 and Economic and Social Council decision 2009/251.", "[5] A/60/733, report of the Secretary-General on “Mandating and delivering: analysis and recommendations to facilitate the review of mandates”.", "[6] See E/CN.7/2008/13 and E/CN.15/2008/18.", "[7] A/64/548/Add.1, op 85.", "[8] See E/CN.7/2008/11-E/CN.15/2008/15.", "[9] E/2008/28-E/CN.7/2008/15.", "[10] UNODC/MI/6/Rev.1.", "[11] See UNOV/DGB.13/Rev.1-ODCCP/EDB.13/Rev.1 June 2002.", "[12] Strategy for the period 2008-2011 for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, E/CN.7/2007/14- E/CN.15/2007/5, approved by Economic and Social Council resolutions 2007/12 and 2007/19.", "[13] As of December 2010, Thematic Programmes include: (a) Action against Corruption and Economic Crime, (b) Crime Prevention and Criminal justice reform, (c) Addressing Health and Human Development Vulnerabilities in the Context of Drugs and Crime, (d) Scientific and Forensic services, (e) Terrorism Prevention, (f) Research and Trend Analysis and (g) Organized Crime and Illicit Trafficking (including THB, Smuggling, Money Laundering, Firearms).", "[14] See E/CN.15/2009/21.", "[15] See A/63/5/Add.9, Financial report and audited financial statements." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 140 of the provisional agenda*", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Management and administration review of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "Note by the Secretariat", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Management and management review of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime” (JIU/REP/1998/10).", "JIU/REP/2009/10", "Management and administration review of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)", "The author", "Horizon", "Papa Luiz Fern", "Psychology", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Geneva, 2010", "Executive summary", "Management and administration review of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "JIU/REP/2009/10", "The management and administration review of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is one of the series of reviews undertaken by the Joint Inspection Unit in recent years against participating agencies aimed at identifying areas requiring improvement in governance, management, administration, strategic planning and budgeting, human resources management and oversight. The main findings and conclusions of UNODC are mandated to assist Member States in combating drug, crime and terrorism, which are the priorities of the United Nations. The importance of the mandates of the Office is increasingly recognized by the international community, and most stakeholders believe that the Office performs these tasks. In 1997, a number of United Nations entities were merged to form UNODC. However, the initial governing body — the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (Commission) and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice had retained and the relevant trust funds remained unchanged. This has resulted in fragmented governance frameworks and financial framework structures that affect the effectiveness and efficiency of the work of the Office. Member States recognized these issues, the establishment of the Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group in 2008 and the launch of the governance review process aimed at improving the governance and financial situation of the Office. In the present report, the Inspectors proposed three options for improving governance arrangements and a specific proposal for the establishment of a more structured and integrated mechanism to manage and guide the activities of the Office. UNODC must address complex financial management issues through two independent trust funds. The Inspectors encourage greater efficiency in financial management, while streamlining institutions, and the Inspectors believe that the possibility of consolidating the two trust funds should be studied. As UNODC is involved in the peace, security and development agenda of the United Nations system, mainly through partnerships with other international organizations, efforts to attract additional financial support, substantive cooperation and technical cooperation activities have been extended to many new areas. This expansion trend has, to some extent, reduced the Office's strategic vision and ranking functions. The Inspectors recommend that the Office carry out a comprehensive mission review, with a view to prioritizing these tasks and their related activities. UNODC faces a dilemma: increasing mandates and growing scope of activities, while financial resources and human resources are not commensurate. Strictly restricted voluntary contributions have increased, but the Office lacks regular funding to support its core functions. The Inspectors have made a number of recommendations, one of which calls upon the General Assembly to utilize regular budget resources to ensure financial support for the core functions of the Office, thereby ensuring that the Office can carry out its mandate in a coherent and sustainable manner. UNODC field presences and technical assistance activities have been rapidly expanded over the past 10 years, with serious implications for current management in many areas, including headquarters coordination and support in the field, adequate administrative rules and procedures, and so on. The present report also highlights the areas of administration (digh, management practices and communication) and human resources management (transparent, fair, policy coherence, training). In addition, the Inspectors have studied the independent quasi-judicial body, the International Narcotics Control Board (ICC) and its secretariat, and have proposed changes in their administrative structure and reporting lines. It is recommended that the Inspectors make 14 recommendations, 12 of which are directed to the Executive Director, 1 for the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (Commission) and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, and one for the General Assembly. Recommendation 1 Recommendation 3 Starting in the biennium 2012-2013, the General Assembly should utilize regular budget resources to ensure financial support for the core functions of UNODC, enabling the Office to carry out its mandate in a coherent and sustainable manner.", "Contents", "Executive summary. iii. Introduction 1-141 A. scale, objectives and methodology 1-71 B. Office responsibilities cumbersome tasks 8-141", "Summary", "Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "Chief Executives Board for Coordination", "Centre for Crime Prevention", "Commission on Narcotic Drugs", "Committee for Programme and Coordination", "Department of Peacekeeping Operations", "Economic and Social Council", "Board International Narcotics Control Board", "Information Technology Section", "Joint Inspection Unit", "United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention", "OIOS Office of Internal Oversight Services", "United Nations International Drug Control Programme", "UNDP United Nations Development Programme", "UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "Vienna Office", "Introduction", "Scope, objectives and methods", "As one of the elements of the programme of work for 2010, the Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) conducted a review of the management and administration of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) under the United Nations Secretariat. The present report is one of the reports of the Unit's participation organizations' management and administration series review in recent years.", "The purpose of the review is to identify areas where improvements are needed in the areas of governance, management, administration, strategic planning and budgeting, human resources management and oversight, while identifying best practices and exchanging them with other bodies of the United Nations system. The financial crisis for 2008 to 2009 had a clear negative impact on the Office as a result of the fact that the UNODC business model relied mainly on extrabudgetary contributions. To that end, the Office had made savings in 2009 and had introduced internal reforms in 2010. At this critical juncture, Member States took an ambitious remedial action to form a working group on governance and finance.", "In accordance with the internal standards, guidelines and internal working procedures of the Unit, the methodology used in preparing this report included an in-depth analysis of internal literature and interviews with UNODC officials and staff representatives. In addition, the Inspectors visited ambassadors/headquarters, including the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (Commission), the Chairpersons and members of the Working Group on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, Governance and Finance, and regional groups, major donors and recipient countries. The Inspectors also attended the 2010 field representation seminar to engage in dialogue with UNODC field representatives. Member States and UNODC staff/management welcomed the review of the Unit and considered it timely.", "The Inspectors consult with UNODC headquarters and field staff in the manner of online staff surveys. These responses have provided useful insights in a number of areas covered by the present report. In addition to the overall situation, the Inspectors have extensive analysis of more than 1,500 observations, comments and recommendations collected in the open part of the survey.", "In accordance with the statute of the Unit, the present report has been consulted by the Inspectors in order to draw on the conclusions and recommendations of the Unit's collective wisdom test report. UNODC has provided factual and substantive advice on the draft report, taking into account these observations in finalizing the report.", "In order to facilitate the processing of reports and the implementation of the recommendations made in the report and to monitor implementation, the table in annex IV sets out the recommendations that require the decision of the governing bodies of UNODC, as well as the action that the Executive Director may take on the basis of the recommendations.", "The Inspectors wish to express their appreciation to all those who assisted in the preparation of the present report, particularly those who participated in the interviews and voluntarily present their knowledge and expertise. To avoid duplication, the review was carried out in cooperation with the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS), which conducted a governance audit of UNODC in 2010.", "The magnitude of the responsibility of the Office and the magnitude of its mandate", "In 1997, UNODC was established by the United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP) and the International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (Country of Crime Prevention). From a management perspective, the interlinkages between drug, crime and terrorism are transnational in nature, with the ultimate creation of a unified entity responsible for addressing all these issues through successive administrative reforms. The office was initially known as the United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (UNODC) and renamed UNODC in 2002. The Office is mandated to assist Member States in combating drug, crime and terrorism in all its forms and manifestations. The mandate of the Office is extremely important and falls within the priority areas of the United Nations established in General Assembly resolution 63/247.", "UNODC is engaged in normative work to promote the effective implementation of international legal instruments, while conducting research and analysis and technical assistance and capacity-building activities in the field. This is reflected in the name of the three divisions under the Office (the Division of Treaty Affairs, the Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs and the Division of Operations), and the other Division for Management, which is shared with the United Nations Office at Vienna (UNOCI).", "Since its inception, the mandate of UNODC has increased, in particular in the area of crime prevention over the past decade. However, adequate regular budget resources are not commensurate with the increase in mandates. This has led to the fact that structures and internal procedures are not adapted to the growing number of new challenges. This situation exposes the Office to a major risk and may not fully meet the mandate requirements.", "UNODC has increased field presences to implement a wide range of technical assistance activities. Currently, the political advisory and guardianship bodies of the international conventions headquarters-based entities are in place with networks of field agencies, which are similar to specialized agencies to provide expert technical assistance/cooperation services. The full adjustments to the relevant structures and procedures to meet the requirements set out in this development change are central elements of the UNODC assessment process. For example, human resources management or procurement rules and procedures appear to be insufficient to ensure effectiveness in all circumstances, and many people, in particular field staff, believe that these rules and procedures are not conducive to enhancing the effectiveness of the Organization's work.", "The former Executive Director (2002-2010) focused on linking the activities of UNODC with the peace, security and development agenda of the United Nations through complementary interdisciplinary approaches and partnerships with other international organizations. During the preparation of the present report, the Secretary-General of the United Nations appointed a new Executive Director, who took office in September 2010.", "UNODC and its performance have been increasingly recognized in recent years, as shown by the increase in extrabudgetary contributions, most of which are earmarked. Most of the respondents stressed that UNODC had responsibilities under difficult conditions. However, in many areas there are structural dispersion issues noted in the present report, and the fragmentation of the governance framework affects policy orientation and oversight, the sustainability and predictability of resources and management affect efficiency and effectiveness.", "During the preparation of the review, the Inspectors reviewed a number of reports prepared by the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) in recent years containing an important assessment of UNODC and some field agencies. The Inspectors note that, compared to the severe situation in recent years in 2000, UNODC has managed to make some improvements in management.", "Governance", "A. Complex governance arrangements", "UNODC has two main independent governing bodies, namely the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. Figure 1 below reflects the extent and complexity of the Office in the governance framework. In 2007, the UNODC Risk Assessment concluded that there was a high risk in the area of strategic management and governance. [2] The Inspectors are also of the view that governance arrangements are problematic and are affecting the effective functioning of UNODC in carrying out its mandate.", "Policy guidance and mandates come from resolutions or decisions of multiple United Nations agencies. In addition to the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and its two functional commissions, international conventions relating to the field of UNODC work are legally binding entities, such as the three international conventions on drug control, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto, the United Nations Convention against Corruption and the international legal instruments against terrorism in all its forms and manifestations. Other United Nations activities, such as the United Nations Congress, the Millennium Declaration and the Counter-Terrorism Strategy, have further increased the complexity of these tasks. Figure 1.", "Figure 1: UNODC governance framework", "[]", "Governance structures are dispersed for historical reasons. In the 1990s, a number of entities responsible for the implementation of the drug programme and the crime programme were merged to form a unified UNODC, but the two governing bodies (the Commission and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice) and their two trust funds had been closed. Thus, the integrated substantive approach adopted in dealing with drug and crime issues is not reflected in the governance structure and plays a leading role in the policy and normative functions of the two commissions in their respective substantive areas.", "The Commission and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice members, the agenda and the focus points vary. Both are now functioning in parallel with each other. The same work had to be repeated in various forums. For example, UNODC must submit similar submissions and documents to both committees. The interval between the Commission and the main sessions of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (one year) affects the effectiveness of the work of the governing bodies and makes timely responses and follow-up more difficult. In addition, in accordance with the current length of sessions, there is little time to deal with management and administration in part of the operation. Shortly ago, the two commissions raised some objections to the effectiveness of the governance arrangements of UNODC, in particular the oversight of the activities of the Office.", "The Inspectors are aware that the management of UNODC is disappointing and setbacks to the timely and effective guidance provided by the two commissions and their member States. Member States and the Inspectors note with concern the lack of consultation and transparency at all levels of UNODC, and key donor countries and recipient countries have criticized issues such as project design and implementation (initiatives), resource allocation, composition of institutions and personnel, and data and maps used in reporting or publications.", "In 2008, Member States launched an ambitious governance review process to establish an open-ended intergovernmental working group on improving the governance and financial situation of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [3] (hereinafter referred to as “the Working Group on Governance and Finance”). The Inspectors welcome this measure, not only by opening a dialogue between Member States, donors and recipient countries, but also by creating conditions for dialogue with the senior management of UNODC. Member States and UNODC are in-depth knowledge of the difficulties, focus and expectations of others through this approach. The Inspectors are of the view that this forum, if available, will help build confidence in the future.", "The Commission and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice established that the mandate of the Working Group on Governance and Finance would be effective for a period of two years, provided that the activities of the Working Group should be assessed in 2011. [4] In response to the fact that the relevant resolutions do not make precise provisions on this issue, there is a need to discuss and agree on a clear assessment framework. The Working Group on Governance and Finance was mandated to make recommendations to the two commissions on administrative, programmatic and financial issues in various areas within their respective mandates.", "Options for improving governance", "In discussions with Member States and senior management of UNODC, the Inspectors note the general desire of the parties to enhance the coherence and coordination of governance mechanisms to ensure more effective oversight of the activities of the Office. Some respondents proposed the establishment of budgetary and programme mechanisms similar to those of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ) and the Committee for Programme and Coordination (CPC), while others proposed the establishment of the Executive Committee/Programme and Budget Implementation Executive Committee. The purpose of this is to establish effective mechanisms to ensure that the senior management of UNODC and Member States are able to achieve full dialogue and full understanding, to provide oversight for the work of UNODC and its activities, and to link the necessary and adequate resources to achieve its objectives.", "The Inspectors were urged to make specific recommendations for improving the future governance arrangements of UNODC. The Inspectors are of the view that the relevant options could be summarized as follows.", "Option 1: Institutional reform: consolidation of two committees established by the Economic and Social Council", "The idea of consolidating the two commissions can be traced back to the establishment of UNODC by consolidating drug programmes and crime programmes. This option will significantly change the basic structure of the Economic and Social Council, in particular the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, which has been established by the United Nations. The main benefit of this is to harmonize governance mechanisms with the administrative structure and to create conditions for integrated action by Member States in terms of policy guidance, financial responsibility and programmatic decisions. On the other hand, this could also reduce duplication and difficulties resulting from the current two-tier governance framework.", "Many were of the view that this was a fundamental way of resolving the problem, but the Inspectors were aware that institutional reform was driven by the political will of Member States and time-consuming. The revocation of another functional commission of the Economic and Social Council — the Commission on Human Rights, in the name of the Human Rights Council, is an example of the problem. Discussions and consultations on issues relating to mandates, members and other relevant arrangements have been held for several years.", "The Inspectors are of the view that, in the long term, there should be sufficient research on the possibility of dealing with drug issues and crime at the same time as a commission, but this does not address the current governance challenges.", "Option 2: Establishment of an implementing agency", "In addition, the Executive Committee or the Programme and Budget Committee are tasked with overseeing the strategic management, budget and activities of UNODC. The programme proposes the establishment of a permanent governance and oversight mechanism. Other United Nations entities have similar mechanisms, such as the UNDP Executive Board, the WFP Executive Board and the UNHCR Executive Committee.", "However, UNODC is the only United Nations entity with a dual parallel governing body, which poses a challenge to governance. The Inspectors are of the opinion that the relationship between the institution and the two committees mentioned above and its subsidiary relationship should be clearly defined if a board of directors or committees are established. The Inspectors warn that there is a serious shortfall in the programme and that it may add another layer to the current complex governance structure. Investments arising from this mechanism are also underestimated under different terms, particularly when UNODC is experiencing financial difficulties.", "Option 3: Improved institutions: resumed session of the consolidated session", "The reconvened sessions of the Commission and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice have created conditions for Member States to discuss organizational and financial issues related to UNODC. The current practice is to meet in a continuous and separate manner, with the inter-committee meeting being independent and, in practice, during the first half of the year, the agenda and documentation of the Conference are similar.", "The programme recommends that the two commissions jointly convene a resumed session of the session, while adapting or converting the role and responsibilities of the Commission into a robust budgetary and programmatic mechanism. The programme has not only created conditions for cost-saving and streamlining of organizational and service delivery but, to some extent, established a framework for the adoption of an integrated approach to substantive issues.", "The Inspectors are of the opinion that option 3 is now more feasible. The Inspectors believe that this programme, if fully supported by Member States, can build a framework for more coherent, effective and coordinated governance institutions. The Inspectors recommend that the current resumed session be consolidated within three years to test the practical effect of new arrangements and their impact on the governance of UNODC. At that time, Member States can judge whether this arrangement is satisfactory.", "The implementation of the following recommendations is expected to enhance the effectiveness of the UNODC governance arrangements.", "Recommendation 1", "The Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice should jointly convene the resumed session as a unified governing body to provide policy guidance to UNODC and oversee budget and programme activities.", "C. Integrated mission review and prioritization", "As noted by the Secretary-General in his mandate review in 2006, the significant increase in the activities of the United Nations in the areas of drug control, the prevention of transnational crime and countering terrorism has directly affected UNODC, which has an important role in these areas. At the same time, the Secretary-General points out that UNODC is responsible for implementing up to 364 mandates (reporting obligations, preparation of studies, organizational meetings, normative or technical assistance). In addition, the Office serves as the secretariat of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime for the coming 10 years.", "One of the concluding observations that the Inspectors wish to highlight is the positive response to the high number of UNODC mandates. It is surprising that 66 per cent of respondents believe that the magnitude of the mandate of UNODC has had a positive impact on their work and activities. However, the respondents were also of the view that the integration of these missions was far from being completed and that only 25.2 per cent and 20.3 per cent were interviewed for the integration of programme/project design and activities.", "Tables 1 and 2: How the Office's mandate is viewed by UNODC staff (percentage)", "What is the impact of the Office's mandate on your work and activities (drug, crime, etc.)? There was no impact on the negative impact of a positive impact.", "All staff", "International Professional staff", "P-5", "Staff at Headquarters", "Field staff 9 4.2 15.2 7.7", "Has you considered that both drug and crime issues were fully integrated in the design of UNODC programmes and projects?", "To a certain extent, there is no knowledge that", "Total staff 25.2 17.7 16.7", "International Professional staff", "P-5", "Headquarters staff 18.8.201 20.9", "Field staff 295 16.7 13.1", "Is the activities of UNODC in the field of drug, crime and terrorism fully integrated?", "To a certain extent, there is no knowledge that", "Staff of the whole", "International Professional staff", "P-5 and higher-level 25.0 31.3", "Headquarters staff 167 368 24.4 222", "Field staff 22.6.", "Source: JIU survey in 2010.", "The types and sources of funding outlined in chapter III provide a limited predictable income for the programme support and administrative functions of UNODC and cannot guarantee access to funds for operational activities and technical activities approved by the Executive Committee. The risks associated with the implementation of the mandate arise.", "The Inspectors reviewed the note prepared by UNODC at its fifty-first session in 2008 and at the seventeenth session of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice containing information on the implementation of and resource requirements for resolutions and decisions adopted by the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the Commission itself in response to UNODC in the period 2003-2007”. [6] The performance of UNODC in compliance with reporting obligations is good, but the operational mandate and the implementation of technical assistance operations face certain practical difficulties. In the area of crime prevention and criminal justice, 33 per cent of operational and technical assistance mandates were not fully implemented, most of which were said to be due to lack of resources. Of the actions called for by UNODC, 21 per cent were continuing. In the field of drugs, 22 per cent of operational and technical mandates were fully implemented and 37 per cent of the outstanding tasks were not completed, which was also due to budgetary reasons. Thirty-six per cent of the tasks are being implemented. In both areas of drug and crime, the unimplemented mandate is estimated at less than 10 per cent.", "Given the dispersion of governance structures, the mandates and missions entrusted to UNODC must be viewed in an integrated manner. The Inspectors are of the opinion that a comprehensive review of these tasks and missions should be undertaken so that member States of the governing bodies are able to understand the overall situation. In that way, Member States could be informed in depth and provide more effective and wise guidance. The 2008 note provided an important basis for further strengthening, updating and scaling up of content, covering policy guidance institutions.", "On that basis, Member States can once again assess the existing mandates and their relevance and availability of resources. Member States should identify the priorities of those missions and develop integrated approaches to addressing the substantive issues of drug, crime and terrorism. In that way, the Executive Director could adjust the work of UNODC on the basis of a re-recognized framework and allocate resources accordingly, taking into account existing limitations. The Inspectors are of the opinion that this work contributes to enhancing the coherence of the work of the Office. It is ideal that, while doing so, all UNODC departments conduct functional reviews to fully adapt to the priorities identified.", "With regard to other United Nations entities, the Inspectors are of the view that, prior to the adoption of the resolution, Member States should be informed of the financial implications of the relevant resolutions and the capacity of UNODC to meet its operational requirements. In view of the financial situation of UNODC, a clear statement of programme budget implications discussed by the Commission should be systematically provided in parallel with the delegation of authority to the Office for new missions and mandates.", "The implementation of the following recommendations is expected to enhance the effectiveness of UNODC in fulfilling its mandate.", "Recommendation 2", "The Executive Director shall undertake a comprehensive review of all mandates of UNODC, including the resources necessary and resources allocated, and their implementation. On that basis, the Executive Director shall submit to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, as soon as possible, a document on the prioritization of mandates.", "Financial management framework", "The funding mechanism structure of UNODC is decentralized, with resources from the United Nations regular programme budget (section 16, section 22, and United Nations Office at Vienna, paragraphs 1 and 28F) and the two trust funds administered by the relevant committees, the Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme and the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund, respectively. Each fund is divided into unearmarked contributions, earmarked contributions and programme support costs resources. Financial management rules stipulate that the biennial budget budget should separate the funds of the International Drug Control Programme and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund and that the Fund's accounting work should be carried out separately, resulting in this dispersion.", "Definitions", "Article 2 of the Financial Rules of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2008)", "General-purpose funds: “No earmarked voluntary contributions to the Fund of UNODC shall be used to finance parts such as executive direction and management, programme and programme support costs in the biennium budget.”", "Special-purpose funds: earmarked voluntary contributions to UNODC for financing technical cooperation and other activities.”", "Programme support costs: “Supporting the indirect costs recovered by activities financed by voluntary contributions”.", "The difficult financial situation of UNODC has been of concern for many years, and the parties have expressed their views thereon. The financial changes of UNODC are shown in figure 2 and figure 3 below, indicating that the budget framework of the Office is fragmented and the allocation of resources between the Trust Fund (the Drug Control Programme Fund still accounts for more than two thirds of the total budget, but the proportion of the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund has increased significantly).", "In interviews, Member States and UNODC officials agreed that one of the main factors most affected the effectiveness and efficiency of the Office was its financial position. This view was also reflected in the survey. For example, travel, counselling, training, operational costs and contractual services have been cut by the lack of resources in the near future.", "However, since 2004-2006, the total funding of UNODC has increased significantly (to $466.9 million in 2008-2009), an increase of almost 20 per cent. However, the hidden problem behind this positive change may affect the office's functional division and implementation capacity. As the various projects and activities of the Office have surged, the related earmarked contributions have increased, while the total amount of RLF has increased, while no earmarked contributions have decreased.", "Figure 2.", "[]", "Note: A comprehensive data derived from the report of the Board of Auditors (A/63/5/Add.9 and A/65/5/Add.9).", "Figure 3.", "[]", "Note: A comprehensive data derived from the report of the Board of Auditors (A/63/5/Add.9 and A/65/5/Add.9). Prior to 2006-2007, programme support costs were classified as general-purpose funds.", "Financing common functions remains a challenge", "The core functions of UNODC should be funded mainly from regular budget resources and general-purpose funds. With the increase in mandates and the expansion of the network of field agencies, the role and functions of the Office have increased significantly, but human resources and core financial resources have not increased accordingly. Since 2004-2005, the United Nations assessed contributions (regular budget) have increased slightly (27 per cent), but the Inspectors note that the regular budget has declined from 14.3 per cent in 2004-2005 to 8.3 per cent in 2008-2009.", "On the other hand, the total regular budget and general-purpose funds accounted for 36.1 per cent of the financial resources in 2004-2005, which had fallen to 19.1 per cent after four years (including programme support costs). The general-purpose funds of the funds are essential to support common management functions and services, but this funding is substantially reduced. The ratio between general-purpose funds and special-purpose funds has been declining for several years, and no signs of improvement have been observed and there is no concern about the continued development of UNODC.", "The Inspectors note that certain core common functions of UNODC are not supported by assessed contributions (e.g., the Director of Operations, the Chief of the Financial Resources Management Service, the Chief of the Information Technology Section, the Chief of the Strategic Planning Unit, the Spokesperson for UNODC, certain assessment officers, substantive officers in certain sectors, etc.).", "In fact, the Fifth Committee of the General Assembly “relevant about the overall financial situation of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and requests the Secretary-General to submit proposals in his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 to ensure that the Office has adequate resources to carry out its mandate”. [7]", "The Inspectors agree with the views of the Permanent Mission of Member States to Vienna and the senior management of UNODC on the need to increase core resources to ensure basic common functions. This could be achieved by increasing the proportion of United Nations regular budget allocations, or by increasing support for more sustained contributions to general-purpose funds or by using both approaches. Previously, Member States were encouraged to make part of their contributions for general-purpose funds and to ensure that general-purpose funds and special-purpose funds contributions were maintained in a sustained balance, which were not effective.", "In this regard, the Inspectors are of the view that the request by UNODC to increase regular budget resources in the biennium 2012-2013, primarily in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64243 (para. 83), should receive increased attention to ensure that the Office has access to more sustained and predictable resources to maintain the organizational stability of the Office. However, on the assumption that UNODC, based on the mandate review proposed in chapter II (recommendation 2), develops a long-term strategic vision agreed and fully embraced by the parties and, on that basis, clearly define core common functions.", "The implementation of the following recommendations is expected to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of UNODC.", "Recommendation 3", "From the biennium 2012-2013, the General Assembly should utilize regular budget resources to provide financial support for the core functions of UNODC, thereby ensuring that the Office can carry out its mandate in a coherent and sustainable manner.", "Streamlining financial management", "The funding structure includes a cumbersome process for the preparation and submission of the biennial budget, which is due to the fact that the procedures for the budget approved by the governing bodies have not yet been consolidated. In 2008, the Executive Director explained that: “UNODC still prepares and submits two budgets: regular budget submissions to United Nations Headquarters (inclusion of the United Nations programme budget) and voluntary funding budgets to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, the consolidated budget. These two budget documents contain the same information, which is focused on a different basis, but are presented to the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions on two different occasions and submitted to Member States on three different occasions. UNODC has also prepared two separate accounts in accordance with different tables.” [8]", "UNODC must cooperate with two independent trust funds, which are not conducive to enhancing effectiveness. The Commission and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice had discussed the possibility of consolidating the two existing trust funds without drawing concrete conclusions. While the Inspectors are of the view that the consolidated fund can streamline financial management and enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the Office, the Inspectors also recognize that the consolidated premise is that donors are fully trusted in this regard, the Inspectors wish to raise this issue and call for feasibility studies to assess the potential benefits and related difficulties that may arise from this restructuring of the financial architecture. The allocation of drug control programmes and crime prevention programmes within the same fund should be fully transparent and effective in order to eliminate the concerns of Member States.", "The implementation of the following recommendations is expected to enhance the financial management effectiveness of UNODC.", "Recommendation 4", "The Executive Director shall order the study of the feasibility and disadvantage of consolidating the Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme and the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund and submit relevant reports to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (Commission) and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice by the end of 2012.", "C. Work necessary to reduce the strict limitation of funds", "Constrainting the use of funds is a sensitive challenge, sometimes involving political meaning, depending on donor policy. Generally, the limited use of funds would affect planning, sequencing and resource allocation, which would be more so in terms of reduced core resources. The resources provided by donors are often strictly limited to certain specific projects, which are particularly highlighted by UNODC, thus weakening flexibility in the use of resources and prioritization, and the implementation phase may break the tight sequence of priorities. In 2008-2009, special-purpose funding contributions accounted for more than 80.9 per cent of the total funds of the Office. In addition, the strict limitation on the use of funds is partly due to the multiple nature of the Office's mandate, and donors wish to focus their financial support on specific areas of work.", "The Inspectors note with concern that Member States have expressed their willingness to provide funding for the activities of UNODC through contributions to special-purpose funds to carry out its mandate or carry out national projects, but Member States are reluctant to fund the infrastructure of the Office through general-purpose funds. In fact, a representative of the Office warned at the fifty-first session of the Commission that “as general-purpose funds were not sufficient to cover operational activities, UNODC would soon be compelled to refuse extrabudgetary contributions linked to specific projects”. [9] UNODC lacks institutional mechanisms to link special-purpose funding contributions to general-purpose funding contributions. The Inspectors are of the view that financial tensions may persist if they cannot be established and implemented.", "The financial situation of UNODC has, to a certain extent, compelled its efforts to adapt to the trend towards the quantification of funds and to develop projects that could attract funds in the area of “endemic” in order to organize resources. The long-term pressure to find funds is to expand the area of activity and will incorporate a range of substantive areas that are not directly related to its core mandate. The multiple views expressed by the staff of the Office in the survey indicate that such expansion practices are not understood by all employees. Chapter IV sets out thematic and regional programme formulation activities aimed at increasing flexibility through multi-year commitments, while enhancing predictability.", "In interviews, some Member States indicated that the use of strict funding was due to insufficient transparency at all levels within UNODC and that oversight was not considered by Member States. The Inspectors are concerned that certain donors are earmarked for contributions to the Office, but they do not limit the use of funds when contributions are made to other organizations, indicating that there is room for improvement.", "The need for cooperation between donors and UNODC is required to reduce the practice of strictly limiting the use of contributions. The Office should further improve the transparency of the work process and continue to strengthen reporting and information-sharing capacities and make efforts to improve the comfortability of documentation in submitting documents to Member States. Member States should call on donors not to limit the use of funds and, where appropriate, to adopt multi-year commitments through the Commission and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.", "UNODC should adopt in-depth and specific measures to promote accountability at all levels of the Office for the implementation of programmes and the practices of senior management, thereby enhancing donor confidence. First, the Executive Committee (see chapter IV) recognizes the need for specialized mechanisms to monitor the financial situation of the Office more frequently. To that end, the Chief of the Financial Resources Management Service regularly reports to the Directors of the Division. The Inspectors are of the view that this approach could be expanded to serve as an institutional mechanism, similar to that of the Committee on the Distribution of Resources, responsible for reviewing the financial situation, overseeing the strategic order of resource allocation, and determining the order of funding requirements. The establishment of such a commission would also help to increase transparency and enhance donor confidence and thereby reduce the use of contributions.", "The implementation of the following recommendations is expected to enhance the effectiveness and transparency of UNODC.", "Recommendation 5", "The Executive Director should establish a mechanism for cooperation to monitor the financial situation of UNODC and decide on the overall distribution of resources, with the main purpose of enhancing transparency, thereby endeavouring to reduce the use of contributions.", "Further expansion of the donor community financing strategy", "As shown in table 3 below, UNODC donors are divided into five broad categories. The funding provided by such donors accounts for more than two thirds of the total extrabudgetary contributions of the Office, which is higher if the multi-donor trust fund or international financial institutions are based essentially on the same countries. It is positive that this dependency rate has been significantly reduced since 2005, largely due to bilateral contributions to national execution projects, which have been assigned to UNODC. The Inspectors note with satisfaction that contributions from emerging national donors have doubled over the last five years. Such contributions were substantially reduced between 2008 and 2009, but the proportion of the Office's extrabudgetary income exceeded 25 per cent.", "Table 3: Proportion of extrabudgetary contributions by UNODC (2005-2009) (Percentage)", "UNODC donor category, 2006", "Major donors 5.6", "Donors of emerging countries 10.5 31.7212", "United Nations agencies 3.9 5.1 6 3.5 5.4", "Multi-donor trust fund 1,02 2.3", "International financial institutions and intergovernmental organizations", "Private sector 0.4 0.3", "Source: UNODC Annual Report 2006-2010.", "The International Monetary Fund Executive Board had recently been reconfigured to raise quotas for emerging markets and developing countries. The World Bank had previously taken similar action. These changes recognize the increasingly important role that developing countries play in the world economy. The Inspectors are of the view that UNODC should continue its efforts to further expand the donor community to absorb developing countries, in particular developing countries with emerging markets and the private sector.", "The current guidance on financing management [10] does not clarify the strategic approach of UNODC with regard to resource mobilization, but rather focuses on overall policies and procedures. The Inspectors recommend that this document be updated, in particular with additional strategic elements.", "The implementation of the following recommendations is expected to enhance the effectiveness of UNODC.", "Recommendation 6", "The Executive Director should develop financing strategies to further expand the donor community of UNODC.", "Administration", "The main management mechanisms of UNODC include (a) the Executive Committee; (b) the Management Review Committee; (c) the UNODC Senior Staff Conference; and (d) meetings of the divisions. [11]", "The Executive Committee is the primary decision-making forum at the highest level, which is shared by the Vienna Office/UNODC, with members including all heads of the two entities and some other senior officials. The Executive Committee may not be able to accurately recognize the specific problems of UNODC as a senior management committee with limited impact on the Office. The Inspectors analysed the record of the meetings of the Executive Committee in recent years and the monitoring schedule of its decisions, and noted that those meetings were more information-sharing among participants. The Inspectors are of the view that there is a need to strengthen the Executive Committee so that it is more focused on the substantive and strategic management of the particular concern of UNODC (the vision). High-level management should assess whether the current model of the Executive Committee, shared by the Vienna Office/UNODC, could do so or should establish a dedicated mechanism for UNODC.", "In April 2010, the Senior Management Group replaced the Management Review Committee with a limited scope of its work, with a focus on performance management and staff development plans. Discussions on individual performance assessments (e-PAA) are gradually limited to compliance and average ratings. The Inspectors encourage high-level managers to study in depth how personal performance assessments are used within organizations that are unstable in their jobs, making them more effective means of staff management. The former Executive Director also noted with concern that certain regulators did not fully utilize the e-PAA.", "Management challenged by staff", "The administration has improved considerably compared to the decade ago. However, the Inspectors collected a large number of observations indicating that staff were dissatisfaction with the overall management situation of UNODC, in particular certain senior managers, and that the office's staff were low. Figure 4 below shows that, when addressing concerns, frequent references include lack of transparency in decision-making, lack of communication, insufficient encouragement for public discussion, lack of follow-up, management error and so on.", "The Inspectors are of the view that there is an urgent need to pay attention to the overall management situation in order to create a more favourable climate and conditions for enhancing effectiveness. To that end, the senior management of UNODC should ensure institutionalization of mechanisms for dialogue and communication with staff, regular dialogue and communication, and the creation of practical platforms for mutual exchange of views to enable staff to have greater ownership of decisions that directly affect their working conditions and the working environment.", "Figure 4.", "[]", "Source: JIU survey in 2010.", "Institutional reform for 2010", "In April 2010, UNODC initiated institutional reforms, which were not only due to financial difficulties to streamline certain institutions, but also because of previous oversight recommendations indicating duplication, overlap or gaps in substantive or administrative functions, lack of collaboration and internal competition. The guiding principles of the work of the Organization are to promote substantive integration of the topics through the restructuring of the sections established by the Division of Operations and the Division of Treaties.", "In the course of the review by the Inspectors, structural reforms have just been completed and no concluding observations have been made on their merits. However, the Inspectors heard some observations, most of which regretted that the work was not thorough and involved only two of the four UNODC divisions, which had lost the opportunity to further adapt the structure in line with the Office's mandate.", "In addition, staff members expressed concern about the ongoing restructuring of UNODC. Staff members are not always aware of the reasons for institutional reform, nor are they made clear to staff. Some respondents strongly questioned the reasons for administrative changes and noted that, in some cases, those changes gave them the impression that the individual was more than the organizational interest.", "In addition to the review and prioritization of mandates (recommendation 2), the Inspectors also wish to recommend that the Executive Director conduct functional reviews of the divisions, sections, units under the authority of UNODC and adjust them in accordance with the redefined and sequenced framework of activities, including adjustments in human resources and financial resources (as necessary).", "The implementation of the following recommendations is expected to enhance the effectiveness of UNODC.", "Recommendation 7", "The Executive Director should conduct functional reviews of the divisions, sections and units under the authority of UNODC in order to adjust them as part of the proposed re-defined and prioritized framework of action proposed in recommendation 2.", "C. Coherence to effectiveness", "Previous oversight reports indicate that there is a lack of coordination among the various entities of UNODC and sometimes even competing. One of these issues arises because of the creation of a unified office that combines two different sources of origin and cultural entities. Another reason is the financial situation, which depends heavily on voluntary contributions for activities in various sectors.", "Table 4 presents the findings of coordination and cooperation between UNODC divisions/offices and between headquarters and field agencies. In fact, respondents have repeatedly noted that there are problems of collaboration. Table 4 also shows that the views received from different categories of visitors vary widely. The Inspectors note the high level of criticism expressed by international professionals. It is a matter of concern that the assessment of Headquarters staff has always been more criticized compared with feedback from field staff. In addition, UNODC staff are also criticized for the record of responsibility and work procedures, which may affect the effectiveness of the Office's internal work.", "For example, the Inspectors have repeatedly heard complaints about the lack of coordination of fundraising activities, the competition between different sections and the mobilization of resources for their projects, thereby retaining the sector. This appears to lead to the inability of officials to focus on substantive work.", "The Inspectors recommend that UNODC review existing coordination mechanisms and their effectiveness with a view to ascertaining duplication or complexity in the process or identifying practices of trajectory or overlap.", "Table 4.", "Is there sufficient coordination and cooperation between the various UNODC divisions/offices/units?", "To a certain extent, there is no knowledge that", "Staff of the General Assembly", "International Professional staff", "Headquarters staff 14.4 43.2 4.9", "Field staff 23.6 42.0 28.9 5", "Is there sufficient coordination and cooperation between you and Headquarters?", "To a certain extent, there is no knowledge that", "All staff 20.4.03", "7.8 35.0", "Staff at Headquarters 12.3.", "Field staff 25.7", "Does you consider whether the relevant responsibilities and work procedures of the divisions and/or sectors are clear and whether there are any detailed records?", "To a certain extent, there is no knowledge that", "General", "International Professional staff", "Headquarters staff 12.3", "Field staff 24.8", "Source: JIU survey in 2010.", "The Inspectors note that the annual field representation seminar is a good practice, an internal coordination mechanism that includes regional representatives of UNODC, national representatives and officials from multiple departments at Headquarters. In addition to substantive discussions, discussions will also collectively address and discuss a wide range of management and administration issues. Using this opportunity, managers in field agencies can interact directly with managers at Headquarters in collective meetings and bilateral meetings. The Inspectors are of the view that the field representation seminar is a useful forum for both sides to deepen mutual understanding in terms of capacity, limitations, procedures, functions, performance and the sense of disconnect with Headquarters.", "The implementation of the following recommendations is expected to enhance overall coordination within UNODC so as to enhance its effectiveness.", "Recommendation 8", "By the end of 2012, the Executive Director shall undertake a comprehensive review and assessment of coordination mechanisms and procedures within UNODC and take appropriate improvements.", "Strategic planning and results-based management", "Through the medium-term strategy for the period 2008-2011 for UNODC, the Office's strategic planning has been well developed. This strategy complements the relevant programmes in the United Nations strategic framework. [12]", "The ability of the UNODC medium-term strategy to fully address strategic issues, whether it can be used as a strategic management tool, to develop a holistic strategic vision for the Office, has different insights. The Inspectors have heard on a number of occasions the lack of a long-term vision by the Visitors' Review Office and its missions, or at least the absence of a clear message of the vision planning to all sectors and the staff of the whole. Another result of this is the financial support that UNODC has sought in various areas in recent years.", "As shown in figure 5 below, UNODC has launched regional and thematic planning activities in recent years. The current thematic programmes [13] and regional programmes are supported by Member States in order to coordinate a large number of dispersed and sporadic projects and form a range of more strategic and integrated programmes. Through interviews and the review of programming documents, the Inspectors can be felt by strong support within the Office for the restructuring process and further refinement of the process based on lessons learned from the programmes. Some regional programmes and thematic programmes are currently being developed.", "The multiple dimensions and time frames that UNODC must respond in the strategic planning process are outlined in figure 5 below, and it is also evident that there is no sufficient coherence between the planning documents as they are conceptualized and developed.", "Figure 5: UNODC strategic planning", "[]", "The development of thematic programmes and regional programmes has a variety of benefits: (a) strengthening dialogue with Member States, participation by regional actors in the programming phase and in the implementation of the Steering Committee, thereby enhancing the ownership of Member States; (b) potential resource mobilization to reduce the use of funding at the programme level rather than against single projects; (c) undertaking multiple management activities at the programme level to enhance the effectiveness of administrative work; and (d) strengthening the oversight framework and strengthening the accountability system by field and field offices.", "It was also found that there were problems in some areas: (a) the need for UNODC to better manage the transition and diversion of existing projects to programmes; (b) the need for UNODC to respond to cross-cutting programmes and national project coexistence that were developed on a ground-based basis; (c) UNODC must adapt existing overall management and reporting tools to meet fully the requirements for financial and administrative support for a more integrated programme (e.g. reporting, collecting information, monitoring commitments, expenditure, etc.); and (d) the need for UNODC to coordinate the various aspects of programming to develop, develop and support it.", "The Inspectors are of the view that the strategic planning of UNODC is a challenge in this context, owing primarily to the unpredictable nature of resources due to the limited use of funds. However, the Inspectors stress that strategic planning should be based on the sequence of long-term visions and actions (recommendation 2) with a view to achieving expected results. This is particularly important for such organizations as UNODC to avoid donor ownership of programmes and activities. The Inspectors also recommend that an in-depth independent assessment of thematic and regional programme development and implementation be carried out and that the assessment results be presented to the governing bodies.", "The implementation of the following recommendations is expected to enhance the efficiency of UNODC.", "Recommendation 9", "The Executive Director shall prepare an independent assessment report to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice by the end of 2013 and report on programme implementation, impact and lessons learned.", "Results-based management was strongly supported by Member States, but the Inspectors were of the view that UNODC still faces multiple challenges in that regard. The online survey found that the level of knowledge of results-based management among UNODC staff was low and varied between them, as confirmed by interviews with the relevant managers. It is encouraging to note that professional staff are more aware of results-based management, but it should be noted that 36 per cent of Professional staff have indicated that they have not been informed of results-based management goals and expected results. With regard to the role of results-based management in increasing overall performance, the concerns expressed by the respondents in their responses, particularly some senior managers (which certainly respond to only 4.2 per cent). More training on results-based management is urgently needed from the survey response.", "Table 5: How UNODC staff perceive the impact of results-based management on office performance (percentage)", "In your view, if implementation of results-based management improves the overall performance of UNODC?", "To a certain extent, there is no knowledge", "The Executive Board", "International Professional staff 5.6 26.4 32.6", "Senior management (P-5 and higher) 4.2", "Headquarters staff 5.7 24.1 46.1", "Field staff 10.0202.0 50.8", "Source: JIU survey in 2010.", "OIOS previously noted the difficulties of UNODC in planning and results-based management. The Inspectors are of the view that strengthening results-based management within the Office will enhance transparency, strengthen accountability and contribute to a deeper understanding of the activities and achievements of the Office, which will certainly be beneficial to the Office. This approach could increase donor confidence and thus attract more resources. The Inspectors reviewed a number of planning documents and acknowledged progress made in recent years, taking into account certain difficulties in identifying relevant standards for measuring performance in specific drug and crime areas.", "The Inspectors encourage the management and regional representatives of UNODC to continue their efforts to improve the visibility, relevance and quality of indicators. The Inspectors encourage the senior management of the Office to further promote the culture of planning and results-based management and to develop a culture of results-based management for all among staff.", "E. Challenges related to field presences", "Since its inception, UNODC has also received considerable development in terms of the expansion of technical cooperation activities. Figure 6 below shows that the Office's field presences include four categories of entities: (a) regional offices (led by field representatives); (b) country offices (led by field representatives or country heads); (c) programme offices (as appropriate by sector heads or programme coordinators); and (d) advisory bodies. Annex III contains the UNODC field presence map.", "The Inspectors note the efforts of UNODC to promote the normalization of network structures and names of field agencies. In 2010, the Executive Committee adopted a guidance note defining the roles, functions and responsibilities of each entity and its interrelationship with other entities within and outside the Office. However, during the review, it was found that the staff of the Office were clearly not fully aware of the document, even if they were field representatives. To that end, it is necessary to promote this concept note to ensure that field offices comply with the provisions and directives.", "Figure 6: Development of UNODC field presences (2005-2009)", "[]", "Source: Integrated data based on the annual report of UNODC and the information provided by the Office. The countries involved may differ in the specific year.", "The work environment in UNODC field offices is distinct from each day in different countries and the scale and nature of activities are different. The Inspectors wish to highlight the view of the survey respondents that field presences contribute to the Office and its implementation capacity. Nearly six respondents argue that field presences are successful and contribute to enhancing the Office's implementation capacity. Only 5.2 per cent of respondents made counter-actions.", "However, in the course of the review, it was widely felt that the resources and expertise of UNODC field presences were limited. Indeed, field presences rely almost exclusively on extrabudgetary resources, as is the case in the Operations Division. This creates contradictions and uncertainty that may affect the sequence of programmes and the implementation of mandates. Of the field entities, some offices are able to self-sustain themselves (with the responsibility to carry out a large number of projects), while some offices need subsidies (with fewer projects responsible).", "The Inspectors are of the view that UNODC should now re-establish strategic approaches to field presences, based on the prioritization of services (recommendation 2), and reaffirm the principles of their distribution, in particular the strengthening of regional presence institutions and/or country-specific institutions.", "There are a number of problems in the management of field presences. The efficiency and effectiveness of these institutions are closely linked to the leadership and management capacities of field representatives. The Office normally includes one to two international staff members and the rest are local staff. The Inspectors note that the level of field representation in UNODC varies from P-4 to D-1, depending on the scale of its operational activities. The job descriptions of these positions were developed in 1999 and should naturally be updated on the basis of developments in the Office and its field operations. In this regard, the Inspectors note that job descriptions are being developed for heads of field offices and regional offices. The Inspectors also encourage UNODC to continue its leadership and management training courses for field representatives, which will contribute to enhancing the management capacity of the Office's field offices.", "Owing to limited capacity, UNODC relies on UNDP support in the areas of selection and administration of staff in the field, the financial and administrative administration of field offices and the administrative support of projects. The Inspectors heard a number of observations on the slow pace of service delivery for the Office's field offices. It was also recognized that the situation on the ground was a major factor contributing to the instability of the quality of services. In addition, the Inspectors believe that UNODC has its primary responsibility for the smooth functioning of field institutions.", "Most of the staff of field agencies are contracted by UNDP services employed in accordance with its contractual status and policy. They assist in the implementation of the mandate of UNODC, but are not considered to be the staff of the Office. Regulatory issues may arise in the case of various contractual status. This has led to differences among employees, while cumbersome work and procedures for managers, who must respond to the two sets of regulations that are different, sometimes contradictory. There are also differences in the status of staff, benefits, performance assessment systems and judicial procedures. This may ultimately affect the motivation and retention of staff and thus undermine the quality of work.", "The 1997 Memorandum of Understanding provides for the organization of work and services provided in accordance with the Harmonized Value Table, which is usually competitive. The Inspectors are of the opinion that the provisions of the memorandum of understanding for service assessment and conflict resolution mechanisms are too broad. UNODC, in consultation with UNDP, should revise the memorandum of understanding by providing clear performance indicators to ensure a common framework for performance and service assessment. The Inspectors also encourage UNODC to note alternative solutions. In the areas of project management, procurement, human resources and financial management, the Office uses the services provided by UNOPS with comparative advantages. It may also be considered that, in cooperation with the Department of Field Support, certain administrative activities are centrally retained at the central level, where feasible, while carrying out activities throughout the region. In addition, the possibility of sharing the same location with United Nations offices (e.g. in Nairobi or Bangkok) is being studied.", "Generally, field officers are largely supported by Headquarters on programme issues, but administrative support structures and mechanisms have not yet been adapted to respond to this increasingly decentralized situation. UNODC should now establish specific institutions responsible for providing field operational support.", "The implementation of the following recommendations is expected to enhance the effectiveness of UNODC.", "Recommendation 10", "The Executive Director shall consult with the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme as early as possible in order to review and update existing memorandums to supplement the provisions on service assessment.", "Oversight of field activities is a requirement, but this is to some extent hampered by inadequate internal capacity. In recent years, the audit found that, beyond existing checks and balances, there should be enhanced administrative and financial oversight at Headquarters for field offices. The Inspectors note with satisfaction that UNODC has established a new oversight system for performance and efficiency in field operations and was made available at field representation seminars in 2010. Through this approach, UNODC has created conditions for: (a) enhancing overall accountability through transparency and complete record-keeping, assisting the Office in its overall oversight, decision-making and organizational learning; (b) measuring programme performance at all stages of implementation; and (c) promoting organizational learning. The prerequisite for the success of this system is strong support from the parties and full collaboration among all relevant entities (such as the Financial Resources Management Service, the Information Technology Section, the Task Force, the Independent Evaluation Unit, the Strategic Planning Unit, the Common Funding and Partnerships Section, the Quality Control and Oversight Unit).", "Human resources management", "Human resources management remains in line with the United Nations framework. To that end, the Vienna Office/UNODC Human Resources Management Service has limited scope for action in many areas. The human resources action planning cycle shows that, as a subsidiary body of the United Nations Secretariat, UNODC needs to define and assess the goals of the United Nations in many areas. In order to carry out the review, the Inspectors wish to proceed with the analysis of data from a broader perspective and to take into account the positions supported in a manner other than the regular budget.", "As UNODC undertakes two types of activities (normative activities and technical cooperation), the Inspectors wish to draw the attention of the parties that certain United Nations regulations may not be fully applicable to the needs of the Office, particularly given the increase in field presences in the Office. In some respects, the Office appears to be a specialized agency (focused expertise, field presences, rapid response, etc.).", "Most UNODC staff were concerned about the contradictions in terms of job security. The survey confirmed that the impact of the problem on overall performance was very clear and was more prominent in the Professional category. The Inspectors note the efforts made by UNODC in this regard, for example in its work on cost-saving in 2009, which has resulted in a reduction of a very small number of positions. It must be noted, however, that the respondents do not welcome this action and that the practice of UNODC in a similar situation does not establish mechanisms to respond to and mitigate the instability of the work.", "Table 6.", "In your view, to what extent the instability of the work of UNODC has implications for overall performance?", "There are a number of impacts that do not affect too much.", "All staff 3.125 20.4 2.4 1.4", "International Professional staff 5 7.3 16.9 2.8 0.6", "Staff at Headquarters", "Field staff 61", "Source: JIU survey in 2010.", "Human resources issues", "The Inspectors have learned that human resources issues will stimulate debate and discussion among staff of any international organization and create frustration. However, the examples referred to in the interviews and the harsh criticisms learned through the survey show the perception of UNODC staff on the issue of transparency and selection processes, compliance with the regulations and the coherence of implementation; doubts about the preferences of candidates and on fair issues; and gender discrimination. The Inspectors are of the view that, in addressing these issues, it is important that, at all stages, maximum compliance with the regulatory system, transparency and communication, avoid creating frustrations and rhetoric.", "In addition, a number of criticisms point to the poor quality of the services of the Human Resources Management Service, accusing that the sector is not fully oriented. The Inspectors recommend that the Human Resources Management Service take measures to collect feedback from service-specific audiences more frequently, to understand the views of the parties and to make consequent adjustments within their capabilities and resources.", "Figure 7: Human resources issues referred to by UNODC staff", "[]", "Source: JIU survey in 2010.", "Mobility depends on the United Nations policy, and the policy is now being reassessmentd. In that regard, UNODC participated in the voluntary network exchange initiative to enhance staff mobility. The Inspectors are of the view that, while there is a lack of the necessary mobility mechanisms, the increase of rotation among staff at Headquarters and in the field could increase the overall knowledge of the institutions on the basis of more common experience, thereby contributing to the work of the Office. At present, the mobility mechanism is primarily directed at professionals, who believe that the office does not sufficiently encourage such rotation. The Inspectors are of the view that the lack of mobile mechanisms by UNODC is a good opportunity.", "With regard to human resources management and other important issues of concern to staff, the Inspectors recall that, starting in 2009, staff could raise concerns through the United Nations Ombudsman Regional Office in Vienna and explore informal approaches to addressing these issues.", "Staff of UNODC", "Tables 7 and 8 briefly describe the composition of the staff of UNODC. As resources were shared with the Vienna Office, it was difficult to understand clearly the staffing situation of UNODC, the Inspectors would like to address this issue. To this end, data in the tables are extracted from the Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) database and exclude staff from the Division.", "Table 7.", "2005 (%) 2009", "Extrabudgetary resources for regular resources", "Headquarters staff 135 304 159,509 30.8", "Field staff 2 392, 1940 0.5.019", "137 696 161 2449 16.4", "Source: Integrated data based on data provided by UNODC.", "Table 8.", "Percentage 2009", "Extrabudgetary resources for regular resources", "Headquarters staff 135 304 159 509 178", "International Professional staff 70 73 80 95", "General Service 41 55 4", "Individual contractors 12 7 340 - 75.0 474", "Paragraphs Page", "Other (JPO/ associate expert/ volunteers) - 78 - 15 - 808", "Internships - 75 - 225 - 200.0", "Field staff 2 392 1940 0.0 394.9", "International Professional staff 1 671 100", "General Service", "External contractors - 226 - 1290 - 478", "Adviser - 39 - 366 - 838.5", "National Officers - 19 - 27 - 42.1", "Other ( Junior Professional Officers/ associate experts/ternships/ volunteers, etc.) - 14 - 9 - 35.7", "UNDP employee* - 26 - 148 469.2", "Total staff funded from different sources of funding 137 696 161 2449 175 251.9", "Total staff 833 2610 + 213", "Source: Integrated data based on data provided by UNODC.", "While the total number of employees increased, the proportion of positions funded from regular budget resources decreased. The ratio between the regular budget and extrabudgetary resources indicates that the business continuity of UNODC, organizational effectiveness, and the retention of expertise and institutional knowledge are at risk. In 2005, 16.5 per cent of the total number of positions in regular resources (83.5 per cent of positions in extrabudgetary resources) was employed, but the proportion had dropped to 6.1 per cent in 2009. The Inspectors also note that there has been a marked increase in two categories of positions (internships and consultants). At the same time, junior professionals have declined significantly.", "Internship programmes of United Nations entities are beneficial to all relevant parties, such as organizations, supervisors and interns. The Inspectors challenge the growing number of internships at Headquarters, which could lead to unnecessary resources to meet the requirements of UNODC. In this context, it is very difficult to implement policy requirements and to create a good working environment conducive to substantive learning and professional development under appropriate supervision.", "Because of the increase in the programme, contractors and consultants have also increased. For example, the number of field advisers has increased as a multiplier. The Inspectors note with particular concern that, as the Board noted in several reports, the management of consultants contracts on the ground is a challenge.", "C. Gender balance and diversity of staff", "Table 9 shows a significant difference in the proportion of men and women at different levels. The proportion of men and women in the Professional category was slightly improved, with the female ratio of 42.4 per cent in 2009. This improvement is also reflected at the senior level (P-5 and higher), but the majority of these positions (more than three quarters) remain male. At the field level, the proportion of women and men in the field (17.6 per cent for women) is even worse, with an estimated 38 per cent for female consultants. Through interviews and surveys, it was found that there were microwords to the situation, complaining about the fact that UNODC was a “male-led organization”.", "Table 9: Proportion of women and men at the Professional and higher levels of UNODC, 2005 and 2009", "2005 (%) 2009", "Professional staff", "Women 85", "males 126 159,76%", "Senior Professional staff (P-5 and higher)", "Women 1015 16.44 per cent 24.2 per cent", "51,476% males", "Source: Data provided by UNODC.", "The recruitment and promotion of the Professional category has shown positive developments in the proportion of women and men. However, the promotion at the senior level remains male-dominated. The recruitment projections for the next three years at the senior level provided an opportunity for action to increase the representation of women, and the related senior positions were currently occupied by men. The Inspectors urge the Executive Director to seize this opportunity to further promote gender equality among senior managers.", "Table 10: Proportion of women and men at the Professional level 2005-2009 and at the higher level of recruitment and promotion", "Total recruitment (regular budget) 2005-2009", "Professional staff", "Women 10 47.6 per cent", "males 11 52.4 per cent", "The recruitment of senior professional staff (P-5 and higher) is not sufficient to conclude.", "Total promotion (regular budget) 2005-2009", "Professional staff", "Women 316 per cent", "males 173.4 per cent", "Senior Professional staff (P-5 and higher)", "Women 53%", "males 107%", "Source: Data provided by UNODC.", "The implementation of the following recommendations is expected to improve the representation of women and men at the senior level of UNODC.", "Recommendation 11", "The Executive Director should take further measures to improve the representation of women and men at the senior level, including field representatives.", "The diversity of UNODC staff is also noteworthy. Annex II shows that the geographical distribution of professional staff is not sufficient. In 2009, UNODC professional staff came from 68 different countries, but almost one third of them from three of the Western European and Other States Group. A positive medium-term recruitment strategy should be developed to change that situation. The Inspectors reviewed data on recruitment and promotion levels and would like to see more serious and coordinated work on efforts to increase the diversity of recruits and to incorporate candidates from developing countries, including at the senior level.", "The geographical distribution of consultants is also a cause for concern. In 2009, 51 per cent of consultants were from four countries (United Kingdom, Australia, the United States and Canada). The concentration of such personnel reduces the diversity of expertise and experience, leading to inadequate participation and contributions in other regions. The Director of the Division of Treaty Affairs and Operations advocated the recruitment of consultants from more countries, but this was not too significant.", "In view of the special nature of the mandate, UNODC staff must be well placed in many areas, such as trafficking in persons, corruption. The Human Resources Management Service should take measures to enhance its own capacity and proactively seek talent with relevant expertise, with a focus on developing countries. UNODC often uses the new United Nations talent recruitment tool Inspira to support outreach efforts in this regard.", "The implementation of the following recommendations is expected to enhance the geographical balance of the Professional staff of UNODC.", "Recommendation 12", "The Executive Director should develop a clear plan of action to enhance the diversity of professional staff and consultants, in particular to consider more candidates from developing countries.", "D. Lack of training resources and unequal training opportunities", "The training and retraining of staff is strategic to UNODC, taking into account the need for substantial expertise in the legal and technical areas. As shown in figure 7 above, the staff indicated in the survey that training was one of the most interested issues.", "The Inspectors note that the number of staff trained has doubled over the past five years, but the following issues remain of concern:", "(a) Training funds are based on the number of staff funded from regular budget resources and do not take into account the significant shortfall in training resources, funded through other funding modalities. UNODC is actively pursuing creative solutions to increase the number of trainees, but results are limited.", "(b) Access to training is limited and training opportunities in different categories are unequal. Although online courses exist, there is no adequate training opportunities for field staff. At the local level, the status of contracts is also an obstacle. The Inspectors are of the view that this may result in significant overall risk due to the lack of adequate regular training for staff responsible for key business processes or services. Because of the lack of financial resources, there is little hope to start training courses at the grass-roots level. To that end, field staff often experience a process of “green-learning”.", "(c) As noted above, UNODC must have specific skills and capacities to provide adequate training, in particular by upgrading substantive skills and technical skills, and enhancing the professional effectiveness of UNODC. In this regard, the Inspectors draw the attention of the parties to the fact that only 27 per cent of respondents in the Professional category indicated that they were adequately trained in the survey. In addition, the Inspectors are of the view that it is necessary to develop basic training courses for all mandates of UNODC and to deepen the overall knowledge and knowledge of the agencies.", "Oversight", "Oversight framework", "The monitoring framework and governance arrangements are shown in figure 1 of the present report. As a subsidiary body of the United Nations Secretariat, UNODC receives internal oversight from the United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS). OIOS assumes auditing, assessment, inspection and investigation functions to identify audit or inspection/monitoring tasks based on risk, and has made a number of reports in all areas.", "The 1999 Memorandum of Understanding provided for audit arrangements (financing and planning, etc.). The Inspectors agree with the Board's recommendation that this agreement be updated and revised. The Inspectors are of the opinion that these arrangements do not fully take into account the expansion of field presences over the past 10 years and the development of UNODC mandates. Preliminary measures have been taken in this regard.", "With regard to the assessment, in addition to the inspection of the oversight and assessment system of UNODC shortly before, the Inspectors were informed that OIOS plans to conduct a comprehensive programme assessment of the Office over the next two years. Based on available resources, a similar assessment of UNODC may not be carried out in the next 10 years. In violation of the eight-year cycle, OIOS considers eight years to be a fully and reasonable cycle within the United Nations.", "The Joint Inspection Unit conducts independent external oversight of UNODC as a participating agency. The Unit will annually request follow-up information on the recommendations contained in its reports and notes, and the Inspectors appreciate UNODC's compliance with this request and the timely feedback. The Inspectors support the Working Group on Governance and Finance's request that “the summaries of the relevant reports of the Unit and relevant OIOS reports should also be submitted to the Committee”. [14] The Inspectors are of the view that this would help to strengthen oversight, bearing in mind that the General Assembly's consideration of the JIU report and the resulting actions are in principle applicable to UNODC.", "With regard to reports and notes issued by the Unit between 2004 and 2009, UNODC accepted 40 per cent of the recommendations. The implementation phase of these recommendations is very satisfactory and more than 90 per cent of the recommendations have been implemented or are being implemented. The relatively low percentage of the recommendations is due to the system-wide coverage of the JIU report, and the many recommendations contained therein relate to policy and guidelines developed and implemented by the United Nations and the Secretariat, while the freedom to act in this regard is limited.", "The Board audited the consolidated financial statements of UNODC for the bienniums and reviewed the operational situation for calendar years. The Board of Auditors has made unqualified audit observations in 2006-2007 and 2008-2009, while noting a number of issues that UNODC needs to pay attention. The Inspectors urge UNODC to take appropriate measures to implement the recommendations made by the Board of Auditors in its previous report and not fully implemented.", "The Inspectors also note that the implementation of the recommendations accepted by UNODC is currently lacking in the oversight system and internal and external oversight. The Inspectors are of the view that there is an urgent need for a monitoring system.", "The implementation of the following recommendations is expected to enhance the accountability and performance of UNODC.", "Recommendation 13", "The Executive Director shall take measures to establish a level of internal oversight mechanisms by the end of 2011 to review the implementation of the recommendations of the relevant oversight bodies.", "Enhanced overall assessment capacity", "During the review period, while Member States and UNODC attach great importance to independent evaluation units in recent years, the assessment function of the Office is not sufficient to persuade Member States and the donor trust office to assess their performance. The Inspectors are of the view that the ability of UNODC to measure and express its effectiveness and efficiency in programme implementation and related programme outcomes is of paramount importance to the Office, which is a priority. In addition, the Independent Evaluation Unit has a role to play on many important issues, such as accountability within the Office, learning mechanisms and strengthening project/programme development.", "The independence of the evaluation function resulting from the previous structure and the subordinate arrangement was addressed under the leadership of the Executive Director in the organizational structure of UNODC. The Inspectors wish to highlight the need for further promotion of a culture of assessment as a shared responsibility: (a) Member States must provide adequate resources and exercise oversight responsibilities, particularly to monitor how management uses assessment funds. The representatives of Member States made clear requests that, while submitting the assessment reports to senior management of UNODC, the assessment reports should be directly circulated to the governing bodies, the Inspectors support the request, which represents a commitment; (b) that the senior management of UNODC should create conditions for improving overall assessment capacity and establish mechanisms to ensure that evaluation findings and lessons learned are absorbed in future programme and project cycles; (c) that the evaluation sector should provide high-quality assessment reports in compliance with professional norms and standards, thereby enhancing its credibility, demonstrating its value; and (d) that the attitude of staff at all levels of UNODC (Managed management, project managers, substantive officers) should be assessed and supportive of the opening work.", "Other issues", "International Narcotics Control Board", "The International Narcotics Control Board (ICC) is an independent quasi-judicial oversight body that oversees the implementation of the three United Nations Convention on the Control of Nationality Drugs (1961), the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971) and the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988). The Board was established in 1968 in accordance with the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, which was previously established in accordance with previous drug control treaties and could be traced to the time of the International Alliance.", "The Board played a key role in the international community's efforts to combat illicit drugs. With the assistance of the Secretariat, the Board exercises the functions of treaty bodies. The secretariat of the Board is the administrative entity attached to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, but is accountable to the Board only on substantive issues. To maintain independence, the secretariat of the Board uses the resources of the United Nations regular budget.", "The Inspectors are of the view that strengthening mutual understanding and cooperation between UNODC and the secretariat of the Board can ensure the smooth functioning of the Board. In fact, both sides have indicated the need to improve the relationship between them, noting that there are some difficulties in budgetary resources and management, staff recruitment, procurement and administrative support.", "The reporting relationship of the Secretary of the Board in the organizational structure of UNODC (D-1) raises concern, and the Secretary of the Board is subject to the leadership of the Director of the Division for Treaty Affairs rather than to the direct hearing of the Executive Director. The Inspectors have consulted Economic and Social Council resolution 1991/48, adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 46/104, concerning administrative arrangements between the secretariat of the Board and the International Drug Control Programme (UNODC). The resolution stipulates that “the Secretary of the Board shall be appointed or appointed by the Secretary-General in consultation with the Board.” The Secretary of the Board shall accept instructions from the Board in all substantive matters and shall accept instructions from the Executive Director in other matters. In accordance with that resolution, the Inspectors are of the opinion that the Board and its secretariat should maintain the independence of the Board and its secretariat and that the secretariat of the Board should follow directly to the leadership of the Executive Director.", "The implementation of the following recommendations is expected to enhance the accountability and performance of the Board secretariat.", "Recommendation 14", "The Executive Director shall, as early as possible, change the existing reporting lines of the Board Secretary and place this position directly under the leadership of the Executive Director in the organizational structure.", "Organization of the Vienna Office/UNODC", "The existing organizational bodies of the United Nations Office at Vienna with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime are set out in documents ST/SGB/2004/5 and ST/SGB/2004/6, respectively. Its main feature is that the Vienna Office and UNODC, as two independent entities, have a management division, which serves both parties and other United Nations entities in Vienna. The core functions of the Division are divided into two bodies.", "While the relevant arrangements were satisfactory at the actual level of work, the Inspectors did not object to this, it should be noted that the Board had raised administrative services such as financial management in 2010, noting that it was difficult to separate the staff of the Office in Vienna from UNODC and related expenditures. [15] For example, this has resulted in difficulties in identifying and estimating the management expenditure of UNODC. In the course of the review, the Inspectors were encountering difficulties in collecting data only involving UNODC staff.", "Figure 8 below provides an overview of the activities of the Division of Management in support of UNODC in a number of ways.", "Figure 8: Evaluation by UNODC staff of the services provided by the Division", "Source: JIU survey in 2010.", "C. Information and communications technology services", "The Vienna Office/UNODC Information Technology Section, in its internal reputation within the United Nations, has shown that this has been confirmed by numerous user satisfaction surveys. However, during the period under review, some were of the view that the Information Technology Section could focus more on providing timely and quality support services to multiple UNODC departments.", "In addition to providing support services, the Information Technology Section is also in the areas covered by the UNODC programme, such as money-laundering and financial crime, and the development of software applications for external clients of national Governments who are key in the commercial market. These substantive services are considered technical cooperation activities based on cost recovery and require compliance with service agreements. UNODC noted that “the use of advanced information technology solutions and communications infrastructure significantly enhances the capacity of Member States to effectively perform their tasks in the areas of drug control, statistical reporting and monitoring, criminal justice reform, countering money-laundering and prohibiting terrorism financing”. The Inspectors do not doubt the value added of these activities to Member States, but the Inspectors wish to emphasize that they should be fully coordinated with other entities of UNODC in carrying out those activities. For example, the Inspectors stress that UNODC field representatives should be aware of and involved in all technical cooperation activities undertaken by the Information Technology Section in support of national Governments in the region.", "Investigation focus", "UNODC headquarters and field staff participated in the online survey in May and June 2010 to assist the Inspectors in their review. Links to the online survey draw on the UNODC information management system, which is collected and processed confidentially by the Inspectors. The proportion of participation can explain the problem, and it can be statistically based on the views of staff in certain categories, particularly in Vienna. Based on the combination and filtering of data in the different categories of staff and in different locations, it was concluded that the text of the present report had been incorporated.", "Table 11: Participation of JIU surveys in 2010 by region", "Participation rate of respondents", "Vienna Headquarters 464 269,58 per cent", "Field* 1350 368 27.3 per cent", "Total 1814,665** 36.7 per cent", "* Including all staff members outside Headquarters **", "In its analysis of responses, the Inspectors found the following points: (a) an assessment of international professional staff was often more severe; (b) the number of senior managers (at the P-5 level) showed alarming demands on their areas responsible, noting that there was no transparency in the implementation of regulations and management decision-making and did not fully encourage public discussion; and (c) that there were certain differences between Headquarters staff and field employees.", "The Inspectors have made 1,526 observations on the numerous management and administration issues of UNODC through the collection of views and proposals from article 584 on open issues. The Inspectors analysed the content of these observations and use a number of headings for classification, as shown in figure 9. In addition, if the views of the staff relate to specific issues, they are included in the text of the report.", "The Inspectors recommend that regular staff surveys be conducted within UNODC. On the one hand, the staff of the Office expressed their active support for such initiatives; on the other, the senior management of the Office would benefit from feedback from various categories of staff.", "Figure 9", "[]", "Source: JIU survey in 2010.", "Key aspects of human resources management training, career development, contractual status guarantees, workforce diversity, recruitment, mobility, institutional knowledge, working conditions", "Administration transparency, senior management, performance management, strategic planning and results-based management practices, exchange of experiences", "Organizational structure", "Administrative Services Management Service quality feedback, human resources to the Management Service, procurement services, relationship with UNDP, in particular Headquarters support for the field", "Financial framework, financial management, financial resources,", "Legal framework, management arrangements, mandates of the Office, regulations and regulations", "Oversight of field offices, assessment, oversight of field offices", "Other issues, security, transport, project management, general comments", "Annex 15", "Annex", "Annex I: chart of the organizational structure of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (as of April 2010, source: UNODC)", "[]", "Annex II: Geographical distribution of professional and higher-level staff in the country of origin (as of December 2009)", "Nationality", "Germany 196.9 per cent Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,04 per cent", "United States of America 176.2 per cent Botswana 1,04 per cent", "Canada 141% Côte d'Ivoire 1,04 per cent", "France 13.7 per cent", "United Kingdom 1347 per cent", "Austria 114.0 per cent", "Spain 9 3.3% Ghana 1,04 per cent", "India 89% Honduras 1,04%", "Denmark 72.5% Indonesia 1,04%", "Japan 72.5%", "Brazil 62 per cent", "Australia 58% Israel 1,04 per cent", "Belgium 5.8 per cent Kyrgyzstan 1,04 per cent", "South Africa 58% Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 1,04 per cent", "Egypt 44% Mali 1,04%", "Greece 41.4 per cent Malta 0.4 per cent", "New Zealand 41.4 per cent Mexico", "Norway 44% Mongolia 1,04%", "Sweden 41.4 per cent Morocco 1,04%", "Uzbekistan 41.4 per cent Myanmar 1,04%", "Argentina 31% Namibia 1,04 per cent", "Cameroon 31% Paraguay 1,04%", "Finland 31%", "Kazakhstan 31% Poland 1,04 per cent", "Kenya 31% Portugal 1,04 per cent", "Netherlands 31% Qatar 1,04 per cent", "Turkey 31%", "Azerbaijan 20.7%", "Bolivia 20.7% Russian Federation 1,04 per cent", "Bulgaria 2 0.7 per cent Senegal 1,04 per cent", "China 20.7% Seychelles 1,04 per cent", "Iran 2 0.7 per cent Slovakia 1,04 per cent", "Jamaica 2 0.7 per cent Switzerland 1,04 per cent", "Latvia 2 0.7 per cent of Thailand 1,04 per cent", "Lebanon 20.7% Turkmenistan 1,04%", "Mauritius 20.7% Uganda 1,04 per cent", "Pakistan 20.7% Uruguay 1,04 per cent", "Algeria 1,04%", "Bangladesh 1,04 per cent Zimbabwe 1,04 per cent", "Barbados 1,0.4 per cent", "Source: Data provided by UNODC.", "Annex 15", "Annex III: UNODC field presence in 2010 (source: UNODC annual report for 2010)", "Regional offices (10) Country offices (9) liaison offices (2) Brazil and Southern Common Market countries Afghanistan, New York", "Central Asian States of Bolivia", "East Africa Colombia", "Middle East and North Africa Iran", "Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean", "Peru, Plurinational State of Bolivia and Ecuador", "South Asia", "Pakistan in Southern Africa", "West and Central Africa Viet Nam", "Eastern and Pacific Regional Centre", "Programme Office (32)", "The Regional Programme Office of Panama, the Regional Programme Office for South-East Europe, the subregional programme office of the United Arab Emirates (for Gulf countries) and the subregional programme offices as follows: Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Albania, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, Guatemala, Indonesia, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Republic of Moldova, Nepal, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Qatar, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Somalia, Sudan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan.", "[]", "Annex 15", "Annex IV", "Overview of actions taken by participating organizations in accordance with the recommendations of the Joint Inspection Unit", "JIU/REP/2009/10", "[TABLE]", "Figure I: L: Recommendation E for decision by legislative bodies: recommendations for action by executive heads: recommendations that do not require action by relevant organizations", "Expected impact:a: enhanced accountability b: dissemination of best practices c: enhanced coordination and cooperation d: enhanced controls and compliance e: enhanced effectiveness f: significant financial savings g: efficiency o: other", "* In addition to UNCTAD, UNODC, UNEP, UN-Habitat, UNHCR and UNRWA, all entities listed in ST/SGB/2002/11.", "See A/51/950, paras.", "[2] See OIOS report AE2007/361/0.", "[3] Commission on Narcotic Drugs decision 51/1 and Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice decision 17/2.", "[4] See Commission resolution 52/13, Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice resolution 18/3 and Economic and Social Council decision 2009/251.", "[5] A/60/733, report of the Secretary-General, “Development and implementation of mandates: analysis and recommendations to facilitate the review of mandates”.", "[6] See E/CN.7/2008/13 and E/CN.15/2008/18.", "[7] A/64/548/Add.1, para.", "[8] See E/CN.7/2008/11-E/CN.15/2008/15.", "[9] E/2008/28-E/CN.7/2008/15.", "[10] UNODC/MI/6/Rev.1.", "[11] See UNOMIGV/DGB.13/Rev.1-ODCCP/EDB.13/Rev.1, June 2002.", "[12] The strategy for the period 2008-2011 for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, E/CN.7/2007/14-E/CN.15/2007/5, Economic and Social Council resolutions 2007/12 and 2007/19.", "[13] As of December 2010, thematic programmes include: (a) action to combat corruption and economic crimes; (b) crime prevention and criminal justice reform; (c) vulnerability to health and human development in the context of drug and crime issues; (d) science and forensic services; (e) prevention of terrorism; (f) research and trend analysis; and (g) organized crime and illicit trafficking (including trafficking in persons, smuggling, money-laundering and firearms).", "See E/CN.15/2009/21.", "[15] See A/63/5/Add.9, Financial report and audited financial statements." ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目112(a)", "选举各附属机构成员以补 空缺，并进行其他选举", "选举七个方案和协调委员会成员", "秘书长的说明", "增编", "1. 经济及社会理事会在2009年7月27日第2009/201 D号决定中，推迟供大会选举的一个西欧和其他国家成员的提名，任期自2010年1月1日起，为期三年。", "2. 在2011年4月27日第10次全体会议上，经济及社会理事会提名法国供大会选举，以填补委员会的一个待填补的空缺，任期自选出之日始，至2012年12月31日止(见理事会第2011/201 B号决定)。", "3. 在同次会议上，理事会进一步推迟三个西欧和其他国家成员的提名，任期自大会选出之日始，至2011年12月31日止，并推迟一个亚洲国家成员的提名，任期自大会选出之日始，至2013 年12 月31 日止。" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 112 (a)", "Elections to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other elections", "Election of seven members of the Committee for Programme and Coordination", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "1. By its decision 2009/201 D of 27 July 2009, the Economic and Social Council postponed the nomination of one member from Western European and other States for election by the General Assembly for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2010.", "2. At its 10th plenary meeting, on 27 April 2011, the Economic and Social Council nominated France for election by the General Assembly to fill the outstanding vacancy on the Committee for a term beginning on the date of election and expiring on 31 December 2012 (see Council decision 2011/201 B).", "3. At the same meeting, the Council further postponed the nomination of three members from Western European and other States for terms beginning on the date of election by the General Assembly and expiring on 31 December 2011 and one member from Asian States for a term beginning on the date of election by the General Assembly and expiring on 31 December 2013." ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 112 (a)", "Elections to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other elections", "Election of seven members of the Committee for Programme and Coordination", "Note by the Secretariat", "Addendum", "In its decision 2009/201 D of 27 July 2009, the Economic and Social Council postponed the nomination of one member from Western European and other States for election by the General Assembly for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2010.", "At its 10th plenary meeting, on 27 April 2011, the Economic and Social Council nominated France for election by the General Assembly to fill a vacancy to be filled by the Commission for a term beginning on the date of election and expiring on 31 December 2012 (see Council decision 2011/201 B).", "At the same meeting, the Council further postponed the nomination of three members from Western European and other States for a term beginning on the date of election by the General Assembly, expiring on 31 December 2011, and postponed the nomination of one member from Asian States for a term beginning on the date of election by the Assembly until 31 December 2013." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "请求在大会第六十六届会议议程内列入一个补充项目", "亚洲政党国际会议在大会的观察员地位", "2011年8月10日柬埔寨、日本、尼泊尔、菲律宾、大韩民国和越南常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "我等下列签署人谨根据大会议事规则第14条请求在大会第六十六届会议议程内列入一个题为“亚洲政党国际会议在大会的观察员地位”的补充项目。", "亚洲政党国际会议于2000年9月在马尼拉发起，目的是在亚洲主流执政党和反对党间建立政治合作的桥梁和互惠互利的网络。在第一个十年间，亚洲政党国际会议的成员数和影响力稳步增长。截至2011年5月，亚洲政党国际会议的成员数已达到亚洲52个国家和1个领土内的340多个符合资格的政党。在2008年与拉丁美洲和加勒比政党常设会议建立兄弟般的联系与合作后，亚洲政党国际会议还一直努力与其他各大洲特别是非洲的政党拓展联系。", "到目前为止，亚洲政党国际会议已举行了六次大会——地点分别在马尼拉(2000年)、曼谷(2002年)、北京(2004年)、首尔(2006年)、阿斯塔纳(2009年)、金边(2010年)。这些大会汇集了亚洲大陆最杰出的政治领导人，以寻找在一个更加和平、更加民主和更加繁荣的亚洲共存的途径。由18个国家的18个主要政党组成的常设委员会自2004年以来每年至少举行两次会议。亚洲政党国际会议自2008年以来还组织了数次特别会议，讨论亚洲的关键问题——例如最大限度地减少政治腐败(2008年，首尔)、加强国家能力(2009年，加德满都)、减轻大规模贫穷(2010年，昆明)和应对自然灾害(2011年，吉隆坡)。", "亚洲政党国际会议自成立以来，一直是联合国及其活动的坚定支持者。于2006年9月通过的该组织章程的序言第一段宣明亚洲政党国际会议明确恪守《联合国宪章》各项原则和目标。参加2010年12月在金边举行的第六次大会的政党代表一致通过了一项宣言，支持争取在联合国大会的观察员地位的努力。亚洲政党国际会议还与联合国其他会员国政府向着同一个目标的联合举措进行协调。", "我们相信，亚洲政党国际会议能够在建立联合国与亚洲以及今后与拉丁美洲和非洲这三个新兴民主国家大洲的政党间的合作方面发挥重大作用，途径包括汇集并向联合国系统传递富有多样性的各国人民在地方、国家和大陆等所有层面政治辩论和讨论中表达的意见，促进人们对在联合国达成的国际协定的认识、赞同和支持，以及就联合国为应对关键的全球性挑战而采取的行动建立国际共识。此外，亚洲政党国际会议可以为新兴民主国家的政党提供支持，并提高其能力，以便在地方和国家一级就需在联合国开展国际合作的事项履行立法和监督职能。", "附上关于该项目的解释性备忘录(附件一)和决议草案(附件二)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会文件分发为荷。", "柬埔寨王国常驻联合国代表 日本常驻联合国代表 \n 西谷沙(签名) 西田恒夫(签名) \n尼泊尔联邦民主共和国常驻联合国代表\t菲律宾共和国常驻联合国代表\n 吉安·钱德拉·阿查里亚(签名) 利夫兰·卡瓦克图兰(签名) \n大韩民国常驻联合国代表\t越南社会主义共和国常驻联合国代表\n 金塾(签名) 黎怀忠(签名)", "附件一", "解释性备忘录", "历史背景", "亚洲政党国际会议由亚洲46个政党领导人于2000年9月在马尼拉发起，目的是在亚洲主流执政党和反对党间建立政治合作的桥梁和互惠互利的网络。在第一个十年间，亚洲政党国际会议的成员数和影响力稳步增长。截至2011年5月底，国际会议的成员数已达到亚洲52个国家和1个领土内的340多个符合资格的政党。", "到目前为止，亚洲政党国际会议已成功举行了六次大会，地点分别在马尼拉(2000年)、曼谷(2002年)、北京(2004年)、首尔(2006年)、阿斯塔纳(2009年)、金边(2010年)。这些大会汇集了该区域的政治领导人，以交流意见，相互沟通，并且有助于加强亚洲国家之间的团结，推动亚洲朝着稳定和繁荣的道路前进。", "由18个国家的18个主要政党组成的亚洲政党国际会议常设委员会自2004年以来每年至少举行两次会议。亚洲政党国际会议自2008年5月以来还每年组织特别会议，讨论亚洲的关键问题——例如最大限度地减少政治腐败、加强国家能力、减轻大规模贫穷和有效应对自然灾害。", "宗旨", "于2006年9月举行的第四次大会通过的《亚洲政党国际会议章程》第1条规定亚洲政党国际会议的目标如下：", "(a) 促进亚洲各种意识形态政党之间的交流和合作；", "(b) 加强本区域各国人民和各国之间的相互了解和信任；", "(c) 通过政党的独特作用和渠道促进区域合作；", "(d) 为本区域持久和平与共同繁荣创造环境。", "组织结构", "成员", "《亚洲政党国际会议章程》第2条规定，亚洲政党国际会议“应对所在国家为联合国会员国且在各自国家的议会中有民选议员的亚洲各政党开放”。2006年6月常设委员会第五次会议商定，向巴勒斯坦民族权力机构中的各政党发出邀请，以努力使亚洲政党国际会议的活动更具包容性和更能代表在该区域存在的多样性。2008年11月常设委员会第八次会议进一步商定，对受邀参加亚洲政党国际会议今后活动的亚洲政党适用两项资格标准：(1) 政党在其议会选举产生的议席中占1%以上；(2) 经国家选举委员会核证和确认，政党在最近的议会选举中赢得超过1%的选票。", "根据这些标准，截至2011年5月底在亚洲52个国家和1个领土中有341个政党有资格参加亚洲政党国际会议的活动。", "大会", "根据《亚洲政党国际会议章程》第4条，每两年在成员间轮流举行一次大会，除非常设委员会另有决定。原则上，大会在下半年举行，为期三个工作日，由开幕会议、全体会议和专题委员会会议、常设委员会批准的特定主题特别研讨会和闭幕会议组成。", "常设委员会", "根据《亚洲政党国际会议章程》第9和10条，成立了一个由18个国家的18个成员的代表组成的常设委员会。常设委员会成员任期为两年，从一次大会结束时开始到下一次大会结束时为止。常设委员会负责就组织亚洲政党国际会议的各种会议包括大会和特别会议的问题以及关于亚洲政党国际会议其他活动和方案的其他问题作出决定和规定程序。", "目前，常设委员会由18个国家的18个主要政党的代表组成，这些国家代表亚洲不同次区域，即中亚、东北亚、南亚、东南亚、西亚和大洋洲，委员会自2004年以来每年举行两次以上会议。", "秘书处", "根据2009年3月常设委员会第10次会议一致作出并经2009年9月第5次大会认可的决定，亚洲政党国际会议常设秘书处在首尔成立。", "《亚洲政党国际会议章程》第12条规定，秘书处履行的职能除其他外包括(1) 维护和更新政党名单和官方网站；(2) 为亚洲政党国际会议的成员提供必要的信息和协助；(3) 与其他国际或区域组织建立联系，促进合作。", "经费筹措", "《亚洲政党国际会议章程》第8条规定，主办大会的政党应承担大会的主要费用。主要费用包括后勤安排，即会议设施、国内交通等。主要费用应不包括往返大会举办地的国际交通费用等。为举行大会的目的，主办大会的政党可寻求亚洲政党国际会议和其他组织的成员提供自愿捐助。", "亚洲政党国际会议的活动，即大会、常设委员会会议和特别会议，原则上由主办此类活动的政党提供经费，主办方通常负担组织会议的费用和为参加会议的政党数量有限的代表提供最低限度的当地住宿。", "2009年3月常设委员会第10次会议商定，履行亚洲政党国际会议秘书处职能的预算和人员最初应由东道国提供。会议还商定，常设委员会将继续讨论有关秘书处的预算和人员的问题。2010年以来，汉城的韩国国际交流财团提供资金，支持秘书处的一部分活动。其他行政预算，包括办公室维护和人事费用，由私人捐款负担。", "活动", "大会", "到目前为止，亚洲政党国际会议已经举行6次大会。第一次于2000年9月在马尼拉举行，来自26个国家的46个政党的代表参加，第二次于2002年11月在曼谷举行，来自35个国家的77个政党参加，第三次于2004年9月在北京举行，来自35个国家的81个政党参加，第四次于2006年9月在首尔举行，来自36个国家的92个政党参加，第五次于2009年9月在阿斯塔纳举行，来自33个国家的63个政党参加，第六次于2010年12月在金边举行，来自36个国家的90个政党参加。", "这些大会汇集了亚洲大陆最杰出的政治领导人，以寻找在一个更加和平、更加民主和更加繁荣的亚洲共存的途径。", "特别会议", "还召开了亚洲政党国际会议成员的特别会议和研讨会，讨论该区域面临的主要挑战，诸如预防政治腐败、加强国家能力、减轻贫穷和应对自然灾害。亚洲政党国际会议正在准备于2011年9月在中国主办另一次特别会议，讨论与减轻贫穷有关的问题。", "与其他组织的关系", "最近，亚洲政党国际会议一直试图拓展与世界其他区域的联系。2009年7月在布宜诺斯艾利斯与拉丁美洲和加勒比政党常设会议成功举行了第一次联席会议。在与拉丁美洲和加勒比政党常设会议建立兄弟般的联系和合作后，亚洲政党国际会议一直努力与拉丁美洲和加勒比政党常设会议协调，拓展与非洲政党的联系，以期在不久的将来组织亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲政党的第一次三方会议。", "在这方面，亚洲政党国际会议不仅将在亚洲建立一个亚洲共同体的必然运动中，而且将在建立一个更加和平和繁荣的世界的全球努力中，发挥关键和持续作用。", "亚洲政党国际会议的特点", "虽然亚洲政党国际会议本身不是一个政府间组织，但联合国会员国应考虑到其法律地位方面的以下几点：", "(a) 亚洲政党国际会议在性质上是独一无二的，因为它向所有政党开放，无论其政治倾向如何；", "(b) 参加亚洲政党国际会议活动的政党或者负责组建各自国家的政府和决定其大部分政策，或者有资格组建未来的政府，这取决于选举的结果；", "(c) 亚洲政党国际会议还将其在地方、国家和大陆各级的政治辩论结果送交联合国系统，比如在举行关于千年发展目标问题的大会高级别全体会议前两个月，提交了2010年7月亚洲政党国际会议特别会议在昆明通过的《关于扶贫事业的昆明倡议》；", "(d) 此外，近年来，亚洲政党国际会议与其他区域即拉丁美洲和非洲的政党密切合作，以期形成政党的全球论坛，并且在拉丁美洲，亚洲政党国际会议一直与拉丁美洲和加勒比政党常设会议举行年度联合会议，以协调其增进联合国目标的活动。", "寻求亚洲政党国际会议观察员地位的原因", "亚洲政党国际会议自成立以来，一直是联合国及其活动的坚定支持者。于2006年9月通过的《亚洲政党国际会议章程》序言第一段宣明亚洲政党国际会议明确恪守《联合国宪章》各项原则和目标。参加2010年12月在金边举行的第六次大会的政党代表一致通过了一项宣言，支持亚洲政党国际会议争取在联合国大会的观察员地位的努力。", "亚洲政党国际会议不仅将在亚洲建立一个亚洲共同体的必然运动中，而且将在建立一个更加和平和繁荣的世界的全球努力中，发挥关键和持续作用。", "亚洲政党国际会议还能在建立联合国与亚洲以及拉丁美洲和非洲这三个新兴民主国家大洲的政党间的合作方面发挥重大作用，领域包括：", "(a) 汇集并向联合国系统传递富有多样性的亚洲各国人民在地方、国家和大陆等所有层面政治辩论和讨论中表达的意见；", "(b) 促进普通民众对在联合国和通过联合国方案达成的国际协定的认识、赞同和支持；", "(c) 就联合国为应对关键的全球性挑战而采取的行动建立国际共识；", "(d) 为新兴民主国家的政党提供支持——提高其能力，以便在地方和国家一级就需在联合国开展国际合作的事项履行立法和监督职能。", "此外，联合国秘书长一直发送录像致词给亚洲政党国际会议的所有主要方案，包括分别在阿斯塔纳和金边举行的第5和6次大会开幕会议以及亚洲政党国际会议在昆明举行的扶贫特别会议，并为各次会议主要议题的审议提供了宝贵意见和指导。", "关于亚洲政党国际会议的更详细信息，包括秘书处地址、常设委员会主席团成员和成员，见其网站www.theicapp.org。", "附件二", "决议草案", "给予亚洲政党国际会议大会观察员地位", "大会，", "希望促进联合国与亚洲政党国际会议之间的合作，", "1. 决定邀请亚洲政党国际会议以观察员身份参加大会的届会和工作；", "2. 请秘书长采取必要行动执行本决议。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "Observer status for the International Conference of Asian Political Parties in the General Assembly", "Letter dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Representatives of Cambodia, Japan, Nepal, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea and Viet Nam to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "We, the undersigned, have the honour to request, in accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly of a supplementary item entitled “Observer status for the International Conference of Asian Political Parties in the General Assembly”.", "The International Conference of Asian Political Parties was launched in Manila, in September 2000, to build bridges of political cooperation and to establish networks of mutual benefit among mainstream political parties in Asia, both ruling and in opposition. Over its first decade, the International Conference of Asian Political Parties has grown steadily in both membership and influence. As of May 2011, membership has reached more than 340 eligible political parties in 52 States and 1 territory in Asia. After establishing fraternal linkages and cooperation with the Permanent Conference of Political Parties in Latin America and the Caribbean, in 2008, the International Conference of Asian Political Parties has also been undertaking efforts to reach out to the political parties in other continents, including in particular Africa.", "So far the International Conference of Asian Political Parties has held six general assemblies — in Manila (2000), Bangkok (2002), Beijing (2004), Seoul (2006), Astana (2009) and Phnom Penh (2010). These assemblies have brought together the Asian continent’s most prominent political leaders to search for ways of coexisting in a more peaceful, more democratic and more prosperous Asia. Its Standing Committee — made up of 18 leading political parties in 18 States — has met at least twice a year since 2004. The International Conference of Asian Political Parties has also organized special conferences on key continental issues since 2008 — such as those of minimizing political corruption (Seoul, 2008), strengthening State capacity (Kathmandu, 2009), easing mass poverty (Kunming, 2010) and dealing with natural disasters (Kuala Lumpur, 2011).", "From its inception, the International Conference of Asian Political Parties has been a staunch supporter of the United Nations and its activities. The first paragraph of the preamble to the organization’s Charter, adopted in September 2006, declares the unequivocal commitment of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties to the principles and objectives of the Charter of the United Nations. Representatives of the political parties that took part in the sixth general assembly in Phnom Penh in December 2010 unanimously adopted a declaration endorsing the bid for observer status in the General Assembly of the United Nations. The International Conference of Asian Political Parties is also coordinating with the joint initiatives of Governments of other States Members of the United Nations towards the same objective.", "We believe that the International Conference of Asian Political Parties can play a major role in forging cooperation between the United Nations and the political parties of Asia, and those of Latin America and Africa in the future, the three continents of the emerging democracies, by aggregating and channelling to the United Nations system the views of the peoples in all their diversity, as expressed in political debates and discussions at all dimensions, local, national and continental, promoting people’s awareness, approval and support of international agreements reached at the United Nations, and building international consensus on United Nations action to meet key global challenges. In addition, the International Conference of Asian Political Parties can provide support for political parties in the emerging democracies and increase their capacity to carry out at the local and national level their law-making and oversight functions on matters subject to international cooperation at the United Nations.", "Attached are an explanatory memorandum (annex I) and a draft resolution regarding the item (annex II).", "We have the honour to request that the present letter and its annexes be circulated as a document of the General Assembly.", "(Signed) Kosal Sea", "Permanent Representative of the Kingdom of Cambodia to the United Nations", "(Signed) Tsuneo Nishida", "Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations", "(Signed) Gyan Chandra Acharya", "Permanent Representative of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal to the United Nations", "(Signed) Libran N. Cabactulan", "Permanent Representative of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations", "(Signed) Kim Sook", "Permanent Representative of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations", "(Signed) Le Hoai Trung", "Permanent Representative of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam", "to the United Nations", "Annex I", "Explanatory memorandum", "Historical background", "The International Conference of Asian Political Parties (ICAPP) was launched by the leaders of 46 political parties of Asia in Manila in September 2000, to build bridges of political cooperation and to establish networks of mutual benefit among mainstream political parties in Asia, both ruling and in opposition. Over its first decade, ICAPP has grown steadily in both membership and influence. As at the end of May 2011, its membership has reached more than 340 eligible political parties in 52 States and 1 territory in Asia.", "So far, six general assemblies of ICAPP have been successfully held, in Manila in 2000, Bangkok in 2002, Beijing in 2004, Seoul in 2006, Astana in 2009 and Phnom Penh in 2010, and they have brought together political leaders in the region to exchange opinions and communicate with each other, and helped to strengthen unity among Asian States and propel Asia along the road towards stability and prosperity.", "The ICAPP Standing Committee, made up of 18 leading political parties in 18 States, has met at least twice a year since 2004. ICAPP has also been annually organizing special conferences on key continental issues since May 2008 — such as those on minimizing political corruption, strengthening State capacity, alleviating mass poverty and effectively handling natural disasters.", "Purpose", "Article 1 of the ICAPP Charter, adopted at the fourth general assembly in September 2006, stipulates the objectives of ICAPP as follows:", "(a) To promote exchanges and cooperation between political parties with various ideologies in Asia;", "(b) To enhance mutual understanding and trust among the peoples and countries in the region;", "(c) To promote regional cooperation through the unique role and channel of political parties;", "(d) To create an environment for sustained peace and shared prosperity in the region.", "Organizational structure", "Membership", "Article 2 of the ICAPP Charter stipulates that ICAPP “shall be open to all political parties in Asia with democratically elected members in the parliaments of their respective countries, which are Member States of the United Nations”. At the 5th meeting of the Standing Committee in June 2006, it was agreed to extend invitations to political parties in the Palestinian National Authority in an effort to render ICAPP activities more inclusive and representative of the diversities existing in the region. At the 8th meeting of the Standing Committee in November 2008, it was further agreed to apply two criteria to the political parties in Asia to be eligible for invitation to the future ICAPP activities: (1) political parties which have more than 1 per cent of elected seats in their parliaments; (2) political parties which have won more than 1 per cent of popular votes in their latest parliamentary elections, as certified and recognized by their national election commissions.", "According to these criteria, there are 341 political parties in 52 States and 1 territory in Asia that are eligible to participate in ICAPP activities as at the end of May 2011.", "General assembly", "According to article 4 of the ICAPP Charter, a general assembly is held once every two years on a rotational basis among the members, unless otherwise decided by the Standing Committee. In principle, it is held for three working days during the latter half of the year, and is composed of an opening session, plenary session and thematic committee meetings, special workshops on specific topics as approved by the Standing Committee and a closing session.", "Standing Committee", "According to articles 9 and 10 of the ICAPP Charter, a Standing Committee, composed of the representatives of 18 members from an equal number of countries, was established. The members of the Standing Committee serve for two years from the end of a general assembly until the end of the following general assembly. The Standing Committee makes decisions and lays out the procedures on issues regarding the organization of the ICAPP meetings, including the general assemblies and special conferences, as well as other issues regarding other ICAPP activities and programmes.", "Currently, the Standing Committee is composed of the representatives of the 18 leading political parties from 18 States representing different subregions of Asia, namely, Central Asia, North-East Asia, South Asia, South-East Asia, West Asia and Oceania, and has been meeting more than twice a year since 2004.", "Secretariat", "The permanent secretariat of ICAPP was established in Seoul by a decision unanimously taken at the 10th meeting of the Standing Committee in March 2009, and as endorsed at the fifth general assembly in September 2009.", "In accordance with article 12 of the ICAPP Charter, the secretariat executes such functions, among others, as (1) maintaining and updating the list of political parties and the official website; (2) providing necessary information and assistance to the ICAPP members; and (3) establishing contacts and promoting cooperation with other international or regional organizations.", "Financing", "Article 8 of the ICAPP Charter stipulates that the political parties hosting the general assembly shall bear the primary expenses of the general assemblies. The primary expenses include logistical arrangements, that is, conference facilities, domestic transportation and the like. The primary expenses shall not include, inter alia, international transportation to and from the location of the general assembly. For the purposes of holding the general assembly, the political parties hosting the general assemblies may seek voluntary contributions from members of ICAPP and other organizations.", "The ICAPP activities, namely the general assemblies, Standing Committee meetings and special conferences, are funded in principle by the political parties that host such events, which usually cover the costs of organizing conferences and minimum local accommodation for a limited number of representatives of political parties participating in the events.", "At the 10th meeting of the Standing Committee in March 2009, it was agreed that the budget and personnel to implement the functions of the ICAPP secretariat shall be initially provided by the host country. It was further agreed that the Standing Committee will continue to discuss issues relating to the budget and personnel of the secretariat. Since 2010, the Korea Foundation in Seoul has provided funds to support a part of the secretariat activities. Other administrative budgets, including office maintenance and personnel costs, are covered by private donations.", "Activities", "General assemblies", "So far, six ICAPP general assemblies have been held. The first was held in Manila in September 2000 with representatives of 46 political parties from 26 countries, the second in Bangkok in November 2002 with 77 parties from 35 countries, the third in Beijing in September 2004 with 81 parties from 35 countries, the fourth in Seoul in September 2006 with 92 parties from 36 countries, the fifth in Astana in September 2009 with 63 parties from 33 countries, and the sixth in Phnom Penh in December 2010 with 90 parties from 36 countries.", "These assemblies have brought together the Asian continent’s most prominent political leaders to search for ways of coexisting in a more peaceful, more democratic and more prosperous Asia.", "Special conferences", "Special conferences and workshops have also been convened for the ICAPP members on key challenges that the region is facing, such as prevention of political corruption, strengthening State capacity, alleviation of poverty and dealing with natural disasters. ICAPP is preparing to host another special conference on the issues relating to poverty alleviation in China in September 2011.", "Relations with other organizations", "Recently, ICAPP has been trying to reach out to other regions in the world. The first joint session with the Permanent Conference of Political Parties in Latin America and the Caribbean was successfully held in Buenos Aires in July 2009. After establishing fraternal linkages and cooperation with the Permanent Conference of Political Parties of Latin America and the Caribbean, ICAPP has been undertaking efforts to reach out to the political parties in Africa, in coordination with the Permanent Conference of Political Parties of Latin America and the Caribbean, with a view to organizing the first trilateral meeting of political parties in Asia, Africa and Latin America in the near future.", "In this regard, ICAPP will play a key and continuing role not only in Asia’s inevitable movement to build an Asian community but also in the global quest for a more peaceful and prosperous world.", "Character of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties", "Although ICAPP is not an intergovernmental organization per se, the following points with regard to its legal status should be taken into consideration by the States Members of the United Nations:", "(a) ICAPP is unique in nature in that it is open to all political parties regardless of their political orientation;", "(b) The political parties participating in ICAPP activities are either responsible for forming the Governments in their respective countries and making most of their policies, or eligible to form future Governments depending on the results of elections;", "(c) ICAPP has also been channelling to the United Nations system the results of its political debates at all levels, local, national and continental, like submitting the Kunming Declaration on Poverty Alleviation, which was adopted at the special ICAPP conference in Kunming in July 2010, in time for the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals held two months later;", "(d) In addition, in recent years, ICAPP has been in close cooperation with political parties in other regions, namely, Latin America and Africa, with a view to forming a global forum of political parties and, in the case of Latin America, ICAPP and the Permanent Conference of Political Parties in Latin America and the Caribbean have been holding annual joint sessions to coordinate their activities to promote United Nations objectives.", "Reasons for seeking observer status for the International Conference of Asian Political Parties", "From its inception, ICAPP has been a staunch supporter of the United Nations and its activities. The first paragraph of the preamble to the ICAPP Charter, adopted in September 2006, declares the unequivocal commitment of ICAPP to the principles and objectives of the Charter of the United Nations. Representatives of the political parties that took part in the sixth general assembly in Phnom Penh in December 2010 unanimously adopted a declaration that endorsed the ICAPP bid for observer status in the General Assembly of the United Nations.", "ICAPP will play a key and continuing role not only in Asia’s inevitable movement to build an Asian community but also in the global quest for a more peaceful and prosperous world.", "ICAPP can also play a major role in forging cooperation between the United Nations and the political parties not only of Asia but also of Latin America and Africa — the three continents of the emerging democracies — in the following areas:", "(a) Aggregating and channelling to the United Nations system the views of our peoples in all their diversity, as expressed in political debates and discussions at all dimensions, local, national and continental;", "(b) Promoting ordinary people’s awareness, approval and support of international agreements reached at the United Nations and through United Nations programmes;", "(c) Building international consensus on United Nations action to meet key global challenges;", "(d) Providing support for political parties in the emerging democracies — to increase their capacity to carry out at the local and national level their law-making and oversight functions on matters subject to international cooperation at the United Nations.", "In addition, the Secretary-General of the United Nations has been sending video messages to all major programmes of ICAPP, including the opening sessions of the fifth and sixth general assemblies, held in Astana and Phnom Penh, and the ICAPP special conference on poverty alleviation held in Kunming, and has provided valuable contributions and guidance to deliberations on the main themes of the conferences.", "More detailed information on ICAPP, including the address of the secretariat, the officers and the members of the Standing Committees, can be found on its website, at www.theicapp.org.", "Annex II", "Draft resolution", "Observer status for the International Conference of Asian Political Parties in the General Assembly", "The General Assembly,", "Wishing to promote cooperation between the United Nations and the International Conference of Asian Political Parties,", "1. Decides to invite the International Conference of Asian Political Parties to participate in the sessions and the work of the General Assembly in the capacity of observer;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General to take the necessary action to implement the present resolution." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly", "Observer status for the International Conference of Asian Political Parties in the General Assembly", "Letter dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Cambodia, Japan, Nepal, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea and Viet Nam to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to request, in accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, to include in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly a supplementary item entitled “Observer status for the Asian Political Parties in the General Assembly”.", "The Asian Political Parties International Conference, launched in Manila in September 2000, aimed at building bridges and mutually beneficial networks for political cooperation among mainstream political parties and opposition parties in Asia. During the first decade, the number and impact of the Asian Political Parties International Conference have grown steadily. As of May 2011, the number of members of the Asian Political Parties International Conference had reached more than 340 eligible political parties in 52 countries in Asia and one Territory. Following the establishment of fraternal links and cooperation with the Permanent Conference of Latin American and Caribbean Political Parties in 2008, the Asian Political Parties' International Conference has also been working to expand its contacts with other continents, particularly in Africa.", "To date, the International Conference of Political Parties in Asia has held six General Assembly sessions — in Manila (2000), Bangkok (2002), Beijing (2004), Seoul (2006), Astana (2009), Kim side (2010), respectively. These conferences bring together the most outstanding political leaders on the continent of Asia to find ways of coexistence in a more peaceful, democratic and prosperous Asian region. The Standing Committee, composed of 18 major political parties from 18 countries, has held at least two meetings annually since 2004. The Asian Political Parties International Conference has also organized several special sessions since 2008 on key issues in Asia, such as the minimization of political corruption (2008, Seoul, 2008), strengthening national capacities (in Kathmandu, 2009), reducing large-scale poverty (in Know, 2010) and responding to natural disasters (Kombo, 2011).", "The Asian Political Parties International Conference has been a strong supporter of the United Nations and its activities since its inception. The first preambular paragraph of the organization's statute adopted in September 2006 declared that the International Conference of Asian Political Parties explicitly adheres to the principles and objectives of the Charter of the United Nations. The representatives of political parties participating in the Sixth Congress, held in Phnom Penh in December 2010, unanimously adopted a declaration supporting efforts to achieve observer status in the United Nations General Assembly. The International Conference of Asian Political Parties also coordinated with other United Nations Member States joint initiatives with the same goal.", "We are convinced that the International Conference of Asian Political Parties can play a significant role in building cooperation between the United Nations and the political parties in Asia and in the future with the three emerging democracies in Latin America and Africa, including by bringing together and communicating to the United Nations system the views expressed at all levels of political debate and discussion, including at the local, national and continental levels, by promoting international consensus on the understanding, endorsement and support of international agreements reached at the United Nations and on the actions taken by the United Nations to respond to key global challenges. In addition, the International Conference of Asian Political Parties could provide support to political parties in emerging democracies and enhance their capacity to carry out legislative and oversight functions on matters requiring international cooperation at the local and national levels.", "An explanatory memorandum on this item (annex I) and draft resolutions (annex II).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly.", "(Signed) Yukio Takasu Permanent Representative of the Kingdom of Cambodia to the United Nations", "Annex I", "Explanatory memorandum", "Historical background", "The Asian Political Parties International Conference was launched in Manila in September 2000 by 46 political parties leaders in Asia, aimed at building bridges and mutually beneficial networks for political cooperation among mainstream political parties and opposition parties in Asia. During the first decade, the number and impact of the Asian Political Parties International Conference have grown steadily. As at the end of May 2011, the number of members of the International Conference had reached more than 340 eligible political parties in 52 countries in Asia and one territory.", "To date, the International Conference of Asian Political Parties has successfully held six General Assembly meetings, in Manila (2000), Bangkok (2002), Beijing (2004), Seoul (2006), Astana (2009), Kim side (2010). These conferences bring together political leaders in the region to share their views, communicate with each other and to strengthen solidarity among Asian States and to advance the way forward in Asia towards a path of stability and prosperity.", "The Standing Committee of the Asian Political Parties, consisting of 18 major political parties from 18 countries, has held at least twice a year since 2004. The Asian Political Parties International Conference has also organized annual special sessions since May 2008 on key issues in Asia, such as maximizing political corruption, strengthening national capacities, alleviating large-scale poverty and effectively responding to natural disasters.", "Purpose", "Article 1 of the Statute of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties, adopted by the Fourth Conference in September 2006, provides for the objectives of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties as follows:", "(a) Promote the exchange and cooperation among various ideological political parties in Asia;", "(b) Enhance mutual understanding and trust among the peoples and nations of the region;", "(c) Promote regional cooperation through the unique role and channels of political parties;", "(d) Create an environment for lasting peace and common prosperity in the region.", "Organizational structure", "Memberships", "Article 2 of the Statute of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties provides that the International Conference of Asian Political Parties shall “shall be open to the Asian political parties who are members of the United Nations and elected members of Parliament in their respective countries”. At its fifth meeting in June 2006, the Standing Committee agreed to extend an invitation to political parties in the Palestinian National Authority to work towards making the activities of the International Conference of Political Parties in Asia more inclusive and representative of diversity in the region. At the 8th meeting of the Standing Committee in November 2008, it was further agreed that there were two eligibility criteria for Asian political parties invited to participate in the future activities of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties: (1) political parties represented more than 1 per cent of the seats generated by their parliamentary elections; and (ii) political parties had won more than 1 per cent of the ballots in recent parliamentary elections, as confirmed by the National Elections Commission.", "In accordance with these standards, 341 of the 52 countries in Asia and one territory by the end of May 2011 were eligible to participate in the activities of the International Conference of Political Parties in Asia.", "General Assembly", "In accordance with article 4 of the Statute of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties, a General Assembly is held every two years, unless the Standing Committee decides otherwise. In principle, the General Assembly held three working days in the second half of the year, consisting of opening meetings, plenary meetings and thematic committees, special thematic workshops approved by the Standing Committee and closing meetings.", "Standing Committee", "In accordance with articles 9 and 10 of the Statute of the International Conference of Political Parties in Asia, a Standing Committee consists of 18 representatives from 18 States. The members of the Standing Committee shall serve for a term of two years beginning at the end of a General Assembly until the end of the next Assembly. The Standing Committee is responsible for taking decisions and setting procedures on the organization of meetings of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties, including the General Assembly and the Special Session, as well as other issues of the International Conference of Political Parties in Asia.", "Currently, the Standing Committee consists of 18 representatives of 18 major political parties from 18 countries, representing different subregions in Asia, namely, Central Asia, North-East Asia, South-East Asia, Western Asia and Oceania, and the Committee has held more than two meetings annually since 2004.", "Secretariat", "In accordance with the decision taken unanimously at the 10th meeting of the Standing Committee in March 2009 and endorsed by the 5th General Assembly in September 2009, the Permanent Secretariat of the Asian Political Parties International Conference was established in Seoul.", "Article 12 of the Statute of the Asian Political Parties provides that the functions performed by the secretariat include, inter alia, (1) the maintenance and updating of the lists of political parties and official websites; (2) the provision of the necessary information and assistance to members of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties; and (3) networking with other international or regional organizations to promote cooperation.", "Financing", "Article 8 of the Statute of the International Conference of Political Parties in Asia provides that political parties hosting the Conference shall bear the main costs of the General Assembly. The main costs include logistics arrangements, namely conference facilities, domestic transport. Major costs should be excluded from international transport costs, such as travel to the General Assembly. For the purposes of the Conference, political parties hosting the General Assembly may seek voluntary contributions from members of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties and other organizations.", "The activities of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties, namely, the General Assembly, the Standing Committee and the special session, are in principle funded by political parties hosting such activities, which normally burden the costs of the organization and provide minimum local accommodation for representatives of a limited number of political parties participating in the Conference.", "At its 10th meeting, in March 2009, the Standing Committee agreed that the budget and personnel performing the functions of the secretariat of the International Conference of Political Parties in Asia should initially be provided by the host country. It was also agreed that the Standing Committee would continue to discuss the budgetary and personnel aspects of the Secretariat. Since 2010, the Korea International Exchange Corporation in Seoul has funded a part of the Secretariat's activities. Other administrative budgets, including office maintenance and personnel costs, are borne by private contributions.", "Activities", "General Assembly", "To date, the International Conference of Asian Political Parties has held six General Assembly meetings. The first was held in Manila in September 2000, with the participation of 46 political parties from 26 countries, held in Bangkok in November 2002, with the participation of 77 political parties from 35 countries, and the third in Beijing in September 2004, with 81 political parties from 35 countries, held in Seoul in September 2006, with the participation of 92 political parties from 36 countries, the fifth in Astana in September 2009, and 63 political parties from 33 countries, and the sixth meeting in Phnom Penh in December 2010, with the participation of 90 political parties from 36 countries.", "These conferences bring together the most outstanding political leaders on the continent of Asia to find ways of coexistence in a more peaceful, democratic and prosperous Asian region.", "Special session", "Special meetings and seminars were also held for members of the Asian Political Parties International Conference to discuss key challenges facing the region, such as the prevention of political corruption, strengthening national capacities, poverty reduction and natural disasters. The Asian Political Parties International Conference is ready to host another special meeting in China in September 2011 to discuss issues related to poverty reduction.", "Relations with other organizations", "Recently, the Asian Political Parties International has been trying to expand linkages with other regions of the world. The first joint meeting was successfully held in Buenos Aires in July 2009 with the Permanent Conference of Latin American and Caribbean Political Parties. Following the establishment of a fraternal link and cooperation with the Permanent Conference of Latin American and Caribbean Political Parties, the International Conference of Asian Political Parties has been working in coordination with the Permanent Conference of Latin American and Caribbean Political Parties to expand contacts with African political parties with a view to organizing the first tripartite meeting of Asian, African and Latin American political parties in the near future.", "In this regard, the International Conference of Asian Political Parties will play a key and continuing role not only in the indispensable campaign of the Asian Community but also in the global effort to build a more peaceful and prosperous world.", "Characteristics of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties", "Although the International Conference of Asian Political Parties is not an intergovernmental organization itself, States Members of the United Nations should take into account the following points in their legal status:", "(a) The International Conference of Asian Political Parties is unique in nature because it is open to all political parties, regardless of their political orientation;", "(b) Political parties participating in the activities of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties or responsible for the formation of Governments and the decision of most of their policies, or for the establishment of future Governments, depending on the outcome of the elections;", "(c) The Asian International Conference of Political Parties will also transmit its findings at the local, national and continental levels to the United Nations system, such as the submission of the Quarter Initiative on Poverty Reduction, which was adopted at the special session of the Asian Political Parties in July 2010, two months prior to the convening of the high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals;", "(d) In addition, in recent years, the Asian Political Parties International Conference, in close cooperation with other regional, Latin American and African political parties, aimed at shaping a global forum for political parties and, in Latin America, the Asian International Conference of Political Parties has been holding annual joint meetings with the Permanent Conference of Latin American and Caribbean Political Parties to coordinate their activities aimed at enhancing United Nations objectives.", "The reasons for seeking observer status at the International Conference of Asian Political Parties", "The Asian Political Parties International Conference has been a strong supporter of the United Nations and its activities since its inception. The first preambular paragraph of the Statute of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties, adopted in September 2006, declared that the International Conference of Asian Political Parties explicitly adheres to the principles and objectives of the Charter of the United Nations. The representatives of political parties participating in the Sixth Congress, held in Phnom Penh in December 2010, unanimously adopted a declaration supporting the efforts of the Asian Political Parties International Conference to seek observer status in the United Nations General Assembly.", "The International Conference of Asian Political Parties will play a key and continuing role not only in the indispensable campaign of the Asian Community, but also in a global effort to build a more peaceful and prosperous world.", "The International Conference of Asian Political Parties can also play a significant role in establishing cooperation between the United Nations and the three emerging democracies in Asia and Latin America and Africa, including:", "(a) Combining and communicating to the United Nations system the views expressed in all political debates and discussions at the local, national and continental levels;", "(b) Promote awareness, endorsement and support among the general population of international agreements reached at the United Nations and through the United Nations programmes;", "(c) International consensus on the actions taken by the United Nations to address key global challenges;", "(d) Support for political parties in emerging democracies — to enhance their capacity to carry out legislative and oversight functions on matters requiring international cooperation at the local and national levels.", "In addition, the Secretary-General of the United Nations has sent a video message to all major programmes of the Asian Political Parties International Conference, including the opening meetings of the 5th and 6th General Assembly, held in Astana and King, respectively, and the Special Conference on Political Parties in Asia, held in Know, and provided valuable input and guidance for the consideration of the main issues of the Conference.", "More detailed information on the International Conference of Asian Political Parties, including the address of the Secretariat, the officers and members of the Standing Committee, is available on its website www.theicapp.org.", "Annex II", "Draft resolution", "Observer status for the International Conference of Asian Political Parties", "The General Assembly,", "Desiring to promote cooperation between the United Nations and the Asian Political Parties International Conference,", "Decides to invite the International Conference of Asian Political Parties to participate as observers in the sessions and work of the General Assembly;", "Requests the Secretary-General to take the necessary action to implement the present resolution." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十六届会议 第六十七年", "临时议程^(*) 项目123(a)", "^(*) A/66/150。", "加强联合国系统", "冲突后文职能力", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "刚刚摆脱冲突的国家通常面临建设和维持和平的广泛迫切需要，但常常面临严重缺乏能力的情况，无法迅速和有效地满足优先需要。国际社会已认识到这一挑战，很多双边和多边行为体已采取措施加强对受冲突影响国家的支持。但这些单独的努力还没有能够建立一种可靠和有效的机制，为各国提供其所寻求的援助。联合国仍在努力招聘和部署文职人才，支持国家行为体扩展和深化它们的技能。2010年3月，我任命了由前主管维持和平行动副秘书长让-马里·盖埃诺主持的高级咨询小组，对冲突后文职能力进行一次独立的审查，以期提出具体而实际的建议，加强对可持续和平与发展的文职支助。", "高级咨询小组的报告(A/65/747-S/2011/85)已于2011年2月提交各会员国。这份涉及广泛的报告提出了一些同各会员国、区域和民间社会组织以及联合国有关的建议。认识到该报告所涉范围广泛，我设立了由主管外勤支助事务副秘书长苏珊娜·马尔科拉主持的指导委员会，领导就该报告采取协调的后续行动。", "本报告是联合国对冲突后文职能力的独立审查作出的首次反应。报告的出发点是目前的联合国系统以及我作为秘书长权限范围内加强本组织对刚刚摆脱冲突国家所提供支助的各项程序和做法。将自己的事情做好，是同会员国、区域组织和民间社会伙伴以及尤其是寻求我们帮助的国家有效打交道的一个先决条件。但这本身还不足以改善国际文职支助。我们都有义务审查我们各自以及我们伙伴为支持经历了暴力和贫穷的社区及人民所做的努力。在今后各阶段里，我将集中关注其他行为体必须发挥的作用，并集中关注我们必须建立的伙伴关系，以使我们能够有效地加强冲突后文职支助的质量和效率。", "本报告确定了联合国今后12个月期间内的一整套具体优先行动和时间表，目的是加强联合国的民事反应，成为其他行为体的更好的伙伴。这包括：", "(a) 制定更好使用和发展本国能力的准则以及确保采购做法不排除当地供应商的指导；", "(b) 对新规划进程给予更有力的战略性指导；", "(c) 对如何构建和部署性别问题人才队伍进行一次审查；", "(d) 同会员国和区域组织就发展更强有力的伙伴关系进行协商，确保我们尽可能最佳利用它们的能力；", "(e) 建立在线平台通报文职需求和现有能力，加强各国政府、联合国和外部能力提供者之间的联系；", "(f) 探讨采取何种方式扩大各国政府和其他实体所提供人员的部署范围；", "(g) 详细说明存在严重能力不足的领域，并确保联合国各指定协调中心让外部伙伴一道参与解决这些问题；", "(h) 在联合国秘书处采用公司应急模式以便能够有效应对需要快速部署的局势；", "(i) 确保在外地的联合国负责人利用被赋予的业务和财务上的灵活性执行任务；", "(j) 运用比较优势的原则执行任务；", "(k) 在外地试行上述办法，例如通过动员本国和区域人才和审查南苏丹本地采购的范围。", "总之，本报告表明，可持续的和平才是国家的和平。外部施加的解决办法或技能不能替代各民族、其领导人及其机构的主导作用和能力。这一出发点必须成为我们的最终目标。", "一. 导言", "1. 冲突后建设和巩固和平的国家努力需要有及时和有效的文职能力的支持。正如我在关于冲突结束后立即建设和平的报告(A/63/881-S/2009/304)中强调的，我们必须抓住冲突后时期通常提供的机会之窗，提供基本的安全，交付和平红利，建立对政治进程的信心，加强国家领导建设和平工作的能力，从而奠定可持续发展的基础。", "2. 为应对这一挑战，国际社会、特别是联合国需要更迅速有效地提供必要的专业文职能力，即国家行为体在寻求重建法治、重振经济、恢复对民众的基本服务和发展保持这些成就的能力所需要的技能和人才。和平的初期走回头路的风险很大。不稳定和冲突蔓延到边境以外并破坏邻国的稳定。安全、和平与发展之间密切相关；受冲突影响的国家实现《千年发展目标》的机会最为渺茫。就可持续和平和发展而言，我们必须从一开始就对必要的文职能力进行投资。", "3. 正是为了回应这些迫切需要，我开始进行审查，分析如何扩展和深化文职人才库，支持刚刚摆脱冲突的国家迫切的能力发展需求。2010年3月，我任命了由前主管维持和平行动副秘书长让-马里·盖埃诺主持的高级咨询小组进行独立审查。该小组同总部和外地的联合国系统各实体、会员国、建设和平委员会、区域组织、民间社会和学术界进行了协商。2011年2月22日，我向大会主席和安全理事会主席提交了该小组的报告(A/65/747-S/2011/85)。我随后又任命了一个指导委员会，其成员代表联合国系统各实体，以审议如何推进高级咨询小组的建议。", "4. 高级咨询小组的报告立足于一些关键原则之上：加强文职能力对于建设持久和平而言至关重要；必须培养受冲突影响国家的潜在本国能力；国际支持必须适应需求，而不是由供应驱动；联合国必须提高提供支助的反应力、灵活性和成本效益。让我感到鼓舞的是，会员国都表示普遍支持这些原则，支持报告强调的需求驱动的办法和外地重点，支持高级咨询小组的很多建议。", "5. 我赞同高级咨询小组的评估，即：为应对这些挑战，我们需要同外部伙伴建立更强有力的伙伴关系；通过更好查明和发展现有专门能力，特别是全球南部国家的能力和妇女的能力，扩大专门能力的供应；发展联合国系统内开展合作的更有效方法；发展能够让我的高级别领导人能够迅速有效应对外地不断变化的实际情况的管理文化和业务做法。高级咨询小组强调在更好利用现有系统的情况下实现上述目标，这符合我所制定的建立一个更负责、透明、高效和有效的联合国的办法。", "6. 在我第二个任期内，我打算优先采取能让联合国更加有效、高效的措施，包括我的变革管理方案。主要的一点就是执行关于文职能力的本报告。很多现有联合国倡议(例如我的关于冲突结束后立即建设和平的行动纲领、全球外勤支助战略、妇女、和平与安全战略框架、我们的全系统协调统一努力以及我即将提出的关于预防性外交的报告)，都有加强文职能力部署的潜力，尽管这都不是它们的主要目标。同伙伴一道制定的各项倡议，例如世界银行的《2011年世界发展报告》、联合国-欧洲联盟委员会关于自然资源、冲突与建设和平伙伴关系以及建设和平与国家建设国际对话，也有加强文职能力部署的潜力。", "7. 我在本报告中提出了联合国应该如何回应高级咨询小组的报告：联合国本身应采取何种行动加强对受冲突影响国家的文职支助的质量、速度和成效，以及联合国应该通过与其他行为体的合作做些什么。我根据以下三大轴心提出了行动路线图：加强我们冲突后应对中的本国能力和本国主导作用；建立外部伙伴关系以及在联合国系统内做必要调整以获得所需文职能力；运用必要的组织灵活性，敏捷应对无法预测的冲突后局势。", "8. 我的设想是，我们的措施分为不同的类别。第一类是及早实施的优先事项：属于我的权限或者属于那些对实际工作影响力最大的联合国实体的行政首脑权限范围内的倡议。我在本报告中提出了短期内我如何落实的打算。另一类是在推行之前需要仔细考量的各种想法。其中一些想法属于联合国系统的权限，其他则应由会员国或其他利益攸关方考虑；我准备晚些时候再向会员国详细报告这些想法。最后一类是正在联合国其他改革进程中处理的问题。其中大多数问题应该继续在这些进程中处理，与此同时，重点说明它们同文职能力的相关性。", "9. 我的议程很大一部分将适用于冲突后联合国的各种应对措施。凡是持续存在人道主义需要，恢复和发展规划工作又刚刚开始的地方，人道主义行动将继续以人道、公正、中立和独立的原则为指导。", "二. 本国能力", "10. 刚刚摆脱冲突的社区常常遇到严重缺乏能力的情况，难以保障可持续的和平。正如我在关于冲突结束后立即建设和平和妇女参加建设和平的报告(A/65/354-S/2010/466)中强调、安全理事会和建设和平委员会也强调的，查明、建立和利用本国能力必须成为冲突后的优先事项。这有助于发展对实现可持续和平与发展至关重要的本国主导作用。", "11. 这不是一项技术性工作。支持冲突后国家机构是风险性很高的政治任务。这一任务超越了政府范围，涉及到民间社会和私人部门，同时也超越了国家机构的范围，涉及到国家以下、地方和社区各级。在必须从一开始就建立本国能力和必须尽早交付诸如基本服务等和平红利之间存在着紧张关系。", "12. 然而，能力发展是必须从国际参与的初期就开始的进程，联合国和所有国际行为体必须应对这一挑战。能力发展必须包括能力评估、能力建设，包括通过有针对性的培训和辅导、能力的利用以及能力的可持续性。尽管有很多实例说明联合国正在发展和利用本国能力，但仍然需要更系统的办法。在联合国内，我请联合国开发计划署(开发署)主持的能力发展问题机构间工作组在2012年底之前制定出冲突后情况下更好利用和发展本国能力的核心原则和准则，并制作让外地小组能够用以进行能力评估、制定战略和监测结果的具体工具。这些工具应该包括针对具体群体、包括妇女和青年的战略。", "13. 需要考虑的一个重要方面是必须避免对本国能力发展造成任何负面影响，例如，当地能力中人才向国际和双边组织的流失。为了增进国际努力的协调一致，联合国将与世界银行合作，并同有关会员国保持对话。只有所有主要国际行为体合作发展本国能力，我们才能获得成功。", "14. 在能力发展战略中，同样重要的是必须更多注意国家以下一级，这一级的结果往往更加清晰可见，对于人民而言更加重要，能够增进国家一级的能力发展努力。这一点在过渡中非常重要，在这方面，国家如果没有能力履行核心的职能，便有可能破坏其合法性和信誉，危及巩固和平。", "15. 尽管我们必须力求从一开始就最大限度地利用本国能力，但在某些情况下，仍然需要国际能力来提供必要的技术人才。在其他情况下，可能需要通过国际能力来确保公正性、中立性和安全，或是旷日持久的冲突削弱了问责和透明度制度，以至需要临时性替代措施来恢复信心。这些措施应该成为更广泛战略的一项内容，对措施适用的期限规定了基准，同时明确规定了实际可行的撤出战略。[1] 这些战略必须考虑到利用国际援助和本国能力(即便仍嫌薄弱的)的妥善平衡和先后次序，以便推进加强国家合法性、所有权和长期可持续性的目标。直接的国际支持和能力发展必须同防止长期依赖国际资源双管齐下。", "16. 联合国维持和平行动和特别政治任务可以为能力建设作出贡献的方式之一是培训本国工作人员。例如，2010年由联合国东帝汶综合特派团发起的能力建设项目，尽可能利用当地和区域培训提供者，正在培训900多名本国工作人员。这些努力应该围绕国家需要，[2] 并纳入到特派团的初期规划中。本国专业干事的使用，增加了本国工作人员为外地特派团的工作做贡献和建立自己在重要的建设和平和建立国家工作中的能力的机会。[3] 维持和平行动部、外勤支助部、开发署和其他联合国实体正在合作为南苏丹动员本国人才，包括根据情况动员侨民，例如在邻国举办人才招聘会以及本国的联合国志愿人员方案。这些倡议在无特派团的国家同样重要，在这些国家，建设本国管理冲突[4] 的努力是可持续建设和平的一个重要部分。我敦促会员国支持这些倡议，为国民的回国和重返社会以及促进本国工作人员发展的方案提供资金。", "17. 必须从一开始就把能力发展需要纳入规划。冲突后需求评估、战略评估、综合战略框架和联合国发展援助框架修订准则等近期内的创新，在加强联合国综合规划方面发挥了很大作用。但是我们仍然有很多工作要做。早期规划必须包括坚定的实地观点，联合国工作人员在该国、包括在侨民中同本国利益攸关方合作评估该国的优先事项和现有的本国能力。[5] 这将有助于确保规划工作由国家优先事项和需要驱动，而不是由是否有国际工作人员或其他资源驱动，同时确保规划工作能够探讨利用和发展本国潜在能力的各种机会。计划需要具有足够的灵活性，以便能够适应不断变化的情况和本国主导作用的不断扩大。一体化指导小组已决定于2012年底之前修订综合特派团规划进程准则。修订工作的目的之一是反映出让本国行为体参与评估、规划和执行的各阶段的重要性。将就如何确保从每一规划进程的一开始就考虑到国家观点和能力提供明确的战略指导。", "18. 能力发展战略应特别注意妇女的需要和能力。正如我在关于妇女参与建设和平问题的报告中强调的，冲突后过渡是重新评估性别角色和能力以及采取措施实现性别平等的重要时刻。目前正在努力将性别平等原则纳入联合国冲突后规划工作中。联合国发展援助框架定期对性别问题进行事后审查，还为冲突后需要评估制定了性别问题主流化问题指南。", "19. 然而，尽管准则可以成为重要的工具，但似乎准则并未有效确保解决妇女的需要以及将妇女的需要纳入冲突后规划和方案执行工作。能够真正让局面改观的是坚定而自信的领导、性别问题专家(特别是具有具体行业技能的专家)的及早参与和有效的问责框架。联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)将于2012年年底前对冲突后局势中如何构建和部署性别问题人才进行一次成本效益高的快速审查，并就提高其效力的问题提出建议。此外，我还呼吁我的高级别负责人确保联合国规划框架根据安全理事会第1325(2000)号决议，纳入来自全系统战略框架的各项目标和指标，以便更好地支持妇女参与建设和平。", "20. 2009年以来，联合国同会员国合作鼓励更多妇女加入本国警察队伍，并任命更多妇女参加国际部署，作为到2014年将妇女在联合国警察部门中的比率年增加到20%的全球努力的一部分。", "21. 支持政府的核心职能对于加强本国主导作用至关重要。高级咨询小组特别提到的优先事项是政策管理和优化、援助协调和公共财务管理。2011年《世界发展报告》提及公民安全、司法和就业方面有效的机构的重要性。冲突后情况下公共管理经验教训审查的初步结果增列了公务员人事管理和地方政府能力。公务员管理应该包括吸引和留住人员的措施，包括各种奖励措施。", "22. 然而，加强核心政府职能需要的不仅仅是更强的技术能力。公共管理和治理合法化不仅在于国家在技术上提供服务的方式，而且在于国家与社会的互动，即：决策方式、公共物资和资源的分配方式以及民众与国家打交道的方式。通过参与决策和提供和平红利建立起国家与民众之间的信任，对于避免冲突卷土重来至关重要。国际社会的及早参与必须将重点放在加强建设国家-社会关系的能力上。会员国提供充足的资金,对于确保联合国能够在这些领域作出有效和可预测的回应至关重要。", "23. 高级咨询小组在其报告中建议，冲突后局势中国际人员应酌情与本国机构合用同一地点。我们在很多冲突后局势中有过这种经验，我们正在审查在南苏丹的新特派团中文职工作人员与政府人员合用同一地点的备选办法。[6] 在评估合用同一地点是否合适以及何时应该合用同一地点时，应当考虑国家机构的吸收能力，还应当考虑必须维护国际援助的公正性、[7] 有效的人权监测和报告、工作人员的安全以及国际工作人员是否负责进行辅导和知识转让或提供技术专门知识。能力建设问题机构间工作组应根据过去的经验，将关于合用同一地点的咨询意见列入准则。[8]", "24. 联合国的采购可能成为扩大联合国外地存在的积极经济影响的机会。在刚果民主共和国和利比里亚等一些冲突后国家，本地采购的数量已经很多。在这些国家举办了商业研讨会，向当地市场介绍联合国的采购要求。我请外地特派团尽一切努力将当地供应商纳入联合国公布的采购招标中。自2012年起，我将要求维持和平行动定期提供关于联合国采购对当地经济的影响和对当地经济的贡献的信息。", "25. 至于各机构、基金和方案，世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)制定的采购方案寻求通过向小农户采购刺激农业部门；[9] 联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)在当地市场上采购数量越来越多的供应；开发署通过精简招标程序采购当地货物和服务。人道主义阶段内对冲突有敏感认识的当地采购，能够帮助建立在冲突后恢复中可资利用的伙伴关系。", "26. 在现有采购规章框架内，在不影响透明度、国际竞争和质量标准的情况下，能做的还有很多。管理事务部将发布指南，以便采购做法不排除当地供应商，尽可能将可能的请购加以分割，以方便当地供应商、包括小企业，并且可以对合格供应商财务标准进行审查，便于小公司参与竞争。我们正在研究南苏丹当地采购的范围。一种可能性是让非政府组织支持小公司竞标维修和支助服务的合同，[10] 或帮助在没有小公司的地方建立小公司。", "27. 我已请管理事务部在2012年对联合国现有采购进程和程序进行一次审查，分析一些国家的情况，以查明妨碍进行更多当地采购的障碍以及可否在现有程序内加以解决，评估最近的创新，并提出相应的修改建议。[11] 我支持各机构、基金和方案的类似创新。", "三. 国际文职能力", "28. 高级咨询小组关于更有效动员国际文职能力的建议可被视作三个同心圆：通过与非联合国实体的伙伴关系更好利用外部能力；加强整个联合国的能力和相互通用性；秘书处内实行变革。外部伙伴关系这一方面尤其为创新做法带来机会，可能提高实地反应的力度。", "A. 利用外部能力：同非联合国实体的伙伴关系", "29. 联合国在受冲突影响国家采取的大量措施以及这些任务所涉问题的范围和复杂程度，要求必须具有更多和日趋专门化的文职能力。这些包括“适当”功能(例如，公私伙伴关系或诸如调查专门知识等专门性法治任务)，以及对于某一国家或地区而言非常独特的专门知识，如传统司法或反海盗专门知识。为找到这些专门知识并弥补当前的差距，联合国必须探索更多各类能力来源，特别是从全球南部行为体中寻找能力来源，并同潜在供应商建立有效的伙伴关系。", "30. 建立这些伙伴关系是我第二个任期中的一个优先事项。为此，我将以一些原则为指导。首先，无障碍和包容性：新的伙伴关系的机会必须是可见的，要让所有区域的所有潜在伙伴都能抓住。这应包括近期内经历了改革或过渡的国家，这些国家提供了可资利用的大量相关经验。[12] 这一办法还能够让我们确定并获得更多妇女的能力。", "31. 其次，为满足受冲突影响国家的需求，我们需要一支人员构成更广泛的员工队伍，在这一队伍中，根据需要灵活部署的来自政府、国际和区域组织以及非政府实体的额外能力补充了核心联合国工作人员。联合国机构、基金和方案以及秘书处的若干部门业已实施这一办法。这种办法应该让我们员工队伍的组成同业务要求更紧密结合起来。这一办法将为会员国提供更多的机会，同联合国合作提供文职能力。我们将同会员国进行协商，以确保我们最佳地利用不同国家和区域的能力。我鼓励会员国和区域组织积极参加协商。", "32. 在这一大的政策框架内，我们已开始就支持通过外部伙伴更有效进行部署所需要采用的手段和模式问题开展工作。作为第一步，我打算试行将供求挂钩的工具，可以参照经验逐步地制作这些工具。我们已开始建立文职能力的“虚拟市场”的工作，可以凭借这一在线平台传播各种需要和能力，帮助各国政府和联合国系统找到其所需要的能力的潜在供应者，并将外地联合国机构同外部能力提供者更好联系起来。这一平台将提供有关标准化伙伴关系模式的信息，使联合国能够迅速获得伙伴的能力，而不必每次都要重新设计新的进程。这一平台还要着手公布目前联合国系统内和由外部提供者所管理的名册，通过让名册的管理者能够相互沟通提高它们的效率，同时更好了解当前最需要哪些经验和技能。", "33. 加强同外部伙伴联系的目标，是一项复杂而重要的任务，单单通过一个平台无法完成。为确保我们能够在实现这一重要目标方面尽早取得进展，我们正在设立一个初期利用现有资源组成的小组，以便查明执行中将要应对的主要挑战。这一小组将制定伙伴关系的必要模式，创建标准化的法律安排使长期伙伴关系更加富有成果，促进加强南南和三边合作，就下述不断变化的需求和能力来源同各会员国开展密切的对话。", "34. 让各伙伴能够融洽地进行合作，让所有潜在伙伴都能自由获得，并在明确政策框架内运作的模式，对于扩大部署各国政府和其他实体——不论是个人还是集体——提供的人员的范围而言至关重要。联合国已经有了长期高效的模式(如协助通知书和谅解备忘录)，以规范军事和警务人员的部署和向维持和平行动提供来自会员国的专业化后勤支助，同时还有关于为人道主义目的提供待命人员的谅解备忘录。[13] 管理事务部将带头制定各种办法，将这些措施扩大到文职人员的部署，包括在以下两种情况下的部署：一是需要专家小组实施具体举措的情况；二是需要区域专门知识并需要依靠各机构、基金和方案在安排与非联合国伙伴进行此种部署方面的经验(包括在质量控制和问责问题上的经验)的情况。", "35. 此外，除了现有模式外，很可能存在其他扩大各国政府或其他实体提供的人员的部署范围的途径。一旦我们弄清秘书处在充分利用现有授权方面可以有何做为时，我可能于2012年再次向大会提交关于更新有关政策的建议。", "36. 我鼓励会员国和已建立的名册和培训中心为发展全球南部的能力作更多的投资。现有的很多名册已包括了来自北方和南方的成员。尽管可以通过特派团或机构预算支助某些文职能力伙伴关系，但还应探索其他筹资办法，包括信托基金。改进南方供应者与外地联合国机构之间的沟通，能有助于查清南南合作的新机遇，在包括南方国家政府本身已经面临或正在应对类似挑战的领域中的机遇。[14] 同英才中心或民间社会组织合作，特别是与南方的英才中心和民间社会组织的合作，为利用这些能力提供了切入点。[15]", "37. 我还鼓励会员国探讨三边合作的机会，例如，由开发署和挪威支持的政府间发展管理局(伊加特)关于加强南南苏丹能力的倡议。根据这一倡议，南苏丹政府将在南苏丹的主要职位上部署200名伊加特的公务员，为期两年。这一项目也是南南合作的一个典范，因为向南苏丹派出公务员的国家将继续支付他们的薪金。", "38. 为鼓励我在外地的高级负责人在本国能力建设中更多利用联合国志愿人员——他们中有80%是来自全球南部，特别是在当地公共行政管理和社区一级，并将他们纳入特派团的初期规划，特别是联合国志愿人员正在与开发署和其他联合国伙伴进行国家机构建设的综合行动内，例如在南苏丹。秘书处将与联合国志愿人员一道，共同执行外勤支助部-联合国志愿人员伙伴关系在最近的评估后提出的建议，例如更多强调本国工作人员的能力建设以及使用本国联合国志愿人员，以及在和平与发展时期和向联合国国家工作队和政治任务过渡期间，从更高战略角度部署联合国志愿人员。2012年，外勤支助部、政治事务部和联合国志愿人员将进行一次后续审查，以调查政治任务中没有充分利用联合国志愿人员的原因，同时提出关于如何加强这种参与的建议。", "B. 全系统能力和协作", "39. 在联合国整个系统内，有很多实体参与提供错综复杂的冲突后环境所需要的各种文职能力。资源通常严重匮乏的国家伙伴需要看到的是，尽管联合国不同实体具有不同特点、管理结构、任务和资金来源，但联合国从战略和业务上必须协调统一。", "40. 正如高级咨询小组指出的，联合国各机构的征聘和任用制度大不相同。个一联合国实体无法轻易地部署来自系统另一部分的人员。此外，大多数机构、基金和方案都拥有在危机时进行部署的自己的专门文职专家名册。但是，名册的制定方式很不相同，无法方便地相互通用。由于外地行动需要多种多样的专门知识，其中许多都可以从全联合国系统中找到，因此，整个系统的名册应该是共享的资源。", "41. 上述文职能力在线平台，是实现全系统更有力协作的第一步。但真正实现相互通用性将是一项更复杂的工作。管理事务部正在领导一机构间小组确定需要采取哪些措施，包括对现有名册和相关培训的清点、名册参加者的最低标准、查明差距和分析备选办法(包括编制联合或共同名册、费用分摊和迅速放人的管理模式)。该小组同人力资源网络合作，将于2012年就备选办法提出报告。", "42. 管理事务部在单独开展工作，将秘书处目前实行的工作人员交流制度(自愿网络交流倡议)扩展到各机构、基金和方案。我决心消除阻碍联合国一实体工作人员接受另一实体的部署或征聘的障碍；流动性将继续是我第二个任期的一个重点事项。", "C. 在联合国秘书处内", "43. 联合国特派团和外地行动由秘书处工作人员进行规划和人员配备，很大一部分文职能力的征聘和部署来自秘书处工作人员。试图从秘书处工作人员中寻找或通过直接征聘到秘书处来配备所有必要的能力的趋势意味着，我们常常足够快地提供正确的文职能力。", "44. 与此同时，加强我们的外部伙伴关系以及从全联合国系统获得更多资源，不能取代改进我们征聘和管理秘书处人员配置的方式。这方面要实现改进，根本的一点是必须摈弃使用单一进程来满足征聘、晋升和工作分配方面的不同人力资源管理需求的做法。", "45. 高级咨询小组就加强联合国为特派团配置人员的能力的措施提出了一些有益的建议。虽然一些建议还需作进一步的考虑，但其中一些建议，包括流动性、工作人员福利和业绩管理，已由大会进行审议，或由其他改革进程继续研究中。我相信，现有的这些倡议会最有效地处理这些问题。一些问题，如工作人员福利和流动性，对全联合国系统都有影响。", "46. 我打算继续另行研究有关公司紧急模式的建议[16] (这需要明确此种模式的有关规定，包括谁可以宣布紧急状态；建立在联合国系统内横向调动工作人员的制度；建立“快速”征聘机制)，以及编制已经过标准化培训(包括管理、人权和性别平等问题培训)的可快速部署的秘书处工作人员名册。", "47. 高级咨询小组建议建立明确和透明的进程以管理特派团启动阶段和过渡。详细拟订和扩大全球外勤支助战略、当前对综合特派团规划进程的审查以及我的关于对特别政治任务的供资、支助和支持的下一份报告的筹备工作等举措，都将致力于解决这一问题。", "四. 经验和问责", "A. 领导和问责", "48. 高级咨询小组的报告包括了关于加强联合国高级领导人能力和问责的建议。我打算利用现有各项倡议，根据能力来挑选负责人，研究如何对潜在负责人的业绩记录(包括在性别平等主流化方面的业绩记录)进行更严格的审查，并使用有创意的适当的评估方法。我还将探讨其他旨在确保高级任命过程保持廉正的举措，如增加刊登广告的高级员额的数量。我将继续要求征聘的所有阶段都必须包括妇女，并鼓励就高级职位举行面谈。", "49. 关于加强高级负责人管理联合国冲突反应的能力的问题，我们将研究如何在现有资源范围内对领导人进行培训。办法包括更加注重高级领导人培训中的行政和支助问题，包括就职培训期间与行政负责人会面；向负责人提供在线咨询意见，纳入从审计建议和司法制度吸取的经验教训；将工作人员发展方案列入大型会议的日程安排，以便创造尽可能多的小组学习的机会；确保负责人每年拿出5天接受培训。[17] 维持和平行动部、外勤支助部和政治事务部将继续为特派团制定可以提供针对决策和危机管理的基于假想情况的演习的方法。", "50. 我非常赞同高级咨询小组的意见，即：应该追究高级负责人给国家行为体和民众造成的结果的责任和对联合国的责任。应该根据商定目标制订预期成果。问责范围应超出预期成果，扩展到服务提供和与联合国系统其他部门合作的情况。此外，在交付成果方面，全联合国系统的高级工作人员应该在某种程度上共担责任。", "51. 但是，必须从错综复杂的冲突后局势的角度来看待加强监督和成果问责的问题。要在这种局势中取得成果，往往需要冒一定程度的风险。应该让高级负责人有权在经过斟酌后承担一定的风险，而不是限制他们这样做。", "52. 我已请管理事务部同妇女署合作共同审查和加强现有制度，以便在冲突后立即对性别平等进行问责，包括对我关于妇女参与建设和平的七点行动计划的执行情况进行问责。各项制度应该包括根据商定的标准，例如安全理事会第1325(2000)号决议所列指标和高级工作人员业绩评估，对进展情况进行定期审计。我将于2012年再次向大会提交关于冲突后情况下性别平等问责制的建议。", "B. 问责和责任", "53. 我赞同高级咨询小组所说的，在提供全球文职能力方面存在重大差距，我们必须创建有助于缩小这些差距、加强问责和加强实质性领导的机制。高级咨询小组建议设立分组制度并指定建设和平活动核心领域的牵头人。我支持高级咨询小组提出的冲突后开展更加有效、负责和可预测的国际援助的根本目标。能力差距不仅说明国际援助存在结构性的不足，而且说明派驻和没有派驻特派团的不同背景国家有着迫切的需要。我们的目的必须是确保核心领域获得足够可部署的能力和充足的资金，而且不发生重叠。这有助于确保受冲突影响国家能够得到所需要的支助，同时使所支助的提供更加高效。", "54. 考虑联合国系统为加强核心能力需要做些什么，就不能不考虑更广泛的国际能力问题。需要同各会员国和国际金融机构就不断变化的能力需求和来源进行持续的对话。作为一个起点，我已请指导委员会主席同会员国以及文职能力的其他提供者进行协商，详细列出高级咨询小组所确定的重点领域的能力需求和来源，[18] 将重点放在最迫切的业务需要(如安全、警察和刑事司法部门改革)上，并利用高级咨询小组的能力调查结果。在这些广泛的领域内，需要开展更多工作以查清重要的能力差距，其中一些是高度专门化的功能。南苏丹等一些刚刚结束冲突的国家的需要和出现的经验教训，应该有助于说明哪些方面存在差距和如何更好地弥补差距。同会员国以及其他主要行为体的对话，也会有助于弄清文职能力情况并跟踪弥补差距的长期承诺。这种对话将指导和鞭策我们澄清核心建设和平领域的权责的努力。", "55. 在联合国内，我决心根据以下要点，制定应对这一挑战的更加实际、灵活的办法：", "(a) 在联合国系统内，需要在总部设立各具体领域的协调中心，负责了解在哪些方面具备能力和存在差距；", "(b) 由于能力和背景的不同，不同领域的协调中心作用各不相同；", "(c) 除了了解全球和具体国家的能力外，某一领域的协调中心应查清现有的知识产品，帮助弥补知识差距并分享最佳做法和经验教训。协调中心将负责确保向国家伙伴提供关于相关承诺的信息，并与妇女署协调，提供性别平等主流化和妇女参与方面的技术援助；", "(d) 协调中心可以为寻找有关能力的外地负责人以及会员国、服务提供者和其他伙伴提供进入联合国系统的切入点，从而帮助正规和非正规网络，并使各个领域的信息交流畅通；", "(e) 提供各核心专长领域能力的权责安排，必须适应具体的领域，并视实地需要而定。尽管核心领域需要可预测和可部署的能力，但在同一核心领域内，根据比较优势情况，不同国家的安排也各不相同；", "(f) 需要让所有各方清楚了解具体国家局势中的安排。应该在初期规划时就筹划这些安排，同时考虑到总部和外地的总体安排和能力，借鉴所汲取的经验教训，包括在效率、问责和成果方面的经验教训。随着情况的变化，应对这些安排进行审查。情况清楚以后，捐助方就能够根据联合国在外地的负责人的建议，将它们的支持投给适当的执行实体，将投资引向资金紧缺的领域，避免重叠，同时又帮助弥补差距。", "56. 指导委员会成员代表来自联合国系统各实体。我已请该委员会主席将这一办法定为委员会今后几个月工作的重点，首先是审查经高级咨询小组确定为存在严重能力差距的领域，并借鉴该小组所提议的协调中心的意见：", "(a) 在基本安全和安保领域：解除武装和复员，警察和安保部门改革以及治理；", "(b) 在司法领域：惩教、刑事司法以及司法和法律改革；", "(c) 在包容各方的政治进程领域：政党发展和公共信息；", "(d) 在核心政府职能领域：援助政策和协调、立法部门和公共财政管理；", "(e) 在重振经济领域：创造就业机会、自然资源管理和私人部门发展。", "57. 指导委员会还应评估高级咨询小组已指出的差距以外的其他重要差距。我打算一年之后对进展作出评估并向会员国作出汇报。", "五. 财务和业务灵活性", "58. 在动荡不定的冲突后局势中，时间是建设能力、避免出现反复的危险并交付重要的和平红利的关键。业务和财务上需要有一定灵活性，以适应不断变化的情况，人们越来越多地认识到，这对于有效的国际支助至关重要。高级咨询小组正确地提请注意三个方面，该小组认为，联合国还可在这三个方面作进一步的改进：特派团随着需要的改变部署资源的能力；根据比较优势的原则，利用最有能力的实体执行规定的任务；便利资源的流动和及时性。", "59. 灵活性对于国际上响应冲突后国家的需要至关重要，特别是联合国是否有能力支持国家确保在安全、司法和基本服务方面尽早取得进展的能力。我的特别代表有责任，也有机会在他们作为特派团首长所掌握的资源之外，帮助确保为建设国家和建设和平所提供国际支持的协调一致、相互补充和井然有序。", "60. 业务和财务上的灵活性对于特派团启动和随后阶段的设计和预算尤其重要。正如高级咨询小组指出的，特派团的基本设计和初期预算是在情况不稳定时编制的，当时对当地的要求和能力的了解都很有限。牢记这一点，应该把特派团的初期计划视为初步计划。正是由于认识到这种初期阶段的不确定性，我提议维持和平行动最初一年采用一种标准筹资模式，大会已批准这一模式。[19] 我打算进一步完善这一模式，明确规定我的特别代表嗣后有权对文职能力的成分比例作出调整，以便能够借助国家的新生能力，或能够获得联合国内无法获得的专门知识。", "61. 需要适应不断变化的需要和情况，这种必要性贯穿特派团的整个任务期。外地特派团的分摊预算在每一财政年度开始之前10至11个月即进行规划，其中详细列明未来10至24个月的所有预想投入信息。在实际中，需求是不断变化的，特别是在冲突后的初期。我的特别代表需要拥有做某些相应改动的灵活性，包括必要时利用同出缺员额和职位相关的资源满足新的优先事项的能力。各国政府和国际组织在应对这种紧急情况时，采取了多种多样的做法，如将风险管理和问责方面的权力更多下放到外地。尽管联合国已经采取了类似的措施，但是，或许可以从评估这些办法是否适用于联合国外地特派团中学习到更多。", "62. 现行供资安排为适应不断变化的情况提供的机会很有限。例如，维持和平行动的预算周期是一年，而不是二年，而批款结构反映的是大会对于确保资源转移的必要性的理解。此外，根据关于尽量把管理权下放给项目管理人的“革新联合国：改革方案”(A/51/950)中规定的行动，2002年秘书处内部采取了行政措施，扩大各维持和平行动在管理军事和警务人员、文职人员和业务费用三大类开支的资源方面的管理权。", "63. 我打算探讨如何能够进一步改进我们在现行管理框架内的工作，同时确保外地所做决定的必要透明度和问责。为确保高级管理人员充分认识到在核定预算执行期间进行调整的范围和程序，我们将确保对高级管理人员的培训包含这一问题，并确保外地特派团的负责人、方案主管和特派团支助事务主管收到同样的信息。", "64. 我还打算探讨能否改进维持和平行动拟议预算中信息列示的方式，以便更全面和透明地展示作为三大类开支之一的文职能力方面的资源。因此，文职能力资源大会将能够更清楚地为大会所了解，也能够更容易地根据特派团的要求予以部署或重新部署。", "65. 高级咨询小组还注意到，特派团的设计和预算不一定会规定应由那些在履行该职能方面具有比较优势的实体来执行。我将向外地特派团的首长和规划人员发出适当指示，说明在建议如何落实任务时应该运用比较优势原则。例如，利用其他联合国行为体来履行它们最有能力应对的已获授权的列入预算的职能，能够带来实际的优势，包括与部署特派团之前便在某一国家或地区存在、特派团离开后还会继续存在的实体建立起联系。合作式规划或联合规划，如制定综合战略框架，应该有助于确定在外地的联合国行为体的比较优势。我的重点将是加强联合国实体在冲突后的严峻局势中规划、合作和一道工作的能力。", "66. 高级咨询小组的建议还涉及解决及时提供资金方面的差距，这方面存在差距会拖延建设和平重要任务的启动。在提到支持任务执行的资金流与对资金使用缺乏灵活性的看法的区别时，高级咨询小组提出了一些相互关联的建议：在特派团内部文职能力具有执行某一规定任务的比较优势时，外地特派团应可以从分摊预算中提供必要的方案资金；应该为支持特派团内部文职能力的自愿捐款提供便利，减少特派团信托基金收取的间接费用；还没有加强其快速反应筹资能力的机构、基金和方案应考虑采取措施这样做。", "67. 关于联合国特派团应通过分摊款执行方案活动的建议，并不是一项新建议，由联合国海地稳定特派团、开发署和其他有关方支助的联合国共同减少社区暴力方案就是一个实例。[20] 在一些情况下，由于特派团的存在和能力，特派团能够并应该为没有或尚未调动自愿资金的规定职能开展工作。应该参照这方面的比较优势和其他行为体开展的工作来评估这类措施，同时尊重联合国各实体的基本权限和任务。在拟议预算中列入某项所需资源以及大会嗣后的审议，出发点始终都是授权任务。", "68. 关于鼓励为冲突后立即建设和平提供自愿捐款，以补充特派团通过分摊预算开展的工作的问题，高级咨询小组建议，秘书处收取的间接费用应该适用多方捐助信托基金的7%的间接费用比率。从减少各实体间纯粹基于间接费用比例的竞争的角度出发，就会容易理解这一想法的吸引人之处。但这也是一个复杂的问题，需要在联合国的费用回收政策和安排问题上，从整个联合国的角度加以审查。长期政策的一个重要前提是，不应该用核心资源补贴非核心资源的活动。", "69. 对1980年以来一直实行的现有做法的内部审查，已于2010年下半年开始。该审查的目的是促进对联合国财务架构采取一种预算外供资的最新观点。这一审查将澄清哪些费用应该回收以及回收的手段，并考虑费用回收政策的运用如何能够考虑到支持授权任务的伙伴关系和捐款，而不仅仅是那些旨在为其他各方提供服务的捐款。审查还将研究在让联合国的做法同联合国其他实体的做法保持一致方面的机会。预期审查将于2012年第一季度完成。我打算向大会通报这方面取得的进展。", "70. 高级咨询小组还建议，应该借鉴粮食计划署和开发署的创新做法，增加各机构、基金和方案获得快速反应筹资的机会。我敦促会员国审查这些机制并加快为联合国各机构、基金和方案的恢复、过渡和发展提供资金，以缩小资金缺口，特别是在严重的冲突后环境中。", "六. 结论和建议", "71. 各国普遍认为，国际社会、特别是联合国能够而且必须更好地为受冲突影响国家提供快速而有效的文职能力。这些国家本身也正在呼吁改变现状。就建设和平与国家建设国际对话而言，七国加一集团[21] 建议达成一项“向脆弱国家提供国际援助的新政，这一新政带来的成果符合建设和平和国家建设的目标，更加透明、灵活和有效，并能够加强(而不是重复)国家和当地的能力和机构。”。[22]", "72. 高级咨询小组就如何开展这项工作提出了宝贵的建议。该小组的报告述及相互关联的广泛问题，所有这些问题都对我们如何寻找和部署文职能力具有影响。我还在大会、建设和平委员会和安全理事会内仔细听取了会员国的意见。我欢迎会员国的参与，欢迎它们支持重视国家需要和优先事项和支持对报告的建议采取以需求为驱动的反应。", "73. 这些挑战不仅影响联合国，而且由于联合国领导或协调对受冲突影响国家的国际援助，我们还肩负着采取行动的特殊责任。我在本报告中提出了一些早期优先行动。为了落实这些优先行动，我请指导委员会主席确保各国家工作队、特派团领导和联合国国家工作队都全面参与到这些优先行动中。它们的参与将有助于查明检验各种想法和办法的机会，特别是在新设特派团的国家或现有特派团肩负新的任务的国家(如科特迪瓦或南苏丹)，以及无特派团的冲突或危机后环境中。", "74. 我认为，在我的权限范围或联合国行政首长权限范围内的各领域取得进展是一项优先事项。但这是一项共同事业，涉及到会员国、国际金融机构和建设和平方面的广大利益攸关方——民间社会、学术界和私人部门。因此，我们的办法强调同其他各方合作制定建议。我感谢建设和平委员会本着积极的态度进行参与。我将继续依靠该委员会和会员国磋商小组的持续参与，特别是参与分析对具体能力的供求的与会员国的拟议对话。这些领导人在总部和外地应对过文职能力问题上的挑战。他们的经验极其有用，我将继续依靠高级咨询小组的经验。最后，联合国内的努力必须考虑到其他倡议，特别是建设和平与国家建设国际对话、七国加一集团以及《世界发展报告》的运作。", "75. 本报告重点述及联合国当前能做哪些工作，但也进一步审视了更广泛的伙伴关系，展望了未来的步骤。我打算于2012年向会员国报告取得的进展和可能需要采取的进一步举措，包括可能需要大会作出决定的举措。与此同时，我将依赖我们所有伙伴的支持与合作，以实现我们的共同目标。", "[1] 联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)正在制定能力发展战略以指导其在南苏丹的各项方案，重点是成果和撤出战略。", "[2] 培训本国工作人员是东帝汶政府和联东综合团的共同优先事项。只要资源允许，特派团培训班和设施都对政府部委和其他国家机构工作人员开放。", "[3] 设在南苏丹的新特派团的情况就是这样。", "[4] 例如政治事务部和联合国开发计划署支持的加纳和平基础设施。", "[5] 见A/63/881-S/2009/304，第46段。", "[6] 见安全理事会第1996(2011)号决议，第22段。", "[7] 这一点对于依照公正、中立和独立的原则采取应对措施的人道主义机构来说尤其重要，根据这些原则，有些情况下合用同一地点的做法可能不合适。", "[8] 例如，儿基会致力于向阿富汗卫生部门努力转让知识和技术，联合国开发计划署(开发署)支持尼泊尔的援助管理和利比里亚的选举委员会。", "[9] 世界粮食计划署执行“采购换进步”倡议，在南苏丹购买玉米，为南苏丹境内的刚果和中非难民供应粮食。", "[10] 如例如“和平红利倡议”在东帝汶和阿富汗采取的做法。", "[11] 还必须考虑在当地采购的政治影响。如果更多地在当地采购有助于让财富集中于少数有权势的人的手中，这一做法便可能无意中加剧冲突后国家的不平等和紧张。", "[12] 例如，印度尼西亚关于调解的经验；拉丁美洲国家关于处理城市和暴力犯罪行为的经验；孟加拉国关于促进妇女在小额贷款和社区卫生等方面的权力的经验；南非在布隆迪选举和调解方面的专门知识。", "[13] 例如联合国项目事务厅可以请其提供排雷行动服务的专家库。", "[14] 例如巴西在安哥拉的重振经济项目，或南非同德国合作支持南苏丹的法律和司法培训。", "[15] 例如，巴西非政府组织Igarapé正在巴西、加拿大以及大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府支持下编制可部署到和平行动的文职专家名册。", "[16] 借鉴人道主义危机应对模式，包括人道主义事务协调厅、开发署、儿童基金会和联合国人口基金制定的模式。", "[17] 当前，加强高级负责人培训努力的一个实例是，维持和平行动部正在为军事部门首长制定一个5至8天的特派团培训方案。", "[18] 基本安全和安保、司法、包容各方的政治进程、核心政府职能以及重振经济。", "[19] 见大会第65/289号决议。", "[20] 其他具有专用方案资金的规定领域是：解除武装、复员和重返社会，新闻，扫雷行动和速效项目。", "[21] 七国加一集团于2008年成立，是正在经历或摆脱冲突的国家的一个开放式集团，其成员包括阿富汗、布隆迪、中非共和国、乍得、科特迪瓦、刚果民主共和国、海地、利比里亚、尼泊尔、所罗门群岛、塞拉利昂、南苏丹和东帝汶。", "[22] 见2011年6月15至16日第二次建设和平与国家建设国际对话通过的蒙罗维亚路线图，可查阅：http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/24/48345560.pdf。" ]

[ "* A/66/150.", "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-sixth session Sixty-seventh year Item 123 (a) of the provisionalagenda* \nStrengthening of the United Nationssystem", "Civilian capacity in the aftermath of conflict", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary Countries emerging from conflict typically confront a wide range ofurgent demands to build and sustain peace, yet they often face acritical shortage of capacity to meet priority needs quickly andeffectively. The international community has recognized thischallenge, and many bilateral and multilateral actors have takensteps to improve support to conflict-affected countries. Theseindividual efforts, however, have fallen short of a establishing areliable and effective mechanism to provide countries with theassistance that they seek. The United Nations still struggles torecruit and deploy civilian expertise and to support national actorsin expanding and deepening their skills. In March 2010, I appointed aSenior Advisory Group, chaired by former Under-Secretary-General forPeacekeeping Operations, Jean-Marie Guéhenno, to undertake anindependent review of civilian capacity in the aftermath of conflictwith a view to providing concrete and practical proposals tostrengthen civilian support for sustainable peace and development. \nThe report of the Senior Advisory Group (A/65/747-S/2011/85) waspresented to Member States in February 2011. It is a wide-rangingreport that makes a number of recommendations relevant to MemberStates, to regional and civil society organizations and to the UnitedNations. Recognizing the scope of the report, I established aSteering Committee, chaired by Susana Malcorra,Under-Secretary-General for Field Support, to lead a coordinatedfollow-up to the report.\nThe present report is the first response of the United Nations to theindependent review on civilian capacity in the aftermath of conflict.Its starting point is the current United Nations system and theprocedures and practices that fall within my purview asSecretary-General to strengthen the support provided by theOrganization\nto countries emerging from conflict. Putting our own house in orderis a prerequisite for effective engagement with Member States,regional organizations, civil society partners and, above all, thecountries seeking our assistance. This alone, however, is not enoughto improve international civilian support. We all have an obligationto review our respective individual efforts, as well as ourpartnerships, in support of communities and people who have enduredviolence and deprivation. In subsequent phases I shall focus on therole that others must play and the partnerships that we must put inplace to enable us to collectively strengthen the quality andefficiency of civilian support after conflict.The present report identifies a set of concrete priority actions andtimelines for the United Nations over the course of the next 12months aimed at improving its civilian response and becoming a betterpartner for others. These include: (a) Developing guidelines for better use and development of nationalcapacity, as well as guidance to ensure that procurement practices donot exclude local suppliers; (b) Giving stronger strategic direction to new planning processes; (c) Undertaking a review of how gender expertise is structured anddeployed; (d) Consulting Member States and regional organizations on developingstronger partnerships, to ensure we make the best possible use oftheir capabilities; (e) Establishing an online platform to broadcast civilian needs andavailable capacities and better connect Governments, the UnitedNations and external capacity providers; (f) Exploring modalities to broaden the scope for deploying personnelprovided by Governments or other entities; (g) Detailing critical capacity gap areas and ensuring thatdesignated United Nations focal points engage with external partnersto address them; (h) Pursuing a corporate emergency model in the United NationsSecretariat to enable an effective response to situations where rapiddeployment is required; (i) Ensuring that United Nations leaders in the field exercise theoperational and financial agility entrusted to them to fulfil theirmandates; (j) Applying the principle of comparative advantage in dischargingmandates; (k) Piloting these approaches in the field, for example mobilizingnational and regional expertise and examining the scope for localprocurement in South Sudan. \nAbove all, the present report makes clear that a sustainable peace isa national peace. Externally imposed solutions or skills cannotreplace ownership by, and capacity of, national communities, theirleaders and their institutions. That starting point must be our endgoal.", "I. Introduction", "1. National efforts to build and consolidate peace after conflict need to be supported by timely, effective civilian capacities. As I emphasized in my report on peacebuilding in the immediate aftermath of conflict (A/63/881-S/2009/304), we must seize the window of opportunity often offered in the post-conflict period to provide basic security, deliver peace dividends, build confidence in political processes, strengthen national capacity to lead peacebuilding and lay the foundations for sustainable development.", "2. To meet this challenge, the international community, especially the United Nations, needs to deliver the requisite specialized civilian capacities more quickly and effectively, i.e. the skills and expertise needed to support national actors as they seek to re-establish the rule of law, revitalize the economy, restore basic services to the population and develop the capacities to make these gains sustainable. The risk of relapse in the early years of peace is high. Instability and conflict spill over borders and destabilize neighbouring countries. There are strong linkages between security, peace and development; countries affected by conflict are the furthest away from achieving the Millennium Development Goals. For sustainable peace and development, we need to invest in the right civilian capacities early on.", "3. It was in response to these imperatives that I initiated a review to analyse how to broaden and deepen the pool of civilian expertise to support the immediate capacity-development needs of countries emerging from conflict. In March 2010, I appointed a Senior Advisory Group, chaired by former Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Jean-Marie Guéhenno, to carry out an independent review. The Group consulted entities across the United Nations system, at Headquarters and in the field, Member States, the Peacebuilding Commission, regional organizations, civil society and academia. I submitted its report (A/65/747-S/2011/85) to the President of the General Assembly and the President of the Security Council on 22 February 2011. I subsequently appointed a Steering Committee, with members representing entities from across the United Nations system, to consider how the recommendations of the Senior Advisory Group should be taken forward.", "4. The report of the Senior Advisory Group is founded on certain key principles: that stronger civilian capacities are vital to building lasting peace; that latent national capacities in conflict-affected countries must be nurtured; that international support must respond to demand, not be driven by supply; and that the United Nations needs to be more responsive, flexible and cost-effective in providing that support. I have been encouraged by the widespread support Member States have expressed for these principles, for the emphasis in the report on a demand-driven approach and field focus and for many of its recommendations.", "5. I share the assessment of the Senior Advisory Group that to meet these challenges we need to build stronger partnerships with external partners; broaden the supply of specialized capacities by better identifying and deploying those available, especially in the global South and among women; develop more effective ways of working together across the United Nations system; and develop a management culture and business practices that enable my senior leaders to respond swiftly and effectively to changing realities in the field. The emphasis placed by the Senior Advisory Group on achieving these goals while making better use of systems already in place, is in line with the approach I have charted to build a more accountable, transparent, efficient and effective United Nations.", "6. In my second term I intend to prioritize measures that will make the United Nations more effective and efficient, including through my change management programme. A key feature will be the implementation of the present report on civilian capacity. Many existing United Nations initiatives (such as my agenda for action on peacebuilding in the immediate aftermath of conflict, the global field support strategy, the strategic framework on women, peace and security, our system-wide coherence efforts and my forthcoming report on preventive diplomacy) have the potential to improve the deployment of civilian capacities, even if that is not their primary objective. So do initiatives developed with partners, such as the World Bank World Development Report 2011, the United Nations-European Commission partnership on natural resources, conflict and peacebuilding, and the International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding.", "7. In the present report I set out how the United Nations should respond to the report of the Senior Advisory Group: what action the United Nations itself should take to improve the quality, speed and effectiveness of civilian support to conflict-affected countries and what it should do in partnership with others. I set out a road map for action along three major axes: developing greater national capacity and ownership in our post-conflict response; building the external partnerships and making the necessary adjustments within the United Nations system to source the civilian capacities required; and exercising the organizational agility necessary to respond nimbly to unpredictable post-conflict situations.", "8. I envisage our response falling into different categories. First are the priorities for early implementation: those initiatives falling within my own authority or that of the executive heads of United Nations entities which offer the greatest potential for impact on the ground. I set out in the present report how I intend to pursue these in the short term. Next are ideas that require more careful reflection before being taken forward. Some of these fall within the purview of the United Nations system, others are for Member States or other stakeholders to consider; I intend to revert to Member States on these ideas in more detail at a later date. Last are issues which are already being addressed in other reform processes within the United Nations. Most of these should continue to be dealt within those processes, while highlighting their relevance to civilian capacities.", "9. Much of my agenda will be applicable across the various responses of the United Nations in the aftermath of conflict. Where humanitarian needs persist in parallel with the beginning of recovery and development programming, humanitarian action will continue to be guided by the principles of humanity, impartiality, neutrality and independence.", "II. National capacity", "10. As communities emerge from conflict they often face a critical shortage of capacities to secure sustainable peace. As I stressed in my reports on peacebuilding in the immediate aftermath of conflict and on women’s participation in peacebuilding (A/65/354-S/2010/466) and as the Security Council and the Peacebuilding Commission have emphasized, identifying, developing and using national capacities must be a priority in the aftermath of conflict. This will help to develop the national ownership that is essential to achieving sustainable peace and development.", "11. This is not a technical exercise. Supporting post-conflict national institutions is a high-risk, political undertaking. It extends beyond Governments into civil society and the private sector and beyond national institutions to subnational, local and community levels. There are tensions between the imperatives of starting to build national capacity from day one and delivering early peace dividends like basic services.", "12. Nevertheless, capacity-development is a process that must begin from the earliest days of international involvement, a challenge to be addressed by the United Nations and all international actors. It must include capacity assessment, capacity-building, including through targeted training and mentoring, capacity utilization, and capacity sustainability. While there are many examples of the United Nations developing and using national capacity, a more systematic approach is needed. Within the United Nations, I have asked the inter-agency working group on capacity-development, chaired by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), to develop, by 2012, core principles and guidelines for better using and developing national capacity in post-conflict contexts, as well as plans for developing concrete tools to equip field teams to conduct capacity assessments, design strategies and monitor results. These tools should include strategies to target specific constituencies, including women and young people.", "13. One important aspect to be considered is the need to avoid any negative impact on national capacity-development, for example the brain drain of local capacity to international and bilateral organizations. In order to foster coherence among international efforts, the United Nations will work with the World Bank and maintain a dialogue with interested Member States. We can only succeed if all major international actors work together to develop national capacity.", "14. Equally important in strategies for capacity-development is to pay more attention to the subnational level, where results are often more visible and important to people and can catalyse capacity-development efforts at the national level. This is vital in transitions, where the inability of a State to deliver on core functions can undermine its legitimacy and credibility and put peace consolidation at risk.", "15. While we must aim to maximize the use of national capacity from the outset, in some cases international capacity is needed to provide the requisite technical expertise. In other cases, international capacity may be necessary to ensure impartiality, neutrality or security, or where a protracted conflict has weakened systems of accountability and transparency to the point where temporary substitution measures are needed to restore confidence. Such measures should be one element of a broader strategy, with benchmarks set for their duration and a realistic exit strategy clearly defined.[1] Such strategies must take into account the need for proper balance and sequencing of the use of international assistance and national (even if still weak) capacities in order to further the goal of strengthening national legitimacy, ownership and long-term sustainability. Direct international support and capacity-development must take place in parallel to prevent long-term dependency on international resources.", "16. One of the ways in which United Nations peacekeeping operations and special political missions can contribute to building capacity is by training national staff. For example, a capacity-building project launched in 2010 by the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste is training over 900 national staff, using local and regional training providers where possible. Such efforts should be guided by national requirements[2] and built into early mission planning. The use of National Professional Officers increases the opportunities for national staff to contribute to the work of field missions and to build their capacities in critical peacebuilding and State-building functions.[3] The Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support, UNDP and other United Nations entities are collaborating to mobilize national expertise for South Sudan, including from the diaspora where appropriate, for example through job fairs in neighbouring countries and a national United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme. Such initiatives are equally important in non-mission countries, where efforts to build national capacities to manage conflict[4] are an important part of sustainable peacebuilding. I urge Member States to support these initiatives by funding return and reintegration for nationals and programmes that foster national staff development.", "17. Capacity-development needs to be built into planning from the start. Recent innovations such as the post-conflict needs assessment, the strategic assessment, the integrated strategic framework and the revised guidelines for United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks have done much to improve integrated United Nations planning. But we still have further to go. Early planning must include a strong field perspective, with United Nations staff already in country working with national stakeholders to assess national priorities and existing national capacity,[5] including in the diaspora. This will help to ensure that planning is driven by national priorities and needs and not by the availability of international staff or other resources, and that it explores the opportunities to use and develop latent national capacity. Plans need to be flexible enough to adapt to changing circumstances and an increasing degree of national ownership. The Integration Steering Group has decided that the integrated mission planning process guidelines will be revised by 2012. This will include reflecting the importance of engaging national actors in the assessment, planning, and implementation phases. Clear strategic guidance will be provided on how to ensure that national perspectives and capacities are taken into account from the outset of each planning process.", "18. Strategies for capacity-development should pay special attention to the needs and capacities of women. As my report on women’s participation in peacebuilding emphasized, post-conflict transition is a critical moment for reassessing gender roles and capacities and taking steps towards gender equality. Work is under way to integrate gender equality principles into United Nations post-conflict planning. United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks periodically undergo retrospective gender reviews and gender mainstreaming guidance has been developed for post-conflict needs assessments.", "19. However, while guidelines can be important tools, they do not appear to be effective in ensuring that women’s needs are addressed, or that women are included in post-conflict planning and programme implementation. The factors that do make a difference are committed and convinced leadership, the early engagement of gender experts (particularly with sector-specific skills) and effective accountability frameworks. The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) will undertake by mid-2012 a rapid and cost-effective review of the way gender expertise is structured and deployed in post-conflict situations, with recommendations for increasing its effectiveness. In addition, I call on my senior leaders to ensure that United Nations planning frameworks integrate targets and indicators from the system-wide strategic framework based on Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) to better support the participation of women in peacebuilding.", "20. Since 2009, the United Nations has been working with Member States to encourage more women to join their national police services and to nominate more women for international deployment as part of the global effort to increase the share of women in United Nations police components to 20 per cent by 2014.", "21. Support for core government functions is vital for reinforcing national ownership. The priorities that the Senior Advisory Group singled out were policy management and prioritization, aid coordination and public financial management. The World Development Report 2011 pointed to the importance of effective institutions for citizen security, justice and jobs. The preliminary results of the lessons-learned review of public administration in post-conflict contexts add civil service personnel management and local government capacities. Civil service management should include measures to attract and retain personnel, including through a variety of incentives.", "22. Strengthening core government functions requires more than stronger technical capacities, however. Public administration and governance are legitimized not only by the way in which the State delivers technically, but also through its interaction with society: the way decisions are made, how public goods and resources are allocated and how populations can engage with the State. Building confidence between States and populations through participation in decision-making and delivery of peace dividends is crucial to avoid the recurrence of conflict. Early international engagement must focus on strengthening capacities for building State-society relations. Sufficient funding from Member States is essential to enable an effective and predictable United Nations response in these areas.", "23. In its report, the Senior Advisory Group recommends that, where appropriate, international personnel in post-conflict settings should be physically co-located within national institutions. We have experience of this in many post-conflict settings and we are examining the options for co-location of civilian staff with Government personnel in the new mission in South Sudan.[6] In assessing whether co-location is appropriate and when, the degree of absorption capacity of national institutions should be considered, as should the need to safeguard the impartiality of international assistance,[7] effective human rights monitoring and reporting, the security of staff and whether international staff are responsible for mentoring and knowledge transfer or for providing technical expertise. The inter-agency working group on capacity-development should include in its guidelines advice on co‑location, building on past experience.[8]", "24. United Nations procurement may involve opportunities to expand the positive economic impact of United Nations field presences. Local procurement is already substantial in some post-conflict countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia. Business seminars are conducted in those countries to inform local markets of the procurement requirements of the United Nations. I request field missions to make every effort to include local suppliers in procurement solicitations issued by the United Nations. Beginning in 2012, I will request peacekeeping operations periodically to provide information on their local economic impact and their contribution to local economies.", "25. As for the agencies, funds and programmes, the World Food Programme (WFP) has a procurement programme that seeks to stimulate the agricultural sector by purchasing from small farmers;[9] the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) procures an increasingly large proportion of supplies on the local market; and UNDP purchases local goods and services through streamlined bidding processes. Conflict-sensitive local procurement in the humanitarian phase can help establish partnerships that can be leveraged during post-conflict recovery.", "26. Much more can be accomplished within the existing regulatory framework for procurement without compromising transparency, international competition and quality standards. The Department of Management will issue guidance so that procurement practices do not exclude local suppliers, so that as far as possible requisitions can be unbundled to make them more accessible to local providers, including microenterprises, and so that financial criteria for eligible vendors can be reviewed to enable small companies to compete. We are examining the scope for local procurement in South Sudan. One possibility is for non-governmental organizations to support small companies to bid for contracts for maintenance and support services,[10] or help to establish small companies, where they do not exist.", "27. I have asked the Department of Management to review existing United Nations procurement processes and procedures in 2012, to analyse selected country situations to identify obstacles to greater local procurement and whether these can be addressed within existing procedures, to assess recent innovations and to recommend revisions accordingly.[11] I support similar innovations in the agencies, funds and programmes.", "III. International civilian capacities", "28. The recommendations of the Senior Advisory Group for more effective mobilization of international civilian capacities can be seen as three concentric circles: better leveraging of external capacity through partnerships with non-United Nations entities; enhanced capacity and interoperability across the United Nations; and change within the Secretariat. The area of external partnerships offers particular scope for innovative approaches that can deliver greater responsiveness on the ground.", "A. Leveraging external capacity: partnerships with non-United Nations entities", "29. The large number of United Nations interventions in conflict-affected countries and the breadth and complexity of their mandates, require more and increasingly specialized civilian capacities. These include “niche” functions (for example, public-private partnerships or specialized rule of law tasks like investigative expertise), as well as expertise that may be unique to a country or region, such as traditional justice or anti-piracy expertise. To find this expertise and fill current gaps, the United Nations needs to explore a greater variety of sources of capacity, particularly among actors from the global South, and to build effective partnerships with potential providers.", "30. Building these partnerships will be a priority for my second term. In so doing I will be guided by certain principles. First, accessibility and inclusiveness: new partnership opportunities must be visible and accessible to all potential partners, from all regions. This should include countries with recent experience of change or transition, which offer a growing pool of relevant experience to draw upon.[12] This approach should also enable us to identify and access more capacities among women.", "31. Second, to meet the needs of conflict-affected countries, we need a more broadly composed workforce in which core United Nations staff are supplemented by additional capacities deployed on a flexible, on-demand basis from Governments, international and regional organizations and non-governmental entities. This approach, already applied by United Nations agencies, funds and programmes and by some parts of the Secretariat, should align the composition of our workforce more closely with operational requirements. It will also offer Member States increased opportunities to provide civilian capacities in partnership with the United Nations. We will consult Member States to ensure that we make the best use possible of the capabilities of different countries and regions. I encourage Member States and regional organizations to participate actively in these consultations.", "32. Within this broad policy framework, we are beginning work on the instruments and modalities that will be needed to support more effective deployment through external partners. As a first step, I intend to pilot tools to link demand and supply, which can be developed progressively in the light of experience. Work has begun on developing a “virtual marketplace” of civilian capacity, an online platform where needs and capacities can be broadcast, helping Governments and the United Nations system to find potential suppliers of the capacities they need and to better connect the United Nations in the field to external capacity providers. The platform will offer information about standardized partnership modalities, so that the United Nations can rapidly access the capacities of partners without reinventing the process every time. It will also begin to publicize existing rosters — both those within the United Nations system and those managed by external providers — and enhance their efficiency by enabling roster managers to communicate with each other, as well as to understand better what experience and skills are currently most in demand.", "33. The goal of better connecting with external partners is a complex and important undertaking which will not be fulfilled through a platform alone. To ensure that we make early progress towards this priority goal, we are setting up a small team, initially from within existing resources, to identify the main challenges to be addressed in implementation. The team will develop the necessary partnership modalities, create standardized legal arrangements to make long-term partnerships more fruitful and foster greater South-South and triangular cooperation, engaging closely in dialogue with Member States on the evolving demands and sources of capacity described below.", "34. Modalities to enable partners to work together easily, freely available to all potential partners and operating within a clear policy framework, are essential to broadening the scope for deploying personnel provided by Governments or other entities, whether as individuals or as groups. The United Nations already has long-standing, efficient modalities (such as letters of assist and memorandums of understanding) that govern the deployment of military and police personnel and the provision of specialist logistics support from Member States to peacekeeping operations, as well as memorandums of understanding for the provision of standby personnel for humanitarian purposes.[13] The Department of Management will take the lead in developing ways to extend these to civilian deployment, including in situations where groups of specialized personnel are needed for specific initiatives, or where regional expertise is required and building on lessons learned in the agencies, funds and programmes in arranging such deployments with non-United Nations partners, including with regard to quality control and accountability issues.", "35. In addition, there may be ways beyond the existing modalities to broaden the scope for deploying personnel provided by Governments or other entities. Once we have clarified what is possible when the Secretariat makes full use of its existing authority, I may revert to the General Assembly in 2012 with proposals to update the relevant policies.", "36. I encourage Member States and established rosters and training centres to invest more in developing capacity in the global South. Many existing rosters already include members from North and South. While some civilian capacity partnerships may be supported from mission or agency budgets, other financing options, including trust funds, should be explored. Better communication between southern providers and the United Nations in the field can help identify new opportunities for South-South cooperation, including in areas where southern Governments may themselves have already faced and addressed similar challenges.[14] Partnering with centres of excellence or civil society organizations, especially those in the South, offers an entry point for tapping such capacities.[15]", "37. I also encourage Member States to explore opportunities for triangular cooperation, such as for example the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) initiative for capacity enhancement in South Sudan, supported by UNDP and Norway, under which the Government of South Sudan will place 200 civil servants from IGAD member States in key functions in South Sudan for two years. This project is also an example of South-South cooperation, as the countries sending their civil servants to South Sudan will continue to pay their salaries.", "38. I encourage my senior leaders in the field to make greater use of United Nations Volunteers — 80 per cent of whom originate from the global South — in national capacity-building, especially at the local public administration and community levels, and to include them in early mission planning, particularly in integrated operations where UNV is working with UNDP and other United Nations partners in national institution-building as, for instance, in South Sudan. The Secretariat will work with UNV to implement the recommendations of the recent Department of Field Support-UNV partnership evaluation by, for example, placing greater emphasis on capacity-building for national staff and the use of national United Nations volunteers and more strategic deployment of those volunteers during periods of peace and development and the transition to United Nations country teams and political missions. In 2012, the Department of Field Support, the Department of Political Affairs and UNV will conduct a follow-on review to investigate why United Nations volunteers have been underutilized in political missions and to propose how to improve this engagement.", "B. System-wide capacity and interoperability", "39. Many United Nations entities across the system are involved in providing the range of civilian capacities required in complex post-conflict environments. National partners, whose resources are usually severely depleted, need to find the United Nations strategically and operationally coherent, notwithstanding the separate character, governance structures, mandate and source of financing of its different entities.", "40. As the Senior Advisory Group observed, recruitment and appointment systems vary greatly across the United Nations. A United Nations entity cannot easily deploy personnel from another part of the system. In addition, most agencies, funds and programmes maintain their own rosters of specialized civilian experts to be deployed in a crisis. However, they are set up differently and are not easily interoperable. Since field operations demand a wide variety of expertise, much of which will be found throughout the wider United Nations system, the rosters throughout the system should be shared resources.", "41. The civilian capacities online platform described above will be a first step towards greater system-wide collaboration. Establishing real interoperability, however, will be a more complex exercise. The Department of Management is leading an inter-agency group to define what measures would be required, including an inventory of existing rosters and related training, minimum standards for roster participants, gap identification and analysis of options (including the development of a joint or shared roster, cost sharing and administrative modalities for rapid release). Working with the Human Resources Network, the group will report on options by 2012.", "42. Work is separately under way in the Department of Management to expand to the agencies, funds and programmes the staff exchange system (the Voluntary Initiative for Network Exchange) that currently operates in the Secretariat. I am committed to removing obstacles that hinder staff from one United Nations entity being deployed or recruited by another; mobility will remain a priority in my second term.", "C. Within the United Nations Secretariat", "43. United Nations missions and field operations are planned and staffed, and much civilian capacity is recruited and deployed, from among Secretariat staff. The tendency to try to find all the necessary capacities among Secretariat staff or through direct recruitment to the Secretariat means that we often fail to deliver the right civilian capacities quickly enough.", "44. At the same time, strengthening our external partnerships and accessing more resources from across the United Nations system is not a substitute for improving the way we recruit and manage staffing in the Secretariat. Fundamental to improving this is the need to move away from using a single process to fulfil different human resources management needs for recruitment, promotion and assignment.", "45. The Senior Advisory Group makes several useful proposals for measures to improve the ability of the United Nations to staff its missions. While some of these require further consideration, several of them, including mobility, staff welfare and performance management, are already being considered by the General Assembly or pursued in other reform processes. I believe that these are most effectively addressed under those existing initiatives. Some, such as staff welfare and mobility, have implications for the wider United Nations system.", "46. I intend to pursue the recommendations for a corporate emergency model separately[16] (which will require defining the terms of such a model, including who may declare an emergency; developing a system for lateral moves of staff across the United Nations system; and developing a fast-track recruitment mechanism) and establishing a roster of rapidly deployable Secretariat staff who have undergone standardized training, including in management, human rights and gender issues.", "47. The Senior Advisory Group recommends that clear and transparent processes be developed to manage mission start-ups and transitions. This is being addressed by initiatives such as the elaboration and extension of the global field support strategy, the ongoing review of the integrated missions planning process and preparatory work for my forthcoming report on funding, backstopping and support to special political missions.", "IV. Expertise and accountability", "A. Leadership and accountability", "48. The report of the Senior Advisory Group includes recommendations to strengthen the capacity and accountability of senior United Nations leaders. I intend to build on existing initiatives to select leaders based on competence, to examine ways to conduct a more rigorous review of the track record of potential leaders, including on gender mainstreaming, and to use innovative and appropriate methods of assessment. I will also explore other initiatives aimed at ensuring the integrity of senior appointment processes, such as increasing the number of senior posts advertised. I will continue to require that women are included in all phases of the recruitment process and will encourage the conduct of interviews for senior-level positions.", "49. In terms of improving the capacity of senior leaders to manage the United Nations response to conflict, we will explore ways in which training for leaders can be improved within existing resources. These include an increased focus on administrative and support issues in training for senior leaders, including sessions with their head of administration during induction; providing online advice to leaders, incorporating lessons learned from audit recommendations and the justice system; including staff development programmes in conference schedules to maximize opportunities for group learning; and ensuring leaders devote five days per year to training.[17] The Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support and the Department of Political Affairs will continue to develop a methodology for missions to deliver scenario-based exercises targeting decision-making and crisis management.", "50. I strongly share the view of the Senior Advisory Group that senior leaders should be held accountable for results to national actors and populations, as well as to the United Nations. Expected results should be defined on the basis of agreed goals. Accountability should extend beyond results to service provision and working with other parts of the United Nations system. Moreover, there should be a degree of shared accountability for the delivery of results between senior staff from across the United Nations system.", "51. Strengthened oversight and accountability for results must, however, be seen in the context of complex post-conflict situations. Achieving results in such situations will often require taking a calculated degree of risk. Senior leaders should be empowered, not constrained, from taking measured risks.", "52. I have asked the Department of Management to work with UN-Women to review and enhance the systems in place to uphold accountability for gender equality in the immediate aftermath of conflict, including accountability for the implementation of my seven-point action plan on women’s participation in peacebuilding. Systems will include regular audits of progress against agreed criteria, such as the indicators in Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) and senior staff performance assessments. I will return to the General Assembly in 2012 with a further proposal for accountability for gender equality in post-conflict contexts.", "B. Accountability and responsibility", "53. I agree with the Senior Advisory Group that there are critical gaps in the provision of global civilian capacities and that we need to create mechanisms that can help fill these gaps, enhance accountability and reinforce substantive leadership. The Senior Advisory Group recommended establishing a cluster system and designated leads for core areas of peacebuilding activity. I support the underlying objective of the Group to deliver more effective, accountable and predictable international assistance in the aftermath of conflict. Capacity gaps represent not only structural deficits in international assistance but also urgent needs for countries with different contexts, in both mission and non-mission settings. Our aim must be to ensure that core areas are covered with access to sufficient deployable capacities, adequately funded and that there is no duplication. This is necessary to ensure that conflict-affected countries receive the support they need, but also to make the provision of support more efficient.", "54. The consideration of what the United Nations system needs to do to strengthen core capacities cannot be separated from the issue of broader international capacities. A sustained dialogue is needed with Member States and the international financial institutions on the evolving demands for and sources of capacity. As a starting point, I have asked the Chair of the Steering Committee to consult Member States and other providers of civilian capacity to detail the demand for and sources of capacity in the priority areas identified by the Senior Advisory Group,[18] focusing on the most urgent operational needs (such as security, police and criminal justice sector reform) and building on the capacity mapping done by the Senior Advisory Group. Within these broad areas, more work is needed to pinpoint the critical capacity gaps, some of which are highly specialized functions. The needs and emerging lessons from immediate country situations, such as South Sudan, should help to illustrate what the gaps are and how they might best be filled. Dialogue with Member States and other key actors will also help to map civilian capacity and track long-term commitment to filling the gaps. It will inform and energize our efforts at clarifying responsibility and accountability for core peacebuilding areas.", "55. Within the United Nations, I am committed to establishing a more practical, flexible approach to this challenge, based on the following elements:", "(a) Within the United Nations system, a focal point is needed at Headquarters for each specific area, responsible for knowing where capacities and gaps exist;", "(b) The role of the focal point will differ across areas, in the light of capacities and context;", "(c) In addition to understanding global and country-specific capacities, the focal point for a particular area should identify existing knowledge products, help fill knowledge gaps and share best practices and lessons learned. The focal point will be responsible for ensuring that information on relevant commitments, along with the provision of technical assistance for gender mainstreaming and women’s participation, is provided to country partners, in coordination with UN-Women;", "(d) Focal points can provide an entry point into the United Nations system for field leaders seeking capacity, as well for Member States, service providers and other partners, thus helping formal and informal networks and exchange of information to flourish in each area;", "(e) Arrangements for responsibility and accountability to provide capacity in each core area of expertise need to be tailored to the particular area and driven by needs in the field. While there is a need for predictable and deployable capacities in core areas, arrangements will differ from country to country within the same core area depending on comparative advantage;", "(f) Arrangements in specific country situations need to be clear to all. They should be addressed in early planning, taking into account global arrangements and capacities at Headquarters and in the field, and drawing on lessons learned, including in terms of efficiency, accountability and results. They should be reviewed as circumstances evolve. Such clarity will also enable donors to direct their support, on the advice of United Nations leaders in the field, to the appropriate implementing entity, avoiding overlap and helping to fill gaps by directing investment to underfunded areas.", "56. I have asked the Chair of the Steering Committee, whose members represent entities from across the United Nations system, to make such an approach a priority for the work of the Committee over the coming months, beginning with a review of the areas identified by the Senior Advisory Group as having critical capacity gaps and drawing on the focal points proposed by the Group:", "(a) In the area of basic safety and security: disarmament and demobilization, police and security sector reform and governance;", "(b) In the area of justice: corrections, criminal justice and judicial and legal reform;", "(c) In the area of inclusive political processes: political party development and public information;", "(d) In the area of core government functionality: aid policy and coordination, legislative branch and public financial management;", "(e) In the area of economic revitalization: employment generation, natural resource management and private sector development.", "57. The Steering Committee should assess any critical gaps beyond those already identified by the Senior Advisory Group. I intend to assess progress after one year and report back to Member States.", "V. Financial and operational agility", "58. In volatile post-conflict situations, time is of the essence in efforts to build capacity, to avoid the risk of relapse and to deliver critical peace dividends. The need for operational and financial agility to adapt to changing circumstances is increasingly understood as essential for effective international support. The Senior Advisory Group rightly draws attention to three areas in which it considers the United Nations can make further improvements: the capacity of missions to redeploy resources as needs change; using the entity best equipped to implement mandated tasks, based on the principle of comparative advantage; and facilitating the flow and timeliness of resources.", "59. Nimbleness is essential in the international response to the needs of post-conflict countries, and in particular to the ability of the United Nations to support the capacity of the State to deliver early progress in key areas such as security, justice and basic services. My Special Representatives have a responsibility and opportunity to facilitate this beyond the resources they manage as heads of mission, in helping to ensure the congruity, complementarity and sequencing of international support for State-building and peacebuilding.", "60. Operational and financial agility is particularly important with respect to mission design and budget at start-up and immediately thereafter. The basic mission design and initial budget is prepared, as the Senior Advisory Group points out, in fluid circumstances when knowledge of local requirements and capacities is limited. In keeping with this, the initial mission plan should be understood as preliminary. It was to acknowledge the uncertainty that prevails in this early phase that I proposed for the initial year of peacekeeping operations a standardized funding model, which the General Assembly has approved.[19] I intend to refine the model further to provide explicitly for subsequent changes by my Special Representatives in the mix of civilian capacity, so as to take advantage of nascent national capacity or to access expertise not readily sourced from within the United Nations.", "61. The need to adapt to changing needs and circumstances continues throughout the life of a mission. Assessed budgets for field missions are planned 10 to 11 months before the start of the financial year and set out detailed information on all the envisaged inputs 10 to 24 months into the future. In reality, requirements change, especially in the early period after conflict. My Special Representatives need the ability to make some changes accordingly, including the ability to use the resources associated with vacant posts and positions, if necessary, to meet emerging priorities. A variety of practices are used by Governments and international organizations in addressing such contingencies, such as enhanced delegation to the field linked to risk management and accountability. While the United Nations has already taken similar measures, there may be more to be learned from assessing the applicability of those approaches to United Nations field missions.", "62. Current funding arrangements provide some limited scope to adapt to changing circumstances. For example, the budget cycle for peacekeeping operations is annual, rather than biennial, and the appropriation structure reflects the understanding by the General Assembly of the need to enable the shifting of resources. Further, in line with the actions set out in “Renewing the United Nations: a Programme for Reform” (A/51/950) concerning the delegation of maximum authority to line managers, administrative measures were taken within the Secretariat in 2002 to enhance the authority of peacekeeping operations in the management of resources within the three major categories of expenditure: military and police, civilian personnel and operational costs.", "63. I intend to explore ways of further improving how we work within the current regulatory framework, while ensuring the necessary transparency and accountability for decisions made in the field. In order to ensure that senior managers are fully cognizant of the scope and procedures for adjustments during the implementation of an approved budget, we will ensure that training for senior leaders addresses this issue and that heads of field missions, programme managers and directors of mission support receive the same information.", "64. I also intend to explore the possibility of making improvements in the presentation of information in proposed budgets for peacekeeping operations, so as to provide a more integrated and transparent display of the resources related to civilian capacity, which will be one of the three main categories of expenditure. Resources for civilian capacity would thereby be more clearly seen by the General Assembly and more readily deployed, or redeployed, as required by the mission.", "65. The Senior Advisory Group also noted that mission design and budgets do not necessarily provide for implementation by those entities with a comparative advantage to perform the function. I shall issue appropriate guidance to heads of field missions and planners to apply the principle of comparative advantage in recommending how to go about discharging a mandate. The use of other United Nations actors, for example, to discharge mandated and budgeted functions for which they are well equipped, can offer practical advantages, including engagement with an entity often present in the country or area before a mission deploys and likely to be present after the mission leaves. Cooperative or joint planning, such as the development of an integrated strategic framework, should help to determine the comparative advantages of United Nations actors in the field. My priority will be to strengthen the ability of United Nations entities to plan, cooperate and work together in critical post-conflict situations.", "66. The recommendations of the Senior Advisory Group also address the gaps in the timely availability of funding that delay the start of critical peacebuilding tasks. Pointing to the differences in funding streams that support implementation of the mandate and the perceived lack of flexibility in their use, the Senior Advisory Group makes a number of interrelated recommendations: that field missions be able to provide the necessary programmatic funds from assessed budgets when civilian capacities within missions have the comparative advantage to implement a mandated task; that voluntary contributions to support civilian capacities within missions be facilitated by reducing the overhead charged by mission trust funds; and that the agencies, funds and programmes that have not already done so consider measures to improve their rapid-response financing capacity.", "67. Proposals for United Nations missions to carry out programmatic activities with assessed funding are not new; the joint United Nations community violence reduction programme supported by the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, UNDP and others is one example.[20] In some cases, due to its presence and capacities, the mission can and should initiate an activity for a mandated function for which the voluntary funds are not available or have not yet been mobilized. Such measures should be assessed in the light of comparative advantage in that context and the work carried out by other actors, while respecting the fundamental competencies and mandates of United Nations entities. As always, the point of departure for the inclusion of a resource requirement in a proposed budget and its subsequent consideration by the General Assembly is the mandate.", "68. With respect to encouraging voluntary contributions to peacebuilding in the immediate aftermath of conflict to complement work done by missions through assessed budgets, the Senior Advisory Group recommends that overheads charged by the Secretariat be aligned with the 7 per cent applied to multi-donor trust funds. The appeal of this idea can be readily understood from the standpoint of reducing competition among entities based purely on overhead rates. This is nonetheless a complex issue which needs to be examined from the standpoint of the Organization as a whole, in the context of cost recovery policies and arrangements for the United Nations. A central premise of long-standing policy is that core resources should not subsidize the activities of non-core resources.", "69. An internal review of existing practices, which date from 1980, commenced in late 2010. This review is intended to contribute to an updated perspective of extrabudgetary funding in the financial architecture of the United Nations. It will clarify what costs are to be recovered and the means for doing so, and consider how the application of a cost-recovery policy can take account of partnerships and contributions in support of mandated tasks, in addition to contributions aimed at providing services for others. It will also examine the scope for aligning United Nations practices with those of other United Nations entities. This review is expected to be completed by the first quarter of 2012. I intend to keep the General Assembly informed of progress in this area.", "70. The Senior Advisory Group also recommended that access for the agencies, funds and programmes to rapid-response financing should be improved, drawing on innovations at WFP and UNDP. I urge Member States to examine such mechanisms and to accelerate the availability of financing for recovery, transition and development for United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, so as to reduce financing gaps, especially in critical post-conflict settings.", "VI. Conclusions and observations", "71. It is widely agreed that the international community and the United Nations in particular, can and must do better at providing rapid, effective civilian capacities to conflict-affected countries. Those States themselves are calling for change. In the context of the International Dialogue for Peacebuilding and Statebuilding, the g7+ grouping[21] has proposed “a new deal to deliver international assistance to fragile States which generates results that are aligned with peacebuilding and statebuilding objectives, is more transparent, flexible and effective, and strengthens (rather than duplicates) national and local capacities and institutions”.[22]", "72. The Senior Advisory Group made valuable suggestions for how to do this. Their report covers a wide range of interconnected issues, all of which have a bearing on how we find and deploy civilian capacities. I have also listened closely to the views of Member States in the General Assembly, the Peacebuilding Commission and the Security Council. I welcome the engagement of Member States and their support for a focus on national needs and priorities and for a demand-driven response to the recommendations in the report.", "73. These challenges apply to more than just the United Nations, but since the United Nations leads or coordinates much international assistance in conflict-affected countries, we have a particular responsibility to take action. In the present report, I set out some early priorities for action. In taking them forward, I have asked the Chair of the Steering Committee to ensure that country-specific task forces, mission leadership and United Nations country teams are fully engaged. Their involvement will help to identify opportunities for testing ideas and approaches, particularly in countries with new missions or existing missions with new mandates (such as in Côte d’Ivoire or South Sudan), as well as in non-mission settings in the aftermath of conflict or crisis.", "74. I consider it a priority to make progress in the areas within my own authority or that of the United Nations executive heads. However, this is a collective enterprise, which must involve Member States, the international financial institutions and the wider group of peacebuilding stakeholders — civil society, academia and the private sector. The approach therefore emphasizes the development of proposals in partnership with others. I am grateful for the supportive engagement of the Peacebuilding Commission. I shall rely on its continued involvement and that of the consultative group of Member States, particularly in the proposed dialogue with Member States to analyse the supply and demand for particular capacities. The expertise of those leaders who have grappled with civilian capacity challenges at Headquarters and in the field is of great value, and I shall continue to draw upon the experience of the Senior Advisory Group. Finally, efforts within the United Nations must take account of other initiatives, in particular through the International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding, the g7+ and the operationalization of the World Development Report.", "75. The present report focuses on what the United Nations can do now, but also looks beyond to broader partnerships and ahead to future steps. I intend to report back to Member States in 2012 on progress and on further initiatives that may be needed, including any which may require decisions by the General Assembly. Meanwhile, I shall depend upon the support and cooperation of all our partners in working towards our common objectives.", "[1] The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) is developing capacity-development strategies to inform their programmes in South Sudan, with an emphasis on outcomes and exit strategies.", "[2] Training for national staff is a joint priority of the Government of Timor-Leste and the United Nations Integrated Mission. Mission training courses and facilities are open to staff in government ministries and other national institutions, as far as resources allow.", "[3] As in the case of the new mission in South Sudan.", "[4] Such as the Ghana peace infrastructure supported by the Department of Political Affairs and the United Nations Development Programme.", "[5] See A/63/881-S/2009/304, para. 46.", "[6] See Security Council resolution 1996 (2011), para. 22.", "[7] This is particularly important for the humanitarian agencies that base their response on the principles of impartiality, neutrality and independence, which in some cases may make co-location inappropriate.", "[8] For instance, UNICEF efforts to transfer knowledge and skills in the health sector in Afghanistan and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) support to aid management in Nepal and to the electoral commission in Liberia.", "[9] Through the Purchase for Progress initiative, the World Food Programme has purchased maize in South Sudan to supply food for displaced Congolese and Central African refugees in South Sudan.", "[10] As, for example, the Peace Dividend Trust has done in Timor-Leste and Afghanistan.", "[11] The political impact of buying locally must also be considered. If greater local procurement tends to concentrate wealth among the powerful few, it may inadvertently increase inequality and tensions in a post-conflict society.", "[12] For example, Indonesian expertise on mediation; the experience of Latin American countries in dealing with urban and criminal violence; Bangladeshi experience in promoting the empowerment of women in areas such as microcredit and community health; and South African electoral and mediation expertise in Burundi.", "[13] Such as the pool of experts the United Nations Office for Project Services can call on for its mine action services.", "[14] Such as Brazilian economic revitalization projects in Angola, or South Africa’s partnership with Germany to support legal and judicial training in South Sudan.", "[15] For example, the Brazilian non-governmental organization Igarapé is developing a roster of civilian experts to deploy to peace operations, with the support of the Governments of Brazil, Canada and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "[16] Drawing on the experience of the humanitarian crisis response models, including those established by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UNDP, UNICEF and the United Nations Population Fund.", "[17] An example of current efforts to improve training for senior leaders is the 5-8 day mission-specific training programme being developed by the Department for Peacekeeping Operations for heads of military components.", "[18] Basic safety and security, justice, inclusive political processes, core government functionality and economic revitalization.", "[19] See General Assembly resolution 65/289.", "[20] Other mandated areas that have dedicated programmatic funds are disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, public information, mine action and quick-impact projects.", "[21] The g7+ is an open group of countries experiencing or emerging from conflict established in 2008 and comprising Afghanistan, Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Liberia, Nepal, Solomon Islands, Sierra Leone, South Sudan and Timor-Leste.", "[22] See the Monrovia road map agreed at the second International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding, 15-16 June 2011, available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/24/48345560.pdf." ]

[ "General Assembly", "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 123 (a) of the provisional agenda", "∗ A/63/250.", "Strengthening the United Nations system", "Post-conflict civilian capacities", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "Countries emerging from conflict often face a wide and urgent need for building and maintaining peace, but often face serious lack of capacity that can quickly and effectively meet priority needs. The international community has recognized this challenge, and many bilateral and multilateral actors have taken steps to strengthen support for conflict-affected countries. These individual efforts, however, have not yet been able to establish a reliable and effective mechanism to provide States with assistance they seek. The United Nations is still working to recruit and deploy civilian talents to support national actors in expanding and deepening their skills. In March 2010, I appointed the Senior Advisory Group chaired by the former Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Jean-Marie Géhenno, to conduct an independent review of post-conflict civilian capacities with a view to making concrete and practical recommendations to strengthen civilian support for sustainable peace and development.", "The report of the Senior Advisory Group (A/65/747-Sort85) was submitted to Member States in February 2011. The report covers a number of recommendations related to Member States, regional and civil society organizations and the United Nations. Recognizing the wide scope of the report, I established a steering committee chaired by Susana Malcorra, Under-Secretary-General for Field Support, to lead the coordinated follow-up to the report.", "The present report is the first response of the United Nations to the independent review of civilian capacities in post-conflict situations. The point of departure of the report is the current United Nations system and I, within the purview of the Secretary-General, to strengthen the Organization's procedures and practices in support of countries emerging from conflict. It is a prerequisite for effective interaction with Member States, regional organizations and civil society partners and, in particular, countries seeking our help. However, it was not sufficient in itself to improve international civilian support. We all have an obligation to review our efforts and our partners in support of communities and people that have undergone violence and poverty. In the coming stages, I will focus on the role that other actors must play and focus on the partnership that we must build to enable us to effectively strengthen the quality and efficiency of post-conflict civilian support.", "The present report identifies a set of specific priorities and timelines for the United Nations over the next 12-month period with the aim of strengthening the civilian response of the United Nations and becoming a better partner for other actors. This includes:", "(a) Developing guidelines for better use and development of national capacities and ensuring that procurement practices do not exclude guidance from local suppliers;", "(b) Providing more strategic guidance to the new planning process;", "(c) Conduct a review of how to build and deploy a gender workforce;", "(d) Consultations with Member States and regional organizations on stronger partnerships for development to ensure the best possible use of their capacities;", "(e) The establishment of an online platform to inform civilian needs and existing capacities and to strengthen linkages between Governments, the United Nations and external capacity providers;", "(f) To explore ways to expand the deployment of personnel provided by Governments and other entities;", "(g) A detailed description of areas where there is a serious capacity and ensuring that United Nations focal points involve external partners in addressing these issues;", "(h) The use of corporate emergency models in the United Nations Secretariat to enable an effective response to situations requiring rapid deployment;", "(i) Ensure that United Nations heads in the field utilize the mandated operational and financial flexibility to carry out their mandates;", "(j) Implementation of the principle of comparative advantage;", "(k) The above approach was piloted in the field, for example by mobilizing national and regional talents and reviewing the scope of local procurement in South Sudan.", "In summary, the present report shows that sustainable peace is only peaceful in the country. External solutions or skills cannot substitute for the ownership and capacity of peoples, their leaders and their institutions. This point of departure must be our ultimate goal.", "Introduction", "National efforts for post-conflict peacebuilding and peace consolidation require timely and effective civilian support. As I stressed in my report on peacebuilding in the immediate aftermath of conflict (A/63/881-S/2009/304), we must seize the window of opportunity normally provided during the post-conflict period, provide basic security, deliver peace dividends, build confidence in the political process and strengthen the capacity of the State to lead peacebuilding efforts, thereby laying the foundation for sustainable development.", "In response to this challenge, the international community, in particular the United Nations, needs to provide the necessary professional civilian capacity, namely, the skills and talent needed by national actors in seeking to re-establish the rule of law, revitalize the economy, restore basic services for the population and develop the capacity to sustain these achievements. The risk of the initial return of peace to the road is high. instability and conflict spread beyond borders and undermine stability in neighbouring countries. Security, peace and development are closely interlinked; the least opportunities for conflict-affected countries to achieve the Millennium Development Goals are minimal. For sustainable peace and development, we must invest in the necessary civilian capacities from the outset.", "In response to these urgent needs, I have initiated a review of how to expand and deepen the pool of civilian talents and to support the urgent development needs of countries emerging from conflict. In March 2010, I appointed the Senior Advisory Group chaired by the former Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Jean-Marie Géhenno. The Group consulted with entities of the United Nations system at Headquarters and in the field, Member States, the Peacebuilding Commission, regional organizations, civil society and academia. On 22 February 2011, I submitted to the President of the General Assembly and the President of the Security Council the Panel's report (A/65/747-Speak85). I then appointed a steering committee, whose members represent entities of the United Nations system, to consider how to advance the recommendations of the Senior Advisory Group.", "The report of the Senior Advisory Group is based on a number of key principles: strengthening civilian capacities is essential for building lasting peace; the need to build the potential national capacities of conflict-affected countries; international support must adapt to needs rather than supply-driven; and the need for the United Nations to enhance its responsiveness, flexibility and cost-effectiveness. Let me be encouraged by the general support expressed by Member States in supporting the needs-driven approach highlighted in the report and the focus on the field and in supporting many of the recommendations of the Senior Advisory Group.", "I share the assessment of the Senior Advisory Group that, in order to address these challenges, we need to build stronger partnerships with external partners; expand the availability of specialized capacities through better identification and development of existing specialized capacities, especially in countries in the southern part of the global economy; develop more effective approaches to cooperation within the United Nations system; and develop a management culture and business practices that allow me to respond rapidly and effectively to changing realities in the field. The Senior Advisory Group stresses that the above-mentioned goals are achieved in the context of better use of existing systems, in line with the approach that I have developed to establish a more responsible, transparent, efficient and effective United Nations.", "During my second term, I intend to give priority to effective and efficient United Nations measures, including my change management programme. The main point is the implementation of the present report on civilian capacity. Many existing United Nations initiatives (e.g., my Programme of Action on peacebuilding in the immediate aftermath of conflict, the Global Field Support Strategy, the strategic framework for women, peace and security, our system-wide coherence efforts and my forthcoming report on preventive diplomacy) have the potential to strengthen civilian capacity deployment, although this is not the primary objective of them. Initiatives developed with partners, such as the World Bank World Development Report 2011, the United Nations-European Commission partnership on natural resources, conflict and peacebuilding, and peacebuilding and international dialogue with national capacity-building, also have the potential to strengthen civilian capacity deployment.", "In this report, I propose how the United Nations should respond to the report of the Senior Advisory Group: what action the United Nations itself should take to strengthen the quality, speed and effectiveness of civilian support in conflict-affected countries and what the United Nations should do through cooperation with other actors. I propose a road map for action based on the three pillars: Strengthening our national capacities and national ownership in post-conflict responses; establishing external partnerships and making necessary adjustments within the United Nations system to secure the civilian capacity needed; and employing the necessary organizational flexibility to respond to unforeseen post-conflict situations.", "I envisage that our measures are divided into different categories. The first category is a priority for early implementation: it is my competence or initiatives within the scope of the administrative heads of United Nations entities that have the greatest impact on actual work. In the present report, I have put forward my intention to implement in the short term. Another category is the idea of requiring a careful examination before implementation. Some of these ideas fall within the purview of the United Nations system and others should be considered by Member States or other stakeholders; I am ready to report them in detail to Member States later. Finally, the issue is being addressed in other United Nations reform processes. Most of these issues should continue to be addressed in these processes, while highlighting their relevance to civilian capacities.", "A large part of my agenda will apply to the various United Nations responses in post-conflict situations. Humanitarian action will continue to be guided by the principles of humanity, justice, neutrality and independence, where humanitarian needs persist and recovery and development planning are just begun.", "National capacities", "Communities emerging from conflict often face serious lack of capacity to guarantee sustainable peace. As I stressed in my report on peacebuilding and the participation of women in peacebuilding in the immediate aftermath of conflict (A/65/354-Samp 466), the Security Council and the Peacebuilding Commission have stressed that the identification, establishment and use of national capacities must be a post-conflict priority. This contributes to the development of national ownership essential to achieving sustainable peace and development.", "This is not a technical work. Support for post-conflict national institutions is a high political task of risk. This task transcends the scope of the Government, involves civil society and the private sector, and goes beyond the scope of State institutions, covering subnational, local and community levels. There is tension between building national capacities and the need to deliver peace dividends such as basic services as early as possible.", "However, capacity development is a process that must start from the initial stages of international engagement, and the United Nations and all international actors must address this challenge. Capacity development must include capacity assessment, capacity-building, including through targeted training and mentoring, capacity use and sustainability. Despite many examples of the United Nations being developing and using national capacities, there is still a need for a more systematic approach. In the United Nations, I invite the Inter-Agency Working Group on Capacity Development chaired by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to develop core principles and guidelines for better use and development of national capacities in post-conflict situations by the end of 2012 and to develop specific tools for enabling field teams to conduct capacity assessment, develop strategies and monitor results. These tools should include strategies for specific groups, including women and youth.", "An important aspect that needs to be considered is the need to avoid any negative impact on the development of national capacities, such as the loss of talent in local capacity to international and bilateral organizations. In order to enhance coherence in international efforts, the United Nations will cooperate with the World Bank and maintain dialogue with the Member States concerned. We can succeed only if all major international actors cooperate in developing national capacities.", "In capacity development strategies, it is also important to pay more attention to the subnational level, which is often more visible and more important for the people and can enhance national-level capacity development efforts. This is very important in the transition, and in this regard, if the State is not able to perform its core functions, it may undermine its legitimacy and credibility and endanger the consolidation of peace.", "Although we must strive to maximize national capacities from the outset, in some cases international capacity is still required to provide the necessary technical talent. In other cases, it may be necessary to ensure impartiality, neutrality and security through international capacity, or prolonged conflicts weaken accountability and transparency systems so as to restore confidence by requiring temporary alternatives. These measures should be part of a broader strategy, setting benchmarks for the time period applicable to the measures, while specifying practically viable exit strategies. These strategies need to take into account the sound balance and sequence of international assistance and national capacities, even if still weak, in order to advance the goal of strengthening national legitimacy, ownership and long-term sustainability. Direct international support and capacity development must go hand in hand with preventing long-term reliance on international resources.", "One way in which United Nations peacekeeping operations and special political missions can contribute to capacity-building is the training of national staff. For example, capacity-building projects launched by the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste in 2010 are being trained in more than 900 national staff, using local and regional training providers as much as possible. These efforts should be around national needs, [2] and included in the initial planning of missions. The use of National Professional Officers has increased the opportunity for national staff to contribute to the work of field missions and to build their capacities in important peacebuilding and national efforts. [3] The Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support, UNDP and other United Nations entities are working to mobilize national talents in South Sudan, including through the mobilization of expatriates on the basis of circumstances, such as the organization of talent recruitment in neighbouring countries and the national United Nations Volunteers programme. These initiatives are equally important in non-mission countries, where national efforts to manage conflicts [4] are an important part of sustainable peacebuilding. I urge Member States to support these initiatives by providing funding for national repatriation and reintegration programmes and promoting national staff development.", "Capacity development needs must be integrated into planning from the outset. Post-conflict needs assessments, strategic assessments, integrated strategic frameworks and revised United Nations Development Assistance Framework guidelines have played a significant role in strengthening integrated United Nations planning. However, much remains to be done. Early planning must include a strong field perspective, in cooperation with national stakeholders in the country, including diasporas, to assess the country's priorities and existing national capacities. [5] This would help to ensure that planning is driven by national priorities and needs rather than by the availability of international staff or other resources, while ensuring that planning can explore opportunities for the use and development of national potential capacities. Plans require sufficient flexibility to adapt to changing circumstances and the growing role of national ownership. The Integrated Steering Group has decided to revise the guidelines for the integrated mission planning process by the end of 2012. One of the purposes of the revision is to reflect the importance of engaging national actors in all stages of assessment, planning and implementation. Clear strategic guidance will be provided on how to ensure that national perspectives and capacities are taken into account from the outset of each planning process.", "Capacity development strategies should pay special attention to the needs and capacities of women. As I stressed in my report on women's participation in peacebuilding, post-conflict transition is an important moment for reassessment of gender roles and capacities and measures to achieve gender equality. Efforts are under way to incorporate the principle of gender equality into United Nations post-conflict planning. The United Nations Development Assistance Framework regularly conducts post-conflict reviews of gender issues and has developed guidance on gender mainstreaming for post-conflict needs assessments.", "However, although the guidelines can be an important tool, it appears that the guidelines do not effectively ensure that women's needs are addressed and that women's needs are integrated into post-conflict planning and programme implementation. It is true that the situation can be changed with a strong and self-confidence leadership, the early participation and effective accountability framework of gender specialists, especially those with specific industry skills. The United Nations Agency for the Promotion of Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (WWA) will conduct a cost-effective and rapid review of how gender talent can be constructed and deployed in post-conflict situations by the end of 2012, and make recommendations on enhancing their effectiveness. In addition, I call on my high-level leadership to ensure that the United Nations planning framework incorporates the goals and targets from the system-wide strategic framework in accordance with Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) in order to better support women's participation in peacebuilding.", "Since 2009, the United Nations, in cooperation with Member States, has encouraged more women to join the national police force and appointed more women to participate in international deployment as part of a global effort to increase the proportion of women in the United Nations police component by 2014 to 20 per cent.", "Supporting the central functions of the Government is essential to strengthening national ownership. The priorities mentioned by the Senior Advisory Group are policy management and optimization, aid coordination and public financial management. The World Development Report 2011 referred to the importance of effective institutions for citizen safety, justice and employment. The preliminary results of the review of lessons learned in public management in post-conflict situations add to civil service personnel management and local government capacity. Civil service management should include measures to attract and retain persons, including incentives.", "However, the need for strengthening core government functions is not only a stronger technical capacity. The legalization of public management and governance lies not only in the manner in which the State provides technical services but also in the interaction between the State and society, namely, the manner in which decisions are taken, the distribution of public goods and resources, and the way in which the population interacts with the State. The establishment of confidence between States and the population through participation in decision-making and the provision of peace dividends is essential to avoid the resurgence of conflicts. Early engagement by the international community must focus on strengthening the capacity to build national-social relations. Member States are provided with adequate funding to ensure that the United Nations can respond effectively and predictable in these areas.", "In its report, the Senior Advisory Group recommended that international personnel in post-conflict situations should be co-located with national institutions as appropriate. We have experienced this experience in many post-conflict situations, and we are reviewing options for civilian staff in new missions in South Sudan to join Government personnel in the same location. [6] In assessing the suitability of the same location and when it should be consonant with the same location, national institutions should be taken into account, and should also consider the need to preserve the impartiality of international assistance, [7] effective human rights monitoring and reporting, staff security and whether international staff are responsible for counselling and knowledge transfer or technical expertise. The Inter-Agency Working Group on Capacity-building should include advice on the same location in line with past experience. [8]", "United Nations procurement may be an opportunity to expand the positive economic impact of the United Nations field presence. In some post-conflict countries, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia, the number of local procurements has increased. Business seminars were held in these countries to present United Nations procurement requirements to local markets. I invite field missions to make every effort to include local suppliers in procurement tenders issued by the United Nations. Since 2012, I will ask peacekeeping operations to provide regular information on the impact of United Nations procurement on local economies and on the contribution of local economies.", "With regard to agencies, funds and programmes, the procurement programme developed by the World Food Programme (WFP) seeks to stimulate the agricultural sector through the procurement of small-scale farmers; [9] the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) has increased procurement in local markets; and UNDP procurement of local goods and services through the streamlining of tendering procedures. Local procurement that is sensitive to conflicts in the humanitarian phase can help to build partnerships that can be used in post-conflict recovery.", "Within the framework of existing procurement regulations, much more can be done without prejudice to transparency, international competition and quality standards. The Department of Management will issue guidance in order to exclude local suppliers from procurement practices and, to the extent possible, to divide potential requisitions to facilitate local suppliers, including small businesses, and to review qualified vendor financial standards to facilitate the participation of small companies in competition. We are studying the scope of local procurement in South Sudan. One possibility is to enable non-governmental organizations to support contracts for the maintenance and support services of small companies, [10] or to assist in the establishment of small companies without small companies.", "I have requested the Department of Management to conduct a review of existing procurement processes and procedures at the United Nations in 2012 to analyse the situation of a number of countries in order to identify obstacles impeding the conduct of additional local procurement and the possibility of resolving them within existing procedures, to assess recent innovations and to make consequential changes. [11] I support similar innovation among agencies, funds and programmes.", "International civilian capacity", "The recommendations of the Senior Advisory Group on the more effective mobilization of international civilian capacities can be seen as three synchronistics: better use of external capacities through partnerships with non-United Nations entities; strengthening the capacity and interoperability of the United Nations as a whole; and changes within the Secretariat. This aspect of external partnerships, in particular, presents opportunities for innovative approaches and may enhance the response on the ground.", "Use of external capacities: partnerships with non-United Nations entities", "The large number of measures taken by the United Nations in conflict-affected countries and the scope and complexity of the issues involved in those missions require greater and more specialized civilian capacities. These include “appropriate” functions (e.g., public-private partnerships or specialized rule of law tasks such as investigative expertise) and very unique expertise for a particular country or region, such as traditional or anti-piracy expertise. In order to identify these expertise and fill the current gaps, the United Nations must explore additional sources of capacity, in particular from actors in the southern part of the globe, and establish effective partnerships with potential suppliers.", "The establishment of these partnerships is a priority for my second term. To that end, I will be guided by a number of principles. First, accessibility and inclusiveness: opportunities for new partnerships must be visible and accessible to all potential partners in all regions. This should include countries that have undergone reform or transition in the near future, which have provided a large number of relevant experience that can be used. [12] This approach also enables us to identify and gain the capacity of women.", "Secondly, in order to meet the needs of conflict-affected countries, we need a broader workforce that complements core United Nations staff based on the additional capacity of Governments, international and regional organizations and non-governmental entities that require flexible deployment. This approach has been implemented by a number of United Nations agencies, funds and programmes and by several departments of the Secretariat. This approach should bring the composition of our workforce closer to operational requirements. This approach will provide additional opportunities for Member States to provide civilian capacity in cooperation with the United Nations. We will consult with Member States to ensure that we best use the capacities of different countries and regions. I encourage Member States and regional organizations to participate actively in the consultations.", "Within this broad policy framework, we have begun to work on the means and modalities that will support the more effective deployment of external partners. As a first step, I intend to pilot the tools that will be linked to demand, which can be developed on the basis of experience. We have begun to build a “virtual market” for civilian capacity, which can disseminate needs and capacities through this online platform, help Governments and the United Nations system to identify potential suppliers of their capabilities and link United Nations agencies in the field to external capacity providers. The platform will provide information on the standardized partnership model so that the United Nations can rapidly gain the ability of its partners, without having to redesign new processes each. The platform will also proceed with the publication of the current rosters administered by external providers within the United Nations system and through which managers of the roster are able to communicate to each other to improve their efficiency, while better understanding of what experience and skills are needed.", "The goal of strengthening contacts with external partners is a complex and important task that cannot be accomplished through a single platform. To ensure that we are able to make progress as early as possible in achieving this important goal, we are establishing a team that initially utilizes existing resources to identify the main challenges to be addressed in the implementation. The panel will develop the necessary modalities for partnerships and create standardized legal arrangements that make long-term partnerships more productive and contribute to strengthening South-South and triangular cooperation and engage in close dialogue with Member States on the changing needs and sources of capacity described below.", "To enable partners to cooperate in a way that allows all potential partners to be free of charge and to operate within a clear policy framework, it is essential to expand the scope of personnel provided by Governments and other entities, whether individuals or groups. The United Nations has a long-term pattern of efficiency (e.g. letters of assist and memorandums of understanding) to regulate the deployment of military and police personnel and provide professional support from Member States for peacekeeping operations, along with a memorandum of understanding on the provision of standby personnel for humanitarian purposes. [13] The Department of Management will take the lead in the development of approaches to extend these measures to the deployment of civilian personnel, including in the following two situations: the need for expert groups to implement specific initiatives; and the need for regional expertise and the need to rely on the experience of agencies, funds and programmes in organizing such deployments with non-United Nations partners (including experience on quality control and accountability issues).", "Moreover, in addition to existing models, there is a risk of other ways to expand the deployment of personnel provided by Governments or other entities. Once we know what can be done by the Secretariat in making full use of existing mandates, I may submit to the General Assembly once again in 2012.", "I encourage Member States and established rosters and training centres to invest more in developing the capacities of southern parts of the globe. Many existing rosters have included members from the North and the South. While certain civilian capacity partnerships could be supported through mission or agency budgets, other financing options, including trust funds, should also be explored. Improving communication between South supplyers and United Nations agencies in the field can help to identify new opportunities for South-South cooperation, as well as opportunities in areas where Governments of the South themselves have faced or are dealing with similar challenges. [14] In cooperation with centres of excellence or civil society organizations, in particular with centres of excellence and civil society organizations in the South, the entry point was provided for the use of these capacities. [15]", "I also encourage Member States to explore opportunities for triangular cooperation, such as the initiative of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), supported by UNDP and Norway, to strengthen South-South Sudan capacity. In accordance with this initiative, the Government of South Sudan will deploy 200 Igat civil servants in key positions in South Sudan for a period of two years. This project is also an example of South-South cooperation, as countries that send civil servants to South Sudan will continue to pay their salaries.", "In order to encourage my senior heads in the field to make greater use of United Nations Volunteers in their national capacity-building, 80 per cent of whom are from southern parts of the globe, in particular at the local public administration and community level, and to integrate them into the mission's initial planning, particularly in the context of the integrated action being undertaken by United Nations Volunteers with UNDP and other United Nations partners to build national institutions, such as in South Sudan. The Secretariat will work with United Nations Volunteers to implement the recommendations of the Department of Field Support-United Nations Volunteers Partnership following the recent assessment, such as increased emphasis on national staff capacity-building and the use of national UNVs, as well as the deployment of United Nations Volunteers from a strategic perspective during the period of peace and development and transition to United Nations country teams and political missions. In 2012 the Department of Field Support, the Department of Political Affairs and United Nations Volunteers will conduct a follow-up review to investigate the reasons for the lack of full use of United Nations Volunteers in political missions, while at the same time proposing ways to strengthen such participation.", "System-wide capacity and collaboration", "In the United Nations system as a whole, a large number of entities are involved in providing the various civilian capacities needed to complex post-conflict environments. National partners that often suffer from severe scarcity of resources need to see that, while different United Nations entities have different characteristics, management structures, mandates and sources of finance, the United Nations must be coherent in strategic and operational terms.", "As noted by the Senior Advisory Group, the recruitment and appointment systems of United Nations agencies vary widely. One United Nations entity could not easily deploy persons from another part of the system. In addition, most agencies, funds and programmes have their own roster of specialized civilian experts deployed in times of crisis. However, the way in which the roster was developed was different and could not be convenient. Because field operations require a variety of expertise, many of which can be found throughout the United Nations system, the whole system's roster should be shared resources.", "The above-mentioned civilian capacity online platform represents a first step towards greater system-wide collaboration. However, the real realization of mutual commonity will be a more complex task. The Department of Management is leading an inter-agency team to identify measures that need to be taken, including clear points for existing rosters and related training, minimum standards for participants in the roster, identifying gaps and analysing options (including the development of joint or common rosters, cost-sharing and rapid-recovery management models). The Panel, in cooperation with the human resources network, will report on options in 2012.", "The Department of Management has worked separately to expand the current system of staff communication in the Secretariat ( Voluntary Network Exchange Initiative) to agencies, funds and programmes. I am determined to remove the obstacles impeding the deployment or recruitment of a United Nations entity staff member to another entity; liquidity will continue to be a priority for my second term.", "C. In the United Nations Secretariat", "United Nations missions and field operations are planned and staffed by Secretariat staff, with a large part of the recruitment and deployment of civilian capacities from Secretariat staff. The trend towards finding or using direct recruitment to the Secretariat from Secretariat staff means that we often provide the right civilian capacity with sufficient speed.", "At the same time, strengthening our external partnership and increasing resources from the entire United Nations system cannot replace the way in which we recruit and manage the Secretariat's staffing. To achieve improvements in this regard, it is fundamental to reject the use of a single process to meet different human resources management needs in the areas of recruitment, promotion and distribution of work.", "The high-level advisory group has made some useful recommendations on measures to strengthen the capacity of the United Nations for mission staffing. While some recommendations need to be further considered, some of these recommendations, including mobility, staff welfare and performance management, have been considered by the General Assembly or continue to be studied by other reform processes. I am sure that existing initiatives will most effectively address these issues. Some issues, such as staff welfare and mobility, have implications for the entire United Nations system.", "I intend to continue to study separately the recommendation [16] on corporate emergency models (which will require a clear provision of such models, including who may declare a state of emergency; establish a system for the horizontal mobilization of staff within the United Nations system; establish a rapid recruitment mechanism); and the roster of rapidly deployable staff members who have developed standardized training, including management, human rights and gender training).", "The Senior Advisory Group recommends that a clear and transparent process be established to manage the start-up and transition of missions. The elaboration and expansion of the Global Field Support Strategy, the current review of the integrated mission planning process, and the initiative of my next report on financing, support and support for special political missions will be committed to addressing this issue.", "Experience and accountability", "Leadership and accountability", "The report of the Senior Advisory Group included recommendations on strengthening the capacity and accountability of senior United Nations leaders. I intend to make use of existing initiatives to select lead, based on capacity, to study how to conduct a more rigorous review of the performance records of potential heads (including performance records on gender mainstreaming) and to use innovative and appropriate assessment methods. I will also explore other initiatives aimed at ensuring the integrity of the senior appointments process, such as the increase in the number of high-ranking posts advertised. I will continue to call for all stages of recruitment to include women and encourage interviews on senior positions.", "With regard to strengthening the capacity of senior managers to manage United Nations conflict response, we will study how to train leaders within existing resources. The approach included a greater focus on administrative and support in senior leadership training, including meetings with executive heads during the course of the induction training; provision of online advice to heads to incorporate lessons learned from audit recommendations and the justice system; inclusion of staff development programmes in the calendar arrangements for large meetings in order to create opportunities for learning as many as possible groups as possible; and ensuring that heads of agencies receive training five days a year. [17] The Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support and the Department of Political Affairs will continue to develop a methodology for mission-based exercises that can provide for decision-making and crisis management.", "I very much agree with the views of the Senior Advisory Group that high-level heads should be held accountable for the results of national actors and the population and the responsibility of the United Nations. The expected results should be formulated in accordance with agreed goals. The scope of accountability should go beyond expected outcomes and extend to service delivery and cooperation with other parts of the United Nations system. In addition, in terms of delivery, senior staff across the United Nations system should be accountable to a certain extent.", "However, there is a need to strengthen oversight and results-based accountability in the context of complex post-conflict situations. Achieving results in such situations often requires a degree of risk. High-level heads should be given the right to assume a certain risk after their discretion, rather than to limit them to do so.", "I have asked the Department of Management to work together to review and strengthen existing systems in order to ensure accountability for gender equality in the immediate aftermath of conflict, including the implementation of my seven-point action plan on women's participation in peacebuilding. The systems should include regular audits of progress based on agreed criteria, such as those set out in Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) and the performance assessment of senior staff. I will again submit to the General Assembly in 2012 a recommendation on gender accountability in post-conflict situations.", "Accountability and responsibility", "I agree with the Senior Advisory Group that there are significant gaps in the provision of global civilian capacities, and we must create mechanisms that help to narrow those gaps, strengthen accountability and strengthen substantive leadership. The Senior Advisory Group recommends the establishment of a cluster system and the designation of lead in the core areas of peacebuilding activities. I support the fundamental objective of effective, accountable and predictable international assistance in post-conflict situations proposed by the Senior Advisory Group. The capacity gap not only illustrates the structural shortcomings of international assistance, but also the urgent need for different background countries that are present and do not have missions. Our purpose must be to ensure that sufficient capacity and adequate funding are available in the core area and that there is no overlap. This helps to ensure that conflict-affected countries receive the required support while making support more efficient.", "Consider what the United Nations system needs to do to strengthen core capacities will not consider broader international capacity issues. There is a need for sustained dialogue with Member States and international financial institutions on changing capacity needs and sources. As a starting point, I have requested the Chairman of the Steering Committee to consult Member States and other providers of civilian capacity to elaborate on the capacity needs and sources of the focus area identified by the Senior Advisory Group, [18] to focus on the most urgent operational needs (e.g., security, police and criminal justice sector reform) and to draw on the findings of the capacity of the Senior Advisory Group. In these broad areas, more work is needed to identify critical capacity gaps, some of which are highly specialized functions. The needs and lessons learned of some countries that have just put an end to the conflict, such as South Sudan, should help to clarify what gaps exist and how to better bridge the gap. Dialogue with Member States and other key actors will also help to identify civilian capacity and track long-term commitments to fill the gap. This dialogue will guide and show our efforts to clarify accountability in the core peacebuilding field.", "Within the United Nations, I resolve to develop a more practical and flexible approach to addressing this challenge, based on the following points:", "(a) In the United Nations system, there is a need to establish focal points at Headquarters in specific areas to understand which capacity and gaps exist;", "(b) The role of focal points in different areas varies according to capacity and context;", "(c) In addition to understanding global and country-specific capacities, focal points in a given area should identify existing knowledge products to help bridge the knowledge gap and share best practices and lessons learned. The focal points will be responsible for ensuring that information on relevant commitments is provided to national partners and that technical assistance on gender mainstreaming and women's participation is provided in coordination with them;", "(d) The focal point could provide entry points for field heads seeking relevant capacity and Member States, service providers and other partners to the United Nations system, thereby helping to provide regular and informal networks and free information exchange in all areas;", "(e) Provide accountability arrangements for capacity in the core areas of expertise that must be tailored to specific areas and depend on the needs of the field. Despite the need for predictable and deployable capacities in the core area, arrangements vary in different countries in the same core area based on comparative advantages;", "(f) There is a need for a clear understanding among all parties of the arrangements in specific national situations. These arrangements should be developed in the context of initial planning, taking into account the overall arrangements and capacities at Headquarters and in the field, drawing on lessons learned, including in terms of efficiency, accountability and results. As the situation evolves, these arrangements should be reviewed. It is clear that, in accordance with the recommendations of United Nations heads in the field, donors will be able to transfer their support to appropriate implementing entities, channel investments into critical areas, avoid duplication and help to bridge the gap.", "Members of the Steering Committee are represented by entities of the United Nations system. I have asked the Chairman of the Committee to focus this approach on the work of the Committee in the coming months, beginning with the review of areas identified by the Senior Advisory Group as having a significant capacity gap and drawing on the views of the focal points proposed by the Panel.", "(a) In the area of basic safety and security: disarmament and demobilization, police and security sector reform and governance;", "(b) In the area of justice: corrections, criminal justice and judicial and legal reform;", "(c) In the area of inclusive political processes: political parties development and public information;", "(d) In the core area of government functions: aid policy and coordination, legislative and public financial management;", "(e) Revitalizing economic areas: job creation, natural resource management and private sector development.", "The Steering Committee should also assess other important gaps other than those already noted by the Senior Advisory Group. I intend to assess progress after one year and report to Member States.", "Financial and operational flexibility", "In volatile post-conflict situations, time is key to building capacity, avoiding recurring risks and delivering important peace dividends. Operational and financial flexibility is needed to adapt to changing circumstances, and it is increasingly recognized that this is essential for effective international support. The Senior Advisory Group rightly drew attention to three aspects, which considered that the United Nations could make further improvements in the three areas: the ability of the Mission to change its deployment resources as needed; the use of the tasks mandated by the most capable entity in accordance with the principle of comparative advantage; and the facilitation of the flow and timeliness of resources.", "Flexibility is essential for international response to the needs of post-conflict countries, in particular whether the United Nations has the capacity to support States in ensuring early progress in the area of security, justice and basic services. My Special Representative has a responsibility and has the opportunity to help ensure coherence, complementarity and order for international support for building countries and peacebuilding, in addition to the resources they have as heads of missions.", "Operational and financial flexibility is particularly important for the design and budget of the mission's start-up and subsequent phases. As noted by the Senior Advisory Group, the mission's basic design and initial budgets were prepared in the event of instability, when there was limited knowledge of local requirements and capacities. It should be borne in mind that the initial mission plan should be seen as a preliminary plan. It is because of the recognition of the uncertainty at this initial stage, and I propose that peacekeeping operations adopt a standard financing model for the first year, which the General Assembly has approved. [19] I intend to further refine this model by specifying that my Special Representative is later entitled to adjust the proportion of components of civilian capacity so that it can build upon the country's newborn capacity or have access to expertise that is not available within the United Nations.", "There is a need to adapt to changing needs and circumstances, which are necessary to cross the mission's entire mandate period. The assessment budget for field missions will be planned for 10 to 11 months prior to the start of each financial year, with detailed information on all scenarios for the next 10 to 24 months. In practice, demand is changing, particularly in the early stages of post-conflict situations. My Special Representative needs to have the flexibility to make certain consequential changes, including, where necessary, the ability to meet new priorities with resources associated with vacant posts and positions. Governments and international organizations have taken a variety of approaches in responding to such emergencies, such as the increased delegation of authority in risk management and accountability to the field. Although the United Nations has taken similar measures, it may be useful to assess whether these approaches are applicable to United Nations field missions.", "The existing funding arrangements offer limited opportunities to adapt to changing circumstances. For example, the budget cycle for peacekeeping operations is one year, not two years, and the appropriation structure reflects the General Assembly's understanding of the need to ensure resource transfer. In addition, in accordance with the actions set out in the “Establishment of the United Nations: a reform programme” (A/51/950) to the project manager as far as possible, administrative measures have been taken within the Secretariat in 2002 to expand the management of resources for the management of military and police personnel, civilian personnel and operational costs.", "I intend to explore ways in which we can further improve our work within the framework of existing management, while ensuring the necessary transparency and accountability of decisions in the field. In order to ensure that senior managers are fully aware of the scope and procedures for adjustments during the implementation of the approved budget, we will ensure that training for senior managers includes this issue and that the heads of field missions, programme managers and mission support managers receive the same information.", "I also intend to explore ways in which information in the proposed budget for peacekeeping operations can be improved in order to demonstrate more comprehensive and transparent resources for civilian capacity as one of the three categories of expenditure. Therefore, the civilian capacity resource conference will be better informed by the General Assembly and will be more easily deployed or redeployed in accordance with the requirements of the Mission.", "The Senior Advisory Group also noted that the design and budget of the Mission would not necessarily provide for the implementation of entities with comparative advantages in the performance of that function. I will send appropriate instructions to heads and planners in field missions on how the principle of comparative advantage should be applied in implementing mandates. For example, the use of other United Nations actors to perform their mandated inclusion functions that they are most able to respond to can bring real advantages, including linkages with entities that are present in a country or area prior to the deployment of a mission, and where missions leave. Cooperation planning or joint planning, such as the development of an integrated strategic framework, should help to identify the comparative advantages of United Nations actors in the field. I will focus on strengthening the capacity of United Nations entities to plan, cooperate and work together in the grave situation emerging from conflict.", "The recommendations of the Senior Advisory Group also relate to addressing the gaps in timely funding, which could delay the launch of key peacebuilding mandates. In referring to the distinction between financial flows to support mission implementation and the perception of the lack of flexibility in the use of funds, the Senior Advisory Group has made a number of interrelated recommendations: in the context of the comparative advantages of civilian capacity within the Mission in carrying out a specific mandate, field missions should be able to provide the necessary programme funding from the assessed budget; in order to facilitate voluntary contributions in support of civilian capacity within missions, to reduce the indirect costs charged by the Mission Trust Fund; and in the absence of institutions, funds and programmes that strengthen their capacity for rapid response financing.", "The recommendations of the United Nations Mission on the implementation of programme activities through assessed contributions are not a new proposal, and the joint community-based violence reduction programme, supported by the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, UNDP and other interested parties, is an example. [20] In some cases, as a result of the existence and capacity of the mission, the mission can and should work on the mandated functions that are not or have yet mobilized voluntary funds. Such measures should be assessed in the light of the comparative advantages and work carried out by other actors in this regard, while respecting the basic competencies and mandates of United Nations entities. The inclusion of a resource requirement in the proposed budget and subsequent consideration by the General Assembly are always mandated.", "With regard to encouraging voluntary contributions for immediate peacebuilding in post-conflict situations to complement the work undertaken by the Mission through the assessed budget, the Senior Advisory Group recommended that the indirect cost charged by the Secretariat should apply to the 7 per cent indirect cost ratio of the multi-donor trust fund. From a narrowing of the competition between entities based solely on the proportion of indirect costs, it would be easier to understand the attraction of this idea. This is, however, a complex issue requiring a review from the United Nations as a whole on cost recovery policies and arrangements. An important premise of the long-term policy is that activities that are not core resources subsidies should not be used.", "The internal review of existing practices that have been implemented since 1980 has started in late 2010. The purpose of the review was to promote an updated view of an extrabudgetary funding for the United Nations financial architecture. The review will clarify which costs should be recovered and recycled, and consider how the application of cost-recovery policies can take into account partnerships and contributions to support mandates, not only those that are intended to provide services to other parties. The review will also examine opportunities to harmonize United Nations practices with other United Nations entities. The review is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2012. I intend to keep the General Assembly informed of the progress made.", "The Senior Advisory Group also recommended that, in line with the innovative practices of WFP and UNDP, opportunities for agencies, funds and programmes to receive rapid response financing should be increased. I urge Member States to review these mechanisms and accelerate funding for the recovery, transition and development of United Nations agencies, funds and programmes in order to narrow the funding gap, particularly in serious post-conflict environments.", "Conclusions and recommendations", "It was widely felt that the international community, in particular the United Nations, could and must better provide rapid and effective civilian capacities to conflict-affected countries. These countries themselves are also calling for changes in the status quo. In terms of peacebuilding and national international dialogue, a group of seven countries [21] recommended that a new political effort to provide international assistance to vulnerable countries be reached in line with peacebuilding and national-building goals, transparency, flexibility and effectiveness, as well as strengthening (i) national and local capacities and institutions. [22]", "The Senior Advisory Group made valuable recommendations on how to proceed with that work. The Panel's report addresses a wide range of interrelated issues, all of which have an impact on how we can find and deploy civilian capacities. I also listened carefully to the views of Member States in the General Assembly, the Peacebuilding Commission and the Security Council. I welcome the participation of Member States and welcome their support for a needs-driven response to the recommendations of the report.", "These challenges affect not only the United Nations but also because of the United Nations leadership or coordination of international assistance to conflict-affected countries, but also the special responsibility for action. I have made some early priority actions in this report. In order to implement these priority actions, I invite the Chairman of the Steering Committee to ensure that the country teams, mission leaders and United Nations country teams are fully involved in these priority actions. Their participation will help to identify opportunities for testing ideas and approaches, particularly in countries where new missions or existing missions have new mandates (e.g., Côte d'Ivoire or South Sudan), as well as in post-crisis environments where there is no mission.", "I believe that progress in various areas within my competence or within the purview of the United Nations Chief Executives Board is a priority. However, this is a common cause involving a wide range of stakeholders in Member States, international financial institutions and peacebuilding — civil society, academia and the private sector. Our approach therefore emphasizes the development of recommendations in cooperation with other parties. I thank the Peacebuilding Commission for its active engagement. I will continue to rely on the continued engagement of the Commission and the Member States' consultative groups, in particular with regard to the proposed dialogue with Member States to analyse the availability of specific capacities. These leaders meet the challenges of civilian capacity at Headquarters and in the field. Their experience is extremely useful and I will continue to rely on the experience of the Senior Advisory Group. Finally, efforts within the United Nations must take into account other initiatives, in particular the operation of the International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and State-building, the seven plus one group and the World Development Report.", "The present report focuses on what can be done by the United Nations, but also further reviews of broader partnerships and looks forward to future steps. I intend to report to Member States in 2012 on progress made and possible further initiatives, including those that may require decisions by the General Assembly. At the same time, I will rely on the support and cooperation of all our partners to achieve our common goals.", "The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) is developing capacity development strategies to guide its programmes in South Sudan, with a focus on results and exit strategies.", "[2] Training of national staff is a shared priority of the Government of Timor-Leste and UNMIT. As long as resources permit, mission training courses and facilities are open to Government ministries and other State agencies.", "[3] New missions in South Sudan are so.", "[4] For example, the Ghanaian peace infrastructure supported by the Department of Political Affairs and the United Nations Development Programme.", "[5] See A/63/881-S/2009/304, para.", "[6] See Security Council resolution 1996 (2011), para.", "[7] This is particularly important for humanitarian agencies that have responded in accordance with the principles of impartiality, neutrality and independence, which, according to these principles, may be inappropriate in some cases.", "[8] For example, UNICEF is committed to working on the transfer of knowledge and technology to the health sector in Afghanistan, and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) supports Nepal's aid management and the Liberia Electoral Commission.", "[9] The World Food Programme implements the “Procurement for Progress” initiative to purchase maize in South Sudan and to supply food for Congolese and Central African refugees in South Sudan.", "[10] The approach taken in Timor-Leste and Afghanistan, such as the Peace dividend Initiative.", "[11] The political implications of local procurement must also be considered. If more local procurement helps to focus wealth on the hands of a small number of people entitled to change, this could not in any way exacerbate inequalities and tensions in post-conflict countries.", "[12] For example, Indonesia's experience with mediation; the experience of Latin American countries in dealing with urban and violent criminal acts; Bangladesh's experience in promoting women's empowerment in the areas of microfinance and community health; and South Africa's expertise in elections and mediation in Burundi.", "[13] For example, the United Nations Office for Project Services may request its pool of experts providing mine action services.", "[14] For example, Brazil's revitalization of the economy in Angola or South Africa, in cooperation with Germany, supports legal and judicial training in South Sudan.", "[15] For example, the Brazilian non-governmental organization Igarapé is developing a roster of civilian experts that can be deployed to peace operations with the support of the Governments of Brazil, Canada and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "[16] Based on the humanitarian crisis response patterns, including those developed by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UNDP, UNICEF and the United Nations Population Fund.", "[17] At present, one example of the strengthening of the training efforts of senior heads is that the Department of Peacekeeping Operations is developing a mission training programme for heads of the military sector for five to eight days.", "[18] Basic safety and security, justice, inclusive political processes, core government functions and revitalization of the economy.", "[19] See General Assembly resolution 9889.", "[20] Other mandated areas with dedicated programme funding are disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, information, mine action and quick-impact projects.", "[21] Seven plus one group was established in 2008 as an open group of countries that are experiencing or emerging from conflict, including Afghanistan, Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Liberia, Nepal, the Solomon Islands, Sierra Leone, South Sudan and Timor-Leste.", "[22] See the Monrovia road map adopted at the Second International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and National-Building, 15-16 June 2011, available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/48345560.pdf." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目114(a)", "选举各附属机构成员以补空缺， 并进行其他选举", "选举二十名方案和协调委员会成员", "秘书长的说明", "1. 依照经济及社会理事会第2008(LX)号决议和大会第42/450号决定，方案和协调委员会的成员由理事会提名，大会选举产生。", "2. 2011年委员会成员组成如下(任期至所标示年份的12月31日届满)：[2] 阿尔及利亚(2013年)；安提瓜和巴布达(2013年)；阿根廷(2011年)；亚美尼亚(2011年)；白俄罗斯(2011年)；贝宁(2013年)；巴西(2011年)；中非共和国(2011年)；中国(2013年)；科摩罗(2012年)；古巴(2011年)；厄立特里亚(2013年)；法国(2012年)；几内亚(2011年)；海地(2012年)；印度(2011年)；伊朗(伊斯兰共和国)(2011年)；以色列(2012年)；意大利(2011年)；哈萨克斯坦(2011年)；纳米比亚(2012年)；尼日利亚(2011年)；巴基斯坦(2011年)；大韩民国(2013年)；俄罗斯联邦(2012年)；南非(2011年)；西班牙(2011年)；乌克兰(2011年)；乌拉圭(2011年)和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国(2012年)。", "3. 大会第六十六届会议须根据经济及社会理事会的提名，选举成员二十名，以填补下列方案和协调委员会成员在2011年12月31日任满后出现的空缺：阿根廷、亚美尼亚、白俄罗斯、巴西、中非共和国、古巴、几内亚、印度、伊朗(伊斯兰共和国)、意大利、哈萨克斯坦、尼日利亚、巴基斯坦、南非、西班牙、乌克兰和乌拉圭。", "4. 依照大会第42/450号决定的规定，空缺将按以下方式填补：", "(a) 非洲国家成员四名；", "(b) 亚洲国家成员四名；", "(c) 东欧国家成员三名；", "(d) 拉丁美洲和加勒比国家成员四名；", "(e) 西欧和其他国家成员五名。", "5. 经济及社会理事会在其第2011/201 B号决定中提名下列十二个会员国，供大会第六十六届会议选举，委员会成员任期三年，从2012年1月1日开始：阿根廷、白俄罗斯、巴西、保加利亚、喀麦隆、古巴、伊朗(伊斯兰共和国)、马来西亚、巴基斯坦、摩尔多瓦共和国、乌拉圭和津巴布韦。", "6. 被提名会员国的地域分配情况如下：", "(a) 非洲国家(四个空缺)：喀麦隆和津巴布韦；[3]", "(b) 亚洲国家(四个空缺)：伊朗(伊斯兰共和国)、马来西亚和巴基斯坦；²", "(c) 东欧国家(三个空缺)：白俄罗斯、保加利亚和摩尔多瓦共和国；", "(d) 拉丁美洲和加勒比国家(四个空缺)：阿根廷、巴西、古巴和乌拉圭；", "(e) 西欧和其他国家(五个空缺)。²", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 西欧和其他国家有三个空缺，成员任期将于当选之日开始，2011年12月31日届满。亚洲国家有一个空缺，成员任期将于当选之日开始，2013年12月31日届满。。", "[3] 理事会推迟提名非洲国家的两名成员、亚洲国家的一名成员和西欧及其他国家的五名成员供大会选举，其任期三年，自2012年1月1日开始(第2011/201 B号决定)。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 114 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Elections to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other elections", "Election of twenty members of the Committee for Programme and Coordination", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. In accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 2008 (LX) and General Assembly decision 42/450, the members of the Committee for Programme and Coordination are nominated by the Council and elected by the Assembly.", "2. The membership of the Committee in 2011 is as follows (the term of office expires on 31 December in the year indicated):[1] Algeria (2013); Antigua and Barbuda (2013); Argentina (2011); Armenia (2011); Belarus (2011); Benin (2013); Brazil (2011); Central African Republic (2011); China (2013); Comoros (2012); Cuba (2011); Eritrea (2013); France (2012); Guinea (2011); Haiti (2012); India (2011); Iran (Islamic Republic of) (2011); Israel (2012); Italy (2011); Kazakhstan (2011); Namibia (2012); Nigeria (2011); Pakistan (2011); Republic of Korea (2013); Russian Federation (2012); South Africa (2011); Spain (2011); Ukraine (2011); Uruguay (2011); and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) (2012).", "3. The General Assembly, at its sixty-sixth session, will be called upon to elect 20 members, on the nomination of the Economic and Social Council, to fill the vacancies in the Committee that will occur on 31 December 2011 upon the expiration of the terms of office of the following members: Argentina, Armenia, Belarus, Brazil, Central African Republic, Cuba, Guinea, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa, Spain, Ukraine and Uruguay.", "4. In accordance with General Assembly decision 42/450, the vacancies are to be filled as follows:", "(a) Four members from African States;", "(b) Four members from Asian States;", "(c) Three members from Eastern European States;", "(d) Four members from Latin American and Caribbean States;", "(e) Five members from Western European and other States.", "5. By its decision 2011/201 B, the Economic and Social Council nominated the following 12 Member States for election by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2012: Argentina, Belarus, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Cuba, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Malaysia, Pakistan, Republic of Moldova, Uruguay and Zimbabwe.", "6. The geographical distribution of the nominated Member States is as follows:", "(a) African States (four vacancies): Cameroon and Zimbabwe;[2]", "(b) Asian States (four vacancies): Iran (Islamic Republic of), Malaysia and Pakistan;²", "(c) Eastern European States (three vacancies): Belarus, Bulgaria and Republic of Moldova;", "(d) Latin American and Caribbean States (four vacancies): Argentina, Brazil, Cuba and Uruguay;", "(e) Western European and other States (five vacancies).²", "[1] * A/66/150.", "There are three vacancies for Western European and other States, for members whose terms of office would begin on the date of election and expire on 31 December 2011, and one vacancy for Asian States, for a member whose term of office would begin on the date of election and expire on 31 December 2013.", "[2] The Council postponed the nomination of two members from African States, one member from Asian States and five members from Western European and other States for election by the General Assembly for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2012 (decision 2011/201 B)." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 114 (a) of the provisional agenda", "Elections to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other elections", "Election of 20 members of the Committee for Programme and Coordination", "Note by the Secretariat", "Pursuant to Economic and Social Council resolution 2008 (LX) and General Assembly decision 42/450, the members of the Committee for Programme and Coordination were nominated by the Council and elected by the General Assembly.", "The members of the Committee in 2011 were composed of the following: [2] Algeria (2013); Antigua and Barbuda (2013); Argentina (2011); Armenia (2011); Belarus (2011); Benin (2013); Brazil (2011); Central African Republic (2011); China (2013); Comoros (2012); Cuba (2012); Cuba (2011); Eritrea (2013); France (2012); Guinea (2012); Haiti (2012); India (Islamic Republic of); Ukraine (Islamic Republic of) 2011 (Islamic Republic of);", "At its sixty-sixth session, the General Assembly, on the nomination of the Economic and Social Council, will elect 20 members to fill the vacancies arising from the expiration of the terms of office of the following members of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on 31 December 2011: Argentina, Armenia, Belarus, Brazil, the Central African Republic, Cuba, Guinea, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa, Spain, Ukraine and Uruguay.", "In accordance with General Assembly decision 42/450, the vacancy will be filled by:", "(a) Four members from African States;", "(b) Four members from Asian States;", "(c) Three members from Eastern European States;", "(d) Four members from Latin American and Caribbean States;", "(e) Five members from Western European and other States.", "In its decision 2011/201 B, the Economic and Social Council nominated the following twelve Member States for election by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2012: Argentina, Belarus, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Cuba, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Malaysia, Pakistan, Republic of Moldova, Uruguay and Zimbabwe.", "The geographical distribution of the nominated Member States is as follows:", "(a) African countries (four vacancies): Cameroon and Zimbabwe; [3]", "(b) Asian States (four vacancies): Iran (Islamic Republic of), Malaysia and Pakistan;2", "(c) Eastern European States (three vacancies): Belarus, Bulgaria and the Republic of Moldova;", "(d) Latin American and Caribbean States (four vacancies): Argentina, Brazil, Cuba and Uruguay;", "(e) Western European and other States (five vacancies). Contents", "AD(*) A/63/250.", "[2] There are three vacancies in Western European and other States for a term beginning on election and expiring on 31 December 2011. There was a vacancy in Asian States, whose term of office would begin on the date of election and expire on 31 December 2013.", "[3] The Council postponed the nomination of two members from African States, one member from Asian States and five members from Western European and other States for election to the General Assembly for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2012 (decision 2011/201 B)." ]

[ "2011年9月16日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/360)]", "66/1. 出席大会第六十六届会议代表的全权证书", "大会，", "审查了全权证书委员会的报告[1] 和其中所载建议，", "核可全权证书委员会的报告。", "2011年9月16日", "第2次全体会议", "[1] A/66/360。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/360)]", "66/1. Credentials of representatives to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered the report of the Credentials Committee[1] and the recommendation contained therein,", "Approves the report of the Credentials Committee.", "2nd plenary meeting 16 September 2011", "[1]  A/66/360." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/63/360)]", "Credentials of representatives to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly", "The General Assembly,", "Having examined the report of the Credentials Committee and the recommendations contained therein,", "Approves the report of the Credentials Committee.", "16 September 2011", "2nd plenary meeting", "Abel 60." ]

[ "2011年9月19日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.1)]", "66/2. 预防和控制非传染性疾病问题大会高级别会议 的政治宣言", "大会", "通过本决议所附《预防和控制非传染性疾病问题大会高级别会议的政治宣言》。", "2011年9月19日", "第3次全体会议", "附件", "预防和控制非传染性疾病问题大会高级别会议的政治宣言", "我们这些国家元首和政府首脑及国家和政府的代表于2011年9月19日至20日汇聚联合国，审议全世界预防和控制非传染性疾病问题，尤其侧重于由此带来的特别是对发展中国家而言在发展和其他方面的挑战及社会和经济影响，", "1. 承认非传染性疾病给全球带来的负担和威胁是二十一世纪发展的主要挑战之一，有损世界各地的社会和经济发展，并威胁到国际商定发展目标的实现；", "2. 确认非传染性疾病对许多会员国的经济是一个威胁，可能导致国家之间及人口之间的不平等加剧；", "3. 确认各国政府在应对非传染性疾病挑战方面有着首要作用，承担首要责任，社会所有部门都必须作出努力，参与进来，以拿出预防和控制非传染性疾病的有效对策；", "4. 又确认国际社会和国际合作可以发挥重要作用，协助会员国，特别是发展中国家，并补充各国为拿出有效对策以应对非传染性疾病而作出的努力；", "5. 重申人人享有能达到的最高标准身心健康的权利；", "6. 确认迫切需要在全球、区域和国家各级采取更大力度的预防和控制非传染性疾病措施，以便推动全面实现人人享有能达到的最高标准身心健康的权利；", "7. 回顾大会的相关规定，尤其是2010年5月12日第64/265号和2010年12月24日第65/238号决议；", "8. 赞赏地注意到世界卫生组织《烟草控制框架公约》，[1] 重申世界卫生大会通过的关于预防和控制非传染性疾病的所有相关决议和决定，并着重指出，会员国必须通过实施世界卫生组织《2008-2013年预防和控制非传染性疾病全球战略行动计划》[2] 以及《饮食、锻炼和健康全球战略》[3] 和《减少酗酒全球战略》，[4] 继续应对非传染性疾病的共同风险因素；", "9. 回顾经济及社会理事会2009年高级别部分通过的部长级宣言，[5] 其中呼吁采取紧急行动实施《预防和控制非传染性疾病全球战略》及其相关的《行动计划》；", "10. 赞赏地表示注意到在预防和控制非传染性疾病方面采取的所有区域举措，包括2007年9月通过的题为“团结一致共同制止慢性非传染性疾病流行”的《加勒比共同体国家元首和政府首脑宣言》、2008年8月通过的《关于非洲健康与环境的利伯维尔宣言》、2009年11月通过的关于采取行动战胜非传染性疾病的英联邦政府首脑声明、2009年6月通过的第五次美洲首脑会议承诺宣言、世界卫生组织欧洲区域成员国于2010年3月通过的《环境与健康问题帕尔马宣言》、2010年12月通过的《中东和北非区域糖尿病和慢性非传染性疾病问题迪拜宣言》、2006年11月通过的《欧洲制止肥胖宪章》、2011年6月《肥胖问题阿鲁巴行动呼吁》和2011年7月通过的关于太平洋区域应对非传染性疾病挑战的《霍尼拉公报》；", "11. 又赞赏地表示注意到区域多部门协商的成果，包括部长级宣言的通过，这些协商由世界卫生组织与会员国协作进行，各区域委员会和其他相关联合国机构和实体给予支持并积极参与，协商目的是依照第65/238号决议为高级别会议的筹备提供投入；", "12. 欣见俄罗斯联邦和世界卫生组织于2011年4月28日和29日在莫斯科组织召开了首届健康生活方式和非传染性疾病控制问题全球部长级会议并通过《莫斯科宣言》，[6] 并回顾世界卫生大会第64.11号决议；[7]", "13. 确认世界卫生组织作为负责卫生事务的首要专门机构的主导作用，包括根据其任务规定在卫生政策方面的作用和职能，并重申它在促进和监测其他相关联合国机构、开发银行及其他区域和国际组织采取全球行动防治非传染性疾病以协调应对此类疾病方面工作的领导和协调作用；", "一个已达流行病严重程度的挑战及其对社会经济和发展的影响", "14. 深为关切地注意到，根据世界卫生组织2008年的资料，全球5 700万例死亡中估计有3 600万例系非传染性疾病致死，主要是心血管疾病、癌症、慢性呼吸系统疾病和糖尿病，包括约900万未满60岁死亡者，而这些死亡案例有近80%发生在发展中国家；", "15. 又深为关切地注意到，非传染性疾病是可避免的发病及相关的致残问题的主因之一；", "16. 进一步确认，非洲目前最常见的死因是传染病、孕产和围产期病症及营养不足，并关切地注意到，包括在非洲，非传染性疾病发生率迅速上升所造成的双重疾病负担不断加重，预计到2030年，非传染性疾病将成为最常见的死因；", "17. 进一步注意到另外还有多种非传染性疾病和病症，其风险因素以及对预防措施、筛查、治疗和护理的需要与四种最主要的非传染性疾病有关联；", "18. 确认精神和神经失常，包括阿尔茨海默氏病，是一大病因，增加了全球非传染性疾病负担，为此需要提供可公平享有的有效方案和保健干预措施的机会；", "19. 确认肾脏和口腔疾病及眼疾对许多国家构成一大卫生负担，这些疾病有着共同的风险因素，可得益于防治非传染性疾病的共同对策；", "20. 确认最主要的几种非传染性疾病都与吸烟、酗酒、不健康饮食和缺少锻炼这些共同风险因素有关联；", "21. 确认人们的生活条件和生活方式影响其健康和生活质量，贫穷、财富分配不均、缺乏教育、迅速城市化、人口老化以及经济社会、性别、政治、行为和环境方面的健康决定因素等等，都是导致非传染性疾病发生率和流行率上升的因素；", "22. 严重关切地注意到，非传染性疾病及其风险因素加剧贫穷，而贫穷又导致非传染性疾病发生率上升，形成一个恶性循环，对公共卫生及经济和社会发展构成威胁；", "23. 关切地注意到，非传染性疾病的患病人数迅速增加，影响到所有年龄、性别、种族和收入水平的人，又关切地注意到，贫穷人口和处境脆弱者，特别是在发展中国家，承受着不成比例的负担，并关切地注意到，非传染性疾病可能对男女产生不同的影响；", "24. 关切地注意到，肥胖在不同区域，尤其是在儿童和青年之中，日趋普遍，并注意到肥胖、不健康饮食和缺少锻炼与四大非传染性疾病有着很大的关联，并且关系到卫生费用趋高和生产力下降；", "25. 表示深为关切妇女承担着不成比例的护理负担，而在有些群体中，妇女往往比男子的体力活动少，更有可能肥胖，她们吸烟比例也在惊人地增长；", "26. 又关切地注意到，母婴健康与非传染性疾病及其风险因素有着密不可分的关联，具体地说，产前营养不良和出生体重过低导致今后易患肥胖症、高血压、心脏病和糖尿病的体质，而妊娠情况，诸如孕产妇肥胖和妊娠糖尿病，也与母亲及其子女所面临的类似风险有关联；", "27. 关切地注意到，非传染性疾病与艾滋病毒/艾滋病等一些传染性疾病可能有关联，呼吁酌情将艾滋病毒/艾滋病和非传染性疾病防治对策结合起来，并在此方面吁请遵照各国的国家优先事项，关注艾滋病毒/艾滋病感染者，特别是在艾滋病毒/艾滋病感染率高的国家；", "28. 确认室内烹调或供暖所用的低能效炉灶所产生的烟雾导致并可能加剧肺病和呼吸系统疾病，对贫穷人口中的妇女和儿童影响尤其之大，因为这些家庭可能依赖此类燃料；", "29. 又承认在非传染性疾病负担方面，以及在非传染性疾病的预防和控制机会方面，国与国之间、国家内部和社区内部都存在着显著的不平等；", "30. 确认加强卫生系统，包括加强保健基础设施、卫生人力资源及卫生和社会保护系统，尤其是在发展中国家，以便有效和公平地应对非传染性疾病患者的保健需要，至关重要；", "31. 严重关切地注意到，非传染性疾病及其风险因素导致个人、家庭和社区的负担加重，包括长期治疗和护理费用所致的贫穷，并导致生产力损失，威胁到家庭收入，致使个人和家庭的生产力和会员国的经济受损，从而使非传染性疾病成为贫穷和饥饿的一个导因，可能直接影响到包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标的实现；", "32. 表示深为关切金融和经济危机、动荡的能源和粮食价格、对粮食安全的持续关切所产生的持续消极影响，以及气候变化和生物多样性丧失所引起的日益严重的挑战及其对预防和控制非传染性疾病的影响，并在此方面强调需要迅速作出强有力、协调和多部门的努力来应对这些影响，同时加强已在进行的努力；", "应对挑战：整个政府和全社会的努力", "33. 确认通过所有会员国和其他相关的利益攸关方在地方、国家、区域和全球各级采取集体和多部门的行动，通过在发展合作中更优先重视非传染性疾病并在此方面加强合作，全世界不断趋升的非传染性疾病流行率、发病率和死亡率在很大程度上可以得到预防和控制；", "34. 确认预防工作必须是全球防治非传染性疾病对策的基石；", "35. 又确认亟需降低个人和人口群体受非传染性疾病共同的可改变的风险因素(即吸烟、不健康饮食、缺少锻炼和酗酒)及其决定因素的影响程度，同时增强个人和人口群体作出更健康的选择和采取促进健康的生活方式的能力；", "36. 确认为了有效地预防和控制非传染性疾病，需要在政府一级发挥领导作用和采取多部门的卫生举措，包括酌情将卫生工作纳入跨越卫生、教育、能源、农业、体育、交通、通信、城市规划、环境、劳务、就业、工业和贸易、金融及社会和经济发展各个部门的所有政策和整个政府的举措之中；", "37. 肯定个人、家庭和社区、政府间组织和宗教机构、民间社会、学术界、媒体、志愿社团以及在适当情况下包括私营部门和企业界在内的所有相关利益攸关方在支持预防和控制非传染性疾病的国家努力方面所作出的贡献和发挥的重要作用，并确认需要进一步支持加强在这些利益攸关方之间的协调，以便提高这些努力的成效；", "38. 确认烟草业与公共卫生之间有着根本的利益冲突；", "39. 确认采取一种融入循证、可负担、具有成本效益、面向全民的多部门干预措施的办法，可在很大程度上预防或减少非传染性疾病的发生率和影响；", "40. 承认国家、区域和国际各级专用于应对非传染性疾病挑战的资源与这个问题的严重程度不匹配；", "41. 确认必须加强地方、省市、国家和区域各级的能力，以应对和有效防治非传染性疾病，尤其是在发展中国家，为此可能需要长期提供更多的人力、财政和技术资源；", "42. 承认需要在政府各级订立多部门的卫生方针，以期全面、果断地应对非传染性疾病的风险因素和影响健康的基本决定因素；", "非传染性疾病是可以预防的，其影响可以大幅减少，从而可以挽救成百上千万人的生命，并避免难言之苦。因此，我们承诺：", "减少风险因素并创造促进健康的环境", "43. 推进采取多部门、具有成本效益、面向全民的干预措施，以便减少非传染性疾病的共同风险因素，即吸烟、不健康饮食、缺少锻炼和酗酒等因素的影响，途径包括在无损主权国家酌情决定和订立税收政策和其他政策的权利的前提下，执行相关的国际协定和战略以及教育、立法、调控和财政措施，为此而酌情使所有相关的部门、民间社会和社区参与其中，并采取以下行动：", "(a) 鼓励拟订多部门公共政策，以期创造公平的促进健康环境，使个人、家庭和社区有能力作出健康的选择和过上健康的生活；", "(b) 酌情拟订、强化和实施多部门公共政策和行动计划以促进卫生教育和卫生知识普及，包括为此在学校内外实施循证教育及宣传战略和方案并开展公共认识宣传，以此作为推进非传染性疾病预防和控制工作的要素，同时确认在许多国家，对卫生知识普及工作的大力注重还处于早期阶段；", "(c) 世界卫生组织《烟草控制框架公约》缔约国加快执行该《公约》，确认有众多措施，包括旨在减少消费和供应的措施可供采取，并鼓励尚未加入该《公约》的国家考虑加入，确认大幅减少烟草消费是有助于减少非传染性疾病的一个重要因素，可对个人和国家产生可观的健康惠益，而价格和征税措施是减少烟草消费的有效和重要手段；", "(d) 推进实施《饮食、锻炼和健康全球战略》，包括为此酌情采取旨在促进全民健康饮食和增加锻炼的政策和行动，触及日常生活的各个方面，诸如优先重视学校的常规和强化体育课,进行利于非机动出行的城市规划和改造，为工作场所健康生活方案提供奖励，并增加公园及娱乐场所可供公众使用的安全环境以鼓励身体锻炼；", "(e) 推动实施《减少酗酒全球战略》，同时确认需要与相关的利益攸关方协商拟订适当的国内行动计划，以便拟订具体的政策和方案，包括考虑到全球战略中指出的众多可选办法，以及提高对酗酒所致问题的认识，尤其是在年轻人中，并呼吁世界卫生组织在此方面加紧努力帮助会员国；", "(f) 在酌情考虑到现有立法和国家政策的情况下，推动实施世界卫生组织《关于向儿童推销食品和非酒精类饮料的一套建议》，[8] 包括饱和脂肪、反式脂肪酸、游离糖或盐含量高的食品，同时确认研究表明，面向儿童的食品广告很多，所推销的有很大一部分是高脂肪、高糖或高盐食品，而电视广告影响着儿童的食物喜好、购买要求和消费模式；", "(g) 在考虑到现有立法和政策的情况下，酌情推动拟订和着手实施具有成本效益的干预措施，以减少食品中的盐、糖和饱和脂肪并消除工业生产的反式脂肪，包括为此而劝阻生产和推销不利于健康饮食的食品；", "(h) 鼓励旨在支持生产和制造及便利获取有利于健康饮食的食品的政策，并为利用健康的当地农产品和食品提供更多机会，从而帮助努力应对全球化带来的挑战和利用由此带来的机会，并实现粮食安全；", "(i) 促进、保护和支持母乳喂养，包括酌情采取出生至6个月左右完全母乳喂养的办法，因为母乳喂养减少易受感染和营养不足的风险，促进婴幼儿成长和发育，有助于减少今后患上肥胖症和非传染性疾病等问题的风险，并在这方面加强《母乳代用品国际营销守则》[9] 及其后的世界卫生大会相关决议的实施；", "(j) 推动扩大具有成本效益的疫苗接种面，以预防与癌症相关的感染，作为国家免疫计划的一部分；", "(k) 根据国情推动扩大具有成本效益的癌症筛查方案的覆盖面；", "(l) 酌情扩大已证明有效的一揽子干预措施，诸如促进健康和初级干预办法，并通过有意义的多部门对策激发预防和控制非传染性疾病的行动，应对风险因素和健康决定因素；", "44. 为了增强其对非传染性疾病预防和控制工作的贡献，呼吁私营部门酌情：", "(a) 采取措施实施世界卫生组织《关于减少向儿童推销不健康食品和非酒精类饮料的影响的一套建议》，其中要考虑到现有的国家立法和政策；", "(b) 考虑生产和促销更多符合健康饮食要求的食品，包括为此而改变产品配方以提供更健康的选择，使这些产品可以负担、可以得到并符合相关的营养成分和标签标准，包括提供关于糖、盐和脂肪的信息，并酌情提供反式脂肪含量信息；", "(c) 在工人中促进和创造有利于健康行为的环境，包括通过职业安全和健康措施，酌情包括良好的企业做法、工作场所身心健康方案和健康保险计划，建立无烟工作场所及安全和健康的工作环境；", "(d) 努力减少食品业的用盐量，以便降低钠消费；", "(e) 帮助努力改善预防和控制非传染性疾病的药物和技术的可获得性和可负担性；", "加强国家政策和卫生系统", "45. 酌情在2013年以前促进、建立或支持和加强预防和控制非传染性疾病的多部门国家政策和计划，同时要酌情考虑到《2008-2013年预防和控制非传染性疾病全球战略行动计划》及其中所载目标，并采取步骤执行这些政策和计划：", "(a) 加强非传染性疾病政策和方案，并酌情将其纳入每个会员国的卫生规划进程和国家发展议程之中；", "(b) 酌情努力全面加强卫生系统，支持初级保健，提供有效、可持续和协调的应对措施以及循证、具有成本效益、公平和综合的基本服务，解决非传染性疾病的风险因素和非传染性疾病的预防、治疗和护理问题，承认促进增强非传染性疾病患者的病人权能、康复和姑息护理以及采取终生办法的重要性，因为非传染性疾病往往具有慢性性质；", "(c) 根据国家优先事项，并考虑到国情，增加并优先安排预算分配来应对非传染性疾病的风险因素，监测、预防、及早发现和治疗非传染性疾病及提供相关的护理和支持，包括姑息护理；", "(d) 探索通过国内、双边、区域和多边渠道，包括传统的和自愿创新的筹资机制来提供足够、可预测和持续的资源；", "(e) 追求和促进利用以按性别和年龄分类的数据为依据的基于性别的方法来预防和控制非传染性疾病，努力解决非传染性疾病对女性和男性在发病和死亡风险方面的重大差异；", "(f) 促进多部门和多方利益攸关方的参与，以分别扭转、遏止和减少儿童、青年和成年人中肥胖的上升趋势；", "(g) 确认土著人民与非土著人口在非传染性疾病发生率及其共同风险因素方面存在何种健康差距，而这些差距往往与历史、经济和社会因素相关联，鼓励土著人民和社区酌情参与拟订、实施和评价非传染性疾病预防和控制政策、计划和方案，同时促进发展和加强各级能力，承认土著人民的文化遗产和传统知识，尊重、保护和酌情促进他们的传统医药，包括保护他们重要的药用植物、动物和矿物；", "(h) 进一步确认传统和地方知识的潜力和贡献，并在这方面，酌情根据每个国家的国情，按照国家能力、优先事项、相关立法和情形，尊重和维护传统医药、治疗和做法的知识及安全和有效利用；", "(i) 作出一切必要的努力，在所有部门加强国家主导的、可持续、具有成本效益和全面的预防非传染性疾病的对策，要酌情争取这些疾病的患者、民间社会和私营部门充分和积极的参与；", "(j) 促进造就、培训和留住卫生工作人员，以推动按照世界卫生组织《全球卫生人员国际招聘行为守则》，[10] 在各国和区域内部充足部署熟练的卫生工作人员队伍；", "(k) 酌情加强卫生工作规划和管理信息系统，包括为此而收集、分类、分析、解释和传播数据以及酌情开发基于人口的国家登记册和调查，以便利对整个人口采取适当和及时的干预措施；", "(l) 根据国家优先事项，更加优先重视非传染性疾病的监测、早期发现、筛查、诊断和治疗以及预防和控制，改进获得安全、负担得起、有效和优质的药物和技术来诊断和治疗这些疾病的情况；通过拟订和使用循证准则来治疗非传染性疾病，在各国高效率采购和分配药物等手段来提供可持续获得药物和技术的机会；加强可行的筹资方案，促进使用负担得起的药物，包括非专利药，并特别是在社区一级改善获得预防、治疗、姑息护理和康复等服务的机会；", "(m) 根据国家主导制定的优先次序，确保扩大展现出治疗非传染性疾病患者的潜力的有效、循证和具有成本效益的干预措施，保护那些有高染病风险的人，并降低整个人口的风险；", "(n) 确认国家卫生系统覆盖全民，特别是通过初级保健和社会保护机制，向所有人，特别是人口中最贫穷的阶层提供获得卫生服务的机会的重要性；", "(o) 推动将非传染性疾病的预防和控制纳入性健康和生殖健康以及孕产妇和儿童健康方案中，特别是在初级保健一级，且酌情纳入其他方案，并将这些领域的干预措施纳入非传染性疾病预防方案中；", "(p) 促进获得全面和具有成本效益的预防、治疗和护理的机会，以综合管理非传染性疾病，其中除其他外，包括增加获得负担得起、安全、有效和优质药物和诊断及其他技术的机会，包括为此充分利用与贸易有关的知识产权灵活做法；", "(q) 改善诊断服务，包括增加实验室和影像服务的能力和获得这些服务的机会，以充足和熟练的人力资源来提供这种服务，并与私营部门合作，改善诊断设备和技术的可负担性、可获得性和保养；", "(r) 鼓励结成联盟和网络，将国家、区域和全球行为体，包括学术和研究机构聚集在一起，根据国家优先事项和战略，借鉴艾滋病毒/艾滋病及其他领域的经验，开发新药物、疫苗、诊断办法和技术；", "(s) 加强保健基础设施，包括用于采购、储存和分发药物的设施，特别是运输和存储网络，以便促进高效率的服务供应；", "国际合作，包括合作伙伴关系", "46. 加强国际合作，支持国家、区域和全球预防和控制非传染性疾病计划，尤其是交流下列领域的最佳做法：促进健康，加强立法、法规和卫生系统，培训卫生人员，发展适当的保健基础设施和诊断办法，以及促进开发和以共同商定的条件传播适当、负担得起和可持续的技术转让，生产负担得起、安全、有效和优质的药物和疫苗，同时认识到世界卫生组织作为负责卫生问题的主要专门机构在这方面的领导作用；", "47. 承认专门针对卫生部门的援助的贡献，同时确认还有许多工作要做。我们呼吁履行所有与官方发展援助有关的承诺，包括许多发达国家作出的到2015年使官方发展援助占其国民总收入0.7%的承诺和《2011-2020十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领 》[11] 中所载的承诺，并强烈敦促那些尚未这样做的发达国家作出更多具体努力来履行其承诺；", "48. 强调在预防和控制非传染性疾病方面开展南北、南南和三角合作，在国家、区域和国际各级促进有利的环境来推动健康的生活方式和选择的重要性，同时铭记南南合作不是要取代，而是补充南北合作；", "49. 促进以一切可能的手段确定和调动充足、可预测和持续的财政资源以及必要的人力和技术资源，并考虑支持以自愿、具有成本效益和创新的办法为预防和控制非传染性疾病筹措长期资金，同时要考虑到千年发展目标；", "50. 承认国际合作和援助在预防和控制非传染性疾病方面所作的贡献，并在这方面鼓励继续将非传染性疾病列入发展合作议程和倡议中；", "51. 吁请作为负责卫生问题的联合国主管专门机构的世界卫生组织和联合国系统所有其他相关的机构、基金和方案以及国际金融机构、开发银行和其他重要国际组织，以协调的方式共同努力，支持各国努力预防和控制非传染性疾病和减轻其影响；", "52. 敦促相关国际组织继续在预防和控制非传染性疾病以及促进所有人有机会获得药物方面，向发展中国家，特别是向最不发达国家提供技术援助和能力建设，包括为此充分利用与贸易有关的知识产权灵活做法和规定；", "53. 加强国家自主、看齐调整、统一、可预测性、相互问责和透明度以及注重成果，从而提高援助质量；", "54. 酌情让非卫生部门行为体和关键利益攸关方，包括私营部门和民间社会参与合作伙伴关系，促进健康和减少非传染性疾病风险因素，包括为此建设社区促进健康饮食和生活方式的能力；", "55. 培育政府和民间社会之间的伙伴关系，利用与卫生有关的非政府组织和患者组织所作的贡献，酌情支持提供预防和控制、治疗和护理非传染性疾病的服务，包括姑息护理服务；", "56. 在国家和区域各级促进与非传染性疾病有关的非政府组织的能力建设，以实现其作为预防和控制非传染性疾病合作伙伴的全部潜力；", "研发工作", "57. 积极促进国家和国际投资，并加强以可持续和具有成本效益的方式对涉及预防和控制非传染性疾病的所有方面进行优质研发的国家能力，同时注意到继续激励创新的重要性；", "58. 促进利用信息和通信技术改善方案执行、卫生成果、卫生宣传及报告和监视系统，并酌情传播有关非传染性疾病领域负担得起、具有成本效益、可持续和优质的干预措施、最佳做法和经验教训等方面的信息；", "59. 支持和促进有关非传染性疾病的研究及其翻译，以改进可供进行中的国家、区域和全球行动使用的知识库；", "监测与评价", "60. 酌情加强国家一级的监督和监测系统，包括已纳入现有的国家卫生信息系统，且包含对健康的风险因素、结果及其社会和经济决定因素的监测以及卫生系统的对策等内容的调查，同时确认此类系统对妥善处理非传染性疾病至关重要；", "61. 呼吁世界卫生组织在会员国的充分参与下，参照各国的国情，通过其现有架构，并与联合国各机构、基金和方案，酌情与其他相关的区域和国际组织合作，以正在持续作出的努力为基础，在2012年年底前制定出包括一套指标，能够适用于各个区域和国家背景的全面的全球监测框架，包括采取多部门办法，监测有关非传染性疾病的国家战略和计划的执行趋势，并评估有关的进展情况；", "62. 呼吁世界卫生组织通过其各理事机构与会员国合作，并与联合国各机构、基金和方案，以及酌情与其他相关的区域和国际组织合作，以业已开展的工作为基础，为在2012年年底前出台一套预防和控制非传染性疾病全球自愿指标编写有关建议；", "63. 考虑以世界卫生组织提供的指导为基础，根据国情制订国家目标和指标，着重努力解决非传染性疾病的影响，评估在预防和控制非传染性疾病及其风险因素和决定因素方面取得的进展；", "后续行动", "64. 请秘书长与世界卫生组织总干事密切合作，并与会员国、联合国各基金和方案及其他相关国际组织协商，在2012年年底前向大会第六十七届会议提交有关通过有效的伙伴关系加强和促进采取预防和控制非传染性疾病多部门行动的各种备选办法，供会员国审议；", "65. 请秘书长与会员国、世界卫生组织和联合国系统相关基金、方案和专门机构合作，向大会第六十八届会议提交一份报告，说明在实现本《政治宣言》中所作承诺方面取得的进展，包括多部门行动的进展，以及对实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标的影响，以筹备2014年全面审查和评估在预防和控制非传染性疾病方面取得的进展。", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第2302卷，第41032号。", "[2] 可查阅http://www.who.int/publications/eng/。", "[3] 世界卫生组织，《第五十七届世界卫生大会，2004年5月17日至22日，日内瓦，决议和决定，附件》(WHA57/2004/REC/1)，第57.17号决议，附件。", "[4] 世界卫生组织，《第六十三次世界卫生大会，2010年5月17日至21日，日内瓦，决议和决定，附件》(WHA63/2010/REC/1)，附件3。", "[5] 见《大会正式记录，第六十四届会议，补编第3号》(A/64/3/Rev.1)，第三章，第56段。", "[6] 见A/65/859。", "[7] 见世界卫生组织，《第六十四届世界卫生大会，2011年5月16日至24日，日内瓦，决议和决定，附件》(WHA64/2011/REC/1)。", "[8] 世界卫生组织，《第六十三届世界卫生大会，2010年5月17日至21日，日内瓦，决议和决定，附件》(WHA63/2010/REC/1)，附件4。", "[9] 可查阅www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf。", "[10] 见世界卫生组织，《第六十三届世界卫生大会，2010年5月17日至21日，日内瓦，决议和决定，附件》(WHA63/2010/REC/1)，附件5。", "[11] 见《第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的报告，2011年5月9日至13日，土耳其伊斯坦布尔》(A/CONF.219/7)，第二章。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 19 September 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.1)]", "66/2. Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases", "The General Assembly", "Adopts the Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases annexed to the present resolution.", "3rd plenary meeting 19 September 2011", "Annex", "Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases", "We, Heads of State and Government and representatives of States and Governments, assembled at the United Nations on 19 and 20 September 2011, to address the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases worldwide, with a particular focus on developmental and other challenges and social and economic impacts, particularly for developing countries,", "1. Acknowledge that the global burden and threat of non-communicable diseases constitutes one of the major challenges for development in the twenty-first century, which undermines social and economic development throughout the world and threatens the achievement of internationally agreed development goals;", "2. Recognize that non-communicable diseases are a threat to the economies of many Member States and may lead to increasing inequalities between countries and populations;", "3. Recognize the primary role and responsibility of Governments in responding to the challenge of non-communicable diseases and the essential need for the efforts and engagement of all sectors of society to generate effective responses for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases;", "4. Recognize also the important role of the international community and international cooperation in assisting Member States, particularly developing countries, in complementing national efforts to generate an effective response to non-communicable diseases;", "5. Reaffirm the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health;", "6. Recognize the urgent need for greater measures at the global, regional and national levels to prevent and control non-communicable diseases in order to contribute to the full realization of the right of everyone to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health;", "7. Recall the relevant mandates of the General Assembly, in particular resolutions 64/265 of 13 May 2010 and 65/238 of 24 December 2010;", "8. Note with appreciation the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control,[1] reaffirm all relevant resolutions and decisions adopted by the World Health Assembly on the prevention and control of non‑communicable diseases, and underline the importance for Member States to continue addressing common risk factors for non-communicable diseases through the implementation of the World Health Organization 2008–2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases[2] as well as the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health[3] and the Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol;[4]", "9. Recall the ministerial declaration adopted at the 2009 high-level segment of the Economic and Social Council,[5] in which a call was made for urgent action to implement the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Non‑communicable Diseases and its related Action Plan;", "10. Take note with appreciation of all the regional initiatives undertaken on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, including the Declaration of the Heads of State and Government of the Caribbean Community entitled “Uniting to stop the epidemic of chronic non-communicable diseases”, adopted in September 2007, the Libreville Declaration on Health and Environment in Africa, adopted in August 2008, the statement of the Commonwealth Heads of Government on action to combat non-communicable diseases, adopted in November 2009, the declaration of commitment of the Fifth Summit of the Americas, adopted in June 2009, the Parma Declaration on Environment and Health, adopted by the member States in the European region of the World Health Organization in March 2010, the Dubai Declaration on Diabetes and Chronic Non-communicable Diseases in the Middle East and Northern Africa Region, adopted in December 2010, the European Charter on Counteracting Obesity, adopted in November 2006, the Aruba Call for Action on Obesity of June 2011, and the Honiara Communiqué on addressing non-communicable disease challenges in the Pacific region, adopted in July 2011;", "11. Take note with appreciation also of the outcomes of the regional multisectoral consultations, including the adoption of ministerial declarations, which were held by the World Health Organization in collaboration with Member States, with the support and active participation of regional commissions and other relevant United Nations agencies and entities, and served to provide inputs to the preparations for the high‑level meeting in accordance with resolution 65/238;", "12. Welcome the convening of the first Global Ministerial Conference on Healthy Lifestyles and Non-communicable Disease Control, which was organized by the Russian Federation and the World Health Organization and held in Moscow on 28 and 29 April 2011, and the adoption of the Moscow Declaration,[6] and recall resolution 64.11 of the World Health Assembly;[7]", "13. Recognize the leading role of the World Health Organization as the primary specialized agency for health, including its roles and functions with regard to health policy in accordance with its mandate, and reaffirm its leadership and coordination role in promoting and monitoring global action against non-communicable diseases in relation to the work of other relevant United Nations agencies, development banks and other regional and international organizations in addressing non‑communicable diseases in a coordinated manner;", "A challenge of epidemic proportions and its socio-economic and developmental impacts", "14. Note with profound concern that, according to the World Health Organization, in 2008, an estimated 36 million of the 57 million global deaths were due to non-communicable diseases, principally cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes, including about 9 million deaths before the age of 60, and that nearly 80 per cent of those deaths occurred in developing countries;", "15. Note also with profound concern that non-communicable diseases are among the leading causes of preventable morbidity and of related disability;", "16. Recognize further that communicable diseases, maternal and perinatal conditions and nutritional deficiencies are currently the most common causes of death in Africa, and note with concern the growing double burden of disease, including in Africa, caused by the rapidly rising incidence of non-communicable diseases, which are projected to become the most common causes of death by 2030;", "17. Note further that there is a range of other non-communicable diseases and conditions, for which the risk factors and the need for preventive measures, screening, treatment and care are linked with the four most prominent non‑communicable diseases;", "18. Recognize that mental and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, are an important cause of morbidity and contribute to the global non‑communicable disease burden, for which there is a need to provide equitable access to effective programmes and health-care interventions;", "19. Recognize that renal, oral and eye diseases pose a major health burden for many countries and that these diseases share common risk factors and can benefit from common responses to non-communicable diseases;", "20. Recognize that the most prominent non-communicable diseases are linked to common risk factors, namely tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, an unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity;", "21. Recognize that the conditions in which people live and their lifestyles influence their health and quality of life and that poverty, uneven distribution of wealth, lack of education, rapid urbanization, population ageing and the economic social, gender, political, behavioural and environmental determinants of health are among the contributing factors to the rising incidence and prevalence of non-communicable diseases;", "22. Note with grave concern the vicious cycle whereby non-communicable diseases and their risk factors worsen poverty, while poverty contributes to rising rates of non-communicable diseases, posing a threat to public health and economic and social development;", "23. Note with concern that the rapidly growing magnitude of non-communicable diseases affects people of all ages, gender, race and income levels, and further that poor populations and those living in vulnerable situations, in particular in developing countries, bear a disproportionate burden and that non-communicable diseases can affect women and men differently;", "24. Note with concern the rising levels of obesity in different regions, particularly among children and youth, and note that obesity, an unhealthy diet and physical inactivity have strong linkages with the four main non-communicable diseases and are associated with higher health costs and reduced productivity;", "25. Express deep concern that women bear a disproportionate share of the burden of caregiving and that, in some populations, women tend to be less physically active than men, are more likely to be obese and are taking up smoking at alarming rates;", "26. Note also with concern that maternal and child health is inextricably linked with non-communicable diseases and their risk factors, specifically as prenatal malnutrition and low birth weight create a predisposition to obesity, high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes later in life, and that pregnancy conditions, such as maternal obesity and gestational diabetes, are associated with similar risks in both the mother and her offspring;", "27. Note with concern the possible linkages between non-communicable diseases and some communicable diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, call for the integration, as appropriate, of responses to HIV/AIDS and non-communicable diseases, and in this regard call for attention to be given to people living with HIV/AIDS, especially in countries with a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS, in accordance with national priorities;", "28. Recognize that smoke exposure from the use of inefficient cooking stoves for indoor cooking or heating contributes to and may exacerbate lung and respiratory conditions, with a disproportionate effect on women and children in poor populations whose households may be dependant on such fuels;", "29. Acknowledge also the existence of significant inequalities in the burden of non‑communicable diseases and in access to non-communicable disease prevention and control, both between countries, and within countries and communities;", "30. Recognize the critical importance of strengthening health systems, including health-care infrastructure, human resources for health, and health and social protection systems, particularly in developing countries, in order to respond effectively and equitably to the health-care needs of people with non-communicable diseases;", "31. Note with grave concern that non-communicable diseases and their risk factors lead to increased burdens on individuals, families and communities, including impoverishment from long-term treatment and care costs, and to a loss of productivity that threatens household income and leads to productivity loss for individuals and their families and to the economies of Member States, making non‑communicable diseases a contributing factor to poverty and hunger, which may have a direct impact on the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals;", "32. Express deep concern at the ongoing negative impacts of the financial and economic crisis, volatile energy and food prices and ongoing concerns over food security, as well as the increasing challenges posed by climate change and the loss of biodiversity, and their effect on the control and prevention of non-communicable diseases, and emphasize in this regard the need for prompt and robust, coordinated and multisectoral efforts to address those impacts, while building on efforts already under way;", "Responding to the challenge: a whole-of-government and a whole-of-society effort", "33. Recognize that the rising prevalence, morbidity and mortality of non‑communicable diseases worldwide can be largely prevented and controlled through collective and multisectoral action by all Member States and other relevant stakeholders at the local, national, regional and global levels, and by raising the priority accorded to non-communicable diseases in development cooperation by enhancing such cooperation in this regard;", "34. Recognize that prevention must be the cornerstone of the global response to non-communicable diseases;", "35. Recognize also the critical importance of reducing the level of exposure of individuals and populations to the common modifiable risk factors for non‑communicable diseases, namely, tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and the harmful use of alcohol, and their determinants, while at the same time strengthening the capacity of individuals and populations to make healthier choices and follow lifestyle patterns that foster good health;", "36. Recognize that effective non-communicable disease prevention and control require leadership and multisectoral approaches for health at the government level, including, as appropriate, health in all policies and whole-of-government approaches across such sectors as health, education, energy, agriculture, sports, transport, communication, urban planning, environment, labour, employment, industry and trade, finance, and social and economic development;", "37. Acknowledge the contribution of and important role played by all relevant stakeholders, including individuals, families and communities, intergovernmental organizations and religious institutions, civil society, academia, the media, voluntary associations and, where and as appropriate, the private sector and industry, in support of national efforts for non-communicable disease prevention and control, and recognize the need to further support the strengthening of coordination among these stakeholders in order to improve the effectiveness of these efforts;", "38. Recognize the fundamental conflict of interest between the tobacco industry and public health;", "39. Recognize that the incidence and impacts of non-communicable diseases can be largely prevented or reduced with an approach that incorporates evidence-based, affordable, cost-effective, population-wide and multisectoral interventions;", "40. Acknowledge that resources devoted to combating the challenges posed by non-communicable diseases at the national, regional and international levels are not commensurate with the magnitude of the problem;", "41. Recognize the importance of strengthening local, provincial, national and regional capacities to address and effectively combat non-communicable diseases, particularly in developing countries, and that this may entail increased and sustained human, financial and technical resources;", "42. Acknowledge the need to put forward a multisectoral approach for health at all government levels, to address non-communicable disease risk factors and underlying determinants of health comprehensively and decisively;", "Non-communicable diseases can be prevented and their impacts significantly reduced, with millions of lives saved and untold suffering avoided. We therefore commit to:", "Reduce risk factors and create health-promoting environments", "43. Advance the implementation of multisectoral, cost-effective, population-wide interventions in order to reduce the impact of the common non-communicable disease risk factors, namely tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and harmful use of alcohol, through the implementation of relevant international agreements and strategies, and education, legislative, regulatory and fiscal measures, without prejudice to the right of sovereign nations to determine and establish their taxation policies and other policies, where appropriate, by involving all relevant sectors, civil society and communities, as appropriate, and by taking the following actions:", "(a) Encourage the development of multisectoral public policies that create equitable health-promoting environments that empower individuals, families and communities to make healthy choices and lead healthy lives;", "(b) Develop, strengthen and implement, as appropriate, multisectoral public policies and action plans to promote health education and health literacy, including through evidence-based education and information strategies and programmes in and out of schools and through public awareness campaigns, as important factors in furthering the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, recognizing that a strong focus on health literacy is at an early stage in many countries;", "(c) Accelerate implementation by States parties of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, recognizing the full range of measures, including measures to reduce consumption and availability, and encourage countries that have not yet done so to consider acceding to the Convention, recognizing that substantially reducing tobacco consumption is an important contribution to reducing non-communicable diseases and can have considerable health benefits for individuals and countries and that price and tax measures are an effective and important means of reducing tobacco consumption;", "(d) Advance the implementation of the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, including, where appropriate, through the introduction of policies and actions aimed at promoting healthy diets and increasing physical activity in the entire population, including in all aspects of daily living, such as giving priority to regular and intense physical education classes in schools, urban planning and re-engineering for active transport, the provision of incentives for work-site healthy-lifestyle programmes, and increased availability of safe environments in public parks and recreational spaces to encourage physical activity;", "(e) Promote the implementation of the Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol, while recognizing the need to develop appropriate domestic action plans, in consultation with relevant stakeholders, for developing specific policies and programmes, including taking into account the full range of options as identified in the Global Strategy, as well as raise awareness of the problems caused by the harmful use of alcohol, particularly among young people, and call upon the World Health Organization to intensify efforts to assist Member States in this regard;", "(f) Promote the implementation of the World Health Organization Set of Recommendations on the Marketing of Foods and Non-alcoholic Beverages to Children,[8] including foods that are high in saturated fats, trans-fatty acids, free sugars or salt, recognizing that research shows that food advertising geared to children is extensive, that a significant amount of the marketing is for foods with a high content of fat, sugar or salt and that television advertising influences children’s food preferences, purchase requests and consumption patterns, while taking into account existing legislation and national policies, as appropriate;", "(g) Promote the development and initiate the implementation, as appropriate, of cost-effective interventions to reduce salt, sugar and saturated fats and eliminate industrially produced trans-fats in foods, including through discouraging the production and marketing of foods that contribute to unhealthy diet, while taking into account existing legislation and policies;", "(h) Encourage policies that support the production and manufacture of, and facilitate access to, foods that contribute to healthy diet, and provide greater opportunities for utilization of healthy local agricultural products and foods, thus contributing to efforts to cope with the challenges and take advantage of the opportunities posed by globalization and to achieve food security;", "(i) Promote, protect and support breastfeeding, including exclusive breastfeeding for about six months from birth, as appropriate, as breastfeeding reduces susceptibility to infections and the risk of undernutrition, promotes the growth and development of infants and young children and helps to reduce the risk of developing conditions such as obesity and non-communicable diseases later in life, and in this regard strengthen the implementation of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes[9] and subsequent relevant World Health Assembly resolutions;", "(j) Promote increased access to cost-effective vaccinations to prevent infections associated with cancers, as part of national immunization schedules;", "(k) Promote increased access to cost-effective cancer screening programmes, as determined by national situations;", "(l) Scale up, where appropriate, a package of proven, effective interventions, such as health promotion and primary prevention approaches, and galvanize actions for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases through a meaningful multisectoral response, addressing risk factors and determinants of health;", "44. With a view to strengthening its contribution to non-communicable disease prevention and control, call upon the private sector, where appropriate, to:", "(a) Take measures to implement the World Health Organization set of recommendations to reduce the impact of the marketing of unhealthy foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children, while taking into account existing national legislation and policies;", "(b) Consider producing and promoting more food products consistent with a healthy diet, including by reformulating products to provide healthier options that are affordable and accessible and that follow relevant nutrition facts and labelling standards, including information on sugars, salt and fats and, where appropriate, trans-fat content;", "(c) Promote and create an enabling environment for healthy behaviours among workers, including by establishing tobacco-free workplaces and safe and healthy working environments through occupational safety and health measures, including, where appropriate, through good corporate practices, workplace wellness programmes and health insurance plans;", "(d) Work towards reducing the use of salt in the food industry in order to lower sodium consumption;", "(e) Contribute to efforts to improve access to and affordability of medicines and technologies in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases;", "Strengthen national policies and health systems", "45. Promote, establish or support and strengthen, by 2013, as appropriate, multisectoral national policies and plans for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, taking into account, as appropriate, the 2008–2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases and the objectives contained therein, and take steps to implement such policies and plans:", "(a) Strengthen and integrate, as appropriate, non-communicable disease policies and programmes into health-planning processes and the national development agenda of each Member State;", "(b) Pursue, as appropriate, comprehensive strengthening of health systems that support primary health care and deliver effective, sustainable and coordinated responses and evidence-based, cost-effective, equitable and integrated essential services for addressing non-communicable disease risk factors and for the prevention, treatment and care of non-communicable diseases, acknowledging the importance of promoting patient empowerment, rehabilitation and palliative care for persons with non-communicable diseases and of a life course approach, given the often chronic nature of non-communicable diseases;", "(c) According to national priorities, and taking into account domestic circumstances, increase and prioritize budgetary allocations for addressing non‑communicable disease risk factors and for surveillance, prevention, early detection and treatment of non-communicable diseases and the related care and support, including palliative care;", "(d) Explore the provision of adequate, predictable and sustained resources, through domestic, bilateral, regional and multilateral channels, including traditional and voluntary innovative financing mechanisms;", "(e) Pursue and promote gender-based approaches for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases founded on data disaggregated by sex and age in an effort to address the critical differences in the risks of morbidity and mortality from non-communicable diseases for women and men;", "(f) Promote multisectoral and multi-stakeholder engagement in order to reverse, stop and decrease the rising trends of obesity in child, youth and adult populations, respectively;", "(g) Recognize where health disparities exist between indigenous peoples and non-indigenous populations in the incidence of non-communicable diseases and their common risk factors, and that these disparities are often linked to historical, economic and social factors, and encourage the involvement of indigenous peoples and communities in the development, implementation and evaluation of non‑communicable disease prevention and control policies, plans and programmes, where appropriate, while promoting the development and strengthening of capacities at various levels and recognizing the cultural heritage and traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples and respecting, preserving and promoting, as appropriate, their traditional medicine, including conservation of their vital medicinal plants, animals and minerals;", "(h) Recognize further the potential and contribution of traditional and local knowledge, and in this regard respect and preserve, in accordance with national capacities, priorities, relevant legislation and circumstances, the knowledge and safe and effective use of traditional medicine, treatments and practices, appropriately based on the circumstances in each country;", "(i) Pursue all necessary efforts to strengthen nationally driven, sustainable, cost-effective and comprehensive responses in all sectors for the prevention of non‑communicable diseases, with the full and active participation of people living with these diseases, civil society and the private sector, where appropriate;", "(j) Promote the production, training and retention of health workers with a view to facilitating adequate deployment of a skilled health workforce within countries and regions, in accordance with the World Health Organization Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel;[10]", "(k) Strengthen, as appropriate, information systems for health planning and management, including through the collection, disaggregation, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of data and the development of population-based national registries and surveys, where appropriate, to facilitate appropriate and timely interventions for the entire population;", "(l) According to national priorities, give greater priority to surveillance, early detection, screening, diagnosis and treatment of non-communicable diseases and prevention and control, and to improving accessibility to safe, affordable, effective and quality medicines and technologies to diagnose and to treat them; provide sustainable access to medicines and technologies, including through the development and use of evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of non‑communicable diseases, and efficient procurement and distribution of medicines in countries; and strengthen viable financing options and promote the use of affordable medicines, including generics, as well as improved access to preventive, curative, palliative and rehabilitative services, particularly at the community level;", "(m) According to country-led prioritization, ensure the scaling-up of effective, evidence-based and cost-effective interventions that demonstrate the potential to treat individuals with non-communicable diseases, protect those at high risk of developing them and reduce risk across populations;", "(n) Recognize the importance of universal coverage in national health systems, especially through primary health care and social protection mechanisms, to provide access to health services for all, in particular for the poorest segments of the population;", "(o) Promote the inclusion of non-communicable disease prevention and control within sexual and reproductive health and maternal and child health programmes, especially at the primary health-care level, as well as other programmes, as appropriate, and also integrate interventions in these areas into non‑communicable disease prevention programmes;", "(p) Promote access to comprehensive and cost-effective prevention, treatment and care for the integrated management of non-communicable diseases, including, inter alia, increased access to affordable, safe, effective and quality medicines and diagnostics and other technologies, including through the full use of trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) flexibilities;", "(q) Improve diagnostic services, including by increasing the capacity of and access to laboratory and imaging services with adequate and skilled manpower to deliver such services, and collaborate with the private sector to improve affordability, accessibility and maintenance of diagnostic equipment and technologies;", "(r) Encourage alliances and networks that bring together national, regional and global actors, including academic and research institutes, for the development of new medicines, vaccines, diagnostics and technologies, learning from experiences in the field of HIV/AIDS, among others, according to national priorities and strategies;", "(s) Strengthen health-care infrastructure, including for procurement, storage and distribution of medicine, in particular transportation and storage networks to facilitate efficient service delivery;", "International cooperation, including collaborative partnerships", "46. Strengthen international cooperation in support of national, regional and global plans for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, inter alia, through the exchange of best practices in the areas of health promotion, legislation, regulation and health systems strengthening, training of health personnel, development of appropriate health-care infrastructure and diagnostics, and by promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate, affordable and sustainable transfer of technology on mutually agreed terms and the production of affordable, safe, effective and quality medicines and vaccines, while recognizing the leading role of the World Health Organization as the primary specialized agency for health in that regard;", "47. Acknowledge the contribution of aid targeted at the health sector, while recognizing that much more needs to be done. We call for the fulfilment of all official development assistance-related commitments, including the commitments by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national income for official development assistance by 2015, as well as the commitments contained in the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011–2020,[11] and strongly urge those developed countries that have not yet done so to make additional concrete efforts to fulfil their commitments;", "48. Stress the importance of North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation, in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, to promote at the national, regional and international levels an enabling environment to facilitate healthy lifestyles and choices, bearing in mind that South-South cooperation is not a substitute for, but rather a complement to, North-South cooperation;", "49. Promote all possible means to identify and mobilize adequate, predictable and sustained financial resources and the necessary human and technical resources, and to consider support for voluntary, cost-effective, innovative approaches for a long- term financing of non-communicable disease prevention and control, taking into account the Millennium Development Goals;", "50. Acknowledge the contribution of international cooperation and assistance in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, and in this regard encourage the continued inclusion of non-communicable diseases in development cooperation agendas and initiatives;", "51. Call upon the World Health Organization, as the lead United Nations specialized agency for health, and all other relevant United Nations system agencies, funds and programmes, the international financial institutions, development banks and other key international organizations to work together in a coordinated manner to support national efforts to prevent and control non-communicable diseases and mitigate their impacts;", "52. Urge relevant international organizations to continue to provide technical assistance and capacity-building to developing countries, especially to the least developed countries, in the areas of non-communicable disease prevention and control and promotion of access to medicines for all, including through the full use of trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights flexibilities and provisions;", "53. Enhance the quality of aid by strengthening national ownership, alignment, harmonization, predictability, mutual accountability and transparency, and results orientation;", "54. Engage non-health actors and key stakeholders, where appropriate, including the private sector and civil society, in collaborative partnerships to promote health and to reduce non-communicable disease risk factors, including through building community capacity in promoting healthy diets and lifestyles;", "55. Foster partnerships between government and civil society, building on the contribution of health-related non-governmental organizations and patients’ organizations, to support, as appropriate, the provision of services for the prevention and control, treatment and care, including palliative care, of non-communicable diseases;", "56. Promote the capacity-building of non-communicable-disease-related non-governmental organizations at the national and regional levels, in order to realize their full potential as partners in the prevention and control of non‑communicable diseases;", "Research and development", "57. Promote actively national and international investments and strengthen national capacity for quality research and development, for all aspects related to the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, in a sustainable and cost‑effective manner, while noting the importance of continuing to incentivize innovation;", "58. Promote the use of information and communications technology to improve programme implementation, health outcomes, health promotion, and reporting and surveillance systems and to disseminate, as appropriate, information on affordable, cost-effective, sustainable and quality interventions, best practices and lessons learned in the field of non-communicable diseases;", "59. Support and facilitate non-communicable-disease-related research, and its translation, to enhance the knowledge base for ongoing national, regional and global action;", "Monitoring and evaluation", "60. Strengthen, as appropriate, country-level surveillance and monitoring systems, including surveys that are integrated into existing national health information systems and include monitoring exposure to risk factors, outcomes, social and economic determinants of health, and health system responses, recognizing that such systems are critical in appropriately addressing non-communicable diseases;", "61. Call upon the World Health Organization, with the full participation of Member States, informed by their national situations, through its existing structures, and in collaboration with United Nations agencies, funds and programmes and other relevant regional and international organizations, as appropriate, building on continuing efforts to develop, before the end of 2012, a comprehensive global monitoring framework, including a set of indicators, capable of application across regional and country settings, including through multisectoral approaches, to monitor trends and to assess progress made in the implementation of national strategies and plans on non-communicable diseases;", "62. Call upon the World Health Organization, in collaboration with Member States through the governing bodies of the World Health Organization, and in collaboration with United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, and other relevant regional and international organizations, as appropriate, building on the work already under way, to prepare recommendations for a set of voluntary global targets for the prevention and control of non‑communicable diseases, before the end of 2012;", "63. Consider the development of national targets and indicators based on national situations, building on guidance provided by the World Health Organization, to focus on efforts to address the impacts of non-communicable diseases and to assess the progress made in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases and their risk factors and determinants;", "Follow-up", "64. Request the Secretary-General, in close collaboration with the Director-General of the World Health Organization, and in consultation with Member States, United Nations funds and programmes and other relevant international organizations, to submit by the end of 2012 to the General Assembly, at its sixty-seventh session, for consideration by Member States, options for strengthening and facilitating multisectoral action for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases through effective partnership;", "65. Request the Secretary-General, in collaboration with Member States, the World Health Organization and relevant funds, programmes and specialized agencies of the United Nations system to present to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session a report on the progress achieved in realizing the commitments made in this Political Declaration, including on the progress of multisectoral action, and the impact on the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, in preparation for a comprehensive review and assessment in 2014 of the progress achieved in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases.", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2302, No. 41032.", "[2]  Available at http://www.who.int/publications/en/.", "[3]  World Health Organization, Fifty-seventh World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17–22 May 2004, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA57/2004/REC/1), resolution 57.17, annex.", "[4]  World Health Organization, Sixty-third World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17–21 May 2010, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA63/2010/REC/1), annex 3.", "[5]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 3 (A/64/3/Rev.1), chap. III, para. 56.", "[6]  See A/65/859.", "[7]  See World Health Organization, Sixty-fourth World Health Assembly, Geneva, 16–24 May 2011, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA64/2011/REC/1).", "[8]  World Health Organization, Sixty-third World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17–21 May 2010, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA63/2010/REC/1), annex 4.", "[9]  Available at www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf.", "[10]  See World Health Organization, Sixty-third World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17–21 May 2010, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA63/2010/REC/1), annex 5.", "[11]  See Report of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, Istanbul, Turkey, 9‑13 May 2011 (United Nations publication, Sales No. 11.II.A.1), chap. II." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 19 September 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.1)]", "Political declaration of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases", "General Assembly", "Adoption of the Political Declaration of the High-level Conference of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, annexed to the present resolution.", "19 September 2011", "3rd plenary meeting", "Annex", "Political declaration of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases", "We have brought together representatives of these Heads of State and Government to the United Nations from 19 to 20 September 2011 to consider the world's prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, with particular emphasis on the challenges and social and economic impacts, particularly in developing countries, in particular, on development and other aspects,", "Acknowledges that the burden and threats posed by non-communicable diseases to the world are one of the main challenges for development in the twenty-first century, which undermines social and economic development worldwide and threatens the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals;", "Recognizes that non-communicable diseases pose a threat to the economies of many Member States, which may lead to increased inequality among States and populations;", "Acknowledges the primary role of Governments in responding to the challenges of non-communicable diseases and the primary responsibility, and the efforts of all sectors of society to engage in an effective response to the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases;", "Also recognizes that the international community and international cooperation can play an important role in assisting Member States, in particular developing countries, and complement national efforts to respond effectively to non-communicable diseases;", "Reaffirms the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health;", "Acknowledges the urgent need for greater prevention and control of non-communicable diseases at the global, regional and national levels to promote the full realization of the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health;", "Recalls the relevant provisions of the General Assembly, in particular resolutions 64265 of 12 May 2010 and 63/238 of 24 December 2010;", "Notes with appreciation the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and endorses all relevant resolutions and decisions adopted by the World Health Assembly on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, and stresses that Member States must continue to address common risk factors for non-communicable diseases through the implementation of the World Health Organization Global Strategy Plan of Action for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, 2008-2013 and the Global Strategy on Honomic, Use and Health [3] and the Global Strategy for the Reduction of alcohol Abuse, [4];", "Recalls the ministerial declaration adopted by the Economic and Social Council at its high-level segment in 2009, in which [5] calls for urgent action to implement the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable diseases and its relevant Action Plan;", "Takes note with appreciation of all regional initiatives in the area of prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, including the Declaration of the Heads of State and Government of the Caribbean Community, entitled “Uniting to End the Epidemic of chronic non-communicable diseases”, adopted in August 2008, the Libreville Declaration on Health and the Environment in Africa, the Commonwealth Heads of Government for Action against Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons adopted in November 2009, the Declaration of Commitments for the Fifth Summit of the Americas, adopted in June 2009, the Declaration on Environment and Health, the Declaration on Persistent Organic Pollutants, adopted by the European States members of the World Health Organization in March 2010, and the Declaration on the Action of the Middle East, adopted in June 2009, adopted by the Middle East and the Middle East, adopted in May 2011;", "Also commends the results of the regional multisectoral consultations, including the adoption of the ministerial declaration, which were undertaken in collaboration with the World Health Organization and with Member States, with the support and active participation of the regional commissions and other relevant United Nations bodies and entities, with the aim of providing inputs for the preparation of the high-level segment in accordance with resolution 38;", "Welcomes the convening by the Russian Federation and the World Health Organization of the first global ministerial conference on healthy lifestyles and non-communicable diseases control, held in Moscow on 28 and 29 April 2011, and the adoption of the Moscow Declaration, and recalls General Assembly resolution 64.11; [7]", "Recognizes the leading role of the World Health Organization as the primary specialized agency responsible for health affairs, including its role and functions in health policy, in accordance with its mandate, and reiterates its leadership and coordination role in promoting and monitoring other relevant United Nations agencies, development banks and other regional and international organizations in implementing global action to combat non-communicable diseases in order to coordinate efforts to address such diseases;", "A challenge to the extent of epidemics and their impact on socio-economic and development", "Notes with deep concern that, according to World Health Organization 2008 there are an estimated 36 million global deaths of non-communicable diseases, mainly cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes, including about 9 million deaths under the age of 60, which occurred in developing countries;", "Also notes with deep concern that non-communicable diseases are one of the main causes of avoidable morbidity and related disability;", "Further recognizes that the most common causes of death in Africa are communicable diseases, maternity and perinatal diseases and inadequate nutrition, and notes with concern the increasing burden of double disease, including in Africa, resulting from rapid increases in incidence of non-communicable diseases, which are expected to become the most common cause of death by 2030;", "Further notes that there are a number of non-communicable diseases and diseases, their risk factors and the need for preventive measures, screening, treatment and care are linked to the four main non-communicable diseases;", "Acknowledges that mental and neurological failures, including Alz seamer, are a major cause of disease and increase the burden of global non-communicable diseases, which require equitable access to effective programmes and health interventions;", "Acknowledges that kidneys and oral diseases and eye-to-people constitute a major health burden for many countries, which have common risk factors that can benefit from a common response to non-communicable diseases;", "Acknowledges that the most major non-communicable diseases are linked to smoking, alcohol abuse, unhealthy diets and lack of exercise;", "Recognizes that living conditions and lifestyles affect their health and quality of life, poverty, unequal distribution of wealth, lack of education, rapid urbanization, population ageing and the health determinants of economic, gender, political, behaviour and the environment, as well as factors contributing to the incidence and prevalence of non-communicable diseases;", "Notes with grave concern that non-communicable diseases and their risk factors exacerbate poverty, which also lead to increased incidence of non-communicable diseases, and create a vicious circle that threatens public health and economic and social development;", "Notes with concern the rapid increase in the number of non-communicable diseases affecting all persons of the age, sex, ethnicity and income levels, and notes with concern that the poor and vulnerable, in particular in developing countries, bear a disproportionate burden, and notes with concern that non-communicable diseases may have different impacts on women and men;", "Notes with concern the increasing prevalence of obesity in different regions, in particular among children and youth, and notes that obesity, unhealthy diets and lack of exercise are of great relevance to four major non-communicable diseases, and that it is related to high and productive health costs;", "Expresses deep concern at the unequal burden of care for women, while in some groups, women tend to be less than men's physical activity and are more likely to be obesity, and their smoking rates are also alarmingly growing;", "Also notes with concern that mother and child health is inextricably linked to non-communicable diseases and their risk factors, and in particular, that antenatal malnutrition and low birth weight lead to future vulnerability to obesity, hypertension, heart disease and diabetes, while pregnancy, such as maternal obesity and pregnancy diabetes, are linked to similar risks faced by mothers and their children;", "Notes with concern that non-communicable diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, may be relevant, calls for the integration of HIV/AIDS and non-communicable diseases responses, as appropriate, and, in this regard, calls upon those infected with HIV/AIDS, in line with national priorities, in particular those with high HIV/AIDS infection rates;", "Recognizes that smoke generated by indoor cooking or heating-use low-energy stoves has led to and may exacerbate pneum and respiratory diseases, particularly affecting women and children in poor populations, which may depend on such fuels;", "Also recognizes that there is a significant inequality between States, within and within countries with regard to the burden of non-communicable diseases and in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases;", "Recognizes the importance of strengthening health systems, including the strengthening of health infrastructure, health human resources and sanitation and social protection systems, in particular in developing countries, to respond effectively and equitably to the health needs of non-communicable diseases patients;", "Notes with grave concern that non-communicable diseases and their risk factors lead to increased burdens on individuals, families and communities, including poverty resulting from long-term treatment and care costs, and result in loss of productivity, threatening household income, resulting in productivity of individuals and families and economic damage to Member States, thereby making non-communicable diseases a cause of poverty and hunger, which may directly affect the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals;", "Expresses its deep concern at the financial and economic crisis, volatile energy and food prices, the continuing negative impact on food security, and the growing challenges posed by climate change and biodiversity loss and their impact on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, and, in this regard, stresses the need for swift and vigorous, coordinated and multisectoral efforts to address these impacts, while strengthening efforts already under way;", "Addressing challenges: efforts of the entire Government and society at large", "Recognizes that, through all Member States and other relevant stakeholders, collective and multisectoral actions at the local, national, regional and global levels, the prevalence, morbidity and mortality of non-communicable diseases, which are increasingly prevalent throughout the world, can be monitored and protected through greater priority given to non-communicable diseases in development cooperation and enhanced cooperation in this regard;", "Acknowledges that prevention must be the cornerstone of the global response to non-communicable diseases;", "Also recognizes the urgent need to reduce the impact of common and irreversible risk factors (i.e., smoking, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise and alcohol abuse) and their determinants, while enhancing the ability of individuals and population groups to make a more healthy choice and to adopt a way of life that promotes health;", "Recognizes that, in order to effectively prevent and control non-communicable diseases, there is a need for leadership and multisectoral health initiatives at the governmental level, including, where appropriate, the integration of health work across all policies and initiatives across all sectors of health, education, energy, sports, transport, communications, urban planning, environment, labour, employment, industry and social and economic development;", "Acknowledges the contributions and important role played by all relevant stakeholders, including the private sector and the business community, in support of national efforts to prevent and control non-communicable diseases, where appropriate, by individuals, families and communities, intergovernmental organizations and religious institutions, civil society, academia, the media, voluntary associations and all relevant stakeholders, including, where appropriate, the private sector and the business community, and recognizes the need for further support for enhanced coordination among these stakeholders in order to enhance their effectiveness;", "Acknowledges the fundamental conflicts of interest between tobacco and public health;", "Acknowledges that a multi-sector approach that integrates evidence-based, affordable, cost-effective and universal-oriented interventions can significantly prevent or reduce the incidence and impact of non-communicable diseases;", "Acknowledges that resources dedicated to responding to the challenges of non-communicable diseases at the national, regional and international levels are not matched by the magnitude of this problem;", "Acknowledges the need to strengthen capacities at the local, provincial and national levels to address and effectively combat non-communicable diseases, in particular in developing countries, which may require long-term human, financial and technical resources;", "Acknowledges the need for a multisectoral approach to health at all levels of government, with a view to responding comprehensively and decisively to the risk factors of non-communicable diseases and basic determinants of health;", "Non-communicable diseases are preventable and their impact can be significantly reduced, thus saving the lives of hundreds of thousands and avoiding hardship. We therefore commit ourselves:", "Risk reduction and creation of a healthy environment", "Promote multisectoral, cost-effective and inclusive interventions to reduce the impact of common risk factors of non-communicable diseases, such as smoking, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise and alcohol abuse, including through the implementation of relevant international agreements and strategies, as well as education, legislative, regulatory and financial measures, without prejudice to the right of sovereign States to decide and conclude tax policies and other policies, with the aim of engaging all relevant sectors, civil society and communities, as appropriate, and taking the following actions:", "(a) Encourage the development of multisectoral public policies aimed at creating a fair and healthy environment that enables individuals, families and communities to make healthy choices and healthy lives;", "(b) Develop, strengthen and implement, where appropriate, multisectoral public policies and plans of action to promote universal access to health education and health knowledge, including through the implementation of evidence-based education and advocacy strategies and programmes within and outside schools and public awareness-raising as elements for the promotion of non-communicable diseases prevention and control, while recognizing that in many countries strong emphasis on health literacy is also at an early stage;", "(c) The States parties to the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control to expedite the implementation of the Convention, recognizing that a wide range of measures, including measures aimed at reducing consumption and supply, and encouraging States that have not yet done so to consider acceding to the Convention, recognizing that a significant reduction in tobacco consumption is an important factor contributing to the reduction of non-communicable diseases, which can generate measurable health benefits for individuals and countries, while price and taxation measures are effective and important means to reduce tobacco consumption;", "(d) To promote the implementation of the Global Strategy on Honours, Excellence and Health, including, where appropriate, policies and actions aimed at promoting healthy diets and increasing exercise, to address all aspects of everyday life, such as giving priority to schools' regular and enhanced sporting courses, urban planning and rehabilitation for non-moded urban programmes, providing incentives for workplace health programmes and increasing the safety environment available to the public to encourage physical exercise;", "(e) Promote the implementation of the Global Strategy to Reduce alcohol abuse, while recognizing the need for appropriate national action plans, in consultation with relevant stakeholders, to formulate specific policies and programmes, including taking into account the many options identified in the Global Strategy, as well as raising awareness of the problem of alcohol abuse, in particular among young people, and calling upon the World Health Organization to intensify its efforts to assist Member States in this regard;", "(f) Promote the implementation of a set of recommendations of the World Health Organization on the distribution of food and non-cocoalic drinks for children, as appropriate, taking into account existing legislation and national policies, [8] include foods that are saturated, anti-cyclical, dioxin, lobbied or salinary, while recognizing that studies have shown that many food advertisements for children are directed towards children and that a large part of the distribution is high, sugar or high salt food, while television advertisements affect the child's food well-being, purchasing requirements and consumption patterns;", "(g) To promote, where appropriate, the development and initiation of cost-effective interventions to reduce salinity, sugar and fat and eliminate anti-cyclical fat of industrial production, including by discourageing production and marketing foods that are not conducive to healthy diets, taking into account existing legislation and policies;", "(h) Encourage policies aimed at supporting production and production and facilitating access to healthy foodstuffs and provide more opportunities for the use of healthy local agricultural products and food, thereby helping to meet the challenges posed by globalization and to take advantage of the opportunities resulting from it and to achieve food security;", "(i) Promote, protect and support breastfeeding, including, where appropriate, a fully breastfeeding approach that reduces vulnerability to infection and inadequate nutrition, promotes early childhood growth and development and contributes to reducing the risk of future obesity and non-communicable diseases, and in this regard strengthens the implementation of relevant resolutions of the International Code of Marketing of Metals [9] and subsequent World Health Assembly resolutions;", "(j) Promote the expansion of cost-effective vaccinations to prevent cancer-related infection as part of national immunization programmes;", "(k) Promote the expansion of cost-effective coverage of cancer screening programmes in accordance with national circumstances;", "(l) Expansion, where appropriate, of proven effective packages of interventions, such as promoting health and primary interventions, and stimulating actions to prevent and control non-communicable diseases through meaningful multisectoral responses;", "In order to enhance its contribution to the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, the private sector, as appropriate:", "(a) Take measures to implement a set of recommendations of the World Health Organization on reducing the impact of non-healthy food and non-coalic drinks for children, taking into account existing national legislation and policies;", "(b) Consider the production and promotion of more foods in line with the requirements of healthy diets, including changing product distributions to provide a more healthy choice so that they can afford, receive and meet relevant nutrition and labelling standards, including information on sugar, salts and fat, and, where appropriate, counter-cyclical content information;", "(c) To promote and create an environment conducive to health in workers, including through occupational safety and health measures, including, where appropriate, good business practices, work programmes and health insurance schemes, and to establish a work environment for smoke-free workplaces and security and health;", "(d) Efforts to reduce the use of salts in the food industry in order to reduce the consumption of the sodium;", "(e) To help to improve the availability and affordability of medicines and technologies for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases;", "Strengthening national policies and health systems", "As appropriate, by 2013, multisectoral national policies and plans to promote, establish or support the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, taking into account, as appropriate, the Global Strategy Plan of Action for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases and its objectives, and taking steps to implement these policies and plans:", "(a) Strengthen non-communicable diseases policies and programmes and, where appropriate, integrate them into health planning processes and national development agendas in each Member State;", "(b) Efforts, as appropriate, to fully strengthen health systems, support primary health care, provide effective, sustainable and coordinated responses and evidence-based, cost-effective, fair and integrated basic services, address risk factors for non-communicable diseases and the prevention, treatment and care of non-communicable diseases, and recognize the importance of promoting the empowerment, rehabilitation and care of patients living with non-communicable diseases and taking life-cycle approaches, as non-communicable diseases are often chronic;", "(c) Monitoring, prevention, early detection and treatment of non-communicable diseases and provision of related care and support, including care, in accordance with national priorities and taking into account national circumstances, and prioritizing budgetary allocations to address risk factors of non-communicable diseases;", "(d) Explore adequate, predictable and sustained resources through domestic, bilateral, regional and multilateral channels, including traditional and voluntary innovative financing mechanisms;", "(e) To pursue and promote the use of gender-based approaches based on sex and age-disaggregated data to prevent and control non-communicable diseases and to work to address significant disparities in the risk of morbidity and mortality among women and men;", "(f) Promote multisectoral and multi-stakeholder participation to reverse, deter and reduce trends in obesity among children, young people and adults, respectively;", "(g) Recognizing the health gap that indigenous peoples and non-indigenous populations have in relation to the incidence of non-communicable diseases and their common risk factors, which are often linked to historical, economic and social factors, and encourages indigenous peoples and communities to participate, as appropriate, in the formulation, implementation and evaluation of policies, plans and programmes for non-communicable diseases prevention and control, while promoting and strengthening capacities at all levels, recognizing the cultural heritage and traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples, respecting, protecting and promoting, where appropriate, traditional medicine, including the protection of their important pharmaceutical use, animal and minerals;", "(h) Further recognize the potential and contribution of traditional and local knowledge and, in this regard, respect and maintain knowledge and security and effective use of traditional medicine, treatment and practices, in accordance with national capacities, priorities, relevant legislation and circumstances, as appropriate, in accordance with the national circumstances of each country;", "(i) Make all necessary efforts to strengthen national ownership, sustainable, cost-effective and comprehensive responses to prevent non-communicable diseases in all sectors and to seek, where appropriate, full and active participation of patients, civil society and the private sector;", "(j) Promote the creation, training and retention of health staff to facilitate the full deployment of skilled health staff in accordance with the World Health Organization Code of Conduct on International Recruitment of Health Personnel, [10] within countries and regions;", "(k) Strengthen health planning and management information systems, as appropriate, including through the collection, classification, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of data and, where appropriate, the development of population-based national registries and surveys to facilitate appropriate and timely interventions for the entire population;", "(l) Improve access to safe, affordable, effective and high-quality medicines and technologies for diagnosis and treatment of these diseases, in accordance with national priorities, with greater priority given to monitoring, early detection, screening, diagnosis and treatment of non-communicable diseases, and prevention and control; improve access to sustainable access to medicines and technology through the development and use of evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of non-communicable diseases; and strengthen viable financing programmes to promote the use of affordable drugs, including non- patents, and improve access to prevention, treatment, care and rehabilitation services at the community level;", "(m) Ensure that effective, evidence-based and cost-effective interventions that demonstrate the potential of patients with non-communicable diseases are expanded, based on national ownership, to protect those who have high risk of disease and to reduce the risk of the entire population;", "(n) To recognize the importance of national health systems covering all, in particular through primary health care and social protection mechanisms, to provide access to health services to all, in particular the poorest segments of the population;", "(o) Promote the integration of prevention and control of non-communicable diseases into sexual and reproductive health and maternal and child health programmes, in particular at the primary health-care level and, where appropriate, in other programmes, including interventions in these areas in non-communicable diseases prevention programmes;", "(p) Promote access to comprehensive and cost-effective prevention, treatment and care for integrated non-communicable diseases, including, inter alia, increasing access to affordable, safe, effective and quality medicines and diagnostic and other technologies, including by making full use of trade-related intellectual property flexible practices;", "(q) Improve diagnostic services, including increased capacity and access to such services to adequate and skilled human resources and to work with the private sector to improve affordability, accessibility and maintenance of diagnostic equipment and technology;", "(r) Encourage alliances and networks to bring together national, regional and global actors, including academic and research institutions, to develop new drugs, vaccines, diagnostic approaches and technologies, based on national priorities and strategies, drawing on experiences in HIV/AIDS and other areas;", "(s) Strengthening health infrastructure, including facilities for the procurement, storage and distribution of medicines, in particular transport and storage networks, to facilitate efficient service delivery;", "International cooperation, including partnerships", "Enhanced international cooperation in support of national, regional and global programmes for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, in particular the sharing of best practices in the areas of health promotion, strengthening legislation, legislation and health systems, training health personnel, developing appropriate health infrastructure and diagnostic approaches, and promoting the development and implementation of appropriate, affordable and sustainable technology transfer, affordable and sustainable, productive burdens, safe, effective and high-quality drugs and vaccines, while recognizing the leading role of the World Health Organization as the primary specialized agency for health issues in this regard;", "While recognizing the contribution of special assistance to the health sector, many work remains to be done. We call for the fulfilment of all commitments related to official development assistance, including the commitments made by many developed countries to make official development assistance at 0.7 per cent of their gross national income by 2015 and the commitments contained in the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the period 2011-2020, and strongly urge those developed countries that have not yet done so to make more concrete efforts to fulfil their commitments;", "Emphasizes the importance of South-South and triangular cooperation in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in promoting an enabling environment for the promotion of healthy lifestyles and choices at the national, regional and international levels, bearing in mind that South-South cooperation is not a substitute, but complements North-South cooperation;", "Promote the identification and mobilization of adequate, predictable and sustained financial resources, as well as the necessary human and technical resources, and consider supporting the financing of long-term financing for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in a voluntary, cost-effective and innovative manner, taking into account the Millennium Development Goals;", "Acknowledges the contribution of international cooperation and assistance in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases and, in this regard, encourages continued inclusion of non-communicable diseases in the development cooperation agenda and initiatives;", "Calls upon the World Health Organization and all other relevant bodies, funds and programmes of the United Nations system, as the competent specialized agency for health, as well as international financial institutions, development banks and other important international organizations, to work in a coordinated manner to support national efforts to prevent and control non-communicable diseases and mitigate their impact;", "Urges relevant international organizations to continue to provide technical assistance and capacity-building to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases and the promotion of access to medicines, including by making full use of the flexibilities and provisions of trade-related intellectual property;", "Enhance national ownership, visualization, predictability, mutual accountability and transparency and results-oriented outcomes, thus enhancing the quality of aid;", "To involve non-health sector actors and key stakeholders, including the private sector and civil society, as appropriate, in partnerships to promote health and reduce risk factors for non-communicable diseases, including by building community capacities to promote healthy diets and lifestyles;", "Create partnerships between Governments and civil society to use contributions from health-related non-governmental organizations and patient organizations to support, as appropriate, services for the prevention and control, treatment and care of non-communicable diseases, including care services;", "Promote capacity-building of non-governmental organizations relevant to non-communicable diseases at the national and regional levels to achieve their full potential as partners in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases;", "Research and development", "Promote national and international investment and strengthen national capacities for quality research and development in all aspects of prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in a sustainable and cost-effective manner, while noting the importance of continuing to stimulate innovation;", "Promote the use of information and communications technology to improve programme delivery, health outcomes, sanitation advocacy and reporting and surveillance systems and, where appropriate, disseminate information on affordable, cost-effective, sustainable and quality interventions, best practices and lessons learned in the area of non-communicable diseases;", "Support and facilitate research and translation on non-communicable diseases to improve the knowledge base available for ongoing national, regional and global actions;", "Monitoring and evaluation", "Strengthen monitoring and monitoring systems at the national level, as appropriate, including those already included in existing national health information systems, and include surveys on health risk factors, results and their social and economic determinants, as well as health systems responses, while recognizing that such systems are essential for the proper treatment of non-communicable diseases;", "Calls upon the World Health Organization, with the full participation of Member States, to develop a comprehensive global monitoring framework, including a multisectoral approach, to monitor implementation trends in national strategies and plans related to non-communicable diseases, as appropriate, in cooperation with other relevant regional and international organizations, based on ongoing efforts, by the end of 2012 that could apply to national and regional contexts, including through a multisectoral approach to monitoring national strategies and plans for non-communicable diseases, and to assess progress made;", "Calls upon the World Health Organization, through its governing bodies and in cooperation with Member States, and in cooperation with United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, as appropriate, with other relevant regional and international organizations, to prepare recommendations for a set of global voluntary indicators for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases by 2012.", "Consider building on the guidance provided by the World Health Organization, the development of national goals and targets in accordance with national circumstances, with a focus on efforts to address the impact of non-communicable diseases and assess progress made in preventing and controlling non-communicable diseases and their risk factors and determinants;", "Follow-up", "Requests the Secretary-General, in close cooperation with the Director-General of the World Health Organization and in consultation with Member States, the United Nations funds and programmes and other relevant international organizations, to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session, by the end of 2012, options for strengthening and promoting multisectoral action on prevention and control of non-communicable diseases for consideration by Member States;", "Requests the Secretary-General, in cooperation with Member States, the World Health Organization and relevant funds, programmes and specialized agencies of the United Nations system, to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session a report on progress made towards the realization of the commitments made in the present Political Declaration, including progress in multisectoral action and the impact on the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, in preparation for the comprehensive review and assessment of progress made in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in 2014.", "United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2302, No. 41032.", "] Available at http://www.who.int/publications/eng/.", "[3] World Health Organization, Fifty-seventh World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17-22 May 2004, Resolutions and Decisions, annex (WHA57/2004/REC/1), resolution 57.17, annex.", "[4] World Health Organization, Sixty-third World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17-21 May 2010, Resolutions and Decisions, annex (WHA63 rehabilitationREC/1), annex 3.", "[5] See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 3 (A/64/3/Rev.1), chap. III, para.", "[6] See A/65/859.", "[7] See World Health Organization, Sixty-fourth World Health Assembly, Geneva, 16-24 May 2011, Resolutions and Decisions, annex (WHA64 (2009)REC/1).", "[8] World Health Organization, Sixty-third World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17-21 May 2010, Resolutions and Decisions, annex (WHA63 rehabilitateREC/1), annex 4.", "[9] Available at www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf.", "[10] See World Health Organization, Sixty-third World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17-21 May 2010, Geneva, Resolutions and Decisions, annex (WHA63 rehabilitateREC/1), annex 5.", "[11] See Report of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, Istanbul, Turkey, 9-13 May 2011 (A/CONF.219/7), chap." ]

[ "2011年9月22日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.2)]", "66/3. 团结起来，反对种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理 和相关不容忍行为", "大会", "通过大会纪念《德班宣言和行动纲领》[1] 通过十周年高级别会议的以下政治宣言:", "团结起来，反对种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为", "在举行大会纪念《德班宣言和行动纲领》¹ 通过十周年高级别会议之际，我们，各国国家元首和政府首脑以及国家和政府代表，于2011年9月22日齐聚纽约联合国总部，", "1. 重申，2001年通过的《德班宣言和行动纲领》¹ 以及2009年通过的德班审查会议成果文件[2] 提供了一个联合国综合框架，为打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为奠定了牢固基础；", "2. 回顾这次纪念活动的目的是调动国家、区域和国际各级的政治意愿，重申我们对在所有这些级别全面切实执行《德班宣言和行动纲领》、德班审查会议成果文件及其后续进程作出的政治承诺；", "3. 欢迎2001年以来世界许多地区在打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为方面取得进展；", "4. 承认，尽管国际社会在过去十年里作出一致努力，在过去数十年努力的基础上再接再厉，但是，种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为这一祸害，包括其新的形式和表现，依然在世界各地继续存在，无数人至今依然受害于种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为；", "5. 重申种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为是对《联合国宪章》和《世界人权宣言》[3] 的宗旨和原则的否定，并重申平等和不歧视是国际法基本原则；", "6. 在这方面回顾《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》[4] 和消除种族歧视委员会以及普遍批准和切实执行《公约》的重要性；", "7. 决心努力实现确保各个社会的每个人，特别是种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的受害者，切实享受所有人权和基本自由这一共同目标；", "8. 欢迎竖立奴隶制和跨大西洋贩卖奴隶行为受害人永久纪念碑的举措；", "9. 重申各国承担切实打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的主要责任；", "10. 欢迎采取立法措施和建立专门国家机制，打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为；", "11. 呼吁联合国系统、国际和区域组织并邀请议会、民间社会和私营部门等利益攸关方作出全面承诺，加强打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的力度，并欢迎联合国人权事务高级专员继续参与，将执行《德班宣言和行动纲领》纳入联合国系统工作；", "12. 共同宣布我们坚定决心把打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为以及保护其受害人作为我们各国的高度优先事项。", "2011年9月22日", "第14次全体会议", "[1] 见A/CONF.189/12和Corr.1，第一章。", "[2] 见A/CONF.211/8，第一章。", "[3] 第217A(III)号决议。", "[4] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第660卷，第9464号。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 22 September 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.2)]", "66/3. United against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "The General Assembly", "Adopts the following political declaration of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action:[1]", "United against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "We, Heads of State and Government and representatives of States and Governments, gathered at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 22 September 2011, on the occasion of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action,¹", "1. Reaffirm that the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, adopted in 2001,¹ and the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference, adopted in 2009,[2] provide a comprehensive United Nations framework and solid foundation for combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;", "2. Recall that the aim of this commemoration is to mobilize political will at the national, regional and international levels, and reaffirm our political commitment to the full and effective implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action and the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference, and their follow-up processes, at all these levels;", "3. Welcome the progress made in many parts of the world in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance since 2001;", "4. Acknowledge that, in spite of concerted efforts by the international community in the past ten years, building on efforts of the past decades, the scourge of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including their new forms and manifestations, still persists in all parts of the world and that countless human beings continue to the present day to be victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;", "5. Reaffirm that racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance constitute a negation of the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights[3] and that equality and non-discrimination are fundamental principles of international law;", "6. Recall, in that regard, the importance of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination[4] and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, as well as of universal ratification and effective implementation of the Convention;", "7. Resolve to pursue our common goal of ensuring the effective enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, especially for victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance in all societies;", "8. Welcome the initiative to erect a permanent memorial to honour the victims of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade;", "9. Reiterate that the primary responsibility for effectively combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance lies with States;", "10. Welcome the adoption of legislative measures and the establishment of specialized national mechanisms to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;", "11. Call upon the United Nations system and international and regional organizations and invite all stakeholders, including parliaments, civil society and the private sector, to fully commit themselves and to intensify their efforts in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and welcome the continued engagement of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in incorporating the implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action into the United Nations system;", "12. Proclaim together our strong determination to make the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and the protection of the victims thereof, a high priority for our countries.", "14th plenary meeting 22 September 2011", "[1]  See A/CONF.189/12 and Corr.1, chap. I.", "[2]  See A/CONF.211/8, chap. I.", "[3]  Resolution 217 A (III).", "[4]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 660, No. 9464." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 22 September 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.2)]", "Solidarity against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "General Assembly", "Adopts the following political declaration to commemorate the high-level event on the tenth anniversary of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action:", "Solidarity against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "On the occasion of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the adoption of Durban Declaration and Programme of Action,1 our Heads of State and Government, together with representatives of States and Governments, at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 22 September 2011,", "Reaffirms that the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action adopted in 20011 and the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference adopted in 2009 [2] provide a comprehensive United Nations framework that provides a solid basis for combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;", "Recalls that the commemoration is aimed at mobilizing political will at the national, regional and international levels, and reiterates our political commitment to the full and effective implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference and its follow-up process at all levels;", "Welcomes the progress made in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance in many parts of the world since 2001;", "Acknowledges that, despite the concerted efforts of the international community over the past 10 years to build on the efforts of the past few decades, the scourge of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including its new forms and manifestations, continues to exist around the world, and that numerous people have so far been victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;", "Reaffirms that acts of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance constitute a denial of the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights [3], and reaffirms that equality and non-discrimination are fundamental principles of international law;", "Recalls in this regard the importance of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination [4] and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, as well as the universal ratification and effective implementation of the Convention;", "Determined to work towards ensuring the effective enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms of all persons in all societies, in particular victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;", "Welcomes the initiative to establish a permanent monument for victims of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade;", "Reaffirms the primary responsibility of States for the effective fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;", "Welcomes legislative measures and the establishment of specialized national mechanisms to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;", "Calls upon the United Nations system, international and regional organizations and invites stakeholders, including parliaments, civil society and the private sector, to make a comprehensive commitment to strengthen efforts to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and welcomes the continued engagement of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in integrating the implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action into the work of the United Nations system;", "The joint announcement of our firm determination to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and to protect their victims as a high priority for our countries.", "22 September 2011", "14th plenary meeting", "See A/CONF.189/12 and Corr.1, chap.", "[2] See A/CONF.211/8, chap.", "[3] Resolution 217A (III).", "[4] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 660, No. 9464." ]

[ "2011年10月11日大会决议", "[根据第五委员会的报告(A/66/492)通过]", "66/4. 联合国经费分摊比额表：根据《宪章》第十九条提出的请求", "大会，", "审议了会费委员会第七十一届会议报告[1] 第五章，", "重申根据《联合国宪章》第十七条，会员国有义务承担大会分摊的联合国经费，", "1. 重申其根据《联合国宪章》第十九条的规定所起的作用以及会费委员会根据大会议事规则第160条所起的咨询作用；", "2. 又重申其1999年12月23日第54/237C号决议；", "3. 请秘书长通过在《联合国日刊》上提早通知和直接沟通等方式，继续提请会员国注意第54/237C号决议规定的截止日期；", "4. 敦促根据《宪章》第十九条的规定请求豁免的所有会员国提交尽可能多的资料，作为其请求的佐证，并考虑在第54/237C号决议规定的截止日期前预先提出此类资料，以便收集整理可能必要的一切额外详细资料；", "5. 同意中非共和国、科摩罗、几内亚比绍、利比里亚、圣多美和普林西比和索马里之所以未能足额缴纳避免适用《宪章》第十九条所需的最低款额，是其无法控制的情形所致；", "6. 决定准许中非共和国、科摩罗、几内亚比绍、利比里亚、圣多美和普林西比和索马里在大会投票，到大会第六十六届会议结束为止。", "2011年10月11日", "第32次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第11号》(A/66/11)。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 11 October 2011", "[on the report of the Fifth Committee (A/66/492)]", "66/4. Scale of assessments for the apportionment of the expenses of the United Nations: requests under Article 19 of the Charter", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered chapter V of the report of the Committee on Contributions on its seventy-first session,[1]", "Reaffirming the obligation of Member States under Article 17 of the Charter of the United Nations to bear the expenses of the Organization as apportioned by the General Assembly,", "1. Reaffirms its role in accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of the Charter of the United Nations and the advisory role of the Committee on Contributions in accordance with rule 160 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly;", "2. Also reaffirms its resolution 54/237 C of 23 December 1999;", "3. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to bring to the attention of Member States the deadline specified in resolution 54/237 C, including through an early announcement in the Journal of the United Nations and through direct communication;", "4. Urges all Member States requesting exemption under Article 19 of the Charter to submit as much information as possible in support of their requests and to consider submitting such information in advance of the deadline specified in resolution 54/237 C so as to enable the collation of any additional detailed information that may be necessary;", "5. Agrees that the failure of the Central African Republic, the Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Sao Tome and Principe and Somalia to pay the full minimum amount necessary to avoid the application of Article 19 of the Charter was due to conditions beyond their control;", "6. Decides that the Central African Republic, the Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Sao Tome and Principe and Somalia shall be permitted to vote in the General Assembly until the end of its sixty-sixth session.", "32nd plenary meeting 11 October 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 11 (A/66/11)." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 11 October 2011", "[on the report of the Fifth Committee (A/66/492)]", "66/4. Scale of assessments for the apportionment of the expenses of the United Nations: requests under Article 19 of the Charter", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered chapter V of the report of the Committee on Contributions on its seventy-first session,", "Reaffirming the obligation of Member States under Article 17 of the Charter of the United Nations to bear the expenses of the Organization as apportioned by the General Assembly,", "Reaffirms its role in accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of the Charter of the United Nations and the advisory role of the Committee on Contributions in accordance with rule 160 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly;", "Also reaffirms its resolution 54/237 C of 23 December 1999;", "3. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to bring to the attention of Member States the deadline specified in resolution 54/237 C, including through an early announcement in the Journal of the United Nations and through direct communication;", "4. Urges all Member States requesting exemption under Article 19 of the Charter to submit as much information as possible in support of their requests and to consider submitting such information in advance of the deadline specified in resolution 54/237 C in order to collate all additional detailed information that may be necessary;", "5. Agrees that the failure of the Central African Republic, the Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Sao Tome and Principe and Somalia to pay the full minimum amount necessary to avoid the application of Article 19 of the Charter was due to conditions beyond their control;", "6. Decides that the Central African Republic, the Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Sao Tome and Principe and Somalia should be permitted to vote in the General Assembly until the end of its sixty-sixth session.", "11 October 2011", "32nd PLENARY MEETING", "[1] Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 11 (A/66/11)." ]

[ "2011年10月17日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.3和Add.1)]", "66/5. 通过体育和奥林匹克理想建立一个和平的更美好的世界", "大会，", "回顾其2009年10月19日第64/4号决议，其中大会决定将题为“通过体育和奥林匹克理想建立一个和平的更美好的世界”的分项目列入第六十六届会议临时议程，又回顾它在此前决定每两年在每届夏季和冬季奥林匹克运动会举行前审议该项目，", "又回顾其1993年10月25日第48/11号决议，该决议除其他外，恢复了“握手言和”(ekecheiria)(“奥林匹克休战”)的古希腊传统，呼吁在奥林匹克运动会期间休战，以鼓励创建和平环境，并确保运动员和相关人员安全通行和参加奥运会，以此动员全世界青年支持和平事业，", "还回顾历史上“握手言和”的核心概念为自奥运会开幕前七天到奥运会闭幕后七天停止敌对行动，根据传说中的德尔斐神谕，这是为了用每四年一次的友好体育竞争取代周而复始的冲突，", "重申体育对于促进教育、健康、发展与和平的价值，", "回顾《联合国千年宣言》[1] 呼吁从今而后遵守奥林匹克休战，支持国际奥林匹克委员会努力通过体育和奥林匹克理想促进和平与人类相互了解，", "确认国际奥林匹克委员会发出的奥林匹克休战呼吁可对推进《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则作出宝贵的贡献，", "注意到第三十届奥林匹克运动会和第十四届残疾人奥林匹克运动会将分别于2012年7月27日至8月12日和2012年8月29日至9月9日在伦敦举行，", "欢迎2009年10月19日大会第64/3号决议通过后给予国际奥林匹克委员会大会观察员地位并欢迎该委员会参加大会的届会和工作，", "确认国际奥林匹克委员会、国际残奥委员会、秘书长体育促进发展与和平特别顾问办公室和联合国系统在人类发展、减缓贫穷、人道主义援助、促进健康、预防艾滋病毒和艾滋病、儿童与青年教育、性别平等、建设和平与可持续发展等领域的共同努力，", "注意到2010年8月14日至26日在新加坡举行的第一届青年奥林匹克运动会圆满成功，并欢迎第一届青年冬季奥林匹克运动会和第二届青年奥林匹克运动会将分别于2012年1月13日至22日在奥地利因斯布鲁克和2014年8月16日至28日在中国南京举行，", "回顾各国际公约关于休闲、娱乐、体育和文娱的有关条款，包括《残疾人权利公约》[2] 第三十条，该条确认残疾人有权在与其他人平等的基础上参与文化生活、娱乐、休闲和体育运动；并注意到受在伦敦举行的1948年奥林匹克运动会的启发，在伦敦附近的斯多克·曼德威尔第一次有组织地为脊椎受伤的病人举办了运动会，从而宣告为残疾人运动员设立的新兴全球体育运动的诞生；设立了残疾人奥林匹克运动会；并计划在2012年举办人人参与的包容性综合运动会，", "又回顾2012年伦敦奥运会和残奥会的主要主题是：主办真正可持续发展的运动会，提供长期的社会、经济、环境和体育效益，帮助促进更稳定、包容与和平的社区，促进城市复兴，解决气候变化，加强国际关系和合作，并改变对残疾的态度；并激励世界各地的年轻人通过体育丰富生活，例如通过引入2012年伦敦奥运会的国际遗产计划“国际激励”项目，", "欢迎联合国各会员国作出承诺，制定国家和国际方案，通过体育和文化、教育、可持续发展及更广泛的公众参与，推动和平和解决冲突以及奥运会和残奥会的价值观，", "确认奥林匹克休战和联合国支持的其他停止冲突倡议(如1981年11月30日大会第36/67号决议设立的联合国国际和平日)提供的人道主义机遇，", "满意地注意到奥林匹克公园悬挂联合国旗帜，", "1. 敦促会员国依循《联合国宪章》，自第三十届奥林匹克运动会开幕起至第十四届残疾人奥林匹克运动会闭幕止，各自和集体遵守奥林匹克休战；", "2. 欢迎国际奥林匹克委员会和国际残奥委员会努力动员国际体育组织及会员国的国家奥林匹克委员会和国家残奥委员会，在地方、国家、区域和国际各级采取具体行动，弘扬和加强建立在奥林匹克休战精神基础上的和平文化，并邀请这些组织和国家委员会酌情交流信息和最佳做法；", "3. 又欢迎奥林匹克和残疾人奥林匹克运动员在通过体育和奥林匹克理想促进和平与人类相互了解方面发挥领导作用；", "4. 吁请所有会员国在奥林匹克运动会和残疾人奥林匹克运动会期间和其后，同国际奥林匹克委员会和国际残奥委员会合作，努力在冲突地区通过体育来促进和平、对话与和解；", "5. 欢迎各会员国、联合国及其专门机构、基金和方案与国际奥林匹克委员会合作，并酌情与国际残奥委员会合作，共同努力通过体育作出有意义和可持续的贡献，提高对千年发展目标的认识并促进其实现，并鼓励奥林匹克和残奥会运动与国家和国际体育组织紧密合作，通过体育促进实现千年发展目标；", "6. 请秘书长和大会主席推动会员国遵守奥林匹克休战，通过体育来支持人类发展举措，并同国际奥林匹克委员会、国际残奥委员会和体育界合作，以实现这些目标；", "7. 决定将题为“通过体育和奥林匹克理想建立一个和平的更美好的世界”的分项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程，并于2014年在俄罗斯联邦索契举行第二十二届冬季奥林匹克运动会和第十一届残疾人冬季奥林匹克运动会之前审议这一分项目。", "2011年10月17日", "第34次全体会议", "[1] 见第55/2号决议。", "[2] 联合国，《条约汇编》， 第2515卷，第44910号。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 17 October 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.3 and Add.1)]", "66/5. Building a peaceful and better world through sport", "and the Olympic ideal", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 64/4 of 19 October 2009, in which it decided to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty‑sixth session the sub‑item entitled “Building a peaceful and better world through sport and the Olympic ideal”, and recalling also its prior decision to consider the sub‑item every two years, in advance of each Summer and Winter Olympic Games,", "Recalling also its resolution 48/11 of 25 October 1993, which, inter alia, revived the ancient Greek tradition of ekecheiria (“Olympic Truce”) calling for a truce during the Olympic Games that would encourage a peaceful environment and ensure the safe passage and participation of athletes and relevant persons at the Games, thereby mobilizing the youth of the world to the cause of peace,", "Recalling further that the core concept of ekecheiria, historically, was the cessation of hostilities from seven days before until seven days after the Olympic Games, which, according to the legendary oracle of Delphi, was to replace the cycle of conflict with a friendly athletic competition every four years,", "Reaffirming the value of sport in promoting education, health, development and peace,", "Recalling the inclusion in the United Nations Millennium Declaration[1] of an appeal for the observance of the Olympic Truce now and in the future and for support for the International Olympic Committee in its efforts to promote peace and human understanding through sport and the Olympic ideal,", "Acknowledging the valuable contribution that the appeal launched by the International Olympic Committee for an Olympic Truce could make towards advancing the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations,", "Noting that the Games of the XXX Olympiad will take place from 27 July to 12 August 2012, and that the XIV Paralympic Games will take place from 29 August to 9 September 2012, in London,", "Welcoming the granting of observer status to the International Olympic Committee in the General Assembly pursuant to the adoption of resolution 64/3 on 19 October 2009 and the participation of the Committee in the sessions and work of the Assembly,", "Acknowledging the joint endeavours of the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee, the Office of the Special Adviser to the Secretary‑General on Sport for Development and Peace, and the United Nations system in such fields as human development, poverty alleviation, humanitarian assistance, health promotion, HIV and AIDS prevention, child and youth education, gender equality, peacebuilding and sustainable development,", "Noting the successful conclusion of the first Youth Olympic Games, held in Singapore from 14 to 26 August 2010, and welcoming the first Youth Winter Olympic Games, to be held in Innsbruck, Austria, from 13 to 22 January 2012, and the second Youth Olympic Games, to be held in Nanjing, China, from 16 to 28 August 2014,", "Recalling the articles on leisure, recreation, sport and play of relevant international conventions, including article 30 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities[2] recognizing the right of persons with disabilities to take part on an equal basis with others in cultural life, recreation, leisure and sport, and noting that the 1948 Olympic Games, held in London, inspired the staging of the first organized sporting event for patients with spinal cord injuries, in Stoke Mandeville, near London, heralding the birth of a new global sporting movement for athletes with disabilities; the establishment of the Paralympic Games; and plans to stage integrated and inclusive Games for Everyone in 2012,", "Recalling also that the main themes of the Olympic and Paralympic Games in London in 2012 are to host genuinely sustainable Games that deliver long‑term social, economic, environmental and sporting benefits, helping to promote more stable, inclusive and peaceful communities and urban regeneration, addressing climate change, enhancing international relations and cooperation, and changing attitudes towards disability; and to inspire young people around the world to enrich their lives through sport, for example through the introduction of International Inspiration, the London 2012 international legacy programme,", "Welcoming the commitment made by various States Members of the United Nations to developing national and international programmes which promote peace and conflict resolution and the Olympic and Paralympic values through sport and through culture, education, sustainable development and wider public engagement,", "Recognizing the humanitarian opportunities presented by the Olympic Truce and by other initiatives supported by the United Nations to achieve the cessation of conflict, such as the International Day of Peace, established by General Assembly resolution 36/67 of 30 November 1981,", "Noting with satisfaction the flying of the United Nations flag at the Olympic Park,", "1. Urges Member States to observe, within the framework of the Charter of the United Nations, the Olympic Truce, individually and collectively, throughout the period beginning with the start of the Games of the XXX Olympiad and ending with the close of the XIV Paralympic Games;", "2. Welcomes the work of the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee to mobilize international sports organizations and the National Olympic Committees and National Paralympic Committees of Member States to undertake concrete actions at the local, national, regional and international levels to promote and strengthen a culture of peace based on the spirit of the Olympic Truce, and invites those organizations and national committees to share information and best practices, as appropriate;", "3. Also welcomes the leadership of Olympic and Paralympic athletes in promoting peace and human understanding through sport and the Olympic ideal;", "4. Calls upon all Member States to cooperate with the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee in their efforts to use sport as a tool to promote peace, dialogue and reconciliation in areas of conflict during and beyond the period of the Olympic and Paralympic Games;", "5. Welcomes the cooperation among Member States, the United Nations and the specialized agencies, funds and programmes, and the International Olympic Committee and, where appropriate, the International Paralympic Committee, to work towards a meaningful and sustainable contribution through sport to raising awareness of and to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, and encourages the Olympic and Paralympic movements to work closely with national and international sports organizations on the use of sport to contribute to the Millennium Development Goals;", "6. Requests the Secretary‑General and the President of the General Assembly to promote the observance of the Olympic Truce among Member States and support for human development initiatives through sport and to cooperate with the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee and the sporting community in general in the realization of those objectives;", "7. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty‑eighth session the sub‑item entitled “Building a peaceful and better world through sport and the Olympic ideal” and to consider the sub‑item before the XXII Olympic Winter Games and the XI Paralympic Winter Games, to be held in Sochi, Russian Federation, in 2014.", "34th plenary meeting 17 October 2011", "[1]  See resolution 55/2.", "[2]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2515, No. 44910." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 17 October 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.3 and Add.1)]", "66/5. Building a peaceful and better world through sport and the Olympic ideal", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 64/4 of 19 October 2009, in which it decided to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-sixth session the sub-item entitled “Building a peaceful and better world through sport and the Olympic ideal”, and recalling also its previous decision to consider this item biennially in advance of each summer and winter Olympic Games,", "Recalling also its resolution 48/11 of 25 October 1993, which, inter alia, revived the ancient Greek tradition of ekecheiria (“Olympic Truce”), called for a truce during the Olympic Games in order to encourage a peaceful environment and to ensure the safe passage and participation of athletes and associated personnel in the Games, thereby mobilizing youth worldwide in support of the cause of peace,", "Recalling also that the central concept of “shock of hands” in history is the cessation of hostilities from seven days before the opening to seven days after the closing of the Olympic Games, which, according to the myth of Delphi, is intended to replace the cycle of conflicts with a four-yearly friendly sports competition,", "Reaffirming the value of sport in promoting education, health, development and peace,", "Recalling the United Nations Millennium Declaration [1] calling for the observance of the Olympic Truce now and in the future, and supporting the efforts of the International Olympic Committee to promote peace and human understanding through sport and the Olympic ideal,", "Recognizing the valuable contribution that the appeal for an Olympic Truce issued by the International Olympic Committee can make to advancing the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations,", "Noting that the XXX Olympiad and the XIV Paralympic Games will be held in London from 27 July to 12 August 2012 and from 29 August to 9 September 2012, respectively,", "Welcoming the observer status for the International Olympic Committee in the General Assembly following the adoption of Assembly resolution 64/3 of 19 October 2009 and its participation in the sessions and work of the Assembly,", "Recognizing the joint efforts of the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee, the Office of the Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on Sport for Development and Peace and the United Nations system in the areas of human development, poverty alleviation, humanitarian assistance, health promotion, HIV and AIDS prevention, education of children and youth, gender equality, peacebuilding and sustainable development,", "Noting the successful outcome of the first Youth Olympic Games, held in Singapore from 14 to 26 August 2010, and welcoming the fact that the first Youth Winter Olympic Games and the second Youth Olympic Games will be held in Innsbruck, Austria, from 13 to 22 January 2012 and Nanjing, China, from 16 to 28 August 2014, respectively,", "Recalling the relevant provisions of international conventions on leisure, recreation, sport and recreation, including article 30 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which recognizes the right of persons with disabilities to participate on an equal basis with others in cultural life, recreation, leisure and sport, and noting that, inspired by the 1948 Olympic Games held in London, Stoke Mandwell organized for the first time a sporting event for patients with vertebrate injuries near London, thereby declaring the birth of an emerging global sport for athletes with disabilities; the establishment of the Paralympic Games; and plans to organize an inclusive and integrated sports event for all in 2012,", "Recalling also that the main themes of the 2012 London Olympic and Paralympic Games are: to host events for genuine sustainable development, to provide long-term social, economic, environmental and sports benefits, to help promote more stable, inclusive and peaceful communities, to promote urban renewal, to address climate change, to strengthen international relations and cooperation and to change attitudes towards disability; and to stimulate young people around the world to enrich their lives through sport, such as through the introduction of the “International Incentive” project of the International Heritage Plan for the 2012 London Olympic Games,", "Welcoming the commitment of States Members of the United Nations to develop national and international programmes to promote peace and conflict resolution and the values of the Olympic and Paralympic Games through sport and culture, education, sustainable development and wider public participation,", "Recognizing the humanitarian opportunities offered by the Olympic Truce and other United Nations-supported initiatives to end conflict, such as the United Nations International Day of Peace, established by General Assembly resolution 36/67 of 30 November 1981,", "Noting with satisfaction the flying of the United Nations flag in the Olympic Park,", "1. Urges Member States to observe, individually and collectively, the Olympic Truce, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, from the opening of the XXX Olympiad to the closing of the XIV Paralympic Games;", "2. Welcomes the efforts of the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee to mobilize international sports organizations and national Olympic and national Paralympic committees of Member States to take concrete action at the local, national, regional and international levels to promote and strengthen a culture of peace based on the spirit of the Olympic Truce, and invites those organizations and national committees to exchange information and best practices, as appropriate;", "3. Also welcomes the leadership role played by Olympic and Paralympic athletes in promoting peace and human understanding through sport and the Olympic ideal;", "4. Calls upon all Member States to cooperate with the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee in their efforts to promote peace, dialogue and reconciliation through sport in conflict areas during and after the Olympic and Paralympic Games;", "5. Welcomes the joint efforts of Member States, the United Nations and its specialized agencies, funds and programmes, in cooperation with the International Olympic Committee and, as appropriate, the International Paralympic Committee, to make a meaningful and sustainable contribution through sport to raising awareness of and promoting the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, and encourages the Olympic and Paralympic Games to work closely with national and international sports organizations to promote the Millennium Development Goals through sport;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General and the President of the General Assembly to promote the observance of the Olympic Truce by Member States, to support human development initiatives through sport and to cooperate with the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee and the sports community to achieve these goals;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the sub-item entitled “Building a peaceful and better world through sport and the Olympic ideal” and to consider the sub-item before the XXII Olympic Winter Games and the Eleventh Paralympic Winter Games in Sochi, Russian Federation, in 2014.", "17 October 2011", "34th plenary meeting", "[1] See resolution 55/2.", "[2] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2515, No. 44910." ]

[ "2011年10月25日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.4)]", "66/6. 必须终止美利坚合众国对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁", "大会，", "决心鼓励严格遵守《联合国宪章》所载宗旨和原则，", "尤其重申许多国际法律文书也载列的国家主权平等、不干预和不干涉各国内政、国际贸易和航行自由等原则，", "回顾各国国家元首或政府首脑在各次伊比利亚-美洲首脑会议上发表的关于必须撤销一国对另一国单方面实施影响国际贸易自由流动的经济和贸易措施的声明，", "关切仍有会员国颁布和实施法律和条例，如1996年3月12日颁布的所谓“赫尔姆斯-伯顿法”，其域外效力影响到其他国家的主权和在其管辖下的实体或个人的正当利益，并影响到贸易和航行自由，", "表示注意到不同政府间论坛、机构及政府颁发的表明国际社会和公众舆论反对颁布和实施上述这类措施的宣言和决议，", "回顾其1992年11月24日第47/19号、1993年11月3日第48/16号、1994年10月26日第49/9号、1995年11月2日第50/10号、1996年11月12日第51/17号、1997年11月5日第52/10号、1998年10月14日第53/4号、1999年11月9日第54/21号、2000年11月9日第55/20号、2001年11月27日第56/9号、2002年11月12日第57/11号、2003年11月4日第58/7号、2004年10月28日第59/11号、2005年11月8日第60/12号、2006年11月8日第61/11号、2007年10月30日第62/3号、2008年10月29日第63/7号、2009年10月28日第64/6号决议和2010年10月26日第65/6号决议，", "关切自其第47/19、48/16、49/9、50/10、51/17、52/10、53/4、54/21、55/20、56/9、57/11、58/7、59/11、60/12、61/11、62/3、63/7、64/6和65/6号决议通过以来，这种旨在加强和延长对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁的进一步措施仍在继续颁布和实施，并关切这些措施对古巴人民和住在其他国家的古巴国民造成的不利影响，", "1. 表示注意到秘书长关于第65/6号决议执行情况的报告；[1]", "2. 再次吁请所有国家遵照它们根据《联合国宪章》和尤其重申贸易和航行自由的国际法所承担的义务，不要颁布和实施本决议序言部分提到的那一类法律和措施；", "3. 再次敦促存在并且仍在实施此种法律和措施的国家尽早依照其法律制度采取必要步骤，予以撤销或废止；", "4. 请秘书长与联合国系统的有关机关和机构协商，参照《宪章》的宗旨和原则以及国际法，编写一份关于本决议执行情况的报告，提交大会第六十七届会议；", "5. 决定将题为“必须终止美利坚合众国对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年10月25日", "第41次全体会议", "[1] A/66/114。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 October 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.4)]", "66/6. Necessity of ending the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed by the United States of America against Cuba", "The General Assembly,", "Determined to encourage strict compliance with the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Reaffirming, among other principles, the sovereign equality of States, non‑intervention and non-interference in their internal affairs and freedom of international trade and navigation, which are also enshrined in many international legal instruments,", "Recalling the statements of the Heads of State or Government at the Ibero‑American Summits concerning the need to eliminate the unilateral application of economic and trade measures by one State against another that affect the free flow of international trade,", "Concerned about the continued promulgation and application by Member States of laws and regulations, such as that promulgated on 12 March 1996 known as “the Helms-Burton Act”, the extraterritorial effects of which affect the sovereignty of other States, the legitimate interests of entities or persons under their jurisdiction and the freedom of trade and navigation,", "Taking note of declarations and resolutions of different intergovernmental forums, bodies and Governments that express the rejection by the international community and public opinion of the promulgation and application of measures of the kind referred to above,", "Recalling its resolutions 47/19 of 24 November 1992, 48/16 of 3 November 1993, 49/9 of 26 October 1994, 50/10 of 2 November 1995, 51/17 of 12 November 1996, 52/10 of 5 November 1997, 53/4 of 14 October 1998, 54/21 of 9 November 1999, 55/20 of 9 November 2000, 56/9 of 27 November 2001, 57/11 of 12 November 2002, 58/7 of 4 November 2003, 59/11 of 28 October 2004, 60/12 of 8 November 2005, 61/11 of 8 November 2006, 62/3 of 30 October 2007, 63/7 of 29 October 2008, 64/6 of 28 October 2009 and 65/6 of 26 October 2010,", "Concerned that, since the adoption of its resolutions 47/19, 48/16, 49/9, 50/10, 51/17, 52/10, 53/4, 54/21, 55/20, 56/9, 57/11, 58/7, 59/11, 60/12, 61/11, 62/3, 63/7, 64/6 and 65/6, further measures of that nature aimed at strengthening and extending the economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba continue to be promulgated and applied, and concerned also about the adverse effects of such measures on the Cuban people and on Cuban nationals living in other countries,", "1. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of resolution 65/6;[1]", "2. Reiterates its call upon all States to refrain from promulgating and applying laws and measures of the kind referred to in the preamble to the present resolution, in conformity with their obligations under the Charter of the United Nations and international law, which, inter alia, reaffirm the freedom of trade and navigation;", "3. Once again urges States that have and continue to apply such laws and measures to take the necessary steps to repeal or invalidate them as soon as possible in accordance with their legal regime;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General, in consultation with the appropriate organs and agencies of the United Nations system, to prepare a report on the implementation of the present resolution in the light of the purposes and principles of the Charter and international law and to submit it to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Necessity of ending the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed by the United States of America against Cuba”.", "41st plenary meeting 25 October 2011", "[1]  A/66/114." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 October 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.4)]", "66/6. Necessity of ending the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed by the United States of America against Cuba", "The General Assembly,", "Determined to encourage strict compliance with the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Reaffirming, in particular, the principles of the sovereign equality of States, non-intervention and non-interference in their internal affairs and freedom of international trade and navigation, which are also enshrined in many international legal instruments,", "Recalling the statements made by heads of State or Government at the Ibero-American Summits on the need to eliminate the unilateral application of economic and trade measures by one State against another that affect the free flow of international trade,", "Concerned about the continued promulgation and application by Member States of laws and regulations, such as the so-called “Helms-Burton Act” promulgated on 12 March 1996, the extraterritorial effects of which affect the sovereignty of other States, the legitimate interests of entities or persons under their jurisdiction and the freedom of trade and navigation,", "Taking note of declarations and resolutions issued by different intergovernmental forums, bodies and Governments that express the rejection by the international community and public opinion of the promulgation and application of measures of the kind referred to above,", "Recalling its resolutions 47/19 of 24 November 1992, 48/16 of 3 November 1993, 49/9 of 26 October 1994, 50/10 of 2 November 1995, 51/17 of 12 November 1996, 52/10 of 5 November 1997, 53/4 of 14 October 1998, 54/21 of 9 November 1999, 55/20 of 9 November 2000, 56/9 of 27 November 2001, 57/11 of 12 November 2002, 58/7 of 4 November 2003, 59/11 of 28 October 2004, 60/12 of 8 November 2005, 61/11 of 8 November 2006, 62/3 of 30 October 2007, 63/7 of 29 October 2008, 64/6 of 28 October 2009 and 65/6 of 26 October 2010,", "Concerned that, since the adoption of its resolutions 47/19, 48/16, 49/9, 50/10, 51/17, 52/10, 53/4, 54/21, 55/20, 56/9, 57/11, 58/7, 59/11, 60/12, 61/11, 62/3, 63/7, 64/6 and 65/6, further measures of that nature aimed at strengthening and extending the economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba continue to be promulgated and applied, and concerned also about the negative impact of such measures on the Cuban people and on Cuban nationals living in other countries,", "1. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of resolution 65/6; [1]", "2. Reiterates its call upon all States, in conformity with their obligations under the Charter of the United Nations and international law, which, inter alia, reaffirm the freedom of trade and navigation, to refrain from promulgating and applying laws and measures of the kind referred to in the preamble to the present resolution;", "3. Once again urges States that have and continue to apply such laws and measures to take the necessary steps to repeal or invalidate them as soon as possible in accordance with their legal regime;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General, in consultation with the relevant organs and agencies of the United Nations system, to prepare a report on the implementation of the present resolution in the light of the purposes and principles of the Charter and international law and to submit it to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Necessity of ending the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed by the United States of America against Cuba”.", "25 October 2011", "41st plenary meeting", "[1] A/66/114." ]

[ "2011年11月2日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.6和Add.1)]", "66/7. 国际原子能机构的报告", "大会，", "收到国际原子能机构2010年的报告，[1]", "注意到国际原子能机构总干事的发言，[2] 其中就原子能机构2011年活动的主要发展情况提供了进一步资料，", "确认原子能机构工作的重要性，", "又确认联合国与原子能机构之间的合作，以及由原子能机构大会于1957年10月23日核可并由联合国大会在1957年11月14日第1145(XII)号决议附件中核可的《联合国与原子能机构间关系协定》，", "1. 赞赏地注意到国际原子能机构的报告；¹", "2. 注意到2011年9月19日至23日召开的原子能机构大会第五十五届常会通过的关于加强核安全、辐射安全、运输安全和废物安全方面国际合作的措施的GC(55)/RES/9号决议；关于核安保的GC(55)/RES/10号决议；关于加强原子能机构的技术合作活动的GC(55)/RES/11号决议；关于加强原子能机构有关核科学、技术和应用的活动的GC(55)/RES/12号决议，其中包括关于核的非动力应用的GC(55)/RES/12A号和关于核动力应用的GC(55)/RES/12B号决议；关于执行原子能机构和朝鲜民主主义人民共和国与《不扩散核武器条约》有关的保障协定的GC(55)/RES/13号决议；关于在中东实施原子能机构保障的GC(55)/RES/14号决议；关于人事事项的GC(55)/RES/15号决议，其中包括关于原子能机构秘书处工作人员的员额的GC(55)/RES/15A号决议和关于秘书处的妇女问题的GC(55)/RES/15B号决议；关于《原子能机构规约》第十四条A款修正案的GC(55)/DEC/10号决定和关于加强保障制度效力和提高保障制度效率以及适用《示范附加议定书》的GC(55)/DEC/11号决定；以及关于《原子能机构规约》第六条修正案的GC(55)/DEC/12号决定；[3]", "3. 重申坚决支持原子能机构在鼓励和协助为和平用途发展和实际应用原子能方面，在向发展中国家转让技术方面以及在核安全、核核查与核安保方面发挥不可或缺的作用；", "4. 呼吁会员国继续支持原子能机构的活动；", "5. 请秘书长将大会第六十六届会议有关原子能机构活动的会议记录转交给原子能机构总干事。", "2011年11月2日", "第48次全体会议", "[1] 国际原子能机构，《2010年年度报告》(GC(55)/2)；已通过秘书长的说明(A/66/95)转交大会会员国。", "[2] 见《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，全体会议》，第46次会议(A/66/PV/46)和更正。", "[3] 见国际原子能机构，《大会决议和其他决定，第五十五届常会，2011年9月19日至23日》(GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011))。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.6 and Add.1)]", "66/7. Report of the International Atomic Energy Agency", "The General Assembly,", "Having received the report of the International Atomic Energy Agency for 2010,[1]", "Taking note of the statement by the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency,[2] in which he provided additional information on the main developments in the activities of the Agency during 2011,", "Recognizing the importance of the work of the Agency,", "Recognizing also the cooperation between the United Nations and the Agency and the Agreement governing the relationship between the United Nations and the Agency as approved by the General Conference of the Agency on 23 October 1957 and by the General Assembly in the annex to its resolution 1145 (XII) of 14 November 1957,", "1. Takes note with appreciation of the report of the International Atomic Energy Agency;¹", "2. Takes note of resolutions GC(55)/RES/9 on measures to strengthen international cooperation in nuclear, radiation, transport and waste safety; GC(55)/RES/10 on nuclear security; GC(55)/RES/11 on the strengthening of the Agency’s technical cooperation activities; GC(55)/RES/12 on strengthening the Agency’s activities related to nuclear science, technology and applications, comprising GC(55)/RES/12 A on non-power nuclear applications and GC(55)/RES/12 B on nuclear power applications; GC(55)/RES/13 on the implementation of the Agreement between the Agency and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea for the application of safeguards in connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons; GC(55)/RES/14 on the application of Agency safeguards in the Middle East; and GC(55)/RES/15 on personnel matters, comprising GC(55)/RES/15 A on the staffing of the Agency’s Secretariat and GC(55)/RES/15 B on women in the Secretariat; and decisions GC(55)/DEC/10 on the amendment to article XIV.A of the Statute of the Agency; GC(55)/DEC/11 on strengthening the effectiveness and improving the efficiency of the safeguards system and application of the Model Additional Protocol; and GC(55)/DEC/12 on the amendment to article VI of the Statute, adopted by the General Conference of the Agency at its fifty-fifth regular session, held from 19 to 23 September 2011;[3]", "3. Reaffirms its strong support for the indispensable role of the Agency in encouraging and assisting the development and practical application of atomic energy for peaceful uses, in technology transfer to developing countries and in nuclear safety, verification and security;", "4. Appeals to Member States to continue to support the activities of the Agency;", "5. Requests the Secretary-General to transmit to the Director General of the Agency the records of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly relating to the activities of the Agency.", "48th plenary meeting 2 November 2011", "[1]  International Atomic Energy Agency, The Annual Report for 2010 (GC(55)/2); transmitted to the members of the General Assembly by a note by the Secretary-General (A/66/95).", "[2]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Plenary Meetings, 46th meeting (A/66/PV.46), and corrigendum.", "[3]  See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Fifty-fifth Regular Session, 19–23 September 2011 (GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011))." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.6 and Add.1)]", "66/7. Report of the International Atomic Energy Agency", "The General Assembly,", "Having received the report of the International Atomic Energy Agency for 2010, [1]", "Taking note of the statement by the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency[2], in which further information was provided on the main developments in the activities of the Agency in 2011,", "Recognizing the importance of the work of the Agency,", "Recognizing also the cooperation between the United Nations and the Agency, as well as the Relationship Agreement between the United Nations and the Agency, approved by the General Conference of the Agency on 23 October 1957 and by the General Assembly of the United Nations in the annex to its resolution 1145 (XII) of 14 November 1957,", "Takes note with appreciation of the report of the International Atomic Energy Agency;1", "2. Takes note of resolutions GC(55)/RES/12 on measures to enhance international cooperation in nuclear safety, radiation safety, transport safety and waste safety adopted by the General Conference of the Agency at its fifty-fifth regular session, held from 19 to 23 September 2011; GC(55)/RES/10 on nuclear security; GC(55)/RES/11 on strengthening technical cooperation activities of the Agency; GC(55)/RES/15 on strengthening activities of the Agency related to nuclear science, technology and applications, including GC(55)/RES/12A on nuclear non-power applications and GC(55)/RES/12B on nuclear power applications; GC(55)/RES/13 on implementation of IAEA and the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea safeguards agreements related to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons; GC(55)/RES/14 on the application of IAEA safeguards in the Middle East; GC(55)/RES/15 on personnel matters, including GC(55)/RES/15A on posts of the staff of the Agency and GC(55)/RES/15B on women in the Secretariat; GC(55)/RES/13 on amendments to article XIV A of the Statute of the Agency; GC(55)/RES/10 on strengthening the effectiveness and enhancing of safeguards in the Middle East; and on", "3. Reiterates its strong support for the indispensable role of the Agency in encouraging and assisting the development and practical application of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, in the transfer of technology to developing countries and in nuclear safety, verification and security;", "4. Appeals to Member States to continue to support the activities of the Agency;", "5. Requests the Secretary-General to transmit to the Director General of the Agency the records of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly relating to the activities of the Agency.", "2 November 2011", "48th plenary meeting", "[1] International Atomic Energy Agency, Annual Report 2010 (GC(55)/2); transmitted to the members of the General Assembly through the note by the Secretary-General (A/66/95).", "[2] See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Plenary Meetings, 46th meeting (A/66/PV/46) and corrigendum.", "[3] See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Fifty-fifth Regular Session, 19-23 September 2011 (GC(55)/RES/DEC (2011))." ]

[ "2011年11月11日大会决议", "[根据第五委员会的报告(A/66/525)通过]", "66/8. 方案规划", "大会，", "回顾其1982年12月21日第37/234 号、1983年12月20日第38/227A号、1986年12月19日第41/213号、2000年12月23日第55/234号、2001年12月24日第56/253号、2002年12月20日第57/282号、2003年12月23日第58/268和 58/269 号、2004年12月23日第59/275号、2006年5月8日第60/257号、2006年12月22日第61/235号、2007年12月22日第62/224号和2010年12月24日第65/244号决议，", "又回顾经济及社会理事会1976年5月14日第2008(LX)号决议附件所述方案和协调委员会的职权范围，", "审议了方案和协调委员会第五十一届会议工作报告，[1]", "1. 重申方案和协调委员会作为大会和经济及社会理事会负责规划、方案拟订和协调的主要附属机关的作用；", "2. 再次强调大会全体会议和各主要委员会按照《方案规划、预算内方案部分、执行情况监测和评价方法条例和细则》[2] 条例4.10对方案和协调委员会就大会全体会议和各主要委员会工作提出的有关建议进行审查和采取行动的作用；", "3. 强调指出，如立法授权所示，确定联合国优先事项是会员国的特权；", "4. 又强调指出会员国有必要自始至终充分参与预算编制过程；", "5. 回顾方案和协调委员会报告¹第131段，并重申大会2007年12月22日第62/236号、2008年12月24日第63/260号、2009年12月24日第64/243号和2010年12月24日第65/244号决议关于任命副秘书长兼非洲问题特别顾问的规定，在这方面再次请秘书长遵守这些授权；", "6. 认可方案和协调委员会关于评价、[3] 联合国系统行政首长协调理事会2010/11年度概览报告[4] 以及联合国系统支助非洲发展新伙伴关系[5] 的结论和建议。", "2011年11月11日", "第58次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第16号》（A/66/16）。", "[2] ST/SGB/2000/8。", "[3] 《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第16号》（A/66/16），第二章，B节。", "[4] 同上，第三章，A节。", "[5] 同上，B节。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 11 November 2011", "[on the report of the Fifth Committee (A/66/525)]", "66/8. Programme planning", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 37/234 of 21 December 1982, 38/227 A of 20 December 1983, 41/213 of 19 December 1986, 55/234 of 23 December 2000, 56/253 of 24 December 2001, 57/282 of 20 December 2002, 58/268 and 58/269 of 23 December 2003, 59/275 of 23 December 2004, 60/257 of 8 May 2006, 61/235 of 22 December 2006, 62/224 of 22 December 2007 and 65/244 of 24 December 2010,", "Recalling also the terms of reference of the Committee for Programme and Coordination, as outlined in the annex to Economic and Social Council resolution 2008 (LX) of 14 May 1976,", "Having considered the report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on the work of its fifty-first session,[1]", "1. Reaffirms the role of the Committee for Programme and Coordination as the main subsidiary organ of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council for planning, programming and coordination;", "2. Re-emphasizes the role of the plenary and the Main Committees of the General Assembly in reviewing and taking action on the appropriate recommendations of the Committee for Programme and Coordination relevant to their work, in accordance with regulation 4.10 of the Regulations and Rules Governing Programme Planning, the Programme Aspects of the Budget, the Monitoring of Implementation and the Methods of Evaluation;[2]", "3. Stresses that setting the priorities of the United Nations is the prerogative of the Member States, as reflected in legislative mandates;", "4. Also stresses the need for Member States to participate fully in the budget preparation process, from its early stages and throughout the process;", "5. Recalls paragraph 131 of the report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination,¹ and reaffirms the provisions of General Assembly resolutions 62/236 of 22 December 2007, 63/260 of 24 December 2008, 64/243 of 24 December 2009 and 65/244 of 24 December 2010 concerning the appointment of the Under-Secretary-General and Special Adviser on Africa, and in this regard reiterates its request to the Secretary-General to abide by those mandates;", "6. Endorses the conclusions and recommendations of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on evaluation,[3] on the annual overview report of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination for 2010/11[4] and on United Nations system support for the New Partnership for Africa’s Development.[5]", "58th plenary meeting 11 November 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 16 (A/66/16).", "[2]  ST/SGB/2000/8.", "[3]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 16 (A/66/16), chap. II, sect. B.", "[4]  Ibid., chap. III, sect. A.", "[5]  Ibid., sect. B." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 11 November 2011", "[on the report of the Fifth Committee (A/66/525)]", "66/8. Programme planning", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 37/234 of 21 December 1982, 38/227 A of 20 December 1983, 41/213 of 19 December 1986, 55/234 of 23 December 2000, 56/253 of 24 December 2001, 57/282 of 20 December 2002, 58/269 and 58/269 of 23 December 2003, 59/275 of 23 December 2004, 60/257 of 8 May 2006, 61/235 of 22 December 2006, 62/224 of 22 December 2007 and 65/244 of 24 December 2010,", "Recalling also the terms of reference of the Committee for Programme and Coordination, as set out in the annex to Economic and Social Council resolution 2008 (LX) of 14 May 1976,", "Having considered the report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on the work of its fifty-first session,", "Reaffirms the role of the Committee for Programme and Coordination as the main subsidiary organ of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council for planning, programming and coordination;", "2. Re-emphasizes the role of the plenary and the Main Committees of the General Assembly in reviewing and taking action on the relevant recommendations of the Committee for Programme and Coordination relevant to their work, in accordance with regulation 4.10 of the Regulations and Rules Governing Programme Planning, the Programme Aspects of the Budget, the Monitoring of Implementation and the Methods of Evaluation;", "3. Stresses that setting the priorities of the United Nations is the prerogative of the Member States, as reflected in legislative mandates;", "4. Also stresses the need for Member States to participate fully in the budget preparation process, from its early stages and throughout the process;", "5. Recalls paragraph 131 of the report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination,1 reaffirms its resolutions 62/236 of 22 December 2007, 63/260 of 24 December 2008, 64/243 of 24 December 2009 and 65/244 of 24 December 2010 regarding the appointment of the Under-Secretary-General and Special Adviser on Africa, and in this regard reiterates its request to the Secretary-General to abide by those mandates;", "6. Endorses the conclusions and recommendations of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on evaluation, on the annual overview report of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination for 2010/11 [4] and on United Nations system support for the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development.", "11 November 2011", "58th plenary meeting", "[1] Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 16 (A/66/16).", "[2] ST/SGB/2000/8.", "[3] Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 16 (A/66/16), chap. II, sect.", "[4] Ibid., chap. III, sect.", "[5] Ibid., sect. B." ]

[ "2011年11月11日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.7和Add.1)]", "66/9. 为恢复和重建伯利兹、哥斯达黎加、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜和巴拿马提供紧急人道主义援助", "大会，", "回顾大会关于紧急人道主义援助的所有相关决议，并重申提供人道主义援助的人道、中立、公正和独立原则，", "深感不安的是受太平洋热带低压E-12影响，2011年10月10日至19日伯利兹、哥斯达黎加、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜和巴拿马普降暴雨，致使中美洲许多家庭痛失亲人，众多民众受到影响，", "意识到作物、房屋、基本基础设施、旅游及其他领域遭受严重物质损失，这尤其对中美洲人民，特别是最贫穷家庭的粮食保障构成严重威胁，并对中美洲地峡区域的经济活动和贸易产生了负面影响，", "又意识到，中美洲各国的地理情况使这些国家尤其容易受到与气候变化相关的气象现象和其他因素的负面影响，这些影响近年来造成了新的风险情景，使得最脆弱人群更加深陷贫穷，破坏了为中美洲人民实现千年发展目标以及促进更加可持续发展所做的各项努力，", "认识到中美洲各国政府为将人员伤亡减到最低，向受灾民众迅速提供援助方面所做的努力，", "考虑到中美洲一体化体系成员国家元首和政府首脑2011年10月25日在圣萨尔瓦多举行的特别首脑会议上通过的《科马拉帕宣言》，", "又考虑到有必要作出重大努力，重建受灾区域，缓解这一自然灾害造成的严重局面，这场堪称中美洲史上最强暴雨，连下9天多，是1998年“米奇”飓风降雨量的两倍，并考虑到这一努力要求国际社会提供广泛、协调、长期的支持，", "1. 表示声援和支持伯利兹、哥斯达黎加、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜和巴拿马的政府和人民；", "2. 感谢已经向受灾民众提供及时救助和援助的国际社会成员，特别是秘书处人道主义事务协调厅和联合国开发计划署，并赞扬紧急救济协调员努力加强协调人道主义援助；", "3. 承认中美洲国家在加强备灾能力方面的努力和进步，强调在减少灾害风险方面投资的重要性，并鼓励国际社会继续为这一目标与受灾国家政府合作；", "4. 呼吁所有会员国，联合国系统所有机关和机构以及国际金融和发展机构与伯利兹、哥斯达黎加、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜和巴拿马继续合作，开展救济、恢复和人道主义援助工作，并重建该区域；", "5. 请联合国系统相关组织和机构及其他多边组织支持和帮助上述国家和中美洲一体化系统的专门机构中美洲防止自然灾害协调中心根据需求加强在自然灾害备灾、防灾、减灾和风险管理方面的国家和区域能力；", "6. 请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议报告本决议执行情况以及在救济、恢复和重建受灾国家方面取得的进展。", "2011年11月11日", "第58次全体会议" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 11 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.7 and Add.1)]", "66/9. Emergency humanitarian assistance for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling all relevant resolutions of the General Assembly on emergency humanitarian assistance, and reaffirming the principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence for the provision of humanitarian assistance,", "Deeply disturbed by the loss of life that brought grief to so many families in Central America and by just how many people were affected by the Pacific tropical depression E-12 and the intense rainfall in Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama from 10 to 19 October 2011,", "Aware of the extensive material damage to crops, housing, basic infrastructure and tourist and other areas, which, inter alia, poses a severe threat to the food security of the people of Central America, particularly the poorest families, and of the adverse effects on economic activity and trade in the isthmus,", "Also aware that the geography of Central American countries makes them especially vulnerable to the adverse effects of meteorological phenomena associated with climate change and other factors which, in recent years, have given rise to new risk scenarios, plunging the most vulnerable populations deeper into poverty and undermining efforts to reach the Millennium Development Goals and promote more sustainable development for the people of Central America,", "Recognizing the efforts of the Central American Governments to minimize loss of life and provide speedy assistance to the stricken population,", "Considering the Declaration of Comalapa adopted at the special summit of Heads of State and Government of the countries members of the Central American Integration System, held in San Salvador on 25 October 2011,", "Also considering the enormous effort needed to rebuild the stricken areas and to address the serious situation left in the wake of a natural disaster which, over nine days, produced some of the heaviest rains ever seen in Central America, with twice the amount of rain recorded during hurricane Mitch in 1998, and that this effort will require the broad, coordinated and sustained support of the international community,", "1. Expresses its solidarity with and support for the Governments and peoples of Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama;", "2. Expresses its appreciation to the members of the international community that have already provided timely assistance for rescue and aid efforts targeted at the stricken population, in particular, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the Secretariat and the United Nations Development Programme, and commends the efforts of the Emergency Relief Coordinator to strengthen the coordination of humanitarian assistance;", "3. Acknowledges the efforts and progress made by Central American countries in strengthening their disaster-preparedness capacity, emphasizes the importance of investing in disaster risk reduction, and encourages the international community to continue to cooperate with the affected Governments towards this end;", "4. Appeals to all Member States and all organs and agencies of the United Nations system, as well as the international financial and development institutions, to continue to cooperate with Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama in their relief, rehabilitation and humanitarian assistance efforts and in rebuilding the region;", "5. Requests the relevant organizations and bodies of the United Nations system and other multilateral organizations to support and assist national and regional capacity-building in the areas of natural disaster preparedness, prevention and mitigation and risk management in the above-mentioned countries according to needs and in the specialized institution of the Central American Integration System, the Coordination Centre for Natural Disaster Prevention in Central America;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution and progress made in relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts in the stricken countries.", "58th plenary meeting 11 November 2011" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 11 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.7 and Add.1)]", "66/9. Emergency humanitarian assistance for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling all relevant General Assembly resolutions on emergency humanitarian assistance, and reaffirming the principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence for the provision of humanitarian assistance,", "Deeply disturbed by the heavy rains that struck Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama from 10 to 19 October 2011, affecting many families and people in Central America, as a result of the low tropical pressure on the Pacific Ocean, E-12,", "Aware of the severe material damage to crops, housing, basic infrastructure, tourism and other areas, which poses a serious threat to the food security of the people of Central America, in particular the poorest families, and has had a negative impact on economic activity and trade in the Central American isthmus region,", "Aware also that the geographical situation of the Central American countries makes them particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of weather phenomena and other factors associated with climate change, which have created new risk scenarios in recent years, further deepening poverty among the most vulnerable populations and undermining efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals for the Central American people and to promote more sustainable development,", "Aware of the efforts of the Central American Governments to minimize casualties and to provide rapid assistance to the affected population,", "Taking into account the Comarapa Declaration adopted by the Heads of State and Government of the members of the Central American Integration System at their extraordinary summit, held in San Salvador on 25 October 2011,", "Taking into account also the need to make significant efforts to rebuild the affected region and to alleviate the serious situation caused by this natural disaster, which is the most violent rain in Central America in history, with more than nine days running, twice the 1998 rainfall for Hurricane Mitch, and also taking into account that this effort requires broad, coordinated and long-term support from the international community,", "Expresses its solidarity and support to the Governments and the peoples of Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama;", "2. Expresses its appreciation to those members of the international community that have provided timely relief and assistance to the affected population, in particular the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the Secretariat and the United Nations Development Programme, and commends the Emergency Relief Coordinator for his efforts to strengthen the coordination of humanitarian assistance;", "3. Acknowledges the efforts and progress made by the Central American countries in strengthening their preparedness capacities, stresses the importance of investing in disaster risk reduction, and encourages the international community to continue to cooperate with the Governments of the affected countries towards this end;", "4. Appeals to all Member States, all organs and agencies of the United Nations system and international financial and development institutions to continue to cooperate with Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama in their relief, rehabilitation and humanitarian assistance efforts and in the reconstruction of the region;", "5. Invites the relevant organizations and bodies of the United Nations system and other multilateral organizations to support and assist the Central American Coordination Centre for the Prevention of Natural Disasters, the specialized agency of the aforementioned countries and the Central American Integration System, in strengthening national and regional capacities for natural disaster preparedness, prevention, mitigation and risk management, as required;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution and on progress made in the relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction of the affected countries.", "11 November 2011", "58th plenary meeting" ]

[ "2011年11月18日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.5/Rev.1和Add.1)]", "66/10. 联合国反恐中心", "大会，", "回顾所有关于消除国际恐怖主义的措施的大会决议和关于恐怖主义行为对国际和平与安全的威胁的安全理事会决议，", "重申其关于联合国全球反恐战略的2006年9月8日第60/288号、2008年9月5日第62/272号、2009年12月24日第64/235号和2010年9月8日第64/297号决议，", "赞赏地注意到联合国同沙特阿拉伯于2011年9月19日就设立联合国反恐中心签署的《供应协定》，", "1. 欢迎在联合国总部设立联合国反恐中心；", "2. 又欢迎沙特阿拉伯王国决定通过自愿捐款为将在反恐执行工作队办公室内设立的联合国反恐中心提供经费，为期三年；", "3. 注意到联合国反恐中心将在秘书长领导下开展工作并通过反恐执行工作队帮助推动执行《联合国全球反恐战略》；", "4. 鼓励所有会员国与联合国反恐中心合作,帮助开展支持《联合国全球反恐战略》的各项活动；", "5. 决定在大会第六十八届会议期间,在联合国全球反恐战略第四次两年期审查现行报告和审查框架内,审查本决议实施情况。", "2011年11月18日", "第60次全体会议" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.5/Rev.1 and Add.1)]", "66/10. United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling all General Assembly resolutions on measures to eliminate international terrorism and Security Council resolutions on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts,", "Reaffirming its resolutions 60/288 of 8 September 2006, 62/272 of 5 September 2008, 64/235 of 24 December 2009 and 64/297 of 8 September 2010 concerning the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy,", "Noting with appreciation the contribution agreement to launch the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre signed by the United Nations and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on 19 September 2011,", "1. Welcomes the establishment of the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre at United Nations Headquarters;", "2. Also welcomes the decision of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to fund for three years the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre established within the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Office, to be funded through voluntary contributions;", "3. Notes that the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre will operate under the direction of the Secretary-General and will contribute to promoting the implementation of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy through the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force;", "4. Encourages all Member States to collaborate with the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre in contributing to the implementation of its activities in support of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy;", "5. Decides to review the implementation of the present resolution at its sixty-eighth session within the existing reporting and review framework of the fourth biennial review of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy.", "60th plenary meeting 18 November 2011" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.5/Rev.1 and Add.1)]", "66/10. United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling all General Assembly resolutions on measures to eliminate international terrorism and Security Council resolutions on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts,", "Reaffirming its resolutions 60/288 of 8 September 2006, 62/272 of 5 September 2008, 64/235 of 24 December 2009 and 64/297 of 8 September 2010 on the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy,", "Taking note with appreciation of the Agreement on Supply signed between the United Nations and Saudi Arabia on 19 September 2011 regarding the establishment of the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre,", "Welcomes the establishment of the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre at United Nations Headquarters;", "2. Also welcomes the decision of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to fund, through voluntary contributions, the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre, to be established within the Office of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force for a period of three years;", "3. Notes that the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre will work under the leadership of the Secretary-General and contribute to the implementation of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy through the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force;", "Encourages all Member States to cooperate with the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre in facilitating activities in support of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy;", "5. Decides to review the implementation of the present resolution at its sixty-eighth session within the framework of the fourth biennial review of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and its current report and review.", "18 November 2011", "60th plenary meeting" ]

[ "2011年11月18日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.9和Add.1)]", "66/11. 恢复利比亚在人权理事会的成员资格", "大会，", "回顾其2006年3月15日第60/251号决议，", "又回顾其2011年3月1日第65/265号决议，其中决定暂时取消阿拉伯利比亚民众国在人权理事会的成员资格，", "还回顾其2011年9月16日第66/1A号决议，其中接受了出席大会第六十六届会议代表的全权证书，包括利比亚代表团的全权证书，", "注意到人权理事会2011年9月29日第18/9号决议，[1]", "欢迎利比亚承诺履行其根据国际人权法所承担的各项义务，促进和保护人权、民主和法治，并与相关的国际人权机制以及联合国人权事务高级专员办事处和人权理事会2011年2月25日S-15/1号决议所设国际调查委员会合作，[2]", "决定恢复利比亚在人权理事会的成员资格。", "2011年11月18日", "第60次全体会议", "[1] 见《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第53A号》(A/66/53/Add.1)，第一章。", "[2] 同上，《补编第53号》(A/66/53)，第一章。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.9 and Add.1)]", "66/11. Restoration of the rights of membership of Libya in the Human Rights Council", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006,", "Recalling also its resolution 65/265 of 1 March 2011, in which it decided to suspend the rights of membership of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in the Human Rights Council,", "Recalling further its resolution 66/1 A of 16 September 2011, in which it accepted the credentials of the representatives to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, including the credentials of the delegation of Libya,", "Taking note of Human Rights Council resolution 18/9 of 29 September 2011,[1]", "Welcoming the commitments made by Libya to uphold its obligations under international human rights law, to promote and protect human rights, democracy and the rule of law, and to cooperate with relevant international human rights mechanisms, as well as the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the International Commission of Inquiry established by the Human Rights Council in its resolution S‑15/1 of 25 February 2011,[2]", "Decides to restore the rights of membership of Libya in the Human Rights Council.", "60th plenary meeting 18 November 2011", "[1]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 53A and corrigendum (A/66/53/Add.1 and Corr.1), chap. I.", "[2]  Ibid., Supplement No. 53 (A/66/53), chap. I." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.9 and Add.1)]", "66/11. Reinstatement of Libya ' s membership in the Human Rights Council", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006,", "Recalling also its resolution 65/265 of 1 March 2011, in which it decided to suspend the membership of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in the Human Rights Council,", "Recalling further its resolution 66/1 A of 16 September 2011, by which it accepted the credentials of the representatives to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, including the credentials of the delegation of Libya,", "Taking note of Human Rights Council resolution 18/9 of 29 September 2011, [1]", "Welcoming Libya ' s commitment to fulfil its obligations under international human rights law to promote and protect human rights, democracy and the rule of law, and to cooperate with relevant international human rights mechanisms, as well as with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the International Commission of Inquiry established pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-15/1 of 25 February 2011,[2]", "Decides to reinstate Libya in the Human Rights Council.", "18 November 2011", "60th plenary meeting", "[1] See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 53A (A/66/53/Add.1), chap. I.", "[2] Ibid., Supplement No. 53 (A/66/53), chap. I." ]

[ "2011年11月18日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.8和Add.1)]", "66/12. 对应受国际保护人员的恐怖袭击", "大会，", "遵循《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则，重申其依照《宪章》应发挥的作用，包括在涉及国际和平与安全的问题上的作用，", "回顾其2006年9月8日第60/288号决议所载《联合国全球反恐战略》以及重申了该《战略》的2008年9月5日第62/272号和2010年9月8日第64/297号决议，", "又回顾《关于防止和惩处侵害应受国际保护人员包括外交代表的罪行的公约》，[1]", "重申坚定致力于加强国际合作以防止和打击一切形式和表现的恐怖主义，", "深信尊重关于外交和领事关系的国际法原则和规则是正常处理国家间关系及实现《宪章》宗旨和原则的一个基本先决条件，", "关切外交和领事使团和代表不容侵犯的原则未获尊重，", "注意到2011年4月7日沙特阿拉伯常驻联合国代表团给秘书长的普通照会，其中述及对伊朗伊斯兰共和国境内外交使团采取的敌对行动，[2] 并回顾各国对其境内外交使团、领事馆和人员的保护、安全及保障所负义务，", "强调各国有义务及时采取国际法规定的一切适当措施，包括预防措施，并将犯罪者绳之以法，", "注意到2011年10月14日沙特阿拉伯常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信，其中述及一起刺杀沙特阿拉伯驻美利坚合众国大使的未遂阴谋，[3] 又注意到2011年10月12日海湾合作委员会的声明和2011年10月13日阿拉伯国家联盟理事会的声明，[4]", "又注意到2011年10月11日美利坚合众国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信，其中报告了伊朗的一项阴谋，[5]", "还注意到2011年10月11日伊朗伊斯兰共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长、大会主席和安全理事会主席的信，[6]", "对新近和一再发生针对外交和领事代表的暴力行为感到震惊，这些行为危及或夺走无辜生命，严重妨碍这些代表和官员的正常工作，", "深切关注刺杀沙特阿拉伯驻美利坚合众国大使的阴谋，", "1. 再次明确强烈谴责无论由何人、在何处、为任何目的实施的一切形式和表现的恐怖主义，因为它是对国际和平与安全的最严重威胁之一；", "2. 强烈谴责针对外交和领事使团和代表以及国际政府间组织的代表团、代表和官员的暴力行为，并强调这种行为在任何情况下都是无可辩解的；", "3. 斥责刺杀沙特阿拉伯驻美利坚合众国大使的阴谋；", "4. 鼓励各国采取更多措施防止在其境内发生策划、资助、赞助或组织或实施类似恐怖行为的活动，且不向那些策划、资助、支持或实施恐怖主义行为的人提供藏身之所；", "5. 吁请伊朗伊斯兰共和国履行国际法，包括《关于防止和惩处侵害应受国际保护人员包括外交代表的罪行的公约》¹ 为其规定的所有义务，尤其是根据义务提供执法协助并与有关国家合作，以便将所有参与策划、赞助、组织和企图实施刺杀沙特阿拉伯驻美利坚合众国大使的阴谋的人绳之以法。", "2011年11月18日", "第61次全体会议", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1035卷，第15410号。", "[2] A/65/946。", "[3] A/66/553。", "[4] S/2011/640，附件。", "[5] 见A/66/517-S/2011/649。", "[6] A/66/513-S/2011/633。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.8 and Add.1)]", "66/12. Terrorist attacks on internationally protected persons", "The General Assembly,", "Guided by the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, and reaffirming its role under the Charter, including on questions related to international peace and security,", "Recalling the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, contained in General Assembly resolution 60/288 of 8 September 2006, as well as Assembly resolutions 62/272 of 5 September 2008 and 64/297 of 8 September 2010 which reaffirmed the Strategy,", "Recalling also the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents,[1]", "Renewing its unwavering commitment to strengthening international cooperation to prevent and combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations,", "Convinced that respect for the principles and rules of international law governing diplomatic and consular relations is a basic prerequisite for the normal conduct of relations among States and for the fulfilment of the purposes and principles of the Charter,", "Concerned at the failure to respect the inviolability of diplomatic and consular missions and representatives,", "Noting the note verbale dated 7 April 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General regarding hostile actions committed against diplomatic missions in the Islamic Republic of Iran,[2] and recalling the obligations of States regarding the protection, security and safety of diplomatic missions, consulates and personnel on their territories,", "Emphasizing the duty of States to take all appropriate measures required by international law in a timely manner, including measures of a preventive nature, and to bring offenders to justice,", "Noting the letter dated 14 October 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General regarding a disrupted plot to assassinate the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States of America,[3] and noting also the statement of the Gulf Cooperation Council of 12 October 2011 and of the Council of the League of Arab States of 13 October 2011,[4]", "Noting also the letter dated 11 October 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General reporting an Iranian plot,[5]", "Noting further the letter dated 11 October 2011, from the Permanent Representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, the President of the General Assembly and the President of the Security Council,[6]", "Alarmed by the new and recurring acts of violence against diplomatic and consular representatives, which endanger or take innocent lives and seriously impede the normal work of such representatives and officials,", "Deeply concerned by the plot to assassinate the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States of America,", "1. Reiterates its strong and unequivocal condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, committed by whomever, wherever and for whatever purposes, as it constitutes one of the most serious threats to international peace and security;", "2. Strongly condemns acts of violence against diplomatic and consular missions and representatives, as well as against missions and representatives of international intergovernmental organizations and officials of such organizations, and emphasizes that such acts can never be justified;", "3. Deplores the plot to assassinate the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States of America;", "4. Encourages all States to take additional steps to prevent, on their territories, the planning, financing, sponsorship or organization or commission of similar terrorist acts and to deny safe haven to those who plan, finance, support or commit such terrorist acts;", "5. Calls upon the Islamic Republic of Iran to comply with all of its obligations under international law, including the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents,¹ particularly with respect to its obligations to provide law enforcement assistance, and to cooperate with States seeking to bring to justice all those who participated in the planning, sponsoring, organization and attempted execution of the plot to assassinate the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States of America.", "61st plenary meeting 18 November 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1035, No. 15410.", "[2]  A/65/946.", "[3]  A/66/553.", "[4]  S/2011/640, annex.", "[5]  See A/66/517‑S/2011/649.", "[6]  A/66/513‑S/2011/633." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.8 and Add.1)]", "66/12. Terrorist attacks against internationally protected persons", "The General Assembly,", "Guided by the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, and reaffirming its role in accordance with the Charter, including on issues relating to international peace and security,", "Recalling the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, contained in its resolution 60/288 of 8 September 2006, and its resolutions 62/272 of 5 September 2008 and 64/297 of 8 September 2010, which reaffirmed the Strategy,", "Recalling also the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents, [1]", "Reaffirming its strong commitment to strengthening international cooperation to prevent and combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations,", "Convinced that respect for the principles and rules of international law governing diplomatic and consular relations is a basic prerequisite for the normal conduct of relations among States and for the fulfilment of the purposes and principles of the Charter,", "Concerned at the failure to respect the inviolability of diplomatic and consular missions and representatives,", "Taking note of the note verbale dated 7 April 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General concerning hostile acts against diplomatic missions in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and recalling the obligations of States with respect to the protection, security and safety of diplomatic missions, consulates and personnel in their territories,", "Emphasizing the obligation of States to take all appropriate measures as required by international law in a timely manner, including measures of prevention, and to bring offenders to justice,", "Taking note of the letter dated 14 October 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General concerning an attempted assassination attempt against the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States of America,[3] also taking note of the statement of the Gulf Cooperation Council of 12 October 2011 and the statement of the Council of the League of Arab States of 13 October 2011,[4]", "Taking note also of the letter dated 11 October 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, which reported an Iranian conspiracy,[5]", "Taking note further of the letter dated 11 October 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, the President of the General Assembly and the President of the Security Council,[6]", "Alarmed by the recent and repeated acts of violence against diplomatic and consular representatives, which endanger or take innocent lives and severely impede the normal work of those representatives and officials,", "Deeply concerned at the plot to assassinate the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States of America,", "1. Reiterates its unequivocal and strong condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, committed by whomever, wherever and for whatever purposes, as it constitutes one of the most serious threats to international peace and security;", "Strongly condemns acts of violence against diplomatic and consular missions and representatives, as well as against missions, representatives and officials of international intergovernmental organizations, and emphasizes that such acts can never be justified;", "3. Condemns the plot to assassinate the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States of America;", "4. Encourages States to take additional measures to prevent the planning, financing, sponsoring or organizing or perpetration of similar terrorist acts in their territories and to deny safe haven to those who plan, finance, support or commit terrorist acts;", "Calls upon the Islamic Republic of Iran to comply with international law, including the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents1 All the obligations imposed on it, in particular to provide law enforcement assistance in accordance with those obligations and to cooperate with the States concerned in order to bring to justice all those involved in planning, sponsoring, organizing and attempting to commit the plot to assassinate the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States of America.", "18 November 2011", "61st plenary meeting", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1035, No. 15410.", "[2] A/65/946.", "[3] A/66/553.", "[4] S/2011/640, annex.", "[5] See A/66/517-S/2011/649.", "[6] A/66/513 S/2011/633." ]

[ "2011年11月21日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.10和Add.1)]", "66/13. 阿富汗局势", "大会，", "回顾其2010年11月4日第65/8号决议及以往所有有关决议，", "又回顾安全理事会关于阿富汗局势的所有相关决议和安理会主席声明，特别是2011年3月22日第1974(2011)号和2011年10月12日第2011(2011)号决议，", "重申坚决维护阿富汗的主权、独立、领土完整和国家统一，尊重其多元文化、多族裔的历史传承，", "再次确认阿富汗境内的各种挑战是相互关联的，重申在安全、治理、人权、法治和发展领域以及在缉毒这一贯穿不同领域的问题上取得持久进展可以起相辅相成的作用，欣见阿富汗政府和国际社会继续作出努力，协调应对这些挑战，", "回顾国际社会对阿富汗的长期承诺，包括在分别于2010年1月28日和7月20日举行的伦敦会议和喀布尔会议上作出的相互承诺，期待秘书长同阿富汗政府和国际上的有关利益攸关方协商，对联合国阿富汗援助团已获授权的活动和联合国在阿富汗的支助工作进行一次全面审查，以便按照喀布尔进程加强国家自主权和领导，同时考虑到国际社会驻留情况在不断变化，", "期待将于2011年12月5日在德国波恩由阿富汗政府主持召开题为“阿富汗与国际社会：从过渡走向转变的十年”的阿富汗问题国际会议，会议将进一步界定民事方面的过渡内容、国际社会在该区域内对阿富汗的长期承诺以及对政治进程的支持，", "支持增加区域努力，以不断落实以前各项睦邻关系宣言,欣见2011年11月2日在土耳其伊斯坦布尔召开的亚洲中心地带安全和合作会议，会上阿富汗及其区域伙伴在国际社会的支持下，重申了对通过建立信任措施促进区域安全与合作的承诺，并期待定于2012年6月在喀布尔召开伊斯坦布尔会议第一次部长级后续会议，", "注意到诸如在上海合作组织、集体安全条约组织、欧洲联盟、欧洲安全与合作组织、南亚区域合作联盟、经济合作与发展组织框架内正在执行的各区域倡议以及诸如阿富汗问题区域经济合作会议、中亚区域经济合作方案等其他旨在增加与阿富汗的区域经济合作的相关倡议，又注意到2011年9月22日在纽约召开的关于加强沿历史贸易路线的贸易联系的部长级会议，", "着重指出在2010年11月19日和20日在里斯本召开的北大西洋公约组织首脑会议上，阿富汗政府与国际安全援助部队派遣国达成协议，将在2014年年底前把阿富汗全境的主要安全责任逐步移交阿富汗政府，这具有重要意义，欢迎正在实施的过渡进程，期待这一进程分阶段扩大至该国其他地区，着重指出援助部队在支持阿富汗政府和促进负责任的过渡方面继续发挥作用，且必须加强阿富汗国家安全部队的能力，强调指出国际社会要作出2014年以后的长期承诺，支持阿富汗国家安全部队包括训练在内的进一步发展和专业化，支持建设其应对阿富汗安全所受持续威胁的能力，以实现持久和平、安全与稳定，并注意到2012年在美利坚合众国芝加哥召开的北大西洋公约组织首脑会议将讨论这些问题，", "再次申明迫切需要应对阿富汗境内的各种挑战，尤其是要处理塔利班、基地组织及其他包括从事毒品贸易的暴力和极端主义团体和犯罪分子不断进行的暴力犯罪活动和恐怖活动，组建包括国家以下各级的阿富汗政府机构，加强法治和民主进程，打击腐败，加快司法部门的改革，在不妨碍执行安全理事会1999年10月15日第1267(1999)号、2011年6月17日第1988(2011)和1989(2011)号决议及其他相关决议规定的措施的情况下促进民族和解，促进由阿富汗主导的过渡时期司法进程，实现阿富汗难民和境内流离失所者安全有序和有尊严地自愿返回，促进和保护人权以及推动经济和社会发展，", "深切关注阿富汗境内暴力行为继续频发，最强烈地谴责所有暴力袭击，在这方面确认塔利班、基地组织及其他暴力和极端主义团体造成的威胁继续令人担忧，而消除这些威胁的努力面临挑战，", "严重关切平民伤亡人数众多，回顾阿富汗境内绝大多数平民伤亡是塔利班、基地组织及其他暴力和极端主义团体造成的，呼吁遵守国际人道主义法和人权法并采取一切适当措施保护平民，", "确认安全理事会授权的援助部队和其他国际部队在确保平民得到保护和尽量减少平民伤亡方面取得的进一步进展，吁请他们继续为此作出更多努力，特别是继续对战术和程序进行审查，并在发生平民伤亡时，如阿富汗政府认为宜进行联合调查，同阿富汗政府合作，进行事后审查和调查，", "注意到全国政府必须具有包容性，体现阿富汗的族裔多元性，并确保妇女的全面平等参与，", "1. 强调联合国在促进阿富汗的和平与稳定方面发挥不偏不倚的中心作用，感谢并大力支持秘书长及其特别代表为此作出的所有努力，又感谢联合国阿富汗援助团按照安全理事会第1974(2011)号决议开展的工作，强调指出援助团应发挥主导作用，依循加强阿富汗自主权和领导作用这一原则，进一步改善国际民事努力的一致性与协调,在这方面期待按照安理会第1974(2011)号决议的授权即将对援助团已获授权的活动及联合国在阿富汗的支助工作进行的全面审查的结果；", "2. 欣见秘书长的报告[1] 和其中所载建议；", "3. 承诺继续支持阿富汗政府和人民重建一个稳定、安全、经济自给自足、没有恐怖主义和毒品的国家，加强宪政民主的基础，成为国际社会负责任的一员；", "4. 赞赏在伦敦会议[2] 和喀布尔会议的公报[3] 中，阿富汗政府再度对阿富汗人民作出承诺，国际社会再度对阿富汗作出承诺；在这方面重申赞赏《阿富汗国家发展战略》,着重指出需要继续制定和实施国家优先方案，包括费用计算计划，期待提出其余的国家优先方案；", "5. 欣见阿富汗政府作出进一步努力以实现千年发展目标，肯定通过部际协调机制所作的重要工作和该机制在确定《国家发展战略》和国家优先方案的优先次序并予以实施方面所起的作用；", "6. 鼓励所有伙伴建设性地支持喀布尔进程，借助广泛和深入的国际伙伴关系，促进增加阿富汗在安全、治理和发展方面的责任和自主权，努力建设安全、繁荣和民主的阿富汗，重点加强保障公民权利和义务的宪法制衡措施，进行结构改革，建设接受问责和有效力的政府，使人民看到具体进展；", "7. 支持阿富汗政府继续进一步当家作主，开展重建和发展工作，强调迫切需要在所有治理领域当家作主且实行问责制，并提高包括在国家以下各级的体制能力，以便更有效地利用援助；", "安全和过渡", "8. 再次重申严重关切阿富汗境内的安全局势，强调需要继续消除因塔利班、基地组织及其他包括从事毒品贸易的暴力和极端主义团体和犯罪分子不断进行暴力和恐怖活动而对阿富汗的安全与稳定的威胁，并为此再次呼吁全面执行安全理事会有关决议，特别是第1267(1999)、1988(2011)和1989(2011)号决议提出的措施和程序；", "9. 最强烈地谴责所有暴力行为、恐吓和袭击，包括简易爆炸装置袭击、自杀式袭击、刺杀(包括对公众人物的刺杀)、绑架、不加区分地以平民为目标、对人道主义工作者的袭击和以阿富汗部队和国际部队为目标，这些都对阿富汗的稳定、重建和发展工作产生有害影响；进一步谴责塔利班、基地组织及其他暴力和极端主义团体使用平民作人盾；", "10. 强调指出阿富汗政府和国际社会需要继续密切合作，应对这些行为，因为它们威胁阿富汗和平与安全以及民主进程，威胁阿富汗重建和发展进程的成果以及这一进程的继续实施，并威胁人道主义援助措施；吁请所有会员国不让这些团体获得任何形式的庇护或财务、物质和政治支持；", "11. 深感遗憾的是阿富汗和其他国家的平民，包括阿富汗和国际机构人员、所有其他人道主义工作人员和外交使团人员、援助团以及阿富汗国家安全部队、国际安全援助部队和持久自由行动联盟的人员均因此遭受伤亡，谨向所有丧生者表示敬意；", "12. 强调指出必须提供足够的安全，吁请阿富汗政府在国际社会协助下，继续消除阿富汗安全与稳定面临的威胁,赞扬阿富汗国家安全部队及其国际伙伴在这方面的努力；", "13. 注意到阿富汗政府负有在国际社会支持下在阿富汗全境提供安全、维持法律和秩序的责任，并强调指出必须按照过渡的目标，将中央政府的权力进一步扩展到阿富汗所有省份，包括加强阿富汗安全部队的存在；", "14. 支持阿富汗政府已获协调和监察联合委员会核准的目标，即确保到2014年年底，阿富汗国家安全部队有必要的兵力和行动能力在所有省份从援助部队手中接管主要安全责任，吁请国际社会提供必要支持，以加强安全，并继续向阿富汗国家安全部队提供培训、设备和财力支持，使其有能力执行确保本国安全的任务；", "15. 欣见阿富汗政府与援助部队参加国商定的主要安全责任过渡进程于2011年7月启动，赞扬在这方面已取得的持续进展，期待进一步的过渡阶段，又欣见阿富汗各国际伙伴承诺支持阿富汗政府创造过渡所需条件，并继续支持过渡进程，直到阿富汗国家安全部队完全有能力满足该国安全需要，包括维持公共秩序、执行法律、确保阿富汗边界安全和维护阿富汗公民的宪法权利，并吁请会员国继续支持过渡进程，继续提供必要的资金和技术支持；", "16. 在这方面又欣见援助部队和持久自由行动联盟的存在，赞赏他们支持阿富汗国民军，赞赏各国际伙伴，特别是北大西洋条约组织通过其阿富汗培训特派团和对该特派团提供支持的欧洲宪兵部队，援助阿富汗国家警察，肯定欧洲联盟驻阿富汗警察特派团的继续部署和其他双边训练方案，并鉴于过渡进程，鼓励酌情进一步开展协调工作；", "17. 还欣见阿富汗政府承诺，为确保稳定并创造有效法治的条件，将继续执行《阿富汗国家警察战略》及支撑该《战略》的《国家警察计划》，以建设一支强大、专业化的警察部队，并将重点推动内政部正在进行的体制和行政改革，包括执行其反腐行动计划，发展领导能力，在国际社会继续提供必要资金和技术支持的情况下，逐渐从质量和兵力上加强阿富汗国家警察；", "18. 吁请会员国继续向援助部队提供人员、设备和其他资源，并与阿富汗政府和援助团密切协调，充分支持省级重建队的发展；", "19. 注意到在采取全面做法方面和正在进行的过渡进程中，援助团和援助部队的目标的合力作用仍然具有重要意义，特别强调国际行为体需要继续酌情在各级维持、加强和审查军民关系，以便确保按阿富汗境内人道主义、发展、执法和军事等行为体的不同授权和相对优势采取的行动能够相互配合；", "20. 敦促阿富汗当局在国际社会支持下采取一切可能的措施，确保所有联合国人员及发展和人道主义人员的人身安全、人身保障和行动自由，确保他们能够充分、安全和不受阻碍地接触所有有关居民，并保护联合国、发展组织或人道主义组织的财产，并注意到为对在阿富汗活动的私人安全承包商进行管制而进行的努力；", "21. 又敦促阿富汗当局根据大会2005年12月15日关于人道主义人员的安全保障和对联合国人员的保护的第60/123号决议，尽一切努力将发动袭击者绳之以法；", "22. 强调指出必须由阿富汗主导，推动在全国全面执行解散非法武装团体方案，与此同时，必须与安全部门改革、社区发展、缉毒、县级发展和阿富汗主导的举措等其他相关工作协调统一，确保实体和个人根据已获通过的阿富汗法律和规章，合法参加有关政治进程，尤其是参加今后举行的选举；", "23. 表示赞赏阿富汗政府在实施解散非法武装团体方案并将之其纳入《阿富汗和平与重返社会方案》方面取得的进展，欣见阿富汗政府持续承诺在国家、省和地方各级积极开展工作，推动履行这一承诺，强调指出为创造足够的合法赚取收入机会而作出的所有努力的重要性，并呼吁国际社会继续支持这些努力；", "24. 仍然深感关切的是，杀伤人员地雷和战争遗留爆炸物问题持续存在，对民众构成很大的威胁，是恢复经济活动及复原和重建工作的一大障碍；", "25. 欣见通过阿富汗地雷行动方案取得的进展，支持阿富汗政府努力履行其根据《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》[4] 承担的责任，与由联合国负责协调的地雷行动方案充分合作，销毁所有已知或新的杀伤人员地雷库存，并承认在这方面需要国际社会继续提供援助；", "26. 注意到阿富汗批准了《集束弹药公约》；[5]", "和平、和解与重返社会", "27. 欣见继第1267(1999)号和2009年12月17日第1904(2009)号决议之后安全理事会通过第1988(2011)和1989(2011)号决议，又欣见1988委员会的建立以及第1988(2011)号决议中关于与塔利班有关联的对阿富汗和平、稳定与安全构成威胁的个人、团体、企业和实体的措施，呼吁全面实施安理会有关决议，特别是第1267(1999)和1988(2011)号决议提出的措施和程序，呼吁按照第1988(2011)号决议的规定酌情与阿富汗政府进行协商；", "28. 支持全国协商和平支尔格2010年6月建议的由阿富汗政府主导的全面和平与和解进程，赞扬阿富汗政府作出新的努力，包括高级和平委员会的努力以及正在实施的阿富汗和平与重返社会方案，其目的是促进阿富汗所有团体之间的包容性对话，包括那些准备放弃暴力、谴责恐怖主义、断绝与基地组织及其他恐怖组织联系并遵守《阿富汗宪法》的反政府派成员，并支持关于请有关方面参与对话以满足这些条件、进行和解和重新融入社会的呼吁，但不妨碍实施安全理事会在其第1267(1999)、1988(2011)、1989(2011)号决议和所有其他相关决议中提出的有关措施和程序；", "29. 强烈谴责暗杀阿富汗高级和平委员会主席布尔汉努丁·拉巴尼教授，强调所有掌握有关情报的国家必须向阿富汗当局提供后者可能需要的协助和自己可能掌握的有关这次恐怖袭击的全部情报，强调指出在此时刻需要保持阿富汗国内的平静与团结，需要所有方面缓和紧张状态；坚定承诺支持阿富汗政府按照《喀布尔公报》，在《阿富汗宪法》框架内，在适用安全理事会第1267(1999)和1988(2011)号决议及其他有关决议所规定程序的范围内，努力推动和平与和解进程；", "30. 吁请所有有关国家和国际组织坚持参与阿富汗主导的和平进程，确认恐怖袭击对阿富汗人民造成的影响以及给未来的和平解决前景带来的风险；", "31. 着重指出和解的努力应享有包括民间社会、少数族裔和妇女团体在内的所有阿富汗人的支持；", "32. 吁请阿富汗政府确保以包容各方的方式，根据《阿富汗宪法》的规定和阿富汗的国际法律义务，实施《阿富汗和平与重返社会方案》，同时维护所有阿富汗人的人权，打击有罪不罚现象；", "33. 欣见设立了和平与重返社会信托基金，回顾分别在伦敦会议和喀布尔会议上作出的承诺，强调指出国际社会持续向信托基金捐款的重要性；", "34. 确认一些塔利班成员已摈弃基地组织及其追随者的恐怖主义意识形态，遵守《宪法》并支持和平解决阿富汗国内的持续冲突，他们同阿富汗政府的和解正在取得进展，吁请塔利班接受哈米德·卡尔扎伊总统关于放弃暴力、断绝与恐怖团体关系、遵守《宪法》、参与和平与和解进程的提议，又确认尽管阿富汗局势在演进且和解取得进展，但是安全问题仍在阿富汗和该区域构成严重挑战；", "35. 又确认越来越多的重返社会者参与了《阿富汗和平与重返社会方案》，欣见2011年5月举行的该方案审查会议取得的成果和最近为确保执行该方案所进行的努力，鼓励进行更多的努力来克服操作方面的剩余挑战，包括建立一个适当的甄别机制并确保这项工作与在地方一级解决冲突和冤情的更广泛努力联系起来，并进一步鼓励国际社会支持这项由阿富汗主导的努力；", "治理、法治和人权", "36. 强调善政、法治和人权是阿富汗走向稳定和繁荣的基础，注意到必须建设阿富汗政府以接受问责和有效的方式促进和保护人权、法治和治理的能力；", "A. 民主", "37. 确认举行自由、公正、透明、有公信力、安全和包容各方的选举十分重要，这是为所有阿富汗人巩固民主的关键步骤，强调指出阿富汗当局在这方面的责任，又强调指出有必要及时有序地筹备选举，吁请国际社会继续提供资金和技术援助，强调指出援助团在协调这些努力方面发挥的主导作用，吁请国际社会支持阿富汗政府和阿富汗相关机构；", "38. 欣见在决定独立选举委员会对于选举问题拥有最后权力之后打破了体制僵局，再次申明阿富汗政府在喀布尔公报中承诺，将根据以前选举，包括2010年议会选举吸取的经验教训，推行长期选举改革，并重申阿富汗的和平未来依赖于巩固民主体制并使之透明，尊重权力分立，加强宪法制衡及保证和落实公民权利和义务；", "B. 司法正义", "39. 又欣见阿富汗政府采取的司法部门改革步骤和在喀布尔会议上作出的增加阿富汗全国获得司法正义的机会的承诺，强调指出在建立公正、透明和有效司法制度方面需要进一步加速取得进展，特别是需要及时执行《国家司法方案》、《国家司法战略》和即将出台的《人人享有法律和司法正义国家优先方案》，在全国提供安全环境和确保法治，敦促国际社会继续协调一致地支持阿富汗政府在这些领域的努力；", "40. 承认阿富汗政府和国际社会在提供足够资源用于监狱部门的重建和改革方面取得进展，以便在监狱部门更好地尊重法治和人权，同时减少囚犯的身体和心理健康风险；", "41. 鼓励阿富汗政府在援助团、国际社会和其他伙伴，包括阿富汗独立人权委员会的支持下，依照《阿富汗宪法》、阿富汗法律和国际义务，进一步努力保护阿富汗监狱和拘留设施中所有被拘留者的人权，防止其人权受到侵犯，并确保在阿富汗境内尊重人权和法治，欣见阿富汗政府给予合作且国际社会也努力在这方面提供支持，注意到援助团2011年10月10日报告[6] 所载建议，重申必须遵循适当法律程序以确保司法正义；", "42. 强调必须确保有关组织能够进出阿富汗所有监狱，呼吁全面遵守适用的相关国际法，包括人道主义法和人权法，同时，如有未成年人受羁押，上述法律亦当适用；", "C. 公共行政", "43. 敦促阿富汗政府继续有效地改革公共行政部门，以便在国际社会的支助下，在国家和国家以下各级按照喀布尔进程实行法治并确保善政和问责，欣见阿富汗政府在这方面的努力和在喀布尔会议上作出的承诺，强调指出公务员任命和提拔过程具有透明度的重要性，继续鼓励阿富汗政府充分利用高级任命小组；", "44. 鼓励国际社会，包括所有捐助国以及政府和非政府国际机构和组织，协助阿富汗政府把能力建设和人力资源开发作为一个贯穿各领域的优先事项来抓，并与阿富汗政府的努力，包括行政改革和公务员制度独立委员会的工作协调配合，以进行国家和国家以下各级的行政能力建设；", "45. 再次申明体制建设十分重要，它可辅助并推动创建拥有健全宏观经济政策的经济，尤其为微型企业、中小企业和家庭提供服务的金融部门以及透明的商业规则和问责制；强调在阿富汗实现经济增长，包括通过基建项目实现经济增长与创造就业机会之间的关联；", "46. 回顾阿富汗批准了《联合国反腐败公约》，[7] 再次赞赏阿富汗政府在伦敦会议和喀布尔会议上作出了反腐败承诺，呼吁阿富汗政府采取进一步行动履行这些承诺，以便在国家、省和地方各级政府建立更加有效、可问责和透明的行政当局，欢迎继续提供这方面的国际支助，深为关切地注意到腐败对安全、善政、打击毒品业和经济发展产生的影响；", "47. 欢迎喀布尔会议公报所载的有效伙伴关系原则，在这方面呼吁充分履行在伦敦会议上作出并在喀布尔会议上重申的承诺，通过阿富汗政府预算以更符合阿富汗优先事项的方式调整和输送更多的国际资源，鼓励所有伙伴与阿富汗政府合作，实施“业务准则：有效的预算外发展筹资标准”，改进国际合同程序中的采购程序和尽责情况，并推动阿富汗议会监督开支和发展规划，并回顾要在这方面取得进展，务必对公共财政管理制度进行必要改革，减少腐败，改进预算执行并增加税收；", "48. 着重指出阿富汗政府与国际货币基金组织不久前商定的三年安排具有重要意义，这一安排重申承诺在切实和透明的经济改革的基础上成功开展合作；", "49. 欢迎《国家以下各级治理政策》，强调能见度更高、更负责和更有能力的国家以下各级机构和行为体对缩小叛乱的政治空间具有重要意义，强调在实施喀布尔进程的同时还必须在国家以下各级实施国家方案，鼓励以具有财务可持续性的方式分阶段进行地方机构能力和权能建设，并呼吁为省级政府分配更多可预见的经常资源，包括援助团和国际社会继续提供的重要支助；", "50. 敦促阿富汗政府在国际社会的援助下，通过执行土地产权综合方案，解决土地产权问题，包括对所有财产进行正式登记，加强对产权的保障，并欢迎阿富汗政府在这方面已经采取的步骤；", "D. 人权", "51. 回顾宪法保障所有阿富汗人的人权和基本自由这一项重大政治成就，呼吁充分尊重所有人的人权和基本自由，不得有任何歧视，强调指出需要根据适用的国际法规定的义务，全面落实《阿富汗宪法》的人权条款，包括有关妇女和儿童充分享有人权的条款；", "52. 承认并鼓励阿富汗政府为促进尊重人权所作的努力，关切塔利班、基地组织及其他暴力和极端主义团体和犯罪分子的暴力和恐怖活动对人权的享有和阿富汗政府保障所有阿富汗人的人权和基本权利的能力产生不利影响，关切地注意到据报仍有侵犯人权和国际人道主义法的行为，包括暴力或歧视性做法，对在族裔和宗教上属于少数的人以及妇女和儿童尤其是女童的侵害，强调指出需要宣传容忍精神和《阿富汗宪法》保障的宗教自由，强调指出有必要对有关目前和过去侵害行为的指控予以调查，必须协助为受害人提供充分有效的补偿，并根据国内法和国际法，将侵权者绳之以法；", "53. 赞扬阿富汗政府积极参加普遍定期审议进程，呼吁阿富汗民间社会继续积极参加这一进程，并鼓励及时执行相关报告述及的建议；", "54. 强调指出需要确保《阿富汗宪法》庄严载明的言论自由权以及思想、良心或信仰自由权得到尊重，在这方面呼吁充分执行大众媒体法，同时关切地注意到针对阿富汗记者的恐吓和暴力行为持续存在，媒体的独立性遭到挑战，谴责恐怖主义、极端主义和犯罪团体绑架甚至杀害记者，敦促阿富汗当局调查对记者的骚扰和袭击，并将行为人绳之以法；", "55. 再次申明阿富汗独立人权委员会在促进和保护人权和基本自由方面发挥重大作用，强调指出需要保障宪法为其规定的地位，使其能够以社区为重点在阿富汗各地执行任务，使大众进一步了解情况，增加对政府的问责，欣见阿富汗政府决定充分承担委员会的核心资金，敦促委员会与阿富汗民间社会密切合作，并吁请国际社会继续在这方面提供支助；", "56. 回顾关于武装冲突中保护平民的安全理事会2006年4月28日第1674(2006)号、2006年12月23日第1738(2006)号和2009年11月11日第1894(2009)号决议以及援助团2011年7月编写的关于该议题的年中报告，³ 对包括妇女和儿童在内的大批平民伤亡及其对地方社区的影响表示严重关切，注意到绝大多数平民伤亡仍是塔利班、基地组织及其他暴力和极端主义团体造成的，再次呼吁采取一切可行步骤，以确保保护平民，呼吁在这方面进一步采取适当措施并充分遵守国际人道主义法和人权法；", "57. 又回顾安全理事会关于妇女与和平与安全的2000年10月31日第1325(2000)号、2008年6月19日第1820(2008)号、2009年9月30日第1888(2009)号、2009年10月5日第1889(2009)号和2010年12月16日第1960(2010)号决议，并重申必须履行《阿富汗宪法》庄严载明的促进妇女权利的国际义务；", "58. 赞扬阿富汗政府努力将两性平等视为一项重要工作，包括将其纳入国家优先方案，保护和增进男女平等权利，这些权利由于阿富汗政府批准《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》[8] 而得到了保障，也由《阿富汗宪法》和《国家妇女行动计划》的执行提供了保障，并重申，妇女平等地全面参与阿富汗所有领域的活动、在法律面前享有平等地位和在不受任何歧视的情况下平等获得法律顾问服务仍然十分重要，强调指出需要按照阿富汗根据国际法所承担的义务，继续在两性平等问题上取得进展；", "59. 强烈谴责对妇女和女童的歧视和暴力事件，尤其是针对女活动家和女公众人物的事件，不管这些事件在阿富汗何处发生，包括该国某些地方发生的杀害、致残和“名誉杀人”事件；", "60. 再次赞赏联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)的消除暴力侵害妇女行为特别基金及其紧急应对基金，这些基金继续处理阿富汗针对妇女和妇女权利卫士的暴力行为，强调指出国际社会需继续向这些基金捐款；", "61. 欣见阿富汗政府在反对歧视方面取得的成就和作出的努力，敦促它积极推动阿富汗社会的所有方面，特别是妇女，参加各种救济、复原、恢复和重建方案及国家优先方案的制订和执行，准确地追踪妇女全面融入阿富汗政治、经济、社会生活的进展，强调指出它需要根据国际法义务，促进两性平等，增强妇女在阿富汗政治生活和公共行政中的权能，包括在领导职位和国家以下各级的权能，并继续取得进展，还需要为妇女获得就业机会提供便利，确保对妇女进行扫盲和培训；吁请国际社会在这方面继续提供支持；", "62. 强调指出需要确保阿富汗儿童的人权和基本自由得到尊重，并回顾所有缔约国都需要全面执行《儿童权利公约》[9] 及其两项《任择议定书》[10] 以及安全理事会关于儿童与武装冲突的2005年7月26日第1612(2005)号、2009年8月4日第1882(2009)号和2011年7月12日第1998(2011)号决议；", "63. 为此表示关切非法武装团体和恐怖团体持续招募和使用儿童兵，强调指出必须终止违反国际法使用儿童的行为，赞赏阿富汗政府在这方面作出的坚定承诺和取得的进展，包括坚决谴责任何剥削儿童的行为，为此设立了保护儿童权利部际指导委员会，任命了保护儿童问题协调人，并于2011年1月签署了一项关于与阿富汗境内国家安全部队有关联的儿童问题的行动计划及其附件，并呼吁在援助团的密切合作下充分执行行动计划的规定；", "64. 确认女童有特殊需求，强烈谴责违反适用的国际法，恐怖袭击和威胁袭击阿富汗境内教育设施(特别是阿富汗女童的教育设施)和（或）医院以及与之有联系的受保护人的行为，并表示严重关切大量学校因受到恐怖袭击和袭击威胁而关闭；", "65. 欢迎阿富汗政府通过《打击贩卖儿童行为国家行动计划》，并欢迎依循《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》[11] 采取举措，以便通过有关打击人口贩运的法律，并强调指出考虑加入该《议定书》的重要性；", "社会和经济发展", "66. 紧急呼吁所有国家、联合国系统、国际组织和非政府组织，包括国际和区域金融机构，继续与阿富汗政府密切协调，按照阿富汗优先事项和《国家发展战略》，向阿富汗提供一切可能和必要的人道主义、恢复、重建、发展、财务、教育、技术及物质援助，在这方面回顾援助团在寻求进一步改善国际努力的一致性和协调方面发挥的重要作用；", "67. 强调指出需要国际社会继续大力承诺提供人道主义援助，需要有由阿富汗政府掌管的恢复、复原、重建和发展方案，同时感谢联合国系统和所有有关国家及国际组织和非政府组织，感谢它们的国际和当地工作人员在安全关切日增、进出某些地区有困难的情况下，继续对阿富汗的人道主义、过渡和发展需求作出积极的反应；", "68. 感谢国际社会为阿富汗的重建和发展开展人道主义和发展援助工作，确认需要进一步改善阿富汗人民的生活条件，强调需要加强和支持阿富汗政府的能力，以提供基本社会服务，特别是教育和公共卫生服务，促进发展；", "69. 敦促阿富汗政府加强努力，在诸如能源和饮水供应等关键服务部门进行改革，这是在社会和经济发展方面取得进步的前提条件，赞扬阿富汗政府迄今为达到财政可持续性所作的努力，注意到未来种种挑战，并敦促继续承诺创造收入；", "70. 赞赏省级重建队开展的工作，他们通过努力在省一级支助国家优先事项来促进地方机构能力建设；", "71. 鼓励国际社会和企业界支持阿富汗经济，将其作为一项实现长期稳定的措施，并探讨增加贸易和投资及当地采购的可能性，并进一步鼓励阿富汗政府继续在国家及国家以下各级推动建立有利于私营部门投资的经济环境；", "72. 紧急鼓励所有国家以及政府间组织和非政府组织在《国家农业发展框架》内，根据《国家发展战略》，扩大与阿富汗的农业合作，以帮助消除贫穷并确保社会和经济发展，包括在农村社区；", "73. 再次申明必须在全国各地为阿富汗儿童，特别是女童，提供教育和卫生设施，欣见公共教育部门取得的进展，回顾《国家教育战略计划》为继续取得进展奠定了有利基础，鼓励阿富汗政府在国际社会的帮助下扩建这些设施，培训专业工作人员,让阿富汗社会所有成员，包括边远地区的成员，都能平等地充分利用这些设施；并进一步重申需要为青少年提供职业培训；", "74. 赞扬阿富汗政府和捐助方的救济工作，但对总体的人道主义局势继续表示关切，强调指出继续需要粮食援助，呼吁国际社会继续支持《阿富汗人道主义行动计划》，并在即将来临的冬季到来之前，及早完成《行动计划》的筹资目标；", "75. 确认不发达和能力缺乏使阿富汗更容易受到自然灾害和恶劣气候的影响，为此敦促阿富汗政府在国际社会的支持下，进一步努力加强国家和国家以下各级减少灾害风险的工作，实现农业现代化，加强农业生产，从而减轻阿富汗易受旱灾、洪灾和其他自然灾害等不利外界条件影响的程度；", "76. 感谢继续收容阿富汗难民的各国政府，特别是巴基斯坦和伊朗伊斯兰共和国，承认它们到目前为止已为此承担了沉重负担，并请国际社会继续提供慷慨支助，以便难民自愿、安全、有尊严和可持续地返回、恢复正常生活和重返社会；", "77. 向收容国和国际社会再次申明，按照国际难民法，它们有义务保护难民、遵守难民自愿返回原则和尊重他们寻求庇护的权利，并确保国际救济组织充分、安全和不受阻碍地接触难民，以便向他们提供保护和援助；呼吁各国继续接纳适当数量的阿富汗难民定居，表现出共担责任和休戚与共的精神；", "78. 欣见阿富汗难民和境内流离失所者继续自愿、安全、有尊严和可持续地返回，同时关切地注意到阿富汗部分地区的条件仍然不利于他们安全和可持续地返回某些原居地；", "79. 敦促阿富汗政府在国际社会的支持下采取行动，继续加强努力为可持续返回创造条件，继续加强吸收能力，使剩余的难民和境内流离失所者充分恢复正常生活和重新融入社会；", "80. 在这方面注意到该区域各国继续相互开展建设性工作，并注意到联合国难民事务高级专员办事处、阿富汗政府和阿富汗难民收容国(尤其是巴基斯坦和伊朗伊斯兰共和国)政府之间的三方协定；", "区域合作", "81. 强调指出开展建设性区域合作对于促进阿富汗和平、安全、稳定与经济和社会发展至关重要，鼓励阿富汗与其邻国进一步改善关系，加强互动，并呼吁在这方面进一步作出努力，包括呼吁区域组织进一步作出努力；", "82. 赞扬2002年12月22日《喀布尔睦邻友好关系宣言》[12] 签署国继续为履行《宣言》承诺作出努力，吁请所有其他国家尊重并支持执行这些条款，并欣见喀布尔会议公报重申了《宣言》所述的各项原则；", "83. 欢迎并鼓励阿富汗政府及其邻国伙伴进一步努力加强相互之间的信任与合作，期待阿富汗及其所有邻国伙伴、区域伙伴和区域组织加强必要的合作，打击塔利班、基地组织及其他极端主义和犯罪团体，促进阿富汗和该区域内外的和平与繁荣；", "84. 在这方面欣见阿富汗政府及其邻国伙伴和区域伙伴加强努力增进相互信任与合作，欣见有关国家和区域组织最近采取的合作举措，包括阿富汗、巴基斯坦和土耳其三边峰会，阿富汗、伊朗伊斯兰共和国和巴基斯坦三边峰会，巴基斯坦、阿富汗和美利坚合众国三边峰会，阿富汗、巴基斯坦和阿拉伯联合酋长国三边峰会，阿富汗、巴基斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和俄罗斯联邦四边峰会，并欣见由阿富汗、巴基斯坦和国际安全援助部队组成的三边委员会，欧洲联盟，伊斯兰合作组织，欧洲安全与合作组织，南亚区域合作联盟和上海合作组织采取的各项举措；", "85. 又欣见亚洲中心地带安全和合作会议的举行，并鼓励阿富汗及其区域伙伴在2011年11月2日通过的《关于加强区域安全与合作实现阿富汗安全稳定的伊斯坦布尔进程》[13] 所设框架内，积极努力执行建立信任措施；", "86. 赞赏所有旨在增进区域经济合作以促进阿富汗、区域邻国、国际伙伴和金融机构之间经济合作的努力，确认阿富汗区域经济合作会议、经济合作组织、中亚区域经济合作方案、南亚区域合作联盟以及上海合作组织、欧洲联盟和欧洲安全与合作组织等等在促进阿富汗发展方面的重要作用，并期待第五次阿富汗区域经济合作会议将于2012年3月26日和27日在塔吉克斯坦举行；", "87. 欢迎并敦促进一步努力加强区域经济合作进程，包括采取各种措施，通过区域和双边过境贸易协定、扩大领事签证合作和便利商务旅行等方式促进区域贸易和过境，扩大贸易，增加外来投资和发展基础设施，包括基础设施连接、能源供应、运输和综合边境管理，以促进阿富汗的可持续经济增长，创造就业，同时注意到阿富汗在历史上起到的亚洲陆地桥梁作用；", "88. 鼓励八国集团继续通过相互协商和协议，包括在基础设施连接、边界管理和经济发展领域执行发展项目，继续推动和支持阿富汗与其邻国之间的合作，在这方面期待设立由2011年7月4日和5日在巴黎举行的区域铁路会议宣布的阿富汗铁路管理局；", "禁毒", "89. 欣见阿富汗政府为打击本国毒品生产所作的努力，注意到2011年12月联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室公布的题为《2011年阿富汗鸦片情况调查》的报告，[14] 重申深为关切阿富汗境内麻醉药物的种植和生产增加，主要集中在塔利班、基地组织及其他暴力和极端主义团体及犯罪分子活动特别频繁的地区，关切目前的毒品贩运活动，并根据共同分担责任的原则，强调指出阿富汗政府需要在国际和区域行动者及援助部队依照其指定职责所提供的支持下，加强配合，增进协调，作出更加坚定的努力，以消除这一威胁；", "90. 强调指出必须采用平衡兼顾的综合性做法来处理阿富汗毒品问题，要使这一做法发挥效力，就必须将其纳入在安全、治理、法治和人权以及经济和社会发展等领域作出的更为广泛努力之中；", "91. 在这方面又强调指出制订替代谋生方案对阿富汗禁毒工作取得成功至关重要，而可持续战略需要国际合作；敦促阿富汗政府在国际社会的支持下，促进在正规生产部门和其他部门发展可持续谋生手段，增加农村地区获得合理的可持续信贷和融资的机会，以此大幅度改善人民的生活、健康和安全，特别是在农村地区；", "92. 极为关切地注意到毒品贸易与塔利班、基地组织及其他暴力和极端主义团体及犯罪团体的恐怖活动之间的密切联系，严重威胁到阿富汗的安全、法治和发展，强调指出必须全面执行安全理事会在这方面的所有相关决议，包括2006年12月22日第1735(2006)号和2008年6月30日第1822(2008)号决议；", "93. 在这方面吁请所有会员国进一步加紧努力，减少本国和全球对毒品的需求，以协助实现在阿富汗消除非法种植工作的可持续性；", "94. 强调指出必须防止用于在阿富汗非法生产毒品的化学前体的贩运和转用，为此呼吁全面执行安全理事会2008年6月11日第1817(2008)号决议；", "95. 支持打击非法将毒品运出阿富汗、其邻国和贩运路线沿线国家并将前体运入的活动，包括加强相互合作，以增强缉毒管制和监测化学前体的国际贸易，并强调必须对受影响最大的过境国提供技术援助和支助，以支持它们在这方面的能力；", "96. 敦促阿富汗政府在国际社会支持下，努力将禁毒工作列入所有国家方案，确保禁毒是有关综合性做法的一个重要部分，并根据更新的《阿富汗国家毒品管制战略》兼顾各种因素的八点计划，进一步努力打击罂粟种植和毒品贩运；", "97. 赞扬阿富汗政府为此以及为增订和执行《国家毒品管制战略》，包括《优先执行计划》和基准作出的努力，敦促阿富汗政府和国际社会采取果断行动，特别是采取该《战略》提出的具体步骤，通过各种举措，例如为激励各省省长减少本省罂粟种植而提出的绩优者举措，来制止毒品加工和毒品贸易，并鼓励阿富汗当局努力在省级制订打击麻醉品执行计划；", "98. 吁请国际社会继续协助阿富汗政府执行旨在根除非法毒品的种植、生产、贩运和消费的《国家毒品管制战略》，包括加大支持力度，支持阿富汗执法和刑事司法机构，促进农业和农村发展，为农民提供替代谋生手段，减少需求，清除非法作物，提高公众认识，建立毒品管制机构的能力，建立吸毒者照料和医治中心，并再次吁请国际社会尽可能通过阿富汗政府提供禁毒资金；", "99. 回顾必须加强与阿富汗的国际和区域合作，协助该国为解决毒品生产和贩运问题作出可持续的努力，确认非法毒品生产、贸易、贩运对国际和平与该区域内外的稳定构成威胁，又确认在《巴黎公约倡议》框架内采取的相关举措所取得的进展，强调指出在落实这些举措方面进一步取得进展的重要性，欢迎联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的巴黎公约倡议部长级会议将在维也纳举行，以继续巴黎-莫斯科进程，并欣见阿富汗政府有意加强这方面的国际和区域合作；", "100.　向所有在打击贩毒者过程中无辜牺牲的人员，特别是阿富汗及其邻国的安全部队成员表示敬意；", "101.　欣见采取各种举措加强阿富汗与其邻国之间边境管理合作，确保制定包括金融层面的综合性毒品管制措施，强调必须开展这类合作，特别是通过双边安排和由集体安全条约组织、亚洲相互协作与建立信任措施会议、经济合作组织、上海合作组织、中亚禁毒四方及其他方面发起的安排开展合作，欣见阿富汗政府打算在边境管制方面加强与相关伙伴的国际和区域合作；", "102.　强调指出有关国际和区域行为体，包括联合国和根据其指定职责行事的援助部队，必须进一步为阿富汗主导的持久努力提供有效的合作支持，以消除非法生产和贩运毒品带来的威胁，在这方面对联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室关于阿富汗及其邻国的区域方案表示欢迎，鼓励相关国家继续参与；", "103.　肯定阿富汗、伊朗伊斯兰共和国和巴基斯坦在其三边禁毒举措的框架内开展的活动，并欢迎将分别在喀布尔和德黑兰举行的部长级会议；", "协调", "104.　赞赏援助团按照安全理事会第1974(2011)号决议授权开展工作，并强调指出联合国必须继续发挥公平协调的中心作用，推动国际社会以更加协调一致的方式进行参与；", "105.　欣见援助团应阿富汗政府的请求，在安全条件允许的情况下到各省开展工作，确保联合国能够发挥重要的协调支助作用；", "106.　强调指出应确保援助团具备充足资源并得到阿富汗当局的保护，在适当的国际支助下完成任务；", "107.　肯定协调和监察联合委员会发挥的中心作用，强调指出委员会的作用是通过监察和支持喀布尔进程，协调国际援助和重建方案等方式向阿富汗提供支持，并欢迎进一步作出努力，提供适当的指导，推动国际社会以更加协调一致的方式进行参与；", "108.　赞赏国际社会支持阿富汗稳定与发展的持续长期承诺，强调这一承诺具有重要意义，并回顾已保证提供进一步的国际支持；", "109.　请秘书长每三个月向大会提交一次报告，介绍阿富汗的事态发展和执行本决议的进展情况；", "110. 决定将题为“阿富汗局势”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年11月21日", "第62次全体会议", "[1] A/65/612-S/2010/630、A/65/783-S/2011/120、A/65/873-S/2011/381和A/66/369-S/2011/590。", "[2] 见S/2010/65，附件二。", "[3] 可查阅www.unama.unmissions.org。", "[4] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第2056卷，第35597号。", "[5] A/C.1/63/5，附文，第二部分。", "[6] 可查阅www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e93ecb22.html。", "[7] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第2349卷，第42146号。", "[8] 同上，第1249卷，第20378号。", "[9] 同上，第1577卷，第27531号。", "[10] 同上，第2171和2173卷，第27531号。", "[11] 同上，第2237卷，第39574号。", "[12] S/2002/1416，附件。", "[13] 见A/66/601-S/2011/767。", "[14] 可查阅www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop-monitoring/index.html。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 21 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.10 and Add.1)]", "66/13. The situation in Afghanistan", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/8 of 4 November 2010 and all its previous relevant resolutions,", "Recalling also all relevant Security Council resolutions and statements by the President of the Council on the situation in Afghanistan, in particular resolutions 1974 (2011) of 22 March 2011 and 2011 (2011) of 12 October 2011,", "Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity of Afghanistan, and respecting its multicultural, multi‑ethnic and historical heritage,", "Recognizing once again the interconnected nature of the challenges in Afghanistan, reaffirming that sustainable progress on security, governance, human rights, the rule of law and development, as well as on the cross-cutting theme of counter-narcotics, is mutually reinforcing, and welcoming the continuing efforts of the Government of Afghanistan and the international community to address these challenges in a coherent manner,", "Recalling the long-term commitment of the international community to Afghanistan, including the mutual commitments made at the London and Kabul Conferences, held on 28 January and 20 July 2010, respectively, looking forward to the upcoming comprehensive review by the Secretary-General, in consultation with the Government of Afghanistan and relevant international stakeholders, of the mandated activities of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan and of United Nations support in Afghanistan, with the aim of strengthening national ownership and leadership consistent with the Kabul process, and taking into account the evolving nature of the presence of the international community,", "Looking forward to the International Afghanistan Conference on Afghanistan and the International Community: From Transition to the Transformation Decade, to be held in Bonn, Germany, on 5 December 2011, chaired by the Government of Afghanistan, at which civil aspects of transition, the long-term commitment of the international community in Afghanistan within the region and the support of the political process will be further defined,", "Supporting increased regional efforts towards the continued implementation of previous declarations of good-neighbourly relations, welcoming the Conference on Security and Cooperation in the Heart of Asia, held in Istanbul, Turkey, on 2 November 2011, at which Afghanistan and its regional partners, with the support of the international community, affirmed their commitment to promoting regional security and cooperation through confidence-building measures, and looking forward to the first follow-up to the Istanbul Conference for Afghanistan, scheduled to convene at the ministerial level in Kabul in June 2012,", "Noting regional initiatives, such as those being implemented within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the European Union, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the Economic Cooperation Organization and other relevant initiatives aimed at increased regional economic cooperation with Afghanistan, such as the Regional Economic Cooperation Conference on Afghanistan and the Central Asian Regional Economic Cooperation Programme, and noting also the ministerial meeting to enhance trade connectivity along historical trade routes, held in New York on 22 September 2011,", "Underlining the significance of the agreement reached between the Government of Afghanistan and countries contributing to the International Security Assistance Force, at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization summit, held in Lisbon on 19 and 20 November 2010, to gradually transfer lead security responsibility in Afghanistan to the Government of Afghanistan country-wide by the end of 2014, welcoming the ongoing implementation of the transition, looking forward to its phased extension to the rest of the country, underlining the continuing role of the Assistance Force in support of the Government of Afghanistan and in promoting a responsible transition and the importance of the enhancement of the operational capabilities of the Afghan National Security Forces, stressing the long-term commitment, beyond 2014, of the international community to support the further development, including training, and professionalization of the Afghan National Security Forces and their capacity to counter continued threats to Afghanistan’s security, with a view to establishing lasting peace, security and stability, and noting that these issues will be discussed at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization summit in Chicago, United States of America, in 2012,", "Reiterating the urgent need to tackle the challenges in Afghanistan, in particular the ongoing violent criminal and terrorist activities by the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals, including those involved in the narcotics trade, and the development of Government of Afghanistan institutions, including at the subnational level, the strengthening of the rule of law and democratic processes, the fight against corruption, the acceleration of justice sector reform, the promotion of national reconciliation, without prejudice to the fulfilment of the measures introduced by the Security Council in its resolutions 1267 (1999) of 15 October 1999 and 1988 (2011) and 1989 (2011) of 17 June 2011 and other relevant resolutions, an Afghan-led transitional justice process, the safe and voluntary return of Afghan refugees and internally displaced persons in an orderly and dignified manner, the promotion and protection of human rights and the advancement of economic and social development,", "Deeply concerned about the continued high level of violence in Afghanistan, condemning in the strongest terms all violent attacks, and recognizing in that regard the continuously alarming threats posed by the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups, as well as the challenges related to the efforts to address such threats,", "Expressing its serious concern about the high number of civilian casualties, recalling that the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups are responsible for the significant majority of the civilian casualties in Afghanistan, and calling for compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law and for all appropriate measures to be taken to ensure the protection of civilians,", "Recognizing further progress made by the Assistance Force, authorized by the Security Council, and other international forces in ensuring the protection of the civilian population and in minimizing civilian casualties, and calling upon them to continue to make enhanced efforts in this regard, notably through the continuous review of tactics and procedures and the conduct of after-action reviews and investigations in cooperation with the Government of Afghanistan in cases where civilian casualties have occurred and when the Government finds these joint investigations appropriate,", "Noting the importance of the national Government being inclusive and representative of the ethnic diversity of the country and ensuring also the full and equal participation of women,", "1. Emphasizes the central and impartial role of the United Nations in promoting peace and stability in Afghanistan, expresses its appreciation and strong support for all efforts of the Secretary-General and his Special Representative in this regard, expresses its appreciation also for the work of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan in accordance with Security Council resolution 1974 (2011), stresses the leading role of the Assistance Mission in Afghanistan in seeking to further improve the coherence and coordination of international civilian efforts, guided by the principle of reinforcing Afghan ownership and leadership, and in this regard looks forward to the results of the upcoming comprehensive review of the mandated activities of the Assistance Mission and of United Nations support in Afghanistan, as mandated by the Council in resolution 1974 (2011);", "2. Welcomes the reports of the Secretary-General[1] and the recommendations contained therein;", "3. Pledges its continued support to the Government and people of Afghanistan, as they rebuild a stable, secure, economically self-sufficient State, free of terrorism and narcotics, and strengthen the foundations of a constitutional democracy, as a responsible member of the international community;", "4. Appreciates the renewed commitment by the Government of Afghanistan to the Afghan people and the renewed commitment by the international community to Afghanistan expressed in the communiqués of the London[2] and Kabul[3] Conferences, reiterates in this regard its appreciation for the Afghanistan National Development Strategy, underlines the need for continued development and implementation, including costing plans, of the national priority programmes, and looks forward to the presentation of the remaining national priority programmes;", "5. Welcomes further efforts by the Government of Afghanistan to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, and acknowledges, to that effect, the important work being done through the interministerial coordination mechanism and its role in prioritizing and implementing the National Development Strategy and the national priority programmes;", "6. Encourages all partners to support constructively the Kabul process, building upon a deep and broad international partnership towards further increased Afghan responsibility and ownership in security, governance and development, aiming at a secure, prosperous and democratic Afghanistan, focusing on strengthening the constitutional checks and balances that guarantee citizen rights and obligations, and implementing structural reform to enable an accountable and effective Government to deliver concrete progress to its people;", "7. Supports the continuing and growing ownership of reconstruction and development efforts by the Government of Afghanistan, and emphasizes the crucial need to achieve ownership and accountability in all fields of governance and to improve institutional capabilities, including at the subnational level, in order to use aid more effectively;", "Security and transition", "8. Reiterates once again its serious concern about the security situation in Afghanistan, stresses the need to continue to address the threat to the security and stability of Afghanistan caused by the ongoing violent and terrorist activity by the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals, including those involved in the narcotics trade, and reiterates in this regard its call for the full implementation of measures and application of procedures introduced in relevant Security Council resolutions, in particular resolutions 1267 (1999), 1988 (2011) and 1989 (2011);", "9. Condemns in the strongest terms all acts of violence and intimidation and attacks, including improvised explosive device attacks, suicide attacks, assassinations, including of public figures, abductions, the indiscriminate targeting of civilians, attacks against humanitarian workers and the targeting of Afghan and international forces, and their deleterious effect on the stabilization, reconstruction and development efforts in Afghanistan, and condemns further the use, by the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups, of civilians as human shields;", "10. Stresses the need for the Government of Afghanistan and the international community to continue to work closely together in countering these acts, which are threatening peace and stability in Afghanistan and the democratic process, the achievements and continued implementation of the Afghanistan reconstruction and development process as well as humanitarian aid measures, and calls upon all Member States to deny those groups any form of sanctuary or financial, material and political support;", "11. Expresses deep regret at the resulting loss of life and physical harm inflicted upon Afghan civilians and civilians of other nationalities, including the personnel of Afghan and international agencies and all other humanitarian workers and the diplomatic corps, the Assistance Mission, as well as upon the personnel of the Afghan National Security Forces, the International Security Assistance Force and the Operation Enduring Freedom coalition, and pays homage to all those who have lost their lives;", "12. Stresses the importance of the provision of sufficient security, calls upon the Government of Afghanistan, with the assistance of the international community, to continue to address the threat to the security and stability of Afghanistan, and commends the Afghan National Security Forces and their international partners for their efforts in this regard;", "13. Notes that the responsibility for providing security and law and order throughout the country resides with the Government of Afghanistan, supported by the international community, and underlines the importance of further extending central government authority, including the strengthening of the presence of Afghan security forces, to all provinces of Afghanistan, consistent with the goal of transition;", "14. Expresses its support for the objective of the Government of Afghanistan, as endorsed by the Joint Coordination and Monitoring Board, to ensure that the Afghan National Security Forces have the necessary strength and operational capability to take over the lead security responsibility from the Assistance Force in all provinces by the end of 2014, and calls upon the international community to provide the support necessary to increase security, as well as to provide continued support by training, equipping and contributing to the financing of the Afghan National Security Forces to take on the task of securing their country;", "15. Welcomes the start of the transition process for lead security responsibility in July 2011, as agreed upon by the Government of Afghanistan and the countries taking part in the Assistance Force, commends the continuing progress that has been made in this regard, looks forward to the further stages in the transition, also welcomes the commitment of Afghanistan’s international partners to support the Government in creating the conditions necessary to allow for transition and to continue to support the transition process to enable it to advance to the point at which the Afghan National Security Forces are fully capable of meeting the security needs of the country, including public order, law enforcement, the security of Afghanistan’s borders and preservation of the constitutional rights of Afghan citizens, and calls upon Member States to continue to support the transition process with the necessary continued financial and technical support;", "16. Also welcomes, in this regard, the presence of the Assistance Force and the Operation Enduring Freedom coalition, expresses its appreciation for the support they have provided to the Afghan National Army, as well as for the assistance provided to the Afghan National Police by international partners, in particular by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization through its training mission in Afghanistan and by the European Gendarmerie Force contribution to that mission, acknowledges the continued deployment of the European Union Police Mission in Afghanistan as well as other bilateral training programmes, and, in light of the transition process, encourages further coordination where appropriate;", "17. Further welcomes the commitment of the Government of Afghanistan, with a view to ensuring stability and providing conditions for the effective rule of law, to continue the implementation of the Afghan National Police Strategy and the National Police Plan underpinning it, to build a strong, professional police force, with a focus on the ongoing institutional and administrative reforms of the Ministry of the Interior, including the implementation of its anti-corruption action plan, and leadership development, as well as to progressively enhance the quality and increase the strength of the Afghan National Police, with the necessary continued financial and technical support by the international community;", "18. Calls upon Member States to continue contributing personnel, equipment and other resources to the Assistance Force and to adequately support the evolution of the provincial reconstruction teams in close coordination with the Government of Afghanistan and the Assistance Mission;", "19. Notes, in the context of the comprehensive approach and the ongoing transition process, the continued importance of the synergies in the objectives of the Assistance Mission and the Assistance Force, and emphasizes, in particular, the continued need to maintain, strengthen and review civil-military relations among international actors, as appropriate, at all levels in order to ensure complementarity of action based on the different mandates and comparative advantages of the humanitarian, development, law enforcement and military actors present in Afghanistan;", "20. Urges the Afghan authorities, with the support of the international community, to take all possible steps to ensure the safety, security and free movement of all United Nations, development and humanitarian personnel and their full, safe and unhindered access to all affected populations, and to protect the property of the United Nations and of development or humanitarian organizations, and notes the efforts made in regulating private security contractors operating in Afghanistan;", "21. Also urges the Afghan authorities to make every effort, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 60/123 of 15 December 2005 on the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and protection of United Nations personnel, to bring to justice the perpetrators of attacks;", "22. Stresses the importance of advancing the full implementation of the programme of disbandment of illegal armed groups throughout the country, under Afghan ownership, while ensuring coordination and coherence with other relevant efforts, including security sector reform, community development, counter-narcotics, district-level development and Afghan-led initiatives to ensure that entities and individuals do not illegally participate in the political process, in particular in future elections, in accordance with adopted laws and regulations in Afghanistan;", "23. Expresses its appreciation for the progress achieved by the Government of Afghanistan in the programme of disbandment of illegal armed groups and its integration into the Afghan Peace and Reintegration Programme, welcomes the continued commitment of the Government to work actively at the national, provincial and local levels to advance this commitment, stresses the importance of all efforts to create sufficient legal income-earning opportunities, and calls for continued international support for these efforts;", "24. Remains deeply concerned about the persisting problem of anti-personnel landmines and explosive remnants of war, which constitute a great danger to the population and a major obstacle to the resumption of economic activities and to recovery and reconstruction efforts;", "25. Welcomes the progress achieved through the Mine Action Programme for Afghanistan, supports the Government of Afghanistan in its efforts to meet its responsibilities under the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction,[4] to cooperate fully with the Mine Action Programme coordinated by the United Nations and to eliminate all known or new stocks of anti-personnel landmines, and acknowledges the need for continued assistance from the international community in this regard;", "26. Notes the ratification by Afghanistan of the Convention on Cluster Munitions;[5]", "Peace, reconciliation and reintegration", "27. Welcomes the adoption of Security Council resolutions 1988 (2011) and 1989 (2011) succeeding resolutions 1267 (1999), and 1904 (2009) of 17 December 2009, welcomes also the establishment of the 1988 Committee and the measures in resolution 1988 (2011) with respect to individuals, groups, undertakings and entities associated with the Taliban in constituting a threat to the peace, stability and security of Afghanistan, calls for the full implementation of measures and application of procedures introduced in the relevant Council resolutions, in particular resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1988 (2011), and calls for consultations, as appropriate, with the Government of Afghanistan as stipulated in resolution 1988 (2011);", "28. Expresses its support for the Government of Afghanistan-led comprehensive process of peace and reconciliation, as recommended by the national Consultative Peace Jirga in June 2010, commends the renewed efforts of the Afghan Government, including the efforts of the High Peace Council and the ongoing implementation of the Afghan Peace and Reintegration Programme with the aim of promoting an inclusive dialogue between all Afghan groups, including those elements in opposition to the Government who are prepared to renounce violence, denounce terrorism, break ties with Al‑Qaida and other terrorist organizations and abide by the Afghan Constitution, and expresses its support for calls upon those concerned to engage in dialogue with the goal of meeting these conditions and reconcile and reintegrate, without prejudice to the implementation of measures and application of procedures introduced by the Security Council in its resolutions 1267 (1999), 1988 (2011), 1989 (2011) and all other relevant resolutions in this regard;", "29. Strongly condemns the assassination of Professor Burhanuddin Rabbani, Chairman of the High Peace Council, emphasizes the importance of all States with relevant information extending to the Afghan authorities the assistance they may need and all relevant information they may possess pertaining to this terrorist attack, stresses the need for calm and solidarity in Afghanistan at this time and for all parties to reduce tensions, and expresses its firm commitment to support the Government of Afghanistan in its efforts to advance the peace and reconciliation process, in line with the Kabul communiqué and within the framework of the Afghan Constitution and application of the procedures introduced by the Security Council in its resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1988 (2011) as well as other relevant resolutions of the Council;", "30. Calls upon all relevant States and international organizations to remain engaged in the Afghan-led peace process, and recognizes the impact terrorist attacks have on the Afghan people and risk having on future prospects for a peace settlement;", "31. Underlines the fact that reconciliation efforts should enjoy the support of all Afghans, including civil society, minorities and women’s groups;", "32. Calls upon the Government of Afghanistan to ensure that the Afghan Peace and Reintegration Programme is implemented in an inclusive manner consistent with the Afghan Constitution and the international legal obligations of Afghanistan, while upholding the human rights of all Afghans and countering impunity;", "33. Welcomes the establishment of the Peace and Reintegration Trust Fund, recalls the respective commitments made at the London and Kabul Conferences, and stresses the importance of continued contributions by the international community to the Trust Fund;", "34. Recognizes the ongoing progress in the reconciliation with the Government of Afghanistan of those Taliban individuals who have rejected the terrorist ideology of Al‑Qaida and its followers, abide by the Constitution and support a peaceful resolution to the continuing conflict in Afghanistan, calls upon the Taliban to accept the offer put forward by President Hamid Karzai to renounce violence, sever ties with terrorist groups, abide by the Constitution and join the peace and reconciliation process, and recognizes also that, notwithstanding the evolution of the situation in Afghanistan and progress in reconciliation, security remains a serious challenge in Afghanistan and the region;", "35. Also recognizes the increased number of reintegrees who have joined the Afghan Peace and Reintegration Programme, welcomes the results of the review conference of the Programme held in May 2011 and recent efforts to ensure its implementation, encourages further efforts to address remaining operational challenges, including through an appropriate vetting mechanism and by ensuring this work is linked to wider efforts to address conflict and grievance resolution at the local level, and further encourages the international community to support this Afghan-led effort;", "Governance, rule of law and human rights", "36. Emphasizes that good governance, the rule of law and human rights form the foundation for the achievement of a stable and prosperous Afghanistan, and notes the importance of building the capacity of the Government of Afghanistan to promote and protect human rights, the rule of law and governance in an accountable and effective manner;", "A. Democracy", "37. Recognizes the importance of holding free, fair, transparent, credible, secure and inclusive elections as crucial steps towards consolidating democracy for all Afghans, stresses the responsibility of the Afghan authorities in this regard, also stresses the need for the timely and orderly preparation of elections, calls upon the international community to continue to provide financial and technical assistance, stresses the leading role of the Assistance Mission in coordinating these efforts, and calls upon the international community to support the Government of Afghanistan and the relevant Afghan institutions;", "38. Welcomes the settlement of the institutional impasse after the decision to leave the Independent Electoral Commission with the final authority in electoral questions, reiterates the commitment of the Afghan Government in the Kabul communiqué to address long-term electoral reform, based on lessons learned in previous elections, including the 2010 parliamentary elections, and reaffirms that Afghanistan’s peaceful future lies in strengthened and transparent democratic institutions, respect for the separation of powers, reinforced constitutional checks and balances and the guarantee and enforcement of citizens’ rights and obligations;", "B. Justice", "39. Also welcomes the steps taken by the Government of Afghanistan on justice sector reform and the commitment to improving access to the delivery of justice throughout Afghanistan made by the Government of Afghanistan at the Kabul Conference, stresses the need for further accelerated progress towards the establishment of a fair, transparent and effective justice system, in particular by implementing the National Justice Programme, the National Justice Strategy and the forthcoming National Priority Programme on Law and Justice for All in a timely manner and by providing security and ensuring the rule of law throughout the country, and urges the international community to continue to support the efforts of the Government in these areas in a coordinated manner;", "40. Acknowledges the progress made by the Government of Afghanistan and the international community in devoting adequate resources to the reconstruction and reform of the prison sector in order to improve respect for the rule of law and human rights therein, while reducing physical and mental health risks to inmates;", "41. Encourages further efforts by the Government of Afghanistan, with the support of the Assistance Mission, the international community and other partners, including the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission, in protecting and preventing abuses of the human rights of those detained in all Afghan prisons and detention facilities, consistent with the Afghan Constitution, Afghan laws and international obligations, and in ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law within Afghanistan, welcomes the cooperation of the Government of Afghanistan, as well as the efforts of the international community to provide support in this regard, takes note of the recommendations contained in the report of the Assistance Mission of 10 October 2011,[6] and reiterates the importance of following the appropriate legal procedures in order to ensure justice;", "42. Emphasizes the importance of ensuring access for relevant organizations to all prisons in Afghanistan, and calls for full respect for relevant international law, including humanitarian law and human rights law, where applicable, including with regard to minors, if detained;", "C. Public administration", "43. Urges the Government of Afghanistan to continue to effectively reform the public administration sector in order to implement the rule of law and to ensure good governance and accountability, in accordance with the Kabul process, at both the national and subnational levels, with the support of the international community, welcomes the efforts of the Government and commitments made at the Kabul Conference in this regard, stresses the importance of transparent appointment and promotion procedures for civil servants, and continues to encourage the Government to make active use of the Senior Appointments Panel;", "44. Encourages the international community, including all donor nations as well as international institutions and organizations, governmental and non‑governmental, to assist the Government of Afghanistan in making capacity-building and human resources development a cross-cutting priority and to align, in a coordinated manner, with efforts by the Government, including the work of the Independent Administrative Reform and Civil Service Commission, to build administrative capacity at the national and subnational levels;", "45. Reiterates the importance of institution-building in complementing and contributing to the development of an economy characterized by sound macroeconomic policies, the development of a financial sector that provides services, inter alia, to microenterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises and households, transparent business regulations and accountability, and emphasizes the connection between generating economic growth, including through infrastructural projects, and the creation of job opportunities in Afghanistan;", "46. Recalls the ratification by Afghanistan of the United Nations Convention against Corruption,[7] reiterates its appreciation for the anti-corruption commitments made by the Government of Afghanistan at the London and Kabul Conferences, calls for further action by the Government to fulfil those commitments in order to establish a more effective, accountable and transparent administration at the national, provincial and local levels of Government, welcomes continued international support to that end, and notes with deep concern the effects of corruption with regard to security, good governance, the combating of the narcotics industry and economic development;", "47. Welcomes the principles of effective partnership set out in the communiqué of the Kabul Conference, in this context calls for the full implementation of the commitments made at the London Conference and reaffirmed at the Kabul Conference to align and channel increasing international resources through the budget of the Government of Afghanistan and in greater alignment with Afghan priorities, encourages all partners to work with the Government to implement the “Operational guide: criteria for effective off-budget development finance”, to improve procurement procedures and due diligence in international contracting procedures and to promote Afghan parliamentary oversight of expenditures and development programming, and recalls that progress in this area requires that the necessary reforms of the public financial management systems be achieved, corruption be reduced, budget execution be improved and revenue collection be increased;", "48. Underlines the importance of the recent agreement of the Government of Afghanistan with the International Monetary Fund on a three-year arrangement reaffirming the commitment to successful cooperation based on effective and transparent economic reforms;", "49. Welcomes the Subnational Governance Policy, underscores the importance of more visible, accountable and capable subnational institutions and actors in reducing the political space for insurgents, emphasizes the importance of the Kabul process being accompanied by the implementation of national programmes at the subnational level, encourages the capacity-building and empowerment of local institutions in a phased and fiscally sustainable manner, and calls for the predictable and regular allocation of more resources to provincial authorities, including continued vital support from the Assistance Mission and the international community;", "50. Urges the Government of Afghanistan to address, with the assistance of the international community, the question of claims for land property through a comprehensive land titling programme, including formal registration of all property and improved security of property rights, and welcomes the steps already taken by the Government in this regard;", "D. Human rights", "51. Recalls the constitutional guarantee of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all Afghans as a significant political achievement, calls for full respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all, without discrimination of any kind, and stresses the need to fully implement the human rights provisions of the Afghan Constitution, in accordance with obligations under applicable international law, including those regarding the full enjoyment by women and children of their human rights;", "52. Acknowledges and encourages the efforts made by the Government of Afghanistan in promoting respect for human rights, and expresses its concern at the harmful consequences of violent and terrorist activities by the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals for the enjoyment of human rights and for the capacity of the Government of Afghanistan to ensure human rights and fundamental freedoms for all Afghans, notes with concern reports of continued violations of human rights and of international humanitarian law, including violent or discriminatory practices, violations committed against persons belonging to ethnic and religious minorities, as well as against women and children, in particular girls, stresses the need to promote tolerance and religious freedom as guaranteed by the Afghan Constitution, emphasizes the necessity of investigating allegations of current and past violations, and stresses the importance of facilitating the provision of efficient and effective remedies to the victims and of bringing the perpetrators to justice in accordance with national and international law;", "53. Commends the Government of Afghanistan for its active participation in the universal periodic review process, calls for continued active participation of Afghan civil society in this process, and encourages the timely implementation of the recommendations addressed in the relevant report;", "54. Stresses the need to ensure respect for the right to freedom of expression and the right to freedom of thought, conscience or belief as enshrined in the Afghan Constitution, in this regard calls for full implementation of the mass media law, while noting with concern the continuing intimidation and violence targeting Afghan journalists and challenges to the independence of the media, condemns cases of the abduction and even killing of journalists by terrorist as well as extremist and criminal groups, and urges that harassment and attacks on journalists be investigated by Afghan authorities and that those responsible be brought to justice;", "55. Reiterates the important role of the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission in the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, stresses the need to guarantee its constitutional status and implement its mandate, focusing on communities across Afghanistan, so as to foster a more informed public and increase Government accountability, welcomes the decision of the Government of Afghanistan to take full responsibility for the core funding of the Commission, urges the Commission to cooperate closely with Afghan civil society, and calls upon the international community for continued support in this regard;", "56. Recalls Security Council resolutions 1674 (2006) of 28 April 2006, 1738 (2006) of 23 December 2006, 1894 (2009) of 11 November 2009 and the mid‑year report of July 2011 on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, prepared by the Assistance Mission,³ expresses its serious concern at the high number of civilian casualties, including women and children, and its impact on local communities, notes that the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups remain responsible for the significant majority of civilian casualties, reiterates its call for all feasible steps to be taken to ensure the protection of civilians, and calls for additional appropriate steps in this regard and for full compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law;", "57. Also recalls Security Council resolutions 1325 (2000) of 31 October 2000, 1820 (2008) of 19 June 2008, 1888 (2009) of 30 September 2009, 1889 (2009) of 5 October 2009 and 1960 (2010) of 16 December 2010 on women and peace and security, and reiterates the importance of upholding international obligations for the advancement of women’s rights as enshrined in the Afghan Constitution;", "58. Commends the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan to mainstream gender issues, including into the national priority programmes, and to protect and promote the equal rights of women and men as guaranteed, inter alia, by virtue of its ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women,[8] and by the Afghan Constitution and the implementation of the National Action Plan for Women, reiterates the continued importance of the full and equal participation of women in all spheres of Afghan life, and of equality before the law and equal access to legal counsel without discrimination of any kind, and stresses the need for continued progress on gender issues in accordance with the obligations of Afghanistan under international law;", "59. Strongly condemns incidents of discrimination and violence against women and girls, in particular if directed against women activists and women prominent in public life, wherever they occur in Afghanistan, including killings, maimings and “honour killings” in certain parts of the country;", "60. Reiterates its appreciation for the Elimination of Violence against Women Special Fund of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) as well as for its Urgent Response Fund, which continues to address targeted violence against women and women’s rights defenders in Afghanistan, and stresses the need for continued financial contributions by the international community to those funds;", "61. Welcomes the achievements and efforts of the Government of Afghanistan in countering discrimination, urges the Government to actively involve all elements of Afghan society, in particular women, in the development and implementation of relief, rehabilitation, recovery and reconstruction programmes, as well as in national priority programmes, and accurately track the progress of the full integration of women into political, economic and social life, stresses the need for continued progress on gender equality, in accordance with its obligations under international law and in the empowerment of women in Afghan politics and public administration, including in leadership positions and at the subnational level, also stresses the need to facilitate the access of women to employment and to ensure female literacy and training, and calls upon the international community to continue to provide support in this regard;", "62. Stresses the need to ensure respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of children in Afghanistan, and recalls the need for the full implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child[9] and the two Optional Protocols thereto[10] by all States parties, as well as of Security Council resolutions 1612 (2005) of 26 July 2005, 1882 (2009) of 4 August 2009 and 1998 (2011) of 12 July 2011 on children and armed conflict;", "63. Expresses its concern, in this regard, about the ongoing recruitment and use of children by illegal armed and terrorist groups in Afghanistan, stresses the importance of ending the use of children contrary to international law, expresses appreciation for the progress achieved by and the firm commitment of the Government of Afghanistan in this regard, including its strong condemnation of any exploitation of children, as indicated by the establishment of the Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee for the Protection of the Rights of Children, the appointment of a focal point on child protection and the signing by the Government of Afghanistan, in January 2011, of an action plan, including the annexes thereto, on children associated with national security forces in Afghanistan, and calls for the full implementation of the provisions of the action plan, in close cooperation with the Assistance Mission;", "64. Recognizes the special needs of girls, strongly condemns terrorist attacks as well as threats of attacks on educational facilities, especially on those for Afghan girls, and/or hospitals and protected persons in relation to them in Afghanistan, in contravention of applicable international law, and expresses deep concern about the high number of school closures as a result of terrorist attacks or threats of attacks;", "65. Welcomes the adoption by the Government of Afghanistan of the National Plan of Action on Combating Child Trafficking, also welcomes initiatives to pass legislation on human trafficking, guided by the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime,[11] and stresses the importance of considering becoming a party to the Protocol;", "Social and economic development", "66. Urgently appeals to all States, the United Nations system and international and non-governmental organizations, including the international and regional financial institutions, to continue to provide, in close coordination with the Government of Afghanistan and in accordance with Afghan priorities and the National Development Strategy, all possible and necessary humanitarian, recovery, reconstruction, development, financial, educational, technical and material assistance for Afghanistan, and recalls in this regard the leading role of the Assistance Mission in seeking to further improve the coherence and coordination of international efforts;", "67. Stresses the need for a continued strong international commitment to humanitarian assistance and for programmes, under the ownership of the Government of Afghanistan, of recovery, rehabilitation, reconstruction and development, while expressing its appreciation to the United Nations system and to all States and international and non-governmental organizations whose international and local staff continue to respond positively to the humanitarian, transition and development needs of Afghanistan despite security concerns and difficulties of access in certain areas;", "68. Expresses its appreciation for the humanitarian and development assistance work of the international community in the reconstruction and development of Afghanistan, recognizes the necessity for further improvement in the living conditions of the Afghan people, and emphasizes the need to strengthen and support the development of the capacity of the Government of Afghanistan to deliver basic social services, in particular education and public health services, and to promote development;", "69. Urges the Government of Afghanistan to enhance efforts to reform key service delivery sectors, such as energy and drinking water supply, as preconditions for progress in social and economic development, commends the Government for its efforts to date to reach fiscal sustainability, notes the challenges ahead, and urges continued commitment to revenue generation;", "70. Expresses its appreciation for the work of the provincial reconstruction teams as they work within the provincial context to support national priorities to build the capacities of local institutions;", "71. Encourages the international community and the corporate sector to support the Afghan economy as a measure for long-term stability and to explore possibilities for increased trade and investments and enhanced local procurements, and further encourages the Government of Afghanistan to continue to promote an economic environment favourable for private-sector investments at both the national and subnational levels;", "72. Urgently encourages all States as well as intergovernmental and non‑governmental organizations to expand agricultural cooperation with Afghanistan, within the National Agricultural Development Framework and in line with the National Development Strategy, with a view to helping to eradicate poverty and ensure social and economic development, including in rural communities;", "73. Reiterates the necessity of providing Afghan children, especially Afghan girls, with educational and health facilities in all parts of the country, welcomes the progress achieved in the sector of public education, recalls the National Education Strategic Plan as a promising basis for further achievements, encourages the Government of Afghanistan, with the assistance of the international community, to expand those facilities, train professional staff and promote full and equal access to them by all members of Afghan society, including in remote areas, and reiterates further the need to provide vocational training for adolescents;", "74. Commends the relief efforts by the Government of Afghanistan and donors, but continues to express its concern at the overall humanitarian situation, stresses the continued need for food assistance, and calls for continued international support for and the early fulfilment, before the approaching winter, of the funding targets of the Afghanistan Humanitarian Action Plan;", "75. Recognizes that underdevelopment and lack of capacity increase the vulnerability of Afghanistan to natural disasters and to harsh climate conditions, and urges in this regard the Government of Afghanistan, with the support of the international community, to increase its efforts aimed at strengthening disaster risk reduction at the national and subnational levels and at modernizing the agricultural sector and strengthening its agricultural production, thereby reducing the vulnerability of Afghanistan to adverse external conditions such as drought, flooding and other natural disasters;", "76. Expresses its appreciation to those Governments that continue to host Afghan refugees, in particular Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran, acknowledging the huge burden they have so far shouldered in this regard, and asks for continued generous support by the international community, with a view to facilitating their voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return, rehabilitation and reintegration;", "77. Reiterates to host countries and the international community the obligations under international refugee law with respect to the protection of refugees, the principle of voluntary return and the right to seek asylum and to ensure full, safe and unhindered access for humanitarian relief agencies in order to provide protection and assistance to the refugees, and calls upon countries to continue to accept an appropriate number of Afghan refugees for resettlement, as a manifestation of their shared responsibility and solidarity;", "78. Welcomes the continued return of Afghan refugees and internally displaced persons, in a voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable manner, while noting with concern that conditions in parts of Afghanistan are not yet conducive to a safe and sustainable return to some places of origin;", "79. Urges the Government of Afghanistan, acting with the support of the international community, to continue to strengthen its efforts to create the conditions for sustainable return by continuing to strengthen its absorption capacity for the full rehabilitation and reintegration of the remaining Afghan refugees and internally displaced persons;", "80. Notes, in this regard, the continued constructive work between the countries of the region, as well as the tripartite agreements between the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the Government of Afghanistan and the Governments of countries hosting refugees from Afghanistan, in particular Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran;", "Regional cooperation", "81. Stresses the crucial role of advancing constructive regional cooperation in promoting peace, security, stability and economic and social development in Afghanistan, encourages further improved relations and enhanced engagement between Afghanistan and its neighbours, and calls for further efforts in this regard, including by regional organizations;", "82. Commends the continuing efforts of the signatories of the Kabul Declaration on Good-neighbourly Relations of 22 December 2002[12] to implement their commitments under the Declaration, calls upon all other States to respect and support the implementation of those provisions, and welcomes the reaffirmation, in the Kabul Conference communiqué, of the principles set out in the Declaration;", "83. Welcomes and encourages further efforts by the Government of Afghanistan and its neighbouring partners to foster trust and cooperation with each other, and looks forward, where appropriate, to increasing cooperation between Afghanistan, all its neighbouring and regional partners and regional organizations against the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other extremist and criminal groups and in promoting peace and prosperity in Afghanistan, in the region and beyond;", "84. Welcomes, in this regard, the increased efforts by the Government of Afghanistan, its neighbouring and regional partners and international organizations to foster trust and cooperation with each other, as well as recent cooperation initiatives developed by the countries concerned and regional organizations, including the trilateral summits of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Turkey; Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan; Pakistan, Afghanistan and the United States of America; and Afghanistan, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates; and the quadrilateral summits of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan and the Russian Federation, as well as those of the Tripartite Commission, comprising Afghanistan, Pakistan and the Assistance Force, and the European Union, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization;", "85. Also welcomes the Conference on Security and Cooperation in the Heart of Asia, and encourages Afghanistan and its regional partners to actively endeavour to implement confidence-building measures within the framework set out in the Istanbul Process on Regional Security and Cooperation for a Secure and Stable Afghanistan, adopted on 2 November 2011;[13]", "86. Expresses its appreciation for all efforts to increase regional economic cooperation aimed at promoting economic cooperation between Afghanistan, regional neighbours, international partners and financial institutions, recognizes, inter alia, the important role of the Regional Economic Cooperation Conference on Afghanistan, the Economic Cooperation Organization, the Central Asian Regional Economic Cooperation Programme, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, as well as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the European Union and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe in promoting the development of Afghanistan, and looks forward to the Fifth Regional Economic Cooperation Conference on Afghanistan, to be held in Tajikistan on 26 and 27 March 2012;", "87. Welcomes and urges further efforts to strengthen the process of regional economic cooperation, including measures to facilitate regional trade and transit, including through regional and bilateral transit trade agreements, expanded consular visa cooperation and facilitation of business travel, to expand trade, to increase foreign investments and to develop infrastructure, including infrastructural connectivity, energy supply, transport and integrated border management, with a view to promoting sustainable economic growth and the creation of jobs in Afghanistan, noting the historic role of Afghanistan as a land bridge in Asia;", "88. Encourages the Group of Eight countries to continue to stimulate and support cooperation between Afghanistan and its neighbours through mutual consultation and agreement, including on development projects in areas such as infrastructural connectivity, border management and economic development, and in this regard looks forward to the creation of the Afghan rail authority announced at the regional rail conference in Paris on 4 and 5 July 2011;", "Counter-narcotics", "89. Welcomes the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan in fighting drug production in Afghanistan, takes note of the report of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the Afghanistan Opium Survey 2011, released in December 2011,[14] reiterates its deep concern about the increase in the cultivation and production of illicit narcotic drugs in Afghanistan, mainly concentrated in areas where the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals are particularly active, as well as the ongoing drug trafficking, and, based on the principle of common and shared responsibility, stresses the need for strengthened joint, more coordinated and resolute efforts by the Government of Afghanistan, supported by the international and regional actors as well as the Assistance Force, within their designated responsibilities, to fight this menace;", "90. Stresses the importance of a comprehensive and balanced approach in addressing the drug problem of Afghanistan, which, to be effective, must be integrated into the wider context of efforts carried out in the areas of security, governance, the rule of law and human rights, and economic and social development;", "91. Also stresses, in this regard, that the development of alternative livelihood programmes is of key importance in the success of the counter-narcotics efforts in Afghanistan and that sustainable strategies require international cooperation, and urges the Government of Afghanistan, assisted by the international community, to promote the development of sustainable livelihoods in the formal production sector, as well as in other sectors, and to improve access to reasonable and sustainable credit and financing in rural areas, thus improving substantially the lives, health and security of the people, particularly in rural areas;", "92. Notes with great concern the strong nexus between the drug trade and terrorist activities by the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminal groups, which pose a serious threat to security, the rule of law and development in Afghanistan, and stresses the importance of the full implementation of all relevant Security Council resolutions in this regard, including resolutions 1735 (2006) of 22 December 2006 and 1822 (2008) of 30 June 2008;", "93. Calls upon all Member States, in this regard, to further intensify their efforts to reduce the demand for drugs in their respective countries and globally in order to contribute to the sustainability of the elimination of illicit cultivation in Afghanistan;", "94. Stresses the need to prevent trafficking in and diversion of chemical precursors used in the illicit manufacturing of drugs in Afghanistan, and calls for the full implementation of Security Council resolution 1817 (2008) of 11 June 2008 in this regard;", "95. Supports the fight against the illicit trafficking in drugs from and precursors to Afghanistan and neighbouring States and countries along trafficking routes, including increased cooperation among them in strengthening anti-narcotic controls and the monitoring of the international trade in chemical precursors, and underlines the importance of technical assistance and support to the most affected transit States to support their capacities in this regard;", "96. Urges the Government of Afghanistan, supported by the international community, to work to mainstream counter-narcotics throughout all the national programmes and to ensure that counter-narcotics is a fundamental part of the comprehensive approach, as well as to increase its efforts against opium cultivation and drug trafficking in accordance with the balanced eight-pillar plan of the updated Afghan National Drug Control Strategy;", "97. Commends the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan in this regard, as well as the efforts to update and carry out the National Drug Control Strategy, including the Prioritized Implementation Plan and benchmarks, urges the Government and the international community to take decisive action, in particular to stop the processing of and trade in drugs, by pursuing the concrete steps set out in the Strategy and through initiatives such as the Good Performers Initiative established to provide incentives for governors to reduce cultivation in their provinces, and encourages the Afghan authorities to work at the provincial level on elaborating counter-narcotics implementation plans;", "98. Calls upon the international community to continue to assist the Government of Afghanistan in implementing its National Drug Control Strategy, aimed at eliminating the cultivation, production, trafficking in and consumption of illicit drugs, including through increased support for Afghan law enforcement and criminal justice agencies, agricultural and rural development for the creation of alternative livelihoods for farmers, demand reduction, the elimination of illicit crops, increased public awareness and the building of the capacity of drug control institutions and care and treatment centres for drug addicts, and reiterates its call upon the international community to channel counter-narcotics funding through the Government to the extent possible;", "99. Recalls the need to strengthen international and regional cooperation with Afghanistan in its sustained efforts to address drug production and trafficking, recognizes the threat posed by illicit drug production, trade and trafficking to international peace and stability in the region and beyond, also recognizes the progress achieved by relevant initiatives within the framework of the Paris Pact initiative of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, stresses the importance of further progress in the implementation of these initiatives, and welcomes the upcoming ministerial meeting of the Paris Pact initiative to be held in Vienna, in continuation of the “Paris-Moscow” process, as well as the intent of the Government of Afghanistan to strengthen international and regional cooperation in this regard;", "100. Pays homage to all those who have innocently lost their lives in the fight against drug traffickers, in particular members of the security forces of Afghanistan and its neighbours;", "101. Welcomes initiatives to enhance border management cooperation between Afghanistan and its neighbours in ensuring comprehensive measures for drug control, including the financial dimension, emphasizes the importance of pursuing such cooperation, especially through bilateral arrangements and those launched by the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-building Measures in Asia, the Economic Cooperation Organization, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Central Asian Anti-Drug Quartet and others, and welcomes the intention of the Government of Afghanistan to strengthen international and regional cooperation with relevant partners in the field of border control;", "102. Stresses the importance of further, effective cooperative support by relevant international and regional actors, including the United Nations and the Assistance Force, within its designated responsibilities, to Afghan-led sustained efforts to address the threat posed by the illicit production of and trafficking in drugs, welcomes in this regard the regional programme on Afghanistan and neighbouring countries of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, and encourages the respective countries to continue to participate;", "103. Acknowledges the regional activities carried out by Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan within the framework of their triangular initiative to counter narcotics, and welcomes the next ministerial meetings to be held in Kabul and Tehran, consecutively;", "Coordination", "104. Expresses its appreciation for the work of the Assistance Mission as mandated by the Security Council in its resolution 1974 (2011), and stresses the continued importance of the central and impartial coordinating role of the United Nations in promoting a more coherent international engagement;", "105. Welcomes the presence of the Assistance Mission in the provinces, which ensures that the United Nations can fulfil its essential coordinating and support role, as requested by the Government of Afghanistan, security conditions permitting;", "106. Stresses the need to ensure that the Assistance Mission is adequately resourced and protected by the Afghan authorities, with international support, as appropriate, to fulfil its mandate;", "107. Acknowledges the central role played by the Joint Coordination and Monitoring Board, stresses that the role of the Board is to support Afghanistan by, inter alia, monitoring and supporting the Kabul process and coordinating international assistance and reconstruction programmes, and welcomes further efforts to provide appropriate guidance and promote a more coherent international engagement;", "108. Expresses its appreciation for and emphasizes the importance of the continued and long-term commitment of the international community to supporting the stability and development of Afghanistan, and recalls the additional international support as pledged;", "109. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly every three months on developments in Afghanistan, as well as on the progress made in the implementation of the present resolution;", "110. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “The situation in Afghanistan”.", "62nd plenary meeting 21 November 2011", "[1]  A/65/612‑S/2010/630, A/65/783‑S/2011/120, A/65/873‑S/2011/381 and A/66/369‑S/2011/590.", "[2]  See S/2010/65, annex II.", "[3]  Available from www.unama.unmissions.org.", "[4]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2056, No. 35597.", "[5]  A/C.1/63/5, enclosure, part II.", "[6]  Available from www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e93ecb22.html.", "[7]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2349, No. 42146.", "[8]  Ibid., vol. 1249, No. 20378.", "[9]  Ibid., vol. 1577, No. 27531.", "[10]  Ibid., vols. 2171 and 2173, No. 27531.", "[11]  Ibid., vol. 2237, No. 39574.", "[12]  S/2002/1416, annex.", "[13]  See A/66/601-S/2011/767.", "[14]  Available from www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop-monitoring/index.html." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 21 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.10 and Add.1)]", "The situation in Afghanistan", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/8 of 4 November 2010 and all previous relevant resolutions,", "Recalling also all relevant Security Council resolutions and statements of its President on the situation in Afghanistan, in particular resolutions 1974 (2011) of 22 March 2011 and 2011 (2011) of 12 October 2011,", "Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity of Afghanistan, and respecting its multicultural, multi-ethnic and historical heritage,", "Recognizing once again the interconnected nature of the challenges in Afghanistan, reaffirming that lasting progress on security, governance, human rights, the rule of law and development, as well as on the cross-cutting issue of counter-narcotics, can be mutually reinforcing, and welcoming the continued efforts of the Government of Afghanistan and the international community to address these challenges in a coordinated manner,", "Recalling the long-term commitment of the international community to Afghanistan, including the mutual commitments made at the London and Kabul Conferences, held on 28 January and 20 July 2010, respectively, and looking forward to a comprehensive review by the Secretary-General, in consultation with the Government of Afghanistan and relevant international stakeholders, of the mandated activities of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan and of United Nations support in Afghanistan, with a view to strengthening national ownership and leadership in accordance with the Kabul Process, taking into account the evolving international community presence,", "Looking forward to the International Conference on Afghanistan entitled “Afghanistan and the International Community: A Decade from Transition to Transformation”, to be held in Bonn, Germany, on 5 December 2011, under the auspices of the Government of Afghanistan, which will further define the civilian aspects of transition, the long-term commitment of the international community to Afghanistan in the region and support for the political process,", "Supporting increased regional efforts to follow up on previous declarations of good-neighbourly relations, welcoming the convening of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in the Central Asian Zone, held in Istanbul, Turkey, on 2 November 2011, at which Afghanistan and its regional partners, with the support of the international community, reaffirmed their commitment to promoting regional security and cooperation through confidence-building measures, and looking forward to the first follow-up ministerial meeting of the Istanbul Conference, to be held in Kabul in June 2012,", "Taking note of regional initiatives, such as those being implemented within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the European Union, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, as well as other relevant initiatives aimed at increasing regional economic cooperation with Afghanistan, such as the Regional Economic Cooperation Conference on Afghanistan and the Central Asian Regional Economic Cooperation Programme, and also taking note of the ministerial meeting on strengthening trade links along historical trade routes, held in New York on 22 September 2011,", "Underlining the importance of the agreement reached between the Government of Afghanistan and the countries contributing to the International Security Assistance Force at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization summit held in Lisbon on 19 and 20 November 2010 to gradually transfer primary security responsibilities throughout Afghanistan to the Government of Afghanistan by the end of 2014, welcoming the ongoing transition process, looking forward to a phased expansion of the process to other parts of the country, stressing the continued role of the Assistance Force in supporting the Government of Afghanistan and promoting a responsible transition, as well as the need to strengthen the capacity of the Afghan National Security Forces, stressing the long-term commitment of the international community beyond 2014 to support the further development and professionalization of the Afghan National Security Forces, including training, and to support the building of its capacity to address continuing threats to Afghan security in order to achieve lasting peace, security and stability, and noting that these issues will be addressed at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization summit to be held in Chicago, United States of America, in 2012,", "Reiterating the urgent need to address the challenges in Afghanistan, in particular the ongoing violent criminal and terrorist activities of the Taliban, Al-Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals, including those involved in the drug trade, the formation of Afghan Government institutions, including at the subnational level, the strengthening of the rule of law and democratic processes, the fight against corruption, the acceleration of justice sector reform, the promotion of national reconciliation without prejudice to the implementation of measures imposed by the Security Council in its resolutions 1267 (1999) of 15 October 1999, 1988 (2011) and 1989 (2011) of 17 June 2011 and other relevant resolutions, the promotion of an Afghan-led transitional justice process, the safe, orderly and dignified voluntary return of Afghan refugees and internally displaced persons, the promotion and protection of human rights and the promotion of economic and social development,", "Deeply concerned by the continuing high level of violence in Afghanistan, condemning in the strongest terms all violent attacks, and recognizing in this regard the continuing alarming threat posed by the Taliban, Al-Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and the challenges to efforts to address these threats,", "Expressing grave concern at the high number of civilian casualties, recalling that the overwhelming majority of civilian casualties in Afghanistan are caused by the Taliban, Al-Qaida and other violent and extremist groups, and calling for compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law and for all appropriate measures to be taken to protect civilians,", "Recognizing further progress made by the Assistance Force and other international forces authorized by the Security Council in ensuring the protection of civilians and minimizing civilian casualties, and calling upon them to continue to do more to this end, in particular by continuing to review tactics and procedures and, where civilian casualties occur, by undertaking joint investigations, in cooperation with the Government of Afghanistan, as deemed appropriate, and after-action reviews and investigations,", "Noting the importance of an inclusive national Government that reflects the ethnic diversity of Afghanistan and ensures the full and equal participation of women,", "1. Emphasizes the central and impartial role of the United Nations in promoting peace and stability in Afghanistan, expresses its appreciation and strong support for all efforts of the Secretary-General and his Special Representative in this regard, also expresses its appreciation for the work of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan in accordance with Security Council resolution 1974 (2011), stresses the leading role of the Mission in further improving the coherence and coordination of international civilian efforts, guided by the principle of strengthening Afghan ownership and leadership, and in this regard looks forward to the outcome of the forthcoming comprehensive review of the mandated activities of the Mission and United Nations support in Afghanistan, as mandated by the Council in resolution 1974 (2011);", "2. Welcomes the report of the Secretary-General and the recommendations contained therein;", "3. Undertakes to continue to support the Government and people of Afghanistan in rebuilding a stable, secure, economically self-sufficient State free of terrorism and drugs and in strengthening the foundations of a constitutional democracy as a responsible member of the international community;", "4. Expresses its appreciation to the Government of Afghanistan for its renewed commitment to the Afghan people and to Afghanistan in the communiqués of the London and Kabul Conferences[3], reiterates in this regard its appreciation for the Afghanistan National Development Strategy, stresses the need to continue to develop and implement national priority programmes, including costing plans, and looks forward to the remaining national priority programmes;", "5. Welcomes further efforts by the Government of Afghanistan to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, and recognizes the important work done through the inter-ministerial coordination mechanism and its role in prioritizing and implementing the National Development Strategy and the national priority programmes;", "6. Encourages all partners to support the Kabul process in a constructive manner, building on a broad and deep international partnership to promote increased Afghan responsibility and ownership for security, governance and development, to work towards a secure, prosperous and democratic Afghanistan, with a focus on strengthening constitutional checks and balances that guarantee citizens ' rights and obligations, to undertake structural reforms and to build accountable and effective government so that the people can see concrete progress;", "7. Supports the continued and increased ownership by the Government of Afghanistan of reconstruction and development efforts, and emphasizes the urgent need for ownership and accountability in all areas of governance, as well as institutional capacity, including at the subnational level, in order to make more effective use of aid;", "Security and transition", "8. Reiterates once again its serious concern about the security situation in Afghanistan, stresses the need to continue to address the threat to the security and stability of Afghanistan posed by the ongoing violent and terrorist activities of the Taliban, AlQaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals, including those involved in the narcotics trade, and in this regard reiterates its call for the full implementation of the measures and procedures set out in relevant Security Council resolutions, in particular resolutions 1267 (1999), 1988 (2011) and 1989 (2011);", "9. Condemns in the strongest terms all acts of violence, intimidation and attacks, including improvised explosive device attacks, suicide attacks, assassinations, including of public figures, abductions, indiscriminate targeting of civilians, attacks against humanitarian workers and targeting of Afghan and international forces, which have a detrimental impact on the stabilization, reconstruction and development of Afghanistan, and condemns further the use of civilians as human shields by the Taliban, AlQaida and other violent and extremist groups;", "10. Stresses the need for continued close cooperation between the Government of Afghanistan and the international community in addressing these acts, which threaten the peace and security of Afghanistan and the democratic process, the outcome of the reconstruction and development process in Afghanistan and the continuation of that process, as well as measures for humanitarian assistance, and calls upon all Member States to deny these groups any form of shelter or financial, material and political support;", "11. Deeply regrets the resulting loss of life and injuries among civilians in Afghanistan and other countries, including Afghan and international agencies, all other humanitarian personnel and members of the diplomatic corps, the Assistance Mission, as well as those of the Afghan National Security Forces, the International Security Assistance Force and the Operation Enduring Freedom coalition, and wishes to pay tribute to all those who lost their lives;", "12. Stresses the importance of providing adequate security, calls upon the Government of Afghanistan, with the assistance of the international community, to continue to address threats to the security and stability of Afghanistan, and commends the Afghan National Security Forces and their international partners for their efforts in this regard;", "13. Notes that the responsibility for providing security and maintaining law and order throughout Afghanistan rests with the Government of Afghanistan, with the support of the international community, and stresses the importance of further extending the authority of the central Government to all provinces of Afghanistan, in line with the objectives of the transition, including by strengthening the presence of Afghan security forces;", "14. Supports the objective of the Government of Afghanistan, as endorsed by the Joint Coordination and Monitoring Board, to ensure that, by the end of 2014, the Afghan National Security Forces will have the necessary strength and operational capacity to take over primary security responsibilities from ISAF in all provinces, calls upon the international community to provide the necessary support to enhance security and to continue to provide training, equipment and financial support to the Afghan National Security Forces to enable them to carry out their task of ensuring national security;", "15. Welcomes the launch in July 2011 of the process of transition on key security responsibilities agreed between the Government of Afghanistan and the participating countries of the Assistance Force, commends the continued progress made in this regard, looks forward to further transition phases, also welcomes the commitment of Afghanistan ' s international partners to support the Government of Afghanistan in creating the conditions necessary for transition and to continue to support the transition process until the Afghan National Security Forces are fully capable of meeting the country ' s security needs, including the maintenance of public order, the enforcement of law, the security of Afghanistan ' s borders and the preservation of the constitutional rights of Afghan citizens, and calls upon Member States to continue to support the transition process and to continue to provide the necessary financial and technical support;", "16. Also welcomes, in this regard, the presence of the Assistance Force and the Operation Enduring Freedom coalition, expresses its appreciation for their support for the Afghan National Army, and for the assistance provided to the Afghan National Police by international partners, in particular the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, through its Training Mission in Afghanistan and the European Gendarmerie Force, which supports the Mission, acknowledges the continued deployment of the European Union Police Mission in Afghanistan and other bilateral training programmes, and encourages further coordination, as appropriate, in the light of the transitional process;", "17. Further welcomes the commitment of the Government of Afghanistan to continue to implement the Afghan National Police Strategy and the National Police Plan, which underpin it, in order to ensure stability and create conditions for an effective rule of law, in order to build a strong and professional police force, and to focus on the ongoing institutional and administrative reform of the Ministry of Interior, including the implementation of its anti-corruption action plan, the development of leadership and the progressive strengthening of the Afghan National Police in terms of quality and strength, while the international community continues to provide the necessary financial and technical support;", "18. Calls upon Member States to continue to provide personnel, equipment and other resources to the Assistance Force and to fully support the development of provincial reconstruction teams, in close coordination with the Government of Afghanistan and the Assistance Mission;", "19. Notes the continued importance of the synergy of the objectives of the Assistance Mission and the Assistance Force in the context of a comprehensive approach and the ongoing transition process, and stresses in particular the need for international actors to continue to maintain, strengthen and review civil-military relations at all levels, as appropriate, in order to ensure complementarity of action in line with the different mandates and comparative advantages of humanitarian, development, law enforcement and military actors in Afghanistan;", "20. Urges the Afghan authorities, with the support of the international community, to take all possible measures to ensure the safety, security and freedom of movement of all United Nations and development and humanitarian personnel, to ensure their full, safe and unhindered access to all relevant populations and to protect the property of the United Nations, development or humanitarian organizations, and notes the efforts to regulate private security contractors operating in Afghanistan;", "21. Also urges the Afghan authorities to make every effort to bring to justice the perpetrators of attacks, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 60/123 of 15 December 2005 on the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and protection of United Nations personnel;", "22. Stresses the importance of Afghan ownership of the full implementation of the programme of disbandment of illegal armed groups throughout the country, while ensuring the legitimate participation of entities and individuals in the political process, in particular in future elections, in accordance with adopted Afghan laws and regulations, in coordination with other relevant efforts such as security sector reform, community development, counter-narcotics, district development and Afghan-led initiatives;", "23. Expresses its appreciation for the progress made by the Government of Afghanistan in implementing the programme of disbandment of illegal armed groups and integrating it into the Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Programme, welcomes the continued commitment of the Government of Afghanistan to work actively at the national, provincial and local levels to advance the implementation of this commitment, stresses the importance of all efforts to create sufficient legitimate income-generating opportunities, and calls upon the international community to continue to support these efforts;", "24. Remains deeply concerned at the persistence of the problem of anti-personnel mines and explosive remnants of war, which poses a significant threat to the population and an obstacle to the resumption of economic activities and to rehabilitation and reconstruction;", "25. Welcomes the progress achieved through the Mine Action Programme for Afghanistan, supports the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan to fulfil its responsibilities under the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction[4] and to cooperate fully with the Mine Action Programme coordinated by the United Nations in the destruction of all known or new stocks of anti-personnel mines, and recognizes the need for continued assistance by the international community in this regard;", "26. Notes the ratification by Afghanistan of the Convention on Cluster Munitions;[5]", "Peace, reconciliation and reintegration", "27. Welcomes the adoption by the Security Council of resolutions 1988 (2011) and 1989 (2011) following resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1904 (2009) of 17 December 2009, also welcomes the establishment of the 1988 Committee and the measures in resolution 1988 (2011) concerning individuals, groups, undertakings and entities associated with the Taliban that pose a threat to the peace, stability and security of Afghanistan, calls for the full implementation of the measures and procedures set out in relevant Council resolutions, in particular resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1988 (2011), and calls for consultations with the Government of Afghanistan, as appropriate, in accordance with the provisions of resolution 1988 (2011);", "28. Supports the comprehensive peace and reconciliation process led by the Government of Afghanistan, as recommended by the National Consultative Peace Jirga in June 2010, commends the Government of Afghanistan for its renewed efforts, including the efforts of the High Peace Council and the ongoing Afghan Peace and Reintegration Programme, aimed at promoting an inclusive dialogue among all Afghan groups, including anti-Government members who are prepared to renounce violence, condemn terrorism, sever links with Al-Qaida and other terrorist organizations and adhere to the Afghan Constitution, and supports the call for engagement in dialogue to meet these conditions, reconciliation and reintegration, without prejudice to the implementation of the relevant measures and procedures set out by the Security Council in its resolutions 1267 (1999), 1988 (2011), 1989 (2011) and all other relevant resolutions;", "29. Strongly condemns the assassination of Professor Burhanuddin Rabbani, Chairman of the High Peace Council of Afghanistan, stresses the need for all States with relevant information to provide the Afghan authorities with the assistance that the latter may require and with all information they may have on this terrorist attack, stresses the need at this juncture to maintain calm and unity in Afghanistan and to reduce tensions in all sides, and expresses its firm commitment to support the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan to advance the peace and reconciliation process within the framework of the Afghan Constitution and in the context of the application of the procedures set out in Security Council resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1988 (2011) and other relevant resolutions of the Security Council;", "30. Calls upon all relevant States and international organizations to remain engaged in the Afghan-led peace process, and recognizes the impact of terrorist attacks on the Afghan people and the risks to future prospects for a peaceful settlement;", "31. Stresses that reconciliation efforts should enjoy the support of all Afghans, including civil society, ethnic minorities and women ' s groups;", "32. Calls upon the Government of Afghanistan to ensure the implementation of the Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Programme in an inclusive manner, in accordance with the provisions of the Afghan Constitution and Afghanistan ' s international legal obligations, while upholding the human rights of all Afghans and combating impunity;", "33. Welcomes the establishment of the Peace and Reintegration Trust Fund, recalls the commitments made at the London and Kabul Conferences, respectively, and stresses the importance of sustained international contributions to the Trust Fund;", "34. Recognizes that some Taliban members have rejected the terrorist ideology of Al-Qaida and its followers, abide by the Constitution and support a peaceful resolution of the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan and that their reconciliation with the Afghan Government is progressing, calls upon the Taliban to accept President Hamid Karzai ' s offer to renounce violence, break ties with terrorist groups, adhere to the Constitution and engage in the peace and reconciliation process, and also recognizes that, despite the evolution of the situation in Afghanistan and progress towards reconciliation, security issues continue to pose serious challenges in Afghanistan and the region;", "35. Also recognizes the increasing participation of reintegrated persons in the Afghan Peace and Reintegration Programme, welcomes the results of the Programme ' s review conference held in May 2011 and recent efforts to ensure the implementation of the Programme, encourages additional efforts to overcome remaining operational challenges, including through the establishment of an appropriate vetting mechanism and ensuring that this is linked to broader efforts to resolve conflicts and grievances at the local level, and further encourages the international community to support this Afghan-led effort;", "Governance, rule of law and human rights", "36. Emphasizes that good governance, the rule of law and human rights form the basis for Afghanistan ' s progress towards stability and prosperity, and notes the importance of building the capacity of the Government of Afghanistan to promote and protect human rights, the rule of law and governance in an accountable and effective manner;", "Democracy", "37. Recognizes the importance of free, fair, transparent, credible, secure and inclusive elections as a key step towards consolidating democracy for all Afghans, stresses the responsibilities of the Afghan authorities in this regard, also stresses the need for timely and orderly preparations for the elections, calls upon the international community to continue to provide financial and technical assistance, stresses the leading role of the Mission in coordinating these efforts, and calls upon the international community to support the Government of Afghanistan and relevant Afghan institutions;", "38. Welcomes the breaking of the institutional impasse following the decision that the Independent Electoral Commission has final authority over the elections, reaffirms the commitment of the Government of Afghanistan in the Kabul communiqué to long-term electoral reform based on lessons learned from previous elections, including the 2010 parliamentary elections, and reaffirms that a peaceful future in Afghanistan depends on the consolidation and transparency of democratic institutions, respect for the separation of powers, the strengthening of constitutional checks and balances and the guarantee and implementation of citizens ' rights and obligations;", "B. Justice", "39. Also welcomes the steps taken by the Government of Afghanistan to reform the justice sector and the commitment made at the Kabul Conference to increase access to justice throughout Afghanistan, stresses the need for further accelerated progress in the establishment of a fair, transparent and effective judicial system, in particular the timely implementation of the National Justice Programme, the National Justice Strategy and the forthcoming National Priority Programme on Justice and Justice for All, as well as the provision of a secure environment and ensuring the rule of law throughout the country, and urges the international community to continue to support the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan in these areas in a coordinated manner;", "40. Acknowledges the progress made by the Government of Afghanistan and the international community in providing adequate resources for the reconstruction and reform of the prison sector in order to improve respect for the rule of law and human rights in the prison sector, while reducing physical and mental health risks to prisoners;", "41. Encourages the Government of Afghanistan, with the support of the Assistance Mission, the international community and other partners, including the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission, and in accordance with the Afghan Constitution, Afghan law and international obligations, to increase its efforts to protect and prevent violations of the human rights of all detainees in Afghan prisons and detention facilities and to ensure respect for human rights and the rule of law in Afghanistan, welcomes the cooperation of the Government of Afghanistan and the efforts of the international community to provide support in this regard, takes note of the recommendations contained in the report of the Assistance Mission of 10 October 2011, and reiterates the importance of due process to ensure justice;", "42. Stresses the importance of ensuring access for relevant organizations to all prisons in Afghanistan, and calls for full compliance with applicable relevant international law, including humanitarian and human rights law, and the application of such law where minors are detained;", "C. Public administration", "43. Urges the Government of Afghanistan to continue to effectively reform the public administration sector in order to enforce the rule of law and ensure good governance and accountability in accordance with the Kabul Process at the national and subnational levels, with the support of the international community, welcomes the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan in this regard and the commitments made at the Kabul Conference, stresses the importance of transparency in the process of appointment and promotion of civil servants, and continues to encourage the Government to make full use of the Senior Appointments Panel;", "44. Encourages the international community, including all donor countries and international institutions and organizations, both governmental and non-governmental, to assist the Government of Afghanistan in making capacity-building and human resources development a cross-cutting priority and to coordinate with the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan, including the work of the Independent Commission for Administrative Reform and the Civil Service, for administrative capacity-building at the national and subnational levels;", "45. Reiterates the importance of institution-building as a complement to and contribution to the creation of an economy with sound macroeconomic policies, in particular a financial sector that provides services to microenterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises and households, as well as transparent business rules and accountability, and emphasizes the link between economic growth, including through infrastructure projects, and employment creation in Afghanistan;", "46. Recalls the ratification by Afghanistan of the United Nations Convention against Corruption,[7] reiterates its appreciation for the anti-corruption commitments made by the Government of Afghanistan at the London and Kabul Conferences, calls upon the Government of Afghanistan to take further action to implement those commitments in order to establish a more effective, accountable and transparent administration at the national, provincial and local levels of government, welcomes continued international support in this regard, and notes with deep concern the impact of corruption on security, good governance, combating the drug industry and economic development;", "Welcomes the principles of effective partnership contained in the Kabul Conference communiqué, and in this regard calls for the full implementation of the commitments made at the London Conference and reiterated at the Kabul Conference to realign and channel additional international resources through the Afghan Government budget in a manner that is more in line with Afghan priorities, encourages all partners to work with the Afghan Government to implement “operational guidelines: effective extrabudgetary financing for development standards”, to improve procurement procedures and due diligence in international contract procedures, and to facilitate Afghan Parliament's monitoring of expenditure and development planning, and recalls that progress in this regard will require the necessary reform of the public financial management system to reduce corruption, improve budget implementation and increase tax revenues;", "48. Underlines the importance of the three-year arrangement recently agreed between the Government of Afghanistan and the International Monetary Fund, which reaffirms the commitment to successful cooperation on the basis of effective and transparent economic reforms;", "49. Welcomes the subnational governance policy, emphasizes the importance of more visible, accountable and capable subnational institutions and actors to reduce the political space for the insurgency, emphasizes the importance of the Kabul process being accompanied by national programmes at the subnational level, encourages a phased approach to local institutional capacity and capacity-building in a financially sustainable manner, and calls for increased and predictable allocation of regular resources to provincial governments, including the continued critical support of the Mission and the international community;", "50. Urges the Government of Afghanistan, with the assistance of the international community, to address the issue of land property rights through the implementation of a comprehensive land titling programme, including the formal registration of all property and the strengthening of security of property rights, and welcomes the steps already taken by the Government of Afghanistan in this regard;", "Human rights", "51. Recalls that the Constitution guarantees the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all Afghans as a major political achievement, calls for full respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without discrimination of any kind, and stresses the need for the full implementation of the human rights provisions of the Afghan Constitution, including those relating to the full enjoyment of human rights by women and children, in accordance with applicable obligations under international law;", "52. Acknowledges and encourages the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan to promote respect for human rights, expresses its concern about the negative impact of violent and terrorist activities by the Taliban, Al-Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals on the enjoyment of human rights and on the ability of the Government of Afghanistan to guarantee the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all Afghans, notes with concern reports of continuing violations of human rights and international humanitarian law, including violence or discriminatory practices, against persons belonging to ethnic and religious minorities and women and children, in particular girls, stresses the need to promote a spirit of tolerance and freedom of religion as guaranteed by the Afghan Constitution, stresses the need to investigate allegations of current and past violations and to assist in providing adequate and effective redress to victims and to bring perpetrators to justice in accordance with domestic and international law;", "53. Commends the Government of Afghanistan for its active participation in the universal periodic review process, calls upon Afghan civil society to continue to participate actively in this process, and encourages the timely implementation of the recommendations contained in the relevant reports;", "54. Stresses the need to ensure respect for the right to freedom of expression and the right to freedom of thought, conscience or belief, as enshrined in the Afghan Constitution, and in this regard calls for the full implementation of the law on mass media, while noting with concern the persistence of intimidation and violence against Afghan journalists and challenges to the independence of the media, condemns the abduction and even killing of journalists by terrorist, extremist and criminal groups, and urges the Afghan authorities to investigate the harassment and attacks against journalists and bring the perpetrators to justice;", "55. Reiterates the important role of the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission in the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, stresses the need to guarantee its constitutional status and to enable it to carry out its mandate throughout Afghanistan, with a community focus, in order to increase public awareness and accountability to the Government, welcomes the decision of the Government of Afghanistan to fully shoulder the core funding of the Commission, urges the Commission to work closely with Afghan civil society, and calls upon the international community to continue to provide support in this regard;", "56. Recalls Security Council resolutions 1674 (2006) of 28 April 2006, 1738 (2006) of 23 December 2006 and 1894 (2009) of 11 November 2009 on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, as well as the mid-year report on the subject prepared by the Mission in July 2011,3 expresses grave concern at the large number of civilian casualties, including women and children, and their impact on local communities, notes that the overwhelming majority of civilian casualties continue to be caused by the Taliban, AlQaida and other violent and extremist groups, reiterates its call for all feasible steps to be taken to ensure the protection of civilians, and calls for further appropriate measures in this regard and full compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law;", "57. Also recalls Security Council resolutions 1325 (2000) of 31 October 2000, 1820 (2008) of 19 June 2008, 1888 (2009) of 30 September 2009, 1889 (2009) of 5 October 2009 and 1960 (2010) of 16 December 2010 on women and peace and security, and reaffirms the need to fulfil international obligations to promote women ' s rights, as enshrined in the Afghan Constitution;", "58. Commends the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan to mainstream gender equality, including into its national priority programmes, to protect and promote the equal rights of women and men, which have been guaranteed by the ratification by the Government of Afghanistan of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, as well as by the implementation of the Afghan Constitution and the National Action Plan for Women, reaffirms the continued importance of the full and equal participation of women in all spheres of Afghan activity, equality before the law and equal access to legal counsel without any discrimination, and stresses the need for continued progress on gender issues in accordance with Afghanistan ' s obligations under international law;", "Strongly condemns incidents of discrimination and violence against women and girls, in particular against women activists and women public figures, wherever they occur in Afghanistan, including killings, maimings and “honour killings” in some parts of the country;", "60. Reiterates its appreciation to the Special Fund to Eliminate Violence against Women of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) and its Emergency Response Fund, which continue to address violence against women and women defenders in Afghanistan, and stresses the need for the international community to continue to contribute to these funds;", "61. Welcomes the achievements and efforts of the Government of Afghanistan in combating discrimination, urges it to actively promote all aspects of Afghan society, in particular women, in the formulation and implementation of relief, rehabilitation, rehabilitation and reconstruction programmes and national priority programmes, and to accurately track progress towards the full integration of women into the political, economic and social life of Afghanistan, stresses the need for it to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women in Afghan political life and public administration, including in leadership positions and at the subnational level, in accordance with its obligations under international law, and to continue to make progress, as well as the need to facilitate women ' s access to employment opportunities and ensure literacy and training for women, and calls upon the international community to continue to provide support in this regard;", "62. Stresses the need to ensure respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of children in Afghanistan, and recalls the need for all States parties to implement fully the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the two Optional Protocols thereto, as well as Security Council resolutions 1612 (2005) of 26 July 2005, 1882 (2009) of 4 August 2009 and 1998 (2011) of 12 July 2011 on children and armed conflict;", "63. Expresses its concern in this regard about the continued recruitment and use of child soldiers by illegal armed groups and terrorist groups, stresses the importance of ending the use of children in violation of international law, expresses its appreciation for the strong commitment and progress made by the Government of Afghanistan in this regard, including its strong condemnation of any exploitation of children, through the establishment of the Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee for the Protection of Children ' s Rights, the appointment of a focal point for child protection and the signing of an action plan on children associated with the national security forces in Afghanistan in January 2011 and its annexes, and calls for the full implementation of the provisions of the action plan in close cooperation with the Assistance Mission;", "64. Recognizes the special needs of girls, strongly condemns terrorist attacks and threats of attacks on educational facilities, in particular those of Afghan girls, and/or hospitals and associated protected persons in Afghanistan, in violation of applicable international law, and expresses grave concern at the large number of schools closed as a result of terrorist attacks and threats of attack;", "65. Welcomes the adoption by the Government of Afghanistan of the National Action Plan to Combat Child Trafficking, as well as initiatives to adopt legislation on trafficking in persons, guided by the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and stresses the importance of considering becoming a party to the Protocol;", "Social and economic development", "66. Urgently appeals to all States, the United Nations system and international and non-governmental organizations, including international and regional financial institutions, to continue to provide all possible and necessary humanitarian, rehabilitation, reconstruction, development, finance, education, technical and material assistance to Afghanistan, in close coordination with the Government of Afghanistan and in accordance with its priorities and the National Development Strategy, and recalls in this regard the important role played by the Assistance Mission in seeking further improvements in the coherence and coordination of international efforts;", "67. Stresses the need for a continued strong commitment by the international community to humanitarian assistance and for recovery, rehabilitation, reconstruction and development programmes under the ownership of the Government of Afghanistan, while expressing its appreciation to the United Nations system and to all interested States and international and non-governmental organizations, as well as to their international and local staff, for their continued positive response to the humanitarian, transition and development needs of Afghanistan, despite increasing security concerns and difficulties of access to certain areas;", "68. Expresses its appreciation for the humanitarian and development assistance efforts undertaken by the international community for the reconstruction and development of Afghanistan, recognizes the need to further improve the living conditions of the Afghan people, and stresses the need to strengthen and support the capacity of the Government of Afghanistan to provide basic social services, in particular education and public health services, for development;", "69. Urges the Government of Afghanistan to intensify its efforts to reform key services sectors, such as energy and water supply, as a prerequisite for progress in social and economic development, commends the efforts made so far by the Government of Afghanistan to achieve financial sustainability, notes the challenges ahead, and urges continued commitment to income generation;", "70. Appreciates the work of the provincial reconstruction teams in promoting capacity-building of local institutions through their efforts to support national priorities at the provincial level;", "71. Encourages the international community and the business community to support the Afghan economy as a measure of long-term stability and to explore possibilities for increased trade and investment and local procurement, and further encourages the Government of Afghanistan to continue to promote an economic environment at the national and subnational levels conducive to private sector investment;", "72. Urgently encourages all States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations to expand their agricultural cooperation with Afghanistan, within the National Framework for Agricultural Development and in line with the National Development Strategy, in order to help eradicate poverty and ensure social and economic development, including in rural communities;", "73. Reiterates the importance of providing Afghan children, in particular girls, with education and health facilities throughout the country, welcomes the progress made in the public education sector, recalls that the National Education Strategic Plan provides a favourable basis for continued progress, encourages the Government of Afghanistan, with the assistance of the international community, to expand these facilities, to train professional staff and to enable all members of Afghan society, including those in remote areas, to have full and equal access to them, and further reiterates the need for vocational training for adolescents;", "74. Commends the Government of Afghanistan and donors for their relief efforts, but remains concerned about the overall humanitarian situation, stresses the continued need for food assistance, and calls upon the international community to continue to support the Afghanistan Humanitarian Action Plan and to complete its funding targets well in advance of the coming winter;", "75. Recognizes that underdevelopment and lack of capacity increase the vulnerability of Afghanistan to natural disasters and severe weather conditions, and in this regard urges the Government of Afghanistan, with the support of the international community, to increase its efforts to strengthen and modernize national and subnational disaster risk reduction efforts, modernize agriculture and enhance agricultural production in order to reduce the vulnerability of Afghanistan to adverse external conditions, such as droughts, floods and other natural disasters;", "76. Expresses its appreciation to Governments that continue to host Afghan refugees, in particular Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran, recognizes the heavy burden they have so far borne in this regard, and invites the international community to continue to provide generous support for their voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return, rehabilitation and reintegration;", "77. Reaffirms to host States and to the international community their obligation under international refugee law to protect refugees, to respect the principle of their voluntary return and to respect their right to seek asylum, and to ensure full, safe and unhindered access by international relief organizations to provide them with protection and assistance, and calls upon States to continue to accept an appropriate number of Afghan refugees for resettlement, demonstrating a spirit of shared responsibility and solidarity;", "78. Welcomes the continued voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return of Afghan refugees and internally displaced persons, while noting with concern that conditions in parts of Afghanistan remain detrimental to their safe and sustainable return to certain places of origin;", "79. Urges the Government of Afghanistan, acting with the support of the international community, to continue to strengthen its efforts to create conditions for sustainable return and to continue to strengthen its absorptive capacity for the full rehabilitation and reintegration of the remaining refugees and internally displaced persons;", "80. Notes, in this regard, the continued constructive work among States in the region, as well as the tripartite agreement between the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the Government of Afghanistan and the Governments of countries hosting Afghan refugees, in particular Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran;", "Regional cooperation", "81. Stresses that constructive regional cooperation is essential for promoting peace, security, stability and economic and social development in Afghanistan, encourages further improvement of relations and enhanced interaction between Afghanistan and its neighbours, and calls for further efforts in this regard, including by regional organizations;", "Commends the continued efforts of the signatories to the Kabul Declaration on Good-Neighbourly Relations of 22 December 2002 [12] to implement their commitments under the Declaration, calls upon all other States to respect and support the implementation of those provisions, and welcomes the reaffirmation in the Kabul Conference communiqué of the principles set out in the Declaration;", "83. Welcomes and encourages further efforts by the Government of Afghanistan and its neighbouring partners to strengthen trust and cooperation with each other, and looks forward to increased cooperation, as necessary, between Afghanistan and all its neighbouring partners, regional partners and regional organizations against the Taliban, AlQaida and other extremist and criminal groups and to promote peace and prosperity in Afghanistan and in the region and beyond;", "84. Welcomes, in this regard, the increased efforts of the Government of Afghanistan and its neighbouring and regional partners to enhance mutual trust and cooperation, as well as recent cooperation initiatives by interested States and regional organizations, including the Trilateral Summits in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Turkey, the Trilateral Summits in Afghanistan, Iran (Islamic Republic of) and Pakistan, the Trilateral Summit in Pakistan, Afghanistan and the United States of America, the Trilateral Summits in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates, the Trilateral Summit in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan and the Russian Federation, and the initiatives of the Trilateral Commission, comprising Afghanistan, Pakistan and the International Security Assistance Force, the European Union, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization;", "85. Also welcomes the holding of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in the Heart of Asia, and encourages Afghanistan and its regional partners to adopt the Istanbul Process on Regional Security and Cooperation for a Secure and Stable Afghanistan, adopted on 2 November 2011 [para. 11] Within the framework established, work actively to implement confidence-building measures;", "86. Appreciates all efforts aimed at enhancing regional economic cooperation for the promotion of economic cooperation among Afghanistan, regional neighbours, international partners and financial institutions, recognizes the important role of the Regional Economic Cooperation Conference on Afghanistan, the Economic Cooperation Organization, the Central Asian Regional Economic Cooperation Programme, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the European Union and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, among others, in promoting the development of Afghanistan, and looks forward to the fifth Regional Economic Cooperation Conference on Afghanistan to be held in Tajikistan on 26 and 27 March 2012;", "87. Welcomes and urges further efforts to strengthen the process of regional economic cooperation, including measures to promote regional trade and transit, including through regional and bilateral transit trade agreements, the expansion of consular visa cooperation and the facilitation of business travel, the expansion of trade, increased foreign investment and the development of infrastructure, including infrastructure connectivity, energy supply, transport and integrated border management, in order to promote sustainable economic growth and job creation in Afghanistan, noting the historic role of Afghanistan as a land bridge in Asia;", "88. Encourages the Group of Eight to continue to promote and support cooperation between Afghanistan and its neighbours through mutual consultations and agreements, including through development projects in the areas of infrastructure connectivity, border management and economic development, and in this regard looks forward to the establishment of the Afghan Railway Authority, as announced at the Regional Railway Conference, held in Paris on 4 and 5 July 2011;", "Counter-narcotics", "89. Welcomes the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan to combat drug production in the country, takes note of the report entitled Afghanistan Opium Survey 2011, published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in December 2011, [14] reiterates its deep concern at the increase in the cultivation and production of narcotic drugs in Afghanistan, mainly in areas where the Taliban, Al-Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals are particularly active, at the current level of drug trafficking, and, in accordance with the principle of common and shared responsibility, stresses the need for the Government of Afghanistan, with the support of international and regional actors and the Assistance Force, in accordance with their designated responsibilities, to enhance collaboration, coordination and more determined efforts to address this threat;", "90. Stresses the importance of a balanced and integrated approach to the drug problem of Afghanistan, which, for it to be effective, must be integrated into broader efforts in the areas of security, governance, the rule of law and human rights, as well as economic and social development;", "91. Also stresses, in this regard, that the development of alternative livelihood programmes is essential to the success of counter-narcotics efforts in Afghanistan and that a sustainable strategy requires international cooperation, and urges the Government of Afghanistan, with the support of the international community, to significantly improve the lives, health and safety of its people, in particular in rural areas, by promoting the development of sustainable livelihoods in the formal productive sector and other sectors and by increasing access to reasonable and sustainable credit and financing in rural areas;", "92. Notes with great concern the close links between the drug trade and terrorist activities by the Taliban, Al-Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminal groups, which pose a serious threat to security, the rule of law and development in Afghanistan, and stresses the need for the full implementation of all relevant Security Council resolutions in this regard, including resolutions 1735 (2006) of 22 December 2006 and 1822 (2008) of 30 June 2008;", "93. Calls upon all Member States, in this regard, to further intensify their efforts to reduce national and global demand for drugs in order to contribute to the sustainability of efforts to eliminate illicit cultivation in Afghanistan;", "94. Stresses the importance of preventing the trafficking in and diversion of chemical precursors used for the illicit production of drugs in Afghanistan, and in this regard calls for the full implementation of Security Council resolution 1817 (2008) of 11 June 2008;", "95. Supports the fight against the illicit movement of drugs out of Afghanistan, its neighbours and countries along trafficking routes and the entry of precursors, including by strengthening mutual cooperation with a view to enhancing drug control and monitoring the international trade in chemical precursors, and stresses the importance of providing technical assistance and support to the most affected transit States in support of their capacity in this regard;", "96. Urges the Government of Afghanistan, with the support of the international community, to work towards the inclusion of counter-narcotics in all national programmes, to ensure that counter-narcotics is an important part of an integrated approach and to intensify its efforts to combat opium poppy cultivation and drug trafficking, in accordance with the eight-point plan, which takes into account all factors, in accordance with the updated Afghan National Drug Control Strategy;", "97. Commends the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan to this end, as well as to update and implement the National Drug Control Strategy, including the Priority Implementation Plan and benchmarks, urges the Government of Afghanistan and the international community to take decisive action to stop drug processing and the drug trade, in particular by taking the concrete steps set out in the Strategy and through various initiatives, such as the merit-based initiative to stimulate governors to reduce opium poppy cultivation in their provinces, and encourages the Afghan authorities to work to develop counter-narcotics implementation plans at the provincial level;", "98. Calls upon the international community to continue to assist the Government of Afghanistan in implementing the National Drug Control Strategy, aimed at eradicating the cultivation, production, trafficking and consumption of illicit drugs, including by increasing support for Afghan law enforcement and criminal justice institutions, promoting agriculture and rural development, providing alternative livelihoods for farmers, reducing demand, eliminating illicit crops, raising public awareness, building the capacity of drug control institutions and establishing centres for the care and treatment of drug abusers, and reiterates its call upon the international community to provide, to the extent possible, counter-narcotics funding through the Government of Afghanistan;", "99. Recalls the importance of strengthening international and regional cooperation with Afghanistan to assist it in its sustainable efforts to address the problem of drug production and trafficking, recognizes the threat posed by illicit drug production, trade and trafficking to international peace and stability in the region and beyond, also recognizes the progress made in the relevant initiatives undertaken within the framework of the Paris Pact initiative, stresses the importance of further progress in the implementation of those initiatives, welcomes the convening in Vienna of the ministerial meeting of the Paris Pact initiative of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime to continue the Paris-Moscow process, and welcomes the intention of the Government of Afghanistan to strengthen international and regional cooperation in this regard;", "100. Pays tribute to all those who have lost innocent lives in the fight against drug traffickers, in particular members of the security forces of Afghanistan and neighbouring countries;", "101. Welcomes initiatives to strengthen border management cooperation between Afghanistan and its neighbours to ensure comprehensive drug control measures, including at the financial level, stresses the importance of such cooperation, in particular through bilateral arrangements and those initiated by the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-building Measures in Asia, the Economic Cooperation Organization, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Central Asian Counter-Narcotic Quartet and others, and welcomes the intention of the Government of Afghanistan to strengthen international and regional cooperation with relevant partners in border control;", "102. Stresses the importance of further effective and cooperative support by relevant international and regional actors, including the United Nations and the Assistance Force, acting in accordance with their designated responsibilities, to sustained Afghan-led efforts to counter the threat posed by the illicit production of and trafficking in drugs, welcomes in this regard the regional programme of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime on Afghanistan and neighbouring countries, and encourages the continued engagement of relevant States;", "103. Acknowledges the activities undertaken by Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan within the framework of their trilateral counter-narcotics initiatives, and welcomes the ministerial meetings to be held in Kabul and Tehran, respectively;", "Coordination", "104. Expresses its appreciation for the work of the Mission, as mandated by the Security Council in its resolution 1974 (2011), and stresses the need for the United Nations to continue to play a central role of fair coordination and to promote a more coherent engagement of the international community;", "105. Welcomes the work of the Mission in the provinces, as requested by the Government of Afghanistan and security conditions permit, to ensure that the United Nations can play an important coordinating support role;", "106. Stresses the importance of ensuring that the Mission is adequately resourced and protected by the Afghan authorities to fulfil its mandate with appropriate international support;", "107. Acknowledges the central role played by the Joint Coordination and Monitoring Board, stresses its role in supporting Afghanistan, including by monitoring and supporting the Kabul process and coordinating international assistance and reconstruction programmes, and welcomes further efforts to provide appropriate guidance and promote a more coordinated international engagement;", "108. Expresses its appreciation for the sustained long-term commitment of the international community to support the stability and development of Afghanistan, stresses the importance of this commitment, and recalls that further international support has been pledged;", "109. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly every three months on developments in Afghanistan and on the progress made in the implementation of the present resolution;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “The situation in Afghanistan”.", "21 November 2011", "62nd PLENARY MEETING", "[1] A/65/612-S/2010/630, A/65/783-S/2011/120, A/65/873-S/2011/381 and A/66/369-S/2011/590.", "[2] See S/2010/65, annex II.", "[3] Available at www.unama.unmissions.org.", "[4] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2056, No. 35597.", "[5] A/C.1/63/5, enclosure, part II.", "[6] Available at www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e93ecb22.html.", "[7] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2349, No. 42146.", "[8] Ibid., vol. 1249, No. 20378.", "[9] Ibid., vol. 1577, No. 27531.", "[10] Ibid., vols. 2171 and 2173, No. 27531.", "[11] Ibid., vol. 2237, No. 39574.", "[12] S/2002/1416, annex.", "[13] See A/66/601-S/2011/767.", "[14] Available at www.unodc.org/unodc/en/corp-monitoring/index.html." ]

[ "2011年11月30日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.15和Add.1)]", "66/14. 巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会", "大会，", "回顾其1947年11月29日第181(II)号、1948年12月11日第194(III)号、1974年11月22日第3236(XXIX)号、1975年11月10日第3375(XXX)和3376(XXX)号、1976年11月24日第31/20号决议和其后的所有相关决议，包括其紧急特别会议通过的各项决议和2010年11月30日第65/13号决议，", "又回顾其2004年5月6日第58/292号决议，", "审议了巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会的报告，[1]", "回顾以色列国政府与巴勒斯坦人民的代表巴勒斯坦解放组织已相互承认，并回顾双方之间现有的各项协定以及全面遵守这些协定的必要性，", "申明支持以联合国有关决议、马德里会议的职权范围(包括土地换和平原则)、阿拉伯国家联盟理事会第十四届会议通过的《阿拉伯和平倡议》[2] 和经安全理事会2003年11月19日第1515(2003)号决议赞同的以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突永久性两国解决方案四方路线图[3] 为基础的中东和平进程，", "回顾国际法院2004年7月9日就“在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果”发表的咨询意见，[4] 并回顾大会2004年7月20日ES-10/15号和2006年12月15日ES-10/17号决议，", "表示注意到巴勒斯坦于2011年9月23日提交了关于加入为联合国会员国的申请书，[5]", "重申联合国对巴勒斯坦问题担负永久责任，直到这个问题的所有方面都依循国际合法性得到满意解决为止，", "1. 感谢巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会为完成大会交给它的任务作出努力，注意到委员会年度报告，¹ 包括报告第七章中的结论和宝贵建议；", "2. 请委员会继续尽全力促进实现巴勒斯坦人民的不可剥夺权利，包括自决权利，支持中东和平进程，以达成基于1967年以前边界的两国解决方案并公正解决所有最终地位问题，动员国际社会支持和援助巴勒斯坦人民，在这方面授权委员会根据事态发展，对它的核定工作方案作出它认为必要的适当调整，并就此向大会第六十七届会议及其后各届会议提出报告；", "3. 又请委员会继续经常审查与巴勒斯坦问题有关的局势，酌情向大会、安全理事会或秘书长提出报告和建议；", "4. 还请委员会继续同巴勒斯坦的和其他的民间社会组织合作并给予支持，继续争取更多的民间社会组织和议员参与其工作，以动员国际社会声援和支持巴勒斯坦人民，尤其是在出现政治不稳定、人道主义困境和财政危机的这一关键时期，总体目标是根据联合国有关决议、马德里会议的职权范围(包括土地换和平原则)、《阿拉伯和平倡议》² 和四方路线图，³ 促进实现巴勒斯坦人民的不可剥夺权利，公正、持久、和平地解决作为阿拉伯-以色列冲突核心的巴勒斯坦问题；", "5. 请大会第194(III)号决议所设联合国巴勒斯坦和解委员会以及与巴勒斯坦问题有关的其他联合国机构继续同委员会充分合作，并在委员会要求时，向委员会提供它们掌握的相关信息和文件；", "6. 邀请各国政府和各组织在委员会开展工作过程中同它合作；", "7. 请秘书长将委员会的报告分发给联合国所有主管机构，并敦促它们酌情采取必要的行动；", "8. 又请秘书长继续向委员会提供它开展工作所需要的一切便利。", "2011年11月30日", "第69次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第35号》(A/66/35)。", "[2] A/56/1026-S/2002/932，附件二，第14/221号决议。", "[3] S/2003/529，附件。", "[4] 见A/ES-10/273和Corr.1；另见“在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果，咨询意见”，《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，英文第136页。", "[5] A/66/371-S/2011/592，附件一。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.15 and Add.1)]", "66/14. Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights", "of the Palestinian People", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 181 (II) of 29 November 1947, 194 (III) of 11 December 1948, 3236 (XXIX) of 22 November 1974, 3375 (XXX) and 3376 (XXX) of 10 November 1975, 31/20 of 24 November 1976 and all its subsequent relevant resolutions, including those adopted at its emergency special sessions and its resolution 65/13 of 30 November 2010,", "Recalling also its resolution 58/292 of 6 May 2004,", "Having considered the report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People,[1]", "Recalling the mutual recognition between the Government of the State of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, the representative of the Palestinian people, as well as the existing agreements between the two sides and the need for full compliance with those agreements,", "Affirming its support for the Middle East peace process on the basis of the relevant United Nations resolutions, the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session[2] and the Quartet road map to a permanent two-State solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, endorsed by the Security Council in resolution 1515 (2003) of 19 November 2003,[3]", "Recalling the advisory opinion rendered on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,[4] and recalling also its resolutions ES‑10/15 of 20 July 2004 and ES‑10/17 of 15 December 2006,", "Taking note of the application of Palestine for admission to membership in the United Nations, submitted on 23 September 2011,[5]", "Reaffirming that the United Nations has a permanent responsibility towards the question of Palestine until the question is resolved in all its aspects in a satisfactory manner in accordance with international legitimacy,", "1. Expresses its appreciation to the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People for its efforts in performing the tasks assigned to it by the General Assembly, and takes note of its annual report,¹ including the conclusions and valuable recommendations contained in chapter VII thereof;", "2. Requests the Committee to continue to exert all efforts to promote the realization of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including their right to self-determination, to support the Middle East peace process for the achievement of the two-State solution on the basis of the pre‑1967 borders and the just resolution of all final status issues and to mobilize international support for and assistance to the Palestinian people, and in this regard authorizes the Committee to make such adjustments in its approved programme of work as it may consider appropriate and necessary in the light of developments and to report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session and thereafter;", "3. Also requests the Committee to continue to keep under review the situation relating to the question of Palestine and to report and make suggestions to the General Assembly, the Security Council or the Secretary-General, as appropriate;", "4. Further requests the Committee to continue to extend its cooperation and support to Palestinian and other civil society organizations and to continue to involve additional civil society organizations and parliamentarians in its work in order to mobilize international solidarity and support for the Palestinian people, particularly during this critical period of political instability, humanitarian hardship and financial crisis, with the overall aim of promoting the achievement by the Palestinian people of its inalienable rights and a just, lasting and peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine, the core of the Arab-Israeli conflict, on the basis of the relevant United Nations resolutions, the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative² and the Quartet road map;³", "5. Requests the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, established under General Assembly resolution 194 (III), and other United Nations bodies associated with the question of Palestine to continue to cooperate fully with the Committee and to make available to it, at its request, the relevant information and documentation which they have at their disposal;", "6. Invites all Governments and organizations to extend their cooperation to the Committee in the performance of its tasks;", "7. Requests the Secretary-General to circulate the report of the Committee to all the competent bodies of the United Nations, and urges them to take the necessary action, as appropriate;", "8. Also requests the Secretary-General to continue to provide the Committee with all the necessary facilities for the performance of its tasks.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 35 (A/66/35).", "[2]  A/56/1026‑S/2002/932, annex II, resolution 14/221.", "[3]  S/2003/529, annex.", "[4]  See A/ES‑10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136.", "[5]  A/66/371‑S/2011/592, annex I." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.15 and Add.1)]", "Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 181 (II) of 29 November 1947, 194 (III) of 11 December 1948, 3236 (XXIX) of 22 November 1974, 3375 (XXX) and 3376 (XXX) of 10 November 1975, 31/20 of 24 November 1976 and all subsequent relevant resolutions, including the resolutions adopted at its extraordinary session and resolution 63/23 of 30 November 2010,", "Recalling also its resolution 58/292 of 6 May 2004,", "Having considered the report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, including alternative approaches", "Recalling that the Government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, on behalf of the Palestinian people, have mutually recognized, and recalling the existing agreements between the parties and the need for full compliance with those agreements,", "Affirming its support for the Middle East peace process based on the relevant resolutions of the United Nations, the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative [2] adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session and the road map of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, endorsed by the Security Council in its resolution 1515 (2003) of 19 November 2003, [3]", "Recalling the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 9 July 2004 on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, [4] and recalling General Assembly resolutions ES-10/15 of 20 July 2004 and ES-10/17 of 15 December 2006,", "Taking note of the submission by Palestine on 23 September 2011 of an application for membership in the United Nations, [5]", "Reaffirming the permanent responsibility of the United Nations with regard to the question of Palestine until all aspects of the issue are resolved satisfactorily, in accordance with international legitimacy,", "Expresses its appreciation to the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People for its efforts to fulfil the mandate entrusted to it by the General Assembly, notes the annual report of the Committee,1 including the conclusions and valuable recommendations contained in chapter VII of the report;", "Requests the Committee to continue to make every effort to promote the realization of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including the right to self-determination, to support the Middle East peace process in order to reach a two-State solution based on the 1967 borders and to address all final status fairly, to mobilize international support and assistance to the Palestinian people, and, in this regard, authorize the Committee, in accordance with developments, to make the necessary adjustments to its approved programme of work and to report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh and subsequent sessions;", "Also requests the Committee to continue to keep under review the situation relating to the question of Palestine and to report and recommendations, as appropriate, to the General Assembly, the Security Council or the Secretary-General;", "Further requests the Committee to continue to work with and support Palestinian and other civil society organizations in order to mobilize international solidarity and support for the Palestinian people, in particular during this critical period of political instability, humanitarian distress and fiscal crisis, with the overall objective of promoting the realization of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative2 and the Quartet's road map,3 to promote a just, lasting and peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine as the core of the Arab-Israeli conflict;", "Requests the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 194 (III), and other United Nations bodies relevant to the question of Palestine, to continue to cooperate fully with the Committee and, when requested by the Committee, to provide the Committee with relevant information and documentation available to them;", "Invites Governments and organizations to cooperate with the Commission in its work;", "Requests the Secretary-General to circulate the report of the Commission to all competent organs of the United Nations and urges them to take the necessary action as appropriate;", "Also requests the Secretary-General to continue to provide the Committee with all the facilities necessary for its work.", "30 November 2011", "69th plenary meeting", "See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 35 (A/66/35).", "[2] A/56/1026-S/2002/932, annex II, resolution 14/221.", "[3] S/2003/529, annex.", "[4] See A/ES-10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, International Court of Justice, 2004, p. 136.", "[5] A/63/371-Sister592, annex I." ]

[ "2011年11月30日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.16和Add.1)]", "66/15. 秘书处巴勒斯坦人民权利司", "大会，", "审议了巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会的报告，[1]", "特别表示注意到巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会和秘书处巴勒斯坦人民权利司根据其任务采取的行动，", "回顾其1977年12月2日第32/40B号决议及其后的所有相关决议，包括2010年11月30日第65/14号决议，", "1. 赞赏地注意到秘书长遵照大会第65/14号决议采取的行动；", "2. 认为秘书处巴勒斯坦人民权利司通过实质性支助巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会执行其任务，继续以十分有益和建设性的方式协助加深国际社会对巴勒斯坦问题、对根据国际法和联合国决议在所有方面和平解决巴勒斯坦问题的紧迫性以及对这方面正在作出的努力的了解，促使国际社会支持巴勒斯坦人民的权利；", "3. 请秘书长继续为该司提供必要的资源，确保该司继续与巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会协商，在其指导下执行以往相关决议阐述的工作方案；", "4. 请该司特别要继续监测与巴勒斯坦问题有关的事态发展，在各区域举办国际社会各界都参加的国际会议，同民间社会和议员建立联系和开展合作，开发并扩充“巴勒斯坦问题”网站和联合国巴勒斯坦问题信息系统的文件库，编制并广泛分发有关巴勒斯坦问题各个方面的出版物和信息材料，发展和加强为巴勒斯坦权力机构工作人员提供的年度培训方案以促进巴勒斯坦的能力建设工作；", "5. 又请该司在巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会的指导下，同巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员代表团合作，继续每年举办一次有关巴勒斯坦人民权利的展览或一项文化活动，作为11月29日声援巴勒斯坦人民国际日活动的一部分，并鼓励会员国继续最广泛地支持和宣传声援日的活动；", "6. 请秘书长确保那些有针对巴勒斯坦问题各个方面和包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土局势的方案构成部分的各联合国实体与该司继续合作；", "7. 邀请各国政府和各组织在该司开展工作过程中给予合作。", "2011年11月30日", "第69次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第35号》(A/66/35)。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.16 and Add.1)]", "66/15. Division for Palestinian Rights of the Secretariat", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered the report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People,[1]", "Taking note, in particular, of the action taken by the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People and the Division for Palestinian Rights of the Secretariat in accordance with their mandates,", "Recalling its resolution 32/40 B of 2 December 1977 and all its subsequent relevant resolutions, including its resolution 65/14 of 30 November 2010,", "1. Notes with appreciation the action taken by the Secretary-General in compliance with its resolution 65/14;", "2. Considers that, by providing substantive support to the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People in the implementation of its mandate, the Division for Palestinian Rights of the Secretariat continues to make a most useful and constructive contribution to raising international awareness of the question of Palestine and of the urgency of a peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine in all its aspects on the basis of international law and United Nations resolutions and the efforts being exerted in this regard, and to generating international support for the rights of the Palestinian people;", "3. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to provide the Division with the necessary resources and to ensure that it continues to carry out its programme of work as detailed in relevant earlier resolutions, in consultation with the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People and under its guidance;", "4. Requests the Division, in particular, to continue to monitor developments relevant to the question of Palestine, organize international meetings and conferences in various regions with the participation of all sectors of the international community, liaise and cooperate with civil society and parliamentarians, develop and expand the “Question of Palestine” website and the documents collection of the United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine, prepare and widely disseminate publications and information materials on various aspects of the question of Palestine and develop and enhance the annual training programme for staff of the Palestinian Authority in contribution to Palestinian capacity-building efforts;", "5. Also requests the Division, as part of the observance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People on 29 November, to continue to organize, under the guidance of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, an annual exhibit on Palestinian rights or a cultural event in cooperation with the Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations, and encourages Member States to continue to give the widest support and publicity to the observance of the Day of Solidarity;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General to ensure the continued cooperation with the Division of the United Nations system entities with programme components addressing various aspects of the question of Palestine and the situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem;", "7. Invites all Governments and organizations to extend their cooperation to the Division in the performance of its tasks.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 35 (A/66/35)." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.16 and Add.1)]", "Department of Palestinian Rights of the Secretariat", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered the report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, including alternative approaches", "Taking note in particular of the actions taken by the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People and the Division for Palestinian Rights of the Secretariat in accordance with its mandate,", "Recalling its resolution 32/40 B of 2 December 1977 and all subsequent relevant resolutions, including resolution 63/24 of 30 November 2010,", "Takes note with appreciation of the actions taken by the Secretary-General in compliance with General Assembly resolution 63/24;", "Considers that the Division of Palestinian Rights of the Secretariat, through substantive support for the implementation of its mandate by the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, continues to contribute, in a useful and constructive manner, to deepen the international community's understanding of the question of Palestine, the urgency of the peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine in all its aspects, in accordance with international law and United Nations resolutions, and the efforts being made in that regard, in support of the rights of the Palestinian people;", "Requests the Secretary-General to continue to provide the Division with the necessary resources to ensure that the Division, in consultation with the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, implements, under its guidance, the programme of work set out in previous relevant resolutions;", "Requests the Division, in particular, to continue to monitor developments relating to the question of Palestine and to organize, in all regions, international conferences attended by the international community, contacts and cooperation with civil society and parliamentarians, to develop and expand the “Question of Palestine” website and the United Nations information system on Palestine, to develop and disseminate widely publications and information materials on all aspects of the question of Palestine, to develop and strengthen annual training programmes for Palestinian Authority staff to promote Palestinian capacity-building;", "Also requests the Division, under the guidance of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, to continue to organize annually an exhibition or a cultural event on the rights of the Palestinian people as part of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People on 29 November, and encourages Member States to continue to support and promote the activities of the Day of Solidarity with the widest possible extent possible;", "Requests the Secretary-General to ensure continued cooperation between the United Nations entities with programme components dealing with the various aspects of the question of Palestine and the situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem;", "Invites Governments and organizations to cooperate in the work of the Division.", "30 November 2011", "69th plenary meeting", "See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 35 (A/66/35)." ]

[ "2011年11月30日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.17和Add.1)]", "66/16. 秘书处新闻部巴勒斯坦问题特别新闻方案", "大会，", "审议了巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会的报告，[1]", "特别表示注意到报告第六章中的信息，", "回顾其2010年11月30日第65/15号决议，", "深信在世界各地传播准确和全面的信息，依靠民间社会组织和机构发挥作用，对于加深对巴勒斯坦人民不可剥夺权利，包括自决和独立权利的了解和支持，对于努力公正、持久、和平解决巴勒斯坦问题，仍然极为重要，", "回顾以色列国政府与巴勒斯坦人民的代表巴勒斯坦解放组织已相互承认，并回顾双方之间现有的各项协定，", "申明支持以联合国有关决议、马德里会议的职权范围(包括土地换和平原则)、阿拉伯国家联盟理事会第十四届会议上通过的《阿拉伯和平倡议》[2] 和经安全理事会2003年11月19日第1515(2003)号决议赞同的以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突永久性两国解决方案四方路线图[3] 为基础的中东和平进程，", "回顾国际法院2004年7月9日就“在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果”发表的咨询意见，[4]", "重申联合国对巴勒斯坦问题担负永久责任，直到这个问题的所有方面都依循国际合法性得到满意解决为止，", "1. 赞赏地注意到秘书处新闻部遵照第65/15号决议采取的行动；", "2. 认为新闻部巴勒斯坦问题特别新闻方案非常有助于加深国际社会对巴勒斯坦问题和中东局势的了解，并认为该方案正在切实协助营造有利于对话和支持和平进程的氛围，应得到必要支持以完成其任务；", "3. 请新闻部同巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会充分合作和协调，根据对巴勒斯坦问题产生影响的事态发展灵活行事，继续开展2011-2012年特别新闻方案，特别是：", "(a) 传播联合国系统所有与巴勒斯坦问题及和平进程有关的活动的信息，包括关于联合国各相关组织开展的工作的报告，传播关于秘书长及其特使就和平进程所作努力的信息；", "(b) 继续发行和增订所有领域中关于巴勒斯坦问题各个方面的出版物和视听材料，包括有关这方面的近期事态发展，特别是和平解决巴勒斯坦问题的努力的材料，并使之现代化；", "(c) 扩大其关于巴勒斯坦问题的视听材料库，继续制作和保存这些材料，定期更新在大会大楼以及在日内瓦和维也纳的联合国总部举办的有关巴勒斯坦问题的公开展览；", "(d) 组织和鼓励记者实况调查采访团前往包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土和以色列；", "(e) 在国际、区域和国家各级举办记者讨论会或座谈会，特别是借此增强公众舆论对巴勒斯坦问题及和平进程的关注，增进巴勒斯坦人和以色列人之间的对话和理解，以促进以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突的和平解决，包括促进和鼓励媒体对支持双方和平作出贡献；", "(f) 继续向巴勒斯坦人民提供媒体发展援助，特别是加强为巴勒斯坦广播人员和记者举办的年度培训方案；", "4. 鼓励新闻部拟定方法，让媒体和民间社会代表进行公开积极的讨论，探讨如何鼓励人民之间的对话，推动该区域的和平和相互理解。", "2011年11月30日", "第69次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第35号》(A/66/35)。", "[2] A/56/1026-S/2002/932，附件二，第14/221号决议。", "[3] S/2003/529，附件。", "[4] 见A/ES-10/273和Corr.1；另见“在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果，咨询意见”，《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，英文第136页。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.17 and Add.1)]", "66/16. Special information programme on the question of Palestine of the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered the report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People,[1]", "Taking note, in particular, of the information contained in chapter VI of that report,", "Recalling its resolution 65/15 of 30 November 2010,", "Convinced that the worldwide dissemination of accurate and comprehensive information and the role of civil society organizations and institutions remain of vital importance in heightening awareness of and support for the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including the right to self-determination and independence, and for the efforts to achieve a just, lasting and peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine,", "Recalling the mutual recognition between the Government of the State of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, the representative of the Palestinian people, as well as the existing agreements between the two sides,", "Affirming its support for the Middle East peace process on the basis of the relevant United Nations resolutions, the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session,[2] and the Quartet road map to a permanent two-State solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, endorsed by the Security Council in resolution 1515 (2003) of 19 November 2003,[3]", "Recalling the advisory opinion rendered on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,[4]", "Reaffirming that the United Nations has a permanent responsibility towards the question of Palestine until the question is resolved in all its aspects in a satisfactory manner in accordance with international legitimacy,", "1. Notes with appreciation the action taken by the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat in compliance with resolution 65/15;", "2. Considers that the special information programme on the question of Palestine of the Department is very useful in raising the awareness of the international community concerning the question of Palestine and the situation in the Middle East and that the programme is contributing effectively to an atmosphere conducive to dialogue and supportive of the peace process and should receive the necessary support for the fulfilment of its tasks;", "3. Requests the Department, in full cooperation and coordination with the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, to continue, with the necessary flexibility as may be required by developments affecting the question of Palestine, its special information programme for 2011–2012, in particular:", "(a) To disseminate information on all the activities of the United Nations system relating to the question of Palestine and the peace process, including reports on the work carried out by the relevant United Nations organizations, as well as on the efforts of the Secretary-General and his Special Envoy vis-à-vis the peace process;", "(b) To continue to issue, update and modernize publications and audio-visual materials on the various aspects of the question of Palestine in all fields, including materials concerning the relevant recent developments in that regard, in particular the efforts to achieve a peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine;", "(c) To expand its collection of audio-visual material on the question of Palestine, to continue the production and preservation of such material and to update, on a periodic basis, the public exhibit on the question of Palestine displayed in the General Assembly building as well as at United Nations headquarters in Geneva and Vienna;", "(d) To organize and promote fact-finding news missions for journalists to the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel;", "(e) To organize international, regional and national seminars or encounters for journalists aimed in particular at sensitizing public opinion to the question of Palestine and the peace process and at enhancing dialogue and understanding between Palestinians and Israelis for the promotion of a peaceful settlement to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, including by fostering and encouraging the contribution of the media in support of peace between the two sides;", "(f) To continue to provide assistance to the Palestinian people in the field of media development, in particular to strengthen the annual training programme for Palestinian broadcasters and journalists;", "4. Encourages the Department to formulate ways for the media and representatives of civil society to engage in open and positive discussions to explore means for encouraging people-to-people dialogue and promoting peace and mutual understanding in the region.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 35 (A/66/35).", "[2]  A/56/1026‑S/2002/932, annex II, resolution 14/221.", "[3]  S/2003/529, annex.", "[4]  See A/ES‑10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.17 and Add.1)]", "Special information programme on Palestine of the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered the report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, including alternative approaches", "Taking note in particular of the information contained in chapter VI of the report,", "Recalling its resolution 63/25 of 30 November 2010,", "Convinced that the dissemination of accurate and comprehensive information around the world depends on the role of civil society organizations and institutions and that it remains essential to deepen understanding and support for the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including the right to self-determination and independence, and to work towards a just, lasting and peaceful solution to the question of Palestine,", "Recalling the mutual recognition of the Government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization of the Palestinian people, and recalling the existing agreements between the parties,", "Affirming its support for the Middle East peace process based on the relevant resolutions of the United Nations, the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative [2] adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session and the road map of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, endorsed by the Security Council in its resolution 1515 (2003) of 19 November 2003, [3]", "Recalling the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 9 July 2004 on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, [4]", "Reaffirming the permanent responsibility of the United Nations with regard to the question of Palestine until all aspects of the issue are resolved satisfactorily, in accordance with international legitimacy,", "Takes note with appreciation of the actions taken by the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat in compliance with resolution 1701 (2006);", "Considers that the special information programme on the question of Palestine of the Department of Public Information is very useful in deepening the international community's understanding of the situation in the Palestinian question and the Middle East, and that the programme is effectively assisting in the creation of a climate conducive to dialogue and support for the peace process and should receive the necessary support to fulfil its mandate;", "Requests the Department of Public Information to continue its special information programme for the period 2011-2012, in particular:", "(a) Dissemination of information on all activities of the United Nations system related to the question of Palestine and the peace process, including reports on the work carried out by relevant United Nations organizations, and dissemination of information on the efforts of the Secretary-General and his Special Envoy with regard to the peace process;", "(b) Continue to issue and update publications and audio-visual materials on all aspects of the question of Palestine in all areas, including materials on recent developments in this regard, in particular efforts to resolve the question of Palestine, and modernize them;", "(c) To expand its audio-visual material base on the question of Palestine, to continue to produce and maintain these materials and to update the public exhibitions on the question of Palestine, held in the General Assembly Building and at United Nations Headquarters in Geneva and Vienna;", "(d) Organize and encourage press fact-finding missions to the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel;", "(e) Seminars or colloquiums at the international, regional and national levels, in particular by enhancing public opinion on the question of Palestine and peace processes, by promoting dialogue and understanding among Palestinians and Israelis, in order to promote a peaceful settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, including by promoting and encouraging the media to contribute to supporting peace between the parties;", "(f) Continue to provide media development assistance to the Palestinian people, in particular by strengthening annual training programmes for Palestinian broadcasters and journalists;", "Encourages the Department of Public Information to develop ways to engage media and civil society representatives in open and active discussions on how to encourage dialogue among people and promote peace and mutual understanding in the region.", "30 November 2011", "69th plenary meeting", "See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 35 (A/66/35).", "[2] A/56/1026-S/2002/932, annex II, resolution 14/221.", "[3] S/2003/529, annex.", "[4] See A/ES-10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, International Court of Justice, 2004, p. 136." ]

[ "2011年11月30日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.18和Add.1)]", "66/17. 和平解决巴勒斯坦问题", "大会,", "回顾其各项相关决议，包括第十届紧急特别会议通过的决议，", "又回顾其2004年5月6日第58/292号决议，", "还回顾安全理事会各项相关决议，包括1967年11月22日第242(1967)号、1973年10月22日第338(1973)号、2002年3月12日第1397(2002)号、2003年11月19日第1515(2003)号、2004年5月19日第1544(2004)号和2008年12月16日第1850(2008)号决议,", "回顾安全理事会肯定以色列和巴勒斯坦两国在该区域中在安全和公认的边界内毗邻共存的设想，", "关切地注意到1947年11月29日通过第181(II)号决议至今已有60多年，而包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦领土自1967年被占领至今也已有44年,", "审议了秘书长按照大会2010年11月30日第65/16号决议要求提交的报告，[1]", "重申联合国对巴勒斯坦问题担负永久责任，直到这个问题的所有方面都依照国际法和有关决议获得解决为止，", "回顾国际法院2004年7月9日就“在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果”发表的咨询意见，[2] 并回顾大会2004年7月20日ES-10/15号和2006年12月15日ES-10/17号决议，", "深信巴勒斯坦问题是阿拉伯-以色列冲突的核心，公正、持久和全面地解决这一问题，是在中东实现全面持久和平与稳定必不可少的条件，", "强调指出人民权利平等和自决原则，是庄严载入《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则之一，", "重申不容许通过战争获取领土的原则，", "回顾其1970年10月24日第2625(XXV)号决议，", "重申在包括东耶路撒冷在内的自1967年以来被占领的巴勒斯坦领土内建立的以色列定居点均属非法，", "强调指出以色列在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土的定居点政策、决定和活动对重启和推进和平进程以及实现中东和平具有极为有害的影响，", "重申以色列旨在改变耶路撒冷地位的行动，包括建造和扩建定居点、拆毁房屋、驱逐巴勒斯坦居民、在宗教场所和历史遗迹及其周围进行挖掘等措施和其他所有旨在改变该城乃至整个领土的性质、地位和人口构成的单方面措施，均属非法，", "又重申占领国以色列在巴勒斯坦被占领土，包括在东耶路撒冷城内和周围修建隔离墙和建立相关的制度，都是违反国际法的，", "深为关切以色列通过实行实际上等同于封锁的长期关闭做法和严厉的经济和出入限制措施，建立检查站和实行许可制度，继续在包括东耶路撒冷在内的整个巴勒斯坦被占领土奉行关闭和严格限制人员和货物，包括医护和人道主义人员和货物流动的政策，深为关切这样做对被占领土的毗连、对巴勒斯坦人民所处的严重的社会经济和人道主义状况（其中加沙地带状况危急）以及对旨在恢复和发展遭到破坏的巴勒斯坦经济的努力产生不利影响，同时注意到最近在加沙地带准入方面的事态发展，", "回顾以色列国政府与巴勒斯坦人民的代表巴勒斯坦解放组织已相互承认，[3] 有必要全面遵守双方缔结的各项协定，", "又回顾安全理事会在第1515(2003)号决议中赞同以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突的永久性两国解决方案四方路线图，[4] 并回顾安理会第1850(2008)号决议吁请双方履行路线图所规定的义务，不采取任何可能破坏信心或损害谈判结果的步骤，在这方面还回顾有关的四方声明，包括2011年9月23日发表的声明，[5]", "注意到作为执行路线图的一个步骤，以色列已于2005年从加沙地带和西岸北部部分地区撤出，并拆除了那里的定居点，在这方面，强调路线图规定以色列有义务冻结定居点活动，包括所谓的“自然增长”，拆除自2001年3月以来建立的所有前沿定居点，", "回顾阿拉伯国家联盟理事会在2002年3月27日和28日在贝鲁特举行的第十四届会议上通过了《阿拉伯和平倡议》，[6]", "支持各方于2007年11月27日在美利坚合众国安纳波利斯召开的国际会议上达成的《以色列-巴勒斯坦共同谅解》中所申明的有关开展双边谈判的商定原则，[7] 以缔结一项和平条约，无一例外地解决所有悬而未决的问题，包括所有核心问题，公正、持久、和平地解决以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突，最终解决整个阿拉伯-以色列冲突，在中东实现全面和平，", "重申支持按照安全理事会第1850(2008)号决议和2011年9月23日四方声明的设想，在莫斯科召开一次国际会议，以推进和加快重启的和平进程，", "注意到联合国中东和平进程特别协调员兼秘书长派驻巴勒斯坦解放组织和巴勒斯坦权力机构个人代表对和平进程作出的重要贡献，包括在四方活动的框架内作出的贡献，", "又注意到四方特别代表继续努力恢复和平进程，尤其是努力加强巴勒斯坦机构，推动巴勒斯坦经济发展和动员捐助者提供支持，", "欣见2011年9月18日由挪威主持在联合国总部召开了协调对巴勒斯坦人提供国际援助特设联络委员会会议，在会上，根据联合国、世界银行和国际货币基金组织的相关报告，捐助国再次确认了评估结果，即在对关键部门进行研究后认为，巴勒斯坦权力机构已符合一个正常运作的国家政府所需达到的条件，并重申巴勒斯坦权力机构仍需获得捐助支持，", "确认巴勒斯坦权力机构正在国际社会支持下，努力重建、改革和加强其受到破坏的机构，强调需要维护和进一步发展巴勒斯坦的机构和基础设施，在这方面，赞赏巴勒斯坦权力机构2009年8月计划，即在24个月内构建独立的巴勒斯坦国的机构的计划得到落实，并赞赏为此取得的重大成就，各国际机构，包括世界银行、国际货币基金组织和联合国在向特设联络委员会2011年4月13日举行的会议提交的报告中均证实了这一点，", "欣见巴勒斯坦权力机构在安全方面继续作出努力并取得实际进展，吁请各方特别是通过促进安全和建立信任，继续开展对巴勒斯坦人和以色列人都有益的合作，并希望这种进展扩大到所有主要人口中心，", "再次关切包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土内继续出现不利的事态发展，包括众多人死伤，其中大多数为巴勒斯坦平民，建造并扩大定居点和隔离墙，西岸的以色列定居者对巴勒斯坦平民实施暴力和残忍行为，进行破坏活动，巴勒斯坦的公共和私有财产及基础设施普遍遭到破坏，平民在境内流离失所，巴勒斯坦人民的社会经济和人道主义状况严重恶化，", "尤为严重关切加沙地带出现的危机，造成危机的原因是以色列实行实际上等同于封锁的长期持续关闭做法和严厉的经济和出入限制措施，并于2008年12月至2009年1月在加沙地带开展军事行动，造成大量伤亡，尤其是包括妇女和儿童在内的巴勒斯坦平民的伤亡，大规模损毁巴勒斯坦人的家园、财产、重要基础设施、公共机构(包括医院、学校)和联合国设施，并造成平民境内流离失所，", "强调指出各方需要充分执行安全理事会2009年1月8日第1860(2009)号决议和大会2009年1月16日ES-10/18号决议，", "关切以色列占领部队在巴勒斯坦被占领土不断开展军事行动，包括突袭和逮捕运动，并在巴勒斯坦人口中心内外继续设置检查站和出入障碍，为此强调双方都需要落实在沙姆沙伊赫达成的谅解，", "强调必须保障整个中东区域所有平民的安全、保护和福祉，谴责一切针对双方平民的暴力和恐怖行为，", "希望在实现巴勒斯坦和解方面迅速取得进展，以便在巴勒斯坦权力机构主席马哈茂德·阿巴斯的领导下，按照巴勒斯坦解放组织所作承诺恢复巴勒斯坦团结，并恢复加沙地带2007年6月前的状态，呼吁继续埃及、阿拉伯国家联盟和其他有关各方作出的重大努力，以实现这一目标，", "强调指出迫切需要国际社会，包括四方的不断积极参与，以支持双方按照联合国决议、路线图和《阿拉伯和平倡议》，恢复、推进和加快和平进程谈判，以期达成公正、持久和全面的和平解决，", "注意到四方近期决心支持各方在一年内完成整个谈判过程，解决所有最后地位问题，并支持实施双方达成的协议，结束自1967年开始的占领并建立一个与以色列和其他邻国和平、安全地毗邻共存的独立、民主、毗连和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国，", "表示注意到巴勒斯坦于2011年9月23日提交了关于加入为联合国会员国的申请书，[8]", "承认民间社会目前为推动和平解决巴勒斯坦问题作出的努力，", "回顾国际法院在其咨询意见中作出的裁定，其中指出迫切需要整个联合国加倍努力，迅速结束继续威胁国际和平与安全的以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突，从而在该区域实现公正持久和平，[9]", "再次申明该区域内所有国家都有在安全和国际公认的边界内和平生活的权利，", "1. 重申巴勒斯坦问题是阿拉伯-以色列冲突的核心，必须从所有方面和平解决这一问题，必须为此加强一切努力，并强调指出，在这一方面，亟需挽救实现以色列和巴勒斯坦两国解决方案的前景，使它们在以1967年前的边界为基础的公认边界内和平、安全地毗邻共存；", "2. 又重申全力支持以联合国有关决议、马德里会议的职权范围(包括土地换和平原则)、阿拉伯国家联盟理事会第十四届会议通过的《阿拉伯和平倡议》⁶ 和以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突的永久性两国解决方案四方路线图⁴ 为基础的中东和平进程，支持以色列和巴勒斯坦之间的现有协定，强调指出必须在中东建立全面、公正和持久的和平，并为此欢迎四方和阿拉伯国家联盟目前作出的努力；", "3. 鼓励继续为落实和推动《阿拉伯和平倡议》认真作出区域和国际努力，包括通过2007年3月利雅得首脑会议设立的部长级委员会作出努力；", "4. 敦促各方在四方和国际社会的支持下，立即采取具体步骤，包括通过积极、认真地恢复双边谈判，落实它们在安纳波利斯国际会议上达成的《以色列-巴勒斯坦共同谅解》；⁷", "5. 在这方面，鼓励按照安全理事会第1850(2008)号决议的设想，在莫斯科召开一次国际会议，以推进和加快重启的和平进程；", "6. 吁请双方不论对等与否，根据国际法和以往的协议和义务采取行动，尤其是恪守路线图，为在近期重开和加快推进谈判创造必要的条件；", "7. 吁请各方在四方和其他有关方面的支持下，自己作出一切必要努力来制止局势的恶化，撤消自2000年9月28日以来在实地采取的一切单方面非法措施；", "8. 吁请各方保持平静和克制，避免挑衅行为和煽动性言论，尤其是在宗教和文化敏感领域；", "9. 着重指出各方需要采取建立信任措施，以改善实地局势，促进稳定并推动和平进程，包括需要在2011年10月交换囚犯后进一步释放囚犯；", "10. 强调指出需要在包括东耶路撒冷在内的所有巴勒斯坦被占领土撤除检查站和取消对人员和货物流动的其他限制，并需要尊重和维护包括东耶路撒冷在内的所有巴勒斯坦被占领土的领土统一、毗连和完整；", "11. 又强调指出需要立即全面停止一切暴力行为，包括军事攻击、破坏和恐怖行为；", "12. 再次要求充分执行安全理事会第1860(2009)号决议；", "13. 重申双方需要全面执行2005年11月15日《通行进出协定》和《拉法口岸商定原则》，尤其要为人道主义物资、通行进出和商品流动以及一切必要的建筑材料持续开放进出加沙地带的所有过境点，这对减缓人道主义危机、改善巴勒斯坦人民的生活条件和推动巴勒斯坦经济的复苏至关重要；", "14. 在这方面，强调指出亟需通过完成由联合国管理的大批停工项目，加快联合国牵头的民用设施重建活动，推动加沙地带的重建；", "15. 吁请占领国以色列严格遵守国际法，包括国际人道主义法规定的义务，停止它采取的一切违反国际法的措施，停止在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土单方面采取的旨在改变该领土的性质、地位和人口构成，包括没收和事实上吞并土地并以此来预先限定和平谈判最终结果的行动；", "16. 再次要求以色列完全停止在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土和在被占领的叙利亚戈兰的一切定居活动，呼吁全面执行安全理事会各项相关决议；", "17. 在这方面，强调指出以色列需要立即遵守其根据路线图承担的义务，冻结所有定居点活动，包括所谓的“自然增长”，并拆除2001年3月以来建立的前沿定居点；", "18. 呼吁在包括宗教场所及其周围在内的东耶路撒冷停止一切挑衅活动，包括以色列定居者的挑衅活动；", "19. 为此，要求占领国以色列按照国际法院2004年7月9日发表的咨询意见² 所述和大会2003年10月21日ES-10/13号决议及ES-10/15号决议的要求，遵守国际法为其规定的法律义务，特别是立即停止在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙，吁请联合国所有会员国遵守咨询意见所述的其法律义务；", "20. 重申致力于根据国际法谋求以色列和巴勒斯坦在以1967年前的边界为基础的公认边界内和平、安全地毗邻共存的两国解决方案；", "21. 强调指出：", "(a) 以色列必须撤出自1967年以来被占领的包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦领土；", "(b) 必须实现巴勒斯坦人民不可剥夺的权利，首先是自决权和建立自己的独立国家的权利；", "22. 又强调指出必须依照大会1948年12月11日第194(III)号决议公正解决巴勒斯坦难民问题；", "23. 吁请各方重开和加快直接和平谈判，以便根据联合国(特别是安全理事会)的相关决议、马德里会议的职权范围、路线图和《阿拉伯和平倡议》，达成最终和平解决；", "24. 敦促会员国在这一关键时期，加快向巴勒斯坦人民和巴勒斯坦权力机构提供经济、人道主义和技术援助，帮助减轻包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土严重的人道主义状况，特别是加沙地带危急的状况，恢复巴勒斯坦的经济和基础设施，支持发展和加强巴勒斯坦机构，支持巴勒斯坦的建国努力，为独立做准备；", "25. 请秘书长继续同有关各方一起，并同安全理事会协商，为实现和平解决巴勒斯坦问题及促进该区域的和平作出努力，并向大会第六十七届会议提交报告，阐述这些努力和这方面的事态发展。", "2011年11月30日", "第69次全体会议", "[1] A/66/367-S/2011/585。", "[2] 见A/ES-10/273和Corr.1；另见“在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果，咨询意见”，《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，英文第136页。", "[3] 见A/48/486-S/26560，附件。", "[4] S/2003/529，附件。", "[5] 可查阅www.unsco.org。", "[6] A/56/1026-S/2002/932，附件二，第14/221号决议。", "[7] 见http://unispal.un.org。", "[8] A/66/371-S/2011/592，附件一。", "[9] 见A/ES-10/273和Corr.1，咨询意见，第161段；另见“在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果，咨询意见”，《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，英文第136页。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.18 and Add.1)]", "66/17. Peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its relevant resolutions, including those adopted at its tenth emergency special session,", "Recalling also its resolution 58/292 of 6 May 2004,", "Recalling further relevant Security Council resolutions, including resolutions 242 (1967) of 22 November 1967, 338 (1973) of 22 October 1973, 1397 (2002) of 12 March 2002, 1515 (2003) of 19 November 2003, 1544 (2004) of 19 May 2004 and 1850 (2008) of 16 December 2008,", "Recalling the affirmation by the Security Council of the vision of a region where two States, Israel and Palestine, live side by side within secure and recognized borders,", "Noting with concern that it has been more than sixty years since the adoption of its resolution 181 (II) of 29 November 1947 and forty-four years since the occupation of Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, in 1967,", "Having considered the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to the request made in its resolution 65/16 of 30 November 2010,[1]", "Reaffirming the permanent responsibility of the United Nations with regard to the question of Palestine until the question is resolved in all its aspects in accordance with international law and relevant resolutions,", "Recalling the advisory opinion rendered on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,[2] and recalling also its resolutions ES‑10/15 of 20 July 2004 and ES‑10/17 of 15 December 2006,", "Convinced that achieving a just, lasting and comprehensive settlement of the question of Palestine, the core of the Arab-Israeli conflict, is imperative for the attainment of comprehensive and lasting peace and stability in the Middle East,", "Stressing that the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples is among the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Reaffirming the principle of the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war,", "Recalling its resolution 2625 (XXV) of 24 October 1970,", "Reaffirming the illegality of the Israeli settlements in the Palestinian territory occupied since 1967, including East Jerusalem,", "Stressing the extremely detrimental impact of Israeli settlement policies, decisions and activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, on efforts to resume and advance the peace process and to achieve peace in the Middle East,", "Reaffirming the illegality of Israeli actions aimed at changing the status of Jerusalem, including settlement construction and expansion, home demolitions, evictions of Palestinian residents, excavations in and around religious and historic sites, and all other unilateral measures aimed at altering the character, status and demographic composition of the city and of the Territory as a whole,", "Reaffirming also that the construction by Israel, the occupying Power, of a wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, and its associated regime are contrary to international law,", "Expressing deep concern about the continuing Israeli policy of closures and severe restrictions on the movement of persons and goods, including medical and humanitarian, via the imposition of prolonged closures and severe economic and movement restrictions that in effect amount to a blockade, as well as of checkpoints and a permit regime throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the consequent negative impact on the contiguity of the Territory and the serious socio-economic and humanitarian situation of the Palestinian people, which is critical in the Gaza Strip, and on the efforts aimed at rehabilitating and developing the damaged Palestinian economy, while taking note of recent developments regarding the situation of access to the Gaza Strip,", "Recalling the mutual recognition between the Government of the State of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, the representative of the Palestinian people,[3] and the need for full compliance with the agreements concluded between the two sides,", "Recalling also the endorsement by the Security Council, in resolution 1515 (2003), of the Quartet road map to a permanent two-State solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict[4] and the call in Council resolution 1850 (2008) for the parties to fulfil their obligations under the road map and to refrain from any steps that could undermine confidence or prejudice the outcome of negotiations, and recalling further in this regard the relevant Quartet statements, including that of 23 September 2011,[5]", "Noting the Israeli withdrawal in 2005 from the Gaza Strip and parts of the northern West Bank and the dismantlement of the settlements therein as a step towards the implementation of the road map, and stressing in this regard the road-map obligation upon Israel to freeze settlement activity, including so-called “natural growth”, and to dismantle all settlement outposts erected since March 2001,", "Recalling the Arab Peace Initiative adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session, held in Beirut on 27 and 28 March 2002,[6]", "Expressing support for the agreed principles for bilateral negotiations, as affirmed by the parties in the Israeli-Palestinian Joint Understanding reached at the international conference held in Annapolis, United States of America, on 27 November 2007,[7] aimed at concluding a peace treaty resolving all outstanding issues, including all core issues, without exception, for the achievement of a just, lasting and peaceful settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and ultimately of the Arab-Israeli conflict as a whole for the realization of a comprehensive peace in the Middle East,", "Reiterating support for the convening of an international conference in Moscow, as envisioned by the Security Council in resolution 1850 (2008) and the Quartet statement of 23 September 2011, for the advancement and acceleration of a resumed peace process,", "Noting the important contribution to the peace process of the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General to the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian Authority, including within the framework of the activities of the Quartet,", "Noting also the continuing efforts of the Quartet’s Special Representative towards the resumption of the peace process, in particular the efforts to strengthen Palestinian institutions, promote Palestinian economic development and mobilize donor support,", "Welcoming the meeting of the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee for the Coordination of the International Assistance to Palestinians, under the chairmanship of Norway, at United Nations Headquarters on 18 September 2011, at which, based on relevant reports by the United Nations, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, the donor countries reconfirmed the assessment that the institutions of the Palestinian Authority are above the threshold of a functioning State in the key sectors studied and reaffirmed the necessity of continued donor support for the Palestinian Authority,", "Recognizing the efforts being undertaken by the Palestinian Authority, with international support, to rebuild, reform and strengthen its damaged institutions, emphasizing the need to preserve and further develop Palestinian institutions and infrastructure and commending, in this regard, the implementation of the Palestinian Authority’s August 2009 plan for constructing the institutions of an independent Palestinian State within a twenty-four-month period, and the significant achievements made, as confirmed by international institutions, including the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the United Nations, in their reports to the meeting of the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee on 13 April 2011,", "Welcoming the continued efforts and tangible progress made in the security sector by the Palestinian Authority, calling upon the parties to continue cooperation that benefits both Palestinians and Israelis, in particular by promoting security and building confidence, and expressing the hope that such progress will be extended to all major population centres,", "Reiterating its concern over the negative developments that have continued to occur in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, including the large number of deaths and injuries, mostly among Palestinian civilians, the construction and expansion of settlements and the wall, acts of violence, vandalism and brutality committed against Palestinian civilians by Israeli settlers in the West Bank, the widespread destruction of public and private Palestinian property and infrastructure, the internal displacement of civilians and the serious deterioration of the socio-economic and humanitarian conditions of the Palestinian people,", "Expressing grave concern, in particular, over the crisis in the Gaza Strip as a result of the continuing prolonged Israeli closures and severe economic and movement restrictions that in effect amount to a blockade and the military operations in the Gaza Strip between December 2008 and January 2009, which caused extensive loss of life and injury, particularly among Palestinian civilians, including children and women, widespread damage and destruction to Palestinian homes, properties, vital infrastructure, public institutions, including hospitals and schools, and United Nations facilities, and internal displacement of civilians,", "Stressing the need for the full implementation by all parties of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009) of 8 January 2009 and General Assembly resolution ES‑10/18 of 16 January 2009,", "Expressing concern over continuing military actions in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including raids and arrest campaigns, and over the continued imposition of hundreds of checkpoints and obstacles to movement in and around Palestinian population centres by the Israeli occupying forces, and emphasizing in this regard the need for the implementation by both sides of the Sharm el‑Sheikh understandings,", "Emphasizing the importance of the safety, protection and well-being of all civilians in the whole Middle East region, and condemning all acts of violence and terror against civilians on both sides,", "Expressing the hope for speedy progress towards Palestinian reconciliation for the restoration of Palestinian unity, under the leadership of the President of the Palestinian Authority, Mahmoud Abbas, and consistent with Palestine Liberation Organization commitments, and of the situation in the Gaza Strip to that which existed prior to June 2007, and calling for the continuation of the serious efforts being exerted by Egypt, the League of Arab States and other concerned parties towards the achievement of this aim,", "Stressing the urgent need for sustained and active international involvement, including by the Quartet, to support both parties in resuming, advancing and accelerating the peace process negotiations for the achievement of a just, lasting and comprehensive peace settlement, on the basis of United Nations resolutions, the road map and the Arab Peace Initiative,", "Noting the Quartet’s determination in the recent period to support the parties throughout the negotiations, which can be completed and resolve all final status issues within one year, and in the implementation of an agreement between the two sides that ends the occupation which began in 1967 and results in the independence of a democratic, contiguous and viable Palestinian State living side by side in peace and security with Israel and its other neighbours,", "Taking note of the application of Palestine for admission to membership in the United Nations, submitted on 23 September 2011,[8]", "Acknowledging the efforts being undertaken by civil society to promote a peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine,", "Recalling the findings by the International Court of Justice, in its advisory opinion, including on the urgent necessity for the United Nations as a whole to redouble its efforts to bring the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which continues to pose a threat to international peace and security, to a speedy conclusion, thereby establishing a just and lasting peace in the region,[9]", "Affirming once again the right of all States in the region to live in peace within secure and internationally recognized borders,", "1. Reaffirms the necessity of achieving a peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine, the core of the Arab-Israeli conflict, in all its aspects, and of intensifying all efforts towards that end, and stresses in this regard the urgency of salvaging the prospects for realizing the two-State solution of Israel and Palestine, living side by side in peace and security within recognized borders, based on the pre‑1967 borders;", "2. Also reaffirms its full support for the Middle East peace process, based on the relevant United Nations resolutions, the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session,⁶ and the Quartet road map to a permanent two-State solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict,⁴ and for the existing agreements between the Israeli and Palestinian sides, stresses the necessity for the establishment of a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in the Middle East, and welcomes in this regard the ongoing efforts of the Quartet and of the League of Arab States;", "3. Encourages continued serious regional and international efforts to follow up and promote the Arab Peace Initiative, including by the Ministerial Committee formed at the Riyadh summit in March 2007;", "4. Urges the parties to undertake, with the support of the Quartet and the international community, immediate and concrete steps in follow-up to the Israeli-Palestinian Joint Understanding reached at the international conference held in Annapolis,⁷ including through the resumption of active and serious bilateral negotiations;", "5. Encourages, in this regard, the convening of an international conference in Moscow, as envisioned by the Security Council in resolution 1850 (2008), for the advancement and acceleration of a resumed peace process;", "6. Calls upon both parties to act on the basis of international law and their previous agreements and obligations, in particular adherence to the road map, irrespective of reciprocity, in order to create the conditions necessary for the resumption and accelerated advancement of negotiations in the near term;", "7. Calls upon the parties themselves, with the support of the Quartet and other interested parties, to exert all efforts necessary to halt the deterioration of the situation and to reverse all unilateral and unlawful measures taken on the ground since 28 September 2000;", "8. Calls upon the parties to observe calm and restraint and to refrain from provocative actions and inflammatory rhetoric, especially in areas of religious and cultural sensitivity;", "9. Underscores the need for the parties to take confidence-building measures aimed at improving the situation on the ground, promoting stability and fostering the peace process, including the need for the further release of prisoners following the exchange of prisoners in October 2011;", "10. Stresses the need for the removal of checkpoints and other obstructions to the movement of persons and goods throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the need for respect and preservation of the territorial unity, contiguity and integrity of all of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem;", "11. Also stresses the need for an immediate and complete cessation of all acts of violence, including military attacks, destruction and acts of terror;", "12. Reiterates its demand for the full implementation of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009);", "13. Reiterates the need for the full implementation by both parties of the Agreement on Movement and Access and of the Agreed Principles for the Rafah Crossing, of 15 November 2005, and the need, specifically, to allow for the sustained opening of all crossings into and out of the Gaza Strip for humanitarian supplies, movement and access, as well as for commercial flows and all necessary construction materials, which are essential for alleviating the humanitarian crisis, improving the living conditions of the Palestinian people and promoting the recovery of the Palestinian economy;", "14. Stresses, in this regard, the urgent necessity for the advancement of reconstruction in the Gaza Strip, including through the completion of numerous suspended projects managed by the United Nations and the accelerated implementation of United Nations-led civilian reconstruction activities;", "15. Calls upon Israel, the occupying Power, to comply strictly with its obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law, and to cease all of its measures that are contrary to international law and unilateral actions in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, that are aimed at altering the character, status and demographic composition of the Territory, including via the confiscation and de facto annexation of land, and thus at prejudging the final outcome of peace negotiations;", "16. Reiterates its demand for the complete cessation of all Israeli settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in the occupied Syrian Golan, and calls for the full implementation of the relevant Security Council resolutions;", "17. Stresses, in this regard, the need for Israel forthwith to abide by its road-map obligation to freeze all settlement activity, including so-called “natural growth”, and to dismantle settlement outposts erected since March 2001;", "18. Calls for the cessation of all provocations, including by Israeli settlers, in East Jerusalem, including in and around religious sites;", "19. Demands, accordingly, that Israel, the occupying Power, comply with its legal obligations under international law, as mentioned in the advisory opinion rendered on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice² and as demanded in General Assembly resolutions ES‑10/13 of 21 October 2003 and ES‑10/15, and, inter alia, that it immediately cease its construction of the wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and calls upon all States Members of the United Nations to comply with their legal obligations, as mentioned in the advisory opinion;", "20. Reaffirms its commitment, in accordance with international law, to the two-State solution of Israel and Palestine, living side by side in peace and security within recognized borders, based on the pre‑1967 borders;", "21. Stresses the need for:", "(a) The withdrawal of Israel from the Palestinian territory occupied since 1967, including East Jerusalem;", "(b) The realization of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, primarily the right to self-determination and the right to their independent State;", "22. Also stresses the need for a just resolution of the problem of Palestine refugees in conformity with its resolution 194 (III) of 11 December 1948;", "23. Calls upon the parties to resume and accelerate direct peace negotiations towards the conclusion of a final peaceful settlement on the basis of relevant United Nations resolutions, especially of the Security Council, the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, the road map and the Arab Peace Initiative;", "24. Urges Member States to expedite the provision of economic, humanitarian and technical assistance to the Palestinian people and the Palestinian Authority during this critical period in order to help to alleviate the serious humanitarian situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, which is critical in the Gaza Strip, to rehabilitate the Palestinian economy and infrastructure and to support the development and strengthening of Palestinian institutions and Palestinian State-building efforts in preparation for independence;", "25. Requests the Secretary-General to continue his efforts with the parties concerned, and in consultation with the Security Council, towards the attainment of a peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine and the promotion of peace in the region and to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session a report on these efforts and on developments on this matter.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1]  A/66/367‑S/2011/585.", "[2]  See A/ES‑10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136.", "[3]  See A/48/486‑S/26560, annex.", "[4]  S/2003/529, annex.", "[5]  Available from www.unsco.org.", "[6]  A/56/1026‑S/2002/932, annex II, resolution 14/221.", "[7]  Available from http://unispal.un.org.", "[8]  A/66/371-S/2011/592, annex I.", "[9]  See A/ES‑10/273 and Corr.1, advisory opinion, para. 161; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.18 and Add.1)]", "Peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its relevant resolutions, including those adopted at the tenth emergency special session,", "Recalling also its resolution 58/292 of 6 May 2004,", "Recalling further relevant Security Council resolutions, including resolutions 242 (1967) of 22 November 1967, 338 (1973) of 22 October 1973, 1397 (2002) of 12 March 2002, 1515 (2003) of 19 November 2003, 1544 (2004) of 19 May 2004 and 1850 (2008) of 16 December 2008,", "Recalling the Security Council's affirmation that Israel and the two States are living side by side within secure and recognized borders in the region,", "Noting with concern that resolution 181 (II) adopted on 29 November 1947 has so far been over 60 years, and that the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, has been occupied for 44 years,", "Having considered the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 63/26 of 30 November 2010,", "Reaffirming the permanent responsibility of the United Nations with regard to the question of Palestine until all aspects of this issue have been resolved in accordance with international law and relevant resolutions,", "Recalling the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 9 July 2004 on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, [2], and recalling General Assembly resolutions ES-10/15 of 20 July 2004 and ES-10/17 of 15 December 2006,", "Convinced that the question of Palestine is at the heart of the Arab-Israeli conflict and that it is a just, lasting and comprehensive solution to this issue, which is essential to achieving comprehensive and lasting peace and stability in the Middle East,", "Stressing that the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples is one of the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Reaffirming the principle of inadmissibility of access to territory through war,", "Recalling its resolution 2625 (XXV) of 24 October 1970,", "Reaffirming that Israeli settlements established in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, have been illegal,", "Stressing the extremely detrimental impact of Israeli settlement policies, decisions and activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, on relaunching and advancing the peace process and achieving peace in the Middle East,", "Reaffirming that Israeli actions aimed at changing the status of Jerusalem, including the construction and expansion of settlements, the demolition of homes, the expulsion of Palestinian residents, the excavation of religious sites and historic monuments and their surroundings, and all other unilateral measures aimed at altering the character, status and demographic composition of the city and its entire territory, are illegal,", "Reaffirming also that the construction of the wall and the establishment of the relevant regime in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, are in violation of international law,", "Deeply concerned by Israel's policy of closure and strict restrictions on the movement of persons and goods, including medical care and humanitarian personnel and goods, throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, through the imposition of long-term closure practices and severe economic and access restrictions that are effectively tantamount to the blockade, the establishment of checkpoints and the imposition of a licence regime, and noting the negative impact of recent developments in access to the Gaza Strip,", "Recalling that the Government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, on behalf of the Palestinian people, have mutually recognized that [3] there is a need for full compliance with the agreements concluded by the parties,", "Recalling also that, in its resolution 1515 (2003), the Security Council endorsed the Quartet road map for a permanent two-State solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, [4], and recalling its resolution 1850 (2008), in which it called upon the parties to fulfil their obligations under the road map without any steps that could undermine confidence or undermine the outcome of the negotiations, and recalling in this regard the relevant Quartet statements, including the statement of 23 September 2011, [5]", "Noting that, as a step in the implementation of the road map, Israel withdrew from parts of the Gaza Strip and northern West Bank in 2005 and dismantled the settlements there, and in this regard, stressing that the road map provides for Israel's obligation to freeze settlement activities, including so-called “natural growth”, and dismantle all front-line settlements established since March 2001,", "Recalling the Arab Peace Initiative adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session, held in Beirut on 27 and 28 March 2002, [6]", "Supporting the agreed principles of bilateral negotiations, as stated in the Israeli-Palestinian Common Understanding at the International Conference held in Annapolis, United States of America, on 27 November 2007, [7] by concluding a peace treaty to resolve all outstanding issues without exception, including all core issues, a just, lasting and peaceful solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, ultimately resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict and achieving a comprehensive peace in the Middle East,", "Reiterating its support for the convening of an international conference in Moscow to advance and expedite the relaunching peace process, as envisaged in Security Council resolution 1850 (2008) and in the Quartet's declaration of 23 September 2011,", "Taking note of the important contribution of the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General to the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian Authority to the peace process, including within the framework of the Quartet's activities,", "Noting also the continuing efforts of the Special Representative of the Quartet to resume the peace process, in particular by strengthening Palestinian institutions, promoting Palestinian economic development and mobilizing donor support,", "Welcoming the convening by Norway on 18 September 2011 of the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee for the Coordination of International Assistance to Palestinians at United Nations Headquarters, at which donor countries reaffirmed the assessment findings once again, in the light of the relevant reports of the United Nations, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, that the Palestinian Authority had met the conditions required for a functioning Government, and reaffirming that the Palestinian Authority needed donor support,", "Recognizing the efforts of the Palestinian Authority, with the support of the international community, to rebuild, reform and strengthen its damaged institutions, stressing the need for the maintenance and further development of Palestinian institutions and infrastructure, and, in this regard, commending the Palestinian Authority's plan of August 2009 to build an independent Palestinian State within 24 months and appreciating the significant achievements achieved in that regard, as confirmed by international institutions, including the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the United Nations, in its report to the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee on 13 April 2011,", "Welcoming the continuing efforts of the Palestinian Authority in the area of security and the practical progress made, and calling upon all parties to continue to cooperate usefully with Palestinians and Israelis, in particular through the promotion of security and confidence-building, and expressing the hope that such progress will be extended to all major population centres,", "Reiterating its concern at the continuing negative developments in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, including the killing and injury of a large number of Palestinians, the construction and expansion of settlements and the separation wall, the acts of violence and cruelty against Palestinian civilians by Israeli settlers in the West Bank, the widespread destruction of Palestinian public and private property and infrastructure, the internal displacement of civilians and the grave deterioration of the socio-economic and humanitarian situation of the Palestinian people,", "Seriously concerned about the crisis in the Gaza Strip caused by the fact that Israel had implemented long-term and severe economic and access restrictions that were in effect tantamount to the blockade and military operations in the Gaza Strip from December 2008 to January 2009, resulting in a large number of casualties, in particular among Palestinian civilians, including women and children, and the massive destruction of Palestinian homes, property, vital infrastructure, public institutions, including hospitals, schools, and United Nations facilities, and the internal displacement of civilians,", "Stressing the need for the full implementation of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009) of 8 January 2009 and General Assembly resolution ES-10/18 of 16 January 2009,", "Concerned at the continuing military operations of the Israeli occupation forces in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including the raids and the arrest movement, and continuing to establish checkpoints and access barriers within and outside the Palestinian Population Centre, and stressing in this regard the need for the parties to implement the understanding reached in Sharm el-Sheikh,", "Emphasizing the importance of guaranteeing the safety, protection and well-being of all civilians throughout the Middle East region, and condemning all acts of violence and terrorism against the civilian population of both sides,", "Desirous progress in achieving Palestinian reconciliation in order to restore Palestinian unity, under the leadership of the President of the Palestinian Authority, Mahmoud Abbas, in accordance with the commitments made by the Palestine Liberation Organization and to restore the situation in the Gaza Strip prior to June 2007, and calls for continued significant efforts by Egypt, the League of Arab States and other interested parties to achieve that goal,", "Underscoring the urgent need for the continued active engagement of the international community, including the Quartet, in support of the resumption, promotion and accelerated peace process negotiations in accordance with United Nations resolutions, the road map and the Arab Peace Initiative, with a view to achieving a just, lasting and comprehensive peace settlement,", "Noting the recent resolve of the Quartet to support the parties in completing the entire process of negotiations within one year to resolve all final status issues and to implement the agreements reached between the parties, to end the occupation since 1967 and to establish an independent, democratic, contiguous and viable Palestinian State living side by side with Israel and other neighbouring countries,", "Taking note of the submission by Palestine on 23 September 2011 of an application for membership in the United Nations, [8]", "Acknowledging the ongoing efforts of civil society to promote a peaceful solution to the question of Palestine,", "Recalling the decision of the International Court of Justice in its advisory opinion, in which it noted the urgent need for the United Nations as a whole to redouble its efforts to rapidly end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that continues to threaten international peace and security, thereby achieving a just and lasting peace in the region, [9]", "Reiterating that all States in the region have the right to live in peace within secure and internationally recognized borders,", "Reaffirms that the question of Palestine is at the heart of the Arab-Israeli conflict and must be resolved peacefully in all its aspects, and stresses in this regard the urgent need to save the prospects for the two-State solution, both Israel and Palestine, so that they live side by side in peace and security within recognized borders based on the 1967 borders;", "Also reaffirms its full support for the Middle East peace process, based on the relevant resolutions of the United Nations, the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session and the Quartet's road map for a permanent two-State solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict,4 in support of existing agreements between Israel and Palestine, and stresses the need for a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in the Middle East, and, in this regard, welcomes the ongoing efforts of the Quartet and the League of Arab States;", "Encourages continued and serious regional and international efforts to implement and promote the Arab Peace Initiative, including through the Ministerial Committee established at the Riyadh Summit in March 2007;", "Urges all parties, with the support of the Quartet and the international community, to take immediate and concrete steps, including through the active and serious resumption of bilateral negotiations, to implement the Israeli-Palestinian common understanding reached at the Annapolis International Conference;7", "In this regard, encourages the convening of an international conference in Moscow, as envisaged in Security Council resolution 1850 (2008), to advance and expedite the relaunching peace process;", "Calls upon both parties, irrespective of whether or not, to act in accordance with international law and previous agreements and obligations, in particular to adhere to the road map and to create the necessary conditions for the resumption of negotiations in the near future;", "Calls upon all parties, with the support of the Quartet and other relevant parties, to make all necessary efforts to put an end to the deterioration of the situation and to remove all unilateral illegal measures taken on the ground since 28 September 2000;", "Calls upon all parties to maintain calm and restraint and to refrain from provocations and incitement to sexual expression, in particular in the areas of religious and cultural sensitivity;", "Stresses the need for confidence-building measures to improve the situation on the ground, promote stability and promote the peace process, including the need for further release of prisoners after the exchange of prisoners in October 2011;", "Stresses the need to remove checkpoints and eliminate other restrictions on the movement of persons and goods in all the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and to respect and preserve the unity, contiguation and integrity of all occupied Palestinian territories, including East Jerusalem;", "Also emphasizes the need for an immediate and full cessation of all acts of violence, including military attacks, destruction and terrorist acts;", "Reiterates its call for the full implementation of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009);", "Reaffirms the need for the parties to fully implement the Agreement on Movement and Access of 15 November 2005 and the principles agreed upon at the Rafah crossings, in particular for humanitarian supplies, movement and commodity flows, as well as for the continued opening of all crossings into and out of the Gaza Strip, which are essential for alleviating the humanitarian crisis, improving the living conditions of the Palestinian people and promoting the recovery of the Palestinian economy;", "In this regard, emphasizes the urgent need to accelerate the reconstruction of civilian facilities led by the United Nations through the completion of a large number of United Nations-managed parking projects to promote the reconstruction of the Gaza Strip;", "Calls upon Israel, the occupying Power, to strictly abide by its obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law, and to cease all measures it has taken in violation of international law and to refrain from any unilateral action taken in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, aimed at altering the nature, status and demographic composition of the Territory, including confiscation and de facto annexation of land, in order to prejudge the final outcome of the peace negotiations;", "Reiterates its call upon Israel to cease fully all settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in the occupied Syrian Golan, and calls for the full implementation of the relevant Security Council resolutions;", "In this regard, stresses the need for Israel to immediately comply with its obligations under the road map to freeze all settlement activities, including so-called “natural growth”, and to dismantle the settlements established since March 2001;", "Calls for the cessation of all provocative activities in East Jerusalem, including religious sites and their surroundings, including the provocative activities of Israeli settlers;", "To this end, calls upon Israel, the occupying Power, to comply with its legal obligations under international law, in particular the immediate cessation of the construction of a wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, in accordance with the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 9 July 20042 and as requested by the General Assembly in its resolution ES-10/13 of 21 October 2003 and resolution ES-10/15, and calls upon all States Members of the United Nations to abide by their legal obligations under the advisory opinion;", "Reaffirms its commitment to pursue, in accordance with international law, the two-State solution to the peaceful and secure side of Israel and Palestine within the recognized borders of 1967;", "Stresses that:", "(a) Israel must withdraw from the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, since 1967;", "(b) The inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, first and foremost the right to self-determination and to establish their independent State;", "Also emphasizes the importance of a just solution to the issue of Palestine refugees in accordance with General Assembly resolution 194 (III) of 11 December 1948;", "Calls upon all parties to reopen and expedite direct peace negotiations in order to achieve a final peaceful settlement, in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the United Nations, in particular the Security Council, the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, the road map and the Arab Peace Initiative;", "Urges Member States, in this critical period, to expedite the provision of economic, humanitarian and technical assistance to the Palestinian people and the Palestinian Authority in order to help alleviate the grave humanitarian situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, to restore the Palestinian economic and infrastructure, to support the development and strengthening of Palestinian institutions and to support Palestinian State efforts to prepare for independence;", "Requests the Secretary-General to continue to work with the parties concerned and, in consultation with the Security Council, to achieve a peaceful solution to the question of Palestine and to promote peace in the region, and to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on those efforts and developments in that regard.", "30 November 2011", "69th plenary meeting", "Alain 67-Sup585.", "[2] See A/ES-10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion”, International Court of Justice, 2004, p. 136.", "[3] See A/48/486-S/26560, annex.", "[4] S/2003/529, annex.", "[5] Available from www.unsco.org.", "[6] A/56/1026-S/2002/932, annex II, resolution 14/221.", "See http://unispal.un.org.", "[8] A/63/371-Sister592, annex I.", "[9] See A/ES-10/273 and Corr.1, Advisory Opinion, para. 161; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 2004, p. 136." ]

[ "2011年11月30日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.19和Add.1)]", "66/18. 耶路撒冷", "大会，", "回顾其1947年11月29日第181(II)号决议，特别是其中有关耶路撒冷城的规定，", "又回顾其1981年12月10日第36/120E号决议及其后所有相关决议，包括2001年12月3日第56/31号决议，其中大会除其他外，认定占领国以色列改变或意图改变耶路撒冷圣城的性质和地位的一切立法和行政措施及行动，特别是所谓的耶路撒冷“基本法”以及宣布耶路撒冷为以色列首都，一概无效，必须立即撤销，", "还回顾安全理事会有关耶路撒冷的各项决议，包括1980年8月20日第478(1980)号决议，其中安理会除其他外，决定不承认耶路撒冷“基本法”，", "回顾国际法院2004年7月9日就“在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果”发表的咨询意见，[1] 并回顾大会2004年7月20日ES-10/15号决议，", "严重关切任何政府机构或非政府机构采取的任何违反上述决议的行动，", "又严重关切特别是占领国以色列继续进行建立非法定居点的活动，包括所谓的“E-1计划”，在东耶路撒冷城内和周围修建隔离墙，对出入和居住在东耶路撒冷实行限制，进一步将该城与巴勒斯坦被占领土的其他地区相隔绝，对巴勒斯坦人的生活产生不利影响，并可能会预先限定有关耶路撒冷的最后地位协定，", "还严重关切以色列继续摧毁巴勒斯坦人的家园，取消为数众多的巴勒斯坦家庭的居住权并将他们赶出东耶路撒冷居民区,使他们流离失所，并在城内进行其他挑衅和煽动行为，包括以色列定居者实施的此类行为，", "关切以色列在耶路撒冷旧城，包括在宗教场所及其周围进行挖掘，", "重申，如联合国关于这一事项的相关决议所示，国际社会通过联合国，对耶路撒冷城问题和对保护它独特的精神、宗教和文化特性感到关注，是正当合法的，", "审议了秘书长关于中东局势的报告，[2]", "1. 再次认定占领国以色列采取的任何强行在耶路撒冷圣城实施其法律、司法管辖和行政管理的行动都是非法的，因此完全无效，没有任何合法性，并吁请以色列立即停止所有这些非法的单方面措施；", "2. 强调指出全面、公正和持久解决耶路撒冷城问题的方案应考虑到巴勒斯坦和以色列双方的正当关切，并应有国际担保条款，确保该城居民享有宗教和良心自由，并确保不同宗教信仰和不同国籍的人永远都可以自由无阻地前往各处圣地；", "3. 请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议报告本决议的执行情况。", "2011年11月30日", "第69次全体会议", "[1] 见A/ES-10/273和Corr.1；另见“在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果，咨询意见”，《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，英文第136页。", "[2] A/66/338。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.19 and Add.1)]", "66/18. Jerusalem", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 181 (II) of 29 November 1947, in particular its provisions regarding the City of Jerusalem,", "Recalling also its resolution 36/120 E of 10 December 1981 and all its subsequent relevant resolutions, including resolution 56/31 of 3 December 2001, in which it, inter alia, determined that all legislative and administrative measures and actions taken by Israel, the occupying Power, which have altered or purported to alter the character and status of the Holy City of Jerusalem, in particular the so‑called “Basic Law” on Jerusalem and the proclamation of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, were null and void and must be rescinded forthwith,", "Recalling further the Security Council resolutions relevant to Jerusalem, including resolution 478 (1980) of 20 August 1980, in which the Council, inter alia, decided not to recognize the “Basic Law” on Jerusalem,", "Recalling the advisory opinion rendered on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,[1] and recalling its resolution ES‑10/15 of 20 July 2004,", "Expressing its grave concern about any action taken by any body, governmental or non-governmental, in violation of the above-mentioned resolutions,", "Expressing its grave concern also, in particular, about the continuation by Israel, the occupying Power, of illegal settlement activities, including the so-called E‑1 plan, its construction of the wall in and around East Jerusalem, its restrictions on access to and residence in East Jerusalem and the further isolation of the city from the rest of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, which are having a detrimental effect on the lives of Palestinians and could prejudge a final status agreement on Jerusalem,", "Expressing its grave concern further about the continuing Israeli demolition of Palestinian homes, the revocation of residency rights and the eviction and displacement of numerous Palestinian families from East Jerusalem neighbourhoods, as well as other acts of provocation and incitement, including by Israeli settlers, in the city,", "Expressing its concern about the Israeli excavations undertaken in the Old City of Jerusalem, including in and around religious sites,", "Reaffirming that the international community, through the United Nations, has a legitimate interest in the question of the City of Jerusalem and in the protection of the unique spiritual, religious and cultural dimensions of the city, as foreseen in relevant United Nations resolutions on this matter,", "Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on the situation in the Middle East,[2]", "1. Reiterates its determination that any actions taken by Israel, the occupying Power, to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration on the Holy City of Jerusalem are illegal and therefore null and void and have no validity whatsoever, and calls upon Israel to immediately cease all such illegal and unilateral measures;", "2. Stresses that a comprehensive, just and lasting solution to the question of the City of Jerusalem should take into account the legitimate concerns of both the Palestinian and Israeli sides and should include internationally guaranteed provisions to ensure the freedom of religion and of conscience of its inhabitants, as well as permanent, free and unhindered access to the holy places by the people of all religions and nationalities;", "3. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1]  See A/ES‑10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136.", "[2]  A/66/338." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.19 and Add.1)]", "Jerusalem", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 181 (II) of 29 November 1947, in particular its provisions relating to the city of Jerusalem,", "Recalling also its resolution 36/120E of 10 December 1981 and all subsequent relevant resolutions, including resolution 56/31 of 3 December 2001, in which the General Assembly, inter alia, determined that all legislative and administrative measures and actions taken by Israel, the occupying Power, to alter or purport to alter the character and status of the Holy City of Jerusalem, in particular the so-called “fundamental law” in Jerusalem and declared Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, must be immediately withdrawn,", "Recalling further Security Council resolutions relating to Jerusalem, including resolution 478 (1980) of 20 August 1980, in which the Council decided, inter alia, not to recognize the Basic Law of Jerusalem,", "Recalling the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 9 July 2004 on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, and recalling General Assembly resolution ES-10/15 of 20 July 2004,", "Gravely concerned at any action taken by any governmental agency or non-governmental body in violation of the above-mentioned resolution,", "Also gravely concerned at the continuing activities of Israel, the occupying Power, in particular the so-called “E-1 plan”, the construction of the wall in and around East Jerusalem, the restrictions on access and residence in East Jerusalem, the negative impact on the lives of Palestinians on the lives of the Palestinian people and the possibility of predetermined final status agreements on Jerusalem,", "Gravely concerned at Israel's continued destruction of Palestinian homes, the removal of the residency rights of a large number of Palestinian families and the displacement of them from East Jerusalem's neighbourhoods, and other provocations and incitement in the city, including those carried out by Israeli settlers,", "Concerned about the excavations carried out by Israel in the Old City of Jerusalem, including in religious places and around them,", "Reaffirming that, as indicated in the relevant United Nations resolutions on this matter, the international community, through the United Nations, is legitimate to pay attention to the issue of Jerusalem and to the protection of its unique spiritual, religious and cultural identity,", "Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on the situation in the Middle East, [2]", "Determines once again that any actions taken by Israel, the occupying Power, to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration in Al-Quds Al-Sharif in Jerusalem are illegal and therefore null and void, and calls upon Israel to immediately cease all these illegal unilateral measures;", "Stresses that a comprehensive, just and lasting solution to the question of the city of Jerusalem should take into account the legitimate concerns of the Palestinian and Israeli sides, and that international security provisions should be in place to ensure the freedom of religion and conscience of the inhabitants of the city and to ensure that persons of different religions and nationalities are allowed to travel freely to holy places;", "Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution.", "30 November 2011", "69th plenary meeting", "See A/ES-10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 2004, p. 136.", "[2] A/63/338." ]

[ "2011年11月30日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.20和Add.1)]", "66/19. 叙利亚戈兰", "大会，", "审议了题为“中东局势”的项目，", "注意到秘书长关于中东局势的报告，[1]", "回顾安全理事会1981年12月17日第497(1981)号决议，", "重申依照国际法和《联合国宪章》不容许以武力取得领土的基本原则，", "再次重申1949年8月12日《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》[2] 适用于被占领的叙利亚戈兰，", "深为关切以色列违反安全理事会和大会的有关决议，没有撤离自1967年以来被占领的叙利亚戈兰，", "强调以色列在自1967年以来被占领的叙利亚戈兰建造定居点和开展其他活", "动都是非法的，", "满意地注意到根据安全理事会1967年11月22日第242(1967)号、1973年10月22日第338(1973)号和1978年3月19日第425(1978)号决议和以土地换和平的办法，于1991年10月30日在马德里召开中东和平会议，", "严重关切叙利亚轨道上的和平进程已经停顿下来，希望不久以已经达到的阶段为起点，重新恢复和平会谈，", "1. 宣布以色列迄今没有遵守安全理事会第497(1981)号决议；", "2. 又宣布安全理事会第497(1981)号决议已确认，以色列1981年12月14日关于强行在被占领的叙利亚戈兰实施其法律、司法管辖和行政管理的决定完全无效，没有任何合法性，吁请以色列予以撤销；", "3. 重申认定1907年《海牙第四公约》所附《章程》[3] 和《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》² 的所有相关规定继续适用于自1967年以来被以色列占领的叙利亚领土，吁请这些文书的缔约国在任何情况下都遵守并确保各方遵守这些文书为其规定的义务；", "4. 再次认定继续占领和事实上兼并叙利亚戈兰是该区域实现公正、全面、持久和平的绊脚石；", "5. 吁请以色列恢复叙利亚和黎巴嫩轨道上的会谈，遵守以前的会谈中做出的承诺和保证；", "6. 再次要求以色列执行安全理事会的有关决议，从被占领的叙利亚戈兰的所有地区撤至1967年6月4日的分界线；", "7. 吁请所有有关各方、和平进程的共同保证国和整个国际社会作出一切必要努力，通过执行安全理事会第242(1967)和338(1973)号决议来确保和平进程得以恢复并取得成功；", "8. 请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议报告本决议的执行情况。", "2011年11月30日", "第69次全体会议", "[1] A/66/338。", "[2] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第75卷，第973号。", "[3] 见卡内基国际和平基金会，《1899年和1907年海牙公约与宣言》(牛津大学出版社，1915年，纽约)。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.20 and Add.1)]", "66/19. The Syrian Golan", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered the item entitled “The situation in the Middle East”,", "Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General on the situation in the Middle East,[1]", "Recalling Security Council resolution 497 (1981) of 17 December 1981,", "Reaffirming the fundamental principle of the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by force, in accordance with international law and the Charter of the United Nations,", "Reaffirming once more the applicability of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 12 August 1949,[2] to the occupied Syrian Golan,", "Deeply concerned that Israel has not withdrawn from the Syrian Golan, which has been under occupation since 1967, contrary to the relevant Security Council and General Assembly resolutions,", "Stressing the illegality of the Israeli settlement construction and other activities in the occupied Syrian Golan since 1967,", "Noting with satisfaction the convening in Madrid on 30 October 1991 of the Peace Conference on the Middle East, on the basis of Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) of 22 November 1967, 338 (1973) of 22 October 1973 and 425 (1978) of 19 March 1978 and the formula of land for peace,", "Expressing grave concern over the halt in the peace process on the Syrian track, and expressing the hope that peace talks will soon resume from the point they had reached,", "1. Declares that Israel has failed so far to comply with Security Council resolution 497 (1981);", "2. Also declares that the Israeli decision of 14 December 1981 to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration on the occupied Syrian Golan is null and void and has no validity whatsoever, as confirmed by the Security Council in its resolution 497 (1981), and calls upon Israel to rescind it;", "3. Reaffirms its determination that all relevant provisions of the Regulations annexed to the Hague Convention IV of 1907,[3] and the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War,² continue to apply to the Syrian territory occupied by Israel since 1967, and calls upon the parties thereto to respect and ensure respect for their obligations under those instruments in all circumstances;", "4. Determines once more that the continued occupation of the Syrian Golan and its de facto annexation constitute a stumbling block in the way of achieving a just, comprehensive and lasting peace in the region;", "5. Calls upon Israel to resume the talks on the Syrian and Lebanese tracks and to respect the commitments and undertakings reached during the previous talks;", "6. Demands once more that Israel withdraw from all the occupied Syrian Golan to the line of 4 June 1967 in implementation of the relevant Security Council resolutions;", "7. Calls upon all the parties concerned, the co-sponsors of the peace process and the entire international community to exert all the necessary efforts to ensure the resumption of the peace process and its success by implementing Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973);", "8. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1]  A/66/338.", "[2]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 75, No. 973.", "[3]  See Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907 (New York, Oxford University Press, 1915)." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.20 and Add.1)]", "Syrian Golan", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered the item entitled “The situation in the Middle East”,", "Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General on the situation in the Middle East,", "Recalling Security Council resolution 497 (1981) of 17 December 1981,", "Reaffirming the fundamental principle of the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by force, in accordance with international law and the Charter of the United Nations,", "Reaffirming once again the applicability of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 12 August 1949, [2] to the occupied Syrian Golan,", "Deeply concerned that Israel has not withdrawn from the occupied Syrian Golan since 1967 in violation of the relevant resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly,", "Emphasizing that Israel has built settlements and other activities in the occupied Syrian Golan since 1967", "Both are illegal,", "Noting with satisfaction the convening of the Middle East Peace Conference in Madrid on 30 October 1991, in accordance with Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) of 22 November 1967, 338 (1973) of 22 October 1973 and 425 (1978) of 19 March 1978 and the approach to land for peace,", "Gravely concerned that the peace process on the Syrian track has been halted, and hopes that the talks will be resumed soon, at a stage reached,", "Declare that Israel has not complied with Security Council resolution 497 (1981) to date;", "Also declares that Security Council resolution 497 (1981) has confirmed that the Israeli decision of 14 December 1981 to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration in the occupied Syrian Golan is null and void, and calls upon Israel to withdraw it;", "Reaffirms that all relevant provisions of the Constitution annexed to the Fourth Hague Convention of 1907 and the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War2 continue to apply to the Syrian territories occupied by Israel since 1967, and calls upon States parties to these instruments to respect and ensure compliance by all parties with their obligations under those instruments in any circumstances;", "Reconfirms once again that the continued occupation and de facto annexation of the Syrian Golan are the stubling blocks for achieving a just, comprehensive and lasting peace in the region;", "Calls upon Israel to resume the talks on the Syrian and Lebanese tracks and to abide by the commitments and pledges made during the previous talks;", "Reiterates its call upon Israel to implement the relevant Security Council resolutions and withdraw from all occupied Syrian Golan to the line of 4 June 1967;", "Calls upon all parties concerned, the common guarantor of the peace process and the international community as a whole to make all necessary efforts to ensure the resumption and success of the peace process through the implementation of Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973);", "Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution.", "30 November 2011", "69th plenary meeting", "Abel 38.", "[2] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 75, No. 973.", "[3] See Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907 (Oxford University Press, 1915, New York)." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/401)通过]", "66/20. 军事情况的客观情报，包括军事支出的透明度", "大会，", "回顾其关于军事情况的客观情报，包括军事支出的透明度的1998年12月4日第53/72号、1999年12月1日第54/43号、2001年11月29日第56/14号、2003年12月8日第58/28号、2005年12月8日第60/44号、2007年12月5日第62/13号和2009年12月2日第64/22号决议，", "又回顾其1980年12月12日第35/142B号决议拟订了联合国军事支出标准汇报制度，1993年12月16日第48/62号、1994年12月15日第49/66号、1996年12月10日第51/38号和1997年12月9日第52/32号决议要求所有会员国参加这一制度，1992年12月9日第47/54B号决议赞同关于军事情况客观情报的指导方针和建议，并邀请会员国就其执行情况向秘书长提供有关资料，", "注意到其后属于不同地理区域的若干会员国就军事支出以及关于军事情况客观情报的指导方针和建议提交了国家报告，", "深信国际关系的改进是促使所有军事情况进一步公开和透明化的健全基础，", "又深信军事情况的透明化是建立世界各国之间信任气氛的关键要素，增进军事情况客观情报的流动有助于缓和国际紧张局势，因而能对预防冲突作出重大贡献，", "注意到通过第35/142B号决议制定的标准汇报制度作为增进军事情况透明度的重要工具的作用，", "意识到会员国的更广泛参与将增进标准汇报制度的价值，", "注意到对军事支出标准汇报表进行定期审查可以促进其进一步发展并保持其持续相关性和运作，回顾大会第62/13号决议设立了联合国军事支出标准汇报表的运作和进一步发展问题政府专家组，", "在这方面回顾秘书长的报告，其中阐述了如何执行关于军事情况客观情报的指导方针和建议，尤其是包括如何加强和扩大对标准汇报制度的参与，[1]", "又回顾关于军事情况客观情报的指导方针和建议提出了应进一步审议的若干领域，例如改进标准汇报制度，", "欢迎政府专家组的报告，该报告探讨了应进一步运用何种方式和方法执行关于军事情况客观情报的指导方针和建议，尤其是包括如何加强和扩大对标准汇报制度的参与，[2]", "注意到一些区域组织努力促进提高军事支出透明度，包括在其成员国间每年以标准方式交流有关信息，", "强调标准汇报表在当前政治和经济环境下依然十分重要，", "铭记《联合国宪章》的各项规定，包括其第二十六条的规定，", "1. 赞同联合国军事支出标准汇报表的运作和进一步发展问题政府专家组的报告、² 报告所载建议以及汇报表的新名称，即“联合国军事支出报告”；", "2. 吁请会员国为实现尽可能广泛的参与，每年在4月30日以前，向秘书长提供一份报告，说明最近一个已有数据的财政年度的本国军事支出，最好并尽可能根据政府专家组报告第68至71段所载建议和报告附件二使用其中一份汇报表格，包括酌情使用“无”报告，或酌情使用为向其他国际或区域组织提出类似军事支出报告而制定的任何其他格式；", "3. 建议，为在军事支出报告框架内汇报国家军事支出的目的，“军事支出”通常应理解为是指一国在其军队的使用和职能上花费的所有财政资源，关于军事支出的资料代表了以当前价格和国内货币表示的实际支出；", "4. 又建议所有会员国执行关于军事情况客观情报的指导方针和建议，同时根据有关区域各国的倡议并征得其同意，充分考虑到一个区域具体的政治、军事及其他情况；", "5. 邀请有能力这样做的会员国，在自愿基础上补充其报告，并就提交的数据提供解释性备注，以解释或澄清在汇报表格中提供的数字，例如军事支出总额占国内总产值的比例，从前一次报告以来发生的重大变化，以及反映其国防政策、军事战略和理论的更多资料；", "6. 邀请会员国根据政府专家组报告附件二和第72(e)段提供国家联络点的情况，最好是在其年度报告中提供；", "7. 鼓励有关国际机构和区域组织促进提高军事支出透明度并加强各报告制度的互补性，同时考虑到每一区域的特殊性质，并考虑是否可能与联合国交换信息；", "8. 表示注意到秘书长的年度报告；[3]", "9. 请秘书长在现有资源范围内：", "(a) 继续每年向会员国发出普通照会，要求提交关于军事支出的报告；", "(b) 每年向会员国分发一份普通照会，详细说明哪些军事支出报告已提交，哪些报告可通过电子方式在关于军事支出的网页[4] 上查阅；", "(c) 继续与有关国际机构协商确定调整现有汇报表格的要求，以鼓励更广泛地参与，并根据这些协商的结果，同时考虑到会员国的看法，就对标准汇报制度的内容和结构进行必要修改提出建议；", "(d) 鼓励有关国际机构和组织促进提高军事支出的透明度，并与这些机构和组织进行协商，重点研究增进国际汇报制度和区域汇报制度之间的互补性和这些机构与联合国交换有关情报的可能性；", "(e) 继续促进与相关区域组织进一步合作，以提高对联合国军事支出报告及其作为建立信任措施的作用的认识；", "(f) 鼓励联合国设于非洲、亚洲和太平洋以及拉丁美洲和加勒比的和平与裁军区域中心协助其所在区域的会员国提高对标准汇报制度的认识；", "(g) 促进举办国际和区域/次区域专题研讨会和培训讨论会，说明标准汇报制度的宗旨，并给予有关的技术指导；", "(h) 就这种专题研讨会和培训讨论会取得的经验提出报告；", "(i) 应请求向没有能力报告数据的会员国提供技术援助，并鼓励会员国自愿向其他会员国提供双边援助；", "(j) 鼓励秘书处裁军事务厅酌情在有关国家的财政和技术支助下，继续改进现有的军事支出数据库，以使其更加方便用户，技术上更加先进，并增强其功能；", "10. 鼓励会员国：", "(a) 通知秘书长在使用标准汇报制度方面可能出现的问题，以及不提供所要求的数据的理由；", "(b) 继续向秘书长提出其看法和建议，说明改进标准汇报制度今后运作和扩大参与的方式和方法，包括对其内容和结构的必要修改；", "11. 建议设立一个定期审议进程，以确保军事支出报告的持续相关性和运作，并在五年后再次审查该报告的持续相关性和运作；", "12. 决定将题为“军事情况的客观情报，包括军事支出的透明度”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见A/54/298。", "[2] 见A/66/89和Corr.3。", "[3] A/58/202和Add.1-3、A/59/192和Add.1、A/60/159和Add.1-3、A/61/133和Add.1-3、A/62/158和Add.1-3、A/63/97和Add.1和2、A/64/113和Add.1和2、A/65/118和Corr.1和Add.1和2、A/66/117和Add.1。", "[4] www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/Milex。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/401)]", "66/20. Objective information on military matters, including transparency of military expenditures", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 53/72 of 4 December 1998, 54/43 of 1 December 1999, 56/14 of 29 November 2001, 58/28 of 8 December 2003, 60/44 of 8 December 2005, 62/13 of 5 December 2007 and 64/22 of 2 December 2009 on objective information on military matters, including transparency of military expenditures,", "Recalling also its resolution 35/142 B of 12 December 1980, which introduced the United Nations system for the standardized reporting of military expenditures, its resolutions 48/62 of 16 December 1993, 49/66 of 15 December 1994, 51/38 of 10 December 1996 and 52/32 of 9 December 1997, calling upon all Member States to participate in it, and its resolution 47/54 B of 9 December 1992, endorsing the guidelines and recommendations for objective information on military matters and inviting Member States to provide the Secretary-General with relevant information regarding their implementation,", "Noting that, since then, national reports on military expenditures and on the guidelines and recommendations for objective information on military matters have been submitted by a number of Member States belonging to different geographical regions,", "Convinced that the improvement of international relations forms a sound basis for promoting further openness and transparency in all military matters,", "Convinced also that transparency in military matters is an essential element for building a climate of trust and confidence between States worldwide and that a better flow of objective information on military matters can help to relieve international tension and is therefore an important contribution to conflict prevention,", "Noting the role of the standardized reporting system, as instituted through its resolution 35/142 B, as an important instrument to enhance transparency in military matters,", "Conscious that the value of the standardized reporting system would be enhanced by a broader participation of Member States,", "Noting that a periodic review of the Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures could facilitate its further development and maintain its continued relevance and operation, and recalling resolution 62/13, in which the General Assembly established the Group of Governmental Experts on the Operation and Further Development of the United Nations Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures,", "Recalling, in that regard, the report of the Secretary-General on ways and means to implement the guidelines and recommendations for objective information on military matters, including, in particular, on how to strengthen and broaden participation in the standardized reporting system,[1]", "Recalling also that the guidelines and recommendations for objective information on military matters recommended certain areas for further consideration, such as the improvement of the standardized reporting system,", "Welcoming the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on further ways and means to implement the guidelines and recommendations for objective information on military matters, including, in particular, on how to strengthen and broaden participation in the standardized reporting system,[2]", "Noting the efforts of several regional organizations to promote transparency of military expenditures, including standardized annual exchanges of relevant information among their member States,", "Emphasizing the continuing importance of the Standardized Instrument under the current political and economic circumstances,", "Mindful of the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, including its Article 26,", "1. Endorses the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on the Operation and Further Development of the United Nations Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures,² the recommendations contained therein and the new title of the instrument, namely, the United Nations Report on Military Expenditures;", "2. Calls upon Member States, with a view to achieving the broadest possible participation, to provide the Secretary-General, by 30 April annually, with reports on their military expenditures for the latest fiscal year for which data are available, using preferably and to the extent possible, one of the reporting forms, including a “nil” report if appropriate, on the basis of recommendations contained in paragraphs 68 to 71 of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts and annex II thereto, or as appropriate, any other format developed in the context of similar reporting on military expenditures to other international or regional organizations;", "3. Recommends that, for the purpose of reporting by Member States of their national military expenditures in the framework of the Report on Military Expenditures, “military expenditures” be commonly understood to refer to all financial resources that a State spends on the uses and functions of its military forces and information on military expenditures represents an actual outlay in current prices and domestic currency;", "4. Also recommends the guidelines and recommendations for objective information on military matters to all Member States for implementation, fully taking into account specific political, military and other conditions prevailing in a region, on the basis of initiatives and with the agreement of the States of the region concerned;", "5. Invites Member States in a position to do so to supplement their reports, on a voluntary basis, with explanatory remarks regarding submitted data to explain or clarify the figures provided in the reporting forms, such as the total military expenditures as a share of gross domestic product, major changes from previous reports and any additional information reflecting their defence policy, military strategies and doctrines;", "6. Invites Member States to provide, preferably with their annual report, their national points of contact, on the basis of annex II and paragraph 72 (e) of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts;", "7. Encourages relevant international bodies and regional organizations to promote transparency of military expenditures and to enhance complementarities among reporting systems, taking into account the particular characteristics of each region, and to consider the possibility of an exchange of information with the United Nations;", "8. Takes note of the annual reports of the Secretary-General;[3]", "9. Requests the Secretary-General, within available resources:", "(a) To continue the practice of sending an annual note verbale to Member States requesting the submission of their Report on Military Expenditures;", "(b) To circulate annually a note verbale to Member States detailing which reports on military expenditures were submitted and are available electronically on the website for military expenditures;[4]", "(c) To continue consultations with relevant international bodies, with a view to ascertaining requirements for adjusting the present instrument, with a view to encouraging wider participation, and to make recommendations, based on the outcome of those consultations and taking into account the views of Member States, on necessary changes to the content and structure of the standardized reporting system;", "(d) To encourage relevant international bodies and organizations to promote transparency of military expenditures and to consult with those bodies and organizations with emphasis on examining possibilities for enhancing complementarities among international and regional reporting systems and for exchanging related information between those bodies and the United Nations;", "(e) To continue to foster further cooperation with relevant regional organizations with a view to raising awareness of the Report on Military Expenditures and its role as a confidence-building measure;", "(f) To encourage the United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament in Africa, in Asia and the Pacific, and in Latin America and the Caribbean to assist Member States in their regions in enhancing their knowledge of the standardized reporting system;", "(g) To promote international and regional/subregional symposiums and training seminars to explain the purpose of the standardized reporting system and to give relevant technical instructions;", "(h) To report on experiences gained during such symposiums and training seminars;", "(i) To provide, upon request, technical assistance to Member States lacking the capacity to report data, and to encourage Member States to voluntarily provide bilateral assistance to other Member States;", "(j) To encourage the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat, with the financial and technical support of interested States, as appropriate, to continue to improve the existing database on military expenditures with a view to making it more user-friendly and up-to-date technologically and to increasing its functionality;", "10. Encourages Member States:", "(a) To inform the Secretary-General about possible problems with the standardized reporting system and their reasons for not submitting the requested data;", "(b) To continue to provide the Secretary-General with their views and suggestions on ways and means to improve the future functioning of and broaden participation in the standardized reporting system, including necessary changes to its content and structure,", "11. Recommends the establishment of a process for periodic reviews, in order to ensure the continued relevance and operation of the Report on Military Expenditures and that another review of the continuing relevance and operation of the Report be conducted in five years;", "12. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Objective information on military matters, including transparency of military expenditures”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See A/54/298.", "[2]  See A/66/89 and Corr.1–3.", "[3]  A/58/202 and Add.1–3, A/59/192 and Add.1, A/60/159 and Add.1–3, A/61/133 and Add.1–3, A/62/158 and Add.1–3, A/63/97 and Add.1 and 2, A/64/113 and Add.1 and 2, A/65/118 and Corr.1 and Add.1 and 2 and A/66/117 and Add.1.", "[4]  www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/Milex/." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/64/401)]", "Objective information on military matters, including transparency in military expenditures", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its objective information on military matters, including its resolutions 53/272 of 4 December 1998, 54/43 of 1 December 1999, 56/14 of 29 November 2001, 58/28 of 8 December 2003, 60/44 of 8 December 2005, 62/13 of 5 December 2007 and 6422 of 2 December 2009,", "Recalling also its resolution 35/142 B of 12 December 1980, in which it established the United Nations standardized reporting system for military expenditures, resolutions 4862 of 16 December 1993, 4966 of 15 December 1994, 51/138 of 10 December 1996 and 52/32 of 9 December 1997, in which all Member States were requested to participate, and resolution 47/54 B of 9 December 1992 endorsed guidelines and recommendations on objective information on military situation, and invited Member States to provide information on their implementation to the Secretary-General,", "Taking note of the national report submitted by several Member States in various geographical regions thereafter on guidelines and recommendations on military expenditures and on objective information on military situations,", "Convinced that improvements in international relations are a sound basis for further openness and transparency in all military situations,", "Convinced also that transparency in the military situation is a key element in building a climate of trust among all nations, and that the flow of objective information on military situations contributes to easing and international tensions, thus making a significant contribution to conflict prevention,", "Noting the role of the standardized reporting system established by resolution 35/142B as an important tool for enhancing transparency in military affairs,", "Aware that the wider participation of Member States will enhance the value of the standardized reporting system,", "Noting that the periodic review of the standardized reporting table on military expenditures could promote its further development and maintain its continued relevance and functioning, and recalling that the General Assembly, in its resolution 62/13, established the functioning and further development of the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts on Military Expenditure Reporting Standards,", "Recalling in this regard the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of guidelines and recommendations on objective information on military situations, including, inter alia, how to strengthen and expand participation in the standardized reporting system,", "Recalling also the guidelines and recommendations on objective information on military situations, which provide for further consideration in a number of areas, such as improving the standardized reporting system,", "Welcoming the report of the Group of Governmental Experts, which explored ways and means for further implementation of guidelines and recommendations on objective information on military situations, including, inter alia, how to strengthen and expand participation in the standardized reporting system,", "Noting the efforts of some regional organizations to promote transparency in military spending, including through the exchange of information annually among their member States,", "Emphasizing that the standardized reporting table remains important in the current political and economic environment,", "Bearing in mind the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, including its article 26,", "Endorses the operation of the United Nations standardized reporting form and the further development of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Military Expenditure, the recommendations contained in the report and the new name of the reporting table, “United Nations military expenditures report”;", "Calls upon Member States to provide, to the extent possible, a report to the Secretary-General by 30 April each year, on national military expenditures for the latest available financial year, preferably and in accordance with the recommendations contained in paragraphs 68 to 71 of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts and to use, where appropriate, a reporting form, including, where appropriate, the use of “no” reports or, where appropriate, any other format developed for the submission of similar military expenditures reports to other international or regional organizations;", "Recommends that, for the purpose of reporting national military expenditures within the framework of the report on military expenditures, “military expenditures” should normally be understood as referring to all financial resources that a State spent on the use and functioning of its military forces, and that information on military expenditures represents actual expenditures expressed in current prices and in domestic currencies;", "Also recommends that all Member States implement guidelines and recommendations on objective information on military situations, taking into account, with their consent, the specific political, military and other circumstances of a region;", "Invites Member States in a position to do so to supplement their reports on a voluntary basis and to provide interpretative notes on the data submitted in order to explain or clarify the figures provided in the reporting form, such as the ratio of military expenditures to GDP, the significant changes that have occurred since the previous report and additional information reflecting their defence policies, military strategies and doctrines;", "Invites Member States to provide information on national focal points, in accordance with annex II to the report of the Group of Governmental Experts and paragraphs 72 (e), preferably in their annual reports;", "Encourages relevant international bodies and regional organizations to promote transparency in military expenditures and to enhance the complementarity of reporting systems, taking into account the particular nature of each region, and to consider the possibility of exchanging information with the United Nations;", "Takes note of the annual report of the Secretary-General; [3]", "Requests the Secretary-General, within existing resources:", "(a) To continue to send a note verbale to Member States annually requesting reports on military expenditures;", "(b) Each year, a note verbale is circulated to Member States detailing which reports of military expenditures have been submitted and which reports are available electronically on the page [4] on military expenditures;", "(c) To continue consultations with relevant international bodies to identify requirements for adapting existing reporting forms in order to encourage wider participation and make recommendations on necessary changes to the content and structure of the standardized reporting system, taking into account the views of Member States;", "(d) Encourage relevant international organizations and organizations to promote transparency in military spending and to consult with those agencies and organizations to focus on enhancing complementarity between the international reporting system and regional reporting systems and the possibility of exchanging information with the United Nations;", "(e) Continue to promote further cooperation with relevant regional organizations in order to raise awareness of United Nations military expenditure reports and their role as confidence-building measures;", "(f) Encourage the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa, Asia and the Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean to assist Member States in their region in raising awareness of the standard reporting system;", "(g) Promote international and regional/ subregional seminars and training seminars on the purpose of the standardized reporting system and provide relevant technical guidance;", "(h) To report on the experience of such seminars and training seminars;", "(i) Provision of technical assistance to Member States that do not have the capacity to report data, upon request, and encourage Member States to voluntarily provide bilateral assistance to other Member States;", "(j) Encourage the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat, where appropriate, to continue to improve the existing database of military expenditures, with financial and technical support from the countries concerned, in order to make it more user-friendly, technologically advanced and more functional;", "Encourages Member States:", "(a) To inform the Secretary-General of possible problems with the use of the standardized reporting system and the reasons for not providing the required data;", "(b) To continue to present to the Secretary-General their views and recommendations on ways and means to improve the functioning and participation of the standardized reporting system in the future, including the necessary changes to its content and structure;", "Recommends that a regular review process be established to ensure the continued relevance and functioning of military expenditure reports and to review the continuing relevance and operation of the report once five years;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Measured information on military matters, including transparency in military expenditures”.", "2 December 2011", "71st plenary meeting", "See A/54/298.", "[2] See A/66/89 and Corr.3.", "[3] A/58/202 and Add.1-3, A/59/192 and Add.1, A/60/159 and Add.1-3, A/61/133 and Add.1-3, A/62/158 and Add.1-3, A/63/97 and Add.1 and 2, A/64/113 and Add.1 and 2, A/65/118 and Corr.1 and Add.1 and 2, A/63/217 and Add.1.", "[4] www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/Milex." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/402)通过]", "66/21. 禁止发展和制造新型大规模毁灭性武器和此种武器新系统：裁军谈判会议的报告", "大会，", "回顾其以往关于禁止发展和制造新型大规模毁灭性武器和此种武器新系统的各项决议，", "又回顾其关于禁止发展和制造新型大规模毁灭性武器和此种武器新系统的1996年12月10日第51/37号、1999年12月1日第54/44号、2002年11月22日第57/50号、2005年12月8日第60/46号和2008年12月2日第63/36号决议，", "还回顾大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》[1] 第77段，", "决心防止出现破坏效果与联合国1948年通过的大规模毁灭性武器定义[2] 所指的大规模毁灭性武器相当的新型大规模毁灭性武器，", "赞赏地注意到裁军谈判会议在题为“新型大规模毁灭性武器和此种武器的新系统；放射性武器”项目下进行的讨论，[3]", "注意到应酌情不断审议这一事项，", "1. 重申应采取有效措施，防止出现新型大规模毁灭性武器；", "2. 请裁军谈判会议在不影响其议程的进一步全面审查的情况下，酌情不断审议这一事项，以期在必要时提出建议，指出应否就确定的几类这种武器进行具体谈判；", "3. 吁请所有国家在裁军谈判会议提出任何建议后，立即对这些建议给予有利的考虑；", "4. 请秘书长向裁军谈判会议转递与大会第六十六届会议审议本项目有关的所有文件；", "5. 请裁军谈判会议把审议这一问题的任何结果列入其提交大会的年度报告；", "6. 决定将题为“禁止发展和制造新型大规模毁灭性武器和此种武器新系统：裁军谈判会议的报告”的项目列入大会第六十九届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] S-10/2号决议。", "[2] 该定义由常规军备委员会通过(见S/C.3/32/Rev.1)。", "[3] 《大会正式记录，第六十四届会议，补编第27号》(A/64/27)，第三章，E节；同上，《第六十五届会议，补编第27号》(A/65/27)，第三章，E节；以及同上，《第六十六届会议，补编第27号》(A/66/27)，第三章，E节。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/402)]", "66/21. Prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons: report of the Conference on Disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its previous resolutions on the prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons,", "Recalling also its resolutions 51/37 of 10 December 1996, 54/44 of 1 December 1999, 57/50 of 22 November 2002, 60/46 of 8 December 2005 and 63/36 of 2 December 2008 relating to the prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons,", "Recalling further paragraph 77 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly,[1]", "Determined to prevent the emergence of new types of weapons of mass destruction that have characteristics comparable in destructive effect to those of weapons of mass destruction identified in the definition of weapons of mass destruction adopted by the United Nations in 1948,[2]", "Noting with appreciation the discussions which have been held in the Conference on Disarmament under the item entitled “New types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons; radiological weapons”,[3]", "Noting the desirability of keeping the matter under review, as appropriate,", "1. Reaffirms that effective measures should be taken to prevent the emergence of new types of weapons of mass destruction;", "2. Requests the Conference on Disarmament, without prejudice to further overview of its agenda, to keep the matter under review, as appropriate, with a view to making, when necessary, recommendations on undertaking specific negotiations on identified types of such weapons;", "3. Calls upon all States, immediately following any recommendations of the Conference on Disarmament, to give favourable consideration to those recommendations;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General to transmit to the Conference on Disarmament all documents relating to the consideration of this item by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session;", "5. Requests the Conference on Disarmament to report the results of any consideration of the matter in its annual reports to the General Assembly;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-ninth session the item entitled “Prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons: report of the Conference on Disarmament”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[2]  The definition was adopted by the Commission for Conventional Armaments (see S/C.3/32/Rev.1).", "[3]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/64/27), chap. III, sect. E; ibid., Sixty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/65/27), chap. III, sect. E; and ibid., Sixty‑sixth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/66/27), chap. III, sect. E." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/402)]", "Prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons: report of the Conference on Disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its previous resolutions on the Prohibition of the Development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons,", "Recalling also its resolutions 51/137 of 10 December 1996, 54/44 of 1 December 1999, 57/350 of 22 November 2002, 60/46 of 8 December 2005 and 63/136 of 2 December 2008,", "Recalling further paragraph 77 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly,", "Determined to prevent the emergence of destructive effects and the equivalent new types of weapons of mass destruction referred to in the definition of weapons of mass destruction adopted by the United Nations in 1948,", "Noting with appreciation the discussions held by the Conference on Disarmament under the item entitled “New types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems for such weapons; radiological weapons”, [3]", "Taking note of the continuing consideration of this matter, as appropriate,", "Reaffirms that effective measures should be taken to prevent the emergence of new types of weapons of mass destruction;", "Requests the Conference on Disarmament, without prejudice to further comprehensive review of its agenda, to keep the matter under continuous consideration, as appropriate, with a view to making recommendations, if necessary, indicating that specific negotiations should be held on the types of such weapons identified;", "Calls upon all States to give immediate and favourable consideration to those recommendations, after any recommendation by the Conference on Disarmament;", "Requests the Secretary-General to transmit to the Conference on Disarmament all documents relating to the consideration of the item at its sixty-sixth session;", "Requests the Conference on Disarmament to include any outcome of this consideration in its annual report to the General Assembly;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-ninth session the item entitled “Prevention of the development and manufacture of new weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons: report of the Conference on Disarmament”.", "2 December 2011", "71st plenary meeting", "Resolution S-10/2.", "[2] The definition was adopted by the Committee on Conventional Arms (see S/C.3/32/Rev.1).", "[3] Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/64/27), chap. III, sect. E; ibid., Sixty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/65/27), chap. III, sect. E; and ibid., Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/64/27), chap. III, sect." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/403)通过]", "66/22. 《宣布印度洋为和平区宣言》的执行情况", "大会，", "回顾其1971年12月16日第2832(XXVI)号决议所载的《宣布印度洋为和平区宣言》，并回顾其1999年12月1日第54/47号、2001年11月29日第56/16号、2003年12月8日第58/29号、2005年12月8日第60/48号、2007年12月5日第62/14号、2009年12月2日第64/23号和其他有关决议，", "又回顾1979年7月2日至13日在纽约举行的印度洋沿岸国和内陆国会议的报告，[1]", "还回顾2003年2月24日和25日在吉隆坡举行的第十三次不结盟国家国家元首和政府首脑会议的《最后文件》[2] 第102段，其中注意到，除其他外，印度洋特设委员会主席将继续就委员会今后的工作进行非正式协商，", "强调有必要促进有利于这一努力的协商一致方式，", "注意到区域内各国为促进印度洋地区的合作、特别是经济合作所采取的举措，以及这些举措可能会推动建立和平区的全面目标，", "深信安全理事会所有常任理事国和使用印度洋的主要航海国参与特设委员会的工作至关重要，有助于互利对话取得进展，为印度洋区域的和平、安全和稳定创造条件，", "认为必须作出更多努力，投入更多时间，集中讨论切实措施，以确保在印度洋区域创造和平、安全和稳定的条件，", "审议了印度洋特设委员会的报告，[3]", "1. 注意到印度洋特设委员会的报告；", "2. 重申坚信安全理事会所有常任理事国和使用印度洋的主要航海国参与特设委员会的工作至关重要，非常有助于发展互利对话，促进印度洋区域的和平、安全和稳定；", "3. 请特设委员会主席继续与委员会成员进行非正式协商，并通过委员会向大会第六十八届会议提出报告；", "4. 请秘书长在现有资源范围内继续向特设委员会提供一切必要协助，包括提供简要记录；", "5. 决定将题为“《宣布印度洋为和平区宣言》的执行情况”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录，第三十四届会议，补编第45号》和更正(A/34/45和Corr.1)。", "[2] 见A/57/759-S/2003/332，附件一。", "[3] 《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第29号》(A/66/29)。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/403)]", "66/22. Implementation of the Declaration of the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling the Declaration of the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace, contained in its resolution 2832 (XXVI) of 16 December 1971, and recalling also its resolutions 54/47 of 1 December 1999, 56/16 of 29 November 2001, 58/29 of 8 December 2003, 60/48 of 8 December 2005, 62/14 of 5 December 2007 and 64/23 of 2 December 2009 and other relevant resolutions,", "Recalling also the report of the Meeting of the Littoral and Hinterland States of the Indian Ocean held in New York from 2 to 13 July 1979,[1]", "Recalling further paragraph 102 of the Final Document of the Thirteenth Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held at Kuala Lumpur in 24 and 25 February 2003,[2] in which it was noted, inter alia, that the Chair of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean would continue his informal consultations on the future work of the Committee,", "Emphasizing the need to foster consensual approaches that are conducive to the pursuit of such endeavours,", "Noting the initiatives taken by countries of the region to promote cooperation, in particular economic cooperation, in the Indian Ocean area and the possible contribution of such initiatives to overall objectives of a zone of peace,", "Convinced that the participation of all permanent members of the Security Council and the major maritime users of the Indian Ocean in the work of the Ad Hoc Committee is important and would assist the progress of a mutually beneficial dialogue to develop conditions of peace, security and stability in the Indian Ocean region,", "Considering that greater efforts and more time are required to develop a focused discussion on practical measures to ensure conditions of peace, security and stability in the Indian Ocean region,", "Having considered the report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean,[3]", "1. Takes note of the report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean;³", "2. Reiterates its conviction that the participation of all permanent members of the Security Council and the major maritime users of the Indian Ocean in the work of the Ad Hoc Committee is important and would greatly facilitate the development of a mutually beneficial dialogue to advance peace, security and stability in the Indian Ocean region;", "3. Requests the Chair of the Ad Hoc Committee to continue his informal consultations with the members of the Committee and to report through the Committee to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to render, within existing resources, all necessary assistance to the Ad Hoc Committee, including the provision of summary records;", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Implementation of the Declaration of the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 45 and corrigendum (A/34/45 and Corr.1).", "[2]  See A/57/759‑S/2003/332, annex I.", "[3]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No  29 (A/66/29)." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/64/403)]", "Implementation of the Declaration of the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling the Declaration of the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace, contained in its resolution 2832 (XXVI) of 16 December 1971, and recalling its resolutions 54/47 of 1 December 1999, 56/16 of 29 November 2001, 58/29 of 8 December 2003, 60/48 of 8 December 2005, 62/14 of 5 December 2007, 64/23 of 2 December 2009 and other relevant resolutions,", "Recalling also the report of the Conference of the Indian Coastal and Inland Countries, held in New York from 2 to 13 July 1979,", "Recalling further paragraph 102 of the Final Document of the Thirteenth Conference of Heads of State and Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Kuala Lumpur on 24 and 25 February 2003, in which it noted, inter alia, that the Chairman of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean will continue informal consultations on the future work of the Committee,", "Emphasizing the need to promote a consensual approach to that endeavour,", "Noting the initiatives taken by States in the region to promote cooperation in the Indian Ocean region, in particular economic cooperation, and that such initiatives may contribute to the overall objectives of the zone of peace,", "Convinced that the participation of all permanent members of the Security Council and of the major maritime States of the Indian Ocean in the work of the Ad Hoc Committee will be essential and will contribute to the mutually beneficial dialogue and create conditions for peace, security and stability in the Indian Ocean region,", "Considers it important to make additional efforts to focus more on practical measures to ensure conditions for peace, security and stability in the Indian Ocean region,", "Having considered the report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean, [3]", "Takes note of the report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean;", "Reaffirms its conviction that the participation of all permanent members of the Security Council and of the major maritime States of the Indian Ocean in the work of the Ad Hoc Committee is essential, and is very useful in the development of mutually beneficial dialogue and the promotion of peace, security and stability in the Indian Ocean region;", "Requests the Chairman of the Ad Hoc Committee to continue informal consultations with members of the Committee and to report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session;", "Requests the Secretary-General, within existing resources, to continue to provide the Ad Hoc Committee with all necessary assistance, including summary records;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Implementation of the Declaration of the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace”.", "2 December 2011", "71st plenary meeting", "See Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 45 and corrigendum (A/34/45 and Corr.1).", "[2] See A/57/759-S/2003/332, annex I.", "[3] Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 29 (A/66/29)." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/404)通过]", "66/23. 非洲无核武器区条约", "大会，", "回顾其1996年12月10日第51/53号和2001年11月29日第56/17号决议和所有其他有关决议以及非洲统一组织和非洲联盟的有关决议，", "又回顾1996年4月11日在开罗签署《非洲无核武器区条约》(《佩林达巴条约》)，[1]", "还回顾当时通过的《开罗宣言》，[2] 其中强调无核武器区，尤其是在中东等局势紧张区域建立无核武器区，将增进全球和区域的和平与安全，", "回顾1996年4月12日安全理事会主席代表安理会成员发表的声明，[3] 其中申明《条约》的签署是非洲国家对维护国际和平与安全的重要贡献，", "认为建立无核武器区，特别是在中东建立无核武器区，将会增强非洲的安全和非洲无核武器区的可行性，", "1. 满意地回顾《非洲无核武器区条约》(《佩林达巴条约》)¹ 于2009年7月15日生效；", "2. 吁请尚未签署和批准该条约的非洲国家尽快签署和批准；", "3. 表示赞赏已签署与其有关的《条约议定书》¹ 的核武器国家，并呼吁尚未批准与其有关的《议定书》的核武器国家尽快予以批准；", "4. 吁请《条约第三号议定书》所考虑的那些国家，如尚未采取措施，则应采取一切必要措施，确保尽快将《条约》适用于它们在法律上或事实上负有国际责任并且位于《条约》所定地理区域界限以内的领土；", "5. 吁请《不扩散核武器条约》[4] 的非洲缔约国，如尚未依照该《条约》与国际原子能机构缔结全面保障监督协定，则应着手缔结这样的协定，从而满足《佩林达巴条约》第九条第㈡款和附件二的要求，并根据1997年5月15日原子能机构理事会批准的议定书范本，[5] 缔结其保障监督协定的附加议定书；", "6. 表示感谢联合国秘书长、非洲联盟委员会主席和国际原子能机构总干事坚持不懈地向《条约》签署国提供有效协助；", "7. 决定将题为“非洲无核武器区条约”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见A/50/426，附件。", "[2] A/51/113-S/1996/276，附件。", "[3] S/PRST/1996/17；见《安全理事会决议及决定，1996年》。", "[4] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第729卷，第10485号。", "[5] 各国和国际原子能机构关于实施保障监督的协定的附加议定书范本(国际原子能机构，INFCIRC/540号文件(经订正))。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/404)]", "66/23. African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 51/53 of 10 December 1996 and 56/17 of 29 November 2001 and all its other relevant resolutions, as well as those of the Organization of African Unity and of the African Union,", "Recalling also the signing of the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba)[1] in Cairo on 11 April 1996,", "Recalling further the Cairo Declaration adopted on that occasion,[2] which emphasized that nuclear-weapon-free zones, especially in regions of tension, such as the Middle East, enhance global and regional peace and security,", "Recalling the statement made by the President of the Security Council on behalf of the members of the Council on 12 April 1996,[3] affirming that the signature of the Treaty constituted an important contribution by the African countries to the maintenance of international peace and security,", "Considering that the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones, especially in the Middle East, would enhance the security of Africa and the viability of the African nuclear-weapon-free zone,", "1. Recalls with satisfaction the entry into force of the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba)¹ on 15 July 2009;", "2. Calls upon African States that have not yet done so to sign and ratify the Treaty as soon as possible;", "3. Expresses its appreciation to the nuclear-weapon States that have signed the Protocols to the Treaty¹ that concern them, and calls upon those that have not yet ratified the Protocols that concern them to do so as soon as possible;", "4. Calls upon the States contemplated in Protocol III to the Treaty that have not yet done so to take all necessary measures to ensure the speedy application of the Treaty to territories for which they are, de jure or de facto, internationally responsible and which lie within the limits of the geographical zone established in the Treaty;", "5. Calls upon the African States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[4] that have not yet done so to conclude comprehensive safeguards agreements with the International Atomic Energy Agency pursuant to the Treaty, thereby satisfying the requirements of article 9 (b) of and annex II to the Treaty of Pelindaba, and to conclude additional protocols to their safeguards agreements on the basis of the Model Protocol approved by the Board of Governors of the Agency on 15 May 1997;[5]", "6. Expresses its gratitude to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Chair of the African Union Commission and the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency for the diligence with which they have rendered effective assistance to the signatories to the Treaty;", "7. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See A/50/426, annex.", "[2]  A/51/113‑S/1996/276, annex.", "[3]  S/PRST/1996/17; see Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council, 1996.", "[4]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[5]  Model Protocol Additional to the Agreement(s) between State(s) and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards (International Atomic Energy Agency, document INFCIRC/540 (Corrected))." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/404)]", "African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 51/153 of 10 December 1996 and 56/17 of 29 November 2001, as well as all other relevant resolutions of the Organization of African Unity and the African Union,", "Recalling also the signing of the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty in Cairo on 11 April 1996, including the Pelindaba Treaty,", "Recalling also the Cairo Declaration adopted at that time, which emphasized the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones, in particular in regions of tension, such as the Middle East, which would enhance global and regional peace and security,", "Recalling the statement made by the President of the Security Council on 12 April 1996 on behalf of the members of the Council [3], in which the signing of the Treaty is an important contribution of African States to the maintenance of international peace and security,", "Considers that the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones, in particular in the Middle East, will enhance the feasibility of security and African nuclear-weapon-free zones,", "Recalls with satisfaction the entry into force on 15 July 2009 of the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (the Pelindaba Treaty);1", "Calls upon African States that have not yet done so to sign and ratify the Treaty as soon as possible;", "Expresses its appreciation to the nuclear-weapon States that have signed the Treaty Protocol relating to them,1 and calls upon the nuclear-weapon States that have not yet done so to ratify it as soon as possible;", "Calls upon those States considered in Protocol III to the Treaty, and if no measures have been taken, to take all necessary measures to ensure that the Treaty applies as soon as possible to the territory they are legally or de facto internationally responsible and within the geographical boundaries established in the Treaty;", "Calls upon African States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons [4], if they have not concluded comprehensive safeguards agreements with the International Atomic Energy Agency in accordance with the Treaty, to proceed with the conclusion of such agreements in order to meet the requirements of article 9, paragraph (ii) and annex II of the Treaty and, in accordance with the model protocols approved by the IAEA Board of Governors on 15 May 1997, [5] to conclude an additional protocol to their safeguards agreements;", "Expresses its appreciation to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Chairperson of the African Union and the Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency for their tireless and tireless assistance to States signatories to the Treaty;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty”.", "2 December 2011", "71st plenary meeting", "See A/50/426, annex.", "[2] A/51/113-S/1996/276, annex.", "[3] S/PRST/1996/17; see Security Council resolutions and decisions, 1996.", "[4] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[5] Model Additional Protocols to the Agreement between States and the International Atomic Energy Agency on the Implementation of Safeguards (IAEA, document INFCIRC/540 (as revised)." ]

[ "2006年9月14日塞内加尔共和国常驻代表团致 裁军谈判会议秘书处的普通照会，其中转交 联合国裁军研究所于2006年8月8日 在日内瓦组织召开的关于消极 安全保证的研讨会摘要", "塞内加尔共和国常驻联合国日内瓦办事处代表团向裁军谈判会议秘书处致意，并请秘书处将所附摘要列为裁军谈判会议文件，该摘要由联合国裁军研究所在2006年8月8日在日内瓦举行的关于消极安全保证的研讨会结束之后编写。", "塞内加尔共和国常驻代表团借此机会再次向裁军谈判会议秘书处致以崇高敬意。", "关于消极安全保证的研讨会", "2006年8月8日在日内瓦万国宫举行", "在裁军谈判会议主席、塞内加尔常驻代表奥斯曼·卡马拉大使的倡议下，联合国裁军研究所于2006年8月8日在万国宫举行了关于消极安全保证的研讨会。", "该研讨会在裁军谈判会议讨论议程项目4“保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排”的时候举行，目的是协助会议的工作并为讨论提供专家见解。", "该研讨会由日内瓦论坛网络协调员Patrick McCarthy博士主持。塞内加尔常驻代表兼裁军谈判会议主席奥斯曼·卡马拉大使致开幕辞。裁军研究所驻地高级研究员 Jozef Goldblat教授就“消极安全保证还是全面禁止使用？”作了发言。企业人道主义论坛主管John King先生介绍了自己对“应在裁军谈判会议上谈判消极安全保证吗？”的看法。非洲无核武器区问题首席专家顾问Sola Ogunbanwo博士在研讨会的最后发表了意见，内容是“从一位非洲专家的角度谈消极安全保证”。", "作完介绍后，以几个问题为重点进行了讨论：消极安全保证作为实现核裁军的一个步骤；就消极安全保证开展工作的论坛；裁军谈判会议就消极安全保证开展工作的方式；以及相关的安全理事会决议和无核武器区条约中的相关条款对于提供消极安全保证可能起到的促进作用。", "许多与会者把消极安全保证看作是实现核裁军和彻底消除核武器的第一步和必要的临时措施。不过，在是否应就一项关于消极安全保证的国际法律文书开展工作以及应如何就该文书开展工作方面，存在意见分歧。在讨论中还谈到了应该在哪类论坛讨论消极安全保证的问题。提议了几个论坛：裁军谈判会议、《不扩散条约》或者在一次特殊的核裁军会议上。选择裁军谈判会议还是选择《不扩散条约》作为消极安全保证的谈判论坛，取决于各方对非《不扩散条约》缔约国在未来的消极安全保证安排中的地位的不同意见。", "与会者进一步讨论了在裁军谈判会议中谈论消极安全保证的可能的方式，特别提出了成立一个得到谈判任务授权的消极安全保证特设委员会的问题。", "与会者指出，尽管消极安全保证一直是《不扩散条约》所建立的不扩散和裁军制度的一个组成部分，但这类消极安全保证附有条件，性质不同，并且不一定具有法律约束力。安全理事会第255(1968)号决议和第984(1995)号决议都包含有安全保证。但一些人认为这些决议不是法律文书，而且其内容有限。最后，一些人指出，虽然无核武器区是在区域基础上加强消极安全保证的一种方式，但从性质上说，无核武器区只涉及为数有限的国家，并且不是所有核武器国家都批准了不同的无核武器区条约。", "附件：两份介绍", "附 件 一", "消极安全保证还是全面禁止使用？", "JOZEF GOLDBLAT先生", "(讲话要点)", "感谢您们邀请我就消极安全保证发言，我研究这一问题已经有许多年了。", "我们说的消极安全保证在裁军谈判中是指核武器国家不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的义务。", "消极安全保证是组成不扩散制度的一系列措施中的一环。但它是该制度中最薄弱的一环。甚至在《不扩散条约》中都没有提到消极安全保证。1968年8月(签署《不扩散条约》后不久)在巴基斯坦的倡议下举行的无核武器国家会议讨论了消极安全保证的问题，但未能达成一致。25年以后，在1995年《不扩散条约》审议和延期大会即将召开的时候，联合国安全理事会才通过了一项关于消极安全保证的决议。该决议(第984号)注意到了核武器国家在裁军谈判会议上所作的相关声明。但一项决议不被认为具有法律约束力。", "此外――这一点甚至更为重要――核大国提供的保证是有条件的。美国、联合王国、法国和俄罗斯说得很清楚，一旦与一个核武器国家联合或联盟对它们或其盟友进行攻击或者支持对它们或其盟友进行攻击，那么它们的保证就不再有效。换言之，四个大国认为，一旦它们断定它们所阐明的使用条件得到满足，它们就可以使用核武器。", "核裁军一般被理解为旨在消除核武器，奇怪的是，在对核裁军作出规定时，《不扩散条约》没有提到放弃使用核武器，而从逻辑上说，在消除之前必须先放弃使用。", "不使用核武器的保证也包含在无核武器区条约的议定书中。但这些保证要满足的条件与根据前述第984号决议给予《不扩散条约》缔约方的保证一样。一些有核武器的《不扩散条约》缔约方没有签署这些议定书。另一些签署了但没有批准议定书。还有一些作了谅解声明，目的是为履行不使用核武器的承诺标出条件。", "消极安全保证被设想为是一种激励手段，促使无核武器国家放弃对核武器的向往并加入《不扩散条约》。目前，没有什么国家没有加入《不扩散条约》。印度、巴基斯坦和以色列是例外，它们不可能被《不扩散条约》吸引。还有朝鲜，为了重新加入《不扩散条约》，它也许需要除消极安全保证之外的其他激励措施。因此对于核安全问题需要作更广泛的探讨。", "我提议，考虑到核武器具有不可抵挡的摧毁力以及使用核武器的后果无法控制，禁止使用核武器应成为一项国际法准则。裁军谈判会议的谈判应产生一项多边条约，其中载有缔约方对于决不对其他任何国家使用或威胁使用核武器的承诺。", "按照交战报复理论，用使用核武器来报复先使用这样的武器不会被认为是对禁令的违反。但第二次使用的效果必须与第一次使用的效果相称。", "拟议的不首先使用核武器条约可以开放供所有国家签署，不论它们是不是《不扩散条约》的缔约国，是中立的还是在军事上有盟友的。不过，只有在所有从事重要核活动并且不受国际原子能机构实行的全面核保障措施约束的国家交存批准书后，该条约才应生效。这类国家将包括中国、法国、俄罗斯、联合王国、美国、印度、巴基斯坦和以色列。因为这些国家的确在进行重要的核活动并且不受全面核保障措施的约束。", "退出条约的权利即便不一概禁止，也必须受到严格限制。不应该允许保留。", "全面禁止使用核武器肯定会减少核战争的风险，还会削弱或明或暗地威胁要发动核战争的政治力量。核威慑理论只要是威胁以核攻击对付非核攻击，就必须被宣布为不正当。", "全面禁止使用核武器因此将朝着解决核困境迈出一大步。仅仅削减核弹头的数量不会消除威胁使用核弹头所引起的焦虑情绪。", "附 件 二", "裁军谈判会议应谈判一个消极安全保证条约吗？", "JOHN H. KING先生", "(讲话要点)", "1. 这里所表达的是我自己的观点，我依据的是在关注和研究这些问题方面多年积累的经验。", "2. 我想讨论的问题是：裁军谈判会议应谈判一个全面和具有法律约束力的消极安全保证条约吗？", "3. 简短的回答是：不应谈判，但不是出于各位通常听到的理由。我认为有其他原因值得考虑。", "4. 理由：", "(a) 二十多年来，裁军谈判会议一直试图谈判一项消极安全保证条约，但一无所成。除1998年外，在1994年以后没有设立特设委员会来谈判这样一项条约。这表明，不管是在程序上(裁军谈判会议的议题挂钩问题)还是在实质上(消极安全保证本身的问题)，都有问题需要解决。", "(b) 有强有力的论据支持在《不扩散条约》的框架内或者作为无核武器区条约的一个组成部分谈判这样一项消极安全保证条约。后者已经取得了一些成功，表明在这样的论坛上问题较少。美国甚至批准了《特拉特洛尔科条约》的消极安全保证议定书，签署但没有批准《拉罗通加条约》和《佩林达巴条约》的此种议定书。", "(c) 在冷战后和新的国际安全环境中，消极安全保证的概念在发生变化。尽管在《不扩散条约》的范围内仍然有效，但随着其他安全概念和需要越来越重要，消极安全保证的重要性在降低。裁军谈判会议应把重点放在那些更为优先的问题上，因为这将更加有效地为更多国家改善安全状况。", "(d) 消极安全保证的性质使得在一项条约的框架内处理这个问题较为困难。消极安全保证与其说是实质性军备控制，不如说是宣布性的军备控制，如果不可能进行监督，更不必说核查的话，这些保证难以兑现。消极安全保证取决于最难以捉摸的概念――意向的可信性。", "(e) 实际上人们不得不问，一个核武器国家在自己的国土面临以任何手段进行的大规模毁灭性攻击这样一个生死存亡关头，它是否会继续履行具有法律约束力的消极安全保证诺言？[引用艾奇逊的话]就我个人而言，我很怀疑。", "(f) 在新的国际安全形势下，消极安全保证的作用正在发生改变――包括对消极安全保证的需要和消极安全保证应采取的形式，但坦白地说，这一点没有得到深入的研究，甚至学者也没有进行这样的研究。由于缺乏这样的新分析，许多人不愿意就一个在今天的安全环境中也许已经变得模糊不清的问题谈判一项条约。", "(g) 消极安全保证即便具有法律约束力也是暂时性的，这让所有人隐隐感到不安和不确定。尽管没有什么军备控制措施或裁军措施是100%有效的或可核查的，但消极安全保证给于保证对象的实际安全感即便有也是最少的，尤其是因为这些保证是有条件的。这就是为什么无核武器国家总会要得“更多”，不论消极安全保证可能采取什么形式。我猜想即使一项全面的和具有法律约束力的条约也不足以减轻安全方面的担忧。这就是为什么与其他更加实质性的军备控制形式相比，消极安全保证的价值是最小的。", "(h) 因此不能孤立地谈判消极安全保证。只有在联系其他更具体的军备控制措施的背景下，消极安全保证才有意义。而这些更具体的措施如果真的有效的话，会使消极安全保证显得多余和不必要。", "5. 为了建议保证方面的其他选择，让我试着提出一些新思路：", "(a) 在现代国际安全形势下，为什么裁军谈判会议仍把重点放在消极安全保证上？就消极安全保证而言，今天的问题实际上是大规模毁灭性武器向绝对不会提供消极安全保证的国家或非国家行为者扩散。扩散使得国家对国家的消极安全保证其实毫无意义，即便这些保证具有法律约束力。", "(b) 一个更好的想法：与其考虑消极安全保证，为什么不考虑一个关于“NPA”的全面的和具有法律约束力的条约？“NPA”的意思是不扩散保证。", "(c) 当然，这与《不扩散条约》重叠，但并非裁军谈判会议的所有成员都是《不扩散条约》的成员。事实上，不扩散保证能够更有效地适用于一些非《不扩散条约》成员。至于《不扩散条约》，不扩散保证将再次承认、补充和加强所有《不扩散条约》成员的义务，核武器国家和无核武器国家全都一样。", "(d) 与一些国家给予另一些国家的消极安全保证不同，不扩散保证将是真正非歧视性的。所有国家将向国际社会平等地提供不扩散保证。这在政治上具有重要意义。", "(e) 不扩散保证比消极安全保证更容易受到监督和核查。我们已经知道并在《全面禁止核试验条约》中记录了有核技术能力的国家，这些国家在全世界所有国家中大约占四分之一。不扩散保证也可以涵盖化学武器和生物武器技术，从而使这些条约同样得到加强。", "(f) 不扩散保证条约的谈判也可以包含关于消极安全保证的一个“总协议”，可以通过适当的方式将消极安全保证包括进来。在与不扩散保证联系在一起时，消极安全保证能够呈现一个新的、更有意义的框架，因而更符合今天的安全要求。", "6. 结论：我只是随便提出一个新想法。发现这一想法的问题或任何其他新想法总是有可能的。这样的想法需要时间来渗透进系统并找到自己的适当位置。但有必要从什么地方开始而不只是随意地将这样的想法搁置不管。裁军谈判会议不妨审议这一想法以及其他新概念，对它们进行必要的修订，以增强它们共同的安全利益。" ]

[ "CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT CD/1804 25 October 2006 \nENGLISHOriginal: ENGLISH/FRENCH", "NOTE VERBALE DATED 14 SEPTEMBER 2006 FROM THE PERMANENT MISSION OF SENEGAL ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARIAT OF THE CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT TRANSMITTING THE SUMMARY REPORT OF A SEMINAR ON NEGATIVE SECURITY ASSURANCES ORGANIZED BY UNIDIR AND HELD IN GENEVA ON 8 AUGUST 2006", "The Permanent Mission of Senegal to the United Nations Office at Geneva presents its compliments to the secretariat of the Conference on Disarmament and has the honour to request that the attached summary report prepared by UNIDIR following the seminar on negative security assurances held in Geneva on 8 August 2006 should be introduced as a document of the Conference.", "The Permanent Mission of Senegal avails itself of this opportunity to convey to the secretariat of the Conference on Disarmament the renewed assurances of its highest consideration.", "GE.06-64905 (E) 141106 291106", "Negative Security Assurances", "Seminar held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, on 8 August 2006", "At the initiative of the President of the Conference on Disarmament, Ambassador Ousmane Camara, Permanent Representative of Senegal, the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) held a seminar on Negative Security Assurances, on 8 August 2006, at the Palais des Nations.", "This seminar took place as the Conference on Disarmament (CD) was discussing agenda item four: “Effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons”, with the aim of assisting the work of the Conference and providing expert knowledge to the discussion.", "The seminar was chaired by Dr. Patrick McCarthy, Network Coordinator of the Geneva Forum. Ambassador Ousmane Camara, Permanent Representative of Senegal and President of the Conference on Disarmament, delivered the opening remarks. Prof. Jozef Goldblat, Resident Senior Fellow at UNIDIR, spoke on “Negative security assurances or a global ban on use?”. Mr. John King, Director of the Business Humanitarian Forum, presented his views on “Should negative security assurances be negotiated in the Conference on Disarmament?”. Dr. Sola Ogunbanwo, Chief Expert Adviser on the African Nuclear Free Zone, concluded the seminar with remarks on “Negative security assurances from an African expert’s perspective”.", "The discussion following the presentations focused on several issues: NSAs as a step towards nuclear disarmament; the forum in which to pursue NSAs; ways to pursue NSAs within the Conference on Disarmament; and the possible contribution of relevant Security Council resolutions and relevant articles in nuclear-weapons-free zone (NWFZ) treaties towards granting NSAs.", "A number of participants saw NSAs as a first step and necessary provisional measure towards nuclear disarmament and the total elimination of nuclear weapons. However, views diverged both on whether to pursue an international legal instrument on NSAs and how this instrument should be pursued. The discussion also revolved around the type of forum in which NSAs should be discussed. Several forums were proposed: the CD, the NPT or within a specific nuclear disarmament conference. The choice between the CD and the NPT as a negotiating forum for NSAs depended on diverging views over the status of States not party to the NPT within future NSA arrangements.", "There was further discussion on the possible approaches to pursue NSAs discussions at the CD, in particular the question was raised of the establishment of an ad hoc committee on NSA with a negotiating mandate.", "Participants pointed out that while NSAs had been part of the non-proliferation and disarmament regime created by the NPT, these types of NSAs have been accompanied by conditions, have been of different nature and have not been necessarily legally binding. Security Council Resolutions 255 (1968) and 984 (1995) both contain security assurances. However, it was felt by some that these resolutions did not represent a legal instrument and that their content was limited. Finally, some interventions pointed out that while NWFZs were a way of enhancing NSAs on a regional basis, the NWFZs involved, by nature, only a limited number of countries and that not all nuclear-weapons States had ratified the different NWFZ treaties.", "Attached: 2 presentations", "Attachment I", "Negative security assurances or a global ban on use?", "Mr. jozef golDblat", "(Talking points)", "Thank you for inviting me to speak on negative security assurances, a subject I have been dealing with for many years.", "By negative security assurances (NSA) we mean, in the disarmament parlance, the obligations of nuclear-weapon States not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non‑nuclear-weapon States.", "NSA constitutes a link in the chain of measures forming the non-proliferation regime. But it is the weakest link of the regime. It is not even referred to in the Non-Proliferation Treaty.  The conference of non-nuclear-weapon States, convened at the initiative of Pakistan in August 1968 (just after the signing of the NPT), discussed the issue of NSA but failed to reach agreement. Only 25 years later just before the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference, the United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution concerning the NSA. This resolution (984), took note of the relevant statements made by the nuclear-weapon States at the Conference on Disarmament. But a resolution is not considered to be legally binding.", "Moreover - and this is even more important - the assurances given by the nuclear powers are conditional. The United States, the United Kingdom, France and Russia made it clear that their assurances would cease to be valid in case of an attack on them or their allies, carried out or sustained in association or alliance with a nuclear-weapon State. In other words, the four powers feel free to resort to nuclear weapons, whenever they decide that the conditions for use, which they had formulated, have been met.", "Paradoxically, in stipulating nuclear disarmament, generally understood as the elimination of nuclear arms, the NPT passes over in silence the renunciation of use, which, logically, must precede elimination.", "Assurances of no use of nuclear weapons are also contained in the protocols to nuclear‑weapon-free-zone treaties. But they are subject to the same conditions as the assurances given to the NPT Parties under the mentioned 984 resolution. Some nuclear NPT Parties have not signed these protocols. Others have signed but not ratified them. Still others have made statements of understanding to record the conditions for complying with the non-use commitment.", "Negative security assurances were conceived as an incentive for non-nuclear-weapon States to give up nuclear weapon aspirations and join the NPT. At present, there are no hold‑outs from the NPT left. With the exception of India, Pakistan and Israel, which are unlikely to be attracted by the NPT. And North Korea, which may need other incentives than the NSA to rejoin the NPT. A broader approach to nuclear security is therefore needed.", "I propose that, considering the overwhelming destructive potential of nuclear arms and the uncontrollable consequences of their employment, the prohibition of their use become a norm of international law. Negotiations at the Conference on Disarmament should lead to a multilateral treaty containing an undertaking by the Parties never to use or threaten to use a nuclear weapon against any other State.", "According to the doctrine of belligerent reprisals, the use of a nuclear weapon in retaliation for a prior use of such a weapon would not be considered a breach of the ban. But the effects of the second use would have to be proportional to those of the first use.", "The proposed no-first-use treaty could be open for signature to all States, whether or not they are Parties to the NPT, neutral or militarily aligned. It should, however, enter into force only upon the deposit of the instruments of ratification by all those States, which conduct significant nuclear activities and are not subject to comprehensive nuclear safeguards applied by the International Atomic Energy Agency. This category of States would include China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, the United States, India, Pakistan and Israel. Because these countries do conduct significant nuclear activities and are not subject to comprehensive nuclear safeguards.", "The right to withdraw from the treaty would have to be strictly circumscribed, if not forbidden altogether. Reservations should not be allowed.", "A global ban on the use of nuclear weapons would certainly diminish the risk of nuclear war. It would also weaken the political force of explicit or implicit threats to initiate such a war. The doctrine of nuclear deterrence, insofar as it consists in threatening a nuclear attack in response to a non-nuclear attack, would have to be declared invalid.", "A global ban on the use of nuclear weapons would thus constitute a major step towards solving the nuclear dilemma. Mere cuts in the numbers of nuclear warheads will not dispel the feelings of anxiety generated by the threat of their use.", "Attachment II", "Should the CD negotiate a NSA Treaty?", "Mr. John H. King", "(Talking points)", "1. Views expressed are my own, based on many years of experience in following and studying these issues.", "2. Question I propose to discuss: Should the CD negotiate a global and legally-binding NSA Treaty?", "3. Short answer: NO, but not for the reasons you usually hear. I think there are other considerations to bear in mind.", "4. Reasons:", "(a) The CD has been trying to negotiate an NSA treaty for more than two decades, with no results. Except for 1998, there has been no AHC to do so after 1994. This indicates there’s a problem that needs to be addressed, both procedurally (the CD linkage problem) and substantively (the situation with NSAs themselves);", "(b) There are strong arguments for negotiating such an NSA treaty in the NPT context, or as a part of NFWZ treaties. The latter has already seen some success, indicating there are fewer problems in such forums. The United States has even ratified the NSA protocols for the Tlatelolco treaty, and has signed but not ratified such protocols for SPNWFZ and Pelindaba;", "(c) The concept of NSAs is changing in a post-cold war and new international security environment. While still valid in the NPT context, the importance of NSAs is dropping in priority as other security concepts and needs rise in importance. The CD should be focusing on those higher priority issues since they will improve security for more countries more effectively;", "(d) The nature of NSAs makes it more difficult to manage them in a treaty context. NSAs are declaratory arms control rather than substantive arms control, and they are difficult if not impossible to monitor, much less verify. They depend on the credibility of that most elusive of concepts - intentions;", "(e) One has to realistically ask if a NWS facing massive and devastating attack by any means on its homeland would continue to honour a legally-binding NSA pledge if it felt its existence was at stake. [Acheson quote] Personally, I doubt it;", "(f) The changing role of NSAs in the new international security situation - to include the need for them and the form they should take - has frankly not been deeply examined, even by academics. This lack of new analysis deters many from wanting to negotiate a treaty concerning an issue that may have changed beyond all recognition in today’s security environment;", "(g) The ephemeral nature of NSAs, even if legally binding, leaves everyone with a vague sense of unease and uncertainty. While no arms control or disarmament measure is 100 per cent effective or verifiable, NSAs provide minimal if any real sense of security to those to whom they have been given, especially since they come with conditions. That’s why the NNWS will always ask for “more”, no matter what form an NSA may take. I suspect that even a global and legally binding treaty may not be sufficient to assuage security concerns. And that’s why the value of NSAs is minimal compared to other, more substantive forms of arms control;", "(h) NSAs cannot therefore be negotiated in isolation. They only make sense in the context of a relationship to other, more concrete arms control measures. And the latter, if truly effective, can make NSAs superfluous and redundant.", "5. To suggest an alternative on assurances, let me try my hand at some new thinking:", "(a) In the modern international security situation, why is the CD still focusing on NSAs? In the NSA context, today’s problem really is WMD proliferation to States or non-State actors who definitely are NOT going to give NSAs. Proliferation makes State-to-State NSAs virtually meaningless, even if legally binding;", "(b) A better idea: Rather than NSAs, why not consider a global and legally binding treaty on NPAs? NPAs stands for Non-Proliferation Assurances;", "(c) Sure, this duplicates the NPT, but not everyone in the CD is a NPT member. In fact, NPAs could most usefully be applied to some of the non-NPT members. As for the NPT, NPAs would reacknowledge, reinforce and strengthen the obligations of all NPT members, NWS and Non-NWS alike;", "(d) Unlike NSAs, which are given by some States to other States, NPAs would truly be non-discriminatory. NPAs would be given equally by all States to the international community. This is politically important;", "(e) NPAs can be more easily monitored and verified than NSAs. We already know and have recorded in the CTBT the States that have nuclear technology capabilities, about a quarter of the world’s States. NPAs can also cover chemical and biological weapons technology, thereby strengthening those treaties as well;", "(f) The negotiation of an NPA treaty might also involve a “grand bargain” regarding NSAs, with the latter possibly being included in an appropriate way. When taken together with NPAs, NSAs could assume a new and more meaningful context, and they would then be more relevant to today’s security requirements.", "6. Conclusion: I’m just throwing one new idea out into the ether. Someone will always find a problem with it or any other new idea. Such ideas take time to filter through the system and to find their niche. But one needs to start somewhere and not just casually toss such ideas aside. The CD could usefully examine this and other new concepts, modifying them as necessary to increase their mutual security advantages." ]

[ "Note verbale dated 14 September 2006 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Senegal to the Secretariat of the Conference on Disarmament transmitting a summary of the workshop organized by the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research in Geneva on 8 August 2006 on negative security assurances", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Senegal to the United Nations Office at Geneva presents its compliments to the Secretariat of the Conference on Disarmament and requested the Secretariat to include the attached summary as a document of the Conference on Disarmament, which was prepared by the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research following the conclusion of the workshop on negative security assurances held in Geneva on 8 August 2006.", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Senegal takes this opportunity to pay tribute again to the Secretariat of the Conference on Disarmament.", "Workshop on negative security assurances", "Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, on 8 August 2006", "At the initiative of the President of the Conference on Disarmament, Ambassador Osman Kamara, Permanent Representative of Senegal, the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research held a seminar on negative security assurances at the Palais des Nations on 8 August 2006.", "The workshop was held at the Conference on Disarmament to discuss agenda item 4, “Effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons”, with the aim of assisting the work of the Conference and providing expert insights for the discussions.", "The workshop was chaired by Dr. Patrick McCarthy, Coordinator of the Geneva Forum Network. The Permanent Representative of Senegal and President of the Conference on Disarmament, Ambassador Osman Kamara, made an opening statement. Professor Jozef Goldblat, Senior Research Fellow of the Institute for Disarmament Studies, made a statement on “a negative security assurances or a full ban on the use of nuclear weapons”. Mr. John King, Officer-in-Charge of the Business Humanitarian Forum, shared his views on “It should negotiate negative security assurances at the Conference on Disarmament?” Dr. Sola Ogunbanwo, Senior Expert Adviser on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Africa, made concluding observations on “Information of negative security assurances from an African expert perspective”.", "Following the presentations, discussions were focused on several issues: negative security assurances as a step towards nuclear disarmament; forums working on negative security assurances; ways in which the Conference on Disarmament could work on negative security assurances; and the relevant provisions in the relevant Security Council resolutions and the nuclear-weapon-free zone treaties could play a catalytic role in providing negative security assurances.", "Many participants viewed negative security assurances as a first step towards nuclear disarmament and the elimination of nuclear weapons and the necessary interim measures. However, there was disagreement with regard to whether the work on an international legal instrument on negative security assurances should be carried out and how it should work on the instrument. In the discussion, the issue of negative security assurances should be discussed in the types of forums. Several forums were proposed: the Conference on Disarmament, the NPT or a special nuclear disarmament conference. The choice of the Conference on Disarmament or the choice of the NPT as a negotiating forum for negative security assurances depends on the different views of the parties on the status of non-proliferation States parties in future negative security assurances arrangements.", "Participants further discussed possible ways of discussing negative security assurances in the Conference on Disarmament, in particular the establishment of an ad hoc committee on negative security assurances with negotiating mandates.", "It was noted that, while negative security assurances remained an integral part of the non-proliferation and disarmament regime established by the NPT, such negative security assurances were conditional and varied in nature and were not necessarily legally binding. Security Council resolutions 255 (1968) and 984 (1995) contain security assurances. However, some believe that these resolutions are not legal instruments and their content is limited. Finally, some pointed out that while nuclear-weapon-free zones were a way to strengthen negative security assurances on a regional basis, they were of the nature that nuclear-weapon-free zones covered only a limited number of States and were not ratified by all nuclear-weapon States.", "Annex: two presentations", "Annex I", "Negative security assurances or the full prohibition of use?", "JOZEF GOLDBLAT", "(Instruction points)", "I thank you for inviting me to make a statement on negative security assurances, which I have studied for many years.", "The negative security assurances we have said are in disarmament negotiations that are the obligation of nuclear-weapon States to refrain from the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States.", "Negative security assurances are part of a number of measures that form the non-proliferation regime. It is, however, the most vulnerable of the system. Even in the NPT, there was no mention of negative security assurances. The issue of negative security assurances was discussed at the non-nuclear-weapon States meeting held in Pakistan in August 1968 (after the signing of the NPT), but was not agreed. After 25 years, when the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference is to be held, the United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution on negative security assurances. The resolution (No. 984) took note of the relevant statements made by nuclear-weapon States at the Conference on Disarmament. However, a resolution is not considered legally binding.", "Moreover, this is even more important - the assurances provided by nuclear Powers are conditional. The United States, the United Kingdom, France and Russia have made it clear that their pledges will no longer be effective if they are attacked jointly or alliances with a nuclear-weapon State against them or their allies. In other words, four major States believe that they can use nuclear weapons once they determine that the conditions for use set by them are met.", "Nuclear disarmament is generally understood to be aimed at the elimination of nuclear weapons, and it is surprising that, in providing for nuclear disarmament, the Non-Proliferation Treaty does not refer to the abandonment of nuclear weapons, and, logically, must be abandoned before eliminating them.", "The assurances of non-use of nuclear weapons are also included in the Protocols to the Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty. However, the conditions to be met are the same as those granted to the parties to the NPT pursuant to resolution 984 above. A number of nuclear-weapon-free NPT Parties have not signed these Protocols. Others have not ratified the Protocol. There were also statements of understanding that the purpose of the commitment to non-use of nuclear weapons was conditional.", "Negative security assurances are envisaged as an incentive for non-nuclear-weapon States to abandon their nuclear weapons and join the NPT. At present, no country has acceded to the NPT. India, Pakistan and Israel are exceptional and cannot be attracted by the NPT. Moreover, in order to re-engage the NPT, it may require other incentives other than negative security assurances. There is therefore a need for a broader approach to nuclear safety.", "I propose that the prohibition of the use of nuclear weapons should become a norm of international law, taking into account the irrefutable destruction of nuclear weapons and the consequences of their use. The Conference on Disarmament negotiations should result in a multilateral treaty containing the commitment of Parties to refrain from the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons against any other country.", "In accordance with the doctrine of reprisals, the use of such weapons would not be considered a violation of the prohibition. However, the effect of the second use must be proportionate to the effect of the first use.", "The proposed non-first-use treaty could be open for signature by all States, whether they were not parties to the NPT, neutral or militaryly owned by allies. However, the Treaty shall enter into force only if all States engaged in important nuclear activities and subject to full nuclear safeguards by the International Atomic Energy Agency have deposited their instruments of ratification. Such countries would include China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, the United States, India, Pakistan and Israel. Those States were indeed bound by important nuclear activities and by comprehensive nuclear safeguards.", "The right to withdraw from the treaty must be strictly restricted even if it is not prohibited. A reservation should not be permitted.", "A comprehensive ban on the use of nuclear weapons would certainly reduce the risk of nuclear war and would also undermine or implicitly threaten political forces to launch nuclear war. The doctrine of nuclear deterrence must be declared unreasonable as long as it is a threat to nuclear attacks against non-nuclear attacks.", "The full prohibition of the use of nuclear weapons will therefore take a significant step towards addressing the nuclear plight. The reduction in the number of nuclear warheads alone will not eliminate anxiety arising from the threat of use of nuclear warheads.", "Annex II", "Does the Conference on Disarmament negotiate a treaty on negative security assurances?", "Mr. JOHN H. KING", "(Instruction points)", "What I have expressed here is my own view, and I rely on the experience accumulated over the years in terms of attention and research on these issues.", "What I think is the question that the Conference on Disarmament should negotiate a comprehensive and legally binding treaty on negative security assurances?", "A brief response is that negotiations should not be negotiated but not for reasons that are usually heard. I think there are other reasons that merit consideration.", "For reasons:", "(a) For more than 20 years, the Conference on Disarmament has been trying to negotiate a negative security assurances treaty, but has nothing to do. In addition to 1998, no ad hoc committee was established after 1994 to negotiate such a treaty. This suggests that issues need to be addressed regardless of whether they are procedurally linked to the topic of the Conference on Disarmament (the issue of negative security assurances itself).", "(b) There is strong argument to support the negotiation of such a negative security assurances treaty within the framework of the NPT or as an integral part of a nuclear-weapon-free zone. The latter had made some success, indicating that there were fewer problems in such forums. The United States even ratified the Protocol on Negative Security assurances to the Treaty of Tlatelolco, which had not ratified the Rarotonga Treaty and the Pelindaba Treaty.", "(c) The concept of negative security assurances has changed in the post-cold war and in the new international security environment. Although in the context of the NPT, the importance of negative security assurances is diminished as other security concepts and needs are increasingly important. The Conference on Disarmament should focus on those more priority issues, which will be more effective in improving security conditions for more countries.", "(d) The nature of negative security assurances makes it more difficult to address this issue within a treaty framework. Negative security assurances are described as substantive arms control and are not as declared arms control and, if not, are not subject to verification. Negative security assurances depend on the most difficult concept - the credibility of intent.", "(e) In fact, it was necessary to ask whether a nuclear-weapon State would continue to carry out a legally binding negative security assurances declaration at a time when a nuclear-weapon State faces a massive and destructive attack on its territory by any means? [Accept Achison's words] I am very doubtful for me personally.", "(f) In the context of the new international security situation, the role of negative security assurances is changing - including the form to be taken in the context of the need for negative security assurances and negative security assurances, but, in the first instance, this has not been studied in depth, even scholars have not conducted such studies. In the absence of such a new analysis, many are reluctant to negotiate a treaty on a question that may become vague in today's security environment.", "(g) Negative security assurances, even legally binding, are temporary, making it a sense of concern and uncertainty for all. Although there are no arms control measures or disarmament measures that are valid or verifiable, negative security assurances are given to the guarantor's actual security sense, even the least, particularly since they are conditional. That is why non-nuclear-weapon States would always be “more”, whatever form the negative security assurances might take. I am concerned that even a comprehensive and legally binding treaty is not enough to alleviate security concerns. That is why the value of negative security assurances is minimal compared with other more substantive forms of arms control.", "(h) Therefore, there cannot be isolated negotiations on negative security assurances. Negative security assurances can be meaningful only in the context of other more specific arms control measures. These more specific measures, if they were truly effective, would make negative security assurances redundant and unnecessary.", "In order to recommend alternative options for the assurance, let me test the way forward:", "(a) In the context of the modern international security situation, why the Conference on Disarmament remains focused on negative security assurances? With regard to negative security assurances, today's question is actually the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction to countries or non-State actors that do not provide negative security assurances. The proliferation has made the State's negative security assurances to the State, even if they are legally binding.", "(b) A better idea of considering negative security assurances and why it does not consider a comprehensive and legally binding treaty on “NPA”? The meaning of “NPA” is non-proliferation assurances.", "(c) Of course, this overlap with the NPT, but not all members of the Conference on Disarmament are members of the NPT. In fact, non-proliferation assurances can be more effectively applied to a number of non-proliferation Treaty members. As for the NPT, non-proliferation assurances will once again recognize, complement and strengthen the obligations of all NPT members, as is the case for nuclear-weapon States and non-nuclear-weapon States.", "(d) Unlike negative security assurances granted to other States, non-proliferation assurances will be truly non-discriminatory. All States will provide equal non-proliferation assurances to the international community. This is politically important.", "(e) Non-proliferation assurances are more vulnerable to monitoring and verification than negative security assurances. We have known and recorded nuclear technical capabilities in the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, which represent about one quarter of all countries around the world. Non-proliferation guarantees can also cover chemical and biological technologies, which are equally strengthened.", "(f) Negotiations on a non-proliferation assurance treaty could also include a “general agreement” on negative security assurances, which could include negative security assurances in an appropriate manner. In connection with non-proliferation assurances, negative security assurances can present a new, more meaningful framework that is more consistent with today's security requirements.", "Conclusion: I have just put forward a new idea. It is always possible to find this idea or any other new idea. This idea requires time to infiltrate the system and to find its appropriate place. However, it is necessary to start from what place, not simply to put such ideas on hold. The Conference on Disarmament may wish to consider this idea as well as other new concepts and make the necessary revisions to enhance their common security interests." ]

[ "作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议", "第二届会议", "2006年11月6日至17日，内罗毕", "临时议程项目9", "《京都议定书》之下的国际交易日志管理人的报告", "《京都议定书》之下的国际交易日志管理人的报告", "秘书处的说明[1]", "概 要 这是国际交易日志管理人的第二份年度报告，目的是向作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议(《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议)提供关于2005年11月至2006年10月期间国际交易日志实施方面的进展情况。 本报告介绍开发国际交易日志软件、建立国际交易日志基础结构以及促进与登记册系统管理人开展合作方面的进展情况。 \n《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第12/CMP.1号决定请附属履行机构(履行机构)在未来届会上审议国际交易日志管理人的年度报告。履行机构不妨注意本报告中的信息，并视需要就登记册系统的实施向秘书处和缔约方提供指导意见。", "目 录", "段 次 页 次", "一、导 言................. 1 - 4 3", "A. 任务...................... 1 - 2 3", "B. 本说明的范围 3 3", "C. 履行机构可采取的行动 4 3", "二、挑战和工作情况概述.................. 5 - 10 3", "三、技术活动.................. 11 - 26 5", "A. 开发活动.................................................... . 11 - 17 5", "B. 运行活动....................................... 18 - 21 6", "C. 启动活动....................................... 22 - 25 8", "D. 时间表概要...... 26 8", "四、登记册系统管理人论坛的活动 27 - 41 9", "A. 协助举行论坛........ 27 - 34 9", "B. 工作组活动....... 35 - 38 11", "C. 登记册系统开发人小组................................. 39 - 41 12", "五、组织安排和资源.... 42 - 47 12", "一、导 言", "A. 任 务", "1. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议(《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议)第13/CMP.1号决定请秘书处建立和维持国际交易日志，用以核实和审定根据第3/CMP.1号和第13/CMP.1号决定设立的登记册所进行的交易。", "2. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第12/CMP.1号决定请秘书处作为国际交易日志管理人，每年向作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议(《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议)报告组织安排、活动情况和资源需求，并提出改进登记册系统运行的必要建议。它还请附属履行机构(履行机构)在未来届会上审议国际交易日志管理人的这种年度报告，以请《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议就登记册系统的运行提供必要的指导意见。", "B. 本说明的范围", "3. 这是国际交易日志管理人的第二份年度报告，目的是向《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议通报国际交易日志实施方面的进展情况。报告期为2005年11月18日至2006年10月27日。具体而言，本报告介绍开发国际交易日志软件、建立国际交易日志基础结构以及通过登记册系统管理人论坛促进与登记册系统管理人开展合作方面的进展情况。", "C. 履行机构可采取的行动", "4. 履行机构不妨注意本报告中的信息，并视需要就登记册系统的实施向秘书处和缔约方提供指导意见。", "二、挑战和工作情况概述", "5. 2006年报告期内在实施国际交易日志和与登记册系统管理人合作方面作了大量工作。虽然国际交易日志的大部分设计工作在2004年已经完成，但向《气候公约》补充活动信托基金提供的与这项工作有关的捐款只是在2005年才达到着手聘用外部服务提供商所需的水平。", "6. 2006年，按照联合国财务规则和程序，选定了两个外部服务提供商并与秘书处签订了合同，以便实施国际交易日志和进行《京都议定书》之下的第一个承诺期的日常运行。总部设在比利时的信息技术公司Trasys承包了软件的开发和维护。LogicaCMG承包的工作是，从设在大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国伦敦的两个数据中心实施和操作国际交易日志软件的工作，以及在威尔士设立一个为登记册提供支助的服务台。", "7. 这两个提供商――下称国际交易日志开发人和操作人――的工作在2006年取得了迅速的进展。国际交易日志软件第一版已经完成，已在主数据中心的基础设施中安装和测试。这是国际交易日志实施工作中的一个重要里程碑，有助于提高人们对软件质量和适合性的信心。目前正在结合若干登记册对该软件进行试点测试。国际交易日志软件的完整版将于2006年12月在两个数据中心安装，这样，其他登记册系统可以在2007年4月前完成与国际交易日志连接的启动工作。", "8. 随着《京都议定书》之下登记册系统的实际运行阶段的迅速接近，国际交易日志管理人于2006年建立了登记册系统管理人论坛，以此作为一个在登记册系统管理人之间讨论和协调与登记册系统有关的技术和管理问题的非正式场合。按照第12/CMP.1号决定，论坛的工作侧重于编制共同程序，据以协调所有登记册系统的业务活动。建立了一个外联网，以增进登记册系统管理人之间在各自系统和运作以及会议和其他论坛活动有关的方面进行通信联络。", "9. 国际交易日志管理人还利用登记册系统管理人论坛就国际交易日志的实施及与之连接的登记册系统的启动通报信息和接收反馈意见。随着各登记册系统进入启动进程，论坛将继续发挥这种作用。登记册系统管理人论坛还为登记册系统软件的所有开发人提供了一个途径，可以协调系统开发方面的技术问题和时间安排问题。", "10. 国际交易日志管理人在报告所涉期间加紧了活动。通过这些努力，国际交易日志的实施工作进展顺利，使得各登记册系统能够按照第12/CMP.1号决定连接到国际交易日志并于2007年4月前投入全面运行。预期第一批登记册到2007年第一季度初将能够完成启动测试并进入运行阶段。", "三、技术活动", "A. 开发活动", "11. 目前正在开发的国际交易日志要与《京都议定书》之下的所有其他登记册系统正在实施的同样的数据交换标准取得充分的一致。之所以需要这样的普遍标准，是因为要能让所有这样的登记册系统都能相互匹配和高效率地共同运作。国际交易日志软件的规格是2004年与数据交换标准平行制订的，现在又得到2005年拟订的国际交易日志业务要求的补充。", "12. 如已向附属科学技术咨询机构(科技咨询机构)第二十一届会议所报告的那样，作为一种慷慨捐助，欧盟委员会已承诺向秘书处提供对于国际交易日志具有通用性的“共同体独立交易日志”(CITL)构成要素的程序码(见FCCC/SBSTA/2004/12号文件)。这是一个协议的一部分，根据该协议，2004年向欧盟委员会提供了国际交易日志软件的规格要求，作为欧盟委员会开发CITL的依据。由于该协议，国际交易日志的开发成本得以降低，满足了科技咨询机构第十九届会议提出的要求，即，秘书处设法减少与国际交易日志开发有关的资源要求。该协议还有助于确保CITL与国际交易日志的匹配性。", "13. 在以前开展的大量技术工作的基础上，国际交易日志软件的开发工作正在迅速进展，具体情况可概述如下：", "(a) 国际交易日志开发人已基本上完成了对软件规格的研究，以确保其完整性、连贯性和一致性。据指出，仅需作很小的改动，但也有些部分没有充分界定，仍在详细拟订中，特别是与管理人应用程序以及同其他秘书处数据系统结构有关的部分；", "(b) 对于数据交换标准提出了一些更正和澄清，目前正在纳入技术规格的订正版本；", "(c) 国际交易日志软件的试点版本已经完成，并且已经在国际交易日志主数据中心的运行环境中安装和测试。这是迄今为止在落实国际交易日志方面的最重要的里程碑；", "(d) 试点软件包含国际交易日志为支持和核验各登记册进行的下列交易而需要的所有功能：(排减)单位的初始发放、联合执行之下(排减)单位的换算、(排减)单位的注销、为证明遵守《京都议定书》第三条之下的承诺而留存(排减)单位、登记册之间(排减)单位的外部转让、(排减)单位结转到下一个承诺期，以及清洁发展机制之下造林和再造林项目所产生的(排减)单位过期日的改变。与替代交易有关的功能和检验办法正在开发，尚未完成；", "(e) 试点软件包含若干已完成的行政程序，可在国际交易日志与CITL之间传送信息；", "(f) 已开始开发用于监测和控制国际交易日志的国际交易日志管理人应用程序，基本功能的开发已经完成。", "14. 目前版本的国际交易日志软件正在针对若干登记册进行试点测试，特别是为清洁发展机制以及为日本和新西兰设立的登记册。这个试点测试的目的主要是验证和改进国际交易日志软件，但也有助于登记册开发人针对国际交易日志验证所开发的系统。由于这一原因，在试点测试结束后，国际交易日志的试验版本将提供给所有登记册。", "15. 吸收了试点测试结果的国际交易日志软件完整版将于2006年12月完成，届时将由操作人和秘书处进行详细的验收测试。该版本将包含其他登记册系统与国际交易日志链路启动所需要的全部功能，这样，所有登记册和CITL将能如《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议(第12/CMP.1号决定)的要求在2007年4月前成功地连接到国际交易日志。", "16. 2007年将需要进一步开发国际交易日志，以完成国际交易日志管理人应用程序的功能，并随着秘书处其他数据系统的就绪而建立连接。这些系统包括清洁发展机制信息系统，该系统要与清洁发展机制登记册以及汇编和核算数据库和联合执行信息系统的启动平行建立连接。", "17. 国际交易日志开发人将开始培训由操作人建立的国际交易日志服务台人员。在服务台充分就绪之后，开发人将继续予以协助，为之提供技术支助和软件维护。", "B. 运行活动", "18. 国际交易日志对登记册交易的核验将是实时进行。只要交易符合《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议确定的规则，国际交易日志的核验就不至于影响登记册的运作或所作交易的结算。由于这一原因，国际交易日志设置成一个高可得性和侧重业务型的系统。次数据中心是为了保证在主数据中心出现重大问题时国际交易日志仍能继续运行。", "19. 为国际交易日志建立基础结构和运行环境的工作正在与软件的开发平行进行。进展情况可概述如下：", "(a) 主数据中心的国际交易日志基础结构已经就绪，并在其中安装和测试了国际交易日志软件的试点版本。这个基础结构包括国际交易日志可靠和稳妥运行所需要的全部硬件的配置以及软件使用许可。国际交易日志数据库的构建已经完成，关于次数据中心的工作已经开始；", "(b) 正在建立用于监测国际交易日志运行的系统。这些系统将为评估是否达到目标系统性能而提供基础；", "(c) 已经完成主数据库的网络端，包括所需要的验证和保全功能，可以与登记册和CITL连接。主数据库和次数据和之间的网络链路已经安装。目前正在安装直通秘书处的一条租用的网络链路，以确保秘书处系统的牢靠连接和管理人应用程序的可靠路径；", "(d) 国际交易日志操作人服务台已经开始投入有限的工作，为试点测试提供支助。操作在工作人员正在接受国际交易日志和其他登记册系统业务和技术特性方面的进一步培训。与使用服务台有关的系统工具已接近完成，关于服务台运行程序的工作已经开始。", "20. 国际交易日志软件的进一步版本将安装在操作人的数据中心。完整的启动版将在2006年12月安装，登记册和CITL将使用该版本进行启动测试。在这些系统得到国际登记册管理人核准之后，将激活这些登记册系统与国际交易日志在线生产环境的链路。此外，将提供一些测试环境，以便登记册系统的测试操作加以运用。", "21. 将为登记册和CITL的启动及时建立功能完整的服务台。服务台一旦就绪，将成为就国际交易日志运行向登记册系统管理人提供所有各种支助的联络点。服务台将接收通过电话和电子邮件提出的支助请求，并协调解决所指出的问题，包括酌情上升到由国际交易日志开发人提供的更详细的技术支助或秘书处提供的高一级支助。", "C. 启动活动", "22. 在获准用于国际交易日志在线运行环境之前，每个登记册和CITL必须达到数据交换标准规则中确定的要求。对一个登记册或CITL的运行进行评估的过程以及在评估结果良好的情况下予以激活的过程称为启动进程，分为三个阶段：", "(a) 书面材料审评：按照数据交换标准的规定，审评技术和业务文件，以此评估登记册或CITL的运行；", "(b) 连接状况测试：验证确实能够以数据交换标准规定的方式实施与国际交易日志进行通信的基本步骤，以此评估登记册或CITL与国际交易日志的连接能力；", "(c) 功能测试：验证确实能够按照数据交换标准的规定进行交易、协调和行政程序，包括通知，以此评估登记册或CITL执行所需功能的能力。", "23. 国际交易日志管理人将准备好从2006年11月开始接收用于审评的技术文件和业务文件。为便利这一进程，目前正在向登记册系统管理人分发关于进行这种书面材料评估的标准的进一步信息。", "24. 登记册和CITL的连接状况测试和功能测试将利用国际登记册系统软件的启动版，该版本将于2006年12月底前安装在国际交易日志启动环境中。目前正在开发在启动进程中使用的测试案例，这些案例将于2006年11月分发给登记册开发人和登记册系统管理人。登记册系统启动测试的具体时间安排将取决于各自的实施时间表。目前正在请有关方面就登记册就绪条件作进一步澄清，以便国际交易日志服务台能够把握每个系统连接状况测试和功能测试的时间安排。", "25. 目前正在考虑登记册系统使用国际交易日志的条件，以期澄清与连接和运行有关的问题。设想将以各登记册系统待遇相同为前提处理一系列不同的问题，诸如服务说明、准备使用的适当标准、安全保障、数据保护和保密等。", "D. 时间表概要", "26. 下表列出国际交易日志开发和运行以及各登记册和CITL与国际交易日志(连接)启动的现行时间安排。", "登记册系统落实工作的时间表概要", "日期 活动说明\n 2006年10月中 国际交易日志软件试点版在运行基础结构中安装", "2006年11月 与各登记册进行国际交易日志连接运行试点测试", "2006年11月 国际交易日志管理人准备接收登记册和CITL所发书面材料", "2006年12月底 国际交易日志软件启动版在两个数据中心安装", "2007年1-2月 清洁发展机制登记册启动，国际交易日志在线运行开始；随着各国家登记册就绪而进一步启动", "2007年2月底 完整的国际交易日志管理人应用程序完成和安装", "2007年3-4月 随着更多登记册的就绪启动这些登记册与国际交易日志连接运行的测试", "2007年4-5月 启动CITL与国际交易日志的连接运行以及启动属于欧洲联盟缔约方的登记册全面端到端测试", "四、登记册系统管理人论坛的活动", "A. 协助举行论坛", "27. 根据第12/CMP.1号决定，国际交易日志管理人召集登记册系统管理人论坛的主要目标是，为登记册系统管理人的合作提供的有效的途径，以此作为一项贡献，帮助拟订共同程序、推荐做法和信息分享措施。在处理这些问题时，论坛要为管理人的技术活动和管理活动的协调提供一个广阔的渠道。", "28. 2006年登记册系统管理人论坛举行了两次会议。论坛成立会议于2006年4月10日至11日举行，着眼于为论坛的工作确定方向和重点，并确立继续进行这项工作的进程。第二次会议于2006年10月9日至10日举行，主要着眼于进一步分享关于国际交易日志实施情况的信息，并为准备在制订共同程序方面开展详细工作的各工作组提供指导意见。两次会议均在德国波恩举行，有来自非《公约》附件一所列缔约方的相关专家参加。", "29. 论坛工作的重点已确定为拟订所有登记册系统都将执行的共同程序，特别是在国际交易日志与各登记册的数据协调、对各登记册系统所执行的标准和程序的修改的管理，以及为登记册系统编写独立评估报告等方面。", "30. 按照所有登记册系统管理人都要执行的共同程序的拟订工作这项重点，设立了三个工作组负责编拟程序草案，以便在大范围的登记册系统管理人论坛上加以审议。议定的程序要及时就绪，以便登记册系统能与国际交易日志一起运行。工作组由所属登记册系统管理人提出的6至8名个人组成，以个人身份担任成员，他们以所有登记册系统管理人的共同利益行事。工作组的工作结果要在关键的时间点汇报给登记册系统管理人论坛，以便从参加者得到反馈，并在适当情况下有整个论坛予以议定。", "31. 国际交易日志管理人以这个身份召集了非正式形式的登记册系统管理人论坛，希望该论坛能够以透明、合作和争取共识的方式进行工作。登记册系统管理人论坛会议由秘书处的一位代表主持。秘书处工作人员为会议提供了支助和服务。", "32. 登记册系统管理人论坛向《京都议定书》之下的所有国家登记册和清洁发展机制登记册以及补充交易日志(包括CITL)的管理人开放。各登记册系统管理人分别就会议上要处理的具体事项派遣了适当的与会者。国际交易日志管理人还邀请了已加入《京都议定书》的非《公约》附件一所列缔约方的一些与会者。虽然《京都议定书》之下并不要求这些缔约方实施登记册系统，但邀请这些专家参与是为了提高登记册系统管理人论坛的透明度，并向非附件一缔约方负责为环境政策实施类似系统的专家介绍《京都议定书》之下登记册系统的经验。", "33. 设想在登记册系统的集中实施阶段完成之后，登记册系统管理人论坛一般每年将举行两次会议。论坛2006年的第三次会议计划于12月11日至12日举行，主要集中讨论登记册和CITL与国际交易日志链路的启动进程。欧盟委员会已慷慨表示愿在比利时布鲁塞尔的委员会设施内承办登记册系统管理人论坛的该次会议。", "34. 国际交易日志管理人建立了一个外联网，以便为登记册系统管理人在实施国际交易日志方面共享所需要的各种技术信息提供一个中心点。它还将提供技术合作工具和帮助在登记册系统管理人之间交流技术信息。", "B. 工作组活动", "35. 为拟订供登记册系统管理人论坛审议的共同程序草案，设立了下列三个工作组：", "(a) 数据协调工作组负责制订用于在国际交易日志、各登记册以及适当情况下包括CITL之间定期比较和在必要时调整配量持有量数据的程序。重点放在程序方面(时间安排、时间选择、调整额的确定)，以国际交易日志和其他登记册系统准备执行的数据协调技术功能为依据；", "(b) 修改管理工作组负责制订用于提出、评价、议定和执行登记册系统技术和业务方面的修改的程序。修改管理工作的主要事项是所有登记册系统执行的数据交换标准。该程序也将适用于登记册系统某些业务方面的修改。", "(c) 独立评估报告工作组负责为每年汇总每个登记册系统的评估和测试结果而制订一个程序和格式。在登记册与国际交易日志的链路启动之前，大多数结果将来自对登记册的评估和测试进程。另一些结果则将产生于登记册的运行以及登记册系统重大修改之后所需要的任何功能的再启动。年度独立评估报告将根据《京都议定书》第八条提供给公众和审评组。预计审评组在对每个负有《京都议定书》附件B所规定的一项承诺的议定书缔约方(附件B缔约方)进行审评时将在很大程度上依赖独立评估报告。", "36. 登记册系统管理人论坛讨论了共同程序草案拟订过程中要处理的可能的要点。这些要点为工作组的工作提供了指导。", "37. 数据协调工作组最早开始工作，在报告所涉期间举行了两次会议。该工作组审查了数据交换标准所界定的国际交易日志与登记册之间进行数据协调的技术进程，并就国际交易日志管理人拟出的数据协调程序草案提供了反馈意见。工作组将于2006年11月和2007年初再次举行会议，以便继续进行工作，并向以后的登记册系统管理人论坛会议报告情况。", "38. 由于难以确定对所有成员都适合的时间，修改管理工作组不得不将首次会议推迟到《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第二届会议以后举行。目前正在征求对登记册系统独立评估报告工作组的成员提名，该工作组也将在《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第二届会议以后开始工作。", "C. 登记册系统开发人小组", "39. 为了加强在国际交易日志和其他登记册系统开发方面技术问题和时间安排问题上的协调，在登记册系统管理人论坛之下召集了一个非正式的开发人小组。参加该小组的有登记册(其中许多所有软件与其他登记册管理人所用相同)软件的所有开发人以及CITL软件的开发人。", "40. 该小组其间举行了两次会议，侧重于分享关于开发工作时间安排的信息，并澄清与准备执行数据交换标准的方式有关的问题。参加者就这些数据交换标准提出的问题已经汇集在一起，秘书处的书面答复也已分发给参加者。目前正在通过欧盟委员会为该小组确定的问题追踪软件工具继续开展这一进程。", "41. 该小组已证明十分有助于共享国际交易日志和其他登记册系统开发人所需要的信息。设想该小组将在登记册和CITL的初步实施和启动过程中继续定期举行会议。", "五、组织安排和资源", "42. 国际交易日志管理人的职能由秘书处的报告、数据和分析方案承担。该方案还负责秘书处在另外一些方面的实质性工作，涉及《京都议定书》之下的排放量交易和配量核算，以及缔约方在《气候公约》和《京都议定书》之下所提出的信息的提交、分析和审评，此外还有关于国家信息通报、清单、配量、登记册系统和政策工具的政府间谈判。", "43. 实施国际交易日志的所需资源由《气候公约》补充活动信托基金得到的捐款支付。实施国际交易日志的这些资源需要量在2006-2007年预算中大致为400万美元。截至报告期末，缔约方对信托基金的捐款共计大约320万美元，尚缺大约80万美元。", "44. 国际交易日志运行所需资源，包括为登记册系统管理人论坛和其他与国际交易日志有关的活动提供支助所需资源，在2006-2007年预算中大致为250万美元。在该数额中，目前大致尚缺170万美元，需要通过对《气候公约》补充活动信托基金的捐款予以填补。", "45. 因此，对于2006-2007年国际交易日志的实施和运行、包括秘书处为这项工作提供的支助的其他方面，所需资源尚缺大约250万美元。", "46. 鉴于在为国际交易日志的开发工作提供资金方面的延误和效率欠缺，缔约方会议在第16/CP.10号决定中请秘书处探讨2006-2007年预算中的选择办法，以便为国际交易日志管理人的业务活动提供可预测的和充分的资源。《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议联系方案预算，包括在连接和交易收费方面，审议了一些选择办法。《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第34/CMP.1号决定授权执行秘书向国际交易日志用户收取费用，作为2006-2007年补充活动信托基金的额外收入。", "47. 鉴于这项任务规定，执行秘书准备向计划联系国际交易日志运行登记册系统的缔约方通知其各自为填补资源短缺而须向信托基金缴款的数额。建议这些缔约方之间缴款额的分配沿用第34/CMP.1号决定所载2006-2007两年期《京都议定书》缔约方捐款的示意性比额表，同时考虑到由于仅包含附件B缔约方而须作的适当调整。", "[1] * 本文件迟交，是为了列入本项工作的最新进展情况。" ]

[ "[] UNITED \n NATIONS \n [] Distr. \n GENERAL \n FCCC/KP/CMP/2006/7 \n 2 November 2006 \n Original: English \n \nCONFERENCEOFTHEPARTIESSERVINGASTHEMEETING OF THEPARTIES TO THEKYOTO PROTOCOL \nSecondsession \nNairobi,6–17November2006 \nItem9 oftheprovisionalagenda \nReportoftheadministratoroftheinternationaltransactionlogundertheKyotoProtocol", "Annual report of the administrator of the", "international transaction log under the Kyoto Protocol", "Note by the secretariat [1]", "Contents", "Paragraphs Page", "I. Introduction 1–4 3", "A. Mandate 1–2 3", "B. Scope of the note 3 3", "C. Possible action by the Subsidiary Body for Implementation 4 3", "II. Summary of challenges and work undertaken 5–10 3", "III. Technical activities 11–26 4", "A. Development activities 11–17 4", "B. Operational activities 18–21 5", "C. Initialization activities 22–25 6", "D. Schedule summary 26 7", "IV. Activities of the Registry System Administrators Forum 27−41 7", "A. Forum facilitation 27–34 7", "B. Working group activities 35–38 8", "C. Registry system developers group 39–41 9", "V. Organizational arrangements and resources 42–47 9", "I. Introduction", "A. Mandate", "1. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (COP/MOP), by its decision 13/CMP.1, requested the secretariat to establish and maintain the international transaction log (ITL) in order to verify the validity of transactions undertaken by registries established under decisions 3/CMP.1 and 13/CMP.1.", "2. By its decision 12/CMP.1, the COP/MOP requested the secretariat, as administrator of the ITL, to report annually to the COP/MOP on organizational arrangements, activities and resource requirements and to make any necessary recommendations to enhance the operation of registry systems. It further requested the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) to consider, at its future sessions, these annual reports of the administrator of the ITL, with a view to it requesting the COP/MOP to provide guidance, as necessary, in relation to the operation of registry systems.", "B. Scope of the note", "1. This second annual report of the administrator of the ITL provides information to the COP/MOP on progress made in implementing the ITL. It covers the reporting period from 18 November 2005 to 27 October 2006. In particular, the report provides information on progress in the development of the ITL software, establishment of the ITL infrastructure and facilitation of cooperation with registry system administrators (RSAs) through the activities of the RSA Forum.", "C. Possible action by the Subsidiary Body for Implementation", "1. The SBI may wish to take note of the information contained in this report and provide guidance to the secretariat and Parties, as necessary, concerning the implementation of registry systems.", "II. Summary of challenges and work undertaken", "1. Substantial work has been undertaken to implement the ITL and cooperate with RSAs during the 2006 reporting period. Although the bulk of the ITL design was completed in 2004, it was only in 2005 that contributions to the UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities in relation to this work reached the level required to allow the procurement of external service providers to proceed.", "2. Two external service providers were selected and contracted to the secretariat during 2006, in accordance with United Nations financial rules and procedures, to implement the ITL and conduct its day-to-day operation through the first commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol. Trasys, an IT company based in Belgium, has been contracted to develop and maintain the software. LogicaCMG has been contracted to deploy and operate the ITL software from two data centres located in London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and to establish a service desk in Wales from which it will provide support to registries.", "3. These providers, hereinafter referred to as the developer and operator of the ITL, have made rapid progress in their work during 2006. The first version of the ITL software has been completed and has been deployed and tested in its infrastructure at the primary data centre. This is an important milestone in the implementation of the ITL and promotes confidence in the quality and appropriateness of the software. Pilot testing of this software is now under way in conjunction with several registries. The full version of the ITL software is to be deployed at both data centres in December 2006, allowing other registry systems to complete the process of initializing their connections to the ITL by April 2007.", "4. With the operational phase of registry systems under the Kyoto Protocol rapidly approaching, the ITL administrator established the RSA Forum in 2006 as an informal setting in which technical and management issues relating to registry systems may be discussed and coordinated among RSAs. This forum has met twice during the reporting period. In accordance with decision 12/CMP.1, its work has focused on the preparation of common procedures to coordinate the operational activities of all registry systems. An extranet has been established to enhance the communication among RSAs in relation to their systems and operations and to meetings and other forum activities.", "5. The ITL administrator has also used the RSA Forum to share information and receive feedback on the implementation of the ITL and the initialization of registry system connections to it. The forum will continue to play this role as registry systems undertake the initialization process. The RSA Forum has further provided a means for all developers of registry system software to coordinate technical and scheduling issues for the development of their systems.", "6. The activities of the ITL administrator have been intense during the reporting period. As a result of these efforts, the implementation of the ITL is on track to allow registry systems to connect to the ITL and become fully operational by April 2007, in accordance with the timing specified in decision 12/CMP.1. It is expected that the first registries will have already completed their initialization testing and entered the operational phase by early in the first quarter of 2007.", "III. Technical activities", "A. Development activities", "1. The ITL is being developed to be fully consistent with the same data exchange standards as are being implemented in all other registry systems under the Kyoto Protocol. This universal standard is required to enable all such registry systems to operate together in a compatible and efficient manner. The specification of the ITL software was developed in parallel with the data exchange standards in 2004 and is now complemented by ITL operational requirements elaborated during 2005.", "2. As reported to the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) at its twenty-first session, the European Commission has undertaken to provide the secretariat, as an in kind contribution, with the programme code for elements of the Community Independent Transaction Log (CITL) which are common to the ITL (see document FCCC/SBSTA/2004/12). This is part of an agreement under which the specification of the ITL software was provided to the European Commission in 2004 as the basis for its development of the CITL. This agreement has reduced the development costs of the ITL, thus responding to the request of the SBSTA, at its nineteenth session, that the secretariat pursue means to reduce the resource requirements associated with the ITL development. The agreeement has also helped to ensure the technical compatibility of the CITL with the ITL.", "3. On the basis of the substantial technical work previously undertaken, the development of the ITL software is proceeding at a quick pace and may be summarized as follows:", "a. The ITL developer has practically concluded the review of the software specification to ensure its completeness, coherency and consistency. Only minor changes have been identified as being necessary, although some components were not fully defined and are still undergoing elaboration, in particular those relating to the administrator application and interfaces with other secretariat data systems;", "b. Some corrections and clarifications of the data exchange standards have been identified and are being included in a revised version of their technical specification;", "c. The pilot version of the ITL software is complete and has been deployed and tested within its operational environment at the primary data centre of the ITL. This marks the most significant milestone to date in the implementation of the ITL;", "d. The pilot software contains all functions to allow the ITL to support and verify the following transactions undertaken by registries: the initial issuance of units; conversion of units under joint implementation (JI); unit cancellation; unit retirement for purposes of demonstrating compliance with commitments under Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol; external transfers of units between registries; the carry-over of units to the next commitment period; and the change of expiry dates for units generated by afforestation and reforestation projects under the clean development mechanism (CDM). Functions and checks for replacement transactions are under development but are not yet complete;", "e. The pilot software contains several completed administrative processes and provides for the routing of messages between the ITL and the CITL;", "f. The development of the ITL administrator application, through which the ITL will be monitored and controlled, has commenced and basic functions have been completed.", "4. The current version of the ITL software is presently undergoing pilot testing against several registries, in particular those established for the CDM, and for Japan and New Zealand. This pilot testing is intended primarily to verify and improve the ITL software, although it is also useful for registry developers in verifying their systems against the ITL. For this reason, once it has passed its pilot testing, a test version of the ITL is to be made available to all registries.", "5. The full version of the ITL software, taking into account the results of the pilot testing, is to be completed in December 2006 and will be subject at that stage to detailed acceptance testing by the operator and the secretariat. This version will include all functions necessary for the initialization of the links between other registry systems and the ITL, thus allowing all registries and the CITL to successfully connect to the ITL by April 2007, as was requested by the COP/MOP (decision 12/CMP.1).", "6. Further development of the ITL will be required during 2007 to complete the functionality of the ITL administrator application and connect other secretariat data systems as they become ready. These systems include the CDM information system, which is to be connected in parallel with the initialization of the CDM registry, and the compilation and accounting database and JI information system.", "7. The ITL developer is about to commence its training of personnel for the ITL service desk being established by the operator. Once the service desk is fully established, the developer will continue to assist it through the provision of technical support and maintenance of the software.", "B. Operational activities", "1. The verification of registry transactions by the ITL is to occur in real time. Where transactions conform to the rules established by the COP/MOP, the checking by the ITL should not affect the operation of registries or the settlement of transactions that they undertake. For this reason, the ITL is being implemented as a high-availability and business-critical system. The secondary data centre is intended to allow the ITL to continue operation if a significant problem arises on the primary site.", "2. The work to establish the infrastructure and operational environment of the ITL is proceeding in parallel with the development of the software. Progress may be summarized as follows:", "a. The ITL infrastructure at the primary data centre has been put in place and the pilot version of the ITL software has been deployed and tested within it. This infrastructure includes configuration of all the necessary hardware and software licences for the reliable and secure operation of the ITL. The construction of the ITL database has been completed and work on the secondary data centre has commenced;", "b. Systems for the monitoring of the ITL operation are being established. These systems will provide the basis for assessing whether the target system performance is achieved;", "c. The network end at the primary data centre, including the required authentication and security features, has been completed and is ready to link to registries and the CITL. The network link between the primary and secondary data centres is installed. A leased network line direct to the secretariat is being installed in order to ensure the robust connection of secretariat systems and reliable access to the administrator application;", "d. The service desk of the ITL operator has begun work, in limited form, in support of the pilot testing. Its personnel is undergoing further training in the business and technical features of the ITL and other registry systems. The system tools for its use are nearing completion and work has commenced on the procedures for the operation of the desk.", "3. Further versions of the ITL software will be deployed at the data centres of the operator. The full initialization version will be deployed in December 2006 and will be the version with which registries and the CITL undergo initialization testing. Once these systems are approved by the ITL administrator, the links of these registry systems to the live ITL production environment will be activated. In addition, a number of test environments will be made available for use by test instances of registry systems.", "4. The full service desk is to be established in time for the initialization of registries and the CITL. Once in place, it is to act as a focal point of all support provided to RSAs in relation to the operation of the ITL. It will receive support requests by telephone and e-mail and coordinate the resolution of problems that are identified, including their escalation, as appropriate, to more detailed technical support by the ITL developer or higher levels of support provided by the secretariat.", "C. Initialization activities", "1. Before being approved for use with the live operational environment of the ITL, each registry and the CITL must meet the requirements set in the specification of the data exchange standards. The process of assessing the operation of a registry or CITL, and activating it where the assessment is positive, is referred to as the initialization process and is to occur in three stages:", "a. Documentation review: the operation of the registry or CITL is assessed by reviewing its technical and operational documentation, as specified in the data exchange standards;", "b. Connectivity testing: the ability of the registry or CITL to connect to the ITL is assessed by verifying that it can undertake basic communication steps with the ITL in the manner specified in the data exchange standards;", "c. Functional testing: the ability of the registry or CITL to carry out required functions is assessed by verifying that it can undertake transaction, reconciliation and administrative processes, including for notifications, as specified in the data exchange standards.", "2. The ITL administrator will be ready to receive the technical and operational documentation for review from November 2006. In order to facilitate this process, further information on the criteria for assessing this documentation is being distributed to RSAs.", "3. The connectivity and functional testing of registries and the CITL will be undertaken by using the initialization version of the ITL software, which is to be deployed in the initialization environment of", "the ITL by the end of December 2006. Test cases for use during the initialization process are currently under development and will be circulated to registry developers and RSAs in November 2006. The specific timing with which registry systems undergo initialization testing will depend on their implementation schedules. Further clarification of registry readiness is being sought in order that the ITL service desk may manage the schedule for the connectivity and functional testing of each system.", "4. Terms for the use of the ITL by registry systems are currently being considered, with a view to clarifying issues relating to their connection and operation. It is anticipated that a variety of issues will be addressed, such as service descriptions, appropriate standards to be used, security, data protection and confidentiality, in a manner that provides for the equal treatment of registry systems.", "D. Schedule summary", "1. The current schedule for the development and operation of the ITL, and the initialization of registries and the CITL with the ITL, is set out in the following table.", "Schedule summary for registry system implementation", "Date Description of activity", "Mid-October 2006 Deployment of pilot version of ITL software in its operational infrastructure", "November 2006 ITL pilot testing with registries", "November 2006 ITL administrator ready to receive registry and CITL documentation", "End-December 2006 Deployment of initialization version of ITL software in both data centres", "January–February Initialization of CDM registry and commencement of 2007 live ITL operations; additional initialization of national registries as they become ready", "End-February 2007 Completion and deployment of the full ITL administrator application", "March–April 2007 Initialization testing of further registries with the ITL as they become ready", "April–May 2007 Initialization of CITL with the ITL and full end-to-end initialization testing of registries belonging to European Union Parties", "IV. Activities of the Registry System Administrators Forum", "A. Forum facilitation", "1. In accordance with decision 12/CMP.1, the primary objective of the ITL administrator in convening the RSA Forum is to provide an effective medium for cooperation with RSAs as input to the development of common procedures, recommended practices and information-sharing measures. In addressing these issues, the forum is to provide a broad channel for the coordination of technical and management activities of administrators.", "2. Two meetings of the RSA Forum were held during 2006. The inaugural meeting took place on 10–11 April 2006 and was aimed at setting the direction and priorities for the work of the forum and establishing the process by which this work is to continue. The second meeting took place on 9–10 October 2006 and was primarily aimed at sharing more information on the ITL implementation and giving guidance to the working groups which are to undertake detailed work for the development of the common procedures. Both meetings took place in Bonn, Germany, and included the involvement of appropriate experts from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention.", "3. Priority in the work of the forum has been given to the development of common procedures to be implemented by all registry systems, in particular in relation to data reconciliation between the ITL and registries, the management of change in standards and procedures implemented by registry systems, and the preparation of independent assessment reports for registry systems.", "4. In line with the priority given to the development of common procedures, which are to be implemented by all RSAs, three working groups have been established to prepare draft procedures for consideration in the wider RSA Forum. Agreed procedures are to be in place in time for the operation of registry systems with the ITL. The working groups are made up of six to eight specific individuals, made available by their RSAs, who are expected to contribute as individual members and act in the common interest of all RSAs. The results of the work of the groups is to be reported back to the RSA Forum at key points in order to obtain feedback from participants and, where appropriate, be agreed by the forum.", "5. The ITL administrator, in its role as administrator of the ITL, has convened the RSA Forum in an informal manner and hopes that the forum will conduct its work in a transparent, cooperative and consensus-building manner. The meetings of the RSA Forum were chaired by a representative of the secretariat. The meetings were supported and serviced by staff of the secretariat.", "6. Participation in the RSA Forum is open to all administrators of national registries and the CDM registry under the Kyoto Protocol and supplementary transaction logs (such as the CITL). RSAs send participants appropriate to the specific items to be addressed at meetings. The ITL administrator also invites a number of participants from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. Although these Parties have no requirement under the Kyoto Protocol to implement registry systems, the participation of such experts is intended to increase the transparency of the RSA Forum and allow experience with registry systems under the Kyoto Protocol to be shared with experts implementing similar systems for environmental policy purposes in non-Annex I Parties.", "7. It is envisaged that, once the intensive implementation phase of registry systems is complete, there will generally be two RSA Forum meetings per year. A third forum meeting for 2006 is planned for 11–12 December and will focus primarily on the processes for initializing registry and CITL links with the ITL. The European Commission has kindly offered to host this meeting of the RSA Forum at its facilities in Brussels, Belgium.", "8. The ITL administrator has established an extranet in order to provide a central location for the sharing of all technical information required by RSAs for the implementation of the ITL. It will also provide access to technical collaboration tools and the exchange of technical information between RSAs.", "B. Working group activities", "1. The following three working groups have been established to prepare draft common procedures for consideration by the RSA Forum:", "a. The reconciliation working group is to develop a procedure to periodically compare and, where necessary, adjust data on assigned amount holdings between the ITL, registries and, where appropriate, the CITL. The focus is on the procedural aspects (scheduling, timing, determination of adjustments), based on technical functions for reconciliation being implemented in the ITL and other registry systems;", "b. The change management working group is to develop a procedure for proposing, evaluating, agreeing and implementing changes in the technical and operational aspects of registry systems. The major subject of change management is the data exchange standards being implemented by all registry systems. The procedure will also apply to changes in some operational aspects of registry systems;", "c. The working group on independent assessment reporting is to develop a procedure and format for consolidating assessment and test results for each registry system on an annual basis. Most of the results will come from the process of assessing and testing registries prior to the initialization of their links to the ITL. Other results will emerge during the operation of registries and through any required re-initialization of functions after substantial changes in registry systems have been made. The annual independent assessment report will be made available to the public and to review teams under Article 8 of the Kyoto Protocol. It is expected that the review teams will rely heavily on the independent assessment reports in their review of each Party to the Kyoto Protocol with a commitment inscribed in Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party).", "2. Possible elements to be addressed during the preparation of the draft common procedures were discussed by the RSA Forum. These elements provide guidance to the working groups in their work.", "3. The reconciliation working group was the first to begin its work and has met twice during the reporting period. It has reviewed the technical processes of data reconciliation between the ITL and registries, as defined in the data exchange standards, and given feedback on drafts of the reconciliation procedure prepared by the ITL administrator. The working group will meet again in November 2006 and early 2007 in order to continue its work and report back at subsequent RSA Forum meetings.", "4. Owing to difficulties in identifying a time suitable to all members, the working group on change management has had to postpone its first meeting until after COP/MOP 2. Nominations for the working group on the independent assessment reporting of registry systems are currently being sought and the group is also to begin its work after COP/MOP 2.", "C. Registry system developers group", "1. In order to provide for enhanced coordination of technical and scheduling issues for the development of the ITL and other registry systems, an informal group of developers has been convened under the RSA Forum. This group brings together all developers of software for the registries (many of which share their software with other registry administrators) and the CITL.", "2. The group has met twice so far and has focused on sharing information on development schedules and clarifying questions on the manner in which the data exchange standards are to be implemented. Questions raised by participants in relation to these data exchange standards have been compiled and written responses from the secretariat were distributed to participants. This process is continuing through issue-tracking software tools established for the group by the European Commission.", "3. The group has proved very useful in sharing information required by the developers of the ITL and other registry systems. It is envisaged that the group will continue to meet periodically through the initial implementation and initialization of registries and the CITL.", "V. Organizational arrangements and resources", "1. The functions of the ITL administrator are performed by the Reporting, Data and Analysis programme of the secretariat. This programme is also responsible for the substantive work of the secretariat relating to other aspects of emissions trading and the accounting of assigned amounts under the Kyoto Protocol, as well as that relating to the submission, analysis and review of information submitted by Parties under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol and the intergovernmental negotiations on national communications, inventories, assigned amounts, registry systems and policy instruments.", "2. The resource requirements for the implementation of the ITL are being provided through contributions to the UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities. These requirements for the", "implementation of the ITL amount to approximately USD 4 million during the biennium 2006–2007 budget. As at the end of the reporting period, the contributions made by Parties to the Trust Fund totalled approximately USD 3.2 million, leaving a shortfall of approximately USD 0.8 million.", "3. Resources required for the operation of the ITL, including the support for the RSA Forum and other ITL-related activities, amount to approximately USD 2.5 million during the 2006–2007 biennium. There is currently a shortfall of approximately USD 1.7 million of this amount which needs to be provided through contributions to the UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities.", "4. The total outstanding resource requirements for the implementation and operation of the ITL during 2006–2007, including the other areas of secretariat support for this work, therefore stands at approximately USD 2.5 million.", "5. In view of the delays and insufficiency of funding for the ITL development, the COP, by its decision 16/CP.10, requested the secretariat to explore options in the 2006–2007 budget for the predictable and sufficient provision of resources for the operational activities of the ITL administrator. A number of options were considered by the COP/MOP, at its first session, in the context of the Programme Budget, including connection and transaction fees. The COP/MOP, by its decision 34/CMP.1, authorized the Executive Secretary to collect fees from users of the ITL as an additional income to the Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities in 2006–2007.", "6. In view of this mandate, the Executive Secretary intends to notify Parties which plan to operate registry systems in connection with the ITL of respective contributions to the Trust Fund to cover the shortfall in resources. It is proposed that the distribution among these Parties follow the indicative scale of contributions from Parties to the Kyoto Protocol for the biennium 2006–2007, as contained in decision 34/CMP.1, taking into account appropriate adjustments to include only Annex B Parties.", "[1] ^(*) This document has been submitted late in order to include information on the latest progress in this work." ]

[ "Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "Second session", "Nairobi, 6-17 November 2006", "Item 9 of the provisional agenda", "Report of the administrator of the International transaction log under the Kyoto Protocol", "Report of the administrator of the International transaction log under the Kyoto Protocol", "Note by the Secretariat", "This is the second annual report of the administrator of the International transaction log to provide information on progress made in the implementation of the International transaction log between November 2005 and October 2006 to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP). The present report describes progress in the development of the International transaction log software, the establishment of the International transaction log infrastructure and the promotion of cooperation with the registry system manager. The CMP, in its decision 12/CMP.1, requested the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) to consider the annual report of the administrator of the International transaction log at future sessions. The SBI may wish to take note of the information contained in the present report and provide guidance to the secretariat and Parties, as necessary, on the implementation of the registry system.", "Paragraphs Page", "Paragraphs Page", "Introduction 1 - 4 3", "Mandate 1 - 2 3", "Scope of the note 3 3", "C. Possible action by the SBI 4 3", "Overview of challenges and work 5 - 10 3", "Technical activities 11 - 26 5", "Development activities 11 - 17 5", "Operational activities 18 - 21 6", "C. Launch activities 22 - 25 8", "Summary of timetables 26 8", "Activities of the Forum of Register Systems Managers 27 - 41 9", "Assistance in the holding of forums 27 - 34 9", "Activities of the Working Group 35 - 38 11", "C. Development of the registry system 39 - 41 12", "Organizational arrangements and resources 42 - 47 12", "Introduction", "Mandate", "Decision 13/CMP.1 of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP) requested the secretariat to establish and maintain an international transaction log to verify and validate transactions carried out in accordance with the registry established pursuant to decisions 3/CMP.1 and 13/CMP.1.", "The CMP, in its decision 12/CMP.1, requested the secretariat, as the administrator of the International transaction log, to report annually to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP) on organizational arrangements, activities and resource requirements and to make the necessary recommendations for improving the operation of the registry system. It also requested the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) to consider the annual report of the administrator of the International transaction log at future sessions in order to request the CMP to provide the necessary guidance on the operation of the registry system.", "Scope of this note", "This is the second annual report of the administrator of the International transaction log to inform the CMP of progress in the implementation of the International transaction log. The reporting period was 18 November 2005 to 27 October 2006. In particular, the present report presents progress in the development of the International transaction log software, the establishment of the International transaction log infrastructure and the promotion of cooperation with the registry system manager through the Register Systems Management Forum.", "C. Possible action by the SBI", "The SBI may wish to take note of the information contained in the present report and provide guidance to the secretariat and Parties, as necessary, on the implementation of the registry system.", "Overview of challenges and work", "During the 2006 reporting period, considerable work was made in the implementation of the International transaction log and in cooperation with the registry system manager. While most of the design work of the International transaction log was completed in 2004, contributions to the UNFCCC Supplementary Activities Trust Fund related to this work were only achieved in 2005 when external service providers were started.", "In 2006, two external service providers were selected, in accordance with the United Nations financial rules and procedures, and contracts were signed with the Secretariat to implement the International transaction log and carry out the day-to-day operation of the first commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol. The IT company based in Belgium, Trasys contracted the development and maintenance of software. LogicaCMG contracted work on the implementation and operation of the International transaction log software from two data centres in London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the establishment of a help desk to support the Register in Wales.", "The work of the two providers - under the title of the International transaction log developers and operators - has made rapid progress in 2006. The first edition of the International transaction log software has been completed and has been installed and tested in the infrastructure of the main data centre. This is an important milestone in the implementation of the International transaction log and contributes to raising confidence in the quality and suitability of software. A pilot test of the software is being conducted in conjunction with several registries. The full version of the International transaction log software will be installed in two data centres in December 2006, so that other registry systems can complete the launch of links with the International transaction log by April 2007.", "With the rapid proximity to the actual operation of the registry system under the Kyoto Protocol, the Managing Director of the International transaction log established the Forum of Register Systems Managers in 2006 as an informal occasion for discussion and coordination of technical and regulatory issues related to the registry system among registry system managers. In accordance with decision 12/CMP.1, the work of the Forum focuses on the preparation of common procedures to coordinate operational activities for all registry systems. An Intranet was established to enhance communication liaison among registry system managers in relation to their respective systems and operation and conference and other forum activities.", "The administrator of the International transaction log also utilizes the information and feedback received from the Forum of Register Systems Managers on the launch of the Register System of Implementation and Linkages of the International transaction log. The Forum will continue to play this role as the registry systems enter the start-up process. The Forum of Register Systems Managers also provided a way for all developmenters of the registry system software to coordinate technical issues and timelines for the development of the system.", "The administrator of the International transaction log intensified its activities during the reporting period. Through these efforts, the implementation of the International transaction log has been successful, enabling the registry systems to be connected to the International transaction log in accordance with decision 12/CMP.1 and fully operational by April 2007. The first registry is expected to be able to complete the start-up test and enter the operational phase by the beginning of the first quarter of 2007.", "Technical activities", "Development activities", "The international transaction log currently being developed is fully consistent with the same data exchange standards being implemented by all other registry systems under the Kyoto Protocol. Such a universal standard is required because all such a registry system can be matched and effectively functioning. The specifications for the International transaction log software were developed in parallel with the data exchange standards in 2004 and are now supplemented by the operational requirements of the International transaction log developed in 2005.", "As reported to the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) at its twenty-first session, as a generous contribution, the European Commission has committed itself to providing the secretariat with a common minimum of procedure for the constituent elements of the Community's Independent Transactions log (CITL) (see document FCCC/SBSTA/2004/12). This is part of the agreement and, in accordance with that agreement, in 2004, the European Commission provided specifications for the International transaction log software as a basis for the European Commission's development of CITL. As a result of the agreement, the development costs of the International transaction log were reduced and met the request made by the SBSTA at its nineteenth session that the secretariat seek to reduce resource requirements related to the development of the International transaction log. The agreement also helps to ensure that CITL matches the international transaction log.", "The development of the international transaction log software, based on a large number of technical work previously carried out, is making rapid progress, as summarized below:", "(a) The developmenters of the International transaction log have largely completed research on software specifications to ensure their integrity, consistency and coherence. It was noted that only minor changes were required, but some were not adequately defined and were still being elaborated, in particular in relation to the application of the administrator and to the other secretariat data system structure;", "(b) A number of corrections and clarifications on data exchange standards are being incorporated in the revised version of technical specifications;", "(c) The pilot version of the International transaction log software has been completed and has been installed and tested in the operating environment of the International transaction log data centre. This is the most important milestone to date in the implementation of the international transaction log;", "(d) The pilot software consists of all functions required by the International transaction log to support and test all transactions carried out by the Registers: initial issuance of the units, conversion of units under joint implementation, (degradation), cancellation of units (exemptions) and retention (exemptions) in order to demonstrate compliance with commitments under Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol, external transfers of units between the registry (reducing) units to the next commitment period, and changes in units resulting from afforestation and reforestation projects under the Clean Development Mechanism. Functions and tests related to alternative transactions are being developed and have not been completed;", "(e) The pilot software includes a number of completed administrative procedures that can communicate information between the International transaction log and CITL;", "(f) The development of an international transaction log for monitoring and controlling the international transaction log has begun.", "The current version of the International transaction log software is piloting a number of registries, in particular for the Clean Development Mechanism and the registry established in Japan and New Zealand. The purpose of this pilot test is primarily to validate and improve the International transaction log software, but also to assist the registry developers in targeting the systems developed by the International transaction log. For that reason, the test version of the international transaction log will be made available to all registries after the completion of the pilot test.", "The full version of the international transaction log containing the results of the pilot test will be completed in December 2006 and will be tested in detail by the operators and the Secretariat. The text will contain all the functions required for the launch of the other registry system and the international transaction log, so that all registries and CITL will be able to link the international transaction log as requested by the CMP (decision 12/CMP.1) before April 2007.", "The international transaction log will need to be further developed in 2007 to complete the functioning of the ITCL application and to establish links with other data systems in the Secretariat. These systems include the clean development mechanism information system, which is to be linked in parallel with the start-up of the Clean Development Mechanism registry and the compilation and accounting of databases and joint implementation information systems.", "The developmentr of the International transaction log will commence training of the skler of the International transaction log established by the operator. After the Desk is fully in place, the developr will continue to assist in providing technical support and software maintenance.", "Operational activities", "The international transaction log's nuclear test of the transaction of the Register will be carried out in real time. As long as the transaction is in compliance with the rules established by the CMP, the nuclear test of the International transaction log will not be shaped by the operation or transaction of the registry. For this reason, the International transaction log has been established as a system of high availability and focus on business. The data centre is intended to ensure that the international transaction log will continue to operate when the main data centre emerges.", "The creation of infrastructure and the operating environment for the International transaction log is taking place in parallel with the development of software. Progress can be summarized as follows:", "(a) The international transaction log infrastructure of the major data centre has been in place and a pilot version of the international transaction log software has been installed and tested. This infrastructure includes the staffing of all of the hardware required for the reliable and sound operation of the International transaction log and the licence for software use. The development of the International transaction log database has been completed and work on the secondary data centre has started;", "(b) A system for monitoring the operation of the International transaction log is being established. These systems will provide the basis for assessing whether targets are systematically met;", "(c) The web end of the completion of the main database, including the required validation and preservation functions, can be linked to the registry and CITL. The main databases and the secondary data and networking links have been installed. A web chain leased by the Secretariat is being installed to ensure that the Secretariat system is based on a reliable route for linking and managing the application of the person;", "(d) The International transaction log Operators Desk has started to invest in limited work to support the pilot test. The operation is receiving further training on the operational and technical characteristics of the International transaction log and other registry systems. The system tools related to the use of the help desk have been close to completion, and work on the functioning of the help desk has started.", "Further versions of the International transaction log software will be installed at the user's data centre. The full launch will be installed in December 2006 and the registry and CITL will use the version to launch the test. These systems, which are approved by the International Register Manager, will trigger the chain of production environment on the basis of the international transaction log. In addition, a number of tests will be provided to enable the testing operation of the registry system to be used.", "A full functional desk will be established in a timely manner for the start of the Register and CITL. The help desk will be the focal point for all support to the registry system manager on the operation of the International transaction log. The help desk will receive requests for support through telephone and e-mail and coordinate the resolution of the points noted, including, where appropriate, the more detailed technical support provided by the International transaction log developer or the high-level support provided by the secretariat.", "C. Launch activities", "Each registry and CITL must meet the requirements set out in the data exchange rules before they are permitted to be used for an online operation environment. The process of conducting an assessment of the operation of a registry or CITL and the process to be activated in good assessment results is referred to as the start-up process, divided into three phases:", "(a) Review of written material: review of technical and operational documents in accordance with data exchange standards, thereby assessing the operation of the registry or CITL;", "(b) Consequency test: verifying that basic steps to communicate with the international transaction log in a manner consistent with the data exchange standards are indeed able to assess the connectivity capacity of the registry or CITL and the International transaction log;", "(c) Functional test: verification is indeed capable of trading, coordination and administrative procedures, including notification, in accordance with the data exchange standards, thereby assessing the ability of the registry or CITL to perform the functions required.", "The administrator of the International transaction log will be prepared to receive technical documents and operational documents for review starting in November 2006. To facilitate this process, further information on the criteria for conducting such a written material assessment is being disseminated to the registry system manager.", "The testing and functional testing of the links between the registry and CITL will take advantage of the launch of the International Register System software, which will be installed in the international transaction log by the end of December 2006. The testing cases used in the start-up process are being developed, which will be distributed to registry developers and registry system managers in November 2006. The specific time frame for the launch of the test by the registry system will depend on their implementation schedules. Further clarifications are being sought on the status of the registry in order to enable the Help Desk of the International transaction log to take stock of the timelines for the testing and functional testing of each system connectivity.", "The conditions for the use of international transaction logs by the registry system are being considered to clarify issues related to connectivity and operation. It is envisaged that a range of different issues will be dealt with in the same manner as in the registry system, such as notes of services, appropriate standards for preparation, safety, security, data protection and confidentiality.", "Summary of timetables", "The table below presents the current schedule for the development and operation of the International transaction log and the launch of the registry and CITL and the International transaction log (linkages).", "Summary of timetables for implementation of the registry system", "Dates of activity indicate the installation of a pilot edition of the International Trade Day software in operation infrastructure in October 2006", "pilot test of the operation of the international transaction log with the registry in November 2006", "In November 2006, the administrator of the International transaction log prepared to receive written material from the Register and CITL.", "The launch of the International transaction log software was installed at two data centres at the end of December 2006.", "The launch of the Clean Development Mechanism registry in February 2007 started on-line operation of the International transaction log; as national registries are in place, further launches.", "Completion and installation of full international transaction log applications by the end of February 2007", "The test of the operation of these registries connected to the International transaction log was launched in March-April 2007 with the availability of additional registries.", "The launch of CITL's link with the International transaction log in April-5 2007 and the launch of a full-end test of the Register to which it is a party to the European Union", "Activities of the Forum of Register Systems Managers", "Assistance in the holding of forums", "In accordance with decision 12/CMP.1, the main objective of the Forum of Cervices of the International transaction log is to provide effective means for the cooperation of the registry system manager as a contribution to the development of common procedures, recommended practices and information-sharing measures. In addressing these issues, the Forum will provide a broad channel for the coordination of the management's technical activities and management activities.", "Two meetings were held in the 2006 Forum of Register Systems Managers. The Forum's inauguration meeting was held from 10 to 11 April 2006 to focus on the direction and focus of the work of the Forum and to establish a process for its continuation. The second meeting was held from 9 to 10 October 2006, with a focus on further sharing information on the implementation of the International transaction log and providing guidance to working groups that are ready to undertake detailed work on the development of common procedures. Both meetings were held in Bonn, Germany, with the participation of relevant experts from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention.", "The focus of the work of the Forum has identified common procedures to be implemented for the development of all registry systems, in particular the coordination of data between the International transaction logs and the registry, the management of standards and procedures implemented in the registry system, and the preparation of an independent assessment report for the registry system.", "In accordance with this focus on the development of common procedures to be implemented by all registry system managers, three working groups were established to prepare draft procedures for consideration at the broader forum of registry system managers. The agreed procedures would be timely in order to enable the registry system to operate together with the international transaction log. The Working Group consists of 6 to 8 individuals from the custodian of the registry system to serve as members in their personal capacity, acting in the common interest of all registry system managers. The results of the work of the Working Group will be reported at a critical time point to the Forum of the Register Systems Managers in order to receive feedback from participants and, where appropriate, the Forum as a whole.", "In that capacity, the Managing Director of the International transaction log convened the informal format of the Forum of Register Systems Managers, hoping that the Forum would work in a transparent, cooperative and consensual manner. The meetings of the Forum of Register Systems Managers were chaired by a representative of the Secretariat. The secretariat provided support and services to the Conference.", "The Forum of Register Systems Managers is open to the managementers of all national registries under the Kyoto Protocol and the Clean Development Mechanism registry, as well as the supplementary transaction log (including CITL). Each registry system manager dispatched appropriate participants on specific matters to be addressed at the meetings. The International transaction log also invited a number of participants from Parties not included in Annex I to the Kyoto Protocol. While the Kyoto Protocol does not require the implementation of the registry system by these Parties, these experts are invited to participate in the efforts of the Forum of Register Systems Managers and to present the experience of the registry system under the Kyoto Protocol to experts from non-Annex I Parties responsible for implementing similar systems.", "It is envisaged that, after the central implementation phase of the registry system is completed, the Forum will normally hold two meetings each year. The third meeting of the Forum in 2006 was scheduled to be held from 11 to 12 December, with a focus on the start-up process of the registry and the CITL and the international transaction log. The European Commission has generously expressed its willingness to host the meeting of the Forum of Register Systems Managers at the Commission facility in Brussels, Belgium.", "The administrator of the International transaction log established an Intranet to provide a central point for the technical information required by the registry system manager to share with the International transaction log. It will also provide technical cooperation tools and help to share technical information among registry system managers.", "Activities of the Working Group", "The following three working groups were established to prepare a draft common procedure for consideration by the Forum of Managementers of the Register Systems:", "(a) The Working Group on Data Coordination is responsible for the development of procedures for the regular comparison between the International transaction log, the registry and, where appropriate, the adjustment of the assigned amount data, if necessary. Emphasis has been placed on procedural aspects (times, time choices, adjustments) based on the technical functions of data coordination to be implemented by the International transaction log and other registry systems;", "(b) Modify the procedures for the development of amendments to the technical and operational aspects of the Register system. The main matter of change in management is data exchange standards implemented by all registry systems. The process will also apply to changes in certain operational aspects of the registry system.", "(c) The Independent Assessment Report Working Group is responsible for the development of a process and format for the annual overview of the assessment and test results of each registry system. Most of the results will come from the assessment and testing process of the Register prior to the launch of the chain link between the registry and the international transaction log. Other results will arise from the operation of the Register and the reactivation of any of the functions required after major changes in the registry system. The annual independent assessment report will be made available to the public and review teams in accordance with Article 8 of the Kyoto Protocol. It is expected that the review team will depend to a large extent on the independent assessment report when reviewing a Party (Annex B) that has a commitment under Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol.", "The Forum of Register Systems Managers discussed possible elements to be addressed in the preparation of the draft common process. These points provide guidance for the work of the Working Group.", "The Working Group on Data Coordination began its work at the earliest stage and held two meetings during the reporting period. The Working Group reviewed the technical process for data coordination between the international transaction log and the registry, as defined by the data exchange standards, and provided feedback on the draft data coordination process to be presented by the administrator of the International transaction log. The Working Group will meet again in November 2006 and early 2007 in order to continue its work and report on the future meetings of the Forum of Register Systems Managers.", "As it was difficult to determine the time appropriate for all members, the Working Group had to postpone its first meeting until the second session of the CMP. The nomination of members of the Working Group on the Independent Assessment of the Register System is being sought, and the Working Group will also begin its work after the second session of the CMP.", "C. Group of Developmenters of the Register System", "In order to enhance coordination on technical issues and timelines for the development of the international transaction log and other registry systems, an informal development group was convened under the Forum of the Register Systems Managers. It was attended by all developmenters of the Register, many of which were the same for other registry managers, as well as the developmenters of the CITL software.", "The Group held two meetings, focusing on sharing information on the timing of development work and clarifying issues related to the manner in which data exchange standards were prepared for implementation. The questions raised by participants on these data exchange standards had been brought together and the written replies of the Secretariat had been distributed to participants. The process is being continued through the European Commission's identification of a problem tracking tool for the Panel.", "The Panel has proved very useful in sharing the information required by the International transaction log and other registry system developers. It is envisaged that the Group will continue to meet on a regular basis during the initial implementation and launch of the Register and CITL.", "Organizational arrangements and resources", "The functions of the International transaction log are vested in the secretariat's report, data and analytical programmes. The programme is also responsible for substantive work by the secretariat in a number of other areas, covering emissions trading and assigned amount accounting under the Kyoto Protocol, as well as submissions, analyses and reviews by Parties under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, as well as intergovernmental negotiations on national communications, inventories, assigned amounts, registry systems and policy tools.", "The resource requirements for the implementation of the International transaction log are met by contributions from the UNFCCC Supplementary Activities Trust Fund. These resource requirements for the implementation of the International transaction log were roughly $4 million in the 2006-2007 budget. As at the end of the reporting period, Parties' contributions to the trust fund amounted to approximately $3.2 million, leaving about $8.8 million.", "The resource requirements for the operation of the International transaction log, including the provision of support to the Forum of Register Systems Managers and other activities related to the International transaction log, amounted to $2.5 million in the 2006-2007 budget. In that amount, a significant amount of $1.7 million is currently missing and needs to be filled through contributions to the UNFCCC Supplementary Activities Trust Fund.", "Therefore, resource requirements for the implementation and operation of the International transaction log 2006-2007, including other aspects of the secretariat's support for this work, amount to approximately $2.5 million.", "In view of the lack of delay and efficiency in funding the development of the International transaction log, the COP, in its decision 16/CP.10, requested the Secretariat to explore options for the 2006-2007 budget in order to provide predictable and sufficient resources for the operation of the International transaction log. A number of options were considered in connection with the programme budget for the first session of the CMP, including in relation to connectivity and transaction charges. The CMP, in its decision 34/CMP.1, authorized the Executive Secretary to collect fees to the users of the International transaction log as an additional income for the Supplementary Activities Trust Fund for 2006-2007.", "In the light of this mandate, the Executive Secretary is prepared to communicate to Parties that plan to contact the International transaction log for the operation of the registry system their respective contributions to the Trust Fund for filling the resource shortfall. The allocation of contributions between these Parties is recommended to follow the indicative scale of contributions from Parties to the Kyoto Protocol for the biennium 2006-2007, as contained in decision 34/CMP.1, taking into account the appropriate adjustments to be made due to the inclusion of only Annex B Parties.", "* This document was submitted late in order to include an update on the progress made in the present work." ]

[ "2006年11月6日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目6", "通过会议费用的分摊安排", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力 或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国 第九届年度会议费用估计", "秘书处的说明", "1. 200６年11月６日在日内瓦举行的《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议决定，于200７年１１月_日举行缔约国第八届年度会议，为期一天。", "2. 本文件就是根据缔约国的上述决定提交的，文件中开列了召开上述会议的估计费用，数额为255,200美元。费用估计的细目见附表。", "3. 应指出，费用估计是根据以往的经验和预期工作量算出的。实际开支须待会议闭幕和有关工作结束并将所有有关费用记入帐户之后才能确定。届时将对分摊费用的各与会国的摊款额作相应的调整。", "4. 关于财务安排，须说明的是，依照以往多边裁军会议及有关会议的惯例，并如此种会议的议事规则中所反映的那样，会议费用是由参加会议的缔约国按照联合国会费分摊比额表分摊的，同时根据参加会议的缔约国数目按比例作出调整。接受邀请参加会议的非缔约国按联合国会费分摊比额表中各自的分摊比率分摊会议费用。", "5. 待缔约国核准费用估计和摊款办法之后，将根据估计费用总额和适用的摊款办法拟订摊款通知。鉴于上述活动不涉及联合国经常预算的经费问题，缔约国一收到摊款通知，即应尽快支付估计费用分摊额。", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤 作用的常规武器公约》经1996年5月3日修正后的 第二号议定书(《禁止或限制使用地雷、诱杀装置和 其他装置的议定书》)缔约国第九届年度会议", "2007年11月，为期一天，日内瓦", "会议服务 会议服务 会前文件(美 会期文件(美 简要记录(美 会后文件(美 所需支助 所需其他 合 计* 项 目 (美 元)* 元)* 元)* 元)* 元)* 服 务 服 务 (美 元) (美元)* (美元)*", "口译和会议服务 12,600 12,600", "文件翻译 112,500 16,300 36,900 30,600     196,300", "所需支助服务 1,700   1,700", "所需其他服务 5,600  5,600", "合 计 12,600 112,500 16,300 36,900 30,600 1,700 5,600  216,200", "* 按1美元= 1.24瑞士法郎计算", "A. 所需会议服务费用合计(包括13%方案支助费用) 216,200", "B. 所需非会议服务费用", "一名P3, 3个月 34,500", "小 计 34,500", "方案支助费用(B的13%) 4,500", "B小计 39,000", "A+B总计(四舍五入) 255,200" ]

[ "EIGHTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/L.1", "STATES PARTIES TO AMENDED 6 November 2006", "PROTOCOL II TO THE CONVENTION ON", "PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE", "OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH", "MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS", "OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 6 November 2006", "Item 6 of the provisional agenda", "Adoption of arrangements for", "meeting the costs of the Conference", "ESTIMATED COSTS OF THE NINTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE STATES PARTIES TO AMENDED PROTOCOL II TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Note by the Secretariat", "1. The Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed To Be Excessively Injurious or To Have Indiscriminate Effects, held in Geneva on 6 November 2006, decided to convene a one-day meeting of the Ninth Annual Conference of the States Parties on _ November 2007.", "2 This document is submitted pursuant to the above-mentioned decision of the States Parties and provides estimated costs in the amount of US$255,200 for convening that meeting. A breakdown of these costs is provided in the attached table.", "3. It should be noted that the costs are estimated on the basis of past experience and anticipated workload. The actual costs will be determined after the closure of the meeting and completion of related work, with all relevant expenditures recorded in the accounts. At that time, any adjustments in contributions by the participants sharing the costs will be determined accordingly.", "4. With regard to the financial arrangements, it will be recalled that, in accordance with the practice followed on the occasion of previous multilateral disarmament conferences and related meetings, and as reflected in their Rules of Procedure, the costs are shared among the States Parties participating in the conferences, based upon the United Nations scale of assessment pro-rated to take into account the number of States Parties participating in the meetings. States that are not States Parties but that have accepted the invitation to take part in the meetings share in the costs to the extent of their respective rates of assessment under the United Nations scale of assessments.", "5. Subject to the States Parties’ approval of the estimated costs and cost-sharing formula, assessment notices will be prepared based on the overall estimated costs and applicable cost-sharing formula. Since the above-mentioned activities shall have no financial implication for the regular budget of the Organization, States Parties should proceed with the payment of their share of the estimated costs as soon as assessment notices have been received.", "[]" ]

[ "Geneva, 6 November 2006", "Item 6 of the provisional agenda", "Adoption of the cost-sharing arrangement for the Conference", "Estimated costs for the ninth annual session of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, as amended,", "Note by the Secretariat", "The 8th Annual Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, held in Geneva on 6 November 2006, decided to hold the 8th Annual Meeting of States Parties, on 1 November 2007.", "The present document is submitted in accordance with the above-mentioned decision of the State party, which presents the estimated cost of convening the above-mentioned meetings, amounting to $25,200. A breakdown of the cost estimates is shown in the schedule.", "It should be noted that cost estimates are based on past experience and expected workload. Actual expenditure will be determined after the closure of the Conference and the closure of the related work and the completion of all related costs into the accounts. At that time, the contributions of the participating States that assessed the costs would be adjusted accordingly.", "With regard to financial arrangements, it is important to clarify that, in accordance with past multilateral disarmament conferences and related meetings, and as reflected in the rules of procedure of such meetings, the costs of the Conference are borne by States parties participating in the Conference in accordance with the scale of assessments of the United Nations and are adjusted on a proportional basis, in accordance with the number of States parties participating in the Conference. The States not parties that have accepted the invitation to participate in the Conference share the costs of the Conference in accordance with their respective rates of assessment in the scale of assessments of the United Nations.", "The assessment notice shall be prepared in accordance with the overall estimated cost estimates and the applicable methodology for the assessment. In view of the fact that the above-mentioned activities do not relate to the financial implications of the regular budget of the United Nations, the State party has received a notification of assessment that the cost-sharing rate should be paid as soon as possible.", "Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, as amended on 3 May 1996, Protocol II (Protocol banning or limiting the use of mines, booby traps and other devices)", "Geneva, November 2007", "Conference services pre-session documentation (United States of America) (United States summary records (United States Post-Conference Documents (United States dollars)", "Interpretation and conference services 12,600", "Translation of 112,500 16, 300, 36,900 30,600 196,300", "Support services required 1,700", "Other services required 5,600", "United Nations", "Note by the Secretariat", "Total requirements for conference services (including 13 per cent programme support costs) 216,200", "Non-conference services requirements", "One P3, 3 March 4,500", "Smalls 34,500", "Programme support costs (13 per cent) 4,500", "Introduction 39,000", "A+B Total (four rounds) 255,200" ]

[ "2006年11月6日，日内瓦", "第2次会议简要记录", "2006年11月6日星期一下午3时 在日内瓦万国宫举行", "主 席：胡萨克先生(捷克共和国)", "目 录", "任何附属机构的报告", "其他事项", "审议并通过最后文件", "会议闭幕", "本记录可加以更正。", "对本记录的更正应以工作语文之一提出，以备忘录说明更正之处，并改在一份已印发的记录上，更正应在本文件印发之日起一周内送交日内瓦万国宫E. 4108室编辑科。", "本会议各次会议记录的所有更正将汇编成一份总的更正，于会议结束后不久印发。", "下午3时35分会议开始", "任何附属机构的报告(议程项目12)", "1. 主席注意到没有设立任何附属机构。", "其他事项(议程项目13)", "2. 里瓦索先生(法国)和伊扎克先生(以色列)向会议通报，法国和以色列分别在2006年10月18日和11月6日根据经修正后的议定书向保存人提交了年度报告。", "审议并通过最后文件(议程项目14)(CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1；在会议室分发了一份非文件，只有英文，其中载有对CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1的修正案)", "3. 主席提请大家注意经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议的报告草案(CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1)和载有相关修正案的非文件，并请会议逐段审查，然后通过整个报告。", "第1至第5段", "4. 第1至第5段通过。", "第 6 段", "5. 主席说，应当在第6段所载与会者名单中增列以色列和委内瑞拉。", "6. 经修正后的第6段通过。", "第7至第17段", "7. 第7段至第17段通过。", "第18段", "8. 主席提请注意关于普遍加入经修正后的第二号议定书的呼吁，这项呼吁已作为报告草案修正案的一部分分发，并请会议通过该呼吁和第18段。", "9. 关于普遍加入经修正后的第二号议定书的呼吁通过。", "10. 第18段通过。", "第19段", "11. 第19段通过。", "第20段", "任命第九届年度会议的主席和副主席", "12. 主席请各国家集团为第九届年度会议的主席和副主席提出候选人。", "13. 霍赫尔先生(巴基斯坦)代表不结盟运动及其他国家集团发言说，该集团希望推荐约旦布赖扎特大使担任第九届年度会议主席。", "14. 布拉热克先生(捷克共和国)代表东欧国家集团发言说，该集团希望推荐斯洛伐克的安东·平特大使担任第九届会议副主席。", "15. 布拉萨克先生(德国)代表西方国家集团发言说，该集团将在2006年11月9日提名副主席候选人。", "16. 主席说，若无人反对，他就认为会议希望任命约旦大使担任第九届会议主席，斯洛伐克大使担任副主席。西方国家集团提名的副主席的名字将列入会议的最后报告。", "17. 就这样决定。", "18. 根据这一谅解，第20段通过。", "第21和22段", "19. 第21和22段通过。", "20. 第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议经修正后的的整个报告草案通过。", "会议闭幕", "21. 在向各代表团及秘书处和会议服务部门所作的贡献表示感谢后，主席宣布经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议结束。", "下午4时散会。" ]

[ "EIGHTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIESTO AMENDED PROTOCOL II TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USEOF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAYBE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS ORTO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS\tCCW/AP.II/CONF.8/SR.210 November 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 6 November 2006", "SUMMARY RECORD OF THE 2nd MEETING", "Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva,", "on Monday, 6 November 2006, 3 p.m.", "President: Mr. HUSÁK (Czech Republic)", "CONTENTS", "REPORT(S) OF ANY SUBSIDIARY ORGAN(S)", "OTHER MATTERS", "CONSIDERATION AND ADOPTION OF THE FINAL DOCUMENTS", "CLOSURE OF THE CONFERENCE", "The meeting was called to order at 3.35 p.m.", "REPORT(S) OF ANY SUBSIDIARY ORGAN(S) (agenda item 12)", "1. The PRESIDENT noted that no subsidiary bodies had been established.", "OTHER MATTERS (agenda item 13)", "2. Mr. RIVASSEAU (France) and Mr. ITZCHAKI (Israel) informed the Conference that France and Israel had submitted their annual reports under the Amended Protocol to the Depositary on 18 October and 6 November 2006 respectively.", "CONSIDERATION AND ADOPTION OF THE FINAL DOCUMENTS (agenda item 14) (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1; non-paper containing amendments to CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1 circulated in the meeting room in English only)", "3. The PRESIDENT drew attention to the draft report of the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1) and the non-paper containing relevant amendments, and invited the Conference to examine the draft report paragraph by paragraph prior to adopting the text as a whole.", "Paragraphs 1-5", "4. Paragraphs 1-5 were adopted.", "Paragraph 6", "5. The PRESIDENT said that Israel and Venezuela should be added to the list of participants contained in paragraph 6.", "6. Paragraph 6, as amended, was adopted.", "Paragraphs 7 to 17", "7. Paragraphs 7 to 17 were adopted.", "Paragraph 18", "8. The PRESIDENT drew attention to the Appeal for the universality of Amended Protocol II, which had been circulated as part of the amendments to the draft report, and invited the Conference to adopt the Appeal, as well as paragraph 18.", "9. The Appeal for the universality of Amended Protocol II was adopted.", "10. Paragraph 18 was adopted.", "Paragraph 19", "11. Paragraph 19 was adopted.", "Paragraph 20", "Nomination of the President and vice-presidents of the Ninth Annual Conference", "12. The PRESIDENT invited the groups of States to put forward candidates for the posts of President and vice-presidents of the Ninth Annual Conference.", "13. Mr. KHOKHER (Pakistan), speaking on behalf of the group of Non-Aligned and Other States, said that the group wished to propose Ambassador Burayzat of Jordan as President of the Ninth Annual Conference.", "14. Mr. BLAŽEK (Czech Republic), speaking on behalf of the group of Eastern European States, said that the group wished to propose Ambassador Anton Pinter of Slovakia as Vice‑President of the Ninth Annual Conference.", "15. Mr. BRASACK (Germany), speaking on behalf of the Western group, said that the group would nominate its candidate for Vice-President on 9 November 2006.", "16. The PRESIDENT said that if he heard no objections, he would take it that the Conference wished to designate the Ambassador of Jordan as President of the Ninth Annual Conference and the Ambassador of Slovakia as a Vice-President. The name of the Vice-President nominated by the Western group would be included in the final report of the Conference.", "17. It was so decided.", "18. Paragraph 20 was adopted on that understanding.", "Paragraphs 21 and 22", "19. Paragraphs 21 and 22 were adopted.", "20. The draft report of the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II as a whole, as amended, was adopted.", "CLOSURE OF THE CONFERENCE", "21. After thanking all the delegations as well as the secretariat and the conference services for their contributions, the PRESIDENT declared the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II closed.", "The meeting rose at 4 p.m." ]

[ "Geneva, 6 November 2006", "Summary record of the 2nd meeting", "Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, on Monday, 6 November 2006, at 3 p.m.", "Chairman: Mr. Hussaq (Czech Republic)", "Paragraphs Page", "Report of any subsidiary body", "Other matters", "Consideration and adoption of the final document", "Closure of the session", "This record is subject to correction.", "Corrections should be sent under the signature of a member of the delegation concerned within one of the working languages.", "All corrections to the record of the meetings of the Conference will be consolidated in a single corrigendum, to be issued shortly after the end of the meeting.", "The meeting commenced at 3.35 p.m.", "Report of any subsidiary body (Agenda item 12)", "The Chairman noted that no subsidiary body had been established.", "Other matters.", "Mr. Rivasso (France) and Mr. Izuk (Israel) informed the Meeting that France and Israel had submitted their annual reports to the Depositary on 18 October and 6 November 2006 in accordance with the amended Protocol.", "Consideration and adoption of the Final Document (agenda item 14) (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1; distribution in conference rooms of a non-paper containing amendments to CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1)", "The Chair drew attention to the draft report of the 8th Annual Meeting of the States Parties to Protocol II, as amended (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1), as well as non-paper containing the relevant amendments, and requested that the Conference be reviewed on a case-by-case basis and adopted the entire report.", "Paragraphs 1 to 5", "Paragraphs 1 to 5 were adopted.", "Paragraph 6", "The Chairman said that Israel and Venezuela should be added to the list of participants in paragraph 6.", "Paragraph 6 after the amendment was adopted.", "Paragraphs 7 to 17", "Paragraphs 7 to 17 were adopted.", "Paragraph 18", "The President drew attention to the call for universal adherence to Protocol II, as amended, which had been circulated as part of the amendments to the draft report and requested the Conference to adopt the appeal and paragraph 18.", "The call for universal adherence to Protocol II as amended was adopted.", "Paragraph 18 was adopted.", "Paragraph 19", "Paragraph 19 was adopted.", "Paragraph 20", "Appointment of the Chairman and Vice-Chairman of the ninth annual session", "The Chair invited the groups of States to present candidates for the Chair and Vice-Chairpersons of the ninth annual session.", "Mr. Hol Helsinki (Pakistan), speaking on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and other groups of States, said that the Group wished to recommend that Ambassador Blaisez of Jordan be President of the ninth annual session.", "Mr. Praguecher (Czech Republic), speaking on behalf of the Group of Eastern European States, said that the Group wished to recommend that Ambassador An East Putt of Slovakia be the Vice-Chairperson of the ninth session.", "Mr. Brasque (Germany), speaking on behalf of the Western Group, said that the Group would nominate a candidate for the Vice-Chairperson on 9 November 2006.", "The Chairman said that if there was no objection, he would take it that the Conference wished to appoint Ambassador of Jordan as Chairman of the ninth session and that the Ambassador of Slovakia served as Vice-Chairperson. The name of the Vice-President nominated by the Western Group will be included in the final report of the Conference.", "It was so decided.", "In accordance with this understanding, paragraph 20.", "Paragraphs 21 and 22", "Paragraphs 21 and 22.", "Draft entire report, as amended at the 8th Annual Meeting of the States Parties to Protocol II.", "Closure of the session", "After expressing appreciation to delegations and the secretariat and the conference services services, the President declared the end of the 8th Annual Meeting of the States Parties to Protocol II, as amended.", "The meeting rose at 4. p.m." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "议程项目18", "审议和通过最后文件", "最后文件草案", "目 录", "第一部分： 第三次审查会议的报告", "附件：文件清单", "第二部分： 最后宣言", "附件：", "第三部分： 第三次审查会议的文件", "[- 第三次审查会议议程", "[……]", "第四部分： 全体会议简要记录", "第五部分： 与会者名单", "第 一 部 分", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力 或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 第三次审查会议的报告", "一、导 言", "1. 《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》第一次审查会议除其他外商定，“今后应更经常地召开审查会议，可考虑每五年举行一次审查会议”(CCW/CONF.I/16, 第一部分，附件C, 最后宣言，第八条)。", "2. 《公约》第二次审查会议除其他外商定，今后应继续经常召开审查会议。在这方面，会议决定，“根据第八条第3款(c)项，在第二次审查会议通过的修正生效后五年召开一次会议，但无论如何至迟于2006年召开此一会议，必要时，可提前于2005年开始举行筹备会议”(CCW/CONF.II/2, 第二部分，最后宣言，第八条)。", "3. 联合国大会第六十届会议在2006年1月6日第60/93号决议执行部分第8段中，除其他外，回顾缔约国决定最迟在2006年再举行一次会议；要求会议于2006年11月在日内瓦举行，在此之前召开筹备会议，筹备会议次数不限，以认为有必要为准；并要求2005年11月24日和25日举行的缔约国会议就这些事项作出最后决定。而且，大会在第60/93号决议执行部分第9段中指出，“根据《公约》第八条，第三次审议大会可审议对《公约》或其《议定书》提出的任何修正案以及就《公约》现有议定书未包括的其他类别常规武器提出的附加议定书提案”。", "4. 按照第二次审查会议的决定和联合国大会第60/93号决议的建议，《公约》缔约国会议(2005年11月24日和25日，日内瓦)决定，如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第26、27和29段所载，“2006年11月7日至17日在日内瓦举行《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议，该会议将与经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议一同举行”。在这方面，缔约国会议决定，在《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议候任主席的督导下开展后续工作，并在现有政府专家小组的框架内为第三次审查会议进行一切必要的筹备。缔约国会议还核可了2006年举行第三次审查会议及政府专家小组三届会议的费用估计(CCW/MSP/2005/2, 第39段)。", "5. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第38段所载，2005年缔约国会议一致决定，指定法国的弗朗索瓦·里瓦索大使为2006年将举行的缔约国第三次审查会议的主席。在这方面，缔约国会议议定，“在考虑《公约》缔约国未来的审查会议主席人选时，应确保在各区域集团之间实行公平地域轮流的原则”。", "6. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第30段所载，缔约国会议决定，战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组在2006年期间应按以下的职权范围继续开展工作：", "“继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的实施问题，包括由法律专家参加这一审议，并在可自由参加的基础上继续进一步研究可否制定一些预防措施来改进特定类型的弹药包括子弹药的设计，以求尽可能减少此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险，而在进行这一研究时，可把重点放在举行军事专家和技术专家会议上。信息交换以及援助与合作应是这项工作的一部分。工作组将向2006年的第三次审查会议报告所做的工作”。", "7. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第31段所载，缔约国会议决定，非杀伤人员地雷问题工作组在2006年期间应按以下的职权范围继续开展工作：", "“(a) 继续审议自政府专家小组设立以来提出的关于非杀伤人员地雷的所有提案，目的是就非杀伤人员地雷拟订适当的建议，以提交2006年的第三次审查会议。", "(b) 还应举行军事专家会议，就上述活动提供咨询意见。”", "8. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第32段所载，缔约国会议决定“请候任主席在休会期间进行磋商，以探讨可采取何种办法来促进对《公约》及其所附各议定书的遵守。他应考虑到所提出的各项建议，并应向缔约国提交一份以协商一致方式通过的报告”。", "9. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第33段所载，缔约国会议决定“请候任主席在休会期间进行磋商，以探讨有无可能在《公约》之下建立一项赞助方案并研讨此一方案的运转模式。他应向缔约国提交一份报告”。", "10. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第35段所载，缔约国会议建议，“作为《公约》及其所附议定书保存人的联合国秘书长和代表各缔约国的候任主席履行他们的职责，以实现各国普遍加入《公约》及其所附议定书这一目标”。", "11. 根据《公约》2005年缔约国会议的决定，政府专家小组在日内瓦举行了如下三届会议：", "12. 政府专家小组第十三届会议除其他外决定，建议第三次审查会议通过载于CCW/GGE/XIII/1号文件的第三次审查会议临时议程，以及载于CCW/GGE/ XIII/3号文件的《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议议事规则草案。小组还决定，提名裁军事务部日内瓦办事处政治事务干事彼得·科拉罗夫先生为第三次审查会议临时秘书长。", "13. 政府专家小组第十四届会议除其他外决定，向第三次审查会议建议载于CCW/CONF.III/2号文件的临时工作计划，以及载于CCW/CONF.III/4号文件的第一主要委员会临时议程和载于CCW/CONF.III/5号文件的第二主要委员会临时议程。小组还决定向第三次审查会议建议载于CCW/CONF.III/6号文件的促进普遍加入《特定常规武器公约》的行动计划。", "14. 政府专家小组第十五届会议除其他外决定，向第三次审查会议建议载于CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.4－CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.4号文件的《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议第一主要委员会临时工作计划，载于CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.5－CCW/GGE/XV/6/ Add.5号文件的《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议第二主要委员会临时工作计划。小组还决定向第三次审查会议建议载于CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7－CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7号文件的《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议最后文件草案，载于CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6－CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6号文件的关于《特定常规武器公约》的《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)开始生效的宣言草案，和载于CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.8－CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.8号文件的关于在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》之下建立一项赞助方案的决定草案。", "二、第三次审查会议的组织", "15. 第三次审查会议于2006年11月7日至17日在日内瓦举行。", "16. 2006年11月7日，会议由裁军事务部(日内瓦办事处)主任蒂姆·考勒先生主持开幕。", "17. 在2006年11月7日第一次全体会议上，会议以鼓掌方式确认了法国的弗朗索瓦·里瓦索大使担任第三次审查会议主席的任命。", "18. 在同一次全体会议上，会议通过了政府专家小组建议的议程(CCW/ CONF.III/1)。", "19. 在同一次全体会议上，会议通过了政府专家小组建议的议事规则。第三次审查会议主席就通过议事规则做了下列声明：", "“关于议事规则第34条，要申明的是，在与《公约》及其所附各议定书有关的审议和谈判过程中，各缔约方在协商一致的基础上行事，没有以投票方式作出决定。”", "20. 在同一次全体会议上，会议一致确认了裁军事务部日内瓦办事处政治事务干事彼得·科拉罗夫先生担任会议秘书长的任命。", "21. 在同一次全体会议上，会议通过了政府专家小组建议的工作计划(CCW/CONF.III/2)。会议还决定，两个主要委员会分工如下：", "22. 在同一次全体会议上，会议按照议事规则一致选举下列十个缔约国为副主席：保加利亚、中国、古巴、捷克共和国、德国、日本、摩洛哥、菲律宾、波兰和瑞士。", "23. 在同一次全体会议上，会议还一致选举全权证书委员会、两个主要委员会和起草委员会的主席和副主席如下：", "全权证书委员会： 主 席 戈丹·马尔科蒂奇先生 (克罗地亚)", "副主席 恩里克·奥乔亚·马丁内斯先生 (墨西哥)", "第一主要委员会： 主 席 爱德华达斯·鲍里索瓦斯先生 (立陶宛)", "副主席 凯瑟琳·贝克女士 (美国)", "第二主要委员会： 主 席 卡洛斯·安东尼奥·达罗沙·帕兰奥斯先生(巴西)", "副主席 弗拉基米尔·诺沃哈茨基先生(俄罗斯联邦)", "起草委员会： 主 席 贾扬特·普拉萨德先生(印度)", "副主席 伊扎克·莱瓦农先生(以色列)", "24. 会议还根据主席的提议，任命下列三个缔约国为全权证书委员会成员国：澳大利亚、斯洛伐克和南非。", "25. 在同一次全体会议上，会议收到了联合国秘书长的贺词，裁军事务部日内瓦办事处主任蒂姆. 考勒先生宣读了贺词。随后，第三次审查会议主席、法国的弗朗索瓦·里瓦索大使提交了政府专家小组的报告，供会议审议。", "26. 《公约》下列缔约国参加了会议的工作：[……]。", "27. 已批准或加入《公约》、但《公约》尚未对其生效的下列国家参加了会议的工作：[……]。", "28. 下列签署国也参加了会议的工作：[……]。", "29. 下列非《公约》缔约国作为观察员参加了会议：[……]。", "30. [……]的代表也参加了会议的工作。", "31. [……]的代表出席了缔约国会议的公开会议。", "三、第三次审查会议的工作", "32. 在法国大使弗朗索瓦·里瓦索的主持下，会议举行了[……]次全体会议。这些会议的文件和简要记录列入最后文件。", "33. 2006年11月7日[和8日]，会议举行了一次一般性意见交换。下列代表团参加了意见交换：[……]。[……]的代表也参加了意见交换。[……]等非政府组织也参加了意见交换。", "34. 2006年11月13日，会议举行了一次特别全体会议，纪念关于战争遗留爆炸物的第五号议定书于2006年11月12日生效。下列代表团参加了在议定书生效之际的意见交换：[……]。[……]的代表也参加了意见交换。", "35. 在同一次特别全体会议上，会议收到了联合国秘书长的贺词，主管联合国裁军事务部的副秘书长诺布亚基·塔纳卡先生宣读了贺词。", "36. 第一主要委员会2006年11月[……]举行了[……]次会议。委员会主席、立陶宛的爱德华达斯·鲍里索瓦斯大使于2006年11月[……]向会议第四次全体会议提交了报告。", "37. 第二主要委员会2006年11月[……]举行了[……]次会议。委员会主席、巴西的卡洛斯·达罗沙·帕兰奥斯大使于2006年11月[……]向会议第四次全体会议提交了报告。", "38. 全权证书委员会2006年11月[……]举行了[……]次会议。委员会主席、克罗地亚的戈丹·马尔科蒂奇大使于2006年11月[17]日向会议第四次全体会议提交了报告。", "39. 起草委员会2006年11月[……]举行了[……]次会议。委员会主席、印度的贾扬特·普拉萨德大使于2006年11月[17]日向会议第四次全体会议提交了报告。", "四、决定和建议", "40. 在2006年11月[17]日第[……]次全体会议上，会议注意到载于[……]的第一主要委员会的报告、载于[……]的第二主要委员会报告和载于[……]的起草委员会的报告。在同一次全体会议上，会议核可了载于[……]的全权证书委员会的报告，并通过了其中所载的决议草案。", "41. 第三次审查会议对自第二次审查会议设立政府专家小组以来任职的所有人员深表感谢，感谢他们对小组工作的贡献。", "42. 在同一次全体会议上，会议通过了[……]。", "43. 在同一次全体会议上，会议通过了经口头修订的最后报告，报告载于[……]号文件，将作为CCW/CONF.III/xxx号文件印发。", "第二部分", "最后宣言", "[……]" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/CRP.17 November 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 18 of the Agenda", "Consideration and adoption of the final documents", "DRAFT FINAL DOCUMENT", "CONTENTS", "Part I: Report of the Third Review Conference", "Annex: List of Documents", "Part II: Final Declaration", "Annex:", "Part III: Documents of the Third Review Conference", "[- Agenda of the Third Review Conference", "[…]", "Part IV: Summary Records of Plenary Meetings", "Part V: List of Participants", "GE.06-64988", "PART I", "REPORT OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "I. Introduction", "1. The First Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects agreed, inter alia, that “future review conferences should be held more frequently, with consideration to be given to holding a review conference every five years” (CCW/CONF.I/16, Part I, Annex C, Final Declaration, Article 8).", "2. The Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention agreed, inter alia, that future Review Conferences should continue to be held on a regular basis. In this connection, the Conference decided, “consistent with Article 8.3(c) of the Convention, to convene a further Conference five years following the entry into force of the amendments adopted at the Second Review Conference, but in any case not later than 2006, with preparatory meetings starting as early as 2005, if necessary” (CCW/CONF.II/2, Part II, Final Declaration, Article 8).", "3. At its sixtieth session, the General Assembly of the United Nations, in operative paragraph 8 of its resolution 60/93 of 6 January 2006, inter alia, recalled the decision of the States Parties to convene a further conference not later than 2006; requested that the Conference be held in November 2006 in Geneva and be preceded by as many preparatory meetings as deemed necessary; and also requested the Meeting of the States Parties on 24 and 25 November 2005 to take a final decision on these matters. Furthermore, in operative paragraph 9 of its resolution 60/93, the General Assembly noted that, “in conformity with Article 8 of the Convention, the Third Review Conference may consider any proposal for amendments to the Convention or the Protocols thereto as well as any proposal for additional protocols relating to other categories of conventional weapons not covered by existing protocols to the Convention”.", "4. Following the decision of the Second Review Conference and the recommendation of United Nations General Assembly resolution 60/93, the Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention (Geneva, 24 and 25 November 2005) decided, as contained in paragraphs 26, 27 and 29 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, “to convene the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention from 7 to 17 November 2006 at Geneva in conjunction with the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II.” In this connection, the Meeting of the States Parties decided to commission follow-up work under the oversight of the President-designate of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention, and that all necessary preparations for the Third Review Conference be undertaken within the framework of the existing Group of Governmental Experts. The Meeting of the States Parties also approved the estimated costs of the Third Review Conference and the three sessions of the Group of Governmental Experts in 2006 (CCW/MSP/2005/2, paragraph 39).", "5. The 2005 Meeting of the States Parties unanimously decided, as contained in paragraph 38 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, to designate Ambassador François Rivasseau of France as President of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to be held in 2006. In this connection, the Meeting of the States Parties agreed that “the principle of equitable geographical rotation among the regional groups shall be ensured when addressing the Presidency of future Review Conferences of the States Parties to the Convention.”", "6. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 30 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, that the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War would continue its work in the year 2006 with the following mandate:", "“To continue to consider, including through participation of legal experts, the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law and to further study, on an open-ended basis, with particular emphasis on meetings of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimising the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation would be part of this work. The Group will report on the work done to the Third Review Conference in 2006.”", "7. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 31 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, that the Working Group on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines would continue its work in the year 2006 with the following mandate:", "“a) To continue to consider all proposals on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines put forward since the establishment of the Group of Governmental Experts with the aim of elaborating appropriate recommendations on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines for submission to the Third Review Conference in 2006.", "b) Meetings of military experts shall also be conducted to provide advice on these activities.”", "8. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 32 of CCW/MSP/2005/2 that “the President-designate shall undertake consultations during the intersessional period on possible options to promote compliance with the Convention and its annexed Protocols, taking into account proposals put forward, and shall submit a report, adopted by consensus, to the States Parties.”", "9. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 33 of CCW/MSP/2005/2 that “the President-designate shall undertake consultations during the intersessional period on the possibility to establish a sponsorship programme under the Convention and on the modalities of such a sponsorship programme, and shall report to the States Parties.”", "10. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 35 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, to recommend that “the Secretary-General of the United Nations, as Depositary of the Convention and its annexed Protocols, and the President-designate, on behalf of the States Parties, exercise their authority to achieve the goal of universality of the Convention and its annexed Protocols.”", "11. Following the decision of the 2005 Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention, the Group of Governmental Experts held three sessions at Geneva, as follows:", "10 March 2006;", "23 June 2006;", "August to 6 September 2006.", "12. The Thirteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts decided, inter alia, to recommend for adoption by the Third Review Conference the Provisional Agenda of the Third Review Conference, as contained in CCW/GGE/XIII/1, as well as the Draft Rules of Procedure of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, as contained in CCW/GGE/XIII/3. The Group also decided to nominate Mr. Peter Kolarov, Political Affairs Officer, Department for Disarmament Affairs, Geneva Branch, as Provisional Secretary-General of the Third Review Conference.", "13. The Fourteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts decided, inter alia, to recommend to the Third Review Conference its Provisional Programme of Work as it appears in CCW/CONF.III/2, as well as the Provisional Agenda of its Main Committee I, as it appears in CCW/CONF.III/4, and the Provisional Agenda of its Main Committee II, as it appears in CCW/CONF.III/5. The Group also decided to recommend to the Third Review Conference the Plan of Action to Promote Universality of the CCW, as it appears in CCW/CONF.III/6.", "14. The Fifteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts decided, inter alia, to recommend to the Third Review Conference the Provisional Programme of Work of Main Committee I of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects as contained in CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.4-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.4, and Provisional Programme of Work of Main Committee II of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects” as contained in CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.5-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.5. The Group also decided to recommend to the Third Review Conference the Draft Final Document of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects as contained in CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7, the Draft Declaration on the Entry into force of CCW Protocol V on ERW, as contained in CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6, as well as the Draft Decision on the Establishment of a Sponsorship Programme under the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, as contained in CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.8-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.8.", "II. Organisation of the Third Review Conference", "15. The Third Review Conference was held at Geneva from 7 to 17 November 2006.", "16. On 7 November 2006, the Conference was opened by Mr. Tim Caughley, Director of the Department for Disarmament Affairs (Geneva Branch).", "17. At its first plenary meeting, on 7 November 2006, the Conference confirmed by acclamation the nomination of Ambassador François Rivasseau of France as President of the Third Review Conference.", "18. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted its Agenda as recommended by the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/CONF.III/1).", "19. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted the Rules of Procedure, as recommended by the Group of Governmental Experts. In connection with the adoption of the Rules of Procedure, the President of the Third Review Conference made the following statement:", "“With regard to Rule 34 of the Rules of Procedure, it is affirmed that, in the deliberations and negotiations relating to the Convention and its annexed Protocols, High Contracting Parties have proceeded on the basis of consensus and no decisions have been taken by vote.”", "20. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference unanimously confirmed the nomination of Mr. Peter Kolarov, Political Affairs Officer in the Geneva Branch of Department for Disarmament Affairs as Secretary-General of the Conference.", "21. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted the Programme of Work as recommended by the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/CONF.III/2). The Conference also decided to distribute its work between the two Main Committees as follows:", "Convention and its annexed Protocols; consideration of any proposal for the Convention and its existing Protocols; and preparation and consideration of the final documents;", "protocols to the Convention.", "22. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference, in accordance with its Rules of Procedure, unanimously elected 10 Vice-Presidents from the following States Parties: Bulgaria, China, Cuba, Czech Republic, Germany, Japan, Morocco, Philippines, Poland and Switzerland.", "23. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference also unanimously elected the Chairpersons and Vice-Chairpersons of the Credentials Committee, the two Main Committees and the Drafting Committee, as follows:", "Credentials Chairperson Mr. Gordan Markotić (Croatia) Committee:", "Vice-Chairperson Mr. Enrique Ochoa Martínez (Mexico)", "Main Committee I: Chairperson Mr. Edvardas Borisovas (Lithuania)", "Vice-Chairperson Ms. Katherine Baker (United States)", "Main Committee II: Chairperson Mr. Carlos Antonio da Rocha Paranhos (Brazil)", "Vice-Chairperson Mr. Vladimir Novokhatskiy (Russian Federation)", "Drafting Committee: Chairperson Mr. Jayant Prasad (India)", "Vice-Chairperson Mr. Itzhak Levanon (Israel)", "24. The Conference also appointed, on the proposal of the President, representatives from the following three States Parties as members of the Credentials Committee: Australia, Slovakia and South Africa.", "25. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference received a message from the Secretary-General of the United Nations which was delivered by Mr. Tim Caughley, Director of the Geneva Branch of Department for Disarmament Affairs. Subsequently, the President of the Third Review Conference, Ambassador François Rivasseau of France, submitted the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts for consideration by the Conference.", "26. The following States Parties to the Convention participated in the work of the Conference: […].", "27. The following States which have ratified or otherwise acceded to the Convention, but for which it is not yet in force, participated in the work of the Conference: [...]", "28. The following Signatory States also participated in the work of the Conference: […]", "29. The following States not parties to the Convention participated as observers: […]", "30. The representatives of the […] also participated in the work of the Conference.", "31. The representatives of the […] attended public meetings of the Conference.", "III. Work of the Third Review Conference", "32. Under the presidency of Ambassador François Rivasseau of France, the Conference held […] plenary meetings. The documentation and summary records of these meetings are included in the Final Document.", "33. On 7 [and 8] November 2006, the Conference held a general exchange of views. The following delegations participated in that exchange of views: […]. The representative of the […] also participated in the exchange of views. Non-governmental organisations, namely […], also participated in the exchange of views.", "34. On 13 November 2006, the Conference held a special plenary meeting to mark the entry into force, on 12 November 2006, of Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War. The following delegations participated in that exchange of views on the occasion of the entry into force of the Protocol: […]. The representative of the […] also participated in the exchange of views.", "35. At the same special plenary meeting, the Conference received a message from the Secretary-General of the United Nations which was delivered by the Under Secretary-General of the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, Mr. Nobuaki Tanaka.", "36. Main Committee I held […] meetings from […] November 2006. The Chairperson of the Committee, Ambassador Edvardas Borisovas of Lithuania presented its report to the Conference at its fourth plenary meeting on […] November 2006.", "37. Main Committee II held […] meetings from […] November 2006. The Chairperson of the Committee, Ambassador Carlos da Rocha Paranhos of Brazil, presented its report to the Conference at its fourth plenary meeting on […] November 2006.", "38. The Credentials Committee held […] meetings on […] and […] November 2006. The Chairperson of the Committee, Ambassador Gordan Markotić of Croatia, presented its report to the Conference at its fourth plenary meeting on [17] November 2006.", "39. The Drafting Committee held […] meetings on […] November 2006. The Chairperson of the Committee, Ambassador Jayant Prasad of India, presented its report to the Conference at its fourth plenary meeting on [17] November 2006.", "IV. Decisions and Recommendations", "40. At its […] plenary meeting, on [17] November 2006, the Conference took note of the reports of Main Committee I, as contained in […], Main Committee II, as contained in […] and the Drafting Committee, as contained in […]. At the same plenary meeting the Conference approved the report of the Credentials Committee, as contained in […] and adopted the draft resolution contained therein.", "41. The Third Review Conference expressed deep gratitude to all office holders of the Group of Governmental Experts since its establishment by the Second Review Conference for their contribution to the work of the Group.", "42. At the same plenary meeting the Conference adopted […].", "43. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted its final report, as contained in document […], as orally amended, which is being issued as document CCW/CONF.III/xxx.", "PART II", "FINAL DECLARATION", "[…]" ]

[ "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Agenda item 18", "Consideration and adoption of the final document", "Draft final document", "Paragraphs Page", "Part I: Report of the Third Review Conference", "Annex: List of documents", "Part II: Final Declaration", "Annex:", "Part III: Documents for the Third Review Conference", "[The agenda for the Third Review Conference", "[]", "Part IV: Summary records of plenary meetings", "Part V: List of participants", "Department", "Report of the Third Review Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects", "Introduction", "The First Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects agreed, inter alia, that “[t]her] Review Conferences should be held more frequently in the future” (CCW/CONF.I/16, part I, annex C, Final Declaration, article 8.", "The Second Review Conference of the Convention agreed, inter alia, that future reviews should continue. In this regard, the Conference decided that “in accordance with article 8, paragraph 3 (c), a five-year meeting after the amendment adopted by the Second Review Conference shall take place no later than 2006 and, if necessary, a preparatory meeting may commence in 2005” (CCW/CONF.II/2, Part II, Final Declaration, article 8.", "At its sixtieth session, in operative paragraph 8 of its resolution 60/93 of 6 January 2006, the General Assembly, inter alia, recalled the State party's decision to hold a further meeting no later than 2006; requested that the Conference be held in Geneva in November 2006, prior to the convening of a preparatory meeting, with a view to deemed necessary; and requested the Conference to take final decisions on those matters at its meeting on 24 and 25 November 2005. Furthermore, in operative paragraph 9 of its resolution 60/93, the General Assembly stated that “in accordance with article 8 of the Convention, the Third Review Conference may consider any amendments to the Convention or its Protocols and proposals for additional protocols relating to other categories of conventional arms not covered by existing Protocols to the Convention”.", "In accordance with the decision of the Second Review Conference and the recommendations of the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 60/93, the Conference of the Parties to the Convention (Geneva, 24-25 November 2005) decided that, as contained in paragraphs 26, 27 and 29 of document CCW/MSP/2005/2, “The Third Review Conference of States Parties to the Convention, held in Geneva from 7 to 17 November 2006, would be held in conjunction with the 8th Annual Meeting of the States Parties to Protocol II, as amended”. In this regard, the Conference decided to follow up with the guidance of the President-designate of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention and to undertake all necessary preparations for the Third Review Conference within the framework of the existing Group of Governmental Experts. The Conference also endorsed the estimated cost of holding the third Review Conference in 2006 and the three sessions of the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/MSP/2005/2, para.", "As contained in paragraph 38 of document CCW/MSP/2005/2, the 2005 Conference unanimously decided to designate Ambassador François Rivasso of France as Chairman of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to be held in 2006. In that regard, the Conference agreed that “[t]here a candidate for future Review Conferences of States Parties to the Convention shall ensure the principle of equitable geographical rotation among regional groups”.", "As contained in paragraph 30 of document CCW/MSP/2005/2, the Conference decided that the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War should continue its work during 2006 in accordance with the following terms of reference:", "“Continued consideration of the implementation of existing principles of international humanitarian law, including the participation of legal experts in this review and, on the basis of free participation, the possibility of developing preventive measures to improve the design of specific types of ammunition, including submunitions, with a view to minimizing the humanitarian risk of such ammunition as explosive remnants of war, while in conducting this study, emphasis could be placed on the holding of military experts and technical experts. Information exchange and assistance and cooperation should be part of this work. The Working Group will work on the report of the Third Review Conference in 2006.", "As set out in paragraph 31 of document CCW/MSP/2005/2, the Conference decided that the Working Group on Mines and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment should continue its work during 2006 in accordance with the following terms of reference:", "“(a) To continue its consideration of all proposals submitted by anti-personnel mines since the establishment of the Group of Governmental Experts, with the aim of formulating appropriate recommendations on anti-personnel mines for submission to the Third Review Conference in 2006.", "(b) Military expert meetings should also be held to advise on the above-mentioned activities.”", "As contained in paragraph 32 of document CCW/MSP/2005/2, the Conference decided that the President-designate would be invited to consult during the intersessional period to explore possible ways to promote compliance with the Convention and its annexed Protocols. He shall take into account the recommendations made and shall submit a report adopted by consensus to the State party.", "As set out in paragraph 33 of document CCW/MSP/2005/2, the Conference decided that the President-designate would be invited to consult during the intersessional period in order to explore the possibility of establishing a sponsoring programme under the Convention and to explore the modalities for its functioning. He shall submit a report to the State party.", "As contained in paragraph 35 of document CCW/MSP/2005/2, the Conference recommended that “the Secretary-General of the United Nations, as depositary of the Convention and its annexed Protocols, and on behalf of the States parties, perform their responsibilities to achieve the goal of universal adherence by States to the Convention and its annexed Protocols”.", "In accordance with the decision of the 2005 Meeting of States Parties to the Convention, the Group of Governmental Experts held the following three sessions in Geneva:", "At its thirteenth session, the Group of Governmental Experts decided, inter alia, to recommend to the Third Review Conference the adoption of the provisional agenda for the Third Review Conference contained in document CCW/GGE/XIII/1 and the draft rules of procedure for the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, as contained in document CCW/GGE/XIII/3. The Group also decided to nominate Mr. Peter Koraov, Political Affairs Officer, Geneva Branch, Department for Disarmament Affairs, to serve as the interim Secretary-General for the Third Review Conference.", "At its fourteenth session, the Group of Governmental Experts decided, inter alia, to recommend to the Third Review Conference the provisional workplan contained in document CCW/CONF.III/2, as well as the provisional agenda for the first Main Committee contained in document CCW/CONF.III/4 and the provisional agenda for its second Main Committee, contained in document CCW/CONF.III/5. The Group also decided to recommend to the Third Review Conference the action plan for the promotion of universal adherence to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, as contained in document CCW/CONF.III/6.", "At its fifteenth session, the Group of Governmental Experts decided, inter alia, to recommend to the Third Review Conference the provisional workplan of the First Main Committee of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, as contained in document CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.5-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.5, and the provisional workplan for the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects. The Group also decided to recommend to the Third Review Conference the draft Final Document of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, as contained in document CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6, on the draft declaration on the entry into force of the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War ( Protocol V) of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) and the draft decision contained in document CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.8-GGE/XV/6/Add.8 on the establishment of a programme under the Convention on Prohibition of Prohibition or Restrictions on Prohibition of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Excessively Indiscriminate Effects.", "Organization of the Third Review Conference", "The Third Review Conference was held in Geneva from 7 to 17 November 2006.", "On 7 November 2006, the meeting was opened by Mr. Tim Caucus, Director of the Department for Disarmament Affairs (Geneva).", "At its 1st plenary meeting, on 7 November 2006, the Conference confirmed by acclamation the appointment of Ambassador François Rivasso of France as President of the Third Review Conference.", "At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted the agenda recommended by the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/CONF.III/1).", "At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted the rules of procedure recommended by the Group of Governmental Experts. The President of the Third Review Conference made the following statement on the adoption of the rules of procedure:", "“In relation to rule 34 of the rules of procedure, it is to be affirmed that, in the course of deliberations and negotiations relating to the Convention and its annexed Protocols, Parties acting on the basis of consensus and do not take decisions in a vote.”", "At the same plenary meeting, the Conference unanimously confirmed the appointment of Mr. Peter Koraov, Political Affairs Officer, Geneva Branch, Department for Disarmament Affairs, as Secretary-General of the Conference.", "At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted the workplan recommended by the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/CONF.III/2). The Meeting also decided that the division of labour among the two Main Committees would be as follows:", "At the same plenary meeting, the Conference unanimously elected the following 10 States parties, in accordance with the rules of procedure: Bulgaria, China, Cuba, Czech Republic, Germany, Japan, Morocco, Philippines, Poland and Switzerland.", "Also at the same plenary meeting, the Conference unanimously elected the Credentials Committee, the Main Committees and the Chairperson and Vice-Chairman of the Drafting Committee as follows:", "Credentials Committee: Chairman", "Mr. Enrique Ojoy Martínez (Mexico)", "Main Committee I: Mr. Edwards Boriswa (Lithuania)", "(United States)", "Main Committee II: Mr. Carlos Antonio Darosha Paro (Brazil)", "Mr. Vladimir Novohazki (Russian Federation)", "Drafting Committee: Mr. Jayanth Prasad (India)", "Mr. Izak Lewaan (Israel) Vice-Chairman", "The Meeting also appointed the following three States parties as members of the Credentials Committee on the proposal of the President: Australia, Slovakia and South Africa.", "At the same plenary meeting, the Meeting had before it a message from the Secretary-General of the United Nations, which was delivered by Mr. Timur, Director of the Geneva Branch of the Department for Disarmament Affairs. Subsequently, the President of the Third Review Conference, Ambassador François Rivasso of France, presented the report of the Group of Governmental Experts for consideration by the Conference.", "The following States parties to the Convention participated in the work of the Conference: [...].", "The following States that have ratified or acceded to the Convention but have not yet entered into force for them participated in the work of the Conference: [...].", "The following States signatories also participated in the work of the Meeting: [...].", "The following States not parties to the Convention participated as observers: [...].", "The session was also attended by representatives.", "[...] The representative attended the open meeting of the Conference.", "Work of the Third Review Conference", "The Conference held [...] plenary meetings under the chairmanship of France Ambassador Francisawa Riwaso. The documents and summary records of these meetings are included in the final document.", "A general exchange of views was held on 7 November 2006 [and 8]. The following delegations participated in the exchange of views: [...]. [...] Representatives also participated in the exchange of views. Non-governmental organizations such as [...] also participated in the exchange of views.", "On 13 November 2006, the Meeting held a special plenary meeting to commemorate the entry into force of Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War on 12 November 2006. The following delegations participated in the exchange of views on the entry into force of the Protocol: [...]. [...] Representatives also participated in the exchange of views.", "At the same special plenary meeting, the Meeting had before it a message from the Secretary-General of the United Nations, and the Under-Secretary-General for the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, Mr. Nobuyaki Tanaka, delivered a message.", "The First Main Committee held [...] meetings in Main Committee I in November 2006. The report was submitted to the fourth plenary meeting of the Conference by the Chairman of the Committee, Ambassador Edwards Boriswas of Lithuania.", "Main Committee II held [...] meetings in November 2006. The report was submitted by the Chairman of the Committee, Ambassador Carlos Darosha Oranos of Brazil at the fourth plenary meeting of the Conference in November 2006.", "The Credentials Committee held its [ ...] meeting in November 2006. The report was submitted to the fourth plenary meeting of the Conference by the Chairman of the Committee, Ambassador Godan Markotiić of Croatia.", "The Drafting Committee held [...] meetings in November 2006. The report was submitted to the fourth plenary meeting of the Conference by the Chairman of the Committee, Ambassador Jayanth Prasad of India.", "Decisions and recommendations", "At its [...]th plenary meeting, on [17] November 2006, the Meeting took note of the report of the First Main Committee contained in [...] and the report of the Drafting Committee contained in document [...]. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference endorsed the report of the Credentials Committee contained in [...] and adopted the draft resolution contained therein.", "The Third Review Conference expressed its deep appreciation to all those who had served since the establishment of the Group of Governmental Experts at the Second Review Conference and thanked them for their contribution to the work of the Group.", "At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted [...].", "At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted the final report, as orally revised, as contained in document [...], to be issued as document CCW/CONF.III/xxx.", "Part II", "Final Declaration", "[]" ]

[ "2006年11月20日至12月8日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目9", "工作计划", "临时指示性工作计划", "11月20日，星期一\t11月21日，星期二\t11月22日，星期三\t11月23日，星期四\t11月24日，星期五\n上午\t开幕仪式一般性辩论\t一般性辩论\t全体会议全体委员会(第一至第四条)\t非正式全体会议(专题讨论)\t全体委员会(第十一至第十五条)\n下午\t一般性辩论\t一般性辩论(16时30分休会，以便非政府组织发言)\t全体委员会(第五至第六条)\t全体委员会(第七至第十条)\t非正式全体会议(专题讨论)全体会议", "11月27日，星期一\t11月28日,星期二\t11月29日，星期三\t11月30日，星期四\t12月1日，星期五\n上午\t非正式全体会议(专题讨论)\t全体委员会(逐条)\t非正式全体会议(专题讨论)\t全体会议：全体委员会的报告\t起草委员会下午\t全体委员会(逐条)\t全体会议：进度审查(逐条和按专题)\t全体委员会(审议委员会的报告)\t起草委员会(最后文件第一稿)\t非正式磋商 \n 全体委员会", "12月4日,星期一\t12月5日，星期二\t12月6日，星期三\t12月7日，星期四\t12月8日，星期五\n上午\t全体会议：进度审查起草委员会第二稿)\t起草委员会(审议委员会的报告)\t非正式磋商\t(若需要，可举行额外的会议)\t(若需要，可举行额外的会议)下午\t起草委员会\t全体会议：起草委员会的报告\t全体会议：通过最后文件\t(若需要，可举行额外的会议)\t(若需要，可举行额外的会议) \n 闭幕仪式" ]

[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/27 November 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006", "Item 9 of the provisional agenda", "Programme of work", "PROVISIONAL INDICATIVE PROGRAMME OF WORK", "Mon 20 Nov\tTue 21 Nov\tWed 22 Nov\tThur 23Nov\tFri 24 Nov\nAM\tOpeningformalitiesGeneraldebate\tGeneraldebate\tPlenaryCommitteeof theWhole(ArticlesI-IV)\tInformalplenary(thematicdiscussion)\tCommitteeof theWhole(ArticlesXI-XV)\nPM\tGeneraldebate\tGeneraldebate(16:30:suspendfor NGOstatements)\tCommitteeof theWhole(ArticlesV-VI)\tCommitteeof theWhole(ArticlesVII-X)\tInformalplenary(thematicdiscussion)Plenary", "Mon 27 Nov\tTue 28 Nov\tWed 29 Nov\tThur 30Nov\tFri 1 Dec\nAM\tInformalplenary(thematicdiscussion)\tCommitteeof theWhole(Articlebyarticle)\tInformalplenary(thematicdiscussion)\tPlenary:Report oftheCommitteeof theWhole\tDraftingCommittee\nPM\tCommitteeof theWhole(Articlebyarticle)\tPlenary:Progressreview(Art. byart. andthematic)Committeeof theWhole\tCommitteeof theWhole(considerationof theCommittee’sreport)\tDraftingCommittee(firstdraft ofFinalDocument)\tInformalconsultations", "Mon 4 Dec Tue 5 Dec Wed 6 Dec Thur 7 Dec Fri 8 Dec \nAM\tPlenary:ProgressreviewDraftingCommittee(seconddraft)\tDraftingCommittee(considerationof theCommittee’sreport)\tInformalconsultations\t(Additionalmeeting ifrequired)\t(Additionalmeeting ifrequired)PM\tDraftingCommittee\tPlenary:Report oftheDraftingCommittee\tPlenary:Adoptionof theFinalDocument\t(Additionalmeeting ifrequired)\t(Additionalmeeting ifrequired) \n Closingformalities" ]

[ "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006", "Item 9 of the provisional agenda", "Programme of work", "Provisional indicative workplan", "General debate of the Committee of the Whole (first to IV) informal plenary (thematic discussion)", "Informal plenary meeting of the Committee of the Whole (by article) on Monday, 28 November, on Wednesday, 30 November, on Friday, 1 December, on Friday, 1 December, at the informal plenary meeting (thematic discussion) on Monday, 27 November, in plenary meeting: report of the Drafting Committee of the Whole, afternoon plenary meeting of the Committee of the Whole (by article): review of progress (articles and themes)", "On Monday, 5 December, on Wednesday, 7 December, at Friday, 8 December, at the morning of Friday, 8 December: the second draft of the Drafting Committee on Progress Review (Consideration of the report of the Committee) informal consultations (on request, additional meetings may be held) afternoon (on request, additional meetings may be held)" ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "努力提高保护平民免遭非杀伤人员 地雷的效力的综合办法", "由俄罗斯联邦提出", "导 言", "1. 本文件是俄罗斯联邦为讨论非杀伤人员地雷问题提出的材料。", "2. 本文件所载的解决非杀伤人员地雷问题的办法所根据的是俄罗斯联邦在排雷方面取得的经验、政府专家小组的研究结果、政府专家小组协调员拟订的一套建议、以及国际人道主义法的现行规则。", "3. 在编写本文件时考虑到，杀伤人员地雷和非杀伤人员地雷所要完成的战斗任务是不同的，因此，对非杀伤人员地雷采用与杀伤人员地雷相似的探测和有效期技术标准是没有道理的。", "4. 文中谈到，当今简易爆炸装置造成了重大的人道主义威胁，它们既伤害平民，也伤害战斗人员。因此，《常规武器公约》缔约国应齐心协力，防止使用这种装置。", "5. 鉴于政府专家小组内讨论了各种解决非杀伤人员地雷问题的方案，本文件着重于努力提高保护平民免遭非杀伤人员地雷的效力的综合办法，希望《常规武器公约》所有缔约国都能接受。", "一、一般规定", "6. 为了提高执行《常规武器公约》条款的各项活动的效力，《公约》缔约国建议，如果达成协议，则各国应：", "(1) 表示决心采取适当和有效的措施，在冲突后提供人道主义援助，为雷区的重建和发展创造必要的条件；", "(2) 争取促使在使用非杀伤人员地雷所造成的人道主义后果与正当防卫利益之间达成合理的平衡；", "(3) 重申，正规部队按照国内指示和国际人道主义法规范使用非杀伤人员地雷可以减少这种地雷所造成的危险；", "(4) 承认各国有权按照国际人道主义法规定的现行义务和本文件的规定，独立自主地确定地雷武器的发展方向和非杀伤人员地雷的使用问题；", "(5) 确认愿意开展合作，根据其国家法律和不让平民进入雷区的最佳办法，交流探测非杀伤人员地雷的技术和设备；", "(6) 表示愿意采取适当措施，防止非杀伤人员地雷遭到不当使用和非法转让。", "二、适用范围", "7. 本组规定适用于非杀伤人员地雷的陆上使用或转让。", "8. 本文件不影响现有国际人道主义法、1980《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》的各项规定、或规定的义务更严格或适用范围更广的其他国际文书和联合国安全理事会的决定。", "三、定 义", "9. 本文件采用1996年《第二号修正议定书》和下列定义：", "(1) “非杀伤人员地雷”是指主要设计成在履带式或轮式车辆出现、接近或接触时爆炸并使这种履带式或轮式车辆受损、丧失能力或毁坏的一种地雷；", "(2) “遥布的地雷”是指非直接布设而是以火炮、火箭、迫击炮和其他类似手段布设或由飞机投布的一种地雷。由一种陆基系统在不到500米范围内布设的地雷、包括可撒布的地雷，不作为“遥布的地雷”看待；", "(3) “自毁”是指弹药的自动销毁(爆炸)；", "(4) “自失效”是指自动使弹药无法起作用(无法用于战斗)；", "(5) “雷场标记”是指为防止军人和平民进入雷区而由军事人员或得到授权的人员开展的行动，或由这些人员监视和守护雷场，或以不同的手段、包括特别手段标出雷场界线；", "(6) “雷场设栏”是指沿着雷场四周安设标记，尽可能让军人和平民注意地雷威胁，防止个人进入雷场；", "(7) “标记区”是指为了确保把平民有效地排除在外而由军事人员或其他得到授权的人员加以监视或以栅栏或其他手段加以保护和作出标记的区域。在现行敌对行动期间，有关标记的规定不适用。", "四、对使用非杀伤人员地雷的一般限制", "10. 非杀伤人员地雷的使用受1996年《第二号修正议定书》第3条规定的限制，并受到以下各项限制：", "(1) 禁止滥用非杀伤人员地雷。对军事目标布设非杀伤人员地雷被认为是正当使用。", "(2) 应考虑到当时存在的一切情况，包括从人道和军事角度考虑后，采取一切可行的预防措施，保护平民免遭非杀伤人员地雷的影响。", "(3) 除非情况不允许，否则对于非杀伤人员地雷的任何布设和因布有地雷而对平民有危险的地区，均应事先发出有效的警告。", "五、规范雷场的布设、探测、失效和清除的措施", "军事人员在布设雷场时应采取的措施：", "11. 冲突各方应在可行的情况下确保在布设雷场时严格遵守国家指示和规定，并考虑到本文件的规定和国际人道主义法规定的现有义务。", "12. 冲突各方在布设雷场时，有义务对雷场加以记录并进行监视或作出标记。如果情况允许，冲突各方应采取一切可能的措施，将沿雷场设栏，以确保将平民排除在雷区之外。", "13. 应将雷场标入地图和整理雷场日志，以记录非杀伤人员地雷的位置。", "14. 雷场日志应包括文字部分、雷场图形和参考图形。", "(1) 文字部分应说明雷场的范围、地雷的类型、数量和布设方法、引信的类型及其寿命、布设日期和时间以及有关所布雷场的其他任何资料；", "(2) 雷场图形表明雷场的位置、雷场的外形、各行的位置、它们之间的距离和同一行中地雷之间的距离、以及保留的通道的位置；", "(3) 参考图形表明雷场的外形、一、两个参考点、从参考点至雷场角点的距离。", "15. 应以初始位置的座标具体说明遥布的非杀伤人员地雷的估计位置和区域，并应尽早加以纠正，可行使在地面上加以有效标记。所布设的非杀伤人员地雷的总数和类型、布设日期和时间、自毁或失效的期限也应记录下来。", "16. 记录副本应妥善加以保存，以保证记录安全。", "17. 雷场的界线应用天然或人工地形特征或两者兼用加以标出，可行使应按照1996年《第二号修正议定书》的有关规定设置示警标记。", "18. 雷场界线标记手段可包括但不应限于：", "(1) 标记地雷用的条形材料、线、装置(由铁、木头、水泥、塑料或其他材料制成)以及标志；", "(2) 涂抹天然地形特征；", "(3) 其他任何能找到的表示危险的材料；", "(4) 在一些情况下，如果情况要求这样做，雷场部分周边线可利用当地的国界线标示。", "19. 标志手段应确保军事人员和平民了解，区内布有地雷，接近雷区危险。", "20. 应尽可能让平民了解用来标志地雷危险的某些标志手段。", "21. 视具体情况而定，冲突各方除对雷场加以标志之外，还可以设栏。", "22. 为了对雷场设栏，可以用有刺铁丝网、地雷危险标志或其他有效手段。", "有关地雷和雷场探测和排除的措施", "23. 建议采用有关排除非杀伤人员地雷、雷场和雷区的以下规定：", "(1) 各国应努力为其部队和排雷专家配备最先进的地雷探测技术，向面临地雷危险的国家提供技术和物质援助。", "(2) 为了便于探测非杀伤人员地雷，各国应努力生产此种地雷：在过了军事必要期之后，它们具有的一些特征使它们更容易被探测(雷壳颜色的改变、布雷区植被的改变、视觉和电子标记的展示等等)。", "(3) 在现行敌对行动停止之后，只要情况允许，便应按照本文件的规定，立即清除、排除、销毁或维持含有非杀伤人员地雷的所有雷场和雷区。", "(4) 有关当事方所控制领土内的所有雷场应尽早并在可行的情况下由军事人员或其他得到授权的人员加以保护。在可行的情况下，所有雷场均应以栅栏或其他手段加以保护和作出标记，以确保有效地将军事人员和平民排除在雷区之外。", "(5) 在敌对行动后，应请军事和民事专家在布雷国控制的雷场清雷。", "(6) 应请能够处理雷场内的某类地雷、并拥有有效的测雷手段的组织进行人道主义排雷。", "(7) 当布设雷场的国家失去对雷区的控制时，它应将雷场地图和日志移交给控制该区的国家，双方应开展合作，交流有关排雷的最佳措施的建议。", "(8) 有关非杀伤人员地雷可探测性的所有技术规定均应是建议性质的。", "六、缩短遥布地雷的寿命", "24. 各国应努力在其技术和财政能力允许的范围内，生产带有将寿命限制在军事需要期限内的机制(装置)的遥布非杀伤人员地雷。", "25. 各国应努力确保其生产的导致地雷自毁或失效的机制(装置)的技术特征，以确保在过了军事需要期限后，使有效地雷的数目降到最低。", "26. 如果一国确定没有能力立即开始生产带有地雷自毁或失效机制(装置)的非杀伤人员地雷，则该国应尽量减少使用不带有这种机制的非杀伤人员地雷。", "27. 在使用带有确保减少有效寿命的机制(装置)的遥布非杀伤人员地雷时，各国应采取措施，确保不让平民进入布设自毁地雷所造成的危险区。", "28. 有关缩短遥布非杀伤人员地雷的寿命的所有技术规定均应是建议性质的。", "七、合作与援助", "29. 在提供合作与援助方面，各国应遵循《第二号修正议定书》第11条的规定和以下规定：", "30. 有能力这样做的每个国家都应加强双边一级、区域一级和国际一级的合作与援助，以协助其他国家履行其有关非杀伤人员地雷的义务。可通过人道主义组织提供合作与援助。这种合作与援助可包括以下内容：", "(1) 提供技术和财政援助，包括交流经验、除武器技术以外的技术和信息，以提高非杀伤人员地雷的可靠性。也可以提供这种援助，以在可行的情况下协助先进的探雷设备的研制，并使此种设备能普遍获得；", "(2) 为迅速和有效地清除、排除或销毁非杀伤人员地雷而提供人员援助；", "(3) 向指定的人道主义特派团和联合国系统内拥有的排雷行动数据库及时提供非杀伤人员地雷的图形信息和技术信息；", "(4) 在对平民开展非杀伤人员地雷危险性教育方面进行合作和提供援助；", "(5) 为使非杀伤人员地雷受害者受到照料、康复及重新融入社会和经济生活而进行合作和提供援助；", "(6) 为打击使用简易爆炸装置的威胁，各国应在相互协议就以下领域交流信息的基础上努力开展合作：", "a. 分析非国家团伙的战术；", "b. 探讨探测和清除简易爆炸装置的方式方法；", "c. 拟订关于简易爆炸装置的封杀和销毁问题的建议。", "(7) 在实施本文件规定方面进行合作和提供援助。", "八、限制不适当地使用非杀伤人员地雷的措施", "31. 各国应采取行动限制不负责任地使用非杀伤人员地雷，包括采取下列行动：", "1. 建立适当的国家制度和相关文件；", "2. 采取一切必要的措施，包括酌情进行刑事处罚，防止和制止受到本规定禁止的活动；", "3. 制止与依据无效许可生产非杀伤人员地雷有关的活动；", "4. 就落实本组规定加强合作。", "32. 各国应依照其本国程序，通过并执行适当法律，禁止任何非国家实体生产、获取、拥有、研制、运输、转让或使用非杀伤人员地雷，或作为共犯协助或资助上述活动。", "33. 各国应通过并采取一切可行、有效和适当的措施，建立国家管制手段，以防止非杀伤人员地雷的非法扩散，并应为此目的：", "a. 制订并采取措施，在生产、部署、储存和运输期间对非杀伤人员地雷加以点算并确保其安全；", "b. 制订并采取有形保护措施；", "c. 制订并采取边界管制和执法措施，以便通过国际合作等手段，根据本国法律和国际法，查明、制止、防止和打击非杀伤人员地雷的非法贩运以及经纪活动；", "d. 建立、加强、审查和支持关于此种地雷的出口和过境运输的国家一级的管制手段，包括有关出口管制、过境、跨界运输和再出口的法律和规章；在提供与此种出口和跨界运输有关的便利和服务、如供资和运输(可能有助于非杀伤人员地雷的扩散)等方面进行管制，对最终用户进行检查；对违反关于出口管制的此种法律和规章者规定并追究适当的刑事和民事责任。", "九、非杀伤人员地雷的引信和传感器设计", "34. 各国在今后生产非杀伤人员地雷时，应在可行的情况下，采取与引信有关的最佳做法，其设计应将个人非自愿或意外引爆地雷的可能性降至最低。", "35. 各国在今后的引信生产中，应在可行的情况下，尽力适用现代技术，包括多传感器技术，在适当考虑到技术因素和寿命及环境因素基础上加以研制。", "十、转 让", "36. 为了达到本文件的目的，所有国家在非杀伤人员地雷的转让事务上均应遵守《第二号修正议定书》第8条和以下规定：", "(1) 各国应承诺不向无最终用户证明者转让任何非杀伤人员地雷；", "(2) 各国应承诺不转让任何本文件限止使用非杀伤人员地雷，但为销毁目的或为开发探测地雷、清除地雷或销毁地雷的新办法或改良办法而进行的转让除外。", "十一、保护人道主义特派团", "37. 应按照1996年《第二号修正议定书》第12条的规定保护人道主义特派团。在附近开展活动、并受到军事人员监视的所有人道主义特派团均必须获得军事指挥部的同意才可开展活动，并应严格遵守军事指挥部所给的指示。", "十二、透明度和其他建立信任措施", "38. 每一国应向保存人提供与本组建议的执行情况有关的资料，而保存人应将此种资料转交其他国家。", "(a) 此种资料应包括下列内容：", "(1) 在本组建议在该国生效后提交的初次报告；", "(2) 对该报告所作的定期更新。", "(b) 除其他外，报告还可包括：", "(1) 向武装部队和平民群体传播有关本组建议内容资料；", "(2) 清除地雷和善后重建方案；", "(3) 除有关武器技术外，为满足本组建议的技术要求而采取的步骤和任何其他有关资料；", "(4) 为落实本组建议而采取的立法措施和其他措施；", "(5) 就合作采取的措施和所提供的援助；", "(6) 关于非杀伤人员地雷转让的国家规则和要求的一般资料和有关此种转让的资料；", "(7) 其他有关事项。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS ORRESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONSWHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUSOR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS\tCCW/CONF.III/WP.69 November 2006ENGLISHOriginal: RUSSIAN", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO EFFORTS TO ENSURE MORE EFFECTIVE PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS FROM MINES OTHER THAN ANTI-PERSONNEL MINES", "Submitted by the Russian Federation", "Introduction", "1. This paper is submitted as a contribution by the Russian Federation to discussion of the problem of mines other than anti-personnel mines (MOTAPM).", "2. The approaches to the MOTAPM problem contained in the paper are based on Russian experience in minefield clearance, the results of studies carried out in the GGE, the recommendations drawn up by the GGE Coordinators, and the existing rules of international humanitarian law.", "3. The paper was drafted taking into consideration the fact that anti-personnel mines (АРМ) and MOTAPM are designed for different combat tasks, so that it is not justified to apply to MOTAPM technical standards on detectability and active life similar to those for АРМ.", "4. Account is taken of the fact that nowadays improvised explosive devices, which cause victims among both civilians and combatants, present a major humanitarian risk. Accordingly, the States parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) must consolidate their efforts to oppose the use of such devices.", "5. In view of the diversity of options for resolving the MOTAPM problems that have been discussed in the GGE, this paper focuses on an integrated approach to efforts to ensure more effective protection of civilians from MOTAPM, which might be acceptable to all CCW States parties.", "GE.06-65004 (E) 131106 131106", "I. General provisions", "6. With a view to enhancing the effectiveness of steps taken to implement the provisions of the CCW, the States parties to the Convention recommend that, where agreement is reached, States should:", "(i) Express their determination to take appropriate and effective steps to provide post‑conflict humanitarian assistance and create conditions for the reconstruction and development of previously mined areas;", "(ii) Be guided by the intention to promote a sound balance between the humanitarian consequences of the use of MOTAPM and legitimate defence interests;", "(iii) Confirm that the use of MOTAPM by regular forces in accordance with national instructions and the rules of international humanitarian law makes it possible to reduce the risks associated with the use of such mines;", "(iv) Acknowledge the right of each State to determine independently how mines will be developed and how MOTAPM will be used, in accordance with existing obligations under international humanitarian law and the provisions of this paper;", "(v) Confirm their readiness to cooperate in exchanging MOTAPM detection technologies and equipment in accordance with their domestic legislation and with best practice relating to the exclusion of civilians from mined areas;", "(vi) Express their readiness to take appropriate measures to prevent the improper use of MOTAPM and their illegal transfer.", "II. Scope of application", "7. The present set of provisions apply to the use on land or the transfer of mines other than anti-personnel mines.", "8. This paper is without prejudice to existing international humanitarian law, the provisions of the 1980 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects or other international instruments and decisions of the Security Council of the United Nations which provide for stricter obligations or have a wider scope of application.", "III. Definitions", "9. The definitions in this paper are those used in Amended Protocol II of 1996, plus the following:", "(i) “Mine other than anti-personnel mine” means a mine which is primarily designed to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a tracked or wheeled vehicle and which can damage, incapacitate or destroy such a tracked or wheeled vehicle;", "(ii) “Remotely delivered mine” means a mine which is not directly emplaced but delivered by artillery, rocket, mortar or similar means, or dropped from an aircraft. Mines delivered by a land-based system from less than 500 metres, including scatterable mines, are not considered to be “remotely delivered”;", "(iii) “Self-destruction” means the automatic destruction (explosion) of a munition;", "(iv) “Self-neutralization” means automatically rendering a munition inoperable (ineffective for combat use);", "(v) “Minefield designation” means actions which are carried out by military or authorized personnel in order to prevent access by military personnel and civilians to a mined area, and which are organized through monitoring and protection of the minefield by those persons, or by using various means, including special means, to mark the minefield boundaries;", "(vi) “Minefield fencing” involves the installation along a minefield perimeter of means which as far as possible inform military personnel and civilians of the mine hazard and prevent the entry of individuals into the minefield;", "(vii) “Perimeter-marked area” means an area which, in order to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians, is monitored by military or other authorized personnel, or protected and marked by fencing or other means. During periods of active hostilities the marking requirements are not applied.", "IV. General restrictions on the use of MOTAPM", "10. The use of MOTAPM is subject to the restrictions set out in article 3 of Amended Protocol II of 1996, as well as the following restrictions:", "(i) The indiscriminate use of MOTAPM is prohibited. Placement of MOTAPM against military objects is considered to be a legitimate use;", "(ii) To protect civilians from the effects of MOTAPM, all possible precautions shall be taken which are practicable taking into account all circumstances ruling at the time, including humanitarian and military considerations;", "(iii) Effective advance warning shall be given of any emplacement of MOTAPM and of areas which are dangerous for civilians owing to mines located therein, unless circumstances do not permit.", "V. Measures to regulate minefield laying, detection, neutralization and clearance", "Measures to be taken by military personnel when laying minefields", "11. As far as possible, the parties to a conflict must ensure that minefields are laid in strict compliance with national instructions and regulations, as well as the requirements set out in this paper and existing obligations under international humanitarian law.", "12. When laying minefields, the parties to a conflict shall be obliged to record them as well as to organize their monitoring or their marking. If circumstances permit, the parties to a conflict shall take all possible measures to fence minefields in order to exclude civilians from mined areas.", "13. The location of MOTAPM shall be recorded by mapping minefields and drawing up a minefield logbook.", "14. A minefield logbook should include a text section, a diagram of the minefield and a reference diagram.", "(i) The text section shall contain information on the extent of the minefield, the types of mines, their quantity and method of emplacement, the types of fuses and their active life, the date and time of laying as well as any other information on the minefield laid;", "(ii) The minefield diagram indicates the location of the mines, the outline of the minefield, the location of rows, the distance between the rows and between the mines in a row, and the position of passages left free;", "(iii) The reference diagram indicates the outline of the minefield, one or two reference points, bearings and distances from reference points to the corners of the minefield.", "15. The approximate location and area of remotely delivered MOTAPM shall be specified by means of coordinates of initial positions, corrected at the earliest opportunity and marked on the ground whenever feasible. The total number and types of MOTAPM laid, the date and time of emplacement and the deadlines by which they will self-destruct or be rendered inoperable shall also be recorded.", "16. Copies of records shall be stored in such a way as to guarantee their safety.", "17. The boundaries of a minefield shall be marked using natural or artificial landscape features or combinations thereof, and, when feasible, by installing warning signs in accordance with the requirements of Amended Protocol II of 1996.", "18. Means of marking minefield boundaries may include, but shall not be limited to:", "(i) Mine-marking tape, wire, pickets (iron, timber, concrete, plastic or other) and signage;", "(ii) Painting of natural landscape features;", "(iii) Any other available hazard warning materials;", "(iv) In some cases, where prevailing circumstances so require, a marked State boundary in the area can be used to mark part of the minefield perimeter.", "19. The markings should inform military personnel and civilians that they are approaching an area which is dangerous because of the presence of mines.", "20. As far as possible, information on the means used to designate mine hazards shall be communicated to civilians.", "21. Depending on evolving circumstances, the parties to a conflict may fence a minefield in addition to marking it.", "22. To fence a minefield, barbed wire, mine hazard markers or other effective means shall be used.", "Measures related to mine and minefield detection and clearance", "23. The following guidelines related to clearance of MOTAPM from minefields and mined areas are recommended:", "(i) States shall endeavour to equip their troops and mine clearance specialists with state-of-the-art mine detection technologies, and to provide technical and material assistance to States which face mine hazards;", "(ii) In order to facilitate MOTAPM detection, States shall endeavour to produce mines which, once the military need for them has ceased, possess features which increase their detectability (change of colour of mine casing, change in plant cover in the mine emplacement area, display of visual and electronic markers, etc.);", "(iii) Without delay, as soon as the situation permits after the cessation of active hostilities, all minefields and mined areas containing MOTAPM shall be cleared, removed, destroyed or maintained in compliance with the provisions of this paper;", "(iv) At the earliest opportunity and to the extent feasible, all minefields within the territory controlled by the party concerned must be protected by military or other authorized personnel. To the extent feasible, all minefields shall be protected and marked by fencing or with other means in order to ensure the effective exclusion of military personnel and civilians from the mined area;", "(v) After hostilities, military and civilian specialists shall be engaged to clear minefields under control of the State which laid them;", "(vi) Organizations which are able to work with the specific types of mines that have been emplaced in the minefield and have effective mine detection equipment shall be engaged for humanitarian mine clearance;", "(vii) When a State which has laid a minefield does not control the mined area, the minefield maps and logbooks shall be transferred to the State in control of the area, and cooperation between the parties shall be organized for the exchange of recommendations concerning best practice as regards mine clearance;", "(viii) All technical requirements concerning MOTAPM detectability should be advisory in nature.", "VI. Shortening the life cycle of remotely delivered mines", "24. Insofar as they are technically and financially able, States shall strive to manufacture remotely delivered MOTAPM fitted with mechanisms (devices) limiting the period during which they are functional to the duration of military need.", "25. States shall make efforts to ensure that the technical characteristics of mine self‑destruction or deactivation mechanisms (devices) which they manufacture are such as to ensure that a minimum number of mines remain functional after they cease to be militarily necessary.", "26. If a State determines that it cannot immediately begin to manufacture mines with self‑destruction or deactivation mechanisms (devices), it shall wherever feasible minimize its use of MOTAPM not fitted with such mechanisms.", "27. When deploying remotely delivered MOTAPM fitted with mechanisms (devices) to limit their active life cycle, States shall take steps to ensure that civilians are prevented from entering areas rendered hazardous by the placement of self-destroying mines.", "28. All technical requirements relating to the limitation of the life cycle of remotely delivered MOTAPM shall be formulated as recommendations.", "VII. Cooperation and assistance", "29. States shall be guided in their provision of cooperation and assistance by article 11 of Amended Protocol II, and by the following:", "30. Each State in a position to do so shall enhance cooperation and assistance at bilateral, regional and international levels aimed at assisting the other States in the fulfilment of their obligations in respect of MOTAPM. Cooperation and assistance may be provided through humanitarian organizations. Such cooperation and assistance may include the following:", "(i) Provision of technical and financial assistance, including exchange of experience, technology other than weapons technology, and information, in order to facilitate efforts to improve the reliability of MOTAPM. Such assistance may also be used to facilitate the development, if feasible, of advanced mine detection equipment and to make such equipment readily available;", "(vii) Provision of human assistance for the rapid and effective clearance, removal or destruction of MOTAPM;", "(viii) Timely provision of graphic and technical information on MOTAPM to designated humanitarian missions and to the database on mine action maintained within the United Nations system;", "(ix) Cooperation and assistance on the provision of risk education for civilian populations;", "(x) Cooperation and assistance with the care and rehabilitation and the social and economic reintegration of victims of MOTAPM;", "(xi) To counter the risk of improvised explosive devices being used, States shall strive to cooperate with one another and exchange information on the basis of mutual agreements on the following matters:", "(a) Analysis of the tactics of non-State groupings;", "(b) Development of ways and means of detecting improvised explosive devices and rendering them harmless;", "(c) Formulation of recommendations on the issues of jamming and destroying improvised explosive devices;", "(xii) Cooperation and assistance in the implementation of these provisions.", "VIII. Measures to restrict the inappropriate use of MOTAPM", "31. Each State shall take action with a view to limiting the irresponsible use of MOTAPM, which may include:", "(i) Establishment of adequate national systems and corresponding documentation;", "(ii) Adoption of such measures as may be necessary, including, where appropriate, penal sanctions, to prevent and suppress activities prohibited by these provisions;", "(iii) Suppression of activities related to the unlicensed production of MOTAPM;", "(iv) Greater cooperation for the purpose of giving effect to this set of provisions.", "32. States, in accordance with their national procedures, shall adopt and enforce appropriate laws to prohibit the production, acquisition, possession, development, transport, transfer or use of MOTAPM by any non-State entity and complicity in, assistance with or the financing of any of the above-mentioned actions.", "33. States shall adopt and enforce all feasible, effective and appropriate measures to establish national controls with a view to preventing the illicit spread of MOTAPM, and shall to that end:", "(a) Devise and apply measures to account for and ensure the safe keeping of MOTAPM during production, deployment, storage and transport;", "(b) Devise and apply measures of physical protection;", "(c) Devise and apply border-control and law-enforcement measures with a view to detecting, suppressing, preventing and countering, through international cooperation among other means, illegal traffic and brokering in MOTAPM in accordance with national legislation and international law;", "(d) Establish, strengthen, review and support national-level controls on the export and transport in transit of such mines, including appropriate laws and regulations governing export control, transit, movement across borders and re-export; establish controls on the provision of facilities and services associated with such export and cross-border movement, financing and transport, for example, which might facilitate the spread [of MOTAPM], and introduce checks on end-users; and institute and enforce appropriate criminal and civil liability for breaches of such laws and regulations on export control.", "IX. Design of MOTAPM fuzes and sensors", "34. In the future production of MOTAPM States shall, as far as is feasible, follow best practice in the manufacture of fuzes, designing them to minimize the possibility of involuntary or accidental activation of a mine by a person.", "35. In the future production of fuzes States shall, as far as is financially and technologically feasible, strive to apply modern, including multi-sensor, technology, developing them with due regard for technological, life-cycle and environmental considerations.", "X. Transfers", "36. In furtherance of the aims of this text, all States shall be guided in matters of MOTAPM transfer by article 8 of Amended Protocol II and by the following provisions:", "(i) They shall undertake not to transfer any MOTAPM without an end-user certificate;", "(ii) They shall undertake not to transfer any MOTAPM whose use is restricted by this text except for destruction purposes or for the development of new means and improved methods of detecting and destroying mines or rendering them harmless.", "XI. Protection of humanitarian missions", "37. Humanitarian missions shall be protected in accordance with article 12 of Amended Protocol II of 1996. Any humanitarian mission operating in the vicinity and monitored by military personnel shall be required to obtain approval for its operations from the military command and shall be strictly guided by the instructions it receives from the military command.", "XII. Transparency and other confidence-building measures", "38. Each State shall provide to the Depositary, who shall circulate to the other States, information on the implementation of the provisions of this set of recommendations.", "(a) This information should include the following elements:", "(i) An initial report, to be provided upon the entry into force of this set of recommendations for each State; and", "(ii) Periodic updating of the report.", "(b) The report may include, inter alia:", "(i) Dissemination of information on the provisions of this set of recommendations to their armed forces and to the civilian population;", "(ii) Mine clearance and rehabilitation programmes;", "(iii) Steps taken to meet technical requirements of the provisions of this set of recommendations and any other relevant information pertaining thereto, other than that relating to weapons technology;", "(iv) Legislative and other measures taken for the implementation of the provisions of this set of recommendations;", "(v) Measures taken on cooperation and provision of assistance;", "(vi) General information on national rules and requirements for transfers of MOTAPMs, and information on these transfers; and", "(vii) Other related matters." ]

[ "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Towards an integrated approach to improving the effectiveness of the protection of civilians against anti-personnel mines", "Submitted by the Russian Federation", "Introduction", "The present document is a material submitted by the Russian Federation to discuss the issue of anti-personnel mines.", "The approach contained in the present document is based on the experience of the Russian Federation in demining, the findings of the Group of Governmental Experts, a set of recommendations prepared by the Coordinator of Governmental Experts and the existing rules of international humanitarian law.", "In preparing the present document, it is not justified that the technical standards for the detection and effectiveness of anti-personnel mines are applied to anti-personnel mines and anti-personnel mines.", "It was mentioned that today's improvised explosive devices pose a major humanitarian threat, which both harm civilians and harm combatants. Therefore, States parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons should work together to prevent the use of such devices.", "In the light of the discussions within the Group of Governmental Experts on various programmes to address the issue of anti-personnel mines, this document focuses on efforts to improve the effectiveness of the protection of civilians against anti-personnel mines, and hopes that all States parties to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women will be acceptable.", "General provisions", "In order to enhance the effectiveness of activities aimed at implementing the provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, States parties to the Convention recommend that States should:", "(1) Expresses its determination to take appropriate and effective measures to provide humanitarian assistance in post-conflict situations and to create the necessary conditions for the reconstruction and development of mined areas;", "(2) Towards a reasonable balance between the humanitarian consequences of the use of anti-personnel mines and legitimate defence interests;", "(3) Reaffirms that the use of anti-personnel mines by regular forces in accordance with national directives and international humanitarian law reduces the risks posed by such mines;", "(4) Acknowledges the right of States to independently determine the direction and use of mines, in accordance with existing obligations under international humanitarian law and the provisions of this document;", "(5) Acknowledges the willingness to cooperate in the exchange of technology and equipment to detect anti-personnel mines, in accordance with their national legislation and the best way to allow civilians to enter mined areas;", "(6) Expression of willingness to take appropriate measures to prevent the misuse and illicit transfer of anti-personnel mines.", "Scope of application", "The present Group provides for the use or transfer of anti-personnel mines on land.", "This document does not affect existing international humanitarian law, the provisions of the 1980 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, or the decisions of the United Nations Security Council.", "Definitions", "The present document uses the Second Amendment Protocol of 1996 and the following definitions:", "(1) “Anti-personnel mines” means a mine that is primarily designed to be used as a result of the occurrence, proximity or exposure of a vehicle and damaged, lost or destroyed by such a vehicle;", "(2) “Lettered mines” means mines that are not directly constructed but are constructed by fire artillery, rockets, mortars and other similar means or by aircraft. A land-based system does not serve as a “green mine” approach to mines, including sub-shabited mines, which are not built within 500 metres;", "(3) “Self-destruction” means automatic destruction of ammunition (exploded);", "(4) “Self-destruction” means automatically rendering the ammunition undesirable (without being used for fighting);", "(5) “Refield mark” means actions undertaken by military personnel or authorized personnel to prevent military personnel and civilians from entering mined areas, or by those who monitor and maintain minefields or by different means, including special means;", "(6) “Recognitions” refer to the establishment of a mark along the minefield, to the extent possible, to alert military and civilians to the threat of landmines and to prevent individuals from entering the minefield;", "(7) The mark area means a region where military personnel or other authorized personnel are monitored or protected and marked by bar or other means to ensure that civilians are effectively excluded. In the course of the ongoing hostilities, the provisions relating to the mark were not applicable.", "General limitations on the use of anti-personnel mines", "The use of anti-personnel mines is subject to the limitations set out in article 3 of Protocol II of 1996 and is subject to the following restrictions:", "(1) Prohibition of the misuse of anti-personnel mines. The establishment of anti-personnel mines for military objectives is considered legitimate.", "(2) It should take into account all the circumstances at that time, including the humane and military considerations, and take all feasible precautions to protect civilians from the impact of anti-personnel mines.", "(3) Unless circumstances do not permit, any area where mines are located and where they are dangerous to civilians should be given an effective warning in advance.", "Measures to regulate the construction, detection, failure and clearance of minefields", "Measures to be taken by military personnel in the construction of minefields:", "The parties to the conflict shall, where feasible, ensure strict compliance with national directives and provisions in the construction of the minefield, taking into account existing obligations under this document and international humanitarian law.", "The parties to the conflict are obliged to record and monitor minefields when they are located in the Blue Lands. If so permitted, parties to the conflict should take all possible measures to follow the minefield column to ensure that civilians are excluded from mined areas.", "Remarks should be made in maps and in the form of minefields to record the location of anti-personnel mines.", "The minefields should include the language component, the minefield map and reference map.", "(1) Parts of the letter should describe the scope of the minefield, the type, quantity and methods of laying down, the type of fuses and their life, the date and time of the construction and any other information on the mined areas;", "(2) The minefield map shows the location of the minefield, the outer space, the location of the various fields, the distance between them and the distance between mines in the same line and the location of the corridor retained;", "(3) The reference map shows the distance from the reference point to the point of entry.", "The estimated location and regions of remote anti-personnel mines should be specified in the initial location of the mark and should be corrected as soon as possible and effectively marked on the ground. The total number and types of anti-personnel mines established in Budddh, the date and time of their construction, the period of self-destruction or invalidation should also be recorded.", "A copy of the record shall be preserved properly to ensure the security of the record.", "The boundaries of the mined area apply to natural or man-made features or both, and may be used to mark the warning mark in accordance with the relevant provisions of Protocol II of 1996.", "The means of marking the mined areas may include but should not be limited to:", "(1) Stereotypes, lines, devices (by iron, wood, cement, plastic or other material) and symbols;", "(2) The paints stifle the natural features;", "(3) Any other hazardous material that can be found;", "(4) In some cases, if the circumstances so require, a part of the minefield is capable of demonstrating the local boundaries.", "The means of marking should ensure that military personnel and civilians are aware of the dangers of mines in the area.", "As far as possible, civilians should be informed of certain means of marking the risk of mines.", "Depending on the circumstances, the parties to the conflict may set columns, in addition to the markings of the mined sites.", "In order to establish a column for minefields, it may be useful to use bars, mine dangerous marks or other effective means.", "Measures to detect and exclude mines and minefields", "It is recommended that the following provisions be used to remove anti-personnel mines, minefields and mined areas:", "(1) States should strive to equip their troops and mine-clearing experts with the most advanced mine detection techniques and provide technical and material assistance to countries at risk of mines.", "(2) In order to facilitate the detection of anti-personnel mines, States should endeavour to produce such mines: After the period of military necessity, they have some characteristics that make them easier to detect (release changes, changes in vegetation in mined areas, visual and e-marks, etc.).", "(3) After the cessation of existing hostilities, all minefields and mined areas containing anti-personnel mines shall be immediately cleared, excluded, destroyed or maintained in accordance with the provisions of this document, as long as circumstances permit.", "(4) All minefields in the territory under the control of the parties shall be protected by military personnel or other authorized personnel as soon as possible and feasible. Where feasible, all minefields should be protected and marked by fence or other means to ensure that military personnel and civilians are effectively excluded from mined areas.", "(5) After hostilities, military and civilian experts should be requested to clear minefields under the control of the State.", "(6) Humanitarian clearance by organizations capable of dealing with a particular type of mines in minefields and with effective means of measuring mine should be requested.", "(7) When the State of the Budddre area loses its control over the mined area, it should transfer the minefield map and the log to the country under its control, and the parties should cooperate to share proposals on best measures for demining.", "(8) All technical provisions on the detectability of anti-personnel mines should be recommended.", "Reducing the life of remote mines", "States should strive, within the limits permitted by their technical and financial capacities, to produce remote small-scale anti-personnel mines with mechanisms (provisions) that limit their lives to the time period of military needs.", "States should strive to ensure that the number of effective mines is minimized after the time period of military needs has been reduced.", "If a State determines that there is no capacity to start the production of anti-personnel mines with a mine self-destruction or invalidation mechanism, it should minimize the use of anti-personnel mines without such mechanisms.", "States should take measures to ensure that civilians are not allowed to enter the hazardous areas caused by the destruction of mines.", "All technical provisions on the reduction of the life of remote anti-personnel mines should be recommended.", "Cooperation and assistance", "In the area of cooperation and assistance, States should follow the provisions of article 11 of the Protocol II and the following provisions:", "Each State in a position to do so should strengthen cooperation and assistance at the bilateral, regional and international levels in order to assist other countries in fulfilling their obligations with regard to anti-personnel mines. Cooperation and assistance can be provided through humanitarian organizations. Such cooperation and assistance may include the following:", "(1) Provision of technical and financial assistance, including the exchange of experiences, technology and information other than weapons technology, to enhance the reliability of anti-personnel mines. Such assistance could also be provided to assist in the development of advanced mine detection equipment, where feasible, and to make such equipment widely available;", "(2) Provision of assistance to persons for the prompt and effective clearance, removal or destruction of anti-personnel mines;", "(3) Timely information and technical information on anti-personnel mines for designated humanitarian missions and mine action databases owned by the United Nations system;", "(4) Cooperation and assistance in the area of hazardous sex education for the civilian population;", "(5) Cooperation and assistance for the care, rehabilitation and socio-economic reintegration of ERW victims;", "(6) In order to counter the threat of the use of improvised explosive devices, States should work together on the basis of mutual agreements on the exchange of information on the following areas:", "Analysis of the tactics of non-State groups;", "b. Explore ways and means of detecting and removing improvised explosive devices;", "c. Preparation of recommendations on the issue of envelopes and destruction of improvised explosive devices.", "(7) Cooperation and assistance in the implementation of the provisions of this document.", "Measures to limit the inappropriate use of anti-personnel mines", "States should take action to limit irresponsible use of anti-personnel mines, including through the following actions:", "Establish appropriate national systems and related documents;", "Take all necessary measures, including criminal penalties, where appropriate, to prevent and combat activities prohibited by this provision;", "Suppression of activities related to the production of anti-personnel mines based on invalid licences;", "Enhanced cooperation on the implementation of the provisions of the Cluster.", "States should adopt and implement appropriate laws to prohibit any non-State entity from producing, acquiring, possessing, developing, transporting, transferring or using anti-personnel mines, in accordance with their national procedures, or assisting or financing such activities as accomplice.", "States should adopt and take all feasible, effective and appropriate measures to establish national control instruments to prevent the illicit proliferation of anti-personnel mines and to that end:", "Develop and take measures to account for and ensure their safety during production, deployment, storage and transport;", "b. Develop and take tangible protection measures;", "c. Develop and implement border control and enforcement measures to identify, suppress, prevent and combat illicit trafficking and brokering of anti-personnel mines, in accordance with national legislation and international law, including through international cooperation;", "d. Establish, strengthen, review and support national-level controls on the export and transit transport of such mines, including laws and regulations relating to export controls, transit, transboundary transport and re-export; and control in the provision of facilities and services related to such export and transboundary transport, such as funding and transport (which may contribute to the proliferation of anti-personnel mines) and inspection of end-users; and appropriate criminal and civil responsibility for those violating such laws and regulations governing export controls.", "Amphlets and sensor designs for anti-personnel mines", "States should, where feasible, adopt best practices with regard to sensitization, where feasible, designs should minimize the possibility of a person's non-voluntary or accidental detonation.", "States should make every effort, if feasible, to apply modern technologies, including multi-sensor technology, to be developed on the basis of due consideration for technical factors and life and environmental factors.", "Introduction", "For the purposes of this document, all States should comply with article 8 and the following provisions of Protocol II on the transfer of anti-personnel mines:", "(1) States should commit not to transfer any explosive device to non-user-contestants;", "(2) States should commit not to transfer any such document to end the use of anti-personnel mines, except for transfers for destruction purposes or for the development of new or improved approaches to mine detection, clearance or destruction.", "Protection of humanitarian missions", "Humanitarian missions should be protected in accordance with article 12 of the 1996 Protocol II. All humanitarian missions operating in close proximity and monitored by military personnel must receive the consent of the military command to carry out their activities and should strictly adhere to instructions from the military command.", "Transparency and other confidence-building measures", "Each State shall provide the depositary with information relating to the implementation of the recommendations of this group, which shall be transmitted to other States.", "(a) Such information should include the following:", "(1) The initial report submitted after the entry into force of the present Group;", "(2) Regular updating of the report.", "(b) Reports may include, inter alia,:", "(1) Dissemination of information on the content of the recommendations of this group to armed forces and civilian groups;", "(2) Mine clearance and rehabilitation programmes;", "(3) Measures taken and any other relevant information to meet the technical requirements of this group, in addition to weapons-related technologies;", "(4) Legislative measures and other measures taken to implement the recommendations of this group;", "(5) Measures taken and assistance provided for cooperation;", "(6) General information on national rules and requirements for the transfer of anti-personnel mines and information on such transfers;", "(7) Other related matters." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "关于CCW/CONF.III/6号文件提出的促进普遍加入《禁止或限制 使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤 作用的常规武器公约》行动计划的修正案", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国提出", "1. 第9段行动6应改为：", "采取一切适当步骤，根据每个缔约国的国内法和国际法的准则和原则，防止和制止受其管辖或控制的个人或在其管辖或控制的领土上发生违反《公约》的行为。", "评论：目的是要确定一个范围，规范《公约》及其议定书所设想行动的适用，要考虑到存在并应充分尊重缔约国国内法和国际法准则。", "2. 第9段行动7应改为：", "鼓励和支持所有相关伙伴、特别是联合国、其他国际机构和区域组织及红十字国际委员会参与这些促进普遍加入的努力并开展积极的合作。", "评论：尽管人们了解，普遍加入多边协议是各国的一项基本义务，但人们承认，必须依靠各国际组织的合作。在本段中列入非政府组织、议员和公民，就会将职责和责任不同的行为者置于同等的地位。", "3. 第10段应改为：", "为了开展上述行动，缔约国应在国际法的范围内采取所有适当措施，其中应包括：", "评论：有关建议旨在限定缔约国在国际法的范围内采取有关措施。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS ORRESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONSWHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUSOR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS\tCCW/CONF.III/WP.810 November 2006ENGLISHOriginal: SPANISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "draft amendment to document ccw/conf.iii/6 entitled “PLAN OF ACTION TO PROMOTE UNIVERSALITY OF THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS”", "Submitted by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela", "1. Paragraph 9, action No. 6 should read:", "Undertake all appropriate steps to prevent and suppress violations of the Convention and its annexed protocols, by persons or on territory under their jurisdiction or control, in accordance with the domestic law of each State party and the norms and principles of international law.", "Comment: The aim is to establish a framework to govern the application of the measures set out in the Convention and protocols, in the context of full respect for the domestic law of each State party and the norms of international law.", "2. Paragraph 9, action No. 7 should read:", "Encourage and support involvement and active cooperation in these universalization efforts by all relevant partners, including the United Nations, other international institutions and regional organizations and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).", "GE.06‑65018 (E) 101106 101106", "Comment: Although it is understood that the universalization of multilateral agreements is essentially the responsibility of States, the need for cooperation from international agencies is recognized. Including non-governmental organizations, parliamentarians and citizens in this paragraph would mean placing actors with different functions and responsibilities on an equal footing.", "3. Paragraph 10 should read:", "For achieving the above actions the States parties should undertake all appropriate measures within the framework of international law, which should include, inter alia:", "Comment: The proposal is designed to place the measures applied by the high contracting parties in the context of international law." ]

[ "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Amendments to the plan of action for the promotion of universal adherence to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which may be deemed excessively injured or indiscriminate", "Submitted by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela", "Action 6 in paragraph 9 should read:", "All appropriate steps to prevent and combat violations of the Convention by individuals or entities subject to their jurisdiction or control, in accordance with the norms and principles of national law and international law of each State party.", "Comments: The aim is to define a scope to regulate the application of the actions envisaged in the Convention and its Protocols, taking into account the existence and full respect for the State party's domestic law and the norms of international law.", "Paragraph 9 should read:", "All relevant partners, in particular the United Nations, other international institutions and regional organizations and the International Committee of the Red Cross, are encouraged and supported to participate in these efforts to promote universal adherence and to cooperate actively.", "Comment: Although it is understood that universal adherence to multilateral agreements is a fundamental obligation of States, it was acknowledged that it must be based on cooperation among international organizations. The inclusion of non-governmental organizations, parliamentarians and citizens in this paragraph will place different actors in the same position.", "Paragraph 10 should read:", "In order to carry out the above-mentioned actions, States parties should take all appropriate measures in the context of international law, including:", "Comments: The recommendations are intended to limit the measures taken by States parties in the context of international law." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "关于题为《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或 滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查 会议最后文件草案的CCW/CONF.III/7/Add, 7-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7号 文件的修正案", "德国和瑞典提出", "1. 在第二部分，最后宣言中插入两个新的执行段如下：", "重申第一次和第二次审查会议确认，虽已在第四号议定书中禁止使用和转让激光致盲武器，但还需实现彻底禁止此种武器，", "确认考虑到科学和技术发展情况而继续审议与使用激光系统有关的致盲效应问题的重要性，[1]", "2. 第二部分，审查，《关于激光致盲武器的议定书》(第四号议定书)应为：", "会议注意到该议定书的规定。[CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第四号议定书的审查]", "鉴于第四号议定书通过以来激光技术领域新的技术发展情况，会议强调在使用军用激光系统时应采取一切可行的预防措施，避免对未用增视器材状态下的视觉器官造成永久失明的重要性。", "[1] 与第二次审查会议最后宣言中的措辞相同。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/WP.710 November 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "PROPOSAL OF AMENDMENT TO DOCUMENT", "CCW/CONF.III/7/ADD.7-CCW/GGE/XV/6/ADD.7 ENTITLED", "DRAFT FINAL DOCUMENT", "OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Presented by Germany and Sweden", "1. In Part II, Final Declaration, insert two new operative paragraphs to read:", "Their reaffirmation of the recognition by the First and the Second Review Conferences of the need for a total prohibition of blinding laser weapons, the use and transfer of which are prohibited in Protocol IV,", "Their recognition of the importance of keeping the blinding effects related to the use of laser systems under consideration, taking into account scientific and technological developments,[1]", "2. Part II, Review, Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons (Protocol IV), should read:", "The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Protocol IV]", "The Conference highlights the importance, in light of new technical developments in the field of laser technology since the adoption of Protocol IV, of taking all feasible precautions to avoid the incidence of permanent blindness to unenhanced vision in the employment of military laser systems.", "[1] Same language as in the Final Declaration of the Second Review Conference." ]

[ "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Amendments to document CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.1, 7-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7", "Germany and Sweden", "In part two, two new operative paragraphs were inserted in the final declaration as follows:", "Reaffirming that the First and Second Review Conferences confirmed that, notwithstanding the ban on the use and transfer of laser light weapons in Protocol IV, there was a need for a total ban on such weapons,", "Recognizing the importance of continued consideration of the issue of Braille effects related to the use of laser systems, taking into account developments in science and technology,", "Part II. Review that the Protocol on laser blind weapons (Protocol IV) should:", "The Meeting took note of the provisions of the Protocol. [CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Protocol IV]", "In view of the new technological developments in the field of laser technology since the adoption of Protocol IV, the Conference emphasized that all feasible precautions should be taken in the use of the military laser system to avoid the importance of perpetuating the perceived organ under the state of unused lighter.", "This was the same as in the Final Declaration of the Second Review Conference." ]

[ "2006年11月6日，日内瓦", "第1次会议简要记录", "2006年11月6日星期一上午10时20分 在日内瓦万国宫举行", "临时主席：考勒先生(裁军谈判会议副秘书长 兼裁军事务部日内瓦办事处主任)", "主 席：胡萨克先生(捷克共和国)", "目 录", "会议开幕", "通过主席及主席团其他成员的提名", "通过议程", "通过议事规则", "任命会议秘书长", "通过会议费用的分摊安排", "联合国秘书长的贺词", "工作安排，包括会议任何附属机构的工作安排", "交换一般性意见", "审查议定书的实施情况和现况", "审议各缔约方根据经修正后的第二号议定书第13条第4款提交的报告所涉事项", "审议各种保护平民不受地雷滥杀滥伤影响的技术的发展情况", "上午10时20分会议开始", "会议开幕", "1. 临时主席代表作为《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》及其各项议定书保存人的联合国秘书长宣布，于1996年5月3日修正的《公约》所附《禁止或限制使用地雷(水雷)、诱杀装置和其他装置的第二号议定书》的缔约国第八届年度会议开幕。", "通过主席及主席团其他成员的提名(临时议程项目2)", "2. 临时主席指出，缔约国曾在第四届年度会议上商定，为确保主席筹备工作的延续性，应在每届年度会议结束时为下届会议指定一名主席和若干名副主席。据此，在第七届年度会议上，捷克共和国代表被提名担任第八届年度会议候任主席(CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, 第20段)。如果没有人反对，他就认为会议通过了由捷克共和国代表托马什·胡萨克先生担任主席的提名。", "3. 就这样决定。", "4. 托马什·胡萨克先生(捷克共和国)就任主席。", "5. 主席引用第七届年度会议关于副主席职位形成的决定(CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/ 2, 第20段)，指出会议在与区域小组和中国协商以后似乎同意通过由德国的伯恩哈德·布拉萨克大使、中国的成竞业大使和约旦的穆萨·布赖扎特大使担任副主席的提名。他请会议通过这些代表担任副主席的提名。", "6. 会议通过了由布拉萨克先生(德国)、成竞业先生(中国)和布赖扎特先生(约旦)担任副主席的提名。", "通过议程(临时议程项目3)(CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/1)", "7. 临时议程获得通过。", "通过议事规则(议程项目4)", "8. 主席请与会代表注意载有经第四届年度会议修订的议事规则的文件CCW/AP.II/CONF.6/2, 他说，在第一届年度会议上，当时的会议主席就议事规则第29条做出声明，在审议和谈判过程中，各缔约方一直在协商一致的基础上行事，没有以投票方式作出任何决定。因此，他按照以下原则开展了工作：现有议事规则加上该声明也在对细节作出适当修订的基础上适用于第八届年度会议。", "9. 就这样决定。", "任命会议秘书长(议程项目5)", "10. 主席提及议事规则第10条，说由他召集的磋商表明，各方一致同意任命裁军事务部日内瓦分部政治事务干事彼得·科拉罗夫先生担任会议秘书长。因此，他认为会议愿任命彼得·科拉罗夫先生担任这一职务。", "11. 就这样决定。", "通过会议费用的分摊安排(议程项目6)", "12. 主席指出，2005年第七届年度会议审议了第八届年度会议的费用估计(CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, 附件四)。如果没有人反对，他就认为会议愿核准所提出的费用估算。", "13. 就这样决定。", "联合国秘书长的贺词", "14. 应主席邀请，考勒先生(裁军谈判会议副秘书长兼裁军事务部日内瓦办事处主任)宣读了联合国秘书长的贺词。", "15. 秘书长在贺词中指出，地雷(水雷)、诱杀装置和其他爆炸装置加剧了对战斗人员的伤害，延长了武装冲突骇人听闻的后果，滥杀了平民、维和人员和人道主义工作者，而且阻碍了难民和流离失所者返回和重新融入社会，并妨碍了冲突后的重建工作。", "16. 经修正后的第二号议定书获得通过已有十年，《特定常规武器公约》缔约国籍此表明了它们一直致力于制订国际人道主义法律，以便克服地雷(水雷)和有关装置所构成的威胁。不过威胁依然存在，为了实现消灭各种形式和规模的地雷(水雷)的目标，仍有大量的工作亟待展开。因此，秘书长敦促经修正后的第二号议定书的缔约国研究各种可以更好地保护平民不受地雷(水雷)危害的方式，并推动各国普遍遵守议定书。他敦促尚未表示同意接受经修正后的第二号议定书的国家尽快表示同意，尤其是原原议定书的缔约国尽快这样做。", "工作安排，包括会议任何附属机构的工作安排(议程项目7)", "17. 主席说，考虑到会议时间短促，他不想提议设立附属机构。相反，他请与会者在按惯例进行一般性交换意见时处理议程上所有相关实质性议题，在议程项目9、10和11下审议这些项目内具体的问题。", "交换一般性意见(议程项目8)", "18. 卡希洛托先生(芬兰)代表欧洲联盟及其正处于加入进程中的国家(保加利亚和罗马尼亚)与候选国家(土耳其、克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国)、稳定与结盟进程国家及其可能的候选国(阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚和黑山)――克罗地亚、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国也将继续加入此进程――以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦发言，说欧洲联盟将继续全部执行经修正后的第二号议定书，这是一项头等大事，议定书由于包括的范围较广而对《渥太华公约》做出了补充，同时，如能有效运用其禁止性和限制性条件，将有助于加强军队地面行动的安全，并减少地雷(水雷)、诱杀装置和其他爆炸装置对平民群体的不利影响。由于有关雷场记录、保护和清除的义务与国际合作的各项规定为人道主义援助、冲突后恢复及维持和平行动提供了便利，因而这些义务及规定必不可少。欧洲联盟欢迎突尼斯于2006年加入经修正后的第二号议定书，并再次呼吁《公约》所有缔约国尽快遵守议定书以及尚未加入的其他议定书。欧盟完全支持将在审议《公约》的第三次会议上予以通过的《普及〈公约〉及其议定书的行动计划》。这就是说，经修正后的第二号议定书的实效不仅是通过其普及程度予以衡量，而且缔约国年度报告的及时提交程度也将用于衡量其实效，这促进了文书落实工作中的透明度和合作。尚未加入议定书的各国可在自愿的基础上编制年度报告。", "19. 欧盟希望缔约国经修正后的第二号议定书的年度会议可以提供一个机会，对年度报告的内容进行互动的、更具实质性的讨论。欧盟也有兴趣探索各种方式方法以便更切实地利用年度会议以加强议定书各项规定及其执行。对于那些决定在议定书生效后推迟九年再遵守关于杀伤人员地雷的可探测性、自行销毁和自行解除待发状态的技术附件各项规定的国家，欧盟请它们说明其对相关规定的执行处于何种阶段，因为延期期限即将于2007年12月3日结束。欧盟鼓励已行使此项权利并与此同时加入《渥太华公约》的各缔约国立即取消其延期。", "20. 米勒女士(澳大利亚)说，该国和其他150个国家共同缔结了《渥太华公约》，从而特别强调了执行和普遍加入彻底禁止杀伤人员地雷的禁令。不可否认，由于修正后第二号议定书在人道主义所带来的并非重大但也不可忽视的进展，而且由于该议定书发挥了作用，将目前仍是地雷(水雷)主要使用国和生产国与尚未加入《渥太华公约》的国家汇集在一起，因此，该国还是重视经修正后的第二号议定书的。", "21. 澳大利亚仍坚定地致力于消灭全世界的杀伤人员地雷(水雷)。2005年，澳大利亚承诺在五年内为国际排雷行动提供7500万澳元，并在2006年划拨了1100万美元给扫雷、地雷危险教育和受害者援助活动，亚洲国家是这些资金的主要受益国。一些政府机构在开发了一项目前运用于全世界的多传感系统后，继续从事开发扫雷新方法的工作。澳大利亚一些公司曾着手开发技术，以加快从地面清除地雷的速度；地雷实验室电子公司设计的探测器普遍运用于联合国的排雷作业，并为北约和平伙伴关系普遍采用。", "22. 成先生(中国)指出，经修正后的第二号议定书在人道主义关注和缔约国合法军事需求之间达成了适当的平衡，而且由于目前已有86个国家成为缔约国，国际社会也广泛承认了议定书的重要性，并且议定书在减少地雷伤害平民的事故数量方面发挥了不可替代的作用。尽管如此，地雷仍构成了严重的威胁，而且在有些国家仍是经济和社会发展的主要障碍。中国努力履行了议定书所规定承担的义务。在国家一级，中国继续开展了公众宣传和教育的运动，并制作了一个电视节目向武装部队和群众传播有关议定书执行情况的资料。中国军方已销毁了1000多吨已淘汰的杀伤人员地雷，并开始对一般的库存地雷进行了改进，从而使这些地雷达到了议定书规定的技术要求。中国计划通过这种方式在议定书规定的若干技术要求的过渡实施期限到期之前，达到符合议定书所规定义务的状况。", "23. 在国际上，中国是排雷行动支助小组的成员，在排雷援助工作中发挥了积极的作用。2005年中国向泰国派出了一个专家组，在几个月中培训了30名排雷人员，并于2006年9月在中国为来自黎巴嫩和约旦的42名排雷人员进行了人道主义排雷培训。中国也支持非洲的人道主义排雷行动。该国认为，在排雷行动领域，各类现行国际机制是相互补充的，因此与《渥太华公约》缔约国以及国际禁止地雷运动、日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心和红十字国际委员会的代表都保持着广泛联系。", "24. 姜女士(大韩民国)重申，该国从未放弃对经修正后的第二号议定书的字面意义和精神实质的承诺。她指出，尽管加入该议定书的缔约国数量正在稳定增长，但是应加倍努力以保障更多国家加入议定书，大韩民国对为此目的制定的并将在审议《公约》的第三次会议上予以通过的行动计划寄予厚望。", "25. 2006年大韩民国销毁了7,000多枚地雷，并计划在2009年前完成其扫雷活动。该国政府在以往九年里忠实地履行了禁止出口此类装置的禁令，在国际上，该国政府通过向联合国各类自愿信托基金捐款，继续支持人道主义排雷项目，并正在探索方式方法，与受到地雷(水雷)影响的国家交流经验和分享已开发的技术。", "26. 她承认经修正后的第二号议定书部分适用于杀伤人员之外的其他地雷(水雷)，同时她认为需要一个重点更为突出的文书以处理这些地雷(水雷)在人道主义方面所造成的危险，并期望迅速通过具体管制这些地雷的新议定书。", "27. 特科特先生(加拿大)说，尽管经修正后的第二号议定书在某些方面可圈可点，但是没有提供足够的保护以避免杀伤人员地雷造成严重威胁，尤其是在人道主义方面。相反，《渥太华公约》汇集了全世界四分之三多的国家，通过纯粹地、单一地禁止杀伤人员地雷，要求在一个确定的期限之前销毁储存的地雷，以及规定为受害者提供援助使其可以重返社区，为采取行动处理那些超出了议定书范围的问题提供了综合性框架。在2004年11月审议《渥太华公约》的第一届会议上，缔约国通过了一项雄心勃勃的2004-2009年期间的行动计划，促使各缔约国在完全消除杀伤人员地雷所造成伤害方面取得重大进展，尽管要达到此目标仍有许多工作亟待进行。加拿大敦促所有议定书缔约国加入《渥太华公约》，并在过渡期间全面实施其规定，因为世界各地平民大众的生命和生计正遭到威胁。", "28. 经修正后的第二号议定书的主要价值在于：该议定书适用于杀伤人员之外的地雷(水雷)。基于此理由，加拿大敦促所有缔约国充分履行以下方面的承诺：禁止使用地雷(水雷)滥杀滥伤，在激烈的敌对行动停止后开展扫雷工作并对扫雷工作提供援助；另外更应充分履行定期及时提交年度报告的承诺，该报告是遵守议定书各项规定的关键要素。该国也敦促各缔约国履行有关反车辆地雷的义务，这种地雷对平民造成了极大的痛苦。", "29. 施特莱先生(瑞士)指出，经修正后的第二号议定书的实效，尤其是其关于保护平民大众所做保证的实效，取决于其中各项规定的有效实施程度，包括缔约国根据第13条第4款提交年度报告并参加年度会议。瑞士对经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国数目的稳定上升表示欢迎，并请尚未加入议定书的国家加入议定书。该国准备在双边或多边各个层面积极开展合作，解决任何阻碍某些国家加入议定书的有关地雷(水雷)的技术性问题。瑞士政府在2005年划拨了1200万美元给全世界范围内的排雷行动，在2006年的预算中也指定了相当的金额，这将主要用于资助排雷项目、宣传运动和受害者援助项目。该国也为许多国家的扫雷任务派出了专家并提供了设备。", "30. 别拉绍夫先生(乌克兰)，指出乌克兰对芬兰代表团代表欧洲联盟和其他国家所作的声明表示赞成，说该国不仅是《公约》缔约国，也是其五项议定书的缔约国，该国全面致力于严格遵守这些文书，且在国内予以适当运用，尤其是经修正后的第二号议定书，该议定书为减缓武装冲突造成的经常性、灾难性后果提供了重要的方式，不仅减缓了在敌对活动中对战斗人员所造成的后果，而且还减缓了在敌对活动后对平民所造成的伤害。", "31. 排雷专家报告，乌克兰每年在建设施工和其他作业中可从地下挖掘出4万至5万枚未爆弹药。政府每年开展相当多的工作并拨出相当多的财政资源来清除这些第二次世界大战遗留的隐患，但是如果没有外国伙伴的实质性支持，就不可能在此领域取得重大成功。乌克兰认为，国际社会不应担心重复活动，应继续广泛支持受到地雷影响国家所设立的消除这些装置的方案。的确，该国应感谢欧洲理事会在乌克兰销毁600万枚PFM型杀伤人员的地雷方面给与的合作，从而使该国有条件考虑加入《渥太华公约》，而且已在近期加入。", "32. 普拉萨德先生(印度)说，该国继续承诺最终实现考虑到了各国合法的安全需求的、普遍禁止杀伤人员地雷的目标。如果可以获得低成本的、在军事上有效的及非致命的其他技术，该国可以在完全消除此类地雷方面获得进展。经修正后的第二号议定书通过在各国的安全需要与对保护平民大众避免受到不负责任滥用一切类型地雷(水雷)滥杀滥伤的关注之间达成平衡，对逐步实现无雷世界做出了巨大贡献。印度毫无保留地支持缔约国采取促进各国普遍加入议定书的措施，尤其是起草将向在几日内举行的审议《公约》的会议提交的行动计划草案。很多缔约国定期提交国家年度报告，这证明了议定书第13条和第14条所制定的协商、合作和遵守机制发挥了作用。", "33. 印度采取了必要的步骤遵守议定书各项规定。只有武装部队获准使用地雷，而且只能在保护边境时才可以布置地雷，且须遵照标准作业程序。印度当局从不使用地雷维持内部秩序，即使是在打击对平民使用地雷和简易爆炸装置滥杀滥伤的暴力群体时，也从不这样做。印度将继续执行禁止出口地雷的禁令。通过出版物、培训课程和民间社会行动，该国不断努力向武装部队和民众宣传关于杀伤人员地雷的资料。在维和行动中，尤其是在非洲，印度军队继续向执行联合国赞助的扫雷方案提供技术贡献，印度赞成加强排雷行动方面所有形式的合作。该国在受到地雷影响的若干非洲和亚洲国家分发了有名的“斋普尔假肢”。", "34. 峰先生(日本)说，该国仍确信只有普遍禁止杀伤人员地雷(水雷)才有可能终结这些武器所造成的痛苦，而且高度重视《渥太华公约》，并一直在积极鼓励尚未加入的各国成为《公约》缔约国。尽管如此，日本也认为经修正后的第二号议定书为减轻这些装置所造成的人道主义问题提供了一种实际的、合理的方式，因此那些在加入《渥太华公约》方面存在困难的国家应考虑加入经修正后的第二号议定书，这使其可以参与国际社会为减少地雷(水雷)所造成痛苦而开展的工作。日本代表希望那些已决定推迟到2007年12月才实施关于杀伤人员地雷(水雷)的可探测性、活跃期要求的国家向本届会议报告它们在执行这些规定方面所取得的进展。日本积极支持了近年的排雷行动，并与该国产业界、大学和民间社会一起着手开发新的探雷和扫雷设备。经修正后的第二号议定书不仅对杀伤人员地雷而且对杀伤人员地雷以外的其它地雷(水雷)做出了规定，日本呼吁所有缔约国重申议定书的重要性，努力稳步实施该文书，以及努力逐渐推动更多国家加入议定书。", "35. 安东诺夫先生(俄罗斯联邦)指出，鉴于经修正后的第二号议定书在协调各国的利益方面具有独特的优势，不论是赞成完全禁止杀伤人员地雷的国家还是必须使用此类装置保障安全的国家，因此，应当对其提供的可能性加以较好地利用。具体而言，应通过与由于军事和政治上的困难尚未加入议定书的国家进行合作，努力促进它们普遍加入议定书。俄罗斯联邦在2004年12月宣布同意接受议定书约束之前，自身也曾克服了这方面的困难。议定书的各项规定应更好地予以实施。俄罗斯联确信，负责任地执行议定书制定的各项规定和限制，有助于大大减少地雷受害者数目及地雷所造成的伤害，从而避免通过新的文书来解决这些问题。", "36. 多年来，俄罗斯联邦一直采取实际步骤以减少地雷(水雷)的威胁。该国放弃生产爆破雷已有10多年，而且最近销毁了800多万枚杀伤人员地雷。国防部长已就雷场的排布和标识提出了建议，而且武装部队已开始执行议定书的各项技术规定。", "37. 俄罗斯联邦已完成了向塔吉克斯坦移交所有有关在该国与阿富汗的边境所布雷情况纪录。俄罗斯媒体散发了关于议定书各项规定的资料以及当局为保证遵守规定所采取的步骤。俄罗斯联邦已开始开发新的地雷探测和失效技术，并对议定书限制使用的杀伤人员地雷设计了新的销毁方式。作为国际合作的部分内容，该国向外国排雷专业人员提供了培训。", "38. 汗先生(巴基斯坦)说，因为经修正后的第二号议定书范围非常广泛，在人道主义关注和各国安全需求之间达成了平衡，其自愿的、不加以干涉和非歧视的遵守机制很有效，以及事实上主要的地雷(水雷)生产国都加入了议定书，该国高度重视经修正后的第二号议定书。巴基斯坦充分实施了议定书的各项规定，并从未遗漏过提交年度报告。", "39. 在巴基斯坦，地雷的生产限制于公共部门，而在激烈冲突期间地雷的储存和安置授权给予武装部队的专门单位。该国已采取了所有的必要步骤来保护平民和军人避免受到地雷伤害，尤其是在以下方面：向武装部队成员提供有关议定书各项规定的资料并向平民大众提供地雷所造成危险的资料，标示雷场、监测雷场及在和平时期对雷场进行防护，对居住在雷场附近的平民进行教育，包括在当地就学的儿童，并向遭到地雷伤害的阿富汗难民提供援助。", "40. 议定书缔约国应通过强调议定书在向排雷和地雷(水雷)受害者的康复提供援助方面的益处，不遗余力地促进各国普遍加入文书。", "41. 贝克女士(美利坚合众国)说，该国已成为经修正后的第二号议定书的缔约国，因为该国承诺终结包括反车辆地雷在内的所有地雷对人类构成的危险，而且实际上已在国家一级推行超出议定书要求的禁令。2004年2月，美国政府决定从2010年后不再使用永久性地雷，而继续允许使用只有短暂活跃期、可自动进行自行销毁、自行解除待发状态且不对非战斗人员造成巨大危险的地雷。该国自2005年1月1日起禁止使用所有无法探测的地雷(水雷)，无论其是杀伤人员地雷(水雷)或是反车辆地雷(水雷)。", "42. 在国际一级，美国在二十个捐助国和欧洲委员会支持全世界排雷行动的坚持不懈的努力中持续发挥重要作用。迄今为止，该国划拨了10亿多美元在近50个受到地雷影响的国家用于排雷、提高对地雷(水雷)所造成危险的认识、援助地雷(水雷)事故幸存者、研究与开发最有效探测和清除地雷(水雷)方面的技术以及培训外国排雷专家。仅在2006财政年度里，美国在排雷行动方面的人道主义援助就达到7660万美元之多，用于四个大陆中30个受到地雷影响的国家。根据美国国会的批准，2007年指定用于同一用途的金额基本相当。美国通过参与全世界的排雷活动，确信有必要制定一份强有力的文书以减少杀伤人员地雷之外的地雷(水雷)在人道主义方面造成的影响，因此该国鼓励所有缔约国共同努力在即将举行的审议《公约》的第三届会议上将此项文书最终定稿。", "43. 古斯先生 (人权观察)满意地指出，仅在10年内经修正后的第二号议定书就在很大程度上变得多余了。当时，《渥太华公约》彻底禁止使用杀伤人员地雷(水雷)，而作为杀伤人员地雷使用的反车辆地雷也遭彻底禁止，同时《渥太华公约》与特别关于战争爆炸遗留物的第五号议定书已解决了冲突后补救措施的问题。因此，第二号议定书中只有关于反车辆地雷的规定仍然有用，尽管许多缔约国强调这些规定太过无力。他强烈反对这样一个事实，即各国尚未就加强这些规定的方式方法达成一致意见。此外，经修正后的第二号议定书只适用于10个尚未加入《渥太华公约》并接受其所规定的更严格和更全面义务的议定书缔约国。他认为，议定书不应被视为在实现全面禁止杀伤人员地雷的进程中的一个过渡性阶段，在此期间各国仍可以制造、储存和使用此类地雷，这应遭到全世界的谴责。", "44. 尽管如此，他满意地指出，一些国家尽管尚未加入《渥太华公约》，但未承认其制定的规则并在实践中遵守公约。这些国家甚至宣布它们已停止生产杀伤人员地雷(水雷)。杀伤人员地雷(水雷)的世界贸易差不多停止了10年，而在过去一年只有俄罗斯联邦和缅甸在继续布雷。许多尚未加入《渥太华公约》的国家已开始投票赞成联合国大会关于《渥太华公约》的年度决议，其中包括中国、摩洛哥、斯里兰卡和芬兰等已加入经修正后的第二号议定书的缔约国，甚至还包括阿塞拜疆和科威特等没有加入《公约》及议定书的国家。他鼓励已表示支持在本届会议上达成完全禁止杀伤人员地雷目标的所有议定书缔约国，立即采取必要步骤加入《渥太华公约》。最后，他失望地指出，无论是中国还是巴基斯坦都决定了推迟到2007年12月才实施《议定书》规定的义务，但是两国都没有提供为届时实施义务所采取的步骤的详细资料。", "审查议定书的实施情况和现况(议程项目9)", "45. 主席说，迄今为止，共有86个国家已通知保管人同意接受议定书的约束，但对这样一项重要的国际文书来说，这一数目仍然太少。他请缔约国研究各种推动各国普遍加入这项文书的可能的方式方法。尤其是，有六个国家在宣布同意接受议定书的约束时，已决定推迟执行关于杀伤人员地雷(水雷)的可探测性和此类型中散雷的活跃期的各项规定。他鼓励这六国说明实施这些规定的准备工作进度，如果它们在一般意见交流阶段还没有作出说明的话，因为延期期限即将于2007年12月3日结束。", "46. 杜姆佩女士(拉脱维亚)指出，该国已决定推迟履行有关地雷(水雷)的可探测性和自我销毁的义务，并说该国已于2006年1月1日加入《渥太华公约》，从而承担了导致延期无效的法律义务。拉脱维亚政府已在国内采取了必要的步骤，以尽快正式撤销对经修正后的第二号议定书的保留。拉脱维亚代表将向议定书各缔约国通报该程序所取得的进展。", "47. 格里涅维什先生(白俄罗斯)说，白俄罗斯放弃推迟执行经修正后的第二号议定书规定的若干义务，这在现阶段几乎没有任何意义，因为与此同时该国已加入了《渥太华公约》。白俄罗斯未曾打算对其储存的杀伤人员地雷(水雷)安装自毁、自行解除待发状态或自行失效装置，因为根据《渥太华公约》，无论如何该国必须在2008年3月1日之前在北约和欧洲联盟的协助下销毁这些库存。", "审议各缔约方根据《经修正的第二号议定书》第13条第4款提交的报告所涉事项(议程项目10)", "48. 主席说，2006年在通知保存人同意接受经修正后的第二号议定书的86个国家中，有42个国家已经按照第13条第4款的要求提交了年度报告。迄今为止，其中14份报告已被作为会议的正式文件分发(CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/NAR.1-14)；一旦秘书处收到其余8份报告的电子版本，即予以分发。在《公约》网站上可查阅提交的所有报告，提交报告的国家清单也将列于会议报告。", "49. 在第五届年度会议上，缔约国决定简化国家年度报告的提交方式(CCW/ AP.II/CONF.5/2, 第20段)，缔约国只需在一页上简要说明：这一年在表格的某页或其他页提交的资料自上年以来发生变化的情况，而不用完成整份表格或几份表格。换言之，缔约国只需提交新的摘要、封面和载有新信息的表格。", "50. 此外，根据既定惯例，年度报告最迟须在年度会议召开八周之前提交。缔约国必须遵守这一规则。秘书处编制了一张表，概括了2006年提交国家报告的情况，并将作为第八届会议最后文件的附件。", "51. 达尔塞罗先生(巴西)说巴西将于当天提交国家报告，并请秘书处在表格中反映这一事实。", "审议各种保护平民不受地雷滥杀滥伤影响的技术的发展情况(议程项目11)", "52. 主席注意到，没有人要求就议程项目11发言。", "下午12时30分散会" ]

[ "EIGHTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIESTO AMENDED PROTOCOL II TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USEOF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAYBE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS ORTO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS\tCCW/AP.II/CONF.8/SR.114 September 2007ENGLISHOriginal: FRENCH", "Geneva, 6 November 2006", "SUMMARY RECORD OF THE 1st MEETING", "Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva,", "on Monday, 6 November 2006, at 10.20 a.m.", "Temporary President: Mr. CAUGHLEY (Deputy Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament and Director of the Geneva Branch of the Department for Disarmament Affairs)", "President: Mr. HUSÁK (Czech Republic)", "CONTENTS", "OPENING OF THE CONFERENCE", "CONFIRMATION OF THE NOMINATION OF THE PRESIDENT AND OTHER OFFICERS", "ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA", "CONFIRMATION OF THE RULES OF PROCEDURE", "APPOINTMENT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE CONFERENCE", "ADOPTION OF ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEETING THE COSTS OF THE CONFERENCE", "MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS", "ORGANIZATION OF WORK, INCLUDING THAT OF ANY SUBSIDIARY BODIES OF THE CONFERENCE", "GENERAL EXCHANGE OF VIEWS", "REVIEW OF THE OPERATION AND STATUS OF THE PROTOCOL", "CONSIDERATION OF MATTERS ARISING FROM REPORTS BY HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES ACCORDING TO PARAGRAPH 4 OF ARTICLE 13 OF THE AMENDED PROTOCOL II", "CONSIDERATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES TO PROTECT CIVILIANS AGAINST INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS OF MINES", "The meeting was called to order at 10.20 a.m.", "OPENING OF THE CONFERENCE", "1. The TEMPORARY PRESIDENT, acting on behalf of the United Nations Secretary‑General, who is the depositary of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects and the protocols thereto, called to order the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices, as amended on 3 May 1996, which is annexed to the Convention.", "CONFIRMATION OF THE NOMINATION OF THE PRESIDENT AND OTHER OFFICERS (item 2 of the provisional agenda)", "2. The TEMPORARY PRESIDENT pointed out that the States parties had decided at their Fourth Annual Conference, in order to ensure continuity in the preparatory work carried out by the Chair, that the incoming President and Vice-Presidents would be designated at the end of each annual conference. Accordingly, at the Seventh Annual Conference, the representative of the Czech Republic had been nominated as President of the Eighth Annual Conference (CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, para. 20). If there was no objection, he would take it that the Conference wished to confirm the nomination of the representative of the Czech Republic, Mr. Tomáš Husák, to take the Chair.", "3. It was so decided.", "4. Mr. Husák (Czech Republic) took the Chair.", "5. The PRESIDENT, citing the decision taken at the Seventh Annual Conference concerning the posts of Vice-President, (CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, para. 20), said that after consultations with the regional groups and China, it appeared that the Conference was in agreement to confirm the appointment of the Ambassador of Germany, Mr. Bernhard Brasack, the Ambassador of China, Mr. Cheng Jingye, and the Ambassador of Jordan, Mr. Mousa Burayzat, as Vice-Presidents. He invited the Conference to confirm the appointment of those representatives as Vice-Presidents.", "6. The appointment of Mr. Brasack (Germany), Mr. Cheng (China) and Mr. Burayzat (Jordan) as Vice-Presidents of the Conference was confirmed.", "ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA (item 3 of the provisional agenda) (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/1)", "7. The provisional agenda was adopted.", "CONFIRMATION OF THE RULES OF PROCEDURE (agenda item 4)", "8. The PRESIDENT, drawing delegations’ attention to document CCW/AP.II/CONF.6/2, containing the rules of procedure as amended at the Fourth Annual Conference, said that, at the First Annual Conference, the incumbent President had noted, with reference to rule 29 of the rules of procedure, that the high contracting parties had proceeded on the basis of consensus in their deliberations and negotiations and had not taken any decision by vote. He proceeded from the principle that that version of the rules of procedure, read in conjunction with that statement, applied mutatis mutandis to the Eighth Annual Conference.", "9. It was so decided.", "APPOINTMENT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE CONFERENCE (agenda item 5)", "10. The PRESIDENT, referring to rule 10 of the rules of procedure, said his consultations had indicated that the delegations were in agreement to appoint Mr. Peter Kolarov, Political Affairs Officer in the Geneva Branch of the Department for Disarmament Affairs, as Secretary‑General of the Conference. He took it that it was the wish of the Conference to appoint Mr. Kolarov to that office.", "11. It was so decided.", "ADOPTION OF ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEETING THE COSTS OF THE CONFERENCE (agenda item 6)", "12. The PRESIDENT noted that the cost estimates for the Eighth Annual Conference (CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, annex IV) had been considered in 2005 at the Seventh Conference. If there was no objection, he would take it that the Conference wished to approve the cost estimates as presented.", "13. It was so decided.", "MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS", "14. At the invitation of the President, Mr. CAUGHLEY (Deputy Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament and Director of the Geneva Branch of the Department for Disarmament Affairs) read out a message from the United Nations Secretary-General.", "15. In his message, the Secretary-General said that mines, booby-traps and improvised explosive devices aggravated the suffering of combatants and prolonged the horrendous consequences of armed conflict, indiscriminately killing civilians, peacekeepers and humanitarian workers, as well as hampering the return and reintegration of refugees and displaced persons and impeding post-conflict reconstruction.", "16. By adopting amended Protocol II a decade previously, the States parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons had shown that they were committed to developing international humanitarian law so as to combat the threat posed by the mines and devices in question. Yet that threat persisted, and there was much work to do to achieve the objective of eliminating mines of all shapes and sizes. The Secretary-General therefore urged the States parties to amend Protocol II to study ways of better protecting civilians against the danger of mines and to promote universal adherence to the Protocol. He urged countries which had not yet notified their consent to be bound by amended Protocol II, and particularly those which were parties to the original Protocol, to do so as soon as possible.", "ORGANIZATION OF WORK, INCLUDING THAT OF ANY SUBSIDIARY BODIES OF THE CONFERENCE (agenda item 7)", "17. The PRESIDENT said that, in view of the brevity of the Conference, he hesitated to propose the establishment of a subsidiary body. Instead, he invited the participants to address, during the traditional general exchange of views, all the substantive issues of interest to them which were listed on the agenda, keeping for consideration under items 9, 10 and 11 issues arising specifically from those items.", "GENERAL EXCHANGE OF VIEWS (agenda item 8)", "18. Mr. KAHILUOTO (Finland), speaking on behalf of the European Union, the acceding countries (Bulgaria and Romania), the candidate countries (Turkey, Croatia and The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), the countries of the Stabilization and Association Process and potential candidates (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro) - a process of which Croatia and The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia continue to be part - as well as Ukraine and Moldova, said that the European Union continued to attach high priority to the full implementation of amended Protocol II, which, while complementing the Ottawa Convention by virtue of its wider scope, could, if its prohibitions and restrictions were effectively applied, enhance the security of military ground operations and curtail the impact of mines, booby-traps and other devices on civilian populations. The obligations related to recording, protection and removal of minefields, together with the provisions for international cooperation, were essential as they facilitated humanitarian assistance, post-conflict recovery and peacekeeping operations. The European Union welcomed the accession of Tunisia to amended Protocol II in 2006 and again called on all States parties to the Convention to adhere to it as soon as possible, as well as to any other protocols to which they were not yet party. It fully supported the Plan of Action on Universalization of the Convention and its Protocols which was to be adopted at the Third Conference to review the Convention. That said, the effectiveness of amended Protocol II would be measured not only by its universalization, but also by the timely submission of the States parties’ annual reports, which contributed to transparency and cooperation in the implementation of the instrument. States which were not parties should prepare such reports voluntarily.", "19. The European Union would like annual conferences of the States parties to amended Protocol II to offer an opportunity for interactive and more substantial discussion on the content of the annual reports. It would also be interested in exploring ways and means to use the annual conferences more concretely to strengthen the provisions of the Protocol and their implementation. As for the States parties which had opted to defer compliance with the provisions of the technical annex on detectability and the self-destruction and self-deactivation of anti-personnel mines for a period of nine years following the entry into force of the Protocol, the European Union invited them to indicate where they stood in the process of implementing the relevant provisions, as the deferral period would soon end, on 3 December 2007. The Union encouraged the States parties which had exercised that right and had become parties to the Ottawa Convention in the meantime to rescind their deferrals immediately.", "20. Ms. MILLAR (Australia) said that her country, which was a party to the Ottawa Convention alongside 150 other States, and which therefore placed particular emphasis on the implementation and universalization of a total ban on anti-personnel mines, nevertheless attached importance to amended Protocol II because of the humanitarian gains it offered, which were admittedly less substantial but not negligible, and the role it played in gathering together States which remained major users and producers of mines and had not yet acceded to the Ottawa Convention.", "21. Australia remained firmly committed to the elimination of anti-personnel mines throughout the world. In 2005, it had pledged $A 75 million over five years for international mine action, and in 2006 it had allocated $11 million to mine clearance, mine risk education and victim assistance, principally for the benefit of Asian countries. Some government agencies, after developing a multi-sensor system now used around the world, continued to work on new methods of mine clearance. Australian companies had embarked on the development of technologies to speed up the rate at which mines could be removed from the ground; the detector devised by Minelab Electronics was currently used in United Nations demining operations and by the NATO Partnership for Peace.", "22. Mr. CHENG (China) noted that amended Protocol II struck a proper balance between humanitarian concerns and the legitimate military needs of States, that the international community widely acknowledged its importance, since 86 States were now parties to it, and that it played an indispensable role in reducing the number of accidents caused by landmines in which the victims were civilians. That said, landmines continued to pose a serious threat, and in some countries remained a major obstacle to social and economic reconstruction. China had striven to fulfil its obligations under the Protocol. At the national level, it had continued to carry out public awareness and education campaigns, and had produced a television programme to disseminate information concerning the implementation of the Protocol to the armed forces and the civilian population. The Chinese military had destroyed more than 1,000 tons of obsolete anti-personnel mines and had begun to modify stockpiled mines that still functioned normally, so that they met the technical requirements of the Protocol. In that way China planned to be in a position to comply with its obligations by the end of the period during which the application of certain technical requirements under the Protocol had been deferred.", "23. Internationally, China, which was a member of the Mine Action Support Group, had played an active part in demining assistance efforts. It had sent an expert team to Thailand for several months in 2005 to train 30 demining personnel, and in September 2006 had started a humanitarian demining training course in China for 42 demining personnel from Lebanon and Jordan. It also supported humanitarian demining operations in Africa. It believed that, in the field of mine action, the various existing international mechanisms were complementary, and so had maintained extensive contacts with the States parties to the Ottawa Convention, as well as the representatives of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining and the International Committee of the Red Cross.", "24. Ms. KANG (Republic of Korea) reconfirmed her country’s unwavering commitment to the letter and spirit of amended Protocol II. She noted that, although the number of States parties to the Protocol was steadily increasing, efforts should nevertheless be redoubled to ensure its universalization - the Republic of Korea placed much hope in the plan of action to that end which was to be adopted at the Third Conference to review the Convention.", "25. In 2006 the Republic of Korea had destroyed over 7,000 landmines and planned to complete its mine clearance activities by 2009. The Government had faithfully observed a moratorium on the export of such devices for the past nine years. Internationally, the Government continued to support humanitarian demining projects by contributing to the various United Nations trust funds, and was exploring ways to share the experience acquired and techniques developed with mine-affected countries.", "26. While recognizing that amended Protocol II applied partially to mines other than anti‑personnel mines, she believed that a more focused instrument was needed to address the humanitarian risks posed by such mines, and looked forward to the speedy adoption of a new Protocol specifically regulating them.", "27. Mr. TURCOTTE (Canada) said that amended Protocol II, though notable in certain respects, did not provide adequate protection from the grave threats posed by anti-personnel landmines, especially in humanitarian terms. In contrast, the Ottawa Convention, which gathered together more than three quarters of the world’s nations, provided a comprehensive framework for action to address those problems which went beyond the Protocol by purely and simply banning anti-personnel mines, requiring the destruction of stockpiles by a precise deadline and making provision for assistance to victims to enable them to return to their communities. At the first conference held to review the Ottawa Convention, in November 2004, the States parties had adopted an ambitious action plan for the period 2004-2009, which had enabled them to record significant progress towards the complete elimination of the scourge of anti-personnel landmines, even if much remained to be done to reach that goal. Canada urged all States to accede to the Ottawa Convention and, in the interim, to apply its norms fully, as the lives and livelihoods of civilian populations throughout the world were at stake.", "28. The principal value of amended Protocol II lay in the fact that it applied to mines other than anti-personnel mines. For that reason, Canada urged all States to comply fully with their commitments regarding the prohibition of the indiscriminate use of mines, mine clearance after the cessation of active hostilities and assistance for mine clearance, not to mention the regular and timely submission of their annual reports, which were a key element in compliance with the provisions of the Protocol. It also urged them to fulfil their obligations in relation to anti-vehicle mines, which caused appalling suffering to civilians.", "29. Mr. STREULI (Switzerland) pointed out that the effectiveness of amended Protocol II, and in particular that of the guarantees it laid down in relation to protection of the civilian population, depended on the effective application of its provisions, including the submission of annual reports by the States parties, in accordance with article 13, paragraph 4, and participation in their annual conferences. Switzerland welcomed the steady rise in the number of States parties to the Protocol and invited all States which had not yet done so to accede to it. It stood ready to cooperate actively at the bilateral or multilateral level in resolving any technical problems related to mines which might prevent certain States from becoming parties to the Protocol. In 2005 the Swiss Government had allocated $12 million for mine action worldwide, and it had earmarked a similar amount in the budget for 2006, which would be used mainly to fund demining projects, awareness campaigns and victim assistance projects. It also supplied experts and equipment for mine clearance missions in many countries.", "30. Mr. BIELASHOV (Ukraine), noting that Ukraine had associated itself with the statement made by the delegation of Finland on behalf of the European Union and other countries, said that his country, which was a party not only to the Convention but also to its five protocols, was fully committed to strict compliance with and the appropriate domestic application of those instruments, particularly amended Protocol II, which offered an important means of reducing the often disastrous consequences of armed conflict, both for combatants during hostilities and for civilians afterwards.", "31. In Ukraine, demining experts reported that between 40,000 and 50,000 items of unexploded ordnance were extracted from the ground each year during construction work and other operations. The Government allocated considerable effort and financial resources to liquidating that scourge, a heritage of the Second World War, but the successes recorded in that area would not have been possible without substantial support from its foreign partners. Ukraine believed that the international community could, without fear of duplication of activities, continue broad support for the programmes set up by mine-affected States to combat the effects of those devices. Indeed, it was thanks to cooperation from the European Commission for the destruction of 6 million PFM anti-personnel mines in Ukraine that the country had been able to consider becoming a party to the Ottawa Convention, and had done so recently.", "32. Mr. PRASAD (India) said that his country remained committed to the ultimate objective of a universal ban on anti-personnel landmines which took account of States’ legitimate security requirements. Progress could be made towards the complete elimination of such mines if low‑cost, militarily effective and non-lethal alternative technologies were available. By striking a balance between States’ security imperatives and the concern to protect civilian populations against the irresponsible and indiscriminate use of all types of mines, amended Protocol II had made a major contribution to the gradual realization of a mine-free world. India unreservedly supported the measures taken by States parties to promote the universalization of the Protocol, and in particular the drafting of the plan of action which was to be submitted to the conference to be held in a few days’ time to review the Convention. The efficacy of the consultation, cooperation and compliance mechanism laid down in articles 13 and 14 of the Protocol had been demonstrated by the large number of States parties that regularly submitted their national annual reports.", "33. India had taken the requisite steps to comply with the provisions of the Protocol. Only the armed forces were authorized to use landmines, and they laid them only to protect the borders, in accordance with standard operating procedures. The Indian authorities had never used mines for maintenance of internal order, even against terrorist groups, which did use mines and improvised explosive devices indiscriminately against civilians. The moratorium on the export of landmines continued to be applied. Efforts were regularly made to disseminate information on anti‑personnel mines to the armed forces and among the public, using publications, training courses and civil-society actions. The Indian army continued to contribute its skills to the implementation of United Nations-sponsored mine clearance programmes, in peacekeeping operations, principally in Africa. India would favour strengthened cooperation in mine action in all its forms. The famous “Jaipur foot” was distributed in certain mine-affected countries in Africa and Asia.", "34. Mr. MINE (Japan) said that his country, which remained convinced that only a universal ban on anti-personnel mines would make it possible to end the suffering caused by those weapons, placed great importance on the Ottawa Convention and had been actively working to encourage those States which had not yet done so to become parties to the Convention. That said, Japan also believed that amended Protocol II offered a realistic and logical means of alleviating the humanitarian problems caused by those devices, so that the countries which would find it difficult to become parties to the Ottawa Convention should consider acceding to amended Protocol II, which would enable them to participate in the efforts of the international community to reduce the suffering due to mines. The Japanese delegation hoped that the countries which had opted to defer the application of the detectability and active-life requirements for anti-personnel mines until December 2007 would report on their progress in the implementation of those provisions to the current Conference. Japan had energetically supported mine action in recent years and, jointly with industry, the universities and civil society in the country, had embarked on the development of new mine detection and clearance equipment. Japan called on all States parties to reaffirm the significance of amended Protocol II, which regulated not only anti-personnel landmines but also mines other than anti-personnel mines, and to make efforts towards the steady implementation and progressive universalization of that instrument.", "35. Mr. ANTONOV (Russian Federation), noting that amended Protocol II offered the unique advantage of reconciling the interests of all States, whether they were in favour of a complete ban on anti-personnel mines or had to make use of such devices to ensure their security, considered that the possibilities offered by the Protocol should be better exploited. In practical terms, efforts should be undertaken to make the Protocol universal by means of cooperation with States which had not yet acceded to it owing to a difficult military and political situation. The Russian Federation had had to overcome such difficulties itself before it was able to declare its consent to be bound by the Protocol, in December 2004. Its provisions should also be better applied. The Russian Federation was confident that the responsible implementation of the stipulations and prohibitions laid down in the Protocol would help to reduce considerably the number of victims of landmines and the damage they caused, obviating the need to adopt new instruments to address the problem.", "36. For many years the Russian Federation had been taking practical steps to reduce the mine threat. It had renounced the production of blast mines more than 10 years previously, and had recently destroyed more than 8 million anti-personnel mines. The Ministry of Defence had drawn up recommendations on the laying and marking of minefields, and the armed forces had begun to implement the technical stipulations of the Protocol.", "37. The Russian Federation had completed the handover to Tajikistan of all the records relating to minefields laid along the border between that country and Afghanistan. The Russian media disseminated information on the provisions of the Protocol and the steps taken by the authorities to ensure compliance. The Russian Federation had begun to develop new mine detection and neutralization techniques and had devised new means of destroying anti-personnel mines whose use was restricted by the Protocol. It offered to train foreign demining specialists as part of international cooperation.", "38. Mr. KHAN (Pakistan) said that his country attached a great deal of significance to amended Protocol II because of its very wide scope, the balance it struck between humanitarian concerns and States’ security requirements, the effectiveness of its voluntary, non-intrusive and non-discriminatory compliance mechanism and the fact that the main mine-producing countries were parties to it. Pakistan fully applied its provisions and submitted its annual reports without fail.", "39. In Pakistan, production of mines was restricted to the public sector, while storage of mines and emplacement during periods of active hostilities were entrusted to dedicated units of the armed forces. All necessary steps had been taken to protect civilians and military personnel against mines, in particular as regards information provided to members of the armed forces concerning the provisions of the Protocol and the risks posed by mines for the civilian population, marking of minefields, monitoring of minefields and their fencing in peacetime, education of civilians living in the vicinity of minefields, including children attending local schools, and assistance to Afghan refugees who were mine victims.", "40. The States parties to the Protocol should spare no effort to universalize the instrument by emphasizing its benefits in terms of assistance for demining and rehabilitation of mine victims.", "41. Ms. BAKER (United States of America) said that her country had become a party to amended Protocol II because it was committed to eliminating the risks posed to humans by all landmines, including anti-vehicle mines, and had in fact introduced prohibitions at the national level which went beyond the requirements of the Protocol. In February 2004 the Government of the United States had decided that, after the year 2010, the United States would no longer use persistent landmines, while continuing to authorize the use of mines with a short active life, which self-destructed and self-deactivated automatically and presented no significant risk for non-combatants. It had also prohibited the use of all non-detectable mines from 1 January 2005, whether they were anti-personnel mines or anti-vehicle mines.", "42. At the international level, the United States had played a sustained major role in the persistent efforts of a score of donor countries and the European Commission to support mine action throughout the world. To date, the country had allocated over $1 billion for demining, promotion of awareness of the risks posed by mines, assistance to mine accident survivors, research and development on the most effective mine detection and clearance techniques and training of foreign demining experts, in nearly 50 mine-affected countries. In fiscal year 2006 alone, United States humanitarian aid for mine action amounted to over $76.6 million, which went to 30 mine-affected countries on four continents. Subject to approval by the United States Congress, a comparable sum would be earmarked for the same purpose in 2007. Its participation in mine action throughout the world had convinced the United States of the need to draw up a strong instrument to reduce the humanitarian impact of mines other than anti-personnel mines, and so it encouraged all States to combine their efforts to finalize such an instrument at the forthcoming third conference to review the Convention.", "43. Mr. GOOSE (Human Rights Watch) noted with satisfaction that in only 10 years amended Protocol II had become largely redundant. In that time anti-personnel mines had been completely banned by the Ottawa Convention, as had anti-vehicle mines which functioned as anti-personnel mines, while the issue of post-conflict remedial measures had been resolved by the Ottawa Convention and, above all, Protocol V on explosive remnants of war. In that way, only the provisions of Protocol II which related to anti-vehicle mines were still of effective use, although many States parties had emphasized that those provisions were too weak. He deplored the fact that States had not reached consensus on ways and means of strengthening those provisions. Moreover, amended Protocol II remained relevant only for the 10 States which were parties to it and had not yet acceded to the Ottawa Convention and accepted the stricter and more comprehensive obligations laid down in it. He considered that the Protocol should not be viewed as a convenient stage along the road to a complete ban on anti-personnel mines, in which States could still produce, stockpile and use such mines whereas the entire world community should condemn them.", "44. That said, he noted with satisfaction that even States which were not parties to the Ottawa Convention acknowledged the rule it laid down and complied with it in practice. Even they had announced that they had ceased producing anti-personnel mines. World trade in anti-personnel mines had more or less stopped in 10 years, while only the Russian Federation and Myanmar had continued to lay mines during the past year. Many States which were not party to the Ottawa Convention had begun to vote in favour of the United Nations General Assembly’s annual resolution on the Ottawa Convention, including China, Morocco, Sri Lanka and Finland, which were parties to amended Protocol II, and even Azerbaijan and Kuwait, which were parties to neither. He encouraged all States parties to the Protocol which had expressed support at the present Conference for the goal of a complete ban on anti-personnel mines to take the necessary steps immediately to become parties to the Ottawa Convention. Lastly, he noted with disappointment that neither China nor Pakistan had supplied details of what steps they had taken to be able to comply in December 2007 with the Protocol obligations whose application they had opted to defer.", "REVIEW OF THE OPERATION AND STATUS OF THE PROTOCOL (agenda item 9)", "45. The PRESIDENT said that to date 86 had notified the depositary of their consent to be bound by the Protocol, a figure which remained relatively modest given the importance of the international instrument. He invited the States parties to examine possible ways and means of promoting the universalization of the instrument. In particular, he encouraged the six States which, at the time they declared their consent to be bound by the Protocol, had opted to defer the application of the provisions relating to detectability of anti-personnel mines and the active life of remotely delivered mines of that type to indicate, if they had not done so during the general exchange of views, where they stood in their preparations for the application of those provisions, as the deferral period would expire on 3 December 2007.", "46. Ms. DUMPE (Latvia), noting that her country had opted for deferral of the implementation of the obligations relating to detectability and self-destruction of mines, said that her country had become a party to the Ottawa Convention on 1 January 2006, and had thus assumed legal obligations which rendered the deferral null and void. The Latvian Government had taken the necessary steps domestically to withdraw that reservation relating to amended Protocol II officially as soon as possible. The Latvian delegation would keep the States parties to the Protocol informed of progress with that procedure.", "47. Mr. GRINEVICH (Belarus) said that there was little point at the present stage in a renunciation by Belarus of the deferral in the implementation of certain obligations it had entered into under amended Protocol II, since the country had in the meantime become a party to the Ottawa Convention. Belarus did not intend to fit self-destruction, self-deactivation or self‑neutralization mechanisms to its stocks of anti-personnel mines, since it would in any case have destroyed those stocks by 1 March 2008, in pursuance of the Ottawa Convention, with the assistance of NATO and the European Union.", "CONSIDERATION OF MATTERS ARISING FROM REPORTS BY HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES ACCORDING TO PARAGRAPH 4 OF ARTICLE 13 OF THE AMENDED PROTOCOL II (agenda item 10)", "48. The PRESIDENT noted that in 2006, 42 of the 86 States which had notified the depositary of their consent to be bound by amended Protocol II had submitted the national annual reports referred to in article 13. To date, 14 of those reports had been issued as official documents of the Conference (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/NAR.1-14); 8 others would be issued when the secretariat had received them in electronic form. All the reports that had been submitted could be consulted on the Convention website, and the list of countries which had submitted them would appear in the report of the Conference.", "49. At their Fifth Annual Conference, the States parties had decided to simplify the communication of national annual reports (CCW/AP.II/CONF.5/2, para. 20), and States parties could henceforth confine themselves to indicating on a sheet summarizing the situation that the information to be supplied for the current year on one or other of the forms had not changed since the previous year, and not complete the form or forms in question - in other words, they could submit only the new summary, the cover page and the forms containing new information.", "50. In addition, in accordance with established practice, annual reports should be submitted no later than eight weeks prior to the convening of the annual conference. It was important for States parties to comply with that rule. The secretariat had prepared a table recapitulating the data supplied in 2006 in the national reports, which would be annexed to the final document of the Eighth Conference.", "51. Mr. DALCERO (Brazil) said that Brazil would submit its national report that very day, and asked the secretariat to reflect that fact in the table.", "CONSIDERATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES TO PROTECT CIVILIANS AGAINST INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS OF MINES (agenda item 11)", "52. The PRESIDENT noted that no delegation wished to speak under item 11.", "The meeting rose at 12.30 p.m." ]

[ "Geneva, 6 November 2006", "Summary record of the 1st meeting", "Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, on Monday, 6 November 2006, at 10.20 a.m.", "Temporary President: Mr. Caucus (Under-Secretary-General for the Conference on Disarmament and Director, Geneva Branch, Department for Disarmament Affairs)", "Chairman: Mr. Hussaq (Czech Republic)", "Paragraphs Page", "Opening of the session", "Adoption of the nomination by the President and other officers", "Adoption of the agenda", "Adoption of the rules of procedure", "Appointment of the Secretary-General of the Conference", "Adoption of the cost-sharing arrangement for the Conference", "Statement by the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "Organization of work, including the organization of work of any subsidiary body of the Conference", "Exchange of general comments", "Review of the implementation and status of the Protocol", "Consideration of matters arising from reports submitted by Parties pursuant to Article 13, paragraph 4, of the amended Protocol", "Consideration of the development of technologies to protect civilians from the indiscriminate effects of landmines", "The meeting rose at 10.20 a.m.", "Opening of the session", "The representative of the Interim President, as depositary of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects and the Protocols thereto, announced that the eighth annual meeting of States parties to the Protocol No. 2 on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby Traps and Other Devices, as amended on 3 May 1996.", "Submitted by the President and other officers (item 2 of the provisional agenda)", "The Temporary President noted that, at the fourth annual session, the State party had agreed that, in order to ensure continuity in the preparation of the Chair, a Chair and several Vice-Chairpersons should be appointed at the end of each annual meeting. Accordingly, at the seventh annual session, the representative of the Czech Republic was nominated as Chairman of the eighth annual session (CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, para. If he heard no objection, he would take it that the Conference adopted a nomination under the chairmanship of Mr. Tomaash Hussaque, representative of the Czech Republic.", "It was so decided.", "Mr. Tomaash Hussaq (Czech Republic) took the Chair.", "Referring to the decision taken at the seventh annual session on the post of Vice-Chairpersons (CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, para. 20), the Chair noted that, following consultations with the regional groups and China, the Conference seemed to agree on the nomination of the Vice-Chairpersons through Ambassador Burenda Brasque, Germany, the Chinese Ambassador of Entrepreneurship and Ambassador Mussa Brightz of Jordan. He invited the meeting to adopt the nominations made by those representatives as Vice-Chairpersons.", "The Meeting adopted the nomination of Mr. Brasque (Germany), Mr. Dry (China) and Mr. Brightza (Jordan) as Vice-Chairpersons.", "Adoption of the agenda (item 3) (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/1)", "The provisional agenda was adopted.", "Adoption of the rules of procedure (Agenda item 4)", "The Chair invited the participants to take note of document CCW/AP.II/CONF.6/2 containing the rules of procedure as revised at the fourth annual session, stating that at the first annual meeting, the President of the Conference made a statement on rule 29 of the rules of procedure, acting on the basis of consensus and without taking any decision in a vote. He therefore worked in accordance with the following principles: the existing rules of procedure, together with the statement, were also applied to the 8th Annual Conference on the basis of appropriate revisions to the details.", "It was so decided.", "Appointment of the Secretary-General of the Conference (agenda item 5)", "The Chairman referred to rule 10 of the rules of procedure, stating that consultations convened by him indicated that the parties agreed to appoint Mr. Peter Koranov, Political Affairs Officer, Geneva Branch, Department of Disarmament Affairs, as Secretary-General of the Conference. He therefore took it that the Conference wished to appoint Mr. Peter Koraov to serve as such.", "It was so decided.", "(Agenda item 6)", "The Chair noted that the cost estimates for the eighth annual session were considered at the seventh annual session in 2005 (CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, annex IV). In the absence of objection, he would take it that the Conference would wish to approve the proposed cost estimate.", "It was so decided.", "Statement by the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "At the invitation of the President, Mr. Čal (Under-Secretary-General for Disarmament Affairs and Director of the Geneva Branch of the Department for Disarmament Affairs) read out a message from the Secretary-General of the United Nations.", "In his message, the Secretary-General noted that landmines (water mines), booby traps and other explosive devices have exacerbated the harm to combatants, extended the appalling consequences of armed conflict, indiscriminately killing civilians, peacekeepers and humanitarian workers, and hindered the return and reintegration of refugees and displaced persons and hindered post-conflict reconstruction.", "The adoption of Protocol II as amended has been ten years, and the States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons have shown their commitment to international humanitarian law in order to overcome the threat posed by landmines (water mines) and related devices. However, the threat still persists, and in order to achieve the goal of eliminating all forms and scales of landmines (water mines) there is still a lot of work to be done. The Secretary-General therefore urges States parties to Protocol II, as amended, to study ways in which the protection of civilians is not endangered by landmines (water mines) and to promote universal adherence to the Protocol. He urged States that had not yet done so to express their consent as soon as possible, particularly those States parties that had already done so as soon as possible.", "Organization of work, including the organization of work of any subsidiary body of the Conference (Agenda item 7)", "The Chairman said that, taking into account the short duration of the meeting, he did not wish to propose the establishment of a subsidiary body. Instead, he invited participants to address all relevant substantive issues on the agenda in general exchange of views, in conformity with established practice, and to consider specific issues in those projects under agenda items 9, 10 and 11.", "Exchange of general comments (Agenda item 8)", "Mr. Kahiloto (Finland), speaking on behalf of the European Union and its countries in the process of accession (Bulgaria and Romania) and the candidate countries (Turkey, Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), the stabilization and association process countries and their potential candidates (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro) - Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Ukraine and Moldova, said that the European Union would continue to fully implement the amended Protocol II, which was a leading matter, which would complement the Ottawa Convention by the broader scope, and would contribute to the effective use of restrictions on the safety of civilians and other explosive devices. Those obligations and provisions are essential because of the obligation to record, protect and clear and facilitate international cooperation provisions that facilitate humanitarian assistance, post-conflict recovery and peacekeeping operations. The European Union welcomes Tunisia's accession to Protocol II, as amended in 2006, and reiterates its call upon all States parties to the Convention to comply with the Protocol as soon as possible and other Protocols that have not yet done so. The EU fully supports the Action Plan for the Universalization of the Convention and its Protocols, which will be adopted at the third meeting of the Convention. This means that the effectiveness of Protocol II, as amended, is not only measured through its universal coverage, but also the timeliness of submission of the State party's annual report will also be used to measure its effectiveness, thus contributing to transparency and cooperation in the implementation of the instrument. States that have not yet done so may prepare annual reports on a voluntary basis.", "The EU hoped that the annual session of Protocol II, as amended, would provide an opportunity to interact and discuss the contents of the annual report more substantively. The EU is also interested in exploring ways to make more effective use of the annual meetings to strengthen the provisions of the Protocol and its implementation. For those States that have decided to defer compliance with the provisions of the technical annexes on the detection, self-removal and self-removal status of anti-personnel mines for nine years after the entry into force of the Protocol, the EU requests them to indicate what stage their implementation of the relevant provisions is in place, since the extension period is due to expire on 3 December 2007. The EU encourages States parties that have exercised this right and join the Ottawa Convention to immediately eliminate their extensions.", "Ms. Miller (Australia) said that the Ottawa Convention had been concluded in conjunction with 150 States, with particular emphasis on the implementation and universal prohibition of anti-personnel mines. It is not undeniable that, as a result of the humanitarian but non-recognition of progress resulting from the amendment II Protocol, this Protocol has played a role in bringing together the main users and producing States that have not yet done so with those that have not yet done so, the country has also attached importance to the revised Protocol II.", "Australia remains firmly committed to the eradication of anti-personnel mines worldwide (water mine). In 2005, Australia committed $75 million over five years for international mine action and allocated $1 million in 2006 to mine clearance, mine risk education and victim assistance activities, with Asian countries being the main beneficiary of these funds. A number of government agencies have continued to work on the development of new approaches to mine clearance following the development of a multi-sensorship system currently used worldwide. A number of Australian companies have started to develop technology to accelerate the pace of clearance of mines from the ground; the detectors developed by the Landmine Laboratory e-commercies are generally used in United Nations demining operations and are generally used for the NATO Partnership for Peace.", "Mr. As (China) said that the amended Protocol II had reached an appropriate balance between humanitarian concerns and the legitimate military needs of States parties, and that, as 86 States had become parties, the international community had widely recognized the importance of the Protocol and had played an irreplaceable role in reducing the number of accidents affecting civilians. Nevertheless, landmines continue to pose a serious threat and, in some countries, remain the main obstacle to economic and social development. China has endeavoured to fulfil its obligations under the Protocol. At the national level, China continued its public outreach and education campaign and produced a television programme to disseminate information on the implementation of the Protocol to armed forces and the population. The Chinese military has destroyed more than 1,000 tons of anti-personnel mines that have been phased out and started to improve general stockpiled mines, thereby bringing them to the technical requirements set out in the Protocol. China plans to achieve compliance with the obligations set forth in the Protocol before the deadline for the transition of a number of technical requirements under the Protocol expires.", "At the international level, China is a member of the Mine Action Support Team and plays an active role in demining assistance. In 2005, China dispatched a group of experts to Thailand to train 30 demining personnel in several months and humanitarian demining training for 42 demining personnel from Lebanon and Jordan in China in September 2006. China also supports humanitarian mine action in Africa. In the area of mine action, various existing international mechanisms are complementary, and there is wide links with representatives of the States parties to the Ottawa Convention and the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining and the International Committee of the Red Cross.", "Ms. Kang (Republic of Korea) reiterated that her country had never renounced its commitment to the word and the moral nature of the amended Protocol II. She noted that, despite the steady growth in the number of States parties that had acceded to the Protocol, efforts should be redoubled to secure the accession of more States to the Protocol, the Republic of Korea attached great expectations to the action plan developed for that purpose and adopted at the third meeting of the Convention.", "The Republic of Korea destroyed more than 7,000 mines in 2006 and plans to complete its demining activities by 2009. In the past nine years, the Government has faithfully complied with the ban on the export of such devices, and at the international level, the Government has continued to support humanitarian demining projects through contributions to various voluntary United Nations trust funds and is exploring ways to share experiences and share the technologies developed with countries affected by landmines (water mine).", "She acknowledged that the part of the amended Protocol II applied to other mines other than those killed and injured (water mines), while she considered that a more focused instrument was needed to address the humanitarian risks posed by those mines (water mines) and looked forward to the speedy adoption of new protocols for the specific control of those mines.", "Mr. Tko (Canada) said that, despite the fact that the amended Protocol II could take place in some respects, there was no adequate protection to avoid serious threats to anti-personnel mines, particularly in the humanitarian sphere. Instead, the Ottawa Convention brings together more than three quarters of the world, requiring the destruction of stockpiled mines by purely and single bans on anti-personnel mines before a defined deadline, as well as the provision of assistance to victims to return to their communities, providing a comprehensive framework for action to address those issues that go beyond the scope of the Protocol. At its first session, held in November 2004, the States parties adopted an ambitious action plan for the period 2004-2009, which resulted in significant progress in the full elimination of the harm caused by anti-personnel mines, although much remains to be done to achieve that goal. Canada urges all the States parties to the Ottawa Convention and fully implement its provisions during the transition period, as the lives and livelihoods of civilians worldwide are being threatened.", "The main value of Protocol II, as amended, lies in the application of the Protocol to mines other than those killed and injured (water mines). On that basis, Canada urges all States parties to fully implement their commitments to the use of indiscriminate landmines (water mines) and to provide assistance in mine clearance after the cessation of intense hostilities; and more fully implement their commitments to submit their annual reports on a regular basis, which is a key element of compliance with the provisions of the Protocol. It also urges States parties to fulfil their obligations with regard to anti-vehicle mines, which cause great suffering to civilians.", "Mr. Sterlet (Switzerland) said that the effectiveness of the amended Protocol II, in particular its effectiveness in the protection of the mass population, depended on the level of effective implementation of the provisions, including the annual report submitted by States parties pursuant to article 13, paragraph 4, and participation in the annual session. Switzerland welcomed the increase in the number of States parties to Protocol II, as amended, and invited States that have not yet done so to accede to the Protocol. It is ready to work actively at the bilateral or multilateral levels to address any technical problems that prevent certain States from acceding to the Protocol relating to landmines (water mines). In 2005, the Government of Switzerland allocated $12 million to mine action worldwide, and in the 2006 budget it also designated a considerable amount, which would be mainly used to fund demining projects, information campaigns and victim assistance projects. The country also dispatched experts and provided equipment for demining missions in many countries.", "Mr. Slava (Ukraine), noting that Ukraine had expressed its support for the statement made by the delegation of Finland on behalf of the European Union and other States, said that it was not only a State party to the Convention but also a party to its five Protocols, that it was fully committed to strict compliance with those instruments and that it had made appropriate domestic use, in particular the amended Protocol II, which provided an important way to mitigate the recurrent, disastrous consequences of armed conflict, not only the consequences of combatants in hostilities, but also the damage to civilians caused by hostile activities.", "Demining experts reported that Ukraine could explode 40,000 to 50,000 unexploded ordnance annually in construction and other operations. The Government has carried out considerable work each year and has allocated considerable financial resources to clear the legacy of the Second World War, but no significant success in this area cannot be achieved without the substantive support of foreign partners. Ukraine believes that the international community should not fear duplication of activities and should continue to support a wide range of programmes to eliminate those devices established by mine-affected countries. Indeed, the State should like to thank the Council of Europe for its cooperation with regard to the destruction of 6 million PFM casualties in Ukraine, thereby enabling the country to consider acceding to the Ottawa Convention and to accede to it in the near future.", "Mr. Prasad (India) said that his country remained committed to the ultimate goal of eliminating anti-personnel mines, taking into account the legitimate security needs of States. If low-cost, military-effective and non-lethal other technologies are available, progress can be made in the total elimination of such mines. Protocol II, as amended, has made a significant contribution to the progressive realization of a mine-free world by balancing the security needs of States and the concerns about the irresponsible misuse of all types of landmines (water mines) against the civilian population. India unreservedly supports the State party's measures to promote universal adherence to the Protocol, in particular the drafting of a draft plan of action to be submitted to the Conference to consider the Convention in several days. The regular submission of national annual reports by many States parties confirms the role played by the consultation, cooperation and compliance mechanisms established in articles 13 and 14 of the Protocol.", "India has taken the necessary steps to comply with the provisions of the Protocol. Only the armed forces have been allowed to use mines and can only be removed when they are protected, subject to standard operating procedures. The Indian authorities have not been able to sustain internal order from the use of landmines, even when they are combating indiscriminate groups of violence against civilians using landmines and improvised explosive devices. India will continue to implement the ban on the export of mines. Through publications, training courses and civil society actions, the country has been working to disseminate information on anti-personnel mines to armed forces and the population. In peacekeeping operations, particularly in Africa, the Indian army continued to provide technical contributions to the implementation of the United Nations-sponsored demining programme, and India favoured enhanced cooperation in all forms of mine action. In a number of African and Asian countries affected by landmines, the country has distributed a name “Obal Plence”.", "Mr. peak (Japan) said that his country remained convinced that the suffering caused by the widespread prohibition of anti-personnel mines (waterreland) could only be brought to an end and attached great importance to the Ottawa Convention and had been actively encouraging States that had not yet done so to become parties to the Convention. Nevertheless, Japan also believes that the amended Protocol II provides a practical and reasonable way to alleviate the humanitarian problems caused by these devices, and that those States that have difficulty in acceding to the Ottawa Convention should consider acceding to amended Protocol II, which allows them to participate in the work of the international community to reduce the suffering caused by landmines (water mines). The representative of Japan expressed the hope that those States that had decided to defer until December 2007 to implement the detectability and active requirement for anti-personnel mines (water mine) would report to the current session their progress in implementing those provisions. Japan actively supported mine action in recent years and initiated the development of new mine detection and clearance equipment with the industry, universities and civil society. Protocol II, as amended, provides not only for anti-personnel mines but also for other mines other than anti-personnel mines (water mines), Japan calls upon all States parties to reaffirm the importance of the Protocol, to strive for the steady implementation of the instrument and to work towards the progressive promotion of the accession of more States to the Protocol.", "Mr. An Easternnonov (Russian Federation) said that, given the unique advantages of the amended Protocol II in coordinating the interests of States, whether in favour of States that fully prohibited anti-personnel mines or States that must use such devices to secure their safety, it should be better utilized to provide them. In particular, efforts should be made to promote universal adherence to the Protocol through cooperation with States that have not yet done so because of military and political difficulties. The Russian Federation had also overcome the difficulties in that regard until it had declared its consent to be bound by the Protocol in December 2004. The provisions of the Protocol should be better implemented. Russia is convinced that responsible implementation of the provisions and limitations established by the Protocol will contribute to a significant reduction in the number of mine victims and the harm caused by landmines, thereby avoiding these problems through new instruments.", "Over the years, the Russian Federation has taken practical steps to reduce the threat of landmines (water mines). More than 10 years have been abandoned in the country, and more than 800 anti-personnel mines have recently been destroyed. The Minister of Defence has made recommendations on the ranking and marking of minefields and the armed forces have started implementing the technical provisions of the Protocol.", "The Russian Federation has completed a record of the transfer of all relevant mined areas to Tajikistan. The Russian media disseminate information on the provisions of the Protocol and the steps taken by the authorities to ensure compliance. The Russian Federation has started developing new mine detection and ineffective technologies and has designed new methods of destruction for anti-personnel mines that are restricted by the Protocol. As part of international cooperation, training was provided to foreign demining professionals.", "Mr. Khan (Pakistan) said that, since the amended Protocol II was very broad, there was a balance between humanitarian concerns and the security needs of States, its voluntary, non-intervention and non-discrimination compliance mechanisms were effective and, in fact, the main mine (water mine) producer countries had acceded to the Protocol, which attached great importance to the amended Protocol II. Pakistan fully implements the provisions of the Protocol and has never lost its annual report.", "In Pakistan, the production of mines is limited to the public sector, while the storage and resettlement of mines during intense conflicts authorize specialized units of the armed forces. The State has taken all necessary steps to protect civilians and military personnel against landmines, in particular by providing information on the provisions of the Protocol to members of the armed forces and providing information on the dangers posed by landmines to the civilian population, by demonstrating minefields, monitoring minefields and protecting minefields in peacetime, educating civilians living near minefields, including children on the ground, and providing assistance to Afghan refugees who have been victims of landmines.", "The States parties to the Protocol should spare no effort to promote universal adherence by emphasizing the benefits of the Protocol in providing assistance to victims of demining and landmines (water mines).", "Ms. Beck (United States of America) said that the country had become a party to the amended Protocol II, since it was committed to ending the risk of all mines, including anti-vehicle mines, to human beings and, in practice, had introduced a prohibition beyond the requirements of the Protocol at the national level. In February 2004, the United States Government decided to discontinue the use of permanent mines by 2010, and continued to allow the use of mines that were only briefly active, automatically destroyed, disposed of their status and did not pose a great risk to non-combatants. Since 1 January 2005, the country has banned all undesirable mines (water mines), whether they are anti-personnel mines (water mines) or anti- vehicle mines (water mines).", "At the international level, the United States continues to play an important role in the tireless efforts of 20 donor countries and the Council of Europe to support mine action worldwide. To date, more than $1 billion has been allocated to demining in almost 50 mine-affected countries, raising awareness of the dangers posed by landmines (water mines), assisting mine (water mine) accident survivors, research and development of technology for the most effective detection and clearance of mines (water mines) and training foreign demining experts. In the 2006 financial year alone, United States humanitarian assistance in mine action amounted to more than $7.6 million for 30 mine-affected countries in four continents. In accordance with the approval of the United States Congress, the amount earmarked for the same purpose in 2007 was essentially equivalent. The United States, through its participation in demining activities worldwide, is convinced of the need for a strong instrument to reduce the humanitarian impact of landmines (water mines) outside of anti-personnel mines, and encourages all States parties to work together to finalize the instrument at the upcoming third session of the Convention.", "Mr. Guang (Human Rights Watch) noted with satisfaction that Protocol II, which had been amended within 10 years, had become largely redundant. At that time, the Ottawa Convention had completely banned anti-personnel mines (water mines) and anti- vehicle mines used as anti-personnel mines had also been completely prohibited, while the Ottawa Convention had addressed the issue of post-conflict remedies in particular Protocol V on remnants of war. Thus, only anti-vehicle mines are still useful in Protocol II, although many States parties stress that they are too incapable. He strongly opposed the fact that States had not yet reached agreement on ways and means to strengthen those provisions. In addition, the amended Protocol II applies only to 10 States parties that have not yet done so to the Ottawa Convention and accept the stricter and more comprehensive obligations they require. In his view, the Protocol should not be considered as a transitional phase in the process of achieving a comprehensive ban on anti-personnel mines, during which States could still manufacture, store and use such mines, which should be condemned worldwide.", "Nevertheless, he noted with satisfaction that, despite the fact that a number of States had not yet done so, they did not recognize their rules and adhere to the Convention in practice. They even declared that they had stopped producing anti-personnel mines (water mine). The world trade of anti-personnel mines (water mine) has ceased to exceed 10 years, while in the past year only the Russian Federation and Myanmar have continued to fight. Many States that have not yet done so have started voting in favour of the annual United Nations General Assembly resolutions on the Ottawa Convention, including China, Morocco, Sri Lanka and Finland, which have acceded to the amended Protocol II and even those that have not acceded to the Convention and the Protocols. He encouraged all States parties that had expressed their support at the current session for the conclusion of all Protocols that fully prohibit anti-personnel mines, to take the necessary steps to accede to the Ottawa Convention. Lastly, he was disappointed that neither China nor Pakistan had decided to defer the implementation of the obligations under the Protocol until December 2007, but neither the two countries provided detailed information on the steps taken to implement the obligations at that time.", "Review of the implementation and status of the Protocol (Agenda item 9)", "The Chairman said that, to date, 86 States had informed the custodians of their consent to be bound by the Protocol, but that number remained too low for such an important international instrument. He invited the State party to study possible ways to promote universal adherence to the instrument. In particular, six States have decided to defer the implementation of the provisions on the detectability of anti-personnel mines (waterreland) and the active period of the dispersion of mines in such a manner, when declaring their consent to be bound by the Protocol. He encouraged the six countries to indicate progress in the preparation of the implementation of these provisions, and if they had not made clarifications at the general exchange of views, as the extension period was to be concluded on 3 December 2007.", "Ms. Domper (Latvia) said that her country had decided to defer the implementation of its obligations regarding the detection and self-destruction of mines (water mines) and said that it had acceded to the Ottawa Convention on 1 January 2006, thereby assuming a legal obligation leading to the extension of the moratorium. The Government of Latvia has taken the necessary steps at the national level to formally withdraw its reservation to the amended Protocol II as soon as possible. The representative of Latvia will inform the States parties to the Protocol of the progress made in the process.", "Mr. Gridnevinš (Belarus) said that Belarus had renounced several of its obligations under the amended Protocol II, which had little significance at the present stage, since it had acceded to the Ottawa Convention. Belarus had not intended to install self-destruction, self-release or self-deactivation devices for anti-personnel mines (water mine) stockpiled by Belarus, since, in accordance with the Ottawa Convention, it must in any event destroy such stockpiles with the assistance of NATO and the European Union by 1 March 2008.", "Consideration of matters arising from reports submitted by Parties pursuant to Article 13, paragraph 4, of the amended Protocol (Agenda item 10)", "The Chairman said that, of the 86 States that had notified the Depositary of their consent to the amended Protocol II, 42 States had submitted annual reports pursuant to article 13, paragraph 4. To date, 14 of these reports have been circulated as an official document of the Conference (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/NAR.1-14); they are distributed once the Secretariat has received the electronic version of the remaining eight reports. All reports submitted are available on the Convention website and the national list of reports will also be included in the report.", "At its fifth annual session, the State party decided to simplify the presentation of the annual report of the State (CCW/AP.II/CONF.5/2, para. 20) and that the State party would need to provide a summary statement on a page or other page of the table for the year since then, without completing the full form or a number of tables. In other words, States parties are required to submit new summaries, seals and forms containing new information.", "In addition, according to established practice, the annual report must be submitted no later than eight weeks before the annual session. The State party must respect this rule. The secretariat has prepared a table outlining the country reports submitted in 2006 and will serve as an annex to the final document of the eighth session.", "Mr. Daresro (Brazil) said that Brazil would submit a national report on that day and requested the Secretariat to reflect that fact in the table.", "Consideration of the development of technologies to protect civilians from the indiscriminate effects of landmines (agenda item 11)", "The Chairman noted that no statement was requested on agenda item 11.", "The meeting rose at 12.30 p.m." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/407)通过]", "66/24. 从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域的发展", "大会，", "回顾其1998年12月4日第53/70号、1999年12月1日第54/49号、2000年11月20日第55/28号、2001年11月29日第56/19号、2002年11月22日第57/53号、2003年12月8日第58/32号、2004年12月3日第59/61号、2005年12月8日第60/45号、2006年12月6日第61/54号、2007年12月5日第62/17号、2008年12月2日第63/37号、2009年12月2日第64/25号和2010年12月8日第65/41号决议，", "又回顾其关于科学和技术在国际安全领域的作用的各项决议，除其他外，确认科学和技术的发展可以有民用和军事两种用途，需要维持和鼓励民用科学和技术的进展，", "注意到在发展和应用最新的信息技术和电信手段方面取得了显著进展，", "申明大会认为这一进程带来最大的机会，有利于推动文明的进一步发展，增加为所有国家的共同利益开展合作的机会，增强人类的创造潜力，并进一步改善全球社会的信息流通，", "为此回顾1996年5月13日至15日在南非米德兰特举行的信息社会与发展会议提出的做法和原则，", "铭记1996年7月30日在巴黎举行的恐怖主义问题部长级会议的结果及会议提出的建议，[1]", "又铭记信息社会世界首脑会议(第一阶段——2003年12月10日至12日，日内瓦；第二阶段——2005年11月16日至18日，突尼斯)的结果，[2]", "注意到信息技术和手段的传播和使用影响到整个国际社会的利益，广泛开展国际合作有助于取得最佳效益，", "表示关切这些技术和手段可能会被用于不符合维护国际稳定与安全宗旨的目的，可能对各国基础设施的完整性产生不利影响，损害其民用和军事领域的安全，", "认为有必要防止为犯罪或恐怖主义目的利用信息资源或技术，", "注意到已经按照第53/70、54/49、55/28、56/19、57/53、58/32、59/61、60/45、61/54、62/17、63/37、64/25和65/41号决议第1至3段的要求向秘书长提交对信息安全问题的评估意见的会员国所作的贡献，", "表示注意到载有这些评估意见的秘书长的报告，[3]", "欢迎秘书处和联合国裁军研究所采取主动，于1999年8月和2008年4月在日内瓦召开关于从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域发展的国际专家会议，并欢迎这些会议的成果，", "认为秘书长报告中的会员国评估意见以及国际专家会议有助于进一步了解国际信息安全问题的实质内涵和有关概念，", "铭记秘书长为执行第60/45号决议，在2009年按公平地域分配原则设立了政府专家组，该专家组按照其任务规定，审议了信息安全领域的现有威胁和潜在威胁，以及为消除这些威胁可以采取的合作措施，并对国际上旨在加强全球信息和电信系统安全的有关概念进行了研究，", "欢迎从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域的发展政府专家组的有效工作及秘书长转递的相关报告，[4]", "注意到政府专家组报告的评估意见和建议，", "1. 吁请会员国进一步推动多边审议信息安全领域的现有威胁和潜在威胁，并审议为遏制这一领域新出现的威胁可以采取的战略，但须顾及维护信息自由流通的需要；", "2. 认为进一步研究旨在加强全球信息和电信系统安全的有关国际概念可有助于实现这些措施要达到的目的；", "3. 邀请所有会员国在考虑到从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域的发展政府专家组的报告所载评估意见和建议的情况下，⁴ 继续向秘书长通报它们对下列问题的看法和评估意见：", "(a) 对信息安全问题的一般看法；", "(b) 国家一级为加强信息安全和促进这一领域的国际合作所作的努力；", "(c) 上文第2段所述概念的内容；", "(d) 国际社会为加强全球一级的信息安全可能采取的措施；", "4. 请秘书长在将于2012年按公平地域分配原则设立的政府专家组协助下，根据上述报告中的评估意见和建议，继续研究信息安全领域的现有威胁和潜在威胁及为消除这些威胁可以采取的合作措施，包括国家在信息空间中负责任行为的规范、规则或原则和建立信任措施，以及上文第2段提及的概念，并向大会第六十八届会议提交关于这一研究结果的报告；", "5. 决定将题为“从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域的发展”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见A/51/261，附件。", "[2] 见A/C.2/59/3,附件；A/60/687。", "[3] A/54/213、A/55/140和Corr.1和Add.1、A/56/164和Add.1、A/57/166和Add.1、A/58/373、A/59/116和Add.1、A/60/95和Add.1、A/61/161和Add.1、A/62/98和Add.1、A/64/129和Add.1、A/65/154及A/66/152和Add.1。", "[4] 见A/65/201。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/407)]", "66/24. Developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 53/70 of 4 December 1998, 54/49 of 1 December 1999, 55/28 of 20 November 2000, 56/19 of 29 November 2001, 57/53 of 22 November 2002, 58/32 of 8 December 2003, 59/61 of 3 December 2004, 60/45 of 8 December 2005, 61/54 of 6 December 2006, 62/17 of 5 December 2007, 63/37 of 2 December 2008, 64/25 of 2 December 2009 and 65/41 of 8 December 2010,", "Recalling also its resolutions on the role of science and technology in the context of international security, in which, inter alia, it recognized that scientific and technological developments could have both civilian and military applications and that progress in science and technology for civilian applications needed to be maintained and encouraged,", "Noting that considerable progress has been made in developing and applying the latest information technologies and means of telecommunication,", "Affirming that it sees in this process the broadest positive opportunities for the further development of civilization, the expansion of opportunities for cooperation for the common good of all States, the enhancement of the creative potential of humankind and additional improvements in the circulation of information in the global community,", "Recalling, in this connection, the approaches and principles outlined at the Information Society and Development Conference, held in Midrand, South Africa, from 13 to 15 May 1996,", "Bearing in mind the results of the Ministerial Conference on Terrorism, held in Paris on 30 July 1996, and the recommendations that were made,[1]", "Bearing in mind also the results of the World Summit on the Information Society, held in Geneva from 10 to 12 December 2003 (first phase) and in Tunis from 16 to 18 November 2005 (second phase),[2]", "Noting that the dissemination and use of information technologies and means affect the interests of the entire international community and that optimum effectiveness is enhanced by broad international cooperation,", "Expressing concern that these technologies and means can potentially be used for purposes that are inconsistent with the objectives of maintaining international stability and security and may adversely affect the integrity of the infrastructure of States to the detriment of their security in both civil and military fields,", "Considering that it is necessary to prevent the use of information resources or technologies for criminal or terrorist purposes,", "Noting the contribution of those Member States that have submitted their assessments on issues of information security to the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraphs 1 to 3 of resolutions 53/70, 54/49, 55/28, 56/19, 57/53, 58/32, 59/61, 60/45, 61/54, 62/17, 63/37, 64/25 and 65/41,", "Taking note of the reports of the Secretary-General containing those assessments,[3]", "Welcoming the initiative taken by the Secretariat and the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research in convening international meetings of experts in Geneva in August 1999 and April 2008 on developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security, as well as the results of those meetings,", "Considering that the assessments of the Member States contained in the reports of the Secretary-General and the international meetings of experts have contributed to a better understanding of the substance of issues of international information security and related notions,", "Bearing in mind that the Secretary-General, in fulfilment of resolution 60/45, established in 2009, on the basis of equitable geographical distribution, a group of governmental experts, which, in accordance with its mandate, considered existing and potential threats in the sphere of information security and possible cooperative measures to address them and conducted a study on relevant international concepts aimed at strengthening the security of global information and telecommunications systems,", "Welcoming the effective work of the Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security and the relevant report transmitted by the Secretary-General,[4]", "Taking note of the assessments and recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts,", "1. Calls upon Member States to promote further at multilateral levels the consideration of existing and potential threats in the field of information security, as well as possible strategies to address the threats emerging in this field, consistent with the need to preserve the free flow of information;", "2. Considers that the purpose of such strategies could be served through further examination of relevant international concepts aimed at strengthening the security of global information and telecommunications systems;", "3. Invites all Member States, taking into account the assessments and recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security,⁴ to continue to inform the Secretary-General of their views and assessments on the following questions:", "(a) General appreciation of the issues of information security;", "(b) Efforts taken at the national level to strengthen information security and promote international cooperation in this field;", "(c) The content of the concepts mentioned in paragraph 2 above;", "(d) Possible measures that could be taken by the international community to strengthen information security at the global level;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General, with the assistance of a group of governmental experts, to be established in 2012 on the basis of equitable geographical distribution, taking into account the assessments and recommendations contained in the above-mentioned report, to continue to study existing and potential threats in the sphere of information security and possible cooperative measures to address them, including norms, rules or principles of responsible behaviour of States and confidence-building measures with regard to information space, as well as the concepts referred to in paragraph 2 above, and to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session a report on the results of this study;", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See A/51/261, annex.", "[2]  See A/C.2/59/3, annex, and A/60/687.", "[3]  A/54/213, A/55/140 and Corr.1 and Add.1, A/56/164 and Add.1, A/57/166 and Add.1, A/58/373, A/59/116 and Add.1, A/60/95 and Add.1, A/61/161 and Add.1, A/62/98 and Add.1, A/64/129 and Add.1, A/65/154 and A/66/152 and Add.1.", "[4]  See A/65/201." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/407)]", "66/24. Developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 53/70 of 4 December 1998, 54/49 of 1 December 1999, 55/28 of 20 November 2000, 56/19 of 29 November 2001, 57/53 of 22 November 2002, 58/32 of 8 December 2003, 59/61 of 3 December 2004, 60/45 of 8 December 2005, 61/54 of 6 December 2006, 62/17 of 5 December 2007, 63/37 of 2 December 2008, 64/25 of 2 December 2009 and 65/41 of 8 December 2010,", "Recalling also its resolutions on the role of science and technology in the context of international security, in which, inter alia, it recognized that scientific and technological developments could have both civilian and military applications and that progress in science and technology for civilian applications needed to be maintained and encouraged,", "Noting that considerable progress has been achieved in developing and applying the latest information technologies and means of telecommunication,", "Affirming that it sees in this process the broadest positive opportunities for the further development of civilization, the expansion of opportunities for cooperation for the common good of all States, the enhancement of the creative potential of humankind and further improvements in the circulation of information in the global community,", "Recalling in this regard the approaches and principles set forth at the Information Society and Development Conference, held in Midrand, South Africa, from 13 to 15 May 1996,", "Bearing in mind the results of the Ministerial Conference on Terrorism, held in Paris on 30 July 1996, and the recommendations it made [1],", "Bearing in mind also the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society (first phase — Geneva, 10-12 December 2003; second phase — Tunis, 16-18 November 2005),[2]", "Noting that the dissemination and use of information technologies and means affect the interests of the entire international community and that optimum effectiveness is enhanced by broad international cooperation,", "Expressing concern that these technologies and means can potentially be used for purposes inconsistent with the objectives of maintaining international stability and security and may adversely affect the integrity of the infrastructure of States to the detriment of their security in both civil and military fields,", "Considering that it is necessary to prevent the use of information resources or technologies for criminal or terrorist purposes,", "Noting the contributions made by Member States that have submitted their assessments on issues of information security to the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraphs 1 to 3 of resolutions 53/70, 54/49, 55/28, 56/19, 57/53, 58/32, 59/61, 60/45, 61/54, 62/17, 63/37, 64/25 and 65/41,", "Taking note of the reports of the Secretary-General containing those assessments, [3]", "Welcoming the initiative taken by the Secretariat and the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research in convening international meetings of experts in Geneva in August 1999 and April 2008 on developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security, as well as the results of those meetings,", "Considering that the assessments of the Member States contained in the reports of the Secretary-General and the international meeting of experts have contributed to a better understanding of the substance of issues of international information security and related concepts,", "Bearing in mind the establishment by the Secretary-General in 2009 of a group of governmental experts, on the basis of equitable geographical distribution, to implement resolution 60/45, which, in accordance with its mandate, considered existing and potential threats in the field of information security and possible cooperative measures to address them and conducted a study on relevant international concepts aimed at strengthening the security of global information and telecommunications systems,", "Welcoming the effective work of the Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security and the related report of the Secretary-General,", "Taking note of the assessment and recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts,", "Calls upon Member States to promote further at the multilateral level the consideration of existing and potential threats in the field of information security and possible strategies to limit the threats emerging in this field, taking into account the need to preserve the free flow of information;", "Considers that the purpose of such measures could be served by the further study of relevant international concepts aimed at strengthening the security of global information and telecommunications systems;", "Invites all Member States, taking into account the assessments and recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security,4 to continue to inform the Secretary-General of their views and assessments on the following questions:", "(a) General appreciation of the issues of information security;", "(b) Efforts taken at the national level to strengthen information security and promote international cooperation in this field;", "(c) The content of the concepts referred to in paragraph 2 above;", "(d) Possible measures by the international community to strengthen information security at the global level;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General, with the assistance of a group of governmental experts, to be established in 2012 on the basis of equitable geographical distribution, to continue to study existing and potential threats in the sphere of information security and possible cooperative measures to address them, including norms, rules or principles of responsible conduct of States in information space and confidence-building measures, as well as the concepts referred to in paragraph 2 above, based on the assessments and recommendations contained in the above-mentioned report, and to submit a report on the results of this study to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] See A/51/261, annex.", "[2] See A/C.2/59/3, annex; A/60/687.", "[3] A/54/213, A/55/140 and Corr.1 and Add.1, A/56/164 and Add.1, A/57/166 and Add.1, A/58/373, A/59/116 and Add.1, A/60/95 and Add.1, A/61/161 and Add.1, A/62/98 and Add.1, A/64/129 and Add.1, A/65/154 and A/66/152 and Add.1.", "[4] See A/65/201." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/408)通过]", "66/25. 建立中东无核武器区", "大会，", "回顾其关于建立中东无核武器区的1974年12月9日第3263(XXIX)号、1975年12月11日第3474(XXX)号、1976年12月10日第31/71号、1977年12月12日第32/82号、1978年12月14日第33/64号、1979年12月11日第34/77号、1980年12月12日第35/147号、1981年12月9日第36/87A和B号、1982年12月9日第37/75号、1983年12月15日第38/64号、1984年12月12日第39/54号、1985年12月12日第40/82号、1986年12月3日第41/48号、1987年11月30日第42/28号、1988年12月7日第43/65号、1989年12月15日第44/108号、1990年12月4日第45/52号、1991年12月6日第46/30号、1992年12月9日第47/48号、1993年12月16日第48/71号、1994年12月15日第49/71号、1995年12月12日第50/66号、1996年12月10日第51/41号、1997年12月9日第52/34号、1998年12月4日第53/74号、1999年12月1日第54/51号、2000年11月20日第55/30号、2001年11月29日第56/21号、2002年11月22日第57/55号、2003年12月8日第58/34号、2004年12月3日第59/63号、2005年12月8日第60/52号、2006年12月6日第61/56号、2007年12月5日第62/18号、2008年12月2日第63/38号、2009年12月2日第64/26号和2010年12月8日第65/42号决议，", "又回顾关于根据大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》第60至63段，特别是第63(d)段的规定建立中东无核武器区的建议，[1]", "强调上述各项决议的基本规定，其中呼吁所有直接有关方面考虑立即切实采取必要步骤来执行建立中东无核武器区的提案，酌情在中东无核武器区建立之前和建立期间，庄严宣布它们将以对等方式，不生产、获得或以任何其他方式拥有核武器和核爆炸装置，不允许任何第三方在其领土上部署核武器，同意将其核设施置于国际原子能机构的保障监督之下，声明支持建立无核武器区并将声明交存安全理事会审议，", "重申所有国家均有为和平目的取得和发展核能的不可剥夺权利，", "强调需要就禁止对核设施进行军事袭击的问题采取适当措施，", "铭记自大会第三十五届会议以来达成的共识，即建立中东无核武器区可大大增进国际和平与安全，", "希望以这项共识为基础，在建立中东无核武器区方面取得实质进展，", "欢迎导致全面彻底裁军、包括中东地区全面彻底裁军，特别是关于在中东建立包括无核武器在内的大规模毁灭性武器区的一切倡议，", "注意到中东和平谈判，该谈判应是全面性的，应作为和平解决该区域争议问题的适宜框架，", "确认可靠的区域安全，包括建立一个可相互核查的无核武器区至关重要，", "强调联合国在建立一个可相互核查的无核武器区方面的关键作用，", "审查了秘书长关于大会第65/42号决议执行情况的报告，[2]", "1. 促请直接有关各方依照大会各项有关决议，认真考虑立即切实采取必要步骤来执行建立中东无核武器区的提案，并为促进实现这一目标，请各有关国家加入《不扩散核武器条约》；[3]", "2. 吁请该地区所有尚未表示同意的国家，在建立无核武器区之前，同意将其所有核活动置于国际原子能机构的保障监督之下；", "3. 注意到国际原子能机构大会第五十五届常会2011年9月23日通过的关于在中东适用原子能机构保障监督的GC(55)/RES/14号决议；[4]", "4. 指出正在进行的中东双边和平谈判以及多边军备控制和区域安全问题工作组的活动对促进中东的相互信任和安全，包括促进建立无核武器区至关重要；", "5. 邀请该地区所有国家在建立中东无核武器区之前，按照大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》¹ 第63(d)段的规定，声明支持建立这一无核武器区，并将声明交存安全理事会；", "6. 又邀请这些国家在建立无核武器区之前，不发展、生产、试验或以任何其他方式取得核武器或允许在其境内或在其控制的领土上部署核武器或核爆炸装置；", "7. 邀请核武器国家和所有其他国家协助建立中东无核武器区，同时不采取任何违背本决议文字和精神的行动；", "8. 注意到秘书长的报告；²", "9. 邀请所有方面考虑采取可能有助于实现全面彻底裁军和在中东建立无大规模毁灭性武器区的目标的适当手段；", "10. 请秘书长依照第46/30号决议第7段的规定，并考虑到该地区演变中的局势，继续与该地区各国和其他有关国家进行协商，并就秘书长1990年10月10日的报告[5] 所附研究报告第三和第四章所载的措施或其他有关措施征求这些国家的意见，以便推进建立中东无核武器区的工作；", "11. 又请秘书长就本决议的执行情况向大会第六十七届会议提交报告；", "12. 决定将题为“建立中东无核武器区”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] S-10/2号决议。", "[2] A/66/153(Part I)和Add.1和2。", "[3] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第729卷，第10485号。", "[4] 见国际原子能机构，《大会决议和其他决定，第五十五届常会，2011年9月19日至23日》(GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011))。", "[5] A/45/435。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/408)]", "66/25. Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 3263 (XXIX) of 9 December 1974, 3474 (XXX) of 11 December 1975, 31/71 of 10 December 1976, 32/82 of 12 December 1977, 33/64 of 14 December 1978, 34/77 of 11 December 1979, 35/147 of 12 December 1980, 36/87 A and B of 9 December 1981, 37/75 of 9 December 1982, 38/64 of 15 December 1983, 39/54 of 12 December 1984, 40/82 of 12 December 1985, 41/48 of 3 December 1986, 42/28 of 30 November 1987, 43/65 of 7 December 1988, 44/108 of 15 December 1989, 45/52 of 4 December 1990, 46/30 of 6 December 1991, 47/48 of 9 December 1992, 48/71 of 16 December 1993, 49/71 of 15 December 1994, 50/66 of 12 December 1995, 51/41 of 10 December 1996, 52/34 of 9 December 1997, 53/74 of 4 December 1998, 54/51 of 1 December 1999, 55/30 of 20 November 2000, 56/21 of 29 November 2001, 57/55 of 22 November 2002, 58/34 of 8 December 2003, 59/63 of 3 December 2004, 60/52 of 8 December 2005, 61/56 of 6 December 2006, 62/18 of 5 December 2007, 63/38 of 2 December 2008, 64/26 of 2 December 2009 and 65/42 of 8 December 2010 on the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East,", "Recalling also the recommendations for the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East consistent with paragraphs 60 to 63, and in particular paragraph 63 (d), of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly,[1]", "Emphasizing the basic provisions of the above-mentioned resolutions, which call upon all parties directly concerned to consider taking the practical and urgent steps required for the implementation of the proposal to establish a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East and, pending and during the establishment of such a zone, to declare solemnly that they will refrain, on a reciprocal basis, from producing, acquiring or in any other way possessing nuclear weapons and nuclear explosive devices and from permitting the stationing of nuclear weapons on their territory by any third party, to agree to place their nuclear facilities under International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards and to declare their support for the establishment of the zone and to deposit such declarations with the Security Council for consideration, as appropriate,", "Reaffirming the inalienable right of all States to acquire and develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes,", "Emphasizing the need for appropriate measures on the question of the prohibition of military attacks on nuclear facilities,", "Bearing in mind the consensus reached by the General Assembly since its thirty-fifth session that the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East would greatly enhance international peace and security,", "Desirous of building on that consensus so that substantial progress can be made towards establishing a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East,", "Welcoming all initiatives leading to general and complete disarmament, including in the region of the Middle East, and in particular on the establishment therein of a zone free of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons,", "Noting the peace negotiations in the Middle East, which should be of a comprehensive nature and represent an appropriate framework for the peaceful settlement of contentious issues in the region,", "Recognizing the importance of credible regional security, including the establishment of a mutually verifiable nuclear-weapon-free zone,", "Emphasizing the essential role of the United Nations in the establishment of a mutually verifiable nuclear-weapon-free zone,", "Having examined the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of resolution 65/42,[2]", "1. Urges all parties directly concerned seriously to consider taking the practical and urgent steps required for the implementation of the proposal to establish a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly, and, as a means of promoting this objective, invites the countries concerned to adhere to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;[3]", "2. Calls upon all countries of the region that have not yet done so, pending the establishment of the zone, to agree to place all their nuclear activities under International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards;", "3. Takes note of resolution GC(55)/RES/14, adopted on 23 September 2011 by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its fifty‑fifth regular session, concerning the application of Agency safeguards in the Middle East;[4]", "4. Notes the importance of the ongoing bilateral Middle East peace negotiations and the activities of the multilateral Working Group on Arms Control and Regional Security in promoting mutual confidence and security in the Middle East, including the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone;", "5. Invites all countries of the region, pending the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East, to declare their support for establishing such a zone, consistent with paragraph 63 (d) of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly,¹ and to deposit those declarations with the Security Council;", "6. Also invites those countries, pending the establishment of the zone, not to develop, produce, test or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or permit the stationing on their territories, or territories under their control, of nuclear weapons or nuclear explosive devices;", "7. Invites the nuclear-weapon States and all other States to render their assistance in the establishment of the zone and at the same time to refrain from any action that runs counter to both the letter and the spirit of the present resolution;", "8. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General;²", "9. Invites all parties to consider the appropriate means that may contribute towards the goal of general and complete disarmament and the establishment of a zone free of weapons of mass destruction in the region of the Middle East;", "10. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to pursue consultations with the States of the region and other concerned States, in accordance with paragraph 7 of resolution 46/30 and taking into account the evolving situation in the region, and to seek from those States their views on the measures outlined in chapters III and IV of the study annexed to the report of the Secretary-General of 10 October 1990[5] or other relevant measures, in order to move towards the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East;", "11. Also requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session a report on the implementation of the present resolution;", "12. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[2]  A/66/153 (Part I) and Add.1 and 2.", "[3]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[4]  See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Fifty-fifth Regular Session, 19–23 September 2011 (GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011)).", "[5]  A/45/435." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/408)]", "66/25. Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East", "The General Assembly,", "3263 (XXIX) of 9 December 1974, 3474 (XXX) of 11 December 1975, 31/71 of 10 December 1976, 32/82 of 12 December 1977, 33/64 of 14 December 1978, 34/77 of 11 December 1979, 35/147 of 12 December 1980, 36/87 A and B of 9 December 1981, 37/75 of 9 December 1982, 37/75 of 9 December 1982, 38/64 of 15 December 1983, 39/54 of 12 December 1984, 40/82 of 12 December 1985, 41/48 of 3 December 1986, 32/82 of 12 December 1977, 33/64 of 14 December 1978, 34/77 of 11 December 1979, 34/77 of 11 December 1979, 35/147 of 12 December 1980, 36/87 A and B of 9 December 1981, 37/75 of 9 December 1982, 38/64 of 15 December 1983, 39/54 of 12 December 1984, 40/82 of 12 December 1985, 41/48 of 3 December 1986, 42/28 of 30 November 1987 November 2006, 43/65 of 7 December 1988; 44/108 of 15 December 1989, 45/52 of 4 December 1990, 46/30 of 6 December 1991, 47/448 of 9 December 1992, 48/71 of 16 December 1993, 58/71 of 15 December 1994, 59/28 of 30 November 1987, 52/51 of 12 December 2006, 52/59 of 12 December 2005 and 52/59 of 12 December 2005, 5 May", "Recalling also the recommendations for the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East consistent with paragraphs 60 to 63, and in particular paragraph 63 (d), of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, [1]", "Emphasizing the basic provisions of the above-mentioned resolutions, which call upon all parties directly concerned to consider taking the practical and immediate steps required for the implementation of the proposal to establish a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East and, pending and during the establishment of such a zone, to declare solemnly that they will refrain, on a reciprocal basis, from producing, acquiring or in any other way possessing nuclear weapons and nuclear explosive devices and from permitting the stationing of nuclear weapons on their territory by any third party, to agree to place their nuclear facilities under International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards and to declare their support for the establishment of the zone and to deposit such declarations with the Security Council for consideration, as appropriate,", "Reaffirming the inalienable right of all States to acquire and develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes,", "Emphasizing the need for appropriate measures on the question of the prohibition of military attacks on nuclear facilities,", "Bearing in mind the consensus reached by the General Assembly since its thirty-fifth session that the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East would greatly enhance international peace and security,", "Desirous of building on that consensus so that substantial progress can be made towards establishing a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East,", "Welcoming all initiatives leading to general and complete disarmament, including in the region of the Middle East, and in particular on the establishment therein of a zone free of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons,", "Noting the peace negotiations in the Middle East, which should be of a comprehensive nature and represent an appropriate framework for the peaceful settlement of contentious issues in the region,", "Recognizing the importance of credible regional security, including the establishment of a mutually verifiable nuclear-weapon-free zone,", "Emphasizing the essential role of the United Nations in the establishment of a mutually verifiable nuclear-weapon-free zone,", "Having examined the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/42, [2]", "1. Urges all parties directly concerned to consider seriously taking the practical and immediate steps required for the implementation of the proposal to establish a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly, and, as a means of promoting this objective, invites the countries concerned to adhere to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;[3]", "Calls upon all countries of the region that have not done so, pending the establishment of the zone, to agree to place all their nuclear activities under International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards;", "3. Takes note of resolution GC(55)/RES/14, adopted on 23 September 2011 by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its fifty-fifth regular session, concerning the application of Agency safeguards in the Middle East;[4]", "4. Notes the importance of the ongoing bilateral Middle East peace negotiations and the activities of the multilateral Working Group on Arms Control and Regional Security in promoting mutual confidence and security in the Middle East, including the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone;", "Invites all countries of the region, pending the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East, to declare their support for establishing such a zone, consistent with paragraph 63 (d) of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly,1 and to deposit those declarations with the Security Council;", "6. Also invites those countries, pending the establishment of the zone, not to develop, produce, test or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or permit the stationing on their territories, or territories under their control, of nuclear weapons or nuclear explosive devices;", "7. Invites the nuclear-weapon States and all other States to render their assistance in the establishment of the zone and at the same time to refrain from any action that runs counter to both the letter and the spirit of the present resolution;", "Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General;2", "9. Invites all parties to consider the appropriate means that may contribute towards the goal of general and complete disarmament and the establishment of a zone free of weapons of mass destruction in the region of the Middle East;", "10. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to pursue consultations with the States of the region and other concerned States, in accordance with paragraph 7 of resolution 46/30 and taking into account the evolving situation in the region, and to seek from those States their views on the measures outlined in chapters III and IV of the study annexed to his report of 10 October 1990 or other relevant measures, in order to move towards the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East;", "11. Also requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session a report on the implementation of the present resolution;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] Resolution S-10/2.", "[2] A/66/153 (Part I) and Add.1 and 2.", "[3] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[4] See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Fifty-fifth Regular Session, 19-23 September 2011 (GC(55)/RES/DEC (2011)).", "[5] A/45/435." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/409)通过]", "66/26. 缔结关于保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排", "大会，", "铭记必须消除世界各国在确保其国民持久安全方面的合理忧虑，", "深信核武器对人类和对文明的存续造成最大的威胁，", "注意到应把重新出现的对核裁军的关心转变为具体行动，以求达成有效国际监督下的全面彻底裁军，", "深信要消除核战争的危险就必须进行核裁军和彻底消除核武器，", "决心严格遵守《联合国宪章》关于不使用武力或以武力相威胁的规定，", "确认必须保障无核武器国家的独立、领土完整和主权不受使用或威胁使用武力，包括使用或威胁使用核武器的危害，", "认为在全球实现核裁军之前，国际社会必须制定有效措施和安排，以确保没有任何方面使用或威胁使用核武器危害无核武器国家的安全，", "确认保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效措施和安排可对防止核武器的扩散作出积极贡献，", "铭记大会第十届特别会议，即专门讨论裁军问题的第一届特别会议的《最后文件》[1] 第59段，其中敦促核武器国家根据情况致力于缔结有效安排，以保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器，并希望促进《最后文件》有关规定的执行，", "回顾裁军谈判委员会[2] 提交大会第十二届特别会议，即专门讨论裁军问题的第二届特别会议的特别报告，[3] 裁军谈判会议提交大会第十五届特别会议，即专门讨论裁军问题的第三届特别会议的特别报告[4] 和裁军谈判会议1992年届会的报告的有关部分，[5]", "又回顾1980年12月3日第35/46号决议附件所载《宣布1980年代为第二个裁军十年宣言》第12段，其中除其他外指出，裁军谈判委员会应竭尽全力，紧急进行谈判，以求就保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排达成协议，", "注意到裁军谈判会议及其保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排特设委员会[6] 为了就这项问题达成协议而进行的深入谈判，", "表示注意到裁军谈判会议在这个项目下提出的各项提案，包括一项国际公约的草案，", "又表示注意到2003年2月24日和25日在吉隆坡举行的第十三次不结盟国家国家元首和政府首脑会议作出的、[7] 经分别于2006年9月15日和16日及2009年7月15日和16日在哈瓦那和埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十四次[8] 和第十五次不结盟国家国家元首和政府首脑会议重申的有关决定，[9] 以及伊斯兰合作组织的有关建议，", "还表示注意到所有核武器国家就其不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的政策发表的单方面声明，", "注意到裁军谈判会议和大会中均有代表表示支持拟订一项国际公约，保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器，并注意到在研拟一项各方可以接受的共同办法方面所指出的各种困难，", "表示注意到安全理事会1995年4月11日第984(1995)号决议和就这项决议表示的意见，", "回顾其历年通过的有关决议，特别是1990年12月4日第45/54号、1991年12月6日第46/32号、1992年12月9日第47/50号、1993年12月16日第48/73号、1994年12月15日第49/73号、1995年12月12日第50/68号、1996年12月10日第51/43号、1997年12月9日第52/36号、1998年12月4日第53/75号、1999年12月1日第54/52号、2000年11月20日第55/31号、2001年11月29日第56/22号、2002年11月22日第57/56号、2003年12月8日第58/35号、2004年12月3日第59/64号、2005年12月8日第60/53号、2006年12月6日第61/57号、2007年12月5日第62/19号、2008年12月2日第63/39号、2009年12月2日第64/27号和2010年12月8日第65/43号决议，", "1. 重申迫切需要早日就保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排达成协议；", "2. 满意地注意到裁军谈判会议中原则上没有人反对缔结一项国际公约以保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的设想，尽管也有人指出在研拟各方可以接受的共同办法方面存在的各种困难；", "3. 呼吁所有国家，特别是核武器国家积极努力，争取及早就一项共同办法，特别是可载入具有法律约束力的国际文书的共同方案达成协议；", "4. 建议进一步加紧努力，寻求这种共同办法或共同方案，并建议进一步探讨各种不同的备选办法，特别包括裁军谈判会议审议的那些办法，以克服各种困难；", "5. 又建议裁军谈判会议继续积极加紧谈判，以求早日达成协议，缔结关于保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际协定，同时考虑到对缔结一项国际公约的广泛支持以及为达成这项目标所提出的任何其他提案；", "6. 决定将题为“缔结关于保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] S-10/2号决议。", "[2] 裁军谈判委员会从1984年2月7日起易名为裁军谈判会议。", "[3] 《大会正式记录，第十二届特别会议，补编第2号》(A/S-12/2)，第三.C节。", "[4] 同上，《第十五届特别会议，补编第2号》(A/S-15/2)，第三.F节。", "[5] 同上，《第四十七届会议，补编第27号》(A/47/27)，第三.F节。", "[6] 同上，《第四十八届会议，补编第27号》(A/48/27)，第39段。", "[7] 见A/57/759-S/2003/332，附件一。", "[8] 见A/61/472-S/2006/780，附件一。", "[9] 见S/2009/459，附件，第118段。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/409)]", "66/26. Conclusion of effective international arrangements", "to assure non‑nuclear-weapon States against the use", "or threat of use of nuclear weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Bearing in mind the need to allay the legitimate concern of the States of the world with regard to ensuring lasting security for their peoples,", "Convinced that nuclear weapons pose the greatest threat to mankind and to the survival of civilization,", "Noting that the renewed interest in nuclear disarmament should be translated into concrete actions for the achievement of general and complete disarmament under effective international control,", "Convinced that nuclear disarmament and the complete elimination of nuclear weapons are essential to remove the danger of nuclear war,", "Determined to abide strictly by the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations on the non-use of force or threat of force,", "Recognizing that the independence, territorial integrity and sovereignty of non‑nuclear-weapon States need to be safeguarded against the use or threat of use of force, including the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons,", "Considering that, until nuclear disarmament is achieved on a universal basis, it is imperative for the international community to develop effective measures and arrangements to ensure the security of non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons from any quarter,", "Recognizing that effective measures and arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons can contribute positively to the prevention of the spread of nuclear weapons,", "Bearing in mind paragraph 59 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, the first special session devoted to disarmament,[1] in which it urged the nuclear-weapon States to pursue efforts to conclude, as appropriate, effective arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, and desirous of promoting the implementation of the relevant provisions of the Final Document,", "Recalling the relevant parts of the special report of the Committee on Disarmament[2] submitted to the General Assembly at its twelfth special session, the second special session devoted to disarmament,[3] and of the special report of the Conference on Disarmament submitted to the Assembly at its fifteenth special session, the third special session devoted to disarmament,[4] as well as the report of the Conference on its 1992 session,[5]", "Recalling also paragraph 12 of the Declaration of the 1980s as the Second Disarmament Decade, contained in the annex to its resolution 35/46 of 3 December 1980, which states, inter alia, that all efforts should be exerted by the Committee on Disarmament urgently to negotiate with a view to reaching agreement on effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons,", "Noting the in-depth negotiations undertaken in the Conference on Disarmament and its Ad Hoc Committee on Effective International Arrangements to Assure Non-Nuclear-Weapon States against the Use or Threat of Use of Nuclear Weapons,[6] with a view to reaching agreement on this question,", "Taking note of the proposals submitted under the item in the Conference on Disarmament, including the drafts of an international convention,", "Taking note also of the relevant decision of the Thirteenth Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held at Kuala Lumpur on 24 and 25 February 2003,[7] which was reiterated at the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Conferences of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held at Havana and Sharm el‑Sheikh, Egypt, on 15 and 16 September 2006,[8] and 15 and 16 July 2009,[9] respectively, as well as the relevant recommendations of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation,", "Taking note further of the unilateral declarations made by all the nuclear-weapon States on their policies of non-use or non-threat of use of nuclear weapons against the non-nuclear-weapon States,", "Noting the support expressed in the Conference on Disarmament and in the General Assembly for the elaboration of an international convention to assure non‑nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, as well as the difficulties pointed out in evolving a common approach acceptable to all,", "Taking note of Security Council resolution 984 (1995) of 11 April 1995 and the views expressed on it,", "Recalling its relevant resolutions adopted in previous years, in particular resolutions 45/54 of 4 December 1990, 46/32 of 6 December 1991, 47/50 of 9 December 1992, 48/73 of 16 December 1993, 49/73 of 15 December 1994, 50/68 of 12 December 1995, 51/43 of 10 December 1996, 52/36 of 9 December 1997, 53/75 of 4 December 1998, 54/52 of 1 December 1999, 55/3l of 20 November 2000, 56/22 of 29 November 2001, 57/56 of 22 November 2002, 58/35 of 8 December 2003, 59/64 of 3 December 2004, 60/53 of 8 December 2005, 61/57 of 6 December 2006, 62/19 of 5 December 2007, 63/39 of 2 December 2008, 64/27 of 2 December 2009 and 65/43 of 8 December 2010,", "1. Reaffirms the urgent need to reach an early agreement on effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons;", "2. Notes with satisfaction that in the Conference on Disarmament there is no objection, in principle, to the idea of an international convention to assure non‑nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, although the difficulties with regard to evolving a common approach acceptable to all have also been pointed out;", "3. Appeals to all States, especially the nuclear-weapon States, to work actively towards an early agreement on a common approach and, in particular, on a common formula that could be included in an international instrument of a legally binding character;", "4. Recommends that further intensive efforts be devoted to the search for such a common approach or common formula and that the various alternative approaches, including, in particular, those considered in the Conference on Disarmament, be further explored in order to overcome the difficulties;", "5. Also recommends that the Conference on Disarmament actively continue intensive negotiations with a view to reaching early agreement and concluding effective international agreements to assure the non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, taking into account the widespread support for the conclusion of an international convention and giving consideration to any other proposals designed to secure the same objective;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Conclusion of effective international arrangements to assure non‑nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[2]  The Committee on Disarmament was redesignated the Conference on Disarmament as from 7 February 1984.", "[3]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Twelfth Special Session, Supplement No. 2 (A/S‑12/2), sect. III.C.", "[4]  Ibid., Fifteenth Special Session, Supplement No. 2 (A/S‑15/2), sect. III.F.", "[5]  Ibid., Forty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/47/27), sect. III.F.", "[6]  Ibid., Forty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/48/27), para. 39.", "[7]  See A/57/759‑S/2003/332, annex I.", "[8]  See A/61/472‑S/2006/780, annex I.", "[9]  See S/2009/459, annex, para. 118." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/409)]", "66/26. Conclusion of effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Bearing in mind the need to allay the legitimate concern of the States of the world with regard to ensuring lasting security for their peoples,", "Convinced that nuclear weapons pose the greatest threat to mankind and to the survival of civilization,", "Noting that the renewed interest in nuclear disarmament should be translated into concrete actions for the achievement of general and complete disarmament under effective international control,", "Convinced that nuclear disarmament and the complete elimination of nuclear weapons are essential to remove the danger of nuclear war,", "Determined to abide strictly by the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations on the non-use of force or threat of force,", "Recognizing that the independence, territorial integrity and sovereignty of non-nuclear-weapon States need to be safeguarded against the use or threat of use of force, including the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons,", "Considering that, until nuclear disarmament is achieved on a universal basis, it is imperative for the international community to develop effective measures and arrangements to ensure the security of non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons from any quarter,", "Recognizing that effective measures and arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons can contribute positively to the prevention of the spread of nuclear weapons,", "Bearing in mind paragraph 59 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, the first special session devoted to disarmament, in which it urged the nuclear-weapon States to pursue efforts to conclude, as appropriate, effective arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, and desirous of promoting the implementation of the relevant provisions of the Final Document,", "Recalling the relevant parts of the special report of the Committee on Disarmament submitted to the General Assembly at its twelfth special session, the second special session devoted to disarmament,[3] the special report of the Conference on Disarmament submitted to the Assembly at its fifteenth special session, the third special session devoted to disarmament, and the report of the Conference on its 1992 session,[5]", "Recalling also paragraph 12 of the Declaration of the 1980s as the Second Disarmament Decade, contained in the annex to its resolution 35/46 of 3 December 1980, which states, inter alia, that all efforts should be exerted by the Committee on Disarmament urgently to negotiate with a view to reaching agreement on effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons,", "Noting the in-depth negotiations undertaken in the Conference on Disarmament and its Ad Hoc Committee on Effective International Arrangements to Assure Non-Nuclear-Weapon States against the Use or Threat of Use of Nuclear Weapons,", "Taking note of the proposals submitted under the item in the Conference on Disarmament, including the drafts of an international convention,", "Taking note also of the relevant decisions of the Thirteenth Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Kuala Lumpur on 24 and 25 February 2003, [7] reaffirmed by the Fourteenth [8] and Fifteenth Conferences of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Havana on 15 and 16 September 2006 and Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, on 15 and 16 July 2009, respectively, and the relevant recommendations of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation,", "Taking note further of the unilateral declarations made by all the nuclear-weapon States on their policies of non-use or non-threat of use of nuclear weapons against the non-nuclear-weapon States,", "Noting the support expressed in the Conference on Disarmament and in the General Assembly for the elaboration of an international convention to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, as well as the difficulties pointed out in evolving a common approach acceptable to all,", "Taking note of Security Council resolution 984 (1995) of 11 April 1995 and the views expressed on it,", "Recalling its relevant resolutions adopted in previous years, in particular resolutions 45/54 of 4 December 1990, 46/32 of 6 December 1991, 47/50 of 9 December 1992, 48/73 of 16 December 1993, 49/73 of 15 December 1994, 50/68 of 12 December 1995, 51/43 of 10 December 1996, 52/36 of 9 December 1997, 53/75 of 4 December 1998, 54/52 of 1 December 1999, 55/31 of 20 November 2000, 56/22 of 29 November 2001, 57/56 of 22 November 2002, 58/35 of 8 December 2003, 59/64 of 3 December 2004, 60/53 of 8 December 2005, 61/57 of 6 December 2006, 62/19 of 5 December 2007, 63/39 of 2 December 2008, 6/27 of 2 December 2009 and 65/43 of 8 December 2010,", "Reaffirms the urgent need to reach an early agreement on effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons;", "Notes with satisfaction that in the Conference on Disarmament there is no objection, in principle, to the idea of an international convention to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, although the difficulties with regard to evolving a common approach acceptable to all have also been pointed out;", "Calls upon all States, in particular the nuclear-weapon States, to work actively towards an early agreement on a common approach and, in particular, on a common formula that could be included in an international instrument of a legally binding character;", "4. Recommends that further intensive efforts be devoted to the search for such a common approach or common formula and that the various alternative approaches, including, in particular, those considered in the Conference on Disarmament, be explored further in order to overcome the difficulties;", "5. Also recommends that the Conference on Disarmament actively continue intensive negotiations with a view to reaching early agreement and concluding effective international agreements to assure the non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, taking into account the widespread support for the conclusion of an international convention and giving consideration to any other proposals designed to secure the same objective;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Conclusion of effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] Resolution S-10/2.", "[2] The Committee on Disarmament was renamed the Conference on Disarmament as from 7 February 1984.", "[3] Official Records of the General Assembly, Twelfth Special Session, Supplement No. 2 (A/S-12/2), sect. III.C.", "[4] Ibid., Fifteenth Special Session, Supplement No. 2 (A/S-15/2), sect. III.F.", "[5] Ibid., Forty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/47/27), sect. III.F.", "[6] Ibid., Forty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/48/27), para. 39.", "[7] See A/57/759-S/2003/332, annex I.", "[8] See A/61/472-S/2006/780, annex I.", "[9] See S/2009/459, annex, para. 118." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/410)通过]", "66/27. 防止外层空间的军备竞赛", "大会，", "确认全人类在为和平用途探索和利用外层空间方面具有共同利益，", "重申所有国家的意愿，认为对外层空间包括月球和其他天体的探索和利用应为和平用途而进行，并应造福和有利于所有国家，不论其经济或科学发展程度如何，", "又重申《关于各国探索和利用包括月球和其他天体在内外层空间活动的原则条约》[1] 第三和四条的规定，", "回顾所有国家在国际关系包括在空间活动中都有义务遵守《联合国宪章》有关不使用武力或威胁使用武力的规定，", "重申大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》[2] 第80段，其中指出，为了防止外层空间的军备竞赛，应本着《条约》的精神，采取进一步措施，并进行适当的国际谈判，", "回顾其以往关于这一问题的各项决议，并表示注意到向大会第十届特别会议和各届常会提出的提案，以及向联合国各主管机关和裁军谈判会议提出的建议，", "确认防止外层空间的军备竞赛可使国际和平与安全免于严重危险，", "强调严格遵守与外层空间有关的包括双边协定在内的现有军备限制和裁军协定以及现有法律制度至关重要，", "考虑到广泛参加适用于外层空间的法律制度有助于提高其效力，", "注意到防止外层空间军备竞赛特设委员会，考虑到自1985年设立以来所作的努力，并为了设法提高工作质量，继续审查和确定与防止外层空间军备竞赛有关的各种问题、现有协定和提案以及今后的倡议，[3] 而这些工作有助于更好地了解若干问题和更明确地认识各种立场，", "又注意到裁军谈判会议中原则上没有人反对重新设立特设委员会，但须重新审查裁军谈判会议1992年2月13日的决定所载的任务规定，[4]", "强调在防止外层空间军备竞赛方面双边和多边努力是相辅相成的，希望这些努力能尽快产生具体成果，", "深信在探索有效和可核查的双边和多边协定时应审查防止外层空间军备竞赛，包括外层空间武器化的其他措施，", "强调由于外层空间的使用日增，国际社会更加需要提高透明度和提供更完备的资料，", "在这方面回顾其以往的各项决议，特别是1990年12月4日第45/55B号、1992年12月9日第47/51号和1993年12月16日第48/74A号决议，其中除其他外，重申建立信任措施作为有助于确保实现防止外层空间军备竞赛目标的手段至为重要，", "意识到军事领域建立信任和安全措施的益处，", "确认谈判缔结一项或多项防止外层空间军备竞赛的国际协定仍然是裁军谈判会议的优先任务，而有关建立信任措施的各项具体建议可以构成这种协定的组成部分，", "满意地注意到在2009、2010和2011年裁军谈判会议上，就防止外层空间军备竞赛进行了建设性、有条理和有重点的辩论，", "表示注意到中国和俄罗斯联邦在裁军谈判会议介绍了“防止在外空放置武器、对外空物体使用或威胁使用武力条约”草案，[5]", "又表示注意到裁军谈判会议决定在其2009年会议上设立一个工作组，以就与防止外层空间军备竞赛有关的所有问题进行实质性和无限制的讨论，", "1. 重申防止外层空间军备竞赛的重要性和紧迫性，而所有国家也愿意按照《关于各国探索和利用包括月球和其他天体在内外层空间活动的原则条约》¹ 的规定为此共同目标作出贡献；", "2. 再次确认如防止外层空间军备竞赛特设委员会的报告所指出的，适用于外层空间的法律制度本身不能也不会自动保证防止外层空间的军备竞赛，但这一制度在防止外层空间军备竞赛方面发挥着重要作用，需要加以巩固和加强并提高其效力，同时必须严格遵守现有的双边和多边协定；[6]", "3. 强调有必要采取包括适当有效核查规定的进一步措施以防止外层空间的军备竞赛；", "4. 吁请所有国家，特别是拥有强大航天能力的国家，对和平利用外层空间和防止外层空间军备竞赛的目标作出积极贡献，并为了维护国际和平与安全和促进国际合作，不要采取违背这一目标和现有有关条约的行动；", "5. 重申作为唯一多边裁军谈判论坛的裁军谈判会议在酌情缔结一项或多项全面防止外层空间军备竞赛的多边协定的谈判中应发挥主要作用；", "6. 邀请裁军谈判会议在其2012年会议期间尽早在题为“防止外层空间的军备竞赛”的议程项目下设立一个工作组；", "7. 确认在这方面，为加强和平利用外层空间的透明度、信任和安全而拟订措施的意见已日趋一致；", "8. 敦促从事外层空间活动的国家以及有意从事这种活动的国家，将有关这个问题的任何双边和多边谈判的进展情况随时通知裁军谈判会议，以利会议工作的进行；", "9. 决定将题为“防止外层空间的军备竞赛”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第610卷，第8843号。", "[2] S-10/2号决议。", "[3] 《大会正式记录，第四十九届会议，补编第27号》(A/49/27)，第三.D节(引文第5段)。", "[4] CD/1125。", "[5] 见CD/1839。", "[6] 见《大会正式记录，第四十五届会议，补编第27号》(A/45/27)，第118段(引文第63段)。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/410)]", "66/27. Prevention of an arms race in outer space", "The General Assembly,", "Recognizing the common interest of all mankind in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes,", "Reaffirming the will of all States that the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall be for peaceful purposes and shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interest of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development,", "Reaffirming also the provisions of articles III and IV of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies,[1]", "Recalling the obligation of all States to observe the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations regarding the use or threat of use of force in their international relations, including in their space activities,", "Reaffirming paragraph 80 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly,[2] in which it is stated that in order to prevent an arms race in outer space, further measures should be taken and appropriate international negotiations held in accordance with the spirit of the Treaty,", "Recalling its previous resolutions on this issue, and taking note of the proposals submitted to the General Assembly at its tenth special session and at its regular sessions, and of the recommendations made to the competent organs of the United Nations and to the Conference on Disarmament,", "Recognizing that prevention of an arms race in outer space would avert a grave danger for international peace and security,", "Emphasizing the paramount importance of strict compliance with existing arms limitation and disarmament agreements relevant to outer space, including bilateral agreements, and with the existing legal regime concerning the use of outer space,", "Considering that wide participation in the legal regime applicable to outer space could contribute to enhancing its effectiveness,", "Noting that the Ad Hoc Committee on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, taking into account its previous efforts since its establishment in 1985 and seeking to enhance its functioning in qualitative terms, continued the examination and identification of various issues, existing agreements and existing proposals, as well as future initiatives relevant to the prevention of an arms race in outer space,[3] and that this contributed to a better understanding of a number of problems and to a clearer perception of the various positions,", "Noting also that there were no objections in principle in the Conference on Disarmament to the re-establishment of the Ad Hoc Committee, subject to re‑examination of the mandate contained in the decision of the Conference on Disarmament of 13 February 1992,[4]", "Emphasizing the mutually complementary nature of bilateral and multilateral efforts for the prevention of an arms race in outer space, and hoping that concrete results will emerge from those efforts as soon as possible,", "Convinced that further measures should be examined in the search for effective and verifiable bilateral and multilateral agreements in order to prevent an arms race in outer space, including the weaponization of outer space,", "Stressing that the growing use of outer space increases the need for greater transparency and better information on the part of the international community,", "Recalling, in this context, its previous resolutions, in particular resolutions 45/55 B of 4 December 1990, 47/51 of 9 December 1992 and 48/74 A of 16 December 1993, in which, inter alia, it reaffirmed the importance of confidence-building measures as a means conducive to ensuring the attainment of the objective of the prevention of an arms race in outer space,", "Conscious of the benefits of confidence- and security-building measures in the military field,", "Recognizing that negotiations for the conclusion of an international agreement or agreements to prevent an arms race in outer space remain a priority task of the Conference on Disarmament and that the concrete proposals on confidence-building measures could form an integral part of such agreements,", "Noting with satisfaction the constructive, structured and focused debate on the prevention of an arms race in outer space at the Conference on Disarmament in 2009, 2010 and 2011,", "Taking note of the introduction by China and the Russian Federation at the Conference on Disarmament of the draft treaty on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space and of the threat or use of force against outer space objects,[5]", "Taking note also of the decision of the Conference on Disarmament to establish for its 2009 session a working group to discuss, substantially, without limitation, all issues related to the prevention of an arms race in outer space,", "1. Reaffirms the importance and urgency of preventing an arms race in outer space and the readiness of all States to contribute to that common objective, in conformity with the provisions of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies;¹", "2. Reaffirms its recognition, as stated in the report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, that the legal regime applicable to outer space does not in and of itself guarantee the prevention of an arms race in outer space, that the regime plays a significant role in the prevention of an arms race in that environment, that there is a need to consolidate and reinforce that regime and enhance its effectiveness and that it is important to comply strictly with existing agreements, both bilateral and multilateral;[6]", "3. Emphasizes the necessity of further measures with appropriate and effective provisions for verification to prevent an arms race in outer space;", "4. Calls upon all States, in particular those with major space capabilities, to contribute actively to the objective of the peaceful use of outer space and of the prevention of an arms race in outer space and to refrain from actions contrary to that objective and to the relevant existing treaties in the interest of maintaining international peace and security and promoting international cooperation;", "5. Reiterates that the Conference on Disarmament, as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating forum, has the primary role in the negotiation of a multilateral agreement or agreements, as appropriate, on the prevention of an arms race in outer space in all its aspects;", "6. Invites the Conference on Disarmament to establish a working group under its agenda item entitled “Prevention of an arms race in outer space” as early as possible during its 2012 session;", "7. Recognizes, in this respect, the growing convergence of views on the elaboration of measures designed to strengthen transparency, confidence and security in the peaceful uses of outer space;", "8. Urges States conducting activities in outer space, as well as States interested in conducting such activities, to keep the Conference on Disarmament informed of the progress of bilateral and multilateral negotiations on the matter, if any, so as to facilitate its work;", "9. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Prevention of an arms race in outer space”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 610, No. 8843.", "[2]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[3]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/49/27), sect. III.D (para. 5 of the quoted text).", "[4]  CD/1125.", "[5]  See CD/1839.", "[6]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/45/27), para. 118 (para. 63 of the quoted text)." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/410)]", "66/27. Prevention of an arms race in outer space", "The General Assembly,", "Recognizing the common interest of all mankind in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes,", "Reaffirming the will of all States that the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall be for peaceful purposes and shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interest of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development,", "Reaffirming also the provisions of articles III and IV of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies,", "Recalling the obligation of all States to observe the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations regarding the use or threat of use of force in their international relations, including in their space activities,", "Reaffirming paragraph 80 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, in which it is stated that in order to prevent an arms race in outer space, further measures should be taken and appropriate international negotiations held in accordance with the spirit of the Treaty,", "Recalling its previous resolutions on this issue, and taking note of the proposals submitted to the General Assembly at its tenth special session and at its regular sessions, and of the recommendations made to the competent organs of the United Nations and to the Conference on Disarmament,", "Recognizing that prevention of an arms race in outer space would avert a grave danger for international peace and security,", "Emphasizing the paramount importance of strict compliance with existing arms limitation and disarmament agreements relevant to outer space, including bilateral agreements, and with the existing legal regime concerning outer space,", "Considering that wide participation in the legal regime applicable to outer space could contribute to enhancing its effectiveness,", "Noting that the Ad Hoc Committee on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, taking into account its previous efforts since its establishment in 1985 and seeking to enhance its functioning in qualitative terms, continued the examination and identification of various issues, existing agreements and existing proposals, as well as future initiatives relevant to the prevention of an arms race in outer space,[3] and that this contributed to a better understanding of a number of problems and to a clearer perception of the various positions,", "Noting also that there was no objection in principle in the Conference on Disarmament to the re-establishment of the Ad Hoc Committee, subject to re-examination of the mandate contained in the decision of the Conference on Disarmament of 13 February 1992,", "Emphasizing the mutually complementary nature of bilateral and multilateral efforts in the field of preventing an arms race in outer space, and hoping that concrete results will emerge from those efforts as soon as possible,", "Convinced that further measures should be examined in the search for effective and verifiable bilateral and multilateral agreements in order to prevent an arms race in outer space, including the weaponization of outer space,", "Stressing that the increasing use of outer space increases the need for greater transparency and better information on the part of the international community,", "Recalling, in this context, its previous resolutions, in particular resolutions 45/55 B of 4 December 1990, 47/51 of 9 December 1992 and 48/74 A of 16 December 1993, in which, inter alia, it reaffirmed the importance of confidence-building measures as a means conducive to ensuring the attainment of the objective of the prevention of an arms race in outer space,", "Conscious of the benefits of confidence- and security-building measures in the military field,", "Recognizing that negotiations for the conclusion of an international agreement or agreements to prevent an arms race in outer space remain a priority task of the Conference on Disarmament and that the concrete proposals on confidence-building measures could form an integral part of such agreements,", "Noting with satisfaction the constructive, structured and focused debate on the prevention of an arms race in outer space at the Conference on Disarmament in 2009, 2010 and 2011,", "Taking note of the presentation by China and the Russian Federation at the Conference on Disarmament of the draft treaty on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space and of the threat or use of force against outer space objects,[5]", "Taking note also of the decision of the Conference on Disarmament to establish, during its 2009 session, a working group to discuss substantively and without limitation all issues related to the prevention of an arms race in outer space,", "Reaffirms the importance and urgency of preventing an arms race in outer space and the readiness of all States to contribute to that common objective, in conformity with the provisions of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies;1", "2. Reaffirms its recognition, as stated in the report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, that the legal regime applicable to outer space does not in and of itself guarantee the prevention of an arms race in outer space, that the regime plays a significant role in the prevention of an arms race in that environment, that there is a need to consolidate and strengthen that regime and enhance its effectiveness and that it is important to comply strictly with existing agreements, both bilateral and multilateral;[6]", "Emphasizes the necessity of further measures with appropriate and effective provisions for verification to prevent an arms race in outer space;", "4. Calls upon all States, in particular those with major space capabilities, to contribute actively to the objective of the peaceful uses of outer space and of the prevention of an arms race in outer space and to refrain from actions contrary to that objective and to the relevant existing treaties in the interest of maintaining international peace and security and promoting international cooperation;", "Reaffirms that the Conference on Disarmament, as the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum, has the primary role in the negotiation of a multilateral agreement or agreements, as appropriate, on the prevention of an arms race in outer space in all its aspects;", "Invites the Conference on Disarmament to establish, as early as possible during its 2012 session, a working group under the agenda item entitled “Prevention of an arms race in outer space”;", "7. Recognizes, in this context, the growing convergence of views on the elaboration of measures designed to strengthen transparency, confidence and security in the peaceful uses of outer space;", "Urges States conducting activities in outer space, as well as States interested in conducting such activities, to keep the Conference on Disarmament informed of the progress of bilateral and multilateral negotiations on the matter, if any, so as to facilitate its work;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Prevention of an arms race in outer space”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 610, No. 8843.", "[2] Resolution S-10/2.", "[3] Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/49/27), sect.", "[4] CD/1125.", "[5] See CD/1839.", "[6] See Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/45/27), para. 118 (para. 63, quoted)." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/28. 不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995、2000和2010年审议大会商定的核裁军义务的后续行动", "大会，", "回顾其核裁军领域的各项决议，包括最近的2009年12月2日第64/31号和2010年12月8日第65/56、65/76和65/80号决议，", "铭记其1968年6月12日第2373(XXII)号决议，该决议附件载有《不扩散核武器条约》，[1]", "注意到《条约》第八条第3款规定每五年举行一次审议大会，", "回顾其1995年12月12日第50/70Q号决议，其中大会注意到条约缔约国申明有必要继续采取果断行动，以期充分实现和有效执行《条约》的各项规定，并为此通过了一系列原则和目标，", "又回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会于1995年5月11日通过了三项分别与加强条约审议进程、核不扩散和核裁军的原则和目标以及《条约》延期有关的决定，[2]", "重申1995年审议和延期大会于1995年5月11日通过的关于中东问题的决议，² 其中该次大会重申早日实现普遍加入《条约》并将核设施置于国际原子能机构全面保障监督之下的重要性，", "又重申其2000年11月20日第55/33D号决议，其中大会欢迎2000年5月19日以协商一致方式通过不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会的《最后文件》，[3] 包括特别是题为“审议《条约》的执行情况，并考虑到1995年审议和延期大会通过的决定和决议”和“提高《条约》已加强的审议进程的效率”的文件，[4]", "考虑到核武器国家在2000年审议大会的《最后文件》中明确承诺彻底消除其核武库，最终实现核裁军，这是所有条约缔约国在《条约》第六条下作出的承诺，", "欢迎不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会通过了一项实质性的《最后文件》，[5] 其中载有关于核裁军的结论和后续行动建议，", "1. 回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会重申不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会的《最后文件》中商定的实际步骤[6] 继续有效；", "2. 决心采取实际步骤，有系统并循序渐进地努力执行《不扩散核武器条约》¹ 第六条以及不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会关于核不扩散和核裁军的原则和目标的决定² 第3和4(c)段；", "3. 呼吁所有核武器国家采取不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会商定的实际步骤，以促进国际稳定的方式实现核裁军，并依照各国安全不受减损的原则：", "(a) 进一步努力单方面削减核武库；", "(b) 依照《条约》第六条的规定，在其核武器能力以及各项协议执行情况方面提高透明度，将此作为一项自愿的建立信任措施，支持进一步推动核裁军；", "(c) 作为核武器削减和裁军进程的一个组成部分，单方面主动进一步削减非战略性核武器；", "(d) 采取商定的具体措施，进一步降低核武器系统的作战状态；", "(e) 逐步降低核武器在安全政策中的作用，从而将使用这些武器的风险减少到最低程度，并促进彻底消除核武器的进程；", "(f) 所有核武器国家酌情尽早参与通往彻底消除其核武器的进程；", "4. 注意到2000和2010年审议大会一致认为五个核武器国家向条约非核武器缔约国作出具有法律约束力的安全保证会加强核不扩散机制；", "5. 敦促条约缔约国在审议大会及其筹备委员会的框架内，跟进《条约》规定的并在条约缔约国1995、2000和2010年审议大会上商定的核裁军义务的履行工作；", "6. 决定将题为“不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995、2000和2010年审议大会商定的核裁军义务的后续行动”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 另见联合国，《条约汇编》，第729卷，第10485号。", "[2] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会，最后文件，第一部分》(NPT/CONF. 1995/32(Part I))，附件。", "[3] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会，最后文件》，第一至三卷(NPT/CONF. 2000/28(Part I-IV))。", "[4] 同上，第一卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28(Part I和II))，第一部分。", "[5] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会，最后文件》，第一卷(NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I)),第一部分，《结论和后续行动建议》，第一节。", "[6] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会，最后文件》，第一卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28(Part I和II))，第一部分，题为“第六条和序言部分第8至12段”的一节，第15段。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/28. Follow-up to nuclear disarmament obligations agreed to at the 1995, 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its various resolutions in the field of nuclear disarmament, including its recent resolutions 64/31 of 2 December 2009 and 65/56, 65/76 and 65/80 of 8 December 2010,", "Bearing in mind its resolution 2373 (XXII) of 12 June 1968, the annex to which contains the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[1]", "Noting the provisions of article VIII, paragraph 3, of the Treaty regarding the convening of review conferences at five-year intervals,", "Recalling its resolution 50/70 Q of 12 December 1995, in which the General Assembly noted that the States parties to the Treaty affirmed the need to continue to move with determination towards the full realization and effective implementation of the provisions of the Treaty, and accordingly adopted a set of principles and objectives,", "Recalling also that, on 11 May 1995, the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons adopted three decisions on, respectively, strengthening the review process for the Treaty, principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, and extension of the Treaty,[2]", "Reaffirming the resolution on the Middle East adopted on 11 May 1995 by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference,² in which the Conference reaffirmed the importance of the early realization of universal adherence to the Treaty and placement of nuclear facilities under full-scope International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards,", "Reaffirming also its resolution 55/33 D of 20 November 2000, in which the General Assembly welcomed the adoption by consensus on 19 May 2000 of the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[3] including, in particular, the documents entitled “Review of the operation of the Treaty, taking into account the decisions and the resolution adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference” and “Improving the effectiveness of the strengthened review process for the Treaty”,[4]", "Taking into consideration the unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States, in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference, to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament, to which all States parties to the Treaty are committed under article VI of the Treaty,", "Welcoming the adoption by the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of a substantive Final Document containing conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions relating to nuclear disarmament,[5]", "1. Recalls that the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons reaffirmed the continued validity of the practical steps agreed to in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;[6]", "2. Determines to pursue practical steps for systematic and progressive efforts to implement article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons¹ and paragraphs 3 and 4 (c) of the decision on principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;²", "3. Calls for practical steps, as agreed to at the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, to be taken by all nuclear-weapon States, which would lead to nuclear disarmament in a way that promotes international stability and, based on the principle of undiminished security for all:", "(a) Further efforts to be made by the nuclear-weapon States to reduce their nuclear arsenals unilaterally;", "(b) Increased transparency by the nuclear-weapon States with regard to nuclear weapons capabilities and the implementation of agreements pursuant to article VI of the Treaty and as a voluntary confidence-building measure to support further progress in nuclear disarmament;", "(c) The further reduction of non-strategic nuclear weapons, based on unilateral initiatives and as an integral part of the nuclear arms reduction and disarmament process;", "(d) Concrete agreed measures to reduce further the operational status of nuclear weapons systems;", "(e) A diminishing role for nuclear weapons in security policies so as to minimize the risk that these weapons will ever be used and to facilitate the process of their total elimination;", "(f) The engagement, as soon as appropriate, of all the nuclear-weapon States in the process leading to the total elimination of their nuclear weapons;", "4. Notes that the 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences agreed that legally binding security assurances by the five nuclear-weapon States to the non-nuclear-weapon States parties to the Treaty strengthen the nuclear non-proliferation regime;", "5. Urges the States parties to the Treaty to follow up on the implementation of the nuclear disarmament obligations under the Treaty agreed to at the 1995, 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences within the framework of review conferences and their preparatory committees;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session an item entitled “Follow-up to nuclear disarmament obligations agreed to at the 1995, 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See also United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2]  See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex.", "[3] 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I–IV)).", "[4]  Ibid., vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I.", "[5] 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)), part I, Conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions, sect. I.", "[6] 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para. 15." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/28. Follow-up to nuclear disarmament obligations agreed to at the 1995, 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions in the field of nuclear disarmament, the most recent of which are resolutions 64/31 of 2 December 2009 and 65/56, 65/76 and 65/80 of 8 December 2010,", "Bearing in mind its resolution 2373 (XXII) of 12 June 1968, the annex to which contains the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, [1]", "Noting the provision in article VIII, paragraph 3, of the Treaty for review conferences to be held every five years,", "Recalling its resolution 50/70 Q of 12 December 1995, in which it noted that the States parties to the Treaty affirmed the need to continue to take decisive action with a view to achieving the full realization and effective implementation of the provisions of the Treaty, and to that end adopted a set of principles and objectives,", "Recalling also that, on 11 May 1995, the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons adopted three decisions relating respectively to the strengthening of the review process for the Treaty, principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament and extension of the Treaty,[2]", "Reaffirming the resolution on the Middle East adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference on 11 May 1995,2 in which the Conference reaffirmed the importance of the early realization of universal adherence to the Treaty and placement of nuclear facilities under full-scope International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards,", "Reaffirming also its resolution 55/33 D of 20 November 2000, in which it welcomed the adoption by consensus on 19 May 2000 of the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[3] including, inter alia, the documents entitled “Review of the implementation of the Treaty, taking into account the decisions and the resolution adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference” and “Improving the efficiency of the strengthened review process for the Treaty”,[4]", "Considering the unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States, in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference, to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament, to which all States parties to the Treaty are committed under article VI of the Treaty,", "Welcoming the adoption by the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of a substantive Final Document containing conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions on nuclear disarmament,", "1. Recalls that the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons reaffirmed the continued validity of the practical steps agreed to in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;", "2. Resolve to take practical steps for systematic and progressive efforts to implement the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons1 Article VI and paragraphs 3 and 4 (c) of the decision on principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;2", "3. Calls upon all nuclear-weapon States to take the practical steps agreed at the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to achieve nuclear disarmament in a manner that promotes international stability and, in accordance with the principle of undiminished security for all:", "(a) Further efforts to reduce nuclear arsenals unilaterally;", "(b) Increased transparency with regard to nuclear weapons capabilities and the implementation of agreements pursuant to article VI of the Treaty and as a voluntary confidence-building measure to support further progress in nuclear disarmament;", "(c) The further reduction of non-strategic nuclear weapons, based on unilateral initiatives and as an integral part of the nuclear arms reduction and disarmament process;", "(d) Concrete agreed measures to reduce further the operational status of nuclear weapons systems;", "(e) A diminishing role for nuclear weapons in security policies so as to minimize the risk that these weapons will ever be used and to facilitate the process of their total elimination;", "(f) The engagement, as soon as appropriate, of all the nuclear-weapon States in the process leading to the total elimination of their nuclear weapons;", "4. Notes that the 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences agreed that legally binding security assurances by the five nuclear-weapon States to the non-nuclear-weapon States parties to the Treaty strengthen the nuclear non-proliferation regime;", "5. Urges the States parties to the Treaty to follow up on the implementation of the nuclear disarmament obligations under the Treaty, as agreed at the 1995, 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences of the Parties to the Treaty, within the framework of the Review Conferences and their Preparatory Committees;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Follow-up to nuclear disarmament obligations agreed to at the 1995, 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] See also United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2] See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex.", "[3] 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-IV)).", "[4] Ibid., vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I.", "[5] 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol.", "[6] 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/29. 《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》的执行情况", "大会，", "回顾其1999年12月1日第54/54B号、2000年11月20日第55/33V号、2001年11月29日第56/24M号、2002年11月22日第57/74号、2003年12月8日第58/53号、2004年12月3日第59/84号、2005年12月8日第60/80号、2006年12月6日第61/84号、2007年12月5日第62/41号、2008年12月2日第63/42号、2009年12月2日第64/56号和2010年12月8日第65/48号决议，", "重申决心终止杀伤人员地雷造成的痛苦和伤亡，这些地雷每年导致数以千计的人——妇女、女孩、男孩和男子——死亡或受伤，使居住在受影响地区的民众面临危险，并阻碍其社区的发展，", "认为有必要尽力以有效和协调的方式帮助应对挑战，排除布设在世界各地的杀伤人员地雷并确保销毁此种地雷，", "希望尽力确保帮助照顾地雷受害者并帮助他们康复，包括帮助他们重新融入社会和经济生活，", "满意地注意到为执行《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》[1] 而开展的工作，以及在解决全球杀伤人员地雷问题方面取得的重大进展，", "回顾在马普托(1999年)、[2] 日内瓦(2000年)、[3] 马那瓜(2001年)、[4] 日内瓦(2002年)、[5] 曼谷(2003年)、[6] 萨格勒布(2005年)、[7] 日内瓦(2006年)、[8] 死海(2007年)、[9] 日内瓦(2008年)[10] 和日内瓦(2010年)[11] 举行的公约缔约国第一至十次会议，以及在内罗毕(2004年)[12] 举行的公约缔约国第一次审议大会，", "又回顾2009年11月30日至12月4日在哥伦比亚卡塔赫纳举行了公约缔约国第二次审议大会，[13] 国际社会在这次会议上审查了《公约》的执行情况，缔约国通过了《卡塔赫纳宣言》[14] 和《2010−2014年卡塔赫纳行动计划》，[15] 支持加强《公约》的执行和宣传工作，", "满意地注意到又有其他国家批准或加入《公约》，使正式接受《公约》义务的国家总数达到一百五十七个，", "强调应当争取所有国家加入《公约》，并决心大力促进《公约》的普遍性，使其成为准则，", "遗憾地注意到杀伤人员地雷继续用于世界各地的某些冲突，给人们带来痛苦并妨碍冲突后的发展，", "1. 邀请所有尚未签署《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》¹ 的国家毫不拖延地加入《公约》；", "2. 敦促所有已签署但尚未批准《公约》的国家毫不拖延地批准《公约》；", "3. 强调必须全面切实地履行及遵守《公约》的规定，包括持续执行《2010−2014年卡塔赫纳行动计划》；¹⁵", "4. 敦促所有缔约国按照《公约》第7条的规定，及时向秘书长提供完整的资料，以便提高透明度和促进遵守《公约》；", "5. 邀请所有尚未批准或加入《公约》的国家在自愿的基础上提供资料，使全球地雷行动更加有效；", "6. 再次吁请所有国家和其他有关各方一起努力，促进、支持和推动地雷受害者的照顾、康复及重新融入社会经济生活，开展雷险教育方案，以及排除和销毁在世界各地布设和储存的杀伤人员地雷；", "7. 敦促所有国家在最高政治级别继续处理这个问题，如有能力，应通过双边、次区域、区域和多边接触、外联、讨论会和其他办法促进遵守《公约》；", "8. 再次邀请和鼓励所有有关国家、联合国、其他有关国际组织或机构、区域组织、红十字国际委员会和有关非政府组织参加将于2011年11月28日至12月2日在金边举行的公约缔约国第十一次会议，并参加《公约》今后的会议；", "9. 请秘书长根据《公约》第11条第2款，为举行公约缔约国第十二次会议进行必要的筹备，并根据《公约》第11条第4款，代表缔约国邀请非公约缔约国以及联合国、其他有关国际组织或机构、区域组织、红十字国际委员会和有关非政府组织以观察员身份出席缔约国第十二次会议和未来的会议；", "10. 决定继续处理此案。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第2056卷，第35597号。", "[2] 见APLC/MSP.1/1999/1。", "[3] 见APLC/MSP.2/2000/1。", "[4] 见APLC/MSP.3/2001/1。", "[5] 见APLC/MSP.4/2002/1。", "[6] 见APLC/MSP.5/2003/5。", "[7] 见APLC/MSP.6/2005/5。", "[8] 见APLC/MSP.7/2006/5。", "[9] 见APLC/MSP.8/2007/6。", "[10] 见APLC/MSP.9/2008/4和Corr.1和2。", "[11] 见APLC/MSP.10/2010/7。", "[12] 见APLC/CONF/2004/5和Corr.1。", "[13] 见APLC/CONF/2009/9。", "[14] 同上，第四部分。", "[15] 同上，第三部分。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/29. Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition", "of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer", "of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 54/54 B of 1 December 1999, 55/33 V of 20 November 2000, 56/24 M of 29 November 2001, 57/74 of 22 November 2002, 58/53 of 8 December 2003, 59/84 of 3 December 2004, 60/80 of 8 December 2005, 61/84 of 6 December 2006, 62/41 of 5 December 2007, 63/42 of 2 December 2008, 64/56 of 2 December 2009 and 65/48 of 8 December 2010,", "Reaffirming its determination to put an end to the suffering and casualties caused by anti-personnel mines, which kill or injure thousands of people — women, girls, boys and men — every year, and which place people living in affected areas at risk and hinder the development of their communities,", "Believing it necessary to do the utmost to contribute in an efficient and coordinated manner to facing the challenge of removing anti-personnel mines placed throughout the world and to assure their destruction,", "Wishing to do the utmost in ensuring assistance for the care and rehabilitation, including the social and economic reintegration, of mine victims,", "Noting with satisfaction the work undertaken to implement the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction[1] and the substantial progress made towards addressing the global anti-personnel landmine problem,", "Recalling the first to tenth meetings of the States parties to the Convention, held in Maputo (1999),[2] Geneva (2000),[3] Managua (2001),[4] Geneva (2002),[5] Bangkok (2003),[6] Zagreb (2005),[7] Geneva (2006),[8] the Dead Sea (2007),[9] Geneva (2008)[10] and Geneva (2010)[11] and the First Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention, held in Nairobi (2004),[12]", "Recalling also the Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention, held in Cartagena, Colombia, from 30 November to 4 December 2009,[13] at which the international community reviewed the implementation of the Convention and the States parties adopted the Cartagena Declaration[14] and the Cartagena Action Plan 2010–2014[15] to support enhanced implementation and promotion of the Convention,", "Noting with satisfaction that additional States have ratified or acceded to the Convention, bringing the total number of States that have formally accepted the obligations of the Convention to one hundred and fifty-seven,", "Emphasizing the desirability of attracting the adherence of all States to the Convention, and determined to work strenuously towards the promotion of its universalization and norms,", "Noting with regret that anti-personnel mines continue to be used in some conflicts around the world, causing human suffering and impeding post-conflict development,", "1. Invites all States that have not signed the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction¹ to accede to it without delay;", "2. Urges all States that have signed but have not ratified the Convention to ratify it without delay;", "3. Stresses the importance of the full and effective implementation of and compliance with the Convention, including through the continued implementation of the Cartagena Action Plan 2010–2014;¹⁵", "4. Urges all States parties to provide the Secretary-General with complete and timely information as required under article 7 of the Convention in order to promote transparency and compliance with the Convention;", "5. Invites all States that have not ratified the Convention or acceded to it to provide, on a voluntary basis, information to make global mine action efforts more effective;", "6. Renews its call upon all States and other relevant parties to work together to promote, support and advance the care, rehabilitation and social and economic reintegration of mine victims, mine risk education programmes and the removal and destruction of anti-personnel mines placed or stockpiled throughout the world;", "7. Urges all States to remain seized of the issue at the highest political level and, where in a position to do so, to promote adherence to the Convention through bilateral, subregional, regional and multilateral contacts, outreach, seminars and other means;", "8. Reiterates its invitation and encouragement to all interested States, the United Nations, other relevant international organizations or institutions, regional organizations, the International Committee of the Red Cross and relevant non‑governmental organizations to attend the Eleventh Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention, to be held in Phnom Penh from 28 November to 2 December 2011, and to participate in the future meeting programme of the Convention;", "9. Requests the Secretary-General, in accordance with article 11, paragraph 2, of the Convention, to undertake the preparations necessary to convene the Twelfth Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention and, on behalf of the States parties and in accordance with article 11, paragraph 4, of the Convention, to invite States not parties to the Convention, as well as the United Nations, other relevant international organizations or institutions, regional organizations, the International Committee of the Red Cross and relevant non-governmental organizations, to attend the Twelfth Meeting of the States Parties and future meetings as observers;", "10. Decides to remain seized of the matter.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2056, No. 35597.", "[2]  See APLC/MSP.1/1999/1.", "[3]  See APLC/MSP.2/2000/1.", "[4]  See APLC/MSP.3/2001/1.", "[5]  See APLC/MSP.4/2002/1.", "[6]  See APLC/MSP.5/2003/5.", "[7]  See APLC/MSP.6/2005/5.", "[8]  See APLC/MSP.7/2006/5.", "[9]  See APLC/MSP.8/2007/6.", "[10]  See APLC/MSP.9/2008/4 and Corr.1 and 2.", "[11]  See APLC/MSP.10/2010/7.", "[12]  See APLC/CONF/2004/5 and Corr.1.", "[13]  See APLC/CONF/2009/9.", "[14]  Ibid., part IV.", "[15]  Ibid., part III." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/29. Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 54/54 B of 1 December 1999, 55/33 V of 20 November 2000, 56/24 M of 29 November 2001, 57/74 of 22 November 2002, 58/53 of 8 December 2003, 59/84 of 3 December 2004, 60/80 of 8 December 2005, 61/84 of 6 December 2006, 62/41 of 5 December 2007, 63/42 of 2 December 2008, 64/56 of 2 December 2009 and 65/48 of 8 December 2010,", "Reaffirming its determination to put an end to the suffering and casualties caused by anti-personnel mines, which kill or injure thousands of people — women, girls, boys and men — every year and put populations living in affected areas at risk and hinder the development of their communities,", "Considering the need to do the utmost to contribute in an effective and coordinated manner to meeting the challenge of removing anti-personnel mines placed throughout the world and to assure their destruction,", "Wishing to do the utmost in ensuring assistance for the care and rehabilitation, including the social and economic reintegration, of mine victims,", "Noting with satisfaction the work undertaken to implement the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, and the significant progress made in addressing the global problem of anti-personnel mines,", "Recalling the first to tenth meetings of the States parties to the Convention, held in Maputo (1999), [2] Geneva (2000), [3] Managua (2001), [4] Geneva (2002), [5] Bangkok (2003), [6] Zagreb (2005), [7] Geneva (2006),[8] Dead Sea (2007), [9] Geneva (2008) [10] and Geneva (2010) [11], and the first Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention, held in Nairobi (2004) [12],", "Recalling also that the Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention was held in Cartagena, Colombia, from 30 November to 4 December 2009, [13] at which the international community reviewed the implementation of the Convention and the States parties adopted the Cartagena Declaration,[ and the Cartagena Action Plan 2010 - 2014, [15] Supporting the strengthening of the implementation and promotion of the Convention,", "Noting with satisfaction that additional States have ratified or acceded to the Convention, bringing the total number of States that have formally accepted the obligations of the Convention to one hundred and fifty-seven,", "Emphasizing the desirability of attracting the adherence of all States to the Convention, and determined to work strenuously towards the promotion of its universality and its codification,", "Noting with regret that anti-personnel mines continue to be used in certain conflicts around the world, causing human suffering and impeding post-conflict development,", "1. Invites all States that have not signed the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction1 to accede to it without delay;", "2. Urges all States that have signed but not ratified the Convention to ratify it without delay;", "3. Stresses the importance of the full and effective implementation of and compliance with the Convention, including through the continued implementation of the Cartagena Action Plan 2010-2014;15", "4. Urges all States parties to provide the Secretary-General with complete and timely information as required under article 7 of the Convention in order to promote transparency and compliance with the Convention;", "5. Invites all States that have not ratified the Convention or acceded to it to provide, on a voluntary basis, information to make global mine action efforts more effective;", "6. Renews its call upon all States and other relevant parties to work together to promote, support and advance the care, rehabilitation and social and economic reintegration of mine victims, mine risk education programmes and the removal and destruction of anti-personnel mines placed or stockpiled throughout the world;", "7. Urges all States to remain seized of the issue at the highest political level and, where in a position to do so, to promote adherence to the Convention through bilateral, subregional, regional and multilateral contacts, outreach, seminars and other means;", "8. Reiterates its invitation and encouragement to all interested States, the United Nations, other relevant international organizations or institutions, regional organizations, the International Committee of the Red Cross and relevant non-governmental organizations to participate in the Eleventh Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention, to be held in Phnom Penh from 28 November to 2 December 2011, and in future meetings of the Convention;", "Requests the Secretary-General, in accordance with article 11, paragraph 2, of the Convention, to undertake the preparations necessary to convene the Twelfth Meeting of States Parties to the Convention and, on behalf of the States parties and in accordance with article 11, paragraph 4, of the Convention, to invite States not parties to the Convention, as well as the United Nations, other relevant international organizations or institutions, regional organizations, the International Committee of the Red Cross and relevant non-governmental organizations to attend the Twelfth Meeting of States Parties and future meetings of the States parties as observers;", "10. Decides to remain seized of the matter.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2056, No. 35597.", "[2] See APLC/MSP.1/1999/1.", "[3] See APLC/MSP.2/2000/1.", "[4] See APLC/MSP.3/2001/1.", "[5] See APLC/MSP.4/2002/1.", "[6] See APLC/MSP.5/2003/5.", "[7] See APLC/MSP.6/2005/5.", "[8] See APLC/MSP.7/2006/5.", "[9] See APLC/MSP.8/2007/6.", "[10] See APLC/MSP.9/2008/4 and Corr.1 and 2.", "[11] See APLC/MSP.10/2010/7.", "[12] See APLC/CONF/2004/5 and Corr.1.", "[13] See APLC/CONF/2009/9.", "[14] Ibid., part IV.", "[15] Ibid., part III." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/30. 裁军与发展之间的关系", "大会，", "回顾《联合国宪章》设想建立并维持国际和平与安全，尽量减少世界人力及经济资源耗用于军备，", "又回顾大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》中关于裁军与发展之间关系的各项规定，[1] 以及裁军与发展之间关系国际会议1987年9月11日通过的《最后文件》，[2]", "还回顾其1994年12月15日第49/75J号、1995年12月12日第50/70G号、1996年12月10日第51/45D号、1997年12月9日第52/38D号、1998年12月4日第53/77K号、1999年12月1日第54/54T号、2000年11月20日第55/33L号、2001年11月29日第56/24E号、2002年11月22日第57/65号、2004年12月3日第59/78号、2005年12月8日第60/61号、2006年12月6日第61/64号、2007年12月5日第62/48号、2008年12月2日第63/52号、2009年12月2日第64/32号和2010年12月8日第65/52号决议以及2003年12月8日第58/520号决定，", "铭记1998年8月29日至9月3日在南非德班举行的第十二次不结盟国家国家元首和政府首脑会议的《最后文件》、[3] 2000年4月8日和9日在哥伦比亚卡塔赫那举行的第十三次不结盟国家运动部长级会议的《最后文件》、[4] 2009年7月11日至16日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十五次不结盟国家运动国家元首和政府首脑会议的《最后文件》[5] 和2011年5月23日至27日在印度尼西亚巴厘举行的第十六次不结盟国家运动部长级会议暨纪念会议的《最后文件》，[6]", "念及自裁军与发展之间关系国际会议1987年9月11日通过《最后文件》以来在国际关系方面发生的变化，包括过去十年间出现的发展议程，", "铭记国际社会在发展、消除贫穷和消灭危害人类的疾病方面面临的新挑战，", "强调裁军与发展之间共生关系的重要性以及安全在这方面的重要作用，并关切全球军事支出日益增加，而这项开支原本可用于满足发展需要，", "回顾裁军与发展之间关系政府专家组的报告[7] 以及专家组在当前国际形势下对这一重大问题重新作出的评估，", "铭记采取后续行动落实1987年裁军和发展之间关系国际会议通过的行动纲领² 至关重要，", "1. 强调联合国在裁军与发展之间关系中的核心作用，并请秘书长进一步加强本组织，特别是裁军与发展问题高级别指导小组在这一领域的作用，以确保联合国各有关部门、机构和分支机构之间的持续有效协调和密切合作；", "2. 请秘书长通过有关机关并在现有资源范围内，继续采取行动，执行1987年裁军和发展之间关系国际会议通过的行动纲领；²", "3. 敦促国际社会将通过执行各项裁军和军备限制协定所节约的资源的一部分用于经济和社会发展，以期缩小发达国家与发展中国家间不断扩大的差距；", "4. 鼓励国际社会实现千年发展目标，在2012年审查为此取得的进展时指出裁军能够为实现千年目标作出的贡献，并作出更大努力，把裁军、人道主义和发展活动综合起来；", "5. 鼓励有关区域和次区域组织和机构、非政府组织及研究机构将涉及裁军与发展之间关系的问题纳入其议程，并在此方面考虑到裁军与发展之间关系政府专家组的报告；⁷", "6. 再次邀请会员国向秘书长提供资料，说明它们采取了哪些措施和作出了哪些努力，将通过执行各项裁军与军备限制协定而节约的资源的一部分用于经济和社会发展，以缩小发达国家与发展中国家间不断扩大的差距；", "7. 请秘书长就本决议的执行情况，包括会员国根据上文第6段提供的资料，向大会第六十七届会议提出报告；", "8. 决定将题为“裁军与发展之间的关系”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见S-10/2号决议。", "[2] 见《裁军与发展之间关系国际会议的报告，1987年8月24日至9月11日，纽约》(A/CONF.130/39)。", "[3] A/53/667-S/1998/1071，附件一。", "[4] A/54/917-S/2000/580，附件。", "[5] A/63/965-S/2009/514，附件。", "[6] A/65/896-S/2011/407，附件一。", "[7] 见A/59/119。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/30. Relationship between disarmament and development", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling that the Charter of the United Nations envisages the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security with the least diversion for armaments of the world’s human and economic resources,", "Recalling also the provisions of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly concerning the relationship between disarmament and development,[1] as well as the adoption on 11 September 1987 of the Final Document of the International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development,[2]", "Recalling further its resolutions 49/75 J of 15 December 1994, 50/70 G of 12 December 1995, 51/45 D of 10 December 1996, 52/38 D of 9 December 1997, 53/77 K of 4 December 1998, 54/54 T of 1 December 1999, 55/33 L of 20 November 2000, 56/24 E of 29 November 2001, 57/65 of 22 November 2002, 59/78 of 3 December 2004, 60/61 of 8 December 2005, 61/64 of 6 December 2006, 62/48 of 5 December 2007, 63/52 of 2 December 2008, 64/32 of 2 December 2009 and 65/52 of 8 December 2010, and its decision 58/520 of 8 December 2003,", "Bearing in mind the Final Document of the Twelfth Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Durban, South Africa, from 29 August to 3 September 1998,[3] and the Final Document of the Thirteenth Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Cartagena, Colombia, on 8 and 9 April 2000,[4] as well as the Final Documents of the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el‑Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009,[5] and of the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011,[6]", "Mindful of the changes in international relations that have taken place since the adoption on 11 September 1987 of the Final Document of the International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development, including the development agenda that has emerged over the past decade,", "Bearing in mind the new challenges for the international community in the fields of development, poverty eradication and the elimination of the diseases that afflict humanity,", "Stressing the importance of the symbiotic relationship between disarmament and development and the important role of security in this connection, and concerned at increasing global military expenditure, which could otherwise be spent on development needs,", "Recalling the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on the relationship between disarmament and development[7] and its reappraisal of this significant issue in the current international context,", "Bearing in mind the importance of following up on the implementation of the action programme adopted at the 1987 International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development,²", "1. Stresses the central role of the United Nations in the disarmament-development relationship, and requests the Secretary-General to strengthen further the role of the Organization in this field, in particular the high-level Steering Group on Disarmament and Development, in order to ensure continued and effective coordination and close cooperation between the relevant United Nations departments, agencies and sub-agencies;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to take action, through appropriate organs and within available resources, for the implementation of the action programme adopted at the 1987 International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development;²", "3. Urges the international community to devote part of the resources made available by the implementation of disarmament and arms limitation agreements to economic and social development, with a view to reducing the ever-widening gap between developed and developing countries;", "4. Encourages the international community to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and to make reference to the contribution that disarmament could provide in meeting them when it reviews its progress towards this purpose in 2012, as well as to make greater efforts to integrate disarmament, humanitarian and development activities;", "5. Encourages the relevant regional and subregional organizations and institutions, non-governmental organizations and research institutes to incorporate issues related to the relationship between disarmament and development into their agendas and, in this regard, to take into account the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on the relationship between disarmament and development;⁷", "6. Reiterates its invitation to Member States to provide the Secretary-General with information regarding measures and efforts to devote part of the resources made available by the implementation of disarmament and arms limitation agreements to economic and social development, with a view to reducing the ever-widening gap between developed and developing countries;", "7. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution, including the information provided by Member States pursuant to paragraph 6 above;", "8. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Relationship between disarmament and development”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See resolution S‑10/2.", "[2]  See Report of the International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development, New York, 24 August 11–September 1987 (A/CONF.130/39).", "[3]  A/53/667‑S/1998/1071, annex I.", "[4]  A/54/917‑S/2000/580, annex.", "[5]  A/63/965‑S/2009/514, annex.", "[6]  A/65/896‑S/2011/407, annex I.", "[7]  See A/59/119." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/30. Relationship between disarmament and development", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling that the Charter of the United Nations envisages the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security with the least diversion for armaments of the world's human and economic resources,", "Recalling also the provisions of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly concerning the relationship between disarmament and development, and the Final Document of the International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development, adopted on 11 September 1987,", "Recalling further its resolutions 49/75 J of 15 December 1994, 50/70 G of 12 December 1995, 51/45 D of 10 December 1996, 52/38 D of 9 December 1997, 53/77 K of 4 December 1998, 54/54 T of 1 December 1999, 55/33 L of 20 November 2000, 56/24 E of 29 November 2001, 57/65 of 22 November 2002, 59/78 of 3 December 2004, 60/61 of 8 December 2005, 61/64 of 6 December 2006, 62/48 of 5 December 2007, 63/52 of 2 December 2008, 64/32 of 2 December 2009 and 65/52 of 8 December 2010, and its decision 58/520 of 8 December 2003,", "Bearing in mind the Final Document of the Twelfth Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Durban, South Africa, from 29 August to 3 September 1998,[3] the Final Document of the Thirteenth Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Cartagena, Colombia, on 8 and 9 April 2000,[4] the Final Document of the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009, and the Final Document of the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011,[6],", "Mindful of the changes in international relations that have taken place since the adoption on 11 September 1987 of the Final Document of the International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development, including the development agenda that has emerged over the past decade,", "Bearing in mind the new challenges for the international community in the field of development, poverty eradication and the elimination of the diseases that afflict humanity,", "Stressing the importance of the symbiotic relationship between disarmament and development and the important role of security in this connection, and concerned at increasing global military expenditures, which could otherwise be spent on development needs,", "Recalling the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on the relationship between disarmament and development and its reappraisal of this important issue in the current international context,", "Bearing in mind the importance of following up on the implementation of the action programme adopted at the 1987 International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development,", "Stresses the central role of the United Nations in the disarmament-development relationship, and requests the Secretary-General to strengthen further the role of the Organization in this field, in particular the high-level Steering Group on Disarmament and Development, in order to ensure continued and effective coordination and close cooperation between the relevant United Nations departments, agencies and sub-agencies;", "Requests the Secretary-General to continue to take action, through appropriate organs and within available resources, for the implementation of the action programme adopted at the 1987 International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development;2", "Urges the international community to devote part of the resources made available by the implementation of disarmament and arms limitation agreements to economic and social development, with a view to reducing the ever-widening gap between developed and developing countries;", "4. Encourages the international community to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, to make reference to the contribution that disarmament can make to the achievement of those Goals when it reviews its progress to that end in 2012, and to make greater efforts to integrate disarmament, humanitarian and development activities;", "Encourages the relevant regional and subregional organizations and institutions, non-governmental organizations and research institutes to include in their agendas issues related to the relationship between disarmament and development and, in this regard, to take into account the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on the relationship between disarmament and development;7", "6. Reiterates its invitation to Member States to provide the Secretary-General with information regarding measures and efforts to devote part of the resources made available by the implementation of disarmament and arms limitation agreements to economic and social development, with a view to reducing the ever-widening gap between developed and developing countries;", "7. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution, including information provided by Member States pursuant to paragraph 6 above;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Relationship between disarmament and development”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] See resolution S-10/2.", "[2] See Report of the International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development, New York, 24 August-11 September 1987 (A/CONF.130/39).", "[3] A/53/667-S/1998/1071, annex I.", "[4] A/54/917-S/2000/580, annex.", "[5] A/63/965-S/2009/514, annex.", "[6] A/65/896-S/2011/407, annex I.", "[7] See A/59/119." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/31. 拟订和执行裁军和军备控制协定时遵守环境规范", "大会，", "回顾其1995年12月12日第50/70M号、1996年12月10日第51/45E号、1997年12月9日第52/38E号、1998年12月4日第53/77J号、1999年12月1日第54/54S号、2000年11月20日第55/33K号、2001年11月29日第56/24F号、2002年11月22日第57/64号、2003年12月8日第58/45号、2004年12月3日第59/68号、2005年12月8日第60/60号、2006年12月6日第61/63号、2007年12月5日第62/28号、2008年12月2日第63/51号、2009年12月2日第64/33号和2010年12月8日第65/53号决议，", "强调在拟订和执行裁军和军备限制协定时遵守环境规范的重要性，", "确认在拟订和执行裁军和军备限制协定时，必须适当考虑到联合国环境与发展会议通过的各项协定及以往的有关协定，", "表示注意到秘书长根据第65/53号决议提交的报告，[1]", "注意到2009年7月11日至16日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十五次不结盟国家运动国家元首和政府首脑会议以及2011年5月23日至27日在印度尼西亚巴厘举行的第十六次不结盟国家运动部长级会议暨纪念会议分别欢迎大会未经表决通过了关于在拟订和执行裁军和军备控制协定时遵守环境规范的第63/51和65/53号决议，", "念及使用核武器对环境造成的有害影响，", "1. 重申各国际裁军论坛就裁军和军备限制条约和协定进行谈判时，应充分考虑到有关的环境规范，所有国家应以行动全力确保在执行已参加的条约和公约时遵守上述规范；", "2. 吁请各国采取单边、双边、区域和多边措施，帮助确保在国际安全、裁军和其他有关领域的框架内应用科学和技术进展，但不危害环境，亦不影响其对实现可持续发展的切实贡献；", "3. 欢迎会员国就它们为促进本决议所设想的目标而采取的措施的执行情况提供的资料；¹", "4. 邀请所有会员国向秘书长提供资料，说明它们为促进本决议所设想的目标而采取的措施，并请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议提交载有这些资料的报告；", "5. 决定将题为“拟订和执行裁军和军备控制协定时遵守环境规范”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] A/66/97和Add.1。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/31. Observance of environmental norms in the drafting", "and implementation of agreements on disarmament", "and arms control", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 50/70 M of 12 December 1995, 51/45 E of 10 December 1996, 52/38 E of 9 December 1997, 53/77 J of 4 December 1998, 54/54 S of 1 December 1999, 55/33 K of 20 November 2000, 56/24 F of 29 November 2001, 57/64 of 22 November 2002, 58/45 of 8 December 2003, 59/68 of 3 December 2004, 60/60 of 8 December 2005, 61/63 of 6 December 2006, 62/28 of 5 December 2007, 63/51 of 2 December 2008, 64/33 of 2 December 2009 and 65/53 of 8 December 2010,", "Emphasizing the importance of the observance of environmental norms in the preparation and implementation of disarmament and arms limitation agreements,", "Recognizing that it is necessary to take duly into account the agreements adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, as well as prior relevant agreements, in the drafting and implementation of agreements on disarmament and arms limitation,", "Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to resolution 65/53,[1]", "Noting that the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el‑Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009, and the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011, welcomed the adoption by the General Assembly, without a vote, of resolutions 63/51 and 65/53, on the observance of environmental norms in the drafting and the implementation of agreements on disarmament and arms control,", "Mindful of the detrimental environmental effects of the use of nuclear weapons,", "1. Reaffirms that international disarmament forums should take fully into account the relevant environmental norms in negotiating treaties and agreements on disarmament and arms limitation and that all States, through their actions, should contribute fully to ensuring compliance with the aforementioned norms in the implementation of treaties and conventions to which they are parties;", "2. Calls upon States to adopt unilateral, bilateral, regional and multilateral measures so as to contribute to ensuring the application of scientific and technological progress within the framework of international security, disarmament and other related spheres, without detriment to the environment or to its effective contribution to attaining sustainable development;", "3. Welcomes the information provided by Member States on the implementation of the measures they have adopted to promote the objectives envisaged in the present resolution;¹", "4. Invites all Member States to communicate to the Secretary-General information on the measures they have adopted to promote the objectives envisaged in the present resolution, and requests the Secretary-General to submit a report containing that information to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Observance of environmental norms in the drafting and implementation of agreements on disarmament and arms control”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  A/66/97 and Add.1." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/31. Observance of environmental norms in the drafting and implementation of agreements on disarmament and arms control", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 50/70 M of 12 December 1995, 51/45 E of 10 December 1996, 52/38 E of 9 December 1997, 53/77 J of 4 December 1998, 54/54 S of 1 December 1999, 55/33 K of 20 November 2000, 56/24 F of 29 November 2001, 57/64 of 22 November 2002, 58/45 of 8 December 2003, 59/68 of 3 December 2004, 60/60 of 8 December 2005, 61/63 of 6 December 2006, 62/28 of 5 December 2007, 63/51 of 2 December 2008, 64/33 of 2 December 2009 and 65/53 of 8 December 2010,", "Emphasizing the importance of the observance of environmental norms in the drafting and implementation of disarmament and arms limitation agreements,", "Recognizing that it is necessary to take duly into account the agreements adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, as well as previous relevant agreements, in the drafting and implementation of agreements on disarmament and arms limitation,", "Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to resolution 65/53, [1]", "Noting that the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009, and the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011, welcomed the adoption by the General Assembly, without a vote, of resolutions 63/51 and 65/53 on the observance of environmental norms in the drafting and implementation of agreements on disarmament and arms control,", "Mindful of the detrimental environmental effects of the use of nuclear weapons,", "Reaffirms that international disarmament forums should take fully into account the relevant environmental norms in negotiating treaties and agreements on disarmament and arms limitation and that all States, through their actions, should contribute fully to ensuring compliance with the aforementioned norms in the implementation of treaties and conventions to which they are parties;", "Calls upon States to adopt unilateral, bilateral, regional and multilateral measures so as to contribute to ensuring the application of scientific and technological progress within the framework of international security, disarmament and other related spheres, without detriment to the environment or to its effective contribution to achieving sustainable development;", "Welcomes the information provided by Member States on the implementation of the measures they have adopted to promote the objectives envisaged in the present resolution;1", "4. Invites all Member States to communicate to the Secretary-General information on the measures they have adopted to promote the objectives envisaged in the present resolution, and requests the Secretary-General to submit a report containing that information to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Observance of environmental norms in the drafting and implementation of agreements on disarmament and arms control”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] A/66/97 and Add.1." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/32. 促进裁军和不扩散领域的多边主义", "大会，", "决心促进严格遵循《联合国宪章》所载的宗旨和原则，", "回顾其关于裁军和不扩散领域的多边合作和打击恐怖主义全球努力的2001年11月29日第56/24T号决议和其他有关决议，以及关于促进裁军和不扩散领域多边主义的2002年11月22日第57/63号、2003年12月8日第58/44号、2004年12月3日第59/69号、2005年12月8日第60/59号、2006年12月6日第61/62号、2007年12月5日第62/27号、2008年12月2日第63/50号、2009年12月2日第64/34号和2010年12月8日第65/54号决议，", "又回顾《宪章》规定，联合国的宗旨为维护国际和平及安全，并为此目的，采取有效集体办法，以防止且消除对于和平之威胁，制止侵略行为或其他和平之破坏，并以和平方法且依正义及国际法之原则，调整或解决足以破坏和平之国际争端或情势，", "还回顾《联合国千年宣言》，[1] 其中特别指出，世界各国必须共同承担责任管理全球经济和社会发展以及国际和平与安全面临的威胁，并应以多边方式履行这一职责，而联合国作为世界上最具普遍性和代表性的组织，必须发挥核心作用，", "深信在此全球化时代和信息革命之际，世界各国比以往任何时候都更关切军备管制、不扩散和裁军问题，因为这些问题总会以某种方式影响到它们，因此它们应有可能参加为解决这些问题举行的谈判，", "铭记存在各项裁军和军备管制协定的广泛结构正是许多国家，无论大小强弱，都参加的非歧视性和透明的多边谈判的结果，", "意识到应在普遍、多边、非歧视性和透明的谈判基础上进一步推动军备管制、不扩散和裁军领域的工作，以期实现严格国际监督下的全面彻底裁军，", "确认双边、诸边和多边裁军谈判是相辅相成的，", "又确认包括核武器在内的大规模毁灭性武器的扩散和研制是对国际和平与安全最直接的威胁之一，应作为最高优先事项处理，", "考虑到多边裁军协定在解决达成协定条款的目标或在实施协定条款时可能出现的问题方面为缔约国提供了互相协商和合作的机制，以及还可根据《宪章》通过联合国框架内的适当国际程序进行此类协商和合作，", "强调国际合作、和平解决争端、对话和建立信任措施对于在各国人民和国家之间建立多边和双边友好关系将会作出极其重要的贡献，", "关切军备管制、不扩散和裁军领域的多边主义持续削弱，认识到会员国在解决其安全问题时诉诸单边行动将危及国际和平与安全，破坏对国际安全体系的信心及联合国本身的基础，", "注意到2009年7月11日至16日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十五次不结盟国家运动国家元首和政府首脑会议以及2011年5月23日至27日在印度尼西亚巴厘举行的第十六次不结盟国家运动部长级会议暨纪念会议分别欢迎大会通过关于促进裁军和不扩散领域多边主义的第63/50和65/54号决议，并强调按照《宪章》，多边主义和多边商定的解决办法是处理裁军和国际安全问题的唯一可持续的方法，", "重申多边外交在裁军和不扩散领域的绝对效力，并决心推动多边主义作为开展军备管制和裁军谈判的主要途径，", "1. 重申多边主义是在裁军和不扩散领域进行谈判的核心原则，以期维持和加强普遍规范并扩大其范围；", "2. 又重申多边主义是解决裁军和不扩散问题的核心原则；", "3. 敦促所有有关国家以非歧视性和透明的方式参加关于军备管制、不扩散和裁军的多边谈判；", "4. 强调必须保留关于军备管制和裁军的现有协定，这些协定体现了为应对人类面临的各种挑战而进行的国际合作和多边谈判的结果；", "5. 再次呼吁所有会员国重申并履行其对多边合作的个别和集体承诺，这是裁军和不扩散领域追求和实现共同目标的重要手段；", "6. 请与大规模毁灭性武器有关的各项文书的缔约国在解决与不遵守这些文书的行为以及与这些文书的执行有关的问题时，根据这些文书确定的程序进行协商和合作，避免为解决问题而诉诸或威胁诉诸单方面行动，或未经核实即彼此指控不遵守协定；", "7. 表示注意到秘书长依照第65/54号决议提出的报告，[2] 其中载有会员国对促进裁军和不扩散领域多边主义问题的答复；", "8. 请秘书长征求会员国对有关促进裁军和不扩散领域多边主义问题的意见，并就此向大会第六十七届会议提出报告；", "9. 决定将题为“促进裁军和不扩散领域的多边主义”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见第55/2号决议。", "[2] A/66/111和Add.1。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/32. Promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation", "The General Assembly,", "Determined to foster strict respect for the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Recalling its resolution 56/24 T of 29 November 2001 on multilateral cooperation in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation and global efforts against terrorism and other relevant resolutions, as well as its resolutions 57/63 of 22 November 2002, 58/44 of 8 December 2003, 59/69 of 3 December 2004, 60/59 of 8 December 2005, 61/62 of 6 December 2006, 62/27 of 5 December 2007, 63/50 of 2 December 2008, 64/34 of 2 December 2009 and 65/54 of 8 December 2010 on the promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation,", "Recalling also the purpose of the United Nations to maintain international peace and security and, to that end, to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace, as enshrined in the Charter,", "Recalling further the United Nations Millennium Declaration,[1] which states, inter alia, that the responsibility for managing worldwide economic and social development, as well as threats to international peace and security, must be shared among the nations of the world and should be exercised multilaterally and that, as the most universal and most representative organization in the world, the United Nations must play the central role,", "Convinced that, in the globalization era and with the information revolution, arms regulation, non-proliferation and disarmament problems are more than ever the concern of all countries in the world, which are affected in one way or another by these problems and, therefore, should have the possibility to participate in the negotiations that arise to tackle them,", "Bearing in mind the existence of a broad structure of disarmament and arms regulation agreements resulting from non-discriminatory and transparent multilateral negotiations with the participation of a large number of countries, regardless of their size and power,", "Aware of the need to advance further in the field of arms regulation, non‑proliferation and disarmament on the basis of universal, multilateral, non‑discriminatory and transparent negotiations with the goal of reaching general and complete disarmament under strict international control,", "Recognizing the complementarity of bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral negotiations on disarmament,", "Recognizing also that the proliferation and development of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, are among the most immediate threats to international peace and security which need to be dealt with, with the highest priority,", "Considering that the multilateral disarmament agreements provide the mechanism for States parties to consult one another and to cooperate in solving any problems which may arise in relation to the objective of, or in the application of, the provisions of the agreements and that such consultations and cooperation may also be undertaken through appropriate international procedures within the framework of the United Nations and in accordance with the Charter,", "Stressing that international cooperation, the peaceful settlement of disputes, dialogue and confidence-building measures would make an essential contribution to the creation of multilateral and bilateral friendly relations among peoples and nations,", "Being concerned at the continuous erosion of multilateralism in the field of arms regulation, non-proliferation and disarmament, and recognizing that a resort to unilateral actions by Member States in resolving their security concerns would jeopardize international peace and security and undermine confidence in the international security system as well as the foundations of the United Nations itself,", "Noting that the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el‑Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009, and the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011, welcomed the adoption of resolutions 63/50 and 65/54, on the promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non‑proliferation, and underlined the fact that multilateralism and multilaterally agreed solutions, in accordance with the Charter, provide the only sustainable method of addressing disarmament and international security issues,", "Reaffirming the absolute validity of multilateral diplomacy in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation, and determined to promote multilateralism as an essential way to develop arms regulation and disarmament negotiations,", "1. Reaffirms multilateralism as the core principle in negotiations in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation with a view to maintaining and strengthening universal norms and enlarging their scope;", "2. Also reaffirms multilateralism as the core principle in resolving disarmament and non-proliferation concerns;", "3. Urges the participation of all interested States in multilateral negotiations on arms regulation, non-proliferation and disarmament in a non-discriminatory and transparent manner;", "4. Underlines the importance of preserving the existing agreements on arms regulation and disarmament, which constitute an expression of the results of international cooperation and multilateral negotiations in response to the challenges facing mankind;", "5. Calls once again upon all Member States to renew and fulfil their individual and collective commitments to multilateral cooperation as an important means of pursuing and achieving their common objectives in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation;", "6. Requests the States parties to the relevant instruments on weapons of mass destruction to consult and cooperate among themselves in resolving their concerns with regard to cases of non-compliance as well as on implementation, in accordance with the procedures defined in those instruments, and to refrain from resorting or threatening to resort to unilateral actions or directing unverified non‑compliance accusations against one another to resolve their concerns;", "7. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General containing the replies of Member States on the promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation, submitted pursuant to resolution 65/54;[2]", "8. Requests the Secretary-General to seek the views of Member States on the issue of the promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non‑proliferation and to submit a report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "9. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non‑proliferation”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See resolution 55/2.", "[2]  A/66/111 and Add.1." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/32. Promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation", "The General Assembly,", "Determined to foster strict respect for the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Recalling its resolution 56/24 T of 29 November 2001 on multilateral cooperation in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation and global efforts against terrorism and other relevant resolutions, as well as its resolutions 57/63 of 22 November 2002, 58/44 of 8 December 2003, 59/69 of 3 December 2004, 60/59 of 8 December 2005, 61/62 of 6 December 2006, 62/27 of 5 December 2007, 63/50 of 2 December 2008, 64/34 of 2 December 2009 and 65/54 of 8 December 2010 on the promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation,", "Recalling also the purpose of the United Nations to maintain international peace and security and, to that end, to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace, as set out in the Charter,", "Recalling further the United Nations Millennium Declaration, which states, inter alia, that the responsibility for managing worldwide economic and social development, as well as threats to international peace and security, must be shared among the nations of the world and should be exercised multilaterally and that, as the most universal and most representative organization in the world, the United Nations must play the central role,", "Convinced that, in the globalization era and with the information revolution, arms regulation, non-proliferation and disarmament problems are more than ever the concern of all countries in the world, which are affected in one way or another by these problems and, therefore, should have the possibility to participate in the negotiations that arise to tackle them,", "Bearing in mind the existence of a broad structure of disarmament and arms regulation agreements resulting from non-discriminatory and transparent multilateral negotiations with the participation of a large number of countries, regardless of their size and power,", "Aware of the need to advance further in the field of arms regulation, non-proliferation and disarmament on the basis of universal, multilateral, non-discriminatory and transparent negotiations with the goal of achieving general and complete disarmament under strict international control,", "Recognizing the complementarity of bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral negotiations on disarmament,", "Recognizing also that the proliferation and development of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, are among the most immediate threats to international peace and security and should be dealt with as a matter of the highest priority,", "Considering that the multilateral disarmament agreements provide the mechanism for States parties to consult one another and to cooperate in solving any problems which may arise in relation to the objective of, or in the application of, the provisions of the agreements and that such consultations and cooperation may also be undertaken through appropriate international procedures within the framework of the United Nations and in accordance with the Charter,", "Emphasizing that international cooperation, the peaceful settlement of disputes, dialogue and confidence-building measures would make a vital contribution to the creation of multilateral and bilateral friendly relations among peoples and nations,", "Concerned at the continued erosion of multilateralism in the field of arms regulation, non-proliferation and disarmament, and recognizing that a resort to unilateral actions by Member States in resolving their security concerns would jeopardize international peace and security and undermine confidence in the international security system as well as the foundations of the United Nations itself,", "Noting that the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009, and the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011, welcomed the adoption by the General Assembly of resolutions 63/50 and 65/54 on the promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation, respectively, and underlined that multilateralism and multilaterally agreed solutions, in accordance with the Charter, are the only sustainable way to address disarmament and international security issues,", "Reaffirming the absolute validity of multilateral diplomacy in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation, and determined to promote multilateralism as an essential way to develop arms regulation and disarmament negotiations,", "Reaffirms multilateralism as the core principle in negotiations in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation with a view to maintaining and strengthening universal norms and enlarging their scope;", "2. Also reaffirms multilateralism as the core principle in resolving disarmament and non-proliferation concerns;", "3. Urges the participation of all interested States in multilateral negotiations on arms regulation, non-proliferation and disarmament in a non-discriminatory and transparent manner;", "Stresses the importance of preserving the existing agreements on arms regulation and disarmament, which constitute an expression of the results of international cooperation and multilateral negotiations in response to the challenges facing mankind;", "Calls once again upon all Member States to renew and fulfil their individual and collective commitments to multilateral cooperation as an important means of pursuing and achieving their common objectives in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation;", "6. Requests the States parties to the instruments related to weapons of mass destruction to consult and cooperate among themselves in resolving their concerns with regard to cases of non-compliance and on their implementation, in accordance with the procedures defined in those instruments, and to refrain from resorting or threatening to resort to unilateral actions or directing unverified non-compliance accusations against one another to resolve their concerns;", "7. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General containing the replies of Member States on the promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation, submitted pursuant to resolution 65/54;", "8. Requests the Secretary-General to seek the views of Member States on the issue of the promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation and to report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] See resolution 55/2.", "[2] A/66/111 and Add.1." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/33. 不扩散核武器条约缔约国2015年审议大会及其筹备 委员会", "大会，", "回顾其1968年6月12日第2373(XXII)号决议，该决议附件载有《不扩散核武器条约》，[1]", "注意到《条约》第八条第3款规定每五年举行一次审议大会，", "回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会[2] 和不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会的成果，[3]", "又回顾条约缔约国2000年审议大会关于提高已加强的条约审议进程的效力的决定，[4] 该决定重申了条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会通过的关于加强条约审议进程的决定[5] 中的规定，", "注意到关于加强条约审议进程的决定，其中商定审议大会应继续每五年举行一次，并注意到下一次审议大会因此应于2015年举行，", "回顾2000年审议大会的决定，即筹备委员会应在审议大会举行之前的年份中举行三届会议，⁴", "欣见2010年5月3日至28日举行的不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会的成果，[6] 并重申必须充分执行审议大会通过的各项后续行动，[7]", "1. 注意到《不扩散核武器条约》¹ 缔约国经适当协商后决定，筹备委员会第一届会议应于2012年4月30日至5月11日在维也纳举行；", "2. 请秘书长向不扩散核武器条约缔约国2015年审议大会及其筹备委员会提供必要协助和所需的服务，包括简要记录。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 另见联合国，《条约汇编》，第729卷，第10485号。", "[2] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会，最后文件，第一部分》(NPT/CONF.1995 /32(Part I))。", "[3] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会，最后文件》，第一至三卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Part I-IV))。", "[4] 同上，第一卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28(Part I和II))，第一部分。", "[5] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会，最后文件，第一部分》(NPT/CONF.1995 /32(Part I))，附件，决定1。", "[6] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会，最后文件》，第一至三卷(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol.I-III))。", "[7] 同上，第一卷(NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I))，第一部分，《结论和后续行动建议》。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/33. 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and its Preparatory Committee", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 2373 (XXII) of 12 June 1968, the annex to which contains the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[1]", "Noting the provisions of article VIII, paragraph 3, of the Treaty regarding the convening of review conferences at five-year intervals,", "Recalling the outcomes of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[2] and of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty,[3]", "Recalling also the decision of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on improving the effectiveness of the strengthened review process for the Treaty,[4] which reaffirmed the provisions in the decision on strengthening the review process for the Treaty, adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty,[5]", "Noting the decision on strengthening the review process for the Treaty, in which it was agreed that review conferences should continue to be held every five years, and noting that, accordingly, the next review conference should be held in 2015,", "Recalling the decision of the 2000 Review Conference that three sessions of the Preparatory Committee should be held in the years prior to the review conference,⁴", "Welcoming the successful outcome of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, held from 3 to 28 May 2010,[6] and reaffirming the necessity of fully implementing the follow-on actions adopted at the Review Conference,[7]", "1. Takes note of the decision of the parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,¹ following appropriate consultations, to hold the first session of the Preparatory Committee in Vienna from 30 April to 11 May 2012;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General to render the necessary assistance and to provide such services, including summary records, as may be required for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and its Preparatory Committee.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See also United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2]  See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2).", "[3]  See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I–IV)).", "[4]  Ibid., vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I.", "[5]  1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex, decision 1.", "[6]  2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I–III)).", "[7]  Ibid., vol. I (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)), part I, Conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/33. 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and its Preparatory Committee", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 2373 (XXII) of 12 June 1968, the annex to which contains the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, [1]", "Noting the provision in article VIII, paragraph 3, of the Treaty for review conferences to be held every five years,", "Recalling the outcomes of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, [3]", "Recalling also the decision of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on enhancing the effectiveness of the strengthened review process for the Treaty,[4] which reaffirmed the provisions of the decision on strengthening the review process for the Treaty adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty,[5],", "Noting the decision on strengthening the review process for the Treaty, in which it was agreed that review conferences should continue to be held every five years, and noting that, accordingly, the next Review Conference should be held in 2015,", "Recalling the decision of the 2000 Review Conference that the Preparatory Committee should hold three sessions in the years leading up to the Review Conference,", "Welcoming the outcome of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, held from 3 to 28 May 2010, [6] and reaffirming the importance of the full implementation of the follow-up actions adopted by the Review Conference, [7]", "1. Notes the decision of the States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,1 following appropriate consultations, that the first session of the Preparatory Committee shall be held in Vienna from 30 April to 11 May 2012;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General to render the necessary assistance and to provide such services, including summary records, as may be required for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and its Preparatory Committee.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] See also United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2] See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I)).", "[3] See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-IV)).", "[4] Ibid., vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I.", "[5] 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex, decision 1.", "[6] 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I-III)).", "[7] Ibid., vol. I (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)), part I, Conclusions and Recommendations for Follow-up." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/34. 协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集", "大会，", "回顾其关于协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集的2010年12月8日第65/50号决议，", "深切关注非法扩散和使用小武器和轻武器对人类，特别是对儿童造成的巨大伤亡和苦难，", "关注非法扩散和使用这些武器继续对萨赫勒-撒哈拉次区域各国在消除贫穷、可持续发展及维护和平、安全与稳定等领域所作的努力产生不利影响，", "铭记2000年12月1日在巴马科通过的《关于小武器和轻武器非法扩散、流通和贩运的非洲共同立场的巴马科宣言》，[1]", "回顾秘书长题为“大自由：实现人人共享的发展、安全和人权”的报告，[2] 其中秘书长强调各国必须像努力消除大规模毁灭性武器的威胁那样，努力消除非法小武器和轻武器的威胁，", "又回顾2005年12月8日通过的《使各国能及时可靠地识别和追查非法小武器和轻武器的国际文书》，[3]", "还回顾《2005年世界首脑会议成果文件》表示支持实施《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》，[4]", "回顾2006年6月在阿布贾举行的西非国家经济共同体第三十届首脑常会通过《关于小武器和轻武器、其弹药及其他相关材料的公约》，[5] 以替代《关于在西非暂停进口、出口和制造小武器和轻武器的声明》，", "又回顾《关于小武器和轻武器、其弹药及其他相关材料的公约》于2009年9月29日生效，", "还回顾经济共同体决定设立一个小武器股，负责宣传适当政策并制定和实施方案，以及设立2006年6月6日在巴马科启动的经济共同体小武器控制方案，以替代安全和发展协调援助方案，", "注意到秘书长最近关于协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集及关于小武器和轻武器非法贸易各方面问题的报告，[6]", "回顾在这方面欧洲联盟决定大力支持经济共同体努力打击小武器和轻武器非法扩散，", "确认在制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运的努力中，民间社会组织在提高大众认识方面可发挥重要作用，", "回顾2006年6月26日至7月7日在纽约召开的联合国审查从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领实施进度大会的报告，[7]", "1. 赞扬联合国和国际、区域及其他组织协助各国制止小武器和轻武器的非法贩运并加以收集；", "2. 鼓励秘书长继续努力，执行1994年12月15日大会第49/75G号决议和联合国咨询团的建议，以便在联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心的支持下，与非洲联盟密切合作，经受影响国家提出要求，在这些国家制止小武器和轻武器的非法流通并加以收集；", "3. 鼓励国际社会支持执行西非国家经济共同体《关于小武器和轻武器、其弹药及其他相关材料的公约》；", "4. 鼓励萨赫勒-撒哈拉次区域各国协助各国委员会有效开展工作，打击小武器和轻武器的非法扩散，并为此请国际社会尽可能给予支持；", "5. 鼓励民间社会组织和团体与各国委员会协作，努力打击非法贩运小武器和轻武器行为，执行《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》；[8]", "6. 鼓励国家机关、国际组织和民间社会开展合作，支持旨在打击小武器和轻武器的非法贩运并加以收集的方案和项目；", "7. 吁请国际社会提供技术和财政支助，以期加强民间社会组织采取行动帮助打击小武器和轻武器非法贸易的能力；", "8. 邀请秘书长和有能力的国家和组织继续向各国提供援助，帮助制止小武器和轻武器的非法贩运并加以收集；", "9. 请秘书长继续审议该事项，并就本决议的执行情况向大会第六十七届会议提出报告；", "10. 决定将题为“协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] A/CONF.192/PC/23，附件。", "[2] A/59/2005。", "[3] A/60/88和Corr.2，附件；另见第60/519号决定。", "[4] 见第60/1号决议，第94段。", "[5] 见联合国裁军研究所，《裁军论坛》，2008年第4期，《西非小武器问题的复杂动态》。可查阅www.unidir.org。", "[6] A/66/177。", "[7] A/CONF.192/2006/RC/9。", "[8] 见《联合国小武器和轻武器非法贸易各方面问题大会的报告，2001年7月9日至20日，纽约》(A/CONF.192/15)，第四章，第24段。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/34. Assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/50 of 8 December 2010 on assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them,", "Deeply concerned by the magnitude of human casualty and suffering, especially among children, caused by the illicit proliferation and use of small arms and light weapons,", "Concerned by the negative impact that the illicit proliferation and use of those weapons continue to have on the efforts of States in the Sahelo-Saharan subregion in the areas of poverty eradication, sustainable development and the maintenance of peace, security and stability,", "Bearing in mind the Bamako Declaration on an African Common Position on the Illicit Proliferation, Circulation and Trafficking of Small Arms and Light Weapons, adopted at Bamako on 1 December 2000,[1]", "Recalling the report of the Secretary-General entitled “In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all”,[2] in which he emphasized that States must strive just as hard to eliminate the threat of illicit small arms and light weapons as they do to eliminate the threat of weapons of mass destruction,", "Recalling also the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons, adopted on 8 December 2005,[3]", "Recalling further the expression of support in the 2005 World Summit Outcome for the implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,[4]", "Recalling the adoption, at the thirtieth ordinary summit of the Economic Community of West African States, held in Abuja in June 2006, of the Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other Related Materials,[5] in replacement of the moratorium on the importation, exportation and manufacture of small arms and light weapons in West Africa,", "Recalling also the entry into force of the Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other Related Materials on 29 September 2009,", "Recalling further the decision taken by the Economic Community to establish a Small Arms Unit responsible for advocating appropriate policies and developing and implementing programmes, as well as the establishment of the Economic Community’s Small Arms Control Programme, launched on 6 June 2006 in Bamako, in replacement of the Programme for Coordination and Assistance for Security and Development,", "Taking note of the latest report of the Secretary-General on assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them and the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects,[6]", "Recalling, in that regard, the decision of the European Union to significantly support the Economic Community in its efforts to combat the illicit proliferation of small arms and light weapons,", "Recognizing the important role that civil society organizations play, by raising public awareness, in efforts to curb the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons,", "Recalling the report of the United Nations Conference to Review Progress Made in the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, held in New York from 26 June to 7 July 2006,[7]", "1. Commends the United Nations and international, regional and other organizations for their assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them;", "2. Encourages the Secretary-General to pursue his efforts in the context of the implementation of General Assembly resolution 49/75 G of 15 December 1994 and the recommendations of the United Nations advisory missions aimed at curbing the illicit circulation of small arms and light weapons and collecting them in the affected States that so request, with the support of the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa and in close cooperation with the African Union;", "3. Encourages the international community to support the implementation of the Economic Community of West African States Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other Related Materials;", "4. Encourages the countries of the Sahelo-Saharan subregion to facilitate the effective functioning of national commissions to combat the illicit proliferation of small arms and light weapons, and in that regard invites the international community to lend its support wherever possible;", "5. Encourages the collaboration of civil society organizations and associations in the efforts of the national commissions to combat the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and in the implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects; [8]", "6. Encourages cooperation among State organs, international organizations and civil society in support of programmes and projects aimed at combating the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them;", "7. Calls upon the international community to provide technical and financial support to strengthen the capacity of civil society organizations to take action to help to combat the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons;", "8. Invites the Secretary-General and those States and organizations that are in a position to do so to continue to provide assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them;", "9. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to consider the matter and to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  A/CONF.192/PC/23, annex.", "[2]  A/59/2005.", "[3]  A/60/88 and Corr.2, annex; see also decision 60/519.", "[4]  See resolution 60/1, para. 94.", "[5]  See United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, Disarmament Forum, No. 4, 2008, The Complex Dynamics of Small Arms in West Africa. Available from www.unidir.org.", "[6]  A/66/177.", "[7]  A/CONF.192/2006/RC/9.", "[8]  See Report of the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, New York, 9–20 July 2001 (A/CONF.192/15), chap. IV, para. 24." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/34. Assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/50 of 8 December 2010 on assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them,", "Deeply concerned by the magnitude of human casualties and suffering, especially among children, caused by the illicit proliferation and use of small arms and light weapons,", "Concerned about the negative impact that the illicit proliferation and use of these weapons continue to have on the efforts of States in the Sahelo-Saharan subregion in the areas of poverty eradication, sustainable development and the maintenance of peace, security and stability,", "Bearing in mind the Bamako Declaration on an African Common Position on the Illicit Proliferation, Circulation and Trafficking of Small Arms and Light Weapons, adopted at Bamako on 1 December 2000, [1]", "Recalling the report of the Secretary-General entitled “In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all”,[2] in which the Secretary-General emphasized that States must strive just as hard to eliminate the threat of illicit small arms and light weapons as they do to eliminate the threat of weapons of mass destruction,", "Recalling also the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons, adopted on 8 December 2005, [3]", "Recalling further the support expressed in the 2005 World Summit Outcome for the implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,[4]", "Recalling the adoption at the thirtieth ordinary summit of the Economic Community of West African States, held in Abuja in June 2006, of the Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other Related Materials,[5] in lieu of the Moratorium on the Importation, Exportation and Manufacture of Small Arms and Light Weapons in West Africa,", "Recalling also the entry into force of the Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other Related Materials on 29 September 2009,", "Recalling further the decision taken by the Economic Community to establish a Small Arms Unit to promote appropriate policies and develop and implement programmes, as well as the establishment of the Economic Community Small Arms Control Programme, launched in Bamako on 6 June 2006, as an alternative to the Programme for Coordination and Assistance for Security and Development,", "Taking note of the recent report of the Secretary-General on assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them and on the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects, [6]", "Recalling, in this regard, the decision of the European Union to strongly support the Economic Community in its efforts to combat the illicit proliferation of small arms and light weapons,", "Recognizing the important role that civil society organizations can play in raising public awareness in efforts to curb the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons,", "Recalling the report of the United Nations Conference to Review Progress Made in the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, held in New York from 26 June to 7 July 2006, [7],", "Commends the United Nations and international, regional and other organizations for their assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them;", "Encourages the Secretary-General to continue his efforts to implement General Assembly resolution 49/75 G of 15 December 1994 and the recommendations of the United Nations advisory missions aimed at curbing the illicit circulation of small arms and light weapons and collecting them in the affected States that so request, with the support of the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa and in close cooperation with the African Union;", "Encourages the international community to support the implementation of the Economic Community of West African States Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other Related Materials;", "4. Encourages the States of the Sahelo-Saharan subregion to assist their national commissions in their effective efforts to combat the illicit proliferation of small arms and light weapons, and in this regard invites the international community to lend its support wherever possible;", "5. Encourages civil society organizations and groups to collaborate with national commissions in their efforts to combat illicit trafficking in small arms and light weapons and to implement the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects;[8]", "Encourages cooperation among State organs, international organizations and civil society in support of programmes and projects aimed at combating the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them;", "Calls upon the international community to provide technical and financial support with a view to strengthening the capacity of civil society organizations to take action to help combat the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons;", "8. Invites the Secretary-General and those States and organizations that are in a position to do so to continue to provide assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them;", "9. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to consider the matter and to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] A/CONF.192/PC/23, annex.", "[2] A/59/2005.", "[3] A/60/88 and Corr.2, annex; see also decision 60/519.", "[4] See resolution 60/1, para.", "[5] See United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, Disarmament Forum, No. 4, 2008, Complex Developments in Small Arms in West Africa. Available at www.unidir.org.", "[6] A/66/177.", "[7] A/CONF.192/2006/RC/9.", "[8] See Report of the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, New York, 9-20 July 2001 (A/CONF.192/15), chap. IV, para. 24." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/35. 《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》的执行情况", "大会，", "回顾其以往有关化学武器问题的各项决议，特别是未经表决通过的2010年12月8日第65/57号决议，其中大会赞赏地注意到为实现《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》[1] 的目标和宗旨正在进行的工作，", "决心做到有效禁止发展、生产、取得、转让、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器，", "满意地注意到自从通过2008年12月2日第63/48号决议以来，又有四个国家加入《公约》，使公约缔约国总数达一百八十八个，", "重申包括协商一致最后报告在内的缔约国大会审查化学武器公约实施情况第二届特别会议(下称“第二届审查会议”)的成果[2] 十分重要，因为其中论及《公约》的所有方面并就继续执行《公约》提出了重要建议，", "强调第二届审查会议欢迎《公约》在生效十一年后仍然是一个独一无二的多边协定，在严格有效的国际管制下，以非歧视和可核查的方式，禁止整整一个类别的大规模毁灭性武器，", "1. 强调《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》¹ 的普遍性对于实现其目标和宗旨具有根本意义，确认在执行行动计划实现《公约》的普遍性方面取得进展，并吁请所有尚未成为《公约》缔约国的国家毫不迟延地成为缔约国；", "2. 着重指出，《公约》的执行通过消除现有的化学武器储备和禁止取得或使用化学武器，对国际和平与安全作出重大贡献，并且规定在出现使用或威胁使用化学武器的情况时提供援助和保护，以及在化学活动领域为和平目的开展国际合作；", "3. 强调所有拥有化学武器、化学武器生产设施或化学武器研制设施的国家，包括以前曾申报的拥有国，都成为公约缔约国，对《公约》十分重要，并欢迎为此目的取得的进展；", "4. 重申公约缔约国有义务在《公约》规定的时限内销毁化学武器，并销毁化学武器生产设施或将其改为他用；", "5. 强调充分而有效地执行《公约》的所有条款，包括关于国家执行措施(第七条)及援助和防护(第十条)的条款，是对联合国在全球范围内同一切形式和表现的恐怖主义进行斗争的重要贡献；", "6. 注意到有效实施核查制度有助于建立对缔约国遵守《公约》规定的信心；", "7. 强调禁止化学武器组织在核查《公约》条款的遵守情况和在推动及时有效实现《公约》各项目标方面的重要性；", "8. 敦促《公约》的所有缔约国充分和及时履行《公约》规定的义务，并支持禁止化学武器组织的执行活动；", "9. 欢迎各国在履行第七条义务方面取得的进展，赞扬缔约国和技术秘书处应请求协助其他缔约国采取后续行动，执行有关第七条义务的行动计划，并敦促尚未履行第七条所规定义务的缔约国按照其宪法程序毫不拖延地履行义务；", "10. 强调《公约》第十条的条款仍然相关和重要，并欢迎禁止化学武器组织开展活动，提供援助和保护以防范化学武器；", "11. 重申执行《公约》条款的方式应不妨碍缔约国经济或技术发展，不妨碍围绕《公约》未禁止的化学活动开展国际合作，包括科技信息以及《公约》未禁止的化学品及化学品生产、加工或使用设备的国际交流；", "12. 强调第十一条有关缔约国经济和技术发展的条款十分重要，回顾充分、有效和非歧视性地执行这些条款有助于促进普遍性，又重申缔约国承诺在缔约国的化学活动领域为和平目的开展国际合作，并重申这一合作的重要意义以及对整个《公约》的推动作用；", "13. 赞赏地注意到禁止化学武器组织不断开展工作，以实现《公约》的目标和宗旨，确保其各项条款，包括关于对《公约》遵守情况进行国际核查的条款得到充分执行，并为缔约国间的协商与合作提供一个论坛；", "14. 欢迎联合国同禁止化学武器组织依照《公约》的规定，在《联合国同禁止化学武器组织之间的关系协定》的框架内进行合作；", "15. 决定将题为“《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》的执行情况”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1974卷，第33757号。", "[2] 见禁止化学武器组织，RC-2/4号文件。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/35. Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its previous resolutions on the subject of chemical weapons, in particular resolution 65/57 of 8 December 2010, adopted without a vote, in which it noted with appreciation the ongoing work to achieve the objective and purpose of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction,[1]", "Determined to achieve the effective prohibition of the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction,", "Noting with satisfaction that, since the adoption of resolution 63/48 of 2 December 2008, four additional States have acceded to the Convention, bringing the total number of States parties to the Convention to one hundred and eighty-eight,", "Reaffirming the importance of the outcome of the Second Special Session of the Conference of the States Parties to Review the Operation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (hereinafter “the Second Review Conference”), including the consensus final report,[2] which addressed all aspects of the Convention and made important recommendations on its continued implementation,", "Emphasizing that the Second Review Conference welcomed the fact that, eleven years after its entry into force, the Convention remained a unique multilateral agreement banning an entire category of weapons of mass destruction in a non‑discriminatory and verifiable manner under strict and effective international control,", "1. Emphasizes that the universality of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction¹ is fundamental to the achievement of its objective and purpose, acknowledges progress made in the implementation of the action plan for the universality of the Convention, and calls upon all States that have not yet done so to become parties to the Convention without delay;", "2. Underlines the fact that implementation of the Convention makes a major contribution to international peace and security through the elimination of existing stockpiles of chemical weapons and the prohibition of the acquisition or use of chemical weapons, and provides for assistance and protection in the event of use, or threat of use, of chemical weapons and for international cooperation for peaceful purposes in the field of chemical activities;", "3. Stresses the importance to the Convention that all possessors of chemical weapons, chemical weapons production facilities or chemical weapons development facilities, including previously declared possessor States, should be among the States parties to the Convention, and welcomes progress to that end;", "4. Reaffirms the obligation of the States parties to the Convention to destroy chemical weapons and to destroy or convert chemical weapons production facilities within the time limits provided for by the Convention;", "5. Stresses that the full and effective implementation of all provisions of the Convention, including those on national implementation (article VII) and assistance and protection (article X), constitutes an important contribution to the efforts of the United Nations in the global fight against terrorism in all its forms and manifestations;", "6. Notes that the effective application of the verification system builds confidence in compliance with the Convention by States parties;", "7. Stresses the importance of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in verifying compliance with the provisions of the Convention as well as in promoting the timely and efficient accomplishment of all its objectives;", "8. Urges all States parties to the Convention to meet in full and on time their obligations under the Convention and to support the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in its implementation activities;", "9. Welcomes progress made in the national implementation of article VII obligations, commends the States parties and the Technical Secretariat for assisting other States parties, on request, with the implementation of the follow-up to the plan of action regarding article VII obligations, and urges States parties that have not fulfilled their obligations under article VII to do so without further delay, in accordance with their constitutional processes;", "10. Emphasizes the continuing relevance and importance of the provisions of article X of the Convention, and welcomes the activities of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in relation to assistance and protection against chemical weapons;", "11. Reaffirms that the provisions of the Convention shall be implemented in a manner that avoids hampering the economic or technological development of States parties and international cooperation in the field of chemical activities for purposes not prohibited under the Convention, including the international exchange of scientific and technical information, and chemicals and equipment for the production, processing or use of chemicals for purposes not prohibited under the Convention;", "12. Emphasizes the importance of article XI provisions relating to the economic and technological development of States parties, recalls that the full, effective and non-discriminatory implementation of those provisions contributes to universality, and also reaffirms the undertaking of the States parties to foster international cooperation for peaceful purposes in the field of chemical activities of the States parties and the importance of that cooperation and its contribution to the promotion of the Convention as a whole;", "13. Notes with appreciation the ongoing work of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to achieve the objective and purpose of the Convention, to ensure the full implementation of its provisions, including those for international verification of compliance with it, and to provide a forum for consultation and cooperation among States parties;", "14. Welcomes the cooperation between the United Nations and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons within the framework of the Relationship Agreement between the United Nations and the Organization, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention;", "15. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1974, No. 33757.", "[2]  See Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, document RC‑2/4." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/35. Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its previous resolutions on the subject of chemical weapons, in particular resolution 65/57 of 8 December 2010, adopted without a vote, in which it noted with appreciation the ongoing work to achieve the objective and purpose of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction,", "Determined to achieve the effective prohibition of the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction,", "Noting with satisfaction that, since the adoption of its resolution 63/48 of 2 December 2008, four additional States have acceded to the Convention, bringing the total number of States parties to the Convention to one hundred and eighty-eight,", "Reaffirming the importance of the outcome of the Second Special Session of the Conference of the States Parties to Review the Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (hereinafter referred to as the “Second Review Conference”), including the consensus final report,[2], which addressed all aspects of the Convention and made important recommendations for its continued implementation,", "Emphasizing that the Second Review Conference welcomed the fact that, eleven years after its entry into force, the Convention remains a unique multilateral agreement banning an entire category of weapons of mass destruction in a non-discriminatory and verifiable manner under strict and effective international control,", "Emphasizes that the universality of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction1 is fundamental to the achievement of its objective and purpose, recognizes the progress made in the implementation of the action plan for the universality of the Convention, and calls upon all States that have not yet done so to become parties to the Convention without delay;", "2. Underlines that the implementation of the Convention makes a significant contribution to international peace and security through the elimination of existing stockpiles of chemical weapons and the prohibition of the acquisition or use of chemical weapons, and provides for assistance and protection in cases of use or threat of use of chemical weapons, as well as for international cooperation for peaceful purposes in the field of chemical activities;", "Stresses the importance to the Convention that all possessors of chemical weapons, chemical weapons production facilities or chemical weapons development facilities, including previously declared possessor States, should be among the States parties to the Convention, and welcomes progress to that end;", "4. Reaffirms the obligation of States parties to the Convention to destroy chemical weapons and to destroy or convert chemical weapons production facilities within the time limits established by the Convention;", "5. Stresses the full and effective implementation of all the provisions of the Convention, including those relating to national implementation (art. 7) and assistance and protection (art. 17); Article X) as an important contribution of the United Nations in the global fight against terrorism in all its forms and manifestations;", "Notes that the effective implementation of the verification system builds confidence in compliance with the Convention by States parties;", "7. Stresses the importance of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in verifying compliance with the provisions of the Convention and in promoting the timely and efficient accomplishment of all its objectives;", "8. Urges all States parties to the Convention to meet in full and on time their obligations under the Convention and to support the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in its implementation activities;", "9. Welcomes the progress made by States in fulfilling their obligations under article 7, commends the States parties and the Technical Secretariat for assisting other States parties, upon request, in the follow-up to the implementation of the plan of action on article 7 obligations, and urges States parties that have not fulfilled their obligations under article 7 to do so without delay, in accordance with their constitutional processes;", "10. Stresses the continued relevance and importance of the provisions of article X of the Convention, and welcomes the activities of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in providing assistance and protection against chemical weapons;", "11. Reaffirms that the provisions of the Convention should be implemented in a manner that does not impede the economic or technological development of States parties or international cooperation on chemical activities not prohibited by the Convention, including scientific and technical information, and the international exchange of chemicals not prohibited by the Convention and equipment for their production, processing or use;", "12. Emphasizes the importance of article XI provisions relating to the economic and technological development of States parties, recalls that the full, effective and non-discriminatory implementation of those provisions contributes to universality, and also reaffirms the commitment of the States parties to international cooperation for peaceful purposes in the field of chemical activities of the States parties, as well as the importance of such cooperation and its contribution to the promotion of the Convention as a whole;", "13. Notes with appreciation the ongoing work of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to achieve the objective and purpose of the Convention, to ensure the full implementation of its provisions, including those for international verification of compliance with it, and to provide a forum for consultation and cooperation among States parties;", "Welcomes the cooperation between the United Nations and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons within the framework of the Relationship Agreement between the United Nations and the Organization, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1974, No. 33757.", "[2] See Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, document RC-2/4." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/36. 区域裁军", "大会，", "回顾其关于区域裁军的1990年12月4日第45/58P号、1991年12月6日第46/36I号、1992年12月9日第47/52J号、1993年12月16日第48/75I号、1994年12月15日第49/75N号、1995年12月12日第50/70K号、1996年12月10日第51/45K号、1997年12月9日第52/38P号、1998年12月4日第53/77 O号、1999年12月1日第54/54N号、2000年11月20日第55/33 O号、2001年11月29日第56/24H号、2002年11月22日第57/76号、2003年12月8日第58/38号、2004年12月3日第59/89号、2005年12月8日第60/63号、2006年12月6日第61/80号、2007年12月5日第62/38号、2008年12月2日第63/43号、2009年12月2日第64/41号和2010年12月8日第65/45号决议，", "认为人类期望真正和平与安全、消除战争危险并将经济、知识及其他资源转用于和平用途的固有愿望是指引国际社会为实现全面彻底裁军理想而努力的因素，", "申明所有国家在其国际关系行为中应恪守《联合国宪章》所载的宗旨和原则，", "注意到大会第十届特别会议通过了促使全面彻底裁军取得进展的基本指导方针，[1]", "表示注意到裁军审议委员会1993年实质性会议通过的有关在全球安全范围内采取区域裁军办法的指导方针和建议，[2]", "欢迎近年来由于两个超级大国的谈判，在裁军领域出现了真正取得进展的前景，", "表示注意到最近关于区域和次区域裁军的提议，", "确认建立信任措施对区域和国际和平与安全的重要性，", "深信各国遵循在最低军备水平上安全不受减损的原则，在考虑到每个区域具体特点的情况下致力于促进区域裁军，将增进所有国家的安全，降低区域冲突的危险，从而对国际和平与安全作出贡献，", "1. 强调需要在裁军谈判会议的框架内并在联合国的体制下持续努力，以期在各种裁军问题上取得进展；", "2. 申明全球和区域裁军办法是相辅相成的，因此应同时进行，以促进区域和国际和平与安全；", "3. 吁请各国凡有可能均缔结区域和次区域核不扩散、裁军和建立信任措施协定；", "4. 欢迎有些国家在区域和次区域为实现裁军、核不扩散和安全而采取的主动行动；", "5. 支持和鼓励作出努力，促进区域和次区域建立信任措施，以便缓和区域紧张局势，推动区域和次区域的裁军和核不扩散措施；", "6. 决定将题为“区域裁军”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见S-10/2号决议。", "[2] 《大会正式记录，第四十八届会议，补编第42号》(A/48/42)，附件二。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/36. Regional disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 45/58 P of 4 December 1990, 46/36 I of 6 December 1991, 47/52 J of 9 December 1992, 48/75 I of 16 December 1993, 49/75 N of 15 December 1994, 50/70 K of 12 December 1995, 51/45 K of 10 December 1996, 52/38 P of 9 December 1997, 53/77 O of 4 December 1998, 54/54 N of 1 December 1999, 55/33 O of 20 November 2000, 56/24 H of 29 November 2001, 57/76 of 22 November 2002, 58/38 of 8 December 2003, 59/89 of 3 December 2004, 60/63 of 8 December 2005, 61/80 of 6 December 2006, 62/38 of 5 December 2007, 63/43 of 2 December 2008, 64/41 of 2 December 2009 and 65/45 of 8 December 2010 on regional disarmament,", "Believing that the efforts of the international community to move towards the ideal of general and complete disarmament are guided by the inherent human desire for genuine peace and security, the elimination of the danger of war and the release of economic, intellectual and other resources for peaceful pursuits,", "Affirming the abiding commitment of all States to the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations in the conduct of their international relations,", "Noting that essential guidelines for progress towards general and complete disarmament were adopted at the tenth special session of the General Assembly,[1]", "Taking note of the guidelines and recommendations for regional approaches to disarmament within the context of global security adopted by the Disarmament Commission at its 1993 substantive session,[2]", "Welcoming the prospects of genuine progress in the field of disarmament engendered in recent years as a result of negotiations between the two super-Powers,", "Taking note of the recent proposals for disarmament at the regional and subregional levels,", "Recognizing the importance of confidence-building measures for regional and international peace and security,", "Convinced that endeavours by countries to promote regional disarmament, taking into account the specific characteristics of each region and in accordance with the principle of undiminished security at the lowest level of armaments, would enhance the security of all States and would thus contribute to international peace and security by reducing the risk of regional conflicts,", "1. Stresses that sustained efforts are needed, within the framework of the Conference on Disarmament and under the umbrella of the United Nations, to make progress on the entire range of disarmament issues;", "2. Affirms that global and regional approaches to disarmament complement each other and should therefore be pursued simultaneously to promote regional and international peace and security;", "3. Calls upon States to conclude agreements, wherever possible, for nuclear non-proliferation, disarmament and confidence-building measures at the regional and subregional levels;", "4. Welcomes the initiatives towards disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and security undertaken by some countries at the regional and subregional levels;", "5. Supports and encourages efforts aimed at promoting confidence-building measures at the regional and subregional levels to ease regional tensions and to further disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation measures at the regional and subregional levels;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled ‘‘Regional disarmament”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See resolution S‑10/2.", "[2]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/48/42), annex II." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/36. Regional disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 45/58 P of 4 December 1990, 46/36 I of 6 December 1991, 47/52 J of 9 December 1992, 48/75 I of 16 December 1993, 49/75 N of 15 December 1994, 50/70 K of 12 December 1995, 51/45 K of 10 December 1996, 52/38 P of 9 December 1997, 53/77 O of 4 December 1998, 54/54 N of 1 December 1999, 55/33 O of 20 November 2000, 56/24 H of 29 November 2001, 57/76 of 22 November 2002, 58/38 of 8 December 2003, 59/89 of 3 December 2004, 60/63 of 8 December 2005, 61/80 of 6 December 2006, 62/38 of 5 December 2007, 63/43 of 2 December 2008, 64/41 of 2 December 2009 and 65/45 of 8 December 2010 on regional disarmament,", "Believing that the efforts of the international community to move towards the ideal of general and complete disarmament are guided by the inherent human desire for genuine peace and security, the elimination of the danger of war and the release of economic, intellectual and other resources for peaceful pursuits,", "Affirming the abiding commitment of all States to the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations in the conduct of their international relations,", "Noting that essential guidelines for progress towards general and complete disarmament were adopted by the General Assembly at its tenth special session, [1]", "Taking note of the guidelines and recommendations for regional approaches to disarmament within the context of global security adopted by the Disarmament Commission at its 1993 substantive session, [2]", "Welcoming the prospects of genuine progress in the field of disarmament engendered in recent years as a result of negotiations between the two super-Powers,", "Taking note of the recent proposals for disarmament at the regional and subregional levels,", "Recognizing the importance of confidence-building measures for regional and international peace and security,", "Convinced that endeavours by countries to promote regional disarmament, taking into account the specific characteristics of each region and in accordance with the principle of undiminished security at the lowest level of armaments, would enhance the security of all States and would thus contribute to international peace and security by reducing the risk of regional conflicts,", "Stresses that sustained efforts are needed, within the framework of the Conference on Disarmament and under the umbrella of the United Nations, to make progress on the various disarmament issues;", "Affirms that global and regional approaches to disarmament complement each other and should therefore be pursued simultaneously to promote regional and international peace and security;", "3. Calls upon States to conclude agreements, wherever possible, for nuclear non-proliferation, disarmament and confidence-building measures at the regional and subregional levels;", "Welcomes the initiatives towards disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and security undertaken by some countries at the regional and subregional levels;", "5. Supports and encourages efforts aimed at promoting confidence-building measures at the regional and subregional levels to ease regional tensions and to further disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation measures at the regional and subregional levels;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Regional disarmament”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] See resolution S-10/2.", "[2] Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/48/42), annex II." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/37. 区域和次区域两级的常规军备控制", "大会，", "回顾其1993年12月16日第48/75J号、1994年12月15日第49/75 O号、1995年12月12日第50/70L号、1996年12月10日第51/45Q号、1997年12月9日第52/38Q号、1998年12月4日第53/77P号、1999年12月1日第54/54M号、2000年11月20日第55/33P号、2001年11月29日第56/24I号、2002年11月22日第57/77号、2003年12月8日第58/39号、2004年12月3日第59/88号、2005年12月8日第60/75号、2006年12月6日第61/82号、2007年12月5日第62/44号、2008年12月2日第63/44号、2009年12月2日第64/42号和2010年12月8日第65/46号决议，", "确认常规军备控制在促进区域和国际和平与安全方面的关键作用，", "深信常规军备控制主要应在区域和次区域范围内进行，因为在冷战后时期，对和平与安全的大多数威胁主要发生在同一区域或次区域的国家之间，", "意识到在最低军备水平上保持各国间防御能力的平衡有助于和平与稳定，并应作为常规军备控制的首要目标，", "希望促成在尽可能低的军备和军事力量水平上加强区域和平与安全的协议，", "尤其感兴趣地注意到世界不同区域在这方面采取的主动行动，特别是一些拉丁美洲国家已开始的磋商和在南亚范围内提出的常规军备控制提议，并在这个问题上认识到作为欧洲安全基石的《欧洲常规武装力量条约》[1] 具有的现实意义和价值，", "认为军事大国和军事力量较强的国家在促成这种区域安全协议方面负有特别责任，", "又认为在局势紧张的区域内常规军备控制的一个重要目标应是防止出现出其不意发动军事袭击的可能性和避免侵略，", "1. 决定紧急审议区域和次区域两级的常规军备控制所涉及的各种问题；", "2. 请裁军谈判会议考虑制订可作为区域常规军备控制协议框架的原则，并期待谈判会议就此问题提出报告；", "3. 请秘书长在此同时征求各会员国对本主题的意见，并向大会第六十七届会议提出报告；", "4. 决定将题为“区域和次区域两级的常规军备控制”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] CD/1064。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/37. Conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 48/75 J of 16 December 1993, 49/75 O of 15 December 1994, 50/70 L of 12 December 1995, 51/45 Q of 10 December 1996, 52/38 Q of 9 December 1997, 53/77 P of 4 December 1998, 54/54 M of 1 December 1999, 55/33 P of 20 November 2000, 56/24 I of 29 November 2001, 57/77 of 22 November 2002, 58/39 of 8 December 2003, 59/88 of 3 December 2004, 60/75 of 8 December 2005, 61/82 of 6 December 2006, 62/44 of 5 December 2007, 63/44 of 2 December 2008, 64/42 of 2 December 2009 and 65/46 of 8 December 2010,", "Recognizing the crucial role of conventional arms control in promoting regional and international peace and security,", "Convinced that conventional arms control needs to be pursued primarily in the regional and subregional contexts since most threats to peace and security in the post-cold-war era arise mainly among States located in the same region or subregion,", "Aware that the preservation of a balance in the defence capabilities of States at the lowest level of armaments would contribute to peace and stability and should be a prime objective of conventional arms control,", "Desirous of promoting agreements to strengthen regional peace and security at the lowest possible level of armaments and military forces,", "Noting with particular interest the initiatives taken in this regard in different regions of the world, in particular the commencement of consultations among a number of Latin American countries and the proposals for conventional arms control made in the context of South Asia, and recognizing, in the context of this subject, the relevance and value of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe,[1] which is a cornerstone of European security,", "Believing that militarily significant States and States with larger military capabilities have a special responsibility in promoting such agreements for regional security,", "Believing also that an important objective of conventional arms control in regions of tension should be to prevent the possibility of military attack launched by surprise and to avoid aggression,", "1. Decides to give urgent consideration to the issues involved in conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels;", "2. Requests the Conference on Disarmament to consider the formulation of principles that can serve as a framework for regional agreements on conventional arms control, and looks forward to a report of the Conference on this subject;", "3. Requests the Secretary-General, in the meantime, to seek the views of Member States on the subject and to submit a report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "4. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2441, No. 44001." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/37. Conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 48/75 J of 16 December 1993, 49/75 O of 15 December 1994, 50/70 L of 12 December 1995, 51/45 Q of 10 December 1996, 52/38 Q of 9 December 1997, 53/77 P of 4 December 1998, 54/54 M of 1 December 1999, 55/33 P of 20 November 2000, 56/24 I of 29 November 2001, 57/77 of 22 November 2002, 58/39 of 8 December 2003, 59/88 of 3 December 2004, 60/75 of 8 December 2005, 61/82 of 6 December 2006, 62/44 of 5 December 2007, 63/44 of 2 December 2008, 64/42 of 2 December 2009 and 65/46 of 8 December 2010,", "Recognizing the crucial role of conventional arms control in promoting regional and international peace and security,", "Convinced that conventional arms control needs to be pursued primarily in the regional and subregional contexts since most threats to peace and security in the post-cold-war era arise mainly among States located in the same region or subregion,", "Aware that the preservation of a balance in the defence capabilities of States at the lowest level of armaments would contribute to peace and stability and should be a prime objective of conventional arms control,", "Desirous of promoting agreements to strengthen regional peace and security at the lowest possible level of armaments and military forces,", "Noting with particular interest the initiatives taken in this regard in different regions of the world, in particular the commencement of consultations among a number of Latin American countries and the proposals for conventional arms control made in the context of South Asia, and recognizing, in the context of this subject, the relevance and value of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, which is a cornerstone of European security,", "Believing that militarily significant States and States with larger military capabilities have a special responsibility in promoting such agreements for regional security,", "Considering also that an important objective of conventional arms control in regions of tension should be to prevent the possibility of military attack launched by surprise and to avoid aggression,", "1. Decides to give urgent consideration to the issues involved in conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels;", "2. Requests the Conference on Disarmament to consider the formulation of principles that can serve as a framework for regional agreements on conventional arms control, and looks forward to a report of the Conference on this subject;", "3. Requests the Secretary-General, in the meantime, to seek the views of Member States on the subject and to submit a report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] CD/1064." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/38. 区域和次区域建立信任措施", "大会，", "遵循《联合国宪章》所载宗旨和原则，", "回顾其2003年12月8日第58/43号、2004年12月3日第59/87号、2005年12月8日第60/64号、2006年12月6日第61/81号、2007年12月5日第62/45号、2008年12月2日第63/45号、2009年12月2日第64/43号和2010年12月8日第65/47号决议，", "又回顾其题为“预防武装冲突”的2003年7月3日第57/337号决议，其中吁请会员国以《宪章》第六章所载和平手段，除其他外，根据各当事方所通过的任何程序来解决争端，", "还回顾大会和裁军审议委员会就建立信任措施及其在全球、区域和次区域各级的实施以协商一致方式通过的各项决议和准则，", "考虑到在所有有关国家的倡议和协议下，并在顾及每个区域具体特点的情况下，采取建立信任措施的重要性和实效，因为这种措施能够对区域稳定作出贡献，", "深信裁军，包括区域裁军节省出来的资源可用于经济和社会发展以及保护环境，造福世界各国人民，特别是发展中国家的人民，", "确认有关国家之间需要进行有意义的对话以预防冲突，", "欢迎有关国家已经展开和平进程，以双边方式或包括通过第三方、区域组织或联合国的调解，和平解决其争端，", "确认有些区域的国家已经在双边、次区域和区域各级着手采取政治和军事领域的建立信任措施，包括军备控制和裁军，注意到这种建立信任措施加强了这些区域的和平与安全，促进了人民社会经济条件的改善，", "关注国与国之间争端持续不已，特别是缺乏以和平方式解决争端的有效机制的情况，可能助长军备竞赛，并危及维护国际和平与安全以及国际社会促进军备控制和裁军的努力，", "1. 吁请会员国依照《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则，不要使用或威胁使用武力；", "2. 重申致力于按照《宪章》第六章，特别是第三十三条和平解决争端，该条规定通过谈判、调查、调停、和解、仲裁、司法解决、诉诸区域机构或安排或各当事方自行选择的其他和平手段解决争端；", "3. 重申裁军审议委员会1993年会议的报告所述建立信任和安全措施的途径和方法；[1]", "4. 吁请会员国不断进行协商和对话，致力于采用这些途径和方法，同时避免采取可能阻碍或妨碍这类对话的行动；", "5. 敦促各国严格遵守其参加的所有双边、区域和国际协定，包括军备控制和裁军协定；", "6. 强调建立信任措施的目标应有助于加强国际和平与安全，符合在最低军备水平上安全不受减损的原则；", "7. 鼓励在有关各方同意和参与下，促进双边和区域建立信任措施，以避免冲突并防止非蓄意和意外爆发敌对行动；", "8. 请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议提出载有会员国对区域和次区域建立信任措施的看法的报告；", "9. 决定将题为“区域和次区域建立信任措施”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录，第四十八届会议，补编第42号》(A/48/42)，附件二，第三.A节。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/38. Confidence-building measures in the regional and subregional context", "The General Assembly,", "Guided by the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Recalling its resolutions 58/43 of 8 December 2003, 59/87 of 3 December 2004, 60/64 of 8 December 2005, 61/81 of 6 December 2006, 62/45 of 5 December 2007, 63/45 of 2 December 2008, 64/43 of 2 December 2009 and 65/47 of 8 December 2010,", "Recalling also its resolution 57/337 of 3 July 2003 entitled “Prevention of armed conflict”, in which it calls upon Member States to settle their disputes by peaceful means, as set out in Chapter VI of the Charter, inter alia, by any procedures adopted by the parties,", "Recalling further the resolutions and guidelines adopted by consensus by the General Assembly and the Disarmament Commission relating to confidence-building measures and their implementation at the global, regional and subregional levels,", "Considering the importance and effectiveness of confidence-building measures taken at the initiative and with the agreement of all States concerned, and taking into account the specific characteristics of each region, since such measures can contribute to regional stability,", "Convinced that resources released by disarmament, including regional disarmament, can be devoted to economic and social development and to the protection of the environment for the benefit of all peoples, in particular those of the developing countries,", "Recognizing the need for meaningful dialogue among States concerned to avert conflict,", "Welcoming the peace processes already initiated by States concerned to resolve their disputes through peaceful means bilaterally or through mediation, inter alia, by third parties, regional organizations or the United Nations,", "Recognizing that States in some regions have already taken steps towards confidence-building measures at the bilateral, subregional and regional levels in the political and military fields, including arms control and disarmament, and noting that such confidence-building measures have improved peace and security in those regions and contributed to progress in the socio-economic conditions of their people,", "Concerned that the continuation of disputes among States, particularly in the absence of an effective mechanism to resolve them through peaceful means, may contribute to the arms race and endanger the maintenance of international peace and security and the efforts of the international community to promote arms control and disarmament,", "1. Calls upon Member States to refrain from the use or threat of use of force in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations;", "2. Reaffirms its commitment to the peaceful settlement of disputes under Chapter VI of the Charter, in particular Article 33, which provides for a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements or other peaceful means chosen by the parties;", "3. Reaffirms the ways and means regarding confidence- and security-building measures set out in the report of the Disarmament Commission on its 1993 session;[1]", "4. Calls upon Member States to pursue these ways and means through sustained consultations and dialogue, while at the same time avoiding actions that may hinder or impair such a dialogue;", "5. Urges States to comply strictly with all bilateral, regional and international agreements, including arms control and disarmament agreements, to which they are party;", "6. Emphasizes that the objective of confidence-building measures should be to help to strengthen international peace and security and to be consistent with the principle of undiminished security at the lowest level of armaments;", "7. Encourages the promotion of bilateral and regional confidence-building measures, with the consent and participation of the parties concerned, to avoid conflict and prevent the unintended and accidental outbreak of hostilities;", "8. Requests the Secretary-General to submit a report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session containing the views of Member States on confidence-building measures in the regional and subregional context;", "9. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Confidence-building measures in the regional and subregional context”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/48/42), annex II, sect. III.A." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/38. Confidence-building measures in the regional and subregional context", "The General Assembly,", "Guided by the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Recalling its resolutions 58/43 of 8 December 2003, 59/87 of 3 December 2004, 60/64 of 8 December 2005, 61/81 of 6 December 2006, 62/45 of 5 December 2007, 63/45 of 2 December 2008, 64/43 of 2 December 2009 and 65/47 of 8 December 2010,", "Recalling also its resolution 57/337 of 3 July 2003, entitled “Prevention of armed conflict”, in which it called upon Member States to settle their disputes by peaceful means, as set out in Chapter VI of the Charter, inter alia, by any procedures adopted by the parties,", "Recalling further the resolutions and guidelines adopted by consensus by the General Assembly and the Disarmament Commission relating to confidence-building measures and their implementation at the global, regional and subregional levels,", "Considering the importance and effectiveness of confidence-building measures taken at the initiative and with the agreement of all States concerned and taking into account the specific characteristics of each region, since such measures can contribute to regional stability,", "Convinced that resources released by disarmament, including regional disarmament, can be devoted to economic and social development and to the protection of the environment for the benefit of all peoples, in particular those of the developing countries,", "Recognizing the need for meaningful dialogue among States concerned to avert conflict,", "Welcoming the peace processes already initiated by interested States to resolve their disputes peacefully bilaterally or through mediation by third parties, regional organizations or the United Nations,", "Recognizing that States in some regions have already taken steps towards confidence-building measures at the bilateral, subregional and regional levels in the political and military fields, including arms control and disarmament, and noting that such confidence-building measures have enhanced peace and security in those regions and contributed to improvements in the socio-economic conditions of their people,", "Concerned that the continuation of disputes among States, particularly in the absence of an effective mechanism to resolve them through peaceful means, may contribute to the arms race and endanger the maintenance of international peace and security and the efforts of the international community to promote arms control and disarmament,", "Calls upon Member States to refrain from the use or threat of use of force in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations;", "Reaffirms its commitment to the peaceful settlement of disputes under Chapter VI of the Charter, in particular Article 33, which provides for a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements or other peaceful means chosen by the parties;", "3. Reaffirms the ways and means regarding confidence- and security-building measures set out in the report of the Disarmament Commission on its 1993 session; [1]", "Calls upon Member States to pursue these ways and means through sustained consultations and dialogue, while at the same time avoiding actions that may hinder or impair such a dialogue;", "5. Urges States to comply strictly with all bilateral, regional and international agreements, including arms control and disarmament agreements, to which they are party;", "Emphasizes that the objective of confidence-building measures should be to help strengthen international peace and security and be consistent with the principle of undiminished security at the lowest level of armaments;", "Encourages the promotion of bilateral and regional confidence-building measures, with the consent and participation of the parties concerned, to avoid conflict and prevent the unintended and accidental outbreak of hostilities;", "8. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session a report containing the views of Member States on confidence-building measures in the regional and subregional context;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Confidence-building measures in the regional and subregional context”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/48/42), annex II, sect." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/39. 军备的透明度", "大会，", "回顾其题为“军备的透明度”的1991年12月9 日第46/36L号、1992年12月15日第47/52L号、1993年12月16日第48/75E号、1994年12月15日第49/75C号、1995年12月12日第50/70D号、1996年12月10日第51/45H号、1997年12月9日第52/38R号、1998年12月4日第53/77V号、1999年12月1日第54/54 O号、2000年11月20日第55/33U号、2001年11月29日第56/24Q号、2002年11月22日第57/75号、2003年12月8日第58/54号、2005年12月23日第60/226号、2006年12月6日第61/77号、2008年12月2日第63/69号和2009年12月2日第64/54号决议，", "继续认为提高军备的透明度大大有助于国家间建立信任与安全，设立联合国常规武器登记册[1] 是提高军事情况透明度的一个重要步骤，", "欢迎秘书长关于登记册的综合报告，其中载有会员国2009年[2] 和2010年[3] 的复文，", "又欢迎会员国响应第46/36L号决议第9和10段所载的要求，提供了它们的武器进出口数据以及关于它们持有的军事物资、通过国内生产获得的军备和相关政策的现有背景资料，", "还欢迎一些会员国在提交登记册的年度报告中作为附加背景资料列入了小武器和轻武器的转让情况，", "注意到2010年和2011年裁军谈判会议就军备的透明度进行了重点讨论，", "表示关切过去两年中向联合国常规武器登记册提交的报告有所减少，", "强调应审查登记册的持续运作及其进一步发展，以使登记册能够吸引最广泛的参与，", "1. 重申决心按照第46/36L号决议第7至10段的规定，确保联合国常规武器登记册¹ 的有效运作；", "2. 吁请会员国每年最迟在5月31日，根据第46/36L和47/52L号决议、1997年秘书长关于登记册的持续运作及其进一步发展的报告[4] 第64段所载的建议、2000年秘书长报告第94段所载建议及报告中的附录和附件、[5] 2003年秘书长报告[6] 第112至114段所载建议、2006年秘书长报告[7] 第123至127段所载建议以及2009年秘书长报告[8] 第71至75段所载建议，向秘书长提供登记册要求的数据资料，酌情包括“无”报告，以期实现普遍参与；", "3. 邀请能够提供关于通过国内生产获得的军备和持有的军事物资的进一步资料的会员国，在登记册得到进一步发展之前，提供这一资料，并利用标准汇报表中的“备注”栏，提供诸如种类或型号等进一步资料；", "4. 又邀请能够提供关于小武器和轻武器转让情况的其他资料的会员国，采用2006年政府专家组通过的任择标准汇报表，[9] 或以它们认为合适的其他方法，提供这一资料；", "5. 重申决定经常审查登记册的范围和参加情况，以进一步发展登记册，并为此目的：", "(a) 回顾大会曾请会员国向秘书长提供它们对登记册的持续运作及其进一步发展以及对有关大规模毁灭性武器的透明度措施的意见；", "(b) 请秘书长在将于2012年召集的政府专家组的协助下，在现有资源范围内，并在公平地域代表性的基础上，起草一份关于登记册的持续运作及其进一步发展的报告，起草时应考虑到裁军谈判会议的工作、联合国内相关的审议、会员国表达的意见以及秘书长关于登记册的持续运作及其进一步发展的各次报告，以便在第六十八届会议上作出决定；", "(c) 请秘书长继续协助会员国建设提交有意义报告的能力，包括提交有关小武器和轻武器报告的能力；", "6. 请秘书长执行其2000、2003、2006和2009年关于登记册的持续运作及其进一步发展的报告中的各项建议，确保秘书处有足够的资源来管理和维持登记册；", "7. 邀请裁军谈判会议考虑继续在军备透明度领域开展工作；", "8. 再次吁请所有会员国充分考虑到区域或次区域内现有的具体情况，在区域和次区域两级进行合作，以期加强和协调提高军备的公开性和透明度的国际努力；", "9. 请秘书长就本决议的执行进展情况向大会第六十八届会议提出报告；", "10. 决定将题为“军备的透明度”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见第46/36 L号决议。", "[2] A/65/133和Add.1-5。", "[3] A/66/127。", "[4] A/52/316和Corr.1和2。", "[5] A/55/281。", "[6] A/58/274。", "[7] 见A/61/261。", "[8] 见A/64/296。", "[9] A/61/261，附件一。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/39. Transparency in armaments", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 46/36 L of 9 December 1991, 47/52 L of 15 December 1992, 48/75 E of 16 December 1993, 49/75 C of 15 December 1994, 50/70 D of 12 December 1995, 51/45 H of 10 December 1996, 52/38 R of 9 December 1997, 53/77 V of 4 December 1998, 54/54 O of 1 December 1999, 55/33 U of 20 November 2000, 56/24 Q of 29 November 2001, 57/75 of 22 November 2002, 58/54 of 8 December 2003, 60/226 of 23 December 2005, 61/77 of 6 December 2006, 63/69 of 2 December 2008 and 64/54 of 2 December 2009, entitled “Transparency in armaments”,", "Continuing to take the view that an enhanced level of transparency in armaments contributes greatly to confidence-building and security among States and that the establishment of the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms[1] constitutes an important step forward in the promotion of transparency in military matters,", "Welcoming the consolidated reports of the Secretary-General on the Register, which include the returns of Member States for 2009[2] and 2010,[3]", "Welcoming also the response of Member States to the request contained in paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 46/36 L to provide data on their imports and exports of arms, as well as available background information regarding their military holdings, procurement through national production and relevant policies,", "Welcoming further the inclusion by some Member States of their transfers of small arms and light weapons in their annual report to the Register as part of their additional background information,", "Noting the focused discussions on transparency in armaments that took place in the Conference on Disarmament in 2010 and 2011,", "Expressing its concern with respect to the reduction in reporting to the Register in the last two years,", "Stressing that the continuing operation of the Register and its further development should be reviewed in order to secure a Register that is capable of attracting the widest possible participation,", "1. Reaffirms its determination to ensure the effective operation of the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms,¹ as provided for in paragraphs 7 to 10 of resolution 46/36 L;", "2. Calls upon Member States, with a view to achieving universal participation, to provide the Secretary-General, by 31 May annually, with the requested data and information for the Register, including nil reports if appropriate, on the basis of resolutions 46/36 L and 47/52 L, the recommendations contained in paragraph 64 of the 1997 report of the Secretary-General on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development,[4] the recommendations contained in paragraph 94 of the 2000 report of the Secretary-General and the appendices and annexes thereto,[5] the recommendations contained in paragraphs 112 to 114 of the 2003 report of the Secretary-General,[6] the recommendations contained in paragraphs 123 to 127 of the 2006 report of the Secretary-General[7] and the recommendations contained in paragraphs 71 to 75 of the 2009 report of the Secretary-General;[8]", "3. Invites Member States in a position to do so, pending further development of the Register, to provide additional information on procurement through national production and military holdings and to make use of the “Remarks” column in the standardized reporting form to provide additional information such as types or models;", "4. Also invites Member States in a position to do so to provide additional information on transfers of small arms and light weapons on the basis of the optional standardized reporting form, as adopted by the 2006 group of governmental experts,[9] or by any other methods they deem appropriate;", "5. Reaffirms its decision, with a view to further development of the Register, to keep the scope of and participation in the Register under review and, to that end:", "(a) Recalls its request to Member States to provide the Secretary-General with their views on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development and on transparency measures related to weapons of mass destruction;", "(b) Requests the Secretary-General, with the assistance of a group of governmental experts to be convened in 2012, within available resources, on the basis of equitable geographical representation, to prepare a report on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development, taking into account the work of the Conference on Disarmament, relevant deliberations within the United Nations, the views expressed by Member States and the reports of the Secretary-General on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development, with a view to taking a decision at its sixty-eighth session;", "(c) Requests the Secretary-General to continue to assist Member States to build capacity to submit meaningful reports, including capacity to report on small arms and light weapons;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General to implement the recommendations contained in his 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2009 reports on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development and to ensure that sufficient resources are made available for the Secretariat to operate and maintain the Register;", "7. Invites the Conference on Disarmament to consider continuing its work undertaken in the field of transparency in armaments;", "8. Reiterates its call upon all Member States to cooperate at the regional and subregional levels, taking fully into account the specific conditions prevailing in the region or subregion, with a view to enhancing and coordinating international efforts aimed at increased openness and transparency in armaments;", "9. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session on progress made in implementing the present resolution;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Transparency in armaments”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See resolution 46/36 L.", "[2]  A/65/133 and Add.1–5.", "[3]  A/66/127.", "[4]  A/52/316 and Corr.2.", "[5]  A/55/281.", "[6]  A/58/274.", "[7]  See A/61/261.", "[8]  See A/64/296.", "[9]  A/61/261, annex I." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/39. Transparency in armaments", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 46/36 L of 9 December 1991, 47/52 L of 15 December 1992, 48/75 E of 16 December 1993, 49/75 C of 15 December 1994, 50/70 D of 12 December 1995, 51/45 H of 10 December 1996, 52/38 R of 9 December 1997, 53/77 V of 4 December 1998, 54/54 O of 1 December 1999, 55/33 U of 20 November 2000, 56/24 Q of 29 November 2001, 57/75 of 22 November 2002, 58/54 of 8 December 2003, 60/226 of 23 December 2005, 61/77 of 6 December 2006, 63/69 of 2 December 2008 and 64/54 of 2 December 2009 entitled “Transparency in armaments”,", "Continuing to take the view that an enhanced level of transparency in armaments contributes significantly to confidence-building and security among States and that the establishment of the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms [1] constitutes an important step forward in transparency in military matters,", "Welcoming the consolidated report of the Secretary-General on the Register, which contains the returns of Member States for 2009 and 2010 [3],", "Welcoming also the response of Member States to the request contained in paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 46/36 L to provide data on their imports and exports of arms, as well as available background information on their military holdings, procurement through national production and related policies,", "Welcoming further the inclusion by some Member States of transfers of small arms and light weapons in their annual reports to the Register as additional background information,", "Noting the focused discussions on transparency in armaments held in the Conference on Disarmament in 2010 and 2011,", "Expressing concern at the decrease in the number of reports submitted to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms over the past two years,", "Stressing that the continuing operation of the Register and its further development should be reviewed in order to secure a Register that is capable of attracting the widest possible participation,", "Reaffirms its determination to ensure the effective operation of the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms,1 as provided for in paragraphs 7 to 10 of resolution 46/36 L;", "2. Calls upon Member States to report annually, no later than 31 May, on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development, in accordance with resolutions 46/36 L and 47/52 L and the 1997 report of the Secretary-General [A C E F R S] 4] The recommendations contained in paragraph 64 of the report of the Secretary-General for 2000, as contained in paragraph 94 of the report of the Secretary-General and the appendices and annexes thereto,[5] the recommendations contained in paragraphs 112 to 114 of the 2003 report of the Secretary-General, [7] the recommendations contained in paragraphs 123 to 127 of the 2006 report of the Secretary-General, and the recommendations contained in paragraphs 71 to 75 of the 2009 report of the Secretary-General,[8] provide the Secretary-General with the requested data and information for the Register, including nil reports, as appropriate, with a view to achieving universal participation;", "Invites Member States in a position to do so to provide further information on procurement through national production and military holdings and, pending further development of the Register, to make use of the “Remarks” column in the standardized reporting form to provide further information such as types or models;", "4. Also invites Member States in a position to do so to provide additional information on transfers of small arms and light weapons using the optional standardized reporting form adopted by the 2006 Group of Governmental Experts[9] or by any other method they deem appropriate;", "5. Reaffirms its decision to keep the scope of and participation in the Register under review with a view to its further development and, to that end:", "(a) Recalls its request to Member States to provide the Secretary-General with their views on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development and on transparency measures related to weapons of mass destruction;", "(b) Request the Secretary-General, with the assistance of a group of governmental experts to be convened in 2012, to prepare, within existing resources and on the basis of equitable geographical representation, a report on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development, taking into account the work of the Conference on Disarmament, relevant deliberations within the United Nations, views expressed by Member States and the reports of the Secretary-General on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development, with a view to taking a decision at its sixty-eighth session;", "(c) Requests the Secretary-General to continue to assist Member States in building their capacity to submit meaningful reports, including on small arms and light weapons;", "Requests the Secretary-General to implement the recommendations contained in his 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2009 reports on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development and to ensure that sufficient resources are made available for the Secretariat to operate and maintain the Register;", "7. Invites the Conference on Disarmament to consider continuing its work undertaken in the field of transparency in armaments;", "Reiterates its call upon all Member States to cooperate at the regional and subregional levels, taking fully into account the specific conditions prevailing in the region or subregion, with a view to enhancing and coordinating international efforts aimed at enhancing openness and transparency in armaments;", "9. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session on progress made in the implementation of the present resolution;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Transparency in armaments”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] See resolution 46/36 L.", "[2] A/65/133 and Add.1-5.", "[3] A/66/127.", "[4] A/52/316 and Corr.1 and 2.", "[5] A/55/281.", "[6] A/58/274.", "[7] See A/61/261.", "[8] See A/64/296.", "[9] A/61/261, annex I." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/40. 建立一个无核武器世界：加速履行核裁军承诺", "大会，", "回顾其2010年12月8日第65/59号决议，", "再次申明严重关切使用核武器的可能性对人类构成的危险，并回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会对核武器的任何使用都会导致灾难性人道主义后果深表关切，[1]", "重申核裁军和核不扩散进程相互强化，两方面都亟需取得不可逆转的进展，", "回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会通过的分别题为“加强条约审议进程”、“核不扩散和核裁军的原则与目标”和“延长《不扩散核武器条约》期限”的决定和关于中东问题的决议[2] 以及不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年[3] 和2010年审议大会的《最后文件》，[4]", "特别回顾核武器国家根据其在《不扩散核武器条约》[5] 第六条下作出、并在2010年审议大会上重申的承诺，明确保证全面消除它们的核武库，进而实现核裁军，", "重申不扩散核武器条约所有缔约国承诺在履行其条约义务时遵循不可逆转、可核查和透明原则，", "确认《全面禁止核试验条约》[6] 的生效对推进核裁军和核不扩散目标仍然十分重要，欣见加纳和几内亚最近批准了《条约》，", "重申深信建立无核武器区会增强全球和区域的和平与安全，加强核不扩散制度，并有助于实现核裁军的目标，", "回顾2010年审议大会鼓励根据有关区域各国自由达成的安排建立更多的无核武器区，并表示希望国际社会因此而齐心协力，在目前不存在无核武器区的地区，特别是中东建立无核武器区，", "满意地注意到在2010年审议大会上就充分执行1995年关于中东问题的决议的实际步骤达成的协议，", "确认在建立无核武器区方面的积极进展，尤其是俄罗斯联邦批准了《佩林达巴条约》[7] 的《第一和第二议定书》，美利坚合众国向美国参议院提交了《佩林达巴条约》和《拉罗通加条约》[8] 的《议定书》，供后者提出咨询意见并予以同意，东南亚国家联盟与核武器国家就《曼谷条约》[9] 的《议定书》进行了协商，以及2010年4月30日在纽约召开了建立无核武器区条约缔约国和签署国及蒙古第二次会议，", "欣见《俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国关于进一步削减和限制进攻性战略武器的措施条约》生效，同时回顾2010年审议大会鼓励两国继续讨论后续措施，以便进一步裁减其核武库，", "回顾2010年审议大会重申并确认，彻底消除核武器是防止使用或威胁使用核武器的唯一绝对保障，并且无核武器国家拥有得到核武器国家明确和具有法律约束力的安全保证的正当利益，", "对有关核裁军问题的多边谈判，包括裁军谈判会议上的多边谈判缺乏进展深感失望，着重指出多边主义对于核裁军的重要性，同时确认双边倡议和区域倡议也具有重要意义，", "铭记定于2012年5月举行的不扩散核武器条约缔约国2015年审议大会筹备进程第一次会议将开始奠定基础，以便监督所有缔约国履行自己在2010年审议大会《行动计划》¹ 中的承诺，包括核武器国家履行关于在实现核裁军的步骤方面加快具体进展的承诺的情况，", "1. 重申《不扩散核武器条约》⁵ 的每一条款在任何时候、任何情况下都对缔约国具有约束力，所有缔约国都必须对严格遵守《条约》规定的义务承担全部责任，并吁请所有国家充分遵守在各次审议大会上通过的各项决定、决议和作出的其他承诺；", "2. 欣见不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会通过了一项实质性最后文件，其中载有关于核裁军，包括彻底消除核武器的具体步骤、核不扩散、和平利用核能和中东问题，特别是关于执行1995年中东问题决议方面的结论和后续行动建议；⁴", "3. 尤其是又欣见2010年审议大会决定按照《不扩散核武器条约》的目标，谋求一个人人都更加安全的世界，实现一个没有核武器、和平与安全的世界；", "4. 还欣见2010年审议大会对核武器的任何使用都会造成灾难性人道主义后果深表关切，且重申所有国家在任何时候都必须遵守适用的国际法，包括国际人道主义法；", "5. 欣见重申不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会的《最后文件》中商定的切实步骤[10] 继续有效，包括具体重申核武器国家明确承诺彻底消除其核武库，最终实现核裁军，这是所有缔约国在《条约》第六条下作出的承诺；", "6. 回顾核武器国家承诺通过单边、双边、区域和多边措施等途径进一步努力，裁减并最终消除已部署和未部署的所有各类核武器，着重指出2010年审议大会确认，核武器国家限制核武器的发展和质量改进并停止发展先进的新型核武器符合无核武器国家的正当利益，并吁请核武器国家在这方面采取步骤；", "7. 鼓励所有核武器国家根据2010年审议大会的《最后文件》中的核裁军行动计划¹ 采取进一步步骤，确保对每个核武器国家指定的不再需要用于军事用途的所有裂变材料进行不可逆转的清除，并支持发展有关核裁军方面的适当核查能力；", "8. 吁请《不扩散核武器条约》的所有缔约国努力全面执行不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会通过的关于中东问题的决议，² 确认2010年审议大会赞同在最终导致全面执行1995年决议的进程中采取切实步骤，包括在2012年举行该区域所有国家出席的关于设立中东无核武器和所有其他大规模毁灭性武器区的会议，吁请秘书长和1995年决议的共同提案国与该区域各国密切协商合作，为举行2012年会议开展一切必要的筹备工作，并在这方面欣见最近任命了协调人并指定了东道国政府；", "9. 继续强调《不扩散核武器条约》在实现核裁军和核不扩散方面的根本作用，吁请所有缔约国不遗余力地推动实现《条约》的普遍性，并在这方面敦促印度、以色列和巴基斯坦尽快无条件地以无核武器国家的身份加入《条约》；", "10. 敦促朝鲜民主主义人民共和国履行其在六方会谈中所作的承诺，包括2005年9月《联合声明》中的承诺，放弃一切核武器和现行核计划，早日重返《不扩散核武器条约》并遵守其国际原子能机构的保障监督协定，以期以和平方式实现朝鲜半岛的无核化，并重申坚决支持六方会谈；", "11. 鼓励所有国家共同努力，克服国际裁军机制内，包括裁军谈判会议中妨碍努力推进多边核裁军事业的各种障碍；", "12. 注意到2011年6月30日和7月1日核武器国家在巴黎举行会议,审议它们在履行2010年审议大会上所作承诺方面的进展情况，同时强调必须履行核武器国家在2010年审议大会上作出的承诺，在2000年审议大会《最后文件》所载实现核裁军的步骤方面加快具体进展，且必须迅速采取行动，以确保在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2015年审议大会召开之前取得实质性进展；", "13. 回顾如2010年审议大会《行动计划》行动5所述，核武器国家为在实现核裁军的步骤方面加快具体进展作出以下承诺：", "(a) 按照《行动计划》行动3的规定，迅速着手全面削减全球储存的各种核武器；", "(b) 作为全面核裁军进程的一个组成部分，讨论所有核武器问题，不论其类型或地点；", "(c) 进一步减少核武器在所有军事和安全概念、学说和政策中的作用和重要性；", "(d) 讨论可以防止使用和最终消除核武器、减少核战争危险以及促进不扩散核武器和核武器裁军的各项政策；", "(e) 考虑到无核武器国家的正当利益，以促进国际稳定与安全的方式进一步降低核武器系统的作战状态；", "(f) 减少意外使用核武器的风险；", "(g) 进一步提高透明度，增强相互信任；", "14. 吁请核武器国家履行上述承诺，其方式要让缔约国能够在每个审议周期内定期对其进行监督，在这方面，敦请这些国家定期报告履行承诺的情况；", "15. 欣见有些核武器国家宣布提供有关本国的核武库、核政策和核裁军的资料，敦促尚未提供资料的核武器国家也提供这些资料，并鼓励核武器国家尽快商定一个标准报告表格，以便于提供这方面报告；", "16. 吁请核武器国家在这方面根据2010年审议大会的成果，定期报告它们为降低核武器在所有军事和安全概念中的作用和重要性而作出的努力，包括作为任何核政策审查的一部分而开展的工作；", "17. 吁请《不扩散核武器条约》的所有缔约国忠实及时地执行2010年审议大会《行动计划》的全部内容，以便在《条约》的各大支柱方面取得全面进展；", "18. 决定将题为“建立一个无核武器世界：加速履行核裁军承诺”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程，并在该届会议上审查本决议的执行情况。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会，最后文件》，第一卷(NPT/CONF. 2010/50(Vol.I))，第一部分，《结论和后续行动建议》。", "[2] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会，最后文件，第一部分》(NPT/CONF. 1995/32(Part I))，附件。", "[3] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会，最后文件》，第一至三卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Part I-IV))。", "[4] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会，最后文件》，第一至三卷(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol I-III))。", "[5] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第729卷，第10485号。", "[6] 见第50/245号决议。", "[7] 见A/50/426,附件。", "[8] 见《联合国裁军年鉴》，第10卷：1985年(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.86.IX.7)，附录七。", "[9] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1981卷，第33873号。", "[10] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会，最后文件》，第一卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Part I和II))，第一部分，题为“第六条和序言部分第8至12段”的一节，第15段。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/40. Towards a nuclear-weapon-free world: accelerating the implementation of nuclear disarmament commitments", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/59 of 8 December 2010,", "Reiterating its grave concern at the danger to humanity posed by the possibility that nuclear weapons could be used, and recalling the expression of deep concern by the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons at the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons,[1]", "Reaffirming that nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation are mutually reinforcing processes requiring urgent irreversible progress on both fronts,", "Recalling the decisions entitled “Strengthening the review process for the Treaty”, “Principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament” and “Extension of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons” and the resolution on the Middle East, all of which were adopted at the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[2] and the Final Document of the 2000[3] and the 2010[4] Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,", "Recalling in particular the unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals, leading to nuclear disarmament, in accordance with commitments made under article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[5] and reaffirmed by the 2010 Review Conference,", "Reaffirming the commitment of all States parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to apply the principles of irreversibility, verifiability and transparency in relation to the implementation of their treaty obligations,", "Recognizing the continued vital importance of the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty[6] to the advancement of nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation objectives, and welcoming the recent ratifications of the Treaty by Ghana and Guinea,", "Reaffirming the conviction that the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones enhances global and regional peace and security, strengthens the nuclear non‑proliferation regime and contributes towards realizing the objectives of nuclear disarmament,", "Recalling that the 2010 Review Conference encouraged the establishment of further nuclear-weapon-free zones, on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at among the States of the region concerned, and expressing the hope that this will be followed by concerted international efforts to create such zones in areas where they do not currently exist, especially in the Middle East,", "Noting with satisfaction the agreement at the 2010 Review Conference on practical steps to fully implement the 1995 resolution on the Middle East,", "Recognizing positive developments in the context of nuclear-weapon-free zones, notably the ratification by the Russian Federation of Protocols I and II to the Treaty of Pelindaba,[7] the submission by the United States of America to the United States Senate for advice and consent of the Protocols to the Treaty of Pelindaba and the Treaty of Rarotonga,[8] the consultations between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and nuclear-weapon States on the Protocol to the Treaty of Bangkok,[9] and the holding of the second Conference of States Parties and Signatories to Treaties that Establish Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones and Mongolia, in New York on 30 April 2010,", "Welcoming the entry into force of the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States of America on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, while recalling the encouragement of the 2010 Review Conference to both States to continue discussions on follow-on measures in order to achieve deeper reductions in their nuclear arsenals,", "Recalling that the 2010 Review Conference reaffirmed and recognized that the total elimination of nuclear weapons is the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons and the legitimate interest of non-nuclear-weapon States in receiving unequivocal and legally binding security assurances from nuclear-weapon States,", "Deeply disappointed at the absence of progress towards multilateral negotiations on nuclear disarmament issues, including in the Conference on Disarmament, and underlining the importance of multilateralism in relation to nuclear disarmament, while recognizing the value also of bilateral and regional initiatives,", "Mindful that the first meeting of the preparatory process for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, to take place in May 2012, will begin to lay the groundwork for monitoring the fulfilment by all States parties of their commitments in the 2010 Review Conference action plan,¹ including those by the nuclear-weapon States to accelerate concrete progress on the steps leading to nuclear disarmament,", "1. Reiterates that each article of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons⁵ is binding on the States parties at all times and in all circumstances and that all States parties should be held fully accountable with respect to strict compliance with their obligations under the Treaty, and calls upon all States to comply fully with all decisions, resolutions and other commitments made at Review Conferences;", "2. Welcomes the adoption by the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of a substantive final document containing conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions relating to nuclear disarmament, including concrete steps for the total elimination of nuclear weapons, nuclear non-proliferation, peaceful uses of nuclear energy and the Middle East, particularly implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East;⁴", "3. Also welcomes, in particular, the resolve of the 2010 Review Conference to seek a safer world for all and to achieve the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons, in accordance with the objectives of the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;", "4. Further welcomes the expression by the 2010 Review Conference of deep concern at the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons, and its reaffirmation of the need for all States at all times to comply with applicable international law, including international humanitarian law;", "5. Welcomes the reaffirmation of the continued validity of the practical steps agreed to in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[10] including the specific reaffirmation of the unequivocal undertaking of the nuclear-weapon States to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament, to which all States parties are committed under article VI of the Treaty;", "6. Recalls the commitment by the nuclear-weapon States to undertake further efforts to reduce and ultimately eliminate all types of nuclear weapons, deployed and non-deployed, including through unilateral, bilateral, regional and multilateral measures, underlines the recognition by the 2010 Review Conference of the legitimate interests of non-nuclear-weapon States in nuclear-weapon States constraining their development and qualitative improvement of nuclear weapons and ending their development of advanced new types of nuclear weapons, and calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to take steps in this regard;", "7. Encourages further steps by all nuclear-weapon States, in accordance with the action plan on nuclear disarmament of the Final Document of the 2010 Review Conference,¹ to ensure the irreversible removal of all fissile material designated by each nuclear-weapon State as no longer required for military purposes and to support the development of appropriate verification capabilities related to nuclear disarmament;", "8. Calls upon all States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to work towards the full implementation of the resolution on the Middle East adopted at the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,² recognizes the endorsement by the 2010 Review Conference of practical steps in a process leading to the full implementation of the 1995 resolution, including the convening of a conference in 2012, to be attended by all States of the region, on the establishment of a Middle East zone free of nuclear weapons and all other weapons of mass destruction, calls upon the Secretary-General and the co-sponsors of the 1995 resolution, in close consultation and cooperation with the States of the region, to undertake all necessary preparations for the convening of the 2012 conference, and in this regard welcomes the recent appointment of a facilitator and designation of a host Government;", "9. Continues to emphasize the fundamental role of the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in achieving nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation and calls upon all States parties to spare no effort to achieve the universality of the Treaty, and in this regard urges India, Israel and Pakistan to accede to the Treaty as non-nuclear-weapon States promptly and without conditions;", "10. Urges the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to fulfil the commitments under the Six-Party Talks, including those in the September 2005 joint statement, to abandon all nuclear weapons and existing nuclear programmes and to return, at an early date, to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and to its adherence to the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards agreement, with a view to achieving the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula in a peaceful manner, and reaffirms its firm support for the Six-Party Talks;", "11. Encourages all States to work together to overcome obstacles within the international disarmament machinery, including in the Conference on Disarmament, that are inhibiting efforts to advance the cause of nuclear disarmament in a multilateral context;", "12. Stresses, while noting that the nuclear-weapon States met in Paris on 30 June and 1 July 2011 to consider progress on the commitments they made at the 2010 Review Conference, the importance of the fulfilment of the commitments made by the nuclear-weapon States at the 2010 Review Conference to accelerate concrete progress on the steps leading to nuclear disarmament contained in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference and of their prompt engagement to ensure substantial progress in advance of the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;", "13. Recalls that the commitment of the nuclear-weapon States to accelerate concrete progress on the steps leading to nuclear disarmament as envisaged in action 5 of the 2010 Review Conference action plan is:", "(a) To rapidly move towards an overall reduction in the global stockpile of all types of nuclear weapons, as identified in action 3 of the action plan;", "(b) To address the question of all nuclear weapons regardless of their type or their location as an integral part of the general nuclear disarmament process;", "(c) To further diminish the role and significance of nuclear weapons in all military and security concepts, doctrines and policies;", "(d) To discuss policies that could prevent the use of nuclear weapons and eventually lead to their elimination, lessen the danger of nuclear war and contribute to the non-proliferation and disarmament of nuclear weapons;", "(e) To consider the legitimate interest of non-nuclear-weapon States in further reducing the operational status of nuclear-weapons systems in ways that promote international stability and security;", "(f) To reduce the risk of accidental use of nuclear weapons;", "(g) To further enhance transparency and mutual confidence;", "14. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to implement these commitments in a manner that enables the States parties to monitor them regularly during each review cycle, and in this regard urges those States to report regularly on the implementation of the commitments;", "15. Welcomes the announcements made by some nuclear-weapon States providing information about their nuclear arsenals, policies and disarmament efforts, urges those nuclear-weapon States that have not yet done so also to provide this information, and encourages the nuclear-weapon States to agree as soon as possible on a standard reporting format to facilitate this reporting;", "16. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States, in this regard and in reference to the outcome of the 2010 Review Conference, to regularly report on their efforts, including as part of any review of nuclear policies, to diminish the role and significance of nuclear weapons in all military and security concepts;", "17. Calls upon all States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to implement all elements of the 2010 Review Conference action plan in a faithful and timely manner so that progress across all of the pillars of the Treaty can be realized;", "18. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Towards a nuclear-weapon-free world: accelerating the implementation of nuclear disarmament commitments” and to review the implementation of the present resolution at that session.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)), part I, Conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions.", "[2]  See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex.", "[3]  2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I–IV)).", "[4]  2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I–III)).", "[5]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[6]  See resolution 50/245.", "[7]  See A/50/426, annex.", "[8]  See The United Nations Disarmament Yearbook, vol. 10: 1985 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.86.IX.7), appendix VII.", "[9]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[10]  See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para. 15." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/40. Towards a nuclear-weapon-free world: accelerating the implementation of nuclear disarmament commitments", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/59 of 8 December 2010,", "Reiterating its grave concern at the danger to humanity posed by the possibility that nuclear weapons could be used, and recalling the deep concern expressed by the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons at the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons,", "Reaffirming that nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation are mutually reinforcing processes requiring urgent irreversible progress on both fronts,", "Recalling the decisions entitled “Strengthening the review process for the Treaty”, “Principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament” and “Extension of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons” and the resolution on the Middle East adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, respectively, and the Final Document of the 2000 [3] and 2010 Review Conferences of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[4]", "Recalling in particular the unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament, in accordance with their commitments under article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and reaffirmed at the 2010 Review Conference,", "Reaffirming the commitment of all States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to the principles of irreversibility, verifiability and transparency in the implementation of their treaty obligations,", "Recognizing the continued importance of the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty [6] for the advancement of nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation objectives, and welcoming the recent ratification of the Treaty by Ghana and Guinea,", "Reaffirming its conviction that the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones enhances global and regional peace and security, strengthens the nuclear non-proliferation regime and contributes towards realizing the objective of nuclear disarmament,", "Recalling that the 2010 Review Conference encouraged the establishment of further nuclear-weapon-free zones on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at among the States of the region concerned, and expressing the hope that this will lead to concerted efforts by the international community to establish nuclear-weapon-free zones where they do not currently exist, particularly in the Middle East,", "Noting with satisfaction the agreement reached at the 2010 Review Conference on practical steps for the full implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East,", "Recognizing the positive developments in the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones, in particular the ratification by the Russian Federation of Protocols I and II to the Treaty of Pelindaba, the submission by the United States of America to the United States Senate of the Protocols to the Treaty of Pelindaba and the Treaty of Rarotonga[8] for advice and agreement, the consultations between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the nuclear-weapon States on the Protocol to the Treaty of Bangkok, and the convening of the second Conference of States Parties and Signatories to Treaties that Establish Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones and Mongolia, in New York on 30 April 2010,", "Welcoming the entry into force of the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States of America on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, while recalling that the 2010 Review Conference encouraged both countries to continue discussions on follow-on measures with a view to further reducing their nuclear arsenals,", "Recalling that the 2010 Review Conference reaffirmed and recognized that the total elimination of nuclear weapons is the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons and the legitimate interest of non-nuclear-weapon States in receiving unequivocal and legally binding security assurances from nuclear-weapon States,", "Deeply disappointed at the lack of progress in multilateral negotiations on nuclear disarmament, including in the Conference on Disarmament, and underlining the importance of multilateralism for nuclear disarmament, while recognizing the importance of bilateral and regional initiatives,", "Bearing in mind that the first meeting of the preparatory process for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, to be held in May 2012, will begin to lay the groundwork for monitoring the implementation by all States parties of their commitments contained in the 2010 Review Conference Action Plan,1 including the fulfilment by the nuclear-weapon States of their commitments to accelerate concrete progress on steps leading to nuclear disarmament,", "Reaffirms that each article of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons5 is binding on the States parties at all times and in all circumstances and that all States parties are fully responsible for the strict observance of their obligations under the Treaty, and calls upon all States to comply fully with the decisions, resolutions and other commitments adopted at the Review Conferences;", "2. Welcomes the adoption by the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of a substantive final document containing conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions relating to nuclear disarmament, including concrete steps towards the total elimination of nuclear weapons, nuclear non-proliferation, the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and the Middle East, in particular the implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East;4", "3. Also welcomes, in particular, the decision of the 2010 Review Conference to pursue a safer world for all and a world free of nuclear weapons, peace and security, consistent with the objectives of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;", "4. Further welcomes the deep concern expressed at the 2010 Review Conference at the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons, and reaffirms the need for all States at all times to comply with applicable international law, including international humanitarian law;", "5. Welcomes the reaffirmation of the continued validity of the practical steps agreed to in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, including the specific reaffirmation of the unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament, to which all States parties are committed under article VI of the Treaty;", "6. Recalls the commitment of the nuclear-weapon States to undertake further efforts, including through unilateral, bilateral, regional and multilateral measures, to reduce and ultimately eliminate all types of nuclear weapons, deployed and non-deployed, underlines the recognition by the 2010 Review Conference that it is in the legitimate interest of non-nuclear-weapon States that nuclear-weapon States limit the development and qualitative improvement of nuclear weapons and halt the development of advanced new types of nuclear weapons, and calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to take steps in this regard;", "7. Encourages all nuclear-weapon States to take further steps, in accordance with the action plan on nuclear disarmament contained in the Final Document of the 2010 Review Conference,1 to ensure the irreversible removal of all fissile material designated by each nuclear-weapon State as no longer required for military purposes and to support the development of appropriate verification capabilities with regard to nuclear disarmament;", "8. Calls upon all States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to work towards the full implementation of the resolution on the Middle East adopted at the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,2 recognizes the endorsement by the 2010 Review Conference of practical steps in the process leading to the full implementation of the 1995 resolution, including the convening in 2012 of a conference attended by all States of the region on the establishment of a Middle East zone free of nuclear weapons and all other weapons of mass destruction, calls upon the Secretary-General and the co-sponsors of the 1995 resolution, in close consultation and cooperation with the States of the region, to undertake all necessary preparations for the 2012 conference, and welcomes in this regard the recent appointment of a facilitator and the designation of a host Government;", "9. Continues to emphasize the fundamental role of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in achieving nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation, calls upon all States parties to spare no effort to promote the universality of the Treaty, and in this regard urges India, Israel and Pakistan to accede to the Treaty as non-nuclear-weapon States promptly and without conditions;", "10. Urges the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea to fulfil the commitments made at the Six-Party Talks, including in the September 2005 Joint Statement, to renounce all nuclear weapons and existing nuclear programmes, to return to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons at an early date and to abide by its International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards agreement, with a view to achieving the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula in a peaceful manner, and reiterates its strong support for the Six-Party Talks;", "11. Encourages all States to work together to overcome obstacles within the international disarmament machinery, including the Conference on Disarmament, that impede efforts to advance the cause of multilateral nuclear disarmament;", "12. Notes the meetings of the nuclear-weapon States held in Paris on 30 June and 1 July 2011 to review the progress made in the implementation of the commitments they made at the 2010 Review Conference, while stressing the importance of the implementation of the commitments made by the nuclear-weapon States at the 2010 Review Conference to accelerate concrete progress on the steps leading to nuclear disarmament contained in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference and of prompt action to ensure substantial progress in the lead-up to the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;", "13. Recalls the commitment of the nuclear-weapon States, as stated in action 5 of the action plan of the 2010 Review Conference, to accelerate concrete progress on steps leading to nuclear disarmament, as follows:", "(a) To move expeditiously towards a global reduction in the global stockpile of all types of nuclear weapons, as stipulated in action 3 of the Action Plan;", "(b) To address all nuclear weapons, regardless of their type or location, as an integral part of the overall nuclear disarmament process;", "(c) Further reducing the role and importance of nuclear weapons in all military and security concepts, doctrines and policies;", "(d) To discuss policies that could prevent the use and eventual elimination of nuclear weapons, reduce the risk of nuclear war and promote the non-proliferation and disarmament of nuclear weapons;", "(e) To take into account the legitimate interests of non-nuclear-weapon States in further reducing the operational status of nuclear weapons systems in ways that promote international stability and security;", "(f) Reducing the risk of accidental use of nuclear weapons;", "(g) Further enhance transparency and mutual confidence;", "14. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to implement the above-mentioned commitments in a manner that allows States parties to monitor them regularly during each review cycle, and in this regard urges those States to report regularly on the implementation of those commitments;", "15. Welcomes the announcements made by some nuclear-weapon States that they have provided information on their nuclear arsenals, policies and disarmament, urges those nuclear-weapon States that have not yet done so to do so, and encourages nuclear-weapon States to agree as soon as possible on a standard reporting form to facilitate such reporting;", "16. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States, in this regard, to report regularly on their efforts to diminish the role and importance of nuclear weapons in all military and security concepts, including as part of any nuclear policy review, in the light of the outcome of the 2010 Review Conference;", "17. Calls upon all States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to implement faithfully and in a timely manner all elements of the Action Plan of the 2010 Review Conference in order to achieve comprehensive progress on all pillars of the Treaty;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Towards a nuclear-weapon-free world: accelerating the implementation of nuclear disarmament commitments” and to review the implementation of the present resolution at that session.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] See 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol.", "[2] See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex.", "[3] 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-IV)).", "[4] 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I-III)).", "[5] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[6] See resolution 50/245.", "[7] See A/50/426, annex.", "[8] See The United Nations Disarmament Yearbook, vol. 10: 1985 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.86.IX.7), appendix VII.", "[9] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[10] See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para. 15." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/41. 有关武器、军事装备及两用货物和技术的转让的国家立法", "大会，", "确认裁军、军备控制和不扩散对维护国际和平与安全至关重要，", "回顾国家有效管制武器、军事装备及两用货物和技术的转让，包括可能助长扩散活动的转让是实现这些目标的重要工具，", "又回顾国际裁军和不扩散条约的缔约国承诺根据这些条约的规定为尽可能充分地交流用于和平目的的材料、设备和技术资料提供便利，", "考虑到交流有关武器、军事装备及两用货物和技术的转让的国家立法、规章和程序有助于会员国相互理解和信任，", "深信这种交流将有益于正在拟订这方面立法的会员国，", "欢迎秘书处裁军事务厅建立电子数据库，[1] 所有根据大会题为“有关武器、军事装备及两用货物和技术的转让的国家立法”的2002年11月22日第57/66号、2003年12月8日第58/42号、2004年12月3日第59/66号、2005年12月8日第60/69号、2007年12月5日第62/26号和2009年12月2日第64/40号决议交流的信息，均可以在该数据库中查到，", "重申根据《联合国宪章》第五十一条拥有单独或集体自卫之自然权利，", "1. 邀请能够这样做的会员国在不影响安全理事会2004年4月28日第1540(2004)号决议和安全理事会此后相关决议所载各项规定的情况下，制订或改进国家立法、规章和程序，对武器、军事装备及两用货物和技术的转让实施有效的管制，同时确保这些立法、规章和程序与缔约国根据国际条约承担的义务相符；", "2. 鼓励会员国在自愿的基础上，向秘书长提供资料，介绍本国有关武器、军事装备及两用货物和技术的转让的国家立法、规章和程序及其中所作修改，并请秘书长向会员国提供这些资料；", "3. 决定继续关注这个问题。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 可查阅www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/NLDU/。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/41. National legislation on transfer of arms, military equipment and dual‑use goods and technology", "The General Assembly,", "Recognizing that disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation are essential for the maintenance of international peace and security,", "Recalling that effective national control of the transfer of arms, military equipment and dual‑use goods and technology, including those transfers that could contribute to proliferation activities, is an important tool for achieving those objectives,", "Recalling also that the States parties to the international disarmament and non‑proliferation treaties have undertaken to facilitate the fullest possible exchange of materials, equipment and technological information for peaceful purposes, in accordance with the provisions of those treaties,", "Considering that the exchange of national legislation, regulations and procedures on the transfer of arms, military equipment and dual‑use goods and technology contributes to mutual understanding and confidence among Member States,", "Convinced that such an exchange would be beneficial to Member States that are in the process of developing such legislation,", "Welcoming the electronic database established by the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat,[1] in which all information exchanged pursuant to General Assembly resolutions 57/66 of 22 November 2002, 58/42 of 8 December 2003, 59/66 of 3 December 2004, 60/69 of 8 December 2005, 62/26 of 5 December 2007 and 64/40 of 2 December 2009, entitled “National legislation on transfer of arms, military equipment and dual‑use goods and technology”, can be consulted,", "Reaffirming the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence in accordance with Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations,", "1. Invites Member States that are in a position to do so, without prejudice to the provisions contained in Security Council resolution 1540 (2004) of 28 April 2004 and subsequent relevant Council resolutions, to enact or improve national legislation, regulations and procedures to exercise effective control over the transfer of arms, military equipment and dual‑use goods and technology, while ensuring that such legislation, regulations and procedures are consistent with the obligations of States parties under international treaties;", "2. Encourages Member States to provide, on a voluntary basis, information to the Secretary-General on their national legislation, regulations and procedures on the transfer of arms, military equipment and dual‑use goods and technology, as well as the changes therein, and requests the Secretary-General to make that information accessible to Member States;", "3. Decides to remain attentive to the matter.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Available from www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/NLDU/." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/41. National legislation on transfer of arms, military equipment and dual-use goods and technology", "The General Assembly,", "Recognizing that disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation are essential for the maintenance of international peace and security,", "Recalling that effective national control of the transfer of arms, military equipment and dual-use goods and technology, including those transfers that could contribute to proliferation activities, is an important tool for achieving these objectives,", "Recalling also that the States parties to the international disarmament and non-proliferation treaties have undertaken to facilitate the fullest possible exchange of materials, equipment and technological information for peaceful purposes, in accordance with the provisions of those treaties,", "Considering that the exchange of national legislation, regulations and procedures on the transfer of arms, military equipment and dual-use goods and technology contributes to mutual understanding and confidence among Member States,", "Convinced that such an exchange would be beneficial to Member States that are in the process of developing such legislation,", "Welcoming the establishment by the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat of an electronic database, in which all information exchanged pursuant to General Assembly resolutions 57/66 of 22 November 2002, 58/42 of 8 December 2003, 59/66 of 3 December 2004, 60/69 of 8 December 2005, 62/26 of 5 December 2007 and 64/40 of 2 December 2009, entitled “National legislation on transfer of arms, military equipment and dual-use goods and technology”, can be found,", "Reaffirming the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence in accordance with Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations,", "1. Invites Member States in a position to do so, without prejudice to the provisions contained in Security Council resolution 1540 (2004) of 28 April 2004 and subsequent relevant Security Council resolutions, to enact or improve national legislation, regulations and procedures to exercise effective control over the transfer of arms, military equipment and dual-use goods and technology, while ensuring that such legislation, regulations and procedures are consistent with the obligations of States parties under international treaties;", "2. Encourages Member States to provide, on a voluntary basis, information to the Secretary-General on their national legislation, regulations and procedures on the transfer of arms, military equipment and dual-use goods and technology, as well as the changes therein, and requests the Secretary-General to make that information available to Member States;", "Decides to remain seized of the matter.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] Available at www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/NLDU/." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/42. 积累过剩的常规弹药储存引起的问题", "大会，", "念及推动在联合国改革框架内发起的进程，通过向联合国提供预防冲突、和平解决争端、维持和平、冲突后建设和平和重建所需的资源和工具，使联合国更加有效地维护和平与安全，", "强调必须拟订切实可行的措施，以统筹兼顾的综合办法进行裁军，", "表示注意到弹药和炸药问题专家组的报告，[1]", "回顾就拟订一项使各国能及时可靠地识别和追查非法小武器和轻武器的国际文书进行谈判的不限成员名额工作组提交的报告第27段所载的建议，即全面处理小武器和轻武器弹药问题，将其作为在联合国框架内进行的另一个进程的组成部分，[2]", "满意地注意到在区域和次区域两级就常规弹药问题进行的工作和采取的措施，", "回顾其2004年12月3日第59/515号决定，2005年12月8日第60/74号、2006年12月6日第61/72号和2008年12月2日第63/61号决议，在第63/61号决议中大会欢迎第61/72号决议设立的考虑进一步采取措施在过剩的常规弹药储存问题上加强合作政府专家组的报告，[3] 并回顾其2009年12月2日第64/51号决议，", "表示注意到政府专家组的报告建议制订常规弹药储存管理技术准则，供各国自愿采用，并建议改善联合国系统内部弹药技术问题的知识资源管理，[4] 并表示注意到秘书处随后制订了联合国“加强保护”知识资源管理方案，", "1. 鼓励所有有关国家根据其正当安全需要，自愿对其常规弹药储存中是否有一部分应被视为过剩储存作出评估，并认识到必须考虑到这些储存的安全，必须在国家一级采取同常规弹药储存的安保和安全有关的适当管制措施，以消除爆炸、污染或移作他用的危险；", "2. 呼吁所有有关国家确定其常规弹药过剩储存的数目和性质，确定过剩储存是否对安全构成威胁及视情况加以销毁的手段，以及是否需要外界援助来消除这一威胁；", "3. 鼓励有能力的国家在双边框架内或通过国际或区域组织，在自愿和透明的基础上，向有关国家提供援助，协助制订和执行消除过剩储存或改进储存管理的方案；", "4. 鼓励所有会员国审查是否有可能在国家、区域或次区域框架内拟订并执行若干措施，相应处理与此类储存积累有关的非法贩运问题；", "5. 表示注意到会员国对秘书长有关就积累过剩的常规弹药储存造成的危险和各国如何加强常规弹药管制发表意见的要求做出的答复；[5]", "6. 继续鼓励各国执行第61/72号决议设立的考虑进一步采取措施在过剩的常规弹药储存问题上加强合作政府专家组的报告的建议；³", "7. 欣见按照第61/72号决议所设政府专家组报告中的建议³ 并在秘书处维持和平行动部地雷行动处的充分配合下，秘书处裁军事务厅完成了国际弹药技术准则[6] 的制订工作，并设立了管理常规弹药储存的“加强保护”知识资源管理方案 ；", "8. 鼓励希望提高本国储存管理能力、防止过剩常规弹药增加和更广泛减少风险的国家与“加强保护”方案、并酌情与潜在的国家捐助方和区域组织联系，以便开展合作，包括酌情发展技术专长；", "9. 重申决定全面处理过剩的常规弹药储存问题；", "10. 决定将题为“积累过剩的常规弹药储存引起的问题”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见A/54/155。", "[2] A/60/88和Corr.2。", "[3] 见A/63/182。", "[4] 同上，第72和73段。", "[5] A/61/118和Add.1及A/62/166和Add.1。", "[6] 可查阅www.un.org/disarmament./convarms/Ammunition/IATG/。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/42. Problems arising from the accumulation of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus", "The General Assembly,", "Mindful of contributing to the process initiated within the framework of the United Nations reform to make the Organization more effective in maintaining peace and security by giving it the resources and tools it needs for conflict prevention, peaceful resolution of disputes, peacekeeping, post-conflict peacebuilding and reconstruction,", "Underlining the importance of a comprehensive and integrated approach to disarmament through the development of practical measures,", "Taking note of the report of the Group of Experts on the problem of ammunition and explosives,[1]", "Recalling the recommendation contained in paragraph 27 of the report of the Open-ended Working Group to Negotiate an International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons, namely, to address the issue of small arms and light weapons ammunition in a comprehensive manner as part of a separate process conducted within the framework of the United Nations,[2]", "Noting with satisfaction the work and measures pursued at the regional and subregional levels with regard to the issue of conventional ammunition,", "Recalling its decision 59/515 of 3 December 2004 and its resolutions 60/74 of 8 December 2005 and 61/72 of 6 December 2006, its resolution 63/61 of 2 December 2008, by which it welcomed the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to resolution 61/72 to consider further steps to enhance cooperation with regard to the issue of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus,[3] and its resolution 64/51 of 2 December 2009,", "Taking note of the recommendations of the Group of Governmental Experts on developing technical guidelines for the stockpile management of conventional ammunition, which would be available for States on a voluntary basis, and on improving knowledge resource management on technical ammunition issues within the United Nations system,[4] and taking note also of the subsequent establishment, within the Secretariat, of the “SaferGuard” knowledge resource management programme,", "1. Encourages all interested States to assess, on a voluntary basis, whether, in conformity with their legitimate security needs, parts of their stockpiles of conventional ammunition should be considered to be in surplus, and recognizes that the security of such stockpiles must be taken into consideration and that appropriate controls with regard to the security and safety of stockpiles of conventional ammunition are indispensable at the national level in order to eliminate the risk of explosion, pollution or diversion;", "2. Appeals to all interested States to determine the size and nature of their surplus stockpiles of conventional ammunition, whether they represent a security risk, their means of destruction, if appropriate, and whether external assistance is needed to eliminate this risk;", "3. Encourages States in a position to do so to assist interested States within a bilateral framework or through international or regional organizations, on a voluntary and transparent basis, in elaborating and implementing programmes to eliminate surplus stockpiles or to improve their management;", "4. Encourages all Member States to examine the possibility of developing and implementing, within a national, regional or subregional framework, measures to address accordingly the illicit trafficking related to the accumulation of such stockpiles;", "5. Takes note of the replies submitted by Member States in response to the request of the Secretary-General for views regarding the risks arising from the accumulation of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus and regarding national ways of strengthening controls on conventional ammunition;[5]", "6. Continues to encourage States to implement the recommendations of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to resolution 61/72 to consider further steps to enhance cooperation with regard to the issue of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus;³", "7. Welcomes the completion of the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines[6] and the establishment of the “SaferGuard” knowledge resource management programme for the stockpile management of conventional ammunition, developed by the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat, with the full involvement of the Mine Action Service of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations of the Secretariat, in accordance with the recommendations of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to resolution 61/72;³", "8. Encourages States wishing to improve their national stockpile management capacity, prevent the growth of conventional ammunition surpluses and address wider risk mitigation to contact the “SaferGuard” programme, as well as potential national donors and regional organizations, as appropriate, with a view to developing cooperation, including, where relevant, technical expertise;", "9. Reiterates its decision to address the issue of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus in a comprehensive manner;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Problems arising from the accumulation of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See A/54/155.", "[2]  A/60/88 and Corr.2.", "[3]  See A/63/182.", "[4]  Ibid., paras. 72 and 73.", "[5]  A/61/118 and Add.1 and A/62/166 and Add.1.", "[6]  Available from www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/Ammunition/IATG/." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/42. Problems arising from the accumulation of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus", "The General Assembly,", "Mindful of advancing the process initiated within the framework of United Nations reform to make the Organization more effective in maintaining peace and security by providing it with the resources and tools it needs for conflict prevention, peaceful settlement of disputes, peacekeeping, post-conflict peacebuilding and reconstruction,", "Emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive and integrated approach to disarmament through the development of practical measures,", "Taking note of the report of the Group of Experts on the problem of ammunition and explosives, [1]", "Recalling the recommendation contained in paragraph 27 of the report submitted by the Open-ended Working Group to Negotiate an International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons, that the issue of ammunition for small arms and light weapons be addressed in a comprehensive manner as an integral part of another process undertaken within the framework of the United Nations,[2]", "Noting with satisfaction the work and measures undertaken on the issue of conventional ammunition at the regional and subregional levels,", "Recalling its decision 59/515 of 3 December 2004, its resolutions 60/74 of 8 December 2005, 61/72 of 6 December 2006 and 63/61 of 2 December 2008, in which it welcomed the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to resolution 61/72 to consider further measures to enhance cooperation on the issue of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus, and its resolution 64/51 of 2 December 2009,", "Taking note of the recommendation in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts to develop technical guidelines for stockpile management of conventional ammunition for voluntary use by States and to improve the management of knowledge resources within the United Nations system on the technical aspects of ammunition,[4] and taking note of the subsequent development by the Secretariat of the United Nations “Enhanced Protection” knowledge resource management programme,", "1. Encourages all interested States to assess, on a voluntary basis, whether, in accordance with their legitimate security needs, parts of their stockpiles of conventional ammunition should be considered to be in surplus, and recognizes that the security of such stockpiles must be taken into account and that appropriate controls relating to the security and safety of stockpiles of conventional ammunition must be taken at the national level to eliminate the risk of explosion, pollution or diversion;", "Calls upon all interested States to determine the size and nature of their surplus stockpiles of conventional ammunition, whether they constitute a security threat and, where appropriate, their means of destruction, and whether external assistance is needed to eliminate this threat;", "3. Encourages States in a position to do so to provide assistance, within a bilateral framework or through international or regional organizations, on a voluntary and transparent basis, to interested States in developing and implementing programmes to eliminate surplus stockpiles or to improve their management;", "4. Encourages all Member States to examine the possibility of developing and implementing, within a national, regional or subregional framework, measures to address accordingly the illicit trafficking associated with the accumulation of such stockpiles;", "5. Takes note of the replies of Member States to the request of the Secretary-General for views on the risks arising from the accumulation of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus and on ways in which States can strengthen controls on conventional ammunition;[5]", "6. Continues to encourage States to implement the recommendations of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to resolution 61/72 to consider further measures to enhance cooperation on the issue of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus;3", "Welcomes the completion of the development of international ammunition technical guidelines by the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat, in accordance with the recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to resolution 61/72,3 in full cooperation with the Mine Action Service of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations of the Secretariat, and the establishment of the “Enhanced Protection” knowledge resource management programme for the management of conventional ammunition stockpiles;", "Encourages States wishing to improve their national stockpile management capabilities, prevent the growth of conventional ammunition in surplus and reduce risk more broadly to contact the “Enhance Protection” programme and, as appropriate, potential national donors and regional organizations for cooperation, including, where appropriate, the development of technical expertise;", "9. Reaffirms its decision to address the problem of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus in a comprehensive manner;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Problems arising from the accumulation of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] See A/54/155.", "[2] A/60/88 and Corr.2.", "[3] See A/63/182.", "[4] Ibid., paras. 72 and 73.", "[5] A/61/118 and Add.1 and A/62/166 and Add.1.", "[6] Available at www.un.org/disarmament./conversations/ammunition/IATTG/." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/43. 东南亚无核武器区条约(曼谷条约)", "大会，", "回顾其题为“东南亚无核武器区条约(曼谷条约)”的2009年12月2日第64/39号决议，", "欣见东南亚国家希望本着和平共处、相互理解与合作的精神维护本地区的和平与稳定，", "注意到《东南亚国家联盟宪章》于2008年12月15日生效，其中除其他外指出，东盟的宗旨之一是维护东南亚的无核武器区地位，并保证其没有任何其他大规模毁灭性武器，", "又注意到建立无核武器区条约缔约国和签署国及蒙古召开第二次会议，", "重申深信根据有关区域各国间自由达成的安排和裁军审议委员会1999年指导方针[1] 酌情建立的无核武器区在加强核不扩散制度、协助实现核裁军目标和扩大世界无核武器地区方面的重要作用，并特别提及核武器国家的责任，吁请各国以促进国际稳定的方式，并根据各国安全不受减损的原则，谋求一个人人都更加安全的世界，在没有核武器的世界上实现和平与安全，", "深信作为1971年11月27日在吉隆坡签署的《和平、自由和中立区宣言》重要组成部分的东南亚无核武器区的建立将有助于加强该无核区内各国的安全，有助于增进整个国际社会的和平与安全，", "注意到《东南亚无核武器区条约》[2] 于1997年3月27日生效，2007年为该《条约》生效十周年，", "欣见东南亚国家重申，东南亚无核武器区将按照《东南亚国家联盟第二次协调一致宣言》(巴厘协约二)，[3] 在建立信任措施、预防外交和冲突解决办法领域继续发挥关键作用，", "重申《东南亚无核武器区条约》的所有缔约国不受歧视并按照《不扩散核武器条约》[4] 为和平目的进一步研究、生产和使用核能的不可剥夺的权利，", "确认核武器国家通过签署和批准各项建立无核武器区条约的相关议定书，将作出具有法律约束力的单独承诺，保证尊重无核武器区的地位，不对这类条约的缔约国使用或威胁使用核武器，", "回顾与公海自由、无害通过权、群岛海道通过或船只和飞机过境通行有关的国际法，特别是《联合国海洋法公约》[5] 的适用原则和规则，", "1. 欣见东南亚无核武器区条约委员会致力于并努力进一步促进和加强《曼谷条约》² 的执行，实施了于2007年7月29日在马尼拉通过的《2007-2012年行动计划》，并欣见根据《东南亚国家联盟宪章》设立的联盟政治和安全共同体委员会最近决定优先实施该《行动计划》；", "2. 又欣见东南亚无核武器区条约缔约国恢复与五个核武器国家的直接协商并鼓励条约缔约国继续与五个核武器国家直接协商，以便根据《条约》的目标和原则全面解决涉及《条约》及其《议定书》若干规定的未决问题；", "3. 鼓励核武器国家与东南亚无核武器区条约缔约国开展建设性合作，以确保核武器国家尽早加入《条约议定书》；", "4. 着重指出加强和执行无核武器区条约及其议定书缔约国之间合作的其他方法和手段的重要性；", "5. 决定将题为“东南亚无核武器区条约(曼谷条约)”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见《大会正式记录，第五十四届会议，补编第42号》(A/54/42)。", "[2] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1981卷，第33873号。", "[3] A/58/548,附件一。", "[4] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第729卷，第10485号。", "[5] 同上，第1833卷，第31363号。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/43. Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty)", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 64/39 of 2 December 2009, entitled “Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty)”,", "Welcoming the desire of the South-East Asian States to maintain peace and stability in the region in the spirit of peaceful coexistence and mutual understanding and cooperation,", "Noting the entry into force of the Charter of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations on 15 December 2008, which states, inter alia, that one of the purposes of the Association is to preserve South-East Asia as a nuclear-weapon-free zone, free of all other weapons of mass destruction,", "Noting also the convening of the second Conference of States Parties and Signatories of Treaties that Establish Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones and Mongolia,", "Reaffirming its conviction of the important role of nuclear-weapon-free zones, established, where appropriate, on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at among States of the region concerned and in accordance with the 1999 guidelines of the Disarmament Commission,[1] in strengthening the nuclear non-proliferation regime, in contributing towards realizing the objectives of nuclear disarmament and in extending the areas of the world that are free of nuclear weapons, and, with particular reference to the responsibilities of the nuclear-weapon States, calling upon all States to seek a safer world for all and to achieve peace and security in a world without nuclear weapons in a way that promotes international stability and based on the principle of undiminished security for all,", "Convinced that the establishment of a South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone, as an essential component of the Declaration on the Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality, signed in Kuala Lumpur on 27 November 1971, will contribute towards strengthening the security of States within the Zone and towards enhancing international peace and security as a whole,", "Noting the entry into force of the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone on 27 March 1997[2] and the tenth anniversary of its entry into force in 2007,", "Welcoming the reaffirmation of South-East Asian States that the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone shall continue to play a pivotal role in the area of confidence-building measures, preventive diplomacy and the approaches to conflict resolution as enshrined in the Declaration of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Concord II (Bali Concord II),[3]", "Reaffirming the inalienable right of all the parties to the Treaty on the South East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in conformity with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[4]", "Recognizing that by signing and ratifying the relevant protocols to the treaties establishing nuclear-weapon-free zones, nuclear-weapon States would undertake individual legally binding commitments to respect the status of such zones and not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against States parties to such treaties,", "Recalling the applicable principles and rules of international law relating to the freedom of the high seas and the rights of innocent passage, archipelagic sea lanes passage or transit passage of ships and aircraft, particularly those of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,[5]", "1. Welcomes the commitment and efforts of the Commission for the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone to further enhance and strengthen the implementation of the Bangkok Treaty² by implementing the Plan of Action for the period 2007–2012, adopted in Manila on 29 July 2007, and the recent decision of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Political‑Security Community Council, established under the Charter of the Association, to give priority to the implementation of the Plan of Action;", "2. Also welcomes the resumption of direct consultations between the States parties to the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone and the five nuclear-weapon States, and encourages States parties to the Treaty to continue direct consultations with the five nuclear-weapon States to resolve comprehensively, in accordance with the objectives and principles of the Treaty, existing outstanding issues on a number of provisions of the Treaty and the Protocol thereto;", "3. Encourages nuclear-weapon States and States parties to the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone to work constructively with a view to ensuring the early accession of the nuclear weapon States to the Protocol to the Treaty;", "4. Underlines the value of enhancing and implementing further ways and means of cooperation among the States parties to nuclear-weapon-free zone treaties and the protocols thereto;", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty)”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/54/42).", "[2]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[3]  A/58/548, annex I.", "[4]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[5]  Ibid., vol. 1833, No. 31363." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/43. Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty)", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 64/39 of 2 December 2009, entitled “Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty),", "Welcoming the desire of the South-East Asian countries to maintain peace and stability in their region in a spirit of peaceful coexistence, mutual understanding and cooperation,", "Noting the entry into force of the Charter of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations on 15 December 2008, which states, inter alia, that one of the purposes of the Association is to maintain the status of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in South-East Asia and to guarantee that it is free from all other weapons of mass destruction,", "Noting also the convening of the second Conference of States Parties and Signatories to Treaties that Establish Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones and Mongolia,", "Reaffirming its conviction of the important role of nuclear-weapon-free zones, established as appropriate on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at among the States of the region concerned and in accordance with the 1999 guidelines of the Disarmament Commission, in strengthening the nuclear non-proliferation regime, in contributing towards achieving the objectives of nuclear disarmament and in extending the areas of the world that are nuclear-weapon-free, and, with particular reference to the responsibilities of the nuclear-weapon States, calling upon States to pursue a safer world for all and to achieve peace and security in a world without nuclear weapons, in a way that promotes international stability and based on the principle of undiminished security for all,", "Convinced that the establishment of the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone, an important component of the Declaration of the Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality, signed in Kuala Lumpur on 27 November 1971, will contribute to enhancing the security of all States in the zone and to enhancing peace and security throughout the international community,", "Noting the entry into force of the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone on 27 March 1997 and the tenth anniversary of its entry into force in 2007,", "Welcoming the reaffirmation by South-East Asian States that the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone will continue to play a key role in the areas of confidence-building measures, preventive diplomacy and conflict resolution, in accordance with the Second Association of Southeast Asian Nations Consensus Declaration (Bali Concord II),", "Reaffirming the inalienable right of all States parties to the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in conformity with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,", "Recognizing that the signature and ratification by the nuclear-weapon States of the relevant protocols to the treaties establishing nuclear-weapon-free zones would constitute a separate and legally binding commitment to respect the status of such zones and not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against States parties to such treaties,", "Recalling the applicable principles and rules of international law relating to the freedom of the high seas and the right of innocent passage, archipelagic sea lanes passage or transit passage of ships and aircraft, in particular those of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,", "1. Welcomes the commitment and efforts of the Commission on the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone2 to further promote and strengthen the implementation of the Bangkok Treaty by implementing the Plan of Action 2007-2012, adopted in Manila on 29 July 2007, and the recent decision of the Political and Security Community Committee of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, established under the Charter of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, to implement the Plan of Action as a matter of priority;", "2. Also welcomes the resumption of direct consultations between the States parties to the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone and the five nuclear-weapon States, and encourages States parties to the Treaty to continue to consult directly with the five nuclear-weapon States with a view to reaching a comprehensive settlement of the outstanding issues concerning several provisions of the Treaty and its Protocols, in accordance with the objectives and principles of the Treaty;", "3. Encourages the nuclear-weapon States to work constructively with the States parties to the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone to ensure the early accession of the nuclear-weapon States to the Protocol to the Treaty;", "4. Stresses the importance of enhancing and implementing further ways and means of cooperation among the States parties to nuclear-weapon-free-zone treaties and their protocols;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty)”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] See Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/54/42).", "[2] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[3] A/58/548, annex I.", "[4] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[5] Ibid., vol. 1833, No. 31363." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/44. 禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料条约", "大会，", "回顾其关于禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料问题的1993年12月16日第48/75 L号、1998年12月4日第53/77 I号、2000年11月20日第55/33 Y号、2001年11月29日第56/24 J号、2002年11月22日第57/80号、2003年12月8日第58/57号、2004年12月3日第59/81号、2009年12月2日第64/29号和2010年12月8日第65/65号决议，", "又回顾1995年3月24日CD/1299号文件，其中裁军谈判会议全体成员一致同意授权就禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料条约举行谈判，并且该项授权不妨碍任何代表团在谈判中提出文件中指出的任何问题加以审议，", "还回顾2009年9月24日举行的安全理事会核裁军与核不扩散问题首脑会议对裁军谈判会议表示的支持，", "深信缔结一项非歧视性的、可进行有效国际核查的禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料的多边条约，将大大有助于核裁军和不扩散，", "确认推动2009年５月29日裁军谈判会议以协商一致方式通过的CD/1864号决定中确定的所有问题的重要性，", "注意到中国、法国、俄罗斯联邦、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国在2011年6月30日和7月1日在巴黎举行的会议上决心继续与相关各方共同努力，以期尽早在裁军谈判会议上达成禁止生产核武器和其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料条约，", "对裁军谈判会议陷入多年僵局表示沮丧，此种局面妨碍了裁军谈判会议作为世界唯一多边裁军谈判论坛履行职责，", "1. 敦促裁军谈判会议于2012年初商定并执行一项全面工作方案，其中包括根据CD/1299号文件和其中所载任务，立即着手就禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料条约进行谈判；", "2. 决定，如果裁军谈判会议在2012年届会结束时未能商定和执行一项全面工作方案，在大会第六十七届会议上考虑谈判禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料条约的备选方案；", "3. 鼓励有关会员国在不损害今后谈判这样一项条约期间本国所持立场的前提下，继续作出努力，包括在裁军谈判会议内部和开会期间作出努力，支持启动谈判，包括酌情借鉴国际原子能机构和其他相关机构的现有专门知识，召开吸收科学专家参加的关于条约各种技术层面问题的会议；", "4. 决定将题为“禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料条约”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/44. Treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 48/75 L of 16 December 1993, 53/77 I of 4 December 1998, 55/33 Y of 20 November 2000, 56/24 J of 29 November 2001, 57/80 of 22 November 2002, 58/57 of 8 December 2003, 59/81 of 3 December 2004, 64/29 of 2 December 2009 and 65/65 of 8 December 2010 on the subject of banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices,", "Recalling also document CD/1299 of 24 March 1995, in which all members of the Conference on Disarmament agreed on the mandate to negotiate a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices and which would not preclude any delegation from raising for consideration, in negotiations, any issue noted therein,", "Recalling further the support for the Conference on Disarmament expressed by the Security Council summit on nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation, held on 24 September 2009,", "Convinced that a non-discriminatory, multilateral and internationally and effectively verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices would be a significant contribution to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation,", "Recognizing the importance of advancing all issues identified in decision CD/1864, adopted by consensus by the Conference on Disarmament on 29 May 2009,", "Noting the determination of China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America at the meeting held in Paris on 30 June and 1 July 2011 to renew their efforts, with relevant parties, to achieve a treaty banning the production of fissile materials for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices at the earliest possible date in the Conference on Disarmament,", "Expressing frustration with the years of stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament, which has prevented it from fulfilling its mandate as the world’s single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum,", "1. Urges the Conference on Disarmament to agree on and implement early in 2012 a comprehensive programme of work that includes the immediate commencement of negotiations on a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices on the basis of document CD/1299 and the mandate contained therein;", "2. Resolves to consider options for the negotiation of a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices at its sixty-seventh session should the Conference on Disarmament fail to agree on and implement a comprehensive programme of work by the end of its 2012 session;", "3. Encourages interested Member States, without prejudice to their national positions during future negotiations on such a treaty, to continue efforts, including within and on the margins of the Conference on Disarmament, in support of the commencement of negotiations, including through meetings involving scientific experts on various technical aspects of the treaty, drawing on available expertise from the International Atomic Energy Agency and other relevant bodies, as appropriate;", "4. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/44. Treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 48/75 L of 16 December 1993, 53/77 I of 4 December 1998, 55/33 Y of 20 November 2000, 56/24 J of 29 November 2001, 57/80 of 22 November 2002, 58/57 of 8 December 2003, 59/81 of 3 December 2004, 64/29 of 2 December 2009 and 65/65 of 8 December 2010 on the prohibition of the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices,", "Recalling also document CD/1299 of 24 March 1995, in which all members of the Conference on Disarmament unanimously agreed to a mandate for negotiations on a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, and that that mandate was without prejudice to any delegation raising in the negotiations any issue identified in the document for consideration,", "Recalling further the support expressed to the Conference on Disarmament by the Security Council summit on nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation held on 24 September 2009,", "Convinced that a non-discriminatory, multilateral and internationally and effectively verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices would contribute significantly to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation,", "Recognizing the importance of advancing all issues identified in decision CD/1864 adopted by consensus by the Conference on Disarmament on 29 May 2009,", "Noting the determination of China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America, at their meetings held in Paris on 30 June and 1 July 2011, to continue to work together with all interested parties with a view to the early conclusion of a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices in the Conference on Disarmament,", "Expressing its frustration at the years of stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament, which has prevented the Conference from discharging its mandate as the world ' s single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum,", "1. Urges the Conference on Disarmament to agree on and implement a comprehensive programme of work early in 2012, including the immediate commencement of negotiations on a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, in accordance with document CD/1299 and the mandate contained therein;", "2. Decides to consider, at its sixty-seventh session, the option of negotiating a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices in the event that the Conference on Disarmament fails to agree on and implement a comprehensive programme of work at the end of its 2012 session;", "3. Encourages interested Member States, without prejudice to their national positions during the future negotiations of such a treaty, to continue their efforts, including within and during the Conference on Disarmament, to support the commencement of negotiations, including, where appropriate, by convening meetings involving scientific experts on various technical aspects of the treaty, drawing on existing expertise from the International Atomic Energy Agency and other relevant bodies;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/45. 采取联合行动彻底消除核武器", "大会，", "回顾所有国家均有必要进一步采取切实步骤和有效措施彻底消除核武器，以建立一个和平、安全、无核武器的世界，在这方面确认会员国决心采取联合行动，", "注意到各国在裁军进程中作出努力的最终目标是在严格有效的国际监督下全面彻底裁军，", "回顾其2010年12月8日第65/72号决议，", "表示深为关切核武器的任何使用会导致灾难性人道主义后果，并重申所有国家在任何时候都应遵守适用的国际法，包括国际人道主义法，同时深信应竭尽全力，避免核战争和核恐怖主义，", "重申加强国际和平与安全和促进核裁军是相辅相成的，", "又重申核裁军进一步取得进展有助于巩固国际核不扩散机制，这是国际和平与安全必不可缺的，", "还重申《不扩散核武器条约》[1] 作为国际核不扩散机制的基石以及谋求实现《条约》的三个支柱，即核裁军、核不扩散及和平利用核能的关键基础，具有至关重要的意义，", "回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会的决定和决议[2] 以及不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年[3] 和2010年审议大会的最后文件，[4]", "欣见2010年5月3日至28日在日本广岛和长崎遭受原子弹轰炸六十五周年之际举行的不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会的成果，并重申必须充分执行审议大会通过的行动计划，[5]", "注意到秘书长于2010年9月24日召开的关于振兴裁军谈判会议的工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议，以及作为高级别会议的后续行动于2011年7月27日至29日举行的大会全体会议，", "欣见《俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国关于进一步削减和限制进攻性战略武器措施条约》于2011年2月5日生效，", "又欣见法国、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国最近宣布了其核弹头总体储存情况，俄罗斯联邦也通报了其核武库的最新情况，这进一步加强了透明度和增进了互信，", "表示深为关切大规模毁灭性武器特别是核武器的扩散——包括由扩散网造成的扩散——所带来危险的不断增加，", "确认核安全目标以及会员国共同的核裁军、核不扩散与和平利用核能目标的重要意义，欣见2010年4月12日和13日举行的核安全首脑会议，并期盼将于2012年在首尔举行的核安全首脑会议，", "又确认必须执行安全理事会2006年10月14日第1718(2006)号和2009年6月12日第1874(2009)号决议，其中敦促朝鲜民主主义人民共和国放弃所有核武器和现有核计划并立即停止所有相关活动，对朝鲜民主主义人民共和国声称的铀浓缩计划和轻水反应堆建造表示关切，并声明朝鲜民主主义人民共和国在任何情况下都不能取得《不扩散核武器条约》下的核武器国家地位，", "1. 重申《不扩散核武器条约》¹ 的所有缔约国履行《条约》所有条款为其规定的义务的重要性；", "2. 又重申使《不扩散核武器条约》具有普遍性至关重要，并吁请所有尚未成为《条约》缔约国的国家立即无条件地以无核武器国家的身份加入《条约》，并且在加入《条约》前恪守其条款并采取实际步骤支持《条约》；", "3． 还重申核武器国家明确承诺实现彻底消除其核武库，从而最终实现《不扩散核武器条约》所有缔约国按照其第六条承诺的核裁军；", "4． 吁请核武器国家作出进一步努力，包括通过单边、双边、区域和多边措施，裁减并最终消除业已部署和尚未部署的一切类型核武器；", "5． 强调对核裁军和不扩散进程适用不可逆、可核查和透明原则的重要性；", "6． 确认核裁军和实现无核武器、和平与安全的世界需要公开与合作，申明通过提高透明度和有效核查而增强信任的重要性，强调核武器国家在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会上承诺以促进国际稳定、和平以及不减损和增强安全的方式加快具体推进不扩散核武器条约2000年审议大会最后文件所载实现核裁军的各项步骤至关重要，并吁请核武器国家在2014年向不扩散核武器条约缔约国2015年审议大会筹备委员会报告履行承诺的情况，⁵ 并在这方面，欣见五个核武器国家于2011年6月30日和7月1日在巴黎举行2010年审议大会第一次后续会议，作为彼此之间的一项透明和建立信任措施；", "7. 欣见俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国正在执行《关于进一步削减和限制进攻性战略武器措施条约》，并鼓励两国继续讨论后续措施，以求进一步裁减其核武库；", "8. 敦促所有尚未签署和批准《全面禁止核试验条约》[6] 的国家尽早签署和批准《条约》，以使其早日生效和实现普遍性，强调在《条约》生效前必须维持目前暂停核武器试爆或任何其他核爆炸的做法，并重申必须继续发展《条约》的核查机制，这将是对保证《条约》得到遵守的一项重大贡献；", "9. 再次呼吁立即着手进行关于裂变材料禁产条约的谈判以及尽早缔结该条约，遗憾地注意到谈判尚未展开，并吁请所有核武器国家及尚未参加《不扩散核武器条约》的国家宣布和坚持在禁产条约生效之前暂停生产用于任何核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料；", "10. 吁请核武器国家采取措施，进一步减少意外或未经授权发射核武器的风险，以促进国际稳定与安全，同时对若干核武器国家在这方面已经采取的措施表示欢迎；", "11. 又吁请核武器国家立即进行互动协作，以期进一步降低核武器在所有军事和安全理念、理论和政策中的作用和重要性；", "12. 确认无核武器国家从核武器国家得到明确和有法律约束力的安全保证的正当利益，这有助于加强核不扩散制度，回顾安全理事会1995年4月11日第984(1995)号决议，其中注意到每个核武器国家的单方面声明，并吁请所有核武器国家充分尊重其有关安全保证的现有承诺；", "13. 鼓励酌情在有关区域各国之间自由达成的安排基础上，按照裁军审议委员会1999年指导方针，[7] 建立更多的无核武器区，并确认通过签署和批准载有消极安全保证的相关议定书，核武器国家将对无核武器区的地位单独作出具有法律约束力的承诺，不对此类条约的缔约国使用或威胁使用核武器；", "14. 吁请各国加倍努力防止和制止核武器及其运载工具的扩散，并充分尊重和遵守所承担的坚决放弃核武器的义务；", "15. 强调必须使国际原子能机构各项全面保障监督协定具有普遍性，将尚未通过和执行此种协定的国家纳入其中，同时还大力重申2010年审议大会的后续行动鼓励尚未缔结原子能机构理事会1997年5月15日核准的《各国和国际原子能机构关于实施保障监督的协定的附加议定书范本》[8] 并使其生效的国家尽快缔结该协定并使其生效，并强调必须充分执行安全理事会的相关决议，包括2004年4月28日第1540(2004)号决议；", "16. 鼓励尽一切努力确保所有易流失的核材料和放射性材料的安全，并吁请所有国家作为一个国际共同体开展合作，以推进核安全，同时按需要请求和提供援助，包括能力建设方面的援助；", "17. 鼓励所有各国实施秘书长提交的联合国裁军和不扩散教育问题研究报告[9] 中的建议，以支持实现一个无核武器的世界，并自愿交流各国为此所作努力的相关信息；", "18. 赞扬并进一步鼓励民间社会在促进核不扩散和核裁军方面发挥建设性作用，并鼓励所有国家与民间社会合作，促进裁军和不扩散教育，这除其他外，有助于提高公众对使用核武器的惨重后果的认识，强化促进核裁军和不扩散的国际努力的势头；", "19. 决定将题为“采取联合行动彻底消除核武器”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第729卷，第10485号。", "[2] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会，最后文件》，第一部分(NPT/CONF.1995 /32(Part I))，附件。", "[3] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会，最后文件》，第一至三卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Part.I-IV))。", "[4] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会，最后文件》，第一至三卷(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol.I-III))。", "[5] 同上，第一卷，第一部分。", "[6] 见第50/245号决议。", "[7] 见《大会正式记录，第五十四届会议，补编第42号》(A/54/42)。", "[8] 国际原子能机构，INFCIRC/540号文件(更正本)。", "[9] 见A/57/124。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/45. United action towards the total elimination of nuclear weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling the need for all States to take further practical steps and effective measures towards the total elimination of nuclear weapons, with a view to achieving a peaceful and secure world free of nuclear weapons, and in this regard confirming the determination of Member States to take united action,", "Noting that the ultimate objective of the efforts of States in the disarmament process is general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control,", "Recalling its resolution 65/72 of 8 December 2010,", "Expressing deep concern at the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons, and reaffirming the need for all States at all times to comply with applicable international law, including international humanitarian law, while convinced that every effort should be made to avoid nuclear war and nuclear terrorism,", "Reaffirming that the enhancement of international peace and security and the promotion of nuclear disarmament are mutually reinforcing,", "Reaffirming also that further advancement in nuclear disarmament will contribute to consolidating the international regime for nuclear non-proliferation, which is, inter alia, essential to international peace and security,", "Reaffirming further the crucial importance of the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[1] as the cornerstone of the international nuclear non-proliferation regime and an essential foundation for the pursuit of the Treaty’s three pillars, namely nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and the peaceful uses of nuclear energy,", "Recalling the decisions and the resolution of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[2] and the Final Document of the 2000[3] and 2010[4] Review Conferences of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,", "Welcoming the successful outcome of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, held from 3 to 28 May 2010, in the year of the sixty-fifth anniversary of the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, and reaffirming the necessity of fully implementing the action plan adopted at the Review Conference,[5]", "Noting the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, convened by the Secretary-General on 24 September 2010, and the plenary meeting of the General Assembly to follow up on the high-level meeting, held from 27 to 29 July 2011,", "Welcoming the entry into force on 5 February 2011 of the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States of America on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms,", "Welcoming also the recent announcements on overall stockpiles of nuclear warheads by France, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America, as well as the update of the Russian Federation on its nuclear arsenals, which further enhance transparency and increase mutual confidence,", "Expressing deep concern regarding the growing dangers posed by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, inter alia, nuclear weapons, including that caused by proliferation networks,", "Recognizing the importance of the objective of nuclear security, along with the shared goals of Member States of nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and peaceful uses of nuclear energy, welcoming the Nuclear Security Summit, held on 12 and 13 April 2010, and looking forward to the Nuclear Security Summit to be held in Seoul in 2012,", "Recognizing also the importance of the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1718 (2006) of 14 October 2006 and 1874 (2009) of 12 June 2009 urging the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to abandon all its nuclear weapons and existing nuclear programmes and immediately cease all related activities, expressing concern regarding the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’s claimed uranium enrichment programme and light water reactor construction, and declaring that the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea cannot have the status of a nuclear-weapon State under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons under any circumstances,", "1. Reaffirms the importance of all States parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons¹ complying with their obligations under all the articles of the Treaty;", "2. Also reaffirms the vital importance of the universality of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and calls upon all States not parties to the Treaty to accede as non-nuclear-weapon States to the Treaty promptly and without any conditions and, pending their accession to the Treaty, to adhere to its terms and take practical steps in support of the Treaty;", "3. Further reaffirms the unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals, leading to nuclear disarmament, to which all States parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons are committed under article VI thereof;", "4. Calls upon nuclear-weapon States to undertake further efforts to reduce and ultimately eliminate all types of nuclear weapons, deployed and non-deployed, including through unilateral, bilateral, regional and multilateral measures;", "5. Emphasizes the importance of applying the principles of irreversibility, verifiability and transparency in relation to the process of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation;", "6. Recognizes that nuclear disarmament and achieving the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons require openness and cooperation, affirms the importance of enhanced confidence through increased transparency and effective verification, emphasizes the importance of the commitment by the nuclear-weapon States at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to accelerate concrete progress on the steps leading to nuclear disarmament contained in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in a way that promotes international stability, peace and undiminished and increased security, and the call upon the nuclear-weapon States to report their undertakings in 2014 to the Preparatory Committee for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,⁵ and welcomes in this regard the convening in Paris on 30 June and 1 July 2011 of the first follow-up meeting to the 2010 Review Conference of the five nuclear-weapon States as a transparency and confidence-building measure among them;", "7. Welcomes the ongoing implementation by the Russian Federation and the United States of America of the Treaty on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, and encourages them to continue discussions on follow-on measures in order to achieve deeper reductions in their nuclear arsenals;", "8. Urges all States that have not yet done so to sign and ratify the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty[6] at the earliest opportunity, with a view to its early entry into force and universalization, stresses the importance of maintaining existing moratoriums on nuclear-weapon test explosions or any other nuclear explosions pending the entry into force of the Treaty, and reaffirms the importance of the continued development of the Treaty verification regime, which will be a significant contribution to providing assurance of compliance with the Treaty;", "9. Reiterates its call for the immediate commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty and its early conclusion, regrets that negotiations have not yet started, and calls upon all nuclear-weapon States and States not parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to declare and maintain moratoriums on the production of fissile material for any nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices pending the entry into force of the treaty;", "10. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to take measures to further reduce the risk of an accidental or unauthorized launch of nuclear weapons in ways that promote international stability and security, while welcoming the measures already taken by several nuclear-weapon States in this regard;", "11. Also calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to promptly engage with a view to further diminishing the role and significance of nuclear weapons in all military and security concepts, doctrines and policies;", "12. Recognizes the legitimate interest of non-nuclear-weapon States in receiving unequivocal and legally binding security assurances from nuclear-weapon States which could strengthen the nuclear non-proliferation regime, recalls Security Council resolution 984 (1995) of 11 April 1995, noting the unilateral statements by each of the nuclear-weapon States, and calls upon all nuclear-weapon States to fully respect their existing commitments with regard to security assurances;", "13. Encourages the establishment of further nuclear-weapon-free zones, where appropriate, on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at among States of the region concerned and in accordance with the 1999 guidelines of the Disarmament Commission,[7] and recognizes that, by signing and ratifying relevant protocols that contain negative security assurances, nuclear-weapon States would undertake individual legally binding commitments with respect to the status of such zones and not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against States parties to such treaties;", "14. Calls upon all States to redouble their efforts to prevent and curb the proliferation of nuclear weapons and their means of delivery and to fully respect and comply with obligations undertaken to forswear nuclear weapons;", "15. Stresses the importance of the universalization of the comprehensive safeguards agreements of the International Atomic Energy Agency to include States which have not yet adopted and implemented such an agreement, while also strongly reaffirming the follow-on action of the 2010 Review Conference encouraging all States which have not done so to conclude and bring into force as soon as possible the Model Protocol Additional to the Agreement(s) between State(s) and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards approved by the Board of Governors of the Agency on 15 May 1997,[8] and the full implementation of relevant Security Council resolutions, including resolution 1540 (2004) of 28 April 2004;", "16. Encourages every effort to secure all vulnerable nuclear and radiological material, and calls upon all States to work cooperatively as an international community to advance nuclear security, while requesting and providing assistance, including in the field of capacity-building, as necessary;", "17. Encourages all States to implement the recommendations contained in the report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations study on disarmament and non-proliferation education,[9] in support of achieving a world without nuclear weapons, and to voluntarily share information on efforts they have been undertaking to that end;", "18. Commends and further encourages the constructive role played by civil society in promoting nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament, and encourages all States to promote, in cooperation with civil society, disarmament and non-proliferation education which, inter alia, contributes to raising public awareness of the tragic consequences of the use of nuclear weapons and strengthens the momentum of international efforts to promote nuclear disarmament and non‑proliferation;", "19. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “United action towards the total elimination of nuclear weapons”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2]  See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex.", "[3]  2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I–IV)).", "[4]  2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I–III)).", "[5]  Ibid., vol. I, part I.", "[6]  See resolution 50/245.", "[7]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/54/42).", "[8]  International Atomic Energy Agency, document INFCIRC/540 (Corrected).", "[9]  See A/57/124." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/45. United action towards the total elimination of nuclear weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling the need for all States to take further practical steps and effective measures towards the total elimination of nuclear weapons, with a view to achieving a peaceful and secure world free of nuclear weapons, and recognizing in this regard the determination of Member States to take joint action,", "Noting that the ultimate objective of the efforts of States in the disarmament process is general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control,", "Recalling its resolution 65/72 of 8 December 2010,", "Expressing deep concern at the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons, and reaffirming the need for all States at all times to comply with applicable international law, including international humanitarian law, while convinced that every effort should be made to avoid nuclear war and nuclear terrorism,", "Reaffirming that the enhancement of international peace and security and the promotion of nuclear disarmament are mutually reinforcing,", "Reaffirming also that further progress in nuclear disarmament will contribute to consolidating the international regime for nuclear non-proliferation, which is essential for international peace and security,", "Reaffirming also the vital importance of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, as the cornerstone of the international nuclear non-proliferation regime, and of pursuing the three pillars of the Treaty, namely, nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and the peaceful uses of nuclear energy,", "Recalling the decisions and the resolution of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the final documents of the 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,", "Welcoming the outcome of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, held from 3 to 28 May 2010 on the occasion of the sixty-fifth anniversary of the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, and reaffirming the importance of the full implementation of the action plan adopted by the Review Conference,[5]", "Noting the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, convened by the Secretary-General on 24 September 2010, and the plenary meeting of the General Assembly held from 27 to 29 July 2011 as a follow-up to the high-level meeting,", "Welcoming the entry into force on 5 February 2011 of the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States of America on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms,", "Welcoming also the recent announcements by France, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America of their overall stockpiles of nuclear warheads and the update by the Russian Federation on their nuclear arsenals, which further enhance transparency and enhance mutual confidence,", "Expressing deep concern at the increasing dangers posed by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, in particular nuclear weapons, including those caused by proliferation networks,", "Recognizing the importance of nuclear safety objectives and the shared objectives of Member States in nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and peaceful uses of nuclear energy, welcoming the Nuclear Security Summit held on 12 and 13 April 2010, and looking forward to the Nuclear Security Summit to be held in Seoul in 2012,", "Recognizing also the importance of the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1718 (2006) of 14 October 2006 and 1874 (2009) of 12 June 2009, which urge the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea to abandon all nuclear weapons and existing nuclear programmes and to cease immediately all related activities, expressing concern over the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea ' s claimed uranium enrichment programme and light water reactor construction, and declaring that the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea cannot under any circumstances acquire the status of a nuclear-weapon State under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,", "Reaffirms the importance for all States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons1 to fulfil their obligations under all articles of the Treaty;", "2. Also reaffirms the importance of the universality of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and calls upon all States not parties to the Treaty to accede to it as non-nuclear-weapon States without delay and without conditions and, pending their accession to the Treaty, to adhere to its provisions and to take practical steps in support of the Treaty;", "3. Further reaffirms the unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament, to which all States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons are committed under article VI;", "4. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to make further efforts to reduce and ultimately eliminate all types of nuclear weapons, deployed and non-deployed, including through unilateral, bilateral, regional and multilateral measures;", "5. Stresses the importance of applying the principles of irreversibility, verifiability and transparency to the nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation process;", "6. Recognizes that nuclear disarmament and the achievement of a world free of nuclear weapons, peace and security require openness and cooperation, affirms the importance of enhancing confidence through increased transparency and effective verification, stresses the importance of the commitment made by the nuclear-weapon States at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to accelerate concrete progress on the steps leading to nuclear disarmament contained in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in a manner that promotes international stability, peace and undiminished and enhanced security, calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to report on the implementation of their commitments to the Preparatory Committee for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in 2014,5 and in this regard welcomes the first follow-up meeting to the 2010 Review Conference of the five nuclear-weapon States, held in Paris on 30 June and 1 July 2011, as a transparency and confidence-building measure among themselves;", "7. Welcomes the ongoing implementation by the Russian Federation and the United States of America of the Treaty on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, and encourages them to continue discussions on follow-on measures with a view to further reducing their nuclear arsenals;", "8. Urges all States that have not yet done so to sign and ratify the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty at the earliest possible date with a view to its early entry into force and universality, stresses the importance of maintaining, pending the entry into force of the Treaty, the current moratorium on nuclear-weapon test explosions or any other nuclear explosions, and reaffirms the importance of the continued development of the verification regime of the Treaty, which will be a significant contribution to ensuring compliance with the Treaty;", "9. Reiterates its call for the immediate commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty and its early conclusion, notes with regret that negotiations have not yet begun, and calls upon all nuclear-weapon States and States not parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to declare and maintain a moratorium on the production of fissile material for any nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices pending the entry into force of the treaty;", "10. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to take measures to further reduce the risk of accidental or unauthorized launches of nuclear weapons in order to promote international stability and security, and welcomes the measures already taken by several nuclear-weapon States in this regard;", "11. Also calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to engage immediately with a view to further reducing the role and importance of nuclear weapons in all military and security doctrines, doctrines and policies;", "12. Recognizes the legitimate interest of non-nuclear-weapon States in receiving unequivocal and legally binding security assurances from the nuclear-weapon States, which could contribute to strengthening the nuclear non-proliferation regime, recalls Security Council resolution 984 (1995) of 11 April 1995, in which the Council took note of the unilateral declarations of each of the nuclear-weapon States, and calls upon all nuclear-weapon States to fully respect their existing commitments regarding security assurances;", "13. Encourages the establishment of further nuclear-weapon-free zones, as appropriate, on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at among States of the region concerned and in accordance with the 1999 guidelines of the Disarmament Commission, and recognizes that, by signing and ratifying the relevant protocols containing negative security assurances, the nuclear-weapon States will individually undertake legally binding commitments regarding the status of nuclear-weapon-free zones and not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against States parties to such treaties;", "14. Calls upon all States to redouble their efforts to prevent and curb the proliferation of nuclear weapons and their means of delivery and to fully respect and comply with their obligations to renounce nuclear weapons firmly;", "15. Stresses the importance of the universalization of the comprehensive safeguards agreements of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the inclusion of States that have not yet adopted and implemented such agreements, while strongly reaffirming the follow-up to the 2010 Review Conference encouraging States that have not yet done so to conclude and bring into force as soon as possible the Model Protocol Additional to the Agreement(s) between State(s) and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards approved by the Board of Governors of the Agency on 15 May 1997, and underlines the importance of the full implementation of relevant Security Council resolutions, including resolution 1540 (2004) of 28 April 2004;", "16. Encourages all efforts to ensure the safety of all vulnerable nuclear and radioactive materials, and calls upon all States to cooperate as an international community to advance nuclear safety, while requesting and providing assistance, including for capacity-building, as required;", "17. Encourages all States to implement the recommendations of the United Nations study on disarmament and non-proliferation education submitted by the Secretary-General[9] in support of achieving a nuclear-weapon-free world and to voluntarily exchange relevant information on their efforts to that end;", "18. Commends and further encourages the constructive role played by civil society in promoting nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament, and encourages all States, in cooperation with civil society, to promote disarmament and non-proliferation education, which, inter alia, contributes to raising public awareness of the tragic consequences of the use of nuclear weapons and strengthens the momentum of international efforts to promote nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “United action towards the total elimination of nuclear weapons”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2] See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex.", "[3] 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-IV)).", "[4] 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I-III)).", "[5] Ibid., vol. I, part I.", "[6] See resolution 50/245.", "[7] See Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/54/42).", "[8] International Atomic Energy Agency, document INFCIRC/540 (Corrected).", "[9] See A/57/124." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/46. 国际法院关于“以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性”的咨询意见的后续行动", "大会，", "回顾其1994年12月15日第49/75K号、1996年12月10日第51/45M号、1997年12月9日第52/38 O号、1998年12月4日第53/77W号、1999年12月1日第54/54Q号、2000年11月20日第55/33X号、2001年11月29日第56/24S号、2002年11月22日第57/85号、2003年12月8日第58/46号、2004年12月3日第59/83号、2005年12月8日第60/76号、2006年12月6日第61/83号、2007年12月5日第62/39号、2008年12月2日第63/49号、2009年12月2日第64/55号和2010年12月8日第65/76号决议，", "深信核武器的继续存在对人类和地球上的所有生命构成威胁，认识到防止核灾难的唯一办法就是彻底消除核武器并确保永远不再生产核武器，", "重申国际社会承诺通过彻底消除核武器实现无核武器世界的目标，", "念及在《不扩散核武器条约》[1] 第六条中，缔约国庄严承担义务，特别是就早日停止核军备竞赛和核裁军的有效措施真诚地进行谈判，", "回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会通过的核不扩散和核裁军的原则和目标、[2] 核武器国家在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会上商定的关于完成彻底消除其核武库从而实现核裁军的坚定承诺[3] 以及不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会上商定的作为关于核裁军的结论和后续行动建议的一部分的行动要点，[4]", "同样深为关切核武器的任何使用可能造成的灾难性人道主义后果，并在这方面重申各国在任何时候都必须遵守适用的国际法，包括国际人道主义法，", "吁请所有核武器国家作出具体裁军努力，并强调各国有必要作出特别努力，以实现和维护一个没有核武器的世界，", "注意到联合国秘书长关于核裁军的五点建议，[5] 其中除其他外，提议考虑谈判一项核武器公约，或者就一个由若干互相独立而又相辅相成的文书组成的框架达成协议，并配以强有力的核查制度，", "回顾大会1996年9月10日第50/245号决议通过《全面禁止核试验条约》，并对已签署和批准该《条约》的国家日益增多感到满意，", "满意地确认《南极条约》、[6] 《特拉特洛尔科条约》、[7] 《拉罗通加条约》、[8] 《曼谷条约》、[9]《佩林达巴条约》[10] 和《中亚无核武器区条约》及蒙古的无核武器地位使整个南半球和这些条约所涉邻近地区逐步成为无核武器区，", "确认有必要经多边谈判达成具有法律约束力的文书，以确保在彻底消除核武器之前不对无核武器国家以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器，", "重申裁军谈判会议作为唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛的中心作用，", "强调裁军谈判会议有必要就在规定时限内彻底消除核武器的分阶段方案展开谈判，", "着重指出核武器国家迫切需要在落实2000年审议大会《最后文件》所载执行《不扩散核武器条约》第六条的十三个实际步骤³ 以期实现核裁军方面加速取得具体进展，", "表示注意到哥斯达黎加和马来西亚于2007年提交秘书长并且已由秘书长分发的《核武器示范公约》，[11]", "希望实现以具有法律约束力的方式禁止发展、生产、试验、部署、储存核武器以及禁止以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器并在有效国际监督下销毁核武器的目标，", "回顾国际法院1996年7月8日发表的关于“以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性”的咨询意见，[12]", "1. 再次强调国际法院的一致结论，即各国有义务真诚地开展和完成在严格有效的国际监督下实现所有方面核裁军的谈判；", "2. 再次吁请所有国家立即履行上述义务，开展多边谈判，以求早日缔结一项禁止发展、生产、试验、部署、储存、转让核武器以及以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器并规定消除此种武器的核武器公约；", "3. 请所有国家将其为执行本决议和进行核裁军所作的努力和采取的措施通知秘书长，并请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议通报这些情况；", "4. 决定将题为“国际法院关于‘以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性’的咨询意见的后续行动”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第729卷，第10485号。", "[2] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会，最后文件，第一部分》(NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I))，附件，决定2。", "[3] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会，最后文件》，第一卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Part I和II))，第一部分，题为“第六条和序言部分第八至十二段”的一节，第15段。", "[4] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会，最后文件》，第一至三卷(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol.I-III))，第一卷，第一部分。", "[5] 可查阅 www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/sg5point。", "[6] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第402卷，第5778号。", "[7] 同上，第634卷，第9068号。", "[8] 见《联合国裁军年鉴》，第10卷：1985年(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.86.IX.7)，附录七。", "[9] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1981卷，第33873号。", "[10] A/50/426，附件。", "[11] 见A/62/650，附件。", "[12] A/51/218，附件；另见《以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性，咨询意见，1996年国际法院案例汇编》，英文本第226页。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/46. Follow-up to the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 49/75 K of 15 December 1994, 51/45 M of 10 December 1996, 52/38 O of 9 December 1997, 53/77 W of 4 December 1998, 54/54 Q of 1 December 1999, 55/33 X of 20 November 2000, 56/24 S of 29 November 2001, 57/85 of 22 November 2002, 58/46 of 8 December 2003, 59/83 of 3 December 2004, 60/76 of 8 December 2005, 61/83 of 6 December 2006, 62/39 of 5 December 2007, 63/49 of 2 December 2008, 64/55 of 2 December 2009 and 65/76 of 8 December 2010,", "Convinced that the continuing existence of nuclear weapons poses a threat to humanity and all life on Earth, and recognizing that the only defence against a nuclear catastrophe is the total elimination of nuclear weapons and the certainty that they will never be produced again,", "Reaffirming the commitment of the international community to the realization of the goal of a nuclear-weapon-free world through the total elimination of nuclear weapons,", "Mindful of the solemn obligations of States parties, undertaken in article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[1] particularly to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament,", "Recalling the principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament adopted at the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[2] the unequivocal commitment of nuclear-weapon States to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament, agreed at the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[3] and the action points agreed at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons as part of the conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions on nuclear disarmament,[4]", "Sharing the deep concern at the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons, and in this context reaffirming the need for all States at all times to comply with applicable international law, including international humanitarian law,", "Calling upon all nuclear-weapon States to undertake concrete disarmament efforts, and stressing that all States need to make special efforts to achieve and maintain a world without nuclear weapons,", "Noting the five-point proposal for nuclear disarmament of the Secretary-General,[5] in which he proposes, inter alia, the consideration of negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention or agreement on a framework of separate mutually reinforcing instruments, backed by a strong system of verification,", "Recalling the adoption of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty in its resolution 50/245 of 10 September 1996, and expressing its satisfaction at the increasing number of States that have signed and ratified the Treaty,", "Recognizing with satisfaction that the Antarctic Treaty,[6] the treaties of Tlatelolco,[7] Rarotonga,[8] Bangkok[9] and Pelindaba[10] and the Treaty on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Central Asia, as well as Mongolia’s nuclear-weapon-free status, are gradually freeing the entire southern hemisphere and adjacent areas covered by those treaties from nuclear weapons,", "Recognizing the need for a multilaterally negotiated and legally binding instrument to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the threat or use of nuclear weapons pending the total elimination of nuclear weapons,", "Reaffirming the central role of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating forum,", "Emphasizing the need for the Conference on Disarmament to commence negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons with a specified framework of time,", "Stressing the urgent need for the nuclear-weapon States to accelerate concrete progress on the thirteen practical steps to implement article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons leading to nuclear disarmament, contained in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference,³", "Taking note of the Model Nuclear Weapons Convention that was submitted to the Secretary-General by Costa Rica and Malaysia in 2007 and circulated by the Secretary-General,[11]", "Desiring to achieve the objective of a legally binding prohibition of the development, production, testing, deployment, stockpiling, threat or use of nuclear weapons and their destruction under effective international control,", "Recalling the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, issued on 8 July 1996,[12]", "1. Underlines once again the unanimous conclusion of the International Court of Justice that there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control;", "2. Calls once again upon all States immediately to fulfil that obligation by commencing multilateral negotiations leading to an early conclusion of a nuclear weapons convention prohibiting the development, production, testing, deployment, stockpiling, transfer, threat or use of nuclear weapons and providing for their elimination;", "3. Requests all States to inform the Secretary-General of the efforts and measures they have taken with respect to the implementation of the present resolution and nuclear disarmament, and requests the Secretary-General to apprise the General Assembly of that information at its sixty-seventh session;", "4. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Follow-up to the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2]  1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex, decision 2.", "[3]  See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para. 15.", "[4]  See 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I–III)), vol. I, part I.", "[5]  Available from www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/sg5point.", "[6]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 402, No. 5778.", "[7]  Ibid., vol. 634, No. 9068.", "[8]  See The United Nations Disarmament Yearbook, vol. 10: 1985 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.86.IX.7), appendix VII.", "[9]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[10]  A/50/426, annex.", "[11]  See A/62/650, annex.", "[12]  A/51/218, annex; see also Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/46. Follow-up to the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 49/75 K of 15 December 1994, 51/45 M of 10 December 1996, 52/38 O of 9 December 1997, 53/77 W of 4 December 1998, 54/54 Q of 1 December 1999, 55/33 X of 20 November 2000, 56/24 S of 29 November 2001, 57/85 of 22 November 2002, 58/46 of 8 December 2003, 59/83 of 3 December 2004, 60/76 of 8 December 2005, 61/83 of 6 December 2006, 62/39 of 5 December 2007, 63/49 of 2 December 2008, 64/55 of 2 December 2009 and 65/76 of 8 December 2010,", "Convinced that the continued existence of nuclear weapons poses a threat to mankind and to all life on Earth, and recognizing that the only defence against a nuclear catastrophe is the total elimination of nuclear weapons and the certainty that they will never be produced again,", "Reaffirming the commitment of the international community to the goal of a nuclear-weapon-free world through the total elimination of nuclear weapons,", "Mindful of the solemn obligations of States parties, undertaken in article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, particularly to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament,", "Recalling the principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament adopted at the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[2] the firm commitment by the nuclear-weapon States to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament agreed at the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[3] and the action points agreed to at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons as part of the conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions on nuclear disarmament,[4]", "Equally deeply concerned by the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons, and reaffirming in this regard the need for all States at all times to comply with applicable international law, including international humanitarian law,", "Calling upon all the nuclear-weapon States to make concrete disarmament efforts, and stressing the need for all States to make special efforts to achieve and maintain a world free of nuclear weapons,", "Noting the five-point proposal of the Secretary-General of the United Nations on nuclear disarmament,[5] which proposes, inter alia, that consideration be given to the negotiation of a nuclear weapons convention or agreement on a framework of separate and mutually reinforcing instruments with a strong verification regime,", "Recalling the adoption of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty in its resolution 50/245 of 10 September 1996, and expressing its satisfaction at the increasing number of States that have signed and ratified the Treaty,", "Acknowledges with satisfaction the Antarctic Treaty,[6] the Treaty of Tlatelolco,[7] the Treaty of Rarotonga,[8] the Treaty of Bangkok,[9] the Treaty of Pelindaba[9] 10.] and the Treaty on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Central Asia and Mongolia ' s nuclear-weapon-free status, which have gradually made the entire southern hemisphere and adjacent areas covered by those treaties nuclear-weapon-free zones,", "Recognizing the need for a multilaterally negotiated and legally binding instrument to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the threat or use of nuclear weapons pending the total elimination of nuclear weapons,", "Reaffirming the central role of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating forum,", "Emphasizing the need for the Conference on Disarmament to commence negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons with a specified framework of time,", "Stressing the urgent need for the nuclear-weapon States to implement the thirteen practical steps for the implementation of article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, contained in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference, with a view to accelerating concrete progress towards nuclear disarmament,", "Taking note of the Model Nuclear Weapons Convention submitted by Costa Rica and Malaysia to the Secretary-General in 2007 and circulated by the Secretary-General, [11]", "Desiring to achieve the objective of a legally binding prohibition of the development, production, testing, deployment, stockpiling, threat or use of nuclear weapons and their destruction under effective international control,", "Recalling the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, issued on 8 July 1996, [12]", "Underlines once again the unanimous conclusion of the International Court of Justice that there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control;", "2. Calls once again upon all States immediately to fulfil that obligation by commencing multilateral negotiations leading to an early conclusion of a nuclear weapons convention prohibiting the development, production, testing, deployment, stockpiling, transfer, threat or use of nuclear weapons and providing for their elimination;", "3. Requests all States to inform the Secretary-General of the efforts and measures they have taken on the implementation of the present resolution and nuclear disarmament, and requests the Secretary-General to apprise the General Assembly of that information at its sixty-seventh session;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Follow-up to the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2] 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex, decision 2.", "[3] See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para.", "[4] See 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I-III)), vol. I, part I.", "[5] Available at www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/sg5point.", "[6] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 402, No. 5778.", "[7] Ibid., vol. 634, No. 9068.", "[8] See The United Nations Disarmament Yearbook, vol. 10: 1985 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.86.IX.7), appendix VII.", "[9] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[10] A/50/426, annex.", "[11] See A/62/650, annex.", "[12] A/51/218, annex; see also Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/47. 小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题", "大会，", "回顾其2010年12月8日第65/64号决议及以往所有题为“小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题”的决议，包括2001年12月24日第56/24V号决议，", "强调必须继续全面执行联合国小武器和轻武器非法贸易各方面问题大会通过的《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》，[1]", "欢迎《行动纲领》通过十周年，并确认它对这方面国际努力的重大贡献，", "强调必须继续全面执行《使各国能够及时和可靠地识别和追查非法小武器和轻武器的国际文书》(《国际追查文书》)，[2]", "回顾各国承诺将《行动纲领》视为在国际社会活动中采取措施从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的主要框架，", "着重指出各国需要加强努力，建设本国有效执行《行动纲领》和《国际追查文书》的能力，", "欣见2011年5月9日至13日在纽约举行的《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》执行情况不限成员名额政府专家会议，", "又欣见及早指定尼日利亚为2012年举行的审议《行动纲领》执行进度第二次大会及其筹备委员会主席，", "强调有必要自愿提交关于《行动纲领》落实情况的国家报告，以便评估总体执行工作，包括执行方面的挑战和机遇，这可以大大促进向受影响的国家提供国际合作和援助，", "注意到秘书处裁军事务厅开发的工具，包括行动纲领执行支助系统，以及会员国开发的工具，可用于评估《行动纲领》的执行进展情况，", "欣见联合国为执行《行动纲领》而进行的协调努力，包括开发行动纲领执行支助系统，作为推动在小武器和轻武器领域能力建设方面进行国际合作与援助的综合信息中心，", "考虑到在执行《行动纲领》时采取区域性做法的重要性，", "满意地注意到为支持执行《行动纲领》正在进行的区域和次区域努力，并赞赏这方面已经取得的进展，包括在处理与小武器和轻武器非法贸易有关的供求因素方面取得的进展，", "再次申明小武器和轻武器非法中介活动是国际社会应紧急处理的一个严重问题，", "确认非政府组织在协助各国执行《行动纲领》方面作出的努力，", "表示注意到秘书长的报告，[3] 其中综述了第65/64号决议的执行情况，", "1. 着重指出，要解决小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题，就要在国家、区域和国际各级作出协调一致的努力来防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器的非法制造、转让和流通，而小武器和轻武器在世界许多地区的肆意扩散产生多种人道主义和社会经济后果，在个人、地方、国家、区域和国际各级对和平、和解、安全、安保、稳定和可持续发展构成严重威胁；", "2. 鼓励旨在成功执行《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》¹ 的所有举措，包括联合国、其他国际组织、区域和次区域组织、非政府组织和民间社会的举措，并吁请所有会员国为继续在国家、区域和全球各级执行《行动纲领》作出贡献；", "3. 鼓励各国执行第60/81号决议所设审议在防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法中介活动方面加强国际合作的进一步步骤政府专家组报告中的建议；[4]", "4. 回顾其认可各国审议行动纲领执行情况的第四次双年度会议通过的报告，[5] 并鼓励所有国家酌情执行报告中题为“今后方针”的一节中重点提出的措施；", "5. 认可《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》执行情况不限成员名额政府专家会议通过的报告，[6] 并赞赏地注意到主席根据其职责编写的反映其对讨论要点的诠释的讨论摘要；[7]", "6. 决定，根据第65/64号决议，审议《行动纲领》执行进度第二次大会将于2012年8月27日至9月7日在纽约举行；", "7. 又决定，审议大会筹备委员会将于2012年3月19日至23日在纽约举行会议；", "8. 鼓励为建设有效执行《行动纲领》的国家能力而开展一切努力，包括各国第四次双年度会议报告重点提及的努力，包括加强国家协调机构或机关及体制基础设施；", "9. 鼓励各国在自愿基础上提交关于《行动纲领》执行情况的国家报告，[8] 注意到各国将在筹备委员会会议前并尽可能在2011年年底前提交关于《国际追查文书》执行情况的国家报告，[9] 并鼓励有能力采用裁军事务厅提供的报告模板[10] 的国家采用该报告模板，酌情在其中提供资料，说明执行各国第三次和第四次双年度会议报告重点提及的措施的进展情况；", "10. 又鼓励各国在自愿基础上更多地利用国家报告，将其作为另一项工具来交流援助需求以及可用来满足这类需求的资源和机制的信息，并鼓励有能力提供这类援助的国家利用这些国家报告；", "11. 鼓励有能力的国家、相关国际和区域组织以及民间社会应其他国家要求，与它们合作，协助它们编写关于《行动纲领》执行情况的综合报告；", "12. 吁请所有国家执行《国际追查文书》，具体做法包括在国家报告中提供本国联系机构的名称和联系资料，并在适用情况下提供关于本国用来表明生产国和(或)进口国的标识做法的资料；", "13. 确认，鉴于除其他以外小武器和轻武器对受影响国家造成的不良人道主义和社会经济后果，迫切需要根据《行动纲领》维护和加强国家管制，以防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器的非法贸易，包括将这些武器转给未经授权的接受方；", "14. 邀请各国在第二次审查大会上审议《行动纲领》的执行进展情况，并按照筹备委员会拟商定的会议议程，鼓励各国探索如何加强执行工作，包括考虑是否有可能再召开一次不限成员名额政府专家会议；", "15. 鼓励有能力的国家通过一个可应请求发放的自愿赞助基金，向原本无法出席关于《行动纲领》的会议的国家提供财政援助；", "16. 鼓励有能力的有关国家及相关国际和区域组织召开区域会议，审议和推动《行动纲领》和《国际追查文书》的执行工作，为关于《行动纲领》的会议做准备；", "17. 强调国际社会在国际合作和援助方面采取的举措仍然至关重要，而且是对各国以及区域和全球各级执行工作的补充；", "18. 鼓励各国考虑如何加强合作和援助并评估其效力，以确保《行动纲领》的执行；", "19. 确认尚无有效协调机制的有关国家有必要建立这一机制，以便将各国的需求同现有资源相匹配，从而加强《行动纲领》的执行，使国际合作和援助更加有效，并在这方面鼓励各国酌情使用行动纲领执行支助系统；", "20. 鼓励各国除其他机制外，考虑连贯一致地确定有哪些需求、优先事项、国家计划和方案需要由有能力的国家及区域和国际组织提供国际合作和援助；", "21. 鼓励民间社会和相关组织加强合作，在国家和区域两级同各国一起促进《行动纲领》的执行；", "22. 请秘书长就本决议的执行情况向大会第六十七届会议提出报告；", "23. 决定将题为“小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见《联合国小武器和轻武器非法贸易各方面问题大会的报告，2001年7月9日至20日，纽约》(A/CONF.192/15)，第四章，第24段。", "[2] A/60/88和Corr.2，附件；另见第60/519号决定。", "[3] A/66/177。", "[4] 见A/62/163和Corr.1。", "[5] 见A/CONF.192/BMS/2010/3，第四节，第23段。", "[6] A/CONF.192/MGE/2011/1。", "[7] A/66/157，附件。", "[8] 见《联合国小武器和轻武器非法贸易各方面问题大会的报告，2001年7月9日至20日，纽约》(A/CONF.192/15)，第四章(引文第二节，第33段)。", "[9] 见A/60/88和Corr.2，附件，第36段。", "[10] 可查阅http://www.poa-iss.org/reporting。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/47. The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/64 of 8 December 2010, as well as all previous resolutions entitled “The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects”, including resolution 56/24 V of 24 December 2001,", "Emphasizing the importance of the continued and full implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, adopted by the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,[1]", "Welcoming the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the Programme of Action, and recognizing its important contribution to international efforts on this matter,", "Emphasizing the importance of the continued and full implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (the International Tracing Instrument),[2]", "Recalling the commitment of States to the Programme of Action as the main framework for measures within the activities of the international community to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects,", "Underlining the need for States to enhance their efforts to build national capacity for the effective implementation of the Programme of Action and the International Tracing Instrument,", "Welcoming the Open-ended Meeting of Governmental Experts on the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, held in New York from 9 to 13 May 2011,", "Welcoming also the early designation of Nigeria as the Chair of the second conference to review progress made in the implementation of the Programme of Action, to be held in 2012, and of its preparatory committee,", "Stressing the importance of voluntary national reporting to follow up on the Programme of Action as a means of assessing overall implementation efforts, including implementation challenges and opportunities, and which could greatly facilitate the rendering of international cooperation and assistance to affected States,", "Noting that tools developed by the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat, including the Programme of Action Implementation Support System, and those developed by Member States could be used to assess progress made in the implementation of the Programme of Action,", "Welcoming the coordinated efforts within the United Nations to implement the Programme of Action, including by developing the Programme of Action Implementation Support System, which forms an integrated clearing house for international cooperation and assistance for capacity-building in the area of small arms and light weapons,", "Taking into account the importance of regional approaches to the implementation of the Programme of Action,", "Noting with satisfaction regional and subregional efforts being undertaken in support of the implementation of the Programme of Action, and commending the progress that has already been made in this regard, including tackling both supply and demand factors that are relevant to addressing the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons,", "Reiterating that illicit brokering in small arms and light weapons is a serious problem that the international community should address urgently,", "Recognizing the efforts undertaken by non-governmental organizations in the provision of assistance to States for the implementation of the Programme of Action,", "Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General,[3] which includes an overview of the implementation of resolution 65/64,", "1. Underlines the fact that the issue of the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects requires concerted efforts at the national, regional and international levels to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit manufacture, transfer and circulation of small arms and light weapons, and that their uncontrolled spread in many regions of the world has a wide range of humanitarian and socio‑economic consequences and poses a serious threat to peace, reconciliation, safety, security, stability and sustainable development at the individual, local, national, regional and international levels;", "2. Encourages all initiatives, including those of the United Nations, other international organizations, regional and subregional organizations, non‑governmental organizations and civil society, for the successful implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,¹ and calls upon all Member States to contribute towards the continued implementation of the Programme of Action at the national, regional and global levels;", "3. Encourages States to implement the recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to resolution 60/81 to consider further steps to enhance international cooperation in preventing, combating and eradicating illicit brokering in small arms and light weapons;[4]", "4. Recalls its endorsement of the report adopted at the fourth biennial meeting of States to consider the implementation of the Programme of Action,[5] and encourages all States to implement, as appropriate, the measures highlighted in the section of the report entitled “The way forward”;", "5. Endorses the report adopted at the Open-ended Meeting of Governmental Experts on the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,[6] and takes note with appreciation of the Chair’s summary of discussions,[7] prepared under his own responsibility, reflecting his interpretation of the main points under discussion;", "6. Decides that, pursuant to resolution 65/64, the second conference to review progress made in the implementation of the Programme of Action will be held in New York, from 27 August to 7 September 2012;", "7. Also decides that the preparatory committee for the review conference will be convened in New York, from 19 to 23 March 2012;", "8. Encourages all efforts to build national capacity for the effective implementation of the Programme of Action, including those highlighted in the report of the fourth biennial meeting of States, and, inter alia, through the strengthening of national coordination agencies or bodies and institutional infrastructure;", "9. Encourages States to submit, on a voluntary basis, national reports on their implementation of the Programme of Action,[8] notes that States will submit national reports on their implementation of the International Tracing Instrument,[9] in advance of the convening of the preparatory committee but, to the extent possible, by the end of 2011, and encourages those States in a position to do so to use the reporting template made available by the Office for Disarmament Affairs[10] and to include therein information, as appropriate, on progress made in the implementation of the measures highlighted in the reports of the third and fourth biennial meetings of States;", "10. Also encourages States, on a voluntary basis, to make increasing use of their national reports as another tool for communicating assistance needs and information on the resources and mechanisms available to address such needs, and encourages States in a position to render such assistance to make use of these national reports;", "11. Encourages States, relevant international and regional organizations and civil society with the capacity to do so to cooperate with and assist other States, upon request, in the preparation of comprehensive reports on their implementation of the Programme of Action;", "12. Calls upon all States to implement the International Tracing Instrument by, inter alia, including in their national reports the name and contact information of the national points of contact and information on national marking practices used to indicate country of manufacture and/or country of import, as applicable;", "13. Recognizes the urgent need to maintain and enhance national controls, in accordance with the Programme of Action, to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons, including their diversion to unauthorized recipients, taking into account, inter alia, their adverse humanitarian and socio-economic consequences on the affected States;", "14. Invites States, at the second review conference, to review progress made in the implementation of the Programme of Action, and, subject to the agenda of the conference to be agreed by the preparatory committee, encourages them to explore ways to strengthen its implementation, including consideration of the possibility of convening a further open-ended meeting of governmental experts;", "15. Encourages States in a position to do so to provide financial assistance, through a voluntary sponsorship fund, that could be distributed, upon request, to States otherwise unable to participate in meetings on the Programme of Action;", "16. Encourages interested States and relevant international and regional organizations in a position to do so to convene regional meetings to consider and advance the implementation of the Programme of Action, as well as the International Tracing Instrument, in preparation for the meetings on the Programme of Action;", "17. Emphasizes the fact that initiatives by the international community with respect to international cooperation and assistance remain essential and complementary to national implementation efforts, as well as to those at the regional and global levels;", "18. Encourages States to consider ways to enhance cooperation and assistance and to assess their effectiveness in order to ensure the implementation of the Programme of Action;", "19. Recognizes the necessity for interested States to develop effective coordination mechanisms, where they do not exist, in order to match the needs of States with existing resources to enhance the implementation of the Programme of Action and to make international cooperation and assistance more effective, and in this regard encourages States to make use, as appropriate, of the Programme of Action Implementation Support System;", "20. Encourages States to consider, among other mechanisms, the coherent identification of needs, priorities, national plans and programmes that may require international cooperation and assistance from States and regional and international organizations in a position to do so;", "21. Encourages civil society and relevant organizations to strengthen their cooperation and work with States at the respective national and regional levels to achieve the implementation of the Programme of Action;", "22. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution;", "23. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See Report of the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, New York, 9–20 July 2001 (A/CONF.192/15), chap. IV, para. 24.", "[2]  A/60/88 and Corr.2, annex; see also decision 60/519.", "[3]  A/66/177.", "[4]  See A/62/163 and Corr.1.", "[5]  See A/CONF.192/BMS/2010/3, sect. IV, para. 23.", "[6]  A/CONF.192/MGE/2011/1.", "[7]  A/66/157, annex.", "[8]  See Report of the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, New York, 9–20 July 2001 (A/CONF.192/15), chap. IV (sect. II, para. 33, of the quoted text).", "[9]  See A/60/88 and Corr.2, annex, para. 36.", "[10]  Available from www.poa-iss.org/reporting." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/47. The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/64 of 8 December 2010 and all its previous resolutions entitled “The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects”, including resolution 56/24 V of 24 December 2001,", "Emphasizing the importance of the continued and full implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, adopted by the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects [1],", "Welcoming the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the Programme of Action, and recognizing its significant contribution to international efforts in this regard,", "Emphasizing the importance of the continued and full implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (the International Tracing Instrument),[2]", "Recalling the commitment of States to the Programme of Action as the main framework for measures in the activities of the international community to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects,", "Stressing the need for States to strengthen their efforts to build national capacity for the effective implementation of the Programme of Action and the International Tracing Instrument,", "Welcoming the Open-ended Meeting of Governmental Experts on the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, held in New York from 9 to 13 May 2011,", "Welcoming also the early designation of Nigeria as Chair of the Second Conference to Review Progress Made in the Implementation of the Programme of Action and its Preparatory Committee, to be held in 2012,", "Stressing the need for voluntary national reports on the implementation of the Programme of Action in order to assess overall implementation efforts, including implementation challenges and opportunities, which could greatly facilitate the provision of international cooperation and assistance to affected States,", "Noting the tools developed by the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat, including the Programme of Action Implementation Support System, as well as those developed by Member States, for assessing progress in the implementation of the Programme of Action,", "Welcoming the coordinated efforts of the United Nations to implement the Programme of Action, including the development of the Programme of Action Implementation Support System, as a comprehensive clearing house for international cooperation and assistance for capacity-building in the area of small arms and light weapons,", "Considering the importance of a regional approach in the implementation of the Programme of Action,", "Noting with satisfaction ongoing regional and subregional efforts to support the implementation of the Programme of Action, and appreciating the progress that has been made in this regard, including in addressing supply and demand factors related to the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons,", "Reiterating that illicit brokering in small arms and light weapons is a serious problem that the international community should urgently address,", "Recognizing the efforts made by non-governmental organizations in the provision of assistance to States for the implementation of the Programme of Action,", "Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General,[3] which provides an overview of the implementation of resolution 65/64,", "Stresses that addressing the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects requires concerted efforts at the national, regional and international levels to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit manufacture, transfer and circulation of small arms and light weapons, and that their uncontrolled spread in many parts of the world has multiple humanitarian and socio-economic consequences and poses a serious threat to peace, reconciliation, safety, security, stability and sustainable development at the individual, local, national, regional and international levels;", "Encourages all initiatives, including those of the United Nations, other international organizations, regional and subregional organizations, non-governmental organizations and civil society, aimed at the successful implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,1 and calls upon all Member States to contribute to the continued implementation of the Programme of Action at the national, regional and global levels;", "3. Encourages States to implement the recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to resolution 60/81 to consider further steps to enhance international cooperation in preventing, combating and eradicating illicit brokering in small arms and light weapons;[4]", "Recalls its endorsement of the report adopted by the Fourth Biennial Meeting of States to Consider the Implementation of the Programme of Action,[5] and encourages all States to implement the measures highlighted in the section of the report entitled “The way forward”, as appropriate;", "5. Endorses the report adopted by the Open-ended Meeting of Governmental Experts on the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,[6] and takes note with appreciation of the summary of discussions prepared by the Chairman, in accordance with his mandate, reflecting his interpretation of the main points of discussion;[7]", "6. Decides that, in accordance with resolution 65/64, the Second Conference to Review Progress Made in the Implementation of the Programme of Action will be held in New York from 27 August to 7 September 2012;", "7. Also decides that the Preparatory Committee for the Review Conference will meet in New York from 19 to 23 March 2012;", "8. Encourages all efforts to build national capacity for the effective implementation of the Programme of Action, including those highlighted in the report of the Fourth Biennial Meeting of States, including the strengthening of national coordinating bodies or bodies and institutional infrastructure;", "9. Encourages States to submit, on a voluntary basis, national reports on the implementation of the Programme of Action,[8] notes that States will submit national reports on the implementation of the International Tracing Instrument in advance of the Preparatory Committee meetings and, to the extent possible, before the end of 2011,[9] and encourages the capacity to use the reporting template provided by the Office for Disarmament Affairs[8] 10] States to use the template for the report to provide, as appropriate, information on progress in the implementation of the measures highlighted in the report of the Third and Fourth Biennial Meetings of States;", "10. Also encourages States, on a voluntary basis, to make greater use of national reports as an additional tool for exchanging information on assistance needs and on resources and mechanisms available to meet such needs, and encourages States in a position to do so to make use of those national reports;", "11. Encourages States, relevant international and regional organizations and civil society in a position to do so to cooperate with and assist other States, upon their request, in the preparation of comprehensive reports on the implementation of the Programme of Action;", "12. Calls upon all States to implement the International Tracing Instrument by, inter alia, providing in their national reports the name and contact information of their national points of contact and, where applicable, information on their marking practices used to indicate country of manufacture and/or country of import;", "13. Recognizes the urgent need to maintain and strengthen national controls, in accordance with the Programme of Action, to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons, including their diversion to unauthorized recipients, given, inter alia, the adverse humanitarian and socio-economic consequences of small arms and light weapons on affected States;", "14. Invites States at the Second Review Conference to consider the progress made in the implementation of the Programme of Action and, in accordance with the agenda of the Conference to be agreed upon by the Preparatory Committee, encourages States to explore ways to enhance implementation, including by considering the possibility of convening an additional open-ended meeting of governmental experts;", "15. Encourages States in a position to do so to provide financial assistance through a voluntary sponsorship fund, which may be disbursed upon request, to States otherwise unable to attend meetings on the Programme of Action;", "16. Encourages interested States and relevant international and regional organizations in a position to do so to convene regional meetings to consider and promote the implementation of the Programme of Action and the International Tracing Instrument in preparation for meetings on the Programme of Action;", "17. Emphasizes that initiatives by the international community with regard to international cooperation and assistance remain essential and complementary to national implementation efforts, as well as to those at the regional and global levels;", "Encourages States to consider ways to enhance cooperation and assistance and to assess their effectiveness in order to ensure the implementation of the Programme of Action;", "19. Recognizes the need for interested States that have not yet done so to establish an effective coordination mechanism to match the needs of States with available resources in order to strengthen the implementation of the Programme of Action and to make international cooperation and assistance more effective, and in this regard encourages States to make use of the Programme of Action Implementation Support System, as appropriate;", "Encourages States to consider, among other mechanisms, the consistent identification of needs, priorities, national plans and programmes requiring international cooperation and assistance from States and regional and international organizations in a position to do so;", "Encourages civil society and relevant organizations to enhance their cooperation in promoting the implementation of the Programme of Action with States at the national and regional levels;", "22. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] See Report of the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, New York, 9-20 July 2001 (A/CONF.192/15), chap. IV, para. 24.", "[2] A/60/88 and Corr.2, annex; see also decision 60/519.", "[3] A/66/177.", "[4] See A/62/163 and Corr.1.", "[5] See A/CONF.192/BMS/2010/3, sect. IV, para.", "[6] A/CONF.192/MGE/2011/1.", "[7] A/66/157, annex.", "[8] See Report of the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, New York, 9-20 July 2001 (A/CONF.192/15), chap.", "[9] See A/60/88 and Corr.2, annex, para. 36.", "[10] Available from http://www.poa-iss.org/reporting." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/48. 减少核危险", "大会，", "铭记核武器的使用对人类和文明的存续构成最严重的威胁，", "重申使用或威胁使用核武器的任何行为都违反《联合国宪章》，", "深信核武器所有方面的扩散都会大大增加核战争的危险，", "又深信核裁军和彻底消除核武器对于消除核战争的危险是必不可少的，", "考虑到在核武器不再存在之前，核武器国家必须采取措施，向无核武器国家保证不对它们使用或威胁使用核武器，", "又考虑到核武器处于一触即发的备战状态带有非蓄意或意外使用核武器这种不可接受的危险，会对全人类产生灾难性的后果，", "强调有必要采取措施，避免发生因计算机失常或其他技术故障造成意外、未经授权或无法解释的事件，", "意识到核武器国家已经采取解除待命状态和不再瞄准目标的有限步骤，但有必要进一步采取切实、实际和相互加强的步骤来促进改善导致消除核武器的谈判的国际气候，", "念及逐步降低核武器在核武器国家安全政策中的作用会对国际和平与安全产生积极的影响，并改善进一步裁减和消除核武器的条件，", "再次申明大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》[1] 和国际社会将核裁军置于最高优先地位，", "回顾国际法院关于“以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性”的咨询意见[2] 指出，所有国家都有义务真诚地进行和完成导致在严格有效的国际监督下进行所有方面的核裁军的谈判，", "又回顾《联合国千年宣言》[3] 呼吁设法消除大规模毁灭性武器构成的危险，以及决心努力消除大规模毁灭性武器，特别是核武器，包括可能召开国际会议以找出消除核危险的办法，", "1. 呼吁审查核理论，并在这方面立刻采取紧急步骤，包括核武器解除待命状态和不再瞄准目标的步骤，减少非蓄意和意外使用核武器的危险；", "2. 请五个核武器国家采取措施，执行上文第1段的规定；", "3. 吁请会员国采取必要措施，防止核武器所有方面的扩散，并促进核裁军，以达到消除核武器的目标；", "4. 注意到秘书长依照大会2010年12月8日第65/60号决议第5段提交的报告；[4]", "5. 请秘书长加紧努力并支持有助于充分执行裁军事项咨询委员会报告中提出的大幅减少核战争危险的七项建议[5] 的行动，并且继续鼓励会员国考虑依照《联合国千年宣言》³ 的建议，召开一次国际会议以找出消除核危险的办法，并就此向大会第六十七届会议提出报告；", "6. 决定将题为“减少核危险”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] S-10/2号决议。", "[2] A/51/218，附件；另见《以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性，咨询意见，1996年国际法院案例汇编》，英文本第226页。", "[3] 见第55/2号决议。", "[4] A/66/132和Add.1。", "[5] 见A/56/400，第3段。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/48. Reducing nuclear danger", "The General Assembly,", "Bearing in mind that the use of nuclear weapons poses the most serious threat to mankind and to the survival of civilization,", "Reaffirming that any use or threat of use of nuclear weapons would constitute a violation of the Charter of the United Nations,", "Convinced that the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all its aspects would seriously enhance the danger of nuclear war,", "Convinced also that nuclear disarmament and the complete elimination of nuclear weapons are essential to remove the danger of nuclear war,", "Considering that, until nuclear weapons cease to exist, it is imperative on the part of the nuclear-weapon States to adopt measures that assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons,", "Considering also that the hair-trigger alert of nuclear weapons carries unacceptable risks of unintentional or accidental use of nuclear weapons, which would have catastrophic consequences for all mankind,", "Emphasizing the need to adopt measures to avoid accidental, unauthorized or unexplained incidents arising from computer anomaly or other technical malfunctions,", "Conscious that limited steps relating to de-alerting and de-targeting have been taken by the nuclear-weapon States and that further practical, realistic and mutually reinforcing steps are necessary to contribute to the improvement in the international climate for negotiations leading to the elimination of nuclear weapons,", "Mindful that a diminishing role for nuclear weapons in the security policies of nuclear-weapon States would positively impact on international peace and security and improve the conditions for the further reduction and the elimination of nuclear weapons,", "Reiterating the highest priority accorded to nuclear disarmament in the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly[1] and by the international community,", "Recalling the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons[2] that there exists an obligation for all States to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control,", "Recalling also the call in the United Nations Millennium Declaration[3] to seek to eliminate the dangers posed by weapons of mass destruction and the resolve to strive for the elimination of weapons of mass destruction, particularly nuclear weapons, including the possibility of convening an international conference to identify ways of eliminating nuclear dangers,", "1. Calls for a review of nuclear doctrines and, in this context, immediate and urgent steps to reduce the risks of unintentional and accidental use of nuclear weapons, including through de-alerting and de-targeting nuclear weapons;", "2. Requests the five nuclear-weapon States to take measures towards the implementation of paragraph 1 above;", "3. Calls upon Member States to take the necessary measures to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all its aspects and to promote nuclear disarmament, with the objective of eliminating nuclear weapons;", "4. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to paragraph 5 of its resolution 65/60 of 8 December 2010;[4]", "5. Requests the Secretary-General to intensify efforts and support initiatives that would contribute towards the full implementation of the seven recommendations identified in the report of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters that would significantly reduce the risk of nuclear war,[5] and also to continue to encourage Member States to consider the convening of an international conference, as proposed in the United Nations Millennium Declaration,³ to identify ways of eliminating nuclear dangers, and to report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Reducing nuclear danger”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[2]  A/51/218, annex; see also Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226.", "[3]  See resolution 55/2.", "[4]  A/66/132 and Add.1.", "[5]  See A/56/400, para. 3." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/48. Reducing nuclear danger", "The General Assembly,", "Bearing in mind that the use of nuclear weapons poses the most serious threat to mankind and to the survival of civilization,", "Reaffirming that any use or threat of use of nuclear weapons would constitute a violation of the Charter of the United Nations,", "Convinced that the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all its aspects would seriously enhance the danger of nuclear war,", "Convinced also that nuclear disarmament and the complete elimination of nuclear weapons are essential to remove the danger of nuclear war,", "Considering that, until nuclear weapons cease to exist, it is imperative on the part of the nuclear-weapon States to adopt measures that assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons,", "Considering also that the hair-trigger alert of nuclear weapons carries unacceptable risks of unintentional or accidental use of nuclear weapons, which would have catastrophic consequences for all mankind,", "Emphasizing the need to take measures to avoid accidental, unauthorized or unexplained incidents arising from computer anomaly or other technical malfunctions,", "Conscious that limited steps relating to de-alerting and de-targeting have been taken by the nuclear-weapon States and that further practical, practical and mutually reinforcing steps are necessary to contribute to the improvement in the international climate for negotiations leading to the elimination of nuclear weapons,", "Mindful that a diminishing role for nuclear weapons in the security policies of nuclear-weapon States would positively impact on international peace and security and improve the conditions for the further reduction and the elimination of nuclear weapons,", "Reiterating the highest priority accorded to nuclear disarmament in the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly [1] and by the international community,", "Recalling the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, which states that there exists an obligation for all States to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control,", "Recalling also the call in the United Nations Millennium Declaration[3] to seek to eliminate the dangers posed by weapons of mass destruction and the resolve to strive for the elimination of weapons of mass destruction, in particular nuclear weapons, including the possibility of convening an international conference to identify ways of eliminating nuclear dangers,", "1. Calls for a review of nuclear doctrines and, in this context, immediate and urgent steps to reduce the risks of unintentional and accidental use of nuclear weapons, including de-alerting and de-targeting of nuclear weapons;", "2. Requests the five nuclear-weapon States to take measures towards the implementation of paragraph 1 above;", "Calls upon Member States to take the necessary measures to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all its aspects and to promote nuclear disarmament, with the objective of eliminating nuclear weapons;", "4. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to paragraph 5 of General Assembly resolution 65/60 of 8 December 2010;[4]", "5. Requests the Secretary-General to intensify efforts and support initiatives that would contribute towards the full implementation of the seven recommendations identified in the report of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters that would significantly reduce the risk of nuclear war, and also to continue to encourage Member States to consider convening an international conference, as recommended in the United Nations Millennium Declaration,3 to identify ways of eliminating nuclear dangers, and to report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Reducing nuclear danger”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] Resolution S-10/2.", "[2] A/51/218, annex; see also Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226.", "[3] See resolution 55/2.", "[4] A/66/132 and Add.1.", "[5] See A/56/400, para." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/49. 遵守不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定和承诺", "大会，", "回顾其2008年12月2日第63/59号决议以及关于这一问题的其他相关决议，", "确认所有会员国一向关心确保它们参加的条约和其他国际法文书规定的权利和义务得到尊重的问题，", "深信会员国信守《联合国宪章》，遵守它们参加的不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定及其他商定义务，对于区域和全球和平、安全和稳定至关重要，", "强调缔约国不遵守这些协定和其他商定义务不仅对缔约国的安全产生不利影响，也会对依赖这些协定规定的限制和承诺的其他国家带来安全风险，", "又强调，不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定以及其他商定义务要继续存在并发挥效力，这些协定就要得到充分的遵守和执行，", "关切一些国家不遵守其义务，", "注意到核查和遵守以及以符合《宪章》的方式强制执行是相辅相成的，", "确认国家、区域和国际社会拥有有效开展此类核查、遵守和强制执行工作的能力至关重要，", "又确认各国全面遵守各自全部的不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定和它们承诺的其他商定义务有助于努力防止违反国际义务发展和扩散大规模毁灭性武器、有关技术和运载工具，并有助于不让非国家行为体获得此类能力，", "1. 着重指出遵守不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定以及其他商定义务有助于增强信心，加强国际安全和稳定；", "2. 敦促所有国家充分履行和遵守各自的义务；", "3. 欣见所有国家努力酌情开拓其他合作领域，以增强对遵守现有各项不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定和承诺的信心，减少误解和误会的可能性；", "4. 吁请所有会员国鼓励适当协助请求援助的国家，并吁请能够提供协助的会员国这样做，以便提高请求援助的国家充分履行其义务的能力；", "5. 吁请会员国以符合相关协定和国际法的方式,支持旨在解决有关遵守问题的努力；", "6. 欢迎联合国在恢复某些军备限制和裁军及不扩散协定的完整和促成关于这些协定的谈判以及消除对和平的威胁方面已经发挥和继续发挥的作用；", "7. 吁请所有有关国家以符合相关国际法的方式统一采取行动，通过双边和多边途径鼓励所有国家遵守各自的不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定以及其他商定义务，并以符合《联合国宪章》的方式追究不遵守此类协定者的责任；", "8. 敦促目前未遵守各自义务和承诺的国家作出重新遵守的战略决定；", "9. 鼓励所有国家、联合国和其他国际组织根据各自的任务规定作出努力，以符合《宪章》的方式努力采取行动，防止一些国家通过不遵守其现有的不扩散、军备限制和裁军义务严重损害国际安全和稳定；", "10. 决定将题为“遵守不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定和承诺”的项目列入大会第六十九届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/49. Compliance with non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and commitments", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 63/59 of 2 December 2008 and other relevant resolutions on the question,", "Recognizing the abiding concern of all Member States for ensuring respect for the rights and obligations arising from treaties to which they are parties and from other sources of international law,", "Convinced that observance by Member States of the Charter of the United Nations and compliance with non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements to which they are parties and with other agreed obligations are essential for regional and global peace, security and stability,", "Stressing that failure by States parties to comply with such agreements and with other agreed obligations not only adversely affects the security of States parties but also can create security risks for other States relying on the constraints and commitments stipulated in those agreements,", "Stressing also that the viability and effectiveness of non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and of other agreed obligations require that those agreements be fully complied with and enforced,", "Concerned by non-compliance by some States with their respective obligations,", "Noting that verification and compliance, and enforcement in a manner consistent with the Charter, are integrally related,", "Recognizing the importance of and support for effective national, regional and international capacities for such verification, compliance and enforcement,", "Recognizing also that full compliance by States with all their respective non‑proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and with other agreed obligations they have undertaken contributes to efforts to prevent the development and proliferation, contrary to international obligations, of weapons of mass destruction, related technologies and means of delivery, as well as to efforts to deny non-State actors access to such capabilities,", "1. Underscores the contribution that compliance with non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and with other agreed obligations makes to enhancing confidence and to strengthening international security and stability;", "2. Urges all States to implement and to comply fully with their respective obligations;", "3. Welcomes efforts by all States to pursue additional areas of cooperation, as appropriate, that can increase confidence in compliance with existing non‑proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and commitments and reduce the possibility of misinterpretation and misunderstanding;", "4. Calls upon all Member States to encourage and, for those States in a position to do so, to appropriately assist States which request assistance to increase their capacity to implement fully their obligations;", "5. Calls upon Member States to support efforts aimed at the resolution of compliance questions by means consistent with such agreements and with international law;", "6. Welcomes the role that the United Nations has played and continues to play in restoring the integrity of, and fostering negotiations on, certain arms limitation and disarmament and non-proliferation agreements and in the removal of threats to peace;", "7. Calls upon all concerned States to take concerted action, in a manner consistent with relevant international law, to encourage, through bilateral and multilateral means, the compliance by all States with their respective non‑proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and with other agreed obligations, and to hold those not in compliance with such agreements accountable for their non-compliance in a manner consistent with the Charter of the United Nations;", "8. Urges those States not currently in compliance with their respective obligations and commitments to make the strategic decision to come back into compliance;", "9. Encourages efforts by all States, the United Nations and other international organizations, pursuant to their respective mandates, to take action, consistent with the Charter, to prevent serious damage to international security and stability arising from non-compliance by States with their existing non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament obligations;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-ninth session an item entitled “Compliance with non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and commitments”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/49. Compliance with non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and commitments", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 63/59 of 2 December 2008 and other relevant resolutions on the question,", "Recognizing the continuing interest of all Member States in ensuring respect for the rights and obligations arising from treaties to which they are parties and other instruments of international law,", "Convinced that adherence by Member States to the Charter of the United Nations and compliance with non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements to which they are parties and with other agreed obligations are essential for regional and global peace, security and stability,", "Emphasizing that non-compliance by States parties with those agreements and other agreed obligations not only adversely affects the security of States parties but also poses security risks to other States that rely on the restrictions and commitments provided for in those agreements,", "Stressing also that the survival and effectiveness of non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and other agreed obligations require that such agreements be fully respected and implemented,", "Concerned at the non-compliance by some States with their obligations,", "Noting that verification and compliance and enforcement in a manner consistent with the Charter are mutually reinforcing,", "Recognizing the importance of national, regional and international capacities for effective verification, compliance and enforcement,", "Recognizing also that full compliance by States with all their respective non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and other agreed obligations to which they are party contributes to efforts to prevent the development and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, related technologies and means of delivery contrary to international obligations and to deny non-State actors access to such capabilities,", "1. Underlines that compliance with non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and other agreed obligations contributes to enhancing confidence and international security and stability;", "2. Urges all States to implement and comply fully with their respective obligations;", "3. Welcomes efforts by all States to explore additional areas of cooperation, as appropriate, in order to increase confidence in compliance with existing non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and commitments and to reduce the possibility of misunderstanding and misunderstanding;", "4. Calls upon all Member States to encourage appropriate assistance to States requesting assistance, and calls upon Member States in a position to do so to enhance the capacity of States requesting assistance to meet their obligations fully;", "5. Calls upon Member States to support efforts aimed at resolving compliance issues in a manner consistent with relevant agreements and international law;", "Welcomes the role that the United Nations has played and continues to play in restoring the integrity of and facilitating negotiations on certain arms limitation and disarmament and non-proliferation agreements and in removing threats to peace;", "7. Calls upon all States concerned to act in a unified manner, in conformity with relevant international law, to encourage, through bilateral and multilateral means, the compliance of all States with their respective non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and other agreed obligations, and to hold those who do not comply with such agreements accountable in a manner consistent with the Charter of the United Nations;", "Urges States currently in non-compliance with their respective obligations and commitments to make strategic decisions to return to compliance;", "9. Encourages efforts by all States, the United Nations and other international organizations, in accordance with their respective mandates, to take action, consistent with the Charter, to prevent serious damage to international security and stability arising from non-compliance by some States with their existing non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament obligations;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-ninth session the item entitled “Compliance with non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and commitments”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/50. 防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器的措施", "大会，", "回顾其2010年12月8日第65/62号决议，", "确认大会和安全理事会各项有关决议表明国际社会决心打击恐怖主义，", "深为关切恐怖主义与大规模毁灭性武器之间发生联系的危险日益增长，特别是恐怖分子会设法获取大规模毁灭性武器，", "认识到各国为实施安全理事会2004年4月28日通过的关于不扩散大规模毁灭性武器的第1540(2004)号决议所采取的措施，", "回顾《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》[1] 于2007年7月7日生效，", "又回顾2005年7月8日国际原子能机构以协商一致方式通过关于加强《核材料实物保护公约》[2] 的修正案，", "注意到2009年7月11日至16日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十五次不结盟国家运动国家元首和政府首脑会议的《最后文件》[3] 表示支持采取措施，防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器，", "又注意到八国集团、欧洲联盟、东南亚国家联盟区域论坛和其他方面在其审议中考虑到恐怖分子有可能获取大规模毁灭性武器所带来的种种危险，和展开国际合作与之进行斗争的必要性，并注意到俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国已经联合启动了打击核恐怖主义全球倡议，", "还注意到2010年4月12日和13日在哥伦比亚特区华盛顿举行了核安全问题首脑会议，", "注意到2011年9月22日在纽约举行了核安全与核保安问题高级别会议，", "承认裁军事项咨询委员会对恐怖主义和大规模毁灭性武器所涉问题进行的审议，[4]", "表示注意到国际原子能机构大会第五十五届常会通过的相关决议，[5]", "又表示注意到2005年9月大会高级别全体会议通过的《2005年世界首脑会议成果》[6] 和2006年9月8日通过的《联合国全球反恐战略》，[7]", "还表示注意到秘书长根据第65/62号决议第5段提交的报告，[8]", "念及迫切需要在联合国框架内，通过国际合作处理对人类的这一威胁，", "强调迫切需要在裁军和不扩散领域取得进展，以维护国际和平与安全，推动全球打击恐怖主义的努力，", "1. 吁请全体会员国支持防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具的国际努力；", "2. 呼吁全体会员国考虑早日加入和批准《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》；¹", "3. 敦促全体会员国酌情采取和加强国家措施，以防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器、其运载工具以及与其制造有关的材料和技术；", "4. 鼓励会员国之间以及会员国与有关区域组织和国际组织之间相互合作，以加强各国在这方面的能力；", "5. 请秘书长编写一份报告，说明国际组织在打击恐怖主义与大规模毁灭性武器扩散之间的联系问题上已经采取的措施，并就消除恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器构成的全球威胁的其他相关措施，包括由各国采取的措施，征求会员国的意见，向大会第六十七届会议提出报告；", "6. 决定将题为“防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器的措施”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第2445卷，第44004号。", "[2] 同上，第1456卷，第24631号。", "[3] 见A/63/965-S/2009/514，附件。", "[4] 见A/59/361。", "[5] 见国际原子能机构，《大会决议和其他决定，第五十五届常会，2011年9月19日至23日》(GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011))。", "[6] 见第60/1号决议。", "[7] 第60/288号决议。", "[8] A/66/115和Add.1。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/50. Measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/62 of 8 December 2010,", "Recognizing the determination of the international community to combat terrorism, as evidenced in relevant General Assembly and Security Council resolutions,", "Deeply concerned by the growing risk of linkages between terrorism and weapons of mass destruction, and in particular by the fact that terrorists may seek to acquire weapons of mass destruction,", "Cognizant of the steps taken by States to implement Security Council resolution 1540 (2004) on the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, adopted on 28 April 2004,", "Recalling the entry into force on 7 July 2007 of the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism,[1]", "Recalling also the adoption, by consensus, of amendments to strengthen the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material[2] by the International Atomic Energy Agency on 8 July 2005,", "Noting the support expressed in the final document of the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, which was held in Sharm el‑Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009,[3] for measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction,", "Noting also that the Group of Eight, the European Union, the Regional Forum of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and others have taken into account in their deliberations the dangers posed by the likely acquisition by terrorists of weapons of mass destruction and the need for international cooperation in combating it, and that the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism has been launched jointly by the Russian Federation and the United States of America,", "Noting further the holding of the Nuclear Security Summit on 12 and 13 April 2010 in Washington, D.C.,", "Noting the holding of the High-level Meeting on Nuclear Safety and Security, in New York on 22 September 2011,", "Acknowledging the consideration of issues relating to terrorism and weapons of mass destruction by the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters,[4]", "Taking note of the relevant resolutions adopted by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its fifty-fifth regular session,[5]", "Taking note also of the 2005 World Summit Outcome adopted at the high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly in September 2005[6] and the adoption of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy on 8 September 2006,[7]", "Taking note further of the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to paragraph 5 of resolution 65/62,[8]", "Mindful of the urgent need for addressing, within the United Nations framework and through international cooperation, this threat to humanity,", "Emphasizing that progress is urgently needed in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation in order to maintain international peace and security and to contribute to global efforts against terrorism,", "1. Calls upon all Member States to support international efforts to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery;", "2. Appeals to all Member States to consider early accession to and ratification of the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism;¹", "3. Urges all Member States to take and strengthen national measures, as appropriate, to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery and materials and technologies related to their manufacture;", "4. Encourages cooperation among and between Member States and relevant regional and international organizations for strengthening national capacities in this regard;", "5. Requests the Secretary-General to compile a report on measures already taken by international organizations on issues relating to the linkage between the fight against terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and to seek the views of Member States on additional relevant measures, including national measures, for tackling the global threat posed by the acquisition by terrorists of weapons of mass destruction and to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2445, No. 44004.", "[2]  Ibid., vol. 1456, No. 24631.", "[3]  See A/63/965‑S/2009/514, annex.", "[4]  See A/59/361.", "[5]  See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Fifty-fifth Regular Session, 19–23 September 2011 (GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011)).", "[6]  See resolution 60/1.", "[7]  Resolution 60/288.", "[8]  A/66/115 and Add.1." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/50. Measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/62 of 8 December 2010,", "Recognizing the determination of the international community to combat terrorism, as evidenced in relevant General Assembly and Security Council resolutions,", "Deeply concerned by the growing risk of linkages between terrorism and weapons of mass destruction, in particular as terrorists seek to acquire weapons of mass destruction,", "Recognizing the steps taken by States to implement Security Council resolution 1540 (2004) on the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, adopted on 28 April 2004,", "Recalling the entry into force on 7 July 2007 of the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism,", "Recalling also the adoption, by consensus, of amendments to strengthen the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material by the International Atomic Energy Agency on 8 July 2005,", "Noting the support expressed in the Final Document of the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009, for measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction,", "Noting also that the Group of Eight, the European Union, the Regional Forum of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and others have taken into account in their deliberations the dangers posed by the possible acquisition by terrorists of weapons of mass destruction and the need for international cooperation to combat it, and that the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism has been launched jointly by the Russian Federation and the United States of America,", "Noting further the Nuclear Security Summit held in Washington, D.C., on 12 and 13 April 2010,", "Noting the high-level meeting on nuclear safety and security held in New York on 22 September 2011,", "Acknowledging the consideration of issues related to terrorism and weapons of mass destruction by the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, [4]", "Taking note of the relevant resolutions adopted by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its fifty-fifth regular session, [5]", "Taking note also of the 2005 World Summit Outcome adopted at the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly in September 2005 [6] and the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy adopted on 8 September 2006, [7]", "Taking note further of the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to paragraph 5 of resolution 65/62,[8]", "Mindful of the urgent need for addressing, within the framework of the United Nations and through international cooperation, this threat to humanity,", "Emphasizing that progress is urgently needed in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation in order to maintain international peace and security and to contribute to global efforts against terrorism,", "1. Calls upon all Member States to support international efforts to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery;", "Appeals to all Member States to consider early accession to and ratification of the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism;1", "3. Urges all Member States to take and strengthen national measures, as appropriate, to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery and materials and technologies related to their manufacture;", "4. Encourages cooperation among and between Member States and relevant regional and international organizations in order to strengthen national capacities in this regard;", "5. Requests the Secretary-General to compile a report on measures already taken by international organizations on the linkage between the fight against terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and to seek the views of Member States on other relevant measures, including national measures, to address the global threat posed by the acquisition by terrorists of weapons of mass destruction and to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2445, No. 4404.", "[2] Ibid., vol. 1456, No. 24631.", "[3] See A/63/965-S/2009/514, annex.", "[4] See A/59/361.", "[5] See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Fifty-fifth Regular Session, 19-23 September 2011 (GC(55)/RES/DEC (2011)).", "[6] See resolution 60/1.", "[7] Resolution 60/288.", "[8] A/66/115 and Add.1." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/51. 核裁军", "大会，", "回顾其关于逐步减少核威胁的1994年12月15日第49/75E号决议以及关于核裁军的1995年12月12日第50/70P号、1996年12月10日第51/45 O号、1997年12月9日第52/38L号、1998年12月4日第53/77X号、1999年12月1日第54/54P号、2000年11月20日第55/33T号、2001年11月29日第56/24R号、2002年11月22日第57/79号、2003年12月8日第58/56号、2004年12月3日第59/77号、2005年12月8日第60/70号、2006年12月6日第61/78号、2007年12月5日第62/42号、2008年12月2日第63/46号、2009年12月2日第64/53号和2010年12月8日第65/56号决议，", "重申国际社会承诺实现全面消除核武器和建立一个无核武器世界的目标，", "铭记1972年《禁止细菌(生物)及毒素武器的发展、生产和储存以及销毁这类武器的公约》[1] 和1993年《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》[2] 已分别建立了彻底禁止生物武器和化学武器的法律制度，并决心订立关于禁止发展、试验、生产、储存、出借、转让、使用和威胁使用核武器及销毁此种武器的核武器公约，并早日缔结这样一项国际公约，", "确认现在已具备建立一个无核武器世界的条件，强调需为实现该目标采取具体切实的步骤，", "铭记大会第十届特别会议，即第一届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议《最后文件》[3] 第50段呼吁紧急进行谈判，以便达成协议，停止在质量上改善和发展核武器系统，制订一项分阶段进行并带有商定时限的综合方案，逐步而均衡地裁减核武器及其运载工具，并尽早最终完全消除这种武器，", "重申《不扩散核武器条约》[4] 的缔约国坚信，该《条约》是核不扩散和核裁军的基石，并重申不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会通过的关于加强《条约》审议进程的决定、关于核不扩散和裁军的原则与目标的决定、关于延长《条约》期限的决定和关于中东的决议[5] 的重要性，", "强调缔约国在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会的《最后文件》中商定的有系统并循序渐进地努力实现通往全面消除核武器的核裁军目标的十三个步骤[6] 至关重要，", "确认不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会所做的重要工作，[7] 并申明其行动计划可以推动大力开展工作，争取为缔结一项核武器公约开始谈判，", "再次申明大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》和国际社会都把核裁军列为最高优先事项，", "再次呼吁《全面禁止核试验条约》[8] 早日生效，", "表示注意到《俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国新裁减战略武器条约》的生效，据此可进一步大力削减两国的战略战术核武器，并强调这种削减应当是不可逆转、可核查和透明的，", "回顾《美利坚合众国和俄罗斯联邦关于削减进攻性战略武器条约》(《莫斯科条约》)[9] 的生效，这是两国朝着削减已部署的战略核武器方向迈出的一大步，同时呼吁它们进一步不可逆转地大幅度削减其核武库，", "注意到核武器国家发表积极声明，表示它们有意采取行动，实现一个无核武器的世界，同时重申核武器国家应立即采取具体行动，以期在规定的时限内达到这一目标，并敦促它们采取进一步措施，推动核裁军取得进展，", "确认关于核裁军的双边、诸边和多边谈判是相辅相成的，而且，在这方面，双边谈判绝不能取代多边谈判，", "注意到有关方面在裁军谈判会议和大会上表示支持制订一项国际公约，保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器，并注意到在裁军谈判会议上为早日就这样一项国际公约达成协议作出的多边努力，", "回顾国际法院1996年7月8日发表的关于“以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性”的咨询意见，[10] 并欢迎法院全体法官一致重申，所有国家都有义务继续真诚地展开和完成谈判，以期在严格有效的国际监督下实现所有方面的核裁军，", "念及2009年4月27日至30日在哈瓦那举行的不结盟运动协调局部长级会议《最后文件》[11] 第102段，", "回顾2009年7月11日至16日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十五次不结盟国家运动国家元首和政府首脑会议《最后文件》[12] 第112段和其他相关建议，其中吁请裁军谈判会议尽快最优先设立一个核裁军特设委员会，就一项规定时限的全面消除核武器分阶段方案，包括一项核武器公约开始谈判，", "注意到裁军谈判会议在经过多年僵局之后，于2009年5月29日通过了2009年届会工作方案，[13] 同时遗憾地注意到，谈判会议未能就其2011年议程开展实质性的工作，", "重申裁军谈判会议作为唯一的裁军问题多边谈判论坛的重要性和有效性，并表示需要在其议程基础上，通过和执行全面、平衡的工作方案，并依照议事规则，[14] 除其他外，处理四个核心问题，同时顾及所有国家对安全问题的关切，", "又重申大会1998年9月8日第52/492号决定赋予裁军审议委员会的具体任务是讨论作为其主要实质性议程项目之一的核裁军议题，", "回顾各国国家元首和政府首脑在《联合国千年宣言》[15] 中决心力争消除大规模毁灭性武器，特别是核武器，并选用一切可行办法来实现这个目标，包括可能召开一次国际会议，以确定消除核危险的途径，", "又回顾2011年5月23日至27日在印度尼西亚巴厘召开的第十六次不结盟国家运动部长级会议暨纪念会议通过的“彻底销毁核武器的声明”，其中不结盟运动再次呼吁召开一次国际会议，以尽早查明消除核武器的方法和手段，[16]", "重申根据《联合国宪章》的规定，各国在解决国际关系的争端时应避免使用或威胁使用核武器，", "深知恐怖主义行为中使用大规模毁灭性武器特别是核武器的危险，迫切需要作出协调一致的国际努力来控制和解决这一问题，", "1. 确认现在正是所有核武器国家采取有效裁军措施来尽早全面消除核武器的合适时机；", "2. 重申核裁军和核不扩散两者密切相关、相辅相成，这两个过程必须齐头并进，而且确实需要一个有系统和循序渐进的核裁军过程；", "3. 欢迎并鼓励世界不同区域根据本区域各国自由达成的协定或安排建立新的无核武器区的努力，这是防范核武器进一步扩散的有效措施，有助于推进核裁军事业；", "4. 欢迎东南亚国家联盟成员国与核武器国家当前进行的努力，鼓励核武器国家尽早签署《东南亚无核武器区条约》[17] 的《议定书》；", "5. 确认确实有必要削弱核武器在战略学说和安全政策中的作用，以期将使用核武器的危险降至最低程度，并促进彻底消除核武器的进程；", "6. 敦促核武器国家立即停止在质量上改进、发展、生产和储存核弹头及其运载系统；", "7. 又敦促核武器国家，作为临时措施，立即解除其核武器的戒备和待发状态，并采取其他具体措施，进一步降低其核武器系统的备战状态，同时强调部署的减少和备战状态的降低不能替代以不可逆转的方式削减和全面消除核武器；", "8. 再次吁请核武器国家逐步减少核威胁，并执行有效的核裁军措施，以便在规定的时限内全面消除此种武器；", "9. 吁请核武器国家在实现全面消除核武器之前，商定一项共同保证不首先使用核武器的具有国际和法律约束力的文书，并吁请所有国家缔结一项具有国际和法律约束力的关于不对无核武器国家使用和威胁使用核武器的安全保证文书；", "10. 敦促核武器国家在适当阶段就进一步大幅裁减核武器作为一项核裁军的有效措施展开诸边谈判；", "11. 强调对核裁军进程以及核武器和其他有关军备的控制及裁减措施适用透明、不可逆转和可核查原则的重要性；", "12. 又强调至关重要的是核武器国家在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会的《最后文件》中明确保证，要实现所有缔约国根据《条约》第六条所承诺的彻底消除核武库进而实现核裁军的目标，⁶ 并强调缔约国重申，彻底消除核武器是防止使用或威胁使用核武器的唯一绝对保证；[18]", "13. 呼吁全面、有效地实施2000年审议大会的《最后文件》所列实现核裁军的十三个实际步骤；⁶", "14. 又呼吁全面实施关于落实不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会《最后文件》的结论和后续行动建议中提出的行动计划，特别是二十二点核裁军行动计划；⁷", "15. 敦促核武器国家根据单方面的主动行动，并作为核武器削减和裁军进程不可分割的组成部分，进一步削减非战略性核武器；", "16. 呼吁裁军谈判会议根据特别协调员的报告[19] 及其中所载任务规定，立即就一项禁止生产用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料的非歧视性、多边和可进行有效国际核查的条约展开谈判；", "17. 敦促裁军谈判会议在2012年届会期间，在全面、平衡的工作方案的基础上尽早开展实质性工作，该工作方案要考虑到裁军和军备控制领域的所有真正的现有优先事项，包括立即开始就一项这方面的条约进行谈判，以期在五年内订立条约；", "18. 呼吁缔结一项或多项关于向无核武器国家提供充分和无条件的安全保证的国际法律文书；", "19. 又呼吁《全面禁止核试验条约》⁸ 早日生效并得到严格遵守；", "20. 表示遗憾的是裁军谈判会议未能按照大会第65/56号决议的要求，在2011年初设立一个处理核裁军问题的特设委员会；", "21. 再次吁请裁军谈判会议在2012年初，作为最高优先事项，尽早设立一个核裁军问题特设委员会，并就导致在规定的时限内彻底消除核武器的核裁军分阶段方案展开谈判；", "22. 呼吁早日召开讨论核裁军所有方面问题的国际会议，以查明并讨论具体的核裁军措施；", "23. 请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议提交一份关于本决议执行情况的报告；", "24. 决定将题为“核裁军”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1015卷，第14860号。", "[2] 同上，第1974卷，第33757号。", "[3] S-10/2号决议。", "[4] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第729卷，第10485号。", "[5] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会，最后文件，第一部分》(NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I))，附件。", "[6] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会，最后文件》，第一卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28(Part I和II))，第一部分，题为“第六条和序言部分第8至12段”的一节，第15段。", "[7] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会，最后文件》，第一至三卷(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol.I−III))。", "[8] 见第50/245号决议。", "[9] 见CD/1674。", "[10] A/51/218，附件；另见《以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性，咨询意见，1996年国际法院案例汇编》，英文本第226页。", "[11] 见A/63/858。", "[12] 见A/63/965-S/2009/514，附件。", "[13] 见CD/1864。", "[14] CD/8/Rev.9。", "[15] 见第55/2号决议。", "[16] 见A/65/896-S/2011/407，附件五。", "[17] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1981卷，第33873号。", "[18] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会，最后文件》，第一卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28(Part I和II))，第一部分，题为“第七条和无核武器国家的安全”的一节，第2段。", "[19] CD/1299。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/51. Nuclear disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 49/75 E of 15 December 1994 on a step-by-step reduction of the nuclear threat, and its resolutions 50/70 P of 12 December 1995, 51/45 O of 10 December 1996, 52/38 L of 9 December 1997, 53/77 X of 4 December 1998, 54/54 P of 1 December 1999, 55/33 T of 20 November 2000, 56/24 R of 29 November 2001, 57/79 of 22 November 2002, 58/56 of 8 December 2003, 59/77 of 3 December 2004, 60/70 of 8 December 2005, 61/78 of 6 December 2006, 62/42 of 5 December 2007, 63/46 of 2 December 2008, 64/53 of 2 December 2009 and 65/56 of 8 December 2010 on nuclear disarmament,", "Reaffirming the commitment of the international community to the goal of the total elimination of nuclear weapons and the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free world,", "Bearing in mind that the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction of 1972[1] and the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction of 1993[2] have already established legal regimes on the complete prohibition of biological and chemical weapons, respectively, and determined to achieve a nuclear weapons convention on the prohibition of the development, testing, production, stockpiling, loan, transfer, use and threat of use of nuclear weapons and on their destruction, and to conclude such an international convention at an early date,", "Recognizing that there now exist conditions for the establishment of a world free of nuclear weapons, and stressing the need to take concrete practical steps towards achieving this goal,", "Bearing in mind paragraph 50 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, the first special session devoted to disarmament,[3] calling for the urgent negotiation of agreements for the cessation of the qualitative improvement and development of nuclear-weapon systems, and for a comprehensive and phased programme with agreed time frames, wherever feasible, for the progressive and balanced reduction of nuclear weapons and their means of delivery, leading to their ultimate and complete elimination at the earliest possible time,", "Reaffirming the conviction of the States parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[4] that the Treaty is a cornerstone of nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament, and the importance of the decision on strengthening the review process for the Treaty, the decision on principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, the decision on the extension of the Treaty and the resolution on the Middle East, adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[5]", "Stressing the importance of the thirteen steps for the systematic and progressive efforts to achieve the objective of nuclear disarmament leading to the total elimination of nuclear weapons, as agreed to by the States parties in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[6]", "Recognizing the important work done at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[7] and affirming its action plan as an impetus to intensify work aimed at beginning negotiations for a nuclear weapons convention,", "Reiterating the highest priority accorded to nuclear disarmament in the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly and by the international community,", "Reiterating its call for an early entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty,[8]", "Taking note of the entry into force of the new strategic arms reduction treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States of America, in order to achieve further deep cuts in their strategic and tactical nuclear weapons, and stressing that such cuts should be irreversible, verifiable and transparent,", "Recalling the entry into force of the Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions (“the Moscow Treaty”) between the United States of America and the Russian Federation[9] as a significant step towards reducing their deployed strategic nuclear weapons, while calling for further irreversible deep cuts in their nuclear arsenals,", "Noting the positive statements by nuclear-weapon States of their intention to pursue actions in achieving a world free of nuclear weapons, while reaffirming the need for urgent concrete actions by nuclear-weapon States to achieve this goal within a specified framework of time, and urging them to take further measures for progress on nuclear disarmament,", "Recognizing the complementarity of bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral negotiations on nuclear disarmament, and that bilateral negotiations can never replace multilateral negotiations in this respect,", "Noting the support expressed in the Conference on Disarmament and in the General Assembly for the elaboration of an international convention to assure non‑nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, and the multilateral efforts in the Conference on Disarmament to reach agreement on such an international convention at an early date,", "Recalling the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, issued on 8 July 1996,[10] and welcoming the unanimous reaffirmation by all Judges of the Court that there exists an obligation for all States to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control,", "Mindful of paragraph 102 of the Final Document of the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement at its Ministerial Meeting, held in Havana from 27 to 30 April 2009,[11]", "Recalling paragraph 112 and other relevant recommendations in the Final Document of the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el‑Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009,[12] calling upon the Conference on Disarmament to establish, as soon as possible and as the highest priority, an ad hoc committee on nuclear disarmament and to commence negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons within a specified framework of time, including a nuclear weapons convention,", "Noting the adoption of the programme of work for the 2009 session by the Conference on Disarmament on 29 May 2009,[13] after years of stalemate, while regretting that the Conference has not been able to undertake substantive work on its agenda in 2011,", "Reaffirming the importance and validity of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral negotiating forum on disarmament, and expressing the need to adopt and implement a balanced and comprehensive programme of work on the basis of its agenda and dealing with, inter alia, four core issues, in accordance with the rules of procedure,[14] and by taking into consideration the security concerns of all States,", "Reaffirming also the specific mandate conferred upon the Disarmament Commission by the General Assembly, in its decision 52/492 of 8 September 1998, to discuss the subject of nuclear disarmament as one of its main substantive agenda items,", "Recalling the United Nations Millennium Declaration,[15] in which Heads of State and Government resolved to strive for the elimination of weapons of mass destruction, in particular nuclear weapons, and to keep all options open for achieving this aim, including the possibility of convening an international conference to identify ways of eliminating nuclear dangers,", "Recalling also the statement on the total elimination of nuclear weapons, adopted by the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011, in which the Non-Aligned Movement reiterated its call for an international conference to identify ways and means of eliminating nuclear weapons, at the earliest possible date,[16]", "Reaffirming that, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, States should refrain from the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons in settling their disputes in international relations,", "Seized of the danger of the use of weapons of mass destruction, particularly nuclear weapons, in terrorist acts and the urgent need for concerted international efforts to control and overcome it,", "1. Recognizes that the time is now opportune for all the nuclear-weapon States to take effective disarmament measures to achieve the total elimination of these weapons at the earliest possible time;", "2. Reaffirms that nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation are substantively interrelated and mutually reinforcing, that the two processes must go hand in hand and that there is a genuine need for a systematic and progressive process of nuclear disarmament;", "3. Welcomes and encourages the efforts to establish new nuclear-weapon-free zones in different parts of the world, including the establishment of a Middle East zone free of nuclear weapons, on the basis of agreements or arrangements freely arrived at among the States of the regions concerned, which is an effective measure for limiting the further spread of nuclear weapons geographically and contributes to the cause of nuclear disarmament;", "4. Welcomes the ongoing efforts between the States members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the nuclear-weapon States, and encourages the nuclear-weapon States in their early signing of the Protocol to the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone; [17]", "5. Recognizes that there is a genuine need to diminish the role of nuclear weapons in strategic doctrines and security policies to minimize the risk that these weapons will ever be used and to facilitate the process of their total elimination;", "6. Urges the nuclear-weapon States to stop immediately the qualitative improvement, development, production and stockpiling of nuclear warheads and their delivery systems;", "7. Also urges the nuclear-weapon States, as an interim measure, to de-alert and deactivate immediately their nuclear weapons and to take other concrete measures to reduce further the operational status of their nuclear-weapon systems, while stressing that reductions in deployments and in operational status cannot substitute for irreversible cuts in, and the total elimination of, nuclear weapons;", "8. Reiterates its call upon the nuclear-weapon States to undertake the step-by-step reduction of the nuclear threat and to carry out effective nuclear disarmament measures with a view to achieving the total elimination of these weapons within a specified framework of time;", "9. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States, pending the achievement of the total elimination of nuclear weapons, to agree on an internationally and legally binding instrument on a joint undertaking not to be the first to use nuclear weapons, and calls upon all States to conclude an internationally and legally binding instrument on security assurances of non-use and non-threat of use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States;", "10. Urges the nuclear-weapon States to commence plurilateral negotiations among themselves at an appropriate stage on further deep reductions of nuclear weapons as an effective measure of nuclear disarmament;", "11. Underlines the importance of applying the principles of transparency, irreversibility and verifiability to the process of nuclear disarmament and to nuclear and other related arms control and reduction measures;", "12. Also underlines the importance of the unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States, in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament, to which all States parties are committed under article VI of the Treaty,⁶ and the reaffirmation by the States parties that the total elimination of nuclear weapons is the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons;[18]", "13. Calls for the full and effective implementation of the thirteen practical steps for nuclear disarmament contained in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference;⁶", "14. Also calls for the full implementation of the action plan as set out in the conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions of the Final Document of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, particularly the 22‑point action plan on nuclear disarmament;⁷", "15. Urges the nuclear-weapon States to carry out further reductions of non‑strategic nuclear weapons, based on unilateral initiatives and as an integral part of the nuclear arms reduction and disarmament process;", "16. Calls for the immediate commencement of negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament on a non-discriminatory, multilateral and internationally and effectively verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices on the basis of the report of the Special Coordinator[19] and the mandate contained therein;", "17. Urges the Conference on Disarmament to commence as early as possible its substantive work during its 2012 session, on the basis of a comprehensive and balanced programme of work that takes into consideration all the real and existing priorities in the field of disarmament and arms control, including the immediate commencement of negotiations on such a treaty with a view to their conclusion within five years;", "18. Calls for the conclusion of an international legal instrument or instruments on adequate and unconditional security assurances to non-nuclear-weapon States;", "19. Also calls for the early entry into force and strict observance of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty;⁸", "20. Expresses its regret that the Conference on Disarmament was unable to establish an ad hoc committee to deal with nuclear disarmament early in 2011, as called for by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/56;", "21. Reiterates its call upon the Conference on Disarmament to establish, as soon as possible and as the highest priority, an ad hoc committee on nuclear disarmament early in 2012 and to commence negotiations on a phased programme of nuclear disarmament leading to the total elimination of nuclear weapons within a specified framework of time;", "22. Calls for the convening of an international conference on nuclear disarmament in all its aspects at an early date to identify and deal with concrete measures of nuclear disarmament;", "23. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session a report on the implementation of the present resolution;", "24. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Nuclear disarmament”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1015, No. 14860.", "[2]  Ibid., vol. 1974, No. 33757.", "[3]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[4]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[5]  See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex.", "[6]  See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para. 15.", "[7]  See 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I–III)).", "[8]  See resolution 50/245.", "[9]  See CD/1674.", "[10]  A/51/218, annex; see also Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226.", "[11]  See A/63/858.", "[12]  See A/63/965‑S/2009/514, annex.", "[13]  See CD/1864.", "[14]  CD/8/Rev.9.", "[15]  See resolution 55/2.", "[16]  See A/65/896‑S/2011/407, annex V.", "[17]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[18]  2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VII and the security of non-nuclear-weapon States”, para. 2.", "[19]  CD/1299." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/51. Nuclear disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 49/75 E of 15 December 1994 on a step-by-step reduction of the nuclear threat, and its resolutions 50/70 P of 12 December 1995, 51/45 O of 10 December 1996, 52/38 L of 9 December 1997, 53/77 X of 4 December 1998, 54/54 P of 1 December 1999, 55/33 T of 20 November 2000, 56/24 R of 29 November 2001, 57/79 of 22 November 2002, 58/56 of 8 December 2003, 59/77 of 3 December 2004, 60/70 of 8 December 2005, 61/78 of 6 December 2006, 62/42 of 5 December 2007, 63/46 of 2 December 2008, 64/53 of 2 December 2009 and 65/56 of 8 December 2010 on nuclear disarmament,", "Reaffirming the commitment of the international community to the goal of the total elimination of nuclear weapons and the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free world,", "Bearing in mind that the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction of 19721 and the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction of 1993 [2] already establish legal regimes on the complete prohibition of biological and chemical weapons, respectively, and determined to achieve a nuclear weapons convention on the prohibition of the development, testing, production, stockpiling, loan, transfer, use and threat of use of nuclear weapons and on their destruction, and to conclude such an international convention at an early date,", "Recognizing that there now exist conditions for the establishment of a world free of nuclear weapons, and stressing the need to take concrete practical steps towards achieving this goal,", "Bearing in mind paragraph 50 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, the first special session devoted to disarmament, calling for the urgent negotiation of agreements for the cessation of the qualitative improvement and development of nuclear-weapon systems, and for a comprehensive phased programme with agreed time frames for the progressive and balanced reduction of nuclear weapons and their means of delivery, leading to their ultimate and complete elimination at the earliest possible time,", "Reaffirming the conviction of the States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons that the Treaty is a cornerstone of nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament and the importance of the decision on strengthening the review process for the Treaty, the decision on principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, the decision on the extension of the Treaty and the resolution on the Middle East adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,", "Stressing the importance of the thirteen steps for the systematic and progressive efforts to achieve the objective of nuclear disarmament leading to the total elimination of nuclear weapons, as agreed to by the States parties in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,", "Recognizing the important work done at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, [7] and affirming that its plan of action could contribute to the vigorous work towards the commencement of negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention,", "Reiterating the highest priority accorded to nuclear disarmament in the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly and by the international community,", "Reiterating its call for the early entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty,[8],", "Taking note of the entry into force of the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States of America, which could lead to further significant reductions in their strategic and tactical nuclear weapons, and stressing that such reductions should be irreversible, verifiable and transparent,", "Recalling the entry into force of the Treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Strategic Offensive Reductions ( \" the Moscow Treaty \" ),[9] as a significant step towards reducing their deployed strategic nuclear weapons, while calling upon them to reduce their nuclear arsenals further, substantially and irreversibly,", "Noting the positive statements by the nuclear-weapon States of their intention to take action towards a nuclear-weapon-free world, while reaffirming the need for immediate and concrete action by the nuclear-weapon States to achieve this goal within a specified time frame, and urging them to take further steps to advance progress on nuclear disarmament,", "Recognizing the complementarity of bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral negotiations on nuclear disarmament, and that bilateral negotiations can never replace multilateral negotiations in this regard,", "Noting the support expressed in the Conference on Disarmament and in the General Assembly for the elaboration of an international convention to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, and the multilateral efforts in the Conference on Disarmament to reach agreement on such an international convention at an early date,", "Recalling the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, issued on 8 July 1996, and welcoming the unanimous reaffirmation by all Judges of the Court that there exists an obligation for all States to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control,", "Mindful of paragraph 102 of the Final Document of the Ministerial Meeting of the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement, held in Havana from 27 to 30 April 2009,", "Recalling paragraph 112 and other relevant recommendations of the Final Document of the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009, calling upon the Conference on Disarmament to establish, as soon as possible and as the highest priority, an ad hoc committee on nuclear disarmament and to commence negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons with a specified framework of time, including a nuclear weapons convention,", "Noting that the Conference on Disarmament, after years of stalemate, adopted on 29 May 2009 a programme of work for its 2009 session, while regretting that the Conference was unable to undertake substantive work on its agenda for 2011,", "Reaffirming the importance and effectiveness of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral negotiating forum on disarmament, and expressing the need to adopt and implement a comprehensive and balanced programme of work on the basis of its agenda and, in accordance with its rules of procedure, to address, inter alia, the four core issues, taking into account the security concerns of all States,", "Reaffirming also the specific mandate entrusted to the Disarmament Commission by the General Assembly in its decision 52/492 of 8 September 1998 to discuss the subject of nuclear disarmament as one of its main substantive agenda items,", "Recalling that, in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, Heads of State and Government resolved to strive for the elimination of weapons of mass destruction, in particular nuclear weapons, and to choose all feasible options for achieving this aim, including the possibility of convening an international conference to identify ways of eliminating nuclear dangers,", "Recalling also the “Declaration on the total elimination of nuclear weapons”, adopted at the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011, in which the Movement reiterated its call for the convening of an international conference to identify ways and means of eliminating nuclear weapons at the earliest possible date, [16]", "Reaffirming that, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, States should refrain from the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons in settling their disputes in international relations,", "Aware of the danger of the use of weapons of mass destruction, in particular nuclear weapons, in terrorist acts and the urgent need for concerted international efforts to control and overcome it,", "Recognizes that the time is now opportune for all the nuclear-weapon States to take effective disarmament measures to accomplish the total elimination of nuclear weapons at the earliest possible time;", "Reaffirms that nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation are substantively interrelated and mutually reinforcing, that the two processes must go hand in hand and that there is a genuine need for a systematic and progressive process of nuclear disarmament;", "Welcomes and encourages the efforts to establish new nuclear-weapon-free zones in different regions of the world on the basis of agreements or arrangements freely arrived at among the States of the regions concerned, which is an effective measure for limiting the further spread of nuclear weapons and contributes to the cause of nuclear disarmament;", "4. Welcomes the ongoing efforts of the States members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the nuclear-weapon States, and encourages the nuclear-weapon States to sign the Protocol to the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone [17] as soon as possible;", "5. Recognizes that there is a genuine need to diminish the role of nuclear weapons in strategic doctrines and security policies to minimize the risk that these weapons will ever be used and to facilitate the process of their total elimination;", "6. Urges the nuclear-weapon States to stop immediately the qualitative improvement, development, production and stockpiling of nuclear warheads and their delivery systems;", "7. Also urges the nuclear-weapon States, as an interim measure, to de-alert and deactivate immediately their nuclear weapons and to take other concrete measures to reduce further the operational status of their nuclear-weapon systems, while stressing that reductions in deployments and in operational status cannot substitute for irreversible cuts in, and the total elimination of, nuclear weapons;", "8. Reiterates its call upon the nuclear-weapon States to undertake the step-by-step reduction of the nuclear threat and to carry out effective nuclear disarmament measures with a view to achieving the total elimination of these weapons within a specified framework of time;", "9. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States, pending the achievement of the total elimination of nuclear weapons, to agree on an internationally and legally binding instrument on a common undertaking not to be the first to use nuclear weapons, and calls upon all States to conclude an internationally and legally binding instrument on security assurances of non-use and non-threat of use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States;", "10. Urges the nuclear-weapon States to commence plurilateral negotiations among themselves at an appropriate stage on further deep reductions of nuclear weapons as an effective measure of nuclear disarmament;", "11. Stresses the importance of applying the principles of transparency, irreversibility and verifiability to the process of nuclear disarmament and nuclear and other related arms control and reduction measures;", "12. Also stresses the importance of the unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States, in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament, to which all States parties are committed under article VI of the Treaty,6 and stresses that the total elimination of nuclear weapons is the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons;[18]", "Calls for the full and effective implementation of the thirteen practical steps for nuclear disarmament contained in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference;6", "14. Also calls for the full implementation of the action plan set out in the conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions of the Final Document of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, in particular the 22-point action plan on nuclear disarmament;7", "15. Urges the nuclear-weapon States to carry out further reductions of non-strategic nuclear weapons, based on unilateral initiatives and as an integral part of the nuclear arms reduction and disarmament process;", "16. Calls for the immediate commencement of negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament on a non-discriminatory, multilateral and internationally and effectively verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices on the basis of the report of the Special Coordinator and the mandate contained therein;", "17. Urges the Conference on Disarmament to commence as early as possible its substantive work during its 2012 session on the basis of a comprehensive and balanced programme of work that takes into account all genuine existing priorities in the field of disarmament and arms control, including the immediate commencement of negotiations on a treaty in this field with a view to its conclusion within five years;", "18. Calls for the conclusion of an international legal instrument or instruments on adequate and unconditional security assurances to non-nuclear-weapon States;", "Also calls for the early entry into force and strict observance of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty;8", "20. Expresses its regret that the Conference on Disarmament was unable to establish an ad hoc committee to deal with nuclear disarmament early in 2011, as called for in General Assembly resolution 65/56;", "21. Reiterates its call upon the Conference on Disarmament to establish, as soon as possible and as the highest priority, an ad hoc committee on nuclear disarmament early in 2012 and to commence negotiations on a phased programme of nuclear disarmament leading to the total elimination of nuclear weapons within a specified framework of time;", "22. Calls for the convening of an international conference on nuclear disarmament in all its aspects at an early date to identify and deal with concrete measures of nuclear disarmament;", "23. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session a report on the implementation of the present resolution;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Nuclear disarmament”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1015, No. 14860.", "[2] Ibid., vol. 1974, No. 33757.", "[3] Resolution S-10/2.", "[4] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[5] See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex.", "[6] See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para. 15.", "[7] See 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I-III)).", "[8] See resolution 50/245.", "[9] See CD/1674.", "[10] A/51/218, annex; see also Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226.", "[11] See A/63/858.", "[12] See A/63/965-S/2009/514, annex.", "[13] See CD/1864.", "[14] CD/8/Rev.9.", "[15] See resolution 55/2.", "[16] See A/65/896-S/2011/407, annex V.", "[17] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[18] 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VII and the security of non-nuclear-weapon States”, para.", "[19] CD/1299." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/52. 禁止倾弃放射性废料", "大会，", "铭记非洲统一组织部长理事会通过的关于在非洲倾弃核废料和工业废料问题的1988年CM/Res.1153(XLVIII)号[1] 和1989年CM/Res.1225(L)号决议，[2]", "欢迎国际原子能机构大会第三十四届常会1990年9月21日通过的制定《关于放射性废物国际越境转移的业务守则》的GC(XXXIV)/RES/530号决议，[3]", "表示注意到1996年4月19日和20日在莫斯科举行的核安全与核保安问题首脑会议与会者所作的禁止在海洋倾弃放射性废料的承诺，[4]", "考虑到其1969年12月16日第2602C(XXIV)号决议，其中要求裁军委员会会议[5] 除其他外，审议管制使用放射性战法的有效办法，", "意识到任何会构成放射战的使用放射性废料的行为所隐含的潜在危害及其对区域和国际安全，特别是对发展中国家安全的影响，", "回顾其1988年第四十三届会议以来关于这个问题的所有决议，包括1996年12月10日第51/45J号决议，", "又回顾国际原子能机构大会第四十五届常会2001年9月21日协商一致通过的GC(45)/RES/10号决议，[6] 其中请运输放射性材料的国家酌情应请求向有关国家保证运输国的国内条例考虑到原子能机构的运输条例，并向这些国家提供有关运输这类材料的相关资料；提供的资料在任何情况下都不应与实物保安与安全措施相抵触，", "欢迎根据核安全与核保安问题首脑会议与会者的建议于1997年9月5日在维也纳通过《乏燃料管理安全和放射性废物管理安全联合公约》，[7]", "又欢迎国际原子能机构2011年6月20日至24日在维也纳举行的部长级核安全大会及其成果(《国际原子能机构部长级核安全大会宣言》)[8] 和原子能机构大会第五十五届常会认可的《核安全行动计划》，[9]", "注意到秘书长2011年9月22日在纽约召集的核安全和核保安问题高级别会议，", "满意地注意到《联合公约》于2001年6月18日生效，", "注意到乏燃料管理安全和放射性废物管理安全联合公约缔约国第一次审议会议于2003年11月3日至14日在维也纳举行，", "希望促进执行大会第十届特别会议，即专门讨论裁军问题的第一届特别会议的《最后文件》[10] 第76段的规定，", "1. 表示注意到裁军谈判会议报告中关于放射性武器的部分；[11]", "2. 又表示注意到《国际原子能机构部长级核安全大会宣言》、⁸《核安全行动计划》⁹ 和秘书长召集的核安全和核保安问题高级别会议；", "3. 表示严重关切任何会构成放射战并严重影响所有国家国防安全的使用核废料行为；", "4. 吁请所有国家采取适当措施，以防止任何会侵犯他国主权的倾弃核废料或放射性废料行为；", "5. 请裁军谈判会议在禁止放射性武器公约的谈判中，考虑将放射性废料问题作为该公约内容的一部分；", "6. 又请裁军谈判会议加紧努力，早日缔结这样一项公约，并在其提交大会第六十八届会议的报告中载入关于这个问题的谈判进展情况；", "7. 表示注意到非洲统一组织部长理事会1991年通过的关于《禁止向非洲输入有害废物并管制其在非洲境内越境转移的巴马科公约》的CM/Res.1356(LIV)号决议；[12]", "8. 表示希望国际原子能机构《关于放射性废物国际越境转移的业务守则》的有效执行将加强对各国的保护，避免在其领土上倾弃放射性废料；", "9. 呼吁尚未采取必要步骤参加《乏燃料管理安全和放射性废物管理安全联合公约》⁷ 的所有会员国尽快参加《联合公约》；", "10. 决定将题为“禁止倾弃放射性废料”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见A/43/398，附件一。", "[2] 见A/44/603，附件一。", "[3] 见国际原子能机构，《大会决议和其他决定，第三十四届常会，1990年9月17日至21日》(GC(XXXIV)/RESOLUTIONS(1990))。", "[4] A/51/131，附件一，第20段。", "[5] 裁军委员会会议从大会第十届特别会议之后改为裁军谈判委员会。裁军谈判委员会从1984年2月7日起易名为裁军谈判会议。", "[6] 见国际原子能机构，《大会决议和其他决定，第四十五届常会，2001年9月17日至21日》(GC(45)/RES/DEC(2001))。", "[7] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第2153卷，第37605号。", "[8] 可查阅www.iaea.org/publications/Documents/Infcircs/2011/infcirc821_ch.pdf。", "[9] 见国际原子能机构，GOV/2011/59-GC(55)/14号文件。", "[10] S-10/2号决议。", "[11] 见《大会正式记录,第六十四届会议，补编第27号》(A/64/27)，第三章，E节。", "[12] 见A/46/390，附件一。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/52. Prohibition of the dumping of radioactive wastes", "The General Assembly,", "Bearing in mind resolutions CM/Res.1153 (XLVIII) of 1988[1] and CM/Res.1225 (L) of 1989,[2] adopted by the Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity, concerning the dumping of nuclear and industrial wastes in Africa,", "Welcoming resolution GC(XXXIV)/RES/530 establishing a Code of Practice on the International Transboundary Movement of Radioactive Waste, adopted on 21 September 1990 by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its thirty-fourth regular session,[3]", "Taking note of the commitment by the participants in the Summit on Nuclear Safety and Security, held in Moscow on 19 and 20 April 1996, to ban the dumping at sea of radioactive wastes,[4]", "Considering its resolution 2602 C (XXIV) of 16 December 1969, in which it requested the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament,[5] inter alia, to consider effective methods of control against the use of radiological methods of warfare,", "Aware of the potential hazards underlying any use of radioactive wastes that would constitute radiological warfare and its implications for regional and international security, in particular for the security of developing countries,", "Recalling all its resolutions on the matter since its forty-third session in 1988, including its resolution 51/45 J of 10 December 1996,", "Recalling also resolution GC(45)/RES/10 adopted by consensus on 21 September 2001 by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its forty-fifth regular session,[6] in which States shipping radioactive materials are invited to provide, as appropriate, assurances to concerned States, upon their request, that the national regulations of the shipping State take into account the Agency’s transport regulations and to provide them with relevant information relating to the shipment of such materials; the information provided should in no case be contradictory to the measures of physical security and safety,", "Welcoming the adoption at Vienna, on 5 September 1997, of the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management,[7] as recommended by the participants in the Summit on Nuclear Safety and Security,", "Welcoming also the convening by the International Atomic Energy Agency of the Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety, held in Vienna from 20 to 24 June 2011, and its outcome, the Declaration of the International Atomic Energy Agency Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety,[8] as well as the Action Plan on Nuclear Safety, endorsed by the General Conference of the Agency at its fifty-fifth regular session,[9]", "Noting the convening by the Secretary-General of the High-level Meeting on Nuclear Safety and Security, in New York on 22 September 2011,", "Noting with satisfaction that the Joint Convention entered into force on 18 June 2001,", "Noting that the first Review Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management was convened in Vienna from 3 to 14 November 2003,", "Desirous of promoting the implementation of paragraph 76 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, the first special session devoted to disarmament,[10]", "1. Takes note of the part of the report of the Conference on Disarmament relating to radiological weapons;[11]", "2. Also takes note of the Declaration of the International Atomic Energy Agency Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety,⁸ the Action Plan on Nuclear Safety⁹ and the High-level Meeting on Nuclear Safety and Security, convened by the Secretary-General;", "3. Expresses grave concern regarding any use of nuclear wastes that would constitute radiological warfare and have grave implications for the national security of all States;", "4. Calls upon all States to take appropriate measures with a view to preventing any dumping of nuclear or radioactive wastes that would infringe upon the sovereignty of States;", "5. Requests the Conference on Disarmament to take into account, in the negotiations for a convention on the prohibition of radiological weapons, radioactive wastes as part of the scope of such a convention;", "6. Also requests the Conference on Disarmament to intensify efforts towards an early conclusion of such a convention and to include in its report to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session the progress recorded in the negotiations on this subject;", "7. Takes note of resolution CM/Res.1356 (LIV) of 1991, adopted by the Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity,[12] on the Bamako Convention on the Ban on the Import of Hazardous Wastes into Africa and on the Control of Their Transboundary Movements within Africa;", "8. Expresses the hope that the effective implementation of the International Atomic Energy Agency Code of Practice on the International Transboundary Movement of Radioactive Waste will enhance the protection of all States from the dumping of radioactive wastes on their territories;", "9. Appeals to all Member States that have not yet taken the necessary steps to become party to the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management⁷ to do so as soon as possible;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Prohibition of the dumping of radioactive wastes”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See A/43/398, annex I.", "[2]  See A/44/603, annex I.", "[3]  See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Thirty-fourth Regular Session, 17–21 September 1990 (GC(XXXIV)/ RESOLUTIONS (1990)).", "[4]  A/51/131, annex I, para. 20.", "[5]  The Conference of the Committee on Disarmament became the Committee on Disarmament as from the tenth special session of the General Assembly. The Committee on Disarmament was redesignated the Conference on Disarmament as from 7 February 1984.", "[6]  See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Forty-fifth Regular Session, 17–21 September 2001 (GC(45)/RES/DEC(2001)).", "[7]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2153, No. 37605.", "[8]  Available from www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/2011/infcirc821.pdf.", "[9]  See International Atomic Energy Agency, document GOV/2011/59‑GC(55)/14.", "[10]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[11]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/64/27), chap. III, sect. E.", "[12]  See A/46/390, annex I." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/52. Prohibition of the dumping of radioactive wastes", "The General Assembly,", "Bearing in mind resolutions CM/Res.1153 (XLVIII) of 1988 and CM/Res.1225 (L) of 1989 on the dumping of nuclear and industrial wastes in Africa, adopted by the Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity,[2]", "Welcoming resolution GC(XXXIV)/RES/530 establishing a Code of Practice on the International Transboundary Movement of Radioactive Waste, adopted on 21 September 1990 by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its thirty-fourth regular session,[3]", "Taking note of the commitment by the participants in the Summit on Nuclear Safety and Security, held in Moscow on 19 and 20 April 1996, to ban the dumping of radioactive wastes at sea,[4]", "Considering its resolution 2602 C (XXIV) of 16 December 1969, in which it requested the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament, inter alia, to consider effective methods of control against the use of radiological methods of warfare,", "Conscious of the potential hazards inherent in any use of radioactive wastes that would constitute radiological warfare and its implications for regional and international security, in particular for the security of developing countries,", "Recalling all its resolutions on the subject since its forty-third session, in 1988, including resolution 51/45 J of 10 December 1996,", "Recalling also resolution GC(45)/RES/10, adopted by consensus on 21 September 2001 by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its forty-fifth regular session,[6] in which States shipping radioactive materials were invited to provide, as appropriate, assurances to the States concerned, upon request, that their domestic regulations took into account the Agency ' s transport regulations and to provide them with relevant information relating to the transport of such materials, and that the information provided should in no case contradict physical security and safety measures,", "Welcoming the adoption of the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management at Vienna on 5 September 1997, as recommended by the participants in the Summit on Nuclear Safety and Security,[7]", "Welcoming also the International Atomic Energy Agency Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety, held in Vienna from 20 to 24 June 2011, and its outcome (Declaration of the International Atomic Energy Agency Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety) and the Action Plan on Nuclear Safety endorsed by the General Conference of the Agency at its fifty-fifth regular session,[9]", "Taking note of the high-level meeting on nuclear safety and security convened by the Secretary-General in New York on 22 September 2011,", "Noting with satisfaction the entry into force of the Joint Convention on 18 June 2001,", "Noting that the First Review Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management was held in Vienna from 3 to 14 November 2003,", "Desirous of promoting the implementation of paragraph 76 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, the first special session devoted to disarmament,", "1. Takes note of the part of the report of the Conference on Disarmament relating to radiological weapons; [11]", "2. Also takes note of the Declaration of the International Atomic Energy Agency Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety,8 the Action Plan on Nuclear Safety9 and the high-level meeting on nuclear safety and security convened by the Secretary-General;", "3. Expresses grave concern at any use of nuclear waste that would constitute radiological warfare and seriously affect the national defence and security of all States;", "Calls upon all States to take appropriate measures with a view to preventing any dumping of nuclear or radioactive wastes that would infringe on the sovereignty of other States;", "5. Requests the Conference on Disarmament to consider, in the negotiations for a convention on the prohibition of radiological weapons, radioactive wastes as part of the scope of such a convention;", "6. Also requests the Conference on Disarmament to intensify efforts towards an early conclusion of such a convention and to include in its report to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session the progress made in the negotiations on this question;", "7. Takes note of resolution CM/Res.1356 (LIV) adopted by the Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity in 1991 on the Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes within Africa; [12]", "8. Expresses the hope that the effective implementation of the International Atomic Energy Agency Code of Practice on the International Transboundary Movement of Radioactive Waste will enhance the protection of States from the dumping of radioactive wastes on their territories;", "Calls upon all Member States that have not yet done so to take the necessary steps to become parties to the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management7 as soon as possible;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Prohibition of the dumping of radioactive wastes”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] See A/43/398, annex I.", "[2] See A/44/603, annex I.", "[3] See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Thirty-fourth Regular Session, 17-21 September 1990 (GC(XXXIV)/RESOLUTIONS (1990)).", "[4] A/51/131, annex I, para. 20.", "[5] The Conference of the Committee on Disarmament was transformed from the tenth special session of the General Assembly to the Committee on Disarmament. The Committee on Disarmament was renamed the Conference on Disarmament as from 7 February 1984.", "[6] See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Forty-fifth Regular Session, 17-21 September 2001 (GC(45)/RES/DEC(2001)).", "[7] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2153, No. 37605.", "[8] Available at www.iaea.org/publications/Documents/Inffairs/2011/inc821_ch.pdf.", "[9] See International Atomic Energy Agency, document GOV/2011/59-GC(55)/14.", "[10] Resolution S-10/2.", "[11] See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/64/27), chap. III, sect.", "[12] See A/46/390, annex I." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/413)通过]", "66/53. 联合国和平与裁军区域中心", "大会，", "回顾其关于维持和振兴三个联合国和平与裁军区域中心的2005年12月8日第60/83号、2006年12月6日第61/90号、2007年12月5日第62/50号、2008年12月2日第63/76号、2009年12月2日第64/58号和2010年12月8日第65/78号决议，", "又回顾秘书长关于联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心的报告、[1] 关于联合国和平与裁军亚洲及太平洋区域中心的报告[2] 和关于联合国和平、裁军与发展拉丁美洲和加勒比区域中心的报告，[3]", "重申大会1982年第十二届特别会议作出的决定，即建立联合国裁军宣传方案，以宣传和教育公众，促使公众了解和支持联合国在军备控制和裁军领域的目标，[4]", "铭记关于尼泊尔、秘鲁和多哥和平与裁军区域中心的1985年12月16日第40/151G号、1986年12月3日第41/60J号、1987年11月30日第42/39D号和1989年12月15日第44/117F号决议,", "认识到世界发生的变化既为实现裁军创造了新的机会，也带来了新的挑战，在这方面，铭记和平与裁军区域中心能在和平、裁军和发展领域为每一特定区域国家间的相互了解与合作作出重大贡献，", "回顾在2009年7月11日至16日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十五次不结盟国家运动国家元首和政府首脑会议的《最后文件》[5] 第127段中，以及在2011年5月23日至27日在印度尼西亚巴厘举行的第十六次不结盟国家运动部长级会议暨纪念会议的《最后文件》[6] 第162段中，不结盟国家运动强调指出，联合国为增进会员国的稳定与安全而在区域一级开展的活动至为重要，而维持和振兴三个和平与裁军区域中心可以从实质上促进这些活动，", "1. 重申联合国为推动裁军和增进会员国的稳定与安全而在区域一级开展的活动至为重要，而维持和振兴三个和平与裁军区域中心可以从实质上促进这些活动；", "2. 又重申为取得积极成果，三个区域中心应实施促进区域和平与安全的传播和教育方案，力求改变对和平与安全及裁军的基本态度，以帮助实现联合国的宗旨和原则；", "3. 呼吁那些有能力做到的各区域会员国，以及国际政府组织和非政府组织及国际基金会向各自区域的区域中心提供自愿捐助，以加强它们的各项活动和举措；", "4. 强调秘书处裁军事务厅区域裁军处的活动至为重要；", "5. 请秘书长在现有资源范围内向各区域中心提供一切必要支助，以实施活动方案；", "6. 决定将题为“联合国和平与裁军区域中心”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] A/66/159。", "[2] A/66/113。", "[3] A/66/140。", "[4] 见《大会正式记录，第十二届特别会议，全体会议》，第1次会议，第110和111段。", "[5] A/63/965-S/2009/514，附件。", "[6] A/65/896-S/2011/407，附件一。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/413)]", "66/53. United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 60/83 of 8 December 2005, 61/90 of 6 December 2006, 62/50 of 5 December 2007, 63/76 of 2 December 2008, 64/58 of 2 December 2009 and 65/78 of 8 December 2010 regarding the maintenance and revitalization of the three United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament,", "Recalling also the reports of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa,[1] the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Asia and the Pacific[2] and the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean,[3]", "Reaffirming its decision, taken in 1982 at its twelfth special session, to establish the United Nations Disarmament Information Programme, the purpose of which is to inform, educate and generate public understanding and support for the objectives of the United Nations in the field of arms control and disarmament,[4]", "Bearing in mind its resolutions 40/151 G of 16 December 1985, 41/60 J of 3 December 1986, 42/39 D of 30 November 1987 and 44/117 F of 15 December 1989 on the regional centres for peace and disarmament in Nepal, Peru and Togo,", "Recognizing that the changes that have taken place in the world have created new opportunities and posed new challenges for the pursuit of disarmament, and bearing in mind in this regard that the regional centres for peace and disarmament can contribute substantially to understanding and cooperation among States in each particular region in the areas of peace, disarmament and development,", "Recalling that, in paragraph 127 of the Final Document of the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009,[5] and in paragraph 162 of the Final Document of the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011,[6] the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries emphasized the importance of United Nations activities at the regional level to increase the stability and security of its Member States, which could be promoted in a substantive manner by the maintenance and revitalization of the three regional centres for peace and disarmament,", "1. Reiterates the importance of United Nations activities at the regional level to advance disarmament and to increase the stability and security of its Member States, which could be promoted in a substantive manner by the maintenance and revitalization of the three regional centres for peace and disarmament;", "2. Reaffirms that, in order to achieve positive results, it is useful for the three regional centres to carry out dissemination and educational programmes that promote regional peace and security and that are aimed at changing basic attitudes with respect to peace and security and disarmament so as to support the achievement of the purposes and principles of the United Nations;", "3. Appeals to Member States in each region that are able to do so, as well as to international governmental and non-governmental organizations and foundations, to make voluntary contributions to the regional centres in their respective regions in order to strengthen their activities and initiatives;", "4. Emphasizes the importance of the activities of the Regional Disarmament Branch of the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat;", "5. Requests the Secretary-General to provide all necessary support, within existing resources, to the regional centres in carrying out their programmes of activities;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  A/66/159.", "[2]  A/66/113.", "[3]  A/66/140.", "[4]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Twelfth Special Session, Plenary Meetings, 1st meeting, paras. 110 and 111.", "[5]  A/63/965‑S/2009/514, annex.", "[6]  A/65/896‑S/2011/407, annex I." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/413)]", "66/53. United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 60/83 of 8 December 2005, 61/90 of 6 December 2006, 62/50 of 5 December 2007, 63/76 of 2 December 2008, 64/58 of 2 December 2009 and 65/78 of 8 December 2010 concerning the maintenance and revitalization of the three United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament,", "Recalling also the reports of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa, [1] the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Asia and the Pacific and the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean,[3]", "Reaffirming its decision, taken in 1982 at its twelfth special session, to establish the United Nations Disarmament Information Programme, the purpose of which is to inform, educate and generate public understanding and support for the objectives of the United Nations in the field of arms control and disarmament, [4]", "Bearing in mind its resolutions 40/151 G of 16 December 1985, 41/60 J of 3 December 1986, 42/39 D of 30 November 1987 and 44/117 F of 15 December 1989 on the regional centres for peace and disarmament in Nepal, Peru and Togo,", "Recognizing that the changes that have taken place in the world have created new opportunities as well as posed new challenges for the achievement of disarmament, and, in this regard, bearing in mind that the regional centres for peace and disarmament can contribute substantially to understanding and cooperation among States in each particular region in the areas of peace, disarmament and development,", "Recalling the Final Document of the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009, [A C E F R S] Paragraph 127, and the Final Document of the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011 [General Assembly resolution 55/2] In paragraph 162, the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries stresses the importance of the United Nations activities at the regional level to increase the stability and security of its Member States, which could be promoted in a substantive manner by the maintenance and revitalization of the three regional centres for peace and disarmament,", "Reaffirms the importance of the United Nations activities at the regional level to advance disarmament and to increase the stability and security of its Member States, which could be promoted in a substantive manner by the maintenance and revitalization of the three regional centres for peace and disarmament;", "2. Also reaffirms that, in order to achieve positive results, it is useful for the three regional centres to carry out dissemination and education programmes that promote regional peace and security and that are aimed at changing basic attitudes with regard to peace and security and disarmament so as to support the achievement of the purposes and principles of the United Nations;", "Appeals to Member States in each region that are in a position to do so, as well as to international governmental and non-governmental organizations and foundations, to make voluntary contributions to the regional centres in their respective regions to strengthen their activities and initiatives;", "4. Emphasizes the importance of the activities of the Regional Disarmament Branch of the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat;", "Requests the Secretary-General to provide all necessary support, within existing resources, to the regional centres in carrying out their programmes of activities;", "Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament”.", "2 December 2011", "71st PLENARY MEETING", "[1] A/66/159.", "[2] A/66/113.", "[3] A/66/140.", "[4] See Official Records of the General Assembly, Twelfth Special Session, Plenary Meetings, 1st meeting, paras. 110 and 111.", "[5] A/63/965-S/2009/514, annex.", "[6] A/65/896-S/2011/407, annex I." ]