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Toshihide Wakamatsu (若松俊秀, born December 6, 1965) is a Japanese actor born in Miyakonojo, Miyazaki, Japan.
Profile
He originally came to Tokyo to be a painter, but soon became interested acting in movies and plays.
After graduating from Tokai University in 1988, he started acting.
His acting debut was in May 1990, in the play "Champion", at the Aoyama Round Theater.
His television debut was in "Vision of Family"(Mainichi Broadcast) as Tetsuo Kuramoto.
Best known for his role as Gai Yūki/Black Condor in Choujin Sentai Jetman (February 1991-February 1992). He also performed the Jetman song "Condor of Flame" (炎のコンドル), His Character of Gai's image song. In addition to being a singer, he is also a composer. He reprised his role (albeit only as a ghost, as his character was confirmed to be dead) in episode 28 of the 35th Super Sentai series Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger.
His hobbies are surfing, painting and horseback riding.
Appearance Works
Movies
8 Man, For the all lonely nights (1992) - Detective Yokota
Kunoichi ninpô-chô IV: Chûshingura hishô (1994)
Kunoichi ninpô-chô: Yagyû gaiden (1998)
After the Rain (1999)
TV Dramas
Vision of Family (Tetsuo Kuramoto)
Choujin Sentai Jetman (1991-1992) - Gai Yuki / Black Condor
Special Rescue Exceedraft (1992) - Koji Natori
Homura Tatsu (1993, NHK) - Masatou Abe
Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger (2011) - Gai Yuki / Black Condor
Again from the Heaven - Goro Yamaguchi
Kurenawi - Koji Nishimoto
Stages
H～i!Jack!! -Hi, Mr. Jack!! - captain
External links
Official Website created by person in question(Almost in Japanese)
1965 births
Living people
Japanese male actors
Tokai University alumni
People from Miyazaki Prefecture
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麗的呼聲（Rediffusion）是一家英國公司，於1928年在英國成立，初時名為Broadcast Relay Services，早期為英國一些接收不到電台大氣電波信號的偏遠地區以電纜作電台轉播，後於1950年代兼營電視台、電視機租賃及銷售。他們曾在香港、新加坡、馬來西亞及巴巴多斯等英國殖民地及泰國成立「麗的呼聲」有线電台及在香港成立大中華地區第一家電視台——麗的映聲，1954至1968年亦獲得剛剛成立的英國獨立電視台（免費無線電視台）倫敦地區週一至週五節目的經營權（當時名称為Associated-Rediffusion）。麗的呼聲除了經營電視相關的業務外，還有機艙模擬器製作、麗的樂韻背景音樂等業務分支。其後經營出現困難，1987年開始終止營運，1988年正式結束。
中文譯名
麗的呼聲在香港開辦有線電台服務，公開徵求中文譯名，喇沙書院老師黃敬忠以「麗的呼聲」應徵，獲得採用。然而黃敬忠老師並沒有因此獲得任金錢回報或任何形式的感謝或嘉許。
參見
音譯
意譯
聯合-麗的
麗的呼聲（香港）
亞洲電視
麗的呼聲（新加坡）
參考
外部連結
Remembering Rediffusion
英國媒體
英国已结业公司
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Gry Maritha is a freight ship based at Penzance in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, run by the Isles of Scilly Steamship Company.
History
Gry Maritha was built by Moen Slip in Norway, in 1981. The ship was named after the daughter of the first captain, Tor Sevaldsen.
Purchased in 1989 by the Isles of Scilly Steamship Company, she is a lifeline to the communities on the Isles of Scilly as she provides the only method of bulk freight transport from the United Kingdom mainland. She carries just six passengers and was acquired for all year cargo and winter passenger services, as Scillonian III is laid up through the winter. Between 12,000 and 14,000 tonnes of cargo a year are normally carried by Scillonian III and Gry Maritha.
Most notably, Gry Maritha carries all the fuel requirements of the Isles of Scilly, using transportable fuel tanks on her deck. These are loaded and unloaded by the deck crane. Towards the stern, the deck can accept standard freight containers.
References
External links
Isles of Scilly Travel
Ferries of the United Kingdom
Water transport in Cornwall
Transport in the Isles of Scilly
Ferries of South West England
1981 ships
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Celestial Railroad may refer to:
"The Celestial Railroad," a short story
Jupiter and Lake Worth Railway, nicknamed the "Celestial Railroad"
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Libertarianism is variously defined by sources as there is no general consensus among scholars on the definition nor on how one should use the term as a historical category. Scholars generally agree that libertarianism refers to the group of political philosophies which emphasize freedom, individual liberty and voluntary association. Libertarians generally advocate a society with little or no government power.
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy defines libertarianism as the moral view that agents initially fully own themselves and have certain moral powers to acquire property rights in external things. Libertarian historian George Woodcock defines libertarianism as the philosophy that fundamentally doubts authority and advocates transforming society by reform or revolution. Libertarian philosopher Roderick T. Long defines libertarianism as "any political position that advocates a radical redistribution of power from the coercive state to voluntary associations of free individuals", whether "voluntary association" takes the form of the free market or of communal co-operatives. According to the American Libertarian Party, libertarianism is the advocacy of a government that is funded voluntarily and limited to protecting individuals from coercion and violence.
There are many philosophical disagreements among proponents of libertarianism concerning questions of ideology, values and strategy. For instance, left-libertarians were the ones to coin the term as a synonym for anarchism. Outside of the United States, libertarianism is still synonymous with anarchism and socialism (social anarchism and libertarian socialism). Right-libertarianism, known in the United States simply as libertarianism, was coined as a synonym for classical liberalism in May 1955 by writer Dean Russell due to American liberals embracing progressivism and economic interventionism in the early 20th century after the Great Depression and with the New Deal. As a result, the term was co-opted in the mid-20th century to instead advocate laissez-faire capitalism and strong private property rights such as in land, infrastructure and natural resources. The main debate between the two forms of libertarianism therefore concerns the legitimacy of private property and its meaning. Most other debates remains within right-libertarianism as abortion, capital punishment, foreign affairs, LGBT rights and immigration are non-issues for left-libertarians whereas within right-libertarianism they are debated due to their divide between cultural liberal and cultural conservative right-libertarians.
Philosophy
Libertarian philosophies are generally divided on three principal questions, namely (1) by ethical theory, whether actions are determined to be moral consequentially or in terms of natural rights (or deontologically); (2) the legitimacy of private property; and (3) the legitimacy of the state. Libertarian philosophy can therefore be broadly divided into eight groups based on these distinctions.
Abortion
An estimated 60–70% of American libertarians believe women are entitled to abortion rights, although many who identify as pro-choice do maintain that abortion becomes homicidal at some stage during pregnancy and therefore should not remain legal beyond that point.
To the contrary, the Libertarian Party states that government should have no role in restricting abortion, implying opposition to any and all proposed federal or state legislation which might prohibit any method of abortion at any given stage of gestation. Groups like the Association of Libertarian Feminists and Pro-Choice Libertarians support keeping government out of the issue entirely.
On the other hand, Libertarians for Life argues that human zygotes, embryos and fetuses possess the same natural human rights and deserve the same protections as neonates, calling for outlawing abortion as an aggressive act against a rights-bearing unborn child. Former Texas Congressman Ron Paul, a figurehead of American libertarianism, is an anti-abortion physician as is his son Kentucky Senator Rand Paul. Nonetheless, most American libertarians, whether pro-choice or pro-life, agree the federal government should play no role in prohibiting, protecting, or facilitating abortion and oppose the Supreme Court conclusion in Roe v. Wade that abortion is a fundamental right if performed during the first trimester of pregnancy by virtue of an implicit constitutional right to privacy.
In addition, there are the property rights perspectives evictionism and departurism which allow that the unwanted fetus is a trespasser on the mother's property (her womb), but hold that this designation does not mean that the child may therefore be directly killed. The former view maintains that the trespasser may only be killed indirectly as a result of eviction, while the latter view upholds only non-lethal eviction during normal pregnancies.
Capital punishment
Right-libertarians are divided on capital punishment, also known as the death penalty. Those opposing it generally see it as an excessive abuse of state power which is by its very nature irreversible, with American libertarians possibly seeing it also in conflict with the Bill of Rights ban on "cruel and unusual punishment". Some libertarians who believe capital punishment can be just under certain circumstances may oppose execution based on practical considerations. Those who support the death penalty do so on self-defense or retributive justice grounds.
Ethics
There are broadly two different types of libertarianism which are based on ethical doctrines, namely consequentialist libertarianism and natural-rights libertarianism, or deontological libertarianism. Deontological libertarians have the view that natural rights exist and from there argue that initiation of force and fraud should never take place. Natural-rights libertarianism may include both right-libertarianism and left-libertarianism. Consequentialist libertarians argue that a free market and strong private property rights bring about beneficial consequences, such as wealth creation or efficiency, rather than subscribing to a theory of rights or justice. There are hybrid forms of libertarianism that combine deontological and consequentialist reasoning.
Contractarian libertarianism holds that any legitimate authority of government derives not from the consent of the governed, but rather from contract or mutual agreement, although this can be seen as reducible to consequentialism or deontologism depending on what grounds contracts are justified. Some libertarian socialists reject deontological and consequential approaches and use historical materialism to justify their political beliefs.
Foreign affairs
Libertarians are generally against any military intervention in other countries. Other libertarians are also opposed to strategic alliances with foreign countries. According to its 2016 platform, the American Libertarian Party is against any foreign aid to other countries and the only wars that they support are in situations of self-defense. Such libertarians generally try to explain that they are not isolationists, but non-interventionists.
Immigration
Libertarians generally support freedom of movement and open borders. However, some right-libertarians, particularly Hoppean anarcho-capitalists who propose the full privatization of land and natural resources, contend that a policy of open borders amounts to legalized trespassing.
Inheritance
Libertarians disagree over what to do in absence of a will or contract in the event of death and over posthumous property rights. In the event of a contract, the contract is enforced according to the property owner's wishes. Typically, right-libertarians believe that any intestate property should go to the living relatives of the deceased and that none of the property should go to the government. Others say that if no will has been made, the property immediately enters the state of nature from which anyone (save the state) may homestead it.
Intellectual property
Libertarians hold a variety of views on intellectual property (IP) and patents. Some libertarian natural rights theorists justify property rights in ideas and other intangibles just as they do property rights in physical goods, saying whoever made it owns it. Other libertarian natural rights theorists such as Stephan Kinsella have held that only physical material can be owned and that ownership of IP amount to an illegitimate claim of ownership over that which enters another's mind that cannot be removed or controlled without violation of the non-aggression axiom. Pro-IP libertarians of the utilitarian tradition say that IP maximizes innovation while anti-IP libertarians of the selfsame persuasion say that it causes shortages of innovation. This latter view holds that IP is a euphemism for intellectual protectionism and should be abolished altogether.
Land ownership
Following political economist and social reformer Henry George's philosophy of classical liberalism known as Georgism and the single-tax movement of activists who supported it (see also the single tax), some free-market centrists and non-socialist left-libertarians known as geolibertarians argue that because land is not the product of human labor and it is inelastic in supply and essential for life and wealth creation, the market rental value of land should properly be considered commons. They interpret the Lockean proviso and the law of equal liberty to mean that exclusive land ownership beyond one's equal share of aggregate land value necessarily restricts the freedom of others to access natural space and resources. In order to promote freedom and minimize waste, they argue that absent improvements individuals should surrender the rental value of the land to which they hold legal title to the community as a subscription fee for the privilege to exclude others from the site. Since geolibertarians wish to limit the influence of government, they would have this revenue fund a universal basic income or citizen's dividend which would also function as a social safety net to replace the existing welfare system. Based on David Ricardo's law of rent, they further argue that this tax shift would serve to boost wages.
LGBT rights
In general, libertarians oppose laws that limit the sexual freedom of adults.
Limited government
Libertarians differ on whether any government at all is desirable. Some favor the existence of governments and see them as civilly necessary while others favor stateless societies and view the state as being undesirable, unnecessary and harmful, if not intrinsically evil.
Supporters of limited libertarian government or a night watchman state argue that placing all defense and courts under private control, regulated only by market demand, is an inherent miscarriage of justice because justice would be bought and sold as a commodity, thereby conflating authentic impartial justice with economic power. Market anarchists counter that having defense and courts controlled by the state is both immoral and an inefficient means of achieving both justice and security. Libertarian socialists hold that liberty is incompatible with state action based on a class struggle analysis of the state.
Mandatory vaccination
Right-libertarians are divided over mandatory vaccination. Some oppose mandatory vaccination on the grounds of it violating a person's individual liberty and being skeptical of government authority. Others support mandatory vaccination, arguing that libertarian principles prohibit reckless behaviour that puts other people at risk. According to Voice of America, "opposition to vaccination is often couched in libertarian terms: It's my body, my choice."
Natural resources
Right-libertarians such as free-market environmentalists and Objectivists believe that environmental damage is more often than not a result of state ownership and mismanagement of natural resources, for example by the military-industrial complex. Other right-libertarians such as anarcho-capitalists contend that private ownership of all natural resources will result in a better environment as a private owner of property will have more incentive to ensure the longer term value of the property. Other libertarians such as geolibertarians or left-libertarians believe the Earth cannot legitimately be held in allodium, that usufructuary title with periodic land value capture and redistribution avoids both the tragedy of the commons and the tragedy of the anticommons while respecting equal rights to natural resources.
Propertarianism
Right-libertarian philosophies are usually strong propertarians that define liberty as non-aggression, or the state in which no person or group aggresses against any other person or group, where aggression is defined as the violation of private property. This philosophy implicitly recognizes private property as the sole source of legitimate authority. Propertarian libertarians hold that an order of private property is the only one that is both ethical and leads to the best possible outcomes. They generally support the free market and are not opposed to any concentration of power (monopolies), provided it is brought about through non-coercive means. However, there is also a minority of soft propertarian libertarian philosophies. According to this moderately left-libertarian perspective, a society based on individual liberty and equal access to natural opportunities can be achieved through proportionate compensation to others by those who claim private ownership over a greater-than-equal share of the aggregate value of natural resources, absent any improvements.
Non-propertarian libertarian philosophies hold that liberty is the absence of hierarchy and demands the leveling of systemically coercive and exploitative power structures. On this libertarian socialist view, a society based on freedom and equality can be achieved through abolishing authoritarian institutions that control certain means of production and subordinate the majority to an owning class or political and economic elite. Implicitly, it rejects any authority of private property and holds that it is not legitimate for someone to claim private ownership of any production resources to the detriment of others. Libertarian socialism is a group of political philosophies that promote a non-hierarchical, non-bureaucratic, stateless society without private property in the means of production. The term libertarian socialism is also used to differentiate this philosophy from state socialism. Libertarian socialists generally place their hopes in decentralized means of direct democracy such as libertarian municipalism, citizens' assemblies, trade unions and workers' councils.
Race and sex
American libertarians, especially right-libertarians, are against laws that favor or harm any race or either sex. These include Jim Crow laws, state segregation, interracial marriage bans and laws that discriminate on the basis of sex. Likewise, they oppose state-enforced affirmative action, hate crime laws and anti-discrimination laws. They would not use the state to prevent voluntary affirmative action or voluntary discrimination. Most of these libertarians believe that the drive for profit in the marketplace will diminish or eliminate the effects of racism, which they tend to consider to be inherently collectivist. This causes a degree of dissonance among libertarians in federal systems such as in the United States, where there is debate among libertarians about whether the federal government has the right to coerce states to change their democratically created laws.
Taxation
Some deontological libertarians believe that consistent adherence to libertarian doctrines such as the non-aggression principle demands unqualified moral opposition to any form of taxation, a sentiment encapsulated in the phrase "Taxation is theft!". They would fund all services through gratuitous contributions, private law and defense user fees as well as lotteries. Other libertarians support low taxes of various kinds, arguing that a society with no taxation would have difficulty providing public goods such as crime prevention and a consistent, unified legal system to punish rights violators. Commonly advocated reforms include a flat personal income tax, a consumption tax such as the FairTax, or a land value tax system. While the former proposals are normally considered necessary evils or strategic compromises, geolibertarians in particular argue that a single tax on the rental value of land, typically in conjunction with Pigovian pollution and severance fees to internalize negative externalities and curb natural resource depletion, is not only non-distortionary and politically sustainable but also more ethically attractive than zero taxation and even required for justice in property rights.
Voluntary slavery
Libertarians generally believe that voluntary slavery is a contradiction in terms. However, certain right-libertarians dispute the Lockean claim that some rights are inalienable and maintain that even permanent voluntary slavery is possible and contractually binding. Famous libertarian Murray Rothbard argued that libertarians seeing children as property of the parents left the platform open to sales of children as slaves, when parents needed finances, and that people entering into voluntary slavery would most likely be when there was no alternative available to pay debts, but this was not coercive as under the libertarian platform only the government could engage in coercion. Detractors maintain that there is no such thing as a morally-binding "slavery contract".
Involuntary psychiatry
Involuntary commitment, outpatient commitment, and involuntary treatment, although in opposition to self-ownership and in some countries the main way of confinement and social control are issues rarely discussed by libertarians.
Thomas Szasz argues that involuntary psychiatry is incompatible with libertarianism and that Bertrand Russell, Robert Nozick, John Stuart Mill, Ayn Rand, The American Civil Liberties Union, and Friedrich von Hayek among other "went wrong" by their omission, ambiguity or direct support.
Most criticism comes from fields such as sociology (such as Michel Foucault), psychiatry (such as Franco Basaglia), human rights NGOs or philosophy and public position by libertarians are often uncertain.
Strategy
Non-voting
Some libertarians such as agorists employ non-voting as a political tactic and following 19th-century individualist anarchists like Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker consider voting an immoral concession of state legitimacy . Others who champion the concept of rational ignorance view voting as an impractical and irrational behavior on a cost-benefit analysis. Other more moderate libertarians abstain from voting to voice their perception that the current system is broken or out of touch.
Apart from principled and cynical non-voters, many libertarians interpret voting even for a suboptimal candidate or policy as an act of political self-defense aimed at minimizing rights violations.
Political alliances
Until fairly recently, American libertarians have allied politically with modern conservatives over economic issues and gun laws while they are more prone to ally with liberals on other civil liberties issues and non-interventionism. As conservatives increasingly favor protectionism over free and open trade, and progressives increasingly favor restrictions on speech deemed offensive or disinformative, the popular characterization of libertarian policy as economically conservative and socially liberal has been rendered less meaningful. Libertarians may choose to vote for candidates of other parties depending on the individual and the issues they promote. Paleolibertarians have a long-standing affinity with paleoconservatives in opposing United States interventions and promoting decentralization and cultural conservatism.
Revolution
Libertarians generally agree on the desirability of rapid and fundamental changes in power dynamics and institutional structures, but may disagree on the means by which such changes might be achieved. Orthodox right-libertarians strongly oppose violent revolution as unethical and counterproductive, however there is currently a growing amount of right-libertarians, inspired by the Founding Fathers of the United States, that believe in revolution as a justified means to counter what they see as a corrupt government. Left-libertarians, especially anarchists and socialists, regard the state to be at the definitional center of structural violence, directly or indirectly preventing people from meeting their basic needs, calling for violence as self-defense and seeing violent revolution as necessary in the abolition of capitalist society, mainly to counteract the violence inherent in both capitalism and government (some of them have also come to believe that violence, especially self-defense, is justified as a way to provoke social upheaval which could lead to a social revolution) while others argue in favor of a non-violent revolution through a process of dual power and pacifists see the concept of the general strike as the great revolutionary weapon. Market anarchists of a left-wing persuasion such as agorists also advocate various forms of nonviolent resistance, tax resistance or evasion, public acts of civic disloyalty and disobedience, counter-economics and subversive black markets.
See also
Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism
Factions in the Libertarian Party (United States)
Issues in anarchism
Left-libertarianism
Outline of libertarianism
Philosophy of law
Political ethics
Political philosophy
Right-libertarianism
References
Further reading
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阿尔达班（）（），波斯阿契美尼德王朝国王薛西斯一世的大臣。公元前465年发动宫廷政变，杀死了薛西斯一世及王儲大流士，改立其三子亞他薛西斯一世。
阿尔达班控制了朝政大权，得到了埃及的承认。後因與亞他薛西斯一世爭奪權力，被殺死。
注释
扩展阅读
Aristotle, Politics 5.131Ib
Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library 11.69
Justin , Epitome of Philipic Histories of Pompeius Trogus III 1
Photios I of Constantinople, Epitome of Persica of Ctesias 20
Plutarch, Life of Themistocles 27
波斯人
S
波斯国王
被處決者
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Mardan Palace is a luxury hotel in Lara, Antalya, Turkey, built by Azerbaijani businessman Telman Ismailov. It has been called Europe's and the Mediterranean's most expensive luxury resort.
History
It was opened on 23 May 2009 and attended by Mariah Carey, Kendall Jenner, Sharon Stone, Richard Gere, Monica Bellucci, Paris Hilton, Seal, Tom Jones, and the Kazakhstani President Nursultan Nazarbayev. Some football clubs like Shakhtar Donetsk and Steaua Bucharest, 2011 and respectively 2012, were guests of honor. The teams held their training camps in Antalya at the invitation of Telman Ismailov, who supported all the costs. The corporate identity and website for the hotel was created by Brash Brands in Dubai, winning it an International Design Award.
It is also known as Mardan Khan because of its luxury and according to Telman Ismailov at the time of its establishment. Its pool is one of the largest in Europe and its aquarium with more than 2,400 fish is one of the largest in Europe. In December 2018, it was announced that Titanic Hotels, whose properties include Beach Lara and Deluxe Belek, would take over the hotel. It is unconfirmed when the hotel will reopen.
Cost
Mardan Palace's reported cost is $1.4 billion. It has the Mediterranean's largest swimming pool within which is a sunken aquarium containing 2,400 fish. The hotel has 560 rooms, a spa, and its own beach containing 9,000 tons of sand imported from Egypt. 10,000 m2 of gold, 500,000 crystals, 23,000 m2 of Italian marble were used in the construction of the hotel.
The hotel was sold to Halkbank for just $124 million in late 2015.
Facilities
The hotel boasts a 5-acre pool and at the center of it is their seafood restaurant. The restaurant is surrounded by 4 aquariums that host over 3,000 varieties of fish.
References
External links
Official site
Hotels in Antalya
Hotel buildings completed in 2009
Hotels established in 2009
2009 establishments in Turkey
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Burrington is a small village and civil parish in the far north of Herefordshire, England.
It is part of the Leintwardine group of parishes and shares a parish council with Leintwardine and Downton.
It is located 6 miles southwest of Ludlow, and features a parish church dedicated to St George.
History of church and parish
Burrington is a settlement which dates back to the Domesday Book, when the manor was held by Edric the Wild, around whom many legends subsequently grew. The present church dates from 1864, when an earlier structure was rebuilt. It boasts possibly the finest collection of seventeenth and eighteenth century cast iron grave slabs in the country.
Little is known about the date of the original church on the site. An unsigned drawing of 1842 shows it to have been a much lower structure than the present building, consisting of nave, chancel and wooden south porch. At the west end was a wooden belfry with a shingled broach spire. All windows, including the three light east window, were square headed with hood moulds, suggestive of a date in the early sixteenth century. An unusual feature was a small blocked opening high in the east gable, also with a hood mould, the purpose of which is unclear. The chancel of the old church was longer than that of the present building, with the grave slabs originally being placed inside. A large dormer window probably gave light to a west gallery. The exterior of the church was rendered and limewashed, giving it a very Welsh appearance.
1864 rebuilding
The Churchwardens' Accounts, which survive from 1833, suggest that fairly regular expenditure was necessary to maintain the building, particularly the roof, belfry and glazing, and it is possible that this provided some of the impetus to rebuild.
The cost of rebuilding the nave was borne entirely by the local landowner, Mr A. Boughton-Knight of Downton Castle, while that of the chancel was met by the Vicar and a number of subscribers. There was probably a disagreement between Knight and the Vicar, Philip Hale, which resulted in the use of different architects for the two parts of the building.
For the nave, Knight employed the Shrewsbury architect Samuel Pountney Smith, who in 1861 had already built him a new church at Downton. Pountney Smith was a competent, and at times original, local architect who had been responsible for a number of rebuildings and restorations in Shropshire. The chancel was the work of a nationally known architect, George Frederick Bodley, who had earlier designed a new vicarage at Burrington. Bodley, whose finest works may be seen at Hoar Cross, Staffordshire and Pendlebury, Lancashire, was married to a lady from Kinnersley and carried out a number of minor commissions in Herefordshire.
A memorandum in the Parish register written by Rev. Philip Hale draws attention to the shortening of the chancel. It states that the original chancel had been extended eastwards, and had become the joint responsibility of the vicar and the parish. By returning it to the original dimensions, the anomaly had been removed. It would appear that the vicar was also able by this means to snub the Knight family by banishing their ancestral graves to the churchyard. Further evidence of this disagreement is provided by a note that the chancel screen was the property of the vicar, even though the arch under which it was erected was part of the nave. Unfortunately no record of this dispute has yet appeared in either the Knight papers or the parish or diocesan records. The parish magnanimously contributed the sum of twelve pounds to purchase "an altar, altar coverings and linen, also a surplice, Bible and Altar Service Book."
Recent developments
The work was completed with great rapidity, and the church today appears substantially as it would have done in 1864. It was necessary to carry out major repairs in the 1930s, but these did not affect the appearance of the building. The pressure to amalgamate small rural parishes affected Burrington earlier than most. During the incumbency of Rev. W. H. Ashton (1929–1934) it was joined with Downton, and under Rev. F. I. Turney (1941–1949) Aston and Elton were added to the benefice. Subsequently, in 1976 Burrington became part of the united parish of Wigmore Abbey.
In 1981 the tower was found to be unsafe, and the whole village became involved in a successful campaign to raise the necessary sum of £10,000. By 1987 the work was completed, the wooden structure having been re-seated on concrete beams. At the same time the interior was entirely replastered and redecorated, and the cast iron grave slabs re-sited for easier viewing. Continuing improvements have included a set of striking hassocks embroidered by members of the parish.
The churchyard contains a Commonwealth war grave of an airman from World War II.
In 2016, the church closed as the building had become dangerous, with falls of roof tiles and plaster within and outside the church. It is on Historic England's list of buildings at risk.
Description
The external appearance of the church shows no indication that it was the work of two architects. It was designed in the Early English Gothic style of the thirteenth century, with lancet windows except for the three light east window which has simple plate tracery. The building is much higher than its predecessor, and the wooden belfry with which it is surmounted provides a slight echo of the former structure.
The interior is plain, the nave and chancel being divided by the wooden screen of 1864, which is also executed in a plain thirteenth century style. The original retable behind the altar is of stone, consisting of three arches in which the Lord's Prayer and Decalogue are inscribed.
The belfry contains three bells, one of which, the treble, is a rare survival of a medieval long-waisted bell. The tenor was cast in 1727 by Abraham Rudhall III and is inscribed "Prosperity to this Parish". The third bell is of similar design and age.
The Monuments
Burrington is famous for its fine series of cast iron grave slabs situated outside the east end of the chancel. This type of memorial is associated with areas of early ironfounding, being particularly found in the Weald of Kent and Sussex, though it is doubtful if that area has a collection to rival Burrington.
Bringewood Chase was a centre of ironfounding in charcoal furnaces from Elizabethan times until it was eclipsed by the Coalbrookdale area in the later eighteenth century. Charcoal was burnt locally in the coppiced oak woods of the Chase, and iron ore and limestone were brought by pack horse from the Clee Hills, The memorials commemorate members of the local ironfounding families, particularly the Walkers and the Knights. Job Walker whose family had worked the ironworks for its owners the Earls of Essex and Craven, purchased its lease in 1690. The Walkers sold out in 1727 to Thomas Knight, the owner of furnaces at Madeley and Wolverley. The Knights acquired a great many small estates in the area, and when ironworking ceased, the Downton Castle estate was landscaped by Richard Payne Knight, a leader of the Picturesque movement.
The eight slabs commemorate:
Robert Seward died 1619
Maria Hare died 1674
Jane Hare died 1678
Richard Knight died 1745
Joyce Walker died 1658
William Walker died 1676
Jane & Barbara Knight died 1701 & 1705
Ralph Knight died 1754
The slabs are interesting in showing the development of lettering styles during the period, progressing from the sans-serif design of the seventeenth century to the full serif design of the eighteenth as seen on Richard Knight's monument. The fine display of heraldry illustrates the skill of the craftsmen who made the castings. Similar memorials, also to members of the Walker family, may be seen in the chancel at Onibury, Shropshire.
Bibliography
A Short History & Guide to St.George's Burrington by Martin Speight
References
Villages in Herefordshire
Civil parishes in Herefordshire
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鱼吕之乱是《朝鮮王朝實錄》记载，发生于明朝永乐十九年（1421年），明成祖大肆屠杀、处决后宫妃嫔、宫女的案件。中国方面没有相关记载。同时，中国和帖木儿帝国使者资料对涉及的同一背景事件，与《朝鮮王朝實錄》记载相反。事件真实性存疑。有韩国研究者指，虽然很难相信《朝鮮王朝實錄》中故意记载了虚假信息，但可以认为因各种原因，记载存在夸大和错误等问题。
賈呂、吕婕妤案
明成祖宫人、商贾之女呂氏（称賈呂）因與朝鲜贡女出身的吕婕妤同姓，欲結好。吕婕妤不從，賈呂便蓄谋构陷。永乐八年（1410年），明成祖宠妃权贤妃逝世。永乐十一年（1413年），賈呂誣告吕婕妤點毒藥於茶進之，毒杀权贤妃。明成祖大怒，虐杀吕婕妤及宮人、宦官數百餘人。
事件经过
永乐十八年（1420年），明成祖宠爱的王贵妃逝世。明成祖对王氏的逝世“甚痛悼，遂病風喪心，自後處事錯謬”。此时，賈呂與宮人魚氏私通宦者。明成祖查觉此事，依旧宠爱二人。但二人因自懼縊死。韩国研究者依据喻賢妃逝世时间（永乐十九年三月廿二），喻、鱼同音，认为朝鲜方面误记她为魚氏。
明成祖为鱼吕二人自杀大怒。因事起賈呂，逐审问賈呂的侍婢，皆誣服云：「欲行弑逆。」事件連坐者达到二千八百人，明成祖皆親臨凌遲。有人责骂明成祖，曰：「自家陽衰，故私年少寺人，何咎之有？」后来，明成祖命画工画下賈呂與小宦相抱之狀，欲令後世見之，然而思念魚氏不置，下令藏於壽陵之側。其子明仁宗继位后，掘棄之。
鱼吕之乱初起时，出身朝鲜贡女的诸多妃嫔中，任顺妃、鄭氏自經而死，黃氏、李昭仪被鞫處斬。当时，黃氏援引他人甚多，李昭仪曰：「等死耳，何引他人爲？我當獨死。」終不誣一人而死。崔美人因在南京，获免。韩丽妃被“幽閉空室，不給飮食者累日，守門宦者哀之，或時置食於門內，故得不死。然其從婢皆逮死，乳媪金黑亦繫獄，事定乃特赦之”。
鱼吕之乱正盛之时，即永乐十九年四月初八日（1421年5月23日），北京皇宫中的奉天、華蓋、謹身三殿俱燼。宮中皆喜以爲：「帝必懼天變，止誅戮。」然而，明成祖不以爲戒，恣行誅戮。《明实录》记载中，明成祖对此次火灾相当关切。四月壬寅日发布敕書，四月乙巳日发布诏书，以求挽回天意民心。
帖木儿帝国使者在《沙哈鲁遣使中国记》中所记，当时，明廷正在为明成祖的一位宠妃举办隆重的葬礼。宠妃是否是三月廿二日逝世的喻賢妃，无从考证。四月初八日（5月23日），明廷宣布，次日安葬宠妃。当日晚间，北京皇宫即发生火灾。过火面积“二百五十㖊”，“烧死了很多男人和女人”。事发时，明成祖和官员不在北京城中。事后，明成祖悲痛地到寺庙，极为紧迫地祈祷，说：“天帝怒我，故此焚我宫室；虽则我未作恶事；即未不孝父母，又未横施暴虐！”明成祖因此事病倒后，由儿子朱高熾“登临朝见殿”。
后续
永乐二十二年（1424年）七月，明成祖逝世。韩丽妃、崔美人按例殉葬。同年十月十七日，朝鲜世宗在便殿宴慰赴京皇親任添年（任顺妃父）、韓確（韩丽妃弟）、崔得霏（崔美人父）等人。明朝使臣言：「前後選獻韓氏等女，皆殉大行皇帝[明成祖]。」
韩丽妃殉葬前，她曾向继位的明仁宗请求允许乳媪金黑归国。明仁宗欲送還金黑，宮中諸女秀才曰：「近日魚、呂之亂，曠古所無。朝鮮國大君賢，中國亞匹也。且古書有之，初佛之排布諸國也，朝鮮幾爲中華，以一小故，不得爲中華。又遼東以東，前世屬朝鮮，今若得之，中國不得抗衡必矣。如此之亂，不可使知之。」明仁宗召见原籍朝鲜的宦官尹鳳，仁宗問曰：「欲還金黑，恐洩近日事也，如何？」尹鳳曰：「人各有心，奴何敢知之？」遂不送金黑，特封爲恭人。後，尹鳳奉使朝鲜，粗傳事件梗槪。宣德十年（1435年），金黑回到朝鲜，朝鲜方面乃得其詳。
备注
注释
明朝历史悬案
明朝後宮
1420年代中国
明成祖
1421年
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Yucca gigantea (syn. Yucca elephantipes) is a species of flowering plant in the asparagus family, native to Mexico and Central America. Growing up to in height, it is an evergreen shrub which is widely cultivated as an ornamental garden or house plant, often referred to simply as yucca cane. The edible flower is the national flower of El Salvador locally called izote, and it is used extensively in Salvadoran cuisine.
Names
Common names include spineless yucca, soft-tip yucca, blue-stem yucca, giant yucca, yucca cane, and itabo. Its flower, the izote, is the national flower of El Salvador.
Description
Yucca gigantea is typically less than in height. It may have a thick, single trunk or be multitrunked, growing from a thickened, inflated, trunk-like lower base similar to an elephant's foot. The exceptionally narrow leaves fan out in clumps. They are strap-like, spineless and up to in length. White flowers are produced in the summer. Mature plants produce erect spikes of pendent flowers up to in length. Flowers are followed by brown, fleshy fruits which are oval and up to long.
Taxonomy
The French botanist Charles Lemaire published the name Yucca gigantea in November 1859. This is the name used by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , although other sources use Yucca guatemalensis, published by Baker in 1872.
The species is still most widely known in the horticultural literature as Yucca elephantipes. The first mention of that name was by the German horticulturalist Eduard von Regel in February 1859. He claimed that a different species, Y. aloifolia, was sometimes known as Y. elephantipes when grown in European gardens because of its thickened stem base. However, since he did not intend to offer Y. elephantipes as the actual correct name, this was not a valid publication. In a major article on yuccas and allies in 1902, the American botanist William Trelease also used the name Y. elephantipes, referring to Regel's 1859 publication. This came too late though, as Y. gigantea had by then already been established. Y. elephantipes must therefore be regarded as an illegitimate name, according to the strict rules of the ICN,
Distribution
Yucca gigantea is found natively in Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and the eastern part of Mexico (Quintana Roo, Yucatán, Campeche, Tabasco, Chiapas, Veracruz, eastern Puebla and southern Tamaulipas).
It is also reportedly naturalized in Puerto Rico, the Leeward Islands and Ecuador.
Cultivation
The species can be grown in a variety of soils and is drought-tolerant. Young plants are occasionally used as houseplants. However the species grows best in a hot semi-arid climate, so plants are subject to root rot if overwatered. Older plants are generally the most susceptible. For this reason young, shorter trees are superior houseplants as they are more adaptable to environmental changes. The species has some cold tolerance, rated as hardiness zone 9b, but it is nowhere near as hardy as other yucca from more northern deserts. Yucca gigantea can be affected by a number of pests including scale, yucca moth borers, and yucca weevils. Leaf spot may affect the appearance of the leaves, but it does not affect the health of the plant. Propagation is by suckers, cuttings or seed.
Under the synonym Yucca elephantipes this species has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.
Uses
This section describes the gastronomic use of the flower in Latin America, but it is important to note that the specific examples are not unique to that region. There are hundreds of ways the flower is used in cooking due to the hundreds of indigenous tribes spanning from North to South America that ate Yucca flowers.
The flower petals are commonly eaten in Central America, but its reproductive organs (the anthers and ovaries) are first removed because of their bitterness. The petals are blanched for 5 minutes, and then cooked a la mexicana (with tomato, onion, chile) or in tortitas con salsa (egg-battered patties with green or red sauce). In Guatemala, they are boiled and eaten with lemon juice.
In El Salvador, the tender tips of stems are eaten, and known locally as cogollo de izote.
Gallery
References
gigantea
National symbols of El Salvador
Flora of Central America
Plants described in 1859
Flora of Mexico
Flora of the Yucatán Peninsula
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三面等價原則指在国内生产总值的計算中，可以采用支出、生产以及分配这三个方面来分别进行核算，而结果应当一致，為一總體經濟學原理。支出法从人民消费、政府投资以及进出口来核算；生产法自各个产业企业的附加值汇总，分配法从劳动报酬、企业盈余、固定资产折旧等加和。它背后的原理是国民经济本身作为一个循环，生产收入等于需求支出，需求支出等于供给产出，供给产出等于生产收入，因此可得到“总收入=总支出=总产出”这样一个等式。这一理念是日本经济学家都留重人所提出的。
宏观经济学
国内生产总值
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汉坦病毒肺综合征的症状是什么？Young等对自然感染HPS的病例进行潜伏期的测定，他们对来自美国30个州200例患者中的11例进行细致再检查和分析，包括对接触的啮齿类动物进行病毒分离等。最后认为HPS的潜伏期是9～33天，平均14～17天。本病病程分为三期，即前驱期、呼吸衰竭期和恢复期。1. 前驱期。患者发病多急骤，发病前驱症状:如畏冷、发热、肌痛、头痛、乏力等中毒症状。亦可伴有恶心、呕吐、腹泻、腹痛等胃肠症状。发热一般为38～40，以上症状持续短者12h，长者数日;2. 呼吸衰竭期 。多数2～3天后迅速出现咳嗽、气促和呼吸窘迫而进入呼吸衰竭期，此期为非心源性肺水肿。通过体检可见：呼吸增快，常达20～28次/min以上，心率增快，达120次/min，肺部可闻及粗大或细小湿啰音，少数患者出现胸腔积液或心包积液。重症患者可出现低血压、休克、心力衰竭以及窦性心动过缓或窦性心动过速等心律失常。仅少数患者发现睑结膜充血、球结膜水肿、皮肤黏膜出血点或出血斑。由辛诺柏病毒、纽约病毒和纽约1型病毒所引起者一般没有肾损害。而由长沼病毒和黑港渠病毒所引起者则伴有肾损害，因而可以出现少尿。一般呼吸衰竭持续1周左右，3.恢复期。能渡过呼吸衰竭期的患者逐渐进入恢复期，此时呼吸平稳，缺氧纠正，惟少数患者仍可见持续低热，体力尚有段时间恢复。但亦有部分患者无肺综合征表现。Kitsutani等报告5例急性辛诺柏病毒感染者，有特征性前驱症状，但没有严重的肺部表现。因而认为需要扩大此类患者的监视。诊断1.临床诊断 主要根据有发热、肌痛、头痛、乏力等中毒症状和迅速出现咳嗽、气促、呼吸频率和心率明显增快，缺氧等呼吸窘迫症，亦可存在血压偏低或休克。实验室检查白细胞计数升高，核左移，并可见异型淋巴细胞。血细胞比容增大，血红蛋白和红细胞升高，血气分析动脉氧分压降低，X线胸片示间质性肺水肿。2 .病毒RNA检查：RT-PCR法能检出急性期患者血清、血浆和单个核细胞中的病毒RNA。恢复期患者一般血液中RNA不能再检出。但亦有报告病程23天仍在患者血液中检出病毒RNA者。3 .特异性诊断 目前来检测患者特异性IgM和IgG常应用HPS相关病毒感染Vero-E6细胞的病毒抗原。新近Bostik对22例急性期HPS患者的血清标本进行SNV抗体检测，发现SNV特异性IgM是100%阳性，而特异性IgA阳性率为67%，至于恢复期特异性IgG出现最高的是IgG3(97%)，继之为IgG1(70%)，IgG2为30%而IgG4为3%。Pudula等应用阿根廷HPS的主要病原Andes病毒重组的核壳蛋白作抗原快速、准确诊断HPS，采用固相酶免疫试验(中心就是让抗体与酶复合物结合，然后通过显色来检测。)检测特异性IgG和IgA，应用捕捉ELISA法检测IgM，对135例RT-PCR认可的HPS病例，77例其他呼吸道感染的病例和957例来自疫区和非疫区的健康居民进行检查。结果HPS的早期患者均有很强的特异性IgM、IgG和IgA反应，IgM最早出现在发生症状后第1天，IgG在第7天，IgA在第1天。IgM抗体在所有病人的第一次标本中均阳性。IgM和IgG的特性和敏感性均为100%。特异性IgA抗体也在急性HPS病人的唾液中检出。
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Ilse Paula Steppat (30 November 1917 – 21 December 1969) was a German actress. Her husband was noted actor and director Max Nosseck.
Biography
She began her cinematic career at the age of 15 playing Joan of Arc. Steppat appeared regularly on the German stage, and starred in more than forty movies. In the 1960s, she appeared frequently in crime movies based on the work of author Edgar Wallace, such as Die Gruft mit dem Rätselschloss, Der unheimliche Mönch and Die blaue Hand, which brought her great fame in Germany.
In her only English-language role, Steppat played Blofeld's assistant and henchwoman Irma Bunt in the James Bond movie On Her Majesty's Secret Service.
In the first English-language conversation between Steppat and the movie's producer, Albert R. Broccoli, she confused the word verlobt (engaged) with engagiert (involved).
Despite this, however, she was awarded the role of Irma Bunt. Steppat was unable to capitalise on her new fame outside Germany, as she died of a heart attack only four days after the movie's international release. She was buried in the Waldfriedhof Dahlem in Berlin. Steppat was supposed to reprise her role as Irma Bunt in Diamonds Are Forever. However her character was withdrawn after the actress's death.
Selected filmography
1947: Marriage in the Shadows – Elisabeth Maurer
1949: Die Brücke – Therese Sander
1949: The Blue Swords – Frau von Tschirnhausen
1950: The Man Who Wanted to Live Twice – Oberschwester Hilde
1950: The Rabanser Case – Baronin Felten
1951: Die Tat des Anderen
1951: Veronika the Maid – Alice
1951: The Guilt of Doctor Homma – Dr. Ilse Kersten
1951: Hanna Amon – Vera Colombani
1952: When the Heath Dreams at Night – Brigitte
1952: Shooting Stars – Karena Rodde
1953: The Chaplain of San Lorenzo – Isabella Catani
1954: Captain Wronski – Leonore Cronberg
1954: The Phantom of the Big Tent – Dolores, Frau mit dem Löwen
1955: Doctor Solm – Claudia Möllenhauer, Tochter
1955: The Dark Star – Frl. Rieger, die Lehrerin
1955: Die Ratten – Frau Knobbe
1955: The Captain and His Hero – Yvonne
1956: Winter in the Woods – Frieda Stengel
1956: Weil du arm bist, muβt du früher sterben – Ada Schenk
1957: – Coletta Nicolini
1957: Confessions of Felix Krull – Maria Pia Kuckuck
1958: Night Nurse Ingeborg – Frau Burger
1958: – Frau Clavius
1958: Ósmy dzień tygodnia – Walicka
1958: Sehnsucht hat mich verführt – Brandner-Bäuerin
1958: Romarei, das Mädchen mit den grünen Augen – Witwe Prang
1960: Pension Schöller – Amalie Schöller
1960: Im Namen einer Mutter – Frau Barlowsky
1960: You Don't Shoot at Angels – Bellini
1962: The Post Has Gone – Elfriede Stolze
1963: Apartmentzauber – Sittenkommissarian
1963: Der Unsichtbare – Dr. Louise Richards
1964: The Curse of the Hidden Vault – Margaret
1965: The Sinister Monk – Lady Patricia
1966: Living It Up – Carol Stevens
1967: Creature with the Blue Hand – Lady Emerson
1968: Death in the Red Jaguar – Mrs. Cunnings
1969: On Her Majesty's Secret Service – Irma Bunt (final film role)
External links
German film actresses
1917 births
1969 deaths
Actors from Wuppertal
German stage actresses
20th-century German actresses
German voice actresses
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过度外语化是一种语言现象，即语言的使用者过度并错误地识别了外来词中的语言规律，并将其套用到其他语言环境中，甚至套用在第三种语言上。这一过程的结果并不会反映这两种语言的发音规则。
英语
（哈瓦那辣椒）有时会模仿jalapeño、piñata等西班牙语单词被发音和拼写作 ，但这并不是这个单词在西班牙语中的正确拼法。 （大男子主义）有时会被发音为"makizmo"（这显得它似乎来自意大利语），但它事实上来自西班牙语并且如同西班牙语原始单词般读作。
此外，在英国人心中，法国曾很大程度上代表了「外国」这一概念，一些其他语言的借词因此被套用了法语发音，如 Beijing、Taj Mahal 中的 j 被发成 [ʒ]，而非 [dʒ]。
丹麦语
丹麦受英美语言文化影响较大，因此德国总理默克尔的姓 Merkel 虽然在德语和丹麦语中具有同样发音，但丹麦人提及她时有时使用英语的发音。
参见
重金属变音符号
矫枉过正
脚注
参考文献
語言種類與風格
音韻學
语言学错误
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有没有治疗腰椎间盘突出的方法？腰椎间盘突出症是较为常见的疾患之一，主要是因为腰椎间盘各部分（髓核、纤维环及软骨板），尤其是髓核，有不同程度的退行性改变后，在外力因素的作用下，椎间盘的纤维环破裂，髓核组织从破裂之处突出（或脱出）于后方或椎管内，导致相邻脊神经根遭受刺激或压迫，从而产生腰部疼痛，一侧下肢或双下肢麻木、疼痛等一系列临床症状。腰椎间盘突出症以腰4-5、腰5骶1发病率最高，约占95%。髓核的退变主要表现为含水量的降低，并可因失水引起椎节失稳、松动等小范围的病理改变；纤维环的退变主要表现为坚韧程度的降低；长期反复的外力造成轻微损害，加重了退变的程度；椎间盘在成年之后逐渐缺乏血液循环，修复能力差。在上述因素作用的基础上，某种可导致椎间盘所承受压力突然升高的诱发因素，即可能使弹性较差的髓核穿过已变得不太坚韧的纤维环，造成髓核突出。腰痛是大多数病人最先出现的症状，发生率约91%。由于纤维环外层及后纵韧带受到髓核刺激，经窦椎神经而产生下腰部感应痛，有时可伴有臀部疼痛。向正后方突出的髓核或脱垂、游离椎间盘组织压迫马尾神经，其主要表现为大、小便障碍，会阴和肛周感觉异常。严重者可出现大小便失控及双下肢不完全性瘫痪等症状，临床上少见。腰椎侧凸是一种为减轻疼痛的姿势性代偿畸形。视髓核突出的部位与神经根之间的关系不同而表现为脊柱弯向健侧或弯向患侧。如髓核突出的部位位于脊神经根内侧，因脊柱向患侧弯曲可使脊神经根的张力减低，所以腰椎弯向患侧；反之，如突出物位于脊神经根外侧，则腰椎多向健侧弯曲。
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度米芬滴丸成分或处方？本品含度米芬(C22H40BrNO.H2O)应为标示量的85.0％～115.0 ％。
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维参锌胶囊的副作用（不良反应）？个别患者服药期间出现口干，鼻衄现象，停药后立即消失。
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布斯蒂略德洛罗（西班牙语：），是西班牙卡斯蒂利亚-莱昂萨莫拉省的一个市镇。 总面积15平方公里，总人口140人（2001年），人口密度9人/平方公里。
参考文献
萨莫拉省市镇
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Utah State University (USU or Utah State) is a public land-grant research university with its main campus in Logan, Utah. Utah State is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities. Utah State University is classified among "Carnegie R1: Doctoral Universities – Very High Research Activity".
Utah State's main campus in Logan is Utah's largest public residential campus, with over 21,000 students living on or near its main campus — defined as living either on campus properties or within one block of the university's main campus. As of Fall 2023, it had 28,063 enrolled students, including 25,048 undergraduates and 3,015 graduate students. USU has more than 250,000 alumni located in all 50 states and more than 125 countries.
Founded in 1888 as Utah's land-grant college under the 1862 Act, USU's original charter focused on science, engineering, agriculture, domestic arts, military science, technology, and mechanic arts. It received its current name in 1957. Today, USU has nine colleges, with a tenth college (the College of Veterinary Medicine) recently announced in 2022, and offers 283 degrees as follows: 159 undergraduate degrees, 83 master's degrees, and 41 doctoral degrees.
Utah State University is the flagship school of the Utah State University Statewide Campus System. USU's primary residential, academic, innovation, and research campus is in Logan, Utah, beginning at the mouth of Logan Canyon and extending North along the east bench of Logan into the city of North Logan. The Logan River runs through the far east corner of campus, with the mountain range rising sharply to the East.
Including its main campus in Logan, USU also owns and operates 11 additional residential and research campuses; 23 education centers; 30 county office locations; 5 additional innovation, research parks, and business development centers; 14 additional agricultural research centers and research farms; dozens of other wholly-owned defense research and government contractor entities (including but not limited to the Center for Growth and Opportunity ("CGO"), Center for Anticipatory Intelligence ("CAI"), and the Space Dynamics Laboratory ("SDL") — the latter being the United States Missile Defense Agency's University Affiliated Research Center (UARC)); and Utah State University Eastern — a wholly-owned but separate regional college located in Price, Utah and Blanding, Utah. Additional USU-owned research parks and business development centers include but are not limited to the Swaner Preserve EcoCenter (in Park City), the Ogden Botanical Center (in Ogden), the USU Botanical Center (in Kaysville), and the Bastian Agricultural and Equestrian Center (in Salt Lake City).
The eleven comprehensive academic, innovation, research, and residential campuses for USU are located in Logan (Main Campus), Brigham City, Moab, Tooele, Vernal, Roosevelt, Park City, Ogden, Kaysville, Tremonton, and Salt Lake City.
Together with USU's 23 education centers, 30 county offices, and Utah State University Eastern (in Price and Blanding), these campuses form the Utah State University Statewide Campus System.
USU's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Utah State Aggies. They are a member of the Mountain West Conference.
USU is associated with seven Rhodes Scholars, one Nobel Prize winner, one MacArthur Fellows Program inductee, four recipients of the Harry S. Truman Scholarship, and thirty-four recipients of the Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship. Utah State University has nine colleges — a tenth college, the College of Veterinary Medicine, was approved by the Utah State Legislature in the Spring of 2022 and will be the first four-year college of veterinary medicine operating in Utah.
History
Background and founding
On December 16, 1861, Justin Morrill (VT) introduced a bill into the U.S. House of Representatives "to establish at least one college in each state upon a sure and perpetual foundation, accessible to all, but especially to the sons of toil..." President Abraham Lincoln signed the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act into effect in July of the following year.
Meanwhile, after visiting a few rural agricultural schools in his native Denmark, Anthon H. Lund of the Utah Territorial Legislature decided that there existed in the Utah Territory a need for such a school fusing the highest in scientific and academic research with agriculture, the way of life for the vast majority of locals. Upon returning to the United States, Lund heard about the Morrill Act and pitched a vision for the college that would receive widespread support among members of the Territorial Legislature, seeking to reapply for statehood. Now, there came the question of location. According to historian Joel Ricks, in 1938, "Provo had received the Insane Asylum, Salt Lake City had the University and Capitol, and most of the legislature felt that the new institutions should be given to Weber and Cache Counties." Citizens in Logan, Cache County, banded together and successfully lobbied representatives for the honor. The bill to establish the Agricultural College of Utah was passed on March 8, 1888, and on September 2, 1890, 14-year-old Miss Vendla Berntson enrolled as its first student.
Consolidation controversies
In its early years, the college narrowly dodged two major campaigns to consolidate its operations with the University of Utah. Much controversy arose in response to President William J. Kerr's expansion of the college's scope beyond its agricultural roots. Detractors in Salt Lake City feared that such an expansion would come at the University of Utah's expense and pushed consolidation as a counter.
In 1907, an agreement was struck to strictly limit the Agricultural College's curricula to agriculture, domestic science, and mechanic arts. This meant closing all departments in Logan, including the already impressive music department, which did not fall under that umbrella. Consequently, the University of Utah became solely responsible, for a time, for courses in engineering, law, medicine, fine arts, and pedagogy, despite the Agricultural College's initial charter in 1888, which mandated that it offer instruction in such things. The bulk of the curricular restrictions were lifted during the next two decades, except law and medicine, which have since remained the sole property of the University of Utah.
Widespread growth
The Agricultural College grew modestly amid the tumult, adding its statewide Extension program in 1914. A year later, it granted its first master's degrees. UAC, as the Utah Agricultural College was commonly abbreviated, also received a notable boost in students due to World War I. Colleges and universities nationwide were temporarily transformed into training grounds for the short-lived Student Army Training Corps, composed of students who received military instruction and could return to their educations following their military service. As the then-tiny campus could not otherwise support such large numbers of new students, college president Elmer Peterson convinced the state in 1918 to appropriate funds for permanent brick buildings, which could be used as living space for SATC students during the war, and instruction afterward. Though the war was soon to end, the campus essentially doubled in size.
The 1920s and 1930s saw the genesis of significant growth. A School of Education was added in 1928, a prelude to the institution renamed Utah State Agricultural College in 1929. Doctoral degrees were first granted in 1950. In 1957, the school was granted university status as Utah State University of Agriculture and Applied Science, but the short name Utah State University is used even in official documents.
At the beginning of World War II, Utah State was one of six colleges selected by the United States Navy to give a Primary School in the highly unusual Electronics Training Program (ETP). Starting March 23, 1942, and each month after, a new group of 100 Navy students arrived for three months of 14-hour days in concentrated electrical engineering study. Smart Gymnasium was converted to a dormitory, and Old Main was fitted for classrooms and laboratories. Larry S. Cole was named program director, and Waldo G. Hobson was the director of instruction. ETP admission required passing the Eddy Test, one of the most selective qualifying exams given during the war years. At a given time, some 300 Navy students were on the campus, greatly augmenting the war-years regular enrollment of 1000. Sidney R. Stock had developed the Radio and Aviation Department earlier and entered the Navy as a Lieutenant Commander to assist in organizing electronics training. He was a member of the committee in Washington that planned the ETP and shortly returned to Utah State as the Officer-in-Charge. The ETP Primary School continued at Utah State until August 1944, graduating about 2,750 students in 30 classes.
During the late 1970s, controversy again erupted on campus surrounding the school's historically sizeable Iranian population. As U.S. relations with Iran began to deteriorate throughout the decade, Iranian students on campus began staging protests against the Shah, which demonstrations met with some backlash in the community. Following the outbreak of the hostage crisis of 1979, immigration officials arrived on campus to interview each Iranian, an event that alienated many international and domestic students. For a time, the population of Middle Eastern students declined sharply and has only recently begun to rise again.
Toward the end of the 20th century, Utah State began taking strides to shed its reputation as a small regional college and transform itself into a nationally prominent university. Under the auspices of President George Emert, who served at USU's helm from 1992 to 2000, the university's endowment increased from $7 million to $80 million. Scholarships, contracts, and grants increased substantially as well.
21st century
USU forged collaborations with several foreign institutions and governments, especially under former president Stan Albrecht. The university continues to grow in terms of enrollment, endowment, and research. The Merrill-Cazier Library opened in 2005, and other facilities have followed. In 2010, USU acquired both the Swaner EcoCenter outside Park City and the former College of Eastern Utah, with its two campuses and various undergraduate and vocational programs. In 2012, the university successfully concluded a $400 million fundraising campaign, the largest ever at USU. As of 2019, the university's endowment was $402.9 million.
System
As Utah's land grant university, the Utah State University system operates throughout Utah. The earliest roots of USU's distance education go back to 1904 when USU professors traveled by train from Logan to Burley, Idaho to deliver dairy lectures. In the 1950s, professors regularly drove around the state to teach courses and advise students. The first Statewide Campus, Uintah Basin, was designated by the Utah State Legislature in 1967. The next year, "flying professors" traveled weekly to teach at USU's various campuses and centers. Traveling from the centers was necessary until satellite systems were installed in 1996. In 2005, University President Stan Albrecht established USU Regional Campuses and Distance Education. The system grew in 2010 with the addition of USU Eastern to nearly one half of USU's enrollment. Today, the USU system includes the College of Eastern Utah, 3 Regional Campuses, 21 Distance Education centers, and 30 Extension sites. In 2012, RCDE completed construction of the Regional Campuses Distance Education (RCDE) Building which houses broadcast classrooms, RCDE offices, and the Utah Education Network.
Utah State University Eastern
Located in Price, Utah, the former College of Eastern Utah joined the USU system in 2010 and became Utah State University College of Eastern Utah (USU Eastern). In 2013, the official name was shortened to Utah State University Eastern. USU Eastern operates a satellite campus, known as the Blanding campus, in Blanding, Utah. Before the merger, USU taught courses at the college through Regional Campuses and Distance Education (RCDE). USU Eastern is a junior college and offers associate degrees, certificates, and vocational programs. Bachelor's, master's, and doctoral courses, however, are available on-site through RCDE. USU Eastern competes as the Eastern Utah Golden Eagles and is the only campus besides Logan with an athletics program.
Statewide Campuses
Regional Campuses and Distance Education (RCDE) work to fulfill USU's land-grant mission to increase access to high-quality education throughout Utah. Growth of RCDE is outpacing that of the Logan campus with enrollment up 4.5% to 12,650 students enrolled in RCDE courses in 2011.
Regional campuses exist in Brigham City, Tooele, and the Uintah Basin (Vernal and Roosevelt). RCDE offers courses at Price and San Juan campuses that constituted the former College of Eastern Utah (now known as Utah State University Eastern). Distance Education operates 21 education centers throughout the state, including Moab, Kaysville, Ephraim, Orem, and Salt Lake City. At each of these locations, students may receive a wide selection of degrees without ever stepping foot on the Logan campus. Courses and degrees are also made available online through Distance Education.
USU has a growing presence in Moab, with 295 students in 2011. The City of Moab committed up to $75,000 per year over the decade beginning in 2012 to promote the development of the campus. Degrees specific to the community's needs, including social work and recreation resource management, are planned for the new campus.
Cooperative Extension
Started in 1914, Utah State University Cooperative Extension, referred to simply as Extension, provides research-based, unbiased information to communities through their county offices and is an integral part of a land-grant institution. Extension operates 30 offices throughout the state, which include Swaner EcoCenter, Thanksgiving Point, and the Utah Botanical Center. With a focus on teaching, research, and public service, Extension programs include 4-H, agribusiness, Expanded Food and Nutrition Education, gardening and yard care, personal finance, and animal health.
Logan campus
USU's main campus in Logan is situated on about , approximately one-mile northeast of downtown Logan, at the mouth of Logan Canyon. The campus lies on a "bench," or shelf-like foothill overlooking the valley to the west. Mount Logan and the Bear River Range rise sharply to the immediate east. The campus contains more than 100 major buildings. Most student activity is centered around the south end of campus, which is home to the vast majority of academic departments, the Quad, the Taggart Student Center, and the Old Main building.
Notable structures include Old Main, the college's first building, as well as the Merrill-Cazier Library, the main university library, which houses more than 1,800,000 total volumes. The library also boasts an extensive special collections and archives area, an automated storage and retrieval system, and more than 150 workstations and 33 group study rooms. Also notable is the Manon Caine Russell-Kathryn Caine Wanlass Performance Hall, said to contain some of the best acoustics in the entire Western United States.
The Logan City Cemetery splits much of the campus in half. To the south lie most academic buildings, and to the west and north are situated the Dee Glen Smith Spectrum and Merlin Olsen Field at Maverik Stadium, respectively. Many scientific and agricultural research buildings are located even farther north. Nearby Logan Canyon is a popular recreation destination for students, with a system of trails and parks running along the river. In addition to camping and hiking, the canyon also serves as the primary route to nearby Beaver Mountain Ski Resort and Bear Lake. The university's Outdoor Recreation Program rents camping, water sports, mountain sports, and winter sports equipment to students, as well as providing them with area trail maps and expertise for their ventures into the canyon and elsewhere.
Student life
Utah State is the largest public residential campus in Utah, and nearly 18,000 students live on or directly adjacent to the campus. The university is the center of activity for the entire area, and the campus community is considered very close-knit. Twenty-one widely varying on-campus buildings house single students, and 39 buildings on the north side of campus are available for married housing. Many more students live in the multitude of off-campus housing options nearby. Students on campus may dine in one of two cafeterias and the Forum Cafe at Merrill-Cazier Library, which offers paninis, soups, beverages, and more. There is also a full-service Skyroom restaurant and the Hub, which includes several dining options. On the east edge of campus sits Aggie Ice Cream, a local tourist hotspot dating back to 1888, which produces "world-famous" ice cream and cheese products, as well as sandwiches and soups.
Starting in Old Main, USU has had a creamery since its founding in 1888. Students studying dairying and domestic arts applied to learn how to make both ice cream and cheeses. In 1921, Gustav Wilster began working with the College of Agriculture. By 1922, students studied dairy technology, fluid milk processing, ice cream manufacture, dairy engineering, cheese manufacture, butter making, dairy facility inspection, and dairy product judging. Wilster's students would go on to create Casper's Ice Cream, Farr's Ice Cream, and Snelgrove's Ice Cream. In 1975, the Nutrition and Food Sciences building was built, which is where Aggie Ice Cream is housed today. Aggie Ice Cream receives its milk from the Caine Dairy Research and Teaching Center located near the Wellsville Mountains.
Along with Aggie Ice Cream, well-known traditions include the rite of passage of becoming a True Aggie, which requires a student to kiss someone who is already a True Aggie on top of the Block "A." Two students may also become True Aggies together on Homecoming night or A-Day. At one point recently, USU held the title in the Guinness Book of World Records for the most couples kissing at the same place at the same time. Nearby the Block "A" is the lighted "A" atop the Old Main tower, which shines white throughout the entire valley and blue on nights when a varsity sport has picked up a victory, or other special events have occurred on campus.
Every student at Utah State is represented by the Utah State University Student Association (USUSA), which is composed of 17 elected student officers and five appointed student officers. These officers typically oversee a particular area of responsibility that is outlined in each officer's charter. The duties of USUSA officers can range from managing campus events and activities to promoting and advocating for particular initiatives at the Utah State Legislature. In February of each school year, campaigns are launched by students who wish to serve in the following year's USUSA. Campaigns last one week and consist of a primary and general election in which the top two vote-getters from the primary advance to the general election, and the candidate who receives a majority vote in the general election is announced as the winner.
The USUSA received significant attention during the 2016–2017 school year when the organization declared a mental health crisis at Utah State University. The legislation (written by USUSA Student Body President Ashley Waddoups, USUSA Student Advocate Vice President Matthew Clewett, and USUSA Graduate Studies Senator Ty Aller) sought to raise awareness of significant wait times for students to utilize CAPS (Counseling and Psychological Services) at Utah State as well as the increasing number of students who were suffering from mental health-related illnesses. After a successful lobbying campaign, the USUSA was able to influence the Utah State Legislature to pass a resolution declaring a mental health crisis at all USHE (Utah System of Higher Education) institutions. The resolution was subsequently signed by Utah Governor Gary Herbert in March 2017.
Students have full access to the HPER (pronounced "hyper"), Nelson Fieldhouse, and the ARC (Aggie Recreation Center) exercise facilities, which include basketball courts, indoor rock climbing, gymnastics equipment, two swimming pools, racquetball, squash, and outdoor field space for lacrosse, rugby, soccer, ultimate, and other sports. USU students are also involved in more than 100 clubs, an active and influential student government, seven fraternities and three sororities, multiple intramural and club sports, and a student-run radio station.
In 1970, Utah State student Sue Brown and Director of Student Activities Val R. Christensen created one of the first service organizations in the nation. VOICE, Volunteer Organization for Involvement in the Community and Environment, worked to improve the environment and social issues in Cache Valley. VOICE became The Val R. Christensen Service Center in 1999 in honor of Dr. Christensen's efforts and support of the organization. Today, students are involved in more than 20 service organizations including Aggie Special Olympics, Aggies for Africa, Alternative Breaks, and Senior University.
Colleges
Founded in 1888, Utah State University is the agricultural college and land grant institution for Utah. In 1903, USU was divided into five schools: the School of Agriculture, the School of Agricultural Engineering and Mechanical Arts, the School of Home Economics, the School of General Science, and the School of Commerce. In 1907, the State of Utah prohibited USU from providing degrees in teaching and engineering (to prevent competition with the University of Utah). In 1923, the university expanded to six academic colleges: Agriculture, Home Economics, Agricultural Engineering, Commerce and Business Administration, Mechanic Arts, and General Science. In 1924, the institution added a School of Education, and restructured the School of General Science to include a School of Basic Arts and Sciences.
Today, USU is organized into nine academic colleges:
A tenth college, the College of Veterinary Medicine, was announced in the Spring of 2022 and will be the first four-year veterinary school in Utah.
Caine College of the Arts
Formerly existing as a non-degree-granting institution within the College of Humanities, Arts & Social Sciences, the Caine College became a free-standing college on July 1, 2010. The Caine College of the Arts houses the departments of Art & Design, Music, and Theatre Arts, along with the Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art. Performance facilities include the Chase Fine Arts Center, which houses the Kent Concert Hall among other venues, and the free-standing Manon Caine Russell-Kathryn Caine Wanlass Performance Hall, completed in 2006. The 400-seat Performance Hall, designed by the architectural firm Sasaki Associates, has been praised as one of the best acoustic performance spaces in the American West, and received an Honor Award from the Utah Chapter of the American Institute of Architects. The Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art, designed by architect Edward Larrabee Barnes and opened in 1982, contains one of the largest art collections in the Intermountain Region. Its holdings include nationally significant collections of ceramics, Native American art, and especially artworks produced in the American West since 1945.
USU's music program includes opera singer Michael Ballam and the Fry Street Quartet, USU's string quartet-in-residence.
College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences
The College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences was the first academic college at USU and is known for ground-breaking animal genetics and human nutrition and food science research, as well as other significant breakthroughs and global outreach in plants and soil science, animal science, veterinary science, and economics and applied agriculture. College researchers were instrumental in the creation of the first cloned equines (horses) in a project collaboration with researchers at the University of Idaho. The college is also a leader in the international project to classify and research the sheep genome. The College of Agriculture includes six departments: Applied Sciences, Technology & Education (Aviation Technology); Animal, Dairy & Veterinary Sciences; Applied Economics; Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning; Nutrition, Dietetics & Food Sciences; and Plants, Soils & Climate.
The college is also home to Utah's first Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) program. The program is a regional program in collaboration with Washington State University in Pullman, Washington. Each year, the program accepts 20 Utah residents and ten non-Utah residents. Students spend their first two years receiving pre-clinical training at USU's Logan campus. They spend their final two years at WSU's College of Veterinary Medicine in Pullman, Washington, completing their clinical portion of veterinary education.
The college is also known for producing its nationally known, award-winning Aggie Ice Cream and cheeses through its Nutrition and Food Science Department.
In 2013, the college's name was changed from the College of Agriculture to the College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences to reflect the broad nature of the college.
College of Engineering
USU's most widespread academic renown stems directly from the College of Engineering. USU houses the Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL) which is a University Affiliated Research Center (UARC) focusing on military and science applications. SDL frequently submits projects to the Department of Defense and NASA. According to recent National Science Foundation statistics, USU ranked first among all universities in the U.S. in funding for aerospace research. USU has also won multiple national aerospace engineering competitions in the past, including two in the 2008–09 academic year alone.
The Utah Water Research Laboratory is the oldest and largest facility of its kind in the nation. USU is considered the world's No. 1 university in several water-related engineering and scientific disciplines due in large part to the UWRL. The lab heads and contributes to numerous international projects, particularly in arid Middle Eastern nations.
College of Humanities and Social Sciences
The College of Humanities and Social Sciences touches nearly every student on campus by teaching required general education classes. The college houses eight departments and more than 30 programs. Departments include English, history, journalism and communication, languages, philosophy and speech communication, military science, political science, sociology, social work and anthropology.
In the Humanities, USU has long history in the study of the American West. The university, through its departments of English and history, respectively, is the host institution for the scholarly journals Western American Literature and the Western Historical Quarterly, the official publications of the Western Literature Association and the Western History Association, respectively. Additionally, the Department of Journalism and Communication broadcasts weekly the award-winning A-TV News and publishes the student-run Aggie BluePrint magazine.
The Mountain West Center for Regional Studies, a Humanities outreach center at USU, sponsors public events and research focusing on the cultures and history of the Interior West and larger American West. University Special Collections and Archives, located at the Merrill-Cazier Library, has extensive archival holdings documenting the histories of Utah, the Intermountain West, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, as well as one of the nation's largest collections pertaining to American folklore, and the lives and works of western authors such as Jack London and poet May Swenson, a Logan native and USU alumna.
The college also houses the USU Museum of Anthropology, currently located in Old Main.
College of Science
Among the most notable aspects of USU's College of Science is the rate at which its students are accepted into medical and dental schools. Despite the absence of such professional schools on-site in Logan, students are admitted to medical and dental programs at a rate of nearly 30 percent above the national average each year. This is largely due to the rigorous Prehealth Advising Program and resources like the Cadaver Lab, to which undergraduates have access.
In the past decade, the Physics Department alone has produced a Rhodes Scholar, a Marshall Scholar, a Fulbright Student Scholar, nine Goldwater Scholars, and two Carnegie Professors of the Year.
The College of Science houses the Departments of Biology, Chemistry & Biochemistry, Physics, Computer Science, Mathematics & Statistics, and Geology. The Department of Mathematics & Statistics includes one of only three actuarial science programs in the American West.
Emma Eccles Jones College of Education and Human Services
USU's Emma Eccles Jones College of Education and Human Services was founded in 1924. With around 5,700 students, the college has been in the top 2% of the U.S. News & World Report best graduate schools in the U.S. for the past decade. The college ranks 4th nationally in external funding for all colleges of education. The college is accredited by the American Psychological Association. Faculty are active in many of areas of research, including neuropsychology, child development, health psychology, behavior therapy, and quantitative psychology. The college has a nationally recognized department of Instructional Technology and award-winning faculty in the area of learning sciences. The Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation is ranked in the top 10 nationally according to U.S. News & World Report.
Department of Psychology professor Karl R. White is director of the National Center for Hearing Assessment and Management, which focuses on the early identification and intervention of hearing loss in infants and young children.
USU is the only university in Utah with a Housing and financial Counseling program offered through the college's Family, Consumer, and Human Development Department. This program offers debt counseling, budget counseling, mortgage default prevention counseling, and reverse mortgage counseling through the USU Family Life Center, which also houses the Marriage & Family Therapy Clinic.
Jon M. Huntsman School of Business
In 2007, Utah State's College of Business became the Jon M. Huntsman School of Business after a $26 million donation by the philanthropist Jon Huntsman, Sr.
The Huntsman School of Business is the West's oldest continuously operating business college. It offers several graduate and undergraduate degrees in fields including management, accounting, economics, finance, and management information systems (MIS). The bachelor's degree in international business is unique to USU within the state. The prestigious School of Accountancy is distinguished by perennial Top 5 rankings in CPA exam scores by its grad students. In 2014, 75.3% of its students passed the CPA exam, placing the program 21 out of 254 institutions in the nation under the "large programs" classification. U.S. News & World Report ranked the Huntsman School 183 nationally for business programs. Its Institute of Management Accountants chapter has received a "Gold Level Award of Excellence" for each of the past 14 years essentially making it the top such institute in the nation. The Huntsman School widely touts its travel programs, including the unique Huntsman Scholar Program, and the impressive transformation it is undergoing as it puts its new resources to use. This effort has included the hiring of high-profile faculty, such as Stephen R. Covey, influential management scholar and author of the wildly popular best-seller The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. Covey taught classes from 2010 until his death in 2012.
The Huntsman School of Business also houses the Shingo Institute, an outreach program that develops executive education to be licensed and taught to leaders of organizations worldwide. The Shingo Institute also administers the internationally recognized award, the Shingo Prize for Operational Excellence.
In 2011, the Utah Legislature approved funding for a new business building to be located south of the Eccles Business Building. The new building was funded by $36 million in private funds and $14 million in state funds. The building was completed in 2016 and includes classrooms, faculty offices, a business library, and three new business centers.
S.J. & Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources
USU has a long and illustrious history in the science and management of forests, rangeland, wildlife, fisheries, and watersheds. Many graduates of the Quinney College of Natural Resources have gone on to high-level careers in the U.S. Forest Service, National Park Service, and the Bureau of Land Management, and its graduate programs attract high numbers of international students. The college also operates the Quinney Library, which houses collections relevant to natural resources education, management, and research. The college was formally renamed the S.J. and Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources in 2012 after a $10 million donation was received by the S.J. and Jessie E. Quinney Foundation. The Quinneys were both graduates of USU (then the Agricultural College of Utah), and their foundation has supported the College of Natural Resources for 40 years, contributing more than $40 million in all.
The Quinney College of Natural Resources includes the departments of Watershed Sciences, Environment and Society, and Wildland Resources.
Academics
As of Fall 2019, there were 27,810 students enrolled of whom 24,669 were undergraduate students and 3,141 were graduate students. 17,279 of these students were enrolled at USU's Logan campus while 10,531 students were enrolled exclusively at regional campuses or in distance education. USU is home to more Carnegie Professors of the Year than any other school in Utah, and boasts nine of the last 15 for the state. The Carnegie is a teaching award, and in fact, USU strongly stresses close undergraduate involvement for even their most prestigious faculty. According to a recent survey, 49.7% of all faculty teach undergraduates, and 63.5% say they've worked with an undergraduate on a research project in the last two years. The university is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities. USU is also home to a dynamic and successful Honors Program.
Student to Faculty ratio at Utah State University is 21.1 to 1.
Admissions
For the Class of 2022 (enrolling fall 2018), USU received 15,099 applications, accepted 13,446 (89.1%), and enrolled 4,429. Of the 13% of enrolled first-year students submitting SAT scores, the middle 50% range was 530-650 for critical reading and 520-640 for math; 89% submitted ACT scores, with the middle 50% Composite range equal to 21–28. Of the 76% of enrolled first-year students who submitted high school class rank, 20.6% were in the top 10% of their high school classes, and 46.6% ranked in the top quarter. The average high school GPA was 3.56.
Rankings
According to Business Insider in 2015, USU is the 25th "Most Underrated College" in the United States.
Washington Monthly ranked Utah State 22nd in 2022 among 442 national universities in the U.S. and the 8th public university based on its contribution to the public good, as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service.
U.S. News & World Report ranked USU tied for 23rd in "Best Online Bachelor's Programs" in 2020 out of 353 reviewed. Forbes ranked the university No. 140 in Public Colleges, No. 177 in Research Universities, and No. 74 among colleges in the West in 2023. The university also leads the nation in funding for aerospace research and the number of student experiments sent out into space. In 2017, Utah State University was ranked No. 1 in the nation by MSN among 1,600 considered schools "based on affordability, flexibility, and other quantitative factors."
Research and environmentalism
Utah State University is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". The National Science Foundation ranked USU 83rd in the nation and second in Utah for research and development expenditures having recorded $304.2 million in 2020. As of 2020, USU received more than $368 million is research support. In addition to its faculty and graduate work, the university strongly emphasizes the importance of undergraduate research. USU's Undergraduate Research program was founded in 1975 making it the second program of its kind in the nation with Massachusetts Institute of Technology founding the first.
Along with the University of Utah, USU is an anchor in the Utah Science Technology and Research (USTAR) program, which is aimed at optimizing the university and region's most marketable strengths to bolster Utah's high-tech economy. Seven USTAR teams currently perform research at Utah State. USTAR and USU's Advanced Transportation Institute developed charging technology for electric buses. Now, buses can be powered through wireless induction technology. The bus stops over magnetic pads that will charge the bus while passengers load and unload. A prototype of the technology began service on the University of Utah campus in 2012.
Notable research centers based at USU include the Space Dynamics Laboratory, Energy Dynamics Laboratory, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Center for High Performance Computing, Utah Climate Center, Center for Advanced Nutrition, Center for the School of the Future, National Aquatic Monitoring Center, Intermountain Center for River Rehabilitation and Restoration, Mountain West Center for Regional Studies, and Utah Botanical Center, among others. In 2010, the university received ownership of the more than $30 million Swaner Preserve and EcoCenter outside of Park City. The center consists of a land trust and a , state-of-the-art facility dedicated to environmental education. The preserve protects critical wetland and foothill terrain in the heart of one of the state's fastest-growing areas, and the EcoCenter, completed in 2009, is a multi-use facility with space for educational and community activities. The facility is LEED Platinum Certified, the highest standard for design, construction and operation of high-performance green buildings.
Through the Department of Physics (College of Science), Utah State University has placed more student experiments into space than any educational institution in the world. A team of USU and University of Idaho researchers were the first in the world to successfully clone an equine. The baby mule, named Idaho Gem, was born May 4, 2003. USU researchers made headlines in 2011 after breeding transgenic goats. Utah State University professor Randy Lewis' "spider goats", the milk of which contains spider silk, are being studied for uses including human muscle tissue and light-weight bulletproof vests.
Research efforts are underway to produce a cost-competitive bio-diesel from algae. Lance Seefeldt and other professors formed the Biofuels Program at Energy Dynamics Laboratory to develop new and emerging technologies that will produce methane, biodiesel, hydrogen, and alcohols from renewable, carbon-dioxide-neutral energy sources, such as consumer and agricultural waste and sunlight. Dallas Hanks, a doctoral student, has initiated a program at the university called FreeWays to Fuel, which is growing oilseed crops for biodiesel in previously unused municipal land such as highway roadsides. Hanks estimates that in the U.S., of such unused land exists—land which generally serves no other purpose and currently costs tax dollars to maintain. Early yields from the crops are promising, and the program has spread to other land-grant universities across the nation. He has a goal to produce of biofuel in five years.
Utah State University promotes the OpenCourseWare (OCW) Project (open and free university courses) and is developing an open content management system for OCW called eduCommons. This open source content management system is one of the important technology projects in the MIT OpenCourseWare Initiative. eduCommons aids in the creation of OCW sites and has already been adopted by several universities for this purpose.
Athletics
Utah State University supports organized athletics within the varsity intercollegiate, club intercollegiate, and intramural categories. Since its founding in 1888, USU's varsity and club sports and its players have won 16 national championships.
Varsity
USU's varsity sports teams are known as the Aggies and are a part of the NCAA Division I Mountain West Conference (MWC), which they joined in the summer of 2013. The university's varsity teams have won 37 conference championships including three national championships. Golfer Jay Don Blake won the 1980 NCAA Championship and was named NCAA Player of the Year in 1981. Utah State University's 90 All-American athletes have been named All-American 134 times. Utah State Aggies has 14 NCAA Division I teams including:
The men's basketball team plays in the Dee Glen Smith Spectrum, which has been named among the nations "15 Toughest Places To Play In College Basketball." ESPN has also named USU's student section, The HURD, among the smartest in the nation. During the 2008–09 season, USU's ranking in the ESPN/USA Today Coaches' Poll rose as high as #17. USU basketball was 193–13 (.937) at home during the Stew Morrill era, having received 6 NCAA Tournament berths in between 2000 and 2010, and amassed more wins than any team in the nation except Duke, Kansas, and Gonzaga during that time. Utah State captured the Mountain West regular season title in 2018-19 and back-to-back tournament titles during the 2018–19 and 2019–20 seasons. The Aggies have qualified for the NCAA Tournament in the last three seasons.
USU's football team is one of 128 schools in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in the United States. After many years of futility in football, USU rose to new heights under head coach Gary Andersen, ending the 2012 regular season with its USU's first-ever 10-win season, its first Western Athletic Conference championship in football, and nationwide Top 25 rankings in all three major polls.
In addition to Andersen's hiring, the football program's renaissance can be attributed in part to a recent emphasis, under Athletics Director Scott Barnes, on recruiting, TV coverage, fundraising, facilities upgrades, and internal reorganization, despite the athletics department's dismal budget in comparison with other state and WAC schools. In recognition of these efforts, USU Athletics was crowned the 2009 National Champion of the Excellence in Management Cup, which seeks to identify the university that wins the most championships with the lowest expenses Matt Wells was named head coach of USU's football team before the 2013–2014 season. In December 2020, Utah State University vice president and director of athletics John Hartwell announced Blake Anderson (American football) as the Aggies' 29th head football coach.
The Aggies were members of the WAC between 2005 and 2012, and the men's teams won several conference championships in that time, including football in 2012, basketball in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011, indoor track in 2008, 2010, 2011, outdoor track in 2007, 2009, 2010, and 2011, cross country in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2011. Women's teams also won WAC championships, including volleyball in 2012, soccer in 2008, 2010, 2011, and 2012, cross country in 2006 and 2008, outdoor track in 2012, and indoor track in 2012. Utah State has won numerous conference championships in previous conferences. National championships include women's volleyball in 1978 and softball in 1980 and 1981.
As members of the Mountain West Conference, the Aggies have claimed a division title in football and played in the inaugural Mountain West Championship Game in 2013. The men's tennis team won the regular season Mountain West Conference championship in 2016. The men's tennis team won both the Mountain West Conference regular season and tournament championships in 2017. The men's cross country team captured the MW title in 2019 and the volleyball team won the MW regular-season crown in 2021.
Club
Utah State University's clubs have seen national success, winning 15 national titles. USU's baseball club has won 2 national championships, first in 2012 and then again in 2014. The rodeo club has 2 individual national champions, Garrett Thurston and Trevor Merrill. The handball club has claimed 9 national titles among its roster members. And the USU Cycling Club has two individual national championships. An array of club sports exist which students can try out and participate in including:
Intramural
Intramural sports are offered to students, faculty, and staff.
Media
Journals published by the university include Utah Science, Western Historical Quarterly, and Western American Literature. The Utah State University Press publishes works in composition studies, folklore, Mormon history, Native American studies, nature and environment, and western history.
The Utah Statesman, or simply The Statesman, is the primary news outlet serving the USU student body. The Statesman is a student-run paper with a faculty adviser. The paper is funded partly by a student fee of $2 per semester and partly by the sale of advertisements. The Statesman is published once a week and distributed free of charge to on-campus locations and off-campus in Downtown Logan. The Statesman won the Society for Professional Journalists's Best Column Writing award in 2002 and Best Non-Daily Student Paper in 2005.
Aggie Radio 92.3 KBLU-LP, an entirely student-run radio station, broadcasts to Cache Valley and online. Aggie Radio is the home of local, alternative, and independent music for USU students and the Cache Valley Community. Programming can be found online via RadioFX, with many of its podcasts available through major distributors. Aggie Radio is an affiliate of Learfield IMG College and broadcasts all of the Utah State University Football and Women's and Men's Basketball games throughout the season.
Utah Public Radio, based at the university in the MDLS building, is heard on KUSU (91.5 FM) and KUSR (89.5 FM) in Logan and throughout Utah on a system of 26 translators. UPR broadcasts "a mix of information, public affairs, and fine arts programming." KUSU is a National Public Radio member station, and an affiliate of Public Radio International.
Aggie Television (ATV) is a cable service lineup of approximately 110 channels offered free of charge to all on-campus residents. ATV produces Crossroads, a bulletin/announcement channel, and Aggie Advantage, providing local and student video programming.
Notable people
On June 13, 1899, graduates of the Agricultural College of Utah met to create the Alumni Association. Today, the Alumni Association is located in the historic David B. Haight Alumni Center, which was dedicated on July 11, 1991. Alumni chapters exist in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Washington, D.C. USU's 149,000 alumni live in all U.S. states and more than 110 countries.
Particularly notable alumni include Harry Reid, former U.S. Senate Majority Leader; Lars Peter Hansen, one of the three Americans to win the 2013 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences; May Swenson, poet; Merlin Olsen, pro football hall-of-famer, actor, and TV personality; Ardeshir Zahedi, former Iranian Foreign Minister and Ambassador to the U.S. under the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Shah; LaDonna Antoine-Watkins 1996 and 2000 Olympic sprinter; Chris Cooley, pro-football tight-end for the Washington Redskins; Mary L. Cleave, NASA astronaut, Bobby Wagner, a linebacker for the Seattle Seahawks, Lloydene Searle, professional soft ball player and USU Head Softball Coach for 17 years; Julie A. Robinson, Chief Scientist of the International Space Station (ISS) Program at National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Johnson Space Center; Bibhu Mohapatra, New York-based fashion designer and costume designer; and Ann Overdiek Dalton, co-founder of Perfectly Posh.
Particularly notable faculty include Stephen R. Covey, author of The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People; Michael Ballam, renowned tenor and general director of the Utah Festival Opera; Don L. Lind, NASA Astronaut and member of "The Original 19"; George Dewey Clyde, Governor of Utah; Christopher Cokinos, award-winning poet and nonfiction writer; Hugo de Garis, artificial intelligence researcher; Rainer Maria Latzke, mural and fresco painter, and founder of the Institute of Frescography; David Peak, physicist, Utah Carnegie Professor of the Year, and mentor to 1 Rhodes and 7 Goldwater Scholars; Richard B. Powers, American psychologist; Joseph Tainter, anthropologist and historian; and Maura Hagan, Professor of Physics and Dean of the College of Science at Utah State University.
Notes
References
Further reading
Simmonds, A. J., Pictures Past: A Centennial Celebration of Utah State University (1988), 126 pp
Parson, Robert, "Encyclopedic History of Utah State University" (2009). Library Faculty & Staff Publications. Paper 121. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/lib_pubs/121
External links
Utah State Athletics website
1888 establishments in Utah Territory
Universities and colleges established in 1888
Land-grant universities and colleges
Buildings and structures in Logan, Utah
Universities and colleges in Cache County, Utah
Public universities and colleges in Utah
Universities and colleges accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities
Aviation schools in the United States
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民族宗教在宗教学中是指和特定民族相关的宗教信仰，例如犹太人信仰的犹太教、伊朗人信仰的祆教、印度人信仰的印度教、旁遮普人的锡克教 、日本人信仰的神道、凯尔特人信仰的、古希腊人的希腊宗教等。
民族宗教的概念和“普世宗教”相对，即不受民族身份限制的宗教，如基督宗教、伊斯兰教、佛教等。
用途
民族宗教和特定的民族相关联，常常是民族身份认同的一部分，起到维系群体凝聚力的作用。除了犹太教、祆教、印度教、凯尔特宗教、希腊宗教，民族宗教的例子还有伊斯兰教的德鲁兹教、阿拉维派和阿列维派；曼达安教、雅兹迪；中国汉人的民间信仰；爪哇族的和信仰、巽他族的信仰；塞雷尔人的。作为普世宗教的基督教也可能成为民族身份认同的元素，例如亚述人的叙利亚基督教信仰。
流散的族群常常将信仰民族宗教作为维持族群认同的方式。美洲的非洲裔族群就有维持非洲传统宗教的现象。
近年来新异教主义兴起，欧洲一些已经消亡的多神教信仰得到一定程度复苏，常以“民族宗教”的概念出现，而非此前惯用的“异教”（pagan）。北美也有“”的近义概念。
参见
泛靈論
祖先崇拜
中國傳統宗法性宗教
內婚制
民族宗教群体
異教
萨满教
斯拉瓦节
圖騰
錫安主義
参考文献
民族学
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黄照，广东东莞人，清朝政治人物。
鄉試中舉。道光五年（1825年）至道光八年（1828年），擔任利川知县。
参考资料
清朝利川縣知縣
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David R. Burns is a Maine politician. Burns was a Republican member of the Maine House of Representatives representing the District 138, which included his residence in Alfred as well as other towns in York County including Limerick, Newfield and Shapleigh. In his first term in office, Burns ran as a clean elections candidate and served on the Taxation Committee. He earned a B.A. in Business Administration from Concordia University Texas. He served 20 years in the United States Army.
On November 30, 2011, the Maine Ethics Commission ruled that Burns broke campaign finance rules during his 2010 campaign. The ethics commission declared that Burns owed more than $2,000 for violating state law regarding the use of public funds, including the co-mingling of personal and campaign funds, the falsifying of documents and other chargers of malfeasance. The commission also asked Maine Attorney General William Schneider to open a criminal investigation and impose a large fine for the violations which Commission chair Walter McKee called "mind-boggling".
On January 31, 2012, Burns resigned from the Maine House of Representatives following an investigation by the Maine Attorney General. Earlier in the same day, leading Democratic state representative Emily Cain had called for Burns' immediate resignation.
After pleading guilty to misdemeanor forgery and theft charges in connection with his 2010 election campaign he was sentenced to six months in prison.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
United States Army personnel of the Gulf War
American prisoners and detainees
People from Alfred, Maine
Republican Party members of the Maine House of Representatives
Concordia University Texas alumni
Maine politicians convicted of crimes
Military personnel from Maine
Prisoners and detainees of Maine
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日本散血丹（学名：），为茄科散血丹属下的一个植物种。其种加词“japonicum”意为“日本的”。
异名
Chamaesaracha japonica Franch. & Sav.
Chamaesaracha watanabaei Yatabe
Leucophysalis japonica (Franch. & Sav.) Averett
Leucophysalis kimurae (Makino) Averett
Leucophysalis kimurai (Makino) Averett
Leucophysalis savatieri (Makino) Averett
Physaliastrum japonicum f. kimurae (Makino) Yonek.
Physaliastrum kimurae Makino
Physaliastrum kimurai Makino
Physaliastrum savatieri Makino
Physaliastrum savatieri f. kimurai (Makino) Ohwi
Withania japonica (Franch. & Sav.) Hunz.
参考资料
R
R
R
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比利時在歐洲青少年歌唱大賽的參賽歷史始於在丹麥哥本哈根舉辦的2003年首屆歐洲青少年歌唱大賽，到 最後一次參賽為止已參加了10次大賽。歐洲廣播聯盟（EBU）正式會員比利時法語社群廣播電視（RTBF）與弗拉芒廣播電視公司（VRT）共同負責該國的主辦、選拔與參賽事宜。比利時使用自己的國家選拔賽《Junior Eurosong》和《Eurokids》挑選參賽人選。比利時還在哈瑟尔特的舉行的大賽。
歷史
國家選拔賽
比利時是16個參加在丹麥哥本哈根会展中心舉辦的2003年首屆歐洲青少年歌唱大賽的國家之一。和在歐洲歌唱大賽的處理方式一樣，由於比利時有兩個EBU會員—服務瓦隆大区和法語社群的的RTBF與服務弗拉芒大區與荷蘭語社群的VRT—，因此兩者會輪流處理比利時的選手選拔與參賽事宜，比如時由VRT負責處理，於是他們送出和他們的荷蘭語歌曲〈友誼羈絆〉（De vriendschapsband）出賽，到了時輪到RTBF接手處理，於是他們送出自由之魂樂團（Free Spirits）和他們的法語歌曲〈堅持〉（Accroche-toi）出賽。
2005年標誌著輪流制度上的改變：由於兩家廣播公司要合作處理即將在比利時哈瑟尔特舉辦的2005年歐洲青少年歌唱大賽，雙方都組織了一場地區選拔賽，從中各選六首歌晉級全國選拔賽，最終選出獲勝者—從RTBF方晉級來的和她的歌曲〈我的夢想〉（Mes rêves）—代表比利時參加大賽。雖然回歸了輪流制度，但隨著RTBF與瓦隆大區方對歐洲青少年歌唱大賽失去興趣而決定不再負責，因此自2006年起，比利時所有歐洲青少年歌唱大賽的選拔和參賽事宜以及權力都由VRT掌控。
雖然VRT是一家荷蘭語的廣播公司，他們還是會允許幾首法語歌曲參加國家選拔賽。然而自2006年以來，所有比利時的參賽歌曲都使用荷蘭語。，比利時自開始參賽以來首次派出二人組。比利時也是第一個確認參加和2012年歐洲青少年歌唱大賽的國家。
退出大賽
2013年3月26日，VRT宣布比利時將退出的大賽，以便在比利時推出一個針對年輕表演者的新節目，然而他們還是舉辦了一場名為《》的國家選拔賽節目，由當時14歲的彼得·弗雷斯（Pieter Vreys）贏得。2013年12月20日，VRT旗下的（Ketnet）宣布他們不再對歐洲青少年歌唱大賽感興趣，並決定不再繼續參加。
參賽者
以下參賽歌手/團體以及歌曲的中文名稱皆非官方中譯。
選手相片集
評論員與唱票員
大賽透過官方網站junioreurovision.tv和YouTube在網路上向全世界進行轉播。2015年大賽在官網上的轉播甚至有官網總編路克·費雪（Luke Fisher）和保加利亞2011年歐洲青少年歌唱大賽代表以英語擔任評論員。RTBF和VRT每次參賽也會派出自己的評論員去大賽現場來各自提供國內觀眾法語和荷蘭語解說，同時也會派出一位唱票員來宣讀比利時給分。下表列出自2003年RTBF和VRT派出的評論員與唱票員。
主辦情況
參見
比利時在歐洲歌唱大賽之歷年表現
註記和參考資料
註記
參考資料
歐洲青少年歌唱大賽參賽國家
比利時音樂
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重复尿道的病因是什么？(一)发病原因重复尿道的真正原因尚不十分明确，有多种学说，但每种学说也不能解释所有类型的发生原因，主要学说有：1.Das(1977)认为，在胚胎尿道发育过程中，阴茎及尿道板发育互相不平衡、不协调，而发生了以下3种情况：(1)尿生殖窦的阴茎已发育，而尿道嵴发育迟缓。因阴茎已经发育，尿生殖窦也随着阴茎向前发育，即形成了副尿道。当副尿道形成后，尿道嵴才开始发育，形成了正尿道。结果成为第型重复尿道。(2)生殖皱襞畸形融合，使尿道交叉，结果形成了第型不完全性重复尿道。(3)午菲管及苗勒管对男女尿道的分化有重要作用。午菲管占优势，即发展成女性尿道。在尿道发育过程中，若开始时午菲管处于劣势，尿道即开口于会阴部，继而午菲管由劣势又转为优势，则尿道随着阴茎又发育成男性尿道，结果形成了重复尿道，一条尿道开口于会阴部，另一条尿道随着阴茎而发育，开口于阴茎头，即第型重复尿道。2.Wilson认为(1971)，尿直肠膈将穴肛分隔为前后两个腔，前面发育成膀胱及后尿道，后面发育成肛门直肠。尿生殖膈止于穴肛膜。若继续向下发育，则把尿道也分隔成前后两部分，形成重复尿道，即第型重复尿道。3.间质从尿道原基的侧面插入，将尿道隔成前后两个管腔(Tripathi，1969)。4.胚胎时尿道沟交叉，即形成了重复尿道呈第型(Moog，1968)。(二)发病机制1.尿道上裂型重复尿道 这是重复尿道畸形中最多见的一种。主尿道位于阴茎腹侧，副尿道位于阴茎背侧，主要亚型有：(1)完全型：两条尿道均与膀胱相通。(2)不完全型：尿道出膀胱后在阴茎根部分叉，形成上、下两支尿道。(3)发育不全型：副尿道的后段极度发育不全而萎缩。2.尿道下裂型重复尿道 正、副尿道均位于阴茎腹侧，其中一根尿道形成尿道下裂开口。主要亚型有：(1)完全型：两根尿道完整进入膀胱，远端形成尿道下裂尿道口和正位尿道口。(2)不完全型：尿道出膀胱后分叉，形成尿道下裂尿道口及正位尿道口。(3)发育不全型：盲端尿道位于尿道下裂处的背侧位。3.梭状尿道 尿道在中部分裂成重复尿道。多在出膀胱颈后开始分裂。4.肛前副尿道 尿道出膀胱后分叉，副尿道远端与肛管相通，形成肛前副尿道畸形。
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长柄野荞麦（学名：）为蓼科荞麦属下的一个种。
参考文献
扩展阅读
statice
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孩子过敏性皮炎湿疹多久能好？湿疹实际上是一种基因病变，中医中药长期临床实践积累了许多非常有效的奇方秘方，有以下几种方法治疗神经性皮炎，当然首种基因病变先应该解除可能发生的病因。不吃刺激性食物，不能搔抓，忌用热水及肥皂洗擦。局部涂擦神经性皮炎药水，或含有皮质激素的软膏，皆有效果。建议平时滴酒不沾，油炸，腌制品，发霉的食物以及含有人工色素，人工添加剂的食物。吃多点蛋白质食物。积极锻炼身体，切忌不要大喜大悲，保持乐观心态。一般出现这种疾病，可以外用丹皮酚软膏，百宝霜等药物治疗，另外可以根据病情口服开瑞坦或扑尔敏等抗过敏药物治疗。也可以到正规医院皮肤科就诊检查，在医生指导下进行药物治疗，注意皮肤卫生，不要吃辛辣的食物，不要接触其他异常物质，不要吃海鲜食物。要密切注意患儿的消化状态,是否对牛奶,鸡蛋,鱼,虾等食物过敏.母乳喂养的,母亲应避免进食这类容易引起过敏的食物.如果宝宝吃母乳，妈妈应注意不要吃易引起过敏的鱼、虾、羊肉等食物，最好别吃辣椒等刺激性食品。一般选用婴儿可用的御湿停外擦给宝宝治疗。1、熏蒸治疗：传统治疗方法不分型，直接进行治疗，效果不明显。而“熏蒸治疗”采用的是中医外治方法，分型诊治，内外兼治方式，从根源性阻断病原体，有针对性地进行治疗，效果突出。2、物理治疗：通过红蓝光治疗仪等，主要是利用各种物理因素（如声、光、电、热、磁、机械等）作用于人体，其中以光疗为主，通过温和的方法治疗皮炎湿疹，取得良好的治疗效果。3、饮食治疗：饮食不仅仅能供给身体所必须，还能够对治疗起到辅助作用。而且饮食的作用是不可以替代的，专家会根据患者的自身情况，自觉制定适合皮炎湿疹患者的饮食食谱。4、精神治疗：帮助皮炎湿疹患者建立起康复信心，对于这种顽固性的皮炎湿疹疾病，良好的心理状态能够起到事半功倍的效果。建议您到正规医院检查自己的过敏原，远离过敏源，再用药治疗，效果非常好的。一般两周左右就可以治愈。
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The 1976 Charlotte Tennis Classic, also known by its sponsored name North Carolina National Bank Tennis Classic, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts that was part of the World Championship Tennis (WCT) circuit. It was the sixth edition of the tournament and was held from April 13 through April 18, 1976 at the Julian J. Clark Tennis Stadium, owned by the Olde Providence Racquet Club in Charlotte, North Carolina in the United States. Tony Roche won the singles title.
Finals
Singles
Tony Roche defeated Vitas Gerulaitis 6–3, 3–6, 6–1
It was Roche's 1st singles title of the year and the 8th of his career in the open era.
Doubles
Tony Roche / John Newcombe defeated Vitas Gerulaitis / Gene Mayer 6–3, 7–5
References
External links
ITF tournament edition details
Charlotte Tennis Classic
Charlotte Tennis Classic
Charlotte Tennis Classic
Charlotte Tennis Classic
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The Hue–Da Nang Campaign was a series of military actions conducted by the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) against the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) during the Vietnam War, also known in Vietnam as the American War. The campaign was centred on the cities of Huế (Thừa Thiên-Huế Province) and Da Nang (Quảng Nam Province), with secondary fronts in the provinces of Quảng Trị and Quảng Ngãi. The campaign began on March 5 and concluded on April 2, 1975.
During the spring season of 1975, the PAVN High Command in Hanoi made the decision to seize the major South Vietnamese cities of Huế and Da Nang, and also destroy the various South Vietnamese units in I Corps Tactical Zone, led by ARVN General Ngô Quang Trưởng. Originally, the campaign was planned to take place over two phases; during the seasons of spring-summer and autumn. However, as the North Vietnamese forces rolled over South Vietnamese defences on the outskirts of Huế and Da Nang, President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu ordered General Trưởng to abandon all territories under his control, and pull his forces back to the coastal areas of I Corps. The South Vietnamese withdrawal quickly turned into a rout, as the PAVN 2nd Army Corps picked off one South Vietnamese unit after another, until Huế and Da Nang were completely surrounded. By March 29, 1975, PAVN troops had full control of Huế and Da Nang, while South Vietnam lost all territories and most of the units belonging to I Corps.
The fall of Huế and Da Nang did not spell the end of the misery suffered by the ARVN. On March 31, ARVN General Phạm Văn Phú—commander of II Corps Tactical Zone—attempted to form a new defensive line from Qui Nhơn to cover the retreat of the ARVN 22nd Infantry Division, but they too were destroyed by the PAVN. By April 2, South Vietnam had lost control of the northern provinces, as well as two army corps.
Background
North Vietnam
During the Huế–Da Nang Campaign of 1975, North Vietnamese and Viet Cong (VC) forces were organised into three formations; the PAVN 2nd Corps, Tri Thien Military Zone, and Military Region 5 Command. The 2nd Corps fielded three infantry divisions (304th, 324B and 325C Divisions), the 673rd Air-Defence Division, the 164th Artillery Brigade, the 203rd Armoured Regiment, the 219th Combat Engineers Brigade, and the 463rd Communications Regiment. The 2nd Corps was led by Major-General Nguyễn Hữu An, with Major-General Le Linh as Political Commissar. Colonel Hoang Dan was the deputy commander, and Colonel Nguyen Cong Trang was the deputy political commissar.
Led by Brigadier-General Lê Tự Đồng, the Tri Thien Military Zone had three infantry regiments (4th, 46th and 271st Regiments), and two battalions (the 21st Independent Battalion and the 6th Local Force Battalion). Military Region 5 had one infantry division (2nd Division), which was supported by the 141st Regiment (from the 3rd Division), the 52nd Independent Brigade, two artillery regiments (368th and 572nd Artillery Regiments), two local battalions (70th and 72nd Local Force Battalions), and two local regiments (94th and 96th Local Force Regiments). North Vietnamese and Viet Cong units of Military Region 5 were placed under the responsibility of Major-General Chu Huy Mân, with Vo Chi Cong as political commissar.
Objectives
Tri Thien
On February 21, 1975, PAVN field commanders from Tri-Thien Military Zone and the 2nd Army Corps held a conference to establish their objectives, which were planned to occur in two phases; the spring-summer phase that would begin in March and probably conclude in May, and the autumn phase to last from July to August 1975. The PAVN objective was to take control of Quảng Trị Province, isolate the city of Huế and, if the opportunity presented itself, capture the entire Tri Thien-Huế area. To isolate Huế, the PAVN 2nd Army Corps would move against their target from the north-west direction along Route 12 down to the south-west along Highway 14, thereby isolating the region from South Vietnamese forces in II Corps Tactical Zone.
In preparation for the Huế–Da Nang Campaign, the PAVN 2nd Army Corps had successfully captured several important base areas that surrounded South Vietnamese units in Quảng Trị Province and Thừa Thiên Province. Those areas included Đông Hà–Ái Tử to the north, Khe Sanh-Ba Long to the west, and A Lưới-Nam Dong in southern Huế. The main body of the 304th Division and the 3rd Regiment, 324th Division, had assembled in Nong Son and Thường Đức to attack Da Nang from the west. In Military Region 5, the 2nd Division had established its positions in Tiên Phước, Tra My and Trà Bồng in Quảng Ngãi Province, and Đắk Tô and Tân Cảnh in Kon Tum Province.
Quảng Tin-Quảng Ngãi
Once Huế had been isolated, Military Region 5 Command would initiate the Tin-Ngai Campaign from the provinces of Quảng Tin and Quảng Ngãi, to isolate Da Nang from the Central Highlands. PAVN units such as the 2nd Division, the 141st Regiment, the 52nd Brigade, along with two artillery regiments (368th and 572nd Artillery Regiments) would coordinate their efforts with the VC 94th and 96th Local Force Regiments, and the 70th and 72nd Local Force Battalions. As part of their overall objective, they would tie down the ARVN 2nd Division, the 11th Armoured Squadron and the 912th Regional Force Company in Quảng Ngãi Province, and, if the opportunity arose, they would also capture Bình Định Province and the city of Qui Nhơn.
Da Nang
In the final phase of their operation, the PAVN and VC would cut off Da Nang from the surrounding regions which made up I Corps Tactical Zone, and prevent reinforcements from retaking the city. Then, depending on the situation, the PAVN would organize an attack to capture the major South Vietnamese army, navy and air force installations in the city.
South Vietnam
South Vietnamese military forces in Huế and Da Nang belonged to the ARVN I Corps Tactical Zone. Commanded by Lieutenant General Ngô Quang Trưởng, the South Vietnamese I Corps was considered to be the strongest amongst all the military formations of South Vietnam. It had three infantry divisions (1st, 2nd and 3rd Infantry Divisions), the Airborne Division (led by Major General Le Quang Luong), the Marine Division (led by Major General Bui The Lan) and the 11th, 12th, 14th and 15th Ranger Groups. The Airborne and Marine Divisions each had an assigned strength of four brigades. In addition to the infantry units, there were also the 5th Armoured Brigade, five squadrons of armored vehicles (4th, 7th, 11th, 17th and 20th Armored Squadrons), 13 armored companies, and 21 artillery battalions.
Local defense in I Corps was provided by 50 battalions and five companies of Regional and Popular Forces, and six companies of military police. Support for ground forces in the area came in the form of the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) 1st Air Force Division (commanded by Brigadier-General Nguyen Van Khanh), with two Republic of Vietnam Navy squadrons operating on the coast and another two along the rivers. Overall, I Corps fielded about 134,000 soldiers; 84,000 were regular soldiers and 50,000 belonged to the Regional and Popular Forces. Those forces were equipped with 449 tanks and armored vehicles, 418 artillery pieces, 64 M42 Duster light air-defense weapons, 373 aircraft of different types, and 165 naval vessels of different sizes.
Defensive strategy
In combination with the ‘Ly Thuong Kiet Military Plan’ and experiences gained during the North Vietnamese Easter Offensive, Lieutenant General Ngô Quang Trưởng organised the defenses of I Corps into three phases, to be staged from three different areas.
Defensive phases
The first phase, known as the ‘orange phase’, was considered to be the most important because it provided South Vietnamese units in I Corps with a platform to stop enemy attacks, and even attack them if necessary. To accomplish the objectives of the ‘orange phase’, General Trưởng placed several elite combat units such as the Ranger groups and armoured forces on constant combat alert. The second phase, known as the ‘green phase’, was designed to delay enemy forces and buy more time for the South Vietnamese to regroup in order to stage a counter-attack, in the scenario that enemy forces managed to overcome the ‘orange phase’. In the final phase, or the ‘blue phases’, require South Vietnamese units to secure their areas of defence, then destroy and push enemy forces out of I Corps.
Areas of defence
General Trưởng's areas of defence were centred on Tri Thien-Huế, Da Nang, and Quảng Nam-Quảng Ngãi.
Tri Thien-Huế
The task of holding Tri Thien and Huế was entrusted to the 1st Division, the 4th and 15th Ranger Groups, the 913th and 914th Regional Forces Companies, the 17th and 20th Armoured Squadrons, 10 artillery battalions, one squadron of helicopters, two squadrons of reconnaissance aircraft, and one coastal patrol squadron. Those forces were commanded by Lieutenant-General Lâm Quang Thi.
Nam-Da Nang
Da Nang was under the direct responsibility of Lieutenant-General Ngô Quang Trưởng. It was home of the 3rd Division, the 4th and 7th Armoured Squadrons, the 11th and 14th Ranger Groups, the 911th Regional Force Company, the 1st Air Force Division, one coastal patrol squadron and two riverine squadrons.
Quảng Tin-Quảng Ngãi
Quảng Tin and Quảng Ngãi was held by the 2nd Division, the 12th Ranger Group, the 11th Armoured Squadron, three artillery battalions, the 912th Regional Force Company, one coastal patrol squadron and one riverine squadron. Brigadier-General Trần Văn Nhựt commanded the 3rd Infantry Division, and all other units in Quảng Nam and Quảng Ngãi.
Prelude
On March 5, 1975, the PAVN 2nd Army Corps officially commenced its campaign against South Vietnamese forces of I Corps. The opening shots of the campaign was marked by an attack on South Vietnamese military convoys on the Hai Van Pass and the destruction of An Lo Bridge on Highway 1, located north of Huế. Positions held by the ARVN 913th Regional Force at Dong Ong Do and Hill 368 also came under attack, as Phu Bai Airbase was subjected to intense artillery bombardment. While the South Vietnamese were busy dealing with those attacks, General Nguyen Huu An secretly redeployed the 325th Division and the 9th Regiment of the 304th Division, from Quảng Trị towards Huế in the south. The 46th and 271st Regiments then moved into positions previously held by the 325th Division and 9th Regiment. In order to fool South Vietnamese intelligence agencies, the North Vietnamese moved tank and artillery units to Cua Viet, Thanh Hoi and Ai Tu to cover their main thrust.
Between March 6 and 7, the VC 4th Local Force Battalion assaulted and overran Mai Linh and 11 other surrounding military sub-sectors in Quảng Trị Province. On the following day, General Lâm requested reinforcements from General Trưởng in Da Nang, as a response to PAVN attacks in his area of control. Meanwhile, the PAVN 2nd Army Corps continued their onslaught, with the 324th Division launching attacks on South Vietnamese positions on Núi Bong () and Núi Mô Tau () and on Hills 75, 76, 224 (), 273 () and 303 all located near Phú Lộc, south of Huế and north of the Hai Van Pass.
By March 10, the 1st Battalion, 54th Infantry Regiment, 1st Division was destroyed on Hills 224 and 273; the ARVN 47th Armoured Squadron was overrun by the PAVN 1st Regiment, 324th Division, on Mount Nghe; and the ARVN 113th Regional Force Battalion conceded Pho Lai to the PAVN 4th Regiment, which was supported by the 223rd Artillery Regiment. General Thi then ordered the 15th Ranger Group and the 2nd Battalion, 54th Infantry Regiment, with support from the 27th and 37th Tank Squadrons, to mount a counter-attack on Hill 224. Over the period of one week, both sides fired over 8,000 rounds of artillery shells on Hill 224, and the RVNAF conducted over 60 bombing sorties in an attempt to halt the advances of the PAVN 2nd Corps.
On March 13, amidst heavy fighting in the northern provinces, General Trưởng flew to Saigon for a meeting with President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu. In this meeting, President Thiệu outlined his decision to abandon most of the provinces in I Corps, and ordered General Trưởng to withdraw his forces towards the coastal regions of central Vietnam instead. In addition, the Airborne Division would be redeployed to the Mekong Delta region, where it could protect the nation's capital. Unwilling to concede the northern provinces to the enemy, General Trưởng tried unsuccessfully to convince President Thiệu to reverse his decision in the belief that he could hold onto I Corps, and recapture lost territories by using the Airborne and Marine Corps Divisions. After he returned to his headquarters that afternoon, General Trưởng decided to redeploy his forces instead of carrying out President Thiệu's order straightaway, for several reasons. Firstly, he wanted to convince the President that most South Vietnamese units were still intact and that they still had the time to recapture lost territories, and secondly, General Trưởng did not want to create confusion amongst his subordinates, when the military situation in I Corps was still under control.
Thus, General Trưởng reorganised his defences in order to deal with the threat posed by PAVN formations located south of I Corps; he designated Da Nang to be the main centre of South Vietnamese defence in I Corps, with Tri Thien in the north, and with Quảng Nam and Quảng Ngãi in the south. To make up for the loss of the Airborne Division, General Trưởng ordered the 369th Marine Brigade to replace the 3rd Airborne Brigade in Quảng Nam Province, and the 258th Marine Brigade to take over from the 2nd Airborne Brigade on Mount Phu Gia, located north of Hai Van.
Meanwhile, between March 13 and 15, the PAVN 6th Regiment launched several attacks on Chuc Meo, La Son, Hill 300 and Hill 511 located west of Huế, forcing elements of the ARVN 1st Infantry Division to pull back towards Dong Tranh and Binh Dien.
On March 17, the PAVN High Command predicted that South Vietnamese units could withdraw into the cities of Huế and Da Nang, so the following orders were issued to PAVN field commanders: General Lê Tự Đồng's forces were to capture Phu Bai Air Base to prevent aerial transportation, and cut off a section of Highway 1 north of Huế, and General Nguyen Huu An's 2nd Army Corps must secure Highway 1 south of the city, with the aim of isolating both Huế and Da Nang from the rest of the country.
On the following day, General Dong's forces staged their attacks from two main directions, from Thanh Hoi and Tich Tuong-Nhu Le, moving along Route 68 and National Highway 1 respectively. The 2nd Corps, on the other hand, assaulted South Vietnamese positions in Phu Loc and Phu Gia.
By 8:30 pm on the evening of March 18, most of northern Quảng Trị was under North Vietnamese control. ARVN Colonel Do Ky, also the provincial chief of Quảng Trị Province, tried to lead what was left of his troops back to Huế but was pursued by the North Vietnamese along National Highway 1 until they reached An Lo.
As the fighting in Quảng Trị unfolded, General Trưởng flew back from Saigon where he tried to obtain approval from President Thiệu for his new defensive plan, and hastily reorganised South Vietnamese defences in the northern regions of I Corps. Subsequently, General Trưởng sent out the following orders: the 480th Marine Brigade to leave Da Nang and to guard the north-western flank of Huế; the 1st Infantry Division, the 15th Ranger Group and the 7th Tank Squadron to protect south-western Huế; and the 258th Marine Brigade and the 914th Regional Force Battalion were to secure a section of Highway 1 which connected Huế with Da Nang.
Battle
Fall of Huế
While General Trưởng was still busy reorganising South Vietnamese units in I Corps, on March 20 the Tri Thien Command finalised their plan to capture Huế, with the objective of preventing South Vietnamese forces from regrouping there. At 2:30 pm on the same day, President Thiệu phoned the ARVN I Corps Headquarters and ordered General Trưởng to defend only Da Nang due to the lack of resources. Beginning at 5:40 am on March 21, the PAVN 325th and 324th Divisions attacked South Vietnamese units positioned astride Highway 1. At the same time, elements of the K5 Special Forces Battalion destroyed Thua Luu Bridge, which connected a stretch of road on Highway 1 between Huế and Da Nang, forcing thousands of South Vietnamese civilian and military vehicles heading towards Da Nang to turn back. The ARVN 20th Tank Squadron was then sent out to reopen Highway 1, but was defeated by the PAVN 203rd Armoured Regiment.
In light of the worsening military situation on the evening of March 22, General Trưởng authorised General Thi to pull his forces back to Da Nang. However, as the main roads were blocked by the PAVN, General Thi's only option was to use a coastal corridor between Thuận An and Tu Hien, and board transport vessels belonging to the 106th Navy Squadron and head back to Da Nang.
On the morning of March 23, the PAVN 324th Division advanced through Hill-303 and Núi Mô Tau, and assaulted northern Phu Loc, while the PAVN 325th Division captured Mui Ne, Phuoc Tuong, and encircled Tu Hien located south of Huế. In the north, the VC 4th, 46th and 271st Regiments pursued a retreating South Vietnamese formation consisted of the 147th Marine Brigade, the 14th Ranger Group, 5th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division and the 17th Armoured Squadron, heading towards Thuận An. At 4.30 pm on March 23, the PAVN 101st Regiment, 325th Division overran Luong Dien and surrounded Phu Bai Air Base, to close the main corridor leading into Huế from the south. Simultaneously, the VC 46th Regiment destroyed South Vietnamese defences on Bo River, captured the districts of Quang Dien, Quang Loi and Hương Can and secured the main roads on the outskirts of northern Huế.
Between March 24 and 25, the PAVN 3rd and 101st Regiments continued their drive towards Huế, after they successfully captured Phu Bai Air Base. At the same time, the 1st Regiment, 324th Division along with the VC 4th and 271st Regiments were able to destroy the last elements of the 147th Marine Brigade and the 15th Ranger Group, before they could board navy vessels anchored off the shores of Hương Thuy, Luong Thien and Ke Sung and Cu Lai.
By the evening of March 25, the PAVN had secured all major points surrounding Huế, and South Vietnamese units that failed to escape were completely surrounded. Consequently, the PAVN claimed to have captured large numbers of South Vietnamese prisoners and military hardware. In all, a total of 58,722 South Vietnamese soldiers became prisoners of war, with one colonel and 18 lieutenant-colonels amongst the ranks, as well as about 14,000 South Vietnamese government officials and employees, who reported to the PAVN authorities. The South Vietnamese military in Huế also surrendered vast quantities of weaponry, which included 140 tanks and armoured vehicles.
Tin-Ngai Campaign
Beginning at 4:30 am on March 10, PAVN and VC forces proceeded to capture the following targets: the PAVN 38th Regiment overran the highpoints of Nui Vu, Nui Ngoc, Duong Con, Soui Da and Nui Vy; the 36th Regiment destroyed South Vietnamese strong points at Trung Lien, Mount Da, Mount Khong ten, Ho Bach and Hill-215; the VC ‘Ba Gia’ Regiment held their positions on Hill-269 and Hill-310, to stop South Vietnamese counter-attacks from Tuan Duong; while the 52nd Independent Brigade captured Go Han, Phuoc Tien, Duong Ong Luu, Duong Huế, Nui My, Hon Nhon, Deo Lieu, and Mount Đất Đỏ. Thus, 23 positions held by units of the ARVN 12th Ranger Groups were captured after four hours of fighting.
At 9:00 am on March 10, PAVN soldiers of the 368th Artillery Regiment dragged 12 pieces of artillery which included 85mm, 105mm and 122mm guns onto the top of Nui Vu and Han Thon, and aimed their guns directly on Hill 211 and the administrative centre of Tien Phuoc, to support the 31st Regiment attacking those areas. At 1:30 pm, following two failed counter-attacks, South Vietnamese units in Phuoc Lam deserted from the battlefield. In the meantime, however, South Vietnamese troops in Tien Phuoc held their ground with support from two A-37 bombers, after South Vietnamese commanders on the ground had called for reinforcement from Chu Lai. By 4:00 pm, Tien Phuoc was captured by the PAVN 2nd Division.
Due to the loss of Tien Phuoc and Phouc Lam, the ARVN 916th Regional Force Battalion retreated from the area. Thus, Tam Kỳ, the capital of Quảng Tin Province, was threatened to be overrun by the PAVN.
On March 11, General Trưởng ordered General Nhựt to mobilise the 2nd Division, the 12th Ranger Group, elements of the 11th Armoured Squadron and one regional force battalion to mount a counter-attack from Tuan Duong to Cam Khe and Duong Con. General Trưởng also ordered the ARVN 2nd Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division to depart from Da Nang, and protect Tam Kỳ, so that General Nhựt's forces could be freed up to fight the PAVN.
However, between March 14 and 15, the ARVN 2nd Infantry Regiment was forced to turn back from Tam Kỳ to deal with an attack on Thang Binh, by the VC 70th and 72nd Local Force Battalions. In southern Quảng Ngãi, the VC 94th Local Force Regiment attacked Binh Son, cut off a section of Highway 1 near Chau O, and the ARVN 4th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Infantry Division was pinned down trying to deal with VC attacks. Thus, South Vietnamese attempts to stage an effective counter-attack were quickly blunted by the combined PAVN/VC forces in Quảng Ngãi Province. Recognising that he no longer had the manpower to mount a counter-attack, General Nhựt ordered his troops to abandon Tra Bong and Son Ha, and concentrate his units in Tam Kỳ and Chu Lai instead.
Following the failed counter-attack, South Vietnamese forces in I Corps were further weakened when President Thiệu pulled the Airborne Division back to Saigon. Now that the South Vietnamese 2nd Infantry Division and the 12th Ranger Group was overstretched between Quảng Ngãi and Hội An, with Tam Kỳ only defended by the ARVN 5th Infantry Regiment and one battalion from the ARVN 4th Infantry Regiment, PAVN General Chu Huy Mân decided to utilise the advantage to capture Tam Kỳ. Beginning at 5:30 am on March 21, the PAVN 2nd Division attacked Suoi Da, the last South Vietnamese outpost outside Tam Kỳ. At around 12:00 noon, ARVN General Nhựt ordered the rest of the 4th Infantry Regiment out from Quảng Ngãi in an attempt to hold Tam Kỳ, so South Vietnamese defences in that province was further weakened. Again, taking advantage of the situation, General Mân ordered the 52nd Independent Brigade and the 94th Local Force Regiment to attack Quảng Ngãi. By 7:00 am on March 24, the cities of Tam Kỳ and Quảng Ngãi were simultaneously attacked by PAVN/VC forces. In Tam Kỳ, the ARVN 4th and 5th Infantry Regiments were destroyed after two hours of heavy fighting, while the 37th and 39th Ranger Battalions (from the ARVN 12th Ranger Group) in the outskirts of the city simply fled from the battlefield. At 10:00 am on March 24, PAVN and VC soldiers of the 2nd Division, the ‘Ba Gia’ Regiment, and the 31st Regiment successfully captured Tam Kỳ.
In Quảng Ngãi, the PAVN 52nd Independent Brigade, with support from two special forces battalions as well as tanks and armoured vehicles from the 574th Regiment, rolled over South Vietnamese defences. At around 2:00 pm, the surviving elements of the ARVN 6th Infantry Regiment, the rest of the 12th Ranger Group and the 4th Tank Squadron was ambushed by the VC 94th Local Force Regiment along Highway 1 when they tried to retreat towards Chu Lai without a fight. As a result, over 600 South Vietnamese soldiers were killed, and around 3,500 others were captured. At 11:30 pm on March 24, the PAVN was in full control of Quảng Ngãi City. O
On March 25, 1975, the Tin-Ngai Campaign concluded with PAVN/VC forces in full control of Quảng Tin and Quảng Ngai Provinces, leaving Da Nang as the only major city in I Corps still held by the South Vietnamese.
As such, out of the 44 provinces in South Vietnam, 10 were occupied by the PAVN, and three ARVN infantry divisions were rendered ineffective. In addition, the elite ARVN 147th Marines Brigade ceased to exist as a fighting force.
Fall of Da Nang
South Vietnamese dispositions
By 1975, Da Nang had become the second largest city in South Vietnam, with close to a million inhabitants. It was a major economic and political centre in I Corps, and was home to the largest military installations which incorporated the South Vietnamese army, navy and air force. Logistically, the military infrastructure within the city could hold thousands of tons of weaponry, ammunition, food supplies and other essential war materials. It also had four large seaports, and major airports at Da Nang and Nuoc Man. So, on March 25, following the loss of Quảng Trị, Thừa Thiên, Quảng Nam and Quảng Ngãi, President Thiệu ordered South Vietnamese commanders at all levels to hold what was left of I Corps until the very end. On March 26, General Trưởng gathered what was left of his units, about 75,000 soldiers, and organised them into the following order:
Outer Defensive Line: The 258th Marines Brigade and the 914th Regional Force Battalion to hold all areas between Phuoc Tuong and Lien Chieu. The 369th Marines Brigade and the 57th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division were to protect Dai Loc and Dong Lam. The surviving elements of the 147th Marines Brigade and the Marine Division Headquarters would hold Nuoc Man airfield. Meanwhile, the remnants of the 3rd Infantry Division would hold Vinh Dien and Ninh Que, while the 15th Ranger Group held Ba Ren.
Inner Defensive Line: The 912th Regional Force Battalion, and the last elements of the 11th and 20th Armoured Squadrons held Phuoc Tuong-Hoa My. The last three battalions of the 1st Infantry Division, the 2nd Infantry Division, the 12th Ranger Group, and about 3,000 freshly trained soldiers from the Hoa Cam Training Camp were ordered to defend all key areas between Hoa Cam and Nuoc Man. All independent Regional and Popular Force battalions were placed in reserve, and could go into combat when required.
General Trưởng also had 12 artillery battalions at his disposal, as well as the 1st Air Force Division based at Da Nang and Nuoc Man, which were still intact despite the early clashes in I Corps.
North Vietnamese plan of attack
Following the conclusion of the Tri Thien and Tin-Ngai Campaigns, the PAVN High Command ordered General Lê Trọng Tấn to journey south from Hanoi and personally take charge of the Da Nang Campaign. Subsequently, on March 25, the North Vietnamese came up with a plan to attack Da Nang from four directions:
North: The 325th Division (without the 95th Regiment), with support from one tank battalion and one artillery battalion, were ordered to advance along Highway 1 and capture the ARVN 1st Brigade Headquarters, the South Vietnamese 1st Air Force Division at Da Nang, and then move on to the Son Tra Peninsula to capture the main seaport there.
North-West: The 9th Regiment, 304th Division, with support from one tank battalion, one artillery battalion and one anti-aircraft gun battalion, were ordered to advance along Highway 14B, and capture the ARVN 3rd Infantry Division Headquarters at Phuoc Tuong, and then move on to Da Nang Air Base.
South & South-East: The 2nd Division, with support from one artillery unit (the 36th Artillery Regiment), one artillery battalion, one tank-armoured vehicles battalion, one anti-aircraft gun battalion, and one anti-tank weapons company, were ordered to take Da Nang Air Base and the ARVN 1st Brigade Headquarters, then capture the city itself. The 3rd and 68th Regiments were placed in reserve.
South-West: The 2nd Corps (without the 9th Regiment, 304th Division) was ordered to take all positions held by the 369th Marine Brigade along the defensive line at Thuong Duc-Ai Nghia-Hiep Duc, then advance toward Nuoc Man airfield. The 24th Regiment, 304th Division was required to capture Hoa Cam and then move on to Da Nang.
The fight begins
Before the North Vietnamese finalised their plan to capture Da Nang, the 2nd Corps had already begun making preparations for the final attack on the city. On March 24, the PAVN 325th Division fought with the 258th Marine Brigade and the 914th Regional Force Battalion at north Hai Van, and overran Phuoc Tuong, Nuoc Ngot, Tho Son and Thua Luu. Consequently, PAVN forces captured enemy artillery positions in Phuoc Tuong, and made good use of it during the following weeks. On March 27, with air-support from A-37 attack aircraft from Da Nang, the 258th Marine Brigade and the 914th Regional Force Battalion tried to hold off PAVN forces at Phu Gia and Hai Van, but they were pushed back and sustained heavy casualties in the process. The PAVN 325th Division then continued their advance through So Hai, Loan Ly, An Bao and Lăng Cô. Soon afterwards, more than 30 artillery pieces belonging to the PAVN 84th and 164th Artillery Regiments were placed at various high points in Son Thach, Son Khanh and Mui Trau; beginning at 5:30am on March 28, PAVN artillery units bombarded South Vietnamese positions around Da Nang. Meanwhile, the 369th Marine Brigade quickly abandoned their position at Son Ga, after they had detected elements of the PAVN 304th Division conducting reconnaissance missions on the battlefield. On March 28, the PAVN 66th Regiment, 304th Division attacked and captured the administrative area of Ai Nghia and Nuoc Man airfield, while the PAVN 24th Regiment attacked Hoa Cam and Toa in the outskirts of Da Nang.
The 369th Marine Brigade then tried to pull back towards An Dong and My Khe, but they were pursued by the PAVN 2nd Division. Meanwhile, the 3,000 South Vietnamese soldiers at Hoa Cam mutinied against their commanding officers, and surrendered to the PAVN. South of Da Nang, the PAVN 2nd Division, with support from tank and artillery units was able to overrun Ba Ren at around 9:00 am on March 28. In response, General Trưởng ordered Air Force Brigadier-General Nguyen Van Khanh to send a squadron of four A-37 bombers to destroy the main bridges at Ba Ren and Cau Lau, but they could not prevent the PAVN 2nd Division from crossing the river using canoes, and other small river craft. At 5:55 am on March 29, the outer South Vietnamese defence line located south of Da Nang succumbed to the PAVN. At 6:30 am on the same day, the last South Vietnamese strongholds in and around Hai Van were overrun by the PAVN. The PAVN 325th Division then secured Lien Chieu, the Nam O Bridge and the Trinh Me The Bridge, thereby clearing the main road for the supporting tank and armored units to advance on Son Tra. As PAVN troops were closing in, General Trưởng and other high-ranking South Vietnamese officers were airlifted out to the coastal areas, where they boarded the navy transport ship HQ-404. At 12:00 pm, the ARVN 1st Brigade Headquarters was finally captured. At 12:30 pm, the 9th Regiment, 304th Division also captured the ARVN 3rd Infantry Division Headquarters, and quickly established their control over the entire Phuoc Tuong area.
By the time Da Nang fell into North Vietnamese hands, South Vietnamese commanders on the ground simply lost control of their men as military discipline collapsed. On March 28, about 6,000 soldiers of the 2nd Infantry Division deserted, and left the battlefield. And then the soldiers of the ARVN 3rd Infantry Division also retreated, thereby leaving the rear of the Marine Division exposed to enemy attacks. Since March 25, from the CIA Station in Da Nang, Al Francis and the U.S. Embassy in Saigon began formulating an evacuation plan, in order to evacuate U.S. citizens and South Vietnamese government officials out from Da Nang. As part of the plan, aircraft belonging to civilian airliners were to be used. And in addition to the South Vietnamese navy vessels of I Corps, U.S. General Homer D. Smith also provided five barges, six passenger liners, and three cargo ships to help with the evacuation process. Even though the evacuation plan was designed to be carried out in an orderly manner, chaos and confusion quickly descended on the civilian and military population of Da Nang as people fought each other to board the vessels anchored off the coast. On the afternoon of March 29, North Vietnamese soldiers of the 2nd, 304th, 324th and 325th Divisions, as well as the 203rd Armoured Regiment, entered the city of Da Nang.
Aftermath
Casualties
The struggle for Huế and Da Nang had cost South Vietnam its entire army corps. According to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam's official history, apart from the 16,000 soldiers and civilians who managed to escape, over 120,000 South Vietnamese soldiers were killed, wounded or captured after the fall of Huế and Da Nang. In abandoning I Corps, the South Vietnamese military left behind vast quantities of U.S.-supplied military hardware. The North Vietnamese claimed to have captured 129 aircraft of different models, 179 tanks and armored vehicles, 327 artillery pieces, 184 transport vehicles and 47 naval craft. More than 10,000 tons of bombs, ammunition, grenades, food supplies, combat rations, and other materials were also captured. Total PAVN/VC casualties are unknown.
Loss of northern provinces of South Vietnam
President Thiệu's decision to abandon the Central Highlands and the coastal regions of I Corps had a severe negative impact on ARVN morale, especially as the northern provinces of South Vietnam were driven into chaos. On March 31, after the fall of Huế and Da Nang, ARVN General Phạm Văn Phú, commander of II Corps Tactical Zone, held a meeting with his General Staff and the provincial chiefs of Bình Định, Khánh Hòa, Phú Yên, Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận and requested them to form a defensive line from Qui Nhơn into the Mekong Delta to cover the retreat of the ARVN from the Central Highlands. Subsequently, General Phu issued the following orders: Rear Admiral Hoang Co Minh was to oversee military operations in the Qui Nhơn region, Brigadier-General Trần Văn Cẩm to hold Phú Yên, Brigadier-General Nguyen Ngoc Oanh and Brigadier-General Nguyen Van Luong was tasked with holding Nha Trang. Meanwhile, General Phan Dinh Niem, the commander of the ARVN 22nd Infantry Division, was required to form a defensive line linking Qui Nhơn with Diêu Trì and Deo Ca, with the purpose of delaying the PAVN.
The withdrawal plan formulated by General Phạm Văn Phú and his General Staff was made with the belief that the PAVN would stop and consolidate their territorial gains before they could go on the attack again. However, North Vietnamese commanders were more than willing to maneuver their units away from newly captured territories, in order to pursue retreating South Vietnamese units.
Furthermore, South Vietnamese commanders never realized that Hanoi had given its field commanders the full flexibility to respond to the changing circumstances on the battlefield and had supplied the PAVN with weaponry that was required to achieve their objectives. Ultimately, the average South Vietnamese soldiers would have to pay for the miscalculation of their commanders.
At 5:15 am on March 31, the 47th Infantry Regiment, 22nd Infantry Division was ambushed by the 2nd Regiment, 3rd Division while it was withdrawing towards Phu An-Lai Nghi. Upon their arrival at Phu Cat, the remnants of the ARVN 47th Infantry Regiment was encircled and assaulted by the PAVN 198th Regiment, and ceased to exist as a fighting unit by 12:30 pm.
The 41st Infantry Regiment, 22nd Infantry Division also came under attack from the PAVN 95th Regiment as it moved from Nui Mot to Phu Phong. Throughout the evening of March 31, the 41st Infantry Regiment fought with the PAVN 141st Regiment, as soon as they reached Phat Giao. In contrast to the other units, the 42nd Infantry Regiment, 22nd Infantry Division was able to escape the PAVN onslaught, but their strength was significantly reduced before they reached Dieu Tri. On April 1, Quy Nhon fell to the PAVN, which was followed by Tuy Hòa on April 2. ARVN General Trần Văn Cẩm was captured in Tuy Hòa after his helicopter had landed on the ground, where he tried to survey the battlefield. The destruction of the ARVN 22nd Infantry Division, which had about 10,000 fully equipped men, caused chaos in Nha Trang; more than 3,000 South Vietnamese recruits from the Lam Son Army Training Centre retreated into the city, and another 1,000 soldiers went on a rampage and looted goods on the main streets. The chief of Khánh Hòa Province, Colonel Ly Ba Pham, boarded a military aircraft and flew out to Phan Rang Air Base after he had notified Saigon that "the situation is irreversible". On the afternoon of April 2, Nha Trang was overrun by the PAVN, and not a single battle was fought in its defence. By 2:00 pm on April 2, ARVN General Phạm Văn Phú had lost every military unit and territory under his control.
Decisions of President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
According to many academics, both in Vietnam and in the West, the major factor which contributed to the rapid collapse of South Vietnamese defences in 1975 was the numerous and contradictory orders issued by President Thiệu. During the various phases of the South Vietnamese retreat from the northern provinces, namely in I and II Corps Tactical Zones, Thiệu had at least three different plans and decisions laid out before him, and all lacked consistency or simply contradicted one another. For example, on March 13, Thiệu ordered General Trưởng to abandon I Corps, and return the elite Airborne Division to the Mekong Delta region of III Corps. Soon afterwards, similar orders were issued to Major-General Phạm Văn Phú to evacuate from the Central Highlands. On March 17, with intervention from General Cao Văn Viên, Thiệu contradicted his previous orders when he approved Trưởng's defensive plan to hold the major cities of Huế and Da Nang.
However, the very next day, Thiệu ordered Trưởng and General Thi to abandon Huế and to concentrate only sufficient numbers of South Vietnamese units to hold Da Nang. On March 29, as Trưởng was about to board the navy transport ship HQ-404, he received a phone call from Thiệu, who ordered him to turn back and retake Da Nang from the North Vietnamese forces. By then, however, South Vietnamese units in I Corps had virtually disappeared, and their commanding officers had fled from their posts.
Trưởng refused to carry out Thiệu's orders. Between April 3 and 4, Thiệu reprimanded General Phú and General Thi for the debacles in II and I Corps respectively, and Generals Phạm Quốc Thuần and Dư Quốc Đống for the fall of Phước Long in 1974.
Even though Thiệu used the defeat of the South Vietnamese forces as a justification for the arrest of those generals, his real intention behind the arrests was to avert an imaginary military coup against him. For that reason, he chose to pull the Airborne Division back to III Corps, which was commanded by loyalist officers, instead of the Marine Corps Division.
General Trưởng and General Lê Nguyên Khang were spared, but both men responded strongly to Thiệu's reaction. Trưởng considered the aforementioned generals to be victims of an injustice, as they were far more competent than Thiệu's loyalists in Saigon.
In addition to the military disasters suffered on the battlefield, Thiệu also caused instability within his own government during the final days of South Vietnam's existence. For example, on April 2, Thiệu requested the country's National Assembly to dissolve Prime Minister Trần Thiện Khiêm's cabinet and to replace him with Nguyễn Bá Cẩn. The National Assembly quickly approved Thiệu's request.
The same day, Thiệu ordered the arrest of seven individuals who had worked for Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ for fear they were plotting to overthrow him.
William Colby, the CIA Chief of Station in Saigon, wrote in a report that the balance of power had leaned in Hanoi's favour. Thus, if South Vietnam were to survive the North Vietnamese onslaught, Thiệu's replacement would have to accept a resolution to the conflict on North Vietnamese terms.
References
Sources
Alan Dawson. (1990). The Collapse of Saigon in 55 Days. Hanoi: Su That Publishing.
Duong Hao. (1980). A Tragic Chapter. Hanoi: People's Army Publishing House.
Gabriel Kolko. (2003). Anatomy of a War (Translated by Nguyen Tan Cuu). Hanoi: People's Army Publishing House.
Le Dai Anh Kiet. (2003). The Narratives of Saigon Generals. Hanoi: People's Police Publishing.
Le Minh Tan. (1989). History of the 2nd Division. Hanoi: People's Army Publishing House.
Paul Dreyfrus. (2004). The Collapse of Saigon (Translated by Le Kim). Hanoi: People's Police Publishing.
Pham Ngoc Thach & Ho Khang. (2008). History of the War of Resistance against America (8th edn). Hanoi: National Politics Publishing House.
Frank Snepp. (2001). A Disastrous Retreat (Translated by Ngo Du). Ho Chi Minh City: Ho Chi Minh City Publishing.
Tran Quynh Cu, Nguyen Huu Dao & Do Thi Tuyet Quang. (2003). Events in the History of Vietnam (1945–1975). Hanoi: Educational Publishing.
Trinh Vuong Hong & Pham Huu Thang. (2006). History of the Tri-Thien Campaign and Da Nang Campaign during Spring 1975. Hanoi: People's Army Publishing House.
Conflicts in 1975
1975 in Vietnam
Battles involving Vietnam
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1975
Quảng Nam province
March 1975 events in Asia
April 1975 events in Asia
History of Huế
History of Da Nang
History of Thừa Thiên Huế province
History of Quảng Nam province
History of Quảng Trị province
History of Quảng Ngãi province
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勃朗峰（，，意為「白色山峰」），是阿爾卑斯山的最高峰，位於法國的上薩瓦省和義大利的瓦萊達奧斯塔大區的交界處。勃朗峰是西歐與歐盟境內的最高峰，海拔為4,808.73公尺。勃朗峰於1786年8月8日首次被人類征服。勃朗峰有時也被稱為「白色少女」（法語：）或「白色山峰」（義大利語：）。
勃朗峰附近最有名的兩個城鎮是義大利瓦萊達奧斯塔大區的库马约尔與法國罗讷-阿尔卑斯大區上薩瓦省的霞慕尼（Chamonix），這裡也是第一屆冬季奧運會的舉辦地區。遊客可以搭乘纜車上山，路線會經過庫爾馬耶烏爾與霞慕尼。
白山隧道於1957年開始建造，於1965年完成，連接著法國的霞慕尼及義大利的库马约尔，全長11.6公里，是穿越阿爾卑斯山主要的交通路線。
勃朗峰的登山活動、遠足、滑雪和單板滑雪都相當盛行。
歷史
雅克·巴爾瑪和米歇爾-加百利·帕卡德於1786年8月8日首次成功登上勃朗峰。這次攀登由瑞士博物學家奥拉斯-贝内迪克特·德索叙尔所發起，他為了研究高山植物，出重金懸賞登頂阿爾卑斯山脈最高峰勃朗峰或提供攀登路線的人，這也標誌著現代登山運動的開始。
每年白朗峰都會出現許多罹難者，在週末（通常是在八月份）時期，當地救援任務平均出動12次。目前設置課程教導登山者高海拔登山的必備知識、指引（或至少是資深登山家）與適當的設備。這是長期的課程，包括教授登山者登山路線和土石流的危險。此外，至少有一個晚上讓登山者避難所過夜，讓受訓人員可以逐漸適應白朗峰的高度，雖然有時會甚至可能導致受訓人員罹患高山症，甚至死亡。
高度
白朗峰的峰頂永遠覆蓋著厚實的冰雪，厚度並不一致，所以無法確定白朗峰的海拔。但是科學家已經進行過精確的測量。長久以來，官方的海拔高度是4,807公尺（15,771英尺）。然後在2002年，法國國家地理學院和測量專家依靠GPS技術的幫助，測量出白朗峰的高度是4,810.45公尺（15,782.2英尺）。
經過2003年歐洲熱浪侵襲後，一個科學家團隊於6日和9月7日重新測量勃朗峰的高度。該小組指出勃朗峰的海拔是4,808.45公尺（15,775.9英尺），与2002年測量的峰顶水平距离有75厘米（30英寸）。
在這些測量結果發表後，科學家已經針對超過500點進行過測量，並評估氣候變化的影響。從此之後，勃朗峰的海拔每兩年就進行一次測量。
熱浪已造成山峰高度產生這種波動是有爭議的，因為熱浪不知道對於超過4,000公尺（13,000英尺）的冰川是否會有顯著的影響。山峰高度和位置可能會被冰川的力量所移動。在這種海拔，溫度上升幅度很少超過於0°C（32°F）。在2003年夏季，溫度上升到2°C（36° F），甚至達到3°C（37°F），但這不會融化冰層，冰層會一直保持在-15°C（5°F）。
科學家在2005年再次測量白朗峰的高度，結論於2005年12月16日公佈。科學家發現白朗峰的高度為4,808.75公尺（15,776.9英尺），与上次測量的峰顶水平距离有30厘米（12英寸）。山峰實際的岩石面高度被認為是在4,792公尺（15,722英尺），岩石面山顶与被冰覆蓋的冰雪面山頂水平距离有40公尺（130英尺）。
事件與意外
印度航空曾經在勃朗峰發生兩次空難，分別為1950年（印度航空245號班機空難）和1966年（印度航空101號班機空難）。兩架飛機均於即將抵達日內瓦國際機場，飛行員下降時發生空難，死亡人數分別為48人和117人。
2007年6月8日，丹麥藝術家马尔科·埃瓦里斯蒂（Marco Evaristti）使用紅布覆蓋山頂，並持著一根長20英尺（6.1米）的杆子，旗子上面寫著「粉紅國度」。他於6月6日被逮捕和拘留。他聲稱目的是要提高社會大眾對於環境惡化的注意。
2007年9月13日，一組20人的團體設立了一個熱水池。
2008年8月24日，勃朗峰發生大規模雪崩，至少造成8人受傷，8人失蹤。
2009年5月29日，奧運滑雪金牌得主卡里娜·吕比（Karine Ruby）和一位同伴遇難，她和她的小組部分成員跌入冰隙當中。她在都靈奧運之後退休，並接受訓練，成為登山領隊。
參看
阿爾卑斯山
阿爾卑斯山脈山峰列表
勃朗峰隧道
蒙布朗（以該山命名的法式甜點）
萬寶龍（以該山命名的精品品牌）
参考资料
Rey, Guido, The Matterhorn (translated J. E. C. Eaton), London, 1907
外部链接
Mont Blanc on TierraWiki.org
Reasoning about the border between France and Italy by Umberto Pellazza (PDF, Italian)
Official paper of the French surveying board（PDF）
Mont Blanc on Peakware
Mont Blanc on Summitpost
Mont Blanc on dieAlpen.at Online encyclopedia of the Alps
Mont Blanc Massif Photos of the Mont Blanc massif including GPS coordinates of the photo locations
Mont Blanc from space 白
阿爾卑斯山脈山峰
奥弗涅-罗讷-阿尔卑斯大区山峰
意大利山峰
法國-義大利邊界
上萨瓦省地形
七大洲最高峰
國家最高點
海拔4000公尺至4999公尺的山峰
瓦莱达奥斯塔大区
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Bank switching is a technique used in computer design to increase the amount of usable memory beyond the amount directly addressable by the processor instructions. It can be used to configure a system differently at different times; for example, a ROM required to start a system from diskette could be switched out when no longer needed. In video game systems, bank switching allowed larger games to be developed for play on existing consoles.
Bank switching originated in minicomputer systems. Many modern microcontrollers and microprocessors use bank switching to manage random-access memory, non-volatile memory, input-output devices and system management registers in small embedded systems. The technique was common in 8-bit microcomputer systems. Bank-switching may also be used to work around limitations in address bus width, where some hardware constraint prevents straightforward addition of more address lines, and to work around limitations in the ISA, where the addresses generated are narrower than the address bus width. Some control-oriented microprocessors use a bank-switching technique to access internal I/O and control registers, which limits the number of register address bits that must be used in every instruction.
Unlike memory management by paging, data is not exchanged with a mass storage device like disk storage. Data remains in quiescent storage in a memory area that is not currently accessible to the processor (although it may be accessible to the video display, DMA controller, or other subsystems of the computer) without the use of special prefix instructions.
Technique
Bank switching can be considered as a way of extending the address space of processor instructions with some register. Examples:
The follow-on system to a processor with a 12 bit address has a 15 bit address bus, but there is no way to directly specify the high three bits on the address bus. Internal bank registers can be used to provide those bits.
The follow-on system to a processor with a 15 bit address has an 18 bit address bus, but legacy instructions only have 15 address bits; internal bank registers can be used to provide those bits. Some new instructions can explicitly specify the bank.
A processor with a 16-bit external address bus can only address 216 = 65536 memory locations. If an external latch was added to the system, it could be used to control which of two sets of memory devices, each with 65536 addresses, could be accessed. The processor could change which set is in current use by setting or clearing the latch bit. The latch can be set or cleared by the processor in several ways; a particular memory address may be decoded and used to control the latch, or, in processors with separately-decoded I/O addresses, an output address may be decoded. Several bank-switching control bits could be gathered into a register, approximately doubling the available memory spaces with each additional bit in the register. Because the external bank-selecting latch (or register) is not directly connected with the program counter of the processor, it does not automatically change state when the program counter overflows; this cannot be detected by the external latch since the program counter is an internal register of the processor. The extra memory is not seamlessly available to programs. Internal registers of the processor remain at their original length, so the processor cannot directly span all of bank-switched memory by, for example, incrementing an internal register. Instead the processor must explicitly do a bank-switching operation to access large memory objects. There are other limitations. Generally a bank-switching system will have one block of program memory that is common to all banks; no matter which bank is currently active, for part of the address space only one set of memory locations will be used. This area would be used to hold code that manages the transitions between banks, and also to process interrupts.
Often a single database spans several banks, and the need arises to move records between banks (as for sorting). If only one bank is accessible at a time, it would be necessary to move each byte twice: first into the common memory area, perform a bank switch to the destination bank, and then actually to move the byte into the destination bank. If the computer architecture has a DMA engine or a second CPU, and its bank access restrictions differ, whichever subsystem can transfer data directly between banks should be used.
Unlike a virtual memory scheme, bank-switching must be explicitly managed by the running program or operating system; the processor hardware cannot automatically detect that data not currently mapped into the active bank is required. The application program must keep track of which memory bank holds a required piece of data, and then call the bank-switching routine to make that bank active. However, bank-switching can access data much faster than, for example, retrieving the data from disk storage.
Microcomputer use
Processors with 16-bit addressing (8080, Z80, 6502, 6809, etc.) commonly used in early video game consoles and home computers can directly address only 64 KB. Systems with more memory had to divide the address space into a number of blocks that could be dynamically mapped into parts of a larger address space. Bank switching was used to achieve this larger address space by organizing memory into separate banks of up to 64 KB each. Blocks of various sizes were switched in and out via bank select registers or similar mechanisms. Cromemco was the first microcomputer manufacturer to use bank switching, supporting 8 banks of 64 KB in its systems.
When using bank switching some caution was required in order not to corrupt the handling of subroutine calls, interrupts, the machine stack, and so on. While the contents of memory temporarily switched out from the CPU was inaccessible to the processor, it could be used by other hardware, such as video display, DMA, I/O devices, etc. CP/M-80 3.0 released in 1983 and the Z80-based TRS-80s the Model 4 and Model II supported bank switching to allow use of more than the 64 KB of memory that the 8080 or Z80 processor could address.
Bank switching allowed extra memory and functions to be added to a computer design without the expense and incompatibility of switching to a processor with a wider address bus. For example, the C64 used bank switching to allow for a full 64 KB of RAM and still provide for ROM and memory-mapped I/O as well. The Atari 130XE could allow its two processors (the 6502 and the ANTIC) to access separate RAM banks, allowing programmers to make large playfields and other graphic objects without using up the memory visible to the CPU.
Microcontrollers
Microcontrollers (microprocessors with significant input/output hardware integrated on-chip) may use bank switching, for example, to access multiple configuration registers or on-chip read/write memory. An example is the PIC microcontroller. This allows short instruction words to save space during routine program execution, at the cost of extra instructions required to access relatively infrequently used registers, such as those used for system configuration at start-up.
The IBM PC
In 1985, the companies Lotus and Intel introduced Expanded Memory Specification (EMS) 3.0 for use in IBM PC compatible computers running MS-DOS. Microsoft joined for versions 3.2 in 1986 and 4.0 in 1987 and the specification became known as Lotus-Intel-Microsoft EMS or LIM EMS. It is a form of bank switching technique that allows more than the 640 KB of RAM defined by the original IBM PC architecture, by letting it appear piecewise in a 64 KB "window" located in the Upper Memory Area. The 64 KB is divided into four 16 KB "pages" which can each be independently switched. Some computer games made use of this, and though EMS is obsolete, the feature is nowadays emulated by later Microsoft Windows operating systems to provide backwards compatibility with those programs.
The later eXtended Memory Specification (XMS), also now obsolete, is a standard for, in principle, simulating bank switching for memory above 1 MB (called "extended memory"), which is not directly addressable in the Real Mode of x86 processors in which MS-DOS runs. XMS allows extended memory to be copied anywhere in conventional memory, so the boundaries of the "banks" are not fixed, but in every other way it works like the bank switching of EMS, from the perspective of a program that uses it. Later versions of MS-DOS (starting circa version 5.0) included the EMM386 driver, which simulates EMS memory using XMS, allowing programs to use extended memory even if they were written for EMS. Microsoft Windows emulates XMS also, for those programs that require it.
Video game consoles
Bank switching was also used in some video game consoles. The Atari 2600, for instance, could only address 4 KB of ROM, so later 2600 game cartridges contained their own bank switching hardware in order to permit the use of more ROM and thus allow for more sophisticated games (via more program code and, equally important, larger amounts of game data such as graphics and different game stages). The Nintendo Entertainment System contained a modified 6502 but its cartridges sometimes contained a megabit or more of ROM, addressed via bank switching called a Multi-Memory Controller. Game Boy cartridges used a chip called MBC (Memory Bank Controller), which not only offered ROM bank switching, but also cartridge SRAM bank switching, and even access to such peripherals as infrared links or rumble motors. Bank switching was still being used on later game systems. Several Sega Mega Drive cartridges, such as Super Street Fighter II were over 4 MB in size and required the use of this technique (4 MB being the maximum address size).
The GP2X handheld from Gamepark Holdings uses bank switching in order to control the start address (or memory offset) for the second processor.
Video processing
In some types of computer video displays, the related technique of double buffering may be used to improve video performance. In this case, while the processor is updating the contents of one set of physical memory locations, the video generation hardware is accessing and displaying the contents of a second set. When the processor has completed its update, it can signal to the video display hardware to swap active banks, so that the transition visible on screen is free of artifacts or distortion. In this case, the processor may have access to all the memory at once, but the video display hardware is bank-switched between parts of the video memory. If the two (or more) banks of video memory contain slightly different images, rapidly cycling (page-flipping) between them can create animation or other visual effects that the processor might otherwise be too slow to carry out directly.
Alternative and successor techniques
Bank switching was later supplanted by segmentation in many 16-bit systems, which in turn gave way to paging memory management units. In embedded systems, however, bank switching is still often used for its simplicity, low cost, and often better adaptation to those contexts than to general purpose computing.
See also
Sideways address space, an example of bank switching on the BBC Micro
Overlay (programming)
References
External links
Computer memory
Memory management
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馬鞍山聖若瑟小學（）在1952年在馬鞍山山頂成立開辦，是馬鞍山第一間開辦的小學。新校舍則於1987年開辦，為一所天主教背景的資助小學，辦學團體為香港天主教方濟會。校址位於香港沙田區馬鞍山恆安邨，現任校長為楊翠珊女士。
學校歷史
溫淑卿修女，她是屬於方濟各會瑪利亞傳教修會，是五十年代方濟各會派往馬鞍山從事教會事工的修女之一。溫修女提及山上有修女參與事奉工作，始自1954年，而她則是於1959年至1986年間在馬鞍山工作，她當時為二十八歲，便往此地事奉，其間十四年在山上的幼稚園工作，其後的十二年任教小學，主要為礦工子女教學，她指出在礦場成立之初，有五位修女在馬鞍山協助胡文義神父從事教會牧養工作，神父及修女生活簡僕和刻苦，當然沒有任何娛樂，在山上地方狹窄，又沒有電，要用火水大光燈才可照明。村民多自行駁水喉，從山澗引水入屋，作為食水之用。
在1953年，成為方便事奉工作，修女多居馬鞍山上，故胡神父與礦工一起為修女在山上築了一所教堂及房屋，給修女們居住，即現在馬鞍山山上的教堂及課室的地方。這些礦工以禾旱草，麻包袋為建屋材料，各人在一天的辛勞後，便為修女們築樓及製磚。教會人士也同情礦工的貧乏，提供他們麵包、米、油，又協助他們申請福利品。自此之後，經礦工及教會人士的努力，及馬鞍山的礦業發展，也吸引了更多家庭自國內南來，並搬入馬鞍山。因為很多移民在馬鞍山居住，他們的兒女也需要教育，這些修女為他們開辦幼兒園，並聘請區外的教師執教其中，神父們也開辦小學課程，而書本主要從區外的書局捐贈，也因為區外的教師居所離此地較遠，便多在山上教會提供的宿舍居住，有些教師是從馬料水（即現今中文大學）的地方乘船，往山上任教的。當然區內主要的教員是修女，次者為大陸南下的知識份子，他們都以國語為教學媒介。
1960年，宋秀琴修女指出聖若瑟小學範圍很大，在山上的校舍，只有四個班房，不能容納全校學生，故只把一至四年級的學生在此地上課，至於五年級和六年級的學生，則需要在山腳碼頭附近的校舍上課，故她與其他修女常要帶他們下山上課。若沒有車子，只好徒步上山，而這兩部車子均由教會提供，方便修女及神父往山上工作及往外購物的。及後小學規模擴大，山下的班房數量增加至八間，由是暫時解決了課室不足的問題。但那時的小孩，因他們在校內成績不太好，往往較難地考取港島區或九龍區成績較佳的學校，但修女們仍教他們有關專業的知識，如商科及應用英文等，希望他們學得一技之長，方便他們日後在社會裡找工作。
1979年7月1日，教會的行政單位更由聖方濟各堂升為馬鞍山聖方濟各堂區，可見馬鞍山天主教宗教活動的繁盛。礦場在1976年關閉，村民人數日漸減少，至今山上還有少數老礦工定居，但已能與外界溝通。
山上的教堂終於在1981年結束，而於1987年至1999年借用聖若瑟小學禮堂的聖方濟彌撤中心，維持主日彌撤。而近海邊的聖方濟各堂及附設的學校也於1984年拆卸。後來經方濟各的神父的努力，及不斷有新教友領洗加入馬鞍山堂區下，堂區得以繼續發展，終在各人的努力及捐助下，馬鞍山聖方濟堂落成。其中堂區主任司鐸方濟會的胡健挺神父的參與更為重要，與他一起工作的神父及修女，包括昔日多年在山上參與事工的溫淑卿修女及宋秀琴修女等。
學校設施
課室數目有24間。有一個禮堂、有蓋操場、外操場。特別室有圖書館、視藝室、音樂室、電腦室、校園電視台、活動室、中央圖書館、加輔室、輔導室、方濟園圃、多元智能室、英語室、祈禱室。支援有特殊學習需要學生的設施包括傷殘廁所、傷殘通道、升降機。
開設科目
中國語文、英國語文、數學、常識、宗教、普通話、音樂、資訊科技、視覺藝術、成長、體育
馬鞍山聖若瑟校歌
曲：胡文義神父（1952年）；詞：胡建挺（2001年）
聖若瑟救 主養父，誠實愛家人 禮義符，
勵圖上進 闖成就庫，安貧認真新 試念故，
修德進業技 能日富，群策群力願 互助相扶；
群策群力齊 蒙神護顧！
聖若瑟我 真仰慕， 常繫腦海時 覺自豪，
睦鄰棣友 天敬學好，追求知識品 格盛抱，
克己致力善 勤儉素，獻身社會報 學校薰陶，
獻身社會求 學能達到！
連繫中學
馬鞍山聖若瑟中學
外部連結
學校網站
學校中學部網站
馬鞍山 (香港)
香港天主教學校
沙田區小學
1952年建立的教育機構
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始中國羽龍屬（屬名：）是近鳥龍科下的一屬，是目前發現體型最小的恐龍，體長僅30公分，發現於中國遼寧的髫髻山組，正模標本化石編號 YFGP-T5197。
始中國羽龍的口鼻部較短，由於羽毛不發達，因此翅膀展幅不大，加上骨頭結構上有先天的缺陷，導致無法進行真正的飛行。但相反的，其足部羽毛較少，而且較短，適合在路上行走，因此始中國羽龍可能比較擅長奔跑。
根據發現的地層推測，始中國羽龍可能生活於中侏儸紀，早於始祖鳥，也早於一群被科學家們認為是現今鳥類祖先的一群早白堊紀獸腳類。始中國羽龍與近鳥龍是姊妹群，屬於傷齒龍類，始祖鳥則屬於恐爪龍下目，而這次的研究動搖了始祖鳥在鳥類分類上的地位，甚至會摧毀科學家們以往對此類生物的觀點。對於始中國羽龍的新發現，來自英國南安普敦大學的古代脊椎動物學家Gareth J. Dyke參與了此研究，並做出了「鳥類飛行的起源比我們以前認為的要複雜得多」的結論。
參考文獻
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Valérie Debord (born 29 November 1971) was a member of the National Assembly of France. She is of Italian origin and represented the Meurthe-et-Moselle department, and was a member of the Union for a Popular Movement. She lost her seat on 17 June 2012 to Socialist Hervé Féron, by 54.15% to 45.85%.
References
1971 births
Living people
People from Chaumont, Haute-Marne
Politicians from Grand Est
French people of Italian descent
The Republicans (France) politicians
Women members of the National Assembly (France)
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
21st-century French women politicians
Regional councillors of Grand Est
Knights of the Legion of Honour
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George Jones ( – 30 April 1844) was a convict bushranger who, with Martin Cash and Lawrence Kavenagh, escaped from Port Arthur, Van Diemen's Land, in late 1842. The three men took to bushranging for a six-month period, robbing homesteads and inns with seeming impunity. After Kavenagh and Cash were captured, Jones remained at large for a further seven months, committing a number of robberies in company with two other escaped convicts. In April 1844 he was captured in a shoot-out with police, convicted and executed.
Biography
Early life and transportation
George Jones was born circa 1815 in London, England. By 1829 Jones was employed as an errand boy, living in London.
On 20 March 1829, Jones, aged about fourteen years, was tried at the Surrey Assizes for robbing a till and sentenced to transportation for life. Jones was transported to New South Wales aboard the Dunvegan Castle with 179 other convicts, arriving in Sydney on 13 March 1830. On arrival he was assigned to Richard Lang on the Hunter River in the Newcastle district.
Servitude and highway robbery
Jones’ convict record indicates occasional bouts of resentful disobedience. In June 1833 he received twenty-five lashes for "stealing grapes". In May 1835 he received fifty lashes for disobedience and the following September, one hundred lashes for "refusal and neglect of duty". In March 1837 Jones was given fifty lashes for absconding. By 1841 George Jones was assigned to Captain John Pike of 'Pickering' farm near Merton, who was known as a harsh master whose convict servants were kept under deplorable conditions. Jones absconded from his service on 25 May 1841, remaining at large for eight months. While he was at large, Jones teamed up with another escaped convict, an older man with a variety of tattoos named Joseph Bowers. Bowers had been assigned to William Blaxland of Cassillis from whose service he absconded in June 1841.
In the early afternoon of 17 January 1842 two men, John Lucas, superintendent of Buchanan’s 'Marsheen' run beyond Muswellbrook, and a man named Cotterell, were riding on the road about nine miles from Maitland when they were bailed up by George Jones and Joseph Bowers, each of them brandishing double-barrelled guns. They compelled the men to dismount and took them about forty yards into the bush. The bushrangers took what little money the pair had, and kept them captive until nightfall. Before they were released Lucas was handed back five shillings "to pay for his bed", and both men had their horses returned to them.
The following morning the mail-cart travelling from Muswellbrook to Singleton was bailed up by Jones and Bowers. The cart was ascending a hill near Maidswater Creek, midway between the townships, when the two men emerged from the thick scrub with double-barrelled guns. They took the mail and their two captives (the driver and a passenger) into the bush back from the road and proceeded to cut up the mail-bags and open letters, during which process they were reported to be “very merry and jocular”. Afterwards the bushrangers prepared some pots of tea which they shared with their prisoners, before fetching their horses and riding off. The driver of the mail-cart recognised one of the bushrangers as someone who had participated in an earlier robbery of the same mail.
On Monday, January 24, George Jones walked into a Commercial Bank in Sydney Town soon after it had opened and presented a cheque to be cashed. The bank officer informed Jones that he would need to accompany him to the Police Office in order for Jones to account for how the cheque came into his possession. Jones agreed to do so; at the Central Police Office “having told a made-up story and given an assumed name” he was directed to make an affidavit. Certain details in the affidavit aroused suspicions in Police Magistrate Windeyer and he ordered that the man be detained. A search of his person revealed thirty bank cheques and orders totalling about £171, which he admitted were taken from the stolen letters from the Muswellbrook mail-bag. When asked why he had dared to go into the Police Office, Jones replied that “he knew it was neck or nothing, and if he did not get the cheques and orders cashed, there was no use in doing the job”.
In late January Constable Lynch apprehended Joseph Bowers in Castlereagh Street in Sydney, on suspicion of being "a runaway". Jones and Bowers were committed for trial at the Hyde Park Barracks court. In late February, in what was obviously a formality, their tickets-of-leave were cancelled.
At the Sydney Court of Quarter Sessions on Monday, 4 April 1842, the escaped convicts, Joseph Bowers and George Jones, were indicted on charges of highway and mail robbery and being illegally at large with firearms in their possession. They were identified by John Lucas as the pair who had stopped and robbed him on January 17 on the Maitland Road. Both men were found guilty, and sentenced to transportation to a penal settlement for life. On 30 May 1842 George Jones, along with forty-two other prisoners of the Crown (including Joseph Bowers and Lawrence Kavenagh), was transported from Sydney to Van Diemen’s Land aboard the schooner Marian Watson, arriving at Hobart on June 8, from where he and Kavenagh were taken to the Port Arthur penal settlement.
Escape from Port Arthur
Towards the end of 1842, while in a work gang carting stone from the Port Arthur quarry, Jones and Lawrence Kavenagh met Martin Cash. Jones had previously heard of Cash, who had been an assigned convict to George Bowman, a landholder near Muswellbrook and neighbour to Captain Pike (although Cash had left the district before Jones had been assigned to Pike's farm). The three convicts had a common interest: “a strong inclination to abscond”. Cash had made a previous attempt at escaping from Port Arthur, being captured within a mile of the mainland near East Bay Neck. They discussed a plan of escape, and agreed to make the attempt on the afternoon of Boxing Day as the carts came up to the quarry for the first load.
On Boxing Day, 26 December 1842, the escape occurred as planned. In Martin Cash’s words: “I walked deliberately over to where [Kavenagh and Jones] were at work; fixing my eyes on them for a moment, they both instantly dropped their picks, and springing on a steep bank, were lost in a minute in the scrub, I soon following their example”. Kavenagh took the lead, directing the others to where he had previously stashed a quarter of a loaf and some flour. Then the three convicts headed for the thick scrub at the foot of Mount Arthur. They decided to remain hidden in the bush for the next three days, expecting that the soldiers “would relax in their vigilance, under the impression that we had made our escape”.
On the night of their third day of freedom they left their hiding place, keeping to the bush and flanking the coastline to their right. Near Long Bay they crossed a road and continued north-west through the bush to the side of Signal Hill, where they rested until morning. Cash made a "charcoal fire" in a hollow tree and cooked a damper for breakfast. The three convicts continued on through the thick scrub until dusk when they came in sight of Eaglehawk Neck where they could “see the line literally swarming with constables and prisoners”. Realising that crossing the Neck was impossible they decided to swim past it.
Eaglehawk Neck is a narrow isthmus connecting the Tasman Peninsula (where Port Arthur was located) with the Forestier Peninsula. Across the neck were placed guards, lamps and chained guard-dogs, some of them on stages set out in the water. To the west of the Neck was the narrow Eaglehawk Bay and on the eastern side was the much wider expanse of Pirates Bay. Following Cash's lead the escapees chose the longer swim on the eastern side, about half a mile in width and the same route that Cash had taken on his first escape attempt. Moving stealthily through the bush in darkness they reached the water-line along the arc of Pirates Bay and started swimming with their clothes bundled above their heads. With a strong wind blowing, waves crashed against the swimmers and carried away their bundles, so each of the men arrived naked on the other side.
Finding themselves at the base of steep and scrubby hill the three convicts advanced up the slope and rested near the top until daybreak. Martin Cash knew of the location of a hut near the road connecting Eaglehawk Neck and East Bay Neck, normally occupied by a road-repair gang who had nearly completed their sentences. In their naked state and without shoes or food, the three convicts decided to take the risk of raiding the hut. They rushed through the door, Kavenagh holding an axe he had found outside, to find it occupied by only one man, the sub-overseer of the work gang. The man was tied to a post and clothes, boots and a quantity of food were procured.
Realising that, upon discovery of their raid on the road-gang’s hut, the focus of those engaged in the pursuit would shift to the Forestier Peninsula and the East Bay Neck, the escapees decided to remain hidden for a few days more. At the northern end of the peninsula they considered swimming to the mainland (which was half the distance of their previous swim), but with a strong current flowing both Kavenagh and Jones expressed disquiet. Kavenagh told the other two “that he had a very narrow escape from drowning when crossing at the Neck, at one time giving himself up for lost, observing that it was nothing short of a miracle that he had reached the land”. Deciding to attempt a crossing by land at East Bay Neck, the three convicts waited for nightfall and, by stealth, managed to evade the sentries and then crawled through a field of wheat until they were a safe distance from the military barracks. A quarter mile further on they came to dense bush where they could momentarily relax, having “escaped the sharks by land and water”.
Bushranging
Travelling north-west after their escape to the mainland from Port Arthur the three escaped convicts arrived at a bush hut and took bread, tea and sugar (as well as a billy) from the frightened residents. By the following morning they had reached a more populous district in the vicinity of Sorell. Keeping watch on a farmhouse during the day, they emerged at night and forced entry by knocking on the door and calling out “Police” upon enquiry. At that house they found a gun (of which Kavenagh took possession) and a complete change of clothes for each man. At a shepherd’s hut near Prosser Plains the convicts obtained a second gun. Moving further to the north-west, on 23 January 1843 they raided Blinkworth’s house in the Richmond district, where they carried off a double-barrelled gun and food.
By 19 January 1843 a reward had been proclaimed for the apprehension of the three “runaways from Port Arthur”. The reward offered for the apprehension of “either of the said felons” was fifty sovereigns (pounds); if “this service be performed by a convict” a conditional pardon would be granted in addition to the pecuniary reward.
Cash, Kavenagh and Jones next bailed up a public-house near Bagdad, during which one of the men under guard managed to escape while they were searching the premises, necessitating a "speedy retreat" and a resolution to better secure each person in the future. The following morning, now moving south-west towards Broadmarsh, they bailed up Elijah Panton and his family at their farmhouse, causing great distress to Panton’s pregnant wife, Jane. The intruders then secured a group of labourers from an outhouse as well as the household servants, before searching and plundering the contents of the house. After leaving Panton's farm the three bushrangers passed Dr. Macdowell on the road, who claimed he had hailed them and was answered by being fired upon. In the wake of these events Panton, who was a former convict, received a letter from the Colonial Secretary notifying him that "because the bushrangers were allowed to escape from his place, he is to be deprived of all his assigned servants".
The Woolpack Inn shoot-out
On Tuesday evening, 31 January 1843, the three bushrangers arrived at the Woolpack Inn at Macquarie Plains, 12 miles north-west of New Norfolk on the Hamilton Road. They bailed up the publican’s wife, Mrs. Stoddart, her two adult sons and three customers. Cash enquired about a hut about fifty yards from the public-house, and Mrs. Stoddart replied that she “had no men there”. In fact, four police constables were stationed in the hut and they had noticed something was amiss at the hotel. Cash, upon glancing out the window, “perceived some people moving up to the house” and, alerting his comrades, he stepped out of the building and was “told to stand” by the approaching men. On being challenged Cash immediately fired his weapon, and Kavenagh and Jones, standing either side of him, also fired at the constables, two of whom were wounded in the exchange of fire. Each of the policemen then retreated to cover, Cash later claiming they “had behaved in a cowardly manner”. After the smoke cleared Cash found himself standing alone, Kavenagh and Jones having taken the opportunity to escape. Cash returned to the house and grabbed a three-gallon keg of brandy before he too departed, later joining his comrades at the spot where they had previously stashed their swags.
Mount Dromadery base-camp
After the incident at the Woolpack Inn the three bushrangers travelled for three days towards a base they had previously established at Mount Dromedary (between Brighton and New Norfolk in the Black Hills area). On their way they stopped at Henry Cawthorne’s property at the foot of Mount Dromedary, tying up several men and raiding the house to obtain provisions, as well as a gun and ammunition. Following the raid on Cawthorne’s house it was reported that “the constables and military are in hot pursuit” of the outlaws. By that stage, however, they had decided to lay low, spending the night at the home of old acquaintances of Martin Cash, an ex-convict named Thomas Blackburn and his wife Hannah who were living at Cobb’s Hill (towards the Jordan River). The following day Hannah Blackburn travelled to Hobart Town and returned with Cash's de facto wife, Eliza (after having dodged police surveillance). The three bushrangers, accompanied by Eliza Cash, then repaired to their base-camp on nearby Mount Dromedary.
In his memoir Cash refers to their elevated station as a "fortress", which he named 'Dromedary Park'. Situated near the top of Mount Dromedary it had commanding views of the Derwent River from the New Norfolk district to Brighton, an "airy tenement" where the bushrangers were "not likely to be surprised". The "fortress" consisted of three logs in a triangle shape, on the inside of which was placed branches of young trees and ferns. Though lacking a roof Cash described it as having “rather a comfortable appearance”. Kavenagh, Jones and Cash and his wife spent the next three days “in quiet retirement… enjoying the beauties of nature unadorned by art”. However, with their supplies running low, the bushrangers “resolved to take the field, and levy contributions”, leaving Eliza in charge of the fortress.
Brighton and New Norfolk districts
On Tuesday, 7 February 1843, the three bushrangers entered the house of Hodgkinson, his wife and eighteen year-old daughter. Jones covered the captives with a double-barrelled gun while Kavenagh searched for food and other supplies and Cash stood outside on watch. Mrs. Hodgkinson proved to be a difficult proposition, verbally abusing the intruders and attempting to escape from the house on several occasions. As the bushrangers were leaving with their plunder, including six dried hams, she followed them outside “screaming at the top of her voice” and continued to lambast them until they were out of sight. On Saturday, February 11, the three men suddenly entered the house at Collis’ farm in the bush near the road to Brighton, 17 miles north of Hobart Town. They were fed mutton and Cape wine by Mrs. Collis, before they locked her, with her young child, in the storeroom and departed with food, clothes and the remainder of the wine.
On Wednesday, February 22, Cash, Kavenagh and Jones stopped four men in a cart near Thomas Shone’s 300-acre property in the Back River district (north-east of New Norfolk). They bound the men and proceeded to the house, where Shone, his wife and a guest were bailed up, each of the outlaws armed with a double-barrel fowling-piece and a brace of pistols. Soon afterwards a spring cart arrived with other members of the household and their guests. Seven men from a nearby hut were also tied up and brought to the house, making a total of nineteen being held captive in one room. After stopping for nearly an hour the bushrangers departed with food and assorted stolen valuables. Thomas Shone was later informed that, for allowing the bushrangers to escape, he too would be deprived of his assigned servants. This decision by the Colonial Secretary became the subject of criticism and ridicule in the colonial press.
On returning with their stolen goods to their Mount Dromedary base-camp, the bushrangers learned that the King’s Own Light Infantry, under command of Major Ainsworth, had been given the task of pursuing them. Several days later, from their elevated position, they watched “several parties of police and military scouring the country” searching for them, “taking all directions but the right one”. Cash urged Eliza to return to Hobart Town, being concerned for her safety. After she had left the three men decided a change in their sphere of activity would be necessary, prompting the bushrangers to relocate further inland and to the north, to the districts around Hamilton.
On 1 March 1843 the colonial Government, in a response to the widespread belief that the bushrangers were being assisted and supported by other convicts, amended the reward offered to a convict for the apprehension of the three “runaways from Port Arthur”. It was announced that any convict “who shall apprehend or give such information as shall lead to the apprehension” of either Cash, Kavenagh or Jones would receive, instead of the previously advertised conditional pardon, a free pardon as well as a free passage from the colony (in addition to the pecuniary reward of fifty sovereigns).
Hamilton and Bothwell districts
On Saturday, March 11, Cash, Kavenagh and Jones visited the residence of Thomas Triffett at Green Hills on the River Ouse (about 9 miles north-west of Hamilton), robbing it “of everything they could carry away”. They took Triffett’s gun and left behind one they had earlier stolen from Henry Cawthorne, deeming it inferior to the one lately obtained, and asking Triffett to return the gun to Cawthorne (“telling him at the same time, that as soon as they met with a better one than his, they would return it also”).
On Sunday, March 19, the bushrangers arrived at Charles Kerr’s station, ‘Dunrobin’, about 14 miles west of Hamilton. They had been observing the place for two days beforehand, and had taken a shepherd prisoner in order to interrogate him about the place they intended to plunder. They left with a pair of duelling pistols, clothes and a telescope to aid their careful observations of human movement. On the following Wednesday the bushrangers paid a visit to John Sherwin of ‘Sherwood’ station, between Hamilton and Bothwell, an incursion which followed a familiar pattern.
Heading south-east the three bushrangers struck next on March 25 at Thomas Edols’ house at 'The Bluff' at Macquarie Plains (near the Woolpack Inn). On approaching the homestead they were attacked by a large dog which Cash shot. Breaking through the door they found Edols and his family members inside. There were obvious signs of preparation in case of an incursion; the bushrangers found three loaded guns behind a door and a pair of duelling pistols which Edols was attempting to conceal as he sat on the sofa. Edols later provided interesting comparative descriptions of the three men who had robbed him: “Cash is represented as a low-speaking, foul-mouthed man; Kavenagh the most quiet of the three; and Jones the most intelligent”. From as early as February 1843 the colonial newspapers had begun to use the shorthand term ‘Cash & Co.’ to describe the three bushrangers, Cash, Kavenagh and Jones. The term became increasingly common as their exploits increased and they remained at large. Martin Cash was better known in Van Diemen’s Land, having lived on the island since 1837 and gaining considerable notoriety for making two separate escape attempts from Port Arthur. There is, however, some doubt regarding who was the real leader of the gang, with mistaken identity probably playing a part. After Kavenagh was wounded and subsequently captured in July 1843 the Colonial Times newspaper commented” “We have no doubt Cash and Jones will soon be captured – their strength is broken”.
The bushrangers made their next appearance east of Hamilton in the Green Ponds district. On March 29 they arrived at Captain Clark’s ‘Hunting Ground’ farm near Green Ponds township. Finding the house occupied by “three ladies and a woman servant only” they left after only a short time taking only a newspaper and some apples, “fearful that someone… had escaped their hands and gone for assistance”. Later that day the outlaws robbed John Thomson’s house in the same district, turning up a half hour after a party of soldiers and constables had left when they had received a report of the raid upon Captain Clark’s farm.
On Saturday morning, April 15, Cash, Kavenagh and Jones robbed George Stokell’s farmhouse at The Tiers near Mount Jerusalem, north-west of Bothwell. Representing themselves as constables in search of the bushrangers, the overseer Bell “observed he did not think the bushrangers were thereabouts”, to which Cash replied: “They are nearer to you than you think”. After a breakfast of ham and eggs, the outlaws left, taking provisions and a few items of clothing, including the overseer’s boots.
On Wednesday, April 26, the bushrangers met a magistrate, John Clarke, riding on the road near Bothwell and compelled him to accompany them to the Allardyce’s homestead on the River Clyde where they stole clothing and provisions, and two guns and ammunition. The bushrangers were described by Clarke “as having a miserably haggard appearance, badly clothed, and with scarcely a shoe on their feet”. It was generally believed by this time that the career of ‘Cash and Co.’ was drawing to a close. A newspaper report a fortnight earlier had ventured the opinion that, “hemmed in on all sides, miserably jaded, restless, and apprehensive, they will fall easy victims to the first party they encounter”. On Tuesday, 9 May, they raided Espie’s station at Bashan Plains, 18 miles north-west of Bothwell, taking away provisions as well as a couple of horses to carry their plunder.
On Friday, May 19, the bushrangers held up Captain McKay on the River Dee (west of Bothwell). After dining with him, in company with his neighbour Thomas Gellibrand, they loaded two horses with provisions and travelled with their captives the three miles to Gellibrand’s run, where they loaded a third horse and departed. A report of these events surmised that the outlaws had stocked up with supplies and were headed for their “winter quarters, from whence, we should think, they will not be heard of for some time”. The report was correct; Cash, Kavenagh and Jones now returned to their base-camp on Mount Dromadery. In late May James Morrison and a party of constables tracked the bushrangers’ route of departure from Captain McKay’s farm and found their stash of stolen supplies. The horses, saddles and bridles were found twelve miles away, in a deep ravine. A newspaper report of the discovery of the bushrangers’ supplies concluded with the following sanguine comments: “so that instead of going quietly as they purposed into winter quarters, they will be compelled to enter into active operations, a course which will render their capture certain, so vigilant are their present pursuers”.
The Antill Ponds shoot-out
Cash, Kavenagh and Jones spent the remainder of May and the first few weeks of June 1843 at Mount Dromadery or with the Blackburns at nearby Cobb Hill. On the evening of Wednesday, June 21, they bailed up the Half-way House, an inn kept by Edward Greenbank on the road between Oatlands and Ross at a rural locality called Antill Ponds in the Salt Pan Plains district. After the outlaws departed Greenbank instructed his ticket-of-leave servant to ride to Oatlands to report the robbery. The bushrangers went directly from the Half-way House to William Kimberley’s homestead, two miles to the east. After shooting the lock and entering, they saw a constable, who had been sent to guard the house, in the process of exiting through a window. Fearful of a possible ambush the outlaws left soon afterwards and cautiously made their way through the night to a nearby hut belonging to Samuel Smith, one of Cash’s old acquaintances. Leaving their knapsacks by the door they entered the hut and greeted the occupants. Just as they began to share a bottle of liquor with Smith and his two companions, they heard a voice from outside: “Surround the hut; we have them, here’s their swag”. A party of seven soldiers and three constables sent from Oatlands had caught up with them at the hut. In Cash’s description, in reply he grabbed his gun, opened the door and “discharged both barrels to the right and left”. Kavenagh and Jones gathered their arms, extinguished the light and the three left the hut, firing as they went. In the darkness the only light was the flash of gunfire as the parties returned fire. In Cash’s words: “This was merely random firing, the darkness of the night preventing us from seeing each other, neither had either side the wish to get into close quarters”. More than a hundred shots were fired in the exchange between the parties, resulting in one of the soldiers receiving a slight wound. After the firing had finished the three outlaws laid low in the darkness, hiding themselves behind logs and trees while the soldiers and constables “were beating the bush for them”. The equipment they lost as a result of the skirmish at Antill Ponds included their telescope and bullet mould.
After the bushrangers had made their escaped, the soldiers and constables, and a group of five volunteers who had also joined the fight, called at Robert Harrison’s place, less than a mile from the scene of the conflict. Harrison was a local magistrate and, when informed of the result, (by Cash’s account) “he called them a cowardly set of rascals, ordering them immediately to leave the premises, remarking that they should be ashamed to confess that fifteen, all well armed, were not able to capture three careworn bushrangers!”.
Campbell Town district
Late-morning on Saturday, June 24, Lawrence Kavenagh walked up to Christopher Gatenby, a landholder on the River Isis (between Campbell Town and Norfolk Plains), and asked for “the master”. Gatenby informed the stranger that he was the master, at which point Kavenagh unbuttoned his greatcoat, pointed to a pair of pistols in his belt and “stated the object of his visit”. The three bushrangers, reported as being “in a half-famished state”, accompanied Gatenby to his house where they ate dinner and drank several bottles of wine, “acting with politeness throughout, and treating the ladies with great respect”. Afterwards they collected clothes and provisions and departed, ordering Gatenby and two of his men to accompany them and carry their plunder into the foothills of the Great Western Tiers.
After camping for three days on the Lake River, the bushrangers headed east towards the Macquarie River, hearing from informants of a police presence in farm houses along the way. On Friday morning, June 30, Cash, Kavenagh and Jones were approaching Cains’ residence on the Lake River, when they saw or heard something to indicate a trap; they immediately wheeled around and headed for the scrub. The party of constables who were stationed in the house ran out after them. The bushrangers fired several rounds at their pursuers, who returned fire. The outlaws managed to outrun the police but were forced to abandon the supplies they had taken from Gatenby. Eventually, “finding ourselves very much fatigued, and also short of provisions”, the bushrangers arrived at James Youl’s property on the Macquarie River where they visited a shepherd, another acquaintance of Cash’s. As they were nearing their destination, they had been spotted by men working on a neighbouring property, who decided to arm themselves and follow the bushrangers with the intention of capturing them. Later that evening at the shepherd’s hut, voices were heard outside and Cash opened the door and fired at a man holding a firearm, hitting the gun and separating the stock from the barrel. With their prospective captors in retreat, the gang gathered some provisions and crossed the Macquarie River to camp for the night.
Late morning on Monday, July 3, the three bushrangers stopped the Launceston coach on the main road near Epping Forest, north-west of Campbell Town, and robbed the passengers. The outlaws were described as having “a squalid and miserable appearance” and “exhibited great haste and trepidation” during the robbery. The coach was detained for only about ten minutes during which Mrs. Cox, the coach proprietor, “rebuked them in severe terms for the wickedness and folly of their career”.
On 5 July 1843 the colonial Government proclaimed that the reward for “the capture of either of the armed runaway Convicts, Martin Cash, George Jones and Lawrence Kavenagh” was increased to one hundred acres of land or one hundred sovereigns (in addition to the fifty sovereigns, free pardon and passage from the colony previously offered). If the person entitled to the reward was a convict, the monetary reward would be the sole option.
After the coach robbery the bushrangers walked through the bush, avoiding inhabited areas, until they were near the township of Ross, seven miles south of Campbell Town. On Friday evening, July 7, they arrived at Captain Samuel Horton’s house and being refused admittance, broke open the door. Horton’s cook, an assigned convict servant named William Jackson, was shot in the shoulder during the incursion. George Jones was later charged with shooting Jackson, which he claimed was due to an accidental discharge of his gun. The bushrangers’ overall conduct was described as "extremely violent, having several times rushed at Captain Horton in a ferocious way, menacing to shoot him if he did not find them money". During these events Horton’s wife managed to escape so the outlaws were forced to depart in haste.
Kavenagh's accident and surrender
After leaving Horton’s place the three outlaws sought a hiding-place in the Western Tiers, but with parties in close pursuit, they headed for the wilderness area of the Lakes. Along the way they bailed up a shepherd’s hut at a place called Dog’s Head and obtained some rations for the trip. While crossing a mass of limestone rock near Lake Sorell, Lawrence Kavenagh stumbled and fell, causing his firearm to hit a rock and discharge. The ball entered his arm at the elbow, followed the bone and exited from his wrist. The wound was bandaged with a torn up white shirt. Kavenagh was faint but could walk and the bushrangers decided to return in the direction of Bothwell, with Cash planning to enter the township after dark and abduct the doctor in order to treat his injured comrade. That evening when they camped Kavenagh told them he was resolved to give himself up to the magistrate, John Clarke of ‘Cluny’, near Bothwell (whom the bushrangers had bailed up in April, compelling him to accompany them to Allardyce’s homestead). Cash and Jones “used every argument and entreaty in trying to alter his determination”, but to no avail. The next morning they accompanied Kavenagh to within a short distance of Clarke’s place before they parted. In his memoir Cash disclosed that Jones had “privately hinted the necessity of shooting Kavenagh” in case he would reveal their haunts and their visits to the Blackburns at Cobb’s Hill, for which suggestion Cash rebuked Jones, telling him he regretted “very much to hear him suggest anything so unmanly”. Cash and Jones returned “in very bad spirits”, and Cash admitted he "now became disgusted with my calling, being of opinion, after what had lately transpired, that there could be no confidence or friendship between men placed in our position".
Kavenagh arrived at one of the huts on John Clarke’s property on Tuesday evening, July 11. After being informed of the bushranger's arrival, Clarke's overseer sent servants to take charge of the wounded man and sent for the doctor. He was taken to Bothwell the following day. On Saturday, July 15, Kavenagh was brought to Hobart Town, attended by an escort of soldiers and constables. He was described as having a very emaciated appearance and "evidently suffering acute pain from his wound".
Cash and Jones
Cash and Jones remained in seclusion for a fortnight after Kavenagh’s surrender. Jones was convinced that Kavenagh would inform the police of their visits to the Blackburns at Cobb’s Hill, but Cash was confident he would not betray them. Despite the danger they resolved to visit their friends at Cobb's Hill. After observing the house and cautiously approaching, they burst through the door, to find that Cash's confidence in Kavenagh had been well placed.
In the early hours of Monday morning, 14 August 1843, Cash and Jones stopped the mail-coach between Jericho and Spring Hill. They spent about an hour extracting a total of forty pounds from the letters as well as two gold watches, after which they took away other letters they thought may contain enclosures.
After the bushrangers had returned to the Mount Dromedary district, one day in late August Hannah Blackburn informed Cash she had heard that his wife Eliza in Hobart Town was co-habiting with another man (Joseph Pratt). When Cash told Jones he intended to visit his wife, Jones "coolly informed me that I should find him at the Dromedary on my return". Cash travelled to Hobart Town with the intention of confronting Eliza ('Bessie') and Pratt. Eliza's house near Harrington-street was under police surveillance. Cash was recognised in Brisbane-street on 29 August 1843 when he asked a special constable for directions and was captured after a shoot-out which resulted in the death of a constable. Cash’s trial was held over two days, beginning on September 6 (the day before Kavenagh stood trial).
It was reported that George Jones was sighted in Launceston on Saturday, 23 September 1843. He was recognised by a constable and "a hot pursuit followed without success". It was believed the bushranger had planned to leave the colony on the Shamrock steamer. By November 1843, with Cash and Kavenagh in the Hobart Town Gaol, there had been no recent reports of "their late associate", with the Hobart Town Advertiser reporting "there is reason to believe" that Jones had, "happily for himself and the community, made his escape from the colony".
With Platt and Moore
After Cash departed Jones established a new base-camp on Mount Dromedary, where (as described by Cash) "he accidentally met with two wretched fellows" who had absconded from a convict road-gang in late November 1843. The two escapees were Frederick Moore and James Platt.
Frederick Moore – born in about 1818; convicted in Upper Canada for desertion from the army, sentenced to 14 years transportation; departed from England in November 1837 aboard the Moffat, arriving in Van Diemen’s Land on 1 April 1838; absconded from a convict road-gang with Platt on 29 November 1843.
James Platt – convicted at Lancaster, county Lancashire, in the Liverpool Quarter Sessions, sentenced to seven years transportation; departed from England in December 1836 aboard the Frances Charlotte, arriving in Van Diemen’s Land on 14 May 1837; absconded from a convict road-gang with Moore on 29 November 1843.
Moore and Platt told Jones they wished to "take up arms", which Jones was able to provide, and the three escaped convicts formed a gang.
In late December 1843 George Jones, "accompanied by two comrades", appeared at Field’s 'Swamp Farm'. The overseer, named Shackles, was accosted as he entered the gate of a yard near the house. When the overseer did not immediately dismount when ordered, Jones said: "Come, no humbug; we are bushrangers, and have walked sixty miles to come here to blow your brains out". Shackles and the other servants on the estate were tied up while the house was searched.
On Monday night, 22 January 1844, Jones "and two companions" (one of them identified as Frederick Moore) robbed Mr. Howell’s premises on the Shannon River in central Tasmania. They stole tea, sugar and flour, as well as a number of guns and pistols. This was the second time Jones had robbed Howell.
At about eight o’clock in the evening of 14 February 1844 Jones, Platt and Moore arrived at William Campbell’s house at the Black Brush near Brighton. They gained entry to the house, brandishing pistols and double-barrelled guns. Campbell and two men in the house were tied by their hands and feet. The bushrangers demanded money but were told there was none in the house. Jones went with a domestic servant, Harriet Devereux, to a bedroom to search for money, finding only one pound and six shillings in a snuff box. Convinced there was further cash hidden in the house, Jones said, "We must have it", and addressing Devereux said, "I will serve you first". He tied a handkerchief over the woman’s mouth and, making her lie face downward on a bench seat, tied her hands underneath. Jones heated a spade in the fire and applied it to Devereux’s calves, causing blisters on her legs. He then put the spade into the fire and made it red-hot, but in taking the spade from the fire the handle was burnt and the blade dropped from it. Jones then untied the housekeeper and ordered her to serve supper to him and his companions. The bushrangers departed after two hours.
On the night of 24 February 1844 Jones, Moore and Platt held up the Quested family at their home at Brushy Plains (about twelve miles north-east of Richmond). A hawker named George Taylor was staying the night at the house and his cart was robbed together with articles from the house. In April 1844 Thomas Blackburn, aged 60, was tried and found guilty of receiving goods stolen from Taylor’s cart by Jones and his companions; he was sentenced to fourteen years imprisonment.
Capture
At about eight o’clock on Saturday night, 9 March 1844, Jones, Platt and Moore arrived at the Wheat Sheaf Hotel on the Richmond road and held up the landlord, Samuel Evans and his wife, and others at the hotel. Evans managed to escape and went to alert the police. The bushrangers stole money, bottles of spirits, and other articles.
Information was received by William Morton, District Constable of the Brighton police, that the bushrangers were being harboured in the hut near Richmond belonging to a farmer named Isaac Alder. On Tuesday afternoon, 19 March 1844, Morton, Constables James Wild and Benjamin Cutler and two others were observing the hut from a distance. They saw Alder come out of the house and go back inside on frequent occasions. At about three o'clock Isaac Dowling arrived on a cart drawn by two bullocks. A man named William Milligan emerged from the hut, took a bag from the cart and both men went inside. An hour later they observed Bridget Brown, dressed as a man, emerge from the hut before returning inside.
There are two distinct versions of the subsequent events that led to the wounding and capture of George Jones and his comrades. The first is the official version, from police testimonies during the trials of Jones and Platt; the second is Jones' version described to Martin Cash in the Hobart Town Gaol:
Convinced the bushrangers were in the hut, District Constable Morton and his men approached and Morton called out, "bushrangers in the hut, let every man come out unarmed". Alder came out of his house and told the policemen there were no bushrangers inside. Soon afterwards, however, a shot was fired from the window of the hut. Dowling, Milligan and James Brown then emerged and were taken into custody. Shots began to be exchanged between those in the hut and the surrounding policemen. At one stage George Jones was observed to have been hit, his face and head peppered with small shot. Jones, bleeding about the head, came out of the hut and lay down about twenty yards away. The bushrangers who remained inside asked if they would allow a woman to come out, but Morton refused, "unless they would first lay down their arms". Those inside said they would not surrender until they had used up their ammunition, and re-commenced firing from the window. Morton then ordered his men to set fire to the thatch roof. As it began to burn the bushrangers asked again to allow the woman to come out, this time if they threw out their arms. Morton replied that they must come out as well. Two double-barrelled guns and a brace of pistols were thrown from the window and then Frederick Moore emerged from the building. He was ordered to stop but kept walking and was shot by Constable Henry Davis. James Platt and Bridget Brown then came out of the hut.
After Bridget Brown was observed re-entering the hut the police surrounded the dwelling. The thatched roof was set on fire and at the same time those inside were called upon to surrender. Frederick Moore crept from the hut on his hands and knees and was shot by Constable Davis. Jones was the next to emerge. As he did he "received a heavy charge of shot in the face, which deprived him of sight". The police did not fire at Platt when he left the hut "as they considered him harmless" (possibly after he threw his guns from the window).
The prisoners were initially brought to Richmond gaol. Jones and Platt were transferred to Hobart Town on the following day, but Moore, with a bullet wound to his body, remained at Richmond. Moore was considered to be "in an almost hopeless state". Before he died Moore made a deposition, where he claimed that he, Jones and Platt had been to Alder’s house on four or five occasions. They saw Alder and the other prisoners there, who provided information about the movements of the Richmond constables and other information about the district. Moore claimed he and his companions were known to be prisoners and bushrangers, but were always received as friends. After robbing Evan's public-house they had taken a bag of tea, bottles of spirits and other articles to Alder's house. Frederick Moore died from his wound on March 24 at Richmond gaol.
Trials and executions
On Tuesday, 16 April 1844, in the Supreme Court in Hobart, George Jones and James Platt were tried on the charge of armed robbery at the house of William Campbell of 14 February 1844 and with putting Harriet Devereux "in bodily fear of her life". The jury returned guilty verdicts after retiring for half an hour.
On the following day, April 17, George Jones was tried on the charge of shooting William Jackson, with the intent to kill or do grievous bodily harm, at Captain Samuel Horton’s house near Ross in July 1843. Jackson, an assigned convict servant, had been wounded in the shoulder in a darkened hallway after the bushrangers, Jones, Cash and Kavenagh, had forced entry to Horton's house. MacDowell, Jones' defence attorney, argued that Jackson had been shot by an accidental discharge of Jones' gun. Nevertheless, the jury returned a guilty verdict.
On Thursday, 18 April 1844, Isaac Alder, Isaac Dowling, William Milligan, James Brown and Bridget Brown were tried in the Hobart Supreme Court, each charged with having "feloniously harboured, concealed, sheltered and protected" the bushrangers, Jones and Platt. Much of the case against the defendants relied on the deposition of Frederick Moore, taken by the Police Magistrate Charles Schaw, as Moore lay dying in Richmond gaol. As a result there was much discussion regarding the admissibility of Moore’s deposition. In the end only Alder and Dowling were found guilty by the jury. On Monday, April 22, the Chief Justice, John Pedder, and Justice Montagu sat to reconsider the cases against Alder and Dowling, during which Montagu expressed his regret that Moore’s deposition had been given in evidence. The two judges concluded that the Court should recommend both prisoners for a free pardon.
On Friday, 19 April 1844, Jones and Platt were tried again, each on a charge of having "feloniously fired" at Constable Benjamin Cutler on March 19 at Alder’s house, "with intent to kill and murder him". After hearing the evidence the jury found the prisoners guilty. Justice Montagu then asked the prisoners if they had anything to say as to why they "should not be adjudged to die" for their crimes. Jones made a lengthy statement to the court, asking that consideration be given to "the deplorable situation in which he was now reduced" in which "he was utterly incapable of seeing anything around him". Jones added: "He had been placed in the situation of an outlaw, but he had committed no murder, nor had he ever violated the chastity of females; he had always particularly and most carefully avoided shedding blood". Platt declined to make a statement. The judge then passed sentences of death upon the two men, describing them as being "of the vilest and worst description". He said he would not be recommending that the Executive Government spare their lives, and advised them "to consider their hours numbered, and... when they were conveyed to their miserable cells, to send for their clergymen, and kneel down and beg that pardon of God, which in this world could not be awarded to them".
During his final incarceration in the Hobart Town Gaol Jones was permitted to share his cell with his old comrade, Martin Cash. He revealed to Cash in confidence that the sight of one of his eyes was partially restored.
George Jones and James Platt were executed by hanging on the morning of 30 April 1844 in front of a large crowd. It was reported that Jones seemed "very penitent, praying all the time, with much apparent fervor", whereas Platt "met his fate with that dogged indifference which characterised his demeanour in the Supreme Court".
See also
List of convicts transported to Australia
List of people legally executed in Tasmania
References
Sources
Martin Cash (edited by James Lester Burke), The Adventures of Martin Cash, Comprising a Faithful Account of His Exploits, While a Bushranger under Arms in Tasmania, in Company with Kavanagh and Jones in the Year 1843; Hobart Town: "Mercury" Steam Press Office, 1870.
1815 births
1844 deaths
Bushrangers
Convicts transported to Australia
Australian people of Irish descent
Escapees from British detention
Executed Australian people
People executed by Australian colonies by hanging
Convict escapees in Australia
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Oscar Normann Sand (11 August 1921 – 14 August 1974) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.
He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Akershus during the term 1965–1969.
On the local level, Sand was mayor of Oppegård municipality from 1956 to 1960.
References
1921 births
1974 deaths
Deputy members of the Storting
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Mayors of places in Akershus
People from Oppegård
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《Battle Spirits 霸王》為《Battle Spirits Brave》後續的動畫，是Battle Spirits動畫系列的第4個作品。口號是「誰得到卡牌就能成為霸王」。
登場人物
主要人物
主角。13歲，中學一年級生。經常被人稱為「頭巾仔」。
喜歡BS和以各種調味料撈飯，夢想是成為BS的世界冠軍。
持有卡片：英雄龍 帝王霸龍
；皇牙獸 金塔羅克暴熊；爆炎霸王 帝王戰龍巴傑爾；爆冰之霸王 帝王龍．凍雨；以及 超霸王帝王龍．救世主
陽昇創的宿敵。
任何卡片都可以馬上運用自如，戰鬥時亦很冷靜，絕不動搖。因此有個綽號叫「屹立的手賀丸」。
持有卡片：皇牙獸 金塔羅克暴熊（給了仁霧拳）；刀之霸王 武藏．阿修羅劍獅（給了日下部千尋）；以及 絕對幻龍神 天照大神龍
故事開肇時是世界冠軍，是所有卡鬥士的偶像。
討厭自己沒女朋友。
持有卡片：龍之霸王 齊格．大和．弗里德 ←和 天劍霸王齊格．須佐．弗里德
肇的青梅竹馬與同學。夢想是要征服世界。
使用紫屬性卡組。
持有卡片：咒之霸王 混沌．晴明；魅惑霸王克麗奧佩托拉；以及 魔羯邪神 修達柏爾克
紀麻理的弟弟。夢想是收集很多企鵝。
持有卡片：歌鳥之霸王 齊格．大和．企鹅
對手角色
15歲，小創所就讀之學校學生會長，為人附庸風雅。
持有卡片：小次郎．魔像；以及 鐵之霸王西鄉．魔像
13歲。學的弟弟。
持有卡片：光之霸王 月光．輝夜姫
14歲，是個身形魁梧的壯漢，原本為手賀丸的跟班。
持有卡片︰偉大．弁慶；風之霸王 鐵角．牛若丸；以及 皇牙獸 金塔羅克暴熊（棚志手賀丸給的）
13歲，原本為手賀丸的跟班，打扮像男性，實際是個千金小姐，夢想成為卡牌設計師。
持有卡片：壬生狼劍士；冰之霸王 壬生狼 惡鬼；魁之霸王 壬生狼．超劍勇者；以及 刀之霸王 武藏．阿修羅劍獅（棚志手賀丸給的）
歐洲區戰魂對戰冠軍，於第三集登場，與藥師寺新進行邀請賽，最後落敗。
小創所就讀學校之校長。
持有卡片：小次郎．魔像
於第16集登場，富二代，喜歡變裝為超人，自稱是紀麻理的追求者。
擅長編寫和吟誦俳句，當作卡片對戰的關鍵指引。
出身於名古屋，喜歡誇耀他家鄉的一切。
外表清秀、氣質出眾，典型的花癡；曾經是藥師寺新的兒時玩伴，也同樣欣賞小創的氣魄。
家人
上述兩者為小創的父母，從事卡片戰鬥擂台的怪獸卡投影技術研究。
上述兩者為繪麻理的父母。
其他人物
擔任解說各樣怪獸卡片及卡片對戰規則的人。
戰魂對戰實況秀主持人。
BS店店主，通稱「美加姐姐」。很懂得做生意。
持有卡片：將軍企鵝 和 大天使米迦法爾 ←( 大天使米迦法爾 這張牌不能放入牌組。)
巽田次郎的助手。
立花有為的管家。
與真實人物同名，角色藍本為名古屋電視台主播，在作品中報導對戰消息。
卡片
Key Spirits
SD06-007
系統：霸皇．戰龍
戰徽：紅
費用：6
減輕戰徽：紅3
Burst卡
LV1：BP4000，LV2：BP6000，LV3：BP9000
X卡
紅色
BS14-X01
系統：霸皇・古龍
戰徽：紅
費用：8
減輕戰徽：紅3
Burst戰魂
LV1：BP6000，LV2：BP10000，LV3：BP13000，LV4：BP20000
BS15-X01
系統：霸皇・皇獸
戰徽：紅
費用：7
減輕戰徽：紅3
Burst戰魂
LV1：BP5000，LV2：BP8000，LV3：BP11000
BS16-X01
系統：霸皇・戰龍
戰徽：紅
費用：7
減輕戰徽：紅3
Burst戰魂
LV1：BP5000，LV2：BP7000，LV3：BP12000
BS17-X01
系統：霸皇・古龍
戰徽：紅
費用：9
減輕戰徽：紅3
Burst戰魂
LV1：BP6000，LV2：BP10000，LV3：BP15000，LV4：晶核7、BP20000
X016
系統：霸皇・戰龍
戰徽：紅
費用：7
減輕戰徽：紅3
Burst戰魂
LV1：BP5000，LV2：BP7000，LV3：BP12000
XX00
系統：絕晶神
戰徽：紅3
費用：10
減輕戰徽：0
LV1：BPX0000
白色
BS14-X04
系統：霸皇・機人
戰徽：白
費用：7
減輕戰徽：白4
Burst戰魂
LV1：BP6000，LV2：BP9000，LV3：BP12000
BS16-X04
系統：霸皇・機人
戰徽：白
費用：10
減輕戰徽：白3
Burst戰魂
LV1：BP5000，LV2：BP9000，LV3：BP13000
BS18-X04
系統：霸皇・戰龍
戰徽：白
費用：8
減輕戰徽：白3
Burst戰魂
LV1：BP6000，LV2：BP9000，LV3：BP13000
紫色
BS14-X02
系統：霸皇・魔影
戰徽：紫
費用：8
減輕戰徽：紫4
Burst戰魂
LV1：BP5000，LV2：BP8000，LV3：BP11000
BS17-X02
系統：霸皇・魔影
戰徽：紫
費用：12
減輕戰徽：紫6
Burst戰魂
LV1：BP10000，LV2：BP15000，LV3：BP20000
綠色
BS14-X03
系統：霸皇・殻虫
戰徽：綠
費用：5
減輕戰徽：綠3
Burst戰魂
LV1：BP5000，LV2：BP9000，LV3：BP10000
BS16-X03
系統：霸皇・華兵
戰徽：綠
費用：7
減輕戰徽：綠2
Burst戰魂
LV1：BP5000，LV2：BP10000，LV3：BP14000
BS18-X03
系統：霸皇・劍獸
戰徽：綠
費用：7
減輕戰徽：綠3
Burst戰魂
LV1：BP6000，LV2：BP8000，LV3：BP10000
黃色
BS15-X05
系統：霸皇・想獸
戰徽：黄
費用：7
減輕戰徽：黄3
Burst戰魂
LV1：BP4000，LV2：BP6000，LV3：BP10000
BS17-X03
系統：霸皇・導魔
戰徽：黄
費用：8
減輕戰徽：黄3
Burst戰魂
LV1：BP5000，LV2：BP7000，LV3：BP11000
藍色
BS15-X06
系統：霸皇・造兵
戰徽：藍
費用：8
減輕戰徽：藍4
Burst戰魂
LV1：BP5000，LV2：BP10000，LV3：BP13000
BS17-X06
系統：雄將・肇手
戰徽：藍
費用：6
減輕戰徽：藍3
LV1：BP5000，LV2：BP8000，LV3：BP10000
本作特點
Burst系統
Burst系統，在BS14彈以後的Magic、Brave和Spirits上也可以找到。
常見的Burst效果發動條件：
自己的生命值被扣掉之後
自己的Spirits/Brave被破壞之後
對手Spirits/Brave攻擊時
對手Spirits/Brave發動召喚時效果時
擁有Burst系統的Magic，只要滿足條件，就無需支付晶核並發動Burst效果，即使是對手的回合，也能發動其效果。若要發動擁有Burst系統的Magic上的其他效果，則需要支付晶核便可即時發動效果。
擁有Burst系統的Spirits，只要滿足條件，也可以藉由Burst效果來召喚。而且以Burst召喚Spirits的COST是不需要支付晶核召喚出來的。
基本上所有X稀有的霸王都可以以Burst效果召喚（例如：咒之霸王的Burst效果發動後是反回手牌的）("反回"手牌)，而並非X稀有卡，但又可以以Burst召喚出來的Spirits亦有不少（例如：英雄龍 帝王霸龍）。
工作人員
原作 - 矢立肇
監督 - 西森章（第1話 - 第15話）、渡邊正樹（第16話 - ）
系列構成 - 富岡淳廣
角色設計 - ヒラタリョウ
Spirits設計 - 今石進、丸山浩
機械 - 網谷正治
角色監修、設定協力 - 石田智子
主要動畫師 - 石川哲也
CG生產者 - 柴田英樹
CG主任 - 井上喜一郎
遊戲設計 - マイケル・エリオット
美術監督 - 中村典史
色彩設計 - 柴田亞紀子
攝影監督 - 貞光壽幸
編輯 - 渡邊直樹
音樂 - 瀨川英史
音響監督 - 藤野貞義
首席製作人 - 寶田壽也（名古屋電視台）、尾崎雅之（日昇動畫）
生產者 - 福嶋更一郎（名古屋電視台）、若鍋龍太（日昇動畫）
動畫製作 - 日昇動畫
製作 - 名古屋電視台、日昇動畫、ADK
主題曲
片頭曲「Freedom」（第1話 - 31話）
作詞：池畑伸人，作曲、編曲：Masayoshi Minoshima+REDALiCE，歌：Masayoshi Minoshima（Alstroemeria Records）+REDALiCE（ALiCE'S EMOTiON） feat.ayami
片頭曲「Wake Up！My Heart！！」（第32話 - 50話）
作詞：池畑伸人，作曲、編曲：山下洋介，歌：羽多野涉
片尾曲「My Hero My No.1」
作詞：池畑伸人，作曲：山下和彰，編曲：土橋雅樹，歌：羽多野涉
各話標題
Spirits霸王解說
英雄龍 帝王龍(英雄龍ロード・ドラゴン)【Burst Magic：武威煌炎刃/双翼乱舞/爆裂十紋刃/霸王爆炎撃/鋭守冰槍牙】
英雄皇ロード・ドラゴン・ドミニオン（~） 無
黄金皇ロード・ドラゴン・インティ（~） 無
爆炎の覇王ロード・ドラゴン・バゼル（~）【Burst Magic：爆霸炎神剣】
皇牙獣キンタローグ・ベアー【Burst Magic：双光気弾】
ハンゾウ・シノビ・ドラゴン【Burst Magic：三札之術】
ゴエモン・シーフ・ドラゴン 無
龍之霸王 齊格．大和．弗烈多(龍の覇王ジーク・ヤマト・フリード)【Burst Magic：烈光閃刃/天翔龍神覇】
刀之霸王 武藏．阿修羅虎(刀の覇王ムサシード・アシュライガー)【Burst Magic：五輪轉生炎】
天劍之覇王 齊格．須佐之．弗烈多(天剣の覇王ジーク・スサノ・フリード)【Burst Magic：殲剣火炎陣】
ナスノ・アーチャー【Burst Magic：紫魂葬/刹那残影弓】
エンプレス・ヨウクィーン【Burst Magic：妖華吸血爪】
太骨望【Burst Magic：打神鞭】
咒之霸王 混沌晴明(呪の覇王カオティック・セイメイ)【Burst Magic：冥皇封滅呪】
騎士之覇王 劍士．阿瑟 (騎士の覇王ソーディアス・アーサー)【Burst Magic：ラウンドテーブルナイツ】
軍師鳥ショカツリョー 【Burst Magic：飛雷震之計】
烈之覇王 藍青龍劉備(烈の覇王セイリュービ)【Burst Magic：翔烈降臨】
コーカサス・リョフ・ビートル 無
グラント・ベンケイ【Burst Magic：武迅衝/疾風弾導破/仁王壁】
風之霸王 大鍬形．牛若(風の覇王ドルクス・ウシワカ)【Burst Magic：疾風彈導破/烈風神空霸】
小さな侍イッスンアントマン 無
ミブロック・ジーナス【Burst Magic：光速三段突】
冰之霸王 壬生浪士．荊之子(氷の覇王ミブロック・バラガン)【Burst Magic：幻影氷結晶/氷河零刀斬】
魁之覇王 壬生浪士．勇(魁の覇王ミブロック・ブレイヴァー)【Burst Magic：次元断】
海皇龍シーマ・クリーク【Burst Magic：絶甲氷盾/甲竜封絶破】
サンク・シャイン 無
氷聖女ジャンヌダルク 無
ショーグンペンタン 無
グリムの天使シンデレラ【Burst Magic：マギアゲフリュスター】
ミスティック・ヒミコ【Burst Magic：夢幻祈祷/天災之禍風】
光之霸王 弧月．赫映姬(光の覇王ルナアーク・カグヤ) 【Burst Magic：神閃月下】
ヤギュード・ジューベイ【Burst Magic：封渦斬/退魔絶刀角】
レボルシング・ゼヨン【Burst Magic：雷神轟招来】
コジロンド・ゴレム【Burst Magic：秘剣燕返】
古の獣王ギルガメッシュ【Burst Magic：クラッシュ・ザ・バビロン】
鐵之霸王 西鄉．哥雷姆(鉄の覇王サイゴード・ゴレム)【Burst Magic：爆砕轟神掌】
參考資料
外部連結
《Battle Spirits 霸王》 官方網站（日昇動畫）
《Battle Spirits 霸王》 官方網站（名古屋電視台）
本版Battle Spirits 中文效果 提供網站
《Battle Spirits小霸王》TVB官方網站
Battle Spirits
2011年日本電視動畫
改编自电子游戏的动画
日昇
V Jump
月刊少年Ace連載作品
KEROKERO ACE
交換卡片遊戲題材作品
日本漫畫作品
集英社
無綫電視外購動畫
東森電視外購動畫
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李梦（），中国女子篮球运动员，现效力于WNBA的華盛頓神秘队。
李梦曾效力于WCBA的，荣获2018–19赛季WCBA常规赛MVP。后随沈部女篮并入八一女篮，蝉联2019–20赛季WCBA常规赛MVP。八一女篮停止参加WCBA后，李梦加盟四川女篮，力助球队夺得2022–23赛季WCBA总冠军。随后赴美国，加入WNBA的華盛頓神秘队。
李梦也是中国国家女子篮球队队员，曾代表国家队夺得2022女籃世界盃亚军，赢得2023年女籃亞洲盃冠军并入选赛事最佳阵容。
篮球生涯
李梦5岁开始练习篮球，11岁时加入沈部（沈阳部队）女篮青年队，成为专业篮球运动员。14岁代表中国队参加，夺得赛事得分王。15岁参加2010年U17世青赛，荣获赛事MVP。但在2011年，李梦先是在女篮青年联赛上遭遇严重伤病，右膝前交叉韧带断裂，休养5个月后，又在第七届城运会上遭遇左膝前交叉韧带断裂，几乎要放弃篮球。
2012–2013赛季，从伤病中复出的李梦登陆WCBA，代表沈部女篮出战，荣膺最佳新秀。此后几年，她一直是WCBA的顶级得分手，但在国家队的位置却不稳固。2016年里约奥运会，因为攻强守弱的特点，在最后一刻无缘国家队12人大名单。
2017年女籃亚洲盃，提升防守表现的李梦重返国家队。回到WCBA，她场均23.8分，成为本土得分王和常规赛MVP。2018年女籃世界盃，李梦是中国队仅次于邵婷的第二得分手。2018–2019赛季，沈部女篮并入八一女篮，李梦蝉联常规赛MVP，并率领球队打入总决赛。之后，由于半月板伤病，未能参加2019年女籃亚洲盃。2020年，中共中央军委表示八一男女篮不再参加CBA和WCBA。2021年，李梦参加了东京奥运会，是中国队仅次于李月汝的第二得分手。同年，与四川远达美乐女篮签约，并入选2021年女籃亚洲盃的参赛名单，但因故未能随队出行。
2021–22赛季，她与韩旭率领四川女篮打入WCBA总决赛，惜败于内蒙古女篮。2022年女籃世界盃，李梦每场均得分全队第一，帮助中国队夺得银牌、追平历史最佳战绩，但遗憾地因为发烧而缺席了半决赛和决赛。2022–23赛季，她与韩旭终于率领四川女篮夺得WCBA总冠军。夺冠后，李梦宣布将赴美国，随華盛頓神秘征战WNBA。同年的2023年女籃亚洲盃上，她力助中国队夺得暌违12年的亚洲盃金牌，个人位列赛事得分榜第三、助攻榜第二，与韩旭携手入选赛事最佳阵容。
个人生活
在李梦宣布将赴美国后，2023年3月18日，原中國國家女篮領隊張隆的前妻发布長文，指称前夫在婚内出轨第三者李梦，并贴出两人视讯聊天的大尺度截图佐证。她称两人在2022年初於上海集訓期間发生外遇，被自己發現。又称张隆迟迟不按照离婚协议办理房产过户，且即将随李梦赴美，故曝光此事。张隆和李梦未对此公开回应。
數據
WCBA
国家队
参考资料
外部链接
李梦在FIBA网站上的资料
李梦在WCBA网站上的资料
Meng
得分后卫
沈阳籍篮球运动员
中国女子篮球运动员
中国国家女子篮球队运动员
中國奧運籃球運動員
2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會籃球運動員
2018年亞洲運動會籃球運動員
2018年亞洲運動會金牌得主
中国亚洲运动会金牌得主
亞洲運動會籃球獎牌得主
2022年亞洲運動會籃球運動員
2022年亞洲運動會金牌得主
沈部女篮球员
八一女篮球员
四川女篮球员
華盛頓神秘球員
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諾拉·瑪莉-提辛納（德語：Nora Marie Tschirner，），又名「諾拉·提辛納」，是一位德國女演員、音樂家和前電視、電台主持人，她最知名的電影是《沒有耳朵的兔子》飾演幼稚園的女教師安娜而眾人所知，然而，她也客串在電影《》、《》、《》及《》各個中角色。
生平
諾拉出生於德國東柏林，她的父親喬奇姆·提辛納（Joachim Tschirner）是名紀錄片和導演，母親瓦爾特勞德·提辛納（Waltrand Tschirner）是一位廣播電台記者，她與兩個哥哥在東柏林的潘科夫區一起長大，小學畢業後諾拉就讀於Rosa-Luxemburg-Oberschule學校，並於2000年高中畢業。
在上學期間她積極參加了很多校內的劇團，因此使她不僅有機會參加了在德國馬哥德堡市及圖林根州Mühlhausen市舉行的學生劇團比賽，於1997年得到了第一次在電視中演出的機會，並在德國電視二台的兒童系列劇《過山車》和《假期打工》這一集裡飾演一個角色。另外，諾拉除了會講德語之外，她也會講英語，俄語和西班牙語。
電影
2007年，《沒有耳朵的兔子》
2009年，《》
2010年，《》
2011年，《》
2011年，《》
2013年，《》
2017年，《》
參考文獻
外部連結
諾拉·提辛納的官網
諾拉·提辛納在網際網路電影資料庫（IMDb）上的資料（英文）
諾拉·提辛納的Twitter專頁
諾拉·提辛納的Instagram專頁
德国女歌手
德國電影女演員
德国广播主持人
德国电视主持人
德国配音员
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请描述大苞寄生的功效主治？补肝肾；强筋骨；祛风除湿。头目眩晕；腰膝酸痛；风湿麻木。
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王康（），中华人民共和国持不同政见者，知名民间学者、历史研究者和画家。1982年畢業於西南師範學院中文系。曾任重慶陪都文化有限公司董事長、北京光華戰略俱樂部副理事長、北京光華戰略俱樂部學術委員會主席等職務。是唐君毅的外甥。
生平
1949年12月出生于中国重庆龙隐路，一面山坡上面，外面是嘉陵江；王康排行老么，上有一個哥哥，兩個姐姐；出生不到一个月父亲（前四川大学物理系高材生）被捕，一直到1980年放出。1957年11月27日在重庆渣滓洞广场上加入中国少年先锋队，小学就读于重庆沙坪坝工农村小学，中学就读于重庆第一中学。
1978年考入重庆北碚西南师范学院中文系（现西南大学前身），在校期间成立文学小组。
1989六四事件爆发后，王康一直处于流亡之中，1993年，在“流亡”途中，他写下中国九十年代惟一一部究诘中国道路的政论片，曾引起中国最高层和思想界以及海外媒体强烈关注。1994年，又成立了重庆陪都文化有限公司 。在1996年、1999年，“流亡”途中的王康又两度参予有关台湾问题和国家统一的国家级专题片，并任总撰稿，他特有的话语风格和独到的历史视野曾对亿万观众产生了无形的影响。
2005年6月、2007年11月，凤凰卫视的“世纪大讲坛”分别邀请他在北大作的《世纪大讲坛：俄罗斯的道路》、《世纪大讲坛：俄罗斯的精神与梦想》两个精妙无比，既让人冷思，又让人亢奋的演讲也是例证。多年来，他引领着重庆陪都文化有限公司，通数家电视台合作，先后拍摄了五集电视政论片《大道》，《抗战陪都》，《卢作孚》，《中美西部开发启示录》，《重庆大轰炸》等著名电视政论片，在国内外引起广泛的关注，产生了巨大的影响。
2009年，王康邀请数十名著名画家，画了一千多个人物，其中有抗日阵亡的少将军衔以上的全部将领242人，阵亡将领中240名是国民党军人，不论共产党的将领还是国民党的将领。王康说，“抗日战争是全民参与而取得胜利的战争，不能因维护一党专政的统治地位而不择手段来扭曲历史和埋没英雄，在抗战期间，中国有200多名战死沙场的将领没有多少人知道他们的姓名，党派之争不能把民族英雄作为牺牲品，为了恢复民族元气，组织了几十名著名画家花了五年半时间，为在抗日战争中牺牲的200多名国军将领画像”。这就是王康组织创作、国民党主席连战亲笔题词的巨型长卷史诗国画《浩气长流》 。
2012年前中共重慶市委書記薄熙來案發生後，王康多次透過外國媒體發佈訊息，包括對路透社透露薄熙來與其妻谷開來夫婦關係不正常、谷開來曾與海伍德過從甚密等消息，對《泰晤士報》透露谷開來與海伍德有超友誼關係，對《每日電訊報》透露海伍德威脅谷開來公布她海外脫產的行為、王立軍向薄熙來告發谷開來參與殺害海伍德而遭薄熙來解除重慶市公安局局長職務等消息，對《每日電訊報》透露至少有39名政商人士（包括大連實德失蹤的總經理徐明）因薄熙來關係而遭拘押。
美國之音在2012年4月21日以專題《新聞人物：爆料者、「紅人」王康》報導王康。
重要觀點
2013年9月，王康表示，中國抗日戰爭勝利的主要功勞在中國國民黨，這在中國大陸已是大家默認的事實。
2013年10月，王康認為當前中國有兩條路的可能性；一個是向民主憲政轉型，一個是向帝國轉型。中國完全具備建立一個大帝國各方面的條件：幅員遼闊，人口眾多，工業系統強大，官僚體系強大，反覆被強化的民粹主義，以及國家主義的意識形態。
逝世和纪念
2015年王康来到美国，翌年被诊断出晚期前列腺癌，2020年5月受洗成為基督徒，美国东部时间2020年5月27日清晨4点20分于弗吉尼亚州逝世。
王康逝世后，王康的亲友们成立了王康先生治丧委员会。陈奎德、陳破空、胡平、廖天琪、莫之許、夏業良、徐文立、楊建利、張伯笠、郑义、周孝正等诸多海外知名华人学者和民运人士担任治丧委员会委员。
參考文獻
外部链接
王姓
重庆市第一中学校校友
西南师范大学校友
重庆企业家
薄熙来
重庆画家
中华人民共和国持不同政见者
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The Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Armenia is the official representative of the President and the Government of the Russian Federation to the President and the Government of Armenia.
The ambassador and his staff work at large in the Embassy of Russia in Yerevan. There is a Consulate General in Gyumri. The post of Russian Ambassador to Armenia is currently held by , incumbent since 6 April 2018.
History of diplomatic relations
Diplomatic relations were briefly established between the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Democratic Republic of Armenia in 1920. Boris Legran was the Russian representative between 28 July and 29 November 1920, prior to the Armenian republic's conquest by Soviet forces and its 1922 amalgamation into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Republic of Armenia was established as an independent country, with diplomatic relations established with the Russian Federation on 3 April 1992.
Representatives
Representatives of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Democratic Republic of Armenia (1920)
Representatives of the Russian Federation to Armenia (1992 – present)
References
Armenia
Russia
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韦勒河畔博蒙（，）是法国马恩省的一个市镇，位于该省北部偏西，属于兰斯区。
地理
（）面积，位于法国大東部大區马恩省，该省份为法国东北部内陆省份，北起阿登省，西北接埃纳省，西南接塞纳-马恩省，南至奥布省，东南接上马恩省，东临默兹省。
与接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：。
的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。
行政
的邮政编码为，INSEE市镇编码为。
政治
所属的省级选区为。
人口
于时的人口数量为人。
参见
马恩省市镇列表
参考文献
B
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科韋爾尼諾區（），是俄羅斯的一個區，位於該國西部，由下諾夫哥羅德州負責管轄，始建於1929年，面積2,339.8平方公里，2010年人口19,951，人口密度每平方公里8.53人。
參考資料
http://www.kovernino.ru
下诺夫哥罗德州的区
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The ladder-tailed nightjar (Hydropsalis climacocerca) is a species of bird in the family Caprimulgidae, the nightjars. It is one of two species in the genus, Hydropsalis.
It is found in the Amazon Basin of Brazil with the Guianas, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and also Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia; it is also in Venezuela.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, rivers, and freshwater lakes.
This bird is highly camouflaged and has the colors of 'ground cover', as do most of the nightjars. The colors are broken with white patches, grays, both dark, and light, and some brown, especially around the neck and head. Many of the nightjar species also have the distraction display, which helps lead unwary predators farther distances from the nest, young, or eggs.
As a species that hunts airborne insects, etc. at night, its large eyes are noteworthy; a large wide mouth also goes along with this feeding strategy.
Distribution
Amazon Basin, Guianas and upper Orinoco River Basin
The ladder-tailed nightjar is found in all regions of the Amazon basin, and in the northeast the Guiana Shield and the Guianan countries; its range does not extend east of the Amazon River outlet, (the island: Ilha de Marajo). At this same outlet, in the region of the Xingu River confluence, the range extends southward and is in the lower two-thirds of the drainage of this north-flowing river.
In the west the species range is adjacent to the Andes foothills. In the north, the range extends into southeastern Venezuela, and only the upper third of the Caribbean north-flowing Orinoco River drainage, the area of the eastern Orinoco River Basin and uplands bordering western Guyana.
In the very headwaters of the southern Amazon Basin, the upstream half of the river drainages, both in the southeast and southwest, the range overlaps with its sister Hydropsalis species, the scissor-tailed nightjar, which ranges into southeast Brazil through the caatinga, cerrado, and pantanal south into Argentina. The two species cover all of South America east of the Andes cordillera from central Argentina to the Caribbean coast; the exception is a small region centered southeast of the Amazon basin in the vicinity of Maranhão, Brazil.
References
External links
Ladder-tailed Nightjar photo gallery VIREO Photo-High Res-(Close-up)
Photo-High Res; Article pbase.com
Photo-High Res-(Night photo: Spot-lighted eyes); Article ib.usp.br—"Caprimulgidae"
ladder-tailed nightjar
Birds of the Amazon rainforest
Birds of the Guianas
ladder-tailed nightjar
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
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尿毒症先兆？肾病有很多种，尿毒症就是其中的一种，但是，尿毒症的前兆有哪些呢，很多的人都忽略了。下面就由小编向大家说一下关于尿毒症的前兆，尿毒症是怎么引起的，尿毒症如何治疗，希望通过讲解能够对大家有所帮助。尿毒症的前兆1、尿毒症前兆之呕吐和腹泻尿毒症的胃肠道症状出现最早,带有纳差、恶心、呕吐和腹泻,口中有氨味,齿龈也常发炎,口腔粘膜溃烂出血等。神经系统可有失眠、烦躁、四肢麻木灼痛,晚期町出现嗜睡甚至抽搐、昏迷。心血管系统可出现高血压以及由心包炎及心力衰竭引起的心前区疼痛、心悸、气急、卜腹胀痛、浮肿、不能平卧等。血液系统可出现贫血及粘膜出血现象。呼吸系统可有肺炎及胸膜炎引起的咳嗽、胸痛。尿毒症症状可以缓慢发生,长期隐蔽而不被发现。急性肾功能衰竭可以在几天内发生,出现明显尿毒症症状。尿毒症综合征可以是多种多样的,也不一定是所有的症状均表现出来。呼吸系统可有肺炎及胸膜炎引起的咳嗽、胸痛2、尿毒症前兆之尿量改变和高血压尿量改变:由于肾脏滤过功能下降,部分病人随病程,进展尿量会逐渐减少。高血压:因肾脏有排钠、排水功能,肾功能受损时体内,会发生钠和水潴留,另外,此时肾脏会分泌升高血压的物质。因此,尿毒症病人早期会有,不同程度高血压。若有高血压加之,凝血机制差易致鼻或齿龈出血,应就医。3、尿毒症前兆之浮肿和面色泛黄浮肿是男性尿毒症常见的一种早期症状,而且比较容易被发现。并且在刚开始的时候会在脚、脸以及眼部出现浮肿,之后则会全身浮肿。这可能是由于男性尿毒症早期贫血所致,由于这种表现发生和发展十分缓慢,因而在一段不太短的时间内不会出现明显的“反差”,就像人们在早晚见面难以发现各种缓慢发展的变化一样。尿毒症的胃肠道症状出现最早,带有纳差、恶心、呕吐和腹泻,口中有氨味,齿龈也常发炎等。对于尿毒症的治疗大家知道得最多的就是透析和换肾，不错透析和换肾是目前来说治疗尿毒症最有效的方法。
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Sir George Hamilton, Comte d'Hamilton (died 1676) was an Irish soldier in English and French service as well as a courtier at Charles II's Whitehall.
At Whitehall he was a favourite of the King. He courted La belle Stuart and married Frances Jennings, the future Lady Tyrconnell, who was then a maid of honour of the Duchess of York. He appears in the Mémoires du comte de Grammont, written by his brother Anthony.
He began his military career as an officer in the Life Guards but was dismissed in an anti-Catholic purge in 1667, upon which he took French service and commanded English gens d'armes and then an Irish regiment in the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678). He served under Turenne at the battles of Sinsheim and Entzheim in 1674. He also fought at Sasbach (1675), where Turenne was killed. He then covered the retreat at Altenheim. He was killed in 1676 in a rearguard action at the Col de Saverne while serving under Marshal Luxembourg. His final rank was Maréchal de camp (major-general). He was known as "comte", but whether he was really ennobled by Louis XIV is not sure.
Birth and origins
George was probably born in the late 1630s or early 1640s in Ireland. He was the second son of George Hamilton and his wife Mary Butler. His father was Scottish, the fourth son of James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Abercorn, and would in 1660 be created Baronet of Donalong and Nenagh. The Dunnalong (or Donalong) estate, south of Derry, was his father's share of the land granted to his grandfather Abercorn during the Plantation of Ulster.
George's mother was Irish, the third daughter of Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles and a sister of the future 1st Duke of Ormond (see Family Tree). She was a member of the Butlers, an Old English family that descended from Theobald Walter, who had been appointed Chief Butler of Ireland by King Henry II in 1177.
His parents have often been confused with another George Hamilton, married with another Mary Butler. These are his father's uncle Sir George Hamilton of Greenlaw and Roscrea and his wife Mary, sixth daughter of Walter Butler, 11th Earl of Ormond. This other George Hamilton lived in Roscrea.
George was one of nine siblings. See James, Elizabeth, Anthony, Richard, and John.
Both his parents were Catholic, but some relatives, on his father's as on his mother's side, were Protestants. His grandfather, James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Abercorn, had been a Protestant, but his father and all his paternal uncles were raised as Catholics due to the influence of his paternal grandmother, Marion Boyd, a recusant. Some branches of the Hamilton family were Protestant, such as that of his father's second cousin Gustavus (1642–1723). His mother's family, the Butlers, were generally Catholic with the notable exception of the future 1st Duke of Ormond, his maternal uncle. His eldest brother, James, would turn Protestant when marrying Elizabeth Colepeper in 1661. His brother Thomas also conformed to the established religion as he became a captain in the Royal Navy.
Early life
Irish wars
Hamilton's father, Sir George Hamilton, Baronet, served Ormond, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, in the Irish Confederate Wars (1641–1648) and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–1653) until he followed Ormond into exile in 1651.
During that time young Hamilton stayed with his mother and siblings at Nenagh Castle, deep in confederate territory. The family was Catholic and well accepted despite his father's alliance to Ormond. Similarly, Ormond's wife and children lived in Kilkenny Castle through most of the Confederate wars. In both cases they were probably under the protection of Richard Butler, 3rd Viscount Mountgarret, the president of the Confederation. Mountgarret was his mother's grand-uncle through his sister Helen.
In June 1646 Owen Roe O'Neill at the head of the Confederate Ulster army defeated the Scottish Covenanters at Benburb. He then swept south as directed by Rinuccini to attack the royalists. He passed by Roscrea and took Roscrea Castle on 17 September 1646. He put everybody to the sword but spared Lady Hamilton and her family. It has been interpreted that this was Lady Mary Hamilton, wife of Sir George Hamilton, Baronet, Hamilton's mother, but it is likely that she was Mary Hamilton, wife of Sir George Hamilton of Greenlaw and Roscrea and that Lady Hamilton-Donalong was at that time with her children safely at Nenagh, further to the southwest out of O'Neills way.
In 1648 Phelim O'Neill attacked and took Nenagh Castle, but it was retaken that same year by Inchiquin. In October 1650 his father was governor of Nenagh, west of Roscrea, for the Royalist Alliance when the Parliamentarian army under Henry Ireton and Daniel Abbot attacked and captured the castle on the way back from their failed siege of Limerick to their winter quarters at Kilkenny.
First exile
In spring 1651, Sir George Hamilton, Baronet, and his family followed Ormond into French exile. They first went to Caen, where they were accommodated for some time by the Marchioness of Ormond. They then moved on to Paris near where Charles II and his mother Henrietta Maria lived in exile at the Chateau-Neuf de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Young Hamilton, aged about 10, became a page to the King. His father was employed in various missions for Ormond and the King, whereas his mother found shelter in the in Paris, together with her sister Ellen, Lady Muskerry. France was at that time fighting the long Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659). In 1654 France gained Cromwell as an ally against Spain resulting in the Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660), and in consequence the Charles II had to leave France. He moved his court first to Cologne, then in March 1656 to Brussels where on 2 April 1656, Ormond and Rochester signed in Charles's name the Treaty of Brussels with Spain. On 22 April Charles moved to Bruges. On 14 June 1658 Charles' brother James led the royalists in the Battle of the Dunes and was defeated by Turenne. The King then moved to Antwerp. On 3 September 1658 Cromwell died. On 7 February 1658 the King was allowed back to Brussels.
Restoration
At the Restoration, Hamilton was accepted into the Life Guards that Charles II and the Duke of York established early in 1660 in preparation of their return to London. Hamilton served in the King's troop, which was commanded by Charles Gerard as captain and colonel. Hamilton was an officer rather than a private.
After the King's return to London in May 1660, Hamilton attended the court at Whitehall in addition to his military duties. He, like his brothers James and Anthony, and his sister Elizabeth, were part of to the inner circle around the King. Samuel Pepys reports that Hamilton was present at the Queen's Birthday dance on 15 October 1666 at Whitehall.
At court Hamilton met Elizabeth Wetenhall and fell in love with her, but she was married. He then courted Frances Stewart, called "La Belle Stuart" or the "fair Stuart", a maid of honour of the Queen, Catherine of Braganza. Gramont warned Hamilton about courting the fair Stuart as the King had set his eyes on her. Eventually, he met and courted Frances Jennings, a maid of honour of Anne Hyde, the Duchess of York. Macaulay describes her as "beautiful Fanny Jennings, the loveliest coquette in the brilliant Whitehall of the Restoration."
Marriage and children
In 1665 Hamilton married Frances Jennings. The King approved of this marriage and granted the couple a pension of £500 per year (about £ in ). His marriage is the sixth of the seven marriages with which end the Memoirs of Count Grammont.
George and Frances had six children, but only four (all daughters) are known by name:
Elizabeth (1667–1724), married in 1685 Richard Parsons, 1st Viscount Rosse as his 3rd wife, and was mother of Richard Parsons, 1st Earl of Rosse
Frances (died 1751), married Henry Dillon, 8th Viscount Dillon in 1687
Mary (died 1736), married Nicholas Barnewall, 3rd Viscount Barnewall in 1688
Henrietta seems to have been younger than the three listed above. Not much more is known about her.
Elizabeth, the eldest, was born in England in 1667 and baptised on 21 March at St Margaret's, Westminster, in an Anglican ceremony. The others were born in France and were brought up as Catholics. The eldest married a Protestant; the younger two married Catholics. All three married Irish viscounts and were therefore known as the "three viscountesses".
Lord Beaulieu, who owned the portrait of George Hamilton used in this article, was one of Elizabeth's grandsons. Her descendance through her two sons went extinct in 1764. However, her second daughter, called Catharine, married in 1705 James Hussey and was by him mother of Edward Hussey-Montagu, 1st Earl Beaulieu.
Later life
Second Anglo-Dutch War
On 4 March 1665 the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–1667) broke out. It seems that Hamilton volunteered in the Royal Navy and participated on 3 June 1665 O.S. in the naval battle of Lowestoft, an English victory.
Second exile
On 28 September 1667, in an increasingly anti-Catholic political climate, the King felt obliged to dismiss from his Life Guards the Catholics who refused to take the Oath of Supremacy, and among them, Hamilton. The king arranged with Louis XIV that Hamilton would be made the captain-lieutenant of a company of gens d'armes under Louis's direct command as captain. On 1 February 1668 Hamilton left England for France passing by Dover and Ostend. He seems to have been knighted by the King before his departure as he is called Sir for the first time on his passport dated 14 January 1668. Hamilton's gens d'armes were part of Louis's body guard.
His wife followed him to France and converted to the Catholic religion. She stayed in Paris. Hamilton with his gens d'armes probably participated in the first conquest of the Franche-Comté during the War of Devolution 1667/1668. The campaign ended on 19 February 1686 with the capitulation of Gray in presence of Louis XIV. Soon France was in peace talks with Spain that would lead to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in May 1668. In 1668 Hamilton acquired French nationality.
In 1671 Hamilton raised a infantry regiment of 1,500 men in Ireland. Some of the officers engaged in this régiment d'Hamilton would earn fame: Patrick Sarsfield, Justin McCarty, George's younger brothers Anthony and Richard, his cousin Gustavus Hamilton, and Thomas Dongan, who was appointed lieutenant-colonel.
In April 1672 France and England declared war on the Dutch Republic; the former starting the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), the latter the Third Anglo-Dutch War. Hamilton would pass the rest of his life fighting for France in that war, eventually being killed in action. The first three years he served under Henri, Viscount of Turenne. In the first year of the war, which the Dutch call the rampjaar (disaster-year), Hamilton's regiment was first employed to garrison Liège but joined Louis's main army after the crossing of the Rhine in June. The regiment participated in the siege of Utrecht, which fell on the 20th. After the Dutch had flooded the land to the north, most of the French troops retreated, but Hamilton's regiment stayed behind with the small army of occupation under Marshal Luxembourg, being stationed at Zutphen in Gelderland to the east of Utrecht. In the summer 1673 he joined Turenne's army.
In February 1674 England and the Netherlands concluded the Treaty of Westminster (1674), which ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War, but the Franco-Dutch war continued. This peace did therefore not affect Hamilton, who served under French command. However, from there on to the Treaties of Nijmegen, which ended the Franco-Dutch war, the English Parliament pushed for measures to forbid the King's subjects to fight in French service. On 8 May 1675 the Parliament forced Charles to make a proclamation demanding the immediate return of all his subjects that had gone into French service since the date of the Treaty of Westminster and forbidding all his subjects to enter that service. This made recruiting for Hamilton's regiment difficult.
On 16 June 1674 Turenne fought the battle of Sinsheim, south of Heidelberg, against the Imperials under Aeneas de Caprara. Hamilton commanded three battalions at that occasion, the two of his own regiment and one from the Monmouth regiment. In July Hamilton's regiment participated in the first ravaging of the Palatinate.
On 4 October he fought the Imperial forces under the Duke von Bournonville at Entzheim in Alsace south of Strasbourg, where Hamilton's Regiment attacked on the right wing. Hamilton and his brother Anthony were wounded.
In March 1675 Hamilton visited England with his younger brothers Anthony and Richard. Hamilton returned to France from England, whereas Anthony and Richard continued to Ireland to recruit as the battles of Sinsheim and Entzheim had left gaps in the ranks of the regiment. The recruits were picked up by French ships at Kinsale in April after a missed appointment at Dingle in March.
Anthony's and Richard's voyage to Ireland caused them to miss Turenne's winter campaign 1674/1675, during which the French marched south and surprised the Germans by attacking them in Upper Alsace. According to James Balfour Paul George excelled at Turenne's victory at Turckheim on 5 January 1675, but according to Clark he was absent.
On 27 July 1675 Hamilton was at his side when Turenne was killed at the Sasbach. The French retreated, pursued by the imperial army under Raimondo Montecuccoli, resulting in rearguard actions known as the Battle of Altenheim where Hamilton and his Irish excelled. In this battle the French army was commanded by the comte Guy Aldonce de Durfort de Lorges and the marquis de Vaubrun, who was slain in the action. Hamilton and his unit were part of the rearguard under Louis de Boufflers. After Altenheim Louis XIV called in Louis, Grand Condé to take over the command of the Rhine Army.
In January 1676 Hamilton went to Ireland to recruit as Altenheim had taken its toll. The recruiting was tolerated by Essex, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland on instruction by the King. In February 1676 Hamilton was promoted maréchal de camp (major-general) for his achievements at Altenheim. On 10 March 1676 (N.S.) François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg replaced the Grand Condé, who was old, sick, and tired.
Comte d'Hamilton
French sources generally call Hamilton not chevalier but comte and once even marquis. The Gazette de France of 26 June 1674 mentions Comte d'Hamilton as one of the French commanders at the Battle of Sinsheim. This might simply reflect the belief held by the French that he was a nobleman in England, Scotland, or Ireland, or shear cautious politeness from their part. The French genealogist François-Alexandre Aubert de La Chesnaye Des Bois mentions Hamilton as a Scottish noble family that gave rise to a Duc de Châtelleraut and mentions Comte Antoine Hamilton but not George Hamilton.
Many English sources also call him count. Ó Ciardha (2009) says he was made a count in February 1676, ennobled by Louis XIV, This might simply echo the French use, taking for truth what is maybe a mistake or politeness. To call George Hamilton the father "the baronet" and his son "the count" is a neat way to distinguish them. Sergeant (1913) thinks he was made a count soon after he obtained French nationality. Ó Ciardha seems to believe he was made a count in February 1676 after his achievements at Altenheim.
No source mentions a territorial designation and none mentions that Hamilton owned land that was erected as comté as was done in some other cases.
Death and timeline
Luxembourg's attempts to relieve the Siege of Philippsburg resulted in many marches and countermarches. Hamilton was killed on 1 June 1676 while commanding Luxembourg's rear-guard at the Col de Saverne (Zebernstieg in Alsatian) where imperial troops under Charles V, Duke of Lorraine pursued the French who were retreating eastward to Saverne in lower Alsace. His younger brother Anthony succeeded him as comte d'Hamilton, but King Charles and his brother the Duke of York insisted that Thomas Dongan should succeed as colonel buying the regiment from the Hamiltons. Despite Luxembourg's efforts Philippsburg surrendered on the 17 September 1676.
Notes and references
Notes
Citations
Sources
Subject matter monographs:
Click here. Ó Ciardha in Dictionary of Irish Biography
– First American edition, based on the 3rd British one.
– (Snippet view)
– 1643 to 1660
– Ab-Adam to Basing (for Abercorn family tree & Barnewall)
– Dacre to Dysart (for Henry Dillon)
– 1675 to 1676
– 1677 to 1678 (for daughter Henrietta)
– England
– Scotland and Ireland
– 1665 to 1706
– (for timeline)
– (for English quotes)
– ABA to BAR (for Avaux)
– GAB to HAZ (for Hamilton)
– Viscounts (for Butler, Viscount Mountgarret, and Hamilton, Viscount Strabane)
– Viscounts
– 1689 to 1690
– D to K
– Abercorn to Balmerino
– 1 October 1666 to 30 June 1667
– 1643 to 1681
– 1661 to 1678
– 1643 to 1685
– 1643 to 1660 and index
External links
The lost Settlement of Dunnalong
Portrait of Sir George Hamilton at the National Portrait Gallery (NPG 1468), London. Oil on canvas, unknown painter, c. 1670
Miniature portrait of Frances Jennings, by Samuel Cooper, c. 1665
Print of the engraving of the portrait at the British Museum
1676 deaths
17th-century Irish people
British Life Guards officers
French generals
French military personnel killed in action
French military personnel of the Franco-Dutch War
Wild Geese (soldiers)
Younger sons of baronets
People of the War of Devolution
Irish expatriates in France
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Maoricrypta costata, or the ribbed slipper shell, is a species of intertidal medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Calyptraeidae. This species occurs along the east coast of the North Island, New Zealand.
References
Calyptraeidae
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1824
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波旁王朝（）是一個在歐洲歷史上曾斷斷續續地統治納瓦拉（1555－1848）、法國（1589－1792、1814－1830）、西班牙（1700－1808、1813－1868、1875－1931、1975年至今）、那不勒斯與西西里（1734-1816）、盧森堡（1964年至今）等國和意大利若干公國的跨國王朝。由於其父系祖先為卡佩王室成員，因此亦稱卡佩王朝波旁分支。
此外，由於近代波旁王室的成員多以保守和反動著稱，因此在美式英語中「波旁」一詞一度成為極端保守主義者與守舊派的代稱，当时广泛使用的一句格言是，波旁王朝“什么都没有学到，也什么都没有忘记”（）。波旁民主党人一词中的“波旁”一词即来源于此。
起源
波旁王室，顧名思義便是起緣於法國中部的波旁地區。而這個采邑最早出現於13世紀初，是法王一位家臣，也即是今天波旁王室成員的母系祖先的私人封地。而其成員的父系祖先可追溯到來自卡佩王室（House of Capet, 987年－1328年）的法王路易九世。路易九世之子克莱蒙伯爵羅貝爾與其子孫通過他和波旁领地的女继承人勃艮第的比阿特丽斯的婚姻，獲得了對波旁公國的統治權。他們二人的長子路易在1327年獲封為波旁公爵。自此以後，他的子孫以封國波旁為姓，因此這次受封被視為波旁王室的起源。
雖然波旁的主系家族在1523年，因其公爵查理三世涉嫌叛國，而被褫奪爵位，失去領地。但其波旁家族分支經過二百多年的繁衍，亦已獲得不少其他爵位。而當中的拉馬爾什-旺多姆分支（La Marche-Vendôme），成為了日後波旁王室的主軸。
起家於纳瓦爾
自1523年起，由於出現繼承人問題的爭議，波旁公國的爵位一直空缺，其資產暫時歸屬法國王室。1527年，法王弗朗索瓦一世将波旁公國以及公爵爵位授予旺多姆公爵查理。自此，拉馬爾什-旺多姆分支獲得了波旁公國，而這個公國也是波旁家族日後奪得法國王位的重要資本。
查理的兒子，第9代波旁公爵安托萬·德·波旁於1548年10月12日與納瓦拉女王儲让娜·达布雷特結婚。他們的長子亨利·德·波旁在1572年母親去世後繼承了納瓦拉王國，是為納瓦拉國王恩里克三世，自此波旁家族入主了這個王國。雖然此時的納瓦拉的疆域只是全盛時期的一小半，但足以成為日後波旁家族爭奪法國王位的重要基地。
入主法蘭西
亨利·德·波旁跟隨身為納瓦拉王國女王的母親信奉新教克爾文宗的胡格諾派，母親過世後，他繼位為納瓦拉国王，由於他同時為法國貴族的身分，就成為了法國新教胡格諾派的領袖，而波旁家族的其他分支和主導法國政壇的吉斯家族信奉天主教，亨利無可避免地被捲入了這場残酷的法国宗教战争。為求自保，亨利數次宣稱改宗天主教，但私底下依舊保持自己對胡格諾派的忠誠。
宗教戰爭不但造成大量法國平民傷亡，也間接導致了瓦卢瓦-昂古莱姆家族的人丁凋零。昂古莱姆王朝的第二代君主亨利二世的三个兒子都成為了法国国王，而當中弗朗索瓦二世和查理九世皆在青年早逝。他們的弟弟亨利三世繼承了王位，而他們最小的弟弟，阿朗松公爵弗朗索瓦成為王储。1584年，弗朗索瓦王儲年少病逝，按照萨利克继承法法國王位只可傳予于格·卡佩男性系后裔中的男子，而波旁家族就是第一顺位家族。
波旁家族的另一個分支，布賽特分支（Bourbon-Busset）與亨利所屬的拉馬爾什-旺多姆分支相比，更親近於當權的瓦卢瓦-昂古莱姆家族；只是布賽特家族的祖先，因婚姻未獲法王路易十一的批准，而被取消王位繼承資格。亨利·德·波旁由此成為法国王位的合法继承人，但是他具有的胡格諾派背景，導致很多法國天主教的不滿，將他软禁在法国宫廷，接受王室的庇护。后来他改宗天主教，仍然有人不认同他的宗教信仰而拥立他的叔父大主教查理·德·波旁还俗为王位继承人。亨利将查理逮捕入狱。
1589年，亨利三世遇刺身亡后，亨利·德·波旁順利即位为法国国王，為亨利四世，納瓦拉王國亦同時併入法國。此後，納瓦拉國王成了續任法王眾多頭銜的其中一個。同时狱中的查理也被拥立为“查理十世”，但1590年病死狱中。
亨利四世成了法王之後，主動结束了困扰法国多年的宗教战争，令法國的經濟得以復甦。1598年，亨利四世颁布了南特敕令，施行宗教寬容政策，令很多信奉基督新教的手工業者留在法國，促進了法國經濟的繁榮。但亨利四世的宗教寬容政策，隨著他的駕崩而被終止施行。
爭奪西班牙
1700年，西班牙哈布斯堡王朝最後的男嗣卡洛斯二世的去世，结束了哈布斯堡王朝對西班牙歷5代的統治。卡洛斯二世生前在群臣逼迫之下，立下遺詔，把王位传给了他的甥孫安茹公爵腓力，腓力是波旁王室成員、法國國王路易十四與王后瑪麗-泰蕾絲（卡洛斯二世異母姐）之次孙，而非奧地利哈布斯堡王朝的查理大公。
路易十四隨即將次孫推上西班牙王位，是為西班牙王腓力五世。而路易十四捍衛孫兒繼承權的強硬立場，導致西班牙王位繼承戰爭於1702年爆發。
戰事持續到1711年，此時波旁王室已在西班牙站穩，且表示願意為英、荷兩國商人提供貿易優惠和保障，加上神聖羅馬帝國約瑟夫一世去世，查理大公登基為神聖羅馬皇帝，列強為了歐洲的均勢，倒戈支持腓力，哈布斯堡聯軍瓦解。
1714年，西奧兩國簽署和約，奧地利哈布斯堡王朝承認波旁王室入主西班牙，但腓力五世及其後代必須放棄對法國的王位繼承權，西班牙帝國與法蘭西王國永遠不可以同君聯合。自此，西法兩國波旁王室正式分家，也揭開了波旁王室對西班牙斷斷續續統治三百餘載的序幕，今日的西班牙王國仍是西班牙波旁王朝的君主在位。
法國大革命
法國的宗教寬容時期隨著亨利四世的駕崩而逝去，隨後的波旁君主恢復了對基督新教徒的壓迫，導致大量信奉胡格諾派的手工業者離開法國，加上王室生活揮霍，國家連年用兵，導致法國經濟逐漸走下坡。而隨經濟衰退而來的還有社會矛盾，稅制不公、政府腐敗和羅馬天主教會特權等因素都增加了法國社會不穩定的因素。而美國獨立戰爭引起民主思潮和法國國內的啟蒙運動思潮，成為了法國大革命的催化劑。
1789年，由於法國王室的財政問題，法王路易十六被迫重開三級議會，但增稅的要求遭到否決，導致法資產階級和王室的武裝鬥爭開始。初時資產階級代表僅是將國家體制由君主專制轉為君主立憲制，但亦遭到歐洲列強的反對，繼而藉機入侵法國。而此時路易十六的王后（玛丽·安东尼）涉嫌向娘家奧地利通風報信，惹來極大民憤。波旁王朝終於在1792年8月10日被巴黎民眾的起義推翻。最終，路易十六在1793年1月21日成為法國歷史上唯一一位被送上断头台的君主。
在路易十六被處決後，部分保王黨人士宣稱其長子，王太子路易‧查理為法王路易十七。但那時法國已為共和國，這宣稱也無實際效用。而路易十七也沒熬過法國大革命，於1795年在獄中死去，得年10歲。此後，路易十六的弟弟，流亡俄羅斯帝國的普羅旺斯伯爵路易成為王位繼承人。
王朝復辟時期
法國大革命期間不健全的法蘭西第一共和國政府制度，使拿破崙這個野心家結束共和國奪權稱帝。但拿破崙因發動對外戰爭而稱霸歐洲的霸業並不能維持很久。1814年，拿破崙倒台，在反法同盟和法國國內拿破崙軍中的新貴的奉迎下，流亡于英國的普羅旺斯伯爵返國即位為法王路易十八。不過在軍隊和資產階級的壓力下，路易十八被迫接受一部傾向自由主義的君主立憲憲法。
但封建王朝的好景不長，拿破崙於1815年3月殺回巴黎，重建帝國，立百日皇朝，路易十八落荒而逃。在滑鐵盧戰役過後，路易十八才得以復位。而他和他的弟弟查理十世一直致力維護保王黨在國會的勢力。而一些在法國大革命期間的政策，亦因被認為傾向於自由主義而被兩人廢除。然而當時的共和革命觀念深入人心，這些舉動令波旁王朝漸失民心，最終導致1830年七月革命的爆發。
波旁-奧爾良王朝
查理十世保守的政策在1830年終於成為了革命的導火線。在那一年法王查理十世试图推行镇压法令，因此使得國民叛變，史稱「七月革命」。革命過後，法國國會讓奧爾良公爵路易·菲利普三世以法王路易十三的次子菲利普第八代孫的身分繼承王位，正式稱號為「法蘭西人的國王」路易·菲利普，稱為七月王朝。由於他以為姓氏，因此他的七月王朝亦被稱為波旁-奧爾良王朝。
路易·菲利普采取中间路线，平衡保王派和資產階級，但依然無法解決法國經濟持續衰退的問題。1846年的工农业萧条，引致發生1848年二月革命，令他被迫退位。自此以後，沒有任何一位波旁王室或其分支成員能再次統治法國，法國波旁王朝自始正式落下帷幕。
家族現況
1830年革命後，查理十世被迫遜位。但擁護他的保王黨人拒絕承認這個決定，繼續奉他和他的子孫為法王。而路易·菲利普在1848年退位後，他的支持者也繼續擁護他和他的子孫為法王。因此，法國的保王黨分裂兩個支持不同覦位王子的派系，一個是支持查理十世和其後代的正统派（Légitimisme）和支持路易·菲利普一系的奧爾良派（Orléanisme）。
而查理十世的孫子尚博伯爵亨利去世，根據法國基於薩利克法的傳位法則，王位繼承權應首先給予与尚博伯爵血缘最近的同姓堂亲。在尚博伯爵去世後，路易十五一系已經斷絕，而血緣最接近的波旁王朝支系為路易十四次孫、大王太子路易次子腓力五世開創的西班牙波旁王朝，其次為路易十三次子奧爾良公爵菲利普一世開創的奧爾良支系。諷刺的是若撇除已經放棄法國王位繼承權的西班牙支系，血緣最接近的却是當時奧爾良派的首領巴黎伯爵菲利普。正统派支持者並不想和奧爾良派合流，因此不惜否認當年西班牙国王腓力五世放棄對法國王位繼承權決定的合法性，擁立伯爵在西班牙的堂親，西班牙王位卡洛斯派首領莫提遜伯爵胡安·卡洛斯·瑪利亞·伊斯杜拉為他們的首領。
由於莫提遜伯爵對法国王位的繼承合法性備受質疑，不少正统派的保王黨人轉而支持奧爾良派，再加上莫提遜伯爵的曾孫圣海梅公爵阿方索·卡洛斯在1936年無嗣而亡，不受歡迎的西班牙国王阿方索十三世成為正统派領袖，令奧爾良派成為波旁保王黨的主流。
正统派今日的首領是安茹公爵路易斯·阿方索，他是西班牙波旁王朝的阿方索十三世的次子塞戈维亚公爵海梅·德·波旁的长孙。而奧爾良派的首領巴黎伯爵让四世，是法王路易·菲利普的第六代子孫。
参考文献
脚注
书籍
Seward, Desmond. 《波旁王朝歷任法王 (The Bourbon Kings of France)》. Barnes & Noble, 1976.
Van Kerrebrouck, Patrick. 《波旁王朝,1256-1987 (La Maison de Bourbon, 1256-1987)》. ___v. Villeneuve d'Ascq, France: The Author, 1987–2000. [第二及四卷]
Cole, Robert《旅行者用法國歷史 (A traveller's history of France)》. London : Cassell, 2002.
参见
波旁王朝世系
西班牙波旁王朝
波旁王朝君主列表
法国君主列表
那不勒斯君主列表
鸢尾花纹饰
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| width="30%" align="center" |前朝: 阿尔布雷特王朝
| width="40%" align="center" | 纳瓦拉朝代 1572-1792
| width="30%" align="center" rowspan="2"|後朝：王朝覆亡(法兰西第一共和国)
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| width="30%" align="center" |瓦盧瓦王朝
| width="40%" align="center" |法國朝代1589-1792
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| width="30%" align="center" |波拿巴皇朝
| width="40%" align="center" |法國和納瓦拉朝代 1814-1815
| width="30%" align="center"|波拿巴皇朝
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| width="30%" align="center" |波拿巴皇朝
| width="40%" align="center" |法國和納瓦拉朝代 1815-1830
| width="30%" align="center"|波旁-奧爾良王朝
法國君主
法國歷史
意大利王室
法国王室家族
13世紀法國建立
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The Watab River, also known as Watab Creek, is a tributary of the Mississippi River in Stearns County in central Minnesota in the United States. It rises north of St. Joseph at the confluence of its North and South Forks, and flows northeast through Watab Lake, then east into the Mississippi River at Sartell.
The North Fork Watab River, long, rises in Island Lake, a small creek feeds Pflueger Lake, flows northeasterly to Stumpf Lake, then southeasterly near Collegeville, merging with the South Fork near St. Joseph.
The South Fork Watab River, long, flows southeast from Big Watab Lake to Little Watab Lake, and through a pond before flowing northeast and into North Fork Watab River.
History
The word watab comes from the Ojibwe language wadab-ziibi (Lit. "Spruce-Root River") due to the many spruce trees whose exposed roots were once commonly found along its banks. The name Watab comes from the word watap, as the cordage used for sewing together the birch-bark panels on the Ojibwe canoes was often made from spruce tree roots.
In 1825 the Watab River formed the first part of the border on the west side of the Mississippi between the Ojibwe people migrating from the north and the Dakota people to the south, and 20 years later the southern boundary for the Winnebago Reservation based in Long Prairie, Minnesota and lasting for less than ten years' duration. What is now the ghost town of Watab was located across the Mississippi River from the mouth of the Watab River.
Writing in 1915, journalist and local historian William Bell Mitchell recalled that as of 1850, "The Winnebagoes then had one of their main villages on the West bank of the Mississippi River, opposite Watab, and instead of remaining at home, were roaming around looking for a chance to play poker or some other gambling game, at which many of them were experts, or to obtain whiskey, for which they would give their last blanket. Sauk Rapids was then about two miles above the present village, where the fur company had their headquarters under the charge of Jeremiah Russell. Near the southwest corner of Stager's addition to Sauk Rapids was Calvin Potter's place, the primary attraction of which was a bar, and here were encounters between the Indians and White men, which resulted in the loss of life on both sides. One of these affairs in 1850 resulted in the sending of a party of government soldiers on the Governor Ramsey [steamboat] to Sauk Rapids, where a number of the Indians were arrested and taken to Watab, but afterwards released."
The Ho-Chunk stayed less than five years, moving again in 1853 50 miles south. Three years later they sold their grist and saw mills at the Watab River's mouth and moved south of Mankato. A 100-yard section of the old "Indian Trail" still remains just north of the creek's mouth albeit overgrown. The site of the village was still called "Winnebago" at the time of the 1866 ribbon map of the Mississippi River.
During the early years of pioneer settlement by Stearns County Germans, the valley made by the North Fork of the Watab River was named (), meaning "Beautiful Valley." According to local historian Coleman J. Barry, the beauty of the Watab Valley has also inspired many works of locally composed German poetry.
See also
List of rivers of Minnesota
References
Rivers of Minnesota
Tributaries of the Mississippi River
Rivers of Stearns County, Minnesota
German language in the United States
Ho-Chunk
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Aleksandr Sergeyevich Bosov (; born 15 August 2000) is a Russian football player. He plays for FC Irtysh Omsk.
Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Football National League for FC Akron Tolyatti on 30 August 2020 in a game against FC Baltika Kaliningrad.
References
External links
Profile by Russian Football National League
2000 births
Footballers from Tolyatti
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara players
FC Akron Tolyatti players
FC Irtysh Omsk players
Russian First League players
Russian Second League players
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Obsession is a non-fiction book written by John E. Douglas and Mark Olshaker about the psyches of serial killers, serial rapists, mass murderers, stalkers, and their victims, as well as how to fight back.
References
1998 non-fiction books
Crime books
Books about violence
Works about stalking
Collaborative non-fiction books
Charles Scribner's Sons books
Books about rape
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子宫内膜癌怎么检查？以分段诊刮为最常用和有价值的方法。消毒铺盖后，首先用宫颈小刮匙搔刮颈管取宫颈管组织;再用探条，探测宫腔深度，最后进行宫腔全面搔刮。应将宫颈管及宫腔刮出之全部组织固定后分送病理组织学检查。分段诊刮的优点是可鉴别子宫内膜癌和子宫颈管腺癌，也可明确宫内膜癌是否累及子宫颈管，协助临床分期(Ⅰ，Ⅱ期)，为治疗方案的制定提供依据。临床医师应注意严格遵守手术操作步骤，避免宫颈管内和宫腔刮出物流漏及混杂。在协助分期方面，子宫内膜癌诊刮标本诊断宫颈癌有无受累有一定困难。B超检查可以了解子宫大小、子宫内膜厚度、有无回声不均或宫腔内赘生物，有无肌层浸润及其程度等，其诊断符合率达80%以上。由于子宫内膜癌患者肥胖者甚多，因此经阴道超声比经腹部超声更具优势。由于B超检查方便及无创，因此成为诊断子宫内膜癌最常规的检查，也是初步筛查的方法。细胞学检查。可通过宫腔刷、宫腔吸引涂片等方法获取子宫内膜标本，但阳性率低，不推荐常规应用。总之，通过应用正规检查方法及时准确诊断子宫内膜癌的同时，需要大家在生活中注意锻炼身体，做到管住嘴，迈开腿，远离高血压，高血糖，从而远离子宫内膜癌。磁共振成像。为进一步明确子宫内膜癌的病灶大小、范围，肌层浸润以及盆腔与腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移情况等，需要通过MRI检查，从而较准确估计肿瘤分期。而CT对于软组织的分辨率略低于MRI，因此在具有条件的医院，应用MRI术前评估者较多。
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Şemseddin Ahmed (1469–1534), better known by his pen name Ibn Kemal (also Ibn Kemal Pasha) or Kemalpaşazâde ("son of Kemal Pasha"), was an Ottoman historian, Shaykh al-Islām, jurist and poet.
He was born into a distinguished military family in Edirne and as a young man he served in the army and later studied at various madrasas and became the Kadı of Edirne in 1515. He had Iranian roots on his mother's side. He became a highly respected scholar and was commissioned by the Ottoman ruler Bayezid II to write an Ottoman history (Tevārīh-i Āl-i Osmān, "The Chronicles of the House of Osman"). During the reign of Selim the Resolute, in 1516, he was appointed as military judge of Anatolia and accompanied the Ottoman army to Egypt. During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent he was appointed as the Shaykh al-Islām, i.e. supreme head of the ulama, a post which he held until his death.
Kemalpaşazâde was a crucially important figure in the codification of the Hanafi school of thought in its Ottoman iteration.
Works
He "authored around 200 works in Turkish, Persian, and Arabic. His works include commentaries on the Qur'an, treatises on hadith, Islamic law, philosophy and theology (kalam), logic, Sufism, ethics, history, several books on Arabic and Persian grammar, literature, and a small diwan of poetry."
His most famous history work is the Tevārīh-i Āl-i Osmān "The Chronicles of the House of Osman", a history of the Ottoman Empire which provides the most original and important source material now extant on the reigns during which he himself lived.
Although best known as a historian, Kemalpaşazâde was also a great scholar and a talented poet. He wrote numerous scholarly commentaries on the Quran, treatises on jurisprudence and Muslim theology and philosophy, and during his stay in Egypt he translated the works of the Egyptian historian ibn Taghribirdi from Arabic. He also wrote in Arabic, a philological work entitled Daqāʿiq al-Haqāʿiq "The Subtleties of Verities". His best poetical works include the Nigaristan "The Picture Gallery", written in Persian and modeled upon the Būstān and the Golestān of Saadi Shirazi; a poem, "Yusuf ü Züleyha", in rhymed couplets, retelling the story of Joseph and Potiphar's wife; and Divān "Collected Poems", consisting mainly of lyrics.
In philosophy and theology, he was a Maturidi theologian-philosopher who followed some opinions of ibn Arabi and anticipated some theories of Mulla Sadra. Kemalpaşazâde also wrote a famous history of the Hanafi school of fiqh entitled Risāla fī Ṭabaqāt al-Mujtahidīn "The Treatise regarding Biographies of Jurists".
Notes
Bibliography
Online
Encyclopædia Britannica
Hanafis
Maturidis
15th-century Muslim theologians
16th-century Persian-language writers
Arabic-language writers from the Ottoman Empire
People from Edirne
Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire
Turkish Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
16th-century historians from the Ottoman Empire
15th-century historians from the Ottoman Empire
1468 births
1536 deaths
Supporters of Ibn Arabi
People from the Ottoman Empire of Iranian descent
16th-century Muslim theologians
Islamic scholars from the Ottoman Empire
Shaykh al-Islāms
Writers of Iranian descent
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汪承爵（），字仲修，山東東昌府臨清衛籍，明朝政治人物。
生平
萬歷二十三年（1595年）乙未科進士。授南康縣知县，操守嚴重，葺學舍，闢旭山書院，率諸生課藝其中。擢大理寺评事，万历三十五年（1607年)往陕西恤刑，升寺副。出为大同府知府，四十年四月升四川按察副使。改两淮運同，四十六年十二月升知臨江府、南陽府。天啓五年（1625年）九月，升两淮盐运使。六年，太監劉文耀、胡良輔借進銀之際，參其剥削贪婪，魏忠贤藉口追賍，擅行籍沒，刑及妻拏。
参考文献
C
明朝南康縣知縣
明朝慶雲縣知縣
明朝大理寺评事
明朝大同府知府
明朝四川按察司副使
明朝臨江府知府
明朝南陽府知府
明朝两淮盐运使
明朝南昌府同知
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The Fédération des femmes du Québec (FFQ; English: "Quebec Women's Federation") is a feminist organization binding individuals and groups in a common goal to "promote and defend the interests and the rights of women and to fight against all forms of violence, discrimination, marginalization and exclusion towards women" in Quebec, Canada.
History
The FFQ was founded in 1966 at the initiative of Thérèse Casgrain, a human rights activist and leading feminist who contributed greatly to the achievement of women suffrage in Quebec. From the beginning, the FFQ organized symposiums, conferences, information campaigns, prepared memoirs and spoke for the interests of women in all tribunes, especially parliamentary and government consultations.
Between 1992 and 2002, associative membership rose from 60 to 160 organizations and individual membership from 100 to 860.
Principles and mission
The Déclaration de principes adopted by members during the 2003 annual congress state that the FFQ is:
a place of militantism and action, analysis and reflexion, debate, training and concertation open to all women, without distinction of origin, sexual orientation, religion etc. (in accord with article 10 of Quebec's Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms).
participating to the current within the movement of women that fights against the systems of oppression or domination that are patriarchy, capitalism, racism, imperialism which marginalize and exploits women at the social, economic, cultural, political and religious level, in Quebec and abroad.
Organization and structure
Legally, the FFQ is charitable organization registered as a corporation in Quebec, Canada, and whose headquarters are in Montreal. It relies on the contributions of its members, donation and subsidies for the financing of its operations. Its decisions are taken democratically through the general assembly of all its members and a 19-member administration council oversees the conduct of the adopted policies.
Activities
Among the activities of the FFQ which have been most successful are the 1995 Bread and Roses March and the 2000 World March of Women.
Presidents
Réjane Laberge-Colas (1966-1967)
Rita Racette-Cadieux (1967-1969)
Marie-Paul Marcil Dandois (1969-1970)
Yvette Boucher-Rousseau (1970-1973)
Ghislaine Patry-Buisson (1973-1977)
Sheila Finestone (1977-1980)
Gabrielle Hotte (1980-1981)
Huguette Lapointe-Roy (1981-1983)
Denyse Bélanger-Rochon (1983-1985)
Ginette Drouin-Busque (1985-1989)
Constance Middleton-Hope (1989)
Denise Crête (1990-1991) (interim)
Germaine Vaillancourt (1991-1992)
Céline Signori (1992-1994)
Françoise David (1994-2001)
Vivian Barbot (2001-2003)
Michèle Asselin (2003-2009)
Alexa Conradi (2009-2015)
Mélanie Sarazin (2015-2017)
Gabrielle Bouchard (2017-2020)
The FFQ's president position has been vacant since Gabrielle Bouchard's departure.
Prix Idola Saint-Jean
Since 1991, the FFQ awards the Prix Idola Saint-Jean to a person or a group that made an exceptional contribution to the betterment of the condition of women in Quebec and the promotion of feminism, in conformity with the principles, mission and orientation of the federation.
References
External links
Fédération des femmes du Québec (in French)
Feminism in Quebec
Feminist organizations in Canada
Organizations based in Quebec
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To impart the basic training of the fresh recruit constables of Bangladesh Police, the Police Training School (PTS), Tangail was established in 1972 on the trusted property of the then Zaminders at the village Moherha under the jurisdiction of Mirzapur Police Station in the district of Tangail. The institute was headed by an Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP). This institute is situated on of land.
In 1990 the PTS was upgraded into Police Training Centre (PTC) further developing its standard. Now a Commandant (DIG Ranked Police Officer) commands this Police Training Centre.
Courses offered
This centre mainly provides training to –
References
Bangladesh Police
Organisations based in Tangail
Police academies in Bangladesh
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总胆红素偏高怎么解决？现在很多人都会安排检查身体。在进行肝功能检查的时候，显示结果总胆红素偏高。那么，总胆红素偏高的原因是什么呢，总胆红素偏高怎么办解决。下面我们就来了解一下这方面的知识吧。总胆红素偏高的原因1、肝细胞受损直接胆红素偏高，若肝细胞受损，胆红素不能正常转化为胆汁，或是胆汁排泄受阻，都会引起直接胆红素偏高，引起直接胆红素偏高的常见病因有肝内及肝外阻塞性黄疸、胰头癌、毛细胆管型肝炎及其他胆汁瘀滞综合征等。2、总胆红素、直接胆红素、间接胆红素都增高急性黄疸型肝炎，慢性活动性肝炎，肝硬变，中毒性肝炎等。3、总胆红素、直接胆红素增高肝内及肝外阻塞性黄疸，胰头癌，毛细胆管型肝炎及其他胆汁瘀滞综合征等。4、总胆红素、间接胆红素增高溶血性贫血，血型不合输血，恶性疾病，新生儿黄疸等。5、红细胞破裂因素肝脏的损伤，可导致乙肝患者肝脏内红细胞的大量死亡而发生破裂，当肝脏代谢功能不足以使得其转化为直接胆红素时，可引发溶血性黄疸症状。总胆红素偏高治疗一、保持良好的休息，保持每天适当的锻炼，保持合理的生活习惯，保持良好的心境。二、良好的饮食也是非常重要的，尽量多吃一些水果和蔬菜，多吃一些高蛋白低脂肪的食物，以清淡为主，尽量不要吃太油腻的食物，不要吃辛辣的食物、不要吃发霉的食物，多吃一些保肝护肝的食物，例如：多吃海鲜、香菇、芝麻、核桃、大枣、瘦肉等食物。三、临床上常用的方法就是换血、对于婴儿可以用蓝光照射。总胆红素偏高的食疗总胆红素偏高的治疗除了有效的药物治疗之外，食疗也是非常重要的，1、坚持清淡的饮食原则。2、多吃一些新鲜的水果和蔬菜。3、避免高脂肪、高糖类的摄入。4、多吃一些菌菇类的食物。5、不要喝酒。
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《皇家律师》（）是英国一部由BBC制作公司（）制作并于2011年2月22日至2014年3月31日期间在BBC电视1台及其高清频道首播的电视剧。该剧由创作，并共计播出三季；剧集讲述了鞋巷律师事务所（）的日常工作及其所属律师们的个人生活和工作故事。
制作背景
《皇家律师》的主要编剧同时也是《司法正义》和《》两部电视剧的编剧，并且还参与了《》中某一集的编剧工作。在本剧筹备之前，莫法特在接受记者访问时说道，“我希望《皇家律师》的故事里充满政治和阴谋。根据我的律师经历，我觉得律师事务所里的生活包含了这些元素，既有大故事和大量的法庭冲突，——但我更想将它拍成有关律师以及他们在律所的生活，就像拍摄庭审情节一样”。
《皇家律师》由时任BBC电视1台的总监与英国广播公司戏剧委托制作总监委托制作，并于2010年7月开始拍摄。 系列故事基于的律师经历进行改编。在接受《卫报》采访的时候，莫法特说：“我想实话实说。极端的压力、艰难的选择、道德困境、个人与专业的重叠、为之奋斗的原则与被牺牲的原则、权谋政治、性、酒精，所有的故事——律师生活是最丰富的戏剧领域。”
本剧的标题直译过来为“丝绸”，这是对获得御用大律师称号律师的一种俗称。在英国及英联邦司法界，凡获得御用大律师资格的律师在上庭时可以穿着一种特殊款式的制服，该制服通常由丝绸制作而成。
制作经过
《皇家律师》讲述了一群来自伦敦刑事辩护大律师们的故事。故事的焦点主要集中在玛莎·科斯特洛（饰）上，侧重描写其意图成为御用大律师的野心以及她与竞争对手克莱夫·雷德（鲁伯·潘瑞-琼斯饰）之间的矛盾冲突。在第一季结束时，玛莎实现了其职业愿景而成为一名御用大律师；这让克莱夫大失所望。不过在第三季开始的时候，克莱夫也成为了一名御用大律师。同时，高级司法助理比利·兰姆（饰）也在该系列担任重要角色。 第三季时，业务经理哈丽特·哈蒙德（饰）登场。她和比利是死对头，并且还是克莱夫的红颜知己、支持者和潜在爱慕者。
《皇家律师》在第三季宣布全系列完结，这是由于创作者和女主角都喜欢在剧情高潮时选择完结。
2014年3月，该剧宣布将以广播剧的形式推出鞋巷事务所内司法助理们的生活衍生剧。 同年10月，美国广播公司宣布将改编推出本剧的美国版，美国版《皇家律师》将依旧由彼得·莫法特担任执行制作，而试播集则由马蒂·斯科特担任编剧。
演员名单
剧集列表
第一季
第二季
第三季
家庭娱乐
其他媒体
广播剧
BBC广播四台于2014年至2015年期间推出了该剧的衍生广播剧《皇家律师：助理办公室》；该衍生剧共计播出两季，由饰演杰克·米尔纳，并由和杰西卡·亨维克分别饰演比利·兰姆及艾米·朗。
反响评论
参考资料
外部链接
BBC電視劇
BBC高清節目
英语电视剧
英國律政劇
犯罪電視劇
2010年代英國電視劇
倫敦取景電視節目
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多囊卵巢综合症要做什么检查？囊卵巢综合症是一种常见的卵巢功能障碍性疾病，它比较集中在肥胖的女性群体中，所以很多女性朋友对于如何诊断多囊卵巢综合症，诊断多囊卵巢综合症要做哪些检查等问题都非常关心。在治疗多囊卵巢综合症之前首先要进行明确的诊断，然后才能对症治疗。那么诊断多囊卵巢综合症要做哪些检查呢。下面为大家详细介绍诊断多囊卵巢综合症要做的检查。诊断多囊卵巢综合症要做的检查要根据多囊卵巢综合症的症状进行诊断：多囊卵巢综合症常见于青春期及生育期妇女，月经很有规律、周期为3～6个月或一年不等，少数人月经量过多或有不规则出血。多囊卵巢综合症病人常长小痘痘，主要分布在面部、乳房周围、下腹部等。另外，受雄激素刺激，腋毛、阴毛、四肢的毛发增长，多毛发生率占了17%～18%，而痤疮发生率则有60%。胰岛素(insulin)：空腹胰岛素升高≥14mu/L，IGF-I升高(正常120mmol/L)，血浆IGF-I结合蛋白质降低(正常<300ng/mL)。B超：可见双侧卵巢对称性增大，卵巢内可是多个小囊，大小不等。直径2～6mm，主要分布在卵巢皮质的周边。激素测定：LH与FSH失常，FSH(促卵泡生成素)处于低水平，LH(促黄体生成素)偏高，形成LH/FSH≥2～3，雄激素(T)水平增高。子宫内膜活检：月经前或月经时诊刮出子宫内膜活检提示为无排卵性增殖期内膜或内膜增生过长。腹腔镜检查：可直接看见双侧卵巢呈多囊性增大，包膜增厚呈灰白色。后腹膜充气造影及子宫输卵管造影：目的观察卵巢和肾上腺形态、大小，以鉴高雄激素血症原因。妇科检查可扪及卵巢增大，呈囊性。以上是诊断多囊卵巢综合症要做哪些检查的介绍，希望对您有所帮助，如果您还有关于多囊卵巢综合症的诊断问题，欢迎咨询全球医院网在线专家。如有健康疑问，可到全球医院网公众号咨询。
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痢泻灵片成分或处方？拳参、穿心莲、苦参。
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14周胎停育的前兆反应？胎停育是指胚胎发育到一个阶段发生了死亡而停止继续发育的现象。受精卵就像一颗种子，要经历一系列复杂而奇妙的过程，才会最终成长为一个健康的宝贝。那么，14周胎停育的前兆反应？下面为大家介绍下。第一，如果发生胚胎停育，母体会出现一系列的改变以利其排出体外。首先是雌孕激素下降，机体对胚胎产生免疫排斥的效应，母体和胚胎之间的血管形成血栓发生离段，在这过过程中可能导致阴道出血。及时进行超声检查，确定胚胎是否停止发育。胚胎停育会影响孕妇正常的生理状态，一旦确定胚胎停育需尽快终止妊娠。第二，早孕反应消失。妊娠早期可能有妊娠反应史，甚至有先兆流产史，但随胚胎的死亡，妊娠初期的怀孕征象逐渐消退，首先是不再有恶心、呕吐等早孕反应,乳房发胀的感觉也会随之减弱。第三，基础体温下降，伴随着腹痛。总之，上文是对14周胎停育的前兆反应的介绍，相信大家对于这个问题有了了解。希望可以给各位女性带去一些帮助。
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Olympic Day Run is an international Olympic Movement activity promoting mass participation of sports held in June organized by National Olympic Committees (NOCs).
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was formally established on 23 June 1894 through the efforts of Pierre de Coubertin promoting competitive sport as a revival of the ancient Olympic Games.
Due to World War II, Olympic Games had not been held in either 1940 or 1944. The city of London rose to host to the Games of the XIV after World War II. In January 1948, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) approved the idea of Olympic Day to commemorate the creation of the IOC on 23 June 1894 in Paris, a sort of “ birthday ” of the Olympic Movement at the 42nd IOC Session in St Moritz, Switzerland. Olympic Day was held for the first time on 23 June with a total of 9 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) hosting ceremonies in their respective countries: Austria, Belgium, Canada, Great Britain, Greece, Portugal, Switzerland, Uruguay and Venezuela.
In 1987, in an effort to encourage all NOCs to commemorate and celebrate Olympic Day, the IOC Sport for All Commission launched the Olympic Day Run concept with the objective of promoting the practice of participation in sport by men, women and children from all corners of the world and all walks of life, regardless of athletic ability. The first Olympic Day Run was held in 1987, over a distance of 10 km, with 45 participating NOCs. In 2006, there were 161 NOCs promoting Olympic Day Run to their countrymen.
The Olympic Day Run is usually held during June 17–24 by NOCs, with 1.5 km Olympic Day Fun Run, 5 km, and 10 km running activities.
References
OLYMPIC DAY RUN
Get involved in Olympic Day!
Olympic Games
June events
10K runs
Recurring sporting events established in 1987
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適居帶（, CHZ，或稱宜居帶），是天文學上給一種空間的名稱，指的是行星系中適合生命存在的區域。在適居帶有利於生命的發展，並且有可能像地球般出現高等生命。有兩種區域是有可能的，一個是在行星系內，另一個則存在于星系之中。在適合的區域內的行星和天然衛星是最佳的候選者，這些地球外的生命有能力生活在類似我們的環境下。天文學家相信生命最可能發生在像太陽系這樣的星周盤適居帶（）和大星系的星系適居帶（） 內（雖然天文學家對後者的研究才剛開始）。適居帶又稱「生命帶」、「綠帶」或「古迪洛克帶」（）。在我們的太陽系中當太陽處於主序星階段時，適居帶為距離恆星0.99至1.70天文單位之間的區域。而當太陽處於紅巨星階段時,地球將已不位於適居帶內，屆時地球大部分的海洋將被蒸發成為水氣或逸散至太空中。
格利泽581g是人類在紅矮星格利泽 581 （距離地球大約20光年）旁發現的第六颗行星。格利泽581g是至今在天文學家發現系外行星中，軌道理論上位於適居帶中的著名例子。目前天文學家僅發現了十幾顆行星位於適居帶中，而克卜勒太空望遠鏡則確認了54顆行星位於適居帶中。天文學家目前估計銀河系至少有500,000,000顆行星位於適居帶中。
星周盤適居帶
在一個行星系統內，被相信行星必須在適居帶內才能讓生命產生。星周盤適居帶在概念上是包圍在恆星四周圍的球殼狀空間，所有在範圍內的行星表面溫度都應該能使水維持液態。液態水被認為對生命是至關重要的，因為它的角色是作為生物化學反應所需要的溶劑。在1959年，物理學家菲利浦·莫里森和朱塞佩·科科尼在搜尋地外文明計畫的研究論文中提到了這樣的區域。弗蘭克·德雷克在1961年將這個觀念用德雷克方程式使廣為人知。
適居帶與恆星的距離，可以用恆星的光度的大小計算出來。對選定的恆星，可以用下面的方程式決定距離的範圍：
此處
是以天文單位量度的適居帶距離，
是恆星的輻射熱發光度，和
是太陽的輻射熱發光度。
例如，一顆發光度是太陽25%的恆星，它的適居帶距離大約在0.5天文單位的附近，而發光度是太陽兩倍的恆星，適居帶的距離大約在1.4天文單位。這是因為發光度遵循平方反比定律，在假設 (尤其是) 它有與地球相似的大氣構造和厚度，系外行星適居帶的中心與母恆星的距離，必然是有著與地球相似的全球平均溫度環境。
當一顆恆星因為演化變得更亮，及發光度增加，則星周盤適居帶將會隨著時間往外移。生物可以存在的最大化時間，是行星軌道維持在適居帶內越久越理想。
大氣層的組成也有重要的影響。行星的溫度會受到大氣層中溫室氣體的含量而變化。
太陽系適居帶
至今，天文學界仍然沒有一個關於太陽系適居帶範圍的統一說法，這些說法主張的適居帶主要介乎於0.725至3.0天文單位之間，但它們全都遭到了部份天文學家的質疑。例如，金星的軌道是位於太陽系適居帶的內緣附近，但其過厚的二氧化碳大氣層令到其表面溫度高達，完全不適合居住。而整個月球、火星和矮行星穀神星皆位於部份說法所主張的適居帶內，且火星還存在季節的變化，但它們卻因大氣層過於薄弱而無法在其表面保留液態水。
因此，大部份說法均指出一個星球的大氣層厚度會影響其適居帶位置。根據擴展適居帶理論指出，一個距離恆星比地球更遠的類地行星需比地球質量大，才能在其表面保留液態水。格利澤667Cd和格利澤581d就是能夠在其表面保留液態水的系外行星的典型例子。
星系適居帶
行星系在星系內的位置也是決定生命能否發展的因素，這就導出了星系適居帶的觀念，然而，這種觀念最近遭到了質疑。
要产生生命，一個太陽系必須要足夠接近星系的核心，才能有足夠的重元素，讓行星在形成時能夠成為岩石構成的行星。重元素必須存在，因為它們是組成複雜的生命分子所必須的，例如鐵是構成血紅素，碘是組成甲狀腺激素的基礎（假設鐵是所有生物都需要的物質）。
另一方面，太陽系距離星系的中心也必須夠遠，以免除像小行星和彗星等天體的撞擊、避免和其他恆星的近距離遭遇，還有超新星爆炸和來自星系中心黑洞等的宇宙射線。來自超新星的輻射對生命起源的影響還不清楚，據推測，來自星系核心的大量輻射會使構造複雜的分子更難以形成。同樣的，在許多較大的螺旋星系和橢圓星系的中心區域，星際氣體和塵埃都已經耗盡，那些區域已經不是恆星誕生的主要場所，恆星的誕生率遠較週圍其他的區域為低。
研究顯示在重元素的含量，或是金屬量，也有影響，越高的地區似乎越可能有巨大的行星在緊挨著母恆星的軌道上運轉。這樣的行星引發的重力潮汐力會導致任何質量如同地球的行星改變軌道和表面的形狀，並在生命產生之前就將其摧毀。基於這些原因，星系適居帶有許多不確定的因素而難以被確認。而且，星球的大氣層也不能太厚或太薄：太厚會形成金星般的極高表面溫度，而太薄則會使行星變成火星般的沙漠行星。
在我們的銀河系，星系適居帶被認為正緩慢的擴展至距離銀河核心25,000光年（8,000秒差距） 之處，包括那些年龄在40億至80億的恆星。而其他的星系因為構造上的不同，星系適居帶可能更大也可能更小，甚至根本沒有。
星系適居帶或GHZ就有如古迪洛克帶（，即星周盤適居帶）一樣，古迪洛克區這個名詞源自童話故事的古迪洛克，童話中的這個女孩喜歡「既不太冷又不太熱」的粥。天文學家詹姆斯·洛夫洛克在主張蓋亞假說時將這個名詞變成術語。這個概念是說生命存在於-15℃（5℉）（南極洲的一種藻類，）和121℃（250℉）（在深海熱氣孔周圍活動的嗜熱細菌）的溫度段落中，換算成絕對溫度是在258至394K，少於一個數量級的範圍內。
未來的技術或許可以讓我們測量出銀河系內適合地球這樣的行星存在的位置和數量，能讓我們對星系適居帶有更多的了解。
批判
適居帶的觀念在艾恩·史都華和傑克·柯恩兩人合著的《外星人的進化》（）一書中遭到批判。基於以下兩個理由：第一，假設外星人需要和地球完全一樣的生活條件；第二，即使有這樣假設，其他環境也可能在前述的適居帶外創造出適合生命存在的區域。例如歐羅巴就被認為在表面下有類似地球深海環境的海洋。儘管歐羅巴不在星周盤適居帶內，但存在於地球上的嗜極生物，使歐羅巴有生命的假說振振有詞。行星生物學家卡爾·薩根相信在氣體巨星上，像是木星本身，可能也會有生物生活在其中。在各種不同的環境下可以發現存在著不同形式的生命，曝露出這些有限制的假說是太保守的。
不同程度的火山活動、衛星的作用或是行星的質量都可能影響行星的輻射和熱量的水準，進而改變支持生命的情況。同時，若有類似地球生命的生物能在幾乎不可能是生命起源的場所起源，亦或是主動或被動借助先進的技術從而移植到並適應諸如歐羅巴的環境，那麼，一顆不處於適居帶的行星，就非常有可能可以支持生命在不適合生存的場所中起源並發展。
部份理論則建議地球誕生後不久，生命已於地底生存，以避開表面上的嚴酷環境。而科學家亦證明了生命能在地底下生存。實際上，生物學家們已於地球超過10公里的地底下發現生命。因此，他們認為並非位於適居帶內的行星才適合生命生存。
參考資料
參考文獻
參閲
行星適居性
地球殊異假說
葛利斯581c
巨蟹座55f
地球之外的液態水
另類的生物化學
紅矮星系統適居性
橙矮星系統適居性
外部連結
天體生物學、天文學和航天百科全書
“恆星和適合居住的行星” - SolStation
在銀河系的適居帶
瑞士科學家：尋找生命下一頁
斯蒂芬·H.多爾的人類適居行星 – 關於複雜生命體在行星出現的所需條件的完整研究
美國宇航局：古迪洛克區
星際房地產：位置、位置、位置 - 定義適居帶
定義“古迪洛克”和其含意“溫和特徵”，並舉例追溯到1935年的行星作定義
侯選適居帶系外行星
適居帶系外行星的居民
行星科學
太空殖民
天文学假说
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伊恰河是俄羅斯的河流，位於堪察加半島，河道全長約233公里，流域面積4,530平方里，最終注入鄂霍次克海，是紅大馬哈魚、大麻哈魚和大麻哈魚的產卵地。
堪察加边疆区河流
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Jacksonia sternbergiana, commonly known as stinkwood or green stinkwood, is a species of shrub or small tree that occurs in the south-west of Western Australia. It grows to between 1.5 and 5 metres high, has a weeping habit, and produces yellow and orange pea flowers in the summer. The Noongar peoples know the plant as kabbur, koorpa or mondurn.
This plant provides food for the larvae of several species of butterfly, including the turquoise jewel, fringed heath-blue, and long-tailed pea-blue.
References
Fabales of Australia
Rosids of Western Australia
sternbergiana
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尼亞加拉瀑布國際彩虹橋（），常通稱為彩虹橋（），是一座以鋼建成的拱橋結構，橫跨尼亞加拉河（即美加邊境）連接美國紐約州尼亞加拉瀑布城及加拿大安大略省的尼亞加拉瀑布城。大橋共有4條行車線（每方向两條）及行人通道，橋跨為289.5米。在彩虹橋以北約16公里，另建有一座與彩虹橋設計接近的劉易斯頓-昆士頓橋。
彩虹橋建於較早期的蜜月橋舊址附近，蜜月橋又名瀑布景觀橋（），官方名稱則為上鋼拱橋（），於1938年1月27日因河上冰暴而倒塌。
由美國及加拿大聯合的組織，早已考慮重建一條新橋樑代替，倒塌事件加速了興建工程。國王喬治六世及王后伊利沙伯·鮑斯-萊昂（即伊利沙伯二世的母親）在1939年到訪加拿大時，曾到尼亞加拉瀑布參觀，並為橋樑進行奠基儀式，豎立了紀念牌匾。彩虹橋興建工程在1940年5月開始，大橋在1941年11月1日進行啟用儀式。
從美國前往加拿大（即西行方向）的汽車需要繳付3.25美元/加元的過橋費，行人和騎單車人士則需每人繳付1.00美元/加元；反方向交通則無需繳費。商用重型貨車禁止使用彩虹橋；重型貨車需經劉易斯頓-昆士頓橋或和平橋跨越尼亞加拉河。
城市風光
參考資料
外部連結
尼亞加拉瀑布橋樑管理局
Google Maps 彩虹橋
纽约州桥梁
安大略省橋樑
美加邊界橋梁
美国上承式拱桥
尼亚加拉河桥梁
尼亞加拉區交通
1941年完工橋梁
美国公路桥
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Mia and Me is a children's series created by Gerhard Hahn. In the United States, it aired on Nickelodeon's Nick Jr. Channel from May 3, 2014, to December 25, 2016. The show mixes live action with computer animation.
Mia and Me is entirely owned by the Belgian company Studio 100 via its German subsidiary Made 4 Entertainment (m4e) which has owned it as of 2016 and was acquired by the company in 2017. Before the 2016 German buyout, the show was a GermanItalianCanadian co-production between Hahn Film AG, March Entertainment and Rainbow S.p.A.
A feature film titled Mia and Me: The Hero of Centopia was produced by Made 4 Entertainment, Hahn & m4e Productions, Studio B Animation, Studio 100 Animation and Flying Bark Productions. It was released in Germany on May 26, 2022.
Premise
After the death of her parents, a 12-year-old girl named Mia Marconi is gifted a game that her father had made in life, taking the form of a large book called The Legend of Centopia. Inside is magical runic writing and a password, which when read backwards, allows Mia to travel to the magical world of Centopia. The land is filled with mythological creatures, including: winged elves, pans (goat-like creatures), unicorns and dragons. While in Centopia, Mia changes into a winged elven girl with the unique ability to talk to unicorns. She meets and befriends a cast of magical characters: a unicorn named Lyria (and, later, Lyria's winged son Onchao); Yuko, a girl warrior who is a little jealous of how much attention Mia receives from Prince Mo, and Phuddle, a comedic pan.
Season 1
With the help of oracles from a magic book, Mia and her friends must find the pieces of the trumptus, a magic horn made by Phuddle. It has been captured, broken apart in twenty pieces, and scattered by the munculus as it is the only thing that can destroy evil beings. Mia also works to stop the evil Queen Panthea, General Gargona and her munculus army from capturing the unicorns. Panthea, concerned about her aging appearance to the point where she always wears a mask, needs the unicorns' horns for their rejuvenating powers. Every time a unicorn horn is destroyed, more of the island of Centopia dies. The only cure to this destruction is the powerful "golden unicorn" named Onchao, who can easily make the desert bloom again and restore horns of other unicorns. After Mia and her friends succeed in defeating their adversaries with a trumptus blast, only Gargona survives. They have reached the final pages of the book and Mia returns to her world, where it is nearing the end of the school year. Mia plans to revisit Centopia in a few months, after the summer break.
Season 2
In the second season, Mia spends her summer holiday at her grandpa's farm. There, she meets a worker named Mario, who towards the end of the season learns about her ability to travel to Centopia. In Centopia, a hunter named Rixel sets his sights on catching Onchao. Later in the season, the bully Violetta discovers Mia's secret after finding a slice of her magical bracelet. Violetta travels to Centopia and takes on the identity of an elf named Varia. As Varia, Violetta becomes one of Mia's allies and begins to be shown in a more sympathetic light, as her connections with her father are disrupted by her mother.
Season 3
In Centopia, Gargona is joined by a bug-like villain named Dax as they try to catch a unicorn horn to bring their master (Drakon) back. In the real world, a blind girl named Sara finds Mia's bracelet and travels to Centopia. She is so relieved that she can see in this world and she even has the power to see the invisible spy bugs who follow Dax. In the season finale, Dax and Gargona succeed in taking Onchao's horn. Mia and her friends arrive at the castle where Gargona and Dax are talking to Drakon about their prize. Yuko and Mo foil the villains' plot by breaking the horn into pieces. Kyara, Onchao's new sister, heals Onchao's horn. Dax leaves Centopia and Gargona stays on the island. Back in the real world, Sara makes the decision to go back to her old school instead of a new school in Milan.
Season 4
Centopia is facing an existential threat: original parts of the primeval continent are approaching and Dystopia, home of Lord Drakon and his Dark Elves, has been set in motion as well! A race against time begins, as Mia and her friends start their quest of finding the rare ingredients for the antidote: the Potion of Unity.
Transformation
For Mia to transport to Centopia, she says a password into her bracelet, and then transforms into an elf. The transformations in each season are a bit different, in Season 1 after she says her password, a yellow glow swirls around her making her disappear. We see her in a half-human, half-elf form. A glow appears on Mia arms which spreads across her body turning her into her elf form. Her wings then grow from her back after, when she’s fully transformed, she flaps her wings along with bending her legs and smiling. She falls into the yellow background while screaming and falls into Centopia after a yellow glow appears in the sky. In Season 2, when she says her password, a huge yellow blob makes her disappear completely. In her half form, another huge yellow blob fully transforms her into an elf. The wings then appear on her back soon after, she then falls into Centopia while saying “Whoa!” In Season 3, a yellow sparkle spreads across her making her disappear, in her half form, the process is in the same as Season 2.
Being an Elf
When Mia first becomes an elf, she wonders what happened to her, and she is super joyful when she finds out she grew wings. Despite all that, she has trouble flying in Season 1, and ends up crashing when entering Centopia. She doesn’t start getting better at flying near the end of Season 1. Her landings in Seasons 2, 3, and 4 become a lot better since she’s gotten better at flying.
Cast
Live action characters
Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Mia (seasons 1–2)
Margot Nuccetelli as Mia (seasons 3–4)
Adrian Moore as Vincent (season 1)
Saphia Stoney as Paula (season 1)
Josephine Benini as Violetta di Nola (seasons 1–2)
Ray Lovelock as Renzo (season 2)
Luca Murphy as Mario (season 2)
Gianna Paola Scaffidi as Franca (season 2)
Anthony Souter as Silvio Frascati (season 2)
Sara Ricci as Contessa di Nola (season 2)
Fabio Corallini as Vittorio (season 2)
Douglas Dean as the boss of the bank (season 2)
Lucia Luna Laurenti Sellers as Sara (season 3)
Laura Ruocco as Luciana (season 3)
Giuseppe Gandini as Mr Monti (season 3)
Clive Riche as Mr Meloni (season 3)
Tommaso Neri as Fabio (season 3)
Alex James Ellison as Mattis (season 4)
Claire Schuyfell as Carina (season 4)
Phillip Battley as Pieter (season 4)
Harry Piekema as Hektor (season 4)
Lucas Tavernier as Lucas (season 4)
Animated characters
Episodes
Season 1 (2012)
Season 2 (2015)
Season 3 (2017–2018)
Season 4 (2022 - 2023)
Film
Mia and Me: The Hero of Centopia, a feature film.
Broadcast
Since the first few seasons were distributed by Rainbow, a studio formerly co-owned by Viacom, Mia and Me is broadcast on Viacom's Nickelodeon channels in many territories. The Nick Jr. Channel in the United States premiered the series beginning on May 3, 2014 and ending on December 25, 2016. Up until mid-2021, the show was available to stream on NickJr.com. In the United Kingdom, the series aired on Nick Jr. (UK and Ireland) in January 2014. Nickelodeon began airing the series in the Philippines on July 1, 2013. The series aired in Singapore on MediaCorp Okto, in Indonesia on RCTI and in Australia on 10 Peach (formally Eleven). The series is available through Netflix in many countries, since September 2014. In 2017, the series aired on eToonz in South Africa. In Brazil, the first season of the series premiered on Gloob, on April 14, 2014, and the second season premiered on January 23, 2017. Since October 12, 2020, the series has been aired on TV Cultura.
References
External links
Mia and Me: The Hero of Centopia at IMDb
2010s Canadian animated television series
2010s German animated television series
2010s Italian animated television series
Canadian children's animated adventure television series
Canadian children's animated fantasy television series
German children's animated adventure television series
German children's animated fantasy television series
Italian children's animated adventure television series
Italian children's animated fantasy television series
Canadian television series with live action and animation
Italian television series with live action and animation
German television series with live action and animation
Nick Jr. original programming
Animated television series about orphans
Television series by Rainbow S.r.l.
Canadian computer-animated television series
Italian computer-animated television series
English-language television shows
Television series about elves
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Skalak is a village in Ruen Municipality, in Burgas Province, in southeastern Bulgaria.
This village has 620 inhabitants and nearly all of them belong to the Turkish minority of Bulgaria. There are also a few Pomak families living in this villages.
References
Villages in Burgas Province
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李克新可以指：
李耀 (中将)，原名李克新，中国人民解放军中将。
李克新 (1969年)，中华人民共和国外交官。
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九江日本领事馆旧址位于中国江西省九江市浔阳区湓浦路12号。1912年，日本设立驻九江领事馆。
九江日本领事馆为砖石结构，二层红色楼房，建筑面积425平方米，房基为麻石。
1925年6月13日，在五卅运动中，九江人在日本领事馆前聚众演讲，并冲击了日本领事馆。
1987年12月，九江日本领事馆旧址被列为第三批江西省文物保护单位。
2018年4月28日，原九江日本台湾银行旧址、英亚细亚公寓旧址、九江日本领事馆旧址、九江日本领事馆公寓旧址4栋历史建筑组成的九江租界旧址博物馆，在浔阳区湓浦路14号1858轻奢院子内开馆。
2018年7月3日，九江市文化广电新闻出版旅游局下发责令改正通知书，要求九江文旅元和资产经营管理有限公司立即停止在九江日本领事馆旧址及日本台湾银行旧址两处省级文物进行违规装修，用于经营老洋房餐饮酒店和春风十里花园餐厅，破坏文物的违法行为，并责令其整改和恢复原貌。。
2019年2月26日，江西省文化和旅游厅批准了九江市文物局提出的九江英租界旧址——日本领事馆旧址维修设计方案。
参考文献
九江建筑物
浔阳区
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阿迪尔·拉米（，；，）是摩洛哥裔法國足球運動員，司職中堅。
拉米早年因興趣而投身業餘足球，在業餘聯賽作賽三季後於2006年被法甲球隊里爾簽下，其後成為里爾的正選球員。2011年1月，拉米與西甲球隊華倫西亞簽約四年，隨即被外借至舊東主里爾，成為里爾聯賽及盃賽雙冠王功臣之一。2013年1月，拉米被球隊租借去意甲球隊AC米蘭，身披13號球衣。2018年5月16日，拉米擔任馬賽先發後衛出戰2018年歐霸盃決賽。
拉米擁有摩洛哥及法國雙重國籍，最終選擇為出生地法國國家隊上陣。他曾入選2010年世界盃足球賽初選名單，但落選最終名單。拉米在2012年歐洲國家盃首次入選法國隊大賽名單。
雖然受限於速度慢的弱點，整體實力一般，但拉米卻堪稱「人生贏家」；在2016年歐洲國家盃前夕由於皇馬主力後衛-{zh-cn:瓦拉内; zh-tw:瓦拉內;zh-hk:華拉尼;}-受傷，當時已經兩年沒有代表國家隊出賽的拉米作為-{zh-hans:科斯切尔尼; zh-hant:科斯切爾尼; zh-hk:哥斯尼;zh-tw:科斯切爾尼;}-的替補直接進入了23人大名單。此後拉米在2017年又未能獲得國家隊徵召，然而在2018年世界盃足球賽前夕，臨陣受傷的換成了-{zh-hans:科斯切尔尼; zh-hant:科斯切爾尼; zh-hk:哥斯尼;zh-tw:科斯切爾尼;}-，而拉米又再度入選大名單，擔任-{zh-cn:瓦拉内; zh-tw:瓦拉內;zh-hk:華拉尼;}-的替補。豐富的經驗與隨和的性格是他屢次獲得主教練-{zh-hans:德尚;zh-hk:迪甘斯;zh-tw:德尚;}-青睞的主因。
在2018年世界盃足球賽進行期間，法國球員喜歡在開賽前玩弄拉米的鬍子，相信這能帶給球隊好運；最後法國隊也順利奪下第二座世界盃冠軍。儘管在七場比賽中拉米是除了三號門將-{zh-hans:雷奥拉; zh-hk:艾路拿;zh-tw:阿雷奧拉;}-外唯一沒有出場記錄的球員，但這個近似於-{zh-hk:白蘭斯;zh-hans:勃朗;zh-tw:布蘭克;}-親吻-{zh-hk:巴夫斯;zh-hans:巴特兹}-光頭祈福的儀式確實奏效，成為一段美談。
法國奪冠後，拉米正式宣布從國家隊退役。
榮譽
里爾
法甲: 2010–11
法國盃：2010–11
西維爾
欧罗巴联赛冠軍: 2015–16年
馬賽
欧罗巴联赛亞軍：2017–18年
法國
國際足總世界盃冠軍：2018
個人
欧罗巴联赛最佳陣容：2015–16
法國榮譽軍團勳章騎士級：2018年
參考文獻
外部連結
AC米蘭官方檔案
里爾檔案
Adil Rami profile at fff.fr
Transfermarkt檔案
Ciberche檔案
巴斯蒂亞人
摩洛哥裔法國人
法国男子足球运动员
足球後衛
里爾球員
華倫西亞球員
AC米蘭球員
西維爾球員
馬賽球員
費倫巴治球員
博維斯塔球員
法甲球員
西甲球員
意甲球員
法國國家足球隊球員
法國旅外足球運動員
西班牙外籍足球運動員
義大利外籍足球運動員
2012年歐洲國家盃球員
2018年世界盃足球賽法國代表隊球員
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Gornja Lovnica () is a village in the municipality of Rožaje, Montenegro.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, its population was 361.
References
Populated places in Rožaje Municipality
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This article contains lists of achievements in major senior-level international water polo tournaments according to first-place, second-place and third-place results obtained by teams representing different nations. The objective is not to create combined medal tables; the focus is on listing the best positions achieved by teams in major international tournaments, ranking the nations according to the most podiums accomplished by teams of these nations.
Results
For the making of these lists, results from following major international tournaments are consulted:
FINA: Fédération internationale de natation
IOC: International Olympic Committee
Medals for the demonstration events are NOT counted. Medals earned by athletes from defunct National Olympic Committees (NOCs) or historical teams are NOT merged with the results achieved by their immediate successor states. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) does NOT combine medals of these nations or teams.
The tables are pre-sorted by total number of first-place results, second-place results and third-place results, then most first-place results, second-place results, respectively. When equal ranks are given, nations are listed in alphabetical order.
Men and women
*Defunct National Olympic Committees (NOCs) or historical teams are shown in italic.
Men
*Defunct National Olympic Committees (NOCs) or historical teams are shown in italic.
Women
See also
List of major achievements in sports by nation
List of water polo world medalists
FINA Water Polo World Rankings
References
External links
Water polo | fina.org – Official FINA website
*
Achievements
Water polo
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镰荚棘豆（学名：）为豆科棘豆属下的一个种。
参考资料
L
L
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The 2020–21 season was Al-Raed's 67th year in their history and 13th consecutive season in the Pro League. The club participated in the Pro League and the King Cup.
The season covered the period from 22 September 2020 to 30 June 2021.
Players
Squad information
Out on loan
Transfers and loans
Transfers in
Loans in
Transfers out
Loans out
Competitions
Overview
Goalscorers
Last Updated: 30 May 2021
Assists
Last Updated: 30 May 2021
Clean sheets
Last Updated: 30 May 2021
References
Al Raed FC seasons
Raed
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Wu (Chinese: 吳; pinyin: Wú; Middle Chinese *ŋuo < Eastern Han Chinese: *ŋuɑ), known in historiography as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, was a dynastic state of China and one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period. It previously existed from 220 to 222 as a vassal kingdom nominally under Cao Wei, its rival state, but declared complete independence from Cao Wei in November 222. It was elevated to an empire in May 229 after its founding ruler, Sun Quan (Emperor Da), declared himself emperor. Its name was derived from the place it was based in—the Jiangnan (Yangtze River Delta) region, which was also historically known as "Wu". It was referred to as "Dong Wu" ("Eastern Wu") or "Sun Wu" by historians to distinguish it from other Chinese historical states with similar names which were also located in that region, such as the Wu state in the Spring and Autumn period and the Wuyue kingdom in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was called "Eastern Wu" because it occupied most of eastern China in the Three Kingdoms period, and "Sun Wu" because the family name of its rulers was "Sun". During its existence, Wu's capital was at Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu), but at times it was also at Wuchang (; present-day Ezhou, Hubei).
History
Beginnings and founding
Towards the end of the Han dynasty, Sun Ce, the eldest son of the warlord Sun Jian, and his followers borrowed troops from the warlord Yuan Shu and embarked on a series of military conquests in the Jiangdong and Wu regions between 194 and 199, seizing several territories previously occupied by warlords such as Liu Yao, Yan Baihu and Wang Lang. Sun Ce broke off relations with Yuan Shu around 196–197 after the latter declared himself emperor—an act deemed as treason against Emperor Xian, the figurehead ruler of the Han dynasty. The warlord Cao Cao, who was the de facto head of government in the Han imperial court, asked Emperor Xian to grant Sun Ce the title of "Marquis of Wu" ().
Sun Ce was assassinated in the summer of 200 and was succeeded by his younger brother, Sun Quan. Sun Quan, like his elder brother, also paid nominal allegiance to Emperor Xian while maintaining autonomous rule over the Wu territories. In 208, Sun Quan allied with the warlord Liu Bei and they combined forces to defeat Cao Cao at the Battle of Red Cliffs. Sun Quan and Liu Bei maintained their alliance against Cao Cao after the battle for the next ten years or so, despite having some territorial disputes over Jing Province. In 219, Sun Quan severed ties with Liu Bei when he sent his general Lü Meng to invade Liu's territories in Jing Province. Guan Yu, who was defending Liu Bei's assets in Jing Province, was captured and executed by Sun Quan's forces. After that, the boundaries of Sun Quan's domain extended from beyond the Jiangdong region to include the southern part of Jing Province, which covered roughly present-day Hunan and parts of Hubei.
In 220, Cao Cao's son and successor, Cao Pi, ended the Han dynasty by forcing Emperor Xian to abdicate in his favour and established the state of Cao Wei. Sun Quan agreed to submit to Wei and was granted the title of a vassal king, "King of Wu" (), by Cao Pi. A year later, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and founded the state of Shu Han. In 222, Liu Bei launched a military campaign against Sun Quan to take back Jing Province and avenge Guan Yu, leading to the Battle of Xiaoting. However, Liu Bei suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Sun Quan's general Lu Xun and was forced to retreat to Baidicheng, where he died a year later.
Liu Bei's successor, Liu Shan, and his regent, Zhuge Liang, made peace with Sun Quan later and reaffirmed their previous alliance. Sun Quan declared independence from Wei in 222, but continued to rule as "King of Wu" until 229, when he declared himself "Emperor of Wu". His legitimacy was recognised by Shu.
To distinguish the state from other historical Chinese states of the same name, historians have added a relevant character to the state's original name: the state that called itself "Wu" (吳) is also known as "Eastern Wu" (東吳; Dōng Wú) or "Sun Wu" (孫吳).
Sun Quan's reign
Sun Quan ruled for over 30 years and his long reign resulted in stability in southern China. During his reign, Wu engaged Wei in numerous wars, including the battles of Ruxu (222–223), Shiting (228), and Hefei (234). However, Wu never managed to gain any territory north of the Yangtze River while Wei also never succeeded in conquering the lands south of the Yangtze.
A succession struggle broke out between Sun Quan's sons in the later part of his reign—Sun Quan installed Sun He as the crown prince in 242 after his former heir apparent, Sun Deng, died in 241, but Sun He soon became involved in a rivalry with his younger brother, Sun Ba. The conflict resulted in the emergence of two rivalling factions, each supporting either Sun He or Sun Ba, in Sun Quan's imperial court. Sun Quan eventually deposed Sun He and forced Sun Ba to commit suicide, while Lu Xun and many other ministers who took either Sun He's or Sun Ba's side in the struggle met with unhappy ends. Sun Quan appointed his youngest son, Sun Liang, as the crown prince after the incident.
Reigns of Sun Liang and Sun Xiu
Sun Quan died in 252 and was succeeded by Sun Liang, with Zhuge Ke and Sun Jun serving as regents. In 253, Zhuge Ke was assassinated in a coup launched by Sun Jun, and the state power of Wu fell into Sun Jun's hands and was passed on to his cousin, Sun Chen, after his death. During Sun Liang's reign, two rebellions broke out in the Wei garrison at Shouchun (around present-day Shou County, Anhui) in 255 and 257–258. Sun Jun and Sun Chen led Wu forces to support the rebels in the first and second rebellions respectively in the hope of making some territorial gains in Wei, but both revolts were suppressed and the Wu forces retreated after suffering many losses.
Sun Liang was deposed in 258 by Sun Chen, who installed Sun Xiu, another son of Sun Quan, on the throne. Sun Xiu killed Sun Chen later in a coup with the help of Zhang Bu and Ding Feng.
Fall of Wu
Sun Xiu died of illness in 264, a year after Shu was conquered by Wei. At the time, Wu was experiencing internal turmoil because rebellions had broken out in Jiaozhi () in the south. The ministers Puyang Xing, Wan Yu and Zhang Bu decided to install Sun He's son, Sun Hao, on the throne.
In the beginning of Sun Hao's reign, the emperor reduced taxes, gave relief to the poor, and granted freedom to a large number of palace maids. However, Sun Hao gradually became more cruel and superstitious and started indulging in wine and women instead of finding ways to revive his declining state. Sun Hao's tyranny caused widespread anger and hatred towards him in Wu, but it was due to the efforts of officials such as Lu Kai and Lu Kang that Wu was able to remain relatively stable and peaceful.
In February 266, Sima Yan ended the state of Cao Wei by forcing its last ruler, Cao Huan, to abdicate in his favour, and then established the Jin dynasty. In 279, Jin forces led by Du Yu, Wang Jun and others attacked Wu from six directions. Sun Hao attempted to put up resistance by sending his armies to fight the Jin invaders, but the Wu forces suffered several consecutive defeats and even the Wu chancellor, Zhang Ti, was killed in action. Seeing that Wu was doomed to fall, Sun Hao surrendered to the Jin dynasty on 31 May 280, marking the end of Wu and the end of the Three Kingdoms period.
Government and military
Despite Sun Quan proclaiming himself emperor in 229, its politics reflected its warlord origins. When Wu was initially founded its military was dominated by famed generals who had gained their positions through prowess and pluck. These generals were celebrated for their individualism.
Politics within the court were often influenced by conflicts between powerful families and individuals. Positions within the court were inherited from one generation to the next unlike the Han dynasty's bureaucracy. However, over time, the influence ultimately would move away from the central government. Outside of the court, families displayed their own independent authority. Wu, at times, was to a certain extent run for the protection of particular families.
The Eastern Wu era was a formative period in Vietnamese history. The ruler of Jiaozhou (modern Vietnam and Guangzhou), Shi Xie, is primarily remembered today in Vietnam as Sĩ Nhiếp. According to Stephen O'Harrow, Shi Xie was essentially "the first Vietnamese." Originally satisfied with Eastern Wu's rule, the Vietnamese opposed Shi Hui's rebellion against Eastern Wu and attacked him for it. However, when the Wu general Lü Dai betrayed Shi Hui and executed the entire Shi family, the Vietnamese became greatly upset. In 248, the people of Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen commanderies rebelled. Eastern Wu sent Lu Yin to deal with the rebels. He managed to pacify the rebels with a combination of threats and persuasion. However the rebels regrouped under the leadership of Lady Triệu in Jiuzhen and renewed the rebellion with a march on Jiaozhi. According to the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (Complete Annals of Đại Việt), Lady Triệu had long breasts that reached her shoulders and rode into battle on an elephant. After several months of warfare she was defeated and committed suicide.
Culture and economy
The culture of Wu was most solidified under the reign of Sun Quan from 229 to 252. Migrations from the north and the needed settlement from the Shanyue barbarians made it possible for the increase in manpower, agriculture, and settling the lower most parts of Wu. Along with that, river transportation became a huge factor and flourished as the Jiangnan and Zhedong canals were finished with construction. After the Battle of Xiaoting and during the invasions of Wu by Wei in the 220s, Shu was able to reestablish their trade and relationships with Wu. Shu's cotton was a great influx for Wu, and the development of shipbuilding, salt, and metal industries was greatly increased.
The fact of inflation and economic problems still were in existence since the Han dynasty. Sun Quan tried to start a currency of large coins manufactured by copper. He also tried to prohibit private minting. This policy was terminated in 246 due to ineffectiveness.
Eastern Wu was able to make close overseas trade with countries such as Vietnam and Cambodia. Wu also traded with India and the Middle East.
Civil matters
Personages with clerical or scholarly abilities had roles to play within the state, but the policies were more determined by those of military command. Nevertheless, every Wu army was in need of administrative support and, according to Rafe de Crespigny, certain scholars were "recognised as practical counsellors, regardless of their fighting prowess or their ability to command troops in the field."
Under the reign of Sun Quan, he needed a strong role of advisors and secretaries in order to keep his link of power in a maintained level. Sun Quan's prestige in dealing with hostiles and friendly relations called for the establishment of a controlled form of an imperial government for the empire of Wu. Sun Quan also created the opportunity for people residing within Wu to gain prestige and influence throughout the empire and the surrounding establishments with the duty of being an envoy.
Following the death of Cao Pi in 226, Sun Quan strongly promoted his kingdom to focus on agriculture because the threat from Wei was lifted. However, Lu Xun suggested to Sun Quan that military commanders should become involved in the colonization of land. Sun Quan quickly accepted and he, along with his sons would execute the memorial presented by Lu Xun. However, in 240, Sun Quan restrained Lu Xun's idea and refocused on agricultural works, because Wu came to suffer a severe famine. In 234, when Zhuge Ke was in control of affairs in the south, he strongly ignored the colonisation order and viciously ordered the agriculture factor, often starving enemies into submission.
Legacy
Under the rule of Wu, the Yangtze River Delta region, regarded in early history as a barbaric "jungle", developed into one of the commercial, cultural, and political centres of China. The achievements of Wu in the south marked the coming of Chinese civilization to the farthest southern reaches of the empire.
In 230, the island of Taiwan was reached by the Chinese during the Three Kingdoms period under the reign of Sun Quan. Contact with the native population and the dispatch of officials to an island named "Yizhou" () by the Wu navy might have been to Taiwan, but the location of Yizhou is open to dispute; some historians believe it was Taiwan, while others believe it was the Ryukyu Islands. Wu merchants also may have reached Southern Vietnam and Cambodia. Failed protection of Gongsun Yuan also was in existence when the latter rebelled against Wei. This was because of the waterway's difficulties. Such things cost Wu, and the achievements supposedly gained within Taiwan did not cover this problem and Sun Quan lost his vassal.
Later on in the existence of Wu, the once great military was turned to an unimpressive one. It was most likely an easy task to take Hefei from Wei, but Wu could not do so. Since the 230s, this task was made harder due to the "New City", a heavily fortified castle built at Hefei by Wei. One of the greatest failures to accomplish something later on in Wu's reign was during 255 and during the last few years of the 250s. When Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin rebelled against Wei, Wu promised to help the two in Shouchun (around present-day Shou County, Anhui). However, the Wu forces never made it in time before the rebellion was quashed by Sima Shi and the Wei forces. When Zhuge Dan launched a massive full-scale rebellion, the Wu forces suffered a great defeat as they lent a great quantity of manpower to Zhuge Dan's cause. Shouchun was quickly regained by Wei under Sima Zhao's command.
During the conquest of Shu by Wei in 263, Wu could not fully lend support to their allies due to a revolt in Vietnam.
The decline of Wu was long in existence since the death of Lu Xun in 245 and the death of Sun Quan in 252. Sun Quan's successors could do little for the empire. Zhuge Ke was assassinated by Sun Jun in 253 after a failed invasion of Hefei following the Wu victory over an invading Wei force at Dongxing. Ding Feng also ended up killing Sun Chen under orders from Sun Xiu. Corruption plagued Wu, which led to an easy conquest of Wu by the Jin dynasty in 280.
List of territories
List of sovereigns
Emperors' family tree
Gallery
See also
Eastern Wu family trees
Three Kingdoms
Cao Wei
Shu Han
Notes
References
Bibliography
222 establishments
280 disestablishments
Wu (region)
Dynasties of China
Former countries in Chinese history
Former monarchies of East Asia
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Sednaya Prison ( Sajn Ṣaydnāyā), nicknamed the "Human Slaughterhouse" is a military prison near Damascus in Syria operated by the Syrian government. The prison has been used to hold thousands of prisoners, both civilian detainees and anti-government rebels. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) estimated in January 2021 that 30,000 detainees have perished in Sednaya from torture, ill-treatment and mass executions since the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War, while Amnesty International estimated in February 2017 "that between 5,000 and 13,000 people were extrajudicially executed at Saydnaya between September 2011 and December 2015."
Overall, human rights organizations have identified over 27 prisons and detention centers run by Assad's regime around the country where detainees are routinely tortured and killed. A defector from Assad's sources smuggled out tens of thousands of photographs from these prisons, showing the bodies of those who had been murdered. The defector stated that he had personally photographed the dead and that archives of thousand more such photographs of other victims existed.
A former inmate of the prison who was detained for participating in a peaceful non-violent protest told Amnesty International that at Sednaya prisoners were forced to choose between dying themselves or killing one of their own relatives or friends. The former inmate also stated that in the first prison he was at, prisoners were also forced into cannibalism, but that prison was "heaven" compared to Sednaya Prison. According to the inmate, the other prison (Branch 215) was "to interrogate" (including through torture), but when that was done, you were moved to Sednaya "to die".
Wide variety of inhumane torture practices are carried out in the prison; ranging from perpetual beatings, sexual assaults, decapitations, rapes, burnings to what are known as the "flying carpets". In 2017, the US State Department alleged that a crematorium had been built at the prison to dispose of the bodies of the executed, although Amnesty's investigation did not find evidence of this having happened.
About the Sednaya Prison
Located north of the Syrian capital Damascus, Sednaya Military Prison is known for its torture of people and innocent civilians that started the revolution in 2011. It is designed for the purpose of quietly slaughtering innocent civilians, men, women, children and the elderly. Even children are born inside the prison due to the brutal rape of the women by the guards. Not only women are raped, children and men are also subject to rape and sexual assult. There are different social groups who are at risk. These can be groups of labourers, business people, students, bloggers, university professors, lawyers, doctors, activists defending the rights of minority groups, people helping their neighbours or journalists. Detainees may be either men, women or even children.
The prison consists of two buildings with a total of 10,000–20,000 detainees and is under the jurisdiction of the Minister of Defense while operated by the Military Police. Detainees have usually spent months or years in detention elsewhere before being transferred to Sednaya. It was not until after the 2011 crisis when this started to happen. The way in which detainees are being transferred to this facility has been internationally recognized and criticized, mainly by Amnesty International. The transfers usually take place after holding unfair trials at a secret military court. In interviews with Amnesty, prisoners described the trials as sham for lasting only one to three minutes. While some prisoners would be told they were being transferred to a civilian prison when they instead were to be executed, other detainees do not even get to see a judge.
Recognized unfair trials
The Syrian Mus’ab al-Hariri belonged to the banned organization, the Muslim Brotherhood, and lived in exile in Saudi Arabia until his return to Syria in 2002 with his mother. She worried that their return would cause problems for her son because of his political stand but the Syrian Embassy in Saudi Arabia had assured her that this would not happen. However, shortly after al-Hariri's return, he was sentenced by the Syrian Security forces on 24 July 2002. At the time of arrest, he was only 14 years old. Even though the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention announced al-Hariri's detention as arbitrary, the authorities took no step to amend his situation. The UN Working Group based its announcement on their assessment that he did not receive a fair trial. Four main issues that were raised were his young age when arrested, that he had been held in isolation for more than two years, reportedly tortured and that he was sentenced by the SSSC (Supreme State Security Court) in June 2005 to six years in prison despite no substantial evidence. All the SSSC knew was that al-Hariri belonged to the banned Muslim Brotherhood.
The Syrian Human Rights Committee reported in 2004 about people being arrested the same year because of political reasons. To offer the suspected individuals human rights defenders and lawyers was not self-evident and as in the case of Mus’ab al-Hariri, hundreds of prisoners remained in long detention without trial or following sentences enforced after unfair trials. It was also reported that no respect was given to the poor health condition of prisoners and that these were still held in rigorous conditions.
The 2008 Massacre
According to The Syrian Human Rights Committee, the military police changed all the locks of the prison cells on the night of 4 July 2008. On the day after a search operation was launched through all the prisons quarters, in which the security guards trampled on copies of the Quran. The act triggered fury among Muslim detainees who rushed to collect the Quran copies. The guards opened fire and killed nine of the prisoners. Among the nine killed prisoners, they were able to identify eight of them, those were: Zakaria Affash, Mohammed Mahareesh, Abdulbaqi Khattab, Ahmed Shalaq, Khalid Bilal, Mo’aid Al-Ali, Mohannad Al-Omar and Khader Alloush. Clashes have been reported after this incident where the total number of victims reached 25 detainees. However, the committee could not ascertain their identities.
Testimonies
These testimonies are collected from three different sources. Two documentaries and a series of articles.
The Black Box: The Death in Sednaya by Al Jazeera, The Road to Sednaya: We have Changed, Omar Abdullah by Orient News, and Sednaya Death speaks, Zaman Alwasl Newspaper.
According to many detainees, in 2005 Ali Kher Bek became the director of the prison and he was very strict and harsh with detainees. He worsened their life conditions by halting visits and cutting electricity on the prison for a long period of time.
Diab Serriya, a former detainee, had been accused of forming a youth opposition group. He was arrested in 2006 and released in 2011 after a general amnesty. “ We had the feeling that the prisoners would rebel in any moment because the living situation was unbearable.” Diab said that on 26 March 2008, a fight broke between a prisoner and a security guard, which led to Ali Kher Bek's rage. On the next day he walked, with other security forces, through the prison shouting at the prisoners and insulting them. He visited all the dungeons of the prison. The security forces dragged prisoners in charge of all the prison's wards and punished them. Some detainees kept shouting “Allah Akbar” and banging on the metal doors. A rebellion broke out and the prison went out of control.
Serriya told Zaman Alwasel Newspaper that security forces used tear gas and opened fire in the air to intimidate prisoners, who most of them ran to the roof and started to burn blankets, plastic bags and wooden pieces, to send a message that the prison was in chaos and urgent helped was needed. When the security forces could not exert control over the prison, the government launched negotiations with the prisoners, through which it agreed on providing fair trials for detainees, allowing family visits again, enhancing the living conditions, increasing the daily breaks's time, improving the quality of beverage and drinks, providing a proper medical care, in addition to immediate change for the unfair treatment of the prisoners. This incident was known as “The first Rebellion” and lasted for one day.
After this incident the prison went into loose policy. The internal doors were left open all the time, prisoners started to defy the security forces, and lenient treatment was obvious.,. The effect of “the first rebellion” had lasted till 5 July 2008 when the director launched an offensive to discipline the prisoners. Many fights broke between the prisoners and the military police until prisoners overpowered them. In addition to exerting control over the whole prison, and retaining more than 1245 out of 1500 from military police. From the outer fence of the prison, security forces opened fire and killed the first group, which attempted to flee the prison due to the unbearable situations. The group was: Wael al-Khous, Zakaria Affash, Daham Jebran, Ahmed Shalaq, Mohammed Abbas, Hassan Al-Jaberie, Mohammed Eld Al-Ahmad, Khader Alloush, Abdulbaqi Khattab, Maen Majarish and Mo’aid Al-Ali. Fearing suffocation of the tear gas and the running from the bloody scenes inside the building, the prisoners dragged some of the hostages to the roof so they can communicate with the military forces outside and find a way out of the dilemma. However, the governmental forces opened fire and killed almost 30 military police hostages and some prisoners who were with them. In addition to 10 hostages were killed by the prisoners and 6 committed a suicide out of fear to be killed by the prisoners.
After a long battle, military reinforcements from the capital arrived to Sednaya and laid siege around the prison. Some tried to break in but in vain. After 10 days of negotiation, the government agreed on a
evacuating the injured who faced torture in Tishreen hospital and 6 of them died under torture there. The government promised to punish the perpetrators and told the prisoners that the director of Tishreen hospital was fired. It also improved the quality of the beverage. During this time prisoners released the hostages. And better treatment has appeared but not for long.
Reactions to the massacre
While Sarah Leah Whitson, Director of the Middle East and North Africa human rights said: “President Bashar al-Assad should immediately order an independent investigation into the police's use of lethal force at Sednaya prison”, SANA, the Syrian official news agency, issued a short press release on July 6, stating that "a number of prisoners…incited chaos and breached public order in the prison and attacked other fellow prisoners…during an inspection by the prison administration." The agency reported that the situation required "the intervention of the unit of guards to bring order to the prison." Ammar al-Qurabi the director of the National Organization for Human Rights commented on SANA's release by asking to form a committee of activists which can visit the detainees and ascertain their conditions and he confirmed that the number of prisoners in Sednaya was between 1500 and 2000. 200 of them had Islamic backgrounds and most of them participated in the Iraq war. Al-Qurabi called to investigating the massacre's perpetrators and announcing the investigation's result. Also, he asked for enhancing the living conditions and the medical care of the detainees.
Other human rights abuses
The Sednaya prison massacre was not the only incident of human rights abuses in the prison's history. Other examples range from particular testimonies of people who had been incarcerated in Sednaya to organized leaks and research done on the topic.
Omar al-Shogre, a Syrian teenager has testified that he had gone through 11 Syrian prisons during his several years of imprisonment. Sednaya was the final one. He had described the events in Sednaya as beginning with a "welcome party" during which new inmates were beaten with "metal parts from a tank". In Shogre's case, one officer beat ten newly arrived inmates. He states that "for 15 days [he] couldn't open [his] eyes or get up". After a month in Sednaya, Shogre was taken to a trial under the accusations for terrorism. The trial, he says, lasted for 5 seconds. He contracted tuberculosis there and witnessed what he thinks is an occurrence of "organ harvesting".
Sednaya had come into the public eye when the 2014 Syrian detainee report, also known as the Caesar report got unveiled. It was authored by the legal team consisting of The Right Honourable Sir Desmond De Silva QC, the former Chief Prosecutor of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, Professor Sir Geoffrey Nice QC, the former lead prosecutor of ex-President Slobodan Milošević of Yugoslavia, before the International Criminal Tribune for the former Yugoslavia, and Professor David M. Crane, the first Chief Prosecutor of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, with the help of a forensic team. The legal and forensic teams came to the conclusion that the photos Caesar took were credible, and that they clearly showed "signs of starvation, brutal beatings, strangulation, and other forms of torture and killing." While the most of the 55,000 photos encompassing around 11,000 victims from the report are from other detention facilities in Damascus, some of them are also from the Sednaya prison. Prisoners were also often transferred between different facilities: some detainees were transferred to Sednaya from the Mezze Air Force Branch, while others were taken from Sednaya to Tishreen. In early 2017 the Sednaya Military Prison again came into the public eye when an Amnesty International report was released on February 7. The report, the result of the research conducted by Amnesty International which took place between December 2015 and December 2016, raises a plethora of accusations against the Syrian regime. It alleges that the regime has at its highest instances, authorized the killings of thousands of people in the Sednaya prison since 2011. After interviewing 84 people, out of which 31 were former detainees, Amnesty International has concluded that the regime has implemented systematic torture in Sednaya. One former detainee, Salam, a lawyer from Aleppo described the torture process:
"The soldiers will practice their 'hospitality' with each new group of detainees during the 'welcome party'… You are thrown to the ground and they use different instruments for the beatings: electric cables with exposed copper wire ends – they have little hooks so they take a part of your skin – normal electric cables, plastic water pipes of different sizes and metal bars. Also, they have created what they call the 'tank belt', which is made out of tyre that has been cut into strips... They make a very specific sound; it sounds like a small explosion. I was blindfolded the whole time, but I would try to see somehow. All you see is blood: your own blood, the blood of others. After one hit, you lose your sense of what is happening. You're in shock. But then the pain comes."
Another former detainee is Samer al-Ahmed who, on a regular basis, was forced to squeeze his head through the small hatch near the bottom of his cell door. It was then straightened out by the prison guards when they, with all their weight, jumped on his head. This required that al-Ahmed's head was pressed against the edge of the hatch. The guards would continue the torture until blood started flowing across the floor.
Torture methods in Sednaya varied. One common interrogation technique called shabeh was described by one of the witnesses: "They had me stand on the barrel, and they tied the rope around my wrists. Then they took away the barrel. There was nothing below my feet. They were dangling in the air. They brought three sticks… [They were] hitting me everywhere… After they were done beating me with the wooden sticks, they took the cigarettes. They were putting them out all over my body. It felt like a knife excavating my body, cutting me apart." Other methods of torture consisted of leaving people in stress positions while beating them or torturing them with electricity.
Describing the nature of the ongoing torture in the prison, the Amnesty report states: "In Saydnaya, torture is not used to force a detainee to “confess”, as it is in branches of the security forces, but instead as a method of punishment and degradation. The most common form of torture used at Saydnaya is regular and brutal beatings. Detainees told Amnesty International that the beatings they endured were sometimes so severe that they caused life-long damage and disability or death... Former detainees told Amnesty International that they were also subjected to sexual violence at Saydnaya, including rape. According to former detainee “Hassan”: “They were making people take their clothes off, and touch each other in sensitive places, and rape each other too. I went through this only one time, but I heard about it happening so much.”
The detainees were also deprived of food and water, and had been raped and forced to rape each other. One of the testifications states: "They beat me until I was lying on the ground and then they kicked me with their military boots, in the places where I have had my hip operations, until I passed out. When I woke up, I was back in the solitary cell – they had dragged me back there from that room – but my trousers had been opened and moved down a bit, my abaya [full-length robe] was open and my undershirt was moved up. Everything was hurting, so I couldn't tell if I had been raped. It was overwhelming pain everywhere."
When they did get food, it was often mixed with blood. Amnesty International has managed to confirm the names of 375 individuals executed in Sednaya prison, and while the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and Human Rights Watch, suggests that tens of thousands of detainees have died in Sednaya and other government-run detention centers since 2011 as a result of the extermination policies, Amnesty International itself calculates the number of deaths to between 5,000 and 13,000.
The Syrian Justice Ministry denied the report issued by Amnesty International, describing it as "devoid of truth" and considering it to be a part of a smear campaign targeted against Syrian government. The Syrian Justice Ministry holds a view that motivation for the allegations to smear the Syrian government's international reputation come from recent "military victories against terrorist groups".
After the 2011 uprisings
After months of anti-Government protests in 2011, many prisoners, including secular and Islamist detainees, were released in several amnesties. Zahran Alloush, Abu Shadi Aboud (brother of Hassan Aboud) and Ahmed Abu Issa were some of the more prominent prisoners released from the prison. After their release, many took up arms against the regime and became leaders of Islamist rebel groups including Jaysh al-Islam, Ahrar ash-Sham and Suqour al-Sham Brigade in the Syrian Civil War.
There have repeatedly been reports on inhumane conditions for detainees in Sednaya (as well as other Syrian prisons), ranging from torture and malnutrition to spontaneous executions without fair trials.
Amnesty's reconstruction of Sednaya Prison
The lack of accessibility to reports from journalists and monitoring groups have made reliable information about the prison very difficult to find. The only available sources on the incidents inside the Sednaya prison derive from the memories of former detainees. In April 2016, Amnesty International and Forensic Architecture traveled to Turkey to meet five Sednaya survivors. The researchers used architectural and acoustic modeling to reconstruct the prison and the survivors’ experiences at detention. As there are no images of the prison and because the prisoners were held in darkness under strictly enforced silence, researchers had to depend entirely on their memories and acute experience of sound, footsteps, door opening and locking and water dripping in the pipes among other things. The fact that prisoners rarely saw daylight, they were, consequently, forced to develop an acute relation to sound. Having to cover their eyes with their hands whenever a guard entered the room made them become attuned to the smallest sounds. In a video interview, a former Sednaya detainee says "You try to build an image based on the sounds you hear. You know the person by the sound of his footsteps. You can tell the food times by the sound of the bowl. If you hear screaming, you know newcomers have arrived. When there is no screaming, we know they are accustomed to Sednaya." Sound became the instrument by which inmates navigated and measured their environment. Therefore, sound also became one of the essential tools with which the prison could be digitally reconstructed. The sound artist Lawrence Abu Hamdan used a technique of “echo profiling” which made it possible for him to decide the size of cells, stairwells, and corridors. He played different sound reflections and asked former inmates to match these tones of different decibel levels to the levels of specific incidents inside the prison.
Based on these testimonies and with the help of an architect working with 3D modeling software, Amnesty and Forensic Architecture have constructed a model on the entire prison. As they remembered, the witnesses added objects like torture tools, blankets, furniture, and areas where they recalled them being used. In Sednaya, the architecture of the prison emerges not only as a location of torture but itself as an instrument in its perpetration. Forensic Architecture's project on Sednaya is part of a larger campaign run by Amnesty International. The project aims to pressure the Syrian government to allow independent monitors into the detention centres. Amnesty urged Russia and the United States to use their power to admit independent monitors to investigate conditions in Syria's torture prisons.
The 2017 Amnesty Report concludes: "Saydnaya Military Prison is a human slaughterhouse. The bodies of Saydnaya’s victims are taken away by the truckload. Many are hanged, secretly, in the middle of the night. Others die as a result of torture, and many are killed slowly through the systematic deprivation of food, water, medicine and medical care. It is inconceivable that this is not authorized by the highest levels of the Syrian political leadership."
Crematorium accusations
On May 15, 2017, the United States Department of State accused the Syrian government of engaging in mass executions at the prison, and burning the bodies of the executed in a crematorium built in Sednaya Prison in an effort to conceal the killings. According to the State Department a crematorium was constructed with the purpose of hiding the evidence of the thousands murdered at the prison. The State Department "released commercial satellite photographs showing what it described as a building in the prison complex that was modified to support the crematorium. The photographs, taken over the course of several years, beginning in 2013, do not prove the building is a crematorium, but show construction consistent with such use." Evidence suggesting crematorium use includes 2015 photographs showing all buildings at the complex covered in rooftop snowmelt except for a single building (suggesting "a significant internal heat source") as well as a discharge stack, a likely firewall, and a likely air intake. The State Department, in a later press briefing, agreed that snowmelt on the roof presented as one of the pieces of evidence "consistent with a crematorium" could possibly just indicate it is a warmer part of a building.
Acting assistant secretary of state for the Middle East Stuart E. Jones stated that as many as 50 prisoners a day were killed in mass hangings. Jones stated: "Although the regime's many atrocities are well documented, we believe that the building of a crematorium is an effort to cover up the extent of mass murders taking place in Sednaya prison."
Amnesty International, who had interviewed former guards and inmates of the prison, have remarked that none of them have told them about the existence of the crematorium. According to other escapees of the prison, the bodies were buried outside of the compound.
Former inmates
Zahran Alloush, former leader of Jaysh al-Islam
Hassan Aboud, former leader of Ahrar ash-Sham
Abu Yahia al-Hamawi, former leader of Ahrar ash-Sham
Abu Jaber Shaykh, senior leader of Tahrir al-Sham
Ahmed Abu Issa, leader of Suqour al-Sham Brigade
Abu Mohammad al-Adnani, former leader and spokesperson of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)
Abu Luqman, former ISIL governor of Raqqah
Haitham al-Maleh, human rights activist and lawyer
Jihad Qassab, former footballer who was executed on 30 September 2016
Hassan Soufan, former leader of Ahrar al-Sham from 2017 to 2018 and the general commander of the Syrian Liberation Front.
Omar Alshogre, Director of Detainee Issues at Syrian Emergency Task Force
References
Notes
External links
"Inside Saydnaya: Syria's Torture Prison ." Amnesty International at YouTube. August 18, 2016.
Prisons in Syria
Torture in Syria
Syrian civil war crimes
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脑瘤早期症状有哪些？脑瘤即称为颅内肿瘤，包括原发性脑瘤和由其他部位转移至颅内的肿瘤。不少人对脑瘤认识足够的认识，很多脑瘤患者不适就诊时往往已是晚期，治疗效果不佳。如果能够了解脑瘤的早期症状，有助及时发现脑瘤征兆，及早进行检查治疗。脑瘤的早期症状：1、头痛、恶心、呕吐，脑瘤患者的头痛一般出现在夜间和清晨，尤其在起床时最明显。在咳嗽、打喷嚏、排便时头痛症状加重。呕吐一般为喷射性呕吐，呕吐后头痛稍微减轻，这种呕吐一般与饮食无关。2、偏瘫，表现为一侧半身或单一肢体力弱或瘫痪。3、偏身感觉障碍，通常表现为单侧肢体麻木，对痛觉和温度的感觉减退，同时可出现位置觉，两点分辨觉，图形觉、质料觉、实体觉的障碍。4、语言功能减退，丧失正常语言表达能力或不能理解语言。5、智力精神改变，患者变得迟钝、懒散，对近期的记忆减退甚至记忆力丧失，严重时丧失定向力和判断力，或出现脾气暴躁、易激动、淡漠等。6、癫痫发作，包括全身大发作和局限性发作。7、视力改变，原因不明的进行性视力下降，视野改变。8、内分泌紊乱，女性脑瘤患者可出现月经失调、不孕等内分泌紊乱征兆，男性患者则可能出现性功能障碍，主要表现为性欲减退、阳痿等，有的病人出现肥胖、肢端肥大、面容改变、巨人症等。9、听力下降，病人通常表现耳鸣，听力减退甚至发生听力丧失。10、小脑及脑干症状，主要表现为共济失调，行走不稳，步态蹒跚，声音嘶哑，饮水呛咳和吞咽困难等。精神症状：多表现为反应迟钝，生活懒散，近记忆力减退，甚至丧失，严重时丧失自知力及判断力，亦可表现为脾气暴躁，易激动或欣快。与颅内肿瘤预后可能相关的因素包括患者年龄、病情进展速度、术前神经科症状表现和Karnofsky评分、肿瘤部位、手术切除是否彻底、肿瘤的病理类别和组织学表现、肿瘤的增殖指数。
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Defense Update is an online defense magazine published by Lance & Shield Ltd. from Israel.
History
Defense Update was established in 1978 as a printed magazine, founded by IDF Retired LtCol. David Eshel. (דוד אשל) It was the first international defense publication published in Israel, and the first privately operated defense magazine published in Israel.
Initially, it was known as Born in Battle, commemorating Israel's 30th Anniversary. It was first published in six editions, themed after the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) 30th anniversary, Israel Air Force's 30th anniversary, the Yom Kippur War, Israel's Armor Corps, Israel's infantry and special forces and the Six-Day War. Over 200,000 copies of these English titles were published, in several versions, as soft and hard cover books, and magazines. They were also translated into German, Spanish and French editions.
Following the launch of the book series, Born in Battle expanded its coverage to include general military topics, military history, strategy and techniques. To reflect these changes, the magazine changed its name to Defense Update International.
Over the next 12 years 99 issues of Defense Update were published, distributed worldwide, written, edited and managed by a small team of Israeli veterans. At the peak of its success, during the late eighties, Defense Update was published simultaneously in four languages (English, German, French and Hebrew).
Defense Update ceased publication in the early 1990s. Its Hebrew predecessor 'Romach' (רומח) continued publication for several years.
Defense Update'''s publisher Lance & Shield embarked on a new concept, supporting Israel's defense export activities with a dedicated magazine, highlighting Israel's defense technology programs. The magazine called Defense Review International was published periodically in support of major airshows and defense exhibitions. The editor was Tamir Eshel, (תמיר אשל) David's son and the assistant editor in charge of the production of Defense Update publications.
By the year 1994 Defense Review International was transformed from a print publication into a CD-ROM-based directory style publication, employing a groundbreaking hyperlink editing technology, developed by Israel's hypertext pioneer Enigma. A year later, the new digital and interactive defense directory transformed into an online publication.
Lacking local industry understanding and acceptance of the new initiative, the publication could not muster enough support to sustain the publication. Moreover, the host service provider went bust, practically erasing the young website from the web around 1997.
Five years later, Defense Update returned - now focusing on advanced defense technology, with special focus on Israel's defense topics. By 2002 Defense Update published the first edition which was irregularly updated until January 2004, when the new online venture once more assumed the brand and tradition of the former magazine. In 2009 Noam Eshel (נועם אשל) joined the editorial team as photographer and news editor. In his role as assistant editor for technology Noam was responsible for several phases of upgrading the pioneer defense-update into a modern website.
As of March 2012 it serves 220,000 unique users per month, reaching over two million readers on an annual basis. Defense Update covers worldwide topics, highlighting strategy, defense technology and military affairs related to Israel, Israel's defense industries, Global War on Terror and global military power.
CoverageDefense Update'' coverage spans land, air, naval, C4ISR, intelligence, and network-centric warfare, infantry warfighting tactics and techniques, homeland defense etc. Defense Update covers Armoured Fighting Vehicles (AFV), Future Combat Systems, Aerospace - and unmanned systems, as well as robotics and Precision Strike weapons. Analysis of trends in Command, Control, Communications and Computing, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) is included.
The site focuses on trends such as hybrid and asymmetric warfare, and network-centric operations, force protection and homeland security. Defense Update and its authors are referenced by defense establishments and publications, including the British Ministry of Defense , U.S. Army
The site maintains a defense forum on Linkedin, and an interest group on Facebook, distributes instant updates on Twitter, and supports media channels on Flickr and YouTube, featuring photos and videos. The site is designed to enable effective use of mobile phones.
References
Defense-Update content index on Aeroflight
World's Best Armor Websites/ Israel's Armored Corps Association Website - Yad Lashiryon
External links
Defense Update website
David Eshel Merkava article, Armor Magazine
Magazines published in Israel
Magazines established in 1978
Military magazines
Online magazines with defunct print editions
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The 2020–21 Rice Owls women's basketball team represents Rice University during the 2020–21 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The team is led by sixth-year head coach Tina Langley, and plays their home games at the Tudor Fieldhouse in Houston, Texas as a member of Conference USA.
Schedule and results
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!colspan=12 style=""|Non-conference regular season
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!colspan=12 style=""|CUSA regular season
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!colspan=12 style=""| CUSA Tournament
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!colspan=12 style=""| WNIT
See also
2020–21 Rice Owls men's basketball team
Notes
References
Rice Owls women's basketball seasons
Rice Owls
Rice Owls women's basketball
Rice Owls women's basketball
Rice
Women's National Invitation Tournament championship seasons
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Sir John McKenzie (6 October 1839 – 6 August 1901) was a New Zealand politician. He served as Minister of Lands and Agriculture in the Liberal Government of John Ballance.
Early life
McKenzie was born in Ardross, Scotland, the son of a small tenant farmer, and while young saw the hardships caused by the Highland Clearances. When he was five-years-old in May 1845 the McKenzie was woken before dawn by his father and walked on a 16-mile journey to a small Presbyterian church at Croick. En route (despite his age) McKenzie witnessed the former inhabitants of the nearby Glencalvie estate huddled together in a graveyard after they had been evicted from their homes by an exploitative landlord. This is something he never forgot and the memory would shape the attitudes and actions of his life subsequently.
As a teenager McKenzie was farming with his father was farming at Baldoon where they also hired two further employees regularly. He commenced a typical rural apprenticeship, starting out as a shepherd before progressing incrementally to run a croft and eventually operating a leasehold farm of his own. Whilst still relatively young he fathered a daughter (Johan McKenzie, who was born on 23 June 1859) out of wedlock which made his social life awkward. He would later publicly accept sole custody for his daughter and gave her his surname to partially removed the stigma of her illegitimacy. Soon after he married Ann Munro, a widow six years his senior, 23 May 1860 at Dingwall shortly before they emigrated to New Zealand.
He arrived in Otago in September 1860, where he eventually began working for runholder Johnny Jones in Waikouaiti. His skill and experience with farming in the hilly country there, which was very reminiscent to those in Scotland, saw him promoted rapidly and by 1863 he was managing a giant run at Puketapu for Jones. After just two years he had saved enough money to achieve the independence he had always dreamed of. He purchased a 76-acre property of ordinary land just north of Palmerston valued at 10 shillings an acre which he named Ardross after his hometown.
Member of Parliament
He was elected to the Bushey Road Board as clerk and treasurer in 1865 and likewise served as secretary on the Palmerston school committee for that same year. McKenzie then ran for election to the Otago Provincial Council in 1868 for Waikouaiti, but was defeated. He was later elected for Waihemo in 1871. In-between his first election defeat and subsequent election, he assiduously practised delivering speeches in English (rather than Gaelic) and studied everything he could find concerning land laws. His scrupulousness paid off when he was able to defeat John Douglas, a rich and well-known landowner, who was much better educated than McKenzie and a far more proficient public speaker. Initially he was an ally of Donald Reid, but soon fell out with him after Reid's land policies proved to be insufficiently radical in McKenzie's eyes. He did develop a partnership with future Prime Minister Robert Stout during this period however.
From to 1900 he served in the New Zealand Parliament; for the Otago electorates of Moeraki, then Waihemo (), Waitaki (), and Waihemo again from to 1900, when he resigned due to ill-health.
McKenzie's early parliamentary career was undistinguished, though he did earn a reputation as an authoritative speaker on land issues. He supported his friend Stout in forming a government and was the government whip for the duration of the Stout–Vogel Ministry from 1884 to 1887. McKenzie quipped that his experiences as a hill-country shepherd provided him an ideal training ground for the job of a parliamentary whip.
He served as Minister of Lands from 1891 to 1900 in the Liberal Government. He was also Minister of Agriculture (1891–1900), Minister of Immigration (1891–1896) and Commissioner of Forests (1893–1900). He oversaw many land reforms, favouring small family farmers and the opening up of land for closer settlement. There were four things in particular he achieved during the government; he incorporated a graduated land tax into John Ballance's Land and Income Assessment Act 1891, including the lease-in-perpetuity tenure (or 999-year lease) as a major feature of the Land Act 1892, purchasing the Cheviot Hills estate in 1893 and introducing the state's right of compulsory purchase under the auspices of the Land for Settlements Act 1894.
On 17 May 1901, he was appointed a member of the New Zealand Legislative Council.
Later life and death
He was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in June 1901, on the occasion of the visit of TRH the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (later King George V and Queen Mary) to New Zealand, and died of bladder cancer only six weeks later on 6 August 1901.
An elaborate funeral was given to McKenzie including pipers playing Flowers of the Forest with people openly weeping. McKenzie's biographer deemed the choice of music "...an appropriate choice of lament because lost battles of the past had prompted McKenzie to win a bigger victory in the Britain of the South [New Zealand]." He was buried in Palmerston cemetery.
Memorial
There is a memorial cairn to McKenzie on top of Puketapu, a prominent hill close to Palmerston in Otago. This cairn, erected in 1929 by Sir Joseph Ward, replaced an earlier cairn on another nearby hill in Pukehiwitahi, overlooking his first farm, which was erected in 1902, but quickly fell into disrepair.
A second memorial was erected in the North Canterbury town of Cheviot to recognise his role in breaking up William "Ready Money" Robinson's large Cheviot Hills estate into smaller farms and the town.
Notes
References
Sir John McKenzie: Champion of the Small Farmer
"McKenzie, Sir John." Encyclopædia Britannica
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1839 births
1901 deaths
Deaths from bladder cancer
New Zealand Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
New Zealand Liberal Party MPs
Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand
People from Palmerston, New Zealand
Members of the Otago Provincial Council
Scottish emigrants to New Zealand
People from Ross and Cromarty
Deaths from cancer in New Zealand
New Zealand farmers
Independent MPs of New Zealand
New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates
New Zealand Liberal Party MLCs
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Zbyněk Sekal (12 July 1923 – 24 February 1998) was a Czech sculptor, painter and translator. During World War II he was imprisoned for three years in the Mauthausen concentration camp. After the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968, he emigrated to Austria. Already in the mid-1960s, he was considered one of the most important and distinctive Czech sculptors.
Life
1923–1968
In 1934–1941 he graduated from the Real Gymnasium and the Business Academy and then worked briefly as an intern at the Topič publishing house. Before the war, he was already involved in the activities of the Comité de la democratie de España and later worked in the left-wing anti-Nazi National Movement of Working Youth. At the beginning of the war, he tragically lost his father. In 1941, at the age of eighteen, he was arrested for distributing leaflets, imprisoned in Pankrác Prison in Prague, in the Small Fortress in Terezín, and for the next three years until the end of the war in Mauthausen concentration camp, where he worked for a year in a stone quarry. In the concentration camp, he became close to the Polish painter Marian Bogusz, and later, as a scribe in an office, he perfected his German, from which he later translated very difficult philosophical texts.
In 1945, he was accepted to study at the Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague in the studio of prof. František Tichý and made friends with his classmates Mikuláš Medek, Stanislav Podhrázský, Josef Lehoučka and Zdeněk Palcr. He rejoined the Spořilov Surrealist group, which had been formed by his friends of the same generation at the beginning of the war. On a trip to Paris organized for students in 1947 by prof. Václav Nebeský, he visited the International Surrealism Exhibition at the Galerie Maeght several times. He was strongly impressed by the rawness of the installations with reminiscences of war and camps and the primitivizing paintings (in the Foyer de l'Art Brut ) by Jean Dubuffet. He also made the acquaintance of Toyen, who was preparing paintings for an exhibition in Prague at Topič Salon. Shortly before his trip to Paris, at the age of 24, he married the painter Ludmila Purkyňová, with whom he had a son, Jan.
He continued his studies at the Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague under prof. František Muzika and in the studio of prof. Emil Filla, but in 1950 he left the school without a diploma to avoid politicized state exams. After leaving school, he belonged to the so-called Libeň circle of Bohumil Hrabal and was the author of the generational statement " Postscript or Abdication" (1951), which was first published in samizdat as part of Hrabal's book The Tender Barbarian (Petlice edition).
In 1951–1953 he was employed as a publicity officer at the General Directorate of Meat Industry and as a literary editor at the Political Literature Publishing House (later Svoboda publishing house). In the winter of 1952/1953 he completed his military service. In a futile attempt to save his broken marriage, he moved to Bratislava to join his wife, and in the following years until 1958 lived there alone, working as a translator from German and an art editor. However, he maintained written and personal contact with Prague friends (Mikuláš Medek, Egon Bondy) and sent them manuscripts of his translations. At that time, he was interested in Russian pre-revolutionary thinkers (Berdyaev, Shestov) and especially in existentialism and phenomenology (Nietzsche, Husserl, Schopenhauer, Freud, Jaspers, Heidegger), Franz Kafka, Hermann Hesse and Ludwig Feuerbach. He was invited as a guest to the first exhibition of Group Máj in 1957, participated in the second exhibition in 1958 as a member and returned to Prague. Sekal joined Group Máj because of his friends, but he did not identify with the group's program. In the 1950s, under the influence of reading, he felt an "inner emigration", remained a solitaire in his work, and long before the August 1968 occupation, he was already thinking of leaving for Austria.
The following year he travels to Moscow and Leningrad (1959) and in 1961, with sculptors Zdeněk Palcr and Miloslav Hájek, to Warsaw and Gdańsk. A classmate of Zdeněk Palcr from prof. Wagner's studio at VŠUP Alina Szapocznikow introduced him to the sculptor Barbara Pniewska, whose material work was the inspiration for the first of his assemblages, which he called Assembled Pictures. In the early 1960s he was close to Informel and was one of the initiators of the Imaginative and Structural Abstraction movement, but he differed in his strictly intellectual approach to his work. In 1961 he married for the second time to Helena Waldvogel, with whom he had a son, Ondrej.
From 1961 he had his own studio on Bělohorská Street in Břevnov and in 1965 he had his first solo exhibitions in Václav Špála Gallery in Prague and House of the Lords of Kunštát in Brno. In 1966 he visited East Berlin and Dresden. In Germany, he made friendly contacts that enabled him, after emigrating, to take advantage of a DAAD scholarship offered by the Akademie der Künste and to acquire a small studio in Berlin.
In the 1960s he participated in sculpture symposia in Gmunden (1964, 1965), St. Margarethen (1966) and Vyšné Ružbachy (1967). Even when chiselling the stone, he did not abandon the basic principle of connection with memory, and arrived at an organic shape that was reminiscent of the sandstone rocks in the Děčín region that he knew from his childhood.
1968–1998
After the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, he emigrated first to Berlin, then to Düsseldorf and in 1970 finally settled permanently in Vienna. He had to leave behind several dozen sculptures in Prague, only some of which could be brought to Vienna by his son, who was forced to emigrate by the StB in 1983.
From 1972 to 1974 he taught at the Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Künste in Stuttgart. After his emigration he experienced a creative crisis, he missed his partner, who remained in Czechoslovakia, and the role of teacher was alien to his introvert nature. In Vienna he married Christine Pulitzer. From 1974 to the early 1980s he was a member of the Wiener Secession. During the winter of 1980–1981, he spent a study stay in Amsterdam at the invitation of the Stedelijk Museum. In 1984 he received the City of Vienna Prize for Sculpture. In 1995 the National Gallery returned to Zbyněk Sekal the works held in Prague after his emigration throughout the period of normalisation until the fall of communism.
After 1989, his works were exhibited successively in Brno, Opava, Bratislava (1992–1993) and in a large retrospective exhibition at the Prague City Gallery in 1997. The National Gallery in Prague in the Trade Fair Palace reconstructed Sekal's Vienna studio in 2014 and is exhibiting it in a permanent exhibition together with a large body of Sekal's sculptures. The architectural design was created by the MCA studio of architects Miroslav Cikán and Pavla Melková. The exhibition was curated by Marie Klimešová.
Sekal found a deep resonance with his work in Japan, which he visited twice in the last decade of his life (1989 and 1997). In July 1996, during the preparations for the Prague exhibition, he fell seriously ill and had to undergo lung surgery. He died in Vienna on 24 February 1998.
Awards
1984 City of Vienna Prize for Sculpture
Work
Sekal's first drawings influenced by Cubism and Expressionism were made in 1940–1941 and during his imprisonment during the war. His contact with Lubomír Vašátko, who later perished in the Mauthausen concentration camp, was important. During his studies in 1945–1950 he was interested in figuration, but his experiments with the non-traditional techniques of surrealists, especially collages and frottage, foreshadowed his later interest in material creation. His sculptural work ranges between modelling and object and is based on the transformed principles of cubist sculpture. Fritz Wotruba was close to him artistically.
Sekal maintained a close friendship with Mikuláš Medek, and in cycles of drawings, often self-portraits questioning his own personality (The Man Who Smokes), he tried different variations from the veristic to the expressive and imaginative. His photographs of his wife's Face with Surrealist Installations (1947) and his photographic montages anticipated the later similar work of Emila Medková in 1949. At this time, he also assembled surrealist objects and made several book cover designs for titles by Breton, Kafka, and Meyrink. One of the earliest motifs of his postwar drawings is The Lamentation of the Hanged Man, followed by still lifes, drawings of birds, caricatured drawings of soldiers in uniform, and finally a cold, detached reminiscence of war (The Unknown General, 1959).
Sekal's first sculptural works are studies of heads and busts in patinated plaster (Head of a Girl, 1957, Bust, 1957), on which he tests simplified modelling. In the context of Czech sculpture of the 1950s, his Head with Closed Eyes (1955) is exceptional; it is a stylized self-portrait and does not depict sleep but an inward-looking gaze. It coincides with the break-up with his first wife Ludmila. Autobiographical tendencies in Sekal's work are also manifested in self-reflection through diary entries. He was conceptually close to Paul Klee and his "Portrait of a Man Experiencing the Inner World" and understanding art not as a "representation of the visible" but as "making visible in a more esoteric sense."
In the late 1950s, Sekal created several intimate sculptures in which he deals with post-Cubist (Centaur and Lady, 1956) and imaginative inspirations (Bearing Figure, 1957). The sculpture Boy Blue Flower (1957) refers to Novalis's novel and in the context of Czech sculpture of the 1950s it represents an extraordinary act in its radicality and independence from any models. The existential symbols are drawings and sculptures of birds (Bird, 1957), but especially two suggestive sculptures evoking the suffering of war (Screaming Head, Dead Head, both from 1957).
The radical transformation of the figure resulted in a series of sculptures with a new content message (Dwelling, 1958, 1959), which Sekal then reworked in a different form in the 1980s. The term Dwelling comes from Kafka's short story Der Bau (1923–1924) (The Burrow, 1931) and is related to Sekal's need to find a shelter where he could escape from everyday traffic and work in a focused manner. Dwelling II takes the loosely anthropomorphic form of a war invalid and represents a transition to a transparent system of lines without an inner core (Dwelling, 1958) and sculptures that take on the form of a building (Dwelling, 1964). In the 1960s, his large-scale sculptures named Unsteady Structures are a means of self-identification and a representation of the feeling of fragility and the impossibility of finding a way out of this condition. He constructed the sculptures as living organisms by cutting through matter and adding elements that represented labyrinths and secret caves. At the same time, his first composed (folded) reliefs were created, conceived as wire tangles (Tangle, 1967).
Since the early 1960s, Sekal's figurative work has evolved towards a gradual deformation and simplification of form, sometimes with an emphasis on plastic volume (Dog, 1963), sometimes on the surface structures of sculpture (Signal, Tortured Torture, 1963). In the abstract themes, figuration is suppressed and empty volume plays an important role alongside mass (Signal, 1957, Letter, 1968) or the sculptures approach relief in rendering of surface (Dissection, 1963, Untitled, 1966).
In the composed wire-mesh pieces (assembled pictures), which Sekal has been creating since 1962 in parallel with material collages on paper, and which he considers to be a different means of painting, the primary inspiration of surrealist assemblage is evident, which puts discarded and damaged objects into new contexts. For his assemblages, Sekal mostly used objects already used, marked by human activity. In 1962–1963, he created the first series of wooden assemblages in the series Off the Beaten Track, (Holzwege) which he followed up with a series of works during his stay in Düsseldorf (wall relief, 1970) and further works in 1991–1995, conceived as precise inlaid miniatures made of natural wood.
From 1964 onwards, he created intricate tangles of wire, fixed on wooden panels, which he called A Scheme for Purposeful Activity. By referring to Heidegger's notion of traffic (Betrieb), he expresses the existential significance of these labyrinths and his inner alienation from society. The surface structuring shared by artists of the Confrontation group, who worked with Informel in the mid-1960s, is gradually replaced by a new quality, consisting in the creation of an apparent or real geometric order (Palindrome I, Royal Walk, 1968) and a more organized form of labyrinth. Sekal worked with a variety of found metal fragments, and in composing the relief he emphasized the memory of the material and sought a new metaphorical meaning for it (Truce, 1966). Unlike some of his generation contemporaries, even in the second half of the 1960s he managed to avoid formal exaltation and aestheticization, and his works increasingly tended towards expressive and formal austerity. After his emigration, his assembled pictures became more characterized by a central symmetry, for which he found points of contact in the structural anthropology of Lévi Strauss.
The stone labyrinth Little Stone (Mauthausen) from the 1966 symposium in Sankt Marghareten and Sekal's Self-Portrait (1973) as a tangle of brass wires, made during his time in Stuttgart, are unique works. Already in the mid-1960s, and then after his emigration in the 1970s, the need to find order in the chaos of wires manifested itself in the depiction of the cross as a traditional Christian symbol. These artworks also resulted from two years of work on a set of furnishings for the church in Lustenau (1977–1979).
In 1964 Sekal created a plaster statue of the Crucified Christ imitating early medieval works for Vláčil's film Markéta Lazarová. In the 1960s, he participated in the newly established ceramic symposium in Gmunden, where he created block abstract sculptures and, during his second participation, a statue of the Crucified (1965) assembled from ceramic blocks. From the symposium in Sankt Margarethen in 1966, he traveled to the Venice Biennale, which became a strong artistic and spiritual experience and contributed to the purification of the form of his sculptures and composed pictures in the following years.
In the chamber sculptures from the 1960s, there is still a rare hint of figuration (Please, No More, 1966); more often the titles symbolically denote the process of creation, as in Mikuláš Medek's paintings (Left - a Slightly Different Possibility, Truce, 1966), or refer to the process of rebirth of discarded things (What Remains of Forest, 1966). Although the starting points of Sekal's sculptures, reliefs and boxes refer to surrealism, he never considered himself a surrealist. Ultimately, the intellectual component, the exploration of spatial relationships and the desire to create order are always the defining process in his work.
Shortly before his emigration, Sekal was invited by architect Karel Filsak to design a ceramic tile facade for Prague's Intercontinental Hotel, which became one of the most outstanding brutalist architecture. Shortly after his departure from Czechoslovakia, he was commissioned by the director of Deutsche Bank to create a monumental wall made of stacked wood in David Hansemann's house in Düsseldorf. The wall, measuring about 6 x 12 m, has not survived and only designs on a scale of 1:10 are known.
After emigrating to Vienna, he initially had no studio and in his drawings he tried to thematically build on the works he had to leave behind in Prague. In the wooden reliefs there were traces of objects and events or a missing centre. In the composed pictures, this hole refers to the open mouths of the sculptures Screaming Mouth and Dead Head, but also to the original existential feeling at their creation (Hole, 1977). During a painting symposium in Eisenstadt in 1973, he created assembled pictures from pieces of leather (Third Attempt to Simulate a Magical Object, 1973) and continued to collect and preserve material for further works until the 1990s. He also created a series of assembled pictures with Christian motifs, in which the symbol of suffering, apart from the cross, is the spikes themselves (The Cross, 1972, 1977). The obsession with nails haunted Sekal throughout his life. From the 1960s onwards, he worked with a limited register of subjects and preserved their materiality, but he carried his formal sobriety to extreme consequences, especially in his later works with stigmatic objects. A completely personal and intimate part of his work is the assembling of objects in pictures into numerical series. He copes with the trauma of his imprisonment in a concentration camp by converting his prisoner's number into mere banal numerical operations (17 × 13 = 221, From Number Count, 1991, 58 × 58 = 3248, 1993).
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Sekal returned to modeling and resumed miniature formats created in the early 1970s, which were prompted by a sense of confinement in the small space of the studio. The chamber sculptures created in Vienna refer to post-Cubist figuration (Bust, 1988, Figure, 1989), or are studies of the relationship between the organic world and abstract spatial forms, and deliberately do not refer to the real object (Untitled, 1988, 1990). Between 1985 and 1991, he used traces of plant juices, which he completed in watercolour by means of free form associations. In addition to drawings, he made collages using waste materials such as banana peels and salami skins.
The artist sometimes revisited the assembled pictures and reworked some of them. To avoid this, he came to the decision in 1983 to give them a third dimension in the form of boxes made of wooden slats, which he initially referred to as scaffolding. These protect the original core around which they were assembled as something precious, but the core is also the pretext for the whole construction. As can be seen from the artist's diaries, the idea of building the sculpture from the inside, from its core towards the space, had been on his mind since 1966 and then again when he created the tabernacle for the church in Lustenau in 1979. As an echo of the surrealist background of the sculptor's work, a common object, most often a board marked by traces of use, is usually at the centre of the boxes, while the box sometimes represents a valuable (Mahogany Box, 1985), often complex, strictly geometric and rational construction (Box with an indicated cross, 1992, Labyrinth, 1993). The need to prevent others from touching the work and to enclose it in a box arose while he was working on a tabernacle. It is also related to his interest in shamanism and black magic, which dates back to a visit to the Musée de l'Homme in Paris in 1947 and deepened during a stay in Amsterdam, where he visited the ethnographic collections at the Tropenmuseum and studied ethnological literature and books on magic and shamanism.
A series of Copper Cases (wire metal boxes) from the early 1990s contain no core and are rather a kind of outline of a sculpture, constructed into complex spatial forms (Copper Box, 1991). They are based on visual multiplicity and assembled from structural elements densely wrapped with thin copper wire with accentuated joints.
Sekal's sculptures from the late 1980s and early 1990s have a small scale and abstract geometric shapes, sometimes referring to figuration (Bust, 1988). After returning from Japan, he felt the need to create sculptures with a rounded organic shape and realized several variations based on a plaster cast of a found stone (Variations on the Kritzendorf Stone, 1992). At the same time, he designed a memorial to the writer H. P. Lovecraft (1990), a sculpture for the grave of Alfred Schmeller and the Memorial to the Jews of Vienna who were killed during the war (1992). Between 1995 and 1997, he redesigned the plaster sculptures that returned from Prague National Gallery. In particular, he cut up and reassembled the Unsteady Buildings, which he had intended for his retrospective exhibition at the Prague City Gallery. Sekal concluded his creative activity with an extraordinary accomplishment, transforming his last studio into a total work of art six months before his death. The studio was reinstalled in this form as part of the National Gallery exhibition of modern art at the Trade Fair Palace in Prague.
Sekal's entire oeuvre is deeply introvert, as the following quote from his text Abdication attests:
We want to go our own way, which we hardly know at all yet. We don't want to resemble other people, their faces are becoming more and more like the faces of idiots. It doesn't matter much about this observation, they consider us idiots too, it has always been like that. We don't want to be happy their way.
Translations
Private translations of works by Franz Kafka, some published in Nový život journal
1952 Walter Bartel, Karl Liebknecht gegen Krupp, Rovnost, Prague
1954 Ludwig Feuerbach, Das Wesen des Christenthums, State Publishing House of Political Literature, Living Links; series II, vol. 15, Prague
1957 Franz Kafka, In the Penal Colony, part of a collection of ten novels, Čs. Spisovatel, Prague
1958 Christian Dietrich Grabbe, Don Juan und Faust, anthology, SNKLHU, World Reading; Vol. 195, Prague
1959 Ludwig Feuerbach, Principles of Future Philosophy and Other Philosophical Works, anthology (Sämtliche Werke, Band 1, 2, ), Philosophical Library, Works of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. Section of Economics, Law and Philosophy, Prague
1960 Georg Büchner, Dantons Tod, Orbis, Edition.
1963 Franz Kafka, Die Verwandlung, SNKLU 1st ed., Prague, 1990 Primus, Prague,
1968 Günter Grass, Katz und Maus, Odeon, Edition: Contemporary World Prose. Small Series, Prague, 3rd ed. 2009, Atlantis Prague,
1992 Günter Grass, The Tin Drum (Die Blechtrommel), Odeon, Edition. Prestigious Club, Prague,
1996 Carl von Clausewitz, Vom Kriege, 2nd ed. Bonus A, Brno, , 2008 Academia, Prague,
Texts
Abdication (1951), used as the final chapter of Bohumil Hrabal´s The Tender Barbarian
Ralentir travaux LXV (1965), Výtvarné umění 1, 1966
Nautilus (1986), manuscript, the estate of Z. Sekal, Vienna
Diaries - Sekal kept a detailed diary from his early youth, practically daily, rarely with longer breaks. For him as an introvert, the diary was a partner in dialogue and a place for self-reflection and permanent intellectual revision of his work. Older entries were often rewritten in the pursuit of perfection and took the form of literature intended for publication. In the last years of his life, this need intensified and it became a ritual stereotype - a kind of continuous litany structured by an identical entry formula in which he gives the exact time and his position in space. The diaries make clear his obsession with work, which also became his struggle for life.
Illustrations
1947 Viktor Dyk: The Pied Piper
Film posters
The Wind Calms Down Before Dawn (1960), Test Drive (1962), Festive Ride (1964)
Book designs
Breton A: Magnetic Fields, Meyrink G: Golem, Kafka F: Transformation, Lorca F. G: Poet in New York, Kesten H: Happy People, Kisch E. E: American Paradise
Covers and typography
1962/1964 State Publishing House of Fine Literature and Art, n.p., Prague
1967/1970 Odeon, publishing house of fine literature and art, n.p., Prague
1969 revue Světová literatura
Exhibition catalogues
own – 1965, 1969, 1988, 1997,
other artists (Eva Kmentová, Adolf Hoffmeister, Mikuláš Medek, Jan Svoboda, Ladislav Novák (artist), Zdeněk Palcr, Stanislav Podhrázský, Etapa, Graphics 65, Contemporary Art from Austria
Realizations
1968 Fairmont Golden Prague Hotel, Prague - vertical strips made of ceramic tiles
1970 Wood Relief 6 x 12 m, David Hansen House, Düsseldorf
1977/1979 Altar, ambo, tabernacle, Lustenau Church, Vorarlberg
Representation in collections
National Gallery in Prague
Moravian Gallery in Brno
Generali Foundation, Vienna
Museum Bochum, Bochum
Museum des 20. Jahrhunderts (20er Haus) / Museum Moderner Kunst, Vienna
Rupertinum, Salzburg
Museum of Art Olomouc
Aleš South Bohemian Gallery in Hluboká nad Vltavou
Central Bohemian Region Gallery in Kutná Hora
Gallery Klatovy, Klenová
Regional Gallery in Liberec
Benedikt Rejt Gallery, Louny
Gallery of the Capital City of Prague
Art Gallery Karlovy Vary
North Bohemia Art Gallery in Litoměřice
Gallery of Modern Art in Roudnice nad Labem
Gallery of Modern Art in Hradec Králové
Gallery of Fine Arts in Cheb
West Bohemian Gallery in Plzeň
Private collections at home and abroad
Exhibitions
Solo
1961 Sochy, galerie na Karlově náměstí
1965 Sochy – reliéfy: 1948–1965, Galerie Václava Špály, Praha
1965 Sochy – reliéfy: 1948–1965, Dům pánů z Kunštátu, Brno
1965 Zbyněk Sekal: assemblages, Miloslav Chlupáč: sculptures, Galerie im Greichenberisl, Vienna
1969 Skládané obrazy a sochy, Galerie Václava Špály, Praha
1971 Bilder und Skulpturen, Galerie im Griechenbeisl, Vienna
1977 Zusammengesetzte Bilder, Zeichnungen, Neue Galerie des Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz, Museum Bochum, Museum des 20. Jahrhunderts, Vídeň
1982, 1985, 1987 Geflechte Anwendungen eines Verfahrens, Neue Galerie, Vienna
1988 Bronzek, Zeichnungen, Neue Galerie, Vienna
1990 Galerie Stubenbastei, Vienna
1991 Scultore, Studio oni de Rossi, Verona
1991 Rupertinum, Salcburk
1992 Skulpturen, Materialbilder, Zeichnungen, Gerüste 1967–1991, Künstlerhaus Klagenfurt
1992/93 Některé práce z let 1940–1992, Dům umění města Brna, Dům umění v Opavě, Galéria Médium, Bratislava
1997 Works for the last fifty-five years / Arbeiten aus den letzten fünfundfünfzig Jahren, Prague City Gallery
2003 Plastiky a reliéfy 1959–1994, Galerie Ztichlá klika, Praha, Galerie Caesar, Olomouc
2010 Skládané obrazy, sochy a schránky, Brno Gallery CZ, Brno
2012 Skládané obrazy a schránky, Topičův salon, Praha
2014 Sekal and Japan. Greetings to a distant land, Greetings from a distant land, West Bohemian Gallery in Plzeň
2015 A věci se zvolna berou před se, Muzeum umění Olomouc
2016 Young Sekal - Drawings from the camp and other..., Terezín Memorial
2020 Zbyněk Sekal, Belvedere Museum Wien
2022 Drawings and intimate sculptures, Becher Villa, Karlovy Vary
2023 Zbyněk Sekal: Sekal 100, Museum Kampa
2023 Zbyněk Sekal: Paměť / Memory, Moravian Regional Museum Brno
Collective (selection)
1964 Sculpture 1964, Liberec
1965 Tschechoslowakische Kunst heute: Profile V, Städtische Kunstgalerie, Bochum
1965 Małarstwo a rzeźba z Pragi, Cracow
1965 Keramik aus 12 ländern, Internationaler Künstlerclub IKC (Palais Pálffy), Vienna
1965 La transfiguration de l'art tcfhéque: Peinture - sculpture - verre - collages, Palais de Congres, Liege
1966 Tschechoslowakische Kunst der Gegenwart, Akademie der Künste, Berlín
1966 Tokyo International Exhibition of Art, Tokyo
1966 Tschechoslowakische Plastik von 1900 bis zur Gegenwart, Museum Folkwang, Essen
1967 Moderne Kunst aus Prag, Celle, Soest, Kunsthalle zu Kiel
1967 Mostra d'arte contemporanea cecoslovacca, Castello del Valentino, Torino
1967 17 tsjechische kunstenaars (17 Czech Artists), Galerie Orez, Den Haag
1968 Sculpture tchècoslovaque de Myslbek à nos jours, Musée Rodin, Paris
1969 L'art tcheque actuel, Renault Champs - Élysées, Paris
1969 Arte contemporanea in Cecoslovacchia, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea (GNAM), Rome
1970 Tschechische Skulptur des 20. Jahrhunderts: Von Myslbek bis zur Gegenwart, Schloß Charlottenburg - Orangerie, Berlin
1971 Imago, Galerie im Greichenbeisl, Schloss Lengenfeld
1974 Wiener Secession, Krems
1974 Neue Mitglieder der Wiener Secession, Wien
1974 Tschechische Künstler, Galerie Wendtorf + Swetec, Düsseldorf
1976 Parallelaktion, Neue Kunst aus Österreich, Von der Heydt Museum, Wuppertal
1980 Die Kunst Osteuropas im 20. Jahrhundert, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
1982 Künstler, Die kamen und blieben, Secession, Wien
1983/84 Das Prinzip Hoffnung. Aspekte der Utopie in der Kunst und Kultur des 20. Jahrhunderts, Museum Bochum
1989 Wo bleibst du, Revolution?, Museum Bochum, Bochum
1990 Polymorphie: Kunst als subversives Element Tschechoslowakei 1939–1990, Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin
1990 Galerie Stubenbastei, Wien
1991 Rupertinum, Salcburk
1991 Studio Toni de Rossi, Verona
1991 Czech Informel. Pioneers of Abstraction 1957–1964, Prague City Gallery
1992 Czech Fine Art 1960–1990, Central Bohemian Gallery, Prague
1993 Czech Fine Art 1930–1960, Czech Museum of Fine Arts, Prague
1993/94 Record of the Most Diverse Factors... Czech Painting of the Second Half of the 20th Century from the Collections of State Galleries, Prague Castle Riding Hall
1994 Grey Brick 66/1994 Exile, U Bílého jednorožce Gallery, Klatovy
1994 Focal Points of Rebirth, Prague City Gallery
1997 Aspekte imaginativer Kunst im 20. Jahrhundert: Profil und Perspektiven einer Sammlung, Museum Bochum
1997 Czech Imaginative Art, Rudolfinum Gallery, Prague
1999 The Art of Accelerated Time. Czech Art Scene 1958–1968, Prague, Cheb
2002/2004 The World of Stars and Illusions. Czech Film Posters of the 20th Century, Moravian Gallery in Brno, Mánes, Prague, Czech Centre New York, Czech Centre London, Consulate General of the Czech Republic, Los Angeles, Czech Cultural Centre, Bratislava, Czech Centre Dresden, Consulate General of the Czech Republic, Hong Kong, Art Gallery Karlovy Vary, Macao Museum of Art
2003 Art is Abstraction. Czech Visual Culture of the 1960s, Prague Castle Riding Hall, Museum of Decorative Arts, Brno, Salon, Kabinet, Olomouc
2004/06 Šedesátá / The sixties, From the collection of the Zlatá husa Gallery in Prague, Brno House of Arts, Karlovy Vary Art Gallery
2007 Máj 57 Group, Prague Castle, Imperial Stables, Prague
2007/8 Soustředěný pohled / Focused View. Graphics of the 1960s from the collections of the member galleries of the Council of Galleries of the Czech Republic, Regional Gallery in Liberec, Liberec, Regional Gallery of the Highlands in Jihlava
2008 Nechci v kleci! / No cage for me!, Museum of Art Olomouc
2010 New Sensitivity, National Art Museum of China, Beijing
2010 Years in days. Czech Art 1945–1957, Prague City Gallery
2010 Czech Art in Exile / Tschechische Kunst im Exil, Vienan, Galerie G, Olomouc
2012 Czech Modern Art, Gallery of Fine Arts in Cheb
2014 Best of artmark collection I, Galerie Artmark, Vienna
2015 Die achtziger Jahre in der Sammlung des MUSA, MUSA Museum Start Gallery Artothek, Wien
2019 Nezlomní: Od Franze Kafky po sametovou revoluci / The Steadfast: From Franz Kafka to the Velvet Revolution, Municipal house, Prague
2022/2023 Das Tier in Dir: Kreaturen in (und außerhalb) der mumok Sammlung / The Animal Within: Creatures in (and outside) the mumok Collection, MUMOK - Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien
Notes
References
Sources
Monographs
Marie Klimešová: Zbyněk Sekal (cz, en), 543 p., Řevnice: Arbor vitae, 2015, ISBN 978-80-7467-088-6.
Marie Klimešová: Zbyněk Sekal and Japan, Arbor vitae 2014, ISBN 978-80-7467-064-0
Author catalogues
Zbyněk Sekal: Sculptures - reliefs 1948–1965, Kříž J., cat. 30 p., no., fr., SČVU, Prague 1965
Zbyněk Sekal: Folded paintings and sculptures, Chalupecký J., cat. 12 p., SČVU, Prague 1969
Zbyněk Sekal: Bilder und Skulpturen, Travaux R, cat. 12 p., de., Vienna 1971
Zbyněk Sekal: Zusammengesetzte Bilder (Zeichnungen), Cage J et al., cat. 68 p., Graz 1977
Zbyněk Sekal: Geflechte Anwendungen eines Verfahrens, cat. 24 p., Neue Galerie, Wien 1982
Zbyněk Sekal: Bronzen, Zeichnungen, Sotriffer K., cat. 44 p., Neue Galerie, Wien 1988
Sekal: scultore, Martini S, Sekal Z, cat. 40 p., Studio oni de Rossi, Verona 1991
Zbyněk Sekal: Some works from 1940 to 1992, Hofmann W, Sekal Z, Valoch J, cat. 47 p., no., no., Brno House of Arts 1992, ISBN 80-7009-052-9
Zbyněk Sekal: Skulpturen, Materialbilder, Zeichnungen, Gerüste (1967–1991), Hofmann W, Sekal Z, cat. 36 p., no., Künstlerhaus Klagenfurt 1992
Zbyněk Sekal: Works of the last fifty-five years, Baumann H, Hofmann W, Klimešová M, Sekal Z, cat. 184 p., no., no., GHMP, Prague 1997, ISBN 80-7010-043-5
Zbyněk Sekal, And things are slowly taking over, Alšova jihočeská galerie, Arbor vitae, 2015, ISBN 978-80-87799-40-6
Collective catalogues (selection)
Tschechoslowakische Kunst Heute – Profile V, Kotalík J., Leo P., Míčko M., 166 p., (de), Städtische Kunstgalerie, Bochum 1965
Aktuální tendence českého umění / Tendances actuelles de l'art tchéque, Míčko M., 162 p., (cz, fr), AICA, Prague 1966
Wo bleibst du, Revolution?, Astier P et al., 156 p., (de), Museum Bochum 1989
Czech Informel, Pioneers of Abstraction 1957–1964, Dufek A., Nešlehová M., Valoch J., 266 p., Prague City Gallery 1991
Foci of Rebirth, Czech Art 1956–1963, Bregant M. et al., 447 p., (cz, en), Prague City Gallery 1994, ISBN 80-7010-029-X
Šedesátá / The sixties, Juříková M., Železný V., 414 p., (cz, en), Galerie Zlatá husa, Prague 2004, ISBN 80-239-3406-6
New Sensitivity / Nová citlivost, Czech Sculpture of the 1960s - 1980s / České sochařství 60.-80. let 20. století, Knížák M et al., 189 p., (cz, en, chin), National Gallery Prague 2010
Books and encyclopedias (selection)
Geneviève Bénamou (ed.), Sensibilités contemporaines / Contemporary artistic sensibilities, 70 artistes d'origine tchégue et slovaque hors tchécoslovaquie / 70 artists of Czech and Slovak origin living outside Czechoslovakia 1970–1984, 297 p., ang., fr., Paris 1985, ISBN 2-9500702-1-3
Chalupecký J., Nešlehová M., New Art in Bohemia, 173 p., H&H, s. r. o., Jinočany 1994, ISBN 80-85787-81-4
Nešlehová M., Poselství jiného výrazu, Pojetí informelu v českém umění 50. a první poloviny 60. let / The Message of Another Expression, The Concept of Informel in Czech Art of the 1950s and the First Half of the 1960s, (cz, en), 286 p., Artefact Prague 1997, ISBN 80-902160-0-5 BASE Publishing ISBN 80-902481-0-1
Hůla J., Interviews, 122 p., Dauphin Publishing House, Prague 2001, ISBN 80-86019-74-8
Morganová P. et al., České umění 1938-1989 / Czech Art 1938–1989, Programs, critical texts, documents, 520 s., Academia Praha 2001, ISBN 80-200-0930-2
Erhart G., Colourful Trajectories of Dreams, publisher. H+H, Prague 2008, ISBN 9788073190736
Klimešová M., Roky ve dnech / Years in Days, Czech Art 1945–957, 424 p., Prague City Gallery 2010, ISBN 978-80-87164-35-8
Klimešová M, Greetings to a distant land, greetings from a distant land: Zbyněk Sekal and Japan, 128 p., Arbor vitae, Řevnice 2014, ISBN 978-80-86415-97-0
External links
Information system abART: Zbyněk Sekal
Zbyněk Sekal - ein Materialpoet und kritischer Zeitgeist, Belvedere 21
Artlist: Zbyněk Sekal
Prostor: Zbyněk Sekal (1923–1998)
Czech TV: Zbyněk Sekal (2012)
Czech Radio: Zbyněk Sekal: Composed pictures and boxes (2012)
Zbyněk Sekal: Film posters, book covers, illustrations
Czech literary translator´s guild: Zbyněk Sekal
1923 births
1998 deaths
Artists from Prague
Czech sculptors
Czech male painters
Czech translators
20th-century Czech male artists
Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague alumni
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約翰·古伊德蒂（；）是一位瑞典足球運動員。在場上的位置是前鋒。現效力瑞典足球超级联赛球隊AIK。他也代表瑞典U21國家足球隊和瑞典國家足球隊參賽。
生平
2008年，年僅16歲便於瑞典球會布洛马波卡纳展開球員生涯，同年加盟英超球會曼城。不過，從未獲派在英超賽事上陣，2010年被借回布洛马波卡纳，其後先後外借般尼、飛燕諾、史篤城、些路迪。
2015年夏天，轉投西甲球隊切爾達至今。
參考資料
瑞典男子足球运动员
布洛馬波卡納球員
曼城球員
般尼球員
飛燕諾球員
史篤城球員
些路迪球員
切爾達球員
阿拉維斯球員
漢諾威球員
英格蘭足球聯賽球員
荷甲球員
英超球員
西甲球員
英格蘭外籍足球運動員
荷蘭外籍足球運動員
西班牙外籍足球運動員
巴西裔瑞典人
意大利裔瑞典人
2016年歐洲國家盃球員
2018年世界盃足球賽球員
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Edward Jeffery Williams (January 16, 1920 – April 5, 2011) was a Canadian army officer and military historian. He was most noted for his book Byng of Vimy, a biography of Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy which won the Governor General's Award for English-language non-fiction at the 1983 Governor General's Awards.
Background
Williams was born in Calgary, Alberta, and was raised by a single mother after his father died a month before his birth. He attended Calgary's Sunalta High School, and signed up for The Calgary Highlanders when he reached enlistment age.
Military career
With the outbreak of World War II, he was commissioned and sent to London, although due to his skill as an administrator he saw little action on the front as he was usually assigned to logistical and organizational work.
Following the end of the war, he briefly returned to Calgary to civilian work, but soon went back into active service. He was second-in-command of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry during the Korean War, receiving the Bronze Star Medal with "V" device. After the Korean War he served as secretary and flag officer to the Canadian Joint Staff in Washington, D.C., playing a role in the negotiation of the Canada-U.S. agreement on the exchange of nuclear information, served as chief of staff to the 4th Canadian Brigade in Germany, and worked for the High Commission of Canada to the United Kingdom. He retired from the military in the early 1970s.
Writing
In addition to Byng of Vimy his other books included Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, 1914-1984: Seventy Years' Service, a history of the Princess Patricia's regiment first published in 1972 and then updated and expanded in 1986; The Long Left Flank: The Hard Fought Way to the Reich, 1944-1945 (1988); First in the Field, Gault of the Patricias (1995), a biography of Princess Patricia's founder Hamilton Gault; and Far from Home: A Memoir of a 20th Century Soldier (2004), his own memoir of his military career. He was also a regular writer of obituaries of Canadian soldiers for The Telegraph, and played a role in the creation of the Canada Memorial in London's Green Park.
He was named a member of the Order of Canada in 2001.
References
1920 births
2011 deaths
Canadian Army officers
Canadian Army personnel of World War II
Canadian military personnel of the Korean War
20th-century Canadian biographers
Canadian male biographers
Canadian military historians
Governor General's Award-winning non-fiction writers
Writers from Calgary
Members of the Order of Canada
Canadian military personnel from Alberta
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers
Calgary Highlanders soldiers
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry officers
21st-century Canadian memoirists
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「FRIENDS」是日本的女子偶像歌手真野惠里菜的第1枚原創專輯。於2009年12月16日發行。唱片公司為hachama。
概要
收錄第1張單曲「少女的祈禱」至第4張單曲「這胸口的悸動」，以及3張獨立製作單曲，一共7首A面曲。
新曲「隨時隨地」為劇集「半分エスパー」的片尾曲；「在睫毛的前端有你」為劇集「マノスパイ」的主題曲。
本作分「初回限定盤」和「CD盤」2種版本
「初回限定盤」收錄了片段「真野惠里 HISTORY」。
在12月28日於公信榜專輯週排行榜取得第33位。
收錄內容
CD（初回限定盤・CD盤）
少女的祈禱（乙女の祈り）（作詞：三浦徳子 作曲：KAN 編曲：たいせい）
1st單曲
OSOZAKI 娘（作詞：三浦徳子 作曲：畠山俊昭 編曲：朝井泰生）
世界是Summer Party (世界は サマー・パーティ)（作詞：三浦徳子 作曲：KAN 編曲：佐々倉有吾）
3rd單曲
隨時隨地 （いつもいつでも）（作詞：三浦徳子 作曲：経塚泰誠 編曲：高橋諭一）
CS富士電視2台劇集「半分エスパー」片尾曲
LALALA·SOSOSO （ラララ-ソソソ）（作詞：三浦徳子 作曲：KAN 編曲：たいせい）
3rd獨立製作單曲
初體驗（はじめての経験）（作詞：三浦徳子 作曲：KAN 編曲：たいせい）
2nd單曲・TBS電視台節目「メガデジ」片尾曲
幸運之光（ラッキーオーラ）（作詞：三浦徳子 作曲：KAN 編曲：たいせい）
2nd獨立製作單曲
聖誕老人的薩克斯風 (サンタのサキソフォン)（作詞：三浦徳子 作曲：経塚泰誠 編曲：たいせい）
這胸口的悸動（この胸のときめきを）（作詞：三浦徳子 作曲：畠山俊昭 編曲：solaya）
4th單曲・東京電視台動畫「キティズパラダイス」片尾曲
在睫毛的前端有你（まつげの先に君がいる）（作詞：三浦徳子 作曲：畠山俊昭 編曲：佐々倉有吾）
TBS網絡連續劇「マノスパイ」主題曲
晚安（おやすみなさい）（作詞：三浦徳子 作曲：畠山俊昭 編曲：佐々倉有吾）
真野鋼琴（Album ver.) （マノピアノ）（作詞・作曲：KAN 編曲：たいせい）
1st獨立製作單曲
DVD
真野惠里 HISTORY
真野惠里菜音樂專輯
2009年音樂專輯
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The Grinnell Herald Building is a historic structure located in Grinnell, Iowa, United States. The Herald was established in 1869 with the Rev. J. M. Hillyer as the first editor. Lowrie Frisbie began his 50-year tenure as its editor in the early 20th-century. In its early years the newspaper was housed in numerous buildings in the city's central business district. Its owners put up this Neoclassical brick building in 1916. It was designed by the prominent Des Moines architectural firm of Proudfoot, Bird & Rawson. The same year the Herald's competitor, the Grinnell Register, erected their own building. The two newspapers merged in 1936 to form the Grinnell Herald-Register. They choose this building to house their operations, and it continues to do so. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.
References
Office buildings completed in 1916
Neoclassical architecture in Iowa
Grinnell, Iowa
Buildings and structures in Poweshiek County, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Poweshiek County, Iowa
Office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
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The Batman Who Laughs (Bruce Wayne) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is the evil counterpart and alternate version of Batman within the Dark Multiverse.
He is depicted as a hybrid of both Batman (Bruce Wayne) and Batman's arch enemy Joker, and is a member of the Dark Knights and the overarching antagonist of the Dark Multiverse Saga, alongside cosmic deities Perpetua and Barbatos, from 2017 to 2021, following DC Rebirth. His first appearance was in the crossover storyline Dark Nights: Metal, before receiving his own series and serving as the main antagonist in Batman/Superman in 2019 and DC Comics' Year of the Villain alongside Lex Luthor.
He was created by Scott Snyder and Greg Capullo. His name is an allusion both to the original Batman’s seriousness and to the 1928 film The Man Who Laughs featuring Conrad Veidt, by whose performance the Joker is inspired.
Publication history
The Batman Who Laughs was created by Scott Snyder and Greg Capullo first appearing in the comic book Dark Days: The Casting. The character was depicted as an alternate universe Batman who does not have a code against killing. Snyder explained his intent on the character in an interview by The Hollywood Reporter: "He's basically Batman's worst nightmare come to life: Batman, if he was infected by the Joker toxin and lost all sense of ethics. What he wants to do in Gotham is bring Bruce’s worst nightmares to life". Snyder's hope was that his character would be popular enough to get his own comic book series, and Snyder believed that Jock "would be the perfect person to do it".
Fictional character biography
The Batman Who Laughs is a version of Batman from Earth -22 of the Dark Multiverse. In that reality, the Earth -22 Joker learns that he is dying owing to the chemicals in his body. Using his knowledge of Batman's identity as Bruce Wayne, he sets out to push Batman harder then ever before, and kills most of Batman's other rogues, along with Commissioner Gordon, and then subjects thousands of Gotham City's citizens to the chemicals that transformed him, subsequently killing several parents in front of their children to mock Bruce. Batman snaps and sets out to face Joker, killing him during their struggle, releasing a concentrated form of the toxin in Joker's body. This purified form of the chemicals gradually twists him into a new fusion of Batman and the Joker, one with Bruce Wayne's intelligence and physical strength and the Joker's psychopathy and warped, sadistic sense of humor. The process proves irreversible by the time Batman discovers what is happening to him. The Batman Who Laughs proceeds to take over Earth -22, killing off most of his allies and turning his son Damian Wayne into a mini-Joker, while recruiting the children infected by the Joker Toxin as his "Rabid Robins". The Batman Who Laughs acts as the leader or second-in-command of Barbatos' Dark Knights and recruits the other members.
After arriving on Prime-Earth (Earth 0), the Batman Who Laughs takes control of Gotham and oversees events at the Challenger's mountain. He distributes joker cards to the Batman's Rogues, giving them the ability to alter reality and take over sections of the city. Accompanying him are Dark Damian and three Rabid Robins, having intended to destroy all of reality by linking the Over-Monitor to Anti-Monitor's astral brain. The Batman Who Laughs is defeated when the Prime Universe Batman is aided by the Joker, who notes the alternate Batman's failure to perceive this scenario due to still being a version of Batman.
While assumed dead, The Batman Who Laughs is revealed to be in the custody of Lex Luthor, who offers him a place in the Legion of Doom. At some point during the formation of the Legion of Doom, Joker met with Lex Luthor and advised him not to bring the Batman Who Laughs into the group. The Batman Who Laughs talks to Lex Luthor about the worlds beyond the Source Wall as Joker listens in.
The Batman Who Laughs eventually resumes his attack on Batman, drawing in a string of alternate versions of Bruce Wayne to taunt his counterpart as he prepares for a mass assault on Batman. As an additional asset, the Batman Who Laughs is allied with the Grim Knight, a version of Batman who uses guns and turned his Gotham into a military dictatorship. With no other way to stop his other self, Batman is forced to 'accept' a twisted 'transfusion' from the Joker that begins to turn him into a variation of the Batman Who Laughs, attempting to fight it down while relying on the psychosis of the technically-treated James Gordon Jr. to try to predict his foe. When the Batman Who Laughs draws in a version of Bruce Wayne who has not even lost his parents yet, Batman is able to defeat his other self by luring him into a confrontation in the Waynes' graveyard, with Alfred subsequently using a transfusion from the other Bruce to restore Batman to normal before he is sent home and the Batman Who Laughs is locked up in the Hall of Justice dungeon. However, his serums did manage to infect Shazam, Blue Beetle, Donna Troy, Hawkman, Supergirl and Commissioner Gordon (the latter was infected during issue 7 of The Batman Who Laughs miniseries by Scott Snyder).
A year later, The Batman Who Laughs is still locked up in the Hall of Justice, but with the help of his new Secret Six he begins to set his plan in motion. He starts by having Commissioner Gordon lead Batman and Superman to the cave under Crime Alley where King Shazam will infect Superman. Later, Superman appears seemingly "infected" (with Batman listening in), making their way to the Hall of Justice weapons room. The Batman Who Laughs tells Superman that he plans to infect the world with his serum. He then makes an off-handed comment to Clark that his plan will be like the destruction of Krypton and Lois and Jon won't survive. Superman attacks The Batman Who Laughs, seemingly blowing his cover. The whole thing was revealed to be an illusion by Batman, with The Batman Who Laughs praising him saying that he had a similar system on his own world. The Batman Who Laughs' next step is having Scarab (the infected Blue Beetle) hack the Fortress of Solitude and Batcave computers. As this is happening, he begins taunting Clark saying that they were all evil inside and that he will soon know, but as Superman is about to be infected Supergirl catches the tainted Batarang and is unwittingly infected (as the batarang was designed to infect Kryptonians). As the Legion of Doom signal shines in the sky, The Batman Who Laughs muses to himself that he is on a collision course with Lex Luthor, but isn't too concerned because as he puts it, "Batman always wins".
In the Watchmen sequel Doomsday Clock, the Batman Who Laughs is among the villains who are analyzed by Doctor Manhattan when Guy Gardner uses his power ring to show the constructs of villains that they have faced.
During the "Dark Nights: Death Metal" storyline, The Batman Who Laughs becomes Perpetua's lieutenant. Aided by an army of evil Batmen from the Dark Multiverse called the Dark Knights (consisting of Baby Batman, Batmansaurus Rex, Batmobeast, Castle Bat, and Robin King), they enforce her rule. When Wonder Woman decides the best course of action is to make the first Anti-Crisis following a talk with Wally West, she is confronted by the Batman Who Laughs, whom she proceeds to gut with an invisible Chainsaw of Truth. Though dead, the Dark Knights set to work to unleash the Batman Who Laughs' true plan: preparing the body of the final Bruce Wayne. This body happens to be Batmanhattan, a version of Bruce Wayne who copied the formula that created Doctor Manhattan.
At Castle Bat, the Dark Knights succeed in transferring the Batman Who Laughs' brain into Batmanhattan, an action that may have repercussions if Perpetua were to find out. After Perpetua warns the Batman Who Laughs of the beings like her who may sense her actions (worried they might destroy her), he proceeds to wipe out the remaining Dark Knights with the exception of Robin King. The Batman Who Laughs then shifts into a new form called the "Darkest Knight" exclaiming that he knows Diana plans to remake the Multiverse, he however wants to create "52 Planets of Nightmares".
The Darkest Knight and the Robin King break into Valhalla Cemetery. Knowing that they are after Wally's power, Jay Garrick, Barry Allen, and Wally West run with the Darkest Knight giving chase. Barry, Wally, and Jay team up with Kid Flash and the rest of the Flash family to outrun the Darkest Knight and his army of Dark Multiverse Flashes in order to reach the Mobius Chair.
After some convincing from Wonder Woman who traveled back in time to the Infinite Crisis, Superboy-Prime shatters the Crisis worlds, saving Batman and Superman in the process, and directs all energy to Wally, but it does not work. Before they had a chance, the Darkest Knight rigged the Mobius Chair so it would always direct the power to himself. He has everything he needs to remake the Multiverse in his own image called the Last 52. With his new god-like powers, the Darkest Knight orders Castle Bat (which turns into a colossal Batman) to attack the heroes. The heroes stand no chance against the giant whose structure is made of every material in Kane County.
After Lex gives Wonder Woman a journal that was written by Carter Hall, the Darkest Knight (who was unable to get free of Perpetua) sends his evil Earths out to kill the united army of heroes and villains. As Batman uses the Black Lantern ring to recreate The Batman Who Laughs' body to fight for him, the battle between Perpetua and the Darkest Knight rages as the celestial being chastises the former Dark Knight by claiming she's the only one protecting the Multiverse from detection from her kind. The Darkest Knight proceeds to trap Perpetua in the fragments of the Source Wall that originally held her and kill her. Realigning the Prime Earth so the Crisis Energy continues to empower him, he sends his "favorite soldiers" to attack Earth's heroes in their last moments while also reviving Devastator, Drowned, and Red Death.
As the heroes stand as one universe against the horde of the Darkest Knight, they start remembering their entire history as a golden-clad Wonder Woman erupts from the ground to confront the Darkest Knight. A final battle clashes between the golden-clad Wonder Woman and the Darkest Knight; a battle that spans across time and space. She is finally brought to the birth of creation where the Darkest Knight reveals that Perpetua's people (referred to as the "Hands") will simply erase the universe and without a restart, half of Diana's friends will be dead. Diana has two choices: keep fighting and lose or surrender to the Darkest Knight and use their combined power to kill the Hands.
Refusing to give up, Diana strikes back at the Darkest Knight, pushing him forward through time, sending him into the dying embers of Earth's sun. Seeing the Hands arrive and her friends struggle like Batman resurrecting his Bat-Family and foes against the Robin King where B-Rex and Batmage were resurrected and Lex sacrificing himself to save Superman from the evil Last Sun, Diana imagines the Universe young and alive again and shoves the Darkest Knight into the sun, killing him once and for all.
Collected editions
Powers and abilities
The Batman Who Laughs is depicted as having the same abilities as Batman, combined with the twisted nihilism of the Joker. This contributed to the reasons why Batman was forced to ally with the Joker to stop his counterpart, as he anticipated that his other self retained his existing tactical abilities and therefore an alliance between Batman and the Joker was the only thing his counterpart could never anticipate. Hailing from the Dark Multiverse, he is able to see people's dark urges and fears, visualized as alternate realities of their current actions. His characteristic metal crown functions as a futuristic visor made out of "Dark Metal", allowing him to filter these actions and pinpoint his opponents' next moves during combat and manipulate them psychologically by using his knowledge of their fears. Unlike Batman, he opts for lethal weapons that allow him to kill swiftly, including but not limited to machine guns, knives, a chain weapon with a batarang attached at the end, and an assortment of bladed weapons.
The Batman Who Laughs also uses batarangs made of "Dark Metal" that can bring out the worst version of the victim. He used these when he created a new incarnation of the Secret Six using infected Justice League members.
During the events of Dark Knights: Death Metal, The Batman Who Laughs gains the powers of Dr. Manhattan by having Dr. Arkham surgically integrate his mind into that of a Bruce Wayne with Manhattan’s powers, granting him nigh-omnipotence, flight, and teleportation among other powers. After absorbing Wally West’s Manhattan powers, his power drastically increases.
Like other inhabitants of the Dark Multiverse, The Batman Who Laughs has a weakness to Nth Metal.
Reception
The Batman Who Laughs has been commonly described as "horrifying" by website authors. Comic Book Resources describes The Batman Who Laughs as comprising all the "best" parts of Batman and the "worst" parts of the Joker.
The character has been compared to Judge Death in design. Scott Snyder, the creator of The Batman Who Laughs, noted that the two characters have a similar aesthetic.
In other media
Video games
In Mortal Kombat 11, The Batman Who Laughs was used as a DLC skin for Noob Saibot with the Elseworld Skin Pack exclusive to Kombat Pack owners upon the release of the Joker as DLC.
In Injustice: Gods Among Us mobile, The Batman Who Laughs is a playable character (being considered a version of the Joker).
In DC Universe Online, The Batman Who Laughs is the primary antagonist in the Metal Part I episode. Through his machinations, the heroes are tricked into delivering special metal to his multiversal spire which begins to drag Earth into the Dark Multiverse. He returns in Metal Part II, attempts to Joker toxin bomb the Oblivion Bar with the assembled heroes inside, but was ultimately defeated along with the other Dark Knights and Barbatos in the Dark Multiverse.
The Batman Who Laughs appears as an outfit in the shooter game Fortnite while also having a first appearance at the end of the sixth issue of the Batman/Fortnite Zero Point comic, and has an important role in the sequel to the comics Batman/Fortnite Foundation.
The Batman Who Laughs and his Dark Knights will be featured in the upcoming mobile game DC: Dark Legion.
Board games
The Batman Who Laughs Rising is a 2020 cooperative, strategy dice game from The Op.
Merchandise
Knight Models has a line of gaming miniatures based on the DC comics run. Funko has released action figures of the character. Various figures from companies such as Diamond Select Toys and Prime 1 Studios have produced figures as well. McFarlane Toys has also made a version of The Batman Who Laughs for their new DC Multiverse line of 7 inch figure. McFarlane Toys also made a 5 inch Super Powers figure of The Batman Who Laughs in 2022.
References
External links
The Batman Who Laughs at DC Comics Wiki
DC Comics male supervillains
DC Comics martial artists
DC Comics metahumans
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters who can teleport
DC Comics characters who are shapeshifters
DC Comics characters who have mental powers
DC Comics characters with accelerated healing
DC Comics characters with immortality
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman senses
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics telekinetics
DC Comics telepaths
Alternative versions of Batman
Characters created by Greg Capullo
Comics characters introduced in 2017
2018 comics debuts
2019 comics endings
Fictional blade and dart throwers
Fictional characters with precognition
Fictional characters who can manipulate time
Fictional characters who can manipulate reality
Fictional characters who can manipulate light
Fictional characters with nuclear or radiation abilities
Fictional characters who can change size
Fictional characters who can duplicate themselves
Fictional characters with elemental transmutation abilities
Fictional characters with energy-manipulation abilities
Fictional characters who can turn intangible
Fictional characters with elemental and environmental abilities
Fictional characters with dimensional travel abilities
Fictional characters with disfigurements
Fictional characters with electric or magnetic abilities
Fictional characters with X-ray vision
Fictional chain fighters
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional nihilists
Joker (character)
DC Comics titles
Fictional characters from parallel universes
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NGC 5195（或稱為Messier 51b、M51b）是一個和渦狀星系（M51A或NGC 5194）交互作用的矮星系。前述兩個星系都距離地球約2500萬光年，位於獵犬座。而這兩個星系是最著名的其中一對交互作用星系。
發現
皮埃尔·梅尚於1781年3月20日發現NGC 5195。
和渦狀星系的交互作用
NGC 5195和渦狀星系組成天文學上最著名的其中一對交互作用星系。兩個星系都被列入特殊星系圖集，並且是其中一個螺旋星系和其伴星系交互作用的最顯著例子之一。這個系統也是相當早期的星系交互作用理論的研究課題 。這兩個星系被一個含有大量塵埃的潮汐橋連接，並且橋中的塵埃可以映襯出 NGC 5195的核心。這表明NGC 5195在外觀上是位於渦狀星系的後方。這兩個星系的相遇使M51的螺旋結構被更明顯地強化。
形態
NGC 5195因為和渦狀星系的重力交互作用，導致它的形狀已經高度變形。要將它的形態分類是困難的，它有時會被分類為透鏡狀星系或無定形、不規則星系 。它被認為不屬於標準分類系統中的星系。
超新星
SN 1945A是至今唯一在NGC 5195內發現的超新星。它的位置在星系核西北方10″處，由天文學家米爾頓·赫馬森於1945年4月6日使用威爾遜山天文台口徑2.5米望遠鏡發現。該超新星屬於I型超新星，亮度最高時視星等14.0。
參見
NGC 1097
德文格洛1
參考資料
外部連結
SEDS
不规则星系
交互作用星系
特殊星系
LINER星系
M51星系群
梅西耶天體
5195
08494
47413
085
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The Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) is a statutory position in the Pakistani Army held by a general officer. As the highest-ranking officer, it is one of the most powerful positions in Pakistan Army.
This is the senior most appointment in the Pakistan Army who is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee in a separate capacity, usually consulting with the Chairman joint chiefs to act as a military adviser to the Prime Minister and its civilian government in the line of defending the land borders of the country. The Chief of Army Staff exercise its responsibility of command and control of the operational, combatant, logistics, and training commands within the army, in contrast to the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army.
The appointment, in principle, is constitutionally subjected to be for three years but an extension may be granted from the approval and recommendations of the Prime Minister by the President. The Chief of Army Staff is based in the Army GHQ, and the current Chief of Army Staff is General Asim Munir Ahmed, serving in this capacity since 29 November 2022.
Office of the Chief of the Army Staff
The designation of the Chief of the Army Staff was created from the previous title Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army in 1972. Since 1972, there have been 10 four-star rank army generals to be appointed as chief of army staff by statute. The Prime Minister approved the nomination and appointment of the Chief of Army Staff, with President confirming the Prime Minister's appointed choosing and nomination.
The army leadership is based in the Army GHQ whose functions are supervised by the Chief of Army Staff, assisted by the civilians from the Army Secretariat of the Ministry of Defence (MoD). The Chief of Army Staff exercise its responsibility of complete operational, training and logistics commands.
There are several principle staff officers (PSO) who assist in running the operations of the Army GHQ:
Engineer-in-Chief (Eng-in-C)
Chief of General Staff
Chief of Logistics Staff
Inspector-General of Training and Evaluation (IGT&E)
Inspector-General Communications and IT (IGC&IT)
Inspector-General Arms (IG Arms)
Military Secretary (Mil Secy)
Adjutant-General
Quartermaster General (QMG)
Master-General of Ordnance (MGO)
Judge Advocate General Corps
Director-General EME (DGEME)
Director-General Frontier Works Organisation (DGFWO)
DG Combat Development Directorate
List of chiefs of army staff
See also
Malacca Cane
Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
List of serving generals of the Pakistan Army
Chief of the Air Staff (Pakistan)
Chief of the Naval Staff (Pakistan)
Chief of the General Staff (Pakistan)
References
External links
Official Pakistan Army website
Inter-Services Public Relations
C
Pakistan
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斯巴達（）是位於美國路易斯安那州邊維爾堂區的一個非建制地區。
地理
斯巴達所處的海拔為高於海平面65米（即213英呎），而該地所採用的時區為UTC-6，即北美中部時區（CST）。同時該地設有夏令時間，為UTC-6調快一小時，即UTC-5（CDT）。
參考文獻
路易斯安那州非建制地區
邊維爾堂區非建制地區 (路易斯安那州)
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魏天安（Ngụy Thiên An，）是越南著名的女演员和Vlog作者。
影视作品
電影
Chờ em đến ngày mai (2016)
Chú ơi, đừng lấy mẹ con! (2018)
参考资料
T
W
W
W
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"Kids in America" is a 1981 song by Kim Wilde.
Kids in America may also refer to:
Children and adolescents in the United States
Kids in America (album), a 2003 album by American Juniors participants
Kids in America (film), a 2005 independent film
Kids in America, a pre-release name for the 2011 film Take Me Home Tonight
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白棘雀鲷（学名：）为雀鲷科棘雀鲷属的鱼类，俗名白带棘雀鲷、白带固曲齿鲷。分布于热带印度至太平洋间海域以及台湾南部等，一般栖息于0、3-2米之暴露区以及波浪平静或稍有起伏处。该物种的模式产地在爪哇。
参考文献
leucozona
B
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治疗灰指甲疼不疼？灰指甲治疗过程当中是不会产生疼痛。灰指甲很容易传染，一定要及时了解灰指甲初期症状。常见灰指甲的初期症状都有哪些特征呢?为了让更多的人了解灰指甲的初期症状，下面是对灰指甲初的期症状介绍。1、全甲营养不良型灰指甲初期症状：这并不多见，常为以上各型最终发展的结果。灰指甲初期症状表现为全甲失去光泽、变质、增厚或碎裂、脱落后留下异常增厚的甲床。2、白色表浅型灰指甲：灰指甲初期症状常见于指趾甲。表现为甲板表面有白点或白色1毫米直径大小的斑片，病甲呈脆性而刮落。此型仅由石膏样毛癣菌或霉样菌、镰刀菌及曲菌所致。3、近端甲下型灰指甲：这是很少见的灰指甲初期症状。先是甲板靠近甲皱裂处(即甲板的近心端)发白，尔后渐渐扩大成斑，最终局部甲板缺失，扩至全甲。4、远侧端甲下型灰指甲：灰指甲初期症状为甲的远端(侧缘)甲板面出现不规则的小片白斑，随后变成无光泽的灰斑，并逐渐变为黄棕色直至黑色。不久甲板变质，甲下角质碎屑堆积、甲床增厚。6、慢性甲沟炎型灰指甲：最重要的灰指甲初期症状是有甲沟炎存在，甲周皱襞肿胀而没有甲下角化过度，可有少量渗液但从不出脓。此型亦多由念珠菌引起。灰指甲治疗方法：手术拔除方法治疗灰指甲。内服药物。外用疗法。1.上药前，病甲通常用优质白醋浸泡以软化病甲。2.软化后，专业人员需要申报钾。这必须由专业人员来做，否则容易发生感染或损坏。3.最好使用适合患者的局部抗真菌药物。可以使用巴甫洛夫猪苓的杀真菌剂溶液。小编辑推荐这种方法。效果很好，口碑也很好。这种处理方法简单易行。它不会束缚，不会延迟正常的生活和工作，可以在当地使用。
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There are Masonic degrees named after the Knights Templar but not all Knights Templar Orders are Masonic.
There is no direct connection with the 13th-century presence of Knights Templar in Scotland. However, since the 1980s such a connection has been a popular topic in fiction and in pseudohistorical speculation.
Early modern history
In the seventeenth century, interest in Templarism became political after the execution of Charles I, with the idea that Stuart partisans invented a Templar degree, as the king's death was to be avenged, as was the violent death in 1314 of Jacques de Molay, last Grand Master of the Templars. The story told by Dom Calmet was that Viscount Dundee was supposed to have been an early Templar Grand Master and to have fallen at Killiecrankie wearing the Grand Cross of the Order. The Duke of Mar is then said to have held office, after which time the Templar Order was apparently inactive until its revival by Charles Edward Stuart in 1745. An original letter of the 3rd Duke of Perth to Earl of Airlie Lord Ogilvy shortly after the Jacobite victory at Prestonpans, described a secret ceremony at Holyrood in which the prince was elected Grand Master of the ancient chivalry of the Temple of Jerusalem on Tuesday 24 September 1745.
Templarism experienced a revival of interest in the eighteenth century through Freemasonry with a Scottish influence. The first record of this is in Ramsay's Oration in Paris in 1737. Andrew Michael Ramsay was tutor to the Young Pretender, Prince Charles Edward Stuart. He claimed that Freemasonry had begun among crusader knights and that they had formed themselves into Lodges of St John. The next development was with Karl Gotthelf, Baron Von Hund, and Alten-Grotkau, who had apparently been introduced to the concept by the Jacobite Lord Kilmarnock, and received into a Templar Chapter by a mysterious "Knight of the Red Feather". Baron von Hund established a new Masonic rite called the "Strict Templar Observance". The "Knight of the Red Feather" has been identified subsequently as Alexander Seton better known as Alexander Montgomerie, 10th Earl of Eglinton, a prominent Freemason in the Jacobite movement.
Since the mid nineteenth century myths, legends and anecdotes connecting the Templars to the Battle of Bannockburn have been created. Degrees in Freemasonry, such as the Royal Order of Scotland, allude to the story of Rosslyn and the Scottish Knights Templar. This theme was repeated in the pseudohistory book The Temple and The Lodge by Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh, first published in 1989. On the subject of a possible Bruce connection, Masonic Historian D Murray Lyon wrote "The fraternity of Kilwinning never at any period practiced or acknowledged other than the Craft degrees; neither does there exist any tradition worthy of the name, local or national, nor has any authentic document yet been discovered that can in the remotest degree be held to identify Robert Bruce with the holding of Masonic Courts, or the institution of a secret society at Kilwinning."
Masonic order
The modern revival of Templarism in Scotland starts with Alexander Deuchar. The records of one of Scottish Freemasonry's most prestigious lodges, the St Mary's Chapel Lodge of Edinburgh, describe the visit of a "...deputation from the Grand Assembly of the High Knights Templar in Edinburgh… headed by their most worshipful Grand Master, Alexander Deuchar...the first time for some hundred years that any Lodge of Freemasonry had been visited by an assembly of Knights Templar, headed by their Grand Master." This implies that there was an Order in existence 100 years earlier. In 1811 with a Charter from the Templar Grand Master in England, the Duke of Kent, Alexander Deuchar established the Grand Conclave of Knights of the Holy Temple and Sepulchre, and of St. John of Jerusalem. Controversially in 1836 "...it was proposed that non-Masons be admitted to the Order, at the same time the ritual was adapted in order to allow this to happen.
. Previously only Royal Arch Masons in Good Standing were allowed to join. Only the Royal Grand Conclave was allowed to admit non-Masons and these men were never members of any Encampments, only of Grand Conclave." The modern non-Masonic Order Militi Templi Scotia claims descent from Alexander Deuchar who was a Freemason.
The Masonic Movement is generally referred to as the Knights Templar, but the full Style and Title of this body is "The United Religious, Military, and Masonic Orders of the Temple, and of St.John of Jerusalem, Palestine, Rhodes, and Malta".
Non-Masonic groups
There are today a number of smaller Groups of non-Masonic Knights Templar in Scotland, including The Autonomous Grand Priory of Scotland; The Grand Priory of the Knights Templar in Scotland; The OSMTH/SMOTJ International recognized Body in Scotland; The Grand Priory of the Scots; The Confederation of Scottish Knights Templar or the International Federative Alliance; The Ancient Scottish Military Order of Knights Templar and Militi Templi Scotia.
OSMTH
In 2006 the "Commandery of St. Clair" No S1, Edinburgh, was chartered by the OSMTH Grand Priory of France. The Commandery recently received affiliation of OSMTH International at Commandery Status under the Mentorship of the Grand Priory of France. Ordo Supremus Militaris Templi Hierosolymitani – The Grand Priory Of The Knights Templar In Scotland Ltd is registered with Companies House in the UK and is working under the authority of The Commandery of St Clair, Edinburgh, No S1, Grand Priory of France (GPFT), OSMTH International.
Knights Templar Internationally use the Cross pattée, including The Commandery of St Clair in alignment with the International Order OSMTH, The Grand Priory of the Scots (mainly American Scots) a Cross with two branches, and other Scottish Knights Templar Groups use the Eight Pointed Cross coloured red more commonly but not exclusively known as the Maltese Cross, of the Knights Hospitaller or Order of St. John or Cross of Amalfi. The Scottish Templar use of the Maltese Cross probably dates to the 1960s although the Cross itself is much older.
The Scottish Knights Templar of OSMTH International have their own tartan. It was ratified and approved by the Grand Conclave of Militi Scotia S.M.O.J in Perth 28 March 1998. The original name was "Scottish Knights Templar of Militi Templi Scotia International." but it was changed to "Scottish Knights Templar of OSMTH International" in 2006. OSMTH stands for; "Ordo Supremus Militaris Templi Hierosolymitani".
Role in pseudohistory and popular culture
The legend that Knight Templars escaped their persecution in Europe and headed for sanctuary in Scotland has pervaded through hundreds of modern pseudohistory publications. Connections between Templarism and Freemasonry have been around for as long but publishers saw a synergy from the 1980s onwards in trying to connect Templarism, Freemasonry, Rosslyn Chapel, Esoteric belief systems and Scotland altogether. A number of key publications that try to tie Templarism, Freemasonry and Scotland together include:
It is discussed in the pseudohistory book The Temple and The Lodge by Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh, first published in 1989. On the subject of a possible Bruce connection, Masonic Historian D Murray Lyon wrote "The fraternity of Kilwinning never at any period practiced or acknowledged other than the Craft degrees; neither does there exist any tradition worthy of the name, local or national, nor has any authentic document yet been discovered that can in the remotest degree be held to identify Robert Bruce with the holding of Masonic Courts, or the institution of a secret society at Kilwinning."
St Clair – Sinclair speculation
According to tradition, William St Clair, (William Sinclair) 3rd Earl of Orkney, Baron of Roslin and 1st Earl of Caithness built Rosslyn Chapel. A later William Sinclair of Roslin became the first Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland. The St Clair, later Sinclair, Earls of Rosslyn or Roslin have also been connected to Templarism in Scotland, but Mark Oxbrow and Ian Robertson in their recent book, 'Rosslyn and the Grail', note that the St Clair of Rosslyn testified against the Templars at their trial in Edinburgh in 1309. Dr. Louise Yeoman points out that the Rosslyn/Knights Templar connection is false, having been invented by 18th century fiction-writers, and that Rosslyn Chapel was built by William Sinclair so that Mass could be said for the souls of his family. In Michael T.R.B Turnbull's book Rosslyn Chapel Revealed he states that "Eighteen years after the suppression of the Order, Sir William Sainteclaire, in the role of a Crusader(not Templar), made a brave and honourable bid to fulfil the wishes of his late monarch, King Robert The Bruce". He then explains that he and his wife Lady Margaret Ramsay of Dalhousie produced a son (also Sir William) to succeed him as the 8th Baron of Rosslyn. Turnbull States that "His father could never have been a Knight Templar, as his wealth and marriage would have broken two of the three Templar vows – Poverty and chastity".
In 18th century fiction, a connection was made between the Templars and
Rosslyn Chapel, built by (William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness.
According to Freemason John Yarker, a later William Sinclair of Roslin became the first Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland. The St Clair, later Sinclair, Earls of Rosslyn or Roslin have also been connected to Templarism in Scotland.
See also
1320 Club
Knights Templar in Scotland
Rosslyn Chapel
References
Further reading
The Rosslyn Hoax? Robert L. D. Cooper. Lewis Masonic. 2006. .
Templar Succession: Establishing Continuity 1307–Present, Daniel Clausen
History of the Order of the Temple of Jerusalem: From 1118 to 2005, Chev Leo Thys KCTJ page 18
Piers Paul, The Templars, Weidenfeld & Nicolson history;
The Rosslyn Templar by Ashley Cowie, Luath Press Ltd.
External links
The Autonomous Grand Priory of Scotland
Masonic Knights Templar of Scotland
OSMTH International
OSMTH Grand Priory of Knights Templar in Scotland, recognised internationally by OSMTH/SMOTJ
The Ancient Scottish Military Order of Knights Templar
The Poor Knights Of Christ And Of The Temple Of Solomon, Scottish Knights Templar
"The Rosslyn Templar", a book about the pastel painting by R T McPherson in 1836 of a "Templar Knight at Roslin Chapel" with new photographs of the Chapel
Freemasonry in Scotland
Self-styled orders
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Almond pudding is a milk pudding or custard thickened with ground almonds and sometimes flavored with almond extract. There are versions of almond pudding found in the Arab cuisines of the Middle East, and variations of this dish are found in American, European, Turkish, Persian, Indian, Chinese, and other world cuisines.
American cuisine
Almond pudding recipes are known in American cookbooks starting with Amelia Simmons, whose American Cookery (1796) is the first known cookbook written by an American. Her recipe is for a boiled pudding that she calls a "cream almong pudding", with eggs, nutmeg and cream. The pudding is boiled in cloth and serve with melted butter and sugar.
British cuisine
Ipswich almond pudding is a recipe that appears in the 18th century cookbook The Art of Cookery by Hannah Glasse. It's a sort of bread pudding thickened with blanched almonds and baked in puff pastry. Elizabeth Moxon also uses balanced almonds to thicken bread pudding, that can be made with butter, suet or marrow and baked in "little tins". In one version of the pudding Moxon omits rose water and orange flower water, adding cinnamon and a little lemon peel instead. A sauce can be made for the pudding with wine and sugar.
A recipe for egg and cream custard thickened with ground almonds baked in a bain-marie is called "English almond pudding" by Auguste Escoffier.
India
In Indian cuisine almond pudding is called badam kheer. It's made with only milk, sugar and ground almonds, usually flavored with cardamom.
References
World cuisine
Puddings
Almond dishes
Custard desserts
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代购()，即代理购买，指找人帮忙购买自己需要的商品。由于部分厂商对其产品于不同国家或地区设有不同的规格或售价，代购服务应运而生。日本、韩国、台湾、香港等地区的货品均为热门的代购地区。但从某些国家“代购”是一种可能涉及非法跨境走私的逃税避税行为。代购是指由个人或团伙在中国境外大量或高频次地购买或囤积某种商品(主要包括奢饰品，但也包含例如婴幼儿奶粉等日常消费品)，然后再以多种方式兜售给在中国境内的消费者，以达到逃避关税和牟取暴利的目的。 由于电子商务的发展，代购通常可以通过互联网进行。取决于具体案例，代购行为可以是非法的刑事犯罪行为（诸如走私、逃税、诈骗等），也可以是合法地利用法律漏洞来达到节税目的的灰色經濟行为。
违法犯罪案例
在进行海外代购时，可能会因为违反国际货运政策（如关税、检验检疫等）而构成违法犯罪行为。
部分黑心代购商使用劣质产品以次充好。由于此类商家通常并未进行工商注册，故消费者维权比较困难。奢饰品代购也被调查发现是充斥着大量假冒伪劣商品的温床。
一名来自中国女子於2017年6月16日，持一年多次入境许可观光签证飞抵澳大利亚南澳州首府阿德雷德。机场入境官员检查过她的手机后，指她在上一次入境时利用社交网站开设代购平台，并曾於澳大利亚境内替中国亲友代购维他命保健產品。当局指她违返观光签证规定从事获利行為，当场註销其签証，并於隔日驱逐出境。
2012年，一名前空姐李某，因大量进行代购逃税，同时构成走私罪和逃税罪，被判处有期徒刑11年。其偷逃税款金额多达100万人民币以上。
自2013年来，香港特区政府已不定期地抓捕奶粉代购走私犯。被抓获的代购者将面临64,480港币的罚金并会被处以两年刑狱。
2019年初，澳大利亚警方破获一起代购走私案，逮捕6名代购走私犯。
2019年2月，法国警方在收到举报信后，破获并逮捕一个来自中国的奢侈品代购团伙，其涉嫌逃税的交易额超过500万欧元。
2017年末，墨尔本警方在长达数月的调查后，破获并逮捕了七名代购走私犯，同时查获了价值约30万美元的走私商品。
2017年初，23名代购走私犯因涉嫌在美国和中国组织犯罪被捕。
影响
代购走私团伙惯用的手段涉及大量囤货，经常造成当地市场商品短缺，引起当地消费者严重愤慨，也迫使多国政府开始打击非法输出商品的代购行径。自2012始，新西兰政府已经开始定期打击非法输出婴儿配方奶粉，严令禁止非官方注册出口的商品，打击范围包括网络代购及亲友赠送等渠道。
代购团伙破坏性的购买行径，也常常引发正常的亚裔消费者在正常购物时受到来自商家的怀疑和歧视。2017年9月，一美国亚裔公民以歧视亚裔消费者为由将梅西百货告上法庭，梅西百货曾拒绝向单个亚裔消费者销售数量超过一件的商品。
政府出台新法
自2019年1月1日起，中国政府新出台的《电子商务法》正式生效，开始管理代购行径。根据电子商务法规定，所有代购参与者必须注册为电子商务经营者，并且必须同时在中国和代购所在地区获得经营执照，同时必须依法在中国和代购所在国家和地区纳税。违反该法的个人和电商平台，将被分别处以50万元和两百万元人民币的罚款，同时也会面临走私、逃税、诈骗等多种刑事诉讼。
参见
电子商务
走私
逃税
组织犯罪
奶粉限購令
香港境內水貨客問題
澳門境內水貨客問題
反向代购
灰色經濟
边境贸易
参考文献
零售流程和技术
走私
商業術語
逃税
節稅
中文职业
非正规经济
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Nyker is a small town on Bornholm with a population of 712 (1 January 2023). It is located by road northeast of Rønne.
Nyker has one of Bornholm's four round churches, Ny Kirke; the names of both church and village mean "new church". The artist Bente Hammer, who lives in the village, works with fabrics and designs dresses for clients such as Queen Margrethe and the actress Ghita Nørby. The village is home to Bornholms Frie Idrætsskole (Bornholm Free Sports School) which was founded in 2005 just after the closure of the municipal school. In 2010, there were 179 students from kindergarten through to Grade 9. The Nyker Brød bakery located on the main street delivers its products to the whole of Denmark.
The railroad
Nyker used to have a station on the Rønne-Allinge-Sandvig line (1913-1953) which is now a private house. The pavilion which used to serve Mæby Halt between Nyker and Klemensker has been restored and now stands in the sports area at the Free Sports School.
From Nyker Hovedgade, a 5 km long track, Nordre Jernbanesti, follows the old railroad to Gartnervangen in Rønne where the now demolished Rønne North station was once located.
References
External links
Official website
Bornholm
Cities and towns in the Capital Region of Denmark
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ASV Dronten is a football club from Dronten, Flevoland, Netherlands. In the 2018–19 season, ASV Dronten will be playing in the Saturday Eerste Klasse East (Zaterdag Eerste Klasse D Oost) for the second season, having been relegated after the 2016–17 season, from the Hoofdklasse.
Famous (ex) players
Hakim Ziyech
References
External links
Official site
Football clubs in the Netherlands
Association football clubs established in 1962
1962 establishments in the Netherlands
Football clubs in Flevoland
Sport in Dronten
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