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2094600

2094601

2094602

Determinants of ventricular arrhythmias in @entity1 explanted hearts with XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The molecular and cellular determinants of @entity1165 ( @entity1165 ) in @entity1 with @entity384 ( @entity384 ) remain poorly defined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 20 @entity384 hearts where @entity1165 was reported in 10 cases and @entity1165 was absent in 10 cases, using a double-blinded case control study design, and assessed the molecular and cellular features of the @entity296 . RESULTS: Explanted hearts from @entity1 with @entity1165 showed greater hypertrophic changes based on cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area and expression of disease markers, and @entity296 which extended into the left ventricular and right ventricular outflow tract regions. The @entity1165 group also showed increased oxidative stress with reduction in reduced @entity2041 levels. @entity495 levels in the intercalated discs showed increased levels in the @entity1165 group with reduced phosphorylation. Microarray mRNA analysis of gene expression in the left ventricle (LV) free wall revealed several families of genes which were differentially upregulated or downregulated in hearts with documented @entity1165 compared to hearts without @entity1165 . Notably, we identified reduced expression of the @entity141 -activated @entity3529 channel ( @entity31858 ) and increased expression of the transient receptor potential cation channel 7 ( @entity46756 ) and intracellular @entity2865 channel 3 ( @entity67951 ). Western blot analysis on LV membrane fractions showed reduced @entity31858 and increased @entity46756 levels in hearts with @entity1165 . CONCLUSIONS: In explanted @entity1 hearts with @entity384 , @entity1165 is associated with greater @entity1184 , oxidative stress and @entity296 , differential gene expression, and altered ion channel levels indicative of a distinctive adverse myocardial remodelling process associated with clinically-significant @entity1165 . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

2094603

2094604

2094605

Determinants of ventricular arrhythmias in XXXX explanted hearts with @entity384 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The molecular and cellular determinants of @entity1165 ( @entity1165 ) in @entity1 with @entity384 ( @entity384 ) remain poorly defined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 20 @entity384 hearts where @entity1165 was reported in 10 cases and @entity1165 was absent in 10 cases, using a double-blinded case control study design, and assessed the molecular and cellular features of the @entity296 . RESULTS: Explanted hearts from @entity1 with @entity1165 showed greater hypertrophic changes based on cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area and expression of disease markers, and @entity296 which extended into the left ventricular and right ventricular outflow tract regions. The @entity1165 group also showed increased oxidative stress with reduction in reduced @entity2041 levels. @entity495 levels in the intercalated discs showed increased levels in the @entity1165 group with reduced phosphorylation. Microarray mRNA analysis of gene expression in the left ventricle (LV) free wall revealed several families of genes which were differentially upregulated or downregulated in hearts with documented @entity1165 compared to hearts without @entity1165 . Notably, we identified reduced expression of the @entity141 -activated @entity3529 channel ( @entity31858 ) and increased expression of the transient receptor potential cation channel 7 ( @entity46756 ) and intracellular @entity2865 channel 3 ( @entity67951 ). Western blot analysis on LV membrane fractions showed reduced @entity31858 and increased @entity46756 levels in hearts with @entity1165 . CONCLUSIONS: In explanted @entity1 hearts with @entity384 , @entity1165 is associated with greater @entity1184 , oxidative stress and @entity296 , differential gene expression, and altered ion channel levels indicative of a distinctive adverse myocardial remodelling process associated with clinically-significant @entity1165 . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

2094606

2094607

2094608

Prognostic Nutritional Index Predicts Severe Complications, Recurrence, and Poor Prognosis in @entity1 With XXXX Undergoing Primary Tumor Resection.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The prognostic nutritional index is reportedly related to postoperative outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinical importance of the prognostic nutritional index in @entity1 with @entity14 who were undergoing primary @entity5 resection. DESIGN: This is a retrospective study from a single institution. SETTINGS: This study was conducted at a colorectal surgery service in an @entity4207 teaching hospital. @entity1 : The 556 @entity1 with @entity14 who were undergoing surgery between March 2005 and August 2014 were eligible for this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The preoperative prognostic nutritional index was calculated. Classification and regression tree analysis was performed to determine the prognostic nutritional index cutoff value. The associations of the prognostic nutritional index status with clinicopathological factors and postoperative outcomes were examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Classification and regression tree analysis demonstrated that 45.5 was the optimal cutoff value. The low status ( <=45.5) was correlated with older age, low BMI, low estimated glomerular filtration rate, @entity787 positivity, @entity1735 antigen 19-9 positivity, preoperative chemotherapy, @entity5 invading muscular or deeper layers, distant @entity3 , poor differentiation, severe @entity260 , @entity5 recurrence, and poor survival. In multivariate analysis, the low status was an independent risk factor for severe @entity260 (OR = 2.06 [95% CI, 1.22-3.50]; p = 0.007) and low overall survival (HR =3.98 [95% CI, 2.38-6.89]; p < 0.001). LIMITATIONS: Our data set was collected retrospectively from a single institution. In addition, our study was only for preoperative prognostic nutritional index status, not considering the postoperative host status. CONCLUSIONS: The preoperative prognostic nutritional index predicts severe complications, recurrence, and poor prognosis in @entity1 with @entity14 who are undergoing primary @entity5 resection. Investigation of the nutritional and immunologic statuses using the prognostic nutritional index could be a useful clinical approach.

2094609

2094610

2094611

Prognostic Nutritional Index Predicts Severe Complications, Recurrence, and Poor Prognosis in XXXX With @entity14 Undergoing Primary Tumor Resection.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The prognostic nutritional index is reportedly related to postoperative outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinical importance of the prognostic nutritional index in @entity1 with @entity14 who were undergoing primary @entity5 resection. DESIGN: This is a retrospective study from a single institution. SETTINGS: This study was conducted at a colorectal surgery service in an @entity4207 teaching hospital. @entity1 : The 556 @entity1 with @entity14 who were undergoing surgery between March 2005 and August 2014 were eligible for this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The preoperative prognostic nutritional index was calculated. Classification and regression tree analysis was performed to determine the prognostic nutritional index cutoff value. The associations of the prognostic nutritional index status with clinicopathological factors and postoperative outcomes were examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Classification and regression tree analysis demonstrated that 45.5 was the optimal cutoff value. The low status ( <=45.5) was correlated with older age, low BMI, low estimated glomerular filtration rate, @entity787 positivity, @entity1735 antigen 19-9 positivity, preoperative chemotherapy, @entity5 invading muscular or deeper layers, distant @entity3 , poor differentiation, severe @entity260 , @entity5 recurrence, and poor survival. In multivariate analysis, the low status was an independent risk factor for severe @entity260 (OR = 2.06 [95% CI, 1.22-3.50]; p = 0.007) and low overall survival (HR =3.98 [95% CI, 2.38-6.89]; p < 0.001). LIMITATIONS: Our data set was collected retrospectively from a single institution. In addition, our study was only for preoperative prognostic nutritional index status, not considering the postoperative host status. CONCLUSIONS: The preoperative prognostic nutritional index predicts severe complications, recurrence, and poor prognosis in @entity1 with @entity14 who are undergoing primary @entity5 resection. Investigation of the nutritional and immunologic statuses using the prognostic nutritional index could be a useful clinical approach.

2094612

2094613

2094614

Induction of linked suppression in addition to the donor XXXX class I-specific unresponsiveness in recipient T cells by transfusing class I plus class II-disparate, but not class I alone-disparate, bone marrow cells.

multiple_choice

This study was undertaken to determine whether bone marrow (BM) cells contain a cell population with the capacity to induce an unresponsiveness of T cells specific to the BM self- @entity8200 class I antigens in vivo, i.e., veto cell population. Recombinant or congenic @entity19 were infused intravenously with @entity8200 -incompatible BM cells. One to several weeks later, donor @entity8200 -and irrelevant @entity8200 -specific responses in mixed lymphocyte reaction cultures of recipient T cells were assessed. Transfusion of @entity8200 -incompatible BM of C57BL/10 (B10) recombinant strains caused a long-lasting cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) unresponsiveness to the donor class I antigens in recipient @entity1600 cells. When class I plus class II-disparate BM cells were transfused, an anti-donor class I CTL response and a response against a third-party class I antigen, which was presented on the stimulator cells coexpressing the donor class I and class II, were significantly suppressed. This linked suppression lasted for less than 2 weeks after transfusion. Transfusion of class I-alone-disparate BM induced the donor class I-specific CTL unresponsiveness, but not the linked suppression. The induction of linked suppression was prevented considerably by transfusing nylon wool-nonadherent BM or by treating recipients with @entity786 2 days before transfusion. An anti-third-party class I CTL response, stimulated in vitro with fully allogeneic spleen cells, was not hampered by the BM transfusion. Coculturing the @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) cells obtained from the class I plus class II-disparate BM recipient with normal @entity1600 cells interfered with the generation of both anti-donor class I and anti-linked third-party class I CTL, whereas, coculturing @entity1600 cells from the class I alone-disparate BM recipient inhibited neither specificity of CTL generation. Transfusion of class I plus class II-disparate BM resulted in a significant suppression of the donor class II-specific proliferative response. In contrast, transfusion of class I alone-disparate BM did not suppress any proliferative responses, including even a "linked" third-party class II-specific response. Transfusion of bm 1, (B6 X bm 1)F1, or (bm 1 X bm 12)F1 BM to B6 did not induce unresponsiveness in bm 1-specific CTL responses. However, the transfusion resulted in a significant suppression of bm 1-reactive proliferative response of recipient @entity1600 cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

2094615

2094616

2094617

Mesenchymal stromal cells loaded with @entity1311 induce cytotoxic damage in XXXX brain xenografts.

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: The goal of @entity5 chemotherapy is targeting @entity5 cells and/or @entity5 -associated microvessels with the lowest systemic @entity137 . Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising vehicles for selective drug delivery due to their peculiar ability to home to pathological tissues. We previously showed that MSCs are able to uptake and subsequently to release the chemotherapeutic compound @entity1311 ( @entity4045 ) and to impair the growth of @entity463 multiforme (GBM) xenografts. Here we used an orthotopic GBM model 1) to assess whether @entity4045 -loaded MSCs ( @entity4045 -MSCs) retain a tropism towards the @entity5 cells in the brain context, and 2) to characterize the cytotoxic damage induced by MSCs-driven @entity4045 release in the @entity5 microenvironment. METHODS: U87MG GBM cells were fluorescently labeled with the mCherry protein and grafted onto the brain of immunosuppressed @entity35 . In adjacent brain regions, we injected green fluorescent protein-expressing @entity19 MSCs, either loaded with @entity4045 or unloaded. After 1 week survival, the xenografted brain was assessed by confocal microscopy for @entity4045 -induced cell damage. RESULTS: Overall, MSCs showed remarkable tropism towards the @entity5 . In @entity35 grafted with @entity4045 -MSCs, the nuclei of U87MG cells showed changes that are typically induced by @entity4045 , including multi-spindle mitoses, centrosome number alterations, and nuclear fragmentation. Multi-spindle mitoses resulted in multinucleated cells that were significantly higher in @entity5 co-grafted with @entity4045 -MSCs than in controls. Nuclear changes did not occur in astrocytes and neurons surrounding the @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: MSCs appear particularly suited for anti-neoplastic drug delivery in the brain since @entity4045 -specific damage of GBM cells can be achieved avoiding side effects to the normal tissue.

2094618

2094619

2094620

Mesenchymal stromal cells loaded with XXXX induce cytotoxic damage in @entity463 brain xenografts.

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: The goal of @entity5 chemotherapy is targeting @entity5 cells and/or @entity5 -associated microvessels with the lowest systemic @entity137 . Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising vehicles for selective drug delivery due to their peculiar ability to home to pathological tissues. We previously showed that MSCs are able to uptake and subsequently to release the chemotherapeutic compound @entity1311 ( @entity4045 ) and to impair the growth of @entity463 multiforme (GBM) xenografts. Here we used an orthotopic GBM model 1) to assess whether @entity4045 -loaded MSCs ( @entity4045 -MSCs) retain a tropism towards the @entity5 cells in the brain context, and 2) to characterize the cytotoxic damage induced by MSCs-driven @entity4045 release in the @entity5 microenvironment. METHODS: U87MG GBM cells were fluorescently labeled with the mCherry protein and grafted onto the brain of immunosuppressed @entity35 . In adjacent brain regions, we injected green fluorescent protein-expressing @entity19 MSCs, either loaded with @entity4045 or unloaded. After 1 week survival, the xenografted brain was assessed by confocal microscopy for @entity4045 -induced cell damage. RESULTS: Overall, MSCs showed remarkable tropism towards the @entity5 . In @entity35 grafted with @entity4045 -MSCs, the nuclei of U87MG cells showed changes that are typically induced by @entity4045 , including multi-spindle mitoses, centrosome number alterations, and nuclear fragmentation. Multi-spindle mitoses resulted in multinucleated cells that were significantly higher in @entity5 co-grafted with @entity4045 -MSCs than in controls. Nuclear changes did not occur in astrocytes and neurons surrounding the @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: MSCs appear particularly suited for anti-neoplastic drug delivery in the brain since @entity4045 -specific damage of GBM cells can be achieved avoiding side effects to the normal tissue.

2094621

2094622

2094623

Does the response to induction chemotherapy impact the timing of thoracic radiotherapy for XXXX ?

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: To investigate whether the response to induction chemotherapy (IC) would impact the timing of thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) in @entity5 ( @entity5 ). METHODS: A total of 146 @entity1 with @entity5 who had received two to six cycles of IC followed by TRT from January 2009 to December 2011 at our hospital were included in this study. @entity1 were divided into two groups based on the time TRT was administered: early TRT (administered after 2-3 cycles of chemotherapy) or late TRT (administered after 4-6 cycles). @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate the independent factors affecting survival. RESULTS: The median @entity1349 for @entity1 who received early TRT and late TRT was 29.0 and 19.9 months, respectively, (P = 0.018) and the median PFS was 18.5 and 13.8 months, respectively (P = 0.049). In @entity1 who achieved complete remission (CR) or partial remission (PR) after two to three cycles of IC, the median @entity1349 was 36.1 and 22.5 months in the early and late TRT subgroups, respectively (P = 0.009); the corresponding median PFS was 20.2 and 13.8 months, respectively (P = 0.038). In the @entity1 who did not achieve CR or PR, no statistic difference was found in @entity1349 or PFS between the two subgroups. CONCLUSION: @entity1 who received early TRT had more favorable outcomes than those who received late TRT. @entity1 who achieved CR or PR after two to three cycles of IC obtained more benefit from early TRT.

2094624

2094625

2094626

Excellent long-term results with iliac stenting in local anesthesia for XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Only 20% of iliac veins will recanalize on anticoagulation (AC) treatment alone and may, therefore, develop @entity432 after iliofemoral @entity1150 ( @entity1150 ). A considerable number of these @entity1 will suffer from @entity715 ( @entity715 ) leading to impaired quality of life in more than 50%. Endovascular treatment for @entity1228 using stents is known to alleviate @entity715 symptoms in selected @entity1 . PURPOSE: To report the Danish long-term results of endovascular treatment with iliac stenting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 2000 to 2013 consecutive @entity1 were evaluated and 19 @entity1 with severe @entity1211 were identified and subsequently underwent angioplasty and stenting. AC treatment was prescribed for 6 months, and knee-high class II compression stocking recommended for 1 year. Scheduled follow-up was done in the outpatient clinic at 6 weeks, 3 months, and annually thereafter. RESULTS: Nineteen @entity1 , all @entity1 , all with left-sided @entity1228 , and all with severe @entity715 symptoms were included. The median follow-up time was 81 months (range, 1-146 months; mean, 69 months). Primary patency rate of the inserted iliac stent was 89% (17/19) and 16 @entity1 (84 %) had almost or total symptom relief at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Endovascular stenting of @entity1029 in local anesthesia is minimally invasive and shows excellent long-term outcomes for @entity1 suffering from @entity715 .

2094627

2094628

2094629

AAV9 supports wide-scale transduction of the CNS and XXXX disease modeling in adult @entity35 .

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: AAV9 has emerged as an efficient adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype for gene transfer to the central nervous system. We have used this technique to study aspects of @entity746 ( @entity746 ) by administering AAV encoding the @entity746 -related gene transactive response DNA binding protein of 43 kDa ( @entity67952 ) to neonatal @entity35 . However, inducing the expression in adult subjects would be preferable to mimic the adult onset of symptoms in @entity746 . We expressed either green fluorescent protein (GFP) or @entity67952 in adult @entity35 after an intravenous (i.v.) route of administration to attempt wide-scale transduction of the spinal cord for disease modeling. In order to optimize the gene transfer, we made comparisons of efficiency by age, gender, and across several AAV serotypes ( @entity21481 , AAV8, AAV9, and AAV10). The data indicate more efficient neuronal transduction in neonates, with little evidence of glial transduction at either age, no gender-related differences in transduction, and that AAV9 was efficient in adults relative to the other serotypes tested. Based on these data, AAV9 @entity67952 was expressed at three vector doses in adult female @entity35 yielding highly consistent, dose-dependent @entity51 . AAV9 can be delivered i.v. to adult @entity35 to achieve consistent pathophysiological changes and a relevant adult-onset system for disease modeling.

2094630

2094631

2094632

AAV9 supports wide-scale transduction of the CNS and @entity67952 disease modeling in adult XXXX .

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: AAV9 has emerged as an efficient adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype for gene transfer to the central nervous system. We have used this technique to study aspects of @entity746 ( @entity746 ) by administering AAV encoding the @entity746 -related gene transactive response DNA binding protein of 43 kDa ( @entity67952 ) to neonatal @entity35 . However, inducing the expression in adult subjects would be preferable to mimic the adult onset of symptoms in @entity746 . We expressed either green fluorescent protein (GFP) or @entity67952 in adult @entity35 after an intravenous (i.v.) route of administration to attempt wide-scale transduction of the spinal cord for disease modeling. In order to optimize the gene transfer, we made comparisons of efficiency by age, gender, and across several AAV serotypes ( @entity21481 , AAV8, AAV9, and AAV10). The data indicate more efficient neuronal transduction in neonates, with little evidence of glial transduction at either age, no gender-related differences in transduction, and that AAV9 was efficient in adults relative to the other serotypes tested. Based on these data, AAV9 @entity67952 was expressed at three vector doses in adult female @entity35 yielding highly consistent, dose-dependent @entity51 . AAV9 can be delivered i.v. to adult @entity35 to achieve consistent pathophysiological changes and a relevant adult-onset system for disease modeling.

2094633

2094634

2094635

Utilization of Waste Materials for the Treatment of Waste Water Contaminated with XXXX .

multiple_choice

The activities were carried out to develop potential adsorbents from waste material and employ them for the removal of hazardous antibacterial, @entity207 from the wastewater by adsorption technique. The selection of this method was done because of its economic viability. The method has the potency of eradicating the perilous chemicals which make their appearance in water and directly or indirectly into the whole biological system, through the ejection of effluents by the industries in flowing water. The adsorption technique was used to impound the precarious antibiotics from wastewater using Deoiled Soya an agricultural waste and @entity11896 a prolific colonizer. The adsorption capacity of these adsorbents was further enhanced by treating them with @entity7159 solution and it was seen that the adsorption capacity increases by 10% to 25%. Hence a comparative account of the adsorption studies of all the four adsorbents i.e. Deoiled Soya, Alkali treated Deoiled Soya, @entity11896 and Alkali treated @entity11896 has been discussed in this paper. Different isotherms like Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin Radushkevich were also deduced from the adsorption data. Isotherm studies were in turn used in estimating the thermodynamic parameters. Deoiled Soya (DOS) showed sorption capacity of 0.0007 mol g(-1) while Alkali treated Deoiled Soya (ADOS) exhibited 0.0011 mol g(-1) of sorption capacity which reveals that the adsorption is higher in case of alkali treated adsorbent. The mean sorption energy (E) was obtained between 9 to 12 kJ/mol which shows that the reaction proceeds by ion exchange reaction. Various kinetic studies like order of reaction, mass transfer studies, mechanism of diffusion were also performed for the ongoing processes. The mass transfer coefficient obtained for alkali treated moieties was higher than the parent moieties. The breakthrough curves plotted from the column studies show percentage saturation of 90% to 98%. Moreover the adsorbed antibacterial were desorbed and regenerated in its original form. Thus, the method was able to remove the drugs from water but simultaneously could regenerate these expensive drugs.

2094636

2094637

2094638

Benefits of preoperative MRI in XXXX surgery studied in a large population-based @entity5 registry.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Although evidence for the benefits of preoperative MRI in @entity0 is lacking, use of MRI is increasing and characterized by large interhospital variation. The aim of the study was to evaluate MRI use and surgical outcomes retrospectively. METHODS: @entity1 with @entity0 (pT1-3) or @entity513 in situ ( @entity3821 ), diagnosed in 2011-2013, were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry and subdivided into the following groups: @entity3 , high-grade @entity3821 , non-palpable @entity5 , age 40 years or less, and @entity1137 . Associations between preoperative MRI use and initial mastectomy, resection margin after breast-conserving surgery (BCS), re-excision after BCS, and final mastectomy were analysed. RESULTS: In total, 5514 @entity1 were included in the study; 1637 (34 1 per cent) of 4801 @entity1 with @entity3 and 150 (21 0 per cent) of 713 with @entity3821 had preoperative MRI. Positive resection margins were found in 18 1 per cent @entity1 who had MRI and in 15 1 per cent of those who did not (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1 20, 95 per cent c.i. 1 00 to 1 45), with no differences in subgroups. Re-excision rates were 9 8 per cent in the MRI group and 7 2 per cent in the no-MRI group (adjusted OR 1 33, 1 04 to 1 70), with no differences in subgroups. In the MRI group, 38 8 per cent of @entity1 ultimately underwent mastectomy, compared with 24 2 per cent in the no-MRI group (adjusted OR 2 13, 1 87 to 2 41). This difference was not found for @entity1 aged 40 years or less, or for those diagnosed with @entity356 . CONCLUSION: No subgroup was identified in which preoperative MRI influenced the risk of margin involvement or re-excision rate after BCS. MRI was significantly associated with more extensive surgery, except in @entity1 aged 40 years or less and those with @entity1137 . These results suggest that use of preoperative MRI should be more targeted, and that general, widespread use be discouraged.

2094639

2094640

2094641

Benefits of preoperative MRI in @entity0 surgery studied in a large population-based XXXX registry.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Although evidence for the benefits of preoperative MRI in @entity0 is lacking, use of MRI is increasing and characterized by large interhospital variation. The aim of the study was to evaluate MRI use and surgical outcomes retrospectively. METHODS: @entity1 with @entity0 (pT1-3) or @entity513 in situ ( @entity3821 ), diagnosed in 2011-2013, were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry and subdivided into the following groups: @entity3 , high-grade @entity3821 , non-palpable @entity5 , age 40 years or less, and @entity1137 . Associations between preoperative MRI use and initial mastectomy, resection margin after breast-conserving surgery (BCS), re-excision after BCS, and final mastectomy were analysed. RESULTS: In total, 5514 @entity1 were included in the study; 1637 (34 1 per cent) of 4801 @entity1 with @entity3 and 150 (21 0 per cent) of 713 with @entity3821 had preoperative MRI. Positive resection margins were found in 18 1 per cent @entity1 who had MRI and in 15 1 per cent of those who did not (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1 20, 95 per cent c.i. 1 00 to 1 45), with no differences in subgroups. Re-excision rates were 9 8 per cent in the MRI group and 7 2 per cent in the no-MRI group (adjusted OR 1 33, 1 04 to 1 70), with no differences in subgroups. In the MRI group, 38 8 per cent of @entity1 ultimately underwent mastectomy, compared with 24 2 per cent in the no-MRI group (adjusted OR 2 13, 1 87 to 2 41). This difference was not found for @entity1 aged 40 years or less, or for those diagnosed with @entity356 . CONCLUSION: No subgroup was identified in which preoperative MRI influenced the risk of margin involvement or re-excision rate after BCS. MRI was significantly associated with more extensive surgery, except in @entity1 aged 40 years or less and those with @entity1137 . These results suggest that use of preoperative MRI should be more targeted, and that general, widespread use be discouraged.

2094642

2094643

2094644

A historical study of American patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody negative pauci-immune XXXX .

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) play an important role in the pathogenesis of @entity19417 . The lack of ANCA antibodies may indicate a variation in clinical presentation and outcomes of this disease. We identified 74 adult @entity1 between 1995 and 2009 with the diagnosis of pauci-immune @entity631 . Demographics, histological features, and treatment outcomes were compared between ANCA-positive and ANCA-negative @entity1 . These factors were correlated with renal function at presentation and follow-up. Of the 74 @entity1 , 57 were ANCA-positive, and 17 were ANCA-negative. Demographics and mean Birmingham @entity1333 Activity Score were similar between ANCA-negative and ANCA-positive @entity1 at presentation. Renal function was significantly worse at presentation in the ANCA-negative @entity1 ( @entity470 16.59 vs. 31.89 ml/min/1.73 m(2), p = 0.03). @entity1 in the ANCA-negative group had a significantly higher @entity82 score compared to the ANCA-positive group (2.1 vs.1.6, p = 0.04). The median time to remission was shorter in the ANCA-negative @entity1 (51 vs. 78 days, p = 0.01). Long-term renal function and 1-year @entity1 and renal survival were similar between ANCA-negative and ANCA-positive @entity1 . Baseline @entity470 , percentage of normal glomeruli, @entity8 , and tubulointerstitial scarring predicted @entity470 at 1 year in both groups similarly. This is the first historical review of American @entity1 with pauci-immune @entity631 , comparing @entity1 with ANCA-negative and ANCA-positive serology. Although ANCA-negative @entity1 present with lower @entity470 and more @entity82 , 1-year and long-term outcomes in both groups are similar.

2094645

2094646

2094647

Aggressive XXXX associated with hip arthroplasty. Immunopathological studies.

multiple_choice

The local immunopathological response was analyzed in six @entity1 who had a revision of a total hip prosthesis because of an aggressive @entity75 and in six @entity1 who had a revision because of common loosening of the prosthetic stem. All twelve @entity1 had had a total replacement arthroplasty for primary @entity571 . All of the prostheses had been cemented. The aggressive @entity738 consisted of well organized connective tissue containing histiocytic-monocytic and fibroblastic reactive zones. The @entity738 were highly vascularized, and villous structures were observed at many sites. In contrast, the areas around the loose cemented stems were characterized by dense connective tissue. Immunohistological evaluation revealed that most of the cells in the aggressive granulomatous tissue were multinucleated giant cells and C3bi-receptor and nonspecific esterase-positive monocyte-macrophages. This cytological finding suggests a @entity6377 , compatible with the rapidly progressive lytic nature of the lesion that was shown radiographically. There was a clear-cut difference between aggressive @entity2883 and the more common lesion accompanying prosthetic loosening--namely, the relative lack of activated fibroblasts in @entity2883 . We suggest that @entity2883 involves an uncoupling of the normal sequence of monocyte-macrophage-mediated clearance of foreign material and tissue debris that is normally followed by fibroblast-mediated synthesis and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. We also suggest that aggressive @entity2883 in association with a cemented hip prosthesis is a distinct entity, not only clinically and radiographically, but also histopathologically.

2094648

2094649

2094650

Varying virulence in XXXX infected with different filamentous types of @entity3218 .

multiple_choice

@entity3218 filamentous primary isolates and their subcultures are separable into two distinct colonial types (A and B) having different microscopic characteristics. @entity375 forms of the A and B types and the parent (P) strains from which they are derived are microscopically indistinguishable. Critically standardized inocula of living P, A, and @entity375 from one strain of @entity3218 (G-184) were injected intravenously into 12 @entity95 . Each type produced progressively debilitating disease, but in varying degrees. Of the 12 animals, 6 died within 2 to 14 weeks. A persisting copious nasal exudate, beginning at or before 1 week, was cultured weekly at 26 C on Mycosel (BBL) agar. Pure cultures of A and B filamentous type colonies were recovered from exudates of animals receiving A and @entity375 , respectively, whereas both filamentous types were isolated from @entity95 injected with P @entity375 , with B predominating. Only A and @entity375 thus maintained their filamentous integrity during animal passage. It was noted that dissemination of @entity3218 through the nares of infected @entity95 represents a possible hazard to laboratory personnel heretofore unrecognized. It is also a possible means of cross-infecting or sensitizing or cross-infecting and sensitizing animals housed in the same room, if A and @entity375 prove not to be antigenically identical.

2094651

2094652

2094653

Varying virulence in @entity95 infected with different filamentous types of XXXX .

multiple_choice

@entity3218 filamentous primary isolates and their subcultures are separable into two distinct colonial types (A and B) having different microscopic characteristics. @entity375 forms of the A and B types and the parent (P) strains from which they are derived are microscopically indistinguishable. Critically standardized inocula of living P, A, and @entity375 from one strain of @entity3218 (G-184) were injected intravenously into 12 @entity95 . Each type produced progressively debilitating disease, but in varying degrees. Of the 12 animals, 6 died within 2 to 14 weeks. A persisting copious nasal exudate, beginning at or before 1 week, was cultured weekly at 26 C on Mycosel (BBL) agar. Pure cultures of A and B filamentous type colonies were recovered from exudates of animals receiving A and @entity375 , respectively, whereas both filamentous types were isolated from @entity95 injected with P @entity375 , with B predominating. Only A and @entity375 thus maintained their filamentous integrity during animal passage. It was noted that dissemination of @entity3218 through the nares of infected @entity95 represents a possible hazard to laboratory personnel heretofore unrecognized. It is also a possible means of cross-infecting or sensitizing or cross-infecting and sensitizing animals housed in the same room, if A and @entity375 prove not to be antigenically identical.

2094654

2094655

2094656

Elevated XXXX prevents neuronal death but inhibits network formation in neocortical cultures.

multiple_choice

@entity102 is inimical to neuronal growth and synaptogenesis so that spontaneous action potential generation appears to be required for the normal cytomorphological maturation of neocortical networks. The efficacy of 25 mM K in suppressing spontaneous bioelectric activity was monitored by extra- and intracellular recording from the explants. Intracellular recording from individual neurons showed that membrane potentials were reduced to ca -30 mV in @entity972 cultures but rapidly repolarized to ca -50 mV when returned to normal growth medium. Though action potentials could be readily evoked from these explants, spontaneous discharges and postsynaptic potentials were absent from @entity972 -treated cultures. Both spontaneous bioelectric activity and postsynaptic potentials returned to the cultures by 5 days after returning the explants to normal growth medium. Extracellular recordings also showed that the explants were bioelectrically silent in the presence of 25 mM K or 25 mM K plus @entity1022 . In contrast to @entity1022 alone, bioelectric activity was absent when the cultures (with or without @entity1022 ) were returned to normal growth medium. The explants gradually began to evince spontaneous bioelectric activity between 3 and 5 days after being returned to normal growth medium. Massive cell death induced by chronic exposure to @entity1022 was totally prevented by concomitant addition of 25 mM @entity972 , though these explants were significantly thinner than controls due to a large decrease in neuropil. We conclude that chronic depolarization of neonatal cortical explants by @entity972 results in a delayed return of spontaneous bioelectric discharges. @entity102 results in a retardation of network formation in these explants apparently due to a lack of neurite and/or synapse formation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

2094657

2094658

2094659

Dye laser-assisted angioplasty with multifiber catheters: short-term results in the treatment of 29 peripheral XXXX .

multiple_choice

The use of pulsed dye laser energy for angioplasty offers the possibility of ablating @entity731 without thermal damage to the adjacent arterial wall. However, to be of value, systems that deliver the energy safely and effectively are required. We tested multifiber catheters in 504-nm pulsed dye laser angioplasty for treatment of peripheral @entity432 . Flexible multifiber catheters consist of 12 (7-French) and 19 (9-French) concentrically arranged 200-microns quartz fibers allowing guidewire-directed use. Laser-assisted angioplasty was performed in 2- to 13-cm- (mean, 7.5-cm) long occlusions of iliac (six) and femoropopliteal (23) arteries in @entity1 with symptomatic @entity432 . Angiograms were obtained before and after laser ablation, after subsequent @entity384 , and if signs or symptoms indicated @entity256 , during follow-up. The laser procedure was impossible to perform in three (10%) of 29 @entity1 ; this was related to unsuccessful passage of the wire in one @entity1 and to inability to advance the laser catheter across the lesion in two @entity1 . In one other @entity1 , reocclusion occurred 1 day after angioplasty. Stand-alone laser angioplasty relieved residual stenosis of less than 30% in six (26%) of 23 femoropopliteal arteries, making @entity384 dispensable. Immediate clinical improvement was achieved in 26 (90%) of 29 @entity1 . Laser treatment caused no perforation and no embolization, but minor dissections occurred in 36% of the @entity1 . Our experience suggests that pulsed dye laser angioplasty via multifiber catheters converts @entity432 into stenoses. With the exception of angioplasty in distal femoropopliteal arteries, additional @entity384 is necessary to complete recanalization.

2094660

2094661

2094662

Sudden unexpected XXXX in persons less than 40 years of age.

multiple_choice

This study retrospectively assesses the underlying causes of sudden unexpected @entity204 and the occurrence of prodromal symptoms in 162 subjects (aged 9 to 39 years) over a 10-year period (1976 to 1985). Underlying @entity299 accounted for @entity944 in 73% and noncardiac causes in 15% of subjects. In 12% of subjects, the causes were unidentifiable. @entity2401 (22%), @entity1121 (22%) and conduction system abnormalities (13%) were the major causes in 32 subjects aged less than 20 years. Major causes of 46 deaths in subjects 20 to 29 years were @entity453 (24%), @entity2401 (22%) and @entity1121 (13%). The largest number of deaths in 84 subjects aged greater than or equal to 30 years was attributed to @entity453 (58%), followed by @entity2401 (11%). Among noncardiac causes of @entity944 , @entity932 was the most frequent (5%), followed by @entity166 (4%). Prodromal symptoms were reported by 54% of subjects; most frequent were @entity662 (25%) in subjects aged greater than or equal to 20 years, and @entity1296 (16%) in those aged less than 20. @entity944 , which occurred during routine daily activity in 49% and during sleep in 23% of subjects, was related to physical exercise in 23% and emotional upset in 6%. Sudden unexpected @entity204 in the young is still an unresolved medical problem. The early recognition of prodromal symptoms could be crucial in the prevention of @entity944 , specifically when exercise-related.

2094663

2094664

2094665

Circulating anti-DNA immune complexes in active XXXX .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: The role that circulating anti-DNA immune complexes play in @entity792 has not yet been elucidated in @entity1 . The aim of this study was to relate circulating anti-DNA immune complexes to a variety of renal histologic features and to immunoglobulin deposits in active @entity1988 . @entity1 AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 47 @entity1 with active @entity1988 , 28 with active @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) in the absence of @entity8 , and 40 with other categories of the disease. All @entity1 were examined for anti-DNA circulating immune complexes (CIC) and their anti-DNA idiotype expression by an isoelectrofocusing analysis. @entity1 with @entity8 were also examined for renal histologic and immunofluorescent findings in renal biopsy specimens. RESULTS: Anti-DNA CIC expressing an anti-DNA idiotype termed 0-81 Id occurred in @entity1 with active @entity1988 but not in acute episodes lacking renal involvement or in remission. Positive test results for anti-DNA CIC were associated with the incidence of @entity631 ( @entity631 ). Patients with anti-DNA CIC were also found to have a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of immunoglobulin immune deposits in the subendothelial area of the renal glomeruli. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that anti-DNA CIC preferentially occurred in @entity1252 @entity1 with @entity631 . Examination for anti-DNA CIC may be a useful predictor of @entity8 , and therefore may contribute to the management of @entity1252 . The results also indicate that anti-DNA CIC may be associated with immunoglobulin deposition in the subendothelial area of the renal glomeruli.

2094666

2094667

2094668

Amniotic fluid white blood cell count: a rapid and simple test to diagnose microbial invasion of the XXXX and predict @entity3152 .

multiple_choice

The purpose of this study was to determine the value of amniotic fluid white blood cell count in the diagnosis of microbial invasion of the @entity2907 . Amniotic fluid was retrieved by amniocentesis from 195 @entity1 with @entity3152 and intact membranes. Fluid was cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, as well as for @entity9463 . The prevalence of a positive amniotic fluid culture was 12.8% (25/195). @entity1 with a positive amniotic fluid culture had a significantly higher median amniotic fluid white blood cell count than did @entity1 with a negative amniotic fluid culture (median, 6 cells/mm3; range, 0 to 11,000 cells/mm3 vs median, 320 cells/mm3; range, 1 to 4480 cells/mm3; p less than 0.0001). An amniotic fluid white blood cell count greater than or equal to 50 cells/mm3 had a sensitivity of 80% (20/25), a specificity of 87.64% (149/170), a positive predictive value of 48.78% (20/41), and a negative predictive value of 96.75% (149/154) in the detection of a positive amniotic fluid culture for microorganisms. Although the sensitivity of an amniotic fluid white blood cell count (greater than or equal to 50 cells/mm3) in the detection of microbial invasion of the @entity2907 was greater than that of the Gram stain of amniotic fluid (80% [20/25] vs 48% [12/25]; p less than 0.05), the specificity was lower (87.64% [149/170] vs 98.8% [168/170]; p less than 0.05). However, 88% (15/17) of all @entity1 with an amniotic fluid white blood cell count greater than or equal to 50 cells/mm3 and a negative amniotic fluid culture had a spontaneous @entity3152 . We conclude that the amniotic fluid white blood cell count is a sensitive, simple, and inexpensive test for the detection of microbial invasion of the @entity2907 . An elevated amniotic fluid white blood cell count is a risk factor for @entity3152 .

2094669

2094670

2094671

Amniotic fluid white blood cell count: a rapid and simple test to diagnose microbial invasion of the @entity2907 and predict XXXX .

multiple_choice

The purpose of this study was to determine the value of amniotic fluid white blood cell count in the diagnosis of microbial invasion of the @entity2907 . Amniotic fluid was retrieved by amniocentesis from 195 @entity1 with @entity3152 and intact membranes. Fluid was cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, as well as for @entity9463 . The prevalence of a positive amniotic fluid culture was 12.8% (25/195). @entity1 with a positive amniotic fluid culture had a significantly higher median amniotic fluid white blood cell count than did @entity1 with a negative amniotic fluid culture (median, 6 cells/mm3; range, 0 to 11,000 cells/mm3 vs median, 320 cells/mm3; range, 1 to 4480 cells/mm3; p less than 0.0001). An amniotic fluid white blood cell count greater than or equal to 50 cells/mm3 had a sensitivity of 80% (20/25), a specificity of 87.64% (149/170), a positive predictive value of 48.78% (20/41), and a negative predictive value of 96.75% (149/154) in the detection of a positive amniotic fluid culture for microorganisms. Although the sensitivity of an amniotic fluid white blood cell count (greater than or equal to 50 cells/mm3) in the detection of microbial invasion of the @entity2907 was greater than that of the Gram stain of amniotic fluid (80% [20/25] vs 48% [12/25]; p less than 0.05), the specificity was lower (87.64% [149/170] vs 98.8% [168/170]; p less than 0.05). However, 88% (15/17) of all @entity1 with an amniotic fluid white blood cell count greater than or equal to 50 cells/mm3 and a negative amniotic fluid culture had a spontaneous @entity3152 . We conclude that the amniotic fluid white blood cell count is a sensitive, simple, and inexpensive test for the detection of microbial invasion of the @entity2907 . An elevated amniotic fluid white blood cell count is a risk factor for @entity3152 .

2094672

2094673

2094674

Metabolic response assessment with (18)F-FDG PET/CT: inter-method comparison and prognostic significance for @entity1 with XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to (1) compare the agreement of two evaluation methods of metabolic response in @entity1 with @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) and determine their prognostic value and (2) explore an optimal cutoff of metabolic reduction to distinguish a more favorable subset of responders. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of prospective studies. Enrolled @entity1 underwent 18F-PET/CT within 2 weeks before, during, and months after radiotherapy (post-RT). Metabolic response was assessed using both Peter MacCallum (PM) method of qualitative visual assessment and University of Michigan (UM) method of semiquantitative measurement. The agreement between two methods determined response, and their prediction of outcome was analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-four @entity1 with median follow-up of 25.2 months were analyzed. A moderate agreement was observed between PM- and UM-based response assessment (Kappa coefficient = 0.434), unveiling a significant difference in CMR rate (p = 0.001). Categorical responses derived from either method were significantly predictive of @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and progression-free survival (PFS) (p < 0.0001). Numerical percentage decrease of FDG uptake also showed significant correlations with survival, presenting a hazard ratio of 0.97 for both @entity1349 and PFS. A 75 % of SUV decrease was found to be the optimal cutoff to predict @entity1349 and 2-year progression. CONCLUSIONS: There was a modest discrepancy in metabolic response rates between PM and UM criteria, though both could offer predictive classification for survival. The percentage decrease provides an ordinal value that correlates with prolonged survival, recommending 75 % as the optimal threshold at identifying better responders.

2094675

2094676

2094677

Metabolic response assessment with (18)F-FDG PET/CT: inter-method comparison and prognostic significance for XXXX with @entity1149 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to (1) compare the agreement of two evaluation methods of metabolic response in @entity1 with @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) and determine their prognostic value and (2) explore an optimal cutoff of metabolic reduction to distinguish a more favorable subset of responders. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of prospective studies. Enrolled @entity1 underwent 18F-PET/CT within 2 weeks before, during, and months after radiotherapy (post-RT). Metabolic response was assessed using both Peter MacCallum (PM) method of qualitative visual assessment and University of Michigan (UM) method of semiquantitative measurement. The agreement between two methods determined response, and their prediction of outcome was analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-four @entity1 with median follow-up of 25.2 months were analyzed. A moderate agreement was observed between PM- and UM-based response assessment (Kappa coefficient = 0.434), unveiling a significant difference in CMR rate (p = 0.001). Categorical responses derived from either method were significantly predictive of @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and progression-free survival (PFS) (p < 0.0001). Numerical percentage decrease of FDG uptake also showed significant correlations with survival, presenting a hazard ratio of 0.97 for both @entity1349 and PFS. A 75 % of SUV decrease was found to be the optimal cutoff to predict @entity1349 and 2-year progression. CONCLUSIONS: There was a modest discrepancy in metabolic response rates between PM and UM criteria, though both could offer predictive classification for survival. The percentage decrease provides an ordinal value that correlates with prolonged survival, recommending 75 % as the optimal threshold at identifying better responders.

2094678

2094679

2094680

To treat or not to treat: a rare case of pseudo- XXXX in a Jehovah's Witness.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity2106 ( @entity2106 ) is a rare @entity432 characterized by systemic intravascular aggregation of platelets, @entity882 , and @entity130 to red blood cells. We report a rare case of @entity7645 presenting as @entity2106 in a Jehovah's Witness. CASE REPORT: A 46-year-old Jehovah's Witness female presented with @entity158 , @entity391 , and @entity294 for 2 days and @entity1295 and @entity809 for 4 weeks. Initial laboratory evaluation showed severe @entity417 and @entity882 with elevated total @entity648 and @entity880 dehydrogenase. Peripheral blood smear showed schistocytes, macroovalocytes, and hypersegmented @entity5309 . @entity2106 was suspected and plasmapheresis was offered. The @entity1 refused it due to her religious beliefs. Due to the presence of macroovalocytes and hypersegmented @entity5309 , @entity2186 level was checked and found to be extremely low. Anti-intrinsic factor antibodies and anti-parietal cell antibodies were also positive; hence a diagnosis of @entity7645 was established. Treatment with intramuscular @entity2186 was initiated, which resulted in dramatic neurologic and hematologic improvement. DISCUSSION: @entity2186 deficiency can lead to elevated levels of @entity1255 in the blood. @entity1255 can cause @entity409 , which can lead to formation of microvascular thrombi. Due to this phenomenon, @entity2186 deficiency can rarely present with schistocytes and @entity882 , which combined with other stigmata of @entity2186 deficiency, can be misdiagnosed as @entity2106 .

2094681

2094682

2094683

Do CK-MB results affect XXXX decision making in the emergency department?

multiple_choice

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of @entity908 kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) results on decision making in the evaluation of emergency department @entity1 with @entity662 . DESIGN: Prospective, controlled observational study of clinical decision making. SETTING: EDs of two teaching hospitals, a Veterans Affairs medical center, and a medical school university hospital. TYPE OF @entity1 : @entity1 more than 30 years old complaining of chest discomfort warranting an ECG. Excluded were hemodynamically unstable @entity1 and @entity1 with ECG evidence of an @entity583 ( @entity583 ). INTERVENTIONS: After the initial assessment including ECG but not CK-MB data, physicians answered questions regarding estimated probability of @entity583 and disposition plans. CK-MB levels were drawn every hour for as long as three hours (from one to four CK-MBs) with results readily available. Physicians could admit their @entity1 into the hospital at any time. At disposition after reviewing a second ECG and all available CK-MB data, the physicians answered the same questions and rank ordered the contribution to disposition of the following six factors: initial and serial clinical evaluations, initial and serial ECGs, and initial and serial CK-MB enzymes, respectively. The absolute log likelihood ratio test measured the contribution of CK-MB to decision certainty. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Three hundred seventy-six @entity1 were studied: 29 (7.7%) with @entity583 and 347 without @entity583 (nonAMI). Physicians indicated that CK-MB levels were useful for more than one third of study @entity1 . When considered useful, CK-MB results strengthened the impression of @entity583 in @entity583 @entity1 and decreased the impression of @entity583 for nonAMI @entity1 ; CK-MB also correlated with the perceived need for cardiac care unit admission in @entity583 @entity1 and with a reduced need to admit nonAMI @entity1 . The use of CK-MB results did not significantly increase @entity2613 release rates. CONCLUSION: The rapid availability of serial CK-MB results appears to affect decision making in one third of @entity2613 @entity1 with @entity662 and nondiagnostic ECGs. CK-MB levels appear to complement clinical evaluation of the @entity2613 @entity662 @entity1 in a manner analogous to the ECG.

2094684

2094685

2094686

High-Dose-Rate Monotherapy for Localized XXXX : 10-Year Results.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: @entity1168 ( @entity1168 ) brachytherapy was originally used with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) to increase the dose to the prostate without injuring the bladder or rectum. Numerous studies have reported @entity1168 brachytherapy is safe and effective. We adapted it for use without EBRT for cases not requiring lymph node treatment. @entity1 AND METHODS: We entered the @entity1 demographics, disease characteristics, and treatment parameters into a prospective registry and serially added follow-up data for 448 @entity1 with low-risk (n=288) and intermediate-risk (n=160) @entity263 treated from 1996 to 2009. Their median age was 64 years (range 42-90). The median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was 6.0 ng/mL (range 0.2-18.2). The Gleason score was <=6 in 76% and 7 in 24%. The median dose was 43.5 Gy in 6 fractions. The clinical and biochemical disease control and survival rates were calculated. Adverse events were graded according to the Common @entity137 Criteria of Adverse Events. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 6.5 years (range 0.3-15.3). The actuarial 6- and 10-year PSA progression-free survival was 98.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 96.9%-99.4%) and 97.8% (95% CI 95.5%-98.9%). Overall survival at 10 years was 76.7% (95% CI 69.9%-82.2%). The local control, distant metastasis-free survival, and cause-specific survival were 99.7% (95% CI 97.9%-99.9%), 98.9% (95% CI 96.3%-99.7%), and 99.1% (95% CI 95.8%-99.8%). T stage, initial PSA level, Gleason score, National @entity5 Network risk group, @entity1 age, and @entity342 deprivation therapy did not significantly correlate with disease control or survival. No late grade 3 to 4 rectal toxicities developed. Late grade 3 to 4 genitourinary @entity137 occurred in 4.9% (grade 3 in 4.7%). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1168 monotherapy is a safe and highly effective treatment of low- and intermediate-risk @entity263 .

2094687

2094688

2094689

Evolutionary conservation and function of the XXXX embryonic stem cell specific miR-302/367 cluster.

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: miRNA clusters define a group of related miRNAs closely localized in the genome with an evolution that remains poorly understood. The miR-302/367 cluster represents a single polycistronic transcript that produces five precursor miRNAs. The cluster is highly expressed and essential for maintenance of @entity1 embryonic stem cells. We found the cluster to be highly conserved and present in most mammals. In primates, seed sequence and miRNA structure are conserved, but inter-precursor sequences are evolving. Insertions of new miRNAs, deletions of individual miRNAs, and a cluster duplication observed in different species suggest an actively evolving cluster. Core transcriptional machinery consisting of @entity2440 and @entity4729 transcription factors that define stem cells are present upstream of the miR-302/367 cluster. Interestingly, we found the miR-302/367 cluster flanking region to be enriched as a target site of other miRNAs suggesting a mechanism for feedback control. Analysis of miR-302 and @entity67953 targets demonstrated concordance of gene set enrichment groups at high gene ontology levels. This cluster also expresses isomiRs providing another means of establishing sequence diversity. Finally, using three different @entity703 datasets, we observed consistent expression of miR-302 family members in normal tissue while adjacent @entity5 tissue showed a significant lack of expression. Clustering expression levels of miR-302 validated target genes showed a significant correlation between miR-302/367 cluster miRNAs and a subset of validated gene targets in healthy and adjacent @entity5 tissues. Taken together, our data show a highly conserved and still evolving miRNA cluster that may have additional unrecognized functions.

2094690

2094691

2094692

Depletion of the AMPAR reserve pool impairs synaptic plasticity in a model of XXXX .

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: @entity99 ( @entity99 ) is the most common @entity146 complication of @entity879 . Clinical symptoms include @entity73 as well as impaired motor activity and coordination. There is general consensus that increased levels of @entity3265 play a central role in the pathogenesis of @entity99 . However, it is still elusive how cognitive performance including the ability to learn and memorize information is affected by @entity3265 at molecular levels. In the present study, we have employed a neuroglial co-culture model, which preserves neuroglial interplay but allows for cell-type specific molecular and functional analyses, to investigate glutamatergic neurotransmission under conditions of high @entity3265 . Chronic exposure to @entity3265 significantly reduced neuronal mRNA and protein expression of @entity140 -subtype @entity3264 receptors (AMPARs), which mediate most fast excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. Surprisingly, neurons were able to fully maintain basal glutamatergic neurotransmission as recorded by AMPAR-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) even when >50% of total AMPARs were lost. However, long-lasting, activity-dependent changes in the efficacy of synaptic communication, which model the capability of the brain to learn and store information, were severely constrained. Whereas synaptic efficacy could still be depressed, an increase in synaptic strength was abolished. We conclude that neurons retain basal glutamatergic transmission at the expense of the extrasynaptic population of AMPARs, which is revealed when the extrasynaptic reserve pool is recruited in vain for synaptic potentiation. Our findings thus offer a molecular model, which might not only explain impaired synaptic plasticity in @entity99 but also in other @entity16 accompanied by a decrease in extrasynaptic AMPAR expression.

2094693

2094694

2094695

A randomized controlled trial of daily text messages versus monthly paper diaries to collect XXXX data after intrauterine device insertion.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Bleeding data in contraceptive trials are often collected using daily diaries, but data quality may vary due to compliance and recall bias. Text messaging is a widespread and promising modality for data collection. STUDY DESIGN: This trial randomized @entity1 1:1 to use text messages or paper diaries to report on @entity548 experienced during the 90days after intrauterine device (IUD) insertion. @entity1 chose either the copper @entity43446 or the 52-mg @entity2692 IUD. Our primary outcome was number of days of reported @entity548 data. We hypothesized that data gathered with daily text messages would have fewer missing values than paper diaries. Intention to treat analyses used the rank-sum test to compare medians. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty @entity1 enrolled, and randomization yielded groups similar in baseline characteristics. Twenty percent of @entity1 provided no @entity548 data; of these, 77% were assigned to paper diaries. With 90days of reporting, approximately 20% in each group provided complete @entity548 data. The text group reported a median of 82days [interquartile range (IQR) 40-89] and the paper group reported a median of 36days (IQR 0-88) (p <=.001). The number of responses received decreased gradually over the 90-day period but was always higher in the text group. @entity1 who had attained higher levels of education did well regardless of data collection modality, while response rates of text messages were greater among those with a high school education or less (p<.01). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 reporting @entity548 via text messages provided more complete data than @entity1 using paper diaries. IMPLICATIONS: Depending on resources and population of interest, text messages may be a useful modality to improve data collection for @entity1 -reported outcomes.

2094696

2094697

2094698

[The conservative treatment of XXXX with echo-guided transcutaneous drainage].

multiple_choice

@entity5572 are a rare disease with 80-100% mortality in untreated cases. The advent of ultrasound in the clinical practice has improved the prognosis. Surgery for this disease has a percentage of complications of 15-52% and a mortality of 12-33%. In a review of the literature about 200 @entity5572 treated with ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage the complications were 7.5% and the mortality was 3%. The authors report their personal experience about 21 @entity99 in 13 @entity1 . Nineteen abscesses were treated with ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage and two with antibiotics. Six @entity1 had pyogenic @entity5572 , two amebic and in five @entity1 the cultures were sterile. In 9 cases the location was in the right lobe of the liver, in 3 was in the left lobe. One @entity1 had multiple abscesses. The size of the abscesses ranged from 0.5 to 13 cm. We drained with Seldinger technique or direct procedure with Trocar's needle under ultrasound guidance without serious complications and without mortality. In 6 cases the @entity1 had @entity158 during the procedure and in 3 cases medical therapy was necessary. In one case we had a @entity5641 for the puncture of @entity3626 . All the @entity1 treated had a complete resolution of the abscesses. The ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage is the treatment of choice for @entity5572 . But other reports with more @entity1 are necessary to clarify the indications and the ultrasound criteria of recovery.

2094699

2094700

2094701

@entity75 and Motor Cortex Impairment in XXXX : Implication of Nonrapid Eye Movement Sleep Desaturation.

multiple_choice

STUDY OBJECTIVE: @entity1319 ( @entity1319 ) sleep desaturation may cause @entity528 due to the withdrawal of cerebrovascular reactivity. The current study (1) assessed the prevalence of @entity1319 sleep desaturation in nonhypoxemic @entity1 with @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) and (2) compared a biological marker of @entity75 and neuromuscular function in @entity1 with and without @entity1319 sleep desaturation. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTINGS: Laboratory. @entity1 OR @entity1 : One hundred fifty @entity1 with @entity1030 (Global Initiative for @entity1030 [GOLD] grades 2 and 3), resting PaO2 of 60-80 mmHg, aged between 40 and 80 y, and without @entity387 ( @entity27 index < 15) had polysomnographic sleep recordings. Twenty-nine @entity1 (substudy) underwent additional blood analysis and neuromuscular testing. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: A total of 51.3% @entity1 (n = 59) had @entity1319 sleep desaturation (NREMDes). Serum @entity4483 (biological marker of @entity75 ) was higher in the NREMDes @entity1 of the substudy (n = 14): 45.1 [Q1: 37.7, Q3: 62.8] versus 32.9 [Q1: 25.7, Q3: 39.5] pg.ml-1 (P = 0.028). Motor cortex activation and excitability were assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation during maximal @entity2472 , which revealed lower values in NREMDes @entity1 (both P = 0.03), but muscle strength was comparable between groups (P = 0.58). CONCLUSIONS: Over half the nonhypoxemic @entity1030 @entity1 exhibited @entity1319 sleep desaturation associated with higher values of the @entity75 biomarker and lower neural drive reaching the quadriceps during maximal @entity2472 . The lack of muscle strength differences between groups suggests a compensatory mechanism(s). Altogether, the results are consistent with an involvement of @entity1319 sleep desaturation in @entity1030 @entity75 .

2094702

2094703

2094704

XXXX and Motor Cortex Impairment in @entity1030 : Implication of Nonrapid Eye Movement Sleep Desaturation.

multiple_choice

STUDY OBJECTIVE: @entity1319 ( @entity1319 ) sleep desaturation may cause @entity528 due to the withdrawal of cerebrovascular reactivity. The current study (1) assessed the prevalence of @entity1319 sleep desaturation in nonhypoxemic @entity1 with @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) and (2) compared a biological marker of @entity75 and neuromuscular function in @entity1 with and without @entity1319 sleep desaturation. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTINGS: Laboratory. @entity1 OR @entity1 : One hundred fifty @entity1 with @entity1030 (Global Initiative for @entity1030 [GOLD] grades 2 and 3), resting PaO2 of 60-80 mmHg, aged between 40 and 80 y, and without @entity387 ( @entity27 index < 15) had polysomnographic sleep recordings. Twenty-nine @entity1 (substudy) underwent additional blood analysis and neuromuscular testing. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: A total of 51.3% @entity1 (n = 59) had @entity1319 sleep desaturation (NREMDes). Serum @entity4483 (biological marker of @entity75 ) was higher in the NREMDes @entity1 of the substudy (n = 14): 45.1 [Q1: 37.7, Q3: 62.8] versus 32.9 [Q1: 25.7, Q3: 39.5] pg.ml-1 (P = 0.028). Motor cortex activation and excitability were assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation during maximal @entity2472 , which revealed lower values in NREMDes @entity1 (both P = 0.03), but muscle strength was comparable between groups (P = 0.58). CONCLUSIONS: Over half the nonhypoxemic @entity1030 @entity1 exhibited @entity1319 sleep desaturation associated with higher values of the @entity75 biomarker and lower neural drive reaching the quadriceps during maximal @entity2472 . The lack of muscle strength differences between groups suggests a compensatory mechanism(s). Altogether, the results are consistent with an involvement of @entity1319 sleep desaturation in @entity1030 @entity75 .

2094705

2094706

2094707

Nonsyndromal profound XXXX in childhood.

multiple_choice

About one-half of @entity1 with profound @entity2319 have an autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant @entity74 . The X-linked inherited types of @entity2319 are rare. About one out of three profoundly deaf @entity1 has an autosomal recessive form of @entity74 . At sometime during their life a syndromal diagnosis can be made in one out of four cases with an autosomal recessive form of @entity2319 . Therefore in about 25% of all the @entity1 with profound @entity2319 , a nonsyndromal autosomal recessive type of @entity74 will be involved. It is still not clear how many different genes are responsible for this. The more severe the @entity2319 in a @entity1 , the greater the chance that an autosomal recessive etiology is involved. The autosomal dominant inherited types of @entity2319 are significantly more frequent in cases where the @entity393 in the best ear is less than 80-90 db. About one-half of the autosomal dominant inherited cases show a classical @entity2319 based on clinical features. In the other half, some audiometrically recognizable types of @entity2319 can be diagnosed after an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been established. Additional genetic knowledge based on gene-linkage studies is needed to provide better tools for the more accurate diagnosis of genetic etiology in a profoundly deaf @entity1 . Adequate pedigrees are quite rare and such pedigrees are expected to become even more scarce as a result of a diminishing ratio of consanguineous marriages. It is necessary to start gene-linkage studies in these existing pedigrees to trace the genes responsible for this nonsyndromal type of profound @entity74 in childhood.

2094708

2094709

2094710

Gender Differences in the Efficacy and Safety of Chronic Nightly XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Studies have shown pharmacokinetic differences for hypnotics in @entity1 compared to @entity1 , but few studies have assessed either short- or long-term differences in efficacy and safety. METHODS: To evaluate gender differences in the efficacy and safety of chronic nightly @entity2492 (10 mg), we did a post hoc assessment of a large clinical trial. In the trial, @entity1 with @entity22 (n = 89), ages 23-70, meeting DSM-IV-TR criteria for @entity22 were randomized, double blind, to nightly @entity2492 , 10 mg (n = 47) or placebo (n = 42) 30 minutes before bedtime nightly for 12 months. Polysomnographic sleep on 2 nights in months 1 and 8 and likelihood of next-day sleepiness, @entity22 , and dose escalation were evaluated in months 1, 4, and 12. RESULTS: Relative to placebo, @entity2492 significantly increased sleep efficiency and reduced sleep latency and wake after sleep onset assessed at months 1 and 8, with no differences in efficacy between @entity1 and @entity1 and no diminution of efficacy over months. On a next-day multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), no residual sedation was observed for either @entity1 or @entity1 . No @entity22 or dose escalation was seen with no gender differences in either. CONCLUSIONS: In adults with @entity22 , nightly @entity2492 administration showed no gender differences in acute or chronic efficacy or in next-day sleepiness. @entity2492 remained efficacious and safe across 12 months. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT01006525; Trial Name: Safety and Efficacy of Chronic Hypnotic Use; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ @entity16065 /show/NCT01006525.

2094711

2094712

2094713

Suboptimal humoral immune response against XXXX is related to its internal genes.

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: Influenza virus A(H7N9) is associated with a high case fatality rate in @entity1 . Multiple viral factors have been postulated to account for high virulence of the virus. It has been reported that @entity1 with @entity778 have relatively low titers of neutralizing antibody than those with seasonal @entity778 . In this study, we compared serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) antibody titers of @entity19 challenged with wild-type A(H7N9) viruses (H7N9[Anhui] and H7N9[Zhejiang]), an A(H1N1)pdm09 virus (pH1N1[2009]), and a recombinant A(H7N9) virus with PR8/H1N1 internal genes (rg-PR8-H7-N9). All @entity19 infected by H7N9(Anhui) and H7N9(Zhejiang) developed serum HI antibody at 14 days post-infection (dpi), but no detectable MN antibody even at 28 dpi. A low level of neutralizing activity was detected in H7N9(Anhui)- and H7N9(Zhejiang)-infected @entity19 using fluorescent foci MN assay, but convalescent sera obtained from H7N9(Anhui)-infected @entity19 did not reduce mortality of na ve @entity19 after homologous virus challenge. @entity281 with homologous A(H7N9) virus induced higher HI and MN titers. In contrast, pH1N1(2009) @entity778 induced robust HI and MN antibody responses even during the first infection. Moreover, rg-PR8-H7-N9 induced significantly higher HI and MN antibody titers. In conclusion, the internal genes of A(H7N9) virus can affect the humoral immune response against homologous viral surface proteins which may also contribute to the virulence of A(H7N9) virus.

2094714

2094715

2094716

Blunt XXXX : A Surgeon's Dilemma.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Traumatic abdominal wall hernias (TAWH) have been recognized for more than a century since they were first reported by Selby ( @entity17264 47:1485-1486, 1906). They continue to be a rare diagnosis, encountered in approximately 1 % blunt @entity130 admissions. The present study is a 10-year retrospective review of @entity1 presenting with TAWH to a State Major @entity130 Unit in Western Australia. We hypothesized that the timing of the repair of TAWH was dependent on the severity of the @entity3511 , as well as associated injuries, and in turn, this may affect @entity1 outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The @entity130 Registry at Royal Perth Hospital (the only Level I @entity130 Centre for adults in Western Australia) was scrutinized for TAWH, between 2003 and 2013. The injuries were graded by the classification system of Dennis et al. (Am J Surg 197:413-417, 2009) . @entity1 with TAWH following penetrating @entity130 were excluded. RESULTS: During the study period, 44 @entity1 were diagnosed to have TAWH accounting for 0.08 % of admissions. Thirty (68 %) of the @entity1 were male and the median age was 36 years (IQR 24-54). The median BMI was between 25 and 30. The majority of the @entity1 sustained @entity130 secondary to motor vehicle crashes and the commonest associated injury was a @entity174 . Grades 3 and 4 injuries were found to have an association with a @entity174 (p < 0.001). No association was seen in the present study between seat belt use and the development of TAWH or between the location of TAWH and seat belt pattern. The median time of diagnosis of TAWH following arrival to hospital was 18 hours while the median time of surgery from diagnosis was 15.5 hours. Forty-one (93 %) of the @entity1 underwent surgery. Of these, 8 (20 %) were emergent due to a simultaneous bowel perforation and another five had primary mesh repairs. Three of the @entity1 suffered superficial complications (7.5 %) and there were 3 (7 %) recurrences at a mean time of 7.25 months from the first repair. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 51 months with an average time of 16 months. CONCLUSION: This series is the largest single institution study conducted on TAWH to date. Despite its retrospective nature and small numbers, it has generated some important questions. A larger prospective study with a longer follow-up period is required to generate reliable treatment algorithms as well as to standardize the management of TAWH.

2094717

2094718

2094719

Attachment and coping in XXXX in relation to spiritual figures.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Studies have found higher levels of insecure attachment in individuals with @entity161 . Attachment theory provides a framework necessary for conceptualizing the development of interpersonal functioning. Some aspects of the attachment of the believer to his/her spiritual figure are similar to those between the @entity1 and his/her parents. The correspondence hypothesis suggests that early @entity1 -parent interactions correspond to a @entity1 's relation to a spiritual figure. The compensation hypothesis suggests that an insecure attachment history would lead to a strong religiousness/spirituality as a compensation for the lack of felt security. The aim of this study is to explore attachment models in @entity716 vs. healthy controls, the relationships between attachment and psychopathology and the attachment processes related to spiritual figures. METHODS: Attachment models were measured in 30 @entity1 with @entity716 and 18 controls with the AAI (Adult Attachment interview) in relationship with psychopathology. Beliefs and practices related to a spiritual figure were investigated by qualitative and quantitative analyses. RESULTS: @entity1 with @entity716 showed a high prevalence of insecure avoidant attachment. Spiritual entities functioned like attachment figures in two thirds of cases. Interviews revealed the transformation of internal working models within relation to a spiritual figure: a compensation process was found in 7 of the 32 subjects who showed a significant attachment to a spiritual figure. CONCLUSIONS: Attachment theory allows us to highlight one of the underlying dimensions of spiritual coping in @entity1 with @entity716 .

2094720

2094721

2094722

Motor intensive anti-gravity training improves performance in dynamic balance related tasks in @entity1 with XXXX .

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: Recent studies indicate that the effect of training on motor performance in @entity1 with @entity191 ( @entity31234 ) is dependent on motor intensity. However, training of high motor intensity can be hard to apply in @entity31234 due to e.g. @entity2845 , @entity2003 , @entity400 and postural instability. Therefore, the aim was to study the effect of motor intensive training performed in a safe anti-gravity environment using lower-body positive pressure (LBPP) technology on performance during dynamic balance related tasks. Thirteen male @entity31234 went through an 8-week control period followed by 8 weeks of motor intensive antigravity training. Seventeen healthy males constituted a control group (CON). Performance during a five repetition sit-to-stand test (STS; sagittal plane) and a @entity1062 ( @entity1062 ; transversal plane) was evaluated. Effect measures were completion time, functional rates of force development, directional changes and force variance. STS completion time improved by 24% to the level of CON which was explained by shorter sitting-time and standing-time and larger numeric rate of force change during lowering to the chair, indicating faster vertical directional change and improved relaxation. @entity1062 completion time tended to improve and was accompanied by improvements of functional medial and lateral rates of force development and higher vertical force variance during @entity1062 . Our results suggest that the performance improvements may relate to improved inter-limb coordination. It is concluded that 8 weeks of motor intensive training in a safe LBPP environment improved performance during dynamic balance related tasks in @entity31234 .

2094723

2094724

2094725

Motor intensive anti-gravity training improves performance in dynamic balance related tasks in XXXX with @entity191 .

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: Recent studies indicate that the effect of training on motor performance in @entity1 with @entity191 ( @entity31234 ) is dependent on motor intensity. However, training of high motor intensity can be hard to apply in @entity31234 due to e.g. @entity2845 , @entity2003 , @entity400 and postural instability. Therefore, the aim was to study the effect of motor intensive training performed in a safe anti-gravity environment using lower-body positive pressure (LBPP) technology on performance during dynamic balance related tasks. Thirteen male @entity31234 went through an 8-week control period followed by 8 weeks of motor intensive antigravity training. Seventeen healthy males constituted a control group (CON). Performance during a five repetition sit-to-stand test (STS; sagittal plane) and a @entity1062 ( @entity1062 ; transversal plane) was evaluated. Effect measures were completion time, functional rates of force development, directional changes and force variance. STS completion time improved by 24% to the level of CON which was explained by shorter sitting-time and standing-time and larger numeric rate of force change during lowering to the chair, indicating faster vertical directional change and improved relaxation. @entity1062 completion time tended to improve and was accompanied by improvements of functional medial and lateral rates of force development and higher vertical force variance during @entity1062 . Our results suggest that the performance improvements may relate to improved inter-limb coordination. It is concluded that 8 weeks of motor intensive training in a safe LBPP environment improved performance during dynamic balance related tasks in @entity31234 .

2094726

2094727

2094728

[Studies on the @entity358 in Japan. (Report of the study in the year 1987 and 1988 of the @entity4593 Research Group of the Japanese National Chest Hospitals)-- XXXX caused by Mycobacterium kansasii has begun to appear in all over Japan including north Japan Hokkaido].

multiple_choice

In this study, the @entity4593 Research Group of the Japanese National Chest Hospitals ( @entity5755 ) presents the reports of study years 1987 and 1988. As reported previously**, @entity358 caused by Mycobacterium kansasii occurred principally in South-West Japan (prefectures South-West of Tokyo) and did not appear in North Japan. However, this disease appeared in 1987 and 1988 in Hokkaido (Sapporo Hospital). Accordingly, we may say the disease occurs all over Japan. This is a noteworthy finding newly recognized in the study years. The prevalence rate of @entity358 was determined as 2.92 or 2.78 in 1987 and as 2.02 or 1.91 in 1988 per 100,000 population per year. The estimated rates based on the ratio of @entity358 against @entity378 and based on the ratio of @entity358 against @entity378 well agreed with each other. COMMENT: In this country, chest physicians customarily report their cases of nontuberculous @entity4593 including @entity378 , because the payment of treatment for @entity1 with @entity378 is free. Because of this custom, @entity378 statistics surely contain cases of nontuberculous @entity4593 . Caution about this has been paid in calculating the prevalence rate. From the study year 1987, the @entity5755 chairman moved from Michio Tsukamura, The National Chubu Hospital, to Nobuhiko Kita, The National Kinki Chuo Hospital.

2094729

2094730

2094731

[Studies on the XXXX in Japan. (Report of the study in the year 1987 and 1988 of the @entity4593 Research Group of the Japanese National Chest Hospitals)-- @entity358 caused by Mycobacterium kansasii has begun to appear in all over Japan including north Japan Hokkaido].

multiple_choice

In this study, the @entity4593 Research Group of the Japanese National Chest Hospitals ( @entity5755 ) presents the reports of study years 1987 and 1988. As reported previously**, @entity358 caused by Mycobacterium kansasii occurred principally in South-West Japan (prefectures South-West of Tokyo) and did not appear in North Japan. However, this disease appeared in 1987 and 1988 in Hokkaido (Sapporo Hospital). Accordingly, we may say the disease occurs all over Japan. This is a noteworthy finding newly recognized in the study years. The prevalence rate of @entity358 was determined as 2.92 or 2.78 in 1987 and as 2.02 or 1.91 in 1988 per 100,000 population per year. The estimated rates based on the ratio of @entity358 against @entity378 and based on the ratio of @entity358 against @entity378 well agreed with each other. COMMENT: In this country, chest physicians customarily report their cases of nontuberculous @entity4593 including @entity378 , because the payment of treatment for @entity1 with @entity378 is free. Because of this custom, @entity378 statistics surely contain cases of nontuberculous @entity4593 . Caution about this has been paid in calculating the prevalence rate. From the study year 1987, the @entity5755 chairman moved from Michio Tsukamura, The National Chubu Hospital, to Nobuhiko Kita, The National Kinki Chuo Hospital.

2094732

2094733

2094734

[Studies on the @entity358 in Japan. (Report of the study in the year 1987 and 1988 of the XXXX Research Group of the Japanese National Chest Hospitals)-- @entity358 caused by Mycobacterium kansasii has begun to appear in all over Japan including north Japan Hokkaido].

multiple_choice

In this study, the @entity4593 Research Group of the Japanese National Chest Hospitals ( @entity5755 ) presents the reports of study years 1987 and 1988. As reported previously**, @entity358 caused by Mycobacterium kansasii occurred principally in South-West Japan (prefectures South-West of Tokyo) and did not appear in North Japan. However, this disease appeared in 1987 and 1988 in Hokkaido (Sapporo Hospital). Accordingly, we may say the disease occurs all over Japan. This is a noteworthy finding newly recognized in the study years. The prevalence rate of @entity358 was determined as 2.92 or 2.78 in 1987 and as 2.02 or 1.91 in 1988 per 100,000 population per year. The estimated rates based on the ratio of @entity358 against @entity378 and based on the ratio of @entity358 against @entity378 well agreed with each other. COMMENT: In this country, chest physicians customarily report their cases of nontuberculous @entity4593 including @entity378 , because the payment of treatment for @entity1 with @entity378 is free. Because of this custom, @entity378 statistics surely contain cases of nontuberculous @entity4593 . Caution about this has been paid in calculating the prevalence rate. From the study year 1987, the @entity5755 chairman moved from Michio Tsukamura, The National Chubu Hospital, to Nobuhiko Kita, The National Kinki Chuo Hospital.

2094735

2094736

2094737

The Use of Intravenous XXXX in @entity1 Undergoing Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Analysis at a Single Military Institution.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To describe a single institution's experience after initiation of a protocol in which all primary @entity572 ( @entity572 ) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) @entity1 were administered intravenous @entity927 ( @entity928 ) intraoperatively to decrease perioperative @entity190 . METHODS: A retrospective review of medical records at a single institution from February 2012 to April 2014. The @entity928 treatment group was compared to a control group. We reviewed intraoperative @entity190 , preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) levels, postoperative day 0 to 2 Hb levels, transfusion rates, @entity1211 , and other complication rates. RESULTS: 259 @entity1 underwent either TKA (165) or @entity572 (94). 121 received perioperative intravenous @entity928 and 138 did not. There was a statistically decreased rate of allogeneic blood transfusion (0 vs. 10, p = 0.003) as well as a higher postoperative day 2 Hb level (10.8 1.1 vs. 10.2 2.6 g/dL, p = 0.02) in the treatment group. There was no statistical difference in any variable measured in the @entity572 group, though there was a trend toward higher postoperative Hb levels at all-time points measured. CONCLUSION: Intravenous @entity928 is a safe and effective drug to decrease perioperative @entity190 and allogeneic transfusion in @entity572 and TKA. There was no increased risk of @entity1211 or other complications in our review.

2094738

2094739

2094740

The Use of Intravenous @entity927 in XXXX Undergoing Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Analysis at a Single Military Institution.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To describe a single institution's experience after initiation of a protocol in which all primary @entity572 ( @entity572 ) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) @entity1 were administered intravenous @entity927 ( @entity928 ) intraoperatively to decrease perioperative @entity190 . METHODS: A retrospective review of medical records at a single institution from February 2012 to April 2014. The @entity928 treatment group was compared to a control group. We reviewed intraoperative @entity190 , preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) levels, postoperative day 0 to 2 Hb levels, transfusion rates, @entity1211 , and other complication rates. RESULTS: 259 @entity1 underwent either TKA (165) or @entity572 (94). 121 received perioperative intravenous @entity928 and 138 did not. There was a statistically decreased rate of allogeneic blood transfusion (0 vs. 10, p = 0.003) as well as a higher postoperative day 2 Hb level (10.8 1.1 vs. 10.2 2.6 g/dL, p = 0.02) in the treatment group. There was no statistical difference in any variable measured in the @entity572 group, though there was a trend toward higher postoperative Hb levels at all-time points measured. CONCLUSION: Intravenous @entity928 is a safe and effective drug to decrease perioperative @entity190 and allogeneic transfusion in @entity572 and TKA. There was no increased risk of @entity1211 or other complications in our review.

2094741

2094742

2094743

Risk Factors of the Invasive XXXX Locoregional Recurrence.

multiple_choice

Background. The aim of the research was to estimate the frequency of the @entity0 recurrence appearance, the recurrence-free period continuance, and the 3- and 5-year survival depending on the scope of the surgical intervention, menstrual profile, and histological and molecular-biologic characteristics of the @entity5 . @entity1 and Methods. Among 218 @entity1 with a @entity0 , 99 @entity1 had breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and 119 underwent radical mastectomy (RME); all @entity1 had regional lymphatic nodes dissection. The size and the @entity5 differentiation degree, @entity3 presence in the regional lymph nodes, ER expression, PR, and @entity1722 were assessed as the prognostics factors. Results. It was defined that the locoregional recurrence appearance frequency in @entity1 with BCS turned out to be 13%, and in @entity1 after RME it turned out to be 9%; the recurrence-free period continuance was 53 8 months and 56 10 months, respectively. Conclusions. The locoregional cancer recurrence frequency is higher in @entity1 with the menstrual function being preserved at the moment of the @entity5 detection than in postmenopausal @entity1 and also in @entity1 having the hyperexpression of the @entity1722 . The @entity5 recurrence decreases the 3-year survival by 7,1% and the 5-year one by 20,3%, respectively.

2094744

2094745

2094746

Oral @entity1206 and XXXX with concomitant radiotherapy in @entity5 : an open-label phase II multicentre trial (COVeRT study).

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: Chemoradiotherapy regimens for @entity5 ( @entity1149 ) require ongoing evaluation. This South Australian multicentre prospective phase II study evaluated the safety, activity and outcomes of combination oral @entity1206 and @entity900 administered concurrently with radiotherapy for @entity5 . Consecutive eligible @entity1 received two cycles of oral @entity1206 50 mg/m day 1 (D1), day 8 (D8) and intravenous @entity900 50 mg/m D1 and D8 in a 21-day cycle. Chemotherapy was administered concurrently with radiotherapy at 60 Gy in 30 fractions, 2 Gy/fraction to the isocentre, all fields treated daily, 5 days a week over 6 weeks using 10 MV photons and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the progression-free survival (PFS). The secondary end points were safety, response rates and @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ). Forty-three eligible @entity1 with @entity5 - comprising 21 @entity957 , 18 @entity420 and four @entity152 - were studied. Four @entity1 did not complete the treatment. By intention-to-treat analysis, 25% showed a partial response and 65% had stable disease. None achieved a complete response. Of the 39 @entity1 who completed protocol-specified treatment, 11 (28%) showed a partial response and 28 (72%) had stable disease. The median PFS was 25.2 months and the median @entity1349 was 48.3 months. @entity137 were manageable and generally mild, with the majority being either grade 1 (n=38) or grade 2 (n=21). @entity137 were mainly of @entity354 , @entity55 , @entity1295 , @entity390 and @entity1282 . Two cycles of chemotherapy with oral @entity1206 and @entity900 administered concurrently with radical radiation had an acceptable @entity137 profile and was active in inoperable @entity5 . PFS and @entity1349 outcomes were encouraging. This regimen warrants further investigation.

2094747

2094748

2094749

Oral XXXX and @entity900 with concomitant radiotherapy in @entity5 : an open-label phase II multicentre trial (COVeRT study).

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: Chemoradiotherapy regimens for @entity5 ( @entity1149 ) require ongoing evaluation. This South Australian multicentre prospective phase II study evaluated the safety, activity and outcomes of combination oral @entity1206 and @entity900 administered concurrently with radiotherapy for @entity5 . Consecutive eligible @entity1 received two cycles of oral @entity1206 50 mg/m day 1 (D1), day 8 (D8) and intravenous @entity900 50 mg/m D1 and D8 in a 21-day cycle. Chemotherapy was administered concurrently with radiotherapy at 60 Gy in 30 fractions, 2 Gy/fraction to the isocentre, all fields treated daily, 5 days a week over 6 weeks using 10 MV photons and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the progression-free survival (PFS). The secondary end points were safety, response rates and @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ). Forty-three eligible @entity1 with @entity5 - comprising 21 @entity957 , 18 @entity420 and four @entity152 - were studied. Four @entity1 did not complete the treatment. By intention-to-treat analysis, 25% showed a partial response and 65% had stable disease. None achieved a complete response. Of the 39 @entity1 who completed protocol-specified treatment, 11 (28%) showed a partial response and 28 (72%) had stable disease. The median PFS was 25.2 months and the median @entity1349 was 48.3 months. @entity137 were manageable and generally mild, with the majority being either grade 1 (n=38) or grade 2 (n=21). @entity137 were mainly of @entity354 , @entity55 , @entity1295 , @entity390 and @entity1282 . Two cycles of chemotherapy with oral @entity1206 and @entity900 administered concurrently with radical radiation had an acceptable @entity137 profile and was active in inoperable @entity5 . PFS and @entity1349 outcomes were encouraging. This regimen warrants further investigation.

2094750

2094751

2094752

Oral @entity1206 and @entity900 with concomitant radiotherapy in XXXX : an open-label phase II multicentre trial (COVeRT study).

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: Chemoradiotherapy regimens for @entity5 ( @entity1149 ) require ongoing evaluation. This South Australian multicentre prospective phase II study evaluated the safety, activity and outcomes of combination oral @entity1206 and @entity900 administered concurrently with radiotherapy for @entity5 . Consecutive eligible @entity1 received two cycles of oral @entity1206 50 mg/m day 1 (D1), day 8 (D8) and intravenous @entity900 50 mg/m D1 and D8 in a 21-day cycle. Chemotherapy was administered concurrently with radiotherapy at 60 Gy in 30 fractions, 2 Gy/fraction to the isocentre, all fields treated daily, 5 days a week over 6 weeks using 10 MV photons and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the progression-free survival (PFS). The secondary end points were safety, response rates and @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ). Forty-three eligible @entity1 with @entity5 - comprising 21 @entity957 , 18 @entity420 and four @entity152 - were studied. Four @entity1 did not complete the treatment. By intention-to-treat analysis, 25% showed a partial response and 65% had stable disease. None achieved a complete response. Of the 39 @entity1 who completed protocol-specified treatment, 11 (28%) showed a partial response and 28 (72%) had stable disease. The median PFS was 25.2 months and the median @entity1349 was 48.3 months. @entity137 were manageable and generally mild, with the majority being either grade 1 (n=38) or grade 2 (n=21). @entity137 were mainly of @entity354 , @entity55 , @entity1295 , @entity390 and @entity1282 . Two cycles of chemotherapy with oral @entity1206 and @entity900 administered concurrently with radical radiation had an acceptable @entity137 profile and was active in inoperable @entity5 . PFS and @entity1349 outcomes were encouraging. This regimen warrants further investigation.

2094753

2094754

2094755

Lymph node @entity3 and elevated postoperative calcitonin: Predictors of poor survival in XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Total thyroidectomy is the treatment of choice for @entity259 ( @entity259 ), but the extent of neck dissection is controversial. Lymph node @entity3 , distant @entity3 , and old age are known predictors of poor survival. @entity1 : @entity1 treated for primary @entity259 at Helsinki University Hospital from 1990 to 2009 were included (n = 54). Their clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome were analysed retrospectively, these @entity1 were followed until @entity204 or their last follow-up date. RESULTS: At last follow-up (3.4-23 years), of 54 @entity259 @entity1 , 19 (35%) were disease-free, 17 (32%) were alive with disease, and 12 (22%) had died of @entity259 ; six @entity1 died of unrelated causes (11%). All disease-free @entity1 were node negative and had normal postoperative calcitonin level. Of 19 disease-free @entity1 , only four (21%) had undergone lymph node dissection. All @entity1 who died of @entity259 were Stage IV at diagnosis and died with distant @entity3 . Disease-specific five-and 10-year survival was 84% and 76.2%. @entity5 (p = 0.004), lymph node @entity3 (p < 0.001), distant @entity3 (p < 0.001), stage (p < 0.001), and elevated postoperative calcitonin (p < 0.001) significantly associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS: Lymph node @entity3 and elevated postoperative calcitonin are important prognostic factors. @entity1 with lymph node @entity3 and/or elevated postoperative calcitonin with present treatments cannot become disease-free, but most of them can live a long life with @entity3 .

2094756

2094757

2094758

Lymph node XXXX and elevated postoperative calcitonin: Predictors of poor survival in @entity259 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Total thyroidectomy is the treatment of choice for @entity259 ( @entity259 ), but the extent of neck dissection is controversial. Lymph node @entity3 , distant @entity3 , and old age are known predictors of poor survival. @entity1 : @entity1 treated for primary @entity259 at Helsinki University Hospital from 1990 to 2009 were included (n = 54). Their clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome were analysed retrospectively, these @entity1 were followed until @entity204 or their last follow-up date. RESULTS: At last follow-up (3.4-23 years), of 54 @entity259 @entity1 , 19 (35%) were disease-free, 17 (32%) were alive with disease, and 12 (22%) had died of @entity259 ; six @entity1 died of unrelated causes (11%). All disease-free @entity1 were node negative and had normal postoperative calcitonin level. Of 19 disease-free @entity1 , only four (21%) had undergone lymph node dissection. All @entity1 who died of @entity259 were Stage IV at diagnosis and died with distant @entity3 . Disease-specific five-and 10-year survival was 84% and 76.2%. @entity5 (p = 0.004), lymph node @entity3 (p < 0.001), distant @entity3 (p < 0.001), stage (p < 0.001), and elevated postoperative calcitonin (p < 0.001) significantly associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS: Lymph node @entity3 and elevated postoperative calcitonin are important prognostic factors. @entity1 with lymph node @entity3 and/or elevated postoperative calcitonin with present treatments cannot become disease-free, but most of them can live a long life with @entity3 .

2094759

2094760

2094761

Reproduction following treatment for XXXX : a population-based prospective cohort study of fertility and offspring.

multiple_choice

Of all @entity1 diagnosed with @entity1778 in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, 981 had discontinued therapy before 1985 and had been followed up annually after cessation of therapy. Progeny was registered and fertility evaluated among survivors who passed age 18 years without a relapse (n = 299). By April 1989, 48 offspring were registered, one of whom had @entity154 . This was no more than expected from the incidence of @entity600 in the general population. No childhood @entity5 or @entity74 have so far been diagnosed in the progeny. In the study group, none of the 19 female and 8 male survivors of @entity2800 had become parents, and only 4 fathers were reported among the 131 male survivors of @entity981 ( @entity981 ). However, 23 of the 149 females treated for @entity981 had delivered 41 @entity1 . Fertility was measured as cumulative rates of first birth by maternal age. In a Cox regression analysis, cases who had received prophylactic radiation of the central nervous system (CNS) had a lower first birth rate than those without radiation (rate ratio 0.39, 95% CI 0.15-1.00), indicating that doses of 18-24 Gy to the brain may possibly be a risk factor. By using the Norwegian birth cohort of 1966 as a control group, matching the median year of birth for the study subjects, the group of female @entity981 survivors as a whole was as likely as the general female population to have given birth up to the age of 23. The first generation of females successfully treated for childhood @entity981 seems to have a nearly normal reproductive pattern during young adulthood, without increased risk of @entity154 in the offspring. However, cranial radiation as CNS prophylaxis may possibly impair subsequent reproduction.

2094762

2094763

2094764

XXXX genotyping by Linear Array and Next-Generation Sequencing in cervical samples from Western Mexico.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The Linear Array (LA) genotyping test is one of the most used methodologies for @entity1082 ) genotyping, in that it is able to detect 37 HPV genotypes and @entity325 in the same sample. However, the assay is limited to a restricted number of HPV, and sequence variations in the detection region of the HPV probes could give false negatives results. Recently, 454 Next-Generation sequencing (NGS) technology has been efficiently used also for HPV genotyping; this methodology is based on massive sequencing of HPV fragments and is expected to be highly specific and sensitive. In this work, we studied HPV prevalence in cervixes of @entity1 in Western Mexico by LA and confirmed the genotypes found by NGS. METHODS: Two hundred thirty three cervical samples from @entity1 Without @entity75 (WCL, n = 48), with @entity3146 (CIN I, n = 98), or with @entity5 ( @entity5 , n = 87) were recruited, DNA was extracted, and HPV positivity was determined by PCR amplification using PGMY09/11 primers. All HPV- positive samples were genotyped individually by LA. Additionally, pools of amplicons from the PGMY-PCR products were sequenced using 454 NGS technology. Results obtained by NGS were compared with those of LA for each group of samples. RESULTS: We identified 35 HPV genotypes, among which 30 were identified by both technologies; in addition, the HPV genotypes 32, 44, 74, 102 and 114 were detected by NGS. These latter genotypes, to our knowledge, have not been previously reported in Mexican population. Furthermore, we found that LA did not detect, in some diagnosis groups, certain HPV genotypes included in the test, such as 6, 11, 16, 26, 35, 51, 58, 68, 73, and 89, which indicates possible variations at the species level. CONCLUSIONS: There are HPV genotypes in Mexican population that cannot be detected by LA, which is, at present, the most complete commercial genotyping test. More studies are necessary to determine the impact of HPV-44, 74, 102 and 114 on the risk of developing @entity5 . A greater number of samples must be analyzed by NGS for the most accurate determination of Mexican HPV variants.

2094765

2094766

2094767

XXXX -induced serum sickness after @entity348 .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: A case of serum sickness or serum sicknesslike reaction (SSLR) in a @entity1 receiving @entity3925 for @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ) prophylaxis after undergoing elective right @entity348 ( @entity348 ) is reported. SUMMARY: A 61-year-old @entity1 arrived at the emergency department from a short-term rehabilitation facility 12 days after a right @entity348 with complaints of @entity221 , chills, bilateral @entity158 , swelling in the extremities, and a diffuse @entity1910 with welts on his back. @entity3925 was initiated on postoperative day 1 for @entity1211 prophylaxis and was discontinued on day 10 of therapy, when symptoms began to appear. His renal function was within normal limits; however, his @entity3929 transaminase level was twice the upper limit of normal. The @entity1 was admitted to the inpatient medical service and placed on intravenous fluids, subcutaneous @entity6950 for @entity1211 prophylaxis, supportive therapy for his symptoms, and his home medications. After 2 days of observation, the rheumatology and immunology services were consulted to assess the @entity1 . Due to the @entity1 's @entity221 , @entity925 , mild transaminitis, diffuse @entity1910 , and depressed total serum complement, it was determined that the patient had serum sickness secondary to treatment with @entity3925 . The @entity1 did not require any acute interventions, and symptoms resolved after 4 days of hospitalization. CONCLUSION: A 61-year-old @entity1 developed a possible case of serum sickness or SSLR 10 days after initiation of @entity3925 for @entity1211 prophylaxis after an elective @entity348 . Symptomatic improvement was observed after discontinuation of @entity3925 , and no acute interventions were needed.

2094768

2094769

2094770

@entity3925 -induced serum sickness after XXXX .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: A case of serum sickness or serum sicknesslike reaction (SSLR) in a @entity1 receiving @entity3925 for @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ) prophylaxis after undergoing elective right @entity348 ( @entity348 ) is reported. SUMMARY: A 61-year-old @entity1 arrived at the emergency department from a short-term rehabilitation facility 12 days after a right @entity348 with complaints of @entity221 , chills, bilateral @entity158 , swelling in the extremities, and a diffuse @entity1910 with welts on his back. @entity3925 was initiated on postoperative day 1 for @entity1211 prophylaxis and was discontinued on day 10 of therapy, when symptoms began to appear. His renal function was within normal limits; however, his @entity3929 transaminase level was twice the upper limit of normal. The @entity1 was admitted to the inpatient medical service and placed on intravenous fluids, subcutaneous @entity6950 for @entity1211 prophylaxis, supportive therapy for his symptoms, and his home medications. After 2 days of observation, the rheumatology and immunology services were consulted to assess the @entity1 . Due to the @entity1 's @entity221 , @entity925 , mild transaminitis, diffuse @entity1910 , and depressed total serum complement, it was determined that the patient had serum sickness secondary to treatment with @entity3925 . The @entity1 did not require any acute interventions, and symptoms resolved after 4 days of hospitalization. CONCLUSION: A 61-year-old @entity1 developed a possible case of serum sickness or SSLR 10 days after initiation of @entity3925 for @entity1211 prophylaxis after an elective @entity348 . Symptomatic improvement was observed after discontinuation of @entity3925 , and no acute interventions were needed.

2094771

2094772

2094773

Preferential effects of low volume versus high volume replacement with crystalloid fluid in a XXXX model in @entity1707 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Fluid resuscitation is a core stone of @entity548 therapy, and crystalloid fluids seem to be associated with lower mortality compared to colloids. However, as redistribution starts within minutes, it has been suggested to replace @entity190 with a minimum of a three-fold amount of crystalloids. The hypothesis was that in comparison to high volume (HV), a lower crystalloid volume (LV) achieves a favorable coagulation profile and exerts sufficient haemodynamics in the acute phase of resuscitation. METHODS: In 24 anaesthetized @entity1707 , controlled arterial @entity190 of 50 % of the estimated blood volume was either (n = 12) replaced with a LV (one-fold) or a HV (three-fold) volume of a balanced, acetated crystalloid solution at room temperature. Hemodynamic parameters, dilution effects and coagulation profile by standard coagulation tests and thromboelastometry at baseline and after resuscitation were determined in both groups. RESULTS: LV resuscitation @entity101 compared to the HV, 61 7 vs. 82 14 mmHg (p < 0.001) respectively, with no difference between @entity880 and base excess between groups. Haematocrit after fluid replacement was 0.20 vs. 0.16 (LV vs. HV, p < 0.001), suggesting a grade of blood dilution of 32 vs. 42 % (p < 0.001) compared to baseline values. Compared to LV, HV resulted in decreased core temperature (37.5 0.2 vs. 36.0 0.6 C, p < 0.001), lower platelet count (318 77 vs. 231 53 K/ L, p < 0.01) and lower plasma fibrinogen levels (205 19 vs. 168 24 mg/dL, p < 0.001). Thromboelastometric measurements showed a significant impairment on viscoelastic clot properties following HV group. While prothrombin time index decreased significantly more in the HV group, activated partial thromboplastin time did not differ between both groups. HV did not result in @entity520 . DISCUSSION: Coagulation parameters represented by plasma fibrinogen and ROTEM parameters were also less impaired with LV. With regrad to hematocrit, 60 % of LV remained intracascular , while in HV only 30 % remained in circulation within the first hour of administration. In the acute setting of 50 % controlled @entity190 , a one fold LV crystalloid replacement strategy is sufficient to adequately raise blood pressure up to a mean arterial pressure >50 mm Hg. The concept of damage control resuscitation (DCR) with permissive @entity551 may be better met by using LV as compared to a three fold HV resuscitation strategy. CONCLUSION: High volume administration of an acetated balanced crystalloid does not lead to @entity520 , but may negatively influence clinical parameters, such as higher blood pressure, lower body temperature and @entity73 parameters, which could potentially increase bleeding after @entity130 . Replacement of acute @entity190 with just an equal amount of an acetated balanced crystalloid appears to be the preferential treatment strategy in the acute phase after controlled bleeding.

2094774

2094775

2094776

Preferential effects of low volume versus high volume replacement with crystalloid fluid in a @entity548 model in XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Fluid resuscitation is a core stone of @entity548 therapy, and crystalloid fluids seem to be associated with lower mortality compared to colloids. However, as redistribution starts within minutes, it has been suggested to replace @entity190 with a minimum of a three-fold amount of crystalloids. The hypothesis was that in comparison to high volume (HV), a lower crystalloid volume (LV) achieves a favorable coagulation profile and exerts sufficient haemodynamics in the acute phase of resuscitation. METHODS: In 24 anaesthetized @entity1707 , controlled arterial @entity190 of 50 % of the estimated blood volume was either (n = 12) replaced with a LV (one-fold) or a HV (three-fold) volume of a balanced, acetated crystalloid solution at room temperature. Hemodynamic parameters, dilution effects and coagulation profile by standard coagulation tests and thromboelastometry at baseline and after resuscitation were determined in both groups. RESULTS: LV resuscitation @entity101 compared to the HV, 61 7 vs. 82 14 mmHg (p < 0.001) respectively, with no difference between @entity880 and base excess between groups. Haematocrit after fluid replacement was 0.20 vs. 0.16 (LV vs. HV, p < 0.001), suggesting a grade of blood dilution of 32 vs. 42 % (p < 0.001) compared to baseline values. Compared to LV, HV resulted in decreased core temperature (37.5 0.2 vs. 36.0 0.6 C, p < 0.001), lower platelet count (318 77 vs. 231 53 K/ L, p < 0.01) and lower plasma fibrinogen levels (205 19 vs. 168 24 mg/dL, p < 0.001). Thromboelastometric measurements showed a significant impairment on viscoelastic clot properties following HV group. While prothrombin time index decreased significantly more in the HV group, activated partial thromboplastin time did not differ between both groups. HV did not result in @entity520 . DISCUSSION: Coagulation parameters represented by plasma fibrinogen and ROTEM parameters were also less impaired with LV. With regrad to hematocrit, 60 % of LV remained intracascular , while in HV only 30 % remained in circulation within the first hour of administration. In the acute setting of 50 % controlled @entity190 , a one fold LV crystalloid replacement strategy is sufficient to adequately raise blood pressure up to a mean arterial pressure >50 mm Hg. The concept of damage control resuscitation (DCR) with permissive @entity551 may be better met by using LV as compared to a three fold HV resuscitation strategy. CONCLUSION: High volume administration of an acetated balanced crystalloid does not lead to @entity520 , but may negatively influence clinical parameters, such as higher blood pressure, lower body temperature and @entity73 parameters, which could potentially increase bleeding after @entity130 . Replacement of acute @entity190 with just an equal amount of an acetated balanced crystalloid appears to be the preferential treatment strategy in the acute phase after controlled bleeding.

2094777

2094778

2094779

Investigation of cellular responses upon interaction with XXXX nanoparticles.

multiple_choice

In order for nanoparticles (NPs) to be applied in the biomedical field, a thorough investigation of their interactions with biological systems is required. Although this is a growing area of research, there is a paucity of comprehensive data in cell-based studies. To address this, we analyzed the physicomechanical responses of @entity1 alveolar epithelial cells (A549), @entity19 fibroblasts (NIH3T3), and @entity1 bone marrow stromal cells (HS-5), following their interaction with @entity575 nanoparticles (AgNPs). When compared with @entity7913 , AgNPs exhibited moderate antibacterial activity. Cell viability ranged from <= 80% at a high AgNPs dose (40 g/mL) to >95% at a low dose (10 g/mL). We also used atomic force microscopy-coupled force spectroscopy to evaluate the biophysical and biomechanical properties of cells. This revealed that AgNPs treatment increased the surface roughness (P<0.001) and stiffness (P<0.001) of cells. Certain cellular changes are likely due to interaction of the AgNPs with the cell surface. The degree to which cellular morphology was altered directly proportional to the level of AgNP-induced @entity137 . Together, these data suggest that atomic force microscopy can be used as a potential tool to develop a biomechanics-based biomarker for the evaluation of NP-dependent @entity137 and cytopathology.

2094780

2094781

2094782

Supervised exercise training as an adjunctive therapy for XXXX : study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity3179 are common, chronic wounds that are painful and reduce quality of life. Compression therapy is known to assist in the healing of venous leg @entity1066 . Supervised exercise training that targets an improvement in @entity291 muscle pump function might be a useful adjunctive therapy for enhancing @entity1066 and other aspects of physical and mental health. However, the evidence of exercise for individuals with @entity3179 is sparse. Here, we describe the protocol for a study that aims to assess the feasibility of undertaking a randomised controlled trial of a supervised exercise programme in @entity1 who are receiving compression for venous @entity1066 . METHODS/DESIGN: This is a randomised, controlled, assessor-blinded, two-centre, feasibility trial with two parallel groups. Eighty adults who are receiving lower-limb compression for a @entity3179 will be randomly assigned to receive usual care (compression only) or usual care plus a 12-week supervised exercise programme. @entity1 in the exercise group will be invited to undertake three, 60-minute sessions of supervised exercise each week, and each session will involve a combination of treadmill walking, upright cycling and strength and flexibility exercises for the lower limbs. @entity1 will be assessed before randomisation and 3, 6 and 12 months after randomisation. Primary outcomes include rates of recruitment, retention and adherence. Secondary outcomes include time to @entity1066 , proportion of @entity1 healed, percentage and absolute change in ulcer size, health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L and VEINES-QOL/Sym), lower-limb cutaneous microvascular function (laser Doppler flowmetry coupled with iontophoresis) and physical fitness (30-second sit-to-stand test, chair sit and reach test, 6-minute walk test and ankle range of motion). The costs associated with the exercise programme and health-care utilisation will be calculated. We will also complete interviews with a sub-sample of @entity1 to explore their experiences of having a venous ulcer and the acceptability of the exercise intervention and study procedures. DISCUSSION: Data from this study will be used to refine the supervised exercise programme, investigate the acceptability of the intervention and study design and determine the most appropriate outcome measures, thereby providing estimates of the factors needed to design an adequately powered trial across several centres. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials, ISRCTN10205425 (May 2014) - http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN10205425.

2094783

2094784

2094785

Transcriptional over-expression of XXXX intracellular channels 3 and 4 in malignant @entity2615 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity2865 Intracellular Channels (CLICs) are contributing to the regulation of multiple cellular functions. CLICs have been found over-expressed in several @entity5 , and therefore they are currently considered as potential drug targets. The goal of our study was to assess the gene expression levels of the CLIC's 1-6 in malignant @entity2615 (MPM) as compared to controls. METHODS: We used gene expression data from a publicly available microarray dataset comparing MPM versus healthy tissue in order to investigate the differential expression profile of CLIC 1-6. False discovery rates were calculated and the interactome of the significantly differentially expressed CLICs was constructed and Functional Enrichment Analysis for Gene Ontologies (FEAGO) was performed. RESULTS: In MPM, the gene expressions of @entity67951 and @entity67954 were significantly increased compared to controls (p=0.001 and p<0.001 respectively). A significant positive correlation between the gene expressions of @entity67951 and @entity67954 (p=0.0008 and Pearson's r=0.51) was found. Deming regression analysis provided an association equation between the @entity67951 and @entity67954 gene expressions: @entity67951 =4.42 @entity67954 -10.07. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that @entity67951 and @entity67954 are over-expressed in @entity1 MPM. Moreover, their expressions correlate suggesting that they either share common gene expression inducers or that their products act synergistically. FAEGO showed that CLIC interactome might contribute to @entity2533 signaling and water transport.

2094786

2094787

2094788

Transcriptional over-expression of @entity2865 intracellular channels 3 and 4 in malignant XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity2865 Intracellular Channels (CLICs) are contributing to the regulation of multiple cellular functions. CLICs have been found over-expressed in several @entity5 , and therefore they are currently considered as potential drug targets. The goal of our study was to assess the gene expression levels of the CLIC's 1-6 in malignant @entity2615 (MPM) as compared to controls. METHODS: We used gene expression data from a publicly available microarray dataset comparing MPM versus healthy tissue in order to investigate the differential expression profile of CLIC 1-6. False discovery rates were calculated and the interactome of the significantly differentially expressed CLICs was constructed and Functional Enrichment Analysis for Gene Ontologies (FEAGO) was performed. RESULTS: In MPM, the gene expressions of @entity67951 and @entity67954 were significantly increased compared to controls (p=0.001 and p<0.001 respectively). A significant positive correlation between the gene expressions of @entity67951 and @entity67954 (p=0.0008 and Pearson's r=0.51) was found. Deming regression analysis provided an association equation between the @entity67951 and @entity67954 gene expressions: @entity67951 =4.42 @entity67954 -10.07. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that @entity67951 and @entity67954 are over-expressed in @entity1 MPM. Moreover, their expressions correlate suggesting that they either share common gene expression inducers or that their products act synergistically. FAEGO showed that CLIC interactome might contribute to @entity2533 signaling and water transport.

2094789

2094790

2094791

Substitute anions and the @entity2865 conductance of frog muscle: effects of XXXX and @entity21424 on steady-state values and kinetics.

multiple_choice

Voltage-clamp experiments have been used to study the effects of external @entity1507 , @entity3782 and @entity21424 on the @entity2865 conductance of sarcolemma of @entity1238 . @entity1507 reduces inward current ( @entity2865 efflux), but less potently than does @entity8875 [Vaughan (1987) Pfl gers Arch 410:153-158] and does not affect conductance kinetics. As its concentration is increased the blocking effect of @entity1507 saturates; at a @entity1507 mole fraction of 0.6 the anion conductance is reduced to about 50% and further increases in @entity1507 concentration are without significant effect. @entity1507 's influences are not voltage-dependent. @entity3782 is a much less potent blocker than is @entity1507 , and its effects are voltage-dependent. With small hyperpolarizations, currents are sometimes seen to be larger than the control, but the degree of block (or the conversion of augmentation to reduction) increases with the size of the voltage step. Anomalous mole-fraction effects are observed in the range 0.4-0.6 mol/mol, in that in some cells the reduction of conductance is noticeably greater in the lower than in the higher concentration of the replacement ion. In the presence of @entity3782 , relaxation rates are significantly increased, and this influence is not anomalously dependent on the mole fraction. Similar effects are observed in @entity21424 . The effect on kinetics is not pH-dependent. The main series of experiments was conducted at pH 5, but the same influence on kinetics was observed at pH 9. Using point voltage-clamp experiments, @entity3782 and @entity8875 were both seen to lower the contraction threshold voltage, but @entity8875 has no influence on conductance kinetics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

2094792

2094793

2094794

Substitute anions and the XXXX conductance of frog muscle: effects of @entity3782 and @entity21424 on steady-state values and kinetics.

multiple_choice

Voltage-clamp experiments have been used to study the effects of external @entity1507 , @entity3782 and @entity21424 on the @entity2865 conductance of sarcolemma of @entity1238 . @entity1507 reduces inward current ( @entity2865 efflux), but less potently than does @entity8875 [Vaughan (1987) Pfl gers Arch 410:153-158] and does not affect conductance kinetics. As its concentration is increased the blocking effect of @entity1507 saturates; at a @entity1507 mole fraction of 0.6 the anion conductance is reduced to about 50% and further increases in @entity1507 concentration are without significant effect. @entity1507 's influences are not voltage-dependent. @entity3782 is a much less potent blocker than is @entity1507 , and its effects are voltage-dependent. With small hyperpolarizations, currents are sometimes seen to be larger than the control, but the degree of block (or the conversion of augmentation to reduction) increases with the size of the voltage step. Anomalous mole-fraction effects are observed in the range 0.4-0.6 mol/mol, in that in some cells the reduction of conductance is noticeably greater in the lower than in the higher concentration of the replacement ion. In the presence of @entity3782 , relaxation rates are significantly increased, and this influence is not anomalously dependent on the mole fraction. Similar effects are observed in @entity21424 . The effect on kinetics is not pH-dependent. The main series of experiments was conducted at pH 5, but the same influence on kinetics was observed at pH 9. Using point voltage-clamp experiments, @entity3782 and @entity8875 were both seen to lower the contraction threshold voltage, but @entity8875 has no influence on conductance kinetics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

2094795

2094796

2094797

Substitute anions and the @entity2865 conductance of frog muscle: effects of @entity3782 and XXXX on steady-state values and kinetics.

multiple_choice

Voltage-clamp experiments have been used to study the effects of external @entity1507 , @entity3782 and @entity21424 on the @entity2865 conductance of sarcolemma of @entity1238 . @entity1507 reduces inward current ( @entity2865 efflux), but less potently than does @entity8875 [Vaughan (1987) Pfl gers Arch 410:153-158] and does not affect conductance kinetics. As its concentration is increased the blocking effect of @entity1507 saturates; at a @entity1507 mole fraction of 0.6 the anion conductance is reduced to about 50% and further increases in @entity1507 concentration are without significant effect. @entity1507 's influences are not voltage-dependent. @entity3782 is a much less potent blocker than is @entity1507 , and its effects are voltage-dependent. With small hyperpolarizations, currents are sometimes seen to be larger than the control, but the degree of block (or the conversion of augmentation to reduction) increases with the size of the voltage step. Anomalous mole-fraction effects are observed in the range 0.4-0.6 mol/mol, in that in some cells the reduction of conductance is noticeably greater in the lower than in the higher concentration of the replacement ion. In the presence of @entity3782 , relaxation rates are significantly increased, and this influence is not anomalously dependent on the mole fraction. Similar effects are observed in @entity21424 . The effect on kinetics is not pH-dependent. The main series of experiments was conducted at pH 5, but the same influence on kinetics was observed at pH 9. Using point voltage-clamp experiments, @entity3782 and @entity8875 were both seen to lower the contraction threshold voltage, but @entity8875 has no influence on conductance kinetics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

2094798

2094799

2094800

Refractive outcome of prethreshold XXXX treated by diode laser: follow-up at 5 years.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the refraction of eyes treated with diode laser photocoagulation for prethreshold @entity989 ( @entity989 ) at a mean of 5 years after treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty @entity1 with prethreshold @entity989 treated with diode laser at Hanoi Childrens' Hospital during the period 2008 to 2009 were reviewed. @entity2516 was identified by cycloplegic refraction with @entity14433 1%. @entity1714 was divided into two categories based on magnitude: high @entity1714 (more than -5.00 D) and low @entity1714 (between 0 and -5.00 D). @entity3467 was subdivided into low @entity3467 (between 0 and +5.00 D) and high @entity3467 (greater than +5.00 D). @entity940 was classified as high if >2.00 D. Eyes with media opacification that interferes with retinoscopy were excluded. The refractive outcome was correlated with birth weight and gestational age. The anatomical and visual outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: One hundred eyes from 50 @entity1 were included in the study. The mean birth weight was 1,426.4 g and the mean gestational age was 29.88 weeks. After 5 years of follow-up, the average spherical equivalent for 100 eyes was -2.87 D. On cycloplegic retinoscopy, high @entity1714 (more than -5.00 D) was seen in 32% of eyes. Twenty (20%) eyes had nonsignificant @entity3467 , and high @entity3467 (more +5.00 D) was seen in only one eye (1%). The prevalence of @entity940 and high @entity940 (more than -2.00 D) was 79% and 49%, respectively. Three @entity1 (6%) had @entity5971 and two @entity1 (4%) had @entity5770 . None of the @entity1 had @entity346 . CONCLUSION: The majority of @entity1 who underwent diode laser therapy for prethreshold @entity989 had favourable anatomical and visual outcomes. High @entity2516 is common and may be the cause of @entity227 .

2094801

2094802

2094803

The utility of clinical findings to predict laboratory values in XXXX disorders of pregnancy.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Preeclampsia is the 2nd leading cause of maternal mortality in the United States. @entity1 with new-onset or worsening @entity101 are commonly evaluated for @entity854 . We aim to investigate whether demographic and/or clinical findings correlate with abnormal laboratory values. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective chart review of @entity1 who presented for evaluation of @entity101 in pregnancy during 2010. Demographic information, medical history, symptoms, vital signs, and laboratory results were collected. Bivariate analysis was used to investigate associations between predictors and the outcome. RESULT: Of the 481 @entity1 in the sample, 22 were identified as having abnormal laboratory test results (4.6%). @entity1 who reported right upper @entity158 or tenderness had significantly increased likelihood of having @entity854 compared to those without the complaint. CONCLUSION: Only a small percentage of @entity1 evaluated were determined to have abnormal laboratory findings, predominantly among @entity1 with @entity1468 . Right upper @entity158 or tenderness was positively correlated with @entity854 . The restriction of laboratory analysis in @entity1 with clinical evidence of severe disease may be warranted - a broader study should, however, first be used to confirm our findings.

2094804

2094805

2094806

Randomized control trial comparing physiologic effects in preterm XXXX during treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) generated by Bubble NCPAP and Ventilator NCPAP: a pilot study.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) is an accepted form of non-invasive ventilation in preterm @entity1 . Few, if any, studies have shown an advantage of one type of NCPAP over another. It has been theorized that bubble-generated NCPAP may be advantageous for the preterm neonate versus traditionally used ventilator-generated NCPAP. The aim of this study was to examine for any short-term differences in physiologic parameters in preterm subjects receiving these two different methods of NCPAP. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, prospective, cross-over pilot study of preterm @entity1 being treated with NCPAP in the neonatal intensive care unit. Subjects were continuously monitored for several physiologic parameters including heart rate, respiratory rate, @entity26 saturation, cerebral tissue @entity26 saturation and cerebral fractional @entity26 extraction using routine neonatal monitors and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) while on 2 h of bubble NCPAP and 2 h of ventilator NCPAP. Subjects were randomized to be monitored while either starting on bubble NCPAP and then switching to ventilator NCPAP or starting on ventilator NCPAP and switching to bubble NCPAP. RESULTS: Eighteen subjects were included. We found no statistically significant difference in any of the physiologic parameters while subjects were receiving bubble NCPAP versus ventilator NCPAP during the monitoring time periods. While on bubble NCPAP, subjects showed a trend toward decreasing respiratory rate and decreasing cerebral fractional @entity26 extraction over time, but this did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: There appears to be no difference in immediate physiologic effects between bubble NCPAP and ventilator NCPAP. This does not preclude the possibility of potential long-term differences, but any differences seen would likely be based on mechanisms that take more time to develop. A larger prospective trial is warranted to confirm our findings.

2094807

2094808

2094809

SjCa8, a @entity460 -binding protein from XXXX , inhibits cell migration and suppresses @entity842 release of RAW264.7 macrophages.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity2040 is considered second only to @entity311 as the most devastating @entity4801 in tropical countries. Schistosome cercariae invade the host by penetrating the skin and migrate though the lungs and portal circulation to their final destination in the hepatic portal system and eventually the mesenteric veins. Previous studies have shown that the cytotoxic pathways that target schistosomulum in the lung-stage involve @entity842 (NO) produced by macrophages. By contrast, skin-stage schistosomulas can evade clearance, indicating that they might be freed from macrophage NO-mediated @entity137 to achieve immune evasion; however, the critical molecules and mechanisms involved remain unknown. METHODS: Recombinant SjCa8 (rSjCa8), an 8-kDa @entity460 -binding protein that is stage-specifically expressed in cercaria and early skin-stage schistosomulas of @entity2042 , was incubated with @entity19 RAW264.7 macrophages. Effects on macrophage proliferation were determined using Cell Counting Kit-8. Next, transwell assay was carried out to further investigate the role of rSjCa8 in macrophage migration. The effects of rSjCa8 on macrophage apoptosis were evaluated using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Additional impacts of rSjCa8 on NO release by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages as well as the underlying mechanisms were explored using fluorescent probe, @entity842 signaling pathway microarray, quantitative real-time PCR, mutagenesis, and neutralizing antibody approaches. RESULTS: rSjCa8 exhibited a striking inhibitory effect on macrophage migration, but did not markedly increase cell proliferation or apoptosis. Additionally, rSjCa8 potently inhibited NO release by LPS-stimulated macrophages in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the inhibitory mechanism was closely associated with intracellular @entity141 levels, the up-regulation of catalase expression, and the down-regulation of the expression of 47 genes, including Myc, Gadd45a, Txnip, Fas, Sod2, Nos2, and Hmgb1. Vaccination with rSjCa8 increased NO concentration in the challenging skin area of infected @entity19 and reduced the number of migrated schistosomula after skin penetration by cercariae. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that SjCa8 might be a novel molecule that plays a critical role in immune evasion by @entity2043 cercaria during the process of skin penetration. The inhibitory impacts of rSjCa8 on macrophage migration and [ @entity141 ]i-dependent NO release suggest it might represent a novel vaccine candidate and chemotherapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of @entity2040 .

2094810

2094811

2094812

SjCa8, a XXXX -binding protein from @entity2042 , inhibits cell migration and suppresses @entity842 release of RAW264.7 macrophages.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity2040 is considered second only to @entity311 as the most devastating @entity4801 in tropical countries. Schistosome cercariae invade the host by penetrating the skin and migrate though the lungs and portal circulation to their final destination in the hepatic portal system and eventually the mesenteric veins. Previous studies have shown that the cytotoxic pathways that target schistosomulum in the lung-stage involve @entity842 (NO) produced by macrophages. By contrast, skin-stage schistosomulas can evade clearance, indicating that they might be freed from macrophage NO-mediated @entity137 to achieve immune evasion; however, the critical molecules and mechanisms involved remain unknown. METHODS: Recombinant SjCa8 (rSjCa8), an 8-kDa @entity460 -binding protein that is stage-specifically expressed in cercaria and early skin-stage schistosomulas of @entity2042 , was incubated with @entity19 RAW264.7 macrophages. Effects on macrophage proliferation were determined using Cell Counting Kit-8. Next, transwell assay was carried out to further investigate the role of rSjCa8 in macrophage migration. The effects of rSjCa8 on macrophage apoptosis were evaluated using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Additional impacts of rSjCa8 on NO release by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages as well as the underlying mechanisms were explored using fluorescent probe, @entity842 signaling pathway microarray, quantitative real-time PCR, mutagenesis, and neutralizing antibody approaches. RESULTS: rSjCa8 exhibited a striking inhibitory effect on macrophage migration, but did not markedly increase cell proliferation or apoptosis. Additionally, rSjCa8 potently inhibited NO release by LPS-stimulated macrophages in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the inhibitory mechanism was closely associated with intracellular @entity141 levels, the up-regulation of catalase expression, and the down-regulation of the expression of 47 genes, including Myc, Gadd45a, Txnip, Fas, Sod2, Nos2, and Hmgb1. Vaccination with rSjCa8 increased NO concentration in the challenging skin area of infected @entity19 and reduced the number of migrated schistosomula after skin penetration by cercariae. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that SjCa8 might be a novel molecule that plays a critical role in immune evasion by @entity2043 cercaria during the process of skin penetration. The inhibitory impacts of rSjCa8 on macrophage migration and [ @entity141 ]i-dependent NO release suggest it might represent a novel vaccine candidate and chemotherapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of @entity2040 .

2094813

2094814

2094815

SjCa8, a @entity460 -binding protein from @entity2042 , inhibits cell migration and suppresses XXXX release of RAW264.7 macrophages.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity2040 is considered second only to @entity311 as the most devastating @entity4801 in tropical countries. Schistosome cercariae invade the host by penetrating the skin and migrate though the lungs and portal circulation to their final destination in the hepatic portal system and eventually the mesenteric veins. Previous studies have shown that the cytotoxic pathways that target schistosomulum in the lung-stage involve @entity842 (NO) produced by macrophages. By contrast, skin-stage schistosomulas can evade clearance, indicating that they might be freed from macrophage NO-mediated @entity137 to achieve immune evasion; however, the critical molecules and mechanisms involved remain unknown. METHODS: Recombinant SjCa8 (rSjCa8), an 8-kDa @entity460 -binding protein that is stage-specifically expressed in cercaria and early skin-stage schistosomulas of @entity2042 , was incubated with @entity19 RAW264.7 macrophages. Effects on macrophage proliferation were determined using Cell Counting Kit-8. Next, transwell assay was carried out to further investigate the role of rSjCa8 in macrophage migration. The effects of rSjCa8 on macrophage apoptosis were evaluated using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Additional impacts of rSjCa8 on NO release by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages as well as the underlying mechanisms were explored using fluorescent probe, @entity842 signaling pathway microarray, quantitative real-time PCR, mutagenesis, and neutralizing antibody approaches. RESULTS: rSjCa8 exhibited a striking inhibitory effect on macrophage migration, but did not markedly increase cell proliferation or apoptosis. Additionally, rSjCa8 potently inhibited NO release by LPS-stimulated macrophages in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the inhibitory mechanism was closely associated with intracellular @entity141 levels, the up-regulation of catalase expression, and the down-regulation of the expression of 47 genes, including Myc, Gadd45a, Txnip, Fas, Sod2, Nos2, and Hmgb1. Vaccination with rSjCa8 increased NO concentration in the challenging skin area of infected @entity19 and reduced the number of migrated schistosomula after skin penetration by cercariae. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that SjCa8 might be a novel molecule that plays a critical role in immune evasion by @entity2043 cercaria during the process of skin penetration. The inhibitory impacts of rSjCa8 on macrophage migration and [ @entity141 ]i-dependent NO release suggest it might represent a novel vaccine candidate and chemotherapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of @entity2040 .

2094816

2094817

2094818

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the XXXX Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Adult Domain Framework Using Item Response Theory Scores.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: To guide measure development, National Institutes of Health-supported @entity1 reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) investigators developed a hierarchical domain framework. The framework specifies health domains at multiple levels. The initial PROMIS domain framework specified that physical function and symptoms such as @entity158 and Fatigue indicate Physical Health (PH); @entity308 , @entity148 , and Anger indicate @entity1032 ( @entity1032 ); and Social Role Performance and Social Satisfaction indicate Social Health (SH). We used confirmatory factor analyses to evaluate the fit of the hypothesized framework to data collected from a large sample. METHODS: We used data (n=14,098) from PROMIS's wave 1 field test and estimated domain scores using the PROMIS item response theory parameters. We then used confirmatory factor analyses to test whether the domains corresponded to the PROMIS domain framework as expected. RESULTS: A model corresponding to the domain framework did not provide ideal fit [root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=0.13; comparative fit index (CFI)=0.92; Tucker Lewis Index (TLI)=0.88; standardized root mean square residual (SRMR)=0.09]. On the basis of modification indices and exploratory factor analyses, we allowed Fatigue to load on both PH and @entity1032 . This model fit the data acceptably (RMSEA=0.08; CFI=0.97; TLI=0.96; SRMR=0.03). DISCUSSION: Our findings generally support the PROMIS domain framework. Allowing Fatigue to load on both PH and @entity1032 improved fit considerably.

2094819

2094820

2094821

[ XXXX of the newborn. Review for the clinician].

multiple_choice

With the advent of modern neonatology and the survival of most premature @entity1 , @entity3166 of the newborn (NEC) has become a relatively frequent illness. NEC, although affecting mainly premies, may still be found in any @entity1 , even full term ones. We therefore believe that it is important for all physicians to become somewhat familiar with this entity. The pathogenesis of NEC is comprised of several variables: mesenteric @entity63 , @entity344 , enteral feedings and even possibly @entity281 . A diagnosis of NEC is based on a combination of clinical and radiological grounds. On radiographs, @entity14515 and air in the portal vein are of special significance. NEC is classified in three broad categories: suspected NEC, definite NEC and advanced NEC. The treatment is either medical or surgical, depending on the severity and the evolution of the disease. It is important to emphasize that any @entity1 who is deteriorating deserves very tight clinical and radiological follow-up. This follow-up should take place in a center where pediatric surgeons are ready to intervene rapidly should there be a need. Even if in some cases NEC is very severe, sometimes fatal, approximately 85% of @entity1 suffering from it survive and among them more than 70% do so without any long term sequelae.

2094822

2094823

2094824

Regulation of Sertoli cell @entity2594 and XXXX messenger ribonucleic acid levels during the restoration of spermatogenesis in the adult hypophysectomized @entity35 .

multiple_choice

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the levels of @entity20658 ( @entity20658 ) and/or @entity2594 mRNA in Sertoli cells responds to @entity251 in the adult @entity35 testis and, if so, to distinguish between the effects of @entity251 and those of changing populations of germ cells. To this end we have examined changes in the steady state levels of these two mRNAs in relationship to changes in intratesticular @entity251 concentration and germ cell numbers after treatment of adult hypophysectomized @entity35 with @entity251 . Hypophysectomy for 4 weeks caused intratesticular @entity251 concentrations to become reduced from 50 to 3 ng/ml and caused significant reductions in the numbers of testicular @entity12179 (undetectable), round spermatids (nearly undetectable), and pachytene spermatocytes (12% of normal). Intratesticular @entity251 concentrations rose to 30 ng/ml within 3 days after implantation of @entity251 -containing @entity13768 capsules into the hypophysectomized @entity35 . Three days after the initiation of @entity251 treatment, increases were seen in the numbers of round spermatids (10% of normal) and pachytene spermatocytes (29% of normal). The major increases in the numbers of these cells and of @entity12179 occurred between days 14-56 of @entity251 treatment, with pachytene spermatocytes reaching a maximum of 75% of the control level by day 28, and round spermatids and @entity12179 reaching 75% and 21% of the control levels, respectively, by 56 days. The steady state levels of @entity20658 mRNA were not affected by hypophysectomy, @entity251 administration, or subsequent increases in germ cell numbers. In contrast, @entity2594 mRNA levels were reduced by hypophysectomy. As found for @entity20658 , @entity2594 mRNA levels were unresponsive to increased @entity251 concentration, but, unlike @entity20658 mRNA, @entity2594 mRNA increased as germ cells were restored after @entity251 administration. These results suggest that @entity20658 mRNA is not regulated by @entity251 or germ cells, but that the level of @entity2594 mRNA is influenced by the interaction of Sertoli and germ cells in the adult @entity35 testis.

2094825

2094826

2094827

Regulation of Sertoli cell XXXX and @entity20658 messenger ribonucleic acid levels during the restoration of spermatogenesis in the adult hypophysectomized @entity35 .

multiple_choice

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the levels of @entity20658 ( @entity20658 ) and/or @entity2594 mRNA in Sertoli cells responds to @entity251 in the adult @entity35 testis and, if so, to distinguish between the effects of @entity251 and those of changing populations of germ cells. To this end we have examined changes in the steady state levels of these two mRNAs in relationship to changes in intratesticular @entity251 concentration and germ cell numbers after treatment of adult hypophysectomized @entity35 with @entity251 . Hypophysectomy for 4 weeks caused intratesticular @entity251 concentrations to become reduced from 50 to 3 ng/ml and caused significant reductions in the numbers of testicular @entity12179 (undetectable), round spermatids (nearly undetectable), and pachytene spermatocytes (12% of normal). Intratesticular @entity251 concentrations rose to 30 ng/ml within 3 days after implantation of @entity251 -containing @entity13768 capsules into the hypophysectomized @entity35 . Three days after the initiation of @entity251 treatment, increases were seen in the numbers of round spermatids (10% of normal) and pachytene spermatocytes (29% of normal). The major increases in the numbers of these cells and of @entity12179 occurred between days 14-56 of @entity251 treatment, with pachytene spermatocytes reaching a maximum of 75% of the control level by day 28, and round spermatids and @entity12179 reaching 75% and 21% of the control levels, respectively, by 56 days. The steady state levels of @entity20658 mRNA were not affected by hypophysectomy, @entity251 administration, or subsequent increases in germ cell numbers. In contrast, @entity2594 mRNA levels were reduced by hypophysectomy. As found for @entity20658 , @entity2594 mRNA levels were unresponsive to increased @entity251 concentration, but, unlike @entity20658 mRNA, @entity2594 mRNA increased as germ cells were restored after @entity251 administration. These results suggest that @entity20658 mRNA is not regulated by @entity251 or germ cells, but that the level of @entity2594 mRNA is influenced by the interaction of Sertoli and germ cells in the adult @entity35 testis.

2094828

2094829

2094830

Regulation of Sertoli cell @entity2594 and @entity20658 messenger ribonucleic acid levels during the restoration of spermatogenesis in the adult hypophysectomized XXXX .

multiple_choice

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the levels of @entity20658 ( @entity20658 ) and/or @entity2594 mRNA in Sertoli cells responds to @entity251 in the adult @entity35 testis and, if so, to distinguish between the effects of @entity251 and those of changing populations of germ cells. To this end we have examined changes in the steady state levels of these two mRNAs in relationship to changes in intratesticular @entity251 concentration and germ cell numbers after treatment of adult hypophysectomized @entity35 with @entity251 . Hypophysectomy for 4 weeks caused intratesticular @entity251 concentrations to become reduced from 50 to 3 ng/ml and caused significant reductions in the numbers of testicular @entity12179 (undetectable), round spermatids (nearly undetectable), and pachytene spermatocytes (12% of normal). Intratesticular @entity251 concentrations rose to 30 ng/ml within 3 days after implantation of @entity251 -containing @entity13768 capsules into the hypophysectomized @entity35 . Three days after the initiation of @entity251 treatment, increases were seen in the numbers of round spermatids (10% of normal) and pachytene spermatocytes (29% of normal). The major increases in the numbers of these cells and of @entity12179 occurred between days 14-56 of @entity251 treatment, with pachytene spermatocytes reaching a maximum of 75% of the control level by day 28, and round spermatids and @entity12179 reaching 75% and 21% of the control levels, respectively, by 56 days. The steady state levels of @entity20658 mRNA were not affected by hypophysectomy, @entity251 administration, or subsequent increases in germ cell numbers. In contrast, @entity2594 mRNA levels were reduced by hypophysectomy. As found for @entity20658 , @entity2594 mRNA levels were unresponsive to increased @entity251 concentration, but, unlike @entity20658 mRNA, @entity2594 mRNA increased as germ cells were restored after @entity251 administration. These results suggest that @entity20658 mRNA is not regulated by @entity251 or germ cells, but that the level of @entity2594 mRNA is influenced by the interaction of Sertoli and germ cells in the adult @entity35 testis.

2094831

2094832

2094833

XXXX ( @entity8206 ) Expression in Smooth Muscle Tumors of the Uterus.

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: Smooth @entity11090 of the uterus are the most common @entity361 of the gynecologic tract. The vast majority of these are @entity2909 that present no diagnostic difficulty. Because some benign smooth @entity11090 may degenerate and uncommon variants exist, the diagnosis can be challenging in some cases. The goal of this research was to investigate @entity8206 expression in @entity2909 , @entity1822 ( @entity1822 ) to determine whether it has a potential role in differential diagnosis. @entity8206 expression was investigated with immunohistochemistry in 103 uterine smooth @entity11090 , which included 19 @entity2909 , 52 @entity2909 variants, and 32 @entity1822 . They were evaluated on the basis of staining extent, intensity, and also their combined score, and the groups were compared. @entity8206 expression was present in 3 of 19 (15.7%) @entity2909 , 23 of 52 (44.3%) @entity2909 variants, and 28 of 32 (87.5%) @entity1822 . There were statistically significant differences in staining extent and intensity, and also for their combined scores, between the @entity1822 and benign groups. Although uterine smooth @entity11090 are usually diagnosed easily with conventional diagnostic criteria, the differentiation of @entity1822 from some variants of @entity2909 can be challenging based soley on morphology. @entity8206 may be a valuable immunohistochemical marker for differentiating @entity1822 from benign smooth @entity11090 in problematic cases.

2094834

2094835

2094836

@entity8206 ( XXXX ) Expression in Smooth Muscle Tumors of the Uterus.

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: Smooth @entity11090 of the uterus are the most common @entity361 of the gynecologic tract. The vast majority of these are @entity2909 that present no diagnostic difficulty. Because some benign smooth @entity11090 may degenerate and uncommon variants exist, the diagnosis can be challenging in some cases. The goal of this research was to investigate @entity8206 expression in @entity2909 , @entity1822 ( @entity1822 ) to determine whether it has a potential role in differential diagnosis. @entity8206 expression was investigated with immunohistochemistry in 103 uterine smooth @entity11090 , which included 19 @entity2909 , 52 @entity2909 variants, and 32 @entity1822 . They were evaluated on the basis of staining extent, intensity, and also their combined score, and the groups were compared. @entity8206 expression was present in 3 of 19 (15.7%) @entity2909 , 23 of 52 (44.3%) @entity2909 variants, and 28 of 32 (87.5%) @entity1822 . There were statistically significant differences in staining extent and intensity, and also for their combined scores, between the @entity1822 and benign groups. Although uterine smooth @entity11090 are usually diagnosed easily with conventional diagnostic criteria, the differentiation of @entity1822 from some variants of @entity2909 can be challenging based soley on morphology. @entity8206 may be a valuable immunohistochemical marker for differentiating @entity1822 from benign smooth @entity11090 in problematic cases.

2094837

2094838

2094839

Does Male Care, Provided to Immature Individuals, Influence Immature Fitness in XXXX ?

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: Among many mammals, maternal care strongly impacts @entity1 survival; however, less is known about whether adult males also affect @entity1 @entity410 . Paternal care is expected when providing care enhances offspring survival and reproduction, which likewise increases fathers' @entity410 . Males might also care for unrelated immature individuals to increase their mating probability with the immature individuals' mothers. Studies in multimale primate groups showed that sires enhance food access for offspring and provide protection in conflicts. Furthermore, fathers' presence during infancy has been suggested to accelerate offspring sexual maturation. However, no study has yet directly linked the degree of father-offspring bonds to offspring @entity410 in primates. We previously reported father-offspring affiliation in @entity2608 , pronounced during early infancy and independent of mothers' presence. The present study aims at investigating whether affiliation with fathers or other males affects proxies of immature @entity410 (body mass gain, body fat and testis size). First, we combined behavioral, genetic and morphometric data from 55 subjects of one group. Second, using demographic and genetic data, we investigated for 92 individuals of the population whether mother- and father-offspring co-residence during @entity44 influenced offspring @entity249 ( @entity249 ). Our results show that focal rank and higher amounts of affiliation with high-ranking males during infancy tend to positively impact body mass gain of female, but not male focal animals. In contrast, body mass gain of male focal individuals, but not females', appeared to be higher when affiliation of male immature individuals was evenly distributed across their adult male partners. Moreover, we found mothers', but not fathers', presence during @entity44 to predict offspring @entity249 . Our results suggest that male-immature affiliation, but not father-offspring co-residence, potentially impacts proxies of immature @entity410 . However, future studies should investigate the underlying mechanisms of male-immature relationships and their impact on immature @entity410 in more detail.

2094840

2094841

2094842

Adiponectin-Mediated Analgesia and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in XXXX .

multiple_choice

The adipose tissue-derived protein, adiponectin, has significant anti-inflammatory properties in a variety of disease conditions. Recent evidence that adiponectin and its receptors ( @entity10134 and @entity10135 ) are expressed in central nervous system, suggests that it may also have a central modulatory role in @entity158 and @entity32 . This study set out to investigate the effects of exogenously applied recombinant adiponectin (via intrathecal and intraplantar routes; 10-5000 ng) on the development of @entity32 (paw @entity4 ) and @entity158 @entity56 in the @entity35 carrageenan model of @entity32 . Expression of adiponectin, @entity10134 and @entity10135 mRNA and protein was characterised in dorsal spinal cord using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting. @entity10134 and @entity10135 mRNA and protein were found to be constitutively expressed in dorsal spinal cord, but no change in mRNA expression levels was detected in response to carrageenan-induced @entity32 . Adiponectin mRNA, but not protein, was detected in dorsal spinal cord, although levels were very low. Intrathecal administration of adiponectin, both pre- and 3 hours post-carrageenan, significantly attenuated thermal @entity1931 and mechanical @entity56 . Intrathecal administration of adiponectin post-carrageenan also reduced @entity32 . Intraplantar administration of adiponectin pre-carrageenan dose-dependently reduced thermal @entity1931 but had no effect on mechanical @entity56 and @entity32 . These results show that adiponectin functions both peripherally and centrally at the spinal cord level, likely through activation of AdipoRs to modulate @entity158 . These data suggest that adiponectin receptors may be a novel therapeutic target for @entity158 modulation.

2094843

2094844

2094845

Secular trends in XXXX resistance in respiratory and blood stream specimens in the United States, 2003 to 2012: A survey study.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity3064 (AB) has evolved a variety of resistance mechanisms and exhibits unpredictable susceptibility patterns, making it difficult to select empiric therapy. OBJECTIVE: To examine US secular trends in the resistance of AB in @entity1729 and blood stream infections (BSI) to antimicrobial agents whose effectiveness is supported in the literature DESIGN: Survey. METHODS: We analyzed 3 time periods (2003-2005, 2006-2008, 2009-2012) in Eurofins' The Surveillance Network for resistance of AB to the following antimicrobials: @entity2888 ( @entity2892 , @entity2889 , @entity19010 ), @entity581 ( @entity2890 , @entity4509 ), @entity2930 ( @entity1214 , @entity3403 ), @entity64016 ( @entity3273 , polymyxin B), @entity869 - @entity5899 , and @entity206 - @entity207 . Resistance to >= 3 drug classes defined multidrug resistance (MDR). RESULTS: We identified 39,320 AB specimens (81.1% respiratory, 18.9% BSI). The highest prevalence of resistance was to @entity19010 (90.3%) followed by @entity799 (55.3%), and the lowest to @entity3273 (5.3%). Resistance to @entity2888 (21.0% in 2003-2005 and 47.9% in 2009-2012) and @entity3273 (2.8% in 2006-2008 to 6.9% in 2009-2012) more than doubled. Prevalence of MDR AB rose from 21.4% in 2003 to 2005 to 33.7% in 2006 to 2008, and remained stable at 35.2% in 2009 to 2012. In contrast, resistance to @entity1214 diminished from 56.5% (2003-2005) to 30.5% (2009-2012). MDR organisms were most frequent in nursing homes (46.5%), followed by general ward (29.2%), intensive care unit (28.7%), and outpatient setting (26.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Resistance rates among AB to such last-resort antimicrobials as @entity2888 and @entity3273 are on the rise, whereas that to @entity1214 has declined. Nursing homes are a reservoir of resistant AB. These trends should inform not only empiric treatment of serious infections, but also approaches to infection control. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015. 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine.

2094846

2094847

2094848

Sympathetic Hyperactivity, XXXX , and Wake-Related Blood Pressure Surge During Late-Light Sleep in Spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Many @entity65 events occur before morning awaking and are more severe in @entity101 @entity1 . Sleep-related cardiovascular regulation has been suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis. In this study, we explored whether such impairments are exaggerated during late sleep (before the active phase) in spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHRs). METHODS: Polysomnographic recording was performed through wireless transmission in freely moving SHRs and @entity35 -Kyoto @entity35 (WKYs) over 24 hours. The SHRs were injected with saline and an a1-adrenergic antagonist ( @entity3159 : 5mg/kg) on 2 separate days. Cardiovascular and autonomic functions were assessed by cardiovascular variability and spontaneous baroreflex analysis. RESULTS: Compared with the early-light period (Zeitgeber time (ZT) 0-6 hours), both the WKYs and SHRs during the late-light period (ZT 6-12 hours) showed @entity1949 , sympathovagal imbalance, and @entity73 , which were exaggerated and more advanced in the SHRs. Like the morning blood pressure (BP) surge in @entity1 , we found that there was a @entity551 ( @entity551 ) during the late-light period in both groups of @entity35 . The @entity551 was also greater and occurred earlier in the SHRs, and was accompanied by a surge in vascular sympathetic index. Under a1-adrenergic antagonism, the late-light period-related @entity1949 and BP surge in the SHRs were partially reversed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal that sleep-related sympathetic overactivity, baroreflex sensitivity impairment, @entity551 , and @entity1949 in SHRs deteriorates during the late-light period can be partially alleviated by treatment with an a1-adrenoceptor antagonist.

2094849

2094850

2094851

Sympathetic Hyperactivity, @entity1949 , and Wake-Related Blood Pressure Surge During Late-Light Sleep in Spontaneously XXXX @entity35 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Many @entity65 events occur before morning awaking and are more severe in @entity101 @entity1 . Sleep-related cardiovascular regulation has been suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis. In this study, we explored whether such impairments are exaggerated during late sleep (before the active phase) in spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHRs). METHODS: Polysomnographic recording was performed through wireless transmission in freely moving SHRs and @entity35 -Kyoto @entity35 (WKYs) over 24 hours. The SHRs were injected with saline and an a1-adrenergic antagonist ( @entity3159 : 5mg/kg) on 2 separate days. Cardiovascular and autonomic functions were assessed by cardiovascular variability and spontaneous baroreflex analysis. RESULTS: Compared with the early-light period (Zeitgeber time (ZT) 0-6 hours), both the WKYs and SHRs during the late-light period (ZT 6-12 hours) showed @entity1949 , sympathovagal imbalance, and @entity73 , which were exaggerated and more advanced in the SHRs. Like the morning blood pressure (BP) surge in @entity1 , we found that there was a @entity551 ( @entity551 ) during the late-light period in both groups of @entity35 . The @entity551 was also greater and occurred earlier in the SHRs, and was accompanied by a surge in vascular sympathetic index. Under a1-adrenergic antagonism, the late-light period-related @entity1949 and BP surge in the SHRs were partially reversed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal that sleep-related sympathetic overactivity, baroreflex sensitivity impairment, @entity551 , and @entity1949 in SHRs deteriorates during the late-light period can be partially alleviated by treatment with an a1-adrenoceptor antagonist.

2094852

2094853

2094854

Sympathetic Hyperactivity, @entity1949 , and Wake-Related Blood Pressure Surge During Late-Light Sleep in Spontaneously @entity101 XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Many @entity65 events occur before morning awaking and are more severe in @entity101 @entity1 . Sleep-related cardiovascular regulation has been suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis. In this study, we explored whether such impairments are exaggerated during late sleep (before the active phase) in spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHRs). METHODS: Polysomnographic recording was performed through wireless transmission in freely moving SHRs and @entity35 -Kyoto @entity35 (WKYs) over 24 hours. The SHRs were injected with saline and an a1-adrenergic antagonist ( @entity3159 : 5mg/kg) on 2 separate days. Cardiovascular and autonomic functions were assessed by cardiovascular variability and spontaneous baroreflex analysis. RESULTS: Compared with the early-light period (Zeitgeber time (ZT) 0-6 hours), both the WKYs and SHRs during the late-light period (ZT 6-12 hours) showed @entity1949 , sympathovagal imbalance, and @entity73 , which were exaggerated and more advanced in the SHRs. Like the morning blood pressure (BP) surge in @entity1 , we found that there was a @entity551 ( @entity551 ) during the late-light period in both groups of @entity35 . The @entity551 was also greater and occurred earlier in the SHRs, and was accompanied by a surge in vascular sympathetic index. Under a1-adrenergic antagonism, the late-light period-related @entity1949 and BP surge in the SHRs were partially reversed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal that sleep-related sympathetic overactivity, baroreflex sensitivity impairment, @entity551 , and @entity1949 in SHRs deteriorates during the late-light period can be partially alleviated by treatment with an a1-adrenoceptor antagonist.

2094855

2094856

2094857

@entity1986 during the heterologous phase of nephrotoxic serum XXXX .

multiple_choice

This study was designed to characterize the immunopathology of @entity7523 in nephrotoxic serum @entity1310 in nonsensitized @entity35 . Groups of Lewis @entity35 were studied at 12 time periods ranging from 10 min to 28 days after nephrotoxic serum injection. Nephritic @entity35 developed @entity1986 during the acute heterologous phase of @entity8 . Coincident with the focal deposition of nephrotoxic antibodies along tubular basement membranes at 24 h, an influx of polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages was evident. The most prominent infiltrate, present between days 3 and 7, was dominated by macrophages with smaller numbers of lymphocytes that were mainly cytotoxic T cells. Dual-labeling studies demonstrated the colocalization of linear tubular basement membrane deposits of the nephrotoxic antibody with focal clusters of interstitial lymphohemopoietic cells. Increased complement deposition was not evident along the tubular basement membranes; moreover, C3 depletion with cobra venom factor failed to attenuate the @entity32 . During the late autologous phase of @entity631 , tubular basement membrane deposits of rat IgG did not appear and the @entity401 resolved. The results of this study demonstrate that the heterologous phase of nephrotoxic serum @entity1310 is an antibody-mediated disease directed against the basement membranes not only of the glomeruli but also of some tubules. Antibody deposition is followed by an acute influx of phagocytic cells to both regions of the kidney. These cells may play an important role in the genesis of acute @entity130 and chronic @entity82 associated with antiglomerular basement membrane @entity1310 .

2094858

2094859

2094860

XXXX during the heterologous phase of nephrotoxic serum @entity1310 .

multiple_choice

This study was designed to characterize the immunopathology of @entity7523 in nephrotoxic serum @entity1310 in nonsensitized @entity35 . Groups of Lewis @entity35 were studied at 12 time periods ranging from 10 min to 28 days after nephrotoxic serum injection. Nephritic @entity35 developed @entity1986 during the acute heterologous phase of @entity8 . Coincident with the focal deposition of nephrotoxic antibodies along tubular basement membranes at 24 h, an influx of polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages was evident. The most prominent infiltrate, present between days 3 and 7, was dominated by macrophages with smaller numbers of lymphocytes that were mainly cytotoxic T cells. Dual-labeling studies demonstrated the colocalization of linear tubular basement membrane deposits of the nephrotoxic antibody with focal clusters of interstitial lymphohemopoietic cells. Increased complement deposition was not evident along the tubular basement membranes; moreover, C3 depletion with cobra venom factor failed to attenuate the @entity32 . During the late autologous phase of @entity631 , tubular basement membrane deposits of rat IgG did not appear and the @entity401 resolved. The results of this study demonstrate that the heterologous phase of nephrotoxic serum @entity1310 is an antibody-mediated disease directed against the basement membranes not only of the glomeruli but also of some tubules. Antibody deposition is followed by an acute influx of phagocytic cells to both regions of the kidney. These cells may play an important role in the genesis of acute @entity130 and chronic @entity82 associated with antiglomerular basement membrane @entity1310 .

2094861

2094862

2094863

Prediction of Curve Progression in XXXX : Validation of the Sanders Skeletal Maturity Staging System.

multiple_choice

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to validate the Sanders Skeletal Maturity Staging System and to assess its correlation to curve progression in @entity2112 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The Sanders Skeletal Maturity Staging System has been used to predict curve progression in @entity2112 . This study intended to validate that initial study with a larger sample size. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 1100 consecutive @entity1 with @entity2112 between 2005 and 2011. @entity1 aged 8 to 14 years (<2 yr postmenarche) and @entity1 aged 10 to 16 years who had obtained at least 1 hand and spine radiograph on the same day for evaluation of skeletal age and scoliosis curve magnitude were followed to skeletal maturity (Risser stage 5 or fully capped Risser stage 4), curve progression to 50 or greater, or spinal fusion. @entity1 with nonidiopathic curves were excluded. RESULTS: There were 161 @entity1 : 131 @entity1 (12.3 1.2 yr) and 30 @entity1 (13.9 1.1 yr). The distribution of @entity1 within Sanders stage (SS) 1 through 7 was 7, 28, 41, 45, 7, 31, and 2 @entity1 , respectively; modified Lenke curve types 1 to 6 were 26, 12, 63, 5, 38, and 17 @entity1 , respectively. All @entity1 in @entity26928 with initial Cobb angles of 25 or greater progressed, and @entity1 in @entity6103 and @entity34177 with initial Cobb angles of 35 or greater progressed. Similarly, all @entity1 with initial Cobb angles of 40 or greater progressed except those in SS7. Conversely, none of the @entity1 with initial Cobb angles of 15 or less or those in SS5, SS6, and SS7 with initial Cobb angles of 30 or less progressed. Predictive progression of 67%, 50%, 43%, 27%, and 60% was observed for subgroups @entity6103 , @entity26928 , @entity34177 , SS4/30 , and SS6/35 respectively. CONCLUSION: This larger cohort shows a strong predictive correlation between SS and initial Cobb angle for probability of curve progression in @entity2112 . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

2094864

2094865

2094866

Effects of pregnancy, XXXX , and @entity1420 on pressor responsiveness to angiotensin II.

multiple_choice

The pressor and heart rate responses to infused angiotensin (ANG) II were measured in conscious pregnant Long-Evans @entity35 . Responses were recorded 7 days after chronic indwelling venous and arterial cannulas were implanted (virgin @entity35 ) and again at days 7, 14, and 21 of pregnancy. A significant reduction in the pressor response was noted as early as day 7 of pregnancy; this is comparable to the @entity1 condition. It was also noted that the reflex @entity1168 associated with the pressor response was entirely absent at 21 days. To determine a possible cause of these pregnancy-induced changes, ovariectomized @entity35 were injected subcutaneously for 10 days with @entity53 , @entity1420 , or a combination of both. They were then tested for pressor responses to ANG II. None of the hormone-injected groups showed any significant deviation in their pressor response compared with saline-injected controls. Similar results were obtained in acutely prepared @entity35 under @entity3636 anesthesia. However, the magnitude of the pressor response in the chloroformed animals was significantly reduced compared with the conscious unrestrained animals. It is concluded that 1) the @entity35 is an appropriate model of @entity1 pregnancy in which to study changes in ANG responsiveness in pregnancy and 2) neither @entity53 nor @entity1420 is responsible for the reduced pressor response.

2094867

2094868

2094869

Effects of pregnancy, @entity53 , and XXXX on pressor responsiveness to angiotensin II.

multiple_choice

The pressor and heart rate responses to infused angiotensin (ANG) II were measured in conscious pregnant Long-Evans @entity35 . Responses were recorded 7 days after chronic indwelling venous and arterial cannulas were implanted (virgin @entity35 ) and again at days 7, 14, and 21 of pregnancy. A significant reduction in the pressor response was noted as early as day 7 of pregnancy; this is comparable to the @entity1 condition. It was also noted that the reflex @entity1168 associated with the pressor response was entirely absent at 21 days. To determine a possible cause of these pregnancy-induced changes, ovariectomized @entity35 were injected subcutaneously for 10 days with @entity53 , @entity1420 , or a combination of both. They were then tested for pressor responses to ANG II. None of the hormone-injected groups showed any significant deviation in their pressor response compared with saline-injected controls. Similar results were obtained in acutely prepared @entity35 under @entity3636 anesthesia. However, the magnitude of the pressor response in the chloroformed animals was significantly reduced compared with the conscious unrestrained animals. It is concluded that 1) the @entity35 is an appropriate model of @entity1 pregnancy in which to study changes in ANG responsiveness in pregnancy and 2) neither @entity53 nor @entity1420 is responsible for the reduced pressor response.

2094870

2094871

2094872

Long non-coding RNA UCA1 promotes @entity3264 metabolism by targeting @entity15743 in XXXX @entity150 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Long non-coding ribonucleic acid @entity189 -associated 1 has been found to be a @entity1 in @entity5 development and @entity413 metabolism in @entity150 . However, the role of @entity189 -associated 1 in metabolic reprogramming in @entity5 remains to be clarified. In this study, we aim to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of @entity3264 metabolism by @entity189 -associated 1 in @entity150 . METHODS: The RNA levels of @entity189 -associated 1, @entity56129 and @entity15743 in bladder tissues and cell lines were examined by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels of @entity56129 were detected by western blot analysis. Reactive @entity26 species generation was examined by the @entity2822 mean value and fluorescence microscope. @entity3264 consumption was analyzed using the @entity3264 assay kit. Additionally, we performed luciferase reporter assays to validate @entity189 -associated 1 sequence whether contains @entity15743 binding site and the interaction between the 3'UTR sequence of @entity56129 and mature @entity15743 . RESULTS: Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the RNA level of @entity189 -associated 1 and @entity56129 was positively correlated in @entity150 tissues and cell lines. The expression of @entity56129 mRNA and protein increased in cells which overexpression of @entity189 -associated 1 and decreased in cells which knocked-down of @entity189 -associated 1 cell lines. @entity189 -associated 1 reduced ROS production, and promoted mitochondrial glutaminolysis in @entity1 @entity150 cells. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assays indicated that there was a @entity15743 binding site in @entity189 -associated 1, and it showed appreciable levels of sponge effects on @entity15743 as readouts in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the 'seed region' of @entity15743 directly bound to the 3'UTR of @entity56129 mRNA and regulated @entity56129 expression level. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our results revealed that @entity189 -associated 1 regulated the expression of @entity56129 through interfering with @entity15743 , and repressed ROS formation in @entity150 cells.

2094873

2094874

2094875

Long non-coding RNA UCA1 promotes @entity3264 metabolism by targeting @entity15743 in @entity1 XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Long non-coding ribonucleic acid @entity189 -associated 1 has been found to be a @entity1 in @entity5 development and @entity413 metabolism in @entity150 . However, the role of @entity189 -associated 1 in metabolic reprogramming in @entity5 remains to be clarified. In this study, we aim to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of @entity3264 metabolism by @entity189 -associated 1 in @entity150 . METHODS: The RNA levels of @entity189 -associated 1, @entity56129 and @entity15743 in bladder tissues and cell lines were examined by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels of @entity56129 were detected by western blot analysis. Reactive @entity26 species generation was examined by the @entity2822 mean value and fluorescence microscope. @entity3264 consumption was analyzed using the @entity3264 assay kit. Additionally, we performed luciferase reporter assays to validate @entity189 -associated 1 sequence whether contains @entity15743 binding site and the interaction between the 3'UTR sequence of @entity56129 and mature @entity15743 . RESULTS: Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the RNA level of @entity189 -associated 1 and @entity56129 was positively correlated in @entity150 tissues and cell lines. The expression of @entity56129 mRNA and protein increased in cells which overexpression of @entity189 -associated 1 and decreased in cells which knocked-down of @entity189 -associated 1 cell lines. @entity189 -associated 1 reduced ROS production, and promoted mitochondrial glutaminolysis in @entity1 @entity150 cells. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assays indicated that there was a @entity15743 binding site in @entity189 -associated 1, and it showed appreciable levels of sponge effects on @entity15743 as readouts in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the 'seed region' of @entity15743 directly bound to the 3'UTR of @entity56129 mRNA and regulated @entity56129 expression level. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our results revealed that @entity189 -associated 1 regulated the expression of @entity56129 through interfering with @entity15743 , and repressed ROS formation in @entity150 cells.

2094876

2094877

2094878

Long non-coding RNA UCA1 promotes @entity3264 metabolism by targeting XXXX in @entity1 @entity150 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Long non-coding ribonucleic acid @entity189 -associated 1 has been found to be a @entity1 in @entity5 development and @entity413 metabolism in @entity150 . However, the role of @entity189 -associated 1 in metabolic reprogramming in @entity5 remains to be clarified. In this study, we aim to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of @entity3264 metabolism by @entity189 -associated 1 in @entity150 . METHODS: The RNA levels of @entity189 -associated 1, @entity56129 and @entity15743 in bladder tissues and cell lines were examined by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels of @entity56129 were detected by western blot analysis. Reactive @entity26 species generation was examined by the @entity2822 mean value and fluorescence microscope. @entity3264 consumption was analyzed using the @entity3264 assay kit. Additionally, we performed luciferase reporter assays to validate @entity189 -associated 1 sequence whether contains @entity15743 binding site and the interaction between the 3'UTR sequence of @entity56129 and mature @entity15743 . RESULTS: Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the RNA level of @entity189 -associated 1 and @entity56129 was positively correlated in @entity150 tissues and cell lines. The expression of @entity56129 mRNA and protein increased in cells which overexpression of @entity189 -associated 1 and decreased in cells which knocked-down of @entity189 -associated 1 cell lines. @entity189 -associated 1 reduced ROS production, and promoted mitochondrial glutaminolysis in @entity1 @entity150 cells. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assays indicated that there was a @entity15743 binding site in @entity189 -associated 1, and it showed appreciable levels of sponge effects on @entity15743 as readouts in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the 'seed region' of @entity15743 directly bound to the 3'UTR of @entity56129 mRNA and regulated @entity56129 expression level. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our results revealed that @entity189 -associated 1 regulated the expression of @entity56129 through interfering with @entity15743 , and repressed ROS formation in @entity150 cells.

2094879

2094880

2094881

Long non-coding RNA UCA1 promotes XXXX metabolism by targeting @entity15743 in @entity1 @entity150 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Long non-coding ribonucleic acid @entity189 -associated 1 has been found to be a @entity1 in @entity5 development and @entity413 metabolism in @entity150 . However, the role of @entity189 -associated 1 in metabolic reprogramming in @entity5 remains to be clarified. In this study, we aim to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of @entity3264 metabolism by @entity189 -associated 1 in @entity150 . METHODS: The RNA levels of @entity189 -associated 1, @entity56129 and @entity15743 in bladder tissues and cell lines were examined by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels of @entity56129 were detected by western blot analysis. Reactive @entity26 species generation was examined by the @entity2822 mean value and fluorescence microscope. @entity3264 consumption was analyzed using the @entity3264 assay kit. Additionally, we performed luciferase reporter assays to validate @entity189 -associated 1 sequence whether contains @entity15743 binding site and the interaction between the 3'UTR sequence of @entity56129 and mature @entity15743 . RESULTS: Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the RNA level of @entity189 -associated 1 and @entity56129 was positively correlated in @entity150 tissues and cell lines. The expression of @entity56129 mRNA and protein increased in cells which overexpression of @entity189 -associated 1 and decreased in cells which knocked-down of @entity189 -associated 1 cell lines. @entity189 -associated 1 reduced ROS production, and promoted mitochondrial glutaminolysis in @entity1 @entity150 cells. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assays indicated that there was a @entity15743 binding site in @entity189 -associated 1, and it showed appreciable levels of sponge effects on @entity15743 as readouts in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the 'seed region' of @entity15743 directly bound to the 3'UTR of @entity56129 mRNA and regulated @entity56129 expression level. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our results revealed that @entity189 -associated 1 regulated the expression of @entity56129 through interfering with @entity15743 , and repressed ROS formation in @entity150 cells.

2094882

2094883

2094884

[Bronchoalveolar lavage in XXXX ].

multiple_choice

Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed in 14 @entity1 suffering from histologically confirmed @entity2883 who also showed x-ray signs of lung involvement. Cell distribution and immunophenotypical characterisation of lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages of @entity1 suffering from @entity2883 were compared with the findings obtained from 10 controls. The bronchoalveolar lavage of the @entity2883 @entity1 showed a significant increase of the total cell count, signalling inflammatory involvement of the lung. Differential cytgological analysis showed a significant increase in the total number of granulocytes in the lavage fluid of the @entity2883 @entity1 (in one case up to 40%). The median granulocyte count was increased fivefold compared with the control. The increase of the granulocyte count was mainly conditioned by an increase in the number of neutrophilic granulocytes but there was also a significant increase in eosinophilic granulocytes. There was also a slight but significant increase in the lymphocyte count in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of @entity1 with @entity2883 . The number of CD-3-positive lymphocytes was significantly higher than with the controls. No significant differences were noted for the @entity404 -positive, @entity405 -positive and CD-19-positive lymphocytes. Immunophenotyping of the alveolar macrophages with monoclonal differentiation markers of the Ki-M-Series showed that the alveolar macrophages of @entity1 with @entity2883 resembled an immunophenotype that was close to that of monocytes. The number of proliferating macrophages was also higher than with the controls.

2094885

2094886

2094887

[Optimization of the treatment of XXXX with selank].

multiple_choice

AIM: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of monotherapy with @entity67955 to complex treatment with the peptide preparation selank and @entity67955 in @entity1 with @entity148 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Authors explored the anxiolytic effect and tolerability of monotherapy with @entity67955 (30 @entity1 ) and complex treatment with selank and @entity67955 (40 @entity1 ) in @entity148 ( @entity1479 -10 items F40.2-9, F41.1-9, F45.0-2). Therapeutic effect was assessed clinically and with @entity3831 , CGI and Spilberger scales. Tolerability was evaluated using the UKU scale. Stroop test and verbal fluency test were used. Quality of life was assessed with the SF-36. RESULTS: The positive effect of @entity67955 was achieved earlier in the optimization of treatment with selank on @entity3831 . The combined treatment decreased the level of undesirable side-effects of @entity67955 (attention and @entity2414 , @entity1395 , sedation, @entity25 , @entity458 , emotional indifference and orthostatism) during the course of treatment and after the tranquilizer withdrawal. Taken together, the therapeutic efficacy and reduction of side-effects had a positive impact on the quality-of-life of the @entity1 treated with selank as add-on to @entity67955 . CONCLUSION: The results extend therapeutic possibilities of treatment of @entity74 with the combination of @entity1245 tranquilizers and selank.

2094888

2094889

2094890

Low rates of biologic-free clinical disease activity index remission maintenance after biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug discontinuation while in remission in a Japanese multicentre XXXX registry.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To examine in detail the outcomes of biologic DMARD (bDMARD) discontinuation while in remission occurring in daily clinical practice settings. We examined a multicentre longitudinal registry of @entity309 @entity1 . METHODS: We utilized data from the NinJa multicenter registry in Japan. @entity1 who used bDMARDs and had one or more successive visits in remission (defined by the clinical disease activity index (CDAI) <=2.8) before discontinuation were included. The outcome of failing bDMARD-free disease control was defined as a composite of the following: re-use of bDMARDs, intensification of non-biologic DMARDs or of oral glucocorticoids, or loss of CDAI remission. RESULTS: Among 1037 @entity1 who initially achieved remission on bDMARDs, 46 @entity1 discontinued bDMARDs while remaining in remission. Of these 46 subjects, 41 (89.1%) were female, the median disease duration was 6.0 years and 31 (70.5%) had reported radiographical erosions. At the baseline, 27 (58.7%) used @entity6822 and 19 (41.3%) used oral glucocorticoids. The bDMARD-free remission failure rate was estimated to be 67.4% at 1 year and 78.3% at 2 years. Loss of remission and reuse of bDMARDs were the more common reasons for failure. Lower CDAI within the remission range was associated with fewer failures. CONCLUSION: We found a high rate of failing bDMARD-free CDAI remission, indicating difficulty of maintaining disease control, even in @entity1 who were in remission. Modification of non-biologic treatment was observed in some of the @entity1 who remained in remission. Considering the cost of bDMARDs, such strategies for maintaining disease control after bDMARD discontinuation may be an important option.

2094891

2094892

2094893

Predicting XXXX : Comparison of Staging Systems in Pakistani Cohort.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical, biochemical and radiological prognostic indicators and to compare the performance of six staging systems in @entity1 of @entity157 ( @entity157 ). STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Gastroenterology, Doctors Hospital, Lahore, from October 2007 to December 2013. METHODOLOGY: @entity1 with @entity157 were included. Baseline clinical, hematological and radiological variables were noted. @entity1 were followed for 5 years or till @entity204 . Survival predictors were identified using Cox proportional hazard analysis and 6 prognostic staging systems were evaluated by determining homogeneity, discriminatory ability and monotonicity. RESULTS: Of the 228 @entity1 included, male to female ratio was 2.6/1 (165/63) and mean age was 56.5 10.4 years. Majority of @entity1 189 (82.9%) were anti-HCV positive. @entity157 was seen in 121 (53.1%) @entity1 , 16 (7%) had 2 lesions while 73 (32%) had 3 or more lesions. Only 36 (15.8%) @entity1 had palliative therapy for @entity157 . Survival rate was 45.2%, 25%, 12.3%, 7%, 2.2% and 1% for 6 months, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years respectively. Male gender, @entity715 , serum albumin < 3.5 g/dl, @entity5 size >= 6 cm and @entity160 ( @entity160 ) >= 147 U/ml were bad prognostic indicators. OKUDA, GRETCH and early stages of CLIP had better homogeneity while CLIP showed superior discriminatory ability and monotonicity for predicting survival. CONCLUSION: Male gender, presence of @entity715 , low serum albumin, large @entity5 size and high AFPlevel are poor prognostic indicators in @entity1 of @entity157 . CLIPhas better performance in predicting mortality.

2094894

2094895

2094896

Experience of XXXX in training: effects on trust, automation bias, complacency, and performance.

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: This work examined the effects of operators' exposure to various types of @entity177 in training. 45 @entity1 were trained for 3.5 hours on a simulated process control environment. During training, @entity1 either experienced a fully reliable, automatic fault repair facility (i.e. faults detected and correctly diagnosed), a misdiagnosis-prone one (i.e. faults detected but not correctly diagnosed), or a miss-prone one (i.e. faults not detected). One week after training, @entity1 were tested for 3 hours, experiencing two types of @entity177 (misdiagnosis, miss). The results showed that automation bias was very high when operators trained on miss-prone automation encountered a failure of the diagnostic system. Operator errors resulting from automation bias were much higher when automation misdiagnosed a fault than when it missed one. Differences in trust levels that were instilled by the different training experience disappeared during the testing session. Practitioner summary The experience of @entity177 during training has some consequences. A greater potential for operator errors may be expected when an automatic system failed to diagnose a fault than when it failed to detect one.

2094897

2094898

2094899

XXXX as an Inducer of Autoimmunity.

multiple_choice

A clear etiological link has been established between @entity281 with several gram-negative enteric pathogens, including @entity5746 spp., and the incidence of @entity625 ( @entity625 ), an @entity792 that largely affects the joints. @entity625 is sometimes referred to as @entity6104 , particularly when accompanied by @entity1596 and @entity6369 . This review reviews the evidence etiologically linking @entity5746 with @entity792 and addresses the roles that bacterial and host elements play in controlling disease outcome. @entity625 is an @entity792 that largely consists of @entity158 but also can include @entity32 of the eye, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. @entity625 is a member of a broad spectrum of chronic inflammatory disorders termed the seronegative @entity5145 (SNSpAs) that includes @entity1691 ( @entity1691 ), @entity5144 , and @entity625 . @entity5746 species, as well as other enteric pathogens associated with postgastroenteritis @entity625 , are facultative intracellular gram-negative bacteria. Many studies have analyzed the association of the @entity6393 , @entity1530 , with SNSpAs. Whereas @entity4788 has been shown to be present in 90 to 95% of cases of @entity1691 , the association of the @entity4788 haplotype with other SNSpAs is more tenuous. The clear association between @entity625 and @entity281 with @entity5746 or other gram-negative enteric pathogens has led to the suggestion that the adaptive immune response to @entity281 has an autoimmune component. In addition to various @entity5746 species, other gram-negative enteric pathogens have been linked to the development of @entity625 . Given their close relationship to @entity5746 , this review considers the involvement of Shigella species in @entity625 .