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696d232f183041dc8ebb9303c320a762 | It was untouched when the city fell to Alexander the Great in 334 BC and still undamaged after attacks by pirates in 62 and 58 BC. It stood above the city's ruins for sixteen centuries. Then a series of earthquakes shattered the columns and sent the bronze chariot crashing to the ground. By AD 1404, only the base of th... | text | {
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3f9b3e2c3bb1c44032b397fee916b641 | [citation needed]
During the fortification work, a party of knights entered the base of the monument and discovered the room containing a great coffin. In many histories of the Mausoleum one can find the following story of what happened: the party, deciding it was too late to open it that day, returned the next morning... | text | {
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b8449524b08d21668223483e9848ded | [citation needed]
Discovery and excavation[edit]
An actress performs a play in front of two statues from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. Room 21, the British Museum, London
In the 19th century a British consul obtained several of the statues from Bodrum Castle; these now reside in the British Museum. In 1852, the Brit... | text | {
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7584c0c8eebad8b25bc04f6d4f559ca3 | Newton then excavated the site and found sections of the reliefs that decorated the wall of the building and portions of the stepped roof. Also discovered was a broken stone chariot wheel some 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in diameter, which came from the sculpture on the Mausoleum's roof. Finally, he found the statues of Mausolus a... | text | {
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f8d2f535dc39daaa123c86e08222ec1a | The beauty of the Mausoleum was not only in the structure itself, but in the decorations and statues that adorned the outside at different levels on the podium and the roof: statues of people, lions, horses, and other animals in varying scales. The four Greek sculptors who carved the statues: Bryaxis, Leochares, Scopas... | text | {
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"_split_id": 16
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7481c2e4dd16cf4bbabffce9e2ec922a | British Museum Room 21
Statue usually identified as Artemisia; reconstruction of the Amazonomachy can be seen in the left background. British Museum Room 21
This lion is among the few free-standing sculptures from the Mausoleum at the British Museum.
Slab from the Amazonomachy believed to show Herculeas grabbing the... | text | {
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ae590a6aa2328c9cef1cc7abe85801ba | The Masonic House of the Temple of the Scottish Rite, Washington, DC, designed by John Russell Pope, 1911–1915, another scholarly version.
Gallery of 2nd century replica site[edit]
In Milas (also the site of the tomb of Hecatomnus, who was the father of Mausolus), is also the site of the Gümüşkesen, a small-scale Roma... | text | {
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d1d5d5164b809b59ddfe532653b8314e | The Temple of Artemis or Artemision (Greek: Ἀρτεμίσιον; Turkish: Artemis Tapınağı), also known as the Temple of Diana, was a Greek temple dedicated to an ancient, local form of the goddess Artemis (identified with Diana, a Roman goddess). It was located in Ephesus (near the modern town of Selçuk in present-day Turkey).... | text | {
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f1d88abc0e7a92dd6efd7635b9b4ccd2 | The next, greatest, and last form of the temple, funded by the Ephesians themselves, is described in Antipater of Sidon's list of the world's Seven Wonders:
I have set eyes on the wall of lofty Babylon on which is a road for chariots, and the statue of Zeus by the Alpheus, and the hanging gardens, and the colossus of ... | text | {
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b392f16ddb076de4c6c680541b9060ea | Pausanias was certain that it antedated the Ionic immigration by many years, being older even than the oracular shrine of Apollo at Didyma.[3] He said that the pre-Ionic inhabitants of the city were Leleges and Lydians. Callimachus, in his Hymn to Artemis attributed the earliest temenos at Ephesus to the Amazons, leg... | text | {
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ac9a3bcb977b6bdbafba1cec0d4572fc | In the 7th century BC, a flood[7] destroyed the temple, depositing over half a meter of sand and flotsam over the original clay floor. Among the flood debris were the remains of a carved ivory plaque of a griffin and the Tree of Life, apparently North Syrian, and some drilled tear-shaped amber drops of elliptical cross... | text | {
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c3ff9e8fb0d21dc58e27e413dd5c1bf5 | Its peripteral columns stood some 13 m (40 ft) high, in double rows that formed a wide ceremonial passage around the cella that housed the goddess's cult image. Thirty-six of these columns were, according to Pliny, decorated by carvings in relief. A new ebony or blackened grapewood cult statue was sculpted by Endoios,[... | text | {
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edd6a485aef4f2f0663a863d17c57b58 | [12]
Fragments of bas-relief on the lowest drums of the temple columns, preserved in the British Museum, show that the enriched columns of the later temple, of which a few survive (illustration below) were versions of this earlier feature. Pliny the Elder, seemingly unaware of the ancient continuity of the sacred site,... | text | {
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9e0e140b4b6be68ed9c14a4da503f99 | Various sources describe this as a vainglorious act of arson by a man, Herostratus, who set fire to the wooden roof-beams, seeking fame at any cost; thus the term herostratic fame.[16] For this outrage, the Ephesians sentenced the perpetrator to death and forbade anyone from mentioning his name; but Theopompus later no... | text | {
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dee1ec7d046eac56c07d8cad43bb157f | [21]: 88–89
The fire might even have been deliberately and covertly set by the temple's administrators, aware of that the temple's foundation was sinking, but prevented from re-siting it elsewhere by religious constraints;[21]: 89 Bammer has noted the conservation of the original sacred location throughout successive ... | text | {
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6d594b438ac101022146fac084564cf8 | [24]
A drum from the base of a column from the 4th-century rebuilding, now in the British Museum
Pausanias (c. 2nd century AD) reports another image and altar in the temple, dedicated to Artemis Protothronia (Artemis "of the first seat") and a gallery of images above this altar, including an ancient figure of Nyx (the... | text | {
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"_split_id": 8
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23fa06eea827581237bd9d73686722c | [25] The 2nd-century Acts of John includes an apocryphal tale of the temple's destruction: the apostle John prayed publicly in the Temple of Artemis, exorcising its demons and "of a sudden the altar of Artemis split in many pieces... and half the temple fell down," instantly converting the Ephesians, who wept, prayed o... | text | {
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62e8a58ec70e96e8c6241c6862b6453c | After closure and after the city had become Christian, the name of Artemis appears to have been erased from inscriptions throughout Ephesus.[31]
Cyril of Alexandria credited Archbishop of Constantinople John Chrysostom with destroying the temple, referring to him as "the destroyer of the demons and overthrower of the t... | text | {
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7923427312f332b2b0ddea024482b911 | Rediscovery of the temple[edit]
Reconstructive plan of Temple of Artemis at Ephesus according to John Turtle Wood (1877)
After six years of searching, the site of the temple was rediscovered in 1869 by an expedition led by John Turtle Wood and sponsored by the British Museum. These excavations continued until 1874.[38]... | text | {
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bcf7eb650f928c268d0fa2c68b81ca25 | The literary accounts that describe it as "Amazonian" refer to the later founder-myths of Greek emigrés who developed the cult and temple of Artemis Ephesia. The wealth and splendor of temple and city were taken as evidence of Artemis Ephesia's power, and were the basis for her local and international prestige: despite... | text | {
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3d394e863ad32606d71314f3264b69cf | [44] Ephesian Artemis lent her city's diplomacy a powerful religious edge.
Under Hellenic rule, and later, under Roman rule, the Ephesian Artemisia festival was increasingly promoted as a key element in the pan-Hellenic festival circuit. It was part of a definitively Greek political and cultural identity, essential to ... | text | {
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d217a47c206ef37707dfeeaffba3a294 | 718, 1st century AD, Ephesus Archaeological Museum
From the Greek point of view, the Ephesian Artemis is a distinctive form of their goddess Artemis. In Greek cult and myth, Artemis is the twin sister of Apollo, a virgin goddess of the hunt, the wilderness and the moon, who, despite being a goddess of childbirth was ne... | text | {
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934ccc3615bac6db01dbc85761c8fd57 | This interpretation began in late antiquity and resulted in designations of the Ephesian goddess as Diana Efesia Multimammia and other related descriptions.[48][page needed] This interpretation was rooted in Minucius Felix and Jerome's Christian attacks on pagan popular religion, and modern scholarship has cast doubt o... | text | {
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b36849fec76463259b9ba35559a1948b | These objects remained in place where the ancient wooden statue of the goddess had been caught by an 8th-century flood. This form of jewelry, then, had already been developed by the Geometric Period.[50][51]
On the coins she rests either arm on a staff formed of entwined serpents or of a stack of ouroboroi, the eternal... | text | {
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30d6b7aeac3fd6e1c9d1110ada6d1490 | The Greek habits of syncretism assimilated all foreign gods under some form of the Olympian pantheon familiar to them—in interpretatio graeca—and it is clear that at Ephesus, the identification with Artemis that the Ionian settlers made of the "Lady of Ephesus" was slender. Nevertheless, later Greeks and Romans identif... | text | {
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113b05c345d8869c79f5e394ba6bab5d | Lynn LiDonnici observes that modern scholars are likely to be more concerned with origins of the Lady of Ephesus and her iconology than her adherents were at any point in time, and are prone to creating a synthetic account of the Lady of Ephesus by drawing together documentation that ranges over more than a millennium ... | text | {
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ee481b911c45ad2f7024dcdd193dc23f | The Lighthouse of Alexandria, sometimes called the Pharos of Alexandria (/ˈfɛərɒs/; Ancient Greek: ὁ Φάρος τῆς Ἀλεξανδρείας, contemporary Koine Greek pronunciation: [ho pʰá.ros tɛ̂ːs a.lek.sandrěːaːs]), was a lighthouse built by the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (280–24... | text | {
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7c657fb09417bda1049ed9f99288a296 | [4] In 2016 the Ministry of State of Antiquities in Egypt had plans to turn submerged ruins of ancient Alexandria, including those of the Pharos, into an underwater museum.[5]
Origin[edit]
Pharos was a small island located on the western edge of the Nile Delta. In 332 BC Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexand... | text | {
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18e98e271b748715a43729c17b4b1b87 | The Ras el-Tin promontory, where Ras el-Tin Palace was built in the 19th century, represents all that is left of the island of Pharos,[7] the site of the lighthouse at its eastern point having been weathered away by the sea.
Construction[edit]
Lighthouse of Alexandria by Philip Galle; 1572, Rijksmuseum
The lighthouse ... | text | {
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876456a7dc271ef43b7e42f87c905bad | [10] In his second century AD educational treatise How to Write History, Lucian claimed that Sostratus hid his name under plaster which bore the name of Ptolemy, so that when the plaster eventually fell off, Sostratus's name would be visible in the stone.[11][12]
The blocks of sandstone and limestone used in the constr... | text | {
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"_split_id": 3
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328b4a4d7be5f124d4ead120ad8b3ff5 | [14] Al-Masudi wrote in the 10th century that the seaward-facing side featured an inscription dedicated to Zeus.[15] Geographer Al-Idrisi visited the lighthouse in 1154 and noted openings in the walls throughout the rectangular shaft with lead used as a filling agent in between the masonry blocks at the base. He reckon... | text | {
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409ce1b5efb23cca56daaf01499a1edd | In clockwise rotation, the ramp held four stories with eighteen, fourteen, and seventeen rooms on the second, third, and fourth floors, respectively.[16]
Balawi accounted the base of the lighthouse to be 45 ba (30 m, 100 ft) long on each side with connecting ramp 600 dhira (300 m, 984 ft) long by 20 dhira (10 m, 32 ft)... | text | {
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430ed17763a01148a1e8ddbf21155c23 | [16]
The Lighthouse on coins minted in Alexandria in the second century AD (1: reverse of a coin of Antoninus Pius, and 2: reverse of a coin of Commodus).
A 3D reconstruction of the Lighthouse of Alexandria
Destruction[edit]
The lighthouse was partially cracked and damaged by earthquakes in 796 and 951, followed by ... | text | {
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"_split_id": 6
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7ffbee6ab55300ab49cf646466b53c3b | The 10th-century writer al-Mas'udi reports a legendary tale on the lighthouse's destruction, according to which at the time of Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. 705–715) the Byzantines sent a eunuch agent, who adopted Islam, gained the Caliph's confidence and secured permission to search for hidden treasure at the bas... | text | {
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"_split_id": 7
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4027111101eac6cbd318ba082e2b978b | [24]
A team of French archaeologists led by Jean-Yves Empereur re-discovered the physical remains of the lighthouse in late 1994 on the floor of Alexandria's Eastern Harbour. He worked with cinematographer Asma el-Bakri who used a 35 mm camera to capture the first underwater pictures of the scattered remains of collaps... | text | {
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"_split_id": 8
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bafa2fc6b6136871c2ce1e1323673518 | [28] It is possible to go diving and see the ruins. The secretariat of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage is currently working with the Government of Egypt on an initiative to add the Bay of Alexandria (including the remains of the lighthouse) to a World Heritage List of submerg... | text | {
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"_split_id": 9
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6d9b56bc3e756dbe70eb4727405e6048 | In 2015, the Egyptian government and the Alexandria governorate suggested building a skyscraper on the site of the lighthouse as part of the regeneration of the eastern harbour of Alexandria Port.[31]
Pharos in culture[edit]
The lighthouse as depicted in the Book of Wonders, a late 14th-century Arabic text
The Pharos ... | text | {
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f45b976604c6aab68c75110ce626f015 | Known colloquially under various names – the Pharos of Abusir, the Abusir funerary monument and Burg al-Arab (Arab's Tower) – it consists of a 3-storey tower, approximately 20 metres (66 ft) in height, with a square base, an octagonal midsection and cylindrical upper section, like the building upon which it was apparen... | text | {
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a185d58f932c48f44a093a55dea5b845 | In literature[edit]
Julius Caesar, in his Civil Wars (Part III, 111–112), describes the Pharos and its strategic importance. Gaining control of the lighthouse helped him subdue Ptolemy XIII's armies (48 BC):.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .te... | text | {
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23d0e04610d207c1be2afe9883967fad | [35]
Ibn Battuta visited the lighthouse in 1326, finding "one of its faces in ruins," yet he could enter and noted a place for the guardian of the lighthouse to sit and many other chambers. When he returned in 1349, he "found that it had fallen into so ruinous a condition that it was impossible to enter it or to climb... | text | {
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c21e46cfaf5d2c6f54273f86291eabf9 | The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World listed by Hellenic culture. They were described as a remarkable feat of engineering with an ascending series of tiered gardens containing a wide variety of trees, shrubs, and vines, resembling a large green mountain constructed of mud bri... | text | {
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f2ac7a330670026117e77fcd785b445c | The construction of the Hanging Gardens has also been attributed to the legendary queen Semiramis[4] and they have been called the Hanging Gardens of Semiramis as an alternative name.[5]
The Hanging Gardens are the only one of the Seven Wonders for which the location has not been definitively established.[6] There are ... | text | {
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b92c9fe88cdd3c55ad59b46c83028604 | These writers concern themselves with the size of the Hanging Gardens, their overall design and means of irrigation, and why they were built.
Josephus (c. 37–100 AD) quotes a description of the gardens by Berossus, a Babylonian priest of Marduk,[6] whose writing c. 290 BC is the earliest known mention of the gardens.[5... | text | {
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9636e60604855d1bf8c74466e7d15cd4 | He states that the garden was in the shape of a square, with each side approximately four plethra long. The garden was tiered, with the uppermost gallery being 50 cubits high. The walls, 22 feet thick, were made of brick. The bases of the tiered sections were sufficiently deep to provide root growth for the largest tre... | text | {
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"_split_id": 3
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b2a6392978242371762fe0e5d03b7754 | The last of the classical sources thought to be independent of the others is A Handbook to the Seven Wonders of the World by the paradoxographer Philo of Byzantium, writing in the 4th to 5th century AD.[18] The method of raising water by screw matches that described by Strabo.[19] Philo praises the engineering and inge... | text | {
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"_split_id": 4
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d743d20031c18d3e35847ba75f30027f | [21] However, the gardens were said to still exist at the time that later writers described them, and some of these accounts are regarded as deriving from people who had visited Babylon.[2] Herodotus, who describes Babylon in his Histories, does not mention the Hanging Gardens,[22] although it could be that the gardens... | text | {
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"_split_id": 5
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11ec8351f936aad17f842d3a94dc5a21 | [24]
Identification with Sennacherib's gardens at Nineveh
See also: Nineveh § Sennacherib's Nineveh
Oxford scholar Stephanie Dalley has proposed that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were actually the well-documented gardens constructed by the Assyrian king Sennacherib (reigned 704 – 681 BC) for his palace at Nineveh; D... | text | {
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d56ae37f6dad42b8da9076308ba85fb6 | Only Josephus names Nebuchadnezzar as the king who built the gardens; although Nebuchadnezzar left many inscriptions, none mentions any garden or engineering works.[30] Diodorus Siculus and Quintus Curtius Rufus specify a "Syrian" king. By contrast, Sennacherib left written descriptions,[31] and there is archaeological... | text | {
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"_split_id": 7
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3c5c652263fa5433aec2082417b89f57 | [36] There was a tradition of Assyrian royal garden building. King Ashurnasirpal II (883–859 BC) had created a canal, which cut through the mountains. Fruit tree orchards were planted. Also mentioned were pines, cypresses and junipers; almond trees, date trees, ebony, rosewood, olive, oak, tamarisk, walnut, terebinth, ... | text | {
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"_split_id": 8
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b714102aa7ac3a9622d0d00caa55fa | Sennacherib was proud of the technologies he had employed and describes them in some detail on his inscriptions. At the headwater of Bavian (Khinnis)[39] his inscription mentions automatic sluice gates. An enormous aqueduct crossing the valley at Jerwan was constructed of over two million dressed stones. It used stone ... | text | {
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"_split_id": 9
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a269e69c4ef825f4ca55c073998bf5cb | This meant he could build a garden that towered above the landscape with large trees on the top of the terraces – a stunning artistic effect that surpassed those of his predecessors.
Plants
Date palms are a common tree species in Babylon.
The gardens, as depicted in artworks, featured blossoming flowers, ripe fruit, b... | text | {
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"_split_id": 10
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