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[ "\n\n'''C S Poonacha''' (b. 18 August 1965) is an Indian Hockey player, recognized internationally. During his school days, he was participating in hockey and cricket as well as in many sport competitions. Eventually he selected hockey alone.\n", "Poonacha was born in a small town called Ponnampet in Virajpet taluk, situated in the southern part of Kodagu district in Karnataka, India. He was the first of the two sons (after three elder sisters) of Sri Subbaiah and Kaveramma of Cheppudira Family.\n", "Poonacha completed his primary, high school and pre-university education in Ponnampet and joined Cauvery College at Gonikoppa, a nearby business town, for his degree course. During his one year stay at this college, Poonacha was regularly winning the first place in 100 and 200 meter sprint race as well as in long jump. He was a very good player in the school and college cricket and hockey teams.\n\nAfter one year in Cauvery College, he joined Sports Hostel of Sports Authority of India (SAI) in Bangalore and got trained in hockey for one year. Till then Poonacha was playing in forward position. During his training in SAI, considering his defense capability and powerful strikes, he was advised to play at the back. Next Poonacha graduated in Arts from St Joseph’s College, Bangalore. \n", "* Indian University Team\n* Indian Hockey Team\n* Karnataka State Team\n* State Bank of India Team\n", "* 1986 – Represented Indian University Team in Germany tour\n* 1989 – Represented Indian Hockey Team and won Silver Medal in the four National Tournaments held in Barcelona (Spain)\n* 1990 – Represented Indian Hockey Team in the European tour including Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium and England.\n* 1990 – Represented Indian Hockey Team in the Bangkok Asian Games.\n* 1991 - Represented Indian Hockey Team in the Russian Test Series held in Moscow\n* 1991 - Represented Indian Hockey Team in the Sultan Azlan Shah International Hockey Tournament held in Ipoh, Malaysia and won gold medal\n* 1991 - Represented Indian Hockey Team in the Australia Test Series held in Perth, Australia.\n* 1991 - Represented Indian Hockey Team in the pre-Olympics held in Auckland, New Zealand and won Silver Medal. \n* 1992 - Represented Indian Hockey Team in the Olympics held in Barcelona, Spain.\n* 1984 to 1998 – represented Karnataka State Hockey Team.\n* 2007 to 2012 – represented in the National Games, National and Southern State tournaments.\n* 2003 – Represented in FIH hockey coaching in the Afro-Asian Games held in Hyderabad.\n", "* 1991 – Mysore Dasara award\n* 1992 – Karnataka Rajyotsava Award\n* 1993 – Karnataka State Ekalavya Award\n", "Chairman of Sports Club, Kodava Samaja, Vasant Nagar, Bengaluru\n", "Manager in State Bank of India \n", "Married to Savitha Ponnappa (nee Kuttanda), International athlete. They have two kids. Poonacha is known for his simplicity, ever-smiling, nature of easily mixing with almost anybody.\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Birth and childhood", "Education and Training", "Teams Represented", "Achievements as a Player", "Awards", "Positions Held", "Occupation", "Personal Information" ]

[ "* Indian University Team\n* Indian Hockey Team\n* Karnataka State Team\n* State Bank of India Team", "Manager in State Bank of India" ]

[ "\n\n'''C S Poonacha''' (b.", "18 August 1965) is an Indian Hockey player, recognized internationally.", "During his school days, he was participating in hockey and cricket as well as in many sport competitions.", "Eventually he selected hockey alone.", "Poonacha was born in a small town called Ponnampet in Virajpet taluk, situated in the southern part of Kodagu district in Karnataka, India.", "He was the first of the two sons (after three elder sisters) of Sri Subbaiah and Kaveramma of Cheppudira Family.", "Poonacha completed his primary, high school and pre-university education in Ponnampet and joined Cauvery College at Gonikoppa, a nearby business town, for his degree course.", "During his one year stay at this college, Poonacha was regularly winning the first place in 100 and 200 meter sprint race as well as in long jump.", "He was a very good player in the school and college cricket and hockey teams.", "After one year in Cauvery College, he joined Sports Hostel of Sports Authority of India (SAI) in Bangalore and got trained in hockey for one year.", "Till then Poonacha was playing in forward position.", "During his training in SAI, considering his defense capability and powerful strikes, he was advised to play at the back.", "Next Poonacha graduated in Arts from St Joseph’s College, Bangalore.", "* 1986 – Represented Indian University Team in Germany tour\n* 1989 – Represented Indian Hockey Team and won Silver Medal in the four National Tournaments held in Barcelona (Spain)\n* 1990 – Represented Indian Hockey Team in the European tour including Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium and England.", "* 1990 – Represented Indian Hockey Team in the Bangkok Asian Games.", "* 1991 - Represented Indian Hockey Team in the Russian Test Series held in Moscow\n* 1991 - Represented Indian Hockey Team in the Sultan Azlan Shah International Hockey Tournament held in Ipoh, Malaysia and won gold medal\n* 1991 - Represented Indian Hockey Team in the Australia Test Series held in Perth, Australia.", "* 1991 - Represented Indian Hockey Team in the pre-Olympics held in Auckland, New Zealand and won Silver Medal.", "* 1992 - Represented Indian Hockey Team in the Olympics held in Barcelona, Spain.", "* 1984 to 1998 – represented Karnataka State Hockey Team.", "* 2007 to 2012 – represented in the National Games, National and Southern State tournaments.", "* 2003 – Represented in FIH hockey coaching in the Afro-Asian Games held in Hyderabad.", "* 1991 – Mysore Dasara award\n* 1992 – Karnataka Rajyotsava Award\n* 1993 – Karnataka State Ekalavya Award", "Chairman of Sports Club, Kodava Samaja, Vasant Nagar, Bengaluru", "Married to Savitha Ponnappa (nee Kuttanda), International athlete.", "They have two kids.", "Poonacha is known for his simplicity, ever-smiling, nature of easily mixing with almost anybody." ]

[ "\n\n\"'''A Dark Knight: Pax Penguina'''\" is the first episode of the fourth season and 67th episode overall from the Fox series ''Gotham''. The show is itself based on the characters created by DC Comics set in the Batman mythology. This is the first episode with the new subtitle \"A Dark Knight\". The episode was written by executive producer John Stephens and directed by Danny Cannon. It was first broadcast on September 21, 2017. \n\nThe episode revolves around a period in which criminals now get \"licenses\" to commit crimes without getting arrested by the police, provided by Cobblepot in order to earn the support of the public to reduce crime, setting the city at historical lows. However, a gang of criminals challenge the new licenses' policy and decide to set at their own way, committing many heists to send a message to Cobblepot. The gang also makes use of Jonathan Crane's fear toxin. Gordon discovers the use of the gas and sets to find Jonathan. Meanwhile, Bruce continues his vigilantism in order to prepare himself when Ra's al Ghul arrives.\n\nThe episode received positive response, who praised the new character development for some characters.\n", "Bruce (David Mazouz) saves a couple from a pair of thugs after beating them. Bruce discovers that the thugs possess a license of misconduct. He walks away from the scene, not realizing Ra's al Ghul (Alexander Siddig) is watching him.\n\nElsewhere, a group of gunmen crash a wedding and begin to steal the guests' valuable objects. Zsasz (Anthony Carrigan) arrives, stating that they don't have Cobblepot's (Robin Lord Taylor) license authorization, a deal in which they will be allowed to commit crimes as long as they give half their values to him. Zsasz shoots the leader Merton (Michael Buscemi), cutting his finger and they flee. Meanwhile, Cobblepot manages to convince the newly appointed Mayor Burke (Larry Pine) to agree to his license union. Gordon (Ben McKenzie) arrives at a bar just when a thug is robbing, holding a license. Despite possessing it, Gordon stops the robbery and arrests him. Bruce tells Alfred (Sean Pertwee) his intention to stop Cobblepot's crime business.\n\nMerton and his partner Grady (Michael Maize) visit Arkham Asylum to meet with Jonathan Crane (Charlie Tahan), who is still traumatized after suffering the effects of the fear toxin. Throughout time, Jonathan's mind created a \"Boogeyman person\" that has been haunting him. Merton and Grady bribe the Warden (Damian Young) to release Jonathan, who leaves a drawing in the form of a scarecrow. They take him to his old home where his father left his experimental drugs. They force him to do more fear gas with the use of a scarecrow. The gang then uses the gas to do a bank heist, spraying the people with the gas in order to make the heist easier.\n\nInvestigating the heist, Gordon tells Bullock (Donal Logue) that the method is the same as Gerald Crane's and deduces that someone must have taken the formula from Jonathan. After interrogating the Warden, they go to Grady's apartment but are ambushed by him and Merton. Merton explains that they plan to send a message to Cobblepot regarding the licenses and they leave. Meanwhile, Selina (Camren Bicondova) and Tabitha (Jessica Lucas) attack a group of thugs. When returning to their apartment, Zsasz shows up, claiming that they should go to Cobblepot's club inauguration to get their licenses and forget everything between them. Selina is interested but Tabitha refuses and tells her to pack so they can find a new place.\n\nCobblepot gives a conference to inaugurate his new club, the Iceberg Lounge and shows the attendees Nygma's (Cory Michael Smith) frozen body as a hall exhibition. Gordon, using an advice from Bruce, visits him and taunts him that the gang does not fear him, prompting Cobblepot to set to catch the gang. The gang decides to attack the club's inauguration and have Jonathan make more toxins and then lock him in a closet with a scarecrow. He then begins to have a severe hallucination with the scarecrow, who seemingly comes to life. In the GCPD, Gordon is attacked by a group of cops that are loyal to Cobblepot's methods.\n\nIn the Iceberg Lounge, Bruce finds Selina on the rooftop and they discuss about what happened at the hospital when Bruce says sorry to Selina about apologising, just before Alfred takes him to the inauguration. The gang prepares to attack when Cobblepot and Zsasz catch them and announce to the public their intentions. This disgusts Ivy (Maggie Geha), who cuts the power and the gang attack, spraying Cobblepot with the fear toxin, making him hallucinate Nygma. The gang is knocked out but Grady manages to escape. The next day, Bruce retrieves the list of criminals with the licenses. However, he accidentally slips on a house where it's been robbed. He is then caught without the mask by the GCPD. Grady returns to Crane's house to get more toxin from Jonathan. However, he discovers Jonathan has adopted a new persona, naming himself \"The Scarecrow\" and sprays Grady with fear gas.\n", "===Development===\nThe show was officially renewed by Fox for a fourth season on May 10, 2017. Just like the second and third seasons, the fourth season will also carry a new subtitle for the first half of the season: ''A Dark Knight''.\n\nIn June 2017, John Stephens announced that the first episode of the season would be titled \"Pax Penguina\" and was to be written by Stephens and directed by Danny Cannon. The title \"Pax Penguina\" is a play on the Latin phrase \"Pax Romana\", meaning \"Roman peace\".\n\n===Writing===\nRegarding Bruce's beginning of vigilantism, McKenzie explained that \"We are definitely leaning into Bruce, having learned some of the skills to be a vigilante, now actually attempting it. Now, we have a long, long way to go before he can realistically be Batman, so there will be many stumbles and falls – and regressions back to being a kid at times – but Gordon will eventually become aware of what he's doing and that will bring them against each other.\" David Mazouz also added, \"Bruce really is taking on this vigilante persona and all the things that go along with that. Whether it be creating another persona, a public persona, that's also definitely going to be a major part of Bruce's journey this year. His relationship as this other person. Batman is coming. Absolutely.\" Mazouz also stated that he was worried the writers could pull back some aspects from Batman, deeming it \"too fast\" but he was glad it didn't stop. He said that Bruce would take the \"Batman persona\" this season. Cannon also explained that Bruce will be seen \"as the emerging threat he is.\" Alexander Siddig stated that his character will seek to make Bruce his heir and will \"do anything he can to get his hands on him, to manipulate him into what Ra's wants him to be.\" He also claimed that the season is \"a season so far of extremes.\"\n\n===Casting===\nAs a concept McKenzie wished to explore, the episode brought back the actor Charlie Tahan as Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow, who portrayed the character on the first season episodes: \"The Fearsome Dr. Crane\" and \"The Scarecrow\". McKenzie explained: \"So we met his father Dr Crane in Season 1. So we've taken our time; we're gonna come back now to his son. You know, in circumstances probably not best described now, his son takes on his father's mantle and becomes the fully-realized Scarecrow. It's great. We're able to use this sort of fear toxin that Scarecrow is able to summon. We're completely unafraid — or perhaps afraid but we still persist–in expanding the universe and our capabilities.\"\n\nMorena Baccarin, Erin Richards, Chris Chalk, Drew Powell and Crystal Reed don't appear in the episode as their respective characters, with Baccarin and Chalk receiving credit only, while Richards, Powell and Reed were uncredited. In August 2017, it was announced that the guest cast for the episode would include Michael Buscemi as Merton, Larry Pine as Mayor Burke, Michael Maize as Grady Harris, Charlie Tahan as Jonathan Crane, Anthony Carrigan as Victor Zsasz, Damian Young as Warden Reed and Maggie Geha as Ivy Pepper.\n", "===Viewers===\nThe episode was watched by 3.21 million viewers with a 1.0/4 share among adults aged 18 to 49. These ratings were higher than any episode of the second part of the past season and it was a 6% increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 3.03 million viewers with a 0.9/4 in the 18-49 demographics but a 18% decrease from the previous season premiere, which was watched by 3.90 million viewers with a 1.3/4 in the 18-49 demographics. With these ratings, ''Gotham'' ranked second for the night as well as for Fox behind ''The Orville''.\n\nThe show was the 49th most watched show of the week.\n\n===Critical reviews===\n\n\n\"A Dark Knight: Pax Penguina\" received positive reviews from critics. Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a \"good\" 7.8 out of 10 and wrote in his verdict, \"''Gotham'' returned with a fun look at how much of the city's problem's could be solved with morally questionable outside-the-box thinking. It's up to the show now to convince me, basically, that Jim has a leg to stand on with regards to his objections of having a staggeringly low crime rate and a city at peace.\"\n\nNick Hogan of TV Overmind gave the episode a 4 star rating out of 5, writing \"Ultimately, ''Gotham'' is off to an interesting start. The pivot to a different style has its merits, but the long term benefits will have be fleshed out. Still, I enjoyed the episode immensely, and I'm glad that one of my favorite shows is back.\" Sydney Bucksbaum of ''The Hollywood Reporter'' wrote, \"The potential for chaos and destruction is truly terrifying. Thank goodness Jim Gordon isn't rolling over and letting Penguin run the city. If anyone can find and catch Crane, it's him. And it's interesting to note that this incarnation of the Scarecrow is much closer to the comic book version, despite it being Dr. Jonathan Crane's son and not the professor himself. Gotham is no longer just dealing in proto-villains.\" Dan Seitz from ''Uproxx'' wrote, \"Embracing the campiness that was always at the core of the show was something of a risk for Gotham. But it's paid off, especially now that the show is full of vigilantes and frozen villains in the middle of nightclubs. As the show's realized it can be, well, Goth ham, it's loosened up and started having fun.\"\n\nVinnie Mancuso of ''Collider'' wrote, \"Outside of a few rejected album reviews drunkenly sent to every music magazine in the country at 4 AM, I rarely get the chance to compare Fox's batshit Batman prequel ''Gotham'' to the music stylings of Taylor Swift. But the show's Season 4 premiere, titled 'Pax Penguina,' provided a surprisingly prescient opportunity to do just that. Much like Swift hinted at her transition from a sugar-laced pop-singer into something angrier and more prone to shop at Hot Topic by declaring the Old Taylor was dead, young Jonathan Crane announced that he, too, has officially become something darker. 'Jonathan Crane isn't here anymore,' he says at the episode's conclusion. 'It's just the Scarecrow.'\" Lisa Babick of ''TV Fanatic'' gave the series a 3.5 star rating out of 5, writing \"'Pax Penguina' was a bit of a rocky start to the season, but there are good storylines that show promise; Bruce's being the most of exciting of all. Will Baby Batman decide to take on Scarecrow, or will that be Jim's villain to catch? \" Robert Yanis, Jr. of ''Screenrant'' wrote, \"Seasons 2 and 3 may have introduced some thrilling villain origins, but aside from that, its narrative has felt jumbled and erratic. The show has long been fans' guiltiest pleasure, but Bruce's storyline this season could legitimize ''Gotham'' once and for all. For as much fun as Penguin and company are, the real reason fans tune in to a Batman prequel is to see the character's evolution. Now he has arrived: a dark knight.\" \n\nKayti Burt of ''Den of Geek'' wrote, \"It might seem like I am being a little harsh on this episode, which introduced some great new plot directions for this show, but, after last season, I know this show can do better! It has raised the bar for what makes a great episode of ''Gotham''.\" Laurence Mozafari of ''Digital Spy'' wrote, \"''Gotham'' season 4 has swooped onto screens, and as itty bitty Bruce Wayne continues his loooong transformation into the Batman, fans were treated to a new, acrobatic look at the young detective.\"\n", "\n", "* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Plot", "Production", "Reception", "References", " External links " ]

[ "The gang then uses the gas to do a bank heist, spraying the people with the gas in order to make the heist easier." ]

[ "\n\n\"'''A Dark Knight: Pax Penguina'''\" is the first episode of the fourth season and 67th episode overall from the Fox series ''Gotham''.", "The show is itself based on the characters created by DC Comics set in the Batman mythology.", "This is the first episode with the new subtitle \"A Dark Knight\".", "The episode was written by executive producer John Stephens and directed by Danny Cannon.", "It was first broadcast on September 21, 2017.", "The episode revolves around a period in which criminals now get \"licenses\" to commit crimes without getting arrested by the police, provided by Cobblepot in order to earn the support of the public to reduce crime, setting the city at historical lows.", "However, a gang of criminals challenge the new licenses' policy and decide to set at their own way, committing many heists to send a message to Cobblepot.", "The gang also makes use of Jonathan Crane's fear toxin.", "Gordon discovers the use of the gas and sets to find Jonathan.", "Meanwhile, Bruce continues his vigilantism in order to prepare himself when Ra's al Ghul arrives.", "The episode received positive response, who praised the new character development for some characters.", "Bruce (David Mazouz) saves a couple from a pair of thugs after beating them.", "Bruce discovers that the thugs possess a license of misconduct.", "He walks away from the scene, not realizing Ra's al Ghul (Alexander Siddig) is watching him.", "Elsewhere, a group of gunmen crash a wedding and begin to steal the guests' valuable objects.", "Zsasz (Anthony Carrigan) arrives, stating that they don't have Cobblepot's (Robin Lord Taylor) license authorization, a deal in which they will be allowed to commit crimes as long as they give half their values to him.", "Zsasz shoots the leader Merton (Michael Buscemi), cutting his finger and they flee.", "Meanwhile, Cobblepot manages to convince the newly appointed Mayor Burke (Larry Pine) to agree to his license union.", "Gordon (Ben McKenzie) arrives at a bar just when a thug is robbing, holding a license.", "Despite possessing it, Gordon stops the robbery and arrests him.", "Bruce tells Alfred (Sean Pertwee) his intention to stop Cobblepot's crime business.", "Merton and his partner Grady (Michael Maize) visit Arkham Asylum to meet with Jonathan Crane (Charlie Tahan), who is still traumatized after suffering the effects of the fear toxin.", "Throughout time, Jonathan's mind created a \"Boogeyman person\" that has been haunting him.", "Merton and Grady bribe the Warden (Damian Young) to release Jonathan, who leaves a drawing in the form of a scarecrow.", "They take him to his old home where his father left his experimental drugs.", "They force him to do more fear gas with the use of a scarecrow.", "Investigating the heist, Gordon tells Bullock (Donal Logue) that the method is the same as Gerald Crane's and deduces that someone must have taken the formula from Jonathan.", "After interrogating the Warden, they go to Grady's apartment but are ambushed by him and Merton.", "Merton explains that they plan to send a message to Cobblepot regarding the licenses and they leave.", "Meanwhile, Selina (Camren Bicondova) and Tabitha (Jessica Lucas) attack a group of thugs.", "When returning to their apartment, Zsasz shows up, claiming that they should go to Cobblepot's club inauguration to get their licenses and forget everything between them.", "Selina is interested but Tabitha refuses and tells her to pack so they can find a new place.", "Cobblepot gives a conference to inaugurate his new club, the Iceberg Lounge and shows the attendees Nygma's (Cory Michael Smith) frozen body as a hall exhibition.", "Gordon, using an advice from Bruce, visits him and taunts him that the gang does not fear him, prompting Cobblepot to set to catch the gang.", "The gang decides to attack the club's inauguration and have Jonathan make more toxins and then lock him in a closet with a scarecrow.", "He then begins to have a severe hallucination with the scarecrow, who seemingly comes to life.", "In the GCPD, Gordon is attacked by a group of cops that are loyal to Cobblepot's methods.", "In the Iceberg Lounge, Bruce finds Selina on the rooftop and they discuss about what happened at the hospital when Bruce says sorry to Selina about apologising, just before Alfred takes him to the inauguration.", "The gang prepares to attack when Cobblepot and Zsasz catch them and announce to the public their intentions.", "This disgusts Ivy (Maggie Geha), who cuts the power and the gang attack, spraying Cobblepot with the fear toxin, making him hallucinate Nygma.", "The gang is knocked out but Grady manages to escape.", "The next day, Bruce retrieves the list of criminals with the licenses.", "However, he accidentally slips on a house where it's been robbed.", "He is then caught without the mask by the GCPD.", "Grady returns to Crane's house to get more toxin from Jonathan.", "However, he discovers Jonathan has adopted a new persona, naming himself \"The Scarecrow\" and sprays Grady with fear gas.", "===Development===\nThe show was officially renewed by Fox for a fourth season on May 10, 2017.", "Just like the second and third seasons, the fourth season will also carry a new subtitle for the first half of the season: ''A Dark Knight''.", "In June 2017, John Stephens announced that the first episode of the season would be titled \"Pax Penguina\" and was to be written by Stephens and directed by Danny Cannon.", "The title \"Pax Penguina\" is a play on the Latin phrase \"Pax Romana\", meaning \"Roman peace\".", "===Writing===\nRegarding Bruce's beginning of vigilantism, McKenzie explained that \"We are definitely leaning into Bruce, having learned some of the skills to be a vigilante, now actually attempting it.", "Now, we have a long, long way to go before he can realistically be Batman, so there will be many stumbles and falls – and regressions back to being a kid at times – but Gordon will eventually become aware of what he's doing and that will bring them against each other.\"", "David Mazouz also added, \"Bruce really is taking on this vigilante persona and all the things that go along with that.", "Whether it be creating another persona, a public persona, that's also definitely going to be a major part of Bruce's journey this year.", "His relationship as this other person.", "Batman is coming.", "Absolutely.\"", "Mazouz also stated that he was worried the writers could pull back some aspects from Batman, deeming it \"too fast\" but he was glad it didn't stop.", "He said that Bruce would take the \"Batman persona\" this season.", "Cannon also explained that Bruce will be seen \"as the emerging threat he is.\"", "Alexander Siddig stated that his character will seek to make Bruce his heir and will \"do anything he can to get his hands on him, to manipulate him into what Ra's wants him to be.\"", "He also claimed that the season is \"a season so far of extremes.\"", "===Casting===\nAs a concept McKenzie wished to explore, the episode brought back the actor Charlie Tahan as Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow, who portrayed the character on the first season episodes: \"The Fearsome Dr. Crane\" and \"The Scarecrow\".", "McKenzie explained: \"So we met his father Dr Crane in Season 1.", "So we've taken our time; we're gonna come back now to his son.", "You know, in circumstances probably not best described now, his son takes on his father's mantle and becomes the fully-realized Scarecrow.", "It's great.", "We're able to use this sort of fear toxin that Scarecrow is able to summon.", "We're completely unafraid — or perhaps afraid but we still persist–in expanding the universe and our capabilities.\"", "Morena Baccarin, Erin Richards, Chris Chalk, Drew Powell and Crystal Reed don't appear in the episode as their respective characters, with Baccarin and Chalk receiving credit only, while Richards, Powell and Reed were uncredited.", "In August 2017, it was announced that the guest cast for the episode would include Michael Buscemi as Merton, Larry Pine as Mayor Burke, Michael Maize as Grady Harris, Charlie Tahan as Jonathan Crane, Anthony Carrigan as Victor Zsasz, Damian Young as Warden Reed and Maggie Geha as Ivy Pepper.", "===Viewers===\nThe episode was watched by 3.21 million viewers with a 1.0/4 share among adults aged 18 to 49.", "These ratings were higher than any episode of the second part of the past season and it was a 6% increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 3.03 million viewers with a 0.9/4 in the 18-49 demographics but a 18% decrease from the previous season premiere, which was watched by 3.90 million viewers with a 1.3/4 in the 18-49 demographics.", "With these ratings, ''Gotham'' ranked second for the night as well as for Fox behind ''The Orville''.", "The show was the 49th most watched show of the week.", "===Critical reviews===\n\n\n\"A Dark Knight: Pax Penguina\" received positive reviews from critics.", "Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a \"good\" 7.8 out of 10 and wrote in his verdict, \"''Gotham'' returned with a fun look at how much of the city's problem's could be solved with morally questionable outside-the-box thinking.", "It's up to the show now to convince me, basically, that Jim has a leg to stand on with regards to his objections of having a staggeringly low crime rate and a city at peace.\"", "Nick Hogan of TV Overmind gave the episode a 4 star rating out of 5, writing \"Ultimately, ''Gotham'' is off to an interesting start.", "The pivot to a different style has its merits, but the long term benefits will have be fleshed out.", "Still, I enjoyed the episode immensely, and I'm glad that one of my favorite shows is back.\"", "Sydney Bucksbaum of ''The Hollywood Reporter'' wrote, \"The potential for chaos and destruction is truly terrifying.", "Thank goodness Jim Gordon isn't rolling over and letting Penguin run the city.", "If anyone can find and catch Crane, it's him.", "And it's interesting to note that this incarnation of the Scarecrow is much closer to the comic book version, despite it being Dr. Jonathan Crane's son and not the professor himself.", "Gotham is no longer just dealing in proto-villains.\"", "Dan Seitz from ''Uproxx'' wrote, \"Embracing the campiness that was always at the core of the show was something of a risk for Gotham.", "But it's paid off, especially now that the show is full of vigilantes and frozen villains in the middle of nightclubs.", "As the show's realized it can be, well, Goth ham, it's loosened up and started having fun.\"", "Vinnie Mancuso of ''Collider'' wrote, \"Outside of a few rejected album reviews drunkenly sent to every music magazine in the country at 4 AM, I rarely get the chance to compare Fox's batshit Batman prequel ''Gotham'' to the music stylings of Taylor Swift.", "But the show's Season 4 premiere, titled 'Pax Penguina,' provided a surprisingly prescient opportunity to do just that.", "Much like Swift hinted at her transition from a sugar-laced pop-singer into something angrier and more prone to shop at Hot Topic by declaring the Old Taylor was dead, young Jonathan Crane announced that he, too, has officially become something darker.", "'Jonathan Crane isn't here anymore,' he says at the episode's conclusion.", "'It's just the Scarecrow.'\"", "Lisa Babick of ''TV Fanatic'' gave the series a 3.5 star rating out of 5, writing \"'Pax Penguina' was a bit of a rocky start to the season, but there are good storylines that show promise; Bruce's being the most of exciting of all.", "Will Baby Batman decide to take on Scarecrow, or will that be Jim's villain to catch? \"", "Robert Yanis, Jr. of ''Screenrant'' wrote, \"Seasons 2 and 3 may have introduced some thrilling villain origins, but aside from that, its narrative has felt jumbled and erratic.", "The show has long been fans' guiltiest pleasure, but Bruce's storyline this season could legitimize ''Gotham'' once and for all.", "For as much fun as Penguin and company are, the real reason fans tune in to a Batman prequel is to see the character's evolution.", "Now he has arrived: a dark knight.\"", "Kayti Burt of ''Den of Geek'' wrote, \"It might seem like I am being a little harsh on this episode, which introduced some great new plot directions for this show, but, after last season, I know this show can do better!", "It has raised the bar for what makes a great episode of ''Gotham''.\"", "Laurence Mozafari of ''Digital Spy'' wrote, \"''Gotham'' season 4 has swooped onto screens, and as itty bitty Bruce Wayne continues his loooong transformation into the Batman, fans were treated to a new, acrobatic look at the young detective.\"", "* \n*" ]

[ "\n\nThe '''St. Louis Stock Exchange''' was a regional stock exchange located in St. Louis, Missouri. Opened in 1899,\n", "===Early years of the exchange===\nThe St. Louis Stock Exchange opened in 1899. Trade volume peaked a year later with $44 million. \n\nIn April 1902, St. Louis Stock Exchange president Alfred H. Bauer announced that committees had been elected to serve for one year terms.\n\n\nThe constitution and bylaws of the new exchange were adopted on January 3, 1903, and made effective on February 1, 1903.\n\nAccording to stock exchange president G. H. Walker, business transacted on the exchange floor was less in 1904 than in 1903, as with other regional stock exchanges in major cities excluding New York. Trust companies in 1904 traded 18,440 shares for $3,567,591, banks traded 5,698 shares valued at $1,548,878, mining stocks of 17,077 were traded for $7,866, and miscellaenous stocks saw 12,144 shares traded for $770,767. A great deal of business was also done with United Railways, St. Louis Transit Company, and Brown Brothers. Total transactions in 1904 came to $10.5 million, against $16.4 million in 1903.\nOn November 13, 1908, ''The New York Times'' reported that stock value in St. Louis banks and trusts companies had increased by $3,020,000 since October 31, due to a \"complete revival of confidence\" in the St. Louis Stock Exchange. The times stated that brokers related that it was the heaviest buying the city had seen in three years, leaving them \"almost unable to accommodate their patrons.\" Stock value and trading was for companies such as the Mercantile Trust Company, the Boatmen's Bank, the Mechanics' American National Bank, the National Bank of Commerce, and industrial and manufacturing stocks such as the American Car and Foundry Company. On November 13, the latter announced it would reopen its Detroit shops soon as a result on secured contracts.\n\n===Financial crisis of 1914===\nAfter closing for four months during a financial crisis on July 30, 1914, the president of the exchange board of directors announced on December 4, 1914, that the St. Louis Stock Exchange would open the following week. In a meeting on December 7, the governors of the exchange had a special meeting and voted to resume trading in stocks unanimously, with price restrictions and after assurances that bankers believed the financial situation had improved. The meeting noted 180 stocks made public, out of the 565 issues on the board. A statement from the exchange's Committee of Five asserted that the exchange would open again on Saturday, December 12, with hours resuming between 10 and 3 o'clock each day except Saturday, when dealings ended at noon. On the reopening, the ''Times'' reported that \"opening prices were steady and demand for high-grade securities good.\"\n\n===Market and policy changes===\nOn April 13, 1926, directors of the exchange voted to extend trading time from 75 minutes to two and a half hours, from 10 am to 12:30 pm except Saturday, \"thereby placing the local exchange on a parity with exchanges in other cities.\" The board also established stock lists of trading quotations.\n\nAs of early 1927, Harry S. Rein was chairman of the exchange. On January 12, 1927, he announced that in 1925, the exchange had seen stock sales totaling 591,966 shares, or $32,087,323. In 1926, it had fallen to a total of 382,856 shares, or $17,101,763 in value.\n\nOn March 26, 1929, the exchange saw a session close without an issue scoring a gain, as \"nine issues reached new lows\" for the year.\n\nOn April 5, 1938, the exchange elected J. Gates Williams as president to succeed president Ben F. Jacobs.\n\n===Proposed merger===\nOn August 30, 1948, the press reported that several brokers in multiple cities were discussing a large merger of several midwestern stock exchanges. The plan at that point included exchanges in Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Cincinnati, New Orleans, and St. Louis. With a projected volume of $350,000,000 a year in trading, it would make the proposed exchange the largest in the United States outside of New York. St. Louis Stock Exchange officers refused to talk to the press about the plan, and the exchange at that point had a normal business annually of $7,000,000. On May 26, the members of the exchange voted twenty-six to eight in favor of the merger. On June 10, 1949, ''The New York Times'' reported that the proposed merger had resulted in disagreemnt within St. Louis financial circles. A key anti-consolidation group was said to include the four companies whose stocks were most active on the local St. Louis exchange: Wagner Electric Company, Laclede Steel Company, F. Burkart Manufacturing Company, and Griesedieck-Western Brewery Company.\n\nOn June 27, 1949, the president of the St. Louis Chamber of Commerce, George C. Smith, said that the proposed September 1 merger between the St. Louis exchange with three exchanges would cause \"some grave injuries\" to the city. The banks also maintained that they might lose most of the exchange business to Chicago banks, where the new proposed exchange would be headquartered. a group opposing the merger sought a new ballot on the project, maintaining that the merger would omit from slower moving St. Louis stocks from the Chicago listings, leaving them to be sold over-the-counter in St. Louis.\n\nOn June 29, president of St. Louis exchange John A. Isaacs Jr. declared in letter to exchang members and all St. Louis banks that the merger was \"the only practicable means of providing a strong market for midwest companies,\" and a necessity. He noted that business in the exchange had been drying up, with much of the business moving east.\n\nMore protests were lodged in early July 1949, by four brokers in the firm: Paul Brown & Co, A. G. Edwards & Sons, Edward D. Jones & Co. and I. M. Simon & Co.. They said they \"deny the right of any majority of the members of the exchange here to dissolve.\" On July 14, 1949, the governing committee of the St. Louis Stock Exchange signed a formal contract to join the new Midwest exchange, overruling the four members firm who had recently voiced opposition. The official merger between the five midwest exchanges was set for September 15, 1949.\n\nOn June 29, 1949, St. Louis exchange president John A. Isaacs Jr. promoted the merger in a letter, and stated that recent lows in trading were \"not limited to St. Louis. The trend has been shared by other regional exchanges. After meeting (on the subject of a merger), it was concluded the only way to save an active exchange market for midwestern securities was to concentrate the trading on one large exchange.\"\n", " \n*St. Louis Mining and Stock Exchange\n*List of former stock exchanges in the Americas\n*List of stock exchange mergers in the Americas\n*Economy of St. Louis\n", "\n", "" ]

[ "Introduction", "History", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ "Stock value and trading was for companies such as the Mercantile Trust Company, the Boatmen's Bank, the Mechanics' American National Bank, the National Bank of Commerce, and industrial and manufacturing stocks such as the American Car and Foundry Company." ]

[ "\n\nThe '''St.", "Louis Stock Exchange''' was a regional stock exchange located in St. Louis, Missouri.", "Opened in 1899,", "===Early years of the exchange===\nThe St. Louis Stock Exchange opened in 1899.", "Trade volume peaked a year later with $44 million.", "In April 1902, St. Louis Stock Exchange president Alfred H. Bauer announced that committees had been elected to serve for one year terms.", "The constitution and bylaws of the new exchange were adopted on January 3, 1903, and made effective on February 1, 1903.", "According to stock exchange president G. H. Walker, business transacted on the exchange floor was less in 1904 than in 1903, as with other regional stock exchanges in major cities excluding New York.", "Trust companies in 1904 traded 18,440 shares for $3,567,591, banks traded 5,698 shares valued at $1,548,878, mining stocks of 17,077 were traded for $7,866, and miscellaenous stocks saw 12,144 shares traded for $770,767.", "A great deal of business was also done with United Railways, St. Louis Transit Company, and Brown Brothers.", "Total transactions in 1904 came to $10.5 million, against $16.4 million in 1903.", "On November 13, 1908, ''The New York Times'' reported that stock value in St. Louis banks and trusts companies had increased by $3,020,000 since October 31, due to a \"complete revival of confidence\" in the St. Louis Stock Exchange.", "The times stated that brokers related that it was the heaviest buying the city had seen in three years, leaving them \"almost unable to accommodate their patrons.\"", "On November 13, the latter announced it would reopen its Detroit shops soon as a result on secured contracts.", "===Financial crisis of 1914===\nAfter closing for four months during a financial crisis on July 30, 1914, the president of the exchange board of directors announced on December 4, 1914, that the St. Louis Stock Exchange would open the following week.", "In a meeting on December 7, the governors of the exchange had a special meeting and voted to resume trading in stocks unanimously, with price restrictions and after assurances that bankers believed the financial situation had improved.", "The meeting noted 180 stocks made public, out of the 565 issues on the board.", "A statement from the exchange's Committee of Five asserted that the exchange would open again on Saturday, December 12, with hours resuming between 10 and 3 o'clock each day except Saturday, when dealings ended at noon.", "On the reopening, the ''Times'' reported that \"opening prices were steady and demand for high-grade securities good.\"", "===Market and policy changes===\nOn April 13, 1926, directors of the exchange voted to extend trading time from 75 minutes to two and a half hours, from 10 am to 12:30 pm except Saturday, \"thereby placing the local exchange on a parity with exchanges in other cities.\"", "The board also established stock lists of trading quotations.", "As of early 1927, Harry S. Rein was chairman of the exchange.", "On January 12, 1927, he announced that in 1925, the exchange had seen stock sales totaling 591,966 shares, or $32,087,323.", "In 1926, it had fallen to a total of 382,856 shares, or $17,101,763 in value.", "On March 26, 1929, the exchange saw a session close without an issue scoring a gain, as \"nine issues reached new lows\" for the year.", "On April 5, 1938, the exchange elected J.", "Gates Williams as president to succeed president Ben F. Jacobs.", "===Proposed merger===\nOn August 30, 1948, the press reported that several brokers in multiple cities were discussing a large merger of several midwestern stock exchanges.", "The plan at that point included exchanges in Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Cincinnati, New Orleans, and St. Louis.", "With a projected volume of $350,000,000 a year in trading, it would make the proposed exchange the largest in the United States outside of New York.", "St. Louis Stock Exchange officers refused to talk to the press about the plan, and the exchange at that point had a normal business annually of $7,000,000.", "On May 26, the members of the exchange voted twenty-six to eight in favor of the merger.", "On June 10, 1949, ''The New York Times'' reported that the proposed merger had resulted in disagreemnt within St. Louis financial circles.", "A key anti-consolidation group was said to include the four companies whose stocks were most active on the local St. Louis exchange: Wagner Electric Company, Laclede Steel Company, F. Burkart Manufacturing Company, and Griesedieck-Western Brewery Company.", "On June 27, 1949, the president of the St. Louis Chamber of Commerce, George C. Smith, said that the proposed September 1 merger between the St. Louis exchange with three exchanges would cause \"some grave injuries\" to the city.", "The banks also maintained that they might lose most of the exchange business to Chicago banks, where the new proposed exchange would be headquartered.", "a group opposing the merger sought a new ballot on the project, maintaining that the merger would omit from slower moving St. Louis stocks from the Chicago listings, leaving them to be sold over-the-counter in St. Louis.", "On June 29, president of St. Louis exchange John A. Isaacs Jr. declared in letter to exchang members and all St. Louis banks that the merger was \"the only practicable means of providing a strong market for midwest companies,\" and a necessity.", "He noted that business in the exchange had been drying up, with much of the business moving east.", "More protests were lodged in early July 1949, by four brokers in the firm: Paul Brown & Co, A. G. Edwards & Sons, Edward D. Jones & Co. and I. M. Simon & Co..", "They said they \"deny the right of any majority of the members of the exchange here to dissolve.\"", "On July 14, 1949, the governing committee of the St. Louis Stock Exchange signed a formal contract to join the new Midwest exchange, overruling the four members firm who had recently voiced opposition.", "The official merger between the five midwest exchanges was set for September 15, 1949.", "On June 29, 1949, St. Louis exchange president John A. Isaacs Jr. promoted the merger in a letter, and stated that recent lows in trading were \"not limited to St. Louis.", "The trend has been shared by other regional exchanges.", "After meeting (on the subject of a merger), it was concluded the only way to save an active exchange market for midwestern securities was to concentrate the trading on one large exchange.\"", " \n*St. Louis Mining and Stock Exchange\n*List of former stock exchanges in the Americas\n*List of stock exchange mergers in the Americas\n*Economy of St. Louis" ]

[ "\n\n\n\n'''John Langeloth Loeb Sr.''' (November 11, 1902 – December 8, 1996) was an American investor and executive who served as president of Loeb, Rhoades & Company.\n", "Loeb was born to a Jewish family on November 11, 1902, in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Adeline (née Moses) and Carl M. Loeb.\nHis father was an immigrant from Germany who made a fortune after gaining control of the American Metal Company (founded by Berthold Hochschild and Jacob Longeloth) Jacob Longeloth was his father's mentor hence his son's middle name.\nHis mother was the daughter of Alabama banker, Alfred Huger Moses.\nHe had two siblings: Henry A. Loeb and Margaret Loeb Kempner.\nLoeb attended Dartmouth College and then transferred to Harvard College where he graduated in 1924.\n", "After school, he worked for the American Metal Company in Pittsburgh and in 1929, he went to work for Maurice Wertheim at Wertheim & Company.\nIn 1931, he and his father co-founded the Carl M. Loeb & Company in order to manage the family’s holdings with the firm paying $250,000 to become a member of the New York Stock Exchange. Loeb served as a partner.\nIn 1937, the firm merged with Rhoades & Company to form Loeb, Rhoades & Company.\nDuring World War II - from 1942 to 1944 - he worked for the United States Treasury and the Office of War Mobilization.\nIn 1955, Loeb became a senior partner in the firm.\nIn 1964, he organized the National Independent Committee for President Lyndon B. Johnson and Senator Hubert H. Humphrey.\nIn 1973, he pleaded no contest to three federal charges of disguising campaign contributions to Senator Hubert H. Humphrey's 1972 Presidential primary campaign.\nIn 1977, he became chairman and CEO.\nIn 1978, Loeb, Rhoades & Company merged with Hornblower, Weeks, Noyes & Trask to form Loeb, Rhoades, Hornblower & Company; Loeb became co-chairman of the combined firm's finance committee.\nIn 1979, Loeb, Rhoades, Hornblower, & Company merged with Shearson Hayden Stone to form Shearson Loeb Rhoades & Company.\nIn 1981, Shearson Loeb Rhoades & Company was acquired by the American Express Company, becoming Shearson Lehman/American Express.\nIn 1984, he was named an honorary chairman of Shearson Lehman/American Express.\nDuring his career, Loeb served as director of Dome Petroleum, Allied Chemical, Seagrams, General Instrument, Arlen Realty, the Empire Trust Company, the Rome Cable Company, the National Radiator Company, and Deltec. He also served as governor of the New York Stock Exchange and as a member of the advisory committee of the Bank of New York. He operated the Loeb Partners Corporation, a boutique investment banking firm.\n", "Loeb was an active philanthropist who dinated over $200 million in his lifetime. In 1955, he donated $70.5 million to Harvard University, the largest gift Harvard had ever received from a living donor. The Frances L. Loeb Library, the Loeb Drama Center and a numerous Loeb fellowships all carry his surname. He donated $7 million to New York University. Being Jewish as well as a close friend of Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek, he was a financial supporter of Israel where he funded the building of the Jewish Community Center in East Jerusalem. Loeb served as the chairman of the Institute of Fine Arts, a trustee of the Museum of Modern Art, as chairman and chief executive of the Jacob and Valeria Langeloth Foundation, and as a member of the Harvard Board of Overseers.\n", "In 1926, he married Frances Lehman, the daughter of Adele Lewisohn Lehman and Arthur Lehman of Lehman Brothers and grand-daughter of Adolph Lewisohn; they had two sons: John Langeloth Loeb Jr. and Arthur Lehman Loeb; and three daughters: Ann Loeb Bronfman (twin to Arthur) who married Edgar Bronfman, Sr.; Judith Loeb Chiara; and Deborah Loeb Brice. He and his wife were collectors of French Impressionist paintings including Manet, Pissaro, Degas, Cezanne, and Renoir. Loeb had homes in Manhattan, New York, Purchase, New York, and Lyford Cay, Nassau, Bahamas.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life and education", "Career", "Philanthory", "Personal life", "References" ]

[ "He also served as governor of the New York Stock Exchange and as a member of the advisory committee of the Bank of New York." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n'''John Langeloth Loeb Sr.''' (November 11, 1902 – December 8, 1996) was an American investor and executive who served as president of Loeb, Rhoades & Company.", "Loeb was born to a Jewish family on November 11, 1902, in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Adeline (née Moses) and Carl M. Loeb.", "His father was an immigrant from Germany who made a fortune after gaining control of the American Metal Company (founded by Berthold Hochschild and Jacob Longeloth) Jacob Longeloth was his father's mentor hence his son's middle name.", "His mother was the daughter of Alabama banker, Alfred Huger Moses.", "He had two siblings: Henry A. Loeb and Margaret Loeb Kempner.", "Loeb attended Dartmouth College and then transferred to Harvard College where he graduated in 1924.", "After school, he worked for the American Metal Company in Pittsburgh and in 1929, he went to work for Maurice Wertheim at Wertheim & Company.", "In 1931, he and his father co-founded the Carl M. Loeb & Company in order to manage the family’s holdings with the firm paying $250,000 to become a member of the New York Stock Exchange.", "Loeb served as a partner.", "In 1937, the firm merged with Rhoades & Company to form Loeb, Rhoades & Company.", "During World War II - from 1942 to 1944 - he worked for the United States Treasury and the Office of War Mobilization.", "In 1955, Loeb became a senior partner in the firm.", "In 1964, he organized the National Independent Committee for President Lyndon B. Johnson and Senator Hubert H. Humphrey.", "In 1973, he pleaded no contest to three federal charges of disguising campaign contributions to Senator Hubert H. Humphrey's 1972 Presidential primary campaign.", "In 1977, he became chairman and CEO.", "In 1978, Loeb, Rhoades & Company merged with Hornblower, Weeks, Noyes & Trask to form Loeb, Rhoades, Hornblower & Company; Loeb became co-chairman of the combined firm's finance committee.", "In 1979, Loeb, Rhoades, Hornblower, & Company merged with Shearson Hayden Stone to form Shearson Loeb Rhoades & Company.", "In 1981, Shearson Loeb Rhoades & Company was acquired by the American Express Company, becoming Shearson Lehman/American Express.", "In 1984, he was named an honorary chairman of Shearson Lehman/American Express.", "During his career, Loeb served as director of Dome Petroleum, Allied Chemical, Seagrams, General Instrument, Arlen Realty, the Empire Trust Company, the Rome Cable Company, the National Radiator Company, and Deltec.", "He operated the Loeb Partners Corporation, a boutique investment banking firm.", "Loeb was an active philanthropist who dinated over $200 million in his lifetime.", "In 1955, he donated $70.5 million to Harvard University, the largest gift Harvard had ever received from a living donor.", "The Frances L. Loeb Library, the Loeb Drama Center and a numerous Loeb fellowships all carry his surname.", "He donated $7 million to New York University.", "Being Jewish as well as a close friend of Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek, he was a financial supporter of Israel where he funded the building of the Jewish Community Center in East Jerusalem.", "Loeb served as the chairman of the Institute of Fine Arts, a trustee of the Museum of Modern Art, as chairman and chief executive of the Jacob and Valeria Langeloth Foundation, and as a member of the Harvard Board of Overseers.", "In 1926, he married Frances Lehman, the daughter of Adele Lewisohn Lehman and Arthur Lehman of Lehman Brothers and grand-daughter of Adolph Lewisohn; they had two sons: John Langeloth Loeb Jr. and Arthur Lehman Loeb; and three daughters: Ann Loeb Bronfman (twin to Arthur) who married Edgar Bronfman, Sr.; Judith Loeb Chiara; and Deborah Loeb Brice.", "He and his wife were collectors of French Impressionist paintings including Manet, Pissaro, Degas, Cezanne, and Renoir.", "Loeb had homes in Manhattan, New York, Purchase, New York, and Lyford Cay, Nassau, Bahamas." ]

[ "\n\n'''LaVere Redfield''' (born October 29, 1897; death September 6, 1974) is an American investor, businessman, land owner, numismatist, roulette player and philanthropist. He was a Mayflower descendant. Redfield was a most famous resident of Reno, Nevada. \n", "Redfield was born in Ogden, Utah. His mother, Sarah Eleanor Browning, was an Ogden native, and her line included Jonathan Browning, a blacksmith and gunsmith whose family would found the famed Browning Arms Company in Utah in 1928. LaVere's father, William Sheldon Redfield, was born in Nauvoo, Hancock County, Illinois, in 1845. William Sheldon Redfield parents had been founding members of Joseph Smith's Mormon Church in New York; but shortly after William`s birth they, along with other dissenters, formed a splinter sect called the the “Cuterlites”. LaVere Redfield attended the public Ogden High School where he was a member of the Cadet Battalion, a kind of Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) organization for high school boys. 1918 he moves to Idaho Fall and then Burley, Idaho. He was working as potato farmer, clerk and store manager. \n", "He moved with his wife to California, Los Angeles in 1929 and he started investing in stocks, at the depth of the Depression of the 1930s he got a bank loan to buy stocks at rock bottom prices. 1932 he was a millionaire.\nThen Redfield made another fortune in Southern California: he bought real estate at tax sales and bought oil companies that were coming out of bankruptcy during the early 1930s. By 1935, the rumor of a California State Income Tax caused him to move to Reno, Nevada. In Reno, he continued buying large parcels of land at tax sales, many of which had been given up by \nthe Southern Pacific Railroad high up Mt. Rose and near Lake Tahoe. He wound up owning over \n55,000 acres of Washoe County land. \nHe distrusted both banks and the U.S. government and throughout the 1940s and 50s, he to purchase bags of silver dollars and stash them in the basement of his house. Upon his death in 1974, some 400 bags of dollars (approximately 400,000 pieces) were discovered behind a false wall in his basement. Roughly 85% of them were uncirculated, and in late January 1976, the entire lot was auctioned. The winning bid of $7.3 million dollars was that of Steve Markoff, of A-Mark Corporation, narrowly eclipsing the underbidder, Bowers and Ruddy Galleries.\nHe was a notorious gambler. Redfield was playing roulette $250 000 per night. \n", "When he was 24, Redfield married in Burley, Idaho, Nell Rae Jones, born 1894 in Malad City, Idaho, widow. No childern. \nLaVere Redfield was very close to his brother Frederick William Redfield (1881 - 1954), a businessman from Ogden, a owner and president of famous Superior Honey Company. \nLaVere Redfield greatgrandfather was Jonathan Browning, the inventor of a repeating rifle.\nLaVere Redfield was a relative of William C. Redfield, the first United States Secretary of Commerce from 1913 to 1919; William Charles Redfield, the first president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; Heman J. Redfield, an American politician from New York; John Moses Browning an American most famous firearms designer.\n", "As of 1974 Redfield has an estimated net worth of $200 million. \n\n", "*http://www.jackharpster.com/redfield.html The Curious Life of Nevada’s\nLaVere Redfield:The Silver Dollar King\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life and education", "Investment career", " Personal life ", "Wealth and philanthropy", "External links" ]

[ "He moved with his wife to California, Los Angeles in 1929 and he started investing in stocks, at the depth of the Depression of the 1930s he got a bank loan to buy stocks at rock bottom prices." ]

[ "\n\n'''LaVere Redfield''' (born October 29, 1897; death September 6, 1974) is an American investor, businessman, land owner, numismatist, roulette player and philanthropist.", "He was a Mayflower descendant.", "Redfield was a most famous resident of Reno, Nevada.", "Redfield was born in Ogden, Utah.", "His mother, Sarah Eleanor Browning, was an Ogden native, and her line included Jonathan Browning, a blacksmith and gunsmith whose family would found the famed Browning Arms Company in Utah in 1928.", "LaVere's father, William Sheldon Redfield, was born in Nauvoo, Hancock County, Illinois, in 1845.", "William Sheldon Redfield parents had been founding members of Joseph Smith's Mormon Church in New York; but shortly after William`s birth they, along with other dissenters, formed a splinter sect called the the “Cuterlites”.", "LaVere Redfield attended the public Ogden High School where he was a member of the Cadet Battalion, a kind of Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) organization for high school boys.", "1918 he moves to Idaho Fall and then Burley, Idaho.", "He was working as potato farmer, clerk and store manager.", "1932 he was a millionaire.", "Then Redfield made another fortune in Southern California: he bought real estate at tax sales and bought oil companies that were coming out of bankruptcy during the early 1930s.", "By 1935, the rumor of a California State Income Tax caused him to move to Reno, Nevada.", "In Reno, he continued buying large parcels of land at tax sales, many of which had been given up by \nthe Southern Pacific Railroad high up Mt.", "Rose and near Lake Tahoe.", "He wound up owning over \n55,000 acres of Washoe County land.", "He distrusted both banks and the U.S. government and throughout the 1940s and 50s, he to purchase bags of silver dollars and stash them in the basement of his house.", "Upon his death in 1974, some 400 bags of dollars (approximately 400,000 pieces) were discovered behind a false wall in his basement.", "Roughly 85% of them were uncirculated, and in late January 1976, the entire lot was auctioned.", "The winning bid of $7.3 million dollars was that of Steve Markoff, of A-Mark Corporation, narrowly eclipsing the underbidder, Bowers and Ruddy Galleries.", "He was a notorious gambler.", "Redfield was playing roulette $250 000 per night.", "When he was 24, Redfield married in Burley, Idaho, Nell Rae Jones, born 1894 in Malad City, Idaho, widow.", "No childern.", "LaVere Redfield was very close to his brother Frederick William Redfield (1881 - 1954), a businessman from Ogden, a owner and president of famous Superior Honey Company.", "LaVere Redfield greatgrandfather was Jonathan Browning, the inventor of a repeating rifle.", "LaVere Redfield was a relative of William C. Redfield, the first United States Secretary of Commerce from 1913 to 1919; William Charles Redfield, the first president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; Heman J. Redfield, an American politician from New York; John Moses Browning an American most famous firearms designer.", "As of 1974 Redfield has an estimated net worth of $200 million.", "*http://www.jackharpster.com/redfield.html The Curious Life of Nevada’s\nLaVere Redfield:The Silver Dollar King" ]

[ "'''Fragmentarium''' (Digital Research Laboratory for Medieval Manuscript Fragments) is an online database to collect and collate fragments of medieval manuscripts making them available to researchers, collectors and historians worldwide. It is an international collaboration of major libraries and collections including the British Library, Martin Schøyen Collection, Bavarian State Library, Harvard, Yale and the Vatican. It is based in Switzerland and the project's current director is Professor Christoph Flüeler from the University of Fribourg and the Virtual Manuscript Library, Switzerland.\nFlorus de Lyon fragment, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 16\n", "The Fragmentarium project was first proposed in October 2013 and the first planning meeting took place in Cologny in 2014. It was supported initially by representatives of 12 institutions, its goal being to study the field of manuscript fragment research and look at worldwide cataloguing standards. Fragmentarium was officially launched on 1 September, 2017, by the Medieval Institute of the University of Fribourg at Abbey Library of St. Gall in St. Gallen, Switzerland.\nHistorians and librarians are now able to upload images to the Fragmentarium where they will be made available for research and encouraged to publish images under a Creative Commons public domain license. The library currently operates as a closed system and will open up public resources gradually from 2018.\n", "Multispectral image of palimpsest fragments Or. 6581 with infrared (middle) and ultraviolet (right)\nEnhanced multispectral imaging of palimpsest fragments composite images\nFragmentarium follows an established Swiss codex digitisation system known as e-codices and aims to promote cooperative research and discussion between researchers and scholars from multiple institutions. As more fragments are uploaded it will be possible to reunite fragments which have become separated and compare analyses of similar manuscript pieces. Some fragments have been analysed using the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) to identify pigments, creating a unique 'fingerprint' to enable it to be matched to corresponding fragments elsewhere in the world and potentially track their journey with “the potential to learn more about trade routes, historic mining sites, and the regional use of pigments and ingredients”. Other fragments have been identified as 'recycled' into covers or bindings for later documents, a practice which was prevalent in the 15th to 17th century. The system is also useful in documenting and digitally preserving partial manuscripts which have been damaged by neglect or fire as in the Cotton library fire of 1731, or by deliberate destruction as occurred in the reformation in Scandinavia. In more recent times, in the 1950s and 1960s medieval manuscripts were frequently deliberately divided in order to attract a higher return on resale values and have subsequently become lost to researchers: Fragmentarium hopes to reunite them. Flüeler has estimated that around 90% of extant fragments are currently 'lost' in archives. \n\nAccess to the library is free of charge.\n", "As of 2017 the following institutions are partner participants in Fragmentarium:\n*Abbey library of Saint Gall\n*Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich\n*Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana\n*Bibliothèque nationale de France\n*Bodleian Library in association with St Edmund Hall, Oxford University\n*The British Library\n*Center for History and Palaeography of the National Bank of Greece Cultural Foundation\n*Harvard University\n*Herzog August Library\n*Martin Schøyen Collection, Oslo\n*Medieval Academy of America\n*Österreichische Nationalbibliothek\n*Stanford University Libraries\n*Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig\n*Università degli Studi di Cassino\n*Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig\n*University of Pennsylvania Libraries\n\nFragmentarium is financially supported by the Stavros Niarchos Foundation, Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences and the Swiss National Science Foundation.\n\n\nFile:St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek St. Gallen, Cod. Sang. 1397 V – Psalterium Gallicanum.jpg|thumb|Psalterium Gallicanum medieval manuscript fragment used as book binding\nFile:Fragment lat. 351, Charter from Leipzig, Universitätsbibliothek.jpg|thumb|Single leaf parchment fragment dated 1467-1500 CE from Leipzig with annotation by Johannes Falkenhayn\nFile:Necrologium monasterii Altzelle – Reconstruction Parchment.jpg|thumb|Necrologium monasterii Altzelle reconstructed parchment dated 1186-1250 CE\nFile:Paulinus Mediolanensis, Vita Ambrosii – Fragment.jpg|thumb|Paulinus Mediolanensis, Vita Ambrosii fragment Le VI 12, Binding A\nFile:Salvianus, Ad ecclesiam parchment fragment.jpg|thumb|Salvianus, Ad ecclesiam parchment fragment, 2 leaves (trimmed) dated 901-925 CE, Fulda\n\n", "*Conservation and restoration of illuminated manuscripts\n*Digital Scriptorium\n*Palimpsest\n", "\n", "* Fragmentarium website\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "History", "Method", "Participants and donors", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ "As of 2017 the following institutions are partner participants in Fragmentarium:\n*Abbey library of Saint Gall\n*Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich\n*Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana\n*Bibliothèque nationale de France\n*Bodleian Library in association with St Edmund Hall, Oxford University\n*The British Library\n*Center for History and Palaeography of the National Bank of Greece Cultural Foundation\n*Harvard University\n*Herzog August Library\n*Martin Schøyen Collection, Oslo\n*Medieval Academy of America\n*Österreichische Nationalbibliothek\n*Stanford University Libraries\n*Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig\n*Università degli Studi di Cassino\n*Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig\n*University of Pennsylvania Libraries\n\nFragmentarium is financially supported by the Stavros Niarchos Foundation, Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences and the Swiss National Science Foundation." ]

[ "'''Fragmentarium''' (Digital Research Laboratory for Medieval Manuscript Fragments) is an online database to collect and collate fragments of medieval manuscripts making them available to researchers, collectors and historians worldwide.", "It is an international collaboration of major libraries and collections including the British Library, Martin Schøyen Collection, Bavarian State Library, Harvard, Yale and the Vatican.", "It is based in Switzerland and the project's current director is Professor Christoph Flüeler from the University of Fribourg and the Virtual Manuscript Library, Switzerland.", "Florus de Lyon fragment, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat.", "16", "The Fragmentarium project was first proposed in October 2013 and the first planning meeting took place in Cologny in 2014.", "It was supported initially by representatives of 12 institutions, its goal being to study the field of manuscript fragment research and look at worldwide cataloguing standards.", "Fragmentarium was officially launched on 1 September, 2017, by the Medieval Institute of the University of Fribourg at Abbey Library of St. Gall in St. Gallen, Switzerland.", "Historians and librarians are now able to upload images to the Fragmentarium where they will be made available for research and encouraged to publish images under a Creative Commons public domain license.", "The library currently operates as a closed system and will open up public resources gradually from 2018.", "Multispectral image of palimpsest fragments Or.", "6581 with infrared (middle) and ultraviolet (right)\nEnhanced multispectral imaging of palimpsest fragments composite images\nFragmentarium follows an established Swiss codex digitisation system known as e-codices and aims to promote cooperative research and discussion between researchers and scholars from multiple institutions.", "As more fragments are uploaded it will be possible to reunite fragments which have become separated and compare analyses of similar manuscript pieces.", "Some fragments have been analysed using the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) to identify pigments, creating a unique 'fingerprint' to enable it to be matched to corresponding fragments elsewhere in the world and potentially track their journey with “the potential to learn more about trade routes, historic mining sites, and the regional use of pigments and ingredients”.", "Other fragments have been identified as 'recycled' into covers or bindings for later documents, a practice which was prevalent in the 15th to 17th century.", "The system is also useful in documenting and digitally preserving partial manuscripts which have been damaged by neglect or fire as in the Cotton library fire of 1731, or by deliberate destruction as occurred in the reformation in Scandinavia.", "In more recent times, in the 1950s and 1960s medieval manuscripts were frequently deliberately divided in order to attract a higher return on resale values and have subsequently become lost to researchers: Fragmentarium hopes to reunite them.", "Flüeler has estimated that around 90% of extant fragments are currently 'lost' in archives.", "Access to the library is free of charge.", "File:St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek St. Gallen, Cod.", "Sang.", "1397 V – Psalterium Gallicanum.jpg|thumb|Psalterium Gallicanum medieval manuscript fragment used as book binding\nFile:Fragment lat.", "351, Charter from Leipzig, Universitätsbibliothek.jpg|thumb|Single leaf parchment fragment dated 1467-1500 CE from Leipzig with annotation by Johannes Falkenhayn\nFile:Necrologium monasterii Altzelle – Reconstruction Parchment.jpg|thumb|Necrologium monasterii Altzelle reconstructed parchment dated 1186-1250 CE\nFile:Paulinus Mediolanensis, Vita Ambrosii – Fragment.jpg|thumb|Paulinus Mediolanensis, Vita Ambrosii fragment Le VI 12, Binding A\nFile:Salvianus, Ad ecclesiam parchment fragment.jpg|thumb|Salvianus, Ad ecclesiam parchment fragment, 2 leaves (trimmed) dated 901-925 CE, Fulda", "*Conservation and restoration of illuminated manuscripts\n*Digital Scriptorium\n*Palimpsest", "* Fragmentarium website" ]

[ "\n\nThe 1908 U.S. Presidential election occurred in the backdrop of the Progressive achievements of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's second term as well as against the U.S. recovery following the Panic of 1907. In this election, Roosevelt's chosen successor, Republican William Howard Taft, ran in large part on Roosevelt's Progressive legacy and decisively defeated former Congressman and three-time Democratic U.S. Presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan.\n", "1896, 1900, and 1908 Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan.\nA political cartoon which portrays William Howard Taft as President Roosevelt's political heir.\nDuring his 1908 campaign, Bryan criticized U.S. House Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon.\nA map of the 1908 U.S. Presidential election by county.\nBryan's ties with Charles Haskell ended up hurting him late in the campaign.\n\nAlthough he was previously the Democratic U.S. Presidential nominee in both 1896 and 1900 (losing to William McKinley both times), Alton Parker's defeat at the hands of President Roosevelt (who succeeded McKinley after his assassination) in 1904 gave William Jennings Bryan an opening to reassert his leadership in the Democratic Party as well as to compete for the 1908 Democratic presidential nomination. In addition, Bryan was helped by newspaper tycoon and 1904 contender William Randolph Hearst's loss in the 1905 New York mayoral election (something which hurt Hearst's chances to get the 1908 Democratic presidential nomination).\n\nBryan's most formidable challenger for the 1908 Democratic nomination was Minnesota Governor John Albert Johnson. Johnson's rags-to-riches story, honesty, reformist credentials, and ability to win in a heavily Republican U.S. state made him very popular within the Democratic Party. Ultimately, though, Johnson was unable to overcome Bryan's popularity within the Democratic Party. By the end of June 1908, Bryan was able to win the necessary two-thirds of the delegates which were required for him to win the Democratic presidential nomination for that year. At the 1908 Democratic National Convention, Johnson (who had no chance at the Democratic nomination by that point in time) released his delegates to Bryan, helping Bryan to win the Democratic nomination on the first ballot with 892.5 delegates to 105.5 delegates for various other (favorite son) candidates. For Bryan's vice presidential running mate, the convention delegates selected John W. Kern, a former state senator (1893-1897) and two-time gubernatorial candidate (and later U.S. Senator) from Indiana. In response to Bryan's and Kern's nomination, ''The New York Times'' disparagingly pointed out that the Democratic national ticket was consistent because “a man twice defeated for the Presidency was at the head of it, and a man twice defeated for governor of his state in 1900 and 1904 was at the tail of it.”\n\nDuring the campaign, the fact that this was Bryan's third Democratic presidential nomination was mocked by Republicans. Specifically, Republicans told voters to \"vote for Taft now\" because they could \"vote for Bryan anytime.\"\n", "The 1908 Democratic platform criticized corporate power at the expense of the people as well as the increased number of federal officeholders and expenditures—“the heedless waste of the people’s money”—and demanded “the strictest economy in every department compatible with frugal and efficient administration.” In addition, the Democrats condemned the “arbitrary power” of the Republican U.S. House Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon (of Illinois) as well as the use of patronage by President Roosevelt to nominate “one of his Cabinet officers” (Taft) as his successor.\n\nDue to Bryan's efforts, a plank in the 1908 Democratic platform called for federal legislation requiring the publication of campaign contributions, limiting the amount that individuals could donate, and banning contributions from business corporations (via their officers), the last punishable by imprisonment. The platform reiterated the party’s longstanding support of tariff reform and welcomed Republicans’ “tardy recognition of the righteousness of the Democratic position….” Labeling private monopoly “indefensible and intolerable,” the trusts plank advocated three laws: banning directors from sitting on the board of more than one competing business, federal licensing of any corporation before it could control 25% of a market and prohibiting control of over 50% market-share of an American-consumed product, and requiring corporations to sell to all purchasers on the same terms (except for transportation costs).\n\nAt Bryan’s urging, his previous endorsement of government ownership of railroads was omitted from the platform. However, the 1908 Democratic platform nevertheless advocated regulatory authority for the Interstate Commerce Commission, emergency currency “issued and controlled by the Federal Government,” and an income tax on individuals and corporations. Accepting most of the demands of Samuel Gompers, the President of the American Federation of Labor, the Democrats criticized the unfair use of injunctions against striking workers, affirmed the right of labor to organize and not be charged with restraining trade, and favored an eight-hour workday for federal employees, a general employers’ liability law, and a separate Department of Labor. Also, the Democrats advocated in support of a homestead law for Hawaii, territorial governments for Alaska and Puerto Rico, independence for the Philippines once a stable government was established, and a ban on Asian immigration to the United States.\n\nUnlike in 1896 and 1900, Bryan did not advocate in favor of free silver in 1908, believing this issue to be dead at this point in time. Rather, Bryan focused on labor issues, trusts, campaign finance reform, and imperialism during his 1908 U.S. Presidential campaign. As in 1896 and 1900, Bryan ran an active and energetic campaign and delivered speeches throughout the North and West. Of the 60 days that Bryan spent on the campaign trail, half were spent in the Midwest, 10 in New York, 6 in other Eastern states, and the remaining 14 days in the Plains States and Colorado. Meanwhile, vice-presidential nominee Kern focused on campaigning in the South. As in 1896 and 1900, Bryan attracted large crowds and gave numerous speeches each day (including a record-breaking 30). Due to his older age, Bryan became more exhausted as a result of giving so many speeches than he was back in 1896 and 1900. While he expected to lose New England and the West Coast, Bryan expected to hold the South and Rocky Mountain States (as he did in both 1896 and 1900).\n\nLate in the campaign, Bryan was hurt by his ties with Democratic National Committee treasurer and Oklahoma Governor Charles Haskell. William Randolph Hearst revealed that both Haskell and Ohio Republican U.S. Senator Joseph Foraker accepting bribes in an attempt to stop the antitrust suit against the Standard Oil Company. While Taft quickly cut off all of his ties with Senator Foraker, Bryan refused to do the same with Governor Haskell due to his refusal to believe the charges against Haskell. In response, outgoing U.S. President Roosevelt called Bryan's association with and support of Haskell a “scandal and disgrace.”\n", "Taft defeated Bryan by a two-to-one (321 to 162) margin in the Electoral College and by a 52% to 43.5% margin in the popular vote. Bryan did worse in 1908 than he did in both 1896 and 1900, carrying only the South, Oklahoma, Colorado, and Nevada (Bryan also won 6 of 8 electors in Maryland while losing the state to Taft by less than 0.30%). Bryan won no crucial states and only won two large cities, Kansas City and New Orleans. Meanwhile, Taft did well in the more urban Northeast, the Midwest, and the Pacific Coast.\n\nWhile Bryan lost the 1908 U.S. Presidential election, Democrats picked up eight seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, gained strength in most state legislatures, and won Governorships in five states that Taft carried that year. In addition to this, in spite of his 1908 loss, many of Bryan's proposed reforms from 1908 eventually become law, such as the direct election of senators (1913), a federal income tax (1913), and the government guarantee of bank deposits (1933).\n", "\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "The nomination fight", "Campaign", "Results", "References" ]

[ "In addition to this, in spite of his 1908 loss, many of Bryan's proposed reforms from 1908 eventually become law, such as the direct election of senators (1913), a federal income tax (1913), and the government guarantee of bank deposits (1933)." ]

[ "\n\nThe 1908 U.S. Presidential election occurred in the backdrop of the Progressive achievements of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's second term as well as against the U.S. recovery following the Panic of 1907.", "In this election, Roosevelt's chosen successor, Republican William Howard Taft, ran in large part on Roosevelt's Progressive legacy and decisively defeated former Congressman and three-time Democratic U.S. Presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan.", "1896, 1900, and 1908 Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan.", "A political cartoon which portrays William Howard Taft as President Roosevelt's political heir.", "During his 1908 campaign, Bryan criticized U.S. House Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon.", "A map of the 1908 U.S. Presidential election by county.", "Bryan's ties with Charles Haskell ended up hurting him late in the campaign.", "Although he was previously the Democratic U.S. Presidential nominee in both 1896 and 1900 (losing to William McKinley both times), Alton Parker's defeat at the hands of President Roosevelt (who succeeded McKinley after his assassination) in 1904 gave William Jennings Bryan an opening to reassert his leadership in the Democratic Party as well as to compete for the 1908 Democratic presidential nomination.", "In addition, Bryan was helped by newspaper tycoon and 1904 contender William Randolph Hearst's loss in the 1905 New York mayoral election (something which hurt Hearst's chances to get the 1908 Democratic presidential nomination).", "Bryan's most formidable challenger for the 1908 Democratic nomination was Minnesota Governor John Albert Johnson.", "Johnson's rags-to-riches story, honesty, reformist credentials, and ability to win in a heavily Republican U.S. state made him very popular within the Democratic Party.", "Ultimately, though, Johnson was unable to overcome Bryan's popularity within the Democratic Party.", "By the end of June 1908, Bryan was able to win the necessary two-thirds of the delegates which were required for him to win the Democratic presidential nomination for that year.", "At the 1908 Democratic National Convention, Johnson (who had no chance at the Democratic nomination by that point in time) released his delegates to Bryan, helping Bryan to win the Democratic nomination on the first ballot with 892.5 delegates to 105.5 delegates for various other (favorite son) candidates.", "For Bryan's vice presidential running mate, the convention delegates selected John W. Kern, a former state senator (1893-1897) and two-time gubernatorial candidate (and later U.S.", "Senator) from Indiana.", "In response to Bryan's and Kern's nomination, ''The New York Times'' disparagingly pointed out that the Democratic national ticket was consistent because “a man twice defeated for the Presidency was at the head of it, and a man twice defeated for governor of his state in 1900 and 1904 was at the tail of it.”\n\nDuring the campaign, the fact that this was Bryan's third Democratic presidential nomination was mocked by Republicans.", "Specifically, Republicans told voters to \"vote for Taft now\" because they could \"vote for Bryan anytime.\"", "The 1908 Democratic platform criticized corporate power at the expense of the people as well as the increased number of federal officeholders and expenditures—“the heedless waste of the people’s money”—and demanded “the strictest economy in every department compatible with frugal and efficient administration.” In addition, the Democrats condemned the “arbitrary power” of the Republican U.S. House Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon (of Illinois) as well as the use of patronage by President Roosevelt to nominate “one of his Cabinet officers” (Taft) as his successor.", "Due to Bryan's efforts, a plank in the 1908 Democratic platform called for federal legislation requiring the publication of campaign contributions, limiting the amount that individuals could donate, and banning contributions from business corporations (via their officers), the last punishable by imprisonment.", "The platform reiterated the party’s longstanding support of tariff reform and welcomed Republicans’ “tardy recognition of the righteousness of the Democratic position….” Labeling private monopoly “indefensible and intolerable,” the trusts plank advocated three laws: banning directors from sitting on the board of more than one competing business, federal licensing of any corporation before it could control 25% of a market and prohibiting control of over 50% market-share of an American-consumed product, and requiring corporations to sell to all purchasers on the same terms (except for transportation costs).", "At Bryan’s urging, his previous endorsement of government ownership of railroads was omitted from the platform.", "However, the 1908 Democratic platform nevertheless advocated regulatory authority for the Interstate Commerce Commission, emergency currency “issued and controlled by the Federal Government,” and an income tax on individuals and corporations.", "Accepting most of the demands of Samuel Gompers, the President of the American Federation of Labor, the Democrats criticized the unfair use of injunctions against striking workers, affirmed the right of labor to organize and not be charged with restraining trade, and favored an eight-hour workday for federal employees, a general employers’ liability law, and a separate Department of Labor.", "Also, the Democrats advocated in support of a homestead law for Hawaii, territorial governments for Alaska and Puerto Rico, independence for the Philippines once a stable government was established, and a ban on Asian immigration to the United States.", "Unlike in 1896 and 1900, Bryan did not advocate in favor of free silver in 1908, believing this issue to be dead at this point in time.", "Rather, Bryan focused on labor issues, trusts, campaign finance reform, and imperialism during his 1908 U.S. Presidential campaign.", "As in 1896 and 1900, Bryan ran an active and energetic campaign and delivered speeches throughout the North and West.", "Of the 60 days that Bryan spent on the campaign trail, half were spent in the Midwest, 10 in New York, 6 in other Eastern states, and the remaining 14 days in the Plains States and Colorado.", "Meanwhile, vice-presidential nominee Kern focused on campaigning in the South.", "As in 1896 and 1900, Bryan attracted large crowds and gave numerous speeches each day (including a record-breaking 30).", "Due to his older age, Bryan became more exhausted as a result of giving so many speeches than he was back in 1896 and 1900.", "While he expected to lose New England and the West Coast, Bryan expected to hold the South and Rocky Mountain States (as he did in both 1896 and 1900).", "Late in the campaign, Bryan was hurt by his ties with Democratic National Committee treasurer and Oklahoma Governor Charles Haskell.", "William Randolph Hearst revealed that both Haskell and Ohio Republican U.S.", "Senator Joseph Foraker accepting bribes in an attempt to stop the antitrust suit against the Standard Oil Company.", "While Taft quickly cut off all of his ties with Senator Foraker, Bryan refused to do the same with Governor Haskell due to his refusal to believe the charges against Haskell.", "In response, outgoing U.S. President Roosevelt called Bryan's association with and support of Haskell a “scandal and disgrace.”", "Taft defeated Bryan by a two-to-one (321 to 162) margin in the Electoral College and by a 52% to 43.5% margin in the popular vote.", "Bryan did worse in 1908 than he did in both 1896 and 1900, carrying only the South, Oklahoma, Colorado, and Nevada (Bryan also won 6 of 8 electors in Maryland while losing the state to Taft by less than 0.30%).", "Bryan won no crucial states and only won two large cities, Kansas City and New Orleans.", "Meanwhile, Taft did well in the more urban Northeast, the Midwest, and the Pacific Coast.", "While Bryan lost the 1908 U.S. Presidential election, Democrats picked up eight seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, gained strength in most state legislatures, and won Governorships in five states that Taft carried that year." ]

[ "\nThe '''Sumathi Best Television Commercial Award''' is presented annually in Sri Lanka by the Sumathi Group of Campany associated with many commercial brands for the best Sri Lankan television commercial of the year in television screen.\n\nThe award was first given in 1995. The award was given to the three best commercial advertising in each year for three advertisings. Following is a list of the winners of this prestigious title since then.\n\n\n\n Year !! Award advertising !! Production company\n\n1995 \n 1st place - Kist Jam \n Walter Thomas\n\n 2nd place - Wim \n Lintars \n\n 3rd place - Signature \n Minds Lanka\n\n1996 \n 1st place - Anchor Butter \n TVT\n\n 2nd place - Swarnamahal \n Grant Macan Erikson\n\n 3rd place - Wanik Bank \n Homs Polad\n\n1997 \n 1st place - NIC Divimaga \n Best Strategic Alliance\n\n 2nd place - Lifton Tea \n Walter Thomas\n\n 3rd place - Babal Washing Poweder \n Homs Polad\n\n1998 \n 1st place - Orange Barley \n Lintars\n\n 2nd place - Suntel \n Lintars\n\n 3rd place - Babal Washing Poweder \n Walter Thomson\n\n1999 \n 1st place \n Best Strategic Alliance\n\n 2nd place \n Walter Thomas\n\n 3rd place \n Lintars\n\n2001 \n 1st place - Polo \n Lintars\n\n 2nd place - Ginger Beer \n Lintars\n\n 3rd place - Shri FM \n Walter Thomson\n\n2002 \n 1st place - Sunlight \n Lintars\n\n 2nd place - Sunlight \n Lintars\n\n 3rd place - Eagle Insurance \n Walter Thomson\n\n2003 \n 1st place - Delux Pentalight \n Thomson Associate\n\n 2nd place - Lipton La-o-ge \n Walter Thomson\n\n 3rd place - Munchee Wishesha Balakaya \n L.O.L.G.B\n\n2004 \n 1st place - Mobitel \n Zineth Marcon Limited\n\n 2nd place - Holcim Pedareru \n Best Asia Limited\n\n 3rd place - Vesak \n Lio Bernad\n\n2006 \n 1st place - Poya Ad \n Grant Macan Ericson\n\n 2nd place - Pani Kaju \n JLC Pvt Limited\n\n 3rd place - Tokyo Cement \n Lio Bernad\n\n2007 \n 1st place - Api Wenuwen Api \n Trie Ads\n\n 2nd place - Lama Surakum \n Grans\n\n 3rd place - Union Motors \n K.W.T\n\n2008 \n 1st place - Mobitel \n Lio Bernad Solutions\n\n 2nd place - Teego \n Grant Macan Solution\n\n 3rd place - Mobitel Smart \n Lio Bernad Solutions\n\n2009 \n 1st place - Mobitel Smart \n Lio Bernad\n\n 2nd place - Dialog Ad \n K.W.D\n\n 3rd place - Lanka Bell IDD Ad \n Sarva Enterprises\n\n2010 \n 1st place - Mobitel Digin Digata Katha \n Triads\n\n 2nd place - Sunlight 125 years Ad \n Unilever Limited\n\n 3rd place - Union Assurance \n Sarva Enterprises\n\n2011 \n 1st place - Lankaa Sanstha Waane \n Lio Bernad\n\n 2nd place - Union Assurance Motors \n Triads\n\n 3rd place - NSB Smile \n Minds Integrated\n\n2012 \n 1st place - Lanka Bell Stanger \n Sarva Enterprises\n\n 2nd place - Mobitel Upahara \n Response Marketing\n\n 3rd place - Sri Lanka Eye Donation Society \n Lio Bernad Solutions\n\n2013 \n 1st place - CocaCola Minute Maid \n Lio Bernad\n\n 2nd place - Lanka Bell Kos Gaha \n Sarva Enterprises\n\n 3rd place - Etisalat Lanka \n Response Marketing\n\n2014 \n 1st place - AIA Insurance Poson Ad \n TBW/TAL\n\n 2nd place \n Grant Macan Ericson\n\n 3rd place - Commercial Credit Amba Seeya \n JWT \n\n2015 \n 1st place - Commercial Credit Loved Ones \n JWT\n\n 2nd place - Sampath Bank Corporate \n Grant Macan Ericson\n\n 3rd place - Mobitel Skype \n Triads\n\n2016 \n 1st place - Kotagala Kahata \n Teleview Pvt. Limited\n\n 2nd place - Kotagala Kahata \n Teleview Pvt. Limited\n\n 3rd place - UNISEF Child Abuse Phase 2 \n Leo Bernad Solutions\n\n\n\n\n Year !! Merit Award !! Production company\n\n2006 \n Anchor 1+ \n Minds F.C.D\n\n SLT Citylink \n Lio Bernad\n\n2007 \n Three-wheel Ads \n Trade Lanka\n\n Telecom Ads \n Lio Bernad\n\n2009 \n Teego \n Grant Macan Ericson\n\n Dammi Sugath Oyay Mamay \n Triads\n\n 2012 \n Delux Akzo Nobel Paint \n TBWA/TAL\n\n 2013 \n Commercial Credit Ran Naya Sewawa \n Lio Bernad\n\n2014 \n Mobitel Ads \n Triads\n\n Seylan Bank \n Triads\n\n2015 \n BOC Senior Citizen \n Sara Idea Pvt. Limited\n\n Sunquick Mother and Son \n Grant Macan Ericson\n\n2016 \n HDFC Bank Corporate Children \n Holmes Pollard & Stott Pvt. Limited\n\n Shift Integrated Pvt. Limited \n Airtel Lanka Be Brave SL Youth\n\n", "\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "References" ]

[ "Production company\n\n1995 \n 1st place - Kist Jam \n Walter Thomas\n\n 2nd place - Wim \n Lintars \n\n 3rd place - Signature \n Minds Lanka\n\n1996 \n 1st place - Anchor Butter \n TVT\n\n 2nd place - Swarnamahal \n Grant Macan Erikson\n\n 3rd place - Wanik Bank \n Homs Polad\n\n1997 \n 1st place - NIC Divimaga \n Best Strategic Alliance\n\n 2nd place - Lifton Tea \n Walter Thomas\n\n 3rd place - Babal Washing Poweder \n Homs Polad\n\n1998 \n 1st place - Orange Barley \n Lintars\n\n 2nd place - Suntel \n Lintars\n\n 3rd place - Babal Washing Poweder \n Walter Thomson\n\n1999 \n 1st place \n Best Strategic Alliance\n\n 2nd place \n Walter Thomas\n\n 3rd place \n Lintars\n\n2001 \n 1st place - Polo \n Lintars\n\n 2nd place - Ginger Beer \n Lintars\n\n 3rd place - Shri FM \n Walter Thomson\n\n2002 \n 1st place - Sunlight \n Lintars\n\n 2nd place - Sunlight \n Lintars\n\n 3rd place - Eagle Insurance \n Walter Thomson\n\n2003 \n 1st place - Delux Pentalight \n Thomson Associate\n\n 2nd place - Lipton La-o-ge \n Walter Thomson\n\n 3rd place - Munchee Wishesha Balakaya \n L.O.L.G.B\n\n2004 \n 1st place - Mobitel \n Zineth Marcon Limited\n\n 2nd place - Holcim Pedareru \n Best Asia Limited\n\n 3rd place - Vesak \n Lio Bernad\n\n2006 \n 1st place - Poya Ad \n Grant Macan Ericson\n\n 2nd place - Pani Kaju \n JLC Pvt Limited\n\n 3rd place - Tokyo Cement \n Lio Bernad\n\n2007 \n 1st place - Api Wenuwen Api \n Trie Ads\n\n 2nd place - Lama Surakum \n Grans\n\n 3rd place - Union Motors \n K.W.T\n\n2008 \n 1st place - Mobitel \n Lio Bernad Solutions\n\n 2nd place - Teego \n Grant Macan Solution\n\n 3rd place - Mobitel Smart \n Lio Bernad Solutions\n\n2009 \n 1st place - Mobitel Smart \n Lio Bernad\n\n 2nd place - Dialog Ad \n K.W.D\n\n 3rd place - Lanka Bell IDD Ad \n Sarva Enterprises\n\n2010 \n 1st place - Mobitel Digin Digata Katha \n Triads\n\n 2nd place - Sunlight 125 years Ad \n Unilever Limited\n\n 3rd place - Union Assurance \n Sarva Enterprises\n\n2011 \n 1st place - Lankaa Sanstha Waane \n Lio Bernad\n\n 2nd place - Union Assurance Motors \n Triads\n\n 3rd place - NSB Smile \n Minds Integrated\n\n2012 \n 1st place - Lanka Bell Stanger \n Sarva Enterprises\n\n 2nd place - Mobitel Upahara \n Response Marketing\n\n 3rd place - Sri Lanka Eye Donation Society \n Lio Bernad Solutions\n\n2013 \n 1st place - CocaCola Minute Maid \n Lio Bernad\n\n 2nd place - Lanka Bell Kos Gaha \n Sarva Enterprises\n\n 3rd place - Etisalat Lanka \n Response Marketing\n\n2014 \n 1st place - AIA Insurance Poson Ad \n TBW/TAL\n\n 2nd place \n Grant Macan Ericson\n\n 3rd place - Commercial Credit Amba Seeya \n JWT \n\n2015 \n 1st place - Commercial Credit Loved Ones \n JWT\n\n 2nd place - Sampath Bank Corporate \n Grant Macan Ericson\n\n 3rd place - Mobitel Skype \n Triads\n\n2016 \n 1st place - Kotagala Kahata \n Teleview Pvt.", "Production company\n\n2006 \n Anchor 1+ \n Minds F.C.D\n\n SLT Citylink \n Lio Bernad\n\n2007 \n Three-wheel Ads \n Trade Lanka\n\n Telecom Ads \n Lio Bernad\n\n2009 \n Teego \n Grant Macan Ericson\n\n Dammi Sugath Oyay Mamay \n Triads\n\n 2012 \n Delux Akzo Nobel Paint \n TBWA/TAL\n\n 2013 \n Commercial Credit Ran Naya Sewawa \n Lio Bernad\n\n2014 \n Mobitel Ads \n Triads\n\n Seylan Bank \n Triads\n\n2015 \n BOC Senior Citizen \n Sara Idea Pvt.", "Limited\n\n Sunquick Mother and Son \n Grant Macan Ericson\n\n2016 \n HDFC Bank Corporate Children \n Holmes Pollard & Stott Pvt." ]

[ "\nThe '''Sumathi Best Television Commercial Award''' is presented annually in Sri Lanka by the Sumathi Group of Campany associated with many commercial brands for the best Sri Lankan television commercial of the year in television screen.", "The award was first given in 1995.", "The award was given to the three best commercial advertising in each year for three advertisings.", "Following is a list of the winners of this prestigious title since then.", "Year !", "!", "Award advertising !", "!", "Limited\n\n 2nd place - Kotagala Kahata \n Teleview Pvt.", "Limited\n\n 3rd place - UNISEF Child Abuse Phase 2 \n Leo Bernad Solutions\n\n\n\n\n Year !", "!", "Merit Award !", "!", "Limited\n\n Shift Integrated Pvt.", "Limited \n Airtel Lanka Be Brave SL Youth" ]

[ "The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Port Louis on the island of Mauritius.\n\n\n", "\n\n* 1721 - French in power on Isle de France; Noord-Wester Haven (harbor) renamed \"Port Louis.\"\n* 1729 - Hôtel du Gouvernement built.\n* 1735 - Development of Port Louis begins (approximate date).\n* 1749 - Le Réduit (fort) built near Port Louis at Moka.\n* 1772 - Bagne Prison built.\n* 1782 - construction begins.(de)\n* 1790 - Thomas Enouf becomes mayor.\n* 1794 - Town renamed “Port de La Montagne.”\n* 1795 - Town renamed “Port Nord-Ouest.”\n* 1803 - Town renamed “Port Napoléon.”\n* 1805 - Mosque constructed.\n* 1810\n** British in power.\n** Town renamed \"Port Louis\" again.\n** Population: 24,000.\n* 1812 - Champ de Mars Racecourse opens.\n* 1816 - Fire.\n* 1838 - built.\n* 1847 - Roman Catholic Diocese of Port-Louis established.\n* 1849 - Development of Aapravasi Ghat immigration depot begins.\n* 1850\n** February: Municipal election held.\n** March: Louis Léchelle becomes mayor.\n* 1852 - Mosquée des Arabes established.\n* 1864 - North line railway begins operating.\n* 1866 - Municipal government headquartered in the Hôtel d’Europe building.\n* 1867 - Malaria outbreak.\n* 1870 - General Post Office built.\n* 1869 - Port Louis economy affected by opening of Suez Canal in Egypt.\n* 1887 - ''Revue historique et littéraire de l'Ile Maurice'' begins publication.\n* 1892 - 29 April: occurs.\n* 1897 - 22 June: Statue of British queen Victoria unveiled.\n", "* 1904 - 8-9 June: Flood.\n* 1907 - Population: 30,899.\n* 1910 - Government House rebuilt.\n* 1919 - Population: 40,106 metro.\n* 1933 - Catholic St. Louis Cathedral rebuilt.\n* 1942 - Airport established in Plaine Magnien, 48 km from Port Louis.\n* 1952 - Population: 84,539.\n* 1953 - Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute founded in nearby Réduit.\n* 1959 - Eddy J. Changkye becomes mayor.\n* 1963 - ''L'Express'' newspaper begins publication.\n* 1964 - Population: 126,550 (estimate).\n* 1965 - University of Mauritius established in nearby Réduit.\n* 1966\n** City Hall built.\n** founded.\n* 1967 - City economy affected by temporary closure of Suez Canal during war in Egypt.\n* 1968 - City becomes part of Commonwealth realm of Mauritius.\n* 1969 - Six administrative wards created.\n* 1975 - Suez Canal reopens in Egypt.\n* 1979 - August: Sugar industry labor strike.\n* 1984 - Population: 135,200 (estimate).\n* 1989 - Stock Exchange of Mauritius headquartered in city. \n* 1992\n** Mauritius Telecom headquartered in city.\n** City becomes part of independent Republic of Mauritius.\n* 1993\n** October: Meeting of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie held in city.\n** Meeting of the Association Internationale des Maires Francophones held in city.\n* 1995 - opens\n* 1996 - Caudan Waterfront in business.\n* 2000\n** AS Port-Louis 2000 (football club) formed.\n** Population: 144,303 metro.\n", "* 2002 - Statue of Basdeo Bissoondyal unveiled.\n* 2006 - Bank of Mauritius Tower built.\n* 2008 - (museum) opens.\n* 2010 - Population: 128,483 city; 148,416 metro.\n* 2013 - March-April: Flood.\n* 2017 - Daniel Eric Clive Laurent becomes mayor.\n", "* Port Louis history\n* List of mayors of Port Louis\n* \n* List of governors of Isle de France (Mauritius) 1735-1810, seated at Le Réduit, Moka, near Port Louis \n* List of governors of British Mauritius, 1810-1968, seated at Moka near Port Louis\n* Timeline of Mauritius history (in French)\n", "\n:''This article incorporates information from the French Wikipedia and German Wikipedia.''\n", "\n\n;in English\n* \n* (Includes description of Port Louis)\n* \n* \n\n;in French\n* \n\n", "\n* \n* (Bibliography)\n* (Bibliography)\n* (Images, etc.)\n", "\nFile:Port Louis, central station.jpg|Port Louis railway station (photo circa 1880s-1890s)\nFile:Port Louis Cyclone 1892 Poudriere Street St James Cathedral.jpg|Aftermath of cyclone, 1892\nFile:Port Louis, Central Railway Station, 1897, June 22th.jpg|Unveiling of queen Victoria statue, 1897\nFile:Government House Port Louis.JPG|Government House, built 1729, rebuilt in 1910 (photo 2015)\nFile:Prof Basdeo Bissoondoyal-Statue 01.jpg|Basdeo Bissoondoyal statue, erected in 2002\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Prior to 20th century", "20th century", "21st century", "See also", "References", "Bibliography", "External links", "Images" ]

[ "* 2006 - Bank of Mauritius Tower built." ]

[ "The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Port Louis on the island of Mauritius.", "\n\n* 1721 - French in power on Isle de France; Noord-Wester Haven (harbor) renamed \"Port Louis.\"", "* 1729 - Hôtel du Gouvernement built.", "* 1735 - Development of Port Louis begins (approximate date).", "* 1749 - Le Réduit (fort) built near Port Louis at Moka.", "* 1772 - Bagne Prison built.", "* 1782 - construction begins.", "(de)\n* 1790 - Thomas Enouf becomes mayor.", "* 1794 - Town renamed “Port de La Montagne.”\n* 1795 - Town renamed “Port Nord-Ouest.”\n* 1803 - Town renamed “Port Napoléon.”\n* 1805 - Mosque constructed.", "* 1810\n** British in power.", "** Town renamed \"Port Louis\" again.", "** Population: 24,000.", "* 1812 - Champ de Mars Racecourse opens.", "* 1816 - Fire.", "* 1838 - built.", "* 1847 - Roman Catholic Diocese of Port-Louis established.", "* 1849 - Development of Aapravasi Ghat immigration depot begins.", "* 1850\n** February: Municipal election held.", "** March: Louis Léchelle becomes mayor.", "* 1852 - Mosquée des Arabes established.", "* 1864 - North line railway begins operating.", "* 1866 - Municipal government headquartered in the Hôtel d’Europe building.", "* 1867 - Malaria outbreak.", "* 1870 - General Post Office built.", "* 1869 - Port Louis economy affected by opening of Suez Canal in Egypt.", "* 1887 - ''Revue historique et littéraire de l'Ile Maurice'' begins publication.", "* 1892 - 29 April: occurs.", "* 1897 - 22 June: Statue of British queen Victoria unveiled.", "* 1904 - 8-9 June: Flood.", "* 1907 - Population: 30,899.", "* 1910 - Government House rebuilt.", "* 1919 - Population: 40,106 metro.", "* 1933 - Catholic St. Louis Cathedral rebuilt.", "* 1942 - Airport established in Plaine Magnien, 48 km from Port Louis.", "* 1952 - Population: 84,539.", "* 1953 - Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute founded in nearby Réduit.", "* 1959 - Eddy J. Changkye becomes mayor.", "* 1963 - ''L'Express'' newspaper begins publication.", "* 1964 - Population: 126,550 (estimate).", "* 1965 - University of Mauritius established in nearby Réduit.", "* 1966\n** City Hall built.", "** founded.", "* 1967 - City economy affected by temporary closure of Suez Canal during war in Egypt.", "* 1968 - City becomes part of Commonwealth realm of Mauritius.", "* 1969 - Six administrative wards created.", "* 1975 - Suez Canal reopens in Egypt.", "* 1979 - August: Sugar industry labor strike.", "* 1984 - Population: 135,200 (estimate).", "* 1989 - Stock Exchange of Mauritius headquartered in city.", "* 1992\n** Mauritius Telecom headquartered in city.", "** City becomes part of independent Republic of Mauritius.", "* 1993\n** October: Meeting of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie held in city.", "** Meeting of the Association Internationale des Maires Francophones held in city.", "* 1995 - opens\n* 1996 - Caudan Waterfront in business.", "* 2000\n** AS Port-Louis 2000 (football club) formed.", "** Population: 144,303 metro.", "* 2002 - Statue of Basdeo Bissoondyal unveiled.", "* 2008 - (museum) opens.", "* 2010 - Population: 128,483 city; 148,416 metro.", "* 2013 - March-April: Flood.", "* 2017 - Daniel Eric Clive Laurent becomes mayor.", "* Port Louis history\n* List of mayors of Port Louis\n* \n* List of governors of Isle de France (Mauritius) 1735-1810, seated at Le Réduit, Moka, near Port Louis \n* List of governors of British Mauritius, 1810-1968, seated at Moka near Port Louis\n* Timeline of Mauritius history (in French)", "\n:''This article incorporates information from the French Wikipedia and German Wikipedia.''", "\n\n;in English\n* \n* (Includes description of Port Louis)\n* \n* \n\n;in French\n*", "\n* \n* (Bibliography)\n* (Bibliography)\n* (Images, etc.)", "\nFile:Port Louis, central station.jpg|Port Louis railway station (photo circa 1880s-1890s)\nFile:Port Louis Cyclone 1892 Poudriere Street St James Cathedral.jpg|Aftermath of cyclone, 1892\nFile:Port Louis, Central Railway Station, 1897, June 22th.jpg|Unveiling of queen Victoria statue, 1897\nFile:Government House Port Louis.JPG|Government House, built 1729, rebuilt in 1910 (photo 2015)\nFile:Prof Basdeo Bissoondoyal-Statue 01.jpg|Basdeo Bissoondoyal statue, erected in 2002" ]

[ "\nThe period of 1859 to 1957 in Haitian history covers an era of political struggles, the period of American occupation and multiple coups and elections until the Duvaliers seized control of the country in 1957. \n\n\n", "\n===Building a republic and failure===\nFabre Geffrard's government has held office until 1867, and he encouraged a successful policy of national reconciliation. In 1860, he reached an agreement with the Vatican, reintroducing official Roman Catholic institutions, including schools, to the nation. In 1867 an attempt was made to establish a constitutional government, but successive presidents Sylvain Salnave and Nissage Saget were overthrown in 1869 and 1874 respectively. A more workable constitution was introduced under Michel Domingue in 1874, leading to a long period of democratic peace and development for Haiti. The debt to France was finally repaid in 1879, and Michel Domingue's government peacefully transferred power to Lysius Salomon, one of Haiti's abler leaders. Monetary reform and a cultural renaissance ensued with a flowering of Haitian art. The final two decades of the 19th century were also marked by the development of a Haitian intellectual culture. Major works of history were published in 1847 and 1865. Haitian intellectuals, led by Louis-Joseph Janvier and Anténor Firmin, engaged in a war of letters against a tide of racism and Social Darwinism that emerged during this period.\n\nThe Constitution of 1867 saw peaceful and progressive transitions in government that did much to improve the economy and stability of the Haitian nation and the condition of its people. Constitutional government restored the faith of the Haitian people in legal institutions. The development of industrial sugar and rum industries near Port-au-Prince made Haiti, for a while, a model for economic growth in Latin American countries.\nThis period of relative stability and prosperity ended in 1911, when revolution broke out and the country slid once again into disorder and debt.\n\nFrom 1911 to 1915, there were six different presidents, each of whom was killed or forced into exile. The revolutionary armies were formed by ''cacos'', peasant brigands from the mountains of the north, along the porous Dominican border, who were enlisted by rival political factions with promises of money to be paid after a successful revolution and an opportunity to plunder. The United States was particularly apprehensive about the role of the German community in Haiti (approximately 200 in 1910), who wielded a disproportionate amount of economic power. Germans controlled about 80% of the country's international commerce; they also owned and operated utilities in Cap Haïtien and Port-au-Prince, the main wharf and a tramway in the capital, and a railroad serving the Plaine de Cul-du-Sac.\n\nThe German community proved more willing to integrate into Haitian society than any other group of white foreigners, including the French. A number married into the nation's most prominent mulatto families, bypassing the constitutional prohibition against foreign land-ownership. They also served as the principal financiers of the nation's innumerable revolutions, floating innumerable loans-at high interest rates-to competing political factions. In an effort to limit German influence, in 1910–11, the US State Department backed a consortium of American investors, assembled by the National City Bank of New York, in acquiring control of the ''Banque Nationale d'Haïti'', the nation's only commercial bank and the government treasury.\n\nIn February 1915, Vilbrun Guillaume Sam formed a dictatorship, but in July, facing a new revolt, whom he massacred 167 political opponents, and was lynched by a mob in Port-au-Prince.\n\n===United States occupation===\n\nIn 1915, Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave was appointed by US authorities to the Presidency of Haiti. Martial law was declared, and persisted until 1929. A treaty, which allowed the US government complete control over cabinet positions and Haiti's finances, was passed by the legislature in November 1915. The treaty also established the ''Gendarmerie d'Haïti'' (Haitian Constabulatory Force), Haiti's first professional military. Dartiguenave dissolved the legislature in 1917 after its members refused to approve a new constitution. A referendum subsequently approved the constitution, which allowed foreigners to own land, something which had been forbidden by Haitian law since independence in 1804.\n\nIt is confirmed that Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave was a homosexual male.\n\nThe US occupation was a costly period in terms of human life. A revolt by disgruntled citizens was put down in 1918, with an estimated 2,000 killed. White foreigners, many with deep racial prejudices, dominated public policy, which angered the historically dominant Mulattos. However, Haiti's infrastructure, including roads, telephone lines, and plumbing, were repaired. Lighthouses, schools, hospitals, and harbors were built. Louis Borno replaced Dartiguenave as president in 1922, after he was forced out of office. He ruled without a legislature until elections were permitted in 1930. This newly formed legislature elected Sténio Vincent, a mulatto, as president.\n\nBy 1930, Haiti had become a liability to the United States. A congressional inquiry, known as the Forbes Commission, exposed many human rights violations, and while it praised improvements in Haitian society, it criticized the exclusion of Haitians from positions of authority. By August 1932, with the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt as US President, American troops withdrew and authority was formally transferred to local police and army officials.\n\n===Post-occupation, World War II and collapse===\nVincent took advantage of the stability to gain dictatorial power. Vincent expanded his economic authority by referendum, and in 1935, he forced a new constitution through the legislature. This constitution gave him power to dissolve the legislature and reorganize the judiciary at will, as well as the power to appoint senators. He also brutally oppressed political opposition. \n\nRafael Leónidas Trujillo had come to power in 1930 in the neighboring Dominican Republic. In 1937, Trujillo attacked the border with Haiti, his forces killing an estimated 20,000 Haitians. This attack Vincent interpreted as an attempted coup against himself, and thus he purged the military of all officers suspected of disloyalty. Many of these later joined the Dominican military.\n\nIn 1941, Élie Lescot, a mulatto who was an experienced and competent government official, was elected as President. Despite high expectations, his tenure paralleled Vincent's in its brutality and marginalization of opposition. He declared war on the Axis powers during World War II, and used this as an excuse to censor the press and repress his opponents. Lescot also maintained a clandestine cooperation with Trujillo, which undermined his already-nonexistent popularity. In January 1946, after Lescot jailed editors of a Marxist newspaper, protests broke out among government workers, teachers, and business owners. Lescot resigned, and a military junta, the ''Comité Exécutif Militaire'' (Executive Military Committee), assumed power.\n\nHaiti elected a legislature in May 1946, and after two rounds of voting, Dumarsais Estimé, a black cabinet minister, was elected president. He operated under a new constitution which expanded schools, established rural farming cooperatives, and raised salaries of civil servants. These early successes, however, were undermined by his personal ambition, and his alienation of the military and elite led to a coup in 1950, which reinstalled the military junta. Direct elections, the first in Haiti's history, were held in October 1950, and Paul Magloire, an elite black Colonel in the military, was elected. Hurricane Hazel hit the island in 1954, which devastated the nation's infrastructure and economy. Hurricane relief was inadequately distributed and misspent, and Magloire jailed opponents and shut down newspapers. After refusing to step down after his term ended, a general strike shut down Port-au-Prince's economy, and Magloire fled, leaving the government in a state of chaos. When elections were finally organized, François Duvalier, a rural doctor, was elected, on a platform of activism on behalf of Haiti's poor. His opponent, however, Louis Déjoie, was a mulatto and the scion of a prominent family. Duvalier scored a decisive victory at the polls. His followers took two-thirds of the legislature's lower house and all of the seats in the Senate.\n", "*History of Haiti\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "History", "See also", "References" ]

[ "In an effort to limit German influence, in 1910–11, the US State Department backed a consortium of American investors, assembled by the National City Bank of New York, in acquiring control of the ''Banque Nationale d'Haïti'', the nation's only commercial bank and the government treasury." ]

[ "\nThe period of 1859 to 1957 in Haitian history covers an era of political struggles, the period of American occupation and multiple coups and elections until the Duvaliers seized control of the country in 1957.", "\n===Building a republic and failure===\nFabre Geffrard's government has held office until 1867, and he encouraged a successful policy of national reconciliation.", "In 1860, he reached an agreement with the Vatican, reintroducing official Roman Catholic institutions, including schools, to the nation.", "In 1867 an attempt was made to establish a constitutional government, but successive presidents Sylvain Salnave and Nissage Saget were overthrown in 1869 and 1874 respectively.", "A more workable constitution was introduced under Michel Domingue in 1874, leading to a long period of democratic peace and development for Haiti.", "The debt to France was finally repaid in 1879, and Michel Domingue's government peacefully transferred power to Lysius Salomon, one of Haiti's abler leaders.", "Monetary reform and a cultural renaissance ensued with a flowering of Haitian art.", "The final two decades of the 19th century were also marked by the development of a Haitian intellectual culture.", "Major works of history were published in 1847 and 1865.", "Haitian intellectuals, led by Louis-Joseph Janvier and Anténor Firmin, engaged in a war of letters against a tide of racism and Social Darwinism that emerged during this period.", "The Constitution of 1867 saw peaceful and progressive transitions in government that did much to improve the economy and stability of the Haitian nation and the condition of its people.", "Constitutional government restored the faith of the Haitian people in legal institutions.", "The development of industrial sugar and rum industries near Port-au-Prince made Haiti, for a while, a model for economic growth in Latin American countries.", "This period of relative stability and prosperity ended in 1911, when revolution broke out and the country slid once again into disorder and debt.", "From 1911 to 1915, there were six different presidents, each of whom was killed or forced into exile.", "The revolutionary armies were formed by ''cacos'', peasant brigands from the mountains of the north, along the porous Dominican border, who were enlisted by rival political factions with promises of money to be paid after a successful revolution and an opportunity to plunder.", "The United States was particularly apprehensive about the role of the German community in Haiti (approximately 200 in 1910), who wielded a disproportionate amount of economic power.", "Germans controlled about 80% of the country's international commerce; they also owned and operated utilities in Cap Haïtien and Port-au-Prince, the main wharf and a tramway in the capital, and a railroad serving the Plaine de Cul-du-Sac.", "The German community proved more willing to integrate into Haitian society than any other group of white foreigners, including the French.", "A number married into the nation's most prominent mulatto families, bypassing the constitutional prohibition against foreign land-ownership.", "They also served as the principal financiers of the nation's innumerable revolutions, floating innumerable loans-at high interest rates-to competing political factions.", "In February 1915, Vilbrun Guillaume Sam formed a dictatorship, but in July, facing a new revolt, whom he massacred 167 political opponents, and was lynched by a mob in Port-au-Prince.", "===United States occupation===\n\nIn 1915, Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave was appointed by US authorities to the Presidency of Haiti.", "Martial law was declared, and persisted until 1929.", "A treaty, which allowed the US government complete control over cabinet positions and Haiti's finances, was passed by the legislature in November 1915.", "The treaty also established the ''Gendarmerie d'Haïti'' (Haitian Constabulatory Force), Haiti's first professional military.", "Dartiguenave dissolved the legislature in 1917 after its members refused to approve a new constitution.", "A referendum subsequently approved the constitution, which allowed foreigners to own land, something which had been forbidden by Haitian law since independence in 1804.", "It is confirmed that Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave was a homosexual male.", "The US occupation was a costly period in terms of human life.", "A revolt by disgruntled citizens was put down in 1918, with an estimated 2,000 killed.", "White foreigners, many with deep racial prejudices, dominated public policy, which angered the historically dominant Mulattos.", "However, Haiti's infrastructure, including roads, telephone lines, and plumbing, were repaired.", "Lighthouses, schools, hospitals, and harbors were built.", "Louis Borno replaced Dartiguenave as president in 1922, after he was forced out of office.", "He ruled without a legislature until elections were permitted in 1930.", "This newly formed legislature elected Sténio Vincent, a mulatto, as president.", "By 1930, Haiti had become a liability to the United States.", "A congressional inquiry, known as the Forbes Commission, exposed many human rights violations, and while it praised improvements in Haitian society, it criticized the exclusion of Haitians from positions of authority.", "By August 1932, with the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt as US President, American troops withdrew and authority was formally transferred to local police and army officials.", "===Post-occupation, World War II and collapse===\nVincent took advantage of the stability to gain dictatorial power.", "Vincent expanded his economic authority by referendum, and in 1935, he forced a new constitution through the legislature.", "This constitution gave him power to dissolve the legislature and reorganize the judiciary at will, as well as the power to appoint senators.", "He also brutally oppressed political opposition.", "Rafael Leónidas Trujillo had come to power in 1930 in the neighboring Dominican Republic.", "In 1937, Trujillo attacked the border with Haiti, his forces killing an estimated 20,000 Haitians.", "This attack Vincent interpreted as an attempted coup against himself, and thus he purged the military of all officers suspected of disloyalty.", "Many of these later joined the Dominican military.", "In 1941, Élie Lescot, a mulatto who was an experienced and competent government official, was elected as President.", "Despite high expectations, his tenure paralleled Vincent's in its brutality and marginalization of opposition.", "He declared war on the Axis powers during World War II, and used this as an excuse to censor the press and repress his opponents.", "Lescot also maintained a clandestine cooperation with Trujillo, which undermined his already-nonexistent popularity.", "In January 1946, after Lescot jailed editors of a Marxist newspaper, protests broke out among government workers, teachers, and business owners.", "Lescot resigned, and a military junta, the ''Comité Exécutif Militaire'' (Executive Military Committee), assumed power.", "Haiti elected a legislature in May 1946, and after two rounds of voting, Dumarsais Estimé, a black cabinet minister, was elected president.", "He operated under a new constitution which expanded schools, established rural farming cooperatives, and raised salaries of civil servants.", "These early successes, however, were undermined by his personal ambition, and his alienation of the military and elite led to a coup in 1950, which reinstalled the military junta.", "Direct elections, the first in Haiti's history, were held in October 1950, and Paul Magloire, an elite black Colonel in the military, was elected.", "Hurricane Hazel hit the island in 1954, which devastated the nation's infrastructure and economy.", "Hurricane relief was inadequately distributed and misspent, and Magloire jailed opponents and shut down newspapers.", "After refusing to step down after his term ended, a general strike shut down Port-au-Prince's economy, and Magloire fled, leaving the government in a state of chaos.", "When elections were finally organized, François Duvalier, a rural doctor, was elected, on a platform of activism on behalf of Haiti's poor.", "His opponent, however, Louis Déjoie, was a mulatto and the scion of a prominent family.", "Duvalier scored a decisive victory at the polls.", "His followers took two-thirds of the legislature's lower house and all of the seats in the Senate.", "*History of Haiti" ]

[ "\n\nThe '''Tula Toli Massacre''' is referred to the mass-killing of Rohingya population during the Myanmar Army led clearance operation at the village of Tula Toli also known as Min Gyi of the Rakhine State, close to the border with Bangladesh on the Myanmar side.\n\nThough the total death toll cannot be determined due to the restrictions enforced by Myanmar government on the entry of journalists, aid workers, diplomats and eye-witnesses suggest the number of people killed during the massacre reached the five-hundred mark.\n\nThe massacre was perpetrated by Myanmar Military Forces assisted by the local Mughs, Hindus, Buddhists and the Murongs who used to share the village with the local Rohingyas. The Tula Toli village, surrounded by flowing rivers, was first attacked on August 30 and it continued until the village was left with no Rohingyas residing in it.\n\nThe satellite images collected by prominent human rights group, Amnesty International has confirmed the complete destruction of the Rohingya neighborhoods of the Tula Toli village after comparing them with older satellite images of the village.\n\nOn September 7, 2017, the Guardian reported the mass killing for the first time. The incident is among the Rohingya persecution in Myanmar.\n", "\nRohingyas of Myanmar have been subjected to gross human rights abuses including extrajudicial killings, gang rapes, arson and infanticides from 1977, when the Myanmar Army conducted the Operation Nagamin to evacuate Rohingya villages and push them in Bangladesh. The persecution and expulsion of ethnic Rohingyas to Bangladesh continued for the next three decades.\nThe Rohingya people have been described as \"amongst the world's least wanted\" and \"one of the world's most persecuted minorities.\" The Rohingya are deprived of the right to free movement and of higher education. They have been denied Burmese citizenship since the Burmese nationality law was enacted. They are not allowed to travel without official permission.\nFrom 2012, with the rise of attacks on Rohingya Muslims by local Buddhist mobs, many Rohingyas left. The Rohingyas started pouring into Bangladesh from mid-2012.\n\nWith the escalation of violence terrorist group, Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) was established who started ambushing Myanmar security forces.\n\nOn August 25, 2017, terrorists from ARSA attacked a number of border outposts of the Myanmar forces. This led to a clearance operation by Myanmar Army against the Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine state. Tula Toli, a village of Rakhine State, fell victim to this clearance operation.\n", "\n=== Gathering of the Villagers at the sands ===\n\nThree days before the massacre, about 90 soldiers ordered the village’s several hundred residents, mostly Rohingyas, to an area east of the settlement, a place locals call “the sands” for its infertile ground. The commander of the soldiers most probably a Major General, ordered them not to flee the village and to continue farming and fishing, the everyday job of most of the Rohingyas.\n\nDuring the briefing, the soldiers of the army went to all the Rohingya houses to loot the valuables and took those into their custody.\n\n=== Neighboring Dual Toli Attacked ===\n\nA day before the massacre, people from a village across the river called Dual Toli swam over to escape the army attack at their village and more than 10 drowned in the river while fleeing. The neighbouring Dual Toli village was burnt down as the residents of Tula Toli could only watch.\n\n=== Tula Toli Attacked ===\n\nOn the morning of August 30, Myanmar military forces and their local perpetrators, identified as Mughs, Hindus, Buddhists and the Murongs, surrounded the village and cut off all exit points.\n\nAfter that, the chairman of the village with Rakhine ethnicity assured the Rohingya villagers that the military would not harm them but that their homes would be torched. He told the villagers to assemble in one place where they would be safe.\n\nBy the end of the morning, the huts of Rohingya Muslims of the village were burnt down. The satellite images provided by prominent rights group Amnesty International also confirmed this claim that the northern part of the Tula Toli where the Rohingyas used to reside was torched while the other parts of the village remain intact.\n\nAfter burning down their huts along with their goods and livestock, the armed soldiers along with the local non-Rohingyas swooped on the Rohingya Muslims with long swords, machetes, and guns. When the Rohingyas started fleeing for their lives, the military started firing at them, leaving almost everyone dead.\n", "The series of crimes committed during the massacre of Tula Toli includes mass killing, rape, infanticide, and burning to death.\n\n=== Mass Killing ===\n\nA calculated assault to wipe out the Rohingya population of Tula Toli village took place from August 30 to September 1. Approximately five hundred Rohingya Muslims were killed according to the eye-witnesses of the massacre.\n\nMost of the men were decapitated, burned alive in their own houses, shot by bullets, lynched or blown away by rocket launchers. Eye-witnesses suggests the use of automatic and semi-automatic rifles during the assault.\n\nThe women and children were separated from the men first and were placed near the river. After the military had torched the homes, they told the women to get out of the river and sit down on the bank. After a while they ordered them to stand up. Then they again ordered them to sit down. Finally they said stand up and form a line. After forming the line, they shouted at the women to run. As they started running, they brush fired them.\n\nThe women were trapped while armed attackers began to shoot them relentlessly. Some tried to dash to the water and brave the currents to avoid the bullets only to get drowned in the river.\n\nAs most of the victims fell dead the army paused for a while and shouted for any survivors to stand up, then fired their guns again only to ensure their death.\n\n===Rape===\nAfter the shooting, around 30 women survived. The military told these women to wait in the water again. From this group of 30, they took 5 women at a time into nearby huts and raped them. After raping them, they robbed them of their jewelry, and then beat them to death and set the huts on fire.\n\n===Infanticides===\nA group of children managed to escape the scene and took shelter in the nearby paddy field. But soon they were identified by the military. The military caught these children, put them flat on the floor and drove long knives into their chests and their stomachs. The lifeless bodies were thrown in the river.\n\n===Torching of bodies===\nWith a view to removing evidence, the military after the massacre, collected all the bodies on the river bank, dug into the sands and burned the dead.\n", "The massacre of Tula Toli was first reported by United Kingdom based daily, The Guardian on September 7, 2017. The Guardian could not confirm the death toll, but claimed scores of people were murdered which can be cited as massacre.\n\nBangladesh based English-language daily Dhaka Tribune on September 9, 2017 presented a detailed description of the events related to the massacre with an unconfirmed death toll of at least 500 including 300 children.\n\nSome in the United States also confirmed the events of massacre on September 18, 2017.\n\nThe United Kingdom based rights group Amnesty International provided the media with satellite images of Rakhine state where it was evidently seen that only the south-west corner of Tula Toli appears intact, the part of the village that was inhabited by ethnic Rakhine people, who, like most in Myanmar, are Buddhists. And the other parts where the Muslims used to reside were identified burnt to ashes.\n\n“The destruction visible in the imagery is consistent with recent burning, most clearly characterised by damage to surrounding vegetation,” Amnesty said in its briefing.\n", "\nThe Myanmar government have denied the allegation of massacre, claiming security forces are carrying out counter-attacks against \"brutal acts of terrorism.\"\n\nHowever, the UN’s human rights body has claimed the persecution of Rohingyas as text-book example of ethnic cleansing.\nAmnesty International accused Myanmar's military of deliberately torching Muslim-minority Rohingya villages near the Bangladesh border in a campaign of \"ethnic cleansing.\"\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Background", " The Massacre ", " Crimes committed in Tula Toli ", "Evidence", "Reaction", "References" ]

[ "After the military had torched the homes, they told the women to get out of the river and sit down on the bank.", "===Torching of bodies===\nWith a view to removing evidence, the military after the massacre, collected all the bodies on the river bank, dug into the sands and burned the dead." ]

[ "\n\nThe '''Tula Toli Massacre''' is referred to the mass-killing of Rohingya population during the Myanmar Army led clearance operation at the village of Tula Toli also known as Min Gyi of the Rakhine State, close to the border with Bangladesh on the Myanmar side.", "Though the total death toll cannot be determined due to the restrictions enforced by Myanmar government on the entry of journalists, aid workers, diplomats and eye-witnesses suggest the number of people killed during the massacre reached the five-hundred mark.", "The massacre was perpetrated by Myanmar Military Forces assisted by the local Mughs, Hindus, Buddhists and the Murongs who used to share the village with the local Rohingyas.", "The Tula Toli village, surrounded by flowing rivers, was first attacked on August 30 and it continued until the village was left with no Rohingyas residing in it.", "The satellite images collected by prominent human rights group, Amnesty International has confirmed the complete destruction of the Rohingya neighborhoods of the Tula Toli village after comparing them with older satellite images of the village.", "On September 7, 2017, the Guardian reported the mass killing for the first time.", "The incident is among the Rohingya persecution in Myanmar.", "\nRohingyas of Myanmar have been subjected to gross human rights abuses including extrajudicial killings, gang rapes, arson and infanticides from 1977, when the Myanmar Army conducted the Operation Nagamin to evacuate Rohingya villages and push them in Bangladesh.", "The persecution and expulsion of ethnic Rohingyas to Bangladesh continued for the next three decades.", "The Rohingya people have been described as \"amongst the world's least wanted\" and \"one of the world's most persecuted minorities.\"", "The Rohingya are deprived of the right to free movement and of higher education.", "They have been denied Burmese citizenship since the Burmese nationality law was enacted.", "They are not allowed to travel without official permission.", "From 2012, with the rise of attacks on Rohingya Muslims by local Buddhist mobs, many Rohingyas left.", "The Rohingyas started pouring into Bangladesh from mid-2012.", "With the escalation of violence terrorist group, Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) was established who started ambushing Myanmar security forces.", "On August 25, 2017, terrorists from ARSA attacked a number of border outposts of the Myanmar forces.", "This led to a clearance operation by Myanmar Army against the Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine state.", "Tula Toli, a village of Rakhine State, fell victim to this clearance operation.", "\n=== Gathering of the Villagers at the sands ===\n\nThree days before the massacre, about 90 soldiers ordered the village’s several hundred residents, mostly Rohingyas, to an area east of the settlement, a place locals call “the sands” for its infertile ground.", "The commander of the soldiers most probably a Major General, ordered them not to flee the village and to continue farming and fishing, the everyday job of most of the Rohingyas.", "During the briefing, the soldiers of the army went to all the Rohingya houses to loot the valuables and took those into their custody.", "=== Neighboring Dual Toli Attacked ===\n\nA day before the massacre, people from a village across the river called Dual Toli swam over to escape the army attack at their village and more than 10 drowned in the river while fleeing.", "The neighbouring Dual Toli village was burnt down as the residents of Tula Toli could only watch.", "=== Tula Toli Attacked ===\n\nOn the morning of August 30, Myanmar military forces and their local perpetrators, identified as Mughs, Hindus, Buddhists and the Murongs, surrounded the village and cut off all exit points.", "After that, the chairman of the village with Rakhine ethnicity assured the Rohingya villagers that the military would not harm them but that their homes would be torched.", "He told the villagers to assemble in one place where they would be safe.", "By the end of the morning, the huts of Rohingya Muslims of the village were burnt down.", "The satellite images provided by prominent rights group Amnesty International also confirmed this claim that the northern part of the Tula Toli where the Rohingyas used to reside was torched while the other parts of the village remain intact.", "After burning down their huts along with their goods and livestock, the armed soldiers along with the local non-Rohingyas swooped on the Rohingya Muslims with long swords, machetes, and guns.", "When the Rohingyas started fleeing for their lives, the military started firing at them, leaving almost everyone dead.", "The series of crimes committed during the massacre of Tula Toli includes mass killing, rape, infanticide, and burning to death.", "=== Mass Killing ===\n\nA calculated assault to wipe out the Rohingya population of Tula Toli village took place from August 30 to September 1.", "Approximately five hundred Rohingya Muslims were killed according to the eye-witnesses of the massacre.", "Most of the men were decapitated, burned alive in their own houses, shot by bullets, lynched or blown away by rocket launchers.", "Eye-witnesses suggests the use of automatic and semi-automatic rifles during the assault.", "The women and children were separated from the men first and were placed near the river.", "After a while they ordered them to stand up.", "Then they again ordered them to sit down.", "Finally they said stand up and form a line.", "After forming the line, they shouted at the women to run.", "As they started running, they brush fired them.", "The women were trapped while armed attackers began to shoot them relentlessly.", "Some tried to dash to the water and brave the currents to avoid the bullets only to get drowned in the river.", "As most of the victims fell dead the army paused for a while and shouted for any survivors to stand up, then fired their guns again only to ensure their death.", "===Rape===\nAfter the shooting, around 30 women survived.", "The military told these women to wait in the water again.", "From this group of 30, they took 5 women at a time into nearby huts and raped them.", "After raping them, they robbed them of their jewelry, and then beat them to death and set the huts on fire.", "===Infanticides===\nA group of children managed to escape the scene and took shelter in the nearby paddy field.", "But soon they were identified by the military.", "The military caught these children, put them flat on the floor and drove long knives into their chests and their stomachs.", "The lifeless bodies were thrown in the river.", "The massacre of Tula Toli was first reported by United Kingdom based daily, The Guardian on September 7, 2017.", "The Guardian could not confirm the death toll, but claimed scores of people were murdered which can be cited as massacre.", "Bangladesh based English-language daily Dhaka Tribune on September 9, 2017 presented a detailed description of the events related to the massacre with an unconfirmed death toll of at least 500 including 300 children.", "Some in the United States also confirmed the events of massacre on September 18, 2017.", "The United Kingdom based rights group Amnesty International provided the media with satellite images of Rakhine state where it was evidently seen that only the south-west corner of Tula Toli appears intact, the part of the village that was inhabited by ethnic Rakhine people, who, like most in Myanmar, are Buddhists.", "And the other parts where the Muslims used to reside were identified burnt to ashes.", "“The destruction visible in the imagery is consistent with recent burning, most clearly characterised by damage to surrounding vegetation,” Amnesty said in its briefing.", "\nThe Myanmar government have denied the allegation of massacre, claiming security forces are carrying out counter-attacks against \"brutal acts of terrorism.\"", "However, the UN’s human rights body has claimed the persecution of Rohingyas as text-book example of ethnic cleansing.", "Amnesty International accused Myanmar's military of deliberately torching Muslim-minority Rohingya villages near the Bangladesh border in a campaign of \"ethnic cleansing.\"" ]

[ "\n'''Colin Blore Bednall''' (13 January 1913 – 26 April 1976) was an Australian journalist.\n\nHe was born at Balaklava, South Australia, to bank manager Edward Blore Bednall and Naomi Caroline Gertrude, ''née'' Ferry. He attended Pulteney Grammar School and the Collegiate School of St Peter, but left during the Great Depression following the death of his father. He became a journalist at the ''Adelaide News'' and then at the ''Sun'' and the ''Herald''. From 1937 to 1938 he was a special correspondent in Darwin, where he met Hilda Marion Abbott, daughter of administrator Aubrey Abbott, whom he married on 4 February 1939 in Radlett, Hertfordshire.\n\nFrom 1938 Bednall worked for Australian Associated Press in London, and from 1942 to 1944 was aviation correspondent for the ''Daily Mail''. His articles were informed by his flights as a qualified gunner over Germany. In 1945 he worked briefly as a correspondent for Lord Louis Mountbatten's command in India, and was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his services to the war effort. Although he was an assistant editor at the ''Daily Mail'', he was persuaded to return to Australia by his mentor, Keith Murdoch, who made him managing editor of Queensland Newspapers Pty Ltd, and therefore the ''Courier-Mail''. In 1954 he succeeded Murdoch as managing editor of the ''Argus'' in Melbourne.\n\nBednall was the first managing director of GTV 9, one of Melbourne's first two commercial television stations; this became the local station for Channel Nine, and Bednall cultivated a number of local television personalities, including Graham Kennedy. In 1965, he left the channel after a disagreement over finances. He was then appointed to UNESCO's space communications committee, and from 1966 to 1969 he managed an English-Chinese television station in Hong Kong. His time in China saw his previously conservative political views shift to the left, and when he returned to Australia he joined the Labor Party, and ran unsuccessfully for the seat of Flinders in the federal elections of 1972 and 1974. From 1973 to 1975, he also worked as a part-time media consultant for Gough Whitlam. In 1976 he died suddenly of hypertensive heart disease at the age of 63. He is commemorated with the Colin Bednall Award, presented annually for services to television.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "References" ]

[ "He was born at Balaklava, South Australia, to bank manager Edward Blore Bednall and Naomi Caroline Gertrude, ''née'' Ferry." ]

[ "\n'''Colin Blore Bednall''' (13 January 1913 – 26 April 1976) was an Australian journalist.", "He attended Pulteney Grammar School and the Collegiate School of St Peter, but left during the Great Depression following the death of his father.", "He became a journalist at the ''Adelaide News'' and then at the ''Sun'' and the ''Herald''.", "From 1937 to 1938 he was a special correspondent in Darwin, where he met Hilda Marion Abbott, daughter of administrator Aubrey Abbott, whom he married on 4 February 1939 in Radlett, Hertfordshire.", "From 1938 Bednall worked for Australian Associated Press in London, and from 1942 to 1944 was aviation correspondent for the ''Daily Mail''.", "His articles were informed by his flights as a qualified gunner over Germany.", "In 1945 he worked briefly as a correspondent for Lord Louis Mountbatten's command in India, and was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his services to the war effort.", "Although he was an assistant editor at the ''Daily Mail'', he was persuaded to return to Australia by his mentor, Keith Murdoch, who made him managing editor of Queensland Newspapers Pty Ltd, and therefore the ''Courier-Mail''.", "In 1954 he succeeded Murdoch as managing editor of the ''Argus'' in Melbourne.", "Bednall was the first managing director of GTV 9, one of Melbourne's first two commercial television stations; this became the local station for Channel Nine, and Bednall cultivated a number of local television personalities, including Graham Kennedy.", "In 1965, he left the channel after a disagreement over finances.", "He was then appointed to UNESCO's space communications committee, and from 1966 to 1969 he managed an English-Chinese television station in Hong Kong.", "His time in China saw his previously conservative political views shift to the left, and when he returned to Australia he joined the Labor Party, and ran unsuccessfully for the seat of Flinders in the federal elections of 1972 and 1974.", "From 1973 to 1975, he also worked as a part-time media consultant for Gough Whitlam.", "In 1976 he died suddenly of hypertensive heart disease at the age of 63.", "He is commemorated with the Colin Bednall Award, presented annually for services to television." ]

[ "Molieri in 1946\n'''Lillian Molieri Bermúdez''' (18 January 1925 - 13 September 1980 in Managua) was a Nicaraguan actress and dancer. She was noted for her minor roles in Hollywood films and TV series between 1944 and 1957, though most of them went uncredited. She later became a dancer and dance instructor and was honored with the ''Monje de Oro'' in 1966 for her radio show.\n", "Lillian Molieri Bermúdez was born in Managua to Mélida Bermúdez and L. Arturo Molieri. Her father was the president of the Nicaraguan National Bank. Her family was of Italian descent, but had lived in Nicaragua for three generations prior to Molieri's birth. The oldest daughter in the family, she attended school at the Convento Notre Dame de Cion and then furthered her education at the Colegio de la Asuncion in Nicaragua. Completing her high school education, Molieri traveled in Europe learning French and Italian. After winning several beauty contests in Nicaragua in the early 1940s, she came to Los Angeles, where her brother Ronald was serving as Nicaragua’s Vice Consul, to improve her English and enrolled in university to study banking. She was discovered by Paramount while at university and offered her first movie role in 1944.\n", "Molieri in 1953\nHer first appearance was in ''The Princess and the Pirate'' (1944). In 1945, Molieri starred in Lambert Hillyer's western ''South of the Rio Grande'' for Monogram Pictures. She sang two songs in the film, appearing opposite Duncan Renaldo as the Cisco Kid. In John Cromwell's ''Anna and the King of Siam'' the following year she portrayed one of the wives of the King (Rex Harrison). She had a featured role in Paramount's ''People Are Funny''. In May, 1949, Molieri was married to Adolph Hartman, Jr., a descendant of one of the founders of Anaheim, California. \n\nBecause of typecasting, Molieri was often limited to roles where she played stereotypical parts as an exotic, foreign woman. She was often assigned bit parts, like in ''Valentino'', with Anthony Dexter. Dexter became her dancing partner and he and Molieri performed routines which toured from the Midwest to Miami. The duo mainly performed Spanish or South American dances, but also included tap and ballroom dancing in their repertoire. She also performed in several television roles, most noted was her appearance as \"Carlota Romero\", Ricky Ricardo's long-lost Cuban girlfriend in an episode of ''I Love Lucy''.\n\nIn 1955, Molieri appeared in \"The Great McGinty\" episode of ''Lux Video Theatre'', appearing opposite Nancy Gates and William Schallert. Her last film was ''The Three Runaways'' (1956) and then she left the United States to tour with her parents in Europe for the next three years, while her father served as a diplomat. In 1959, the family returned to Managua and Molieri instituted divorce proceedings to dissolve her marriage with the Catholic Church. She opened a dance studio and performed and taught in Nicaragua from the 1960s. She also hosted a weekly radio show, ''Aquí con Lillian Molieri'' (''Here with Lillian Molieri''), beginning in 1965. The show was an hour-long broadcast on National Radio, which was honored in 1966 with the ''Monje de Oro'', \"the Nicaraguan equivalent of an Oscar\".\n", "Molieri died at her home in Managua at age 55 in 1980. She is remembered as one of the first Nicaraguan actors to perform in Hollywood.\n", "\n*''The Princess and the Pirate'' (1944) as Goldwyn Girl (uncredited) \n*''South of the Rio Grande'' (1945) as Dolores Gonzalez\n*''Tarzan and the Leopard Woman'' (1946) as Zambesi Maiden (uncredited)\n*''People Are Funny'' (1946) as Singer - 'Hey Jose' (uncredited)\n*''Anna and the King of Siam'' (1946) as Wife of King (uncredited)\n*''The Stranger'' (1946) (uncredited)\n*''Forever Amber'' (1947) as Queen Catherine (uncredited)\n*''The Lost Moment'' (1947) as girl (uncredited)\n*''Hellfire'' (1949) as Mexican saloon girl (uncredited)\n*''Neptune's Daughter'' (1949) as cigarette girl (uncredited)\n*''Holiday in Havana'' (1949) as Felicia (uncredited)\n*''A Lady Without Passport'' (1950) as girl (uncredited)\n*''South of Caliente'' (1950) as gypsy dancer\n*''Anne of the Indies'' (1951) as slave girl (uncredited)\n*''My Favorite Spy'' (1951) as girl (uncredited)\n*''Dangerous Assignment'': ''The Burma Temple Story'' (1952) (TV Series) as Linya\n*''My Man and I'' (1952) as Bride (uncredited)\n*''Hopalong Cassidy'': ''The Knife of Carlos Valero'' (1952) (TV Series) as Trini \n*''The Ring'' (1952) as Helen Cantanios\n*''Horizons West'' (1952) as Teresa (uncredited)\n*''The Adventures of Kit Carson'' (1951-52) as Conchita/Rosita Salvadore/Maria\n*''Adventures of the Falcon'': ''Tangiers Finale'' (1954) (TV Series) as Carmencita\n*''Big Town'': ''The Consulate'' (1954) (TV Series) as Francesca\n*''Stories of the Century'': ''Tiburcio Vasquez'' (1954) (TV Series) as Dolores Vasquez\n*''Green Fire'' (1954) as Mexican girl (uncredited)\n*''Strange Lady in Town'' (1955) as Sister Delphine (uncredited)\n*''Lux Video Theatre'': ''The Great McGinty'' (1955) (TV Series) as girl at bar\n*''Hell's Island'' (1955) as girl at Juke Box \n*''The Cisco Kid'': ''He Couldn't Quit'' (1956) (TV Series) as gypsy\n*''The Man Called X'': ''Embassy'' (1956) (TV Series)\n*''Serenade'' (1956) as Tosca in 'Tosca' (uncredited)\n*''The Creature Walks Among Us'' (1956) as Mrs. Morteno\n*''The Three Outlaws'' (1956) as Rita Aguilar\n*''I Love Lucy'' (1953, 1956) (TV Series)\n*''Crossroads'': ''Jhonakehunkga Called Jim'' (1957) (TV Series) as Katira\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life", "Career", "Death and legacy", "Filmography", "References" ]

[ "Her father was the president of the Nicaraguan National Bank." ]

[ "Molieri in 1946\n'''Lillian Molieri Bermúdez''' (18 January 1925 - 13 September 1980 in Managua) was a Nicaraguan actress and dancer.", "She was noted for her minor roles in Hollywood films and TV series between 1944 and 1957, though most of them went uncredited.", "She later became a dancer and dance instructor and was honored with the ''Monje de Oro'' in 1966 for her radio show.", "Lillian Molieri Bermúdez was born in Managua to Mélida Bermúdez and L. Arturo Molieri.", "Her family was of Italian descent, but had lived in Nicaragua for three generations prior to Molieri's birth.", "The oldest daughter in the family, she attended school at the Convento Notre Dame de Cion and then furthered her education at the Colegio de la Asuncion in Nicaragua.", "Completing her high school education, Molieri traveled in Europe learning French and Italian.", "After winning several beauty contests in Nicaragua in the early 1940s, she came to Los Angeles, where her brother Ronald was serving as Nicaragua’s Vice Consul, to improve her English and enrolled in university to study banking.", "She was discovered by Paramount while at university and offered her first movie role in 1944.", "Molieri in 1953\nHer first appearance was in ''The Princess and the Pirate'' (1944).", "In 1945, Molieri starred in Lambert Hillyer's western ''South of the Rio Grande'' for Monogram Pictures.", "She sang two songs in the film, appearing opposite Duncan Renaldo as the Cisco Kid.", "In John Cromwell's ''Anna and the King of Siam'' the following year she portrayed one of the wives of the King (Rex Harrison).", "She had a featured role in Paramount's ''People Are Funny''.", "In May, 1949, Molieri was married to Adolph Hartman, Jr., a descendant of one of the founders of Anaheim, California.", "Because of typecasting, Molieri was often limited to roles where she played stereotypical parts as an exotic, foreign woman.", "She was often assigned bit parts, like in ''Valentino'', with Anthony Dexter.", "Dexter became her dancing partner and he and Molieri performed routines which toured from the Midwest to Miami.", "The duo mainly performed Spanish or South American dances, but also included tap and ballroom dancing in their repertoire.", "She also performed in several television roles, most noted was her appearance as \"Carlota Romero\", Ricky Ricardo's long-lost Cuban girlfriend in an episode of ''I Love Lucy''.", "In 1955, Molieri appeared in \"The Great McGinty\" episode of ''Lux Video Theatre'', appearing opposite Nancy Gates and William Schallert.", "Her last film was ''The Three Runaways'' (1956) and then she left the United States to tour with her parents in Europe for the next three years, while her father served as a diplomat.", "In 1959, the family returned to Managua and Molieri instituted divorce proceedings to dissolve her marriage with the Catholic Church.", "She opened a dance studio and performed and taught in Nicaragua from the 1960s.", "She also hosted a weekly radio show, ''Aquí con Lillian Molieri'' (''Here with Lillian Molieri''), beginning in 1965.", "The show was an hour-long broadcast on National Radio, which was honored in 1966 with the ''Monje de Oro'', \"the Nicaraguan equivalent of an Oscar\".", "Molieri died at her home in Managua at age 55 in 1980.", "She is remembered as one of the first Nicaraguan actors to perform in Hollywood.", "\n*''The Princess and the Pirate'' (1944) as Goldwyn Girl (uncredited) \n*''South of the Rio Grande'' (1945) as Dolores Gonzalez\n*''Tarzan and the Leopard Woman'' (1946) as Zambesi Maiden (uncredited)\n*''People Are Funny'' (1946) as Singer - 'Hey Jose' (uncredited)\n*''Anna and the King of Siam'' (1946) as Wife of King (uncredited)\n*''The Stranger'' (1946) (uncredited)\n*''Forever Amber'' (1947) as Queen Catherine (uncredited)\n*''The Lost Moment'' (1947) as girl (uncredited)\n*''Hellfire'' (1949) as Mexican saloon girl (uncredited)\n*''Neptune's Daughter'' (1949) as cigarette girl (uncredited)\n*''Holiday in Havana'' (1949) as Felicia (uncredited)\n*''A Lady Without Passport'' (1950) as girl (uncredited)\n*''South of Caliente'' (1950) as gypsy dancer\n*''Anne of the Indies'' (1951) as slave girl (uncredited)\n*''My Favorite Spy'' (1951) as girl (uncredited)\n*''Dangerous Assignment'': ''The Burma Temple Story'' (1952) (TV Series) as Linya\n*''My Man and I'' (1952) as Bride (uncredited)\n*''Hopalong Cassidy'': ''The Knife of Carlos Valero'' (1952) (TV Series) as Trini \n*''The Ring'' (1952) as Helen Cantanios\n*''Horizons West'' (1952) as Teresa (uncredited)\n*''The Adventures of Kit Carson'' (1951-52) as Conchita/Rosita Salvadore/Maria\n*''Adventures of the Falcon'': ''Tangiers Finale'' (1954) (TV Series) as Carmencita\n*''Big Town'': ''The Consulate'' (1954) (TV Series) as Francesca\n*''Stories of the Century'': ''Tiburcio Vasquez'' (1954) (TV Series) as Dolores Vasquez\n*''Green Fire'' (1954) as Mexican girl (uncredited)\n*''Strange Lady in Town'' (1955) as Sister Delphine (uncredited)\n*''Lux Video Theatre'': ''The Great McGinty'' (1955) (TV Series) as girl at bar\n*''Hell's Island'' (1955) as girl at Juke Box \n*''The Cisco Kid'': ''He Couldn't Quit'' (1956) (TV Series) as gypsy\n*''The Man Called X'': ''Embassy'' (1956) (TV Series)\n*''Serenade'' (1956) as Tosca in 'Tosca' (uncredited)\n*''The Creature Walks Among Us'' (1956) as Mrs. Morteno\n*''The Three Outlaws'' (1956) as Rita Aguilar\n*''I Love Lucy'' (1953, 1956) (TV Series)\n*''Crossroads'': ''Jhonakehunkga Called Jim'' (1957) (TV Series) as Katira" ]

[ "\n'''The Corn Exchange''' is a former chapel, trading facility and military installation at Bank Street in Tonbridge, Kent. \n ", "The building was originally designed as a chapel for the Independent Congregationalists and completed in 1790. The Independent Congregationalists moved out in 1876 and the chapel became used as the local Corn Exchange. The building was then converted to become the headquarters of the 4th Battalion, The Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment) in 1910. It also became the headquarters of the Kent Cyclist Battalion at this time. The 4th Battalion was mobilised at the drill hall in August 1914 before being deployed to India.\n\nThe battalion merged with the 5th Battalion to form the 4th/5th Battalion in 1947. Following the cut-backs in 1967, the presence at the drill hall was reduced to a single company, E Company, 5th (Volunteer) Battalion, The Queen's Regiment. The drill hall was subsequently decommissioned and converted for commercial use.\n", "\n \n" ]

[ "Introduction", "History", "References" ]

[ "\n'''The Corn Exchange''' is a former chapel, trading facility and military installation at Bank Street in Tonbridge, Kent." ]

[ "The building was originally designed as a chapel for the Independent Congregationalists and completed in 1790.", "The Independent Congregationalists moved out in 1876 and the chapel became used as the local Corn Exchange.", "The building was then converted to become the headquarters of the 4th Battalion, The Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment) in 1910.", "It also became the headquarters of the Kent Cyclist Battalion at this time.", "The 4th Battalion was mobilised at the drill hall in August 1914 before being deployed to India.", "The battalion merged with the 5th Battalion to form the 4th/5th Battalion in 1947.", "Following the cut-backs in 1967, the presence at the drill hall was reduced to a single company, E Company, 5th (Volunteer) Battalion, The Queen's Regiment.", "The drill hall was subsequently decommissioned and converted for commercial use." ]

[ "Head office of the ''Devon and Cornwall Bank'' in Plymouth, photographed in 1900\nFront cover of the 1899 Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Devon & Cornwall Bank\nDevon and Cornwall Bank Building, South Molton, Devon, in 2017, continuing as a branch of Lloyd's Bank. Displaying on the frieze left to right: the arms of Courtenay, Earls of Devon; of the Corporation of Plymouth; of the Duchy of Cornwall; sculpted text above: \"Established 1832\" above which in the pediment are shown the arms of the Borough of South Molton. Behind the modern signage of \"Lloyds Bank\" is visible the vestige of the former signage \"Devon & Cornwall Bank\"\nDetail of pediment of Devon and Cornwall Bank Building, South Molton, showing in the tympanum the arms of the Borough of South Molton, below which is sculpted on the architrave: \"Established 1832\"\nDetail of frieze of Devon and Cornwall Bank Building, South Molton, showing (top to bottom) arms of the Corporation of Plymouth; of Courtenay, Earls of Devon; of the Duchy of Cornwall\nThe '''Devon and Cornwall Bank''' (formally the '''Devon & Cornwall Banking Company''') was a bank which operated in the Westcountry of England between 1832 and 1906, when it was taken-over by Lloyds Bank.\n", "The bank was established in 1832 as a joint-stock company named '''Plymouth & Devonport Banking Company''' by a group of Westcountry businessmen as a vehicle to effect the purchase of ''Hingston & Prideaux'', a private Westcountry bank which had encountered financial difficulties. \n\n===Hingston & Prideaux===\n====Founding====\nThe Kingsbridge historian Abraham Hawkins wrote in 1819:\n:''\"A Bank was established at Kingsbridge in the month of February, 1806, by Messrs. Walter Prideaux, John Square, Joseph Hingston, and Walter Prideaux junior. It was first opened in a house on the West side of Fore street nearly opposite the late Buttermarket, and on the North side of Millman's Lane which communicates with the West backlet. An excellent stone mansion however, with an appropriate room for this concern, having been erected by the junior partner on the East side of Fore Street Hill, facing the houses a little above the Quakers' meeting, the business was removed thither in 1808; and, the second partner being dead, but replaced by his son of the same Christian name, and the third removed to Plymouth, where he carries on a similar establishment, the notes of the present firm bear the designation of \"Prideaux, Square, and Prideaux,\" whose Loudon correspondents are messieurs Masterman, Peters, Mildred, & Co. No, 2. White-Hart Court, Gracechurch Street\"''.\n\nThus two separate banks were in existence: one at Kingsbridge (Prideaux, Square, and Prideaux) and another at Plymouth (Hingston & Prideaux)\n\n====Development====\nOn 31 October 1813 the banking partnership known as '''Prideaux, Square, Hingston and Prideaux''' of Kingsbridge in Devon (whose partners were Walter Prideaux (1741-1829) \"Senior\", John Square, Joseph Hingston and Walter Prideaux (1769-1855) \"Junior\" (son of Walter Prideaux (1741-1829) \"Senior\") was dissolved by mutual consent to allow for the retirement of Joseph Hingston (who as Hawkins relates above ''\"removed to Plymouth, where he carries on a similar establishment\"''), and was immediately reformed as '''Prideaux, Square and Prideaux'''. \n\nJoseph Hingston's new partner in the Plymouth bank was Walter Prideaux (d.1832), a cousin of the Kingsbridge bankers, a son of George Prideaux of Kingsbridge by his wife Anna Debell Cookworthy, and a Quaker associated with the Plymouth Brethren, having moved from Kingsbridge to Plymouth in 1812. It is not clear what relation he was to the ancient gentry family of Prideaux seated variously at Orcheton, Modbury; Adeston, Holbeton; Thuborough, Sutcombe; Soldon, Holsworthy; Netherton, Farway; Ashburton; Nutwell, Woodbury; Ford Abbey, Thorncombe all in Devon, and at Prideaux Place, Padstow and Prideaux Castle, Luxulyan, in Cornwall. Fox (1874) stated in regard of the Kingsbridge branch of Prideaux: ''\"We have no intention ... of tracing the pedigree back to old Paganus de Prideaux, who came over from Normandy with William the Conqueror, and who was Lord of the Castle of Prideaux, in Cornwall\"''. \n\n\nIn 1798 Messrs. Walter Prideaux (i.e. Walter Prideaux (1769-1855) \"Junior\") and John Roope erected extensive machinery at the former Kingsbridge corn-mill, which they converted into a woollen manufactory, where for a number of years the serge or long-ell trade was carried on, to supply the East India Company with goods for India. One of the sons of Walter Prideaux (1769-1855) \"Junior\" (by his wife Sarah Were) was Walter Were Prideaux (1792-1878), one of the partners in the Kingsbridge Bank on its bankruptcy in 1825.\n\nIn 1805 Walter Prideaux (d.1832), the Plymouth banker, married Sarah-Ball Hingston, a daughter of his partner Joseph Hingston (1764-1835) (Senior), merchant, of Dodbrooke (adjacent to Kingsbridge) in Devon, by his first wife Sarah Ball (d.1790), a daughter of Joseph Ball of Bridgwater in Somerset. Sarah's brother, also by their father's first wife, was Joseph Hingston (1788-1852) (Junior) of Dodbrooke. Walter Prideaux (d.1832) had six sons and five daughters, including Walter Prideaux (1806–1889), a lawyer and poet, and the lawyer Frederick Prideaux (1817-1891), author of ''Prideaux's Precedents in Conveyancing'', and his daughter Sarah Anna Prideaux was married to the Quaker Samuel Prideaux Tregelles (1813-1875), from Falmouth, the biblical scholar, textual critic, and theologian. (The second wife of Joseph Hingston (1764-1835) was Catherine-Phillips Tregelles, a daughter of Joseph Tregelles of Falmouth).\n\nIn 1825 the partners in '''Hingston & Prideaux Bank''' were Joseph Hingston and Walter Prideaux of Plymouth. \n\nThe Cookworthy Museum in Kingsbridge possesses a one pound banknote issued by the \"Kingsbridge Bank\", dated in writing 1 January 1825 and signed by Walter Prideaux jnr, with a crest on left. The back bears a red and black designe with \"G.R. IV\" with central crest, five pence above and 'ONE' below.\n\n====Bankruptcy====\nCommissions of bankruptcy were appointed on 1 October 1825 and again on 6 October 1825, against the firm of John Square, Walter Prideaux (Junior) and Walter Were Prideaux, bankers of Kingsbridge. Dividends from the bankruptcy were paid to creditors at the King's Arms Inn at Kingsbridge on 31 March 1830.\n\n===Devon & Cornwall Banking Company===\nThe name of the Hingston & Prideaux Bank, which although it encountered financial difficulties appears to have escaped the fate of its competitor at Kingsbridge, was later changed to '''Devon & Cornwall Banking Company''' to reflect its expanded geographical sphere of operations. The headquarters was in the City of Plymouth in Devon, and within one year of its establishment the first branch had been opened at St Austell in Cornwall. The bank's policy was to \"seek opportunities in the centre of agricultural and mining districts and commercial metropolises being destitute of a regular bank\". By 1840 the bank had 15 branches and by 1900 had 55 branches, when it had become one of the largest banks in the south-west. In 1906 the bank was taken over by Lloyds Bank, also of Quaker origins, in order to supply its deficiency of a branch network in the Westcountry.\n", "\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "History", "References" ]

[ "Head office of the ''Devon and Cornwall Bank'' in Plymouth, photographed in 1900\nFront cover of the 1899 Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Devon & Cornwall Bank\nDevon and Cornwall Bank Building, South Molton, Devon, in 2017, continuing as a branch of Lloyd's Bank.", "Behind the modern signage of \"Lloyds Bank\" is visible the vestige of the former signage \"Devon & Cornwall Bank\"\nDetail of pediment of Devon and Cornwall Bank Building, South Molton, showing in the tympanum the arms of the Borough of South Molton, below which is sculpted on the architrave: \"Established 1832\"\nDetail of frieze of Devon and Cornwall Bank Building, South Molton, showing (top to bottom) arms of the Corporation of Plymouth; of Courtenay, Earls of Devon; of the Duchy of Cornwall\nThe '''Devon and Cornwall Bank''' (formally the '''Devon & Cornwall Banking Company''') was a bank which operated in the Westcountry of England between 1832 and 1906, when it was taken-over by Lloyds Bank.", "The bank was established in 1832 as a joint-stock company named '''Plymouth & Devonport Banking Company''' by a group of Westcountry businessmen as a vehicle to effect the purchase of ''Hingston & Prideaux'', a private Westcountry bank which had encountered financial difficulties.", "===Hingston & Prideaux===\n====Founding====\nThe Kingsbridge historian Abraham Hawkins wrote in 1819:\n:''\"A Bank was established at Kingsbridge in the month of February, 1806, by Messrs. Walter Prideaux, John Square, Joseph Hingston, and Walter Prideaux junior.", "Joseph Hingston's new partner in the Plymouth bank was Walter Prideaux (d.1832), a cousin of the Kingsbridge bankers, a son of George Prideaux of Kingsbridge by his wife Anna Debell Cookworthy, and a Quaker associated with the Plymouth Brethren, having moved from Kingsbridge to Plymouth in 1812.", "One of the sons of Walter Prideaux (1769-1855) \"Junior\" (by his wife Sarah Were) was Walter Were Prideaux (1792-1878), one of the partners in the Kingsbridge Bank on its bankruptcy in 1825.", "In 1825 the partners in '''Hingston & Prideaux Bank''' were Joseph Hingston and Walter Prideaux of Plymouth.", "The Cookworthy Museum in Kingsbridge possesses a one pound banknote issued by the \"Kingsbridge Bank\", dated in writing 1 January 1825 and signed by Walter Prideaux jnr, with a crest on left.", "===Devon & Cornwall Banking Company===\nThe name of the Hingston & Prideaux Bank, which although it encountered financial difficulties appears to have escaped the fate of its competitor at Kingsbridge, was later changed to '''Devon & Cornwall Banking Company''' to reflect its expanded geographical sphere of operations.", "The bank's policy was to \"seek opportunities in the centre of agricultural and mining districts and commercial metropolises being destitute of a regular bank\".", "By 1840 the bank had 15 branches and by 1900 had 55 branches, when it had become one of the largest banks in the south-west.", "In 1906 the bank was taken over by Lloyds Bank, also of Quaker origins, in order to supply its deficiency of a branch network in the Westcountry." ]

[ "Displaying on the frieze left to right: the arms of Courtenay, Earls of Devon; of the Corporation of Plymouth; of the Duchy of Cornwall; sculpted text above: \"Established 1832\" above which in the pediment are shown the arms of the Borough of South Molton.", "It was first opened in a house on the West side of Fore street nearly opposite the late Buttermarket, and on the North side of Millman's Lane which communicates with the West backlet.", "An excellent stone mansion however, with an appropriate room for this concern, having been erected by the junior partner on the East side of Fore Street Hill, facing the houses a little above the Quakers' meeting, the business was removed thither in 1808; and, the second partner being dead, but replaced by his son of the same Christian name, and the third removed to Plymouth, where he carries on a similar establishment, the notes of the present firm bear the designation of \"Prideaux, Square, and Prideaux,\" whose Loudon correspondents are messieurs Masterman, Peters, Mildred, & Co. No, 2.", "White-Hart Court, Gracechurch Street\"''.", "Thus two separate banks were in existence: one at Kingsbridge (Prideaux, Square, and Prideaux) and another at Plymouth (Hingston & Prideaux)\n\n====Development====\nOn 31 October 1813 the banking partnership known as '''Prideaux, Square, Hingston and Prideaux''' of Kingsbridge in Devon (whose partners were Walter Prideaux (1741-1829) \"Senior\", John Square, Joseph Hingston and Walter Prideaux (1769-1855) \"Junior\" (son of Walter Prideaux (1741-1829) \"Senior\") was dissolved by mutual consent to allow for the retirement of Joseph Hingston (who as Hawkins relates above ''\"removed to Plymouth, where he carries on a similar establishment\"''), and was immediately reformed as '''Prideaux, Square and Prideaux'''.", "It is not clear what relation he was to the ancient gentry family of Prideaux seated variously at Orcheton, Modbury; Adeston, Holbeton; Thuborough, Sutcombe; Soldon, Holsworthy; Netherton, Farway; Ashburton; Nutwell, Woodbury; Ford Abbey, Thorncombe all in Devon, and at Prideaux Place, Padstow and Prideaux Castle, Luxulyan, in Cornwall.", "Fox (1874) stated in regard of the Kingsbridge branch of Prideaux: ''\"We have no intention ... of tracing the pedigree back to old Paganus de Prideaux, who came over from Normandy with William the Conqueror, and who was Lord of the Castle of Prideaux, in Cornwall\"''.", "In 1798 Messrs. Walter Prideaux (i.e.", "Walter Prideaux (1769-1855) \"Junior\") and John Roope erected extensive machinery at the former Kingsbridge corn-mill, which they converted into a woollen manufactory, where for a number of years the serge or long-ell trade was carried on, to supply the East India Company with goods for India.", "In 1805 Walter Prideaux (d.1832), the Plymouth banker, married Sarah-Ball Hingston, a daughter of his partner Joseph Hingston (1764-1835) (Senior), merchant, of Dodbrooke (adjacent to Kingsbridge) in Devon, by his first wife Sarah Ball (d.1790), a daughter of Joseph Ball of Bridgwater in Somerset.", "Sarah's brother, also by their father's first wife, was Joseph Hingston (1788-1852) (Junior) of Dodbrooke.", "Walter Prideaux (d.1832) had six sons and five daughters, including Walter Prideaux (1806–1889), a lawyer and poet, and the lawyer Frederick Prideaux (1817-1891), author of ''Prideaux's Precedents in Conveyancing'', and his daughter Sarah Anna Prideaux was married to the Quaker Samuel Prideaux Tregelles (1813-1875), from Falmouth, the biblical scholar, textual critic, and theologian.", "(The second wife of Joseph Hingston (1764-1835) was Catherine-Phillips Tregelles, a daughter of Joseph Tregelles of Falmouth).", "The back bears a red and black designe with \"G.R.", "IV\" with central crest, five pence above and 'ONE' below.", "====Bankruptcy====\nCommissions of bankruptcy were appointed on 1 October 1825 and again on 6 October 1825, against the firm of John Square, Walter Prideaux (Junior) and Walter Were Prideaux, bankers of Kingsbridge.", "Dividends from the bankruptcy were paid to creditors at the King's Arms Inn at Kingsbridge on 31 March 1830.", "The headquarters was in the City of Plymouth in Devon, and within one year of its establishment the first branch had been opened at St Austell in Cornwall." ]

[ "\n\n\n\nThe '''Thai Ambassador in Cairo''' is the official representative of the Government in Bangkok to the Government of Egypt and concurrently accredited as ambassador to Djibouti, Sudan and Ethiopia.\n", "{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n diplomatic agreement/designated/Diplomatic accreditation\n Buddhist calendar\n ambassador\n Thai language\n Observations\n List of Prime Ministers of Thailand\n List of heads of state of Egypt\n Term end\n Buddhist calendar\n\n\n\n2503\nLuang Dithakar Bhakdi\nหลวงดิษฐการภักดี\n(* in Bangkok) Education at the King's College, Bangkok, Law School.\n*In 1931 he was Attaché to Siamese Legation in London.\n*In 1945 he was Charge d'Affaires as Thai Ambassador to the United States.\n*From 1948 to 1952 he was Thai Ambassador to Switzerland.\n*From 1955 to 1962 he was Ambassador in Cairo United Arab Republic.\n*From 1963 to 1966 he was Thai Ambassador to Belgium.\nPhibul Songkhram\nGamal Abdel Nasser\n\n2505\n\n\n\n2505\nThepkamol Devakula\n:th:หม่อมราชวงศ์เทพ เทวกุล\n\n*In 1972 he was the Thai Ambassador to Italy\n*In 1979 he was the Thai Ambassador to Myanmar.\n*In 1980 he was the Thai Ambassador to Belgium.\n*In 1990 he was the Thai Ambassador to France.\nSarit Dhanarajata\nGamal Abdel Nasser\n\n2509\n\n\n\n2509\nBusna-arbhon Krairiksh\nภูษณ-อาภรณ์ ไกรฤกษ์\n\nThanom Kittikachorn\nGamal Abdel Nasser\n\n2511\n\n\n\n2511\nSomchai Anuman Rajadhon\nสมจัย อนุมานราชธน\nSomchi Anuman-Rajadhon\nThanom Kittikachorn\nGamal Abdel Nasser\n\n2515\n\n\n\n2515\nNibhon Wilairat\nนิพนธ์ วิไลรัตน์\nNiphon Wilairat (* in Nakhon Pathom) Education: Thammasat University. George Washington University, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Career: Former Ambassador of Thailand to Singapore, Egypt, Lebanon, Italy, Greece and Israel,\nThanom Kittikachorn\nAnwar as-Sadat\n\n2518\n\n\n\n2518\nSunthorn Suwansaran\nสุนทร สุวรรณสาร\n\nSeni Pramoj\nAnwar as-Sadat\n\n2522\n\n\n\n2522\nKriengsak Sirimongkhon\nเกรียงศักดิ์ ศิริมงคล\nDied of a liver disease on 18 December at a Cairo hospital.\nKriangsak Chomanan\nAnwar as-Sadat\n\n2522\n\n\n\n2523\nSukri Kotchaseni\n:th:สุภา คชเสนี\n(30 November 2000)\nPrem Tinsulanonda\nAnwar as-Sadat\n\n2528\n\n\n\n2528\nChamrat Chomphuphon\nจำรัส ชมภูพล\n\n*5 Oct 1978 to he was Thai Ambassador to Cambodia.\n*1989 he was Thai Ambassador to the Republica Checa.\nPrem Tinsulanonda\nHosni Mubarak\n\n2531\n\n\n\n2532\nPreecha Kasemsarn\nชูชัย เกษมศานติ์\n\nChatichai Choonhavan\nHosni Mubarak\n\n2534\n\n\n\n2534\nRangsan Phaholyothin\nรังสรรค์ พหลโยธิน\n\n*1986 he was the Minister in Paris.\n*2001 he was the Thai Ambassador to Myanmar.\n*From 5 to 13 September 1994 Chairman of the Committee International Conference on Population and Development: Cairo,\n*From 2002 to 2004 he was the Thai Ambassador to Russia.\nAnand Panyarachun\nHosni Mubarak\n\n2537\n\n\n\n2537\nLuang Dithakar Bhakdi\nบุญทัน ไพรัชวินิจฉัย\n\nSuchinda Kraprayoon\nHosni Mubarak\n\n2542\n\n\n\n2542\nWichai Hirunwong\nวรวิทย์ กนิษฐะเสน\n(born 1937) He was Assistant Secretary at Puey Ungphakorn Foundation (Thammasat University)\n*from 2005 to 2006 He was Director of Library and Chronicle at Bank of Thailand.\n\nChuan Leekpai\nHosni Mubarak\n\n2546\n\n\n\n2547\nCharivat Santaputra\nจริย์วัฒน์ สันตะบุตร\n\n*From 2001 to 2003 he was Thai Ambassador to Kenya\n*From 2003 to 2006 he was ambassador in Cairo.\n*He was minister and minister counselor in the Permanent Mission of Thailand to the United Nations.\n*He was director of the Middle East Division of the Department of South Asian, Middle East, and African Affairs.\n*He was deputy permanent secretary in the Office of the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Thailand.\nThaksin Shinawatra\nHosni Mubarak\n\n2549\n\n\n\n2549\nNoppadon Theppitak\nนภดล เทพพิทักษ์\n\nSurayud Chulanont\nHosni Mubarak\n\n2553\n\n\n\n2553\nChalit Manityakul\nชลิต มานิตยกุล\n\nSamak Sundaravej\nHosni Mubarak\n2553\n\n\n\n2557\nPeerasak Chantavarin\n\n\nPrayut Chan-o-cha\nAbdel Fattah el-Sisi\n\n\n\n2559\nSakda Sinsuksai\n\n\nPrayut Chan-o-cha\nAbdel Fattah el-Sisi\n\n\n\n2560\nChainarong Keratiyutwong\n นาย ชัยณรงค์ กีรติยุตวงศ์\n\n*On 17 August 2015 he was Charge D'Affaires, Royal Thai Embassy in Yangon.\nPrayut Chan-o-cha\nAbdel Fattah el-Sisi\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "List of representatives", " References " ]

[ "Anand Panyarachun\nHosni Mubarak\n\n2537\n\n\n\n2537\nLuang Dithakar Bhakdi\nบุญทัน ไพรัชวินิจฉัย\n\nSuchinda Kraprayoon\nHosni Mubarak\n\n2542\n\n\n\n2542\nWichai Hirunwong\nวรวิทย์ กนิษฐะเสน\n(born 1937) He was Assistant Secretary at Puey Ungphakorn Foundation (Thammasat University)\n*from 2005 to 2006 He was Director of Library and Chronicle at Bank of Thailand." ]

[ "\n\n\n\nThe '''Thai Ambassador in Cairo''' is the official representative of the Government in Bangkok to the Government of Egypt and concurrently accredited as ambassador to Djibouti, Sudan and Ethiopia.", "{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n diplomatic agreement/designated/Diplomatic accreditation\n Buddhist calendar\n ambassador\n Thai language\n Observations\n List of Prime Ministers of Thailand\n List of heads of state of Egypt\n Term end\n Buddhist calendar\n\n\n\n2503\nLuang Dithakar Bhakdi\nหลวงดิษฐการภักดี\n(* in Bangkok) Education at the King's College, Bangkok, Law School.", "*In 1931 he was Attaché to Siamese Legation in London.", "*In 1945 he was Charge d'Affaires as Thai Ambassador to the United States.", "*From 1948 to 1952 he was Thai Ambassador to Switzerland.", "*From 1955 to 1962 he was Ambassador in Cairo United Arab Republic.", "*From 1963 to 1966 he was Thai Ambassador to Belgium.", "Phibul Songkhram\nGamal Abdel Nasser\n\n2505\n\n\n\n2505\nThepkamol Devakula\n:th:หม่อมราชวงศ์เทพ เทวกุล\n\n*In 1972 he was the Thai Ambassador to Italy\n*In 1979 he was the Thai Ambassador to Myanmar.", "*In 1980 he was the Thai Ambassador to Belgium.", "*In 1990 he was the Thai Ambassador to France.", "Sarit Dhanarajata\nGamal Abdel Nasser\n\n2509\n\n\n\n2509\nBusna-arbhon Krairiksh\nภูษณ-อาภรณ์ ไกรฤกษ์\n\nThanom Kittikachorn\nGamal Abdel Nasser\n\n2511\n\n\n\n2511\nSomchai Anuman Rajadhon\nสมจัย อนุมานราชธน\nSomchi Anuman-Rajadhon\nThanom Kittikachorn\nGamal Abdel Nasser\n\n2515\n\n\n\n2515\nNibhon Wilairat\nนิพนธ์ วิไลรัตน์\nNiphon Wilairat (* in Nakhon Pathom) Education: Thammasat University.", "George Washington University, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Career: Former Ambassador of Thailand to Singapore, Egypt, Lebanon, Italy, Greece and Israel,\nThanom Kittikachorn\nAnwar as-Sadat\n\n2518\n\n\n\n2518\nSunthorn Suwansaran\nสุนทร สุวรรณสาร\n\nSeni Pramoj\nAnwar as-Sadat\n\n2522\n\n\n\n2522\nKriengsak Sirimongkhon\nเกรียงศักดิ์ ศิริมงคล\nDied of a liver disease on 18 December at a Cairo hospital.", "Kriangsak Chomanan\nAnwar as-Sadat\n\n2522\n\n\n\n2523\nSukri Kotchaseni\n:th:สุภา คชเสนี\n(30 November 2000)\nPrem Tinsulanonda\nAnwar as-Sadat\n\n2528\n\n\n\n2528\nChamrat Chomphuphon\nจำรัส ชมภูพล\n\n*5 Oct 1978 to he was Thai Ambassador to Cambodia.", "*1989 he was Thai Ambassador to the Republica Checa.", "Prem Tinsulanonda\nHosni Mubarak\n\n2531\n\n\n\n2532\nPreecha Kasemsarn\nชูชัย เกษมศานติ์\n\nChatichai Choonhavan\nHosni Mubarak\n\n2534\n\n\n\n2534\nRangsan Phaholyothin\nรังสรรค์ พหลโยธิน\n\n*1986 he was the Minister in Paris.", "*2001 he was the Thai Ambassador to Myanmar.", "*From 5 to 13 September 1994 Chairman of the Committee International Conference on Population and Development: Cairo,\n*From 2002 to 2004 he was the Thai Ambassador to Russia.", "Chuan Leekpai\nHosni Mubarak\n\n2546\n\n\n\n2547\nCharivat Santaputra\nจริย์วัฒน์ สันตะบุตร\n\n*From 2001 to 2003 he was Thai Ambassador to Kenya\n*From 2003 to 2006 he was ambassador in Cairo.", "*He was minister and minister counselor in the Permanent Mission of Thailand to the United Nations.", "*He was director of the Middle East Division of the Department of South Asian, Middle East, and African Affairs.", "*He was deputy permanent secretary in the Office of the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Thailand.", "Thaksin Shinawatra\nHosni Mubarak\n\n2549\n\n\n\n2549\nNoppadon Theppitak\nนภดล เทพพิทักษ์\n\nSurayud Chulanont\nHosni Mubarak\n\n2553\n\n\n\n2553\nChalit Manityakul\nชลิต มานิตยกุล\n\nSamak Sundaravej\nHosni Mubarak\n2553\n\n\n\n2557\nPeerasak Chantavarin\n\n\nPrayut Chan-o-cha\nAbdel Fattah el-Sisi\n\n\n\n2559\nSakda Sinsuksai\n\n\nPrayut Chan-o-cha\nAbdel Fattah el-Sisi\n\n\n\n2560\nChainarong Keratiyutwong\n นาย ชัยณรงค์ กีรติยุตวงศ์\n\n*On 17 August 2015 he was Charge D'Affaires, Royal Thai Embassy in Yangon.", "Prayut Chan-o-cha\nAbdel Fattah el-Sisi" ]

[ "\nBakersfield Memorial StadiumDrake Stadium\nThe '''1970 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships''' men's competition took place between June 26-28 at Memorial Stadium on the campus of Bakersfield College in Bakersfield, California. The women's division held their championships separately a little over a hundred miles south at Drake Stadium on the campus of University of California, Los Angeles in Westwood, California.\n<!--", "\n===Men track events===\n100 y\n1\tIvory Crockett\tUSA\t9.3\t \n2\tBen Vaughan\tUSA\t9.3\t \n3\tCharles Greene\tUSA\t9.3\t \n4\tEddie Hart\tUSA\t9.3\t \n5\tRobert Taylor\tUSA\t9.3\t \n6\tBobby Turner\tUSA\t9.5\t \n7\tJames Green\tUSA\t9.5\t \n8\tChuck Smith\tUSA\t9.5\t \n220 y\n1\tBen Vaughan\tUSA\t20.8\t \n2\tWillie Turner\tUSA\t20.8\t \n3\tFred Newhouse\tUSA\t20.9\t \n4\tRobert Taylor\tUSA\t20.9\t \n5\tWillie Deckard\tUSA\t20.9\t \n6\tThomas Randolph\tUSA\t20.9\t \n7\tJames Green\tUSA\t21.1\t \n8\tDan Moore\tUSA\t21.1\t \n440 y\n1\tJohn Smith\tUSA\t45.7\t \n2\tLee Evans\tUSA\t45.7\t \n3\tWayne Collett\tUSA\t45.8\t \n4\tCurtis Mills\tUSA\t46.1\t \n5\tLarry James\tUSA\t46.2\t \n6\tTommie Turner\tUSA\t46.6\t \n7\tTom Ulan\tUSA\t46.7\t \n8\tLen Van Hofwegan\tUSA\t46.8\t \n880 y\n1\tKen Swenson\tUSA\t1.47.4\t \n2\tMark Winzenried\tUSA\t1.47.4\t \n3\tThomas Von Ruden\tUSA\t1.47.9\t \n4\tJohn Perry\tUSA\t1.48.2\t \n5\tByron Dyce\tJAM\t1.48.3\t \n6\tRalph Schultz\tUSA\t1.48.9\t \n7\tMathyas Michael\tETH\t1.48.9\t \n8\tArt Sandison\tUSA\t1.49.4\t \n1 Mile\n1\tHowell Michael\tUSA\t4.01.8\t \n2\tPeter Kaal\tRSA\t4.02.1\t \n3\tMartin Liquori\tUSA\t4.02.4\t \n4\tJere Van Dyke\tUSA\t4.02.5\t \n5\tDennis Savage\tUSA\t4.02.5\t \n6\tJohn Mason\tUSA\t4.02.6\t \n7\tJim Crawford\tUSA\t4.02.7\t \n8\tDavid Wottle\tUSA\t4.02.7\t \n3 Miles\n1\tFrank Shorter\tUSA\t13.24.2\t \n2\tRick Riley\tUSA\t13.24.4\t \n3\tGerry Lindgren\tUSA\t13.25.0\t \n4\tJack Bacheler\tUSA\t13.25.4\t \n5\tSteve Prefontaine\tUSA\t13.26.0\t \n6\tGarry Bjorklund\tUSA\t13.26.6\t \n7\tTarry Harrison\tUSA\t13.29.4\t \n8\tRon Stonitsch\tUSA\t13.39.0\t \n6 Miles\n1\tJack Bacheler\tUSA\t27.24.0\t \n1\tFrank Shorter\tUSA\t27.24.0\t \n3\tGarry Bjorklund\tUSA\t27.30.8\t \n4\tKenneth Moore\tUSA\t27.54.4\t \n5\tGerry Lindgren\tUSA\t28.05.8\t \n6\tBob Bertelsen\tUSA\t28.25.6\t \n7\tBill Clark\tUSA\t28.39.4\t \n8\tRay Hughes\tUSA\t28.40.8\t \nMarathon (42.195 km.)\n1\tBob Fitts\tUSA\t2.24.10.6\t \n2\tRonald Daws\tUSA\t2.29.44.6\t \n3\tByron Lowry\tUSA\t2.33.43.6\t \n4\tPhil Camp\tUSA\t2.35.03.0\t \n5\tTim Hendricks\tUSA\t2.40.11.0\t \n6\tBruce Mortensen\tUSA\t2.40.39.0\t \n7\tBob Gray\tUSA\t2.42.16\t \n8\tJim Vedder\tUSA\t2.44.57\t \n120 y Hurdles\n1\tThomas Hill\tUSA\t13.39\t \n2\tMarcus Walker\tUSA\t13.40\t \n3\tWillie Davenport\tUSA\t13.4\t \n4\tRod Milburn\tUSA\t13.7\t \n5\tPaul Gibson\tUSA\t13.7\t \n6\tGary Power\tUSA\t13.9\t \n7\tTommy Lee White\tUSA\t14.2\t \n8\tPat Pomphrey\tUSA\t14.2\t \n440 y Hurdles\n1\tRalph Mann\tUSA\t49.8\tMRy\n2\tRon Whitney\tUSA\t50.2\t \n3\tBob Steele\tUSA\t51.2\t \n4\tWesley Williams\tUSA\t51.2\t \n5\tDick Bruggeman\tUSA\t51.5\t \n6\tDavid Adkins\tUSA\t51.8\t \n7\tJim Wharton\tUSA\t51.8\t \n8\tRon Rondeau\tUSA\t52.2\t \n3000 m Steeplechase\n1\tBill Reilly\tUSA\t8.34.8\t \n2\tRobert Price\tUSA\t8.36.4\t \n3\tSteve Savage\tUSA\t8.38.6\t \n4\tJeromee Liebenberg\tUSA\t8.44.4\t \n5\tRon Pettigrew\tUSA\t8.48.4\t \n6\tDon Timm\tUSA\t8.50.2\t \n7\tDave Hindley\tGBR\t8.54.4\t \n8\tMichael Manley\tUSA\t9.00.8\t \n\n\n100 meters\n Christer GarpenborgGuy AbrahamsMike SandsRobert Woods \n 10.3910.4110.4310.44\n Larry Jackson \n 10.45\t \n Robert E. Taylor \n 10.47\n\n200 meters\n Millard Hampton \n 20.89\t \n James GilkesLarry Jackson \n\t20.9521.05\t \n Clancy Edwards \n 21.05\n\n400 meters\n Maxie Parks \n 44.82 '''CR'''\n Robert E. Taylor \n 45.11\t \n Fred Newhouse \n 45.20\n\n800 meters\n James Robinson \n 1.46.63\t \n Tom McLean \n 1.46.86\t \n Rick Brown \n 1.47.25\n\n1500 meters\n Eamon CoghlanMichael Manke \n 3.42.41\t3.42.70\n Michael Durkin \n 3.42.82\t \n Mark Schilling \n 3.42.95\n\n5000 meters\n Dick Buerkle \n 13.31.2\t \n Martin Liquori \n 13.41.0\t \n Paul Geis \n 13.43.8\n\n10000 meters\n Ed Leddy Duncan Macdonald \n\t28.46.028.58.6\t \n Dave Smith \n 29.09.8\t \n Anthony Sandoval \n 29.14.0\n\nMarathon (42.195 km.)\n Gary Tuttle \n 2.15.15 '''CR'''\n Benji Durden \n 2.20.25\t \n Ronald Kurrie \n 2.21.38\n\n110 meters hurdles\n Thomas Hill \n 13.64\t \n James Owens \n 13.69\t \n Delario Robinson \n 13.76\n\n400 meters hurdles\n Tom Andrews \n 48.55 '''CR'''\n Jim Bolding \n 48.57\t \n Ralph Mann \n 48.77\n\n3000 meters steeplechase\n Randy Smith \n 8.26.71\t \n Douglas Brown \n 8.33.48\t \n Mike Roche \n 8.35.07\t \n\n\n===Men field events===\nHigh Jump\n1\tReynaldo Brown\tUSA\t2.16\t \n2\tBarry Shepard\tUSA\t2.13\t \n3\tJohn Dobroth\tUSA\t2.08\t \n3\tMike Bowers\tUSA\t2.08\t \n5\tBill Elliott\tUSA\t2.08\t \n5\tLew Hoyt\tUSA\t2.08\t \n5\tRay McGill\tUSA\t2.08\t \n8\tJohn Hartfield\tUSA\t2.08\t \n8\tWillie Sojourner\tUSA\t2.08\t \nPole Vault\n1\tBob Seagren\tUSA\t5.23\t \n2\tPaul Hegler\tUSA\t5.23\t \n3\tSam Caruthers\tUSA\t5.08\t \n4\tVic Dias\tUSA\t5.08\t \n5\tBill Barrett\tUSA\t4.87\t \n5\tJan Johnson\tUSA\t4.87\t \n5\tScott Cryder\tUSA\t4.87\t \n8\tDennis Phillips\tUSA\t4.87\t \n8\tNick Homer\tUSA\t4.87\t \nLong Jump\n1\tJames(Bouncy) Moore\tUSA\t7.99w\t \n2\tNorm Tate\tUSA\t7.96w\t \n3\tRon Coleman\tUSA\t7.95w\t \n4\tStanley Royster\tUSA\t7.92w\t \n5\tJerry Proctor\tUSA\t7.90w\t \n6\tJames McAlister\tUSA\t7.58\t \n7\tMarion Anderson\tUSA\t7.52\t \n8\tJim Fraser\tUSA\t7.48\t \nTriple Jump\n1\tMilan Tiff\tUSA\t16.15\t \n2\tDave Smith\tUSA\t16.08\t \n3\tLennox Burgher\tJAM\t15.75\t \n4\tDave Tucker\tUSA\t15.57\t \n5\tJames Butts\tUSA\t15.50\t \n6\tJohn Craft\tUSA\t15.49\t \n7\tBryant Salter\tUSA\t15.45\t \n8\tJim Fraser\tUSA\t15.33\t \nShot Put\n1\tRandy Matson\tUSA\t20.68\tMR\n2\tSteve Wilhelm\tUSA\t19.84\t \n3\tAl Feuerbach\tUSA\t19.81\t \n4\tBruce Wilhelm\tUSA\t19.77\t \n5\tGeorge Woods\tUSA\t19.45\t \n6\tDave Murphy\tUSA\t19.16\t \n7\tDoug Lane\tUSA\t19.13\t \n8\tKarl Salb\tUSA\t18.98\t \nDiscus Throw\n1\tJay Silvester\tUSA\t62.58\t \n2\tRickard Drescher\tUSA\t58.90\t \n3\tJohn Powell\tUSA\t58.32\t \n4\tTim Vollmer\tUSA\t57.71\t \n5\tDave Weill\tUSA\t57.55\t \n6\tGary Ordway\tUSA\t57.28\t \n7\tBill Neville\tUSA\t57.28\t \n8\tJon Cole\tUSA\t56.59\t \nHammer Throw\n1\tGeorge Frenn\tUSA\t70.10\t \n2\tTom Gage\tUSA\t69.62\t \n3\tHarold Connolly\tUSA\t65.30\t \n4\tSteve DeAutremont\tUSA\t63.14\t \n5\tLawrence Hart\tUSA\t62.13\t \n6\tWayne Pangburn\tUSA\t61.44\t \n7\tBob Narcessian\tUSA\t60.70\t \n8\tAlbert Hall\tUSA\t59.66\t \nJavelin Throw\n1\tBill Skinner\tUSA\t84.30\t \n2\tRoger Collins\tUSA\t79.96\t \n3\tFrank Covelli\tUSA\t79.60\t \n4\tRobert Wallis\tUSA\t78.51\t \n5\tBen Laville\tDOM\t76.22\t \n6\tMike Lyngstad\tUSA\t75.36\t \n7\tCary Feldman\tUSA\t74.42\t \n8\tEd Red\tUSA\t73.51\t \nDecathlon\n1\tJohn Warkentin\tUSA\t8026\t \n2\tRuss Hodge\tUSA\t7886\t \n3\tJeff Bennett\tUSA\t7750\t \n4\tSteve Gough\tUSA\t7520\t \n5\tDave Thoreson\tUSA\t7369\t \n6\tMike Hill\tUSA\t7226\t \n7\tGeorge Pannell\tUSA\t7190\t \n8\tJim Sobieszczyk\tUSA\t7187\t\n\n\nHigh Jump\n Dwight Stones \n \n Melvin Embree \n \n Reynaldo Brown \n \n\nPole Vault\n Earl Bell \n \n Mike Tully \n \n Don BairdTerry Porter \n \n\nLong Jump\n Arnie Robinson \n \n James (Bouncy) Moore \n \n Danny Seay \n \n\nTriple Jump\n Tommy Haynes \n w\t \n James Butts \n w\t \n Willie Banks \n w\n\nShot Put\n Terry Albritton \n \n Al Feuerbach \n \n George Woods \n \n\nDiscus Throw\n Mac Wilkins \n '''CR'''\n John Powell \n \n Jay Silvester \n \n\nHammer Throw\n Lawrence Hart \n \n Bill Diehl \n \n Bill Shuff \n \n\nJavelin Throw\n Fred Luke \n \n Richard George \n \n Bill Schmidt \n \n\nDecathlon\n Bruce Jenner \n 8542w '''WR'''*\t \n Fred Dixon \n 8294\t \n Fred Samara \n 8004\t \n\n\n===Women track events===\n100 y\n1\tChi Cheng\tTWN\t10.2\t \n2\tIris Davis\tUSA\t10.4\t \n3\tBarbara Ferrell\tUSA\t10.4\t \n4\tMattline Render\tUSA\t10.6\t \n5\tPat Hawkins\tUSA\t10.7\t \n6\tRhonda Fleming\tUSA\t10.8\t \n220 y\n1\tChi Cheng\tTWN\t22.4w\t \n2\tWilliomae Fergerson\tUSA\t23.6w\t \n3\tPamela Greene\tUSA\t23.7w\t \n4\tEsther Story\tUSA\t23.8w\t \n5\tKathy Smallwood\tUSA\t23.9w\t \n6\tJudy Murphy\tUSA\t24.2w\t \n440 y\n1\tMavis Laing\tUSA\t52.9\t \n2\tJarvis Scott\tUSA\t53.4\t \n3\tGwen Norman\tUSA\t53.5\t \n4\tKathy Hammond\tUSA\t54.0\t \n5\tGail Fitzgerald\tUSA\t54.3\t \n6\tNancy Benson\tUSA\t54.9\t \n880 y\n1\tCheryl Toussaint\tUSA\t2.05.1\t \n2\tFrancie Kraker-Johnson\tUSA\t2.05.3\t \n3\tTerry Hull\tUSA\t2.05.5\t \n4\tNoreen Leipins\tCAN\t2.06.5\t \n5\tCis Schafer\tUSA\t2.08.3\t \n6\tPatty Cape\tUSA\t2.12.2\t \n1500 m\n1\tFrancie Larrieu\tUSA\t4.20.8\t \n2\tDoris Heritage\tUSA\t4.24.3\t \n3\tTrina Hosmer\tUSA\t4.29.2\t \n4\tMaria Stearns\tUSA\t4.30.0\t \n5\tKathy Gibbons\tUSA\t4.31.5\t \n6\tCheryl Bridges\tUSA\t4.32.5\t \n3000 m\n1\tBeth Bonner\tUSA\t9.48.1\t \n100 m Hurdles\n1\tMamie Rallins\tUSA\t13.4\t \n2\tPatricia Johnson\tUSA\t13.5\t \n3\tJan Glotzer\tUSA\t13.6\t \n4\tPat Donnelly\tUSA\t13.6\t \n5\tDeanne Carlson\tUSA\t14.1\t \n6\tJudy Vernon\tUSA\t14.4\t \n\n\n100 meters\n Chandra Cheeseborough \n 11.34\t \n Rosalyn Bryant \n 11.43\t \n Ranaye Bowen \n 11.49\n\n200 meters\n Brenda Morehead \n 22.94\t= '''CR'''\n Debra Armstrong \n 23.19\t \n Rosalyn Bryant \n 23.40\n\n400 meters\n Lorna Forde \n 52.30\t \n Sheila Ingram \n 52.52\t \n Shirley Williams \n 52.53\n\n800 meters\n Madeline Manning \n 2.01.00\t \n Kathy Weston \n 2.03.52\t \n Janice Merrill \n 2.03.85\n\n 1500 meters\n Francie Larrieu \n 4.09.93 '''CR'''\n Cindy Bremser \n 4.10.8\t \n Julie Brown \n 4.14.14\n\n3000 meters\n Janice Merrill \n 8.57.17\t \n Teri Anderson \n 9.19.55\t \n Peggy Neppel \n 9.22.65\n\nMarathon Western Hemisphere Marathon, Culver City, California\n Dorothy Doolittle \n 2.55.38\t \n Sue Ellen Trapp \n 3.10.32\t \n Peggy Kokevnot \n 3.25.46\n\n100 meters hurdles\n Jane Frederick \n 13.29\t \n Debbie LaPlante \n 13.32\t \n Sonya Hardy \n 13.50\n\n400 meters hurdles\n Arthurine Gainer \n 57.24 '''AR'''\n Debbie Esser \n 57.56\t \n Mary Ayers \n 58.53\n\n\n===Women field events===\n\nHigh Jump\n1\tSally Plihal\tUSA\t1.73\t \n2\tBrenda Simpson\tUSA\t1.73\t \n3\tToni Churchill\tUSA\t1.67\t \n4\tKim Favorite\tUSA\t1.62\t \n5\tVann Abram\tUSA\t1.62\t \n6\tJill Halgrimson\tUSA\t1.62\t \n7\tSandi Goldsberry\tUSA\t1.62\t \nLong Jump\n1\tWillye White\tUSA\t6.42\t \n2\tMartha Watson\tUSA\t6.11\t \n3\tVicki Betts\tUSA\t6.03\t \n4\tDeborah Smith\tUSA\t5.95\t \n5\tMarilyn King\tUSA\t5.90\t \n6\tJudy Vernon\tUSA\t5.88\t \n7\tMyra Albrecht\tUSA\t5.87\t \nShot Put\n1\tLynn Graham\tUSA\t15.19\t \n2\tMaren Seidler\tUSA\t15.00\t \n3\tLynette Matthews\tUSA\t14.90\t \n4\tMary Jacobson\tUSA\t14.35\t \n5\tDenise Wood\tUSA\t13.96\t \n6\tPatricia Bank\tUSA\t13.73\t \n7\tBeth Smith\tUSA\t13.63\t \nDiscus Throw\n1\tCarol Frost\tUSA\t52.50\t \n2\tJosephine Dela Vina\tPHI\t48.56\t \n3\tLinda Langford\tUSA\t48.31\t \n4\tRanee Kletchka\tUSA\t48.05\t \n5\tNancy Norberg\tUSA\t47.60\t \n6\tHelen Thayer\tUSA\t46.30\t \n7\tVivian Turner\tUSA\t44.30\t \nJavelin Throw\n1\tSherry Calvert\tUSA\t56.31\t \n2\tBarbara Friedrich\tUSA\t53.06\t \n3\tMary Boron\tUSA\t48.08\t \n4\tRoberta Brown\tUSA\t47.22\t \n5\tLinda Langford\tUSA\t46.53\t \nPentathlon\n1\tBillie Pat Daniels\tUSA\t4735\t \n2\tMarilyn King\tUSA\t4542\t \n3\tMavis Laing\tUSA\t4533\t \n4\tJan Glotzer\tUSA\t4509\t \n5\tSallie Caton\tUSA\t4440\t \n6\tStanelia Mallard\tUSA\t4327\t \n7\tSandi Goldsberry\tUSA\t4214\t \n8\tDianne Spangler\tCAN\t4206\t \n\n\nHigh Jump\n Joni Huntley \n '''CR'''\n Pam Spencer \n \n Ann Gilliland \n \n\nLong Jump\n Kathy McMillan \n '''AR'''\n Sherron Walker \n \n Martha Watson \n \n\nShot Put\n Maren Seidler \n '''CR'''\n Kathy Devine \n \t \n Marcia Mecklenburg \n \n\nDiscus Throw\n Lynne Winbigler \n \t \n Jan Svendsen \n \n Linda Langford \n \n\nJavelin Throw\n Kathy Schmidt \n '''AR'''\n Karin Smith \n \t \n Sherry Calvert \n \n\nPentathlon\n Jane Frederick \n 4622\t \n Gale Fitzgerald \n 4417\t \n Marilyn King \n 4374\n\n-->", "*United States Olympic Trials (track and field)\n", "\n", "* results\n* results\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Results", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ "Gary Tuttle \n 2.15.15 '''CR'''\n Benji Durden \n 2.20.25\t \n Ronald Kurrie \n 2.21.38\n\n110 meters hurdles\n Thomas Hill \n 13.64\t \n James Owens \n 13.69\t \n Delario Robinson \n 13.76\n\n400 meters hurdles\n Tom Andrews \n 48.55 '''CR'''\n Jim Bolding \n 48.57\t \n Ralph Mann \n 48.77\n\n3000 meters steeplechase\n Randy Smith \n 8.26.71\t \n Douglas Brown \n 8.33.48\t \n Mike Roche \n 8.35.07\t \n\n\n===Men field events===\nHigh Jump\n1\tReynaldo Brown\tUSA\t2.16\t \n2\tBarry Shepard\tUSA\t2.13\t \n3\tJohn Dobroth\tUSA\t2.08\t \n3\tMike Bowers\tUSA\t2.08\t \n5\tBill Elliott\tUSA\t2.08\t \n5\tLew Hoyt\tUSA\t2.08\t \n5\tRay McGill\tUSA\t2.08\t \n8\tJohn Hartfield\tUSA\t2.08\t \n8\tWillie Sojourner\tUSA\t2.08\t \nPole Vault\n1\tBob Seagren\tUSA\t5.23\t \n2\tPaul Hegler\tUSA\t5.23\t \n3\tSam Caruthers\tUSA\t5.08\t \n4\tVic Dias\tUSA\t5.08\t \n5\tBill Barrett\tUSA\t4.87\t \n5\tJan Johnson\tUSA\t4.87\t \n5\tScott Cryder\tUSA\t4.87\t \n8\tDennis Phillips\tUSA\t4.87\t \n8\tNick Homer\tUSA\t4.87\t \nLong Jump\n1\tJames(Bouncy) Moore\tUSA\t7.99w\t \n2\tNorm Tate\tUSA\t7.96w\t \n3\tRon Coleman\tUSA\t7.95w\t \n4\tStanley Royster\tUSA\t7.92w\t \n5\tJerry Proctor\tUSA\t7.90w\t \n6\tJames McAlister\tUSA\t7.58\t \n7\tMarion Anderson\tUSA\t7.52\t \n8\tJim Fraser\tUSA\t7.48\t \nTriple Jump\n1\tMilan Tiff\tUSA\t16.15\t \n2\tDave Smith\tUSA\t16.08\t \n3\tLennox Burgher\tJAM\t15.75\t \n4\tDave Tucker\tUSA\t15.57\t \n5\tJames Butts\tUSA\t15.50\t \n6\tJohn Craft\tUSA\t15.49\t \n7\tBryant Salter\tUSA\t15.45\t \n8\tJim Fraser\tUSA\t15.33\t \nShot Put\n1\tRandy Matson\tUSA\t20.68\tMR\n2\tSteve Wilhelm\tUSA\t19.84\t \n3\tAl Feuerbach\tUSA\t19.81\t \n4\tBruce Wilhelm\tUSA\t19.77\t \n5\tGeorge Woods\tUSA\t19.45\t \n6\tDave Murphy\tUSA\t19.16\t \n7\tDoug Lane\tUSA\t19.13\t \n8\tKarl Salb\tUSA\t18.98\t \nDiscus Throw\n1\tJay Silvester\tUSA\t62.58\t \n2\tRickard Drescher\tUSA\t58.90\t \n3\tJohn Powell\tUSA\t58.32\t \n4\tTim Vollmer\tUSA\t57.71\t \n5\tDave Weill\tUSA\t57.55\t \n6\tGary Ordway\tUSA\t57.28\t \n7\tBill Neville\tUSA\t57.28\t \n8\tJon Cole\tUSA\t56.59\t \nHammer Throw\n1\tGeorge Frenn\tUSA\t70.10\t \n2\tTom Gage\tUSA\t69.62\t \n3\tHarold Connolly\tUSA\t65.30\t \n4\tSteve DeAutremont\tUSA\t63.14\t \n5\tLawrence Hart\tUSA\t62.13\t \n6\tWayne Pangburn\tUSA\t61.44\t \n7\tBob Narcessian\tUSA\t60.70\t \n8\tAlbert Hall\tUSA\t59.66\t \nJavelin Throw\n1\tBill Skinner\tUSA\t84.30\t \n2\tRoger Collins\tUSA\t79.96\t \n3\tFrank Covelli\tUSA\t79.60\t \n4\tRobert Wallis\tUSA\t78.51\t \n5\tBen Laville\tDOM\t76.22\t \n6\tMike Lyngstad\tUSA\t75.36\t \n7\tCary Feldman\tUSA\t74.42\t \n8\tEd Red\tUSA\t73.51\t \nDecathlon\n1\tJohn Warkentin\tUSA\t8026\t \n2\tRuss Hodge\tUSA\t7886\t \n3\tJeff Bennett\tUSA\t7750\t \n4\tSteve Gough\tUSA\t7520\t \n5\tDave Thoreson\tUSA\t7369\t \n6\tMike Hill\tUSA\t7226\t \n7\tGeorge Pannell\tUSA\t7190\t \n8\tJim Sobieszczyk\tUSA\t7187\t\n\n\nHigh Jump\n Dwight Stones \n \n Melvin Embree \n \n Reynaldo Brown \n \n\nPole Vault\n Earl Bell \n \n Mike Tully \n \n Don BairdTerry Porter \n \n\nLong Jump\n Arnie Robinson \n \n James (Bouncy) Moore \n \n Danny Seay \n \n\nTriple Jump\n Tommy Haynes \n w\t \n James Butts \n w\t \n Willie Banks \n w\n\nShot Put\n Terry Albritton \n \n Al Feuerbach \n \n George Woods \n \n\nDiscus Throw\n Mac Wilkins \n '''CR'''\n John Powell \n \n Jay Silvester \n \n\nHammer Throw\n Lawrence Hart \n \n Bill Diehl \n \n Bill Shuff \n \n\nJavelin Throw\n Fred Luke \n \n Richard George \n \n Bill Schmidt \n \n\nDecathlon\n Bruce Jenner \n 8542w '''WR'''*\t \n Fred Dixon \n 8294\t \n Fred Samara \n 8004\t \n\n\n===Women track events===\n100 y\n1\tChi Cheng\tTWN\t10.2\t \n2\tIris Davis\tUSA\t10.4\t \n3\tBarbara Ferrell\tUSA\t10.4\t \n4\tMattline Render\tUSA\t10.6\t \n5\tPat Hawkins\tUSA\t10.7\t \n6\tRhonda Fleming\tUSA\t10.8\t \n220 y\n1\tChi Cheng\tTWN\t22.4w\t \n2\tWilliomae Fergerson\tUSA\t23.6w\t \n3\tPamela Greene\tUSA\t23.7w\t \n4\tEsther Story\tUSA\t23.8w\t \n5\tKathy Smallwood\tUSA\t23.9w\t \n6\tJudy Murphy\tUSA\t24.2w\t \n440 y\n1\tMavis Laing\tUSA\t52.9\t \n2\tJarvis Scott\tUSA\t53.4\t \n3\tGwen Norman\tUSA\t53.5\t \n4\tKathy Hammond\tUSA\t54.0\t \n5\tGail Fitzgerald\tUSA\t54.3\t \n6\tNancy Benson\tUSA\t54.9\t \n880 y\n1\tCheryl Toussaint\tUSA\t2.05.1\t \n2\tFrancie Kraker-Johnson\tUSA\t2.05.3\t \n3\tTerry Hull\tUSA\t2.05.5\t \n4\tNoreen Leipins\tCAN\t2.06.5\t \n5\tCis Schafer\tUSA\t2.08.3\t \n6\tPatty Cape\tUSA\t2.12.2\t \n1500 m\n1\tFrancie Larrieu\tUSA\t4.20.8\t \n2\tDoris Heritage\tUSA\t4.24.3\t \n3\tTrina Hosmer\tUSA\t4.29.2\t \n4\tMaria Stearns\tUSA\t4.30.0\t \n5\tKathy Gibbons\tUSA\t4.31.5\t \n6\tCheryl Bridges\tUSA\t4.32.5\t \n3000 m\n1\tBeth Bonner\tUSA\t9.48.1\t \n100 m Hurdles\n1\tMamie Rallins\tUSA\t13.4\t \n2\tPatricia Johnson\tUSA\t13.5\t \n3\tJan Glotzer\tUSA\t13.6\t \n4\tPat Donnelly\tUSA\t13.6\t \n5\tDeanne Carlson\tUSA\t14.1\t \n6\tJudy Vernon\tUSA\t14.4\t \n\n\n100 meters\n Chandra Cheeseborough \n 11.34\t \n Rosalyn Bryant \n 11.43\t \n Ranaye Bowen \n 11.49\n\n200 meters\n Brenda Morehead \n 22.94\t= '''CR'''\n Debra Armstrong \n 23.19\t \n Rosalyn Bryant \n 23.40\n\n400 meters\n Lorna Forde \n 52.30\t \n Sheila Ingram \n 52.52\t \n Shirley Williams \n 52.53\n\n800 meters\n Madeline Manning \n 2.01.00\t \n Kathy Weston \n 2.03.52\t \n Janice Merrill \n 2.03.85\n\n 1500 meters\n Francie Larrieu \n 4.09.93 '''CR'''\n Cindy Bremser \n 4.10.8\t \n Julie Brown \n 4.14.14\n\n3000 meters\n Janice Merrill \n 8.57.17\t \n Teri Anderson \n 9.19.55\t \n Peggy Neppel \n 9.22.65\n\nMarathon Western Hemisphere Marathon, Culver City, California\n Dorothy Doolittle \n 2.55.38\t \n Sue Ellen Trapp \n 3.10.32\t \n Peggy Kokevnot \n 3.25.46\n\n100 meters hurdles\n Jane Frederick \n 13.29\t \n Debbie LaPlante \n 13.32\t \n Sonya Hardy \n 13.50\n\n400 meters hurdles\n Arthurine Gainer \n 57.24 '''AR'''\n Debbie Esser \n 57.56\t \n Mary Ayers \n 58.53\n\n\n===Women field events===\n\nHigh Jump\n1\tSally Plihal\tUSA\t1.73\t \n2\tBrenda Simpson\tUSA\t1.73\t \n3\tToni Churchill\tUSA\t1.67\t \n4\tKim Favorite\tUSA\t1.62\t \n5\tVann Abram\tUSA\t1.62\t \n6\tJill Halgrimson\tUSA\t1.62\t \n7\tSandi Goldsberry\tUSA\t1.62\t \nLong Jump\n1\tWillye White\tUSA\t6.42\t \n2\tMartha Watson\tUSA\t6.11\t \n3\tVicki Betts\tUSA\t6.03\t \n4\tDeborah Smith\tUSA\t5.95\t \n5\tMarilyn King\tUSA\t5.90\t \n6\tJudy Vernon\tUSA\t5.88\t \n7\tMyra Albrecht\tUSA\t5.87\t \nShot Put\n1\tLynn Graham\tUSA\t15.19\t \n2\tMaren Seidler\tUSA\t15.00\t \n3\tLynette Matthews\tUSA\t14.90\t \n4\tMary Jacobson\tUSA\t14.35\t \n5\tDenise Wood\tUSA\t13.96\t \n6\tPatricia Bank\tUSA\t13.73\t \n7\tBeth Smith\tUSA\t13.63\t \nDiscus Throw\n1\tCarol Frost\tUSA\t52.50\t \n2\tJosephine Dela Vina\tPHI\t48.56\t \n3\tLinda Langford\tUSA\t48.31\t \n4\tRanee Kletchka\tUSA\t48.05\t \n5\tNancy Norberg\tUSA\t47.60\t \n6\tHelen Thayer\tUSA\t46.30\t \n7\tVivian Turner\tUSA\t44.30\t \nJavelin Throw\n1\tSherry Calvert\tUSA\t56.31\t \n2\tBarbara Friedrich\tUSA\t53.06\t \n3\tMary Boron\tUSA\t48.08\t \n4\tRoberta Brown\tUSA\t47.22\t \n5\tLinda Langford\tUSA\t46.53\t \nPentathlon\n1\tBillie Pat Daniels\tUSA\t4735\t \n2\tMarilyn King\tUSA\t4542\t \n3\tMavis Laing\tUSA\t4533\t \n4\tJan Glotzer\tUSA\t4509\t \n5\tSallie Caton\tUSA\t4440\t \n6\tStanelia Mallard\tUSA\t4327\t \n7\tSandi Goldsberry\tUSA\t4214\t \n8\tDianne Spangler\tCAN\t4206\t \n\n\nHigh Jump\n Joni Huntley \n '''CR'''\n Pam Spencer \n \n Ann Gilliland \n \n\nLong Jump\n Kathy McMillan \n '''AR'''\n Sherron Walker \n \n Martha Watson \n \n\nShot Put\n Maren Seidler \n '''CR'''\n Kathy Devine \n \t \n Marcia Mecklenburg \n \n\nDiscus Throw\n Lynne Winbigler \n \t \n Jan Svendsen \n \n Linda Langford \n \n\nJavelin Throw\n Kathy Schmidt \n '''AR'''\n Karin Smith \n \t \n Sherry Calvert \n \n\nPentathlon\n Jane Frederick \n 4622\t \n Gale Fitzgerald \n 4417\t \n Marilyn King \n 4374\n\n-->" ]

[ "\nBakersfield Memorial StadiumDrake Stadium\nThe '''1970 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships''' men's competition took place between June 26-28 at Memorial Stadium on the campus of Bakersfield College in Bakersfield, California.", "The women's division held their championships separately a little over a hundred miles south at Drake Stadium on the campus of University of California, Los Angeles in Westwood, California.", "<!--", "\n===Men track events===\n100 y\n1\tIvory Crockett\tUSA\t9.3\t \n2\tBen Vaughan\tUSA\t9.3\t \n3\tCharles Greene\tUSA\t9.3\t \n4\tEddie Hart\tUSA\t9.3\t \n5\tRobert Taylor\tUSA\t9.3\t \n6\tBobby Turner\tUSA\t9.5\t \n7\tJames Green\tUSA\t9.5\t \n8\tChuck Smith\tUSA\t9.5\t \n220 y\n1\tBen Vaughan\tUSA\t20.8\t \n2\tWillie Turner\tUSA\t20.8\t \n3\tFred Newhouse\tUSA\t20.9\t \n4\tRobert Taylor\tUSA\t20.9\t \n5\tWillie Deckard\tUSA\t20.9\t \n6\tThomas Randolph\tUSA\t20.9\t \n7\tJames Green\tUSA\t21.1\t \n8\tDan Moore\tUSA\t21.1\t \n440 y\n1\tJohn Smith\tUSA\t45.7\t \n2\tLee Evans\tUSA\t45.7\t \n3\tWayne Collett\tUSA\t45.8\t \n4\tCurtis Mills\tUSA\t46.1\t \n5\tLarry James\tUSA\t46.2\t \n6\tTommie Turner\tUSA\t46.6\t \n7\tTom Ulan\tUSA\t46.7\t \n8\tLen Van Hofwegan\tUSA\t46.8\t \n880 y\n1\tKen Swenson\tUSA\t1.47.4\t \n2\tMark Winzenried\tUSA\t1.47.4\t \n3\tThomas Von Ruden\tUSA\t1.47.9\t \n4\tJohn Perry\tUSA\t1.48.2\t \n5\tByron Dyce\tJAM\t1.48.3\t \n6\tRalph Schultz\tUSA\t1.48.9\t \n7\tMathyas Michael\tETH\t1.48.9\t \n8\tArt Sandison\tUSA\t1.49.4\t \n1 Mile\n1\tHowell Michael\tUSA\t4.01.8\t \n2\tPeter Kaal\tRSA\t4.02.1\t \n3\tMartin Liquori\tUSA\t4.02.4\t \n4\tJere Van Dyke\tUSA\t4.02.5\t \n5\tDennis Savage\tUSA\t4.02.5\t \n6\tJohn Mason\tUSA\t4.02.6\t \n7\tJim Crawford\tUSA\t4.02.7\t \n8\tDavid Wottle\tUSA\t4.02.7\t \n3 Miles\n1\tFrank Shorter\tUSA\t13.24.2\t \n2\tRick Riley\tUSA\t13.24.4\t \n3\tGerry Lindgren\tUSA\t13.25.0\t \n4\tJack Bacheler\tUSA\t13.25.4\t \n5\tSteve Prefontaine\tUSA\t13.26.0\t \n6\tGarry Bjorklund\tUSA\t13.26.6\t \n7\tTarry Harrison\tUSA\t13.29.4\t \n8\tRon Stonitsch\tUSA\t13.39.0\t \n6 Miles\n1\tJack Bacheler\tUSA\t27.24.0\t \n1\tFrank Shorter\tUSA\t27.24.0\t \n3\tGarry Bjorklund\tUSA\t27.30.8\t \n4\tKenneth Moore\tUSA\t27.54.4\t \n5\tGerry Lindgren\tUSA\t28.05.8\t \n6\tBob Bertelsen\tUSA\t28.25.6\t \n7\tBill Clark\tUSA\t28.39.4\t \n8\tRay Hughes\tUSA\t28.40.8\t \nMarathon (42.195 km.)", "1\tBob Fitts\tUSA\t2.24.10.6\t \n2\tRonald Daws\tUSA\t2.29.44.6\t \n3\tByron Lowry\tUSA\t2.33.43.6\t \n4\tPhil Camp\tUSA\t2.35.03.0\t \n5\tTim Hendricks\tUSA\t2.40.11.0\t \n6\tBruce Mortensen\tUSA\t2.40.39.0\t \n7\tBob Gray\tUSA\t2.42.16\t \n8\tJim Vedder\tUSA\t2.44.57\t \n120 y Hurdles\n1\tThomas Hill\tUSA\t13.39\t \n2\tMarcus Walker\tUSA\t13.40\t \n3\tWillie Davenport\tUSA\t13.4\t \n4\tRod Milburn\tUSA\t13.7\t \n5\tPaul Gibson\tUSA\t13.7\t \n6\tGary Power\tUSA\t13.9\t \n7\tTommy Lee White\tUSA\t14.2\t \n8\tPat Pomphrey\tUSA\t14.2\t \n440 y Hurdles\n1\tRalph Mann\tUSA\t49.8\tMRy\n2\tRon Whitney\tUSA\t50.2\t \n3\tBob Steele\tUSA\t51.2\t \n4\tWesley Williams\tUSA\t51.2\t \n5\tDick Bruggeman\tUSA\t51.5\t \n6\tDavid Adkins\tUSA\t51.8\t \n7\tJim Wharton\tUSA\t51.8\t \n8\tRon Rondeau\tUSA\t52.2\t \n3000 m Steeplechase\n1\tBill Reilly\tUSA\t8.34.8\t \n2\tRobert Price\tUSA\t8.36.4\t \n3\tSteve Savage\tUSA\t8.38.6\t \n4\tJeromee Liebenberg\tUSA\t8.44.4\t \n5\tRon Pettigrew\tUSA\t8.48.4\t \n6\tDon Timm\tUSA\t8.50.2\t \n7\tDave Hindley\tGBR\t8.54.4\t \n8\tMichael Manley\tUSA\t9.00.8\t \n\n\n100 meters\n Christer GarpenborgGuy AbrahamsMike SandsRobert Woods \n 10.3910.4110.4310.44\n Larry Jackson \n 10.45\t \n Robert E. Taylor \n 10.47\n\n200 meters\n Millard Hampton \n 20.89\t \n James GilkesLarry Jackson \n\t20.9521.05\t \n Clancy Edwards \n 21.05\n\n400 meters\n Maxie Parks \n 44.82 '''CR'''\n Robert E. Taylor \n 45.11\t \n Fred Newhouse \n 45.20\n\n800 meters\n James Robinson \n 1.46.63\t \n Tom McLean \n 1.46.86\t \n Rick Brown \n 1.47.25\n\n1500 meters\n Eamon CoghlanMichael Manke \n 3.42.41\t3.42.70\n Michael Durkin \n 3.42.82\t \n Mark Schilling \n 3.42.95\n\n5000 meters\n Dick Buerkle \n 13.31.2\t \n Martin Liquori \n 13.41.0\t \n Paul Geis \n 13.43.8\n\n10000 meters\n Ed Leddy Duncan Macdonald \n\t28.46.028.58.6\t \n Dave Smith \n 29.09.8\t \n Anthony Sandoval \n 29.14.0\n\nMarathon (42.195 km.)", "*United States Olympic Trials (track and field)", "* results\n* results" ]

[ "\n\nThe '''Wendell Town Common Historic District''' encompasses the historic heart of the small town of Wendell, Massachusetts. Centered on a town common established in 1782, it includes a significant number of well preserved Greek Revival buildings. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.\n", "Colonial settlement of what is now the town of Gill began in the mid-18th century, and the town was incorporated in 1794. Riverside, located on the northern bank of the Connecticut River, now opposite the 19th-century industrial village of Turners Falls, was its first point of settlement. The oldest surviving building in Gill is the Howland Tavern, built about 1760 and now set on the south side of the French King Highway (Massachusetts Route 2). In the early 19th century sawmills were erected along the river, which produced lumber used in the development of Gill and neighboring communities. When Turners Falls was developed later in the 19th century, Riverside was economically eclipsed, and became a place for workers there to live. The Turners Falls Lumber Company, located in Riverside, burned down in 1903, and its site was never redeveloped.\n\nThe historic district is roughly bounded on the north by the French King Highway and the south by the river. A network of mainly residential streets is clustered southwest of the highway and the Gill–Montague Bridge, built in 1937-38 as a replacement for an older failing suspension bridge. Most of the buildings in the district are modest frame houses. They are built in a diversity of styles, representing the shifts in fortunes of the community and its industries. Notable non-residential buildings include a c. 1920 gas station, a 1926 schoolhouse, and a vegetable stand built in the 1940s to serve traffic passing on the highway.\n", "*National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Massachusetts\n", "\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Description and history", "See also", "References" ]

[ "Riverside, located on the northern bank of the Connecticut River, now opposite the 19th-century industrial village of Turners Falls, was its first point of settlement." ]

[ "\n\nThe '''Wendell Town Common Historic District''' encompasses the historic heart of the small town of Wendell, Massachusetts.", "Centered on a town common established in 1782, it includes a significant number of well preserved Greek Revival buildings.", "The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.", "Colonial settlement of what is now the town of Gill began in the mid-18th century, and the town was incorporated in 1794.", "The oldest surviving building in Gill is the Howland Tavern, built about 1760 and now set on the south side of the French King Highway (Massachusetts Route 2).", "In the early 19th century sawmills were erected along the river, which produced lumber used in the development of Gill and neighboring communities.", "When Turners Falls was developed later in the 19th century, Riverside was economically eclipsed, and became a place for workers there to live.", "The Turners Falls Lumber Company, located in Riverside, burned down in 1903, and its site was never redeveloped.", "The historic district is roughly bounded on the north by the French King Highway and the south by the river.", "A network of mainly residential streets is clustered southwest of the highway and the Gill–Montague Bridge, built in 1937-38 as a replacement for an older failing suspension bridge.", "Most of the buildings in the district are modest frame houses.", "They are built in a diversity of styles, representing the shifts in fortunes of the community and its industries.", "Notable non-residential buildings include a c. 1920 gas station, a 1926 schoolhouse, and a vegetable stand built in the 1940s to serve traffic passing on the highway.", "*National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Massachusetts" ]

[ "\n\nThe '''2017 Erste Bank Open 500''' will be a tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It will be the 43rd edition of the event, and part of the ATP World Tour 500 Series of the 2017 ATP World Tour. It will be held at the Wiener Stadthalle in Vienna, Austria, from October 23 through October 29, 2017.\n", "\n===Point distribution===\n\n\n'''Event\n'''W\nF\nSF\nQF\nRound of 16\nRound of 32\nQ\nQ2\nQ1\n\nSingles\n500\n300\n180\n90\n45\n0\n20\n10\n0\n\nDoubles\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n===Prize money===\n\n'''Event\n'''W\nF\nSF\nQF\nRound of 16\nRound of 32\nQ2\nQ1\n\nSingles\n€438,505\n€214,980\n€108,175\n€55,010\n€28,570\n€15,070\n€3,335\n€1,700\n\nDoubles\n€132,030\n€64,640\n€32,420\n€16,640\n€8,600\n\n\n\n\n", "===Seeds===\n\n\n Country\n Player\n Rank1\n Seed\n\n \nAlexander Zverev\n4\n1\n\n \nDominic Thiem\n7\n2\n\n \nPablo Carreño Busta\n10\n3\n\n \nMilos Raonic\n12\n4\n\n \nSam Querrey\n15\n5\n\n \nJohn Isner\n16\n6\n\n\nKevin Anderson\n17\n7\n\n \nJo-Wilfried Tsonga\n18\n8\n\n* Rankings are as of October 2, 2017\n\n===Other entrants===\nThe following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:\n* \n* \n* \n\nThe following players received entry from the qualifying draw:\n* \n* \n* \n* \n", "\n===Seeds===\n\n\n Country\n Player\n Country\n Player\n Rank1 \n Seed\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n* Rankings are as of October 16, 2017\n\n===Other entrants===\nThe following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:\n* / \n* / \n\nThe following pair received entry from the qualifying draw:\n* / \n", "\n===Singles===\n\n* vs. \n\n===Doubles===\n\n* / vs. / \n", "\n", "\n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Points and prize money", "Singles main draw entrants", "Doubles main draw entrants", "Champions", "References", "External links" ]

[ "\n\nThe '''2017 Erste Bank Open 500''' will be a tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts." ]

[ "It will be the 43rd edition of the event, and part of the ATP World Tour 500 Series of the 2017 ATP World Tour.", "It will be held at the Wiener Stadthalle in Vienna, Austria, from October 23 through October 29, 2017.", "\n===Point distribution===\n\n\n'''Event\n'''W\nF\nSF\nQF\nRound of 16\nRound of 32\nQ\nQ2\nQ1\n\nSingles\n500\n300\n180\n90\n45\n0\n20\n10\n0\n\nDoubles\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n===Prize money===\n\n'''Event\n'''W\nF\nSF\nQF\nRound of 16\nRound of 32\nQ2\nQ1\n\nSingles\n€438,505\n€214,980\n€108,175\n€55,010\n€28,570\n€15,070\n€3,335\n€1,700\n\nDoubles\n€132,030\n€64,640\n€32,420\n€16,640\n€8,600", "===Seeds===\n\n\n Country\n Player\n Rank1\n Seed\n\n \nAlexander Zverev\n4\n1\n\n \nDominic Thiem\n7\n2\n\n \nPablo Carreño Busta\n10\n3\n\n \nMilos Raonic\n12\n4\n\n \nSam Querrey\n15\n5\n\n \nJohn Isner\n16\n6\n\n\nKevin Anderson\n17\n7\n\n \nJo-Wilfried Tsonga\n18\n8\n\n* Rankings are as of October 2, 2017\n\n===Other entrants===\nThe following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:\n* \n* \n* \n\nThe following players received entry from the qualifying draw:\n* \n* \n* \n*", "\n===Seeds===\n\n\n Country\n Player\n Country\n Player\n Rank1 \n Seed\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n* Rankings are as of October 16, 2017\n\n===Other entrants===\nThe following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:\n* / \n* / \n\nThe following pair received entry from the qualifying draw:\n* /", "\n===Singles===\n\n* vs. \n\n===Doubles===\n\n* / vs. /", "\n*" ]

[ "\n\n'''João Paulo Valli''' is a Brazilian born international investor and beverages expert. He is a co-founder and CEO of Champagne GDD Chapuy (Goût de Diamants Chapuy), as well a former member of Wall Street - ranked Beverages and Consumer research teams.\n\nPrior to joining Champagne GDD Chapuy, João was a financial entrepreneur leading multi million dollar international M&A deals, leading investment banks and research Houses from Wall Street to the City of London.. \n", "===Beverage Industry===\n\nIn 1997, João Valli started in the Beverages industry while living in the French Alsace region. Some researches in the wine industry was conducted by him during that time in a several wine houses, caves in regions such as Chile´s Maipo and Casablanca Valleys, California´s Napa Valley and Central Coast, Uruguay´s Canelones and Maldonado, and France´s Champagne region. After all research and studies in the beverage industry, focusing in the winemaking, João founded a new brand ultra luxury champagne company which would later been know as “Goût de Diamants” Chapuy.\n", "In London, Joäo initially worked with ‘Institutional Investor’ #1-Ranked Beverages team at Sanford C. Bernstein. Between 2007 and 2010 his team published hundreds of industry leading and market moving research notes with fundamental analyses of all major beverages market around the world, most notably the USA, Russia, China, Brazil, France and the UK. In the Union de Banques Suisses (UBS), Joäo builded out the Leisure and Entertainment research team and in the Bank of America Merrill Lynch joined to their All-Consumer research team\n, where they worked with consumer companies such as Nestlé, ABInBev, Heineken, Danone and Pepsi, while advising some of the world's largest institutional investors about their positions in this consumer segment. During his career, João Paulo Valli had the opportunity to analyse multi-billion dollar deals such as:\n\n* InBev – Anheuser Busch (USD 52 billion)\n* SAB Miller – Fosters (USD 12.3 billion)\n* Pernod Ricard – Absolut (USD 8.3 billion)\n* Heineken – FEMSA (USD 5.7 billion)\n* Diageo – Mey Icky (GBP 1.3 billion)\n* Rémy Cointreau sale of Piper Heidsieck to EPI (EUR 412 million)\n\nThe ultra luxury Champagne brand Goût de Diamants Chapuy (GDD Chapuy), was founded when João Paulo Valli joined forces with his former European Investment community and London based Private Equity Investor Tim Adedeji.\n", "As an Entrepreneur in Brazil, João Valli founded and ran the following companies:\n* 2011: Sigel Capital\n* 2012: Sigel Holding and Sigel Asset Management\n* 2013: Sensimob\n* 2014: Vallum3\n* 2015: Vallum3Finance\n* 2015: Legado Asset Management (www.legado.com.br)\n* 2017: Legado Consultoria de Valores Mobiliarios\n\nJoäo is co-founder of the following companies internationally:\n* 2011: GDD Chapuy (UK – France)\n* 2015: Finerd (British Virgin Islands)\n", "===Family===\n\nJoão spends most of his time between London and in Brazil, where his family resides. He dedicates time to his businesses and clients, but personal time is dedicated to his wife and daughter. \n", "\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Career ", " Early Life ", " Business Ventures ", " Personal Life ", " References " ]

[ "In the Union de Banques Suisses (UBS), Joäo builded out the Leisure and Entertainment research team and in the Bank of America Merrill Lynch joined to their All-Consumer research team\n, where they worked with consumer companies such as Nestlé, ABInBev, Heineken, Danone and Pepsi, while advising some of the world's largest institutional investors about their positions in this consumer segment." ]

[ "\n\n'''João Paulo Valli''' is a Brazilian born international investor and beverages expert.", "He is a co-founder and CEO of Champagne GDD Chapuy (Goût de Diamants Chapuy), as well a former member of Wall Street - ranked Beverages and Consumer research teams.", "Prior to joining Champagne GDD Chapuy, João was a financial entrepreneur leading multi million dollar international M&A deals, leading investment banks and research Houses from Wall Street to the City of London..", "===Beverage Industry===\n\nIn 1997, João Valli started in the Beverages industry while living in the French Alsace region.", "Some researches in the wine industry was conducted by him during that time in a several wine houses, caves in regions such as Chile´s Maipo and Casablanca Valleys, California´s Napa Valley and Central Coast, Uruguay´s Canelones and Maldonado, and France´s Champagne region.", "After all research and studies in the beverage industry, focusing in the winemaking, João founded a new brand ultra luxury champagne company which would later been know as “Goût de Diamants” Chapuy.", "In London, Joäo initially worked with ‘Institutional Investor’ #1-Ranked Beverages team at Sanford C. Bernstein.", "Between 2007 and 2010 his team published hundreds of industry leading and market moving research notes with fundamental analyses of all major beverages market around the world, most notably the USA, Russia, China, Brazil, France and the UK.", "During his career, João Paulo Valli had the opportunity to analyse multi-billion dollar deals such as:\n\n* InBev – Anheuser Busch (USD 52 billion)\n* SAB Miller – Fosters (USD 12.3 billion)\n* Pernod Ricard – Absolut (USD 8.3 billion)\n* Heineken – FEMSA (USD 5.7 billion)\n* Diageo – Mey Icky (GBP 1.3 billion)\n* Rémy Cointreau sale of Piper Heidsieck to EPI (EUR 412 million)\n\nThe ultra luxury Champagne brand Goût de Diamants Chapuy (GDD Chapuy), was founded when João Paulo Valli joined forces with his former European Investment community and London based Private Equity Investor Tim Adedeji.", "As an Entrepreneur in Brazil, João Valli founded and ran the following companies:\n* 2011: Sigel Capital\n* 2012: Sigel Holding and Sigel Asset Management\n* 2013: Sensimob\n* 2014: Vallum3\n* 2015: Vallum3Finance\n* 2015: Legado Asset Management (www.legado.com.br)\n* 2017: Legado Consultoria de Valores Mobiliarios\n\nJoäo is co-founder of the following companies internationally:\n* 2011: GDD Chapuy (UK – France)\n* 2015: Finerd (British Virgin Islands)", "===Family===\n\nJoão spends most of his time between London and in Brazil, where his family resides.", "He dedicates time to his businesses and clients, but personal time is dedicated to his wife and daughter." ]

[ "\n\n'''Karen Schwok''' is an Israeli entrepreneur. She is currently the CEO at Lucid Investments, a Family Office & a Wealth Management firm. Prior to Lucid, she was CEO at Pictet Wealth Management Israel, a subsidiary of the Pictet Group, one of the largest global wealth and asset management bank in Switzerland.\n", "Schwok was born in Jerusalem. After graduating from high school in France, she earned her MBA at the Recanati School of Management at Tel Aviv University. In 2017, she was awarded as one of the university inspiring Senior Executive Alumni.\n\nShe began his career in 2002 as a portfolio Manager at Psagot Ofek. After working for four years at Psagot Ofek, she joined Bank Leumi, where she served as Head of the Institutional Desk. She left Bank Leumi and established and served for six years as CEO at Pictet Wealth Management Israel, a subsidiary of Pictet & Cie SA, the third largest bank in Switzerland. Schwok founded Lucid Investments in Tel Aviv in 2017 to provide Family Office services to high-tech entrepreneurs and High-Net-Worth Individuals.\n\nKaren received in 2016 the prestigious '40 Under 40' award from 'The Marker Magazine’. She awarded as one of the 40 top Senior Executives under 40.\n", "\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life and career", "References" ]

[ "Prior to Lucid, she was CEO at Pictet Wealth Management Israel, a subsidiary of the Pictet Group, one of the largest global wealth and asset management bank in Switzerland.", "After working for four years at Psagot Ofek, she joined Bank Leumi, where she served as Head of the Institutional Desk.", "She left Bank Leumi and established and served for six years as CEO at Pictet Wealth Management Israel, a subsidiary of Pictet & Cie SA, the third largest bank in Switzerland." ]

[ "\n\n'''Karen Schwok''' is an Israeli entrepreneur.", "She is currently the CEO at Lucid Investments, a Family Office & a Wealth Management firm.", "Schwok was born in Jerusalem.", "After graduating from high school in France, she earned her MBA at the Recanati School of Management at Tel Aviv University.", "In 2017, she was awarded as one of the university inspiring Senior Executive Alumni.", "She began his career in 2002 as a portfolio Manager at Psagot Ofek.", "Schwok founded Lucid Investments in Tel Aviv in 2017 to provide Family Office services to high-tech entrepreneurs and High-Net-Worth Individuals.", "Karen received in 2016 the prestigious '40 Under 40' award from 'The Marker Magazine’.", "She awarded as one of the 40 top Senior Executives under 40." ]

[ "\n\n'''Shameem Ahsan''' is a Bangladeshi Business leader & ICT entrepreneur. He is the Chairman of eGeneration Limited and the past President of Bangladesh Association of Software and Information Services (BASIS). He is the Director of Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industries (FBCCI) and state owned Agrani Bank Limited. \n", "Born in Dhaka, Shameem Ahsan graduated from University of Central Oklahoma. \n", "Shameem Ahsan is a technology entrepreneur and the co-founder of Baagdoom.com (previously Akhoni.com Ltd.), eGeneration Ltd., Benchmark-eGeneration Ltd., and Element 5 Ltd. Ahsan is a member of the Prime Minister's Digital Bangladesh Task Force, Government of Bangladesh, which is the highest policy-making body to monitor and implement the vision of building Digital Bangladesh. Ahsan, General Partner of FENOX Venture Capital and The Chairman of Venture Capital and Private Equity Association of Bangladesh (VCPEAB).\n", "Ahsan is married to Syeda Kamrun Ahmed , a Women Business Leader and CEO of Baagdoom.com. The have one daughter.\n", "* Best Young Entrepreneur of Bangladesh \n* Top Outstanding Young Person in Bangladesh\n", "\n", "* www.shameemahsan.com\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life and education", "Career", "Personal life", "Awards & honor", " References ", "External links" ]

[ "He is the Director of Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industries (FBCCI) and state owned Agrani Bank Limited." ]

[ "\n\n'''Shameem Ahsan''' is a Bangladeshi Business leader & ICT entrepreneur.", "He is the Chairman of eGeneration Limited and the past President of Bangladesh Association of Software and Information Services (BASIS).", "Born in Dhaka, Shameem Ahsan graduated from University of Central Oklahoma.", "Shameem Ahsan is a technology entrepreneur and the co-founder of Baagdoom.com (previously Akhoni.com Ltd.), eGeneration Ltd., Benchmark-eGeneration Ltd., and Element 5 Ltd. Ahsan is a member of the Prime Minister's Digital Bangladesh Task Force, Government of Bangladesh, which is the highest policy-making body to monitor and implement the vision of building Digital Bangladesh.", "Ahsan, General Partner of FENOX Venture Capital and The Chairman of Venture Capital and Private Equity Association of Bangladesh (VCPEAB).", "Ahsan is married to Syeda Kamrun Ahmed , a Women Business Leader and CEO of Baagdoom.com.", "The have one daughter.", "* Best Young Entrepreneur of Bangladesh \n* Top Outstanding Young Person in Bangladesh", "* www.shameemahsan.com" ]

[ "The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Durban in the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa.\n\n\n", "\n\n\n* 1824 - British settlement of Port Natal established on land \"acquired...through treaties with the Zulu king Shaka.\"\n* 1835 - Settlement renamed \"Durban\" after British colonial administrator Benjamin D'Urban.\n* 1841 - Printing press in operation (approximate date).\n* 1846 - \"Native reserves\" created.\n* 1851 - ''Natal Times'' newspaper begins publication.\n* 1852 - ''Mercury'' newspaper begins publication.\n* 1854\n** \"First Town Council, consisting of 8 members representing four wards\" created.\n** George Cato becomes mayor.\n** Natal Bank in business.\n** D'Urban Club formed.\n* 1860\n** 26 June: Natal Railway (Market Square-Customs Point) begins operating in Durban.\n** Indian workers begin to arrive in Durban.\n* 1863 - Population: approximately 5,000 (3,390 white, 1,380 black and 230 Asian).\n* 1865 - Sites for Albert Park and Victoria Park established.\n* 1870 - Durban Fire Department founded.\n* 1880 - Magazine Barracks built.\n* 1885 - Town Hall built.\n* 1888 - Lord's cricket ground established.\n* 1889 - Natal cricket team formed.\n* 1896 - Population: 31,877.\n", "===1900s-1950s===\n* 1902 - Electric tram begins operating.\n* 1903\n** Utrecht and Vryheid become part of city.\n** ''Indian Opinion'' newspaper begins publication.\n* 1904\n** Zulu ''Ilanga lase Natal'' newspaper begins publication.\n** Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi establishes settlement at Phoenix.\n* 1908 - Union Whaling Station begins operating.\n* 1910 - Durban becomes part of newly formed Union of South Africa.\n* 1911 - Population: 69,187 (31,783 white, 17,784 black, 19,620 Asian).\n* 1914 - '''' newspaper begins publication.\n* 1921\n** Clairwood Shree Siva Soobramoniar Temple built.\n** Comrades Marathon (Pietermaritzburg-Durban) begins.\n* 1923 - Kingsmead Cricket Ground in use.\n* 1926 - Memorial Cenotaph unveiled in Farewell Square.\n* 1931 - Natal University College Durban campus established.\n* 1946 - Population: 338,817 city.\n* 1949\n** Anti-Indian riot.\n** Electric tram stops operating.\n* 1950 - Parliamentary Group Areas Act leads to urban apartheid.\n* 1951 - November: World premiere of feature film ''Cry, the Beloved Country''.\n* 1958 - Kings Park Stadium opens.\n\n===1960s-1990s===\n* 1960\n** Ukhozi FM radio begins broadcasting.\n** African Art Centre established.\n** Population: 560,010 city; 681,492 metro.\n* 1961\n** University College for Indians established on Salisbury Island.\n** Durban becomes part of the new Republic of South Africa.\n* 1965 - Cinerama Theatre opens.\n* 1968 - Durban Heights water reservoir begins operating.\n* 1970 - Population: 736,853 city; 850,946 metro.\n* 1972 - University of Durban-Westville opens.\n* 1973 - Labor strikes occur.\n* 1977 - Durban Container Terminal begins operating at the Port of Durban.\n* 1978 - 8 January: Academic Rick Turner assassinated.\n* 1985\n** Anti-Indian unrest.\n** 23 December: Amanzimtoti bombing occurs near Durban.\n** Population: 634,301 city; 982,075 metro.\n* 1986 - 14 June: Durban beach-front bombing occurs.\n* 1990 - \"Separate Amenities Act was repealed, thus opening up Durban’s facilities to all races.\"\n* 1991 - Population: 715,669 city; 1,137,378 metro.\n* 1993\n** June: 1993 African Championships in Athletics held in Durban.\n** Pavilion shopping centre in business in Westville.\n* 1995 - Sharks (rugby union) formed.\n* 1996\n** Obed Mlaba becomes mayor.\n** City website ''Durban.gov.za'' launched (approximate date).\n** Population: 669,242.\n* 1997 - International Convention Centre opens.\n* 1998 - September: International summit of the Non-Aligned Movement held in city.\n* 1999 - November: Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1999 held in city.\n* 2000\n** July: XIII International AIDS Conference, 2000 held in city.\n** 5 December: South African municipal elections, 2000 held.\n** Durban becomes seat of newly created eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality.\n", "* 2001\n** UN World Conference against Racism 2001 held in city. \n** Population: 536,644 city.\n** Gateway shopping centre in business in nearby Umhlanga.\n* 2002\n** 6 February: 2002 Charlotte's Dale train collision occurs in vicinity of Durban.\n** 9 July: African Union launched in Durban.\n* 2003\n** Dolphins cricket team formed.\n** Part of 2003 Cricket World Cup played in Durban.\n* 2004\n** University of KwaZulu-Natal established.\n** uShaka Marine World theme park in business.\n* 2005 - 19 March: Demonstration at Kennedy Road shack settlement.\n* 2006\n** February: Strike at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.\n** 1 March: South African municipal elections, 2006 held.\n* 2008 - Ulwazi Programme for local history launched.\n* 2009\n** 24 September: Airplane crash occurs.\n** 26 September: Ethnic attack on Kennedy Road shack settlement.\n** Moses Mabhida Stadium opens in Stamford Hill.\n* 2010\n** King Shaka International Airport opens.\n** Part of 2010 FIFA World Cup football contest played in Durban.\n** Field Band Academy founded.\n* 2011\n** 18 May: South African municipal elections, 2011 held.\n** November-December: 2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference held in city.\n** James Nxumalo becomes mayor.\n** Population: 595,061 city; 3,442,361 metro.\n* 2013\n** March: International 5th BRICS summit held in city.\n** Part of 2013 Africa Cup of Nations football contest played in Durban.\n* 2016\n** 3 August: South African municipal elections, 2016 held.\n** 2016 African Championships in Athletics held in city.\n** Zandile Gumede becomes mayor.\n* 2017 - March: Durban bid for the 2022 Commonwealth Games rejected.\n", "* Durban history (fr)\n* List of mayors of Durban\n* Timelines of other cities in South Africa: Cape Town, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, Pretoria\n", "\n", "\n===published in 19th-20th centuries===\n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n \n* \n* \n\n===published in 21st century===\n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n\n", "\n* (Articles, images etc.)\n* \n* (Bibliography)\n* (Bibliography)\n* (Bibliography)\n* (Images, etc.)\n* (Images, etc.)\n* (Bibliography of open access articles)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "19th century", "20th century", "21st century", "See also", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]

[ "** Natal Bank in business." ]

[ "The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Durban in the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa.", "\n\n\n* 1824 - British settlement of Port Natal established on land \"acquired...through treaties with the Zulu king Shaka.\"", "* 1835 - Settlement renamed \"Durban\" after British colonial administrator Benjamin D'Urban.", "* 1841 - Printing press in operation (approximate date).", "* 1846 - \"Native reserves\" created.", "* 1851 - ''Natal Times'' newspaper begins publication.", "* 1852 - ''Mercury'' newspaper begins publication.", "* 1854\n** \"First Town Council, consisting of 8 members representing four wards\" created.", "** George Cato becomes mayor.", "** D'Urban Club formed.", "* 1860\n** 26 June: Natal Railway (Market Square-Customs Point) begins operating in Durban.", "** Indian workers begin to arrive in Durban.", "* 1863 - Population: approximately 5,000 (3,390 white, 1,380 black and 230 Asian).", "* 1865 - Sites for Albert Park and Victoria Park established.", "* 1870 - Durban Fire Department founded.", "* 1880 - Magazine Barracks built.", "* 1885 - Town Hall built.", "* 1888 - Lord's cricket ground established.", "* 1889 - Natal cricket team formed.", "* 1896 - Population: 31,877.", "===1900s-1950s===\n* 1902 - Electric tram begins operating.", "* 1903\n** Utrecht and Vryheid become part of city.", "** ''Indian Opinion'' newspaper begins publication.", "* 1904\n** Zulu ''Ilanga lase Natal'' newspaper begins publication.", "** Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi establishes settlement at Phoenix.", "* 1908 - Union Whaling Station begins operating.", "* 1910 - Durban becomes part of newly formed Union of South Africa.", "* 1911 - Population: 69,187 (31,783 white, 17,784 black, 19,620 Asian).", "* 1914 - '''' newspaper begins publication.", "* 1921\n** Clairwood Shree Siva Soobramoniar Temple built.", "** Comrades Marathon (Pietermaritzburg-Durban) begins.", "* 1923 - Kingsmead Cricket Ground in use.", "* 1926 - Memorial Cenotaph unveiled in Farewell Square.", "* 1931 - Natal University College Durban campus established.", "* 1946 - Population: 338,817 city.", "* 1949\n** Anti-Indian riot.", "** Electric tram stops operating.", "* 1950 - Parliamentary Group Areas Act leads to urban apartheid.", "* 1951 - November: World premiere of feature film ''Cry, the Beloved Country''.", "* 1958 - Kings Park Stadium opens.", "===1960s-1990s===\n* 1960\n** Ukhozi FM radio begins broadcasting.", "** African Art Centre established.", "** Population: 560,010 city; 681,492 metro.", "* 1961\n** University College for Indians established on Salisbury Island.", "** Durban becomes part of the new Republic of South Africa.", "* 1965 - Cinerama Theatre opens.", "* 1968 - Durban Heights water reservoir begins operating.", "* 1970 - Population: 736,853 city; 850,946 metro.", "* 1972 - University of Durban-Westville opens.", "* 1973 - Labor strikes occur.", "* 1977 - Durban Container Terminal begins operating at the Port of Durban.", "* 1978 - 8 January: Academic Rick Turner assassinated.", "* 1985\n** Anti-Indian unrest.", "** 23 December: Amanzimtoti bombing occurs near Durban.", "** Population: 634,301 city; 982,075 metro.", "* 1986 - 14 June: Durban beach-front bombing occurs.", "* 1990 - \"Separate Amenities Act was repealed, thus opening up Durban’s facilities to all races.\"", "* 1991 - Population: 715,669 city; 1,137,378 metro.", "* 1993\n** June: 1993 African Championships in Athletics held in Durban.", "** Pavilion shopping centre in business in Westville.", "* 1995 - Sharks (rugby union) formed.", "* 1996\n** Obed Mlaba becomes mayor.", "** City website ''Durban.gov.za'' launched (approximate date).", "** Population: 669,242.", "* 1997 - International Convention Centre opens.", "* 1998 - September: International summit of the Non-Aligned Movement held in city.", "* 1999 - November: Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1999 held in city.", "* 2000\n** July: XIII International AIDS Conference, 2000 held in city.", "** 5 December: South African municipal elections, 2000 held.", "** Durban becomes seat of newly created eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality.", "* 2001\n** UN World Conference against Racism 2001 held in city.", "** Population: 536,644 city.", "** Gateway shopping centre in business in nearby Umhlanga.", "* 2002\n** 6 February: 2002 Charlotte's Dale train collision occurs in vicinity of Durban.", "** 9 July: African Union launched in Durban.", "* 2003\n** Dolphins cricket team formed.", "** Part of 2003 Cricket World Cup played in Durban.", "* 2004\n** University of KwaZulu-Natal established.", "** uShaka Marine World theme park in business.", "* 2005 - 19 March: Demonstration at Kennedy Road shack settlement.", "* 2006\n** February: Strike at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.", "** 1 March: South African municipal elections, 2006 held.", "* 2008 - Ulwazi Programme for local history launched.", "* 2009\n** 24 September: Airplane crash occurs.", "** 26 September: Ethnic attack on Kennedy Road shack settlement.", "** Moses Mabhida Stadium opens in Stamford Hill.", "* 2010\n** King Shaka International Airport opens.", "** Part of 2010 FIFA World Cup football contest played in Durban.", "** Field Band Academy founded.", "* 2011\n** 18 May: South African municipal elections, 2011 held.", "** November-December: 2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference held in city.", "** James Nxumalo becomes mayor.", "** Population: 595,061 city; 3,442,361 metro.", "* 2013\n** March: International 5th BRICS summit held in city.", "** Part of 2013 Africa Cup of Nations football contest played in Durban.", "* 2016\n** 3 August: South African municipal elections, 2016 held.", "** 2016 African Championships in Athletics held in city.", "** Zandile Gumede becomes mayor.", "* 2017 - March: Durban bid for the 2022 Commonwealth Games rejected.", "* Durban history (fr)\n* List of mayors of Durban\n* Timelines of other cities in South Africa: Cape Town, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, Pretoria", "\n===published in 19th-20th centuries===\n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n \n* \n* \n\n===published in 21st century===\n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n*", "\n* (Articles, images etc.)", "* \n* (Bibliography)\n* (Bibliography)\n* (Bibliography)\n* (Images, etc.)", "* (Images, etc.)", "* (Bibliography of open access articles)" ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n'''Dhenkalan''' is a town and a municipality in Dhenkalan district in the state of Odisha, India.\n", "Dhenkalan is located at . It has an average elevation of 80 metres (262 feet).\n", "As per the 2011 India census, Dhenkalan had a population of 67,414. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Dhenkalan has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84% and female literacy is 74%. In Dhenkalan, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.\n", "*Mohammad Tayab (Futa Babu) Politician,Social Activist,Educationist.\n* Amiya Kumari Padhi\n* Baishnab Charan Patnaik\n* Braja Kishore Dhal\n* Brig.Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo \n* D. N. Patnaik\n* Devendra Satpathy \n* Gati Krushna Misra\n* Haladhar Mishra\n* Harmohan Patnaik \n* Kalpana Dash\n* Nabin Chandra Narayan Das\n* Nandini Satpathy\n* Nitaigour Premchand Mahalik (PhD, UK) (Educationalist, Professor, Author, Editor) \n* Prafulla Kumar Bhanja\n* Raja Narayan Tripathy, Chartered Accountant\n* Sudhakar Sahoo (Dance Guru, National Award Recipient) \n* Sudhir Kumar Samal\n* Suparno Satpathy\n* Surendra Mohan Patnaik\n* Tathagata Satpathy\n", "* Kalinga Eye Hospital, Dhenkalan.\n* Saishree Eye Hospital\n* District Headquarters Hospital\n* Shree Jagannath Hospital, Gopabandhu Bazar\n", "* Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC), Dhenkalan\n* NYSASDRI School of Journalism & Social Work, Govindpur, Dhenkalan\n* Dhenkalan College, Dhenkalan\n* Orissa Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dhenkalan\n* Women's College, Dhenkalan\n* Evening College, Dhenkalan\n* Women's Polytechnic, Mahisapat, Dhenkalan\n* Dhenkalan Law College, Dhenkalan\n* Bajirout Industrial Training Institute, Dhenkalan\n* District Institute for Education and Technology (DIET), Dhenkalan\n* Synergy Institute of Engineering & Technology(SIET)\n* e-Tech Residential College, +2 Science, Dhenkalan\n* Vidyarthee Residential College, +2 Science, Siminai, Dhenkalan\n* Jagakaliaitc(ITI),Kharagprasad,Meramandali\n* Sanskar Academy +3 Science & Commerce, near synergy, Dhenkalan \n", "Dhenkalan railway station serves Dhenkalan district. Dhenkalan lies on NH 42. There are frequent buses from Dhenkalan to Bhubaneswar and Rourkela.\n", "* Kapilash Temple\n* Kapilasa Wildlife Sanctuary\n* Saptasajya\n* Dattatreya Sai Ashram, Biradia\n* Mahima Ashram, Joranda\n* Dandadhar Water Reservoir\n* Ananta Sayana of Vishnu on the bank of River Brahmani, Saranga\n* Ashtasambhu Temple, Kualo\n* Mamu Bhanaja Cave, Latagarh\n* Ramachandi Temple, Nadhera\n* Naganath Temple, Nagena\n* Ganeshkhol, Karmul\n* Mahakaleshwar Temple, Haripur\n* Jibankhol, Odapara\n* Paschimeshwar Temple, Bhaapur\n* Science Centre and Park, Kapilash\n* Kapilash Avyaranya, Kapilash\n* Swapneswar Temple, Korian\n* Sidheswar Temple, Balabhadrapur\n* Jaleswar Astasambhu Temple, Jiral\n* Daudeswar temple, Karamul, Jayapur, Chandipal\n* Sanischar temple, Godidihi\n", "* ODM World School, Govindpur, Dhenkalan\n* Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, sarang\n* Montfort School, Mahisapat\n* Brajanath Badajena High School\n* Government Girls High School\n* Sarang Dhar High School, Kamakhyanagar\n* I.G.I.T. Campus High School, Sarang\n* Soudamini Smruti Bidyapitha\n* Laxmidhar Municipal High School\n* Balaram High School\n* Police High School\n* Aurobinda Bidya Mandir\n* Swaraswati Shishu Mandir\n* Balarampur High School, Balarampur\n* Minaketan High School, Babandha\n* K. P. High School, Govindpur\n* SAI Public School Kapilas, Krushnakumarpur, Dhenkalan\n* Dandimal High School, Dandimal\n* S. S. High School, Nadhara, Dhenkalan\n* Indipur High School, Indipur, Dhenkalan\n* D P S, Banamaliprasad, Dhenkalan\n* George School, Dhenkalan\n* Sankarpur High School, Sankarpur, Dhenkalan\n* Satyabadi High School, Mangalpur, Dhenkalan\n* Astashambhu Vidya Niketan, Kualo, Parjang, Dhenkalan\n* Bhuban High School, Bhuban, Dhenkalan\n* Bhaniram Model high School, Balabhadrapur, Dhenkalan\n* Siminai Nodal UP School, Siminai, Dhenkalan\n* Dandimal High School, Siminai, Dhenkalan\n* Kendriya Vidyalaya, Banamaliprasad, Dhenkalan\n*Dolia Gobari U.P. M.E. School,Dolia,Dhenknal\n*Banadurga Anchalika High School,Bam,Dhenknal\n* Radhadeipur High School, Radhadeipur\n* Godidihi UP/ME School, Godidihi\n", "* Sanischar Mandir, Godidihi\n* Sidha Ramachandi, Nadhara\n* Goukanekeswar Mandir, Nadhara\n* Baladevajeu Mandir (Deula Sahi)\n* Kunjakanta Mandir (Kunjakanta)\n* Sundarasuni Mandir (Bypass Chawk)\n* Dakhinakali Mandir (Dakhinakali Road)\n* Kapilash Temple\n* Sita-ram Mandir, Saptasajya\n* Mahima Alekha Gadi, Joranda\n* Shiva Mandir, Jeebankhol (Jharagadia )\n* Sai Temple, Datatreya, Kapilas Road\n* Matrupitha, Barada\n* Parmeswar Temple (Hatura)\n* Budheswar Temple, Bhuban\n* Satsang Srimandir, Dhenkalan\n* Annakoteshwara Temple (Latadeipur)\n* Sri Aurobindo Relics, Mahisapat\n", "Current MLA from Dhenkalan Assembly Constituency is Saroj Kumar Samal of BJD, who won the seat in State elections of 2014.\nPrevious MLAs who represented Dhenakanal in Odisha State Assembly are given below along with their party affiliations:\n*                 : Baishnab Charan Pattnaik and Madan Dehury\n*                 : Sankar Pratap Mahendra Bahadur and Kalia Dehury\n* 1962–1967: Ratna Prava Devi (Ganatantra Parisad)\n* 1967–1971: Ratna Prava Devi (Swatantra Party)\n* 1971–1975: Surendra Mohan Pattnaik (INC)\n* 1977–1980: Nandini Satpathy (CFD)\n* 1980–1985: Nandini Satpathy (Independent)\n* 1985–1990: Nandini Satpathy (Independent)\n* 1990–1995: Tathagata Satpathy (Janata Dal)\n* 1995–2000: Nabin Ch. Narayan Das(INC)\n* 2000–2004: Krushna Chandra Patra (BJP)\n* 2004–2009: Sudhir Kumar Samal (INC)\n* 2009–2014: Nabin Nanda (BJD)\n* 2014–       : Saroj Kumar Samal (BJD)\n\nand until 1962, Gondia was a part of Dhenkalan constituency.\n\nDhenkalan is a part of Dhenkalan (Lok Sabha constituency). Currently, Tathagata Satapathy of BJD is representing Dhenkalan in the 16th Lok Sabha. The complete list of Members of Parliament who represented this constituency over the years are:\n* 1952–1957: Sarangadhar Das (Socialist)\n* 1957–1962: Surendra Mohanty (Ganaparishad)\n* 1962–1967: Baishnab Charan Patnaik (Congress)\n* 1967–1971: Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo (Swatantra)\n* 1971–1977: Debendra Satpathy (Congress)\n* 1977–1980: Debendra Satpathy (Lok Dal)\n* 1980–1984: Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo (Congress)\n* 1984–1989: Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo (Congress)\n* 1989–1991: Bhajamana Behera (Janata Dal)\n* 1991–1996: Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo (Congress)\n* 1996–1998: Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo (Congress)\n* 1998–1999: Tathagata Satapathy (BJD)\n* 1999–2004: Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo (Congress)\n* 2004–2009: Tathagata Satapathy (BJD)\n* 2009–2014: Tathagata Satapathy (BJD)\n* 2014–       : Tathagata Satapathy (BJD)\n", "\n", "\n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Geography", "Demographics", "Notable people", "Hospitals", "Colleges", "Transport", "Tourist Places", "Schools", "Temples", "Politics", "References", "External links" ]

[ "* Kapilash Temple\n* Kapilasa Wildlife Sanctuary\n* Saptasajya\n* Dattatreya Sai Ashram, Biradia\n* Mahima Ashram, Joranda\n* Dandadhar Water Reservoir\n* Ananta Sayana of Vishnu on the bank of River Brahmani, Saranga\n* Ashtasambhu Temple, Kualo\n* Mamu Bhanaja Cave, Latagarh\n* Ramachandi Temple, Nadhera\n* Naganath Temple, Nagena\n* Ganeshkhol, Karmul\n* Mahakaleshwar Temple, Haripur\n* Jibankhol, Odapara\n* Paschimeshwar Temple, Bhaapur\n* Science Centre and Park, Kapilash\n* Kapilash Avyaranya, Kapilash\n* Swapneswar Temple, Korian\n* Sidheswar Temple, Balabhadrapur\n* Jaleswar Astasambhu Temple, Jiral\n* Daudeswar temple, Karamul, Jayapur, Chandipal\n* Sanischar temple, Godidihi" ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n'''Dhenkalan''' is a town and a municipality in Dhenkalan district in the state of Odisha, India.", "Dhenkalan is located at .", "It has an average elevation of 80 metres (262 feet).", "As per the 2011 India census, Dhenkalan had a population of 67,414.", "Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%.", "Dhenkalan has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84% and female literacy is 74%.", "In Dhenkalan, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.", "*Mohammad Tayab (Futa Babu) Politician,Social Activist,Educationist.", "* Amiya Kumari Padhi\n* Baishnab Charan Patnaik\n* Braja Kishore Dhal\n* Brig.Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo \n* D. N. Patnaik\n* Devendra Satpathy \n* Gati Krushna Misra\n* Haladhar Mishra\n* Harmohan Patnaik \n* Kalpana Dash\n* Nabin Chandra Narayan Das\n* Nandini Satpathy\n* Nitaigour Premchand Mahalik (PhD, UK) (Educationalist, Professor, Author, Editor) \n* Prafulla Kumar Bhanja\n* Raja Narayan Tripathy, Chartered Accountant\n* Sudhakar Sahoo (Dance Guru, National Award Recipient) \n* Sudhir Kumar Samal\n* Suparno Satpathy\n* Surendra Mohan Patnaik\n* Tathagata Satpathy", "* Kalinga Eye Hospital, Dhenkalan.", "* Saishree Eye Hospital\n* District Headquarters Hospital\n* Shree Jagannath Hospital, Gopabandhu Bazar", "* Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC), Dhenkalan\n* NYSASDRI School of Journalism & Social Work, Govindpur, Dhenkalan\n* Dhenkalan College, Dhenkalan\n* Orissa Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dhenkalan\n* Women's College, Dhenkalan\n* Evening College, Dhenkalan\n* Women's Polytechnic, Mahisapat, Dhenkalan\n* Dhenkalan Law College, Dhenkalan\n* Bajirout Industrial Training Institute, Dhenkalan\n* District Institute for Education and Technology (DIET), Dhenkalan\n* Synergy Institute of Engineering & Technology(SIET)\n* e-Tech Residential College, +2 Science, Dhenkalan\n* Vidyarthee Residential College, +2 Science, Siminai, Dhenkalan\n* Jagakaliaitc(ITI),Kharagprasad,Meramandali\n* Sanskar Academy +3 Science & Commerce, near synergy, Dhenkalan", "Dhenkalan railway station serves Dhenkalan district.", "Dhenkalan lies on NH 42.", "There are frequent buses from Dhenkalan to Bhubaneswar and Rourkela.", "* ODM World School, Govindpur, Dhenkalan\n* Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, sarang\n* Montfort School, Mahisapat\n* Brajanath Badajena High School\n* Government Girls High School\n* Sarang Dhar High School, Kamakhyanagar\n* I.G.I.T.", "Campus High School, Sarang\n* Soudamini Smruti Bidyapitha\n* Laxmidhar Municipal High School\n* Balaram High School\n* Police High School\n* Aurobinda Bidya Mandir\n* Swaraswati Shishu Mandir\n* Balarampur High School, Balarampur\n* Minaketan High School, Babandha\n* K. P. High School, Govindpur\n* SAI Public School Kapilas, Krushnakumarpur, Dhenkalan\n* Dandimal High School, Dandimal\n* S. S. High School, Nadhara, Dhenkalan\n* Indipur High School, Indipur, Dhenkalan\n* D P S, Banamaliprasad, Dhenkalan\n* George School, Dhenkalan\n* Sankarpur High School, Sankarpur, Dhenkalan\n* Satyabadi High School, Mangalpur, Dhenkalan\n* Astashambhu Vidya Niketan, Kualo, Parjang, Dhenkalan\n* Bhuban High School, Bhuban, Dhenkalan\n* Bhaniram Model high School, Balabhadrapur, Dhenkalan\n* Siminai Nodal UP School, Siminai, Dhenkalan\n* Dandimal High School, Siminai, Dhenkalan\n* Kendriya Vidyalaya, Banamaliprasad, Dhenkalan\n*Dolia Gobari U.P.", "M.E.", "School,Dolia,Dhenknal\n*Banadurga Anchalika High School,Bam,Dhenknal\n* Radhadeipur High School, Radhadeipur\n* Godidihi UP/ME School, Godidihi", "* Sanischar Mandir, Godidihi\n* Sidha Ramachandi, Nadhara\n* Goukanekeswar Mandir, Nadhara\n* Baladevajeu Mandir (Deula Sahi)\n* Kunjakanta Mandir (Kunjakanta)\n* Sundarasuni Mandir (Bypass Chawk)\n* Dakhinakali Mandir (Dakhinakali Road)\n* Kapilash Temple\n* Sita-ram Mandir, Saptasajya\n* Mahima Alekha Gadi, Joranda\n* Shiva Mandir, Jeebankhol (Jharagadia )\n* Sai Temple, Datatreya, Kapilas Road\n* Matrupitha, Barada\n* Parmeswar Temple (Hatura)\n* Budheswar Temple, Bhuban\n* Satsang Srimandir, Dhenkalan\n* Annakoteshwara Temple (Latadeipur)\n* Sri Aurobindo Relics, Mahisapat", "Current MLA from Dhenkalan Assembly Constituency is Saroj Kumar Samal of BJD, who won the seat in State elections of 2014.", "Previous MLAs who represented Dhenakanal in Odisha State Assembly are given below along with their party affiliations:\n*                 : Baishnab Charan Pattnaik and Madan Dehury\n*                 : Sankar Pratap Mahendra Bahadur and Kalia Dehury\n* 1962–1967: Ratna Prava Devi (Ganatantra Parisad)\n* 1967–1971: Ratna Prava Devi (Swatantra Party)\n* 1971–1975: Surendra Mohan Pattnaik (INC)\n* 1977–1980: Nandini Satpathy (CFD)\n* 1980–1985: Nandini Satpathy (Independent)\n* 1985–1990: Nandini Satpathy (Independent)\n* 1990–1995: Tathagata Satpathy (Janata Dal)\n* 1995–2000: Nabin Ch.", "Narayan Das(INC)\n* 2000–2004: Krushna Chandra Patra (BJP)\n* 2004–2009: Sudhir Kumar Samal (INC)\n* 2009–2014: Nabin Nanda (BJD)\n* 2014–       : Saroj Kumar Samal (BJD)\n\nand until 1962, Gondia was a part of Dhenkalan constituency.", "Dhenkalan is a part of Dhenkalan (Lok Sabha constituency).", "Currently, Tathagata Satapathy of BJD is representing Dhenkalan in the 16th Lok Sabha.", "The complete list of Members of Parliament who represented this constituency over the years are:\n* 1952–1957: Sarangadhar Das (Socialist)\n* 1957–1962: Surendra Mohanty (Ganaparishad)\n* 1962–1967: Baishnab Charan Patnaik (Congress)\n* 1967–1971: Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo (Swatantra)\n* 1971–1977: Debendra Satpathy (Congress)\n* 1977–1980: Debendra Satpathy (Lok Dal)\n* 1980–1984: Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo (Congress)\n* 1984–1989: Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo (Congress)\n* 1989–1991: Bhajamana Behera (Janata Dal)\n* 1991–1996: Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo (Congress)\n* 1996–1998: Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo (Congress)\n* 1998–1999: Tathagata Satapathy (BJD)\n* 1999–2004: Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo (Congress)\n* 2004–2009: Tathagata Satapathy (BJD)\n* 2009–2014: Tathagata Satapathy (BJD)\n* 2014–       : Tathagata Satapathy (BJD)", "\n*" ]

[ "\n\n\n\n'''Harry Tomi Davies''' (born June 9, 1955) is a Nigerian British investor, speaker, author, entrepreneur, philanthropist and advisor to technology companies. He is the chief executive officer of TVCLabs, a technology business accelerator based in Lagos and also sits on the boards of Sproxil, Strika Entertainment, TechnoVision Communications and PeoplePrime. Davies is co-founder of the Lagos Angel Network and President of the African Business Angel Network. \n", "\nDavies was born on June 9, 1955. He attended his primary education at Corona School, Victoria Island, Lagos and later proceeding for his secondary school education at King's College, Lagos and St Gregory’s College, Ikoyi, Lagos respectively. \n\nHe is an alumnus of University of Miami and University of Miami School of Business.\n", "\n=== Angel business investing ===\n\nIn August 2012, Davies began angel investing by co-founding Lagos Angel Network which is a network of individuals and organisations who invest in and mentor start-ups based in Lagos, Nigeria. He later moved on to be the co-founder and President of the African Business Angels Network, a pan-African non-profit association founded to support the development of early stage investor networks in November, 2014. \n\nAfrican Business Angel Network is a consortium of independent African angel investing networks including Lagos Angel Network, Cameroon Angel Network, Cairo Angels, Ghana Angel Network, Venture Capital for Africa, Silicon Cape, Middle-East Business Angels Network and the European Business Angel Network.\n\nDavies through his role as African Business Angel Network president now travels to several countries to support the development of early stage investment networks for start-ups. \n\n=== TechnoVision ===\n\nIn 2009, Davies became the Chief Executive Officer of TechnoVision, a technology advisory and solution company which provides technology advisory and solutions services to private and public-sector clients through its offices in London and Lagos. Prior to this he worked as a non-executive director at Mobitel. Davies returned to TechnoVision as Collaborator in Chief to set up the technology business accelerator services arm of the business.\n\n=== SupaStrikas Comics ===\n\nDavies owns Strika Entertainment Nigeria, which is the publisher of SupaStrikas in Nigeria and Ghana. SupaStrikas comics is a fantasy football league comic and Africa’s highest-circulation publication, with over 1 million copies circulated monthly to South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, Namibia and Botswana. \n\n=== Sproxil Nigeria ===\n\nIn 2009, Davies was appointed as Director for Sproxil Nigeria. He moved on to another position after serving over seven years on the role. \n\n=== SlimTrader ===\n\nDavies currently serves as an advisor at SlimTrader.\n", "\nDavies co-founded Laptop 4 Learning, an initiative created to provide access screen-based technology to underprivileged primary school children and their teachers. Working closely with the State and Local Governments, school administrators, parents and local community leaders in Nigeria.\n", "\nDavies was named the Icon of Hope at the Comic Panel Hero Award 2014. Davies was also given a Distinguished SME Partner Award by Fidelity Bank Nigeria In 2011, he was named Information Technology Champion by the Institute of Software Practitioners of Nigeria (ISPON). \n", "\nTomi Davies is married to Lola Davies and they have three children together. \n", "\nDavies published a book titled ''Corporate Bold: What Every Corporate Professional Should Know'' () on June 28, 2011. He later went on to co-author ''Cracking The Success Code'' with Brian Tracy and ''The African Project Manager: Managing Projects Successfully in Africa'' () on September 19, 2014.\n", "\n", "* Official Website\n* African Business Angel Network\n* Bloomberg profile\n* Strika Entertainment Nigeria Website\n* Strika Entertainment\n* Crunchbase profile\n* Laptop 4 Learning\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Early Life ", " Career ", " Philanthropy ", " Recognition ", " Personal Life ", " Published works ", "References", " External links " ]

[ "Davies was also given a Distinguished SME Partner Award by Fidelity Bank Nigeria In 2011, he was named Information Technology Champion by the Institute of Software Practitioners of Nigeria (ISPON)." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n'''Harry Tomi Davies''' (born June 9, 1955) is a Nigerian British investor, speaker, author, entrepreneur, philanthropist and advisor to technology companies.", "He is the chief executive officer of TVCLabs, a technology business accelerator based in Lagos and also sits on the boards of Sproxil, Strika Entertainment, TechnoVision Communications and PeoplePrime.", "Davies is co-founder of the Lagos Angel Network and President of the African Business Angel Network.", "\nDavies was born on June 9, 1955.", "He attended his primary education at Corona School, Victoria Island, Lagos and later proceeding for his secondary school education at King's College, Lagos and St Gregory’s College, Ikoyi, Lagos respectively.", "He is an alumnus of University of Miami and University of Miami School of Business.", "\n=== Angel business investing ===\n\nIn August 2012, Davies began angel investing by co-founding Lagos Angel Network which is a network of individuals and organisations who invest in and mentor start-ups based in Lagos, Nigeria.", "He later moved on to be the co-founder and President of the African Business Angels Network, a pan-African non-profit association founded to support the development of early stage investor networks in November, 2014.", "African Business Angel Network is a consortium of independent African angel investing networks including Lagos Angel Network, Cameroon Angel Network, Cairo Angels, Ghana Angel Network, Venture Capital for Africa, Silicon Cape, Middle-East Business Angels Network and the European Business Angel Network.", "Davies through his role as African Business Angel Network president now travels to several countries to support the development of early stage investment networks for start-ups.", "=== TechnoVision ===\n\nIn 2009, Davies became the Chief Executive Officer of TechnoVision, a technology advisory and solution company which provides technology advisory and solutions services to private and public-sector clients through its offices in London and Lagos.", "Prior to this he worked as a non-executive director at Mobitel.", "Davies returned to TechnoVision as Collaborator in Chief to set up the technology business accelerator services arm of the business.", "=== SupaStrikas Comics ===\n\nDavies owns Strika Entertainment Nigeria, which is the publisher of SupaStrikas in Nigeria and Ghana.", "SupaStrikas comics is a fantasy football league comic and Africa’s highest-circulation publication, with over 1 million copies circulated monthly to South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, Namibia and Botswana.", "=== Sproxil Nigeria ===\n\nIn 2009, Davies was appointed as Director for Sproxil Nigeria.", "He moved on to another position after serving over seven years on the role.", "=== SlimTrader ===\n\nDavies currently serves as an advisor at SlimTrader.", "\nDavies co-founded Laptop 4 Learning, an initiative created to provide access screen-based technology to underprivileged primary school children and their teachers.", "Working closely with the State and Local Governments, school administrators, parents and local community leaders in Nigeria.", "\nDavies was named the Icon of Hope at the Comic Panel Hero Award 2014.", "\nTomi Davies is married to Lola Davies and they have three children together.", "\nDavies published a book titled ''Corporate Bold: What Every Corporate Professional Should Know'' () on June 28, 2011.", "He later went on to co-author ''Cracking The Success Code'' with Brian Tracy and ''The African Project Manager: Managing Projects Successfully in Africa'' () on September 19, 2014.", "* Official Website\n* African Business Angel Network\n* Bloomberg profile\n* Strika Entertainment Nigeria Website\n* Strika Entertainment\n* Crunchbase profile\n* Laptop 4 Learning" ]

[ "\n\n\nHere lists the customized bus routes in Shenzhen. \n", "{|class=\"wikitable\"\n\n Prefix !! Operator (Brand) !! Description\n\n '''F''' \nShenzhen Bus Group Co,ltd (Youdian Bus) \n Customized bus routes operated by city bus vehicles\n\n '''H''' \n Customized bus routes operated by coach vehicles\n\n '''T''' \n Customized bus routes linked the downtown and the scenic spots\n\n '''X''' \n Customized bus routes for students\n\n '''P''' \nShenzhen Eastern Bus Co,ltd (eBus) \n Customized bus routes operated on rush hours\n\n '''PJ''' \n Customized bus routes operated on weekends and holidays, linking the downtown and the scenic spots\n\n", "=== F2-F99 ===\n\n=== F100-F118 ===\n", "=== H9-H74 ===\n\n\nTerminus !! Fare !! Schedule !! Note\n\n'''H9''' \nJinxiu Jiangnan W. \n → \n 20pxMerchants Bank Building \nRMB¥4 \n 0730 \n \n\n ← \n Tian'an Cyber Park \n 1820 \n \n\n'''H13''' \n Jiulong Hill \n → \n20pxYangmei Metro Station \nRMB¥4 \n 0725 \n \n\n Baili Mingyuan \n ← \n 1815 \n \n\n'''H15''' \nShekou Customs \n → \n 20pxMedia Group Building \nRMB¥5 \n 0730 \n \n\n ← \n Shenzhen Customs \n 1740 \n \n\n'''H17''' \nShennan Beihuan Interchange \n → \nPhoenix Building \nRMB¥5 \n 0740 \n \n\n ← \n 1740 \n \n\n'''H18''' \n20pxCaitiancun \n → \n Gangxia W. \nRMB¥2 \n 0800 \n \n\n ← \n Shenzhen Customs \n 1740 \n \n\n'''H19''' \nDushucun \n → \n Gangxia W. \nRMB¥3 \n 0755 \n \n\n ← \n Shenzhen Customs \n 1740 \n \n\n'''H21''' \nYumincun \n → \n Phoenix Building \nRMB¥2 \n 0805 \n \n\n ← \n Shenzhen Customs \n 1740 \n \n\n'''H23''' \nShatoujiao Customs \n → \n Gangxia W. \nRMB¥5 \n 0745 \n \n\n ← \n Shenzhen Customs \n 1740 \n \n\n'''H26''' \nShennan Beihuan Interchange \n → \nYumincun \nRMB¥6 \n 0730 \n \n\n ← \n 1740 \n \n\n'''H29''' \n Manhaining Garden N. \n→ \n EVOC Technology Building \nRMB¥7 \n 0720 \n \n\n Shenzhen Software Park W. \n Dalang Shiguan Industrial Zone \n 1810 \n \n\n'''H30''' \n The Spring Land Kindergarten \n → \n20pxGuomao \nRMB¥5 \n 0715 \n \n\n Central Villa \n ← \n 1815 \n \n\n'''H31''' \nRailway Bridge \n → \n20pxMerchants Bank Building \nRMB¥4 \n 0740 \n \n\n ← \n 1820 \n \n\n'''H32''' \n20pxDanzhutou Metro Station \n → \nSoftware Industrial Base \nRMB¥7 \n 0715 \n \n\n ← \n 1845 \n \n\n '''H33''' \n Huijia Supermarket \n → \n Software Industrial Base \n RMB¥7 \n 0705 \n \n\n '''H34''' \n 20pxQinghu Metro Station \n → \n Software Industrial Base \n RMB¥6 \n 0705 \n \n\n'''H36''' \nShuiwei \n → \n Software Industrial Base \nRMB¥5 \n 0730 \n \n\n ← \n Window of Binhai \n 1820 \n \n\n '''H37''' \n Bantian Hospital \n → \n Kexing Science & Technology Park \n RMB¥7 \n 0718 \n \n\n'''H38''' \nRT-Mart \n → \n Keyuan Beihuan Boulevard S. \nRMB¥5 \n 0720 \n \n\n ← \n N. Gate to Kexing Science & Technology Park \n 1815 \n \n\n'''H39''' \nMeili 365 Garden \n → \n 20pxDachong \nRMB¥6 \n 0710 \n \n\n ← \n Shenzhen Software Park W. \n 1810 \n \n\n'''H40''' \nShaxia \n → \n 20pxMerchants Bank Building \nRMB¥4 \n 0730 \n \n\n ← \n 20pxShennan Xiangmi Interchange \n 1821 \n \n\n '''H41''' \n Vanke Wonderland \n → \n N. Gate to Shenzhen University \n RMB¥5 \n 0740 \n \n\n'''H42''' \nShuiwei \n → \nN. Gate to Shenzhen University \nRMB¥5 \n 0720 \n \n\n ← \n 1814 \n \n\n '''H43''' \n Huixin Apartment \n → \n Science & Technology Park Bus Terminal \n RMB¥5 \n 0730 \n \n\n'''H44''' \n Longhua Inter-city Bus Station N. \n → \nLenovo Building \nRMB¥6 \n 0725 \n \n\n Longhua Inter-city Bus Station \n ← \n 1810 \n \n\n'''H45''' \nWayaopai \n → \nLenovo Building \nRMB¥5 \n 0730 \n \n\n ← \n 1815 \n \n\n '''H46''' \n Hedong \n → \n China Merchants Development Center \n RMB¥5 \n 0750 \n \n\n'''H47''' \nBantian Market \n → \n20pxMerchants Bank Building \nRMB¥4 \n 0735 \n \n\n ← \n 1817 \n \n\n'''H48''' \n20pxGushu Metro Station \n → \nHIT Satellite Building \nRMB¥4 \n 0743 \n \n\n ← \n 1820 \n \n\n'''H49''' \n Nankengcun \n → \nShenzhen Software Park W. \nRMB¥5 \n 0735 \n \n\n Vanke Wonderland \n ← \n 1810 \n \n\n'''H50''' \n Hongyang School \n → \nShenzhen Software Park W. \nRMB¥6 \n 0715 \n \n\n 20pxYangmei Metro Station \n ← \n 1816 \n \n\n'''H51''' \n Kaisa City \n→ \n Keyuan N. \nRMB¥7 \n 0710 \n \n\n Shenzhen Software Park W. \n Gangtou Market S. \n 1815 \n \n\n '''H52''' \n Fengrun Neighborhood Committee \n → \n PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution \n RMB¥5 \n 0725 \n \n\n'''H53''' \nAomen Xincun \n → \nShenzhen Software Park W. \nRMB¥5 \n 0733 \n \n\n ← \n 1815 \n \n\n'''H54''' \nFengrun Neighborhood Committee \n → \nShenzhen Software Park W. \nRMB¥5 \n 0720 \n \n\n ← \n 1815 \n \n\n'''H55''' \n The Value of Life \n→ \n HIT Satellite Building \nRMB¥5 \n 0725 \n \n\n Keyuan N. \n Shayuanpu \n 1815 \n \n\n '''H56''' \n Hongyang School \n → \n Beihuan Tonggu Overpass \n RMB¥7 \n 0658 \n \n\n'''H57''' \nLonghua Inter-city Bus Station N. \n → \n Beihuan Tonggu Overpass \nRMB¥6 \n 0650 \n \n\n ← \n N. Gate to Kexing Science Park \n 1845 \n \n\n'''H59''' \nGuangming Zhenmei Terminus \n → \nShenzhen Bay Checkpoint \nRMB¥10 \n 0710 \n \n\n ← \n 1810 \n \n\n'''H60''' \nGuangming Zhenmei Terminus \n → \nGuohua Rd. Crossing \nRMB¥10 \n 0700 \n \n\n ← \n 1810 \n \n\n'''H61''' \nPingshan District Committee & Government \n → \nChangling E. Terminus \nRMB¥9 \n 0700 \n \n\n ← \n 1710 \n \n\n'''H62''' \nKengzi Sub-district Office \n → \n20pxUniversiade Metro Station \nRMB¥3 \n 0730 \n \n\n ← \n 1810 \n \n\n '''H63''' \n Yinquan Garden \n → \n Tian'an Cyber Park \n RMB¥4 \n 0720 \n \n\n '''H64''' \n Wulian Market \n → \n 20pxShanghai Hotel E. \n RMB¥8 \n 0730 \n \n\n '''H65''' \n 20pxYangmei Metro Station \n → \n Baoneng Science & Technology Park N. \n RMB¥3 \n 0800 \n \n\n '''H66''' \n 20pxYangmei Metro Station \n → \n Mission Hills New Town \n RMB¥4 \n 0800 \n \n\n '''H67''' \n Pinghu Inter-city Bus Station \n → \n 20pxMerchants Bank Building \n RMB¥6 \n 0700 \n \n\n '''H68''' \n Pinghu Inter-city Bus Station \n → \n Ronghua Rd. Crossing E. \n RMB¥6 \n 0705 \n \n\n '''H69''' \n Xinian Storage \n → \n 20pxMerchants Bank Building \n RMB¥6 \n 0700 \n \n\n '''H70''' \n Xinian Storage \n → \n Ronghua Rd. Crossing E. \n RMB¥6 \n 0720 \n \n\n '''H71''' \n Gangtou Market S. \n → \n Shenhang Building \n RMB¥6 \n 0740 \n \n\n '''H72''' \n Gangtou Market S. \n → \n Software Industrial Base \n RMB¥6 \n 0750 \n \n\n '''H73''' \n Oriental Peninsula \n → \n Software Industrial Base \n RMB¥7 \n 0720 \n \n\n '''H74''' \n 20pxNanlian Metro Station \n → \n Tairan 9th Rd. \n RMB¥10 \n 0640 \n \n\n\n=== H803-H807 ===\n\n\nTerminus !! Fare !! Schedule !! Note\n\n'''H803''' \nCulture & Creation Industrial Park \n → \nShum Yip Upper Hills \nRMB¥5 \n 0700 \n \n\n ← \n 0830 \n \n\n'''H804''' \nShenzhen Press Group \n → \nMunicipal Intermediate Court \nRMB¥5 \n 0710 \n \n\n ← \n 1800 \n \n\n'''H805''' \n Shenzhen Press Group \n → \nShum Yip Upper Hills \nRMB¥5 \n 0715 \n \n\n Culture & Creation Industrial Park \n ← \n 1815 \n \n\n'''H806''' \nMunicipal Intermediate Court \n → \nCulture & Creation Industrial Park \nRMB¥5 \n 0715 \n \n\n ← \n 1815 \n \n\n '''H807''' \n Municipal Intermediate Court \n → \n Qingli Rd. Terminus \n RMB¥5 \n 0715 \n \n\n", "=== P1-P99 ===\n\n=== P100-P199 ===\n\n=== P200-P299 ===\n\n=== P300-P399 ===\n\n=== P400-P499 ===\n\n=== P500-P599 ===\n\n=== P600-P696 ===\n", "{|class=\"wikitable\"\n\nTerminus !! Fare !! Note\n\n '''PJ1''' \n Xinda Market \n ↔ \n Dawang Hill Terminus \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ2''' \n Xinda Market \n ↔ \n Longhua Inter-city Bus Station \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ3''' \n Xinda Market \n ↔ \n S. Gate to Foxconn \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ4''' \n OCT East Terminus \n ↔ \n Sanlian Square \n RMB¥8 \n \n\n '''PJ5''' \n OCT East Terminus \n ↔ \n Dawang Hill Terminus \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ6''' \n OCT East Terminus \n ↔ \n Shiyan Inter-city Bus Station \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ7''' \n OCT East Terminus \n ↔ \n Bantian Sub-district 2nd Office \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ8''' \n OCT East Terminus \n ↔ \n Pingzhou Department Store \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ9''' \n OCT East Terminus \n ↔ \n Kengzi Daxin Department Store \n RMB¥9 \n \n\n '''PJ10''' \n OCT East Terminus \n ↔ \n Guanlan Hi-Tech Park \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ11''' \n Wutong Hill Terminus \n ↔ \n Tongle Industrial Zone \n RMB¥7 \n \n\n '''PJ12''' \n Fairylake Botanical Park Terminus \n ↔ \n Pinghu Shanxiacun \n RMB¥5 \n \n\n '''PJ17''' \n 20pxHuanggang Checkpoint \n ↔ \n Up Class \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ18''' \n Xinda Market \n ↔ \n Pingzhou Department Store \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ19''' \n OCT East Terminus \n ↔ \n World Food City Terminus \n RMB¥8 \n \n\n '''PJ20''' \n Xinda Market \n ↔ \n 20pxQiaotou Metro Station \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ21''' \n Xiaomeisha \n ↔ \n Wenjindu Inter-city Bus Station \n RMB¥5 \n \n\n '''PJ22''' \n Xiaomeisha \n ↔ \n Shiyan Inter-city Bus Station \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ23''' \n OCT East Terminus \n ↔ \n Danping Community \n RMB¥7 \n \n\n", "{|class=\"wikitable\"\n\nTerminus !! Fare !! Schedule !! Note\n\n'''T1''' \nShenzhen Gymnasium \n → \nYangmeikeng \nRMB¥25 \n 0900 \n \n\n ← \n 1800 \n \n\n'''T2''' \nBao'an Inter-city Bus Station \n → \nDongshan Temple \nRMB¥25 \n 0900 \n \n\n ← \n 1800 \n \n\n '''T6''' \n Meisha Sub-district Office \n → \n Henggang Building \n RMB¥4 \n 1600 \n \n\n '''T7''' \n Meisha Sub-district Office \n → \n 20pxDanzhutou Metro Station \n RMB¥5 \n 1600 \n \n\n '''T8''' \n Gangtou Market \n → \n Meisha Sub-district Office \n RMB¥9 \n 0918 \n \n\n '''T9''' \n Xiufeng Industrial Zone \n → \n Xiaomeisha \n RMB¥9 \n 0900 \n \n\n", "{|class=\"wikitable\"\n\nTerminus !! Fare !! Schedule !! Note\n\n'''X1''' \nShenzhen No.2 Senior High School \n → \nZhongkang Garden \nRMB¥2 \n 1600 (Fri.) \n \n\n ← \n 1800 (Sun.) \n \n\n'''X2''' \nShenzhen No.2 Senior High School \n → \nSungang Bagua Rd. Crossing \nRMB¥2 \n 1600 (Fri.) \n \n\n ← \n 1800 (Sun.) \n \n}" ]

[ "Introduction", " Prefixes and operators ", " F-prefix routes ", " H-prefix routes ", " P-prefix routes ", " PJ-prefix routes ", " T-prefix routes ", " X-prefix routes " ]

[ "Note\n\n'''H9''' \nJinxiu Jiangnan W. \n → \n 20pxMerchants Bank Building \nRMB¥4 \n 0730 \n \n\n ← \n Tian'an Cyber Park \n 1820 \n \n\n'''H13''' \n Jiulong Hill \n → \n20pxYangmei Metro Station \nRMB¥4 \n 0725 \n \n\n Baili Mingyuan \n ← \n 1815 \n \n\n'''H15''' \nShekou Customs \n → \n 20pxMedia Group Building \nRMB¥5 \n 0730 \n \n\n ← \n Shenzhen Customs \n 1740 \n \n\n'''H17''' \nShennan Beihuan Interchange \n → \nPhoenix Building \nRMB¥5 \n 0740 \n \n\n ← \n 1740 \n \n\n'''H18''' \n20pxCaitiancun \n → \n Gangxia W. \nRMB¥2 \n 0800 \n \n\n ← \n Shenzhen Customs \n 1740 \n \n\n'''H19''' \nDushucun \n → \n Gangxia W. \nRMB¥3 \n 0755 \n \n\n ← \n Shenzhen Customs \n 1740 \n \n\n'''H21''' \nYumincun \n → \n Phoenix Building \nRMB¥2 \n 0805 \n \n\n ← \n Shenzhen Customs \n 1740 \n \n\n'''H23''' \nShatoujiao Customs \n → \n Gangxia W. \nRMB¥5 \n 0745 \n \n\n ← \n Shenzhen Customs \n 1740 \n \n\n'''H26''' \nShennan Beihuan Interchange \n → \nYumincun \nRMB¥6 \n 0730 \n \n\n ← \n 1740 \n \n\n'''H29''' \n Manhaining Garden N. \n→ \n EVOC Technology Building \nRMB¥7 \n 0720 \n \n\n Shenzhen Software Park W. \n Dalang Shiguan Industrial Zone \n 1810 \n \n\n'''H30''' \n The Spring Land Kindergarten \n → \n20pxGuomao \nRMB¥5 \n 0715 \n \n\n Central Villa \n ← \n 1815 \n \n\n'''H31''' \nRailway Bridge \n → \n20pxMerchants Bank Building \nRMB¥4 \n 0740 \n \n\n ← \n 1820 \n \n\n'''H32''' \n20pxDanzhutou Metro Station \n → \nSoftware Industrial Base \nRMB¥7 \n 0715 \n \n\n ← \n 1845 \n \n\n '''H33''' \n Huijia Supermarket \n → \n Software Industrial Base \n RMB¥7 \n 0705 \n \n\n '''H34''' \n 20pxQinghu Metro Station \n → \n Software Industrial Base \n RMB¥6 \n 0705 \n \n\n'''H36''' \nShuiwei \n → \n Software Industrial Base \nRMB¥5 \n 0730 \n \n\n ← \n Window of Binhai \n 1820 \n \n\n '''H37''' \n Bantian Hospital \n → \n Kexing Science & Technology Park \n RMB¥7 \n 0718 \n \n\n'''H38''' \nRT-Mart \n → \n Keyuan Beihuan Boulevard S. \nRMB¥5 \n 0720 \n \n\n ← \n N. Gate to Kexing Science & Technology Park \n 1815 \n \n\n'''H39''' \nMeili 365 Garden \n → \n 20pxDachong \nRMB¥6 \n 0710 \n \n\n ← \n Shenzhen Software Park W. \n 1810 \n \n\n'''H40''' \nShaxia \n → \n 20pxMerchants Bank Building \nRMB¥4 \n 0730 \n \n\n ← \n 20pxShennan Xiangmi Interchange \n 1821 \n \n\n '''H41''' \n Vanke Wonderland \n → \n N. Gate to Shenzhen University \n RMB¥5 \n 0740 \n \n\n'''H42''' \nShuiwei \n → \nN. Gate to Shenzhen University \nRMB¥5 \n 0720 \n \n\n ← \n 1814 \n \n\n '''H43''' \n Huixin Apartment \n → \n Science & Technology Park Bus Terminal \n RMB¥5 \n 0730 \n \n\n'''H44''' \n Longhua Inter-city Bus Station N. \n → \nLenovo Building \nRMB¥6 \n 0725 \n \n\n Longhua Inter-city Bus Station \n ← \n 1810 \n \n\n'''H45''' \nWayaopai \n → \nLenovo Building \nRMB¥5 \n 0730 \n \n\n ← \n 1815 \n \n\n '''H46''' \n Hedong \n → \n China Merchants Development Center \n RMB¥5 \n 0750 \n \n\n'''H47''' \nBantian Market \n → \n20pxMerchants Bank Building \nRMB¥4 \n 0735 \n \n\n ← \n 1817 \n \n\n'''H48''' \n20pxGushu Metro Station \n → \nHIT Satellite Building \nRMB¥4 \n 0743 \n \n\n ← \n 1820 \n \n\n'''H49''' \n Nankengcun \n → \nShenzhen Software Park W. \nRMB¥5 \n 0735 \n \n\n Vanke Wonderland \n ← \n 1810 \n \n\n'''H50''' \n Hongyang School \n → \nShenzhen Software Park W. \nRMB¥6 \n 0715 \n \n\n 20pxYangmei Metro Station \n ← \n 1816 \n \n\n'''H51''' \n Kaisa City \n→ \n Keyuan N. \nRMB¥7 \n 0710 \n \n\n Shenzhen Software Park W. \n Gangtou Market S. \n 1815 \n \n\n '''H52''' \n Fengrun Neighborhood Committee \n → \n PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution \n RMB¥5 \n 0725 \n \n\n'''H53''' \nAomen Xincun \n → \nShenzhen Software Park W. \nRMB¥5 \n 0733 \n \n\n ← \n 1815 \n \n\n'''H54''' \nFengrun Neighborhood Committee \n → \nShenzhen Software Park W. \nRMB¥5 \n 0720 \n \n\n ← \n 1815 \n \n\n'''H55''' \n The Value of Life \n→ \n HIT Satellite Building \nRMB¥5 \n 0725 \n \n\n Keyuan N. \n Shayuanpu \n 1815 \n \n\n '''H56''' \n Hongyang School \n → \n Beihuan Tonggu Overpass \n RMB¥7 \n 0658 \n \n\n'''H57''' \nLonghua Inter-city Bus Station N. \n → \n Beihuan Tonggu Overpass \nRMB¥6 \n 0650 \n \n\n ← \n N. Gate to Kexing Science Park \n 1845 \n \n\n'''H59''' \nGuangming Zhenmei Terminus \n → \nShenzhen Bay Checkpoint \nRMB¥10 \n 0710 \n \n\n ← \n 1810 \n \n\n'''H60''' \nGuangming Zhenmei Terminus \n → \nGuohua Rd.", "Crossing \nRMB¥10 \n 0700 \n \n\n ← \n 1810 \n \n\n'''H61''' \nPingshan District Committee & Government \n → \nChangling E. Terminus \nRMB¥9 \n 0700 \n \n\n ← \n 1710 \n \n\n'''H62''' \nKengzi Sub-district Office \n → \n20pxUniversiade Metro Station \nRMB¥3 \n 0730 \n \n\n ← \n 1810 \n \n\n '''H63''' \n Yinquan Garden \n → \n Tian'an Cyber Park \n RMB¥4 \n 0720 \n \n\n '''H64''' \n Wulian Market \n → \n 20pxShanghai Hotel E. \n RMB¥8 \n 0730 \n \n\n '''H65''' \n 20pxYangmei Metro Station \n → \n Baoneng Science & Technology Park N. \n RMB¥3 \n 0800 \n \n\n '''H66''' \n 20pxYangmei Metro Station \n → \n Mission Hills New Town \n RMB¥4 \n 0800 \n \n\n '''H67''' \n Pinghu Inter-city Bus Station \n → \n 20pxMerchants Bank Building \n RMB¥6 \n 0700 \n \n\n '''H68''' \n Pinghu Inter-city Bus Station \n → \n Ronghua Rd.", "Crossing E. \n RMB¥6 \n 0705 \n \n\n '''H69''' \n Xinian Storage \n → \n 20pxMerchants Bank Building \n RMB¥6 \n 0700 \n \n\n '''H70''' \n Xinian Storage \n → \n Ronghua Rd." ]

[ "\n\n\nHere lists the customized bus routes in Shenzhen.", "{|class=\"wikitable\"\n\n Prefix !", "!", "Operator (Brand) !", "!", "Description\n\n '''F''' \nShenzhen Bus Group Co,ltd (Youdian Bus) \n Customized bus routes operated by city bus vehicles\n\n '''H''' \n Customized bus routes operated by coach vehicles\n\n '''T''' \n Customized bus routes linked the downtown and the scenic spots\n\n '''X''' \n Customized bus routes for students\n\n '''P''' \nShenzhen Eastern Bus Co,ltd (eBus) \n Customized bus routes operated on rush hours\n\n '''PJ''' \n Customized bus routes operated on weekends and holidays, linking the downtown and the scenic spots", "=== F2-F99 ===\n\n=== F100-F118 ===", "=== H9-H74 ===\n\n\nTerminus !", "!", "Fare !", "!", "Schedule !", "!", "Crossing E. \n RMB¥6 \n 0720 \n \n\n '''H71''' \n Gangtou Market S. \n → \n Shenhang Building \n RMB¥6 \n 0740 \n \n\n '''H72''' \n Gangtou Market S. \n → \n Software Industrial Base \n RMB¥6 \n 0750 \n \n\n '''H73''' \n Oriental Peninsula \n → \n Software Industrial Base \n RMB¥7 \n 0720 \n \n\n '''H74''' \n 20pxNanlian Metro Station \n → \n Tairan 9th Rd.", "RMB¥10 \n 0640 \n \n\n\n=== H803-H807 ===\n\n\nTerminus !", "!", "Fare !", "!", "Schedule !", "!", "Note\n\n'''H803''' \nCulture & Creation Industrial Park \n → \nShum Yip Upper Hills \nRMB¥5 \n 0700 \n \n\n ← \n 0830 \n \n\n'''H804''' \nShenzhen Press Group \n → \nMunicipal Intermediate Court \nRMB¥5 \n 0710 \n \n\n ← \n 1800 \n \n\n'''H805''' \n Shenzhen Press Group \n → \nShum Yip Upper Hills \nRMB¥5 \n 0715 \n \n\n Culture & Creation Industrial Park \n ← \n 1815 \n \n\n'''H806''' \nMunicipal Intermediate Court \n → \nCulture & Creation Industrial Park \nRMB¥5 \n 0715 \n \n\n ← \n 1815 \n \n\n '''H807''' \n Municipal Intermediate Court \n → \n Qingli Rd.", "Terminus \n RMB¥5 \n 0715", "=== P1-P99 ===\n\n=== P100-P199 ===\n\n=== P200-P299 ===\n\n=== P300-P399 ===\n\n=== P400-P499 ===\n\n=== P500-P599 ===\n\n=== P600-P696 ===", "{|class=\"wikitable\"\n\nTerminus !", "!", "Fare !", "!", "Note\n\n '''PJ1''' \n Xinda Market \n ↔ \n Dawang Hill Terminus \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ2''' \n Xinda Market \n ↔ \n Longhua Inter-city Bus Station \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ3''' \n Xinda Market \n ↔ \n S. Gate to Foxconn \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ4''' \n OCT East Terminus \n ↔ \n Sanlian Square \n RMB¥8 \n \n\n '''PJ5''' \n OCT East Terminus \n ↔ \n Dawang Hill Terminus \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ6''' \n OCT East Terminus \n ↔ \n Shiyan Inter-city Bus Station \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ7''' \n OCT East Terminus \n ↔ \n Bantian Sub-district 2nd Office \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ8''' \n OCT East Terminus \n ↔ \n Pingzhou Department Store \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ9''' \n OCT East Terminus \n ↔ \n Kengzi Daxin Department Store \n RMB¥9 \n \n\n '''PJ10''' \n OCT East Terminus \n ↔ \n Guanlan Hi-Tech Park \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ11''' \n Wutong Hill Terminus \n ↔ \n Tongle Industrial Zone \n RMB¥7 \n \n\n '''PJ12''' \n Fairylake Botanical Park Terminus \n ↔ \n Pinghu Shanxiacun \n RMB¥5 \n \n\n '''PJ17''' \n 20pxHuanggang Checkpoint \n ↔ \n Up Class \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ18''' \n Xinda Market \n ↔ \n Pingzhou Department Store \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ19''' \n OCT East Terminus \n ↔ \n World Food City Terminus \n RMB¥8 \n \n\n '''PJ20''' \n Xinda Market \n ↔ \n 20pxQiaotou Metro Station \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ21''' \n Xiaomeisha \n ↔ \n Wenjindu Inter-city Bus Station \n RMB¥5 \n \n\n '''PJ22''' \n Xiaomeisha \n ↔ \n Shiyan Inter-city Bus Station \n RMB¥10 \n \n\n '''PJ23''' \n OCT East Terminus \n ↔ \n Danping Community \n RMB¥7", "{|class=\"wikitable\"\n\nTerminus !", "!", "Fare !", "!", "Schedule !", "!", "Note\n\n'''T1''' \nShenzhen Gymnasium \n → \nYangmeikeng \nRMB¥25 \n 0900 \n \n\n ← \n 1800 \n \n\n'''T2''' \nBao'an Inter-city Bus Station \n → \nDongshan Temple \nRMB¥25 \n 0900 \n \n\n ← \n 1800 \n \n\n '''T6''' \n Meisha Sub-district Office \n → \n Henggang Building \n RMB¥4 \n 1600 \n \n\n '''T7''' \n Meisha Sub-district Office \n → \n 20pxDanzhutou Metro Station \n RMB¥5 \n 1600 \n \n\n '''T8''' \n Gangtou Market \n → \n Meisha Sub-district Office \n RMB¥9 \n 0918 \n \n\n '''T9''' \n Xiufeng Industrial Zone \n → \n Xiaomeisha \n RMB¥9 \n 0900", "{|class=\"wikitable\"\n\nTerminus !", "!", "Fare !", "!", "Schedule !", "!", "Note\n\n'''X1''' \nShenzhen No.2 Senior High School \n → \nZhongkang Garden \nRMB¥2 \n 1600 (Fri.) \n \n\n ← \n 1800 (Sun.)", "'''X2''' \nShenzhen No.2 Senior High School \n → \nSungang Bagua Rd.", "Crossing \nRMB¥2 \n 1600 (Fri.) \n \n\n ← \n 1800 (Sun.)", "}" ]

[ "Joseph Kinyanjui Kombani, popularly known as “''The Banker who Writes'',” is a Kenyan novelist, playwright, script writer, and literature critic/activist. His novels, The Last Villains of Molo and Den of Inequities have been used for undergraduate and postgraduate education by universities in Kenyan and abroad. Kombani is also a recipient of the Kenyatta University Outstanding Young Alumni Award 2014 and was recognized as a  Business Daily Top 40 under 40 in 2015.\n\n\n", "Joseph Kinyanjui Kombani was born in Molo in the then Nakuru District of Rift Valley Province in Kenya. He was the last born in a family of five children. His mother single handedly catered for the family after separating from his father before he was born. \n\nKinyanjui recalls living in a tiny single roomed ''mabati'' house, which was a tough way to grow up. Kinyanjui passed by a Standard Chartered branch on his way to school at Molo Academy for his primary school education, which would later on turn out to be his employer. Located in the fertile highlands of the rift valley, Molo is one of the most important food-basket for the nearby Nakuru town, Eldoret, Kisumu, and Nairobi.   \n\nAfter the 1992 general elections, the ethnically diverse town of Molo was rocked by tribal skirmishes along with numerous others in Rift Valley, prompting his family to move out to his maternal ancestral home in Njoro, where he schooled up to form four. \n\nAfter the untimely passing of his mother, Kinyanjui was forced to move in with his brothers in Ngando, a slum off Ngong Road in Nairobi. It is also interesting to note that this would later become the setting for his novel The Last Villains of Molo much later. \n", "After completing his secondary school education at Molo Academy in 1998, Kinyanjui Kombani was admitted to Kenyatta University in 2000 and graduated in 2004 with a Bachelor of Education in English & Literature. He also completed a program on Business mentorship at Inoorero University in 2012, becoming a career business mentor. \n\nAfterwards, he successfully applied for a position at Standard Chartered Bank as Customer Relations manager, despite not having graduated with a course in a relevant field. Other positions held there include Personal Financial Consultant, Business Financial Consultant, Relations Manager in Premium Banking, and most recently, the team leader for SME Banking in Kenya. \n", "\n=== Beginnings ===\nKinyanjui Kombani started writing in 2004 while at Kenyatta University, penning a play titled '''''Carcasses''''' for the Meat Trade Awareness project by Born Free Foundation. The play was widely performed by Kenyatta University travelling theatre. In Kenya alone, more than 60,000 rural people viewed the performance of the play. It was also staged elsewhere in Africa, Europe, and the United States. In 2004, Kombani also wrote the script for '''''Mizoga,''''' the film adaptation of the play which was shot by Born Free Foundation yet again. \n\nIn the same year (2004), his first novel '''The Last Villains of Molo,''' was published by Acacia Stantex Publishers, two years after finishing the manuscript and signing a contract. The author has stated in interviews that he did not earn any royalties from the book for ten years. It was not until Longhorn Publishers released a second imprint in 2012 that the book, and its author, received widespread publicity. \n\nIn 2007, the writer moved to Longhorn publishers and published two children’s stories; '''''Wangari Maathai: Mother of Tr'''''ees, and '''''We Can be Friends,''''' the latter of which was reproduced for the Rwandan market a year later in 2008. By this time, Kinyanjui was a well renowned novelist with a considerable fan base. \n\n=== Mastery ===\nIn 2012, '''The Last Villains of Molo''' was republished by Longhorn Publishers. With proper marketing, the book was positively received by critics and the public, and it launched the career of Kinyanjui Kombani as a contemporary novelist. The book was soon approved for use as a study text in several universities in the country, including his Alma mater, Kenyatta University. The novel is also studied in universities in Germany, the United States, and England in both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. \nIn 2014, his second novel '''''Den of Inequities''''', another odyssey into the experiences of slum life in Nairobi, was published to a positive reception yet again. The text has also been used as s study text in Kenya and Rwanda universities. \n", "# Potentash. (2016). Man Around Nairobi: Kinyanjui Kombani. http://www.potentash.com/2016/05/25/man-around-nairobi-kinyanjui-kombani/ retrieved 30th September 2017.\n# Who's who South Africa.(2012). Kinyanjui Kombani. http://whoswho.co.za/kinyanjui-kombani-536833retrieved 30th September 2017. \n# Mbugua Ngunjiri (2013). Writer tackles ‘Villains of Molo’.https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000091137/writer-tackles-villains-of-molo retrieved 30th September 2017.\n# Magunga (2014). REVIEW: Den of Inequities. http://www.magunga.com/review-den-of-inequities/ retrieved 30th September 2017.\n# Kinyanjui Kombani. (2016). Why I may return my award, says chagrined writer. http://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/weekend/KINYANJUI-KOMBANI-Why-I-may-return-my-award/1220-3457156-5hhi6jz/index.html retrieved 30th September 2017. \n# Kinyanjui Kombani. (2017). About Kinyanjui Kombani. http://www.kinyanjuikombani.com/about-kinyanjui.html retrieved 30th September 2017." ]

[ "Introduction", " Early Life ", " Education and Banking Career ", " Writing Career ", " References " ]

[ "Afterwards, he successfully applied for a position at Standard Chartered Bank as Customer Relations manager, despite not having graduated with a course in a relevant field." ]

[ "Joseph Kinyanjui Kombani, popularly known as “''The Banker who Writes'',” is a Kenyan novelist, playwright, script writer, and literature critic/activist.", "His novels, The Last Villains of Molo and Den of Inequities have been used for undergraduate and postgraduate education by universities in Kenyan and abroad.", "Kombani is also a recipient of the Kenyatta University Outstanding Young Alumni Award 2014 and was recognized as a  Business Daily Top 40 under 40 in 2015.", "Joseph Kinyanjui Kombani was born in Molo in the then Nakuru District of Rift Valley Province in Kenya.", "He was the last born in a family of five children.", "His mother single handedly catered for the family after separating from his father before he was born.", "Kinyanjui recalls living in a tiny single roomed ''mabati'' house, which was a tough way to grow up.", "Kinyanjui passed by a Standard Chartered branch on his way to school at Molo Academy for his primary school education, which would later on turn out to be his employer.", "Located in the fertile highlands of the rift valley, Molo is one of the most important food-basket for the nearby Nakuru town, Eldoret, Kisumu, and Nairobi.", "After the 1992 general elections, the ethnically diverse town of Molo was rocked by tribal skirmishes along with numerous others in Rift Valley, prompting his family to move out to his maternal ancestral home in Njoro, where he schooled up to form four.", "After the untimely passing of his mother, Kinyanjui was forced to move in with his brothers in Ngando, a slum off Ngong Road in Nairobi.", "It is also interesting to note that this would later become the setting for his novel The Last Villains of Molo much later.", "After completing his secondary school education at Molo Academy in 1998, Kinyanjui Kombani was admitted to Kenyatta University in 2000 and graduated in 2004 with a Bachelor of Education in English & Literature.", "He also completed a program on Business mentorship at Inoorero University in 2012, becoming a career business mentor.", "Other positions held there include Personal Financial Consultant, Business Financial Consultant, Relations Manager in Premium Banking, and most recently, the team leader for SME Banking in Kenya.", "\n=== Beginnings ===\nKinyanjui Kombani started writing in 2004 while at Kenyatta University, penning a play titled '''''Carcasses''''' for the Meat Trade Awareness project by Born Free Foundation.", "The play was widely performed by Kenyatta University travelling theatre.", "In Kenya alone, more than 60,000 rural people viewed the performance of the play.", "It was also staged elsewhere in Africa, Europe, and the United States.", "In 2004, Kombani also wrote the script for '''''Mizoga,''''' the film adaptation of the play which was shot by Born Free Foundation yet again.", "In the same year (2004), his first novel '''The Last Villains of Molo,''' was published by Acacia Stantex Publishers, two years after finishing the manuscript and signing a contract.", "The author has stated in interviews that he did not earn any royalties from the book for ten years.", "It was not until Longhorn Publishers released a second imprint in 2012 that the book, and its author, received widespread publicity.", "In 2007, the writer moved to Longhorn publishers and published two children’s stories; '''''Wangari Maathai: Mother of Tr'''''ees, and '''''We Can be Friends,''''' the latter of which was reproduced for the Rwandan market a year later in 2008.", "By this time, Kinyanjui was a well renowned novelist with a considerable fan base.", "=== Mastery ===\nIn 2012, '''The Last Villains of Molo''' was republished by Longhorn Publishers.", "With proper marketing, the book was positively received by critics and the public, and it launched the career of Kinyanjui Kombani as a contemporary novelist.", "The book was soon approved for use as a study text in several universities in the country, including his Alma mater, Kenyatta University.", "The novel is also studied in universities in Germany, the United States, and England in both undergraduate and postgraduate levels.", "In 2014, his second novel '''''Den of Inequities''''', another odyssey into the experiences of slum life in Nairobi, was published to a positive reception yet again.", "The text has also been used as s study text in Kenya and Rwanda universities.", "# Potentash.", "(2016).", "Man Around Nairobi: Kinyanjui Kombani.", "http://www.potentash.com/2016/05/25/man-around-nairobi-kinyanjui-kombani/ retrieved 30th September 2017.", "# Who's who South Africa.(2012).", "Kinyanjui Kombani.", "http://whoswho.co.za/kinyanjui-kombani-536833retrieved 30th September 2017.", "# Mbugua Ngunjiri (2013).", "Writer tackles ‘Villains of Molo’.https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000091137/writer-tackles-villains-of-molo retrieved 30th September 2017.", "# Magunga (2014).", "REVIEW: Den of Inequities.", "http://www.magunga.com/review-den-of-inequities/ retrieved 30th September 2017.", "# Kinyanjui Kombani.", "(2016).", "Why I may return my award, says chagrined writer.", "http://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/weekend/KINYANJUI-KOMBANI-Why-I-may-return-my-award/1220-3457156-5hhi6jz/index.html retrieved 30th September 2017.", "# Kinyanjui Kombani.", "(2017).", "About Kinyanjui Kombani.", "http://www.kinyanjuikombani.com/about-kinyanjui.html retrieved 30th September 2017." ]

[ "The '''Community Radio Awards''' are an accolade bestowed upon creatives in the community sector of broadcast radio in the United Kingdom. The awards showcase the work of community radio volunteers.\n They were founded in 2016 by Martin Steers. The 2017 awards ceremoney was held on 23 September in Bristol following a process involving over 350 entries in 16 categories from 70 community stations.\n", "===2017===\n\n\n*Station of the Year\n**ALL FM\n**Raidió Fáilte\n**Ribble FM\n**Somer Valley FM\n**Wycombe Sound 106.6FM\n\n*Community Development Project of the Year\n**Radio Sheung Lok – ALL FM\n**Mackem Craic – Spark FM\n**A Present from the Past – Phoenix FM Halifax\n**Alright Mate I’m Listening (Male Mental Health Project) – Ribble FM\n**Global Sunderland – Spark FM\n\n*Female Presenter of the Year\n**Laura Perry – CSRfm\n**Fiona Jessica Wilson (aka FJ) – Ipswich Community Radio\n**Louise Croombs – Tameside Radio\n**Philippa Sawyer – Wycombe Sound 106.6FM\n**Julie Donaldson – Zetland FM\n\n*Male Presenter of the Year\n**Mark Jarvis – Erewash Sound\n**Rory Auskerry – Pure 107.8FM\n**Lee Roe – Ribble FM\n**Mark Blackman – Wirral Radio\n**Rob L’Esperance – Wycombe Sound 106.6FM\n\n*Community Show of the Year\n**The Midweek Sportsbar – BCFM Radio\n**Summer Saturday – Cambridge 105\n**Kinlochlovin Drivetime – Nevis Radio\n**Farming Friday – Ribble FM\n**Mid-Morning – Wycombe Sound 106.6FM\n\n*Live Event or Outside Broadcast of the Year\n**Les James Challenge Cup Final 2017 – 107.5 Switch Radio\n**BCfm Election night 2017 – 1BCfm Radio\n**Tour de Yorkshire – Drystone Radio\n**Failsworth Carnival – Oldham Community Radio 99.7fm\n**Radio Verulam brings LIVE FA Cup coverage to St Albans – Radio Verulam\n\n*Entertainment Show of the Year\n**Old Gits and Hits – BCFM Bristol\n**The Kieran Poole Sessions – Miskin Radio\n**The Week in Geek – The biggest Geek radio show in the UK – Spark FM\n**Drivetime with Ryan and Beth – Spark FM\n**Breakfast with Louise – Tameside Radio\n\n*Speech and Journalism Radio of the Year\n**Sapana Budha ‘Nepal: after the Earthquake’ – Radio LaB 97.1FM\n**Newsburst – Sheppey 92.2 FM\n**Spark Reports – Spark FM\n**Rough Sleep – Tameside Radio\n**The Late Show with Joe Shennan – Wycombe Sound 106.6FM\n\n*Arts and Creative Radio of the Year\n**Folkestone Life, A Sound Art Project – Academy FM (Folkestone)\n**Dear Reader – CSRfm\n**Huntsford – Huntingdon Community Radio (HCR104fm)\n**Lincoln Voices – Lincoln City Radio\n**The Second Coming – Warminster Community Radio\n\n*Specialist Music Show of the Year\n**The Urban LP – CSRfm\n**The Vintage Show – Ribble FM\n**The Richard Harris Folk and Blues Show – Somer Valley FM\n**Dance Revolution – Spark FM\n**Showstoppers – Zetland FM\n\n*Sports Show of the Year\n**The Wycombe Sound Saturday Sports Show – Wycombe Sound 106.6FM\n**The Saturday Scoreboard – Switch Radio\n**Sportsbyte – Spark FM\n**Radio Verulam FA Cup coverage St Albans v Carlisle United – Radio Verulam\n**OB’s Saturday Sport Show – Radio Cardiff\n\n*Volunteer of the Year\n**Ian Robertson – East Coast fm\n**John Weller – Nevis Radio\n**Arthur Chorley – Oldham Community Radio 99.7fm\n**Gary Tottingham – Radio LaB\n**Jack Bee – Sheppey 92.2 FM\n\n*Young Person of the Year\n**Lila Bellamy – 107 Meridian FM\n**Jake Peach – CSRfm\n**Mark Jarvis – Erewash Sound\n**Rachel Price – Forces Radio BFBS Northern Ireland\n**Lewis Baxter – Ribble FM\n\n*Sage Person of the Year\n**Hugh Taylor – Alive Radio\n**Manjulika Singh – Awaz FM\n**Trish Napier – Canalside Radio\n**Harry Haward – Resonance FM\n**Keith Green – Warminster Community Radio\n\n*Newcomer of the Year\n**Katy Ashman – Abbey 104\n**Samantha Howard – Academy FM Folkestone\n**Mark Jarvis – Erewash Sound\n**Emma Snow – Erewash Sound\n**Lee Roe – Ribble FM\n\n*Innovation Award\n**The One Pound SoundHound Round – East Coast 107.6FM\n**300 Club Lottery – Oldham Community Radio 99.7fm\n**Building an Audience using Facebook Live – Spark FM\n**Mackem Craic – Spark FM\n**Raspberry Pi Uplink Solution – Wycombe Sound 106.6FM\n\n*Podcast\n**Apex – Cam FM\n**Cambridge 105: Podcast – Cambridge 105\n**Fair Frome Food Bank training podcast – Frome FM\n**Shadow – Insanity Radio\n**Radio Wanno – Radio Wanno (HMP Wandsworth)\n\n===2016===\n\n*Station of the Year: Ujima Radio\n*Female Presenter of the Year: Primrose Granville - Ujima Radio\n", "\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Nominations and Winners", "References", "External Links" ]

[ "===2017===\n\n\n*Station of the Year\n**ALL FM\n**Raidió Fáilte\n**Ribble FM\n**Somer Valley FM\n**Wycombe Sound 106.6FM\n\n*Community Development Project of the Year\n**Radio Sheung Lok – ALL FM\n**Mackem Craic – Spark FM\n**A Present from the Past – Phoenix FM Halifax\n**Alright Mate I’m Listening (Male Mental Health Project) – Ribble FM\n**Global Sunderland – Spark FM\n\n*Female Presenter of the Year\n**Laura Perry – CSRfm\n**Fiona Jessica Wilson (aka FJ) – Ipswich Community Radio\n**Louise Croombs – Tameside Radio\n**Philippa Sawyer – Wycombe Sound 106.6FM\n**Julie Donaldson – Zetland FM\n\n*Male Presenter of the Year\n**Mark Jarvis – Erewash Sound\n**Rory Auskerry – Pure 107.8FM\n**Lee Roe – Ribble FM\n**Mark Blackman – Wirral Radio\n**Rob L’Esperance – Wycombe Sound 106.6FM\n\n*Community Show of the Year\n**The Midweek Sportsbar – BCFM Radio\n**Summer Saturday – Cambridge 105\n**Kinlochlovin Drivetime – Nevis Radio\n**Farming Friday – Ribble FM\n**Mid-Morning – Wycombe Sound 106.6FM\n\n*Live Event or Outside Broadcast of the Year\n**Les James Challenge Cup Final 2017 – 107.5 Switch Radio\n**BCfm Election night 2017 – 1BCfm Radio\n**Tour de Yorkshire – Drystone Radio\n**Failsworth Carnival – Oldham Community Radio 99.7fm\n**Radio Verulam brings LIVE FA Cup coverage to St Albans – Radio Verulam\n\n*Entertainment Show of the Year\n**Old Gits and Hits – BCFM Bristol\n**The Kieran Poole Sessions – Miskin Radio\n**The Week in Geek – The biggest Geek radio show in the UK – Spark FM\n**Drivetime with Ryan and Beth – Spark FM\n**Breakfast with Louise – Tameside Radio\n\n*Speech and Journalism Radio of the Year\n**Sapana Budha ‘Nepal: after the Earthquake’ – Radio LaB 97.1FM\n**Newsburst – Sheppey 92.2 FM\n**Spark Reports – Spark FM\n**Rough Sleep – Tameside Radio\n**The Late Show with Joe Shennan – Wycombe Sound 106.6FM\n\n*Arts and Creative Radio of the Year\n**Folkestone Life, A Sound Art Project – Academy FM (Folkestone)\n**Dear Reader – CSRfm\n**Huntsford – Huntingdon Community Radio (HCR104fm)\n**Lincoln Voices – Lincoln City Radio\n**The Second Coming – Warminster Community Radio\n\n*Specialist Music Show of the Year\n**The Urban LP – CSRfm\n**The Vintage Show – Ribble FM\n**The Richard Harris Folk and Blues Show – Somer Valley FM\n**Dance Revolution – Spark FM\n**Showstoppers – Zetland FM\n\n*Sports Show of the Year\n**The Wycombe Sound Saturday Sports Show – Wycombe Sound 106.6FM\n**The Saturday Scoreboard – Switch Radio\n**Sportsbyte – Spark FM\n**Radio Verulam FA Cup coverage St Albans v Carlisle United – Radio Verulam\n**OB’s Saturday Sport Show – Radio Cardiff\n\n*Volunteer of the Year\n**Ian Robertson – East Coast fm\n**John Weller – Nevis Radio\n**Arthur Chorley – Oldham Community Radio 99.7fm\n**Gary Tottingham – Radio LaB\n**Jack Bee – Sheppey 92.2 FM\n\n*Young Person of the Year\n**Lila Bellamy – 107 Meridian FM\n**Jake Peach – CSRfm\n**Mark Jarvis – Erewash Sound\n**Rachel Price – Forces Radio BFBS Northern Ireland\n**Lewis Baxter – Ribble FM\n\n*Sage Person of the Year\n**Hugh Taylor – Alive Radio\n**Manjulika Singh – Awaz FM\n**Trish Napier – Canalside Radio\n**Harry Haward – Resonance FM\n**Keith Green – Warminster Community Radio\n\n*Newcomer of the Year\n**Katy Ashman – Abbey 104\n**Samantha Howard – Academy FM Folkestone\n**Mark Jarvis – Erewash Sound\n**Emma Snow – Erewash Sound\n**Lee Roe – Ribble FM\n\n*Innovation Award\n**The One Pound SoundHound Round – East Coast 107.6FM\n**300 Club Lottery – Oldham Community Radio 99.7fm\n**Building an Audience using Facebook Live – Spark FM\n**Mackem Craic – Spark FM\n**Raspberry Pi Uplink Solution – Wycombe Sound 106.6FM\n\n*Podcast\n**Apex – Cam FM\n**Cambridge 105: Podcast – Cambridge 105\n**Fair Frome Food Bank training podcast – Frome FM\n**Shadow – Insanity Radio\n**Radio Wanno – Radio Wanno (HMP Wandsworth)\n\n===2016===\n\n*Station of the Year: Ujima Radio\n*Female Presenter of the Year: Primrose Granville - Ujima Radio" ]

[ "The '''Community Radio Awards''' are an accolade bestowed upon creatives in the community sector of broadcast radio in the United Kingdom.", "The awards showcase the work of community radio volunteers.", "They were founded in 2016 by Martin Steers.", "The 2017 awards ceremoney was held on 23 September in Bristol following a process involving over 350 entries in 16 categories from 70 community stations." ]

[ "\nBlake Leibel (born 8 May 1981), is a Canadian comic book creator, graphic novelist, screenwriter, and fledgling Hollywood animated film director residing in Los Angeles, California since 2004.\n", "Blake Leibel was born to two notable Canadian families. His father is prominent Toronto real estate mogul and Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame inductee Lorne Leibel, who had sailed for Canada in the 1976 Summer Olympics. His mother was Alros Products heiress Eleanor Chitel Leibel, whose father, Paul Chitel, held several patents. A 2001 lawsuit filed by the maternal grandmother of Blake Leibel, Leona Chitel, against the Bank of Montreal states that she had suffered acute bipolar disorder during the 1980s.\n", "Having barricaded himself in his West Hollywood apartment; on 26 May 2017, Blake Leibel surrendered to police and was subsequently charged with murder, torture, mayhem and aggravated mayhem, to which he pleaded not guilty. Leibel's defense plans to argue for his insanity.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Background", "Charged with murder, torture and mayhem", "References" ]

[ "A 2001 lawsuit filed by the maternal grandmother of Blake Leibel, Leona Chitel, against the Bank of Montreal states that she had suffered acute bipolar disorder during the 1980s." ]

[ "\nBlake Leibel (born 8 May 1981), is a Canadian comic book creator, graphic novelist, screenwriter, and fledgling Hollywood animated film director residing in Los Angeles, California since 2004.", "Blake Leibel was born to two notable Canadian families.", "His father is prominent Toronto real estate mogul and Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame inductee Lorne Leibel, who had sailed for Canada in the 1976 Summer Olympics.", "His mother was Alros Products heiress Eleanor Chitel Leibel, whose father, Paul Chitel, held several patents.", "Having barricaded himself in his West Hollywood apartment; on 26 May 2017, Blake Leibel surrendered to police and was subsequently charged with murder, torture, mayhem and aggravated mayhem, to which he pleaded not guilty.", "Leibel's defense plans to argue for his insanity." ]

[ "\n'''''Dear Ruth''''' is a 1947 romantic comedy film starring Joan Caulfield, William Holden, Mona Freeman, and Edward Arnold. It was based on the Broadway play of the same name by Norman Krasna. A teenage girl has a soldier for a pen pal, but uses her older sister's name and photograph. Then the man shows up while on a two-day leave.\n\nThere were two sequels: ''Dear Wife'' (1947), with all of the principal actors reprising their roles, and ''Dear Brat'' (1951), featuring Freeman, Arnold and De Wolfe.\n\nAlthough it is sometimes mistakenly believed that J. D. Salinger got the name for his character Holden Caulfield, in ''The Catcher in the Rye'' and other works, when he saw a marquee for the film, the first Holden Caulfield story, \"I'm Crazy\", was published in December 1945, a year and a half before the movie's release.\n", "Judge Wilkins and his wife Edie are puzzled when Lieutenant William Seacroft, a complete stranger, shows up at their home, asking for their elder, 22-year-old daughter Ruth. (She has gone to work at the bank, driven by her 34-year-old boyfriend Albert.) Bill has just returned from Italy, where he flew 25 missions over Germany as the bombardier of a B-26 bomber, but he only has a two-day leave. He explains that he has been corresponding with their daughter and has fallen in love with her long-distance. He makes a favorable impression on Ruth's parents and promises to return at 5:30 to meet her for the first time in person.\n\nRuth comes home and tells her parents she is getting married. They assume she has encountered Bill, but it turns out she is marrying Albert. They soon find out that their energetic 16-year-old daughter Miriam wrote to Bill 60 times, using her sister's name and sending him a photograph of Ruth, just one of her many contributions to the war effort and servicemen's morale. Ruth decides to tell Bill the truth immediately, but when he arrives, she cannot bring herself to do so. When Albert shows up for a date with Ruth, she slips away with Bill so that she can tell him privately, not in front of her entire family.\n\nBill takes her to a play, dinner and dancing until past 1 am. Albert and Ruth's parents wait up. Later, Ruth tells Albert that after Bill leaves for the Pacific, she will write to him and gently break off their relationship. She then gets the letters from Miriam and starts reading them.\n\nThe next morning, Bill's kid sister Martha waits for him in front of the Wilkins home. When Bill arrives, Ruth insists on taking Martha with them, supposedly because she has not seen her brother in two years, but actually to try to keep Bill's amorous behavior in check, so Bill invites a secretly fuming Albert too. Bill takes every opportunity to kiss Ruth, infuriating Albert. Then somebody pushes Albert off a crowded subway car at a station, and he gets separated from the others. He races to another station on the same line, but gets arrested for trying to get in without paying.\n\nA further romantic complication ensues when both Martha and Sergeant Chuck Vincent, Bill's friend, arrive at the Wilkins residence. Martha broke up with Chuck very recently. Lunch is therefore very awkward. Then Bill and Ruth show up and announce they are engaged. When Bill leaves the room, Ruth tells Albert that it is only for a few more hours. However, Bill receives a telephone call informing him that he and Chuck will be instructors in Florida. Chuck and Martha reconcile and decide to get married themselves. Judge Wilkins conducts the ceremony. Ruth then tells Bill that she only agreed to marry him because he was going back into combat, but nothing more. Miriam inadvertently reveals the whole truth to Bill. Bill accepts the situation, but after Martha and Chuck get married, Ruth has a change of heart. She and Bill also get married by her father, before leaving for Florida. Then a sailor appears, asking for Ruth. Startled, Miriam blurts out his name.\n", "* Joan Caulfield as Ruth Wilkins\n* William Holden as Lieut. William Seacroft\n* Mona Freeman as Miriam Wilkins\n* Edward Arnold as Judge Harry Wilkins\n* Billy De Wolfe as Albert Kummer\n* Mary Philips as Mrs. Edie Wilkins\n* Virginia Welles as Martha Seacroft\n* Kenny O'Morrison as Sgt. Chuck Vincent\n* Marietta Canty as Dora the Wilkins' maid\n* Irving Bacon as Delivery Man\n", "Film rights were sold for a reported $450,000 with the proviso that a movie not be made until the play finished a two-year run. For the purchase price, Paramount had the right to use the characters for a sequel.\n\nColumbia Pictures sued Krasna and the filmmakers for plagiarism, claiming the story infringed the copyright of a story they had bought called \"Dear Mr Private\". They were unsuccessful.\n", "Bosley Crowther praised the film in ''The New York Times'', calling it \"one of those simon-pure excursions in fun, which bubbles and sparkles its way into your heart and completely disarms any resistance which an unadorned outline of its conventional plot might invoke\" and noting that \"the pace never drags, even though the slim story is stretched out over ninety minutes.\" \n\nThe film was successful at the box office.\n", "\n", "* \n* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Plot", "Cast", "Production", "Reception", "References", " External links " ]

[ "(She has gone to work at the bank, driven by her 34-year-old boyfriend Albert.)" ]

[ "\n'''''Dear Ruth''''' is a 1947 romantic comedy film starring Joan Caulfield, William Holden, Mona Freeman, and Edward Arnold.", "It was based on the Broadway play of the same name by Norman Krasna.", "A teenage girl has a soldier for a pen pal, but uses her older sister's name and photograph.", "Then the man shows up while on a two-day leave.", "There were two sequels: ''Dear Wife'' (1947), with all of the principal actors reprising their roles, and ''Dear Brat'' (1951), featuring Freeman, Arnold and De Wolfe.", "Although it is sometimes mistakenly believed that J. D. Salinger got the name for his character Holden Caulfield, in ''The Catcher in the Rye'' and other works, when he saw a marquee for the film, the first Holden Caulfield story, \"I'm Crazy\", was published in December 1945, a year and a half before the movie's release.", "Judge Wilkins and his wife Edie are puzzled when Lieutenant William Seacroft, a complete stranger, shows up at their home, asking for their elder, 22-year-old daughter Ruth.", "Bill has just returned from Italy, where he flew 25 missions over Germany as the bombardier of a B-26 bomber, but he only has a two-day leave.", "He explains that he has been corresponding with their daughter and has fallen in love with her long-distance.", "He makes a favorable impression on Ruth's parents and promises to return at 5:30 to meet her for the first time in person.", "Ruth comes home and tells her parents she is getting married.", "They assume she has encountered Bill, but it turns out she is marrying Albert.", "They soon find out that their energetic 16-year-old daughter Miriam wrote to Bill 60 times, using her sister's name and sending him a photograph of Ruth, just one of her many contributions to the war effort and servicemen's morale.", "Ruth decides to tell Bill the truth immediately, but when he arrives, she cannot bring herself to do so.", "When Albert shows up for a date with Ruth, she slips away with Bill so that she can tell him privately, not in front of her entire family.", "Bill takes her to a play, dinner and dancing until past 1 am.", "Albert and Ruth's parents wait up.", "Later, Ruth tells Albert that after Bill leaves for the Pacific, she will write to him and gently break off their relationship.", "She then gets the letters from Miriam and starts reading them.", "The next morning, Bill's kid sister Martha waits for him in front of the Wilkins home.", "When Bill arrives, Ruth insists on taking Martha with them, supposedly because she has not seen her brother in two years, but actually to try to keep Bill's amorous behavior in check, so Bill invites a secretly fuming Albert too.", "Bill takes every opportunity to kiss Ruth, infuriating Albert.", "Then somebody pushes Albert off a crowded subway car at a station, and he gets separated from the others.", "He races to another station on the same line, but gets arrested for trying to get in without paying.", "A further romantic complication ensues when both Martha and Sergeant Chuck Vincent, Bill's friend, arrive at the Wilkins residence.", "Martha broke up with Chuck very recently.", "Lunch is therefore very awkward.", "Then Bill and Ruth show up and announce they are engaged.", "When Bill leaves the room, Ruth tells Albert that it is only for a few more hours.", "However, Bill receives a telephone call informing him that he and Chuck will be instructors in Florida.", "Chuck and Martha reconcile and decide to get married themselves.", "Judge Wilkins conducts the ceremony.", "Ruth then tells Bill that she only agreed to marry him because he was going back into combat, but nothing more.", "Miriam inadvertently reveals the whole truth to Bill.", "Bill accepts the situation, but after Martha and Chuck get married, Ruth has a change of heart.", "She and Bill also get married by her father, before leaving for Florida.", "Then a sailor appears, asking for Ruth.", "Startled, Miriam blurts out his name.", "* Joan Caulfield as Ruth Wilkins\n* William Holden as Lieut.", "William Seacroft\n* Mona Freeman as Miriam Wilkins\n* Edward Arnold as Judge Harry Wilkins\n* Billy De Wolfe as Albert Kummer\n* Mary Philips as Mrs. Edie Wilkins\n* Virginia Welles as Martha Seacroft\n* Kenny O'Morrison as Sgt.", "Chuck Vincent\n* Marietta Canty as Dora the Wilkins' maid\n* Irving Bacon as Delivery Man", "Film rights were sold for a reported $450,000 with the proviso that a movie not be made until the play finished a two-year run.", "For the purchase price, Paramount had the right to use the characters for a sequel.", "Columbia Pictures sued Krasna and the filmmakers for plagiarism, claiming the story infringed the copyright of a story they had bought called \"Dear Mr Private\".", "They were unsuccessful.", "Bosley Crowther praised the film in ''The New York Times'', calling it \"one of those simon-pure excursions in fun, which bubbles and sparkles its way into your heart and completely disarms any resistance which an unadorned outline of its conventional plot might invoke\" and noting that \"the pace never drags, even though the slim story is stretched out over ninety minutes.\"", "The film was successful at the box office.", "* \n* \n*" ]

[ "\n\n\n\nOn the morning of 26 September 2017, a Palestinian gunman opened fire at Israeli security guards at the entrance gate of Har Adar, an Israeli settlement and affluent residential border community of Jerusalem located largely on the other side of the green line within the West Bank. Three Israeli security guards were killed and a fourth was injured. The gunman was shot dead by the remaining guards. The Israeli authorities described the attack as an 'act of terrorism'.\n", "\nHar Adar was initially built adjacent to the Green Line but has grown past it since the 1967 Six-Day War and is now largely located within the West Bank. Two hundred Palestinian workers enter the town through the gate where the attack took place daily. Around 100,000 Palestinians hold permits that allow them to work in Israel and within Israeli settlements, mostly as manual laborers.\n", "The attack took place as the gunman approached an entrance to Har Adar guarded by a border policeman and two civilian security guards. Border policeman Solomon Gavriyah (20) was killed, as were civilian security guards Youssef Ottman (25) of nearby Abu Ghosh and Or Arish (25) a who lived in Har Adar. A fourth man, the head civilian security officer of Har Adar, was injured. The attacker was shot and killed.\n\nSSgt. Solomon Gavriyah who was killed in the attack\nPrior to the attack two Machsom Watch activists approached the checkpoint, upon which Gavriyah left the checkpoint and requested they step away, reportedly after which one of the activists told Ethopian-Israeli Gavriyah \"You are a shame\". Upon Gavriyah returning to his post the attacker began shooting.\n", "Nimer Mahmoud Ahmad Jamal, a 37-year old man and a father of four, who was from the neighboring village of Beit Surik, was behind the attack. He held a license to work in Israeli settlements. An initial inquiry into the attack uncovered Jamal suffered from severe personal and family issues, including domestic violence. It was reported that he physically assaulted his wife, and as a result, she fled to Jordan several weeks ago, leaving him with the children. Minutes before before carrying out the attack, Jamal sent his wife a message on Facebook Messenger, apologizing for what he was about to do, mourned her departure and said he had been a terrible husband to her.\n\nIn another Facebook posting, also made just before the attack, Jamal said he \"feared no one but God.\"\n", ";Domestic\n* Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu blames Palestinian incitement for shooting attack.\n\n* Hamas hailed the killings and called the shooting \"a new chapter of the Jerusalem intifada\".\n\n* Fatah's official Facebook page referred to the attacker as a \"martyr\".\n\n;Supranational\n* European Union condemns the attack, saying attempts by Hamas to glorify the attack are reprehensible. \"There can be no justification for such a crime and attempts by Hamas to glorify the attack are reprehensible. Violence and terror will only achieve more loss and pain and must stop.\" \n\n* UN special coordinator for the Middle East peace process, Nickolay Mladenov, said in a statement: \"It is deplorable that Hamas and others continue to glorify such attacks, which undermine the possibility of a peaceful future for both Palestinians and Israelis. I urge all to condemn violence and stand up to terror\".\n\n;International\n* French Ambassador to Israel Hélène Le Gal and the French Foreign Ministry both condemned the attack, sending their condolences to the victims and said that France will always stand by Israel's right to peace and security.\n\n* United States Embassy in Tel Aviv and the United States Consulate in Jerusalem issued a joint statement condemning the attack. The embassy in Tel Aviv deals with the Israeli government, and the consulate in Jerusalem is responsible for the Palestinian Authority. \"We condemn in the strongest possible terms today’s horrific attack in Har Adar.‎ We also condemn statements glorifying terrorism and call on all to send a clear message that terrorism must never be tolerated\".\n", "*List of terrorist incidents in September 2017\n*List of violent incidents in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, July–December 2017\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Background ", "Attack", "Perpetrator", " Diplomatic reactions ", " See also ", " References " ]

[ "\n\n\n\nOn the morning of 26 September 2017, a Palestinian gunman opened fire at Israeli security guards at the entrance gate of Har Adar, an Israeli settlement and affluent residential border community of Jerusalem located largely on the other side of the green line within the West Bank.", "\nHar Adar was initially built adjacent to the Green Line but has grown past it since the 1967 Six-Day War and is now largely located within the West Bank." ]

[ "Three Israeli security guards were killed and a fourth was injured.", "The gunman was shot dead by the remaining guards.", "The Israeli authorities described the attack as an 'act of terrorism'.", "Two hundred Palestinian workers enter the town through the gate where the attack took place daily.", "Around 100,000 Palestinians hold permits that allow them to work in Israel and within Israeli settlements, mostly as manual laborers.", "The attack took place as the gunman approached an entrance to Har Adar guarded by a border policeman and two civilian security guards.", "Border policeman Solomon Gavriyah (20) was killed, as were civilian security guards Youssef Ottman (25) of nearby Abu Ghosh and Or Arish (25) a who lived in Har Adar.", "A fourth man, the head civilian security officer of Har Adar, was injured.", "The attacker was shot and killed.", "SSgt.", "Solomon Gavriyah who was killed in the attack\nPrior to the attack two Machsom Watch activists approached the checkpoint, upon which Gavriyah left the checkpoint and requested they step away, reportedly after which one of the activists told Ethopian-Israeli Gavriyah \"You are a shame\".", "Upon Gavriyah returning to his post the attacker began shooting.", "Nimer Mahmoud Ahmad Jamal, a 37-year old man and a father of four, who was from the neighboring village of Beit Surik, was behind the attack.", "He held a license to work in Israeli settlements.", "An initial inquiry into the attack uncovered Jamal suffered from severe personal and family issues, including domestic violence.", "It was reported that he physically assaulted his wife, and as a result, she fled to Jordan several weeks ago, leaving him with the children.", "Minutes before before carrying out the attack, Jamal sent his wife a message on Facebook Messenger, apologizing for what he was about to do, mourned her departure and said he had been a terrible husband to her.", "In another Facebook posting, also made just before the attack, Jamal said he \"feared no one but God.\"", ";Domestic\n* Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu blames Palestinian incitement for shooting attack.", "* Hamas hailed the killings and called the shooting \"a new chapter of the Jerusalem intifada\".", "* Fatah's official Facebook page referred to the attacker as a \"martyr\".", ";Supranational\n* European Union condemns the attack, saying attempts by Hamas to glorify the attack are reprehensible.", "\"There can be no justification for such a crime and attempts by Hamas to glorify the attack are reprehensible.", "Violence and terror will only achieve more loss and pain and must stop.\"", "* UN special coordinator for the Middle East peace process, Nickolay Mladenov, said in a statement: \"It is deplorable that Hamas and others continue to glorify such attacks, which undermine the possibility of a peaceful future for both Palestinians and Israelis.", "I urge all to condemn violence and stand up to terror\".", ";International\n* French Ambassador to Israel Hélène Le Gal and the French Foreign Ministry both condemned the attack, sending their condolences to the victims and said that France will always stand by Israel's right to peace and security.", "* United States Embassy in Tel Aviv and the United States Consulate in Jerusalem issued a joint statement condemning the attack.", "The embassy in Tel Aviv deals with the Israeli government, and the consulate in Jerusalem is responsible for the Palestinian Authority.", "\"We condemn in the strongest possible terms today’s horrific attack in Har Adar.‎ We also condemn statements glorifying terrorism and call on all to send a clear message that terrorism must never be tolerated\".", "*List of terrorist incidents in September 2017\n*List of violent incidents in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, July–December 2017" ]

[ "'''Raymond Rudolph Zimmerman''' (November 7, 1893 – 1976) was an American engineer, personnel manager, and civil servant. He is known as 6th president of the Society for Advancement of Management in the year 1944-1946,, and as Administrative Assistant to President Truman in 1945-1947.\n", "=== Youth, education, army and early career ===\nZimmerman was born 1893 in in Dighton, Kansas, son of Reverent Otto С. Zimmerman and Katherine (Buehler) Zimmerman. He obtained his BA from Greenville College in 1917. \n\nAfter graduation in 1917, when the United States joined entered World War I, Zimmerman joined the US Army and became first Lieutenant at the Infantry R.C. Texas, From 1919 to 1921 he served overseas as first Lieutenant as assistant superintendent and director of ports in Great Britain, and at the United States Shipping Board.\n\nFrom 1922 to 1934 Zimmerman was employment and personnel manager at the Continental Oil Company, now Conoco, Ponca City, Oklahoma. In those days, in 1924, he took some courses at the Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College at the Oklahoma State University–Stillwater. In 1925 he had become personnel director, and when Marland merged with the Continental Oil Company, he became personnel director for the entire firm. By 1932 he switched to the Industrial Relations Department of the Continental Oil Company, as where in 1933 he was industrial relations chief of the Continental Oil Co.\n\n=== Further career and honours ===\nAfter Zimmerman left Continental Oil Company, by 1937, he was director of personnel of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, which includes the Home Owners' Loan Corporation. By 1940 Zimmerman had joined the staff of the United States Civil Service Commission, where bin 1943 he served as executive assistant to the Chairman of the Council of Personnel Administration.\n\nFrom september 1945 until early 1947 Zimmerman was Administrative Assistant to President Truman, as successor of George J. Schoeneman. He resigned March, 1947 on personal matters. He was succeeded five months later by Donald S. Dawson. \n\nSome of the documentation of his federal work have ended up in the President Truman Library. Other later papers and his memoirs, until 1976, have ended up in the Niles Family Papers (1881-1991) at the Historical Library of Swarthmore College. Mary Cushing Niles had served in the United States Civil Service Commission from 1941-1957 as Assistant the Chairman of the Federal Personnel Council. Zimmerman had continued to cooperate with Niles, and others. \n\nFrom 1944 to 1946 Zimmerman had served as national president of the Society for Advancement of Management (SAM) as successor of Percy S. Brown, and was succeeded by Harold B. Maynard. In 1978 the Greenville College awarded him the Greenville College Distinguished Alumnus award. \n\n=== Personal ===\nZimmerman married Gladys Hall on February 29, 1926, and they had one daughter Mary Katherine Zimmerman.\n", "* Zimmerman, R. R., \"In-Service Training for the Personnel Job,\" ''Personnel Series,'' AMA, Nr 36-50. 1939. p. 23-\n* Raymond R. Zimmerman, \"More Teamwork in Management,\" ''Personnel Administration'' 8 (June 1946): 28.\n* R.R. Zimmerman. \"The Insiders' Role in the Outside Look,\" in: ''Institute in Personnel Administration, Volumes 11-13,'' New York State Civil Service Department, Training Division, 1948. p. 7\n* R.R. Zimmerman'\"Are Federal Employees Expendable Too.\" in: ''Personnel Administration, Volume 6.'' Society for Personnel Administration, 1964. p. 1-5\n", "\n", "* Raymond R. Zimmerman Files Files at trumanlibrary.org.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Biography ", " Selected publications ", " References ", " External links " ]

[ "By 1932 he switched to the Industrial Relations Department of the Continental Oil Company, as where in 1933 he was industrial relations chief of the Continental Oil Co.\n\n=== Further career and honours ===\nAfter Zimmerman left Continental Oil Company, by 1937, he was director of personnel of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, which includes the Home Owners' Loan Corporation." ]

[ "'''Raymond Rudolph Zimmerman''' (November 7, 1893 – 1976) was an American engineer, personnel manager, and civil servant.", "He is known as 6th president of the Society for Advancement of Management in the year 1944-1946,, and as Administrative Assistant to President Truman in 1945-1947.", "=== Youth, education, army and early career ===\nZimmerman was born 1893 in in Dighton, Kansas, son of Reverent Otto С. Zimmerman and Katherine (Buehler) Zimmerman.", "He obtained his BA from Greenville College in 1917.", "After graduation in 1917, when the United States joined entered World War I, Zimmerman joined the US Army and became first Lieutenant at the Infantry R.C.", "Texas, From 1919 to 1921 he served overseas as first Lieutenant as assistant superintendent and director of ports in Great Britain, and at the United States Shipping Board.", "From 1922 to 1934 Zimmerman was employment and personnel manager at the Continental Oil Company, now Conoco, Ponca City, Oklahoma.", "In those days, in 1924, he took some courses at the Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College at the Oklahoma State University–Stillwater.", "In 1925 he had become personnel director, and when Marland merged with the Continental Oil Company, he became personnel director for the entire firm.", "By 1940 Zimmerman had joined the staff of the United States Civil Service Commission, where bin 1943 he served as executive assistant to the Chairman of the Council of Personnel Administration.", "From september 1945 until early 1947 Zimmerman was Administrative Assistant to President Truman, as successor of George J. Schoeneman.", "He resigned March, 1947 on personal matters.", "He was succeeded five months later by Donald S. Dawson.", "Some of the documentation of his federal work have ended up in the President Truman Library.", "Other later papers and his memoirs, until 1976, have ended up in the Niles Family Papers (1881-1991) at the Historical Library of Swarthmore College.", "Mary Cushing Niles had served in the United States Civil Service Commission from 1941-1957 as Assistant the Chairman of the Federal Personnel Council.", "Zimmerman had continued to cooperate with Niles, and others.", "From 1944 to 1946 Zimmerman had served as national president of the Society for Advancement of Management (SAM) as successor of Percy S. Brown, and was succeeded by Harold B. Maynard.", "In 1978 the Greenville College awarded him the Greenville College Distinguished Alumnus award.", "=== Personal ===\nZimmerman married Gladys Hall on February 29, 1926, and they had one daughter Mary Katherine Zimmerman.", "* Zimmerman, R. R., \"In-Service Training for the Personnel Job,\" ''Personnel Series,'' AMA, Nr 36-50.", "1939. p. 23-\n* Raymond R. Zimmerman, \"More Teamwork in Management,\" ''Personnel Administration'' 8 (June 1946): 28.", "* R.R.", "Zimmerman.", "\"The Insiders' Role in the Outside Look,\" in: ''Institute in Personnel Administration, Volumes 11-13,'' New York State Civil Service Department, Training Division, 1948. p. 7\n* R.R.", "Zimmerman'\"Are Federal Employees Expendable Too.\"", "in: ''Personnel Administration, Volume 6.''", "Society for Personnel Administration, 1964. p. 1-5", "* Raymond R. Zimmerman Files Files at trumanlibrary.org." ]

[ "\n\n'''Saif Ali''' (born 27 October 1997) is a Pakistani cricketer. He made his first-class debut for National Bank of Pakistan in the 2017–18 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy on 26 September 2017. Prior to his first-class debut, he was named in Pakistan's squad for the 2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup.\n", "\n", "* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "References", "External links" ]

[ "He made his first-class debut for National Bank of Pakistan in the 2017–18 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy on 26 September 2017." ]

[ "\n\n'''Saif Ali''' (born 27 October 1997) is a Pakistani cricketer.", "Prior to his first-class debut, he was named in Pakistan's squad for the 2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup.", "*" ]

[ "\n'''William Lynn McGrath''' (May 1, 1894 – April 18, 1975) was an American business executive, who was president of the Williamson Heater Company in Cincinnati, Ohio. He served as 8th president of the Society for Advancement of Management in the year 1947-1948. \n", "=== Youth, education and career at Williamson ===\nMcGrath was born in 1894 in Cincinnati, son of John Edward McGrath and Margaret May (Groub) McGrath. After the regular Cincinnati public schools, he started working in 1906 selling newspapers for ''The Post.'' In 1908, at the age of 14 he was Western Union messenger. In 1918, at the age of 24, he got married. \n\nIn 1920 McGrath joined the Williamson Company, a producer of heating equipment in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1931 he was appointed executive vice president, and in 1943 he was elected president. In 1959 he became chairman of the board. \n\nUnder McGraths direction the Williamson Company had \"diversified its product line to include cooling equipment... and had become a major supplier of containers for jet engines, missiles, and delicate electronic instrumentations.\"\n\n=== Further career and honours ===\nLater in his career, beside his work at the Williamson Company, McGrath had served as director of the Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company, now Cinergy; the Fifth Third Union Trust Company, now Fifth Third Bank; the Cambridge Tile Company; the Cincinnati Enquirer Incorporated, publisher of the ''The Cincinnati Enquirer'' ; and the American Tool Works Co. in Cincinnati.\n\nFrom 1949 to 1952 McGrath served \"as an industry adviser to the United States employer delegate to the annual June conferences of the International Labor Organization in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1954, and again in 1955, he served as the United States employer delegate to the conference, heading the American employer delegation. In 1954, he has elected for a three-year period as the United States employer representative on the governing body of that organization.\" \n\nIn the year 1947-1948 McGrath served as president of the Society for Advancement of Management as successor of Harold B. Maynard, and was succeeded by Charles C. James. He also served as president of the National Warm Air Heating and Air Conditioning Association. In 1974 McGrath was elected \"Great Living Cincinnatians\" by the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, where he had been elected director twice, in 1945 and in 1948.\n\n=== Family ===\nMcGrath married Elsie G. Rademacher on June 1. 1918, and they had four children: Mary Margaret McGrath, Betty May McGrath, Robert L. McGrath, and Carol Ann McGrath.\n", "* William L McGrath. ''Management development programs tailor-made to meet company needs.'' 1952.\n* William L McGrath. ''Markets make jobs.'' 1954.\n\n;Articles, a selection\n* McGrath, W. L. \"Problems existing in the ILO.\" ''Advanced Management'' 18 (1953): 9-12.\n* McGrath, W. L. \"The American Role In World Culture.\" ''Challenge'' (1954): 15-18.\n* McGrath, William L. \"Report to the Chamber of Commerce of the United States and the National Association of Manufacturers.\" Journal of the American Medical Association 164.3 (1957): 325-328.\n* McGrath, William Lynn, \" Top Management and the Personal Activity,\" in: ''Top management handbook,'' Harold B. Maynard (ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960. p. 687-705\n", "\n", "* McGrath, 1974: Great Living Cincinnatians at cincinnatichamber.com\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Biography ", " Selected publications ", " References ", " External links " ]

[ "=== Further career and honours ===\nLater in his career, beside his work at the Williamson Company, McGrath had served as director of the Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company, now Cinergy; the Fifth Third Union Trust Company, now Fifth Third Bank; the Cambridge Tile Company; the Cincinnati Enquirer Incorporated, publisher of the ''The Cincinnati Enquirer'' ; and the American Tool Works Co. in Cincinnati." ]

[ "\n'''William Lynn McGrath''' (May 1, 1894 – April 18, 1975) was an American business executive, who was president of the Williamson Heater Company in Cincinnati, Ohio.", "He served as 8th president of the Society for Advancement of Management in the year 1947-1948.", "=== Youth, education and career at Williamson ===\nMcGrath was born in 1894 in Cincinnati, son of John Edward McGrath and Margaret May (Groub) McGrath.", "After the regular Cincinnati public schools, he started working in 1906 selling newspapers for ''The Post.''", "In 1908, at the age of 14 he was Western Union messenger.", "In 1918, at the age of 24, he got married.", "In 1920 McGrath joined the Williamson Company, a producer of heating equipment in Cincinnati, Ohio.", "In 1931 he was appointed executive vice president, and in 1943 he was elected president.", "In 1959 he became chairman of the board.", "Under McGraths direction the Williamson Company had \"diversified its product line to include cooling equipment... and had become a major supplier of containers for jet engines, missiles, and delicate electronic instrumentations.\"", "From 1949 to 1952 McGrath served \"as an industry adviser to the United States employer delegate to the annual June conferences of the International Labor Organization in Geneva, Switzerland.", "In 1954, and again in 1955, he served as the United States employer delegate to the conference, heading the American employer delegation.", "In 1954, he has elected for a three-year period as the United States employer representative on the governing body of that organization.\"", "In the year 1947-1948 McGrath served as president of the Society for Advancement of Management as successor of Harold B. Maynard, and was succeeded by Charles C. James.", "He also served as president of the National Warm Air Heating and Air Conditioning Association.", "In 1974 McGrath was elected \"Great Living Cincinnatians\" by the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, where he had been elected director twice, in 1945 and in 1948.", "=== Family ===\nMcGrath married Elsie G. Rademacher on June 1.", "1918, and they had four children: Mary Margaret McGrath, Betty May McGrath, Robert L. McGrath, and Carol Ann McGrath.", "* William L McGrath.", "''Management development programs tailor-made to meet company needs.''", "1952.", "* William L McGrath.", "''Markets make jobs.''", "1954.\n\n;Articles, a selection\n* McGrath, W. L. \"Problems existing in the ILO.\"", "''Advanced Management'' 18 (1953): 9-12.", "* McGrath, W. L. \"The American Role In World Culture.\"", "''Challenge'' (1954): 15-18.", "* McGrath, William L. \"Report to the Chamber of Commerce of the United States and the National Association of Manufacturers.\"", "Journal of the American Medical Association 164.3 (1957): 325-328.", "* McGrath, William Lynn, \" Top Management and the Personal Activity,\" in: ''Top management handbook,'' Harold B. Maynard (ed.", "), New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960. p. 687-705", "* McGrath, 1974: Great Living Cincinnatians at cincinnatichamber.com" ]

[ "\n\n'''Tariq Rasheed''' (born 10 March 1978) is a Pakistani former cricketer. He played in twenty first-class and twenty-two List A matches between 1996 and 2004. He is now an umpire, and stood in the match between Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Habib Bank Limited in the 2017–18 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy on 26 September 2017.\n", "\n", "* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "References", "External links" ]

[ "He is now an umpire, and stood in the match between Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Habib Bank Limited in the 2017–18 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy on 26 September 2017." ]

[ "\n\n'''Tariq Rasheed''' (born 10 March 1978) is a Pakistani former cricketer.", "He played in twenty first-class and twenty-two List A matches between 1996 and 2004.", "*" ]

[ "\n\n\n\n'''''Kidi''''' () is a 2017 Indian Kannada Action Thriller film starring R Bhuvan Chandra, Pallavi Gowda, Danny Kuttappa, and Ugrham Manju. It is directed by S.Raghu, produced under the banner of Master's Choice Creations. It's an Official remake of Malayalam Block Buster movie Kali (2016 film). The film was Shot in Chikmagalur, Agumbe, Bangalore & Songs in Phuket Province Island.\n", "*R Bhuvan Chandra as Bhuvan\n*Pallavi Gowda as Nandhini\n*Danny Kuttappa as Chuli\n*Ugramm Manju as Naganna\n*Manmohan Roy as Shetty\n*Yathiraj as Inspector\n*Pavan K as Pavan\n*Dakshaya as Young Bhuvan\n", "Bhuvan (R Bhuvan Chandra) is short-tempered, with an anger management problem. He is married to Nandhini (Pallavi Gowda) and works in a Bank in Bangalore.\n", "The music is composed by Emil Mohammad and the Sound track was released on 3 June 2017, by Anand Audio.\n\n\n", "\n", "* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Cast ", " Plot ", " Music ", " References ", "External links" ]

[ "He is married to Nandhini (Pallavi Gowda) and works in a Bank in Bangalore." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n'''''Kidi''''' () is a 2017 Indian Kannada Action Thriller film starring R Bhuvan Chandra, Pallavi Gowda, Danny Kuttappa, and Ugrham Manju.", "It is directed by S.Raghu, produced under the banner of Master's Choice Creations.", "It's an Official remake of Malayalam Block Buster movie Kali (2016 film).", "The film was Shot in Chikmagalur, Agumbe, Bangalore & Songs in Phuket Province Island.", "*R Bhuvan Chandra as Bhuvan\n*Pallavi Gowda as Nandhini\n*Danny Kuttappa as Chuli\n*Ugramm Manju as Naganna\n*Manmohan Roy as Shetty\n*Yathiraj as Inspector\n*Pavan K as Pavan\n*Dakshaya as Young Bhuvan", "Bhuvan (R Bhuvan Chandra) is short-tempered, with an anger management problem.", "The music is composed by Emil Mohammad and the Sound track was released on 3 June 2017, by Anand Audio.", "*" ]

[ "\n'''Revi Karunakaran''' (b. 1931 - d. 2003) (referred also as '''Revi Karuna Karan''' or '''Ravi Karunakaran''') was a leading coir exporter from Kerala, India and former director of the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) .\nHe was the Chairman and Managing Director of the Karan Group of Companies – the world's largest exporter of coir products - and worked significantly for the modernization of the coir industry of India .\nThe world-renowned Ravi Karunakaran Memorial Museum (RKK Museum) in Alappuzha, Kerala was established in 2006 by his wife Betty, based on the private collection accumulated by Revi and his family over several generations.\n", "\nRevi Karunakaran was born in Alleppey (erstwhile Travancore state, British India) on November 22, 1931 in an aristocratic family. His grand father, Krishnan Muthalaly, was the first Indian to put up a handloom factory to export Coir products, which was a monopoly of European Companies till then.\n\nRevi's father, KC Karunakaran, after graduating from Birmingham University, UK, did his Masters from Heidelberg University, Germany, and later married Margret, a lady from Berlin, Germany. Revi had an elder sister, Leela. Margret (Revi’s mother), came from a wealthy german family and brought with her a priceless collection of jewellery, art and artifacts that was more than 100 years old.\n\nRevi, after completing his secondary school education from Surrey, UK, studied high school at Lausanne, Switzerland. Later, he graduated with a degree in Business Administration from Babson College, MA, USA. Revi was a polyglot and fluent in several languages such as German, French, English, Italian, Spanish, Dutch and Malayalam.\n\nAfter his father's demise in 1952, Revi took over the leadership of the companies at the young age of twenty.\n\nRevi Married Betty in 1957 and they have a daughter Lullu.\n", "\nAfter his father's demise in 1952, Revi took the reigns of the companies at the young age of twenty.\n.\nHe was the chairman of the Karan group, which includes companies such as Kerala Balers, William Goodacre and Company and Alleppey Company, all leading coir export houses. \n\nFor maintaining and expanding the business he travelled across the globe often. He represented India in various International forums like FAO, International Trade Centre, UNCTAD etc. and had participated as an effective member in several trade delegations sponsored by the Government of India. He also served FAO for three years as a consultant on hard fibers and had participated in the Tariff Negotiations with the EEC countries.\n\nRevi, who dedicated his life for the modernization of the coir industry, was the Chairman and Managing Director of the Karan Group of Companies – the largest exporter of Coir products - and served as a Director of many reputed companies. He received \"Lifetime Achievement Award\" from Coir Board, Government of India, in 2001 for the outstanding services he rendered to the Coir Industry.\n", "\nRevi joined Rotary International at the age of 20. At the age of 24, he became the President of the club - the youngest rotary club president in the world. Later on he became the Rotary Governor, also at a young age. Revi had been a major donor to the Rotary Foundation. He had also been a Free Mason from the age of 21 and a recipient of the 50 year Gold Jewel.\n\nRevi was a great philanthropist and used to make generous contributions for worthy causes. \n\n", "\nFollowing a brief illness, Revi passed away on 25th November, 2003. He is survived by his wife Betty and daughter Lullu .\nHe passed away at a private hospital in Ernakulam, at 4 a.m. \nHis body was cremated on the premises of Santhi Bhavan, his home at Alappuzha at about 4 p.m. on the same day.\n", "\nIn 2003, Betty Karan built Revi Karuna Karan memorial museum at Alappuzha in memory of her loving husband .\nThis is now a renowned, privately owned museum holding one of the largest private collections of Swarovski crystals in the world along with porcelain, jade, ivory and Tanjore paintings.\n\nThe family of Karunakarans have been avid collectors of fine art and artefacts since at least three generations. The collection was originally maintained strictly within their private domain. However, after Revi’s demise, Betty decided to open the collection to the public, as a befitting tribute to the memory of their most beloved husband and loving father. \nLalichan Zachariah, an architect from Ernakulam, helped Betty design the museum. \nThe museum was inaugurated on the 22nd November 2006 by the former Meghalaya governor, Sri. M.M. Jacob.\n\nThe RKK museum is considered by many as a modern architectural marvel of Kerala produced in recent times. The museum has an area of 28,000 sqft and the construction was completed in about three year. A unique feature of the museum is that visitors can see and experience the four major religions of India — Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism — represented with equal prominence on the murals, ivory collection, Kerala room and the items displayed in the old wing.\n\nThe 3rd phase of the museum was inagurated on 22nd November 2015 by Her Excellency Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga .\nMost of the pieces displayed in the museum come with a certificate of authentication, personally certified by Betty .\n", "", "\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Personal Life ", " Life as Entrepreneur ", " Other Activities and Interests ", " Death ", " Ravi Karunakaran Memorial Museum ", " See Also ", " References " ]

[ "1931 - d. 2003) (referred also as '''Revi Karuna Karan''' or '''Ravi Karunakaran''') was a leading coir exporter from Kerala, India and former director of the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) ." ]

[ "\n'''Revi Karunakaran''' (b.", "He was the Chairman and Managing Director of the Karan Group of Companies – the world's largest exporter of coir products - and worked significantly for the modernization of the coir industry of India .", "The world-renowned Ravi Karunakaran Memorial Museum (RKK Museum) in Alappuzha, Kerala was established in 2006 by his wife Betty, based on the private collection accumulated by Revi and his family over several generations.", "\nRevi Karunakaran was born in Alleppey (erstwhile Travancore state, British India) on November 22, 1931 in an aristocratic family.", "His grand father, Krishnan Muthalaly, was the first Indian to put up a handloom factory to export Coir products, which was a monopoly of European Companies till then.", "Revi's father, KC Karunakaran, after graduating from Birmingham University, UK, did his Masters from Heidelberg University, Germany, and later married Margret, a lady from Berlin, Germany.", "Revi had an elder sister, Leela.", "Margret (Revi’s mother), came from a wealthy german family and brought with her a priceless collection of jewellery, art and artifacts that was more than 100 years old.", "Revi, after completing his secondary school education from Surrey, UK, studied high school at Lausanne, Switzerland.", "Later, he graduated with a degree in Business Administration from Babson College, MA, USA.", "Revi was a polyglot and fluent in several languages such as German, French, English, Italian, Spanish, Dutch and Malayalam.", "After his father's demise in 1952, Revi took over the leadership of the companies at the young age of twenty.", "Revi Married Betty in 1957 and they have a daughter Lullu.", "\nAfter his father's demise in 1952, Revi took the reigns of the companies at the young age of twenty.", ".", "He was the chairman of the Karan group, which includes companies such as Kerala Balers, William Goodacre and Company and Alleppey Company, all leading coir export houses.", "For maintaining and expanding the business he travelled across the globe often.", "He represented India in various International forums like FAO, International Trade Centre, UNCTAD etc.", "and had participated as an effective member in several trade delegations sponsored by the Government of India.", "He also served FAO for three years as a consultant on hard fibers and had participated in the Tariff Negotiations with the EEC countries.", "Revi, who dedicated his life for the modernization of the coir industry, was the Chairman and Managing Director of the Karan Group of Companies – the largest exporter of Coir products - and served as a Director of many reputed companies.", "He received \"Lifetime Achievement Award\" from Coir Board, Government of India, in 2001 for the outstanding services he rendered to the Coir Industry.", "\nRevi joined Rotary International at the age of 20.", "At the age of 24, he became the President of the club - the youngest rotary club president in the world.", "Later on he became the Rotary Governor, also at a young age.", "Revi had been a major donor to the Rotary Foundation.", "He had also been a Free Mason from the age of 21 and a recipient of the 50 year Gold Jewel.", "Revi was a great philanthropist and used to make generous contributions for worthy causes.", "\nFollowing a brief illness, Revi passed away on 25th November, 2003.", "He is survived by his wife Betty and daughter Lullu .", "He passed away at a private hospital in Ernakulam, at 4 a.m. \nHis body was cremated on the premises of Santhi Bhavan, his home at Alappuzha at about 4 p.m. on the same day.", "\nIn 2003, Betty Karan built Revi Karuna Karan memorial museum at Alappuzha in memory of her loving husband .", "This is now a renowned, privately owned museum holding one of the largest private collections of Swarovski crystals in the world along with porcelain, jade, ivory and Tanjore paintings.", "The family of Karunakarans have been avid collectors of fine art and artefacts since at least three generations.", "The collection was originally maintained strictly within their private domain.", "However, after Revi’s demise, Betty decided to open the collection to the public, as a befitting tribute to the memory of their most beloved husband and loving father.", "Lalichan Zachariah, an architect from Ernakulam, helped Betty design the museum.", "The museum was inaugurated on the 22nd November 2006 by the former Meghalaya governor, Sri.", "M.M.", "Jacob.", "The RKK museum is considered by many as a modern architectural marvel of Kerala produced in recent times.", "The museum has an area of 28,000 sqft and the construction was completed in about three year.", "A unique feature of the museum is that visitors can see and experience the four major religions of India — Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism — represented with equal prominence on the murals, ivory collection, Kerala room and the items displayed in the old wing.", "The 3rd phase of the museum was inagurated on 22nd November 2015 by Her Excellency Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga .", "Most of the pieces displayed in the museum come with a certificate of authentication, personally certified by Betty ." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\n'''Abid Salim Khan''' (born 10th November 1971) , also known as ‘Abid Salim Khan Tarin’, is a Pakistani equestrian sportsman and presently serving as the Secretary-General of the Equestrian Federation of Pakistan; and was also recently elected as the Secretary-General of the Asian Equestrian Federation. \n\nTarin began his equestrian career back in the 1990s as a member of the Bank of Punjab team, in Lahore, Pakistan. After participating in competitive events , in particular Tent pegging for many years, he was then selected as trainer-manager of the Pakistan National Tentpegging team in 2008 and has since led the team to many international events including the 2015 Asian Championships held at Noida, India, where Pakistan stood in second place behind Oman. \n\n", "* \\Official Facebook site of the Equestrian and Tentpegging Federation of Pakistan Retrieved 28th September 2017 \n\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "See also", "References" ]

[ "Tarin began his equestrian career back in the 1990s as a member of the Bank of Punjab team, in Lahore, Pakistan." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\n'''Abid Salim Khan''' (born 10th November 1971) , also known as ‘Abid Salim Khan Tarin’, is a Pakistani equestrian sportsman and presently serving as the Secretary-General of the Equestrian Federation of Pakistan; and was also recently elected as the Secretary-General of the Asian Equestrian Federation.", "After participating in competitive events , in particular Tent pegging for many years, he was then selected as trainer-manager of the Pakistan National Tentpegging team in 2008 and has since led the team to many international events including the 2015 Asian Championships held at Noida, India, where Pakistan stood in second place behind Oman.", "* \\Official Facebook site of the Equestrian and Tentpegging Federation of Pakistan Retrieved 28th September 2017" ]

[ "The article lists '''non-Canadian cities with a Canadian namesake'''. Here, the namesakes are places (cities, towns, villages) in Canada that are named for a city, town, village, or institution such as a castle or country house in some other country.\n\n \nSome places have an indeterminate etymology, where it is known that they are named for a city in a particular country, but there is more than one place with that name and the etymology does not distinguish which one. These entries have \"needs disambiguation\" in their notes section.\n\nCities that have namesakes because they are biblical or prominent in ancient history are grouped in the section Ancient world, below the list of countries.\n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Richmond, New South Wales \n Richmond, British Columbia \n \n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Brussels \n Bruxelles, Manitoba \n  \n\n Ghent \n Ghent, Alberta \n \n\n Namur \n Namur, Quebec \n  \n\n Waterloo, Belgium \n Waterloo, Ontario \n named after the Battle of Waterloo\n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Pleven \n Plevna, Ontario \n  \n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Copenhagen \n Copenhagen, Ontario \n  \n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Cannes \n Cannes, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Clermont-Ferrand \n Clermont, Capitale-Nationale, Quebec \n\n\n Dieppe \n Dieppe, New Brunswick \n named after the Dieppe Raid\n\n Fresnoy-en-Gohelle \n Fresnoy, Alberta \n named after The Battle of Fresnoy \n\n Gourin, Brittany \n Gourin, Alberta \n \n\n Le Harve \n Harbour Grace, Newfoundland and Labrador \n \n\n Lille \n Lille, Alberta \n \n\n Lourdes \n Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes, Manitoba \n  \n\n Merville, Nord \n Merville, British Columbia \n \n\n Nantes \n Nantes, Quebec \n  \n\n Paris \n Paris, Ontario \n gypsum deposits near Paris, Ontario were used to make plaster of Paris\n\n Saint-Pol-de-Léon \n St. Leon, British Columbia \n \n\n Saint-Quentin, Aisne \n Saint-Quentin, New Brunswick \n named after the Battle of Saint-Quentin in WWI \n\n Saverdun \n Verdun, Quebec \n Verdun merged with Montreal in 2002\n\n Strasbourg \n Strasbourg, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Tinchebray \n Tinchebray, Alberta \n \n\n Vimy \n Vimy, Alberta \n named after the Battle of Vimy Ridge \n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Altona, Hamburg \n Altona, Ontario \n  \n\n Baden-Baden \n Baden, Ontario \n  \n\n Berlin \n Kitchener, Ontario \n Berlin, Ontario, was renamed Kitchener in 1916\n\n Darfeld, North Rhine-Westphalia \n Darfield, British Columbia \n \n\n Dresden \n Dresden, Ontario \n  \n\n Hamburg \n New Hamburg, Ontario \n  \n\n Hanover \n Hanover, Ontario \n  \n\n Leipzig \n Leipzig, Saskatchewan \n  \n\n Minden, North Rhine-Westphalia \n Minden Hills, Ontario \n \n\n Rosenheim, Bavaria \n Rosenheim, Alberta \n \n\n Stolberg (Harz) \n Stolberg, Alberta \n \n\n Wittenberg, Saxony-Anhalt \n Wittenburg, Nova Scotia \n \n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Athens \n Athens, Ontario \n  \n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Delhi \n Delhi, Ontario \n  \n\n Lucknow \n Lucknow, Ontario \n  \n\n Paldi, Hoshiarpur, Punjab \n Paldi, British Columbia \n \n\n", "For cities in Iraq, see the Ancient world section below.\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Carlingford \n Carlingford, Ontario \n \n\n Cork \n Cork, Alberta \n \n\n Donegal \n Donegal, Perth County, Ontario \n \n\n Duagh, County Kerry \n Duagh, Alberta \n \n\n Dublin \n Dublin Shore, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Dundalk, County Louth \n Dundalk, Ontario \n  \n\n Killarney \n Killarney, Ontario \n  \n\n Limerick \n Limerick, Saskatchewan \n  \n\n Lismore, County Waterford \n Lismore, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Listowel, County Kerry \n Listowel, Ontario \n \n\n Malahide, Fingal \n Malahide, Ontario \n\n\n Tralee, County Kerry \n Tralee, Ontario \n \n\n Waterford \n New Waterford, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Wicklow, County Wicklow \n Wicklow, New Brunswick \n \n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Avola \n Avola, British Columbia \n \n\n Ancona \n Ancona, Alberta \n \n\n Cremona \n Cremona, Alberta \n \n\n Mantua \n Mantua, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Sorrento \n Sorrento, British Columbia \n \n\n Venice \n Venice, Alberta \n \n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Liepāja (German:Libau) \n Libau, Manitoba \n  \n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Vilnius \n Vilna, Alberta \n \n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Amsterdam \n Amsterdam, Saskatchewan \n  \n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Bardu, Troms \n Bardo, Alberta \n \n\n Bergen \n Bergen, Alberta \n \n\n Søndre Land \n Sundre, Alberta \n \n\n", "For cities in Palestinian Territories, see the Ancient world section below.\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Jarosław \n Jaroslaw, Manitoba \n \n\n Kraków \n Krakow, Alberta \n \n\n Medyka \n Medika, Manitoba \n  \n\n Szczecin (German: Stettin) \n Stettin, Alberta \n \n\n Stubno \n Stubno, Alberta \n \n\n Zawale Niegosławskie \n Zawale, Alberta \n \n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Moscow \n Moscow, Ontario \n  \n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Kimberley, Northern Cape \n Kimberley, British Columbia \n \n\n Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal \n Ladysmith, British Columbia \n \n\n Mahikeng \n Mafeking, Manitoba \n named for the Siege of Mafeking \n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n A Coruña \n Corunna, Ontario \n named for the Battle of Corunna\n\n Alhambra \n Alhambra, Alberta \n \n\n Granada \n Granada, Alberta \n \n\n Plentzia \n Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador \n  \n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Falun \n Falun, Alberta \n \n\n Kalmar \n Calmar, Alberta \n \n\n Lund \n Lund, British Columbia \n \n\n Stockholm \n Stockholm, Saskatchewan \n  \n\n Varberg Fortress \n Warburg, Alberta \n \n\n Västerås \n Westerose, Alberta \n \n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Fribourg \n Fribourg, Alberta \n \n\n Lucerne \n Lucerne, British Columbia \n \n\n Zürich \n Zurich, Ontario \n  \n\n", "For more cities in Turkey, see the Ancient world section below.\n\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Kars \n Kars, New Brunswick \n Named for the Siege of Kars \n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Baturyn \n Baturyn, Edmonton \n  \n\n Boiany \n Boian, Alberta \n \n\n Halych \n Halicz, Manitoba \n \n\n Ispas \n Ispas, Alberta \n \n\n Kiev \n New Kiew, Alberta \n \n\n Komarno \n Komarno, Manitoba \n \n\n Korosnytsia (German: Josefsberg) \n Josephburg, Alberta \n \n\n Luzhany \n Luzan, Alberta \n \n\n Lviv (German: Lemberg)\n Lemberg, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Odessa \n Odessa, Saskatchewan \n  \n\n Sevastopol \n Sebastopol, Ontario \n \n\n Shypyntsi \n Shepenge, Alberta \n  \n\n Sniatyn \n Sniatyn, Alberta \n \n\n Sokal \n Sokal, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Stryi \n Stry, Alberta \n \n\n Ternopil \n Tarnopol, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Zbarazh \n Zbaraz, Manitoba \n \n\n", "===England===\n\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Acton, London \n Acton, Ontario \n Acton, Ontario was amalgamated in 1974 into Halton Hills\n\n Aldershot, Hampshire \n Aldershot, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Alton, Hampshire \n Alton, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Amesbury, Wiltshire \n Amesbury, Alberta \n \n\n Ancaster, Lincolnshire \n Ancaster, Ontario \n  \n\n Andover, Hampshire \n Perth-Andover, New Brunswick \n \n\n Bath, Somerset \n Bath, New Brunswick \n \n\n Beddington, Surrey \n Beddington Heights, Calgary, Alberta \n \n\n Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland \n Berwick, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Bideford, Devon \n Ellerslie-Bideford, Prince Edward Island \n \n\n Bingley, West Yorkshire \n Bingley, Alberta \n \n\n Bircham, Norfolk \n Bircham, Alberta \n \n\n Boscombe, Wiltshire \n Boscombe, Alberta \n \n\n Bowdon, Greater Manchester \n Bowden, Alberta \n \n\n Bramber, Sussex \n Bramber, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Brampton, Carlisle, Cumbria \n Brampton, Ontario \n  \n\n Brentwood, Essex \n Brentwood Bay, British Columbia \n \n\n Bridlington \n Burlington, Ontario \n  \n\n Bristol \n Florenceville-Bristol, New Brunswick \n \n\n Brocket Hall, Hertfordshire \n Brocket, Alberta \n \n\n Calthorpe, Norfolk \n Calthorpe, Alberta \n \n\n Canford Manor, Dorset \n Canford, British Columbia \n \n\n Carlisle, Cumbria \n New Carlisle, Quebec \n  \n\n Chailey, East Sussex \n Chailey, Alberta \n \n\n Chelsea, London \n Chelsea, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Chichester, West Sussex \n Chichester, Quebec \n  \n\n Chigwell, Essex \n Chigwell, Alberta \n \n\n Clifford, West Yorkshire \n Clifford, Ontario \n  \n\n Colwood, West Sussex \n Colwood, British Columbia \n \n\n Cornwood, Devon \n Carnwood, Alberta \n \n\n Didsbury, Greater Manchester \n Didsbury, Alberta \n \n\n Dover, Kent \n East Dover, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Dovercourt, Essex \n Dovercourt, Alberta \n \n\n Drayton, Hampshire \n Drayton Valley, Alberta \n \n\n Dunstable, Bedfordshire \n Dunstable, Alberta \n \n\n Edmonton, London \n Edmonton, Alberta \n \n\n Egremont, Cumbria \n Egremont, Alberta \n \n\n Epworth, Lincolnshire \n Epworth, Newfoundland and Labrador \n \n\n Erith, Kent \n Erith, Alberta \n \n\n Exeter, Devon \n Exeter, Ontario \n  \n\n Farmington, Gloucestershire \n Farmington, Cumberland County, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Farnham, Surrey \n Farnham, Quebec \n  \n\n Gainford, County Durham \n Gainford, Alberta \n \n\n Grantham, Lincolnshire \n Grantham, Alberta \n \n\n Grimsby, Lincolnshire \n Grimsby, Ontario \n  \n\n Guildford, Surrey \n Guildford Town Centre, British Columbia \n \n\n Kensington \n Kensington, Prince Edward Island \n  \n\n Hanley, Staffordshire \n Hanley, Saskatchewan \n  \n\n Hanwell, Ealing, London \n Hanwell, New Brunswick \n \n\n Hartford, Cheshire \n Hartford, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Highbury, London \n Highbury, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Hythe, Kent \n Hythe, Alberta \n \n\n Islington \n Islington–City Centre West, Ontario \n  \n\n Jesmond, Northumberland \n Jesmond, British Columbia \n \n\n Kingston upon Hull, East Yorkshire \n Hull, Quebec \n Hull was amalgamated into Gatineau in 2002\n\n Leamington Spa, Warwickshire \n Leamington, Ontario \n  \n\n Leicester, Leicestershire \n East Leicester, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Lincoln, Lincolnshire \n Lincoln, Ontario \n  \n\n Liskeard, Cornwall \n New Liskeard, Ontario \n  \n\n Liverpool \n Liverpool, Nova Scotia \n \n\n London \n London, Ontario \n  \n\n Maidstone, Kent \n Maidstone, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Malton, North Yorkshire \n Malton, Mississauga, Ontario \n  \n\n Margate, Kent \n Margate, Prince Edwards Island \n \n\n Martock, Somerset \n Martock, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Mavis Enderby, Lincolnshire \n Enderby, British Columbia \n ''The Brides of Enderby'', a peel of bells named after Mavis Enderby, is mentioned in the poem ''The High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire, 1571'' by Jean Ingelow, which inspired the naming of Enderby, BC \n\n Moreton, Dorset \n Fox Cove-Mortier, Newfoundland and Labrador \n \n\n Oldham, Greater Manchester \n Oldham, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Osborne House, Isle of Wight \n Osborne Harbour, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Penzance, Cornwall \n Penzance, Saskatchewan \n  \n\n Pickering, North Yorkshire \n Pickering, Ontario \n  \n\n Plymouth, Devon \n Plymouth, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Preston, Lancashire \n Preston, Ontario \n Preston, ON was amalgamated into Cambridge in 1973\n\n Rayleigh, Essex \n Rayleigh, Kamloops, British Columbia \n \n\n Richmond, London \n Richmond Hill, Ontario \n actually named after the hill in Richmond, London\n\n Ripon, North Yorkshire \n Ripon, Quebec \n  \n\n Scarborough, North Yorkshire \n Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario \n Scarborough was amalgamated into Toronto in 1998\n\n Seaforth, Merseyside \n Seaforth, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Sherwood, Nottingham \n Sherwood, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Silverdale, Staffordshire \n Silverdale, British Columbia \n \n\n Southampton, Hampshire \n Southampton, Ontario \n  \n\n Southwold, Suffolk \n Southwold, Ontario \n  \n\n Spalding, Lincolnshire \n Spalding, Saskatchewan \n  \n\n Stonehouse, Plymouth, Devon \n Stonehouse, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Stratford-upon-Avon \n Stratford, Ontario \n \n\n Styal, Cheshire \n Styal, Alberta \n \n\n Sudbury, Suffolk \n Greater Sudbury, Ontario \n  \n\n Sundridge, Kent \n Sundridge, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Taplow, Bucks \n Taplow, Alberta \n \n\n Thetford, Norfolk \n Thetford Mines, Quebec \n \n\n Tilbury, Essex \n Tilbury, Ontario \n  \n\n Tiverton, Devon \n Tiverton, Ontario \n  \n\n Truro, Cornwall \n Truro, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Uxbridge \n Uxbridge, Ontario \n  \n\n Vauxhall \n Vauxhall, Alberta \n \n\n Wakefield, West Yorkshire \n Wakefield, Quebec \n  \n\n Walton, Buckinghamshire \n Walton, Ontario \n needs disambiguation\n\n Watford, Hertfordshire \n Watford, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Wembley, Middlesex \n Wembley, Alberta \n \n\n Westminster \n New Westminster, British Columbia \n \n\n Weston \n Weston, Nova Scotia \n needs disambiguation\n\n Whitby, North Yorkshire \n Whitby, Ontario \n  \n\n Wickham, Hampshire \n Wickham, New Brunswick \n \n\n Wimborne Minster, Dorset \n Wimborne, Alberta \n \n\n Windsor, Berkshire \n Windsor, Ontario \n  \n\n Woking \n Woking, Alberta \n \n\n Woodstock, Oxfordshire \n Woodstock, New Brunswick \n \n\n Wrentham, Suffolk \n Wrentham, Alberta \n \n\n Yeoford, Devon \n Yeoford, Alberta \n \n\n York \n York, Toronto, Ontario \n York was amalgamated into Toronto in 1998\n\n\n===Northern Ireland===\n\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Antrim, County Antrim \n Antrim, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Armagh, County Armaugh \n Armagh, Quebec \n  \n\n Londonderry \n Londonderry, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Newry \n Newry, Ontario \n \n\n Strathroy, Tyrone County \n Strathroy-Caradoc, Ontario \n  \n\n\n===Scotland===\n\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Aberdeen \n Aberdeen, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Airdrie, North Lanarkshire \n Airdrie, Alberta \n \n\n Alness \n Alness, Alberta \n \n\n Alyth \n Alyth/Bonnybrook/Manchester, Calgary, Alberta \n \n\n Ardrossan, North Ayrshire \n Ardrossan, Alberta \n \n\n Arisaig \n Arisaig, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Arnprior, Stirling \n Arnprior, Ontario \n  \n\n Balfron \n Balfron, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Balgonie Castle \n Balgonie, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Balmoral Castle \n Balmoral, New Brunswick \n \n\n Banff, Aberdeenshire \n Banff, Alberta \n \n\n Barrhead \n Barrhead, Alberta \n \n\n Beauly, Inverness \n Beauly, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Broxburn, West Lothian \n Broxburn, Alberta \n \n\n Calgary, Mull \n Calgary, Alberta \n \n\n Carberry Tower, East Lothian \n Carberry, Manitoba \n  \n\n Carstairs, South Lanarkshire \n Carstairs, Alberta \n \n\n Coldstream, Scottish Borders \n Coldstream, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Colinton \n Colinton, Alberta \n \n\n Craigmillar \n Craigmillar, Alberta \n \n\n Cupar \n Cupar, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Dalmeny, West Lothian \n Dalmeny, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Dalmuir \n Dalmuir, Alberta \n \n\n Dumbarton \n Dumbarton Parish, New Brunswick \n \n\n Dumfries \n Dumfries, New Brunswick \n \n\n Dundee \n Dundee, New Brunswick \n \n\n Dundarave Castle \n Dundarave (West Vancouver), British Columbia \n \n\n Dunvegan Castle \n Dunvegan, Alberta \n \n\n Dysart, Fife \n Dysart, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Eaglesham, East Renfrewshire \n Eaglesham, Alberta \n \n\n Edinburgh \n New Edinburgh, Ontario \n  \n\n Gairloch, Ross and Cromarty \n New Gairlock, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Gartly, Aberdeenshire \n Gartly, Alberta \n \n\n Glasgow \n New Glasgow, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Glen Coe \n Glencoe, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Glendale, Skye \n Glendale, Nova Scotia  \n\n Granton, Edinburgh \n Granton, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Gretna Green \n Gretna, Manitoba \n  \n\n Halkirk, Caithness \n Halkirk, Alberta \n \n\n Inverbervie, Aberdeenshire \n Glenbervie, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Islay, Argyll \n Islay, Alberta \n \n\n Kilmarnock \n Kilmarnock, New Brunswick \n \n\n Kincardine, Fife \n Kincardine, New Brunswick \n \n\n Kilsyth, North Lanarkshire \n Kilsyth, Alberta \n \n\n Kintore, Aberdeenshire \n Kintore, New Brunswick \n  \n\n Kirriemuir, Angus \n Kirriemuir, Alberta \n \n\n Lenzie \n Lenzie, Alberta \n \n\n Lochboisdale, Outer Hebrides \n Boisdale, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Melrose, Scottish Borders \n Melrose, New Brunswick \n \n\n Montrose, Angus \n Montrose, British Columbia \n \n\n Morar, Inverness-shire \n Morar, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Mintlaw, Aberdeenshire \n Mintlaw, Alberta \n \n\n Oban, Argyll \n Oban, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Perth \n Perth, Ontario \n  \n\n Pitlochry, Perthshire \n Pitlochrie, Alberta \n \n\n Portree, Isle of Skye \n Portree, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Renfrew \n Renfrew, Ontario \n  \n\n Reston, Scottish Borders \n Reston, Manitoba \n  \n\n Stornoway \n Stornoway, Quebec \n  \n\n Tantallon Castle, East Lothian \n Upper Tantallon, Nova Scotia \n \n\n\n===Wales===\n\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Berwyn, Denbighshire \n Berwyn, Alberta \n \n\n Camrose, Pembrokeshire \n Camrose, Alberta \n \n\n Cardiff \n Cardiff, Alberta \n \n\n Harlech, Gwynedd \n Harlech, Alberta \n \n\n Hawarden Castle \n Hawarden, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Pennant, Powys or Pennant, Ceredigion \n Pennant Point, Nova Scotia \n needs disambiguation\n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Albany, New York \n New Albany, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Alliance, Ohio \n Alliance, Alberta \n \n\n Anselmo, Nebraska \n Anselmo, Alberta \n \n\n Ashmont, Boston, Massachusetts \n Ashmont, Alberta \n \n\n Auburndale, Massachusetts \n Auburndale, Alberta \n \n\n Bangor, Maine \n Bangor, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Berwick, Maine \n Berwick, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Boston, Massachusetts \n Boston Bar, British Columbia \n \n\n Brutus, Michigan \n Brutus, Alberta \n \n\n Buford, North Dakota \n Buford, Alberta \n \n\n Cambridge, Massachusetts \n Cambridge, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Carmi, Illinois \n Carmi, British Columbia \n Carmi, BC was named after a nearby mine, which in turn was named for the town in Illinois \n\n Coronado, California \n Coronado, Alberta \n \n\n Creston, Iowa \n Creston, British Columbia \n \n\n Dayton, Ohio \n New Dayton, Alberta \n \n\n Denver, Colorado \n New Denver, British Columbia \n \n\n Elk Point, South Dakota \n Elk Point, Alberta \n \n\n Enfield, Connecticut \n Enfield, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Fort Kent, Maine \n Fort Kent, Alberta \n \n\n Freeport, Maine \n Freeport, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Genesee, Idaho \n Genesee, Alberta \n \n\n Greenwich, Connecticut \n Greenwich, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Groton, South Dakota \n Groton, Alberta \n \n\n Hempstead, New York \n Hampstead, New Brunswick \n \n\n Hopewell, Pennsylvania \n Hopewell Parish, New Brunswick \n \n\n Kinmundy, Illinois \n Kinmundy, Alberta \n \n\n Lincoln, Massachusetts \n Lincoln, New Brunswick \n \n\n Malmo, Nebraska \n Malmo, Alberta \n \n\n Monterey Park, California \n Monterey Park, Calgary, Alberta \n  \n\n Naco, Arizona \n Naco, Alberta \n \n\n Nampa, Idaho \n Nampa, Alberta \n \n\n Norton, Massachusetts \n Norton, New Brunswick \n \n\n Norwich, New York \n Norwich, Ontario \n  \n\n Oberlin, Ohio \n Oberlin, Alberta \n \n\n Pasadena, California \n Pasadena, Newfoundland and Labrador \n \n\n Plympton, Massachusetts \n Plympton, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Pocahontas, Virginia \n Pocahontas, Alberta \n \n\n Reno, Nevada \n Reno, Alberta \n \n\n Scarsdale, New York \n Scarsdale, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Sedalia, Missouri \n Sedalia, Alberta \n \n\n Sparta, New Jersey \n Sparta, Ontario \n \n\n Spiritwood Lake, North Dakota \n Spiritwood, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Tolland, Massachusetts \n Tolland, Alberta \n \n\n Tomahawk, Wisconsin \n Tomahawk, Alberta \n \n\n Trenton, New Jersey \n Trenton, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Vale, Oregon \n Vale, Alberta \n \n\n Wadena, Minnesota \n Wadena, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Westfield, Massachusetts \n Grand Bay-Westfield, New Brunswick \n \n\n Weymouth, Massachusetts \n Weymouth, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Yarmouth, Massachusetts \n Yarmouth, Nova Scotia \n \n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Aden \n Aden, Alberta \n \n\n", "Cities that have namesakes because they are biblical or prominent in ancient history are placed in this section.\n\n\n City !! Modern Location !! Namesake !! Notes\n\n Hebron \n Hebron, West Bank \n Hebron, Prince Edward Island \n \n\n Nineveh \n Mosul, Iraq \n Nineveh, Lunenburg, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Sardis \n Sart, Turkey \n Sardis, Chilliwack, British Columbia \n \n\n Troy \n Hisarlik, Turkey\n Troy, Nova Scotia \n \n\n", "* List of Irish place names in other countries#Canada\n* List of places in Canada named after people\n* List of Scottish place names in Canada\n* List of Canadian place names of Ukrainian origin\n* List of Canada city name etymologies\n* List of locations in Canada with an English name\n* List of non-US cities with a US namesake\n", "\n\n \n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Australia", "Belgium", "Bulgaria", "Denmark", "France", "Germany", "Greece", "India", "Iraq", "Ireland", "Italy", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Netherlands", "Norway", "Palestinian Territories", "Poland", "Russia", "South Africa", "Spain", "Sweden", "Switzerland", "Turkey", "Ukraine", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Yemen", "Ancient world", "See also", "References" ]

[ "Notes\n\n Hebron \n Hebron, West Bank \n Hebron, Prince Edward Island \n \n\n Nineveh \n Mosul, Iraq \n Nineveh, Lunenburg, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Sardis \n Sart, Turkey \n Sardis, Chilliwack, British Columbia \n \n\n Troy \n Hisarlik, Turkey\n Troy, Nova Scotia" ]

[ "The article lists '''non-Canadian cities with a Canadian namesake'''.", "Here, the namesakes are places (cities, towns, villages) in Canada that are named for a city, town, village, or institution such as a castle or country house in some other country.", "Some places have an indeterminate etymology, where it is known that they are named for a city in a particular country, but there is more than one place with that name and the etymology does not distinguish which one.", "These entries have \"needs disambiguation\" in their notes section.", "Cities that have namesakes because they are biblical or prominent in ancient history are grouped in the section Ancient world, below the list of countries.", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Richmond, New South Wales \n Richmond, British Columbia", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Brussels \n Bruxelles, Manitoba \n  \n\n Ghent \n Ghent, Alberta \n \n\n Namur \n Namur, Quebec \n  \n\n Waterloo, Belgium \n Waterloo, Ontario \n named after the Battle of Waterloo", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Pleven \n Plevna, Ontario", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Copenhagen \n Copenhagen, Ontario", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Cannes \n Cannes, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Clermont-Ferrand \n Clermont, Capitale-Nationale, Quebec \n\n\n Dieppe \n Dieppe, New Brunswick \n named after the Dieppe Raid\n\n Fresnoy-en-Gohelle \n Fresnoy, Alberta \n named after The Battle of Fresnoy \n\n Gourin, Brittany \n Gourin, Alberta \n \n\n Le Harve \n Harbour Grace, Newfoundland and Labrador \n \n\n Lille \n Lille, Alberta \n \n\n Lourdes \n Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes, Manitoba \n  \n\n Merville, Nord \n Merville, British Columbia \n \n\n Nantes \n Nantes, Quebec \n  \n\n Paris \n Paris, Ontario \n gypsum deposits near Paris, Ontario were used to make plaster of Paris\n\n Saint-Pol-de-Léon \n St. Leon, British Columbia \n \n\n Saint-Quentin, Aisne \n Saint-Quentin, New Brunswick \n named after the Battle of Saint-Quentin in WWI \n\n Saverdun \n Verdun, Quebec \n Verdun merged with Montreal in 2002\n\n Strasbourg \n Strasbourg, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Tinchebray \n Tinchebray, Alberta \n \n\n Vimy \n Vimy, Alberta \n named after the Battle of Vimy Ridge", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Altona, Hamburg \n Altona, Ontario \n  \n\n Baden-Baden \n Baden, Ontario \n  \n\n Berlin \n Kitchener, Ontario \n Berlin, Ontario, was renamed Kitchener in 1916\n\n Darfeld, North Rhine-Westphalia \n Darfield, British Columbia \n \n\n Dresden \n Dresden, Ontario \n  \n\n Hamburg \n New Hamburg, Ontario \n  \n\n Hanover \n Hanover, Ontario \n  \n\n Leipzig \n Leipzig, Saskatchewan \n  \n\n Minden, North Rhine-Westphalia \n Minden Hills, Ontario \n \n\n Rosenheim, Bavaria \n Rosenheim, Alberta \n \n\n Stolberg (Harz) \n Stolberg, Alberta \n \n\n Wittenberg, Saxony-Anhalt \n Wittenburg, Nova Scotia", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Athens \n Athens, Ontario", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Delhi \n Delhi, Ontario \n  \n\n Lucknow \n Lucknow, Ontario \n  \n\n Paldi, Hoshiarpur, Punjab \n Paldi, British Columbia", "For cities in Iraq, see the Ancient world section below.", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Carlingford \n Carlingford, Ontario \n \n\n Cork \n Cork, Alberta \n \n\n Donegal \n Donegal, Perth County, Ontario \n \n\n Duagh, County Kerry \n Duagh, Alberta \n \n\n Dublin \n Dublin Shore, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Dundalk, County Louth \n Dundalk, Ontario \n  \n\n Killarney \n Killarney, Ontario \n  \n\n Limerick \n Limerick, Saskatchewan \n  \n\n Lismore, County Waterford \n Lismore, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Listowel, County Kerry \n Listowel, Ontario \n \n\n Malahide, Fingal \n Malahide, Ontario \n\n\n Tralee, County Kerry \n Tralee, Ontario \n \n\n Waterford \n New Waterford, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Wicklow, County Wicklow \n Wicklow, New Brunswick", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Avola \n Avola, British Columbia \n \n\n Ancona \n Ancona, Alberta \n \n\n Cremona \n Cremona, Alberta \n \n\n Mantua \n Mantua, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Sorrento \n Sorrento, British Columbia \n \n\n Venice \n Venice, Alberta", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Liepāja (German:Libau) \n Libau, Manitoba", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Vilnius \n Vilna, Alberta", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Amsterdam \n Amsterdam, Saskatchewan", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Bardu, Troms \n Bardo, Alberta \n \n\n Bergen \n Bergen, Alberta \n \n\n Søndre Land \n Sundre, Alberta", "For cities in Palestinian Territories, see the Ancient world section below.", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Jarosław \n Jaroslaw, Manitoba \n \n\n Kraków \n Krakow, Alberta \n \n\n Medyka \n Medika, Manitoba \n  \n\n Szczecin (German: Stettin) \n Stettin, Alberta \n \n\n Stubno \n Stubno, Alberta \n \n\n Zawale Niegosławskie \n Zawale, Alberta", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Moscow \n Moscow, Ontario", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Kimberley, Northern Cape \n Kimberley, British Columbia \n \n\n Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal \n Ladysmith, British Columbia \n \n\n Mahikeng \n Mafeking, Manitoba \n named for the Siege of Mafeking", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n A Coruña \n Corunna, Ontario \n named for the Battle of Corunna\n\n Alhambra \n Alhambra, Alberta \n \n\n Granada \n Granada, Alberta \n \n\n Plentzia \n Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Falun \n Falun, Alberta \n \n\n Kalmar \n Calmar, Alberta \n \n\n Lund \n Lund, British Columbia \n \n\n Stockholm \n Stockholm, Saskatchewan \n  \n\n Varberg Fortress \n Warburg, Alberta \n \n\n Västerås \n Westerose, Alberta", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Fribourg \n Fribourg, Alberta \n \n\n Lucerne \n Lucerne, British Columbia \n \n\n Zürich \n Zurich, Ontario", "For more cities in Turkey, see the Ancient world section below.", "City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Kars \n Kars, New Brunswick \n Named for the Siege of Kars", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Baturyn \n Baturyn, Edmonton \n  \n\n Boiany \n Boian, Alberta \n \n\n Halych \n Halicz, Manitoba \n \n\n Ispas \n Ispas, Alberta \n \n\n Kiev \n New Kiew, Alberta \n \n\n Komarno \n Komarno, Manitoba \n \n\n Korosnytsia (German: Josefsberg) \n Josephburg, Alberta \n \n\n Luzhany \n Luzan, Alberta \n \n\n Lviv (German: Lemberg)\n Lemberg, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Odessa \n Odessa, Saskatchewan \n  \n\n Sevastopol \n Sebastopol, Ontario \n \n\n Shypyntsi \n Shepenge, Alberta \n  \n\n Sniatyn \n Sniatyn, Alberta \n \n\n Sokal \n Sokal, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Stryi \n Stry, Alberta \n \n\n Ternopil \n Tarnopol, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Zbarazh \n Zbaraz, Manitoba", "===England===\n\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Acton, London \n Acton, Ontario \n Acton, Ontario was amalgamated in 1974 into Halton Hills\n\n Aldershot, Hampshire \n Aldershot, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Alton, Hampshire \n Alton, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Amesbury, Wiltshire \n Amesbury, Alberta \n \n\n Ancaster, Lincolnshire \n Ancaster, Ontario \n  \n\n Andover, Hampshire \n Perth-Andover, New Brunswick \n \n\n Bath, Somerset \n Bath, New Brunswick \n \n\n Beddington, Surrey \n Beddington Heights, Calgary, Alberta \n \n\n Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland \n Berwick, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Bideford, Devon \n Ellerslie-Bideford, Prince Edward Island \n \n\n Bingley, West Yorkshire \n Bingley, Alberta \n \n\n Bircham, Norfolk \n Bircham, Alberta \n \n\n Boscombe, Wiltshire \n Boscombe, Alberta \n \n\n Bowdon, Greater Manchester \n Bowden, Alberta \n \n\n Bramber, Sussex \n Bramber, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Brampton, Carlisle, Cumbria \n Brampton, Ontario \n  \n\n Brentwood, Essex \n Brentwood Bay, British Columbia \n \n\n Bridlington \n Burlington, Ontario \n  \n\n Bristol \n Florenceville-Bristol, New Brunswick \n \n\n Brocket Hall, Hertfordshire \n Brocket, Alberta \n \n\n Calthorpe, Norfolk \n Calthorpe, Alberta \n \n\n Canford Manor, Dorset \n Canford, British Columbia \n \n\n Carlisle, Cumbria \n New Carlisle, Quebec \n  \n\n Chailey, East Sussex \n Chailey, Alberta \n \n\n Chelsea, London \n Chelsea, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Chichester, West Sussex \n Chichester, Quebec \n  \n\n Chigwell, Essex \n Chigwell, Alberta \n \n\n Clifford, West Yorkshire \n Clifford, Ontario \n  \n\n Colwood, West Sussex \n Colwood, British Columbia \n \n\n Cornwood, Devon \n Carnwood, Alberta \n \n\n Didsbury, Greater Manchester \n Didsbury, Alberta \n \n\n Dover, Kent \n East Dover, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Dovercourt, Essex \n Dovercourt, Alberta \n \n\n Drayton, Hampshire \n Drayton Valley, Alberta \n \n\n Dunstable, Bedfordshire \n Dunstable, Alberta \n \n\n Edmonton, London \n Edmonton, Alberta \n \n\n Egremont, Cumbria \n Egremont, Alberta \n \n\n Epworth, Lincolnshire \n Epworth, Newfoundland and Labrador \n \n\n Erith, Kent \n Erith, Alberta \n \n\n Exeter, Devon \n Exeter, Ontario \n  \n\n Farmington, Gloucestershire \n Farmington, Cumberland County, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Farnham, Surrey \n Farnham, Quebec \n  \n\n Gainford, County Durham \n Gainford, Alberta \n \n\n Grantham, Lincolnshire \n Grantham, Alberta \n \n\n Grimsby, Lincolnshire \n Grimsby, Ontario \n  \n\n Guildford, Surrey \n Guildford Town Centre, British Columbia \n \n\n Kensington \n Kensington, Prince Edward Island \n  \n\n Hanley, Staffordshire \n Hanley, Saskatchewan \n  \n\n Hanwell, Ealing, London \n Hanwell, New Brunswick \n \n\n Hartford, Cheshire \n Hartford, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Highbury, London \n Highbury, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Hythe, Kent \n Hythe, Alberta \n \n\n Islington \n Islington–City Centre West, Ontario \n  \n\n Jesmond, Northumberland \n Jesmond, British Columbia \n \n\n Kingston upon Hull, East Yorkshire \n Hull, Quebec \n Hull was amalgamated into Gatineau in 2002\n\n Leamington Spa, Warwickshire \n Leamington, Ontario \n  \n\n Leicester, Leicestershire \n East Leicester, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Lincoln, Lincolnshire \n Lincoln, Ontario \n  \n\n Liskeard, Cornwall \n New Liskeard, Ontario \n  \n\n Liverpool \n Liverpool, Nova Scotia \n \n\n London \n London, Ontario \n  \n\n Maidstone, Kent \n Maidstone, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Malton, North Yorkshire \n Malton, Mississauga, Ontario \n  \n\n Margate, Kent \n Margate, Prince Edwards Island \n \n\n Martock, Somerset \n Martock, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Mavis Enderby, Lincolnshire \n Enderby, British Columbia \n ''The Brides of Enderby'', a peel of bells named after Mavis Enderby, is mentioned in the poem ''The High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire, 1571'' by Jean Ingelow, which inspired the naming of Enderby, BC \n\n Moreton, Dorset \n Fox Cove-Mortier, Newfoundland and Labrador \n \n\n Oldham, Greater Manchester \n Oldham, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Osborne House, Isle of Wight \n Osborne Harbour, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Penzance, Cornwall \n Penzance, Saskatchewan \n  \n\n Pickering, North Yorkshire \n Pickering, Ontario \n  \n\n Plymouth, Devon \n Plymouth, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Preston, Lancashire \n Preston, Ontario \n Preston, ON was amalgamated into Cambridge in 1973\n\n Rayleigh, Essex \n Rayleigh, Kamloops, British Columbia \n \n\n Richmond, London \n Richmond Hill, Ontario \n actually named after the hill in Richmond, London\n\n Ripon, North Yorkshire \n Ripon, Quebec \n  \n\n Scarborough, North Yorkshire \n Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario \n Scarborough was amalgamated into Toronto in 1998\n\n Seaforth, Merseyside \n Seaforth, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Sherwood, Nottingham \n Sherwood, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Silverdale, Staffordshire \n Silverdale, British Columbia \n \n\n Southampton, Hampshire \n Southampton, Ontario \n  \n\n Southwold, Suffolk \n Southwold, Ontario \n  \n\n Spalding, Lincolnshire \n Spalding, Saskatchewan \n  \n\n Stonehouse, Plymouth, Devon \n Stonehouse, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Stratford-upon-Avon \n Stratford, Ontario \n \n\n Styal, Cheshire \n Styal, Alberta \n \n\n Sudbury, Suffolk \n Greater Sudbury, Ontario \n  \n\n Sundridge, Kent \n Sundridge, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Taplow, Bucks \n Taplow, Alberta \n \n\n Thetford, Norfolk \n Thetford Mines, Quebec \n \n\n Tilbury, Essex \n Tilbury, Ontario \n  \n\n Tiverton, Devon \n Tiverton, Ontario \n  \n\n Truro, Cornwall \n Truro, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Uxbridge \n Uxbridge, Ontario \n  \n\n Vauxhall \n Vauxhall, Alberta \n \n\n Wakefield, West Yorkshire \n Wakefield, Quebec \n  \n\n Walton, Buckinghamshire \n Walton, Ontario \n needs disambiguation\n\n Watford, Hertfordshire \n Watford, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Wembley, Middlesex \n Wembley, Alberta \n \n\n Westminster \n New Westminster, British Columbia \n \n\n Weston \n Weston, Nova Scotia \n needs disambiguation\n\n Whitby, North Yorkshire \n Whitby, Ontario \n  \n\n Wickham, Hampshire \n Wickham, New Brunswick \n \n\n Wimborne Minster, Dorset \n Wimborne, Alberta \n \n\n Windsor, Berkshire \n Windsor, Ontario \n  \n\n Woking \n Woking, Alberta \n \n\n Woodstock, Oxfordshire \n Woodstock, New Brunswick \n \n\n Wrentham, Suffolk \n Wrentham, Alberta \n \n\n Yeoford, Devon \n Yeoford, Alberta \n \n\n York \n York, Toronto, Ontario \n York was amalgamated into Toronto in 1998\n\n\n===Northern Ireland===\n\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Antrim, County Antrim \n Antrim, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Armagh, County Armaugh \n Armagh, Quebec \n  \n\n Londonderry \n Londonderry, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Newry \n Newry, Ontario \n \n\n Strathroy, Tyrone County \n Strathroy-Caradoc, Ontario \n  \n\n\n===Scotland===\n\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Aberdeen \n Aberdeen, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Airdrie, North Lanarkshire \n Airdrie, Alberta \n \n\n Alness \n Alness, Alberta \n \n\n Alyth \n Alyth/Bonnybrook/Manchester, Calgary, Alberta \n \n\n Ardrossan, North Ayrshire \n Ardrossan, Alberta \n \n\n Arisaig \n Arisaig, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Arnprior, Stirling \n Arnprior, Ontario \n  \n\n Balfron \n Balfron, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Balgonie Castle \n Balgonie, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Balmoral Castle \n Balmoral, New Brunswick \n \n\n Banff, Aberdeenshire \n Banff, Alberta \n \n\n Barrhead \n Barrhead, Alberta \n \n\n Beauly, Inverness \n Beauly, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Broxburn, West Lothian \n Broxburn, Alberta \n \n\n Calgary, Mull \n Calgary, Alberta \n \n\n Carberry Tower, East Lothian \n Carberry, Manitoba \n  \n\n Carstairs, South Lanarkshire \n Carstairs, Alberta \n \n\n Coldstream, Scottish Borders \n Coldstream, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Colinton \n Colinton, Alberta \n \n\n Craigmillar \n Craigmillar, Alberta \n \n\n Cupar \n Cupar, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Dalmeny, West Lothian \n Dalmeny, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Dalmuir \n Dalmuir, Alberta \n \n\n Dumbarton \n Dumbarton Parish, New Brunswick \n \n\n Dumfries \n Dumfries, New Brunswick \n \n\n Dundee \n Dundee, New Brunswick \n \n\n Dundarave Castle \n Dundarave (West Vancouver), British Columbia \n \n\n Dunvegan Castle \n Dunvegan, Alberta \n \n\n Dysart, Fife \n Dysart, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Eaglesham, East Renfrewshire \n Eaglesham, Alberta \n \n\n Edinburgh \n New Edinburgh, Ontario \n  \n\n Gairloch, Ross and Cromarty \n New Gairlock, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Gartly, Aberdeenshire \n Gartly, Alberta \n \n\n Glasgow \n New Glasgow, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Glen Coe \n Glencoe, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Glendale, Skye \n Glendale, Nova Scotia  \n\n Granton, Edinburgh \n Granton, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Gretna Green \n Gretna, Manitoba \n  \n\n Halkirk, Caithness \n Halkirk, Alberta \n \n\n Inverbervie, Aberdeenshire \n Glenbervie, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Islay, Argyll \n Islay, Alberta \n \n\n Kilmarnock \n Kilmarnock, New Brunswick \n \n\n Kincardine, Fife \n Kincardine, New Brunswick \n \n\n Kilsyth, North Lanarkshire \n Kilsyth, Alberta \n \n\n Kintore, Aberdeenshire \n Kintore, New Brunswick \n  \n\n Kirriemuir, Angus \n Kirriemuir, Alberta \n \n\n Lenzie \n Lenzie, Alberta \n \n\n Lochboisdale, Outer Hebrides \n Boisdale, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Melrose, Scottish Borders \n Melrose, New Brunswick \n \n\n Montrose, Angus \n Montrose, British Columbia \n \n\n Morar, Inverness-shire \n Morar, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Mintlaw, Aberdeenshire \n Mintlaw, Alberta \n \n\n Oban, Argyll \n Oban, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Perth \n Perth, Ontario \n  \n\n Pitlochry, Perthshire \n Pitlochrie, Alberta \n \n\n Portree, Isle of Skye \n Portree, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Renfrew \n Renfrew, Ontario \n  \n\n Reston, Scottish Borders \n Reston, Manitoba \n  \n\n Stornoway \n Stornoway, Quebec \n  \n\n Tantallon Castle, East Lothian \n Upper Tantallon, Nova Scotia \n \n\n\n===Wales===\n\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Berwyn, Denbighshire \n Berwyn, Alberta \n \n\n Camrose, Pembrokeshire \n Camrose, Alberta \n \n\n Cardiff \n Cardiff, Alberta \n \n\n Harlech, Gwynedd \n Harlech, Alberta \n \n\n Hawarden Castle \n Hawarden, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Pennant, Powys or Pennant, Ceredigion \n Pennant Point, Nova Scotia \n needs disambiguation", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Albany, New York \n New Albany, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Alliance, Ohio \n Alliance, Alberta \n \n\n Anselmo, Nebraska \n Anselmo, Alberta \n \n\n Ashmont, Boston, Massachusetts \n Ashmont, Alberta \n \n\n Auburndale, Massachusetts \n Auburndale, Alberta \n \n\n Bangor, Maine \n Bangor, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Berwick, Maine \n Berwick, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Boston, Massachusetts \n Boston Bar, British Columbia \n \n\n Brutus, Michigan \n Brutus, Alberta \n \n\n Buford, North Dakota \n Buford, Alberta \n \n\n Cambridge, Massachusetts \n Cambridge, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Carmi, Illinois \n Carmi, British Columbia \n Carmi, BC was named after a nearby mine, which in turn was named for the town in Illinois \n\n Coronado, California \n Coronado, Alberta \n \n\n Creston, Iowa \n Creston, British Columbia \n \n\n Dayton, Ohio \n New Dayton, Alberta \n \n\n Denver, Colorado \n New Denver, British Columbia \n \n\n Elk Point, South Dakota \n Elk Point, Alberta \n \n\n Enfield, Connecticut \n Enfield, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Fort Kent, Maine \n Fort Kent, Alberta \n \n\n Freeport, Maine \n Freeport, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Genesee, Idaho \n Genesee, Alberta \n \n\n Greenwich, Connecticut \n Greenwich, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Groton, South Dakota \n Groton, Alberta \n \n\n Hempstead, New York \n Hampstead, New Brunswick \n \n\n Hopewell, Pennsylvania \n Hopewell Parish, New Brunswick \n \n\n Kinmundy, Illinois \n Kinmundy, Alberta \n \n\n Lincoln, Massachusetts \n Lincoln, New Brunswick \n \n\n Malmo, Nebraska \n Malmo, Alberta \n \n\n Monterey Park, California \n Monterey Park, Calgary, Alberta \n  \n\n Naco, Arizona \n Naco, Alberta \n \n\n Nampa, Idaho \n Nampa, Alberta \n \n\n Norton, Massachusetts \n Norton, New Brunswick \n \n\n Norwich, New York \n Norwich, Ontario \n  \n\n Oberlin, Ohio \n Oberlin, Alberta \n \n\n Pasadena, California \n Pasadena, Newfoundland and Labrador \n \n\n Plympton, Massachusetts \n Plympton, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Pocahontas, Virginia \n Pocahontas, Alberta \n \n\n Reno, Nevada \n Reno, Alberta \n \n\n Scarsdale, New York \n Scarsdale, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Sedalia, Missouri \n Sedalia, Alberta \n \n\n Sparta, New Jersey \n Sparta, Ontario \n \n\n Spiritwood Lake, North Dakota \n Spiritwood, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Tolland, Massachusetts \n Tolland, Alberta \n \n\n Tomahawk, Wisconsin \n Tomahawk, Alberta \n \n\n Trenton, New Jersey \n Trenton, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Vale, Oregon \n Vale, Alberta \n \n\n Wadena, Minnesota \n Wadena, Saskatchewan \n \n\n Westfield, Massachusetts \n Grand Bay-Westfield, New Brunswick \n \n\n Weymouth, Massachusetts \n Weymouth, Nova Scotia \n \n\n Yarmouth, Massachusetts \n Yarmouth, Nova Scotia", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n City !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "Notes\n\n Aden \n Aden, Alberta", "Cities that have namesakes because they are biblical or prominent in ancient history are placed in this section.", "City !", "!", "Modern Location !", "!", "Namesake !", "!", "* List of Irish place names in other countries#Canada\n* List of places in Canada named after people\n* List of Scottish place names in Canada\n* List of Canadian place names of Ukrainian origin\n* List of Canada city name etymologies\n* List of locations in Canada with an English name\n* List of non-US cities with a US namesake" ]

[ "A '''circular letter of credit''' was a letter of credit issued by a bank or related financial institution to a private person, usually an individual of means, which enabled that person to draw funds from correspondent banks while traveling. This was considered safer than carrying large sums of cash. Such letters were often issued on special paper with formal lettering and designs to discourage counterfeiting. The circular letter of credit generally consisted of two or three separate items. The first being the actual letter addressed to correspondent banks stating the amount of funds that can be drawn. The reverse of the letter usually contained space to record the drawing of funds against the letter and the current balance. The second item was a list of correspondent banks in the area where the letter holder expected to be traveling. And the third was a signature card which was expected to be presented for comparison when drawing funds. Banks typically charged around 1% of the value of the letter for its issuance. Circular letters of credit were in many ways similar to circular notes which were in turn a precursor to later traveler's cheques. Because of the expense involved, most financial institutions had minimum values for which they would issue such letters. In the 19th century in the United States this was typically $500. With the advent of modern electronic banking and ATMs circular letters of credit have largely fallen into disuse. \n", "\n", "* The Circular Letter of Credit\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "References", " External Links " ]

[ "A '''circular letter of credit''' was a letter of credit issued by a bank or related financial institution to a private person, usually an individual of means, which enabled that person to draw funds from correspondent banks while traveling." ]

[ "This was considered safer than carrying large sums of cash.", "Such letters were often issued on special paper with formal lettering and designs to discourage counterfeiting.", "The circular letter of credit generally consisted of two or three separate items.", "The first being the actual letter addressed to correspondent banks stating the amount of funds that can be drawn.", "The reverse of the letter usually contained space to record the drawing of funds against the letter and the current balance.", "The second item was a list of correspondent banks in the area where the letter holder expected to be traveling.", "And the third was a signature card which was expected to be presented for comparison when drawing funds.", "Banks typically charged around 1% of the value of the letter for its issuance.", "Circular letters of credit were in many ways similar to circular notes which were in turn a precursor to later traveler's cheques.", "Because of the expense involved, most financial institutions had minimum values for which they would issue such letters.", "In the 19th century in the United States this was typically $500.", "With the advent of modern electronic banking and ATMs circular letters of credit have largely fallen into disuse.", "* The Circular Letter of Credit" ]

[ "\n'''Henri Lafond''' (20 August 1894 – 6 March 1963) was a French mining engineer and businessman who headed or sat on the board of numerous large companies and was involved in various industrial associations and committees both before and after World War II (1939–45).\nDuring the war he held a senior position in the Vichy government's Ministry of Industrial Production from 1940 to 1942.\nHe was assassinated in March 1963, apparently by an OAS member due to his refusal to support the movement to oppose Algerian independence.\n", "\nHenri Lafond was born on 20 August 1894 in Thaumiers, Cher.\nHis parents were Joseph Lafond, a tobacconist, and Juliette Alexandrine Guénard.\nHis father was the son of a laborer.\nHenri Lafond studied at the Thaumiers commune school, then at the Bourges ''lycée''.\nHe entered the École Polytechnique in 1914.\nHe was described as having brown hair, vertical brow, straight nose, chestnut eyes, oval face, height .\nLafond was awarded the Croix de guerre for his service in World War I.\nHe entered the École des Mines de Paris in 1919, and graduated in 1920 second out of 145 students. He became a member of the Corps des mines.\nLafond married a Mlle. Thivet. \nTheir children were Hélène and Jacqueline, who both married doctors.\n\nLafond left the Corps des Mines in 1929 to join the Banque Mirabaud.\nThe Mirabaud Bank specialised in mining and associated industries.\nLafond was made head of its subsidiary, the Association minière, in 1930.\nHe became a director of many mining companies.\nHe became a director of the Compagnie des Mines du Huaron, and a managing director of the Litcho Gold Mines in 1935.\nIn 1939 he was director of the Compagnie marocaine representing the Banque Mirabaud.", "\nDuring World War II Lafond was close to men considered to be members of the Synarchy.\nRené Belin was made Minister of Industrial Production in July 1940 in Marshal Philippe Pétain's government.\nHe appointed Jean Bichelonne and Henri Lafond to the two senior positions in the ministry.\nOn 12 August 1940 Petain called for the various social committees to merge into \"families\" in an effort to reduce overhead.\nLafond proposed to merged the 11 iron and steel committees into a metallurgy family headed by Jules Aubrun.\nAubrun accepted this in principle in November 1941, but wanted fewer committees in the family.\nIn the end, no progress was made.\n\nIn the government of Pierre Laval formed in 18 April 1942 the Ministry of Industry was headed by Jean Bichelonne with Henri Lafond as General Secretary for Energy and René Norguet (1888–1968) as General Secretary for Industrial Production.\nLafond's Energy secretariat included sections for mines, steel, gas/electricity and fuel.\nLafond was finally dismissed in November 1942.\nThis seems to have been engineered by Laval due to his personal dislike.\n\nAfter leaving the government Lafond was appointed President and CEO of the Association minière and joined the Mirabaud Group, long-time partner of the Banque de l'Union Parisienne (BUP).\nFrom 1943 he was President of the Mines du Huaron and on the board of Tréfileries et Laminoirs du Havre.\nHe joined the executive committee of the BUP in January 1944.\n", "\nIn the post-war period Lafond maintained contact with the people with whom he had worked during the war, and the \"Lafond Group\" met for monthly lunches for the rest of his life.\nThe members of the group, almost all engineers, represented oil, power, mining, steel and industrial chemistry.\nLafond worked with Pierre Ricard and Henri Davezac to form the Conseil national du patronat français (CNPF), representing French employers, with Georges Villiers as the first president.\nBecause he had left the Vichy regime soon enough, he was able to play a leading role in the CNPF, although he remained a believer in most of the Vichy regime's Comités d'Organization principles.\nHe was a \"modernist\", and thought employees were entitled to certain rights, which should be regulated by law.\nFrom 1947 to 1954 he was a member of the CNPF Economic and Social Council, representing a group of private industrial companies.\n\nLafond had many contacts among the senior administrators of France and the leaders of major companies.\nHis voice was heard by General Charles de Gaulle.\nLafond sat on the Comité Franc-Dollar and the École polytechnique development council.\nIn April 1951 Lafond was tentatively appointed to the new Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (Atomic Energy Committee).\nThis appointment was strongly opposed by Francis Perrin, expected to be the High Commissioner, based on Lafond's background in the Vichy regime and his many private interests.\nPerrin blocked the appointment by threatening to resign.\n\nLafond was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Société du Djebel-Djérissa from 1945 to 1962.\nHe was a director of the Banque de l'Union Parisienne, the Société des Phosphates de Gafsa, the Société de l'Ouenza, the Société française des pétroles, the Société commerciale d'affrètements et de combustibles, Chantiers et Ateliers de Saint-Nazaire from 1947, Pechiney from 1948 and Électricité de France from 1949.\nLafond became vice-president of the BUP in 1948, and became CEO of the BUP in 1951.\nIn 1953, in great secrecy, he arranged the merger of the BUP with the Mirabaud Bank.\nMirabaud's portfolio included large investments in the mining and oil sectors.\nThe bank controlled the Société Mokta El Hadid.\nLafond headed the Mokta company until his death in 1963.\nLafond was also head of the Société Anonyme Chérifienne d'Etudes Minières (SACEM).\nIn 1962 he joined the board of Tréfimétaux, formed by a merger of the Tréfileries et Laminoirs du Havre and the Compagnie française des métaux.\n\nHenri Lafond became a knight of the Legion of Honour on 28 January 1939.\nHe was appointed an Officer of the Legion of Honour of 5 September 1949, and Commander of the Legion of Honour on 18 June 1959.\nWhile leaving his house in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine, on 6 March 1963 he was killed by several revolver bullets.\nThe killer fled and was never found.\nThe killer apparently was an OAS member, and killed him since he refused to support the OAS with the companies in his group.\nAt the time of his death, Henri Lafond owned 0.26% of the capital of the BUP.\n", "\n", "\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early years (1894–1939)", "World War II (1939–45)", "Post World War II (1945–63)", "Notes", "Sources" ]

[ "The Mirabaud Bank specialised in mining and associated industries.", "In 1953, in great secrecy, he arranged the merger of the BUP with the Mirabaud Bank.", "The bank controlled the Société Mokta El Hadid." ]

[ "\n'''Henri Lafond''' (20 August 1894 – 6 March 1963) was a French mining engineer and businessman who headed or sat on the board of numerous large companies and was involved in various industrial associations and committees both before and after World War II (1939–45).", "During the war he held a senior position in the Vichy government's Ministry of Industrial Production from 1940 to 1942.", "He was assassinated in March 1963, apparently by an OAS member due to his refusal to support the movement to oppose Algerian independence.", "\nHenri Lafond was born on 20 August 1894 in Thaumiers, Cher.", "His parents were Joseph Lafond, a tobacconist, and Juliette Alexandrine Guénard.", "His father was the son of a laborer.", "Henri Lafond studied at the Thaumiers commune school, then at the Bourges ''lycée''.", "He entered the École Polytechnique in 1914.", "He was described as having brown hair, vertical brow, straight nose, chestnut eyes, oval face, height .", "Lafond was awarded the Croix de guerre for his service in World War I.", "He entered the École des Mines de Paris in 1919, and graduated in 1920 second out of 145 students.", "He became a member of the Corps des mines.", "Lafond married a Mlle.", "Thivet.", "Their children were Hélène and Jacqueline, who both married doctors.", "Lafond left the Corps des Mines in 1929 to join the Banque Mirabaud.", "Lafond was made head of its subsidiary, the Association minière, in 1930.", "He became a director of many mining companies.", "He became a director of the Compagnie des Mines du Huaron, and a managing director of the Litcho Gold Mines in 1935.", "In 1939 he was director of the Compagnie marocaine representing the Banque Mirabaud.", "\nDuring World War II Lafond was close to men considered to be members of the Synarchy.", "René Belin was made Minister of Industrial Production in July 1940 in Marshal Philippe Pétain's government.", "He appointed Jean Bichelonne and Henri Lafond to the two senior positions in the ministry.", "On 12 August 1940 Petain called for the various social committees to merge into \"families\" in an effort to reduce overhead.", "Lafond proposed to merged the 11 iron and steel committees into a metallurgy family headed by Jules Aubrun.", "Aubrun accepted this in principle in November 1941, but wanted fewer committees in the family.", "In the end, no progress was made.", "In the government of Pierre Laval formed in 18 April 1942 the Ministry of Industry was headed by Jean Bichelonne with Henri Lafond as General Secretary for Energy and René Norguet (1888–1968) as General Secretary for Industrial Production.", "Lafond's Energy secretariat included sections for mines, steel, gas/electricity and fuel.", "Lafond was finally dismissed in November 1942.", "This seems to have been engineered by Laval due to his personal dislike.", "After leaving the government Lafond was appointed President and CEO of the Association minière and joined the Mirabaud Group, long-time partner of the Banque de l'Union Parisienne (BUP).", "From 1943 he was President of the Mines du Huaron and on the board of Tréfileries et Laminoirs du Havre.", "He joined the executive committee of the BUP in January 1944.", "\nIn the post-war period Lafond maintained contact with the people with whom he had worked during the war, and the \"Lafond Group\" met for monthly lunches for the rest of his life.", "The members of the group, almost all engineers, represented oil, power, mining, steel and industrial chemistry.", "Lafond worked with Pierre Ricard and Henri Davezac to form the Conseil national du patronat français (CNPF), representing French employers, with Georges Villiers as the first president.", "Because he had left the Vichy regime soon enough, he was able to play a leading role in the CNPF, although he remained a believer in most of the Vichy regime's Comités d'Organization principles.", "He was a \"modernist\", and thought employees were entitled to certain rights, which should be regulated by law.", "From 1947 to 1954 he was a member of the CNPF Economic and Social Council, representing a group of private industrial companies.", "Lafond had many contacts among the senior administrators of France and the leaders of major companies.", "His voice was heard by General Charles de Gaulle.", "Lafond sat on the Comité Franc-Dollar and the École polytechnique development council.", "In April 1951 Lafond was tentatively appointed to the new Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (Atomic Energy Committee).", "This appointment was strongly opposed by Francis Perrin, expected to be the High Commissioner, based on Lafond's background in the Vichy regime and his many private interests.", "Perrin blocked the appointment by threatening to resign.", "Lafond was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Société du Djebel-Djérissa from 1945 to 1962.", "He was a director of the Banque de l'Union Parisienne, the Société des Phosphates de Gafsa, the Société de l'Ouenza, the Société française des pétroles, the Société commerciale d'affrètements et de combustibles, Chantiers et Ateliers de Saint-Nazaire from 1947, Pechiney from 1948 and Électricité de France from 1949.", "Lafond became vice-president of the BUP in 1948, and became CEO of the BUP in 1951.", "Mirabaud's portfolio included large investments in the mining and oil sectors.", "Lafond headed the Mokta company until his death in 1963.", "Lafond was also head of the Société Anonyme Chérifienne d'Etudes Minières (SACEM).", "In 1962 he joined the board of Tréfimétaux, formed by a merger of the Tréfileries et Laminoirs du Havre and the Compagnie française des métaux.", "Henri Lafond became a knight of the Legion of Honour on 28 January 1939.", "He was appointed an Officer of the Legion of Honour of 5 September 1949, and Commander of the Legion of Honour on 18 June 1959.", "While leaving his house in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine, on 6 March 1963 he was killed by several revolver bullets.", "The killer fled and was never found.", "The killer apparently was an OAS member, and killed him since he refused to support the OAS with the companies in his group.", "At the time of his death, Henri Lafond owned 0.26% of the capital of the BUP.", "\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*" ]

[ "\n\n\n\nThe '''Olkaria IV Geothermal Power Station''' is an operational geothermal power plant in Kenya, with installed capacity of .\n", "The power station is located in the Olkaria area, in Nakuru County, adjacent to Hell's Gate National Park, approximately , southeast of Nakuru, where the county headquarters are located. This is approximately , by road, northwest of Nairobi, the capital and largest city of Kenya. The geographical coordinates of Olkaria IV Geothermal Power Station are 0°55'05.0\"S, 36°20'04.0\"E (Latitude:-0.918056; Longitude:36.334444).\n", "The power station is one of six geothermal power plants currently either operational, under constriction or planned in the Olkaria area in Nakuru County, Kenya. Olkaria I, Olkaria II, Olkaria III and Olkaria IV are operational. Olkaria V is under construction and Olkaria VI is planned for 2021.\n\nOlkaria IV Geothermal Power Station was commissioned by Uhuru Kenyatta, the president of Kenya, on 22 October 2014. The power station cost KSh11.5 billion (US$126.5 million) to build, co-financed by the World Bank, the Kenya government and the European Investment Bank. The electromechanical parts were supplied by Hyundai Engineering of South Korea, Toyota Tsusho of Japan, and KEC International of India.\n", "Olkaria IV Power Station is owned by Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), whose stock is traded on the Nairobi Stock Exchange, and is 70 per cent owned by the government of Kenya with the remaining 30 percent owned by private institutions and individuals.\n", "\n* List of power stations in Kenya\n* Geothermal power in Kenya\n* Olkaria III Geothermal Power Station\n* Olkaria V Geothermal Power Station\n", "\n", "* Website of Kenya Electricity Generating Company \n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Location", "Overview", "Ownership", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ "The power station cost KSh11.5 billion (US$126.5 million) to build, co-financed by the World Bank, the Kenya government and the European Investment Bank." ]

[ "\n\n\n\nThe '''Olkaria IV Geothermal Power Station''' is an operational geothermal power plant in Kenya, with installed capacity of .", "The power station is located in the Olkaria area, in Nakuru County, adjacent to Hell's Gate National Park, approximately , southeast of Nakuru, where the county headquarters are located.", "This is approximately , by road, northwest of Nairobi, the capital and largest city of Kenya.", "The geographical coordinates of Olkaria IV Geothermal Power Station are 0°55'05.0\"S, 36°20'04.0\"E (Latitude:-0.918056; Longitude:36.334444).", "The power station is one of six geothermal power plants currently either operational, under constriction or planned in the Olkaria area in Nakuru County, Kenya.", "Olkaria I, Olkaria II, Olkaria III and Olkaria IV are operational.", "Olkaria V is under construction and Olkaria VI is planned for 2021.", "Olkaria IV Geothermal Power Station was commissioned by Uhuru Kenyatta, the president of Kenya, on 22 October 2014.", "The electromechanical parts were supplied by Hyundai Engineering of South Korea, Toyota Tsusho of Japan, and KEC International of India.", "Olkaria IV Power Station is owned by Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), whose stock is traded on the Nairobi Stock Exchange, and is 70 per cent owned by the government of Kenya with the remaining 30 percent owned by private institutions and individuals.", "\n* List of power stations in Kenya\n* Geothermal power in Kenya\n* Olkaria III Geothermal Power Station\n* Olkaria V Geothermal Power Station", "* Website of Kenya Electricity Generating Company" ]

[ "The '''2018 Web.com Tour''' will be the 29th season of the top developmental tour for the PGA Tour in men's golf, and the seventh under the current sponsored name of Web.com Tour. It will run from January 13 to September 23. The season will consist of 27 official money tournaments, five of them played outside of the United States.\n", "The table below shows the Web.com Tour's 2018 schedule, which includes two new tournaments. The numbers in parentheses after winners' names show the player's total number of wins on the Web.com Tour including that event. No one accumulates many wins on the Web.com Tour because success at this level soon leads to promotion to the PGA Tour. Any player who wins three Web.com Tour events in a season will automatically earn their PGA Tour card immediately.\n\n\nDate!!Tournament!!Location!!Winner!!OWGRpoints!!Notes\n\n Jan 16 \n The Bahamas Great Exuma Classic \n Bahamas \n \n \n \n\n Jan 24 \n The Bahamas Great Abaco Classic \n Bahamas \n \n \n \n\n Feb 4 \n Panama Championship \n Panama \n \n \n \n\n Feb 11 \n Club Colombia Championship \n Colombia \n \n \n \n\n Mar 11 \n El Bosque Mexico Championship \n Mexico \n \n \n \n\n Mar 25 \n Chitimacha Louisiana Open \n Louisiana \n \n \n \n\n Apr 1 \n Savannah Golf Championship \n Georgia \n \n \n New tournament\n\n Apr 22 \n North Mississippi Classic \n Mississippi \n \n \n New tournament\n\n Apr 29 \n United Leasing & Finance Championship \n Indiana \n \n \n \n\n May 13 \n Knoxville Open \n Tennessee \n \n \n \n\n May 20 \n BMW Charity Pro-Am \n South Carolina \n \n \n \n\n May 27 \n Nashville Golf Open \n Tennessee \n \n \n \n\n Jun 3 \n Rex Hospital Open \n North Carolina \n \n \n \n\n Jun 10 \n Rust-Oleum Championship \n Illinois \n \n \n \n\n Jun 24 \n Air Capital Classic \n Kansas \n \n \n \n\n Jul 1 \n Lincoln Land Charity Championship \n Illinois \n \n \n \n\n Jul 8 \n LECOM Health Challenge \n New York \n \n \n \n\n Jul 15 \n Utah Championship \n Utah \n \n \n \n\n Jul 22 \n Pinnacle Bank Championship \n Nebraska \n \n \n \n\n Jul 29 \n Price Cutter Charity Championship \n Missouri \n \n \n \n\n Aug 5 \n Digital Ally Open \n Kansas \n \n \n \n\n Aug 12 \n Ellie Mae Classic at TPC Stonebrae \n California \n \n \n \n\n Aug 19 \n WinCo Foods Portland Open \n Oregon \n \n \n \n\n Aug 26 \n Nationwide Children's Hospital Championship \n Ohio \n \n \n Finals\n\n Sep 2 \n DAP Championship \n Ohio \n \n \n Finals\n\n Sep 16 \n Albertsons Boise Open \n Idaho \n \n \n Finals\n\n Sep 23 \n Web.com Tour Championship \n Florida \n \n \n Finals\n\n<!--", "The table shows the final top 10 money winners for the 2018 Web.com Tour season. For the list of the 50 golfers given PGA Tour memberships for the 2018–19 season, see 2018 Web.com Tour Finals graduates.\n\n\nRank !! Player !! Country !! Prize money (US$)\n\n1 \n \n \n\n\n2 \n \n \n\n\n3 \n \n \n\n\n4 \n \n \n\n\n5 \n \n \n\n\n6 \n \n \n\n\n7 \n \n \n\n\n8 \n \n \n\n\n9 \n \n \n\n\n10 \n \n \n\n\n-->\n", "\n", "* Official schedule\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Schedule", "Money leaders", "References", "External links" ]

[ "!Notes\n\n Jan 16 \n The Bahamas Great Exuma Classic \n Bahamas \n \n \n \n\n Jan 24 \n The Bahamas Great Abaco Classic \n Bahamas \n \n \n \n\n Feb 4 \n Panama Championship \n Panama \n \n \n \n\n Feb 11 \n Club Colombia Championship \n Colombia \n \n \n \n\n Mar 11 \n El Bosque Mexico Championship \n Mexico \n \n \n \n\n Mar 25 \n Chitimacha Louisiana Open \n Louisiana \n \n \n \n\n Apr 1 \n Savannah Golf Championship \n Georgia \n \n \n New tournament\n\n Apr 22 \n North Mississippi Classic \n Mississippi \n \n \n New tournament\n\n Apr 29 \n United Leasing & Finance Championship \n Indiana \n \n \n \n\n May 13 \n Knoxville Open \n Tennessee \n \n \n \n\n May 20 \n BMW Charity Pro-Am \n South Carolina \n \n \n \n\n May 27 \n Nashville Golf Open \n Tennessee \n \n \n \n\n Jun 3 \n Rex Hospital Open \n North Carolina \n \n \n \n\n Jun 10 \n Rust-Oleum Championship \n Illinois \n \n \n \n\n Jun 24 \n Air Capital Classic \n Kansas \n \n \n \n\n Jul 1 \n Lincoln Land Charity Championship \n Illinois \n \n \n \n\n Jul 8 \n LECOM Health Challenge \n New York \n \n \n \n\n Jul 15 \n Utah Championship \n Utah \n \n \n \n\n Jul 22 \n Pinnacle Bank Championship \n Nebraska \n \n \n \n\n Jul 29 \n Price Cutter Charity Championship \n Missouri \n \n \n \n\n Aug 5 \n Digital Ally Open \n Kansas \n \n \n \n\n Aug 12 \n Ellie Mae Classic at TPC Stonebrae \n California \n \n \n \n\n Aug 19 \n WinCo Foods Portland Open \n Oregon \n \n \n \n\n Aug 26 \n Nationwide Children's Hospital Championship \n Ohio \n \n \n Finals\n\n Sep 2 \n DAP Championship \n Ohio \n \n \n Finals\n\n Sep 16 \n Albertsons Boise Open \n Idaho \n \n \n Finals\n\n Sep 23 \n Web.com Tour Championship \n Florida \n \n \n Finals\n\n<!--" ]

[ "The '''2018 Web.com Tour''' will be the 29th season of the top developmental tour for the PGA Tour in men's golf, and the seventh under the current sponsored name of Web.com Tour.", "It will run from January 13 to September 23.", "The season will consist of 27 official money tournaments, five of them played outside of the United States.", "The table below shows the Web.com Tour's 2018 schedule, which includes two new tournaments.", "The numbers in parentheses after winners' names show the player's total number of wins on the Web.com Tour including that event.", "No one accumulates many wins on the Web.com Tour because success at this level soon leads to promotion to the PGA Tour.", "Any player who wins three Web.com Tour events in a season will automatically earn their PGA Tour card immediately.", "Date!!Tournament!!Location!!Winner!!OWGRpoints!", "The table shows the final top 10 money winners for the 2018 Web.com Tour season.", "For the list of the 50 golfers given PGA Tour memberships for the 2018–19 season, see 2018 Web.com Tour Finals graduates.", "Rank !", "!", "Player !", "!", "Country !", "!", "Prize money (US$)\n\n1 \n \n \n\n\n2 \n \n \n\n\n3 \n \n \n\n\n4 \n \n \n\n\n5 \n \n \n\n\n6 \n \n \n\n\n7 \n \n \n\n\n8 \n \n \n\n\n9 \n \n \n\n\n10 \n \n \n\n\n-->", "* Official schedule" ]

[ "\n\n'''Port Clinton Light''' is a lighthouse in Port Clinton, Ohio at the northern end of Waterworks Park. It previously had been on the outer end of the west pier which is located in the city's harbor entrance. This lighthouse has two incarnations which were built with different materials. Only the present structure survives as it was moved to a marina and replaced by a skeleton tower in 1952. The marina in turn sold the lighthouse back to the city, and it was placed in the park fully restored. At just , Port Clinton Light is the shortest lighthouse in the state.\n", "\nThe first lighthouse was constructed of split-stone and was 40 feet tall in height. Austin Smith was the first keeper of the lighthouse six months after it was built. Despite calls for the light to be discontinued due to a lack of harbor traffic, it remained until 1870. In that year the lantern room was removed from the tower which resulted in complaints from residents regarding it's aid. In 1883, piers in the port were extended into Lake Erie which prompted congress to act in 1895 on the construction of a new lighthouse. The new lighthouse was constructed from wood and went into service on the outer end of the west pier in 1896. The old tower was razed in 1899, and the original keeper's dwelling was replaced in 1901 in favor for a more modern residence. \n\nThe lighthouse was automated in 1926, and was sold the following year which resulted in its deactivation. The Keeper's residence was used as an apartment building in the 1940s and later as a restaurant in 1983. The wooden lighthouse was removed from the pier in 1952 and was relocated to the new owner's marina on the Portage River. That same year a new white skeleton tower was erected on the spot which used a modern 375 mm lens.\n\nIn 2009 the restaurant that had been in the Keeper's residence closed due to a fire. The owner was arrested and charged with arson in 2010 which resulted in the residence being sold to ''Croghan Colonial Bank'' in 2013. The wooden lighthouse tower was donated in 2011 to the city of Port Clinton by the owners of the same marina that had acquired it 59 years prior. Repairs were made to the old tower which resulted in a complete restoration but there were legal battles on where the structure should be placed. The Port Clinton Lighthouse Conservancy and the city finally had everything settled on July 14, 2015 with the placement in the northern end of Water Works Park. While the structure is illuminated during nightfall it is no longer considered a navigational aid.\n", "\n\n\nName\nTenure\n\n Austin Smith\n 1833–1848\n\n William B. Craighill\n 1848–1849\n\n Benjamin J. Orcutt\n 1849–1853\n\n George O. Momeny \n 1853–1859\n\n A. Borden\n 1859\n\n Leander S. Porter\n 1864–1870\n\n Robert P. Waterfield\n 1896–1900\n\n Daniel Finn\n 1900\n\n George H. Pope\n 1900–1911\n\n David C. Sutherland\n 1912–1926\n\n", ":A. The lighthouse is considered active as lit but is no longer used as a navigational aid.\n:B. David's son Wallace looked after the lighthouse for a few months until automation.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "History", "Keepers", "Notes", "References" ]

[ "The owner was arrested and charged with arson in 2010 which resulted in the residence being sold to ''Croghan Colonial Bank'' in 2013." ]

[ "\n\n'''Port Clinton Light''' is a lighthouse in Port Clinton, Ohio at the northern end of Waterworks Park.", "It previously had been on the outer end of the west pier which is located in the city's harbor entrance.", "This lighthouse has two incarnations which were built with different materials.", "Only the present structure survives as it was moved to a marina and replaced by a skeleton tower in 1952.", "The marina in turn sold the lighthouse back to the city, and it was placed in the park fully restored.", "At just , Port Clinton Light is the shortest lighthouse in the state.", "\nThe first lighthouse was constructed of split-stone and was 40 feet tall in height.", "Austin Smith was the first keeper of the lighthouse six months after it was built.", "Despite calls for the light to be discontinued due to a lack of harbor traffic, it remained until 1870.", "In that year the lantern room was removed from the tower which resulted in complaints from residents regarding it's aid.", "In 1883, piers in the port were extended into Lake Erie which prompted congress to act in 1895 on the construction of a new lighthouse.", "The new lighthouse was constructed from wood and went into service on the outer end of the west pier in 1896.", "The old tower was razed in 1899, and the original keeper's dwelling was replaced in 1901 in favor for a more modern residence.", "The lighthouse was automated in 1926, and was sold the following year which resulted in its deactivation.", "The Keeper's residence was used as an apartment building in the 1940s and later as a restaurant in 1983.", "The wooden lighthouse was removed from the pier in 1952 and was relocated to the new owner's marina on the Portage River.", "That same year a new white skeleton tower was erected on the spot which used a modern 375 mm lens.", "In 2009 the restaurant that had been in the Keeper's residence closed due to a fire.", "The wooden lighthouse tower was donated in 2011 to the city of Port Clinton by the owners of the same marina that had acquired it 59 years prior.", "Repairs were made to the old tower which resulted in a complete restoration but there were legal battles on where the structure should be placed.", "The Port Clinton Lighthouse Conservancy and the city finally had everything settled on July 14, 2015 with the placement in the northern end of Water Works Park.", "While the structure is illuminated during nightfall it is no longer considered a navigational aid.", "\n\n\nName\nTenure\n\n Austin Smith\n 1833–1848\n\n William B. Craighill\n 1848–1849\n\n Benjamin J. Orcutt\n 1849–1853\n\n George O. Momeny \n 1853–1859\n\n A. Borden\n 1859\n\n Leander S. Porter\n 1864–1870\n\n Robert P. Waterfield\n 1896–1900\n\n Daniel Finn\n 1900\n\n George H. Pope\n 1900–1911\n\n David C. Sutherland\n 1912–1926", ":A.", "The lighthouse is considered active as lit but is no longer used as a navigational aid.", ":B. David's son Wallace looked after the lighthouse for a few months until automation." ]

[ "A number of ships have been named '''''Timandra''''' for the mythological Timandra:\n\n* was launched in 1814. She started trading with India and made one voyage for the British East India Company (EIC) before she was lost off the Lofoten Islands in 1822.\n* was launched in 1822 at Whitby. She sailed to India and South East Asia until she disappeared in June 1829 after leaving Batavia with a cargo of rice for Antwerp.\n* was built at Littlehampton and in 1841-42 carried immigrants to New Zealand for the New Zealand Company; ''Lloyd's Register'' for 1869 carries the notation \"Wrecked\" under her name.\n* was launched at Sunderland. In October 1858 she was sailing from Newcastle to Rockhampton with 105 passengers when she wrecked on Timandra Bank, Keppel Bay.\n*, a merchant ship of 1562GRT, was built by Robert Duncan & Co., Glasgow. She was a fully rigged sailing ship and disappeared in March 1917 after having left Norfolk with a cargo of coal for Buenos Aires.\n\nThe following steamships were operated by A. Kirsten:\n\n*, to Kaiserliche Marine in 1914\n*, purchased 1939, seized by the United Kingdom in 1945\n*, sold in 1971\n\n'''Citations'''\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction" ]

[ "In October 1858 she was sailing from Newcastle to Rockhampton with 105 passengers when she wrecked on Timandra Bank, Keppel Bay." ]

[ "A number of ships have been named '''''Timandra''''' for the mythological Timandra:\n\n* was launched in 1814.", "She started trading with India and made one voyage for the British East India Company (EIC) before she was lost off the Lofoten Islands in 1822.", "* was launched in 1822 at Whitby.", "She sailed to India and South East Asia until she disappeared in June 1829 after leaving Batavia with a cargo of rice for Antwerp.", "* was built at Littlehampton and in 1841-42 carried immigrants to New Zealand for the New Zealand Company; ''Lloyd's Register'' for 1869 carries the notation \"Wrecked\" under her name.", "* was launched at Sunderland.", "*, a merchant ship of 1562GRT, was built by Robert Duncan & Co., Glasgow.", "She was a fully rigged sailing ship and disappeared in March 1917 after having left Norfolk with a cargo of coal for Buenos Aires.", "The following steamships were operated by A. Kirsten:\n\n*, to Kaiserliche Marine in 1914\n*, purchased 1939, seized by the United Kingdom in 1945\n*, sold in 1971\n\n'''Citations'''" ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\nThe '''''Relaxer'' Tour''' (stylised as the '''''RELAXER'' Tour''') is a concert tour by English indie rock band alt-J, in support of their third studio album, ''Relaxer'' (2017).\n", "This set list is representative of the show on 7 August 2017 at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Morrison, Colorado. It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour.\n\n#\"3WW\"\n#\"Something Good\"\n#\"❦ (The Ripe & Ruin)\"\n#\"Tessellate\"\n#\"Deadcrush\"\n#\"Nara\"\n#\"In Cold Blood\"\n#\"Dissolve Me\"\n#\"The Gospel of John Hurt\"\n#\"Bloodflood\"\n#\"Every Other Freckle\"\n#\"Matilda\"\n#\"Hit Me Like That Snare\"\n#\"Taro\"\n#\"Pleader\"\n#\"Fitzpleasure\"\n;Encore\n#\"Intro\"\n#\"Left Hand Free\"\n#\"Breezeblocks\"\n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center;\"\n\n Date\n City\n Country\n Venue\n\n Europe\n\n 10 June 2017\n Rouen\n France\n Le 106\n\n 11 June 2017\n Kortrijk\n Belgium\n De Kreun\n\n 12 June 2017\n Tilburg\n Netherlands\n 013\n\n 13 June 2017\n Berlin\n Germany\n Funkhaus Nalepastraße\n\n 16 June 2017\n London\n England\n The O2 Arena\n\n 20 June 2017\n Zagreb\n Croatia\n INmusic Festival\n\n 23 June 2017\n Neuhausen ob Eck\n Germany\n Southside Festival\n\n 24 June 2017\n Pilton\n England\n Worthy Farm\n\n 25 June 2017\n Scheeßel\n Germany\n Hurricane Festival\n\n 28 June 2017\n Ferrara\n Italy\n Piazza Castello\n\n 30 June 2017\n Montreux\nSwitzerland\n Montreux Jazz Festival\n\n 1 July 2017\n St. Gallen\n OpenAir St. Gallen\n\n 2 July 2017\n Werchter\n Belgium\n Rock Werchter\n\n 4 July 2017\n Lyon\n France\n Nuits de Fourvière\n\n 6 July 2017\n Oeiras\n Portugal\n NOS Alive\n\n 7 July 2017\n Madrid\n Spain\n Mad Cool Festival\n\n 8 July 2017\n Trenčín\n Slovakia\n Pohoda\n\n 9 July 2017\n Cheshire\n England\n Bluedot Festival\n\n 11 July 2017\n Dublin\n Ireland\n Trinity College, Dublin\n\n 13 July 2017\n Luxembourg City\n Luxembourg\n Neumünster Abbey\n\n 15 July 2017\n Bonțida\n Romania\n Electric Castle\n\n 16 July 2017\n Salacgrīva\n Latvia\n Positivus Festival\n\n 19 July 2017\n Ostrava\n Czech Republic\n Colours of Ostrava\n\n 20 July 2017\n Wiesen\n Austria\n Ottakringer Arena\n\n 23 July 2017\n Paris\n France\n Longchamp Racecourse\n\n North America\n\n 27 July 2017\n Columbia\nUnited States\n Merriweather Post Pavilion\n\n 28 July 2017\n Boston\n Blue Hills Bank Pavilion\n\n 29 July 2017\n New York City\n Randall's Island Park\n\n 30 July 2017\n Detroit\n West Riverfront Park\n\n 1 August 2017\n Cleveland\n Jacobs Pavilion at Nautica\n\n 3 August 2017\n Kansas City\n Starlight Theatre\n\n 4 August 2017\n St. Charles\n Avenue of the Saints Amphitheater and Event Center\n\n 5 August 2017\n Chicago\n Grant Park\n\n 7 August 2017\n Morrison\n Red Rocks Amphitheatre\n\n 9 August 2017\nLos Angeles\nShrine Auditorium\n\n 10 August 2017\n\n 11 August 2017\n San Francisco\n Golden Gate Park\n\n Europe\n\n 13 August 2017\n Newquay\n England\n Watergate Bay\n\n 15 August 2017\n Budapest\n Hungary\n Óbudai-sziget\n\n 17 August 2017\n Trondheim\n Norway\n Marinen\n\n 18 August 2017\n Kraków\n Poland\n Polish Aviation Museum\n\n 19 August 2017\n Biddinghuizen\n Netherlands\n \n\n 28 August 2017\n Kiev\n Ukraine\n Art-Zavod Platforma\n\n 30 August 2017\n Moscow\nRussia\n Stadium Live\n\n 31 August 2017\n Saint Petersburg\n A2\n\n 2 September 2017\n Stockholm\n Sweden\n Eriksdalsbadet\n\n 4 September 2017\n Brighton\nEngland\n Brighton Centre\n\n 6 September 2017\n Bournemouth\n O2 Academy Bournemouth\n\n 8 September 2017\n Weston-super-Mare\n Grand Pier\n\n 11 September 2017\n Kingston upon Thames\n The Hippodrome\n\n\n;Cancellations and rescheduled shows\n\n\n \n \n \n \n\n9 September 2017\nBlackpool, England\nEmpress Ballroom\n\n\n\n", "\n", "\n", "* \n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Set list", "Shows", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ "{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center;\"\n\n Date\n City\n Country\n Venue\n\n Europe\n\n 10 June 2017\n Rouen\n France\n Le 106\n\n 11 June 2017\n Kortrijk\n Belgium\n De Kreun\n\n 12 June 2017\n Tilburg\n Netherlands\n 013\n\n 13 June 2017\n Berlin\n Germany\n Funkhaus Nalepastraße\n\n 16 June 2017\n London\n England\n The O2 Arena\n\n 20 June 2017\n Zagreb\n Croatia\n INmusic Festival\n\n 23 June 2017\n Neuhausen ob Eck\n Germany\n Southside Festival\n\n 24 June 2017\n Pilton\n England\n Worthy Farm\n\n 25 June 2017\n Scheeßel\n Germany\n Hurricane Festival\n\n 28 June 2017\n Ferrara\n Italy\n Piazza Castello\n\n 30 June 2017\n Montreux\nSwitzerland\n Montreux Jazz Festival\n\n 1 July 2017\n St. Gallen\n OpenAir St. Gallen\n\n 2 July 2017\n Werchter\n Belgium\n Rock Werchter\n\n 4 July 2017\n Lyon\n France\n Nuits de Fourvière\n\n 6 July 2017\n Oeiras\n Portugal\n NOS Alive\n\n 7 July 2017\n Madrid\n Spain\n Mad Cool Festival\n\n 8 July 2017\n Trenčín\n Slovakia\n Pohoda\n\n 9 July 2017\n Cheshire\n England\n Bluedot Festival\n\n 11 July 2017\n Dublin\n Ireland\n Trinity College, Dublin\n\n 13 July 2017\n Luxembourg City\n Luxembourg\n Neumünster Abbey\n\n 15 July 2017\n Bonțida\n Romania\n Electric Castle\n\n 16 July 2017\n Salacgrīva\n Latvia\n Positivus Festival\n\n 19 July 2017\n Ostrava\n Czech Republic\n Colours of Ostrava\n\n 20 July 2017\n Wiesen\n Austria\n Ottakringer Arena\n\n 23 July 2017\n Paris\n France\n Longchamp Racecourse\n\n North America\n\n 27 July 2017\n Columbia\nUnited States\n Merriweather Post Pavilion\n\n 28 July 2017\n Boston\n Blue Hills Bank Pavilion\n\n 29 July 2017\n New York City\n Randall's Island Park\n\n 30 July 2017\n Detroit\n West Riverfront Park\n\n 1 August 2017\n Cleveland\n Jacobs Pavilion at Nautica\n\n 3 August 2017\n Kansas City\n Starlight Theatre\n\n 4 August 2017\n St. Charles\n Avenue of the Saints Amphitheater and Event Center\n\n 5 August 2017\n Chicago\n Grant Park\n\n 7 August 2017\n Morrison\n Red Rocks Amphitheatre\n\n 9 August 2017\nLos Angeles\nShrine Auditorium\n\n 10 August 2017\n\n 11 August 2017\n San Francisco\n Golden Gate Park\n\n Europe\n\n 13 August 2017\n Newquay\n England\n Watergate Bay\n\n 15 August 2017\n Budapest\n Hungary\n Óbudai-sziget\n\n 17 August 2017\n Trondheim\n Norway\n Marinen\n\n 18 August 2017\n Kraków\n Poland\n Polish Aviation Museum\n\n 19 August 2017\n Biddinghuizen\n Netherlands\n \n\n 28 August 2017\n Kiev\n Ukraine\n Art-Zavod Platforma\n\n 30 August 2017\n Moscow\nRussia\n Stadium Live\n\n 31 August 2017\n Saint Petersburg\n A2\n\n 2 September 2017\n Stockholm\n Sweden\n Eriksdalsbadet\n\n 4 September 2017\n Brighton\nEngland\n Brighton Centre\n\n 6 September 2017\n Bournemouth\n O2 Academy Bournemouth\n\n 8 September 2017\n Weston-super-Mare\n Grand Pier\n\n 11 September 2017\n Kingston upon Thames\n The Hippodrome\n\n\n;Cancellations and rescheduled shows\n\n\n \n \n \n \n\n9 September 2017\nBlackpool, England\nEmpress Ballroom" ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\nThe '''''Relaxer'' Tour''' (stylised as the '''''RELAXER'' Tour''') is a concert tour by English indie rock band alt-J, in support of their third studio album, ''Relaxer'' (2017).", "This set list is representative of the show on 7 August 2017 at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Morrison, Colorado.", "It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour.", "#\"3WW\"\n#\"Something Good\"\n#\"❦ (The Ripe & Ruin)\"\n#\"Tessellate\"\n#\"Deadcrush\"\n#\"Nara\"\n#\"In Cold Blood\"\n#\"Dissolve Me\"\n#\"The Gospel of John Hurt\"\n#\"Bloodflood\"\n#\"Every Other Freckle\"\n#\"Matilda\"\n#\"Hit Me Like That Snare\"\n#\"Taro\"\n#\"Pleader\"\n#\"Fitzpleasure\"\n;Encore\n#\"Intro\"\n#\"Left Hand Free\"\n#\"Breezeblocks\"", "*" ]

[ "\nGeographical region Transnistria in relation to the rest of Moldova, landlocked along the border with Ukraine\n'''Transnistria''' (Romanian: ) - region in the east Europe. The PMR controls a narrow strip of territory to the east of the River Dniester, and also the city of Bender and its surrounding localities on the west bank, in the historical region of Bessarabia.\n\nAfter the dissolution of the USSR, tensions between Moldova and the breakaway Transnistrian territory escalated into a military conflict that started in March 1992 and was concluded by a ceasefire in July of the same year. As part of that agreement, a three-party (Russia, Moldova, Transnistria) Joint Control Commission supervises the security arrangements in the demilitarised zone, comprising twenty localities on both sides of the river. Although the ceasefire has held, the territory's political status remains unresolved: Transnistria is an unrecognised but ''de facto'' independent semi-presidential republic with its own government, parliament, military, police, postal system, currency and vehicle registration. Its authorities have adopted a constitution, flag, national anthem, and coat of arms. It is the only country still using the hammer and sickle on its flag.\n\nAfter a 2005 agreement between Moldova and Ukraine, all Transnistrian companies that seek to export goods through the Ukrainian border must be registered with the Moldovan authorities. This agreement was implemented after the European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine (EUBAM) took force in 2005. Most Transnistrians also have Moldovan citizenship, but many Transnistrians also have Russian and Ukrainian citizenship. The largest ethnic group is Moldovans (32.1%), who historically had a higher share of the population, up to 49.4% in 1926.\n\nTransnistria, Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Artsakh are post-Soviet \"frozen conflict\" zones. These four partially recognised states maintain friendly relations with each other and form the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations.\n", "\n\nThe region is also known in English as \"Trans-Dniestr\" or \"Transdniestria\". Etymologically, these names are adaptations of the Romanian colloquial name of the region, \"Transnistria\" meaning \"beyond the River Dniester\".\n\nThe documents of the government of Moldova refer to the region as ''Stînga Nistrului'' (in full, ''Unitățile Administrativ-Teritoriale din Stînga Nistrului'') meaning \"Left Bank of the Dniester\" (in full, \"Administrative-territorial unit(s) of the Left Bank of the Dniester\").\n\nThe name of the region according to the Transnistrian authorities is ''Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic'' (PMR) (, ''Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Respublika''; Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet: Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ, РМН, ; , ''Prydnistrovs'ka Moldavs'ka Respublika''). The short form of this name is ''Pridnestrovie'' (, ''Pridnestrovye''; Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet: Нистрения, ''Nistrenia''; , ''Prydnistrovya''). \"Pridnestrovie\" is a transliteration of the Russian \"Приднестровье\" meaning \"a land by the River Dniester\".\n", "\n\n===Antiquity and Middle Ages===\nIndo-European tribes had for millennia inhabited the area where Transnistria now is when it was a borderland between Dacia and Scythia. The Tyragetae (a Getae Thracian tribe) inhabited the area around the River Dniester (called \"Tyras\" in ancient documents) as well as the Scythians. Early Germanic and Turkic tribes were present in the area during their attacks and invasions of the Roman Empire.\n\nFrom 56 AD, the coastal area around the city of Tyras was occupied by the Romans for nearly four centuries, forming part of the province of Lower Moesia. Tyras enjoyed great development during Roman times: there is a series of its coins with heads of emperors from Domitian to Alexander Severus. But in the second half of the fourth century the area was continuously attacked by barbarians and the Roman legionaries left Tyras.\n\nIn the early Middle Ages, Slavic tribes of Tivertsi and Ulichs populated larger areas, including Transnistria, followed by Turkic nomads such as the Petchenegs and Cumans.\n\nPossibly an early part of Kievan Rus', after the Mongol invasion of Europe in 1241, the territory was briefly under Mongol control (yet probably without any permanent settlements) and later under the Crimean Khanate.\n\n===Early modern period===\nFrom the 15th century, northern Transnistria (current districts of Camenca and Rîbniţa) were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and later to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1793) which encouraged the migration of peasants into the territory from the neighbouring populated areas (from north and from west). Prince of Moldavia George Ducas (1665–66, 1668–72, 1678–84) built a court at Țicanova on the east bank of the Dniester, and one at Nimirov on the Southern Bug, last mentioned in Moldavian hands in 1765. The localities Dubăsari, Rașcov, Vasilcău, as well as four other currently in Ukraine are mentioned in 17th–18th centuries as fairs for the Dniester-Bug region. In 1769, a document dated at Bender mentions the then title of the Mitropolitan of Moldavia as ''Mitropolitan of Proilavia, of Tamarova, of Hotin, and of all the borders of the Danube, of the Dniester, and the Han's Ukraine'', the latter being a common reference to the then sparsely populated Dniester–Southern Bug–Dniepr area.\n\nBefore becoming part of the Russian Empire in 1792 (southern part) and 1793 (northern part) the largest groups living between the Dniester and the Bug rivers were Moldavian, Ruthenian (Ukrainian) and Tatar peasants. The Russian census of 1793 of the Ochakov region (southern part of the Dniester-Bug area) mentions a totality of 67 villages, of which 49 are mentioned as Moldavian and 18 as Tatar. The first candidate for the governor of the new Russian region was the Moldavian boyar of Greek ancestry Alexandru I. Mavrocordat. The northern part of Transnistria had Ruthenian (Ukrainian) and Moldavian villages.\n\n===Russian Empire===\nGrigoriopol was founded by Russian Empress Catherine II in 1792.\nIn 1792, the region became part of the Russian Empire as a result of the sixth Russo-Turkish War. In that year, the general Alexander Suvorov founded modern Tiraspol as a Russian border fortress. Until the Russian Revolution of 1917, the current Transnistria was divided among the imperial guberniyas of Podolia, Kherson, and Bessarabia. Most of the territory which now is Transnistria was part of the larger New Russia region, hence it saw a strong colonisation process, with a multitude of ethnicities being settled: lands were given to enserfed peasantry from Russia and Ukraine in Nova Serbia, while Jews and Germans were brought in to facilitate economic development.\n\n===Soviet and Romanian administration===\n\nMoldavian ASSR (orange) and Romania, 1924–1940\nTransnistria became an autonomous political entity in 1924 with the proclamation of the Moldavian ASSR, which included today's Transnistria (4,000 km2) and an adjacent area (9,000 km2) around the city of Balta in modern-day Ukraine, but nothing from Bessarabia, which at the time formed part of Romania. One of the reasons for the creation of the Moldavian ASSR was the desire of the Soviet Union at the time to eventually incorporate Bessarabia. The Moldavian SSR, organised by a decision of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 2 August 1940, was formed out of a part of Bessarabia (taken from Romania on 28 June, after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact) and out of a part of the Moldavian ASSR roughly equivalent to present-day Transnistria.\n\nIn 1941, after Axis forces invaded the Soviet Union during the Second World War, they defeated the Soviet troops in the region and occupied it. Romania controlled the entire region between Dniester and Southern Bug rivers, including the city of Odessa as local capital.\n\nThe Romanian-administered territory – called the Transnistria Governorate – with an area of 44,000 km2 and a population of 2.3 million inhabitants, was divided into 13 counties: Ananiev, Balta, Berzovca, Dubasari, Golta, Jugastru, Movilau, Oceacov, Odessa, Ovidiopol, Rîbnița, Tiraspol and Tulcin. This enlarged Transnistria was home to nearly 200,000 Romanian/Moldovan-speaking residents.\n\nThe Romanian administration of Transnistria attempted to stabilise the situation in the area under Romanian control, implementing a process of Romanianization.\n\nDuring the Romanian occupation of 1941–44, between 150,000 and 250,000 Ukrainian and Romanian Jews had been deported to Transnistria and the majority were executed or died from other causes in ghettos and concentration camps of the Governorate.\n\nAfter the Red Army reconquered the area in 1944, Soviet authorities executed, exiled or imprisoned hundreds of the Moldavian SSR inhabitants in the following months on charges of collaboration with the \"German-fascist occupiers\". A later campaign was directed against the rich peasant families, who were deported to Kazakhstan and Siberia. Over the course of two days, 6–7 July 1949, a plan named \"Operation South\" saw the deportation of over 11,342 families by the order of the Moldovian Minister of State Security, I. L. Mordovets.\n\n===Secession===\nIgor Smirnov, first president of Transnistria from 1991–2011\nIn the 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost in the Soviet Union allowed political liberalisation at a regional level. This led to the creation of various informal movements all over the country, and to a rise of nationalism within most Soviet republics. In the Moldavian SSR in particular, there was a significant resurgence of pro-Romanian nationalism among ethnic Moldovans. The most prominent of these movements was the Popular Front of Moldova. In the spring of 1988, PFM demanded that the Soviet authorities declare Moldovan the only state language, return to the use of the Latin alphabet, and recognise the shared ethnic identity of Moldovans and Romanians. The more radical factions of the Popular Front espoused extreme anti-minority, ethnocentric and chauvinist positions, calling for minority populations, particularly the Slavs (mainly Russians and Ukrainians) and Gagauz, to leave or be expelled from Moldova.\n\nOn 31 August 1989, the Supreme Council of the Moldavian SSR adopted Moldovan as the only official language with Russian retained only for secondary purposes, returned Moldovan to the Latin alphabet, and declared a shared Moldovan-Romanian linguistic identity. As plans for major cultural changes in Moldova were made public, tensions rose further. Ethnic minorities felt threatened by the prospects of removing Russian as the official language, which served as the medium of interethnic communication, and by the possible future reunification of Moldova and Romania, as well as the ethnocentric rhetoric of the Popular Front. The Yedinstvo (Unity) Movement, established by the Slavic population of Moldova, pressed for equal status to be given to both Russian and Moldovan. Transnistria's ethnic and linguistic composition differed significantly from most of the rest of Moldova. The share of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians was especially high and an overall majority of the population, some of them ethnic Moldovans, spoke Russian as a mother tongue. Ethnic Moldovans accounted for less than 40% of Transnistria's population in 1989.\nSoviet symbols are still used in Transnistria.\n\nThe nationalist Popular Front won the first free parliamentary elections in the Moldavian SSR in the spring of 1990, and its agenda started slowly to be implemented. On 2 September 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed as a Soviet republic by an ''ad hoc'' assembly, the Second Congress of the Peoples' Representatives of Transnistria. Violence escalated when in October 1990 the Popular Front called for volunteers to form armed militias to stop an autonomy referendum in Gagauzia, which had an even higher share of ethnic minorities. In response, volunteer militias were formed in Transnistria. In April 1990, nationalist mobs attacked ethnic Russian members of parliament, while the Moldovan police refused to intervene or restore order.\n\nIn the interest of preserving a unified Moldavian SSR within the USSR and preventing the situation escalating further, then Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, while citing the restriction of civil rights of ethnic minorities by Moldova as the cause of the dispute, declared the Transnistria proclamation to be lacking legal basis and annulled it by presidential decree on 22 December 1990. Nevertheless, no significant action was taken against Transnistria and the new authorities were slowly able to establish control of the region.\n\n===War of Transnistria===\n\nThe War of Transnistria followed armed clashes on a limited scale which broke out between Transnistrian separatists and Moldova as early as November 1990 at Dubăsari. Volunteers, including Cossacks, came from Russia to help the separatist side. In mid-April 1992, under the agreements on the split of the military equipment of the former Soviet Union negotiated between the former 15 republics in the previous months, Moldova created its own Defence Ministry. According to the decree of its creation, most of the 14th Soviet Army's military equipment was to be retained by Moldova. Starting from 2 March 1992, there was concerted military action between Moldova and Transnistria. Throughout early 1992 the fighting intensified. The former Soviet 14th Guards Army entered the conflict in its final stage, opening fire against Moldovan forces; Approximately 700 people were killed. Since then, Moldova has exercised no effective control or influence on Transnistrian authorities. A ceasefire agreement was signed on 21 July 1992 and has held to the present day.\n", "Dniester River in Bender\n\nTransnistria is landlocked and borders Bessarabia (i.e., the rest of Moldova, for 411 km) to the West, and Ukraine (for 405 km) to the East. It is a narrow valley stretching in the North-South direction along the bank of the Dniester river, which forms a natural boundary along most of the border with (the rest of) Moldova.\n\nThe territory controlled by the PMR is mostly, but not completely, coincident with the left (eastern) bank of Dniester. It includes ten cities and towns, and 69 communes, with a total of 147 localities (counting the unincorporated ones as well). Six communes on the left bank (Cocieri, Molovata Nouă, Corjova, Pîrîta, Coșnița, and Doroțcaia) remained under the control of the Moldovan government after the War of Transnistria in 1992, as part of the Dubăsari District. They are situated north and south of the city of Dubăsari, which itself is under PMR control. The village of Roghi of Molovata Nouă Commune is also controlled by the PMR (Moldova controls the other nine of the ten villages of the six communes).\n\nOn the west bank, in Bessarabia, the city of Bender and four communes (containing six villages) to its east, south-east, and south, on the opposite bank of the river Dniester from the city of Tiraspol (Proteagailovca, Gîsca, Chițcani, and Cremenciug) are controlled by the PMR.\n\nThe localities controlled by Moldova on the eastern bank, the village of Roghi, and the city of Dubăsari (situated on the eastern bank and controlled by the PMR) form a security zone along with the six villages and one city controlled by the PMR on the western bank, as well as two (Varnița and Copanca) on the same west bank under Moldovan control. The security situation inside it is subject to the Joint Control Commission rulings.\n\nThe main transportation route in Transnistria is the road Tiraspol-Dubăsari-Rîbnița. North and south of Dubăsari it passes through the lands of the villages controlled by Moldova (Doroțcaia, Cocieri, Roghi, while Vasilievca is entirely situated east of the road). Conflict erupted on several occasions when the PMR prevented the villagers from reaching their farmland east of the road.\n\nTransnistrians are able to travel (normally without difficulty) in and out of the territory under PMR control to neighbouring Moldovan-controlled territory, to Ukraine, and on to Russia, by road or (when service is not interrupted by political tensions) on two international trains, the year-round Moscow-Chișinău, and the seasonal Saratov-Varna. International air travellers rely on the airport in Chișinău, the Moldovan capital, or the airport in Odessa, in Ukraine.\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Names", "History", "Geography", "References" ]

[ "The PMR controls a narrow strip of territory to the east of the River Dniester, and also the city of Bender and its surrounding localities on the west bank, in the historical region of Bessarabia.", "The documents of the government of Moldova refer to the region as ''Stînga Nistrului'' (in full, ''Unitățile Administrativ-Teritoriale din Stînga Nistrului'') meaning \"Left Bank of the Dniester\" (in full, \"Administrative-territorial unit(s) of the Left Bank of the Dniester\").", "Prince of Moldavia George Ducas (1665–66, 1668–72, 1678–84) built a court at Țicanova on the east bank of the Dniester, and one at Nimirov on the Southern Bug, last mentioned in Moldavian hands in 1765.", "It is a narrow valley stretching in the North-South direction along the bank of the Dniester river, which forms a natural boundary along most of the border with (the rest of) Moldova.", "The territory controlled by the PMR is mostly, but not completely, coincident with the left (eastern) bank of Dniester.", "Six communes on the left bank (Cocieri, Molovata Nouă, Corjova, Pîrîta, Coșnița, and Doroțcaia) remained under the control of the Moldovan government after the War of Transnistria in 1992, as part of the Dubăsari District.", "On the west bank, in Bessarabia, the city of Bender and four communes (containing six villages) to its east, south-east, and south, on the opposite bank of the river Dniester from the city of Tiraspol (Proteagailovca, Gîsca, Chițcani, and Cremenciug) are controlled by the PMR.", "The localities controlled by Moldova on the eastern bank, the village of Roghi, and the city of Dubăsari (situated on the eastern bank and controlled by the PMR) form a security zone along with the six villages and one city controlled by the PMR on the western bank, as well as two (Varnița and Copanca) on the same west bank under Moldovan control." ]

[ "\nGeographical region Transnistria in relation to the rest of Moldova, landlocked along the border with Ukraine\n'''Transnistria''' (Romanian: ) - region in the east Europe.", "After the dissolution of the USSR, tensions between Moldova and the breakaway Transnistrian territory escalated into a military conflict that started in March 1992 and was concluded by a ceasefire in July of the same year.", "As part of that agreement, a three-party (Russia, Moldova, Transnistria) Joint Control Commission supervises the security arrangements in the demilitarised zone, comprising twenty localities on both sides of the river.", "Although the ceasefire has held, the territory's political status remains unresolved: Transnistria is an unrecognised but ''de facto'' independent semi-presidential republic with its own government, parliament, military, police, postal system, currency and vehicle registration.", "Its authorities have adopted a constitution, flag, national anthem, and coat of arms.", "It is the only country still using the hammer and sickle on its flag.", "After a 2005 agreement between Moldova and Ukraine, all Transnistrian companies that seek to export goods through the Ukrainian border must be registered with the Moldovan authorities.", "This agreement was implemented after the European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine (EUBAM) took force in 2005.", "Most Transnistrians also have Moldovan citizenship, but many Transnistrians also have Russian and Ukrainian citizenship.", "The largest ethnic group is Moldovans (32.1%), who historically had a higher share of the population, up to 49.4% in 1926.", "Transnistria, Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Artsakh are post-Soviet \"frozen conflict\" zones.", "These four partially recognised states maintain friendly relations with each other and form the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations.", "\n\nThe region is also known in English as \"Trans-Dniestr\" or \"Transdniestria\".", "Etymologically, these names are adaptations of the Romanian colloquial name of the region, \"Transnistria\" meaning \"beyond the River Dniester\".", "The name of the region according to the Transnistrian authorities is ''Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic'' (PMR) (, ''Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Respublika''; Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet: Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ, РМН, ; , ''Prydnistrovs'ka Moldavs'ka Respublika'').", "The short form of this name is ''Pridnestrovie'' (, ''Pridnestrovye''; Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet: Нистрения, ''Nistrenia''; , ''Prydnistrovya'').", "\"Pridnestrovie\" is a transliteration of the Russian \"Приднестровье\" meaning \"a land by the River Dniester\".", "\n\n===Antiquity and Middle Ages===\nIndo-European tribes had for millennia inhabited the area where Transnistria now is when it was a borderland between Dacia and Scythia.", "The Tyragetae (a Getae Thracian tribe) inhabited the area around the River Dniester (called \"Tyras\" in ancient documents) as well as the Scythians.", "Early Germanic and Turkic tribes were present in the area during their attacks and invasions of the Roman Empire.", "From 56 AD, the coastal area around the city of Tyras was occupied by the Romans for nearly four centuries, forming part of the province of Lower Moesia.", "Tyras enjoyed great development during Roman times: there is a series of its coins with heads of emperors from Domitian to Alexander Severus.", "But in the second half of the fourth century the area was continuously attacked by barbarians and the Roman legionaries left Tyras.", "In the early Middle Ages, Slavic tribes of Tivertsi and Ulichs populated larger areas, including Transnistria, followed by Turkic nomads such as the Petchenegs and Cumans.", "Possibly an early part of Kievan Rus', after the Mongol invasion of Europe in 1241, the territory was briefly under Mongol control (yet probably without any permanent settlements) and later under the Crimean Khanate.", "===Early modern period===\nFrom the 15th century, northern Transnistria (current districts of Camenca and Rîbniţa) were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and later to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1793) which encouraged the migration of peasants into the territory from the neighbouring populated areas (from north and from west).", "The localities Dubăsari, Rașcov, Vasilcău, as well as four other currently in Ukraine are mentioned in 17th–18th centuries as fairs for the Dniester-Bug region.", "In 1769, a document dated at Bender mentions the then title of the Mitropolitan of Moldavia as ''Mitropolitan of Proilavia, of Tamarova, of Hotin, and of all the borders of the Danube, of the Dniester, and the Han's Ukraine'', the latter being a common reference to the then sparsely populated Dniester–Southern Bug–Dniepr area.", "Before becoming part of the Russian Empire in 1792 (southern part) and 1793 (northern part) the largest groups living between the Dniester and the Bug rivers were Moldavian, Ruthenian (Ukrainian) and Tatar peasants.", "The Russian census of 1793 of the Ochakov region (southern part of the Dniester-Bug area) mentions a totality of 67 villages, of which 49 are mentioned as Moldavian and 18 as Tatar.", "The first candidate for the governor of the new Russian region was the Moldavian boyar of Greek ancestry Alexandru I. Mavrocordat.", "The northern part of Transnistria had Ruthenian (Ukrainian) and Moldavian villages.", "===Russian Empire===\nGrigoriopol was founded by Russian Empress Catherine II in 1792.", "In 1792, the region became part of the Russian Empire as a result of the sixth Russo-Turkish War.", "In that year, the general Alexander Suvorov founded modern Tiraspol as a Russian border fortress.", "Until the Russian Revolution of 1917, the current Transnistria was divided among the imperial guberniyas of Podolia, Kherson, and Bessarabia.", "Most of the territory which now is Transnistria was part of the larger New Russia region, hence it saw a strong colonisation process, with a multitude of ethnicities being settled: lands were given to enserfed peasantry from Russia and Ukraine in Nova Serbia, while Jews and Germans were brought in to facilitate economic development.", "===Soviet and Romanian administration===\n\nMoldavian ASSR (orange) and Romania, 1924–1940\nTransnistria became an autonomous political entity in 1924 with the proclamation of the Moldavian ASSR, which included today's Transnistria (4,000 km2) and an adjacent area (9,000 km2) around the city of Balta in modern-day Ukraine, but nothing from Bessarabia, which at the time formed part of Romania.", "One of the reasons for the creation of the Moldavian ASSR was the desire of the Soviet Union at the time to eventually incorporate Bessarabia.", "The Moldavian SSR, organised by a decision of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 2 August 1940, was formed out of a part of Bessarabia (taken from Romania on 28 June, after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact) and out of a part of the Moldavian ASSR roughly equivalent to present-day Transnistria.", "In 1941, after Axis forces invaded the Soviet Union during the Second World War, they defeated the Soviet troops in the region and occupied it.", "Romania controlled the entire region between Dniester and Southern Bug rivers, including the city of Odessa as local capital.", "The Romanian-administered territory – called the Transnistria Governorate – with an area of 44,000 km2 and a population of 2.3 million inhabitants, was divided into 13 counties: Ananiev, Balta, Berzovca, Dubasari, Golta, Jugastru, Movilau, Oceacov, Odessa, Ovidiopol, Rîbnița, Tiraspol and Tulcin.", "This enlarged Transnistria was home to nearly 200,000 Romanian/Moldovan-speaking residents.", "The Romanian administration of Transnistria attempted to stabilise the situation in the area under Romanian control, implementing a process of Romanianization.", "During the Romanian occupation of 1941–44, between 150,000 and 250,000 Ukrainian and Romanian Jews had been deported to Transnistria and the majority were executed or died from other causes in ghettos and concentration camps of the Governorate.", "After the Red Army reconquered the area in 1944, Soviet authorities executed, exiled or imprisoned hundreds of the Moldavian SSR inhabitants in the following months on charges of collaboration with the \"German-fascist occupiers\".", "A later campaign was directed against the rich peasant families, who were deported to Kazakhstan and Siberia.", "Over the course of two days, 6–7 July 1949, a plan named \"Operation South\" saw the deportation of over 11,342 families by the order of the Moldovian Minister of State Security, I. L. Mordovets.", "===Secession===\nIgor Smirnov, first president of Transnistria from 1991–2011\nIn the 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost in the Soviet Union allowed political liberalisation at a regional level.", "This led to the creation of various informal movements all over the country, and to a rise of nationalism within most Soviet republics.", "In the Moldavian SSR in particular, there was a significant resurgence of pro-Romanian nationalism among ethnic Moldovans.", "The most prominent of these movements was the Popular Front of Moldova.", "In the spring of 1988, PFM demanded that the Soviet authorities declare Moldovan the only state language, return to the use of the Latin alphabet, and recognise the shared ethnic identity of Moldovans and Romanians.", "The more radical factions of the Popular Front espoused extreme anti-minority, ethnocentric and chauvinist positions, calling for minority populations, particularly the Slavs (mainly Russians and Ukrainians) and Gagauz, to leave or be expelled from Moldova.", "On 31 August 1989, the Supreme Council of the Moldavian SSR adopted Moldovan as the only official language with Russian retained only for secondary purposes, returned Moldovan to the Latin alphabet, and declared a shared Moldovan-Romanian linguistic identity.", "As plans for major cultural changes in Moldova were made public, tensions rose further.", "Ethnic minorities felt threatened by the prospects of removing Russian as the official language, which served as the medium of interethnic communication, and by the possible future reunification of Moldova and Romania, as well as the ethnocentric rhetoric of the Popular Front.", "The Yedinstvo (Unity) Movement, established by the Slavic population of Moldova, pressed for equal status to be given to both Russian and Moldovan.", "Transnistria's ethnic and linguistic composition differed significantly from most of the rest of Moldova.", "The share of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians was especially high and an overall majority of the population, some of them ethnic Moldovans, spoke Russian as a mother tongue.", "Ethnic Moldovans accounted for less than 40% of Transnistria's population in 1989.", "Soviet symbols are still used in Transnistria.", "The nationalist Popular Front won the first free parliamentary elections in the Moldavian SSR in the spring of 1990, and its agenda started slowly to be implemented.", "On 2 September 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed as a Soviet republic by an ''ad hoc'' assembly, the Second Congress of the Peoples' Representatives of Transnistria.", "Violence escalated when in October 1990 the Popular Front called for volunteers to form armed militias to stop an autonomy referendum in Gagauzia, which had an even higher share of ethnic minorities.", "In response, volunteer militias were formed in Transnistria.", "In April 1990, nationalist mobs attacked ethnic Russian members of parliament, while the Moldovan police refused to intervene or restore order.", "In the interest of preserving a unified Moldavian SSR within the USSR and preventing the situation escalating further, then Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, while citing the restriction of civil rights of ethnic minorities by Moldova as the cause of the dispute, declared the Transnistria proclamation to be lacking legal basis and annulled it by presidential decree on 22 December 1990.", "Nevertheless, no significant action was taken against Transnistria and the new authorities were slowly able to establish control of the region.", "===War of Transnistria===\n\nThe War of Transnistria followed armed clashes on a limited scale which broke out between Transnistrian separatists and Moldova as early as November 1990 at Dubăsari.", "Volunteers, including Cossacks, came from Russia to help the separatist side.", "In mid-April 1992, under the agreements on the split of the military equipment of the former Soviet Union negotiated between the former 15 republics in the previous months, Moldova created its own Defence Ministry.", "According to the decree of its creation, most of the 14th Soviet Army's military equipment was to be retained by Moldova.", "Starting from 2 March 1992, there was concerted military action between Moldova and Transnistria.", "Throughout early 1992 the fighting intensified.", "The former Soviet 14th Guards Army entered the conflict in its final stage, opening fire against Moldovan forces; Approximately 700 people were killed.", "Since then, Moldova has exercised no effective control or influence on Transnistrian authorities.", "A ceasefire agreement was signed on 21 July 1992 and has held to the present day.", "Dniester River in Bender\n\nTransnistria is landlocked and borders Bessarabia (i.e., the rest of Moldova, for 411 km) to the West, and Ukraine (for 405 km) to the East.", "It includes ten cities and towns, and 69 communes, with a total of 147 localities (counting the unincorporated ones as well).", "They are situated north and south of the city of Dubăsari, which itself is under PMR control.", "The village of Roghi of Molovata Nouă Commune is also controlled by the PMR (Moldova controls the other nine of the ten villages of the six communes).", "The security situation inside it is subject to the Joint Control Commission rulings.", "The main transportation route in Transnistria is the road Tiraspol-Dubăsari-Rîbnița.", "North and south of Dubăsari it passes through the lands of the villages controlled by Moldova (Doroțcaia, Cocieri, Roghi, while Vasilievca is entirely situated east of the road).", "Conflict erupted on several occasions when the PMR prevented the villagers from reaching their farmland east of the road.", "Transnistrians are able to travel (normally without difficulty) in and out of the territory under PMR control to neighbouring Moldovan-controlled territory, to Ukraine, and on to Russia, by road or (when service is not interrupted by political tensions) on two international trains, the year-round Moscow-Chișinău, and the seasonal Saratov-Varna.", "International air travellers rely on the airport in Chișinău, the Moldovan capital, or the airport in Odessa, in Ukraine." ]

[ " \n\n'''Mellor Brothers''' was a farm machinery manufacturer in the early days of South Australia, founded by Joseph Mellor, and carried on by two of their four sons.\n", "Joseph Mellor, his wife Mary née Fox, and son Thomas Fox Mellor arrived in South Australia aboard ''Fairlie'' (often spelled ''Fairleigh'') in July 1840. \n:Also on board were his parents Thomas Mellor, his wife Margaret née Thornton, their unmarried daughters Mary and Delia and married daughters Elizabeth Walker and Nancy Turner with their husbands and young families.\nThe Mellors were to have three more sons, two of whom would figure prominently in the company's development.\n\nJoseph Mellor set himself up in business in Morphett Street as a carpenter and wheelwright, and was soon employing around five men and advertising manufacture of drays, wheelbarrows, harrows and other simple farming implements. By 1857 he was employing over fifty and had a second factory on Town Acre 246, Franklin Street adjacent to the original one on Town Acre 245 on the north-west corner of Morphett and Franklin streets. By 1859 he had 100 men and had agents in Melbourne, Wahgunyah and Beechworth in Victoria, and Goolwa in South Australia. \n\nAt the 1862 International Exhibition his reaping and harvesting machine won a medal, and was later sold to Russia. At the Grand General Show, held in conjunction with the Royal Visit of 1867, Mellor won a good number of prizes. Mellor was a member of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society. 1855–1862\n\nIn 1863 he purchased an block of land south of the railway line at Kapunda and opened a factory at the corner of Carrington and Cambria streets, with around 15 men under the supervision of his son James F. Mellor, which in 1864 produced 110 reaping machines.\n\n===Mellor Bros.===\nIn 1869 Joseph Mellor relinquished control of the Franklin Street Machine and Wheel Works in favour of his two elder sons, Thomas Fox Mellor and James Fox Mellor, who were joined at some later stage by Benjamin Fox Mellor. Thomas, who was little interested in engineering, served as manager for a time, then left to pursue a business career. \n\nJames F. Mellor resided at Kapunda, and supervised that factory.\nIn 1876 they erected a facility in Jamestown with some workshop facilities, managed by one J. W. Stephens. Agricultural machines fabricated in Kapunda were carried by road to Jamestown as it was cheaper than by rail, but at the cost of at least one life.\nThey set up another facility opposite the railway station in Quorn in 1880.\n\nThe partnership between T. F., J. F., and B. F. Mellor was dissolved 5 January 1878, but the business continued to operate under James' and Benjamin's joint ownership.\n\nThe company appointed agencies in Victoria, and in 1885 B. F. Mellor and his family moved to Ballarat, Victoria to oversee interstate distribution. In 1888 arrangements were made for McCalman, Garde, & Co. of North Melbourne to manufacture Mellor patent ploughs and scarifiers under licence. \nJ. F. and B. F. Mellor founded a factory at Braybrook Junction, close to Melbourne, cheap coal, bluestone quarries and railway facilities, and near the site of a successful demonstration of their stump-jump plough. The Braybrook Implement Works would later be taken over by H. V. McKay to become the giant Sunshine Harvester Works.\nJ. F. and B. F. Mellor also founded the Meadowbank Implement Works at Meadowbank, New South Wales.\nIn 1892 Benjamin F. Mellor sold up his personal property and settled in Moonee Ponds, Victoria.\n\nMellor Brothers Cooperative Limited (from 1892 Mellors Cooperative Company Ltd.) was founded 1890 to take over the assets of Mellor Brothers, and shares were sold, principally to farmers and employees. James F. Mellor was appointed chairman of directors. The Kapunda, Jamestown and Quorn assets were transferred to the new company in July 1891, and new depots established at Terowie and Hawker later that same year. Orroroo followed, then Nairne in 1893.\n\nIn 1893 a severe recession hit South Australia, coinciding with several bank failures. The company responded by putting employees on half time. In 1894, in the face of continuing losses and mounting bad debts, the company compulsorily acquired shares held by James and Benjamin Mellor, wrote down the asset value of goodwill and patent rights and filed for voluntary liquidation. The disposal of assets was handled by the firm of Bagot, Shakes and Lewis.\n\n===The brothers===\nThe sons of Joseph Mellor may have been educated at J. L. Young's Adelaide Educational Institution, but if so none was mentioned in any of the school's prizegiving ceremonies.\n\n'''Thomas Fox Mellor''' (1836 – 24 December 1898) was born in Rastrick, Yorkshire and came to South Australia with his parents as a four-year-old child.\nUnlike his brothers he had no inclination to things mechanical, and after assisting his father with management duties, severed his connection with the business and settled down to work as a land and estate agent, becoming a member of the Adelaide Stock Exchange. He was an avid draughts player, member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and prominent member of the Semaphore Baptist Church.\nHe died at his residence, Paxton Street, Semaphore. The funeral took place on Christmas Day, and his remains were interred in the Westt Terrace Cemetery.\n\n'''James Fox Mellor''' (1841 – 6 April 1914) was born in Adelaide in 1841, and joined his father's business on leaving school. In 1864 he proceeded to Kapunda to manage the factory there, and he lived there 23 years. He was a prominent citizen of the town, and was mayor for three years, and was particularly well known amongst the farming community. He and his brother Benjamin F. Mellor founded the Meadowbank Implement Works in Sydney, and the Braybrook Implement Works at Sunshine, Victoria. He married a daughter of Thomas Neill, accountant for the South Australian Company. He was a prominent member of the Tynte Street Baptist Church, North Adelaide.\nHe died at his residence. Molesworth Street, North Adelaide.\n\n'''Benjamin Fox Mellor''' (1843 – 5 March 1916) was born in Adelaide, and from a young age showed an interest in farming, and applied that knowledge to design and construction of reaping and winnowing machines and other agricultural implements. He took a great interest in religion, and was a member of the Bentham Street Baptist Church in the early days, and later of the Flinders Street Church.\nHe and his family moved to Victoria to manage an implement factory at Braybrook, and retired to live at Moonee Ponds. He married the only daughter of Robert Dawson, of Dublin, South Australia.\nHe died at Newlyn, Victoria while visiting a daughter.\n\n'''John Fox Mellor''' (22 February 1845 – 4 May 1913) was born in Adelaide and learned the trade of an ironmoulder, but left the business for farming. He secured a property at the Reedbeds, where he lived for 41 years. He was vitally interested in education and for 31 years was a member of the Thebarton School Board of Advice (ie. School Council). The extensive grounds of the Thebarton School were named \"The Mellor Playgrounds\" in his honour.\nHe was a driving force behind the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and a longtime member of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society and the the Field Naturalists' Society. He did much good work for the Home for Incurables at Fullarton. He was prominently connected the Adelaide Philharmonic Society and was honorary organist to several churches, including the Flinders Street Baptist Church. When the eminent English organist W. H. Jude came to Adelaide, he was a pioneer in the formation of the Jude Benevolent Search Party, a charitable organization. For years attended various churches in the Henley Beach area: Methodist, Baptist, Congregational, and Church of Christ. He was a longtime member of the Y.M.C.A. and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and the Voluntary Militia. He was a member of the Henley Beach branch of the Liberal Union.\nHe died at his home, \"Holmfirth\" in Fulham.\n\n'''Note on Mellor Park'''\nThere have been two quite separate Adelaide suburbs named \"Mellor Park\": one, now part of Semaphore Park, subdivided by Thomas F. Mellor in 1879, and the other now part of Lockleys subdivided by John White Mellor (son of John F. Mellor) in 1920.\n", "Thomas Mellor (c. 1782 – 15 March 1855) and Margaret \"Peggy\" Mellor née Thornton (c. 1784 – 4 April 1853) of Yorkshire. Their family included:\n*Joseph Mellor (9 September 1808 – 28 December 1880) married Mary Fox (c. 1808 – 12 December 1873) in 1835. They had a residence in Brown Street or Morphett Street, Adelaide in 1859; then around 1878 at The Semaphore, where he died. They had four sons:\n:*Thomas Fox Mellor (1836 – 24 December 1898) married Eleanor Emma Taylor ( – 1871) on 20 March 1861. He married again, to Sarah Ann Telling (c. 1835 – 10 March 1934) on 5 March 1873.\n::*Mary Lucretia Mellor (1862– )\n\n::*James Taylor Mellor LLB. (1865 – 13 April 1914) married Emma Masterman Adams ( – ) on 26 March 1891, lived at Avenel Gardens, Medindie. Mellor was solicitor with W. & T. Pope, , President of the Baptist Union, member of Woodville and Walkerville District councils and delegate to the Tramways Trust.\n:::*Thomas Reginald Mellor DSO OBE (15 January 1893 – 1960) married Dorothy Evelyn Corry in 1919. He served as a Major in the Great War, later Lt.-Colonel and solicitor with W. & T. Pope.\n\n::*Minnie Taylor Mellor (1868–1903)\n:*James Fox Mellor (1841 – 6 April 1914) married Jane Neill (c. 1841 – 28 May 1934) on 2 March 1865, lived at North Adelaide\n\n::*Victoria May Mellor (1867 – 13 April 1949)\n::*Elizabeth Lillian Mellor (1871 – 12 May 1937) married draper Tom Mellor Broadbent (c. 1871 – 10 April 1943) on 2 December 1895\n::*Arthur Neill Mellor (10 June 1873 – 20 October 1952)\n::*Alfred James Mellor (16 September 1875 – 5 August 1956), born at Carrington Street, Kapunda, married Salome Annie Tubb ( – ) on 9 April 1904\n::*Joseph Harold Mellor (1882–1966) married Olive Elsie Philips ( –1972) in 1912. She was author of ''Complete Australian Gardener'' (1952).\n:::*Douglas Harold Sinclair \"Doug\" Mellor RDA. (1916–1994) Lecturer in Farm Engineering at Roseworthy Agricultural College\n:*Benjamin Fox Mellor (1843 – 5 March 1916) married Catherine Lavinia Dawson ( – 16 March 1919) on 29 March 1871, lived at Moonee Ponds; the family all lived in Victoria.\n::*Edward Albert Dawson Mellor\t(26 January 1872 – April 1892)\n\n::*Franklyn Reginald Mellor (1 May 1875 – 1959) born at Franklin Street\n::*Bruce Torrens Mellor (11 November 1876 – 1956) born at sea aboard clipper ''Torrens''\n::*Nellie Theodora Mellor (27 June 1878 – 17 April 1945) \n\n::*Elsie Mary Mellor (21 May 1881 – 1965)\n::*Allan Robert Mellor (7 November 1882 – 1920) married Olive Holthum on 27 June 1919. Olive was an instructor at Burnley Horticultural College.\n::*Irene Josephine Mellor (6 March 1886 – 1963) \n::*Roy Keith Mellor (21 January 1891 – 1974)\n:*John Fox Mellor (22 February 1845 – 4 May 1913) married Eliza White (1 January 1847 – 7 October 1919) on 18 March 1868. Eliza was a daughter of John White (1790 – 30 December 1860), who arrived aboard Tam o'Shanter in December 1836. and purchased a section of the Reedbeds which he named Fulham Farm after the London suburb. The Mellors later took up an adjacent area.\n::*John White Mellor (10 December 1868 – 10 October 1931) married Elizabeth Maud Elliott ( – 22 August 1951) on 24 September 1913. He was Captain of the Reedbeds Rifle Club, company director, ornithologist, naturalist and collector. Died bankrupt.\n::*Percival Willingale Mellor (7 February 1875 – 2 June 1943), born at Henley Cottage, Reedbeds lived at Albert Hills\n::*Stanley Charles Mellor (2 May 1876 – 8 October 1947), lived at Fulham \n::*Barbara Willingale Mellor (13 March 1878 – 30 August 1934) married Edward Dunham Brooke Nicholls DDS. (11 February 1877 – ) in 1910, lived in Melbourne. He was a noted dentist, naturalist and author\n::*Charles White Mellor (11 September 1882 – 1970), lived in Wellington, New Zealand. \n::*Winnifred Mary Mellor (17 January 1885 – 13 November 1916), lived in Fulham, was educated at Miss Jacob's school in North Adelaide, and was an expert birdwatcher. She died suddenly without warning.\n:*Mary Eva Fox Mellor (1854–1854)\n\n*Elizabeth Walker née Mellor (7 January 1811 – 6 April 1894), and her husband Richard Fisher Walker (died 18 August 1884) and two children\n*Nancy Turner née Mellor (c. 1813 – 26 December 1894), and her husband Joshua Turner and their two daughters\n*Mary Mellor (9 October 1818 – 23 July 1906) married widower Job Gould Malin (died 1856) in 1843, in 1859 married baker John Lavin, lived in Port Adelaide.\n:*Sidney Malin (8 March 1851 – 28 January 1920) was mayor of Port Adelaide 1885–1887.\n*Delia \"Lucy\" Mellor (c. 1819 – 9 March 1886) married Daniel George Brock (died 1867) on 24 January 1842.\n:*Delia Annie Brock (c. 1847 – 2 October 1893) married William Henry Fox Baily in 1871.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "History", "Family", " References " ]

[ "In 1893 a severe recession hit South Australia, coinciding with several bank failures." ]

[ " \n\n'''Mellor Brothers''' was a farm machinery manufacturer in the early days of South Australia, founded by Joseph Mellor, and carried on by two of their four sons.", "Joseph Mellor, his wife Mary née Fox, and son Thomas Fox Mellor arrived in South Australia aboard ''Fairlie'' (often spelled ''Fairleigh'') in July 1840. \n:Also on board were his parents Thomas Mellor, his wife Margaret née Thornton, their unmarried daughters Mary and Delia and married daughters Elizabeth Walker and Nancy Turner with their husbands and young families.", "The Mellors were to have three more sons, two of whom would figure prominently in the company's development.", "Joseph Mellor set himself up in business in Morphett Street as a carpenter and wheelwright, and was soon employing around five men and advertising manufacture of drays, wheelbarrows, harrows and other simple farming implements.", "By 1857 he was employing over fifty and had a second factory on Town Acre 246, Franklin Street adjacent to the original one on Town Acre 245 on the north-west corner of Morphett and Franklin streets.", "By 1859 he had 100 men and had agents in Melbourne, Wahgunyah and Beechworth in Victoria, and Goolwa in South Australia.", "At the 1862 International Exhibition his reaping and harvesting machine won a medal, and was later sold to Russia.", "At the Grand General Show, held in conjunction with the Royal Visit of 1867, Mellor won a good number of prizes.", "Mellor was a member of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society.", "1855–1862\n\nIn 1863 he purchased an block of land south of the railway line at Kapunda and opened a factory at the corner of Carrington and Cambria streets, with around 15 men under the supervision of his son James F. Mellor, which in 1864 produced 110 reaping machines.", "===Mellor Bros.===\nIn 1869 Joseph Mellor relinquished control of the Franklin Street Machine and Wheel Works in favour of his two elder sons, Thomas Fox Mellor and James Fox Mellor, who were joined at some later stage by Benjamin Fox Mellor.", "Thomas, who was little interested in engineering, served as manager for a time, then left to pursue a business career.", "James F. Mellor resided at Kapunda, and supervised that factory.", "In 1876 they erected a facility in Jamestown with some workshop facilities, managed by one J. W. Stephens.", "Agricultural machines fabricated in Kapunda were carried by road to Jamestown as it was cheaper than by rail, but at the cost of at least one life.", "They set up another facility opposite the railway station in Quorn in 1880.", "The partnership between T. F., J. F., and B. F. Mellor was dissolved 5 January 1878, but the business continued to operate under James' and Benjamin's joint ownership.", "The company appointed agencies in Victoria, and in 1885 B. F. Mellor and his family moved to Ballarat, Victoria to oversee interstate distribution.", "In 1888 arrangements were made for McCalman, Garde, & Co. of North Melbourne to manufacture Mellor patent ploughs and scarifiers under licence.", "J. F. and B. F. Mellor founded a factory at Braybrook Junction, close to Melbourne, cheap coal, bluestone quarries and railway facilities, and near the site of a successful demonstration of their stump-jump plough.", "The Braybrook Implement Works would later be taken over by H. V. McKay to become the giant Sunshine Harvester Works.", "J. F. and B. F. Mellor also founded the Meadowbank Implement Works at Meadowbank, New South Wales.", "In 1892 Benjamin F. Mellor sold up his personal property and settled in Moonee Ponds, Victoria.", "Mellor Brothers Cooperative Limited (from 1892 Mellors Cooperative Company Ltd.) was founded 1890 to take over the assets of Mellor Brothers, and shares were sold, principally to farmers and employees.", "James F. Mellor was appointed chairman of directors.", "The Kapunda, Jamestown and Quorn assets were transferred to the new company in July 1891, and new depots established at Terowie and Hawker later that same year.", "Orroroo followed, then Nairne in 1893.", "The company responded by putting employees on half time.", "In 1894, in the face of continuing losses and mounting bad debts, the company compulsorily acquired shares held by James and Benjamin Mellor, wrote down the asset value of goodwill and patent rights and filed for voluntary liquidation.", "The disposal of assets was handled by the firm of Bagot, Shakes and Lewis.", "===The brothers===\nThe sons of Joseph Mellor may have been educated at J. L. Young's Adelaide Educational Institution, but if so none was mentioned in any of the school's prizegiving ceremonies.", "'''Thomas Fox Mellor''' (1836 – 24 December 1898) was born in Rastrick, Yorkshire and came to South Australia with his parents as a four-year-old child.", "Unlike his brothers he had no inclination to things mechanical, and after assisting his father with management duties, severed his connection with the business and settled down to work as a land and estate agent, becoming a member of the Adelaide Stock Exchange.", "He was an avid draughts player, member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and prominent member of the Semaphore Baptist Church.", "He died at his residence, Paxton Street, Semaphore.", "The funeral took place on Christmas Day, and his remains were interred in the Westt Terrace Cemetery.", "'''James Fox Mellor''' (1841 – 6 April 1914) was born in Adelaide in 1841, and joined his father's business on leaving school.", "In 1864 he proceeded to Kapunda to manage the factory there, and he lived there 23 years.", "He was a prominent citizen of the town, and was mayor for three years, and was particularly well known amongst the farming community.", "He and his brother Benjamin F. Mellor founded the Meadowbank Implement Works in Sydney, and the Braybrook Implement Works at Sunshine, Victoria.", "He married a daughter of Thomas Neill, accountant for the South Australian Company.", "He was a prominent member of the Tynte Street Baptist Church, North Adelaide.", "He died at his residence.", "Molesworth Street, North Adelaide.", "'''Benjamin Fox Mellor''' (1843 – 5 March 1916) was born in Adelaide, and from a young age showed an interest in farming, and applied that knowledge to design and construction of reaping and winnowing machines and other agricultural implements.", "He took a great interest in religion, and was a member of the Bentham Street Baptist Church in the early days, and later of the Flinders Street Church.", "He and his family moved to Victoria to manage an implement factory at Braybrook, and retired to live at Moonee Ponds.", "He married the only daughter of Robert Dawson, of Dublin, South Australia.", "He died at Newlyn, Victoria while visiting a daughter.", "'''John Fox Mellor''' (22 February 1845 – 4 May 1913) was born in Adelaide and learned the trade of an ironmoulder, but left the business for farming.", "He secured a property at the Reedbeds, where he lived for 41 years.", "He was vitally interested in education and for 31 years was a member of the Thebarton School Board of Advice (ie.", "School Council).", "The extensive grounds of the Thebarton School were named \"The Mellor Playgrounds\" in his honour.", "He was a driving force behind the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and a longtime member of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society and the the Field Naturalists' Society.", "He did much good work for the Home for Incurables at Fullarton.", "He was prominently connected the Adelaide Philharmonic Society and was honorary organist to several churches, including the Flinders Street Baptist Church.", "When the eminent English organist W. H. Jude came to Adelaide, he was a pioneer in the formation of the Jude Benevolent Search Party, a charitable organization.", "For years attended various churches in the Henley Beach area: Methodist, Baptist, Congregational, and Church of Christ.", "He was a longtime member of the Y.M.C.A.", "and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and the Voluntary Militia.", "He was a member of the Henley Beach branch of the Liberal Union.", "He died at his home, \"Holmfirth\" in Fulham.", "'''Note on Mellor Park'''\nThere have been two quite separate Adelaide suburbs named \"Mellor Park\": one, now part of Semaphore Park, subdivided by Thomas F. Mellor in 1879, and the other now part of Lockleys subdivided by John White Mellor (son of John F. Mellor) in 1920.", "Thomas Mellor (c. 1782 – 15 March 1855) and Margaret \"Peggy\" Mellor née Thornton (c. 1784 – 4 April 1853) of Yorkshire.", "Their family included:\n*Joseph Mellor (9 September 1808 – 28 December 1880) married Mary Fox (c. 1808 – 12 December 1873) in 1835.", "They had a residence in Brown Street or Morphett Street, Adelaide in 1859; then around 1878 at The Semaphore, where he died.", "They had four sons:\n:*Thomas Fox Mellor (1836 – 24 December 1898) married Eleanor Emma Taylor ( – 1871) on 20 March 1861.", "He married again, to Sarah Ann Telling (c. 1835 – 10 March 1934) on 5 March 1873.\n::*Mary Lucretia Mellor (1862– )\n\n::*James Taylor Mellor LLB.", "(1865 – 13 April 1914) married Emma Masterman Adams ( – ) on 26 March 1891, lived at Avenel Gardens, Medindie.", "Mellor was solicitor with W. & T. Pope, , President of the Baptist Union, member of Woodville and Walkerville District councils and delegate to the Tramways Trust.", ":::*Thomas Reginald Mellor DSO OBE (15 January 1893 – 1960) married Dorothy Evelyn Corry in 1919.", "He served as a Major in the Great War, later Lt.-Colonel and solicitor with W. & T. Pope.", "::*Minnie Taylor Mellor (1868–1903)\n:*James Fox Mellor (1841 – 6 April 1914) married Jane Neill (c. 1841 – 28 May 1934) on 2 March 1865, lived at North Adelaide\n\n::*Victoria May Mellor (1867 – 13 April 1949)\n::*Elizabeth Lillian Mellor (1871 – 12 May 1937) married draper Tom Mellor Broadbent (c. 1871 – 10 April 1943) on 2 December 1895\n::*Arthur Neill Mellor (10 June 1873 – 20 October 1952)\n::*Alfred James Mellor (16 September 1875 – 5 August 1956), born at Carrington Street, Kapunda, married Salome Annie Tubb ( – ) on 9 April 1904\n::*Joseph Harold Mellor (1882–1966) married Olive Elsie Philips ( –1972) in 1912.", "She was author of ''Complete Australian Gardener'' (1952).", ":::*Douglas Harold Sinclair \"Doug\" Mellor RDA.", "(1916–1994) Lecturer in Farm Engineering at Roseworthy Agricultural College\n:*Benjamin Fox Mellor (1843 – 5 March 1916) married Catherine Lavinia Dawson ( – 16 March 1919) on 29 March 1871, lived at Moonee Ponds; the family all lived in Victoria.", "::*Edward Albert Dawson Mellor\t(26 January 1872 – April 1892)\n\n::*Franklyn Reginald Mellor (1 May 1875 – 1959) born at Franklin Street\n::*Bruce Torrens Mellor (11 November 1876 – 1956) born at sea aboard clipper ''Torrens''\n::*Nellie Theodora Mellor (27 June 1878 – 17 April 1945) \n\n::*Elsie Mary Mellor (21 May 1881 – 1965)\n::*Allan Robert Mellor (7 November 1882 – 1920) married Olive Holthum on 27 June 1919.", "Olive was an instructor at Burnley Horticultural College.", "::*Irene Josephine Mellor (6 March 1886 – 1963) \n::*Roy Keith Mellor (21 January 1891 – 1974)\n:*John Fox Mellor (22 February 1845 – 4 May 1913) married Eliza White (1 January 1847 – 7 October 1919) on 18 March 1868.", "Eliza was a daughter of John White (1790 – 30 December 1860), who arrived aboard Tam o'Shanter in December 1836. and purchased a section of the Reedbeds which he named Fulham Farm after the London suburb.", "The Mellors later took up an adjacent area.", "::*John White Mellor (10 December 1868 – 10 October 1931) married Elizabeth Maud Elliott ( – 22 August 1951) on 24 September 1913.", "He was Captain of the Reedbeds Rifle Club, company director, ornithologist, naturalist and collector.", "Died bankrupt.", "::*Percival Willingale Mellor (7 February 1875 – 2 June 1943), born at Henley Cottage, Reedbeds lived at Albert Hills\n::*Stanley Charles Mellor (2 May 1876 – 8 October 1947), lived at Fulham \n::*Barbara Willingale Mellor (13 March 1878 – 30 August 1934) married Edward Dunham Brooke Nicholls DDS.", "(11 February 1877 – ) in 1910, lived in Melbourne.", "He was a noted dentist, naturalist and author\n::*Charles White Mellor (11 September 1882 – 1970), lived in Wellington, New Zealand.", "::*Winnifred Mary Mellor (17 January 1885 – 13 November 1916), lived in Fulham, was educated at Miss Jacob's school in North Adelaide, and was an expert birdwatcher.", "She died suddenly without warning.", ":*Mary Eva Fox Mellor (1854–1854)\n\n*Elizabeth Walker née Mellor (7 January 1811 – 6 April 1894), and her husband Richard Fisher Walker (died 18 August 1884) and two children\n*Nancy Turner née Mellor (c. 1813 – 26 December 1894), and her husband Joshua Turner and their two daughters\n*Mary Mellor (9 October 1818 – 23 July 1906) married widower Job Gould Malin (died 1856) in 1843, in 1859 married baker John Lavin, lived in Port Adelaide.", ":*Sidney Malin (8 March 1851 – 28 January 1920) was mayor of Port Adelaide 1885–1887.", "*Delia \"Lucy\" Mellor (c. 1819 – 9 March 1886) married Daniel George Brock (died 1867) on 24 January 1842.\n:*Delia Annie Brock (c. 1847 – 2 October 1893) married William Henry Fox Baily in 1871." ]

[ "'''EFSD''' may refer to:\n\n* ''European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes'', a foundation created by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)\n* Elizabeth Forward School District, in Elizabeth, Pennsylvania, United States\n* Eurasian Fund for Stabilization and Development (former EURASEC Anti-crisis Fund), a fund of the Eurasian Development Bank - an international financial institution established by Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Russia and Tajikistan\n* European Fund for Sustainable Development (EFSD), of the European Union\n* Education for sustainable development, EfSD\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction" ]

[ "'''EFSD''' may refer to:\n\n* ''European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes'', a foundation created by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)\n* Elizabeth Forward School District, in Elizabeth, Pennsylvania, United States\n* Eurasian Fund for Stabilization and Development (former EURASEC Anti-crisis Fund), a fund of the Eurasian Development Bank - an international financial institution established by Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Russia and Tajikistan\n* European Fund for Sustainable Development (EFSD), of the European Union\n* Education for sustainable development, EfSD" ]

[]

[ "'''Clitheroe Cricket Club''' is a cricket club which plays its home games at the '''Clitheroe Cricket Bowling & Tennis Club''' ground on Chatburn Road in Clitheroe. From 2017, it plays in the Lancashire League (cricket), having resigned the Ribblesdale League at the end of the 2016 season.\nClitheroe Cricket Club\nClitheroe Cricket Club 2\n", " Clitheroe cricket club had its origins in the Alhambra CC which was formed in 1860, the first organisation to call itself the towns club. The Alhambra club was so named because a circus with that title was accustomed to install itself on the field that became the cricket ground, believed to be behind the Wheatsheaf Inn on Whalley Road. It was in 1862 that the Alhambra club joined with the local junior club – the Rifle Corps – to form Clitheroe Cricket Club. \nThis followed a meeting at the Brownlow Arms (now the Yorkshire bank building) where the title of Clitheroe Cricket Club and a code of rules were agreed upon. \n\nA new ground was secured in Chatburn Road, not the present field, but one immediately below. The club did so well in gathering subscriptions, that after a year or two they were able to aspire to a real playing pitch, not a rented meadow, which was laid in the next field. This has been the clubs home ever since.\n \nIn the early days fixtures were against Great Harwood, Settle, Leyland, Haslingden, Bacup, Rishton, Church, Whitefield Stand (Manchester), Cob Wall (Blackburn), Eagley, Whalley, Skipton, Keighley, Sabden, Gargrave, Egerton and Calder Vale. Wickets were pitched early at 11.00am and consisted of two innings. Cricket at the time were friendly games but nevertheless, keenly fought. Then in 1892 the idea of league cricket with points and a championship at stake came about, due mainly in an attempt to increase crowds and revenue. Clitheroe reluctantly joined with other clubs to form the Ribblesdale League.\n\nIn 1920 the Chatburn road site was purchased by the Southworth family, who bestowed it to the club forever. In the unhappy event of the clubs extinction, the ownership of the field passes to the citizens of Clitheroe as a recreational area.\nThe first pavilion was erected in 1862, in the form of a big tent. There were two more wooden pavilions before the present facilities were completed in 1981.\n", "" ]

[ "Introduction", "History", "References" ]

[ "This followed a meeting at the Brownlow Arms (now the Yorkshire bank building) where the title of Clitheroe Cricket Club and a code of rules were agreed upon." ]

[ "'''Clitheroe Cricket Club''' is a cricket club which plays its home games at the '''Clitheroe Cricket Bowling & Tennis Club''' ground on Chatburn Road in Clitheroe.", "From 2017, it plays in the Lancashire League (cricket), having resigned the Ribblesdale League at the end of the 2016 season.", "Clitheroe Cricket Club\nClitheroe Cricket Club 2", " Clitheroe cricket club had its origins in the Alhambra CC which was formed in 1860, the first organisation to call itself the towns club.", "The Alhambra club was so named because a circus with that title was accustomed to install itself on the field that became the cricket ground, believed to be behind the Wheatsheaf Inn on Whalley Road.", "It was in 1862 that the Alhambra club joined with the local junior club – the Rifle Corps – to form Clitheroe Cricket Club.", "A new ground was secured in Chatburn Road, not the present field, but one immediately below.", "The club did so well in gathering subscriptions, that after a year or two they were able to aspire to a real playing pitch, not a rented meadow, which was laid in the next field.", "This has been the clubs home ever since.", "In the early days fixtures were against Great Harwood, Settle, Leyland, Haslingden, Bacup, Rishton, Church, Whitefield Stand (Manchester), Cob Wall (Blackburn), Eagley, Whalley, Skipton, Keighley, Sabden, Gargrave, Egerton and Calder Vale.", "Wickets were pitched early at 11.00am and consisted of two innings.", "Cricket at the time were friendly games but nevertheless, keenly fought.", "Then in 1892 the idea of league cricket with points and a championship at stake came about, due mainly in an attempt to increase crowds and revenue.", "Clitheroe reluctantly joined with other clubs to form the Ribblesdale League.", "In 1920 the Chatburn road site was purchased by the Southworth family, who bestowed it to the club forever.", "In the unhappy event of the clubs extinction, the ownership of the field passes to the citizens of Clitheroe as a recreational area.", "The first pavilion was erected in 1862, in the form of a big tent.", "There were two more wooden pavilions before the present facilities were completed in 1981." ]

[ "\nThe '''H.C. White Company Mill Complex''', is a historic industrial complex at 140 Water Street in North Bennington, Vermont. The White Company was founded in 1879, producing stereographic viewers and stereograph cards, as well as the Kiddie-Kar, a three-wheeled wooden scooter for children. These premises were occupied by the company from then until its closure in 1935. The complex, with buildings dating from 1887 to 1919, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.\n", "The former White Company Mill complex is located on the south side of North Bennington, on the west bank of Paran Brook above its mouth at the Walloomsac River. The complex includes a number of brick and wood-frame buildings, as well as a c. 1900 concrete dam across the brook, creating a mill pond north of the complex. The oldest building in the complex is a timber-framed three-story building constructed in 1887, after an earlier mill building was destroyed by fire. The major feature of the complex is a larger three-story brick building dating to the late 1910s. Other significant buildings include a two-story office building and a smaller two-story factory building. A number of smaller buildings dot the site.\n\nHawley C. White was a North Bennington native who learned the trade of grinding optical lenses in New York City. He returned to North Bennington in 1874, where he continued this trade, apparently in partnership with B.G. Surdam, producing lenses and stereoscope viewers. In 1878 White struck out on his own, acquiring this property, which then had industrial buildings already standing. These were destroyed by fire in 1887, after which White quickly rebuilt. In 1899 White expanded his business to include the production of stereoscopic images, sending photographers out to take pictures of the wonders of man and nature across the world. The company's high-quality images made it one of the leading producers of such imagery for over a decade. In the 1910s, seeking a new market, White embarked on the manufacture of wooden children's furniture and the highly popular Kiddie-Kar, a three-wheeled scooter. The company exited the steoroscope business in 1915, selling its image collection to the Keystone View Company. The company survived until 1935, when it went into receivership and closed. The complex has since been adapted to a variety of other uses, including office space, light industrial manufacturing, and residences.\n", "*National Register of Historic Places listings in Bennington County, Vermont\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Description and history", "See also", "References" ]

[ "The former White Company Mill complex is located on the south side of North Bennington, on the west bank of Paran Brook above its mouth at the Walloomsac River." ]

[ "\nThe '''H.C.", "White Company Mill Complex''', is a historic industrial complex at 140 Water Street in North Bennington, Vermont.", "The White Company was founded in 1879, producing stereographic viewers and stereograph cards, as well as the Kiddie-Kar, a three-wheeled wooden scooter for children.", "These premises were occupied by the company from then until its closure in 1935.", "The complex, with buildings dating from 1887 to 1919, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.", "The complex includes a number of brick and wood-frame buildings, as well as a c. 1900 concrete dam across the brook, creating a mill pond north of the complex.", "The oldest building in the complex is a timber-framed three-story building constructed in 1887, after an earlier mill building was destroyed by fire.", "The major feature of the complex is a larger three-story brick building dating to the late 1910s.", "Other significant buildings include a two-story office building and a smaller two-story factory building.", "A number of smaller buildings dot the site.", "Hawley C. White was a North Bennington native who learned the trade of grinding optical lenses in New York City.", "He returned to North Bennington in 1874, where he continued this trade, apparently in partnership with B.G.", "Surdam, producing lenses and stereoscope viewers.", "In 1878 White struck out on his own, acquiring this property, which then had industrial buildings already standing.", "These were destroyed by fire in 1887, after which White quickly rebuilt.", "In 1899 White expanded his business to include the production of stereoscopic images, sending photographers out to take pictures of the wonders of man and nature across the world.", "The company's high-quality images made it one of the leading producers of such imagery for over a decade.", "In the 1910s, seeking a new market, White embarked on the manufacture of wooden children's furniture and the highly popular Kiddie-Kar, a three-wheeled scooter.", "The company exited the steoroscope business in 1915, selling its image collection to the Keystone View Company.", "The company survived until 1935, when it went into receivership and closed.", "The complex has since been adapted to a variety of other uses, including office space, light industrial manufacturing, and residences.", "*National Register of Historic Places listings in Bennington County, Vermont" ]

[ "'''Ida Wikoff Baker''' (July 31, 1859 - April 21, 1907) was a business woman.\n", "Ida Wikoff Baker was born in Decatur, Illinois, on July 31, 1859. Her father, Peter Montfort Wikoff (1826-1899), a butcher and farmer, was a native of Warren County, Ohio, who moved with his father to Illinois while quite young. He was a descendant of Peter Cloesen Wikoff, who came from Holland in 1636 and settled on Long Island, where he held a position under the Dutch Government. He married Margaret Van Ness. Baker's mother, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Fletcher (1824-1896), was born near Crotches' Ferry, Maryland. \n", "In 1889 Baker's sister, Laura B. Wikoff Pahmeyer (1855-1933), organized a stock company composed of women only, for the purpose of promoting the industrial, educational and social advancement of women, and for literary, scientific and musical culture in the city of Decatur. Articles of incorporation were issued to the Woman's Club Stock Company on August 15, 1889, and a building was finished and occupied by the first tenant on November 1, 1890. Baker was named one of the nine directors at the first annual meeting, was elected secretary of the stock company on January 12, 1891. \n\nIn December 1889, the Woman's Exchange was established as a branch of the Industrial and Charitable Union. Baker was elected president and served until forced by illness to resign. After partly regaining her health, she served as treasurer and business manager. \n\nShe was a charter member of the Womans club and served as its president from 1898 to 1901. She was a chairman of the Civic division of the club and a few months prior her death appeared before he city council with a committee to ask for a police matron for the city of Decatur.\n\nShe was a member of the Order of the Eastern Star, and of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. \n", "Alice Baker File\n\nOn April 25, 1878, Ida Wikoff Baker married Joseph Newton Baker (1844-1929), then a merchant of Decatur, and later connected with the Citizens' National Bank. They had three children, but only a daughter, Alice A. Baker, lived. A son, Monfort W. Baker, died in 1879.\n\nShe died on April 21, 1907, and is buried at Greenwood Cemetery, Decatur, Illinois.\n", "Her house at 413 West Decatur Street, Decatur, Illinois, one of the oldest and best-preserved homes in Decatur, is now open to visit. It was originally built by John and Elizabeth Rucker of Long Creek for their granddaughter, Arminda Rucker, who married attorney Edwin R. Eldridge in 1869. In 1882 it was sold to Peter M. Wikoff, who gave it to his daughter, who moved in 1883, and then passed to her daughter Alice, who married Forrest File in 1908, and lived there until the 1940s.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life", "Career", "Personal life", "Legacy", "References" ]

[ "Alice Baker File\n\nOn April 25, 1878, Ida Wikoff Baker married Joseph Newton Baker (1844-1929), then a merchant of Decatur, and later connected with the Citizens' National Bank." ]

[ "'''Ida Wikoff Baker''' (July 31, 1859 - April 21, 1907) was a business woman.", "Ida Wikoff Baker was born in Decatur, Illinois, on July 31, 1859.", "Her father, Peter Montfort Wikoff (1826-1899), a butcher and farmer, was a native of Warren County, Ohio, who moved with his father to Illinois while quite young.", "He was a descendant of Peter Cloesen Wikoff, who came from Holland in 1636 and settled on Long Island, where he held a position under the Dutch Government.", "He married Margaret Van Ness.", "Baker's mother, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Fletcher (1824-1896), was born near Crotches' Ferry, Maryland.", "In 1889 Baker's sister, Laura B. Wikoff Pahmeyer (1855-1933), organized a stock company composed of women only, for the purpose of promoting the industrial, educational and social advancement of women, and for literary, scientific and musical culture in the city of Decatur.", "Articles of incorporation were issued to the Woman's Club Stock Company on August 15, 1889, and a building was finished and occupied by the first tenant on November 1, 1890.", "Baker was named one of the nine directors at the first annual meeting, was elected secretary of the stock company on January 12, 1891.", "In December 1889, the Woman's Exchange was established as a branch of the Industrial and Charitable Union.", "Baker was elected president and served until forced by illness to resign.", "After partly regaining her health, she served as treasurer and business manager.", "She was a charter member of the Womans club and served as its president from 1898 to 1901.", "She was a chairman of the Civic division of the club and a few months prior her death appeared before he city council with a committee to ask for a police matron for the city of Decatur.", "She was a member of the Order of the Eastern Star, and of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.", "They had three children, but only a daughter, Alice A. Baker, lived.", "A son, Monfort W. Baker, died in 1879.", "She died on April 21, 1907, and is buried at Greenwood Cemetery, Decatur, Illinois.", "Her house at 413 West Decatur Street, Decatur, Illinois, one of the oldest and best-preserved homes in Decatur, is now open to visit.", "It was originally built by John and Elizabeth Rucker of Long Creek for their granddaughter, Arminda Rucker, who married attorney Edwin R. Eldridge in 1869.", "In 1882 it was sold to Peter M. Wikoff, who gave it to his daughter, who moved in 1883, and then passed to her daughter Alice, who married Forrest File in 1908, and lived there until the 1940s." ]

[ "Laura Davis Worley, A woman of the century\n\n'''Laura Davis Worley''' (born 1849) was a dairy farmer.\n", "Laura Davis Worley was born in McMinnville, Tennessee in 1849, the daughter of Frank and Betty Davis. She was a descendant of Frederick Davis, one of the original settlers of Nashville and niece of Jefferson Davis of the Confederate Army.\n\nShe was graduated in 1865 from St. Cecilia's Convent, in Nashville, where she laid the foundation of a liberal education and devoted much time to the study of music, painting and the French language. \n\nAfter leaving school she continued her studies with private teachers. She traveled much in the United States and Canada. \n", "Finding the need of occupation and amusement in a little country village, Worley turned her attention to dairy farming. She owned a large herd of Holstein and Jersey cattle and made a high grade of butter. She shipped butter to Indianapolis, Louisville, and Chicago. The venture was too large for a small town like Ellettsville and it was liquidated.\n\nShe was the secretary of the Indiana State Dairy Association since its organization, and was a writer on subjects connected with dairying in all its branches. She was affiliated with the agriculture department at Purdue University.\n\nShe was a member of the World's Fair Congress Auxiliary in the labor department, vice-president of the Indiana Farmers' Reading Circle, and a member of the advisory board of the National Farmers' Reading Circle. \n\nShe was a member of the executive committee of the World's Fair Managers for Indiana. Laura’s sister, Florence Davis, was appointed by the Governor of Tennessee to also serve on the World’s Fair commission. In 1893 she was one of the commissioner of the World's Columbian Exposition.\n\nShe is the author of \"The Kenner Family\".\n", "She became the wife of Frank E. Worley, a banker and a large land-owner, of Ellettsville, Indiana. He was the owner of the Worley Bank. The bank was caught up in the Panic of 1893 and Worley lost several thousand dollars in personal wealth.\n\nThe Frank E. Worley House on the outskirts of Ellettsville was built in 1876 on the site of the old home of Worley's parents. The new house had a tower in the center front and the entrance is through the portico formed by the base of the tower. The architect was Joseph Marshall, Indianapolis. The stone mason was Thomas McIntosh of Greencastle. The Worleys sold it in 1898 and moved to St. Louis, Missouri. The house was demolished in 1942.\n\nThe Worleys owned a Mansion on Mobile Avenue in Daytona, Florida.\n\nShe died in August 1937, in St. Louis, and is buried at Riverside Cemetery, McMinnville.\n", "In 1915 she paid to place the Davis Memorial Fountain in the city park of McMinnville, as a memorial to her parents. The fountain feature a statue of Hebe, goddess of youth.\n\nShe was the first benefactor for the founding of the Wm. H. & Edgar J. Magness Community House and Library or Magness Library, in McMinnville.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life", "Career", "Personal life", "Legacy", "References" ]

[ "He was the owner of the Worley Bank.", "The bank was caught up in the Panic of 1893 and Worley lost several thousand dollars in personal wealth." ]

[ "Laura Davis Worley, A woman of the century\n\n'''Laura Davis Worley''' (born 1849) was a dairy farmer.", "Laura Davis Worley was born in McMinnville, Tennessee in 1849, the daughter of Frank and Betty Davis.", "She was a descendant of Frederick Davis, one of the original settlers of Nashville and niece of Jefferson Davis of the Confederate Army.", "She was graduated in 1865 from St. Cecilia's Convent, in Nashville, where she laid the foundation of a liberal education and devoted much time to the study of music, painting and the French language.", "After leaving school she continued her studies with private teachers.", "She traveled much in the United States and Canada.", "Finding the need of occupation and amusement in a little country village, Worley turned her attention to dairy farming.", "She owned a large herd of Holstein and Jersey cattle and made a high grade of butter.", "She shipped butter to Indianapolis, Louisville, and Chicago.", "The venture was too large for a small town like Ellettsville and it was liquidated.", "She was the secretary of the Indiana State Dairy Association since its organization, and was a writer on subjects connected with dairying in all its branches.", "She was affiliated with the agriculture department at Purdue University.", "She was a member of the World's Fair Congress Auxiliary in the labor department, vice-president of the Indiana Farmers' Reading Circle, and a member of the advisory board of the National Farmers' Reading Circle.", "She was a member of the executive committee of the World's Fair Managers for Indiana.", "Laura’s sister, Florence Davis, was appointed by the Governor of Tennessee to also serve on the World’s Fair commission.", "In 1893 she was one of the commissioner of the World's Columbian Exposition.", "She is the author of \"The Kenner Family\".", "She became the wife of Frank E. Worley, a banker and a large land-owner, of Ellettsville, Indiana.", "The Frank E. Worley House on the outskirts of Ellettsville was built in 1876 on the site of the old home of Worley's parents.", "The new house had a tower in the center front and the entrance is through the portico formed by the base of the tower.", "The architect was Joseph Marshall, Indianapolis.", "The stone mason was Thomas McIntosh of Greencastle.", "The Worleys sold it in 1898 and moved to St. Louis, Missouri.", "The house was demolished in 1942.", "The Worleys owned a Mansion on Mobile Avenue in Daytona, Florida.", "She died in August 1937, in St. Louis, and is buried at Riverside Cemetery, McMinnville.", "In 1915 she paid to place the Davis Memorial Fountain in the city park of McMinnville, as a memorial to her parents.", "The fountain feature a statue of Hebe, goddess of youth.", "She was the first benefactor for the founding of the Wm.", "H. & Edgar J. Magness Community House and Library or Magness Library, in McMinnville." ]

[ "\n''' Charles Shor ''' is a American businessman and philanthropist from Cincinnati, Ohio. He served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of the world's largest paper bag manufacturing company, Duro Bag Manufacturing from 1987 to 2014 before selling it to South Carolina-based Hilex Poly Co. LLC. \n", "\n====Early Life====\nShor was born in Cincinnati, Ohio on April 2nd, 1954. His father, S. David Shor had started the Covington, Kentucky-based paper bag manufacturing business, Duro Bag Manufacturing the year before Charles was born. At this point, the company had one location with only a handful of employees.\n\nIn 1976, Charles graduated from University of Michigan with a degree in Economics. In 1977, Charles joined the family business where he worked alongside his father until the elder Shor's death in 1987, at which point Charles would take over responsibilities as Duro Bag's new CEO. \n\n====Epilepsy====\nEarly in life, Shor had only experienced intermittent seizures. However, after a kidnapping attempt and being promoted to president of Duro, Shor began to have seizures on an almost-daily basis. Shortly after, he was diagnosed with epilepsy.\n\nCharles' epilepsy would eventually inspire him to start the Charles L. Shor Foundation for Epilepsy Research.\n\n= Career =\nAfter graduating from University of Michigan in 1976, Charles would join his family business as a salesman in 1977. After four years with the company, Charles' father would name him as President of Duro Bag at the age of 27.\n\nAfter his father's death in 1987, 33-year old Shor took the helm at Duro Bag where he was instantly faced with various challenges. In addition to his epilepsy, as well as increased competition from the plastic industry, Duro Bag's lender had also threatened to call the company's loans. However, then-local Fifth Third Bank eventually agreed to take on Duro's debt.\n\n Fifth Third's assistance would give Duro Bag the time it needed in order to realign its business strategy, ultimately resulting in Duro Bag's becoming the largest paper bag manufacturing company in the world. During Shor's tenure as CEO and majority owner, Duro Bag would make several innovations in the realm of paper bags, including; the first grocery bag made from 100% recycled material, the first tear-proof shopping bag (made from DuPont's TyVek material), as well as the first specialty bags for retailers; Tiffany's and Hallmark. Duro Bag would go on to purchase 17 competing paper bag companies on its path to becoming the biggest paper bag company in the world.\n\nAs a result of Duro's innovations in paper bags, the company quickly found itself on the list of Cincinnati Enquirer's top 100 private companies. Starting in 1988, Duro Bag moved from 7th to 5th to 4th, where it would remain a consistent top 10 until 2014.\n\nIn 2014, Charles Shor sold Duro Bag to Hilex Poly Co. LLC. for an undisclosed amount. The South Carolina-based paper bag firm bought Duro in an effort to augment its line of recycled products. On July 3rd, 2014 the formal relationship between Shor was effectively dissolved as the sale was finalized. \n", "==== Philanthropy====\nPrior to a kidnapping attempt at age 25, Shor had only ever experienced a handful of seizures. However, due to the harrowing event, his seizures would eventually become an almost daily occurrence. After being diagnosed with Epilepsy, Shor only continued in his career as the CEO of Duro Bag, but to also joined the medical community in its fight against the disorder. \n\nIn 2002, Shor launched the Charles L Shor Foundation for Epilepsy Research. The foundation has made donations in excess of $1,000,000 to various organizations including University of Cincinnati, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Cincinnati and is one of the top private foundations in Ohio. Through the foundation, Charles Shor has also heavily contributed to several neurological studies aimed to better understand seizures and the effect of stress on the brain. \n\nThough it is a major focus, Charles Shor's philanthropy is not solely reserved for epilepsy. In addition to the his support for Epilepsy research, Charles Shor, and the Charles L. Shor Foundation (not to be confused with the Charles L. Shor Foundation for Epilepsy Research) have consistently made contributions to Northern Kentucky University, The Cincinnati Zoo, and more.\n\nIn 2017, Charles Shor was the founding donor of the \"Charlie Shor Park\" at Aleh Negev, a rehabilitation village for disabled children and adults located in southern Israel.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Biography", "Today", " References " ]

[ "However, then-local Fifth Third Bank eventually agreed to take on Duro's debt." ]

[ "\n''' Charles Shor ''' is a American businessman and philanthropist from Cincinnati, Ohio.", "He served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of the world's largest paper bag manufacturing company, Duro Bag Manufacturing from 1987 to 2014 before selling it to South Carolina-based Hilex Poly Co. LLC.", "\n====Early Life====\nShor was born in Cincinnati, Ohio on April 2nd, 1954.", "His father, S. David Shor had started the Covington, Kentucky-based paper bag manufacturing business, Duro Bag Manufacturing the year before Charles was born.", "At this point, the company had one location with only a handful of employees.", "In 1976, Charles graduated from University of Michigan with a degree in Economics.", "In 1977, Charles joined the family business where he worked alongside his father until the elder Shor's death in 1987, at which point Charles would take over responsibilities as Duro Bag's new CEO.", "====Epilepsy====\nEarly in life, Shor had only experienced intermittent seizures.", "However, after a kidnapping attempt and being promoted to president of Duro, Shor began to have seizures on an almost-daily basis.", "Shortly after, he was diagnosed with epilepsy.", "Charles' epilepsy would eventually inspire him to start the Charles L. Shor Foundation for Epilepsy Research.", "= Career =\nAfter graduating from University of Michigan in 1976, Charles would join his family business as a salesman in 1977.", "After four years with the company, Charles' father would name him as President of Duro Bag at the age of 27.", "After his father's death in 1987, 33-year old Shor took the helm at Duro Bag where he was instantly faced with various challenges.", "In addition to his epilepsy, as well as increased competition from the plastic industry, Duro Bag's lender had also threatened to call the company's loans.", "Fifth Third's assistance would give Duro Bag the time it needed in order to realign its business strategy, ultimately resulting in Duro Bag's becoming the largest paper bag manufacturing company in the world.", "During Shor's tenure as CEO and majority owner, Duro Bag would make several innovations in the realm of paper bags, including; the first grocery bag made from 100% recycled material, the first tear-proof shopping bag (made from DuPont's TyVek material), as well as the first specialty bags for retailers; Tiffany's and Hallmark.", "Duro Bag would go on to purchase 17 competing paper bag companies on its path to becoming the biggest paper bag company in the world.", "As a result of Duro's innovations in paper bags, the company quickly found itself on the list of Cincinnati Enquirer's top 100 private companies.", "Starting in 1988, Duro Bag moved from 7th to 5th to 4th, where it would remain a consistent top 10 until 2014.", "In 2014, Charles Shor sold Duro Bag to Hilex Poly Co. LLC.", "for an undisclosed amount.", "The South Carolina-based paper bag firm bought Duro in an effort to augment its line of recycled products.", "On July 3rd, 2014 the formal relationship between Shor was effectively dissolved as the sale was finalized.", "==== Philanthropy====\nPrior to a kidnapping attempt at age 25, Shor had only ever experienced a handful of seizures.", "However, due to the harrowing event, his seizures would eventually become an almost daily occurrence.", "After being diagnosed with Epilepsy, Shor only continued in his career as the CEO of Duro Bag, but to also joined the medical community in its fight against the disorder.", "In 2002, Shor launched the Charles L Shor Foundation for Epilepsy Research.", "The foundation has made donations in excess of $1,000,000 to various organizations including University of Cincinnati, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Cincinnati and is one of the top private foundations in Ohio.", "Through the foundation, Charles Shor has also heavily contributed to several neurological studies aimed to better understand seizures and the effect of stress on the brain.", "Though it is a major focus, Charles Shor's philanthropy is not solely reserved for epilepsy.", "In addition to the his support for Epilepsy research, Charles Shor, and the Charles L. Shor Foundation (not to be confused with the Charles L. Shor Foundation for Epilepsy Research) have consistently made contributions to Northern Kentucky University, The Cincinnati Zoo, and more.", "In 2017, Charles Shor was the founding donor of the \"Charlie Shor Park\" at Aleh Negev, a rehabilitation village for disabled children and adults located in southern Israel." ]

[ "\n\n\n'''Grupo Vimenca''' is a privately held group of financial services companies in Dominican Republic with headquarter in Santo Domingo. It was established in 1950 by President and Founder of the group Victor Méndez Capellán . This family-owned company that began as a small business with one employee, today offers consumers global money transfer services through Western Union, in addition to banking, mortgage, business-\nto-business call center services, international holders and parcel services and multiply payments services.\n", "\nThe history of the group started with IATA agency. The first Dominican agency that had offered the program called “Travel now and pay later\". Program which had given opportunity to more than 650 000 Dominicans to emigrate, in majority to United States. From here starts the story of Vimenca Group. \nIn 1989, Vimenca obtained the exclusive representation of Western Union, to provide the services of transfer of money in the territory of the Dominican Republic.\n", "\nNowadays Vimenca Group comprises five service companies:\n# Remesas Vimenca (exclusive agent of Western Union). Western Union entered the Dominican Republic in 1989 which now boasts a strong network of more than 205 locations trough the country.\n# Banco Vimenca (Banking Services) was set up as a multi-service bank by resolution of the Monetary Board on April 25, 2002\n# Data Vimenca (BPO and Outsourcing Solutions)  created in September 2004, with more than 500 employees has been providing inbound and outbound calling services in key areas such as financial support, back office, sales, customer service, technical support and customer retention.\n# Vimenpaq (International Holders and Parcel Services) is a branded product between Vimenca and TransExpress, a US based company based in Miami, Florida, established in 1981. It is the leading provider of Global Post Cards in more than 80 countries worldwide.\n# PagaTodo (Multiple Payments Services) with more than 400 points, were clients can pay all bills with one visit.\n\n\n", "Grupo Vimenca Agreement Extends Western Union’s Presence in Dominican Republic \n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "History", "Subsidiaries of Grupo Vimenca", "External links" ]

[ "# Banco Vimenca (Banking Services) was set up as a multi-service bank by resolution of the Monetary Board on April 25, 2002\n# Data Vimenca (BPO and Outsourcing Solutions)  created in September 2004, with more than 500 employees has been providing inbound and outbound calling services in key areas such as financial support, back office, sales, customer service, technical support and customer retention." ]

[ "\n\n\n'''Grupo Vimenca''' is a privately held group of financial services companies in Dominican Republic with headquarter in Santo Domingo.", "It was established in 1950 by President and Founder of the group Victor Méndez Capellán .", "This family-owned company that began as a small business with one employee, today offers consumers global money transfer services through Western Union, in addition to banking, mortgage, business-\nto-business call center services, international holders and parcel services and multiply payments services.", "\nThe history of the group started with IATA agency.", "The first Dominican agency that had offered the program called “Travel now and pay later\".", "Program which had given opportunity to more than 650 000 Dominicans to emigrate, in majority to United States.", "From here starts the story of Vimenca Group.", "In 1989, Vimenca obtained the exclusive representation of Western Union, to provide the services of transfer of money in the territory of the Dominican Republic.", "\nNowadays Vimenca Group comprises five service companies:\n# Remesas Vimenca (exclusive agent of Western Union).", "Western Union entered the Dominican Republic in 1989 which now boasts a strong network of more than 205 locations trough the country.", "# Vimenpaq (International Holders and Parcel Services) is a branded product between Vimenca and TransExpress, a US based company based in Miami, Florida, established in 1981.", "It is the leading provider of Global Post Cards in more than 80 countries worldwide.", "# PagaTodo (Multiple Payments Services) with more than 400 points, were clients can pay all bills with one visit.", "Grupo Vimenca Agreement Extends Western Union’s Presence in Dominican Republic" ]

[ "The '''World Summit for Social Development''' was a conference held in Copenhagen from 6–12 March 1995. It aimed to \"establish a people-centered framework for social development, to build a culture of cooperation and partnership and to respond to the immediate needs of those who are most affected by human distress.\"\n\nOrganisations whose representatives addressed the summit included Grameen Bank, Soroptimist International, and Rotary International.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "References" ]

[ "Organisations whose representatives addressed the summit included Grameen Bank, Soroptimist International, and Rotary International." ]

[ "The '''World Summit for Social Development''' was a conference held in Copenhagen from 6–12 March 1995.", "It aimed to \"establish a people-centered framework for social development, to build a culture of cooperation and partnership and to respond to the immediate needs of those who are most affected by human distress.\"" ]

[ "\nThis is a compendium of animal names (i.e., nouns) that are also used as verbs in the English language. The list includes verbal usages that relate directly and indirectly to the noun’s meaning, analogies and unrelated verbal definitions, and is subdivided into common categories of vertebrate animals, together with a category of invertebrates.\n\n==Mammals and Reptiles==\n\n\n Animal !! Definition !! Sentence\n\n Aardvark \n sexual intercourse. \n Aardvarking\" is one of many euphemisms Briggs employs in reference to sexual intercourse.\n\n Ape \n imitate the behavior or manner of, especially in an absurd or unthinking way. \n New architecture can respect the old without aping its style.\n\n Badger \n ask repeatedly and annoyingly for something; pester. \n A slew of journalists badgered him about the deals.\n\n Bat \n hit with the palm of one's hand. \n He batted the flies away.\n\n Bat \n take in turns the role of hitting rather than fielding. \n Ruth came to bat in the fifth inning.\n\n Bat \n flutter one's eyelashes, typically in a flirtatious manner. \n She batted her long dark eyelashes at him.\n\n Bear \n carry. \n He was bearing a tray of brimming glasses.\n\nBear \n support. \n Some walls cannot bear a stone vault.\n\nBear \n endure. \n Unable to bear the looks turned upon her, she ran away.\n\n Bear \n give birth. \n She was lucky enough to bear six daughters.\n\n Bear \n turn and proceed in a specified direction. \n She directions said to bear left and follow the old road.\n\n Beaver (away) \n work hard. \n Bridget beavered away to keep things running smoothly.\n\n Bitch \n express displeasure; grumble.\n They bitch about everything!\n\n Buck \n perform a bucking movement. \n He's got to get his head down to buck.\n\n Buck (up) \n to try to make someone happier, or to become happier. \n I took him out to lunch to try to buck him up.\n\n Buffalo \n overawe or intimidate. \n She didn't like being buffaloed and said so.\n\n Bull \n push or drive powerfully or violently. \n He bulled the motorcycle clear of the tunnel.\n\n Cat \n raise an anchor from the surface of the water to the cathead. \n They catted her anchor as she went.\n\n Cat (around) \n To look for sexual partners; have an affair or affairs. \n Catting around with every lady in sight.\n\n Chipmunk \n To speed up an audio recording, especially a song, to make the voices high-pitched. \n Audio files prevent chipmunking when encoded at the proper speed.\n\n Chipmunk \n put as much food in one's mouth as possible during the final seconds of an eating contest. \nIf chipmunking is allowed in a contest, eaters are given a reasonable amount of time to swallow the food.\n\n Cow \n intimidate into submission. \n The intellectuals had been cowed into silence.\n\n Dog \n follow closely and persistently. \n This scandal has been dogging the administration for many months!\n\n Dog \n act lazily; fail to try one's hardest. \n He entered the season with a reputation for dogging it when he wasn't the primary receiver.\n\nDog \n grip with a mechanical device. \n She has dogged the door shut.\n\n Ferret (out) \n to discover information by searching for it in a determined way.\n We're going to ferret out all the connections between the election results and Russia.\n\n Fox \n baffle or deceive. \n The bad light and dark shadows foxed him.\n\n Hog \n keep or use for oneself in an unfair or selfish way. \n He never hogged the limelight.\n\n Horse \n provide with a horse or horses. \n For firms horsing their own vehicles, the cost of the yard would be a joint cost and cannot be divided between horses and vehicles.\n\n Hound \n harass, persecute, or pursue relentlessly.\n She reminds me of the tenacious attorney general who had hounded Jimmy Hoffa and other labor bosses.\n\n Kangaroo \n to move forward or to cause (a car) to move forward with short sudden jerks, as a result of improper use of the clutch. \n My car keeps kangarooing when I try to accelerate.\n\n Lion \n give a lot of public attention and approval to (someone); treat as a celebrity, as in lionize. \n Modern athletes are lionized.\n\n Monkey \n behave in a silly or playful way. \n My brother and I were monkeying around and he was pretending to try to throw me to the ground.\n\n Mouse \n hunt for or catch mice. \n I'm not sure what the cats will make of them - that field is Faber's main area for mousing and Sorley seems to go in there quite a bit too.\n\n Mouse \n use a computer mouse to move a cursor on a computer screen. \n Simply mouse over any item in the list.\n\n Pig \n gorge oneself with food. \n Don't pig out on chips before dinner. (Don't pig out on chips before dinner.)\n\n Pig \n crowd together with other people in disorderly or dirty conditions. \n He and Irving pigged it for years in a shoebox of an apartment.\n\n Pig \ngive birth to piglets; farrow. \n The patron of the hospital was held in such esteem, that when any person's sow pigged , one was set apart, and fed as fat as they could make it, to give to the brethren of St. Anthony.\n\n Pig \n operate a pig within an oil or gas pipeline. \n If the pipeline is to be cleaned mechanically or \" pigged \" the pipeline size may dictate the minimum valve bore or the valve configuration.\n\nPig (out) \n gorge oneself with food. \nDon't pig out on chips before dinner.\n\n Pony (up) \n pay (money), especially as a contribution or an unavoidable expense. \n They were getting ready to pony up for their children's college education.\n\n Rabbit \n hunt rabbits. \n We located the area where one can go rabbiting.\n\n Rabbit \n talk at length, especially about trivial matters. \n Stop rabbiting on, will you, and go to bed!\n\n Ram \n roughly force (something) into place. \n He rammed his stick into the ground.\n\n Rat \n (of a person, dog, or cat) hunt or kill rats. \n In another era, perhaps he and his mates would simply have gone out poaching or ratting, grumbling about bloody women along the way.\n\n Seal \n fasten or close securely. \n He folded it, sealed the envelope, and walked to the mailbox.\n\n Snake \n move or extend with the twisting motion of a snake. \n A rope snaked down.\n\n Skunk \n defeat (someone) overwhelmingly in a game or contest, especially by preventing them from scoring at all. \n After that, we went to play a round of pool so that I could redeem myself, and we both thought for a bit that I was going to skunk him.\n\nSkunk \n avoid paying a debt.\n He skunked the load. \n\n Squirrel \n hide money or something of value in a safe place. \n The money was squirreled away in foreign bank accounts.\n\nSquirrel \n move in an inquisitive and restless manner. \n They were squirreling around in the woods in search of something.\n\n Sow \n plant by scattering seed on or in the earth. \n He was time to sow a thin layer of seeds on top. \n\n Steer \n guide or control the movement of. \nAll I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by. \n\n Tomcat \n pursue women promiscuously for sexual gratification. \n He was tomcatting all night and sleeping until afternoon.\n\n Turtle \n engage in a gameplay strategy that emphasizes heavy defense, with little or no offense. \n Turtling minimizes risk to the turtling player while baiting opponents to take risks in trying to overcome the defenses.\n\n Turtle\n withdraw and shrink, like a turtle hiding in its shell.\n Two boys, Bragi and Haaken, turtled their heads against their shoulders and hurried past. \n\n Weasel \n achieve something by use of cunning or deceit. \n She suspects me of trying to weasel my way into his affections.\n\n Whale \n beat; hit. \n Dad came upstairs and whaled me.\n\n Wildcat \n prospect for oil. \n Although Krajick's book about a pair of wildcatting prospectors is set mostly in Canada's Northwest Territories during the 1990s, the hostility and paranoia on display are the same as at the Namibian mine.\n\n Wolf \n devour greedily. \n He wolfed down his breakfast.\n\n Yak \n talk at length, especially about trivial matters. \n So it was easier to let the old blowhard yak away and just nod occasionally.\n\n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n Animal !! Definition !! Sentence\n\n Bird \n To catch birds. \n I'm biased, but in my opinion, birding is the Greatest Pursuit Available to a Citizen of the Modern World.\n\n Chicken (out) \n withdraw from or fail in something through lack of nerve. \n The referee chickened out of giving a penalty.\n\n Cock \n shape hay, straw, or other material into a pile with vertical sides and a rounded top. \n It was a cocked heap.\n\n Cock (up) (Britishism) \n ruin something. \n The cocked election results created a number of problems.\n\n Crane \n stretch out one's body or neck in order to see something. \n She craned forward to look more clearly.\n\n Crow \n utter the characteristic loud cry of a rooster. \n Funny, I thought normal roosters crowed in the morning.\n\n Cuckoo \n utter the call of the cuckoo or an imitation of it, cuckooed, cuckooing. \n The bird was cuckooing all night.\n\n Cuckoo\n perpetrate a new type of crime in which a drug dealer befriends a vulnerable individual who lives on their own. \n Cuckooing young men was a hobby of his.\n\n Duck \n lower the head or the body quickly to avoid a blow or so as not to be seen. \n The spectators ducked for cover.\n\n Duck \n plunge one's head or body underwater. \n I had to keep ducking down to get my head cool.\n\nDuck \n refrain from playing a winning card on a particular trick for tactical reasons. \n Ducking a trick is a necessary evil when playing bridge.\n\n Duck (out) \n leave hurriedly or secretly; evade responsibility. \n If I can I'll duck out of the office early.\n\n Eagle \n play a golf hole in two strokes under par. \n He eagled the last to share fourth place.He eagled the last to share fourth place.\n\n Gander \n look intensely. \n Paulie gandered at shelves full of coffee paraphernalia.\n\n Goose \n poke between the buttocks. \n They boys were goosing me in a sensitive spot and I couldn't stop laughing.\n\nGoose \n give a boost; invigorate; increase. \n The director goosed up the star's ratings by making him funny.\n\n Grouse \n complain pettily; grumble. \n She heard him grousing about his assistant.\n\n Gull \n fool or deceive (someone). \n Unfortunately, workers had been gulled into inflicting poverty and deprivation upon themselves.\n\n Hawk \n hunt game with a trained hawk. \n He spent the afternoon hawking.\n\n Hawk\n hunt on the wing for food. \n Swifts hawked low over the water.\n\n Hawk\n carry around and offer goods for sale, typically advertising them by shouting. \nStreet traders were hawking costume jewelry.\n\n Hawk \n clear the throat noisily.\nHe hawked and spat into the flames.\n\n Kite \n fly a kite. \n A childhood judo enthusiast, he now just sticks to diving, surfing and kiting.\n\n Kite\n float a check with insufficient funds during the time it takes to clear the bank account. \n Prosecutors haven't revealed how he was tracked down, but as part of the plea deal they agreed not to prosecute the former fed for kiting checks through his Bank of America account while a fugitive.\n\n Lark \n enjoy oneself by behaving in a playful and mischievous way. \n He jumped the fence and went larking the rest of the day.\n\n Parrot \n repeat mechanically. \n He was encouraging students to parrot back information.\n\n Peacock \n display oneself ostentatiously; strut like a peacock. \n He peacocks in front of the full-length mirror.\n\n Quail \n feel or show fear or apprehension. \n She quailed at his heartless words.\n\n Rail \n provide or enclose with a rail or rails.\n The altar is railed off from the nave.\n\nRail \n sail a windsurfer board on its edge, so that it is at a sharp angle to the surface of the water. \n Heeling and railing are the same. Mono hull boats heel and windsurfers rail.\n\n Rail\n complain or protest strongly and persistently about. \n He railed at human fickleness.\n\n Raven \n hunt ferociously for prey. \n He and the hounds ravening him are amalgamated in one precipitate upsweep of pigments.\n\n Rook \n take money by cheating, defrauding, or overcharging. \n And they were convinced they'd rooked us… Yeah, the perfect business deal.\n\n Shag \n chase or catch fly balls for practice. \n At the few other games I went to by myself, I also saw him in the outfield talking with teammates while they shagged fly balls.\n\n Snipe\n shoot at someone from a hiding place, especially accurately and at long range. \n The soldiers in the trench sniped at us.\n\n Snipe\n make a sly or petty verbal attack. \n The state governor constantly sniped at the president.\n\n Swallow \n cause something to pass down the throat. \n She swallowed a mouthful slowly.\n\n Swan \n move about or go somewhere in a casual, relaxed way, typically perceived as irresponsible or ostentatious by others. \n Swanning around in a $2,000 sharkskin suit doesn't make you a Renaissance prince.\n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n Animal !! Definition !! Sentence\n\n Carp \n complain or find fault continually, typically about trivial matters. \n I don't want to carp about the way you did it.\n\n Fish \n catch or try to catch fish, typically by using a net or hook and line. \n He was fishing for bluefish.\n\nFish \n attempt to induce someone to provide some form of information. \n He was fishing for compliments/clues.\n\n Flounder \n struggle or stagger helplessly or clumsily in water or mud. \n He was floundering about in the shallow offshore waters.\n\n Perch \n alight or rest on something. \n A herring gull perched on the mast.\n\n Pike \n kill or thrust through with a pike. \n Piking the man seemed unnecessary.\n\n Ray \n spread from or as if from a central point. \n Delicate lines rayed out at each corner of her eyes.\n\n Sole \n put a new sole onto a shoe. \n I had my favourite boots soled and heeled for half the price of a London cobbler.\n\n Torpedo \n attack or sink with a torpedo or torpedoes. \n Unfortunately, the ship was torpedoed while still in the Baltic Sea and sank.\n\n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n Animal !! Definition !! Sentence\n\n Baby \n treat as a baby; pamper or be overprotective toward. \n Her aunt babied her and fussed over her clothes.\n\n Calf (calve) \n give birth to a calf. \n We are not aware of similar data reported for cows calving during different seasons of the year.\n\n Calf (calve) \n detached from an iceberg. \n Out past a cruising leopard seal, the distant Marr Glacier calves another berg, the boom echoing across the water.\n\n Cocoon \n envelop or surround in a protective or comforting way. \n We began to feel cold even though we were cocooned in our sleeping bags.\n\n Egg \n urge or encourage someone to do something, especially something foolish or risky. \n The man looked sick, but people around him were egging him on , encouraging him.\n\n Fawn \n produce young. \n Does fawning take place in the spring and summer?\n\n Fawn \n give a servile display of exaggerated flattery or affection, typically in order to gain favor or advantage. \n The congressmen fawned all over the President, but to no avail.\n\nFry \n cook in hot fat or oil, typically in a shallow pan. \nWhen all's ready, shallow fry the crumbed pork and slice.\n\nFry\ndestroy.\nDrugs fry the brain.\n\n Foal \n give birth to a foal. \n We will give special consideration to mares foaling in Kentucky.\n\n Kid \n give birth to the kid of a goat. \n We first vaccinated the kids on the 18th April 1995, but we did not know for two years, when the goats eventually kidded whether the vaccination had worked or not, and even then they may not succumb to the disease straight away.\n\n Spawn \n release or deposit eggs.\n The fish spawn among fine-leaved plants.\n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n Animal !! Definition !! Sentence\n\n Beetle \n make one's way hurriedly or with short, quick steps. \n The tourist beetled off to their next stop.\n\n Bug \n conceal a miniature microphone in a room or telephone in order to monitor or record someone's conversations. \n The telephones in the presidential palace were bugged.\n\n Bug \n annoy or bother (someone). \n A persistent reporter was bugging me.\n\n Butterfly \n split a piece of meat) down the center and spread it out flat. \n The chief butterflied shrimp.\n\n Clam \n dig for or collect clams. \n it was one of the worst times for clamming.\n\n Clam \n abruptly stop talking, either for fear of revealing a secret or from shyness. \n When he's around people he doesn't know he clams up completely and just stops talking.\n\n Crab \n move sideways or obliquely. \n In a de-crab crosswind landing, the nose points into the wind so that the aircraft approaches the runway slightly skewed with respect to the runway centerline (crabbing).\n\n Crab \n fish for crabs. \n They used to go duck hunting and crabbing and fishing and that's how they survived and raised all the family.\n\n Crab\n grumble, typically about something petty. \n He remembered how she would crab about sand in her food when they went to the beach.\n\n Earwig \n eavesdrop on a conversation. \n He looked behind him to see if anyone was earwigging.\n\n Fly \n propel through the air under control. \n Close the door or the moths will fly into the house.\n\n Leech \n habitually exploit or rely on. \n Once again he's leeching off the kindness of others.\n\n Lobster \n catch lobsters. \n He said, \"Just keep lobstering till it runs out, I guess.\"\n\n Louse \n remove lice from. \n They were lousing each other; and it surprised us that they did not discontinue their work as we entered.\n\n Louse (up)\n spoil or ruin something.\n \nHe loused up my promotion chances. \n\n Scallop \n gather or dredge for scallops. \n And in the unlikely event that you get bored with counting portholes, you can always go scalloping - the seabed is alive with them!\n\n Shrimp \n fish for shrimp. \n While on patrol, Bubba proposed that he and Forrest go into the shrimping business.\n\n Slug \n drink in a large draft; swig. \n She picked up her drink and slugged it straight back.\n\n Slug \n strike with a hard blow. \n He was the one who'd get slugged.\n\n Spider \n move in a scuttling manner suggestive of a spider. \n A treecreeper spidered head first down the tree trunk.\n\n Sponge \n wipe, rub, or clean with a wet sponge or cloth. \n She sponged him down in an attempt to cool his fever.\n\n Sponge \n obtain or accept money or food from other people without doing or intending to do anything in return. \n They found they could earn a perfectly good living by sponging off others.\n\n Tick \n make regular short sharp sounds, typically one for every second of time that passes. \n I could hear the clock ticking.\n\n Worm \n move along the grounding the manner of a worm. \n I wormed my way along the roadside ditch.\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " [[Birds]] ", " [[Fish]] ", " Immature Forms ", " [[Invertebrates]] ", "References" ]

[ "The money was squirreled away in foreign bank accounts.", "Kite\n float a check with insufficient funds during the time it takes to clear the bank account.", "Prosecutors haven't revealed how he was tracked down, but as part of the plea deal they agreed not to prosecute the former fed for kiting checks through his Bank of America account while a fugitive." ]

[ "\nThis is a compendium of animal names (i.e., nouns) that are also used as verbs in the English language.", "The list includes verbal usages that relate directly and indirectly to the noun’s meaning, analogies and unrelated verbal definitions, and is subdivided into common categories of vertebrate animals, together with a category of invertebrates.", "==Mammals and Reptiles==\n\n\n Animal !", "!", "Definition !", "!", "Sentence\n\n Aardvark \n sexual intercourse.", "Aardvarking\" is one of many euphemisms Briggs employs in reference to sexual intercourse.", "Ape \n imitate the behavior or manner of, especially in an absurd or unthinking way.", "New architecture can respect the old without aping its style.", "Badger \n ask repeatedly and annoyingly for something; pester.", "A slew of journalists badgered him about the deals.", "Bat \n hit with the palm of one's hand.", "He batted the flies away.", "Bat \n take in turns the role of hitting rather than fielding.", "Ruth came to bat in the fifth inning.", "Bat \n flutter one's eyelashes, typically in a flirtatious manner.", "She batted her long dark eyelashes at him.", "Bear \n carry.", "He was bearing a tray of brimming glasses.", "Bear \n support.", "Some walls cannot bear a stone vault.", "Bear \n endure.", "Unable to bear the looks turned upon her, she ran away.", "Bear \n give birth.", "She was lucky enough to bear six daughters.", "Bear \n turn and proceed in a specified direction.", "She directions said to bear left and follow the old road.", "Beaver (away) \n work hard.", "Bridget beavered away to keep things running smoothly.", "Bitch \n express displeasure; grumble.", "They bitch about everything!", "Buck \n perform a bucking movement.", "He's got to get his head down to buck.", "Buck (up) \n to try to make someone happier, or to become happier.", "I took him out to lunch to try to buck him up.", "Buffalo \n overawe or intimidate.", "She didn't like being buffaloed and said so.", "Bull \n push or drive powerfully or violently.", "He bulled the motorcycle clear of the tunnel.", "Cat \n raise an anchor from the surface of the water to the cathead.", "They catted her anchor as she went.", "Cat (around) \n To look for sexual partners; have an affair or affairs.", "Catting around with every lady in sight.", "Chipmunk \n To speed up an audio recording, especially a song, to make the voices high-pitched.", "Audio files prevent chipmunking when encoded at the proper speed.", "Chipmunk \n put as much food in one's mouth as possible during the final seconds of an eating contest.", "If chipmunking is allowed in a contest, eaters are given a reasonable amount of time to swallow the food.", "Cow \n intimidate into submission.", "The intellectuals had been cowed into silence.", "Dog \n follow closely and persistently.", "This scandal has been dogging the administration for many months!", "Dog \n act lazily; fail to try one's hardest.", "He entered the season with a reputation for dogging it when he wasn't the primary receiver.", "Dog \n grip with a mechanical device.", "She has dogged the door shut.", "Ferret (out) \n to discover information by searching for it in a determined way.", "We're going to ferret out all the connections between the election results and Russia.", "Fox \n baffle or deceive.", "The bad light and dark shadows foxed him.", "Hog \n keep or use for oneself in an unfair or selfish way.", "He never hogged the limelight.", "Horse \n provide with a horse or horses.", "For firms horsing their own vehicles, the cost of the yard would be a joint cost and cannot be divided between horses and vehicles.", "Hound \n harass, persecute, or pursue relentlessly.", "She reminds me of the tenacious attorney general who had hounded Jimmy Hoffa and other labor bosses.", "Kangaroo \n to move forward or to cause (a car) to move forward with short sudden jerks, as a result of improper use of the clutch.", "My car keeps kangarooing when I try to accelerate.", "Lion \n give a lot of public attention and approval to (someone); treat as a celebrity, as in lionize.", "Modern athletes are lionized.", "Monkey \n behave in a silly or playful way.", "My brother and I were monkeying around and he was pretending to try to throw me to the ground.", "Mouse \n hunt for or catch mice.", "I'm not sure what the cats will make of them - that field is Faber's main area for mousing and Sorley seems to go in there quite a bit too.", "Mouse \n use a computer mouse to move a cursor on a computer screen.", "Simply mouse over any item in the list.", "Pig \n gorge oneself with food.", "Don't pig out on chips before dinner.", "(Don't pig out on chips before dinner.)", "Pig \n crowd together with other people in disorderly or dirty conditions.", "He and Irving pigged it for years in a shoebox of an apartment.", "Pig \ngive birth to piglets; farrow.", "The patron of the hospital was held in such esteem, that when any person's sow pigged , one was set apart, and fed as fat as they could make it, to give to the brethren of St. Anthony.", "Pig \n operate a pig within an oil or gas pipeline.", "If the pipeline is to be cleaned mechanically or \" pigged \" the pipeline size may dictate the minimum valve bore or the valve configuration.", "Pig (out) \n gorge oneself with food.", "Don't pig out on chips before dinner.", "Pony (up) \n pay (money), especially as a contribution or an unavoidable expense.", "They were getting ready to pony up for their children's college education.", "Rabbit \n hunt rabbits.", "We located the area where one can go rabbiting.", "Rabbit \n talk at length, especially about trivial matters.", "Stop rabbiting on, will you, and go to bed!", "Ram \n roughly force (something) into place.", "He rammed his stick into the ground.", "Rat \n (of a person, dog, or cat) hunt or kill rats.", "In another era, perhaps he and his mates would simply have gone out poaching or ratting, grumbling about bloody women along the way.", "Seal \n fasten or close securely.", "He folded it, sealed the envelope, and walked to the mailbox.", "Snake \n move or extend with the twisting motion of a snake.", "A rope snaked down.", "Skunk \n defeat (someone) overwhelmingly in a game or contest, especially by preventing them from scoring at all.", "After that, we went to play a round of pool so that I could redeem myself, and we both thought for a bit that I was going to skunk him.", "Skunk \n avoid paying a debt.", "He skunked the load.", "Squirrel \n hide money or something of value in a safe place.", "Squirrel \n move in an inquisitive and restless manner.", "They were squirreling around in the woods in search of something.", "Sow \n plant by scattering seed on or in the earth.", "He was time to sow a thin layer of seeds on top.", "Steer \n guide or control the movement of.", "All I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by.", "Tomcat \n pursue women promiscuously for sexual gratification.", "He was tomcatting all night and sleeping until afternoon.", "Turtle \n engage in a gameplay strategy that emphasizes heavy defense, with little or no offense.", "Turtling minimizes risk to the turtling player while baiting opponents to take risks in trying to overcome the defenses.", "Turtle\n withdraw and shrink, like a turtle hiding in its shell.", "Two boys, Bragi and Haaken, turtled their heads against their shoulders and hurried past.", "Weasel \n achieve something by use of cunning or deceit.", "She suspects me of trying to weasel my way into his affections.", "Whale \n beat; hit.", "Dad came upstairs and whaled me.", "Wildcat \n prospect for oil.", "Although Krajick's book about a pair of wildcatting prospectors is set mostly in Canada's Northwest Territories during the 1990s, the hostility and paranoia on display are the same as at the Namibian mine.", "Wolf \n devour greedily.", "He wolfed down his breakfast.", "Yak \n talk at length, especially about trivial matters.", "So it was easier to let the old blowhard yak away and just nod occasionally.", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n Animal !", "!", "Definition !", "!", "Sentence\n\n Bird \n To catch birds.", "I'm biased, but in my opinion, birding is the Greatest Pursuit Available to a Citizen of the Modern World.", "Chicken (out) \n withdraw from or fail in something through lack of nerve.", "The referee chickened out of giving a penalty.", "Cock \n shape hay, straw, or other material into a pile with vertical sides and a rounded top.", "It was a cocked heap.", "Cock (up) (Britishism) \n ruin something.", "The cocked election results created a number of problems.", "Crane \n stretch out one's body or neck in order to see something.", "She craned forward to look more clearly.", "Crow \n utter the characteristic loud cry of a rooster.", "Funny, I thought normal roosters crowed in the morning.", "Cuckoo \n utter the call of the cuckoo or an imitation of it, cuckooed, cuckooing.", "The bird was cuckooing all night.", "Cuckoo\n perpetrate a new type of crime in which a drug dealer befriends a vulnerable individual who lives on their own.", "Cuckooing young men was a hobby of his.", "Duck \n lower the head or the body quickly to avoid a blow or so as not to be seen.", "The spectators ducked for cover.", "Duck \n plunge one's head or body underwater.", "I had to keep ducking down to get my head cool.", "Duck \n refrain from playing a winning card on a particular trick for tactical reasons.", "Ducking a trick is a necessary evil when playing bridge.", "Duck (out) \n leave hurriedly or secretly; evade responsibility.", "If I can I'll duck out of the office early.", "Eagle \n play a golf hole in two strokes under par.", "He eagled the last to share fourth place.He eagled the last to share fourth place.", "Gander \n look intensely.", "Paulie gandered at shelves full of coffee paraphernalia.", "Goose \n poke between the buttocks.", "They boys were goosing me in a sensitive spot and I couldn't stop laughing.", "Goose \n give a boost; invigorate; increase.", "The director goosed up the star's ratings by making him funny.", "Grouse \n complain pettily; grumble.", "She heard him grousing about his assistant.", "Gull \n fool or deceive (someone).", "Unfortunately, workers had been gulled into inflicting poverty and deprivation upon themselves.", "Hawk \n hunt game with a trained hawk.", "He spent the afternoon hawking.", "Hawk\n hunt on the wing for food.", "Swifts hawked low over the water.", "Hawk\n carry around and offer goods for sale, typically advertising them by shouting.", "Street traders were hawking costume jewelry.", "Hawk \n clear the throat noisily.", "He hawked and spat into the flames.", "Kite \n fly a kite.", "A childhood judo enthusiast, he now just sticks to diving, surfing and kiting.", "Lark \n enjoy oneself by behaving in a playful and mischievous way.", "He jumped the fence and went larking the rest of the day.", "Parrot \n repeat mechanically.", "He was encouraging students to parrot back information.", "Peacock \n display oneself ostentatiously; strut like a peacock.", "He peacocks in front of the full-length mirror.", "Quail \n feel or show fear or apprehension.", "She quailed at his heartless words.", "Rail \n provide or enclose with a rail or rails.", "The altar is railed off from the nave.", "Rail \n sail a windsurfer board on its edge, so that it is at a sharp angle to the surface of the water.", "Heeling and railing are the same.", "Mono hull boats heel and windsurfers rail.", "Rail\n complain or protest strongly and persistently about.", "He railed at human fickleness.", "Raven \n hunt ferociously for prey.", "He and the hounds ravening him are amalgamated in one precipitate upsweep of pigments.", "Rook \n take money by cheating, defrauding, or overcharging.", "And they were convinced they'd rooked us… Yeah, the perfect business deal.", "Shag \n chase or catch fly balls for practice.", "At the few other games I went to by myself, I also saw him in the outfield talking with teammates while they shagged fly balls.", "Snipe\n shoot at someone from a hiding place, especially accurately and at long range.", "The soldiers in the trench sniped at us.", "Snipe\n make a sly or petty verbal attack.", "The state governor constantly sniped at the president.", "Swallow \n cause something to pass down the throat.", "She swallowed a mouthful slowly.", "Swan \n move about or go somewhere in a casual, relaxed way, typically perceived as irresponsible or ostentatious by others.", "Swanning around in a $2,000 sharkskin suit doesn't make you a Renaissance prince.", "{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n Animal !", "!", "Definition !", "!", "Sentence\n\n Carp \n complain or find fault continually, typically about trivial matters.", "I don't want to carp about the way you did it.", "Fish \n catch or try to catch fish, typically by using a net or hook and line.", "He was fishing for bluefish.", "Fish \n attempt to induce someone to provide some form of information.", "He was fishing for compliments/clues.", "Flounder \n struggle or stagger helplessly or clumsily in water or mud.", "He was floundering about in the shallow offshore waters.", "Perch \n alight or rest on something.", "A herring gull perched on the mast.", "Pike \n kill or thrust through with a pike.", "Piking the man seemed unnecessary.", "Ray \n spread from or as if from a central point.", "Delicate lines rayed out at each corner of her eyes.", "Sole \n put a new sole onto a shoe.", "I had my favourite boots soled and heeled for half the price of a London cobbler.", "Torpedo \n attack or sink with a torpedo or torpedoes.", "Unfortunately, the ship was torpedoed while still in the Baltic Sea and sank.", "{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n Animal !", "!", "Definition !", "!", "Sentence\n\n Baby \n treat as a baby; pamper or be overprotective toward.", "Her aunt babied her and fussed over her clothes.", "Calf (calve) \n give birth to a calf.", "We are not aware of similar data reported for cows calving during different seasons of the year.", "Calf (calve) \n detached from an iceberg.", "Out past a cruising leopard seal, the distant Marr Glacier calves another berg, the boom echoing across the water.", "Cocoon \n envelop or surround in a protective or comforting way.", "We began to feel cold even though we were cocooned in our sleeping bags.", "Egg \n urge or encourage someone to do something, especially something foolish or risky.", "The man looked sick, but people around him were egging him on , encouraging him.", "Fawn \n produce young.", "Does fawning take place in the spring and summer?", "Fawn \n give a servile display of exaggerated flattery or affection, typically in order to gain favor or advantage.", "The congressmen fawned all over the President, but to no avail.", "Fry \n cook in hot fat or oil, typically in a shallow pan.", "When all's ready, shallow fry the crumbed pork and slice.", "Fry\ndestroy.", "Drugs fry the brain.", "Foal \n give birth to a foal.", "We will give special consideration to mares foaling in Kentucky.", "Kid \n give birth to the kid of a goat.", "We first vaccinated the kids on the 18th April 1995, but we did not know for two years, when the goats eventually kidded whether the vaccination had worked or not, and even then they may not succumb to the disease straight away.", "Spawn \n release or deposit eggs.", "The fish spawn among fine-leaved plants.", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n Animal !", "!", "Definition !", "!", "Sentence\n\n Beetle \n make one's way hurriedly or with short, quick steps.", "The tourist beetled off to their next stop.", "Bug \n conceal a miniature microphone in a room or telephone in order to monitor or record someone's conversations.", "The telephones in the presidential palace were bugged.", "Bug \n annoy or bother (someone).", "A persistent reporter was bugging me.", "Butterfly \n split a piece of meat) down the center and spread it out flat.", "The chief butterflied shrimp.", "Clam \n dig for or collect clams.", "it was one of the worst times for clamming.", "Clam \n abruptly stop talking, either for fear of revealing a secret or from shyness.", "When he's around people he doesn't know he clams up completely and just stops talking.", "Crab \n move sideways or obliquely.", "In a de-crab crosswind landing, the nose points into the wind so that the aircraft approaches the runway slightly skewed with respect to the runway centerline (crabbing).", "Crab \n fish for crabs.", "They used to go duck hunting and crabbing and fishing and that's how they survived and raised all the family.", "Crab\n grumble, typically about something petty.", "He remembered how she would crab about sand in her food when they went to the beach.", "Earwig \n eavesdrop on a conversation.", "He looked behind him to see if anyone was earwigging.", "Fly \n propel through the air under control.", "Close the door or the moths will fly into the house.", "Leech \n habitually exploit or rely on.", "Once again he's leeching off the kindness of others.", "Lobster \n catch lobsters.", "He said, \"Just keep lobstering till it runs out, I guess.\"", "Louse \n remove lice from.", "They were lousing each other; and it surprised us that they did not discontinue their work as we entered.", "Louse (up)\n spoil or ruin something.", "He loused up my promotion chances.", "Scallop \n gather or dredge for scallops.", "And in the unlikely event that you get bored with counting portholes, you can always go scalloping - the seabed is alive with them!", "Shrimp \n fish for shrimp.", "While on patrol, Bubba proposed that he and Forrest go into the shrimping business.", "Slug \n drink in a large draft; swig.", "She picked up her drink and slugged it straight back.", "Slug \n strike with a hard blow.", "He was the one who'd get slugged.", "Spider \n move in a scuttling manner suggestive of a spider.", "A treecreeper spidered head first down the tree trunk.", "Sponge \n wipe, rub, or clean with a wet sponge or cloth.", "She sponged him down in an attempt to cool his fever.", "Sponge \n obtain or accept money or food from other people without doing or intending to do anything in return.", "They found they could earn a perfectly good living by sponging off others.", "Tick \n make regular short sharp sounds, typically one for every second of time that passes.", "I could hear the clock ticking.", "Worm \n move along the grounding the manner of a worm.", "I wormed my way along the roadside ditch." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n'''Jim Hazel''' is a prominent South Australian businessperson with experience in banking, property and retirement sectors. He is an independent director of Bendigo Bank and Adelaide Bank and was the General manager of Adelaide Bank during the 1990s. He is a member of the MARAS Group's advisory board, is the CEO of Primelife and the Chairman of Ingenia and Omega Communities and has served on the boards of Impedimed Limited, Coopers Brewery Limited and Centrex Metals Ltd. He is a member of the Council of the University of South Australia. \n\nHazel was appointed Non-Executive Director of the Motor Accident Commission in 2010, is Deputy Chairman and Finance Director of the Adelaide Football Club and is on the advisory board of Fortis Ago. When Fortis Ago was established ''The Advertiser'' described Hazel as one of the \"heavyweights\" of business in South Australia, alongside co-directors Bruce Carter and Rob Chapman. Hazel also shares a business interest with Chapman through Inheritance Capital Asset Management (ICAM), for which he acts as Chair. Chapman is a non-executive director. ICAM owns a half stake in the Westpac building, the tallest tower in the city of Adelaide, South Australia.\n\nHe has acted as Chairman of Valex Group Pty Ltd, Rural Bank Limited and HPS Services Pty Ltd.\n\nHazel holds a degree in Economics from the University of Adelaide, is a Senior Fellow of the Financial Services Institute of Australasia and a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Company Directors.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " References " ]

[ "He is an independent director of Bendigo Bank and Adelaide Bank and was the General manager of Adelaide Bank during the 1990s.", "He has acted as Chairman of Valex Group Pty Ltd, Rural Bank Limited and HPS Services Pty Ltd.\n\nHazel holds a degree in Economics from the University of Adelaide, is a Senior Fellow of the Financial Services Institute of Australasia and a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Company Directors." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n'''Jim Hazel''' is a prominent South Australian businessperson with experience in banking, property and retirement sectors.", "He is a member of the MARAS Group's advisory board, is the CEO of Primelife and the Chairman of Ingenia and Omega Communities and has served on the boards of Impedimed Limited, Coopers Brewery Limited and Centrex Metals Ltd.", "He is a member of the Council of the University of South Australia.", "Hazel was appointed Non-Executive Director of the Motor Accident Commission in 2010, is Deputy Chairman and Finance Director of the Adelaide Football Club and is on the advisory board of Fortis Ago.", "When Fortis Ago was established ''The Advertiser'' described Hazel as one of the \"heavyweights\" of business in South Australia, alongside co-directors Bruce Carter and Rob Chapman.", "Hazel also shares a business interest with Chapman through Inheritance Capital Asset Management (ICAM), for which he acts as Chair.", "Chapman is a non-executive director.", "ICAM owns a half stake in the Westpac building, the tallest tower in the city of Adelaide, South Australia." ]

[ "\n\n'''''Maigret et l'affaire Saint-Fiacre''''' is a 1959 French crime film directed by Jean Delannoy that stars Jean Gabin as the fictional police detective Jules Maigret. Adapted from the novel ''l'Affaire Saint-Fiacre'' by the Belgian writer Georges Simenon, it tells how Maigret goes privately to the aid of his late father's employer who has received an anonymous death threat and, though unable to prevent the death, unmasks the plotters. \n", "Commissioner Maigret returns to Saint-Fiacre, the village he grew up in, where his father had been estate manager for the family owning the château. The widowed countess has asked him to come urgently because she has received an anonymous letter saying she will die next day, which is Ash Wednesday. He finds the château in a sorry state: its contents are being systematically sold by the countess' young assistant Sabatier and its lands by the current estate manager Gautier and his young son Émile, a bank clerk. They say they are doing this to fund the countess' son Maurice, an alcoholic playboy who rarely visits his now-sick mother. \n\nEarly next morning the countess goes to mass at the village church where, on returning to her pew after receiving the sacrament, she falls dead. The local doctor Bouchardon is not surprised, telling Maigret that her heart was weak and that she died of natural causes. When that day's local paper arrives, the front page reports that the young count Maurice killed himself in Paris the day before. But Maurice is in fact alive and has rushed back on learning of his mother's death. Ringing the newspaper, Maigret is told that the report was phoned in last thing without time to check.\n\nNow convinced of a plot to rob and kill the countess, whose young favourite he had once been, Maigret starts his own investigation of what caused her sudden death and who wanted her dead. On returning to her pew she had opened her missal, which has disappeared. He finds it hidden in the sacristry and pasted in it is the newspaper report of her son's suicide. At the time of her death the day's newspapers had not reached the village shop, so somebody brought the cutting from the town where the paper was printed.\n\nWithout revealing his hand, Maurice has also been investigating and, while his mother's body is still lying upstairs, organises a macabre dinner party for those he suspects. At it, Maigret accuses both the doctor and the assistant of negligence, but not homicide, and then reveals that the plotters were the manager and his son, who sought to cut out Maurice and enrich themselves. He calls the local police to take them away.\n", "\n* Jean Gabin : Commissioner Maigret\n* Michel Auclair : Maurice de Saint-Fiacre\n* Valentine Tessier : Countess de Saint-Fiacre\n* Robert Hirsch : Lucien Sabatier\n* Paul Frankeur : Doctor Bouchardon\n* Michel Vitold : Father Jodet, the parish priest\n* Camille Guérini : Gautier, the estate manager\n* Serge Rousseau : Émile Gautier, the manager's son ", "* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Plot", "Principal cast", "Outside links" ]

[ "He finds the château in a sorry state: its contents are being systematically sold by the countess' young assistant Sabatier and its lands by the current estate manager Gautier and his young son Émile, a bank clerk." ]

[ "\n\n'''''Maigret et l'affaire Saint-Fiacre''''' is a 1959 French crime film directed by Jean Delannoy that stars Jean Gabin as the fictional police detective Jules Maigret.", "Adapted from the novel ''l'Affaire Saint-Fiacre'' by the Belgian writer Georges Simenon, it tells how Maigret goes privately to the aid of his late father's employer who has received an anonymous death threat and, though unable to prevent the death, unmasks the plotters.", "Commissioner Maigret returns to Saint-Fiacre, the village he grew up in, where his father had been estate manager for the family owning the château.", "The widowed countess has asked him to come urgently because she has received an anonymous letter saying she will die next day, which is Ash Wednesday.", "They say they are doing this to fund the countess' son Maurice, an alcoholic playboy who rarely visits his now-sick mother.", "Early next morning the countess goes to mass at the village church where, on returning to her pew after receiving the sacrament, she falls dead.", "The local doctor Bouchardon is not surprised, telling Maigret that her heart was weak and that she died of natural causes.", "When that day's local paper arrives, the front page reports that the young count Maurice killed himself in Paris the day before.", "But Maurice is in fact alive and has rushed back on learning of his mother's death.", "Ringing the newspaper, Maigret is told that the report was phoned in last thing without time to check.", "Now convinced of a plot to rob and kill the countess, whose young favourite he had once been, Maigret starts his own investigation of what caused her sudden death and who wanted her dead.", "On returning to her pew she had opened her missal, which has disappeared.", "He finds it hidden in the sacristry and pasted in it is the newspaper report of her son's suicide.", "At the time of her death the day's newspapers had not reached the village shop, so somebody brought the cutting from the town where the paper was printed.", "Without revealing his hand, Maurice has also been investigating and, while his mother's body is still lying upstairs, organises a macabre dinner party for those he suspects.", "At it, Maigret accuses both the doctor and the assistant of negligence, but not homicide, and then reveals that the plotters were the manager and his son, who sought to cut out Maurice and enrich themselves.", "He calls the local police to take them away.", "\n* Jean Gabin : Commissioner Maigret\n* Michel Auclair : Maurice de Saint-Fiacre\n* Valentine Tessier : Countess de Saint-Fiacre\n* Robert Hirsch : Lucien Sabatier\n* Paul Frankeur : Doctor Bouchardon\n* Michel Vitold : Father Jodet, the parish priest\n* Camille Guérini : Gautier, the estate manager\n* Serge Rousseau : Émile Gautier, the manager's son", "*" ]

[ "\n'''Futuri''' is a village in Kamrup rural district, in the state of Assam, India, situated in south bank of river Brahmaputra.\n", "The village is located north of National Highway 31 and connected to nearby towns and cities like Boko, Chaygaon and Guwahati with regular buses and other modes of transportation.\n", "* Dihina\n* Dumunichowki\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Transport", "See also", "References" ]

[ "\n'''Futuri''' is a village in Kamrup rural district, in the state of Assam, India, situated in south bank of river Brahmaputra." ]

[ "The village is located north of National Highway 31 and connected to nearby towns and cities like Boko, Chaygaon and Guwahati with regular buses and other modes of transportation.", "* Dihina\n* Dumunichowki" ]

[ "\n'''''Leave Me Alone''''' (Chinese: 忘了我吧, Pinyin: ''Wàngle wǒ ba'') aka \"'''Forget Me'''\" is a single by Chinese singer-songwriter Xu Weizhou from his album \"The Time\". The whole album was released on 10 August 2017 and the official music video on 21 August.\n", "''Leave Me Alone'', a pop song with a length of four minutes and five seconds is a song about break-up and letting go of the past. The whole album was officially released on 10 August 2017 while the official music video was released on 21 August at several Chinese streaming sites as well as Youtube and quickly rose to charts. In September, it rose to first place on its 3rd week at Billboard China real-time chart.\n\nXu Weizhou performed the song live for the first time on 27 August during the 2017 Fresh Asia Music Awards.\n", "===Background===\nThe official music video was shot in London together with a Chinese and Londoner team. Xu flew to Paris for Louis Vuitton S/S 2018 Men's Paris Fashion Week on 22 June and went to London later to shoot his music videos for \"Leave Me Alone\" and \"So What\".\n===Synopsis===\nThe music video opens with Xu holding an umbrella standing on the banks of the River Thames. As the song starts, Xu is seen lying on bed unmotivated. He finally got up but he is grieving i.e. crying while eating plain bread and breaking plates. As he was eating the bread, he remembered their happy times together. He saw the doll they bought and the camera they used while while taking pictures of each other. He revisited the store where they bought the doll from and saw a single piece. He brought his other doll and placed it beside the lone piece. He finally threw all the pictures they took together and broke down crying. Lastly, there was a flashback scene where they had a date at a river bank. He went to that place again, as seen on the opening scene and let go of his umbrella. He smiled while leaving that place finally letting go of the past. Xu, wearing a black shirt with a black background singing along was shown between each scene.\n", "Credits were adapted from the official music video. \n*Star Power (Beijing) Culture Media Co., Ltd and Timmy Xu Studio – presentation\n*Geocast TV – production\n*Baina Entertainment – digital distribution\n*Lee Shih Shiong – producer\n*Tang Hanxiao – composer, music arrangement\n*Yang Jie – lyricist\n*A chaos – music arrangement, guitarist\n*Li Hao – executive producer\n*Yang Tian, Chen Hengxiao and Wu Yaxian – co-producers\n*Pan Geng – director\n*Liao Zhengxing – A&R\n*David Tan – backing vocals, backing vocals arrangement\n*Zhou Caoyuan, Li Chen Chen – dubbing assistant\n*Zhangjin – make-up & hair\n*Li Kunmo – stylist", "===Weekly===\n\nChart (2017)\nPeakposition\n\nBillboard Radio China Chart\n 2\n\nChina V Chart\n 2\n\nFresh Asia Music Chart\n 2\n\n", "\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Background and release", "Music video", "Credits and personnel", "Chart performance", "References" ]

[ "Lastly, there was a flashback scene where they had a date at a river bank." ]

[ "\n'''''Leave Me Alone''''' (Chinese: 忘了我吧, Pinyin: ''Wàngle wǒ ba'') aka \"'''Forget Me'''\" is a single by Chinese singer-songwriter Xu Weizhou from his album \"The Time\".", "The whole album was released on 10 August 2017 and the official music video on 21 August.", "''Leave Me Alone'', a pop song with a length of four minutes and five seconds is a song about break-up and letting go of the past.", "The whole album was officially released on 10 August 2017 while the official music video was released on 21 August at several Chinese streaming sites as well as Youtube and quickly rose to charts.", "In September, it rose to first place on its 3rd week at Billboard China real-time chart.", "Xu Weizhou performed the song live for the first time on 27 August during the 2017 Fresh Asia Music Awards.", "===Background===\nThe official music video was shot in London together with a Chinese and Londoner team.", "Xu flew to Paris for Louis Vuitton S/S 2018 Men's Paris Fashion Week on 22 June and went to London later to shoot his music videos for \"Leave Me Alone\" and \"So What\".", "===Synopsis===\nThe music video opens with Xu holding an umbrella standing on the banks of the River Thames.", "As the song starts, Xu is seen lying on bed unmotivated.", "He finally got up but he is grieving i.e.", "crying while eating plain bread and breaking plates.", "As he was eating the bread, he remembered their happy times together.", "He saw the doll they bought and the camera they used while while taking pictures of each other.", "He revisited the store where they bought the doll from and saw a single piece.", "He brought his other doll and placed it beside the lone piece.", "He finally threw all the pictures they took together and broke down crying.", "He went to that place again, as seen on the opening scene and let go of his umbrella.", "He smiled while leaving that place finally letting go of the past.", "Xu, wearing a black shirt with a black background singing along was shown between each scene.", "Credits were adapted from the official music video.", "*Star Power (Beijing) Culture Media Co., Ltd and Timmy Xu Studio – presentation\n*Geocast TV – production\n*Baina Entertainment – digital distribution\n*Lee Shih Shiong – producer\n*Tang Hanxiao – composer, music arrangement\n*Yang Jie – lyricist\n*A chaos – music arrangement, guitarist\n*Li Hao – executive producer\n*Yang Tian, Chen Hengxiao and Wu Yaxian – co-producers\n*Pan Geng – director\n*Liao Zhengxing – A&R\n*David Tan – backing vocals, backing vocals arrangement\n*Zhou Caoyuan, Li Chen Chen – dubbing assistant\n*Zhangjin – make-up & hair\n*Li Kunmo – stylist", "===Weekly===\n\nChart (2017)\nPeakposition\n\nBillboard Radio China Chart\n 2\n\nChina V Chart\n 2\n\nFresh Asia Music Chart\n 2" ]

[ "\n\nThe '''Westinghouse Interworks Railway''' was a short line railroad that operated in the lower Turtle Creek valley east of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It extended from Trafford through Wilmerding to East Pittsburgh along the right bank (northern side) of the creek. The railroad was used to transport freight between the Westinghouse plants as well as to test electric rail cars.\n\nA 1904 map showing the locations of the Westinghouse facilities\n", "\nA 1904 promotional article for the Westinghouse Interworks Railway\n\nThe Westinghouse Interworks Railway was chartered on February 25, 1902, and on April 8th of the following year the company signed a 25 year lease allowing its train to operate over a portion of the East Pittsburgh branch owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad. The Interworks Railway began limited service on August 9, 1903 and became fully operational on December 1, 1904. This company shipped raw materials and finished products between the Westinghouse facilities charging tonnage fees for the freight and hourly fees for the labor. Naturally, the line shuttled factory workmen to and from their jobs as well.\n\nRidership on this line was not limited to workmen, and the vehicles that rode the rails were not limited to steam powered freight trains. A portion of the railway was electrified, allowing its use for the testing and promotion of Westinghouse's new electric trains. One such promotional event occurred in 1905, when during an international railway congress the track was used to demonstrate a new 1500 horsepower Baldwin-Westinghouse single-phase alternating-current electric locomotive.\n", "\nThe Airbrake Park Walking Trail follows part of the path of the old Westinghouse Interworks Railway in Wilmerding, Pennsylvania. The buildings of the Westinghouse Air Brake Company can be seen across Turtle Creek.\nA large flood control project stretching from the 1950s through the '60s included a change to the banks of the Turtle Creek waterway that required the removal of Interworks tracks between Wilmerding and Pitcairn, and the decision was made not to rebuild them. Thus on September 30, 1962 the rail link on the right bank of Turtle Creek between Trafford and Wilmerding was severed, and nearly all of its track between these two boroughs was eventually removed. Most of this track-bed now lies abandoned, save for a fraction of a mile in Wilmerding which became the Airbrake Avenue Walking Trail. Proposals exist to convert the rest of the abandoned line into a rail-trail as well.\n\nThe remaining portion of the railroad west of Wilmerding was never formally abandoned, and has been acquired by the Regional Industrial Development Corporation of Southwestern Pennsylvania (RIDC) who also purchased the old Westinghouse Electric plant adjacent to the rail. Controversy over this track arose in 2014 when Allegheny County replaced the Greensburg Pike bridge, which passed over the remnants of the railway. The rails had to be temporarily removed during part of the bridge constriction; their owner wanted them replaced, and the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission agreed that the county was obligated to replace them. Local civic leaders as well as neighboring businessmen voiced their objections, questioning the wisdom of using public funds to restore a railroad that had not seen a train since the 1980s, arguing that the money could have been better spent. The county ultimately spent $365,000 restoring the rails. The 10.114 acres of vacant industrial land on which they lie was assessed at $39,700 in 2017. No specific plans to restore rail service on the tracks were reported. \n\n \n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "History of Operations: 1902-1962", "Post Operational Years : 1962 - present", "References " ]

[ "It extended from Trafford through Wilmerding to East Pittsburgh along the right bank (northern side) of the creek.", "Thus on September 30, 1962 the rail link on the right bank of Turtle Creek between Trafford and Wilmerding was severed, and nearly all of its track between these two boroughs was eventually removed." ]

[ "\n\nThe '''Westinghouse Interworks Railway''' was a short line railroad that operated in the lower Turtle Creek valley east of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.", "The railroad was used to transport freight between the Westinghouse plants as well as to test electric rail cars.", "A 1904 map showing the locations of the Westinghouse facilities", "\nA 1904 promotional article for the Westinghouse Interworks Railway\n\nThe Westinghouse Interworks Railway was chartered on February 25, 1902, and on April 8th of the following year the company signed a 25 year lease allowing its train to operate over a portion of the East Pittsburgh branch owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad.", "The Interworks Railway began limited service on August 9, 1903 and became fully operational on December 1, 1904.", "This company shipped raw materials and finished products between the Westinghouse facilities charging tonnage fees for the freight and hourly fees for the labor.", "Naturally, the line shuttled factory workmen to and from their jobs as well.", "Ridership on this line was not limited to workmen, and the vehicles that rode the rails were not limited to steam powered freight trains.", "A portion of the railway was electrified, allowing its use for the testing and promotion of Westinghouse's new electric trains.", "One such promotional event occurred in 1905, when during an international railway congress the track was used to demonstrate a new 1500 horsepower Baldwin-Westinghouse single-phase alternating-current electric locomotive.", "\nThe Airbrake Park Walking Trail follows part of the path of the old Westinghouse Interworks Railway in Wilmerding, Pennsylvania.", "The buildings of the Westinghouse Air Brake Company can be seen across Turtle Creek.", "A large flood control project stretching from the 1950s through the '60s included a change to the banks of the Turtle Creek waterway that required the removal of Interworks tracks between Wilmerding and Pitcairn, and the decision was made not to rebuild them.", "Most of this track-bed now lies abandoned, save for a fraction of a mile in Wilmerding which became the Airbrake Avenue Walking Trail.", "Proposals exist to convert the rest of the abandoned line into a rail-trail as well.", "The remaining portion of the railroad west of Wilmerding was never formally abandoned, and has been acquired by the Regional Industrial Development Corporation of Southwestern Pennsylvania (RIDC) who also purchased the old Westinghouse Electric plant adjacent to the rail.", "Controversy over this track arose in 2014 when Allegheny County replaced the Greensburg Pike bridge, which passed over the remnants of the railway.", "The rails had to be temporarily removed during part of the bridge constriction; their owner wanted them replaced, and the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission agreed that the county was obligated to replace them.", "Local civic leaders as well as neighboring businessmen voiced their objections, questioning the wisdom of using public funds to restore a railroad that had not seen a train since the 1980s, arguing that the money could have been better spent.", "The county ultimately spent $365,000 restoring the rails.", "The 10.114 acres of vacant industrial land on which they lie was assessed at $39,700 in 2017.", "No specific plans to restore rail service on the tracks were reported." ]

[ "The Mughal Empire's province Gujarat (now in India) was managed by the viceroys appointed by the emperors. The emperor Muhammad Shah (1719–1748) died in 1748 and he was succeeded by his son Ahmad Shah Bahadur. He appointed Vakhatsingh, brother of Mahárája Abheysingh of Marwar as a viceroy but he never took a charge. Sensing opportunity in weakening Mughal power, the Marathas and the Mughal nobles started plotting to establish themselves in Gujarat. The Maratha houses, Gaikwar and Peshwa, engaged in a struggle and finally brokered a peace. Jawan Mard Khan, who was incharge of Ahmedabad, had to surrender to them after a long seige. Thus the Marathas established themselves firmly in Gujarat in 1752. In 1754, Ahmad Shah Bahadur was deposed and Alamgir II came to power on the Mughal throne. \n", "=== Mahárája Vakhatsingh, Fifty-ninth Viceroy, 1748===\nThe emperor Muhammad Shah died in 1748 and he was succeeded by his son Ahmad Shah Bahadur. Shortly after his accession Mahárája Vakhatsingh, brother of Mahárája Abheysingh, was appointed fifty-ninth viceroy of Gujarát. When he learned what was the state of the province, he pleaded that his presence would be more useful in his own dominions, and never took up his appointment of viceroy. Vakhatsingh was the last viceroy of Gujarát nominated by the imperial court, for although by the aid of the Maráthás Fakhr-ud-daulah was of importance in the province, he had never been able to establish himself as viceroy. In this year also occurred the death of Khushálchand Sheth, the chief merchant of Ahmedabad.\n\nKhanderáv Gáikwár appointed Rághavshankar his deputy at Áhmedábád, and Safdar Khán Bábi issued from Áhmedábád with an army to levy tribute from the chiefs on the banks of the Sabarmati river. When Fakhr-ud-daulah, the former viceroy, heard of the appointment of Mahárája Vakhatsingh, seeing no chance of any benefit from a longer stay in Gujarát, he retired to Delhi. In 1748, Ásif Jáh, Nizám-ul-Mulk, died at an advanced age, leaving six sons and a disputed succession.\n\n;Disorder Spreads.\nAbout the same time Bálájiráv Peshwa, who was jealous of the power of the Gáikwár, sent a body of troops, and freed Rangoji from the hands of Khanderáv Gáikwár. During these years adventurers, in different parts of the country, taking advantage of the decay of the central power, endeavoured to establish themselves in independence. Of these attempts the most formidable was the revolt of one of the Pátan Kasbátis who established his power so firmly in Pátan that Jawán Mard Khán found it necessary to proceed in person to reduce him. Shortly afterwards Jawán Mard Khán deemed it advisable to recall his brothers Safdar Khán and Zoráwar Khán, who were then at Unjha under Pátan, and took them with him to Áhmedábád. Fidá-ud-dín Khán who had been residing at Atarsumba (near Vadodara) now asked permission to return to Áhmedábád, but as Jawán Mard Khán did not approve of this suggestion, Fidá-ud-dín departed to Bharuch and there took up his residence. Janárdhan Pandit marched to Kaira (Kheda) and the Bhíl district to levy tribute, and Khanderáv appointed Shevakrám his deputy.\n\n;Surat Affairs, 1750.\nIn the meantime at Surat, Sayad Achchan endeavoured to consolidate his rule, and with this view tried to expel Háfiz Masûud Habshí, and prevent him again entering the city. But his plans failed, and he was obliged to make excuses for his conduct. Sayad Achchan then oppressed other influential persons, until eventually the Habshí and others joining, attacked him in the citadel. Except the English leader Mr. Lamb, who considered himself bound by the deed signed in 1747 in favour of Sayad Achchan, all the merchants of Surat joined the assailants. Among the chief opponents of Sayad Achchan were the Dutch, who sending ships brought back Safdar Muhammad Khán from Thatta, and established him as governor of Surat. The English factory was next besieged, and, though a stout resistance was made, the guards were bribed, and the factory plundered. In 1750 Sayad Achchan, surrendering the citadel to the Habshí, withdrew first to Bombay and then to Poona, to Bálájiráv Peshwa. Shortly afterwards, in consequence of the censure passed upon him by the Bombay Government for his support of Sayad Achchan, Mr. Lamb committed suicide. Wearied by these continual contests for power, the merchants of Surat asked Rája Raghunathdás, minister to the Nizám, to choose them a governor. Rája Raghunathdás accordingly nominated his own nephew, Rája Harprasád, to be governor, and the writer of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' to be his deputy. But before Rája Harprasád could join his appointment at Surat, both he and his father were slain in battle.\n\nIn 1750, occurred the deaths of Rája Ráisingh of Idar, of Safdar Khán Bábi of Balasinor, and of Fidá-ud-dín Khán, who had for some time been settled at Bharuch. \n\n;Jawán Mard Khán and the Peshwa, 1750.\nJawán Mard Khán, who, seeing that they were inclined to become permanent residents in Gujarát, was always opposed to the Gáikwár’s power, now entered into negotiations with Bálájiráv Peshwa. He chose Patel Sukhdev to collect the Marátha revenue and asked the Peshwa to help him in expelling Dámáji’s agents. The Peshwa, being now engaged in war in the Dakhan with Salábat Jang Bahádur, son of the late Nizám, was unable to send Jawán Mard Khán any assistance. Towards the close of the year Jawán Mard Khán started from Áhmedábád to collect tribute from the Sábarmati chiefs. Returning early in 1751, at the request of Jetha Patel a subordinate of Bhávsingh Desái, he proceeded to Banod or Vanod under Viramgam and reduced the village. Áli Muhammad Khán, the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'', who about this time was raised in rank with the title of Bahádur, states that owing to the Marátha inroads most of the districts had passed entirely into their possession; in others according to agreements with Jawán Mard Khán they held a half share. Consequently in spite of new taxes, the entire remaining income of the province was only four lákhs of rupees, and it was impossible to maintain the military posts or control the rebellious Kolis.\n\n;The Peshwa and Gáikwár, 1751\nIn 1751, the Peshwa, decoying Dámájiráv into his power, imprisoned him and forced him to surrender half of his rights and conquests in Gujarát. Taking advantage of the absence of the Gáikwár and his army in the Dakhan, Jawán Mard Khán marched into Sorath. He first visited Ghogha, and then levying tribute in Gohilwad advanced into Kathiawad and marched against Nawanagar, and, after collecting a contribution from the Jám, returned to Áhmedábád. In 1752, as soon as the news reached Gujarát that the Maráthás’ share in the province had been divided between the Peshwa and Gáikwár, Momín Khán, who was always quarrelling with the Gáikwár’s agent, sending Varajlál his steward to Bálájiráv Peshwa begged him to include Cambay in his share and send his agent in place of the Gáikwár’s agent. Bálájiráv agreed, and from that time an agent of the Peshwa was established at Cambay. In the same year Raghunáthráv, brother of the Peshwa, entering Gujarát took possession of the Rewa and Mahi Kántha districts and marched on Surat. Shiaji Dhangar was appointed in Shevakrám’s place as Dámáji’s deputy, and Krishnáji came to collect the Peshwa’s share.\n\n;Bharuch Independent, 1752\nUp to this time the city of Bharuch had remained part of the Nizám’s personal estate, managed by Abdúllah Beg, whom, with the title of Nek Álam Khán, Ásif Jáh the late Nizám-ul-Mulk had chosen his deputy. On the death of Abdúllah Beg in 1752 the emperor appointed his son to succeed him with the same title as his father, while he gave to another son, named Mughal Beg, the title of Khertalab Khán. During the contests for succession that followed upon the death of the Nizám in 1752, no attempt was made to enforce the Nizám’s claims on the lands of Bharuch; and for the future, except for the share of the revenue paid to the Maráthás, the governors of Bharuch were practically independent.\n\n;Pándurang Pandit Repulsed at Áhmedábád, 1752.\nThe Peshwa now sent Pándurang Pandit to levy tribute from his share of Gujarát, and that officer crossing the Mahi marched upon Cambay. Momín Khán prepared to oppose him, but the Pandit made friendly overtures, and eventually Momín Khán not only paid the sum of Rupees 7000 for grass and grain for the Pandit’s troops, but also lent him four small cannon. Pándurang Pandit then marched upon Áhmedábád, and encamping near the Kankaria Lake laid siege to the city which was defended by Jawán Mard Khán. During the siege Pándurang Pandit, sending some troops, ravaged Nikol, part of the lands of Áli Muhammad Khán Bahádur, the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi''. Meanwhile, as the operations against Áhmedábád made no progress, Pándurang Pandit made offers of peace. These Jawán Mard Khán accepted, and on receiving from Jawán Mard Khán the present of a mare and a small sum of money under the name of entertainment, the Marátha leader withdrew to Sorath.\n\n;Marátha Invasion.\nAbout this time the Peshwa released Dámáji Gáikwár on his promise to help the Peshwa’s brother Raghunáthráv, who was shortly afterwards despatched with an army to complete the conquest of Gujarát. Meanwhile Jawán Mard Khán’s anxiety regarding the Maráthás was for a time removed by the departure of Pándurang Pandit. And, as the harvest season had arrived, he with his brother Zoráwar Khán Bábi, leaving Muhammad Mubáriz Sherwáni behind as his deputy, set out from Áhmedábád to levy tribute from the chiefs of the Sabarkantha. Certain well informed persons, who had heard of Raghunáthráv’s preparations for invading Gujarát, begged Jawán Mard Khán not to leave the city but to depute his brother Zoráwar Khán Bábi to collect the tribute. Jawán Mard Khán, not believing their reports, said that he would not go more than from forty-five to sixty miles from the city, and that, should the necessity of any more distant excursion arise, he would entrust it to his brother. Jawán Mard Khán then marched from the city, levying tribute until he arrived on the Pálanpur frontier about seventy-five miles north of Áhmedábád. Here meeting Muhammad Bahádur Jhálori, the governor of Palanpur, Jawán Mard Khán was foolishly induced to join him in plundering the fertile districts of Sirohi, till at last he was not less than 150 miles from his head-quarters. Meanwhile Raghunáthráv, joining Dámáji Gáikwár, entered suddenly by an unusual route into Gujarát, and news reached Áhmedábád that the Maráthás had crossed the Narmada river. On this the townspeople sent messenger after messenger to recall Jawán Mard Khán, and building up the gateways prepared for defence, while the inhabitants of the suburbs, leaving their houses, crowded with their families into the city for protection. Raghunáthráv, hearing that Jawán Mard Khán and his army were absent from the city, pressed on by forced marches, and crossing the Mahi river despatched an advance corps under Vithal Sukhdev. Kosáji, proprietor of Nadiad, at Dámáji Gáikwár’s invitation also marched towards Áhmedábád, plundering Mehmúdábád Khokhri, only three miles from the city. In the meantime Vithal Sukhdev reached Kaira (Kheda), and taking with him the chief man of that place, Muhammad Daurán, son of Muhammad Bábi, continued his march. He was shortly joined by Raghunáthráv, and the combined forces now proceeded to Áhmedábád and encamped by the Kánkaria lake.\n\nNext day Raghunáthráv moved his camp to near the tomb of Hazrat Sháh Bhíkan, on the bank of the Sabarmati river to the south-west of the city. Raghunáthráv now proceeded to invest the city, distributing his thirty to forty thousand horse into three divisions. The operations against the north of the city were entrusted to Dámáji Gáikwár; those on the east to Gopál Hari; while the troops on the south and west were under the personal command of Raghunáthráv and his officers.\n\nAfter leaving Sirohi, Jawán Mard Khán had gone westwards to Tharad and Vav, so that the first messengers failed to find him. One of the later messengers, Mándan by name, who had not left Áhmedábád until the arrival of Raghunáthráv at the Kánkaria lake, made his way to Váv and Tharád, and told Jawán Mard Khán what had happened. Jawán Mard Khán set out by forced marches for Radhanpur, and leaving his family and the bulk of his army at Pátan, he pushed on with 200 picked horsemen to Kadi and from that to Áhmedábád, contriving to enter the city by night. The presence of Jawán Mard Khán raised the spirits of the besieged, and the defence was conducted with ardour. In spite of their watchfulness, a party of about 700 Maráthás under cover of night succeeded in scaling the walls and entering the city. Here they could do any mischief they were discovered and driven out of the town with much slaughter. The bulk of the besieging army, which had advanced in hopes that this party would succeed in opening one of the city gates, were forced to retire disappointed. Raghunáthráv now made proposals for peace, but Jawán Mard Khán did not think it consistent with his honour to accept them. On his refusal, the Marátha general redoubled his efforts and sprung several mines, but owing to the thickness of the city walls no practicable breach was effected. Jawán Mard Khán now expelled the Marátha deputies, and continuing to defend the city with much gallantry contrived at night to introduce into the town by detachments a great portion of his army from Pátan. At length, embarrassed by want of provisions and the clamour of his troops for pay, he extorted Rupees 50,000 from the official classes. As Jawán Mard was known to have an ample supply of money of his own this untimely meanness caused great discontent. The official classes who were the repository of all real power murmured against his rule and openly advocated the surrender of the city, and Jawán Mard Khán, much against his will, was forced to enter into negotiations with Raghunáthráv.\n\nRaghunáthráv was so little hopeful of taking Áhmedábád that he had determined, should the siege last a month longer, to depart on condition of receiving the one-fourth share of the revenue and a safe conduct. Had Jawán Mard Khán only disbursed his own money to pay the troops, and encouraged instead of disheartening the official class, he need never have lost the city. At last to Raghunáthráv’s relief, Jawán Mard Khán was reduced to treat for peace through Vithal Sukhdev. It was arranged that the Maráthás should give Jawán Mard Khán the sum of Rupees 1 lákh to pay his troops, besides presenting him with an elephant and other articles of value. It was at the same time agreed that the garrison should leave the city with all the honours of war. And that, for himself and his brothers, Jawán Mard Khán should receive, free from any Marátha claim, the districts of Patan, Vadnagar, Sami, Munjpur, Visnagar, Tharád, Kheralu, and Rádhanpur with Tervada and Vijapur. It was further agreed that one of Jawán Mard Khán’s brothers should always serve the Maráthás with 300 horse and 500 foot, the expenses of the force being paid by the Maráthás. It was also stipulated that neither the Peshwa’s army nor his deputy’s, nor that of any commander should enter Jawán Mard Khán’s territory, and that in Áhmedábád no Marátha official should put up at any of the Khán Bahádur’s mansions, new or old, or at any of those belonging to his brothers followers or servants. Finally that the estates of other members of the family, namely Kaira, Kasba Mátar and Bánsa Mahudha, which belonged to Muhammad Khán, Khán Daurán, and Ábid Khán were not to be meddled with, nor were encroachments to be allowed on the lands of Káyam Kúli Khán or of Zoráwar Khán. This agreement was signed and sealed by Raghunáthráv, with Dámáji Gáikwár (half sharer), Malhárráv Holkar, Jye Ápa Sindhia, Rámchandar Vithal Sukhdev, Sakhárám Bhagvant, and Mádhavráv Gopálráv as securities. The treaty was then delivered to Jawán Mard Khán, and he and his garrison, marching out with the honours of war, the Maráthás took possession of Áhmedábád on 2 April 1753.\n\nOn leaving Áhmedábád Jawán Mard Khán retired to Pátan. At Áhmedábád Raghunáthráv with Dámáji arranged for the government of the city, appointing Shripatráv his deputy. He then marched into Jhalawad to levy tribute from the Limbdi and Wadhwan chiefs; and was so far successful that Harbhamji of Limbḍi agreed to pay an annual tribute of Rupees 40,000. As the rainy season was drawing near Raghunáthráv returned to Dholka, while Patel Vithal Sukhdev forced Muhammad Bahádur, the governor of Palanpur, to consent to a payment of Rupees 1,15,000. From Dholka, Raghunáthráv went to Tárápur, about twelve miles north of Cambay (Khambhat), and compelled Momín Khán to submit to an annual payment of Rupees 10,000. At the same time Áli Muhammad Khán Bahádur, the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'', was appointed collector of customs, and his former grants were confirmed and he was allowed to retain his villages of Sayadpur and Kûjádh close to Áhmedábád, as well as the village of Pánmûl in Vijápur. Dámáji Gáikwár, after levying tribute in the Vátrak Kántha, went to Kapadvanj, which he took from Sher Khán Bábi. From Kapadvanj he passed to Naḍiád and appointed Shevakrái to collect his half share of the revenue of Gujarát.\n\n;Mughal Coinage Ceases\nIn the Áhmedábád mint, coin ceased to be struck in the emperor’s name and the suburbs of the city which had been deserted during the siege were not again inhabited. The Kolis commenced a system of depredation, and their outrages were so daring that women and children were sometimes carried off and sold as slaves. After the rains were over (1754) Shetuji, commander of the Áhmedábád garrison, and Shankarji, governor of Víramgám, were sent to collect tribute from Sorath. Though the imperial power was sunk so low, the emperor was allowed to confer the post of Kázi of the city on Kázi Rûkn-ul-Hak Khán who arrived at Áhmedábád and assumed office.\n\n;Failure of an Attempt on Cambay, 1753\nAt the close of the year Shripatráv, who was anxious to acquire Cambay, marched against Momín Khán. After two doubtful battles in which the Maráthás gained no advantage, it was agreed that Momín Khán should pay a sum of Rupees 7000, and Shripatráv departed from Áhmedábád early in 1754. The Kolis.When the Kolis heard of the ill success of the Maráthás at Cambay, they revolted and Rághoshankar was sent to subdue them. In an engagement near Luhára in Bahyal in the Gáikwár’s territory about eighteen miles east of Áhmedábád, Rághoshankar scattered the Kolis, but they again collected and forced the Maráthás to retire. At this time Shetuji and Shankarji returned from Sorath, where they had performed the pilgrimage to Dwarka. Shetuji was sent to the Bhíl district against the Kolis. He was unsuccessful, and was so ashamed of his failure that he returned to the Dakhan and Dandu Dátátri was appointed in his place.\n\nIn this year died Nek Álam Khán II, governor of Broach. He was succeeded by his brother Khertalab Khán who expelled his nephew Hámid Beg, son of Nek Álam Khán. Hámid Beg took refuge in Surat. At Bálásinor a dispute arose between Sher Khán Bábi and a body of Arab mercenaries who took possession of a hill, but in the end came to terms.\n\n;Maráthás Attack Cambay, 1754\nWith the Peshwa’s permission his deputy Bhagvantráv marched on Cambay. But Varajlál, Momín Khán’s steward, who was then at Poona, sent word to his master, who prepared himself against any emergency. When Bhagvantráv arrived at Cambay he showed no hostile intentions and was well received by Momín Khán. Subsequently a letter from Bhagvantráv to Sálim Jamádár at Áhmedábád ordering him to march against Cambay fell into Momín Khán’s hands. He at once surrounded Bhagvantráv’s house and made him prisoner. When the Peshwa heard that Bhagvantráv had been captured, he ordered Ganesh Ápa, governor of Jambusar, as well as the governors of Víramgám, Dhandhuka, and other places to march at once upon Cambay. They went and besieged the town for three months, but without success. Eventually Shripatráv, the Peshwa’s deputy, sent the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' to negotiate, and it was agreed that Bhagvantráv should be released and that no alteration should be made in the position of Momín Khán. Shortly afterwards Shripatráv was recalled by the Peshwa and his place supplied by an officer of the name of Rágho. About this time Khertalab Khán, governor of Broach, died, and quarrels arose regarding the succession. Ultimately Hamid Beg, nephew of Khertalab Khán, obtained the post, and he afterwards received an imperial order confirming him as governor, and bestowing on him the title of Neknám Khán Bahádur.\n\nAt Delhi, during 1754, the emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur was deposed, and Âzíz-ud-dín, son of Jahándár Sháh, was raised to the throne with the title of Alamgir II.\n", "* Mahárája Vakhatsingh, Fifty-ninth Viceroy, 1748\n", "\n", "\n\n===Bibliography===\n\n* \n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Viceroys under Ahmad Shah Bahadur (1748–1754)", "List of Viceroys under Ahmad Shah Bahadur (1748–1754)", "Notes", "References" ]

[ "Next day Raghunáthráv moved his camp to near the tomb of Hazrat Sháh Bhíkan, on the bank of the Sabarmati river to the south-west of the city." ]

[ "The Mughal Empire's province Gujarat (now in India) was managed by the viceroys appointed by the emperors.", "The emperor Muhammad Shah (1719–1748) died in 1748 and he was succeeded by his son Ahmad Shah Bahadur.", "He appointed Vakhatsingh, brother of Mahárája Abheysingh of Marwar as a viceroy but he never took a charge.", "Sensing opportunity in weakening Mughal power, the Marathas and the Mughal nobles started plotting to establish themselves in Gujarat.", "The Maratha houses, Gaikwar and Peshwa, engaged in a struggle and finally brokered a peace.", "Jawan Mard Khan, who was incharge of Ahmedabad, had to surrender to them after a long seige.", "Thus the Marathas established themselves firmly in Gujarat in 1752.", "In 1754, Ahmad Shah Bahadur was deposed and Alamgir II came to power on the Mughal throne.", "=== Mahárája Vakhatsingh, Fifty-ninth Viceroy, 1748===\nThe emperor Muhammad Shah died in 1748 and he was succeeded by his son Ahmad Shah Bahadur.", "Shortly after his accession Mahárája Vakhatsingh, brother of Mahárája Abheysingh, was appointed fifty-ninth viceroy of Gujarát.", "When he learned what was the state of the province, he pleaded that his presence would be more useful in his own dominions, and never took up his appointment of viceroy.", "Vakhatsingh was the last viceroy of Gujarát nominated by the imperial court, for although by the aid of the Maráthás Fakhr-ud-daulah was of importance in the province, he had never been able to establish himself as viceroy.", "In this year also occurred the death of Khushálchand Sheth, the chief merchant of Ahmedabad.", "Khanderáv Gáikwár appointed Rághavshankar his deputy at Áhmedábád, and Safdar Khán Bábi issued from Áhmedábád with an army to levy tribute from the chiefs on the banks of the Sabarmati river.", "When Fakhr-ud-daulah, the former viceroy, heard of the appointment of Mahárája Vakhatsingh, seeing no chance of any benefit from a longer stay in Gujarát, he retired to Delhi.", "In 1748, Ásif Jáh, Nizám-ul-Mulk, died at an advanced age, leaving six sons and a disputed succession.", ";Disorder Spreads.", "About the same time Bálájiráv Peshwa, who was jealous of the power of the Gáikwár, sent a body of troops, and freed Rangoji from the hands of Khanderáv Gáikwár.", "During these years adventurers, in different parts of the country, taking advantage of the decay of the central power, endeavoured to establish themselves in independence.", "Of these attempts the most formidable was the revolt of one of the Pátan Kasbátis who established his power so firmly in Pátan that Jawán Mard Khán found it necessary to proceed in person to reduce him.", "Shortly afterwards Jawán Mard Khán deemed it advisable to recall his brothers Safdar Khán and Zoráwar Khán, who were then at Unjha under Pátan, and took them with him to Áhmedábád.", "Fidá-ud-dín Khán who had been residing at Atarsumba (near Vadodara) now asked permission to return to Áhmedábád, but as Jawán Mard Khán did not approve of this suggestion, Fidá-ud-dín departed to Bharuch and there took up his residence.", "Janárdhan Pandit marched to Kaira (Kheda) and the Bhíl district to levy tribute, and Khanderáv appointed Shevakrám his deputy.", ";Surat Affairs, 1750.", "In the meantime at Surat, Sayad Achchan endeavoured to consolidate his rule, and with this view tried to expel Háfiz Masûud Habshí, and prevent him again entering the city.", "But his plans failed, and he was obliged to make excuses for his conduct.", "Sayad Achchan then oppressed other influential persons, until eventually the Habshí and others joining, attacked him in the citadel.", "Except the English leader Mr. Lamb, who considered himself bound by the deed signed in 1747 in favour of Sayad Achchan, all the merchants of Surat joined the assailants.", "Among the chief opponents of Sayad Achchan were the Dutch, who sending ships brought back Safdar Muhammad Khán from Thatta, and established him as governor of Surat.", "The English factory was next besieged, and, though a stout resistance was made, the guards were bribed, and the factory plundered.", "In 1750 Sayad Achchan, surrendering the citadel to the Habshí, withdrew first to Bombay and then to Poona, to Bálájiráv Peshwa.", "Shortly afterwards, in consequence of the censure passed upon him by the Bombay Government for his support of Sayad Achchan, Mr. Lamb committed suicide.", "Wearied by these continual contests for power, the merchants of Surat asked Rája Raghunathdás, minister to the Nizám, to choose them a governor.", "Rája Raghunathdás accordingly nominated his own nephew, Rája Harprasád, to be governor, and the writer of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' to be his deputy.", "But before Rája Harprasád could join his appointment at Surat, both he and his father were slain in battle.", "In 1750, occurred the deaths of Rája Ráisingh of Idar, of Safdar Khán Bábi of Balasinor, and of Fidá-ud-dín Khán, who had for some time been settled at Bharuch.", ";Jawán Mard Khán and the Peshwa, 1750.", "Jawán Mard Khán, who, seeing that they were inclined to become permanent residents in Gujarát, was always opposed to the Gáikwár’s power, now entered into negotiations with Bálájiráv Peshwa.", "He chose Patel Sukhdev to collect the Marátha revenue and asked the Peshwa to help him in expelling Dámáji’s agents.", "The Peshwa, being now engaged in war in the Dakhan with Salábat Jang Bahádur, son of the late Nizám, was unable to send Jawán Mard Khán any assistance.", "Towards the close of the year Jawán Mard Khán started from Áhmedábád to collect tribute from the Sábarmati chiefs.", "Returning early in 1751, at the request of Jetha Patel a subordinate of Bhávsingh Desái, he proceeded to Banod or Vanod under Viramgam and reduced the village.", "Áli Muhammad Khán, the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'', who about this time was raised in rank with the title of Bahádur, states that owing to the Marátha inroads most of the districts had passed entirely into their possession; in others according to agreements with Jawán Mard Khán they held a half share.", "Consequently in spite of new taxes, the entire remaining income of the province was only four lákhs of rupees, and it was impossible to maintain the military posts or control the rebellious Kolis.", ";The Peshwa and Gáikwár, 1751\nIn 1751, the Peshwa, decoying Dámájiráv into his power, imprisoned him and forced him to surrender half of his rights and conquests in Gujarát.", "Taking advantage of the absence of the Gáikwár and his army in the Dakhan, Jawán Mard Khán marched into Sorath.", "He first visited Ghogha, and then levying tribute in Gohilwad advanced into Kathiawad and marched against Nawanagar, and, after collecting a contribution from the Jám, returned to Áhmedábád.", "In 1752, as soon as the news reached Gujarát that the Maráthás’ share in the province had been divided between the Peshwa and Gáikwár, Momín Khán, who was always quarrelling with the Gáikwár’s agent, sending Varajlál his steward to Bálájiráv Peshwa begged him to include Cambay in his share and send his agent in place of the Gáikwár’s agent.", "Bálájiráv agreed, and from that time an agent of the Peshwa was established at Cambay.", "In the same year Raghunáthráv, brother of the Peshwa, entering Gujarát took possession of the Rewa and Mahi Kántha districts and marched on Surat.", "Shiaji Dhangar was appointed in Shevakrám’s place as Dámáji’s deputy, and Krishnáji came to collect the Peshwa’s share.", ";Bharuch Independent, 1752\nUp to this time the city of Bharuch had remained part of the Nizám’s personal estate, managed by Abdúllah Beg, whom, with the title of Nek Álam Khán, Ásif Jáh the late Nizám-ul-Mulk had chosen his deputy.", "On the death of Abdúllah Beg in 1752 the emperor appointed his son to succeed him with the same title as his father, while he gave to another son, named Mughal Beg, the title of Khertalab Khán.", "During the contests for succession that followed upon the death of the Nizám in 1752, no attempt was made to enforce the Nizám’s claims on the lands of Bharuch; and for the future, except for the share of the revenue paid to the Maráthás, the governors of Bharuch were practically independent.", ";Pándurang Pandit Repulsed at Áhmedábád, 1752.", "The Peshwa now sent Pándurang Pandit to levy tribute from his share of Gujarát, and that officer crossing the Mahi marched upon Cambay.", "Momín Khán prepared to oppose him, but the Pandit made friendly overtures, and eventually Momín Khán not only paid the sum of Rupees 7000 for grass and grain for the Pandit’s troops, but also lent him four small cannon.", "Pándurang Pandit then marched upon Áhmedábád, and encamping near the Kankaria Lake laid siege to the city which was defended by Jawán Mard Khán.", "During the siege Pándurang Pandit, sending some troops, ravaged Nikol, part of the lands of Áli Muhammad Khán Bahádur, the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi''.", "Meanwhile, as the operations against Áhmedábád made no progress, Pándurang Pandit made offers of peace.", "These Jawán Mard Khán accepted, and on receiving from Jawán Mard Khán the present of a mare and a small sum of money under the name of entertainment, the Marátha leader withdrew to Sorath.", ";Marátha Invasion.", "About this time the Peshwa released Dámáji Gáikwár on his promise to help the Peshwa’s brother Raghunáthráv, who was shortly afterwards despatched with an army to complete the conquest of Gujarát.", "Meanwhile Jawán Mard Khán’s anxiety regarding the Maráthás was for a time removed by the departure of Pándurang Pandit.", "And, as the harvest season had arrived, he with his brother Zoráwar Khán Bábi, leaving Muhammad Mubáriz Sherwáni behind as his deputy, set out from Áhmedábád to levy tribute from the chiefs of the Sabarkantha.", "Certain well informed persons, who had heard of Raghunáthráv’s preparations for invading Gujarát, begged Jawán Mard Khán not to leave the city but to depute his brother Zoráwar Khán Bábi to collect the tribute.", "Jawán Mard Khán, not believing their reports, said that he would not go more than from forty-five to sixty miles from the city, and that, should the necessity of any more distant excursion arise, he would entrust it to his brother.", "Jawán Mard Khán then marched from the city, levying tribute until he arrived on the Pálanpur frontier about seventy-five miles north of Áhmedábád.", "Here meeting Muhammad Bahádur Jhálori, the governor of Palanpur, Jawán Mard Khán was foolishly induced to join him in plundering the fertile districts of Sirohi, till at last he was not less than 150 miles from his head-quarters.", "Meanwhile Raghunáthráv, joining Dámáji Gáikwár, entered suddenly by an unusual route into Gujarát, and news reached Áhmedábád that the Maráthás had crossed the Narmada river.", "On this the townspeople sent messenger after messenger to recall Jawán Mard Khán, and building up the gateways prepared for defence, while the inhabitants of the suburbs, leaving their houses, crowded with their families into the city for protection.", "Raghunáthráv, hearing that Jawán Mard Khán and his army were absent from the city, pressed on by forced marches, and crossing the Mahi river despatched an advance corps under Vithal Sukhdev.", "Kosáji, proprietor of Nadiad, at Dámáji Gáikwár’s invitation also marched towards Áhmedábád, plundering Mehmúdábád Khokhri, only three miles from the city.", "In the meantime Vithal Sukhdev reached Kaira (Kheda), and taking with him the chief man of that place, Muhammad Daurán, son of Muhammad Bábi, continued his march.", "He was shortly joined by Raghunáthráv, and the combined forces now proceeded to Áhmedábád and encamped by the Kánkaria lake.", "Raghunáthráv now proceeded to invest the city, distributing his thirty to forty thousand horse into three divisions.", "The operations against the north of the city were entrusted to Dámáji Gáikwár; those on the east to Gopál Hari; while the troops on the south and west were under the personal command of Raghunáthráv and his officers.", "After leaving Sirohi, Jawán Mard Khán had gone westwards to Tharad and Vav, so that the first messengers failed to find him.", "One of the later messengers, Mándan by name, who had not left Áhmedábád until the arrival of Raghunáthráv at the Kánkaria lake, made his way to Váv and Tharád, and told Jawán Mard Khán what had happened.", "Jawán Mard Khán set out by forced marches for Radhanpur, and leaving his family and the bulk of his army at Pátan, he pushed on with 200 picked horsemen to Kadi and from that to Áhmedábád, contriving to enter the city by night.", "The presence of Jawán Mard Khán raised the spirits of the besieged, and the defence was conducted with ardour.", "In spite of their watchfulness, a party of about 700 Maráthás under cover of night succeeded in scaling the walls and entering the city.", "Here they could do any mischief they were discovered and driven out of the town with much slaughter.", "The bulk of the besieging army, which had advanced in hopes that this party would succeed in opening one of the city gates, were forced to retire disappointed.", "Raghunáthráv now made proposals for peace, but Jawán Mard Khán did not think it consistent with his honour to accept them.", "On his refusal, the Marátha general redoubled his efforts and sprung several mines, but owing to the thickness of the city walls no practicable breach was effected.", "Jawán Mard Khán now expelled the Marátha deputies, and continuing to defend the city with much gallantry contrived at night to introduce into the town by detachments a great portion of his army from Pátan.", "At length, embarrassed by want of provisions and the clamour of his troops for pay, he extorted Rupees 50,000 from the official classes.", "As Jawán Mard was known to have an ample supply of money of his own this untimely meanness caused great discontent.", "The official classes who were the repository of all real power murmured against his rule and openly advocated the surrender of the city, and Jawán Mard Khán, much against his will, was forced to enter into negotiations with Raghunáthráv.", "Raghunáthráv was so little hopeful of taking Áhmedábád that he had determined, should the siege last a month longer, to depart on condition of receiving the one-fourth share of the revenue and a safe conduct.", "Had Jawán Mard Khán only disbursed his own money to pay the troops, and encouraged instead of disheartening the official class, he need never have lost the city.", "At last to Raghunáthráv’s relief, Jawán Mard Khán was reduced to treat for peace through Vithal Sukhdev.", "It was arranged that the Maráthás should give Jawán Mard Khán the sum of Rupees 1 lákh to pay his troops, besides presenting him with an elephant and other articles of value.", "It was at the same time agreed that the garrison should leave the city with all the honours of war.", "And that, for himself and his brothers, Jawán Mard Khán should receive, free from any Marátha claim, the districts of Patan, Vadnagar, Sami, Munjpur, Visnagar, Tharád, Kheralu, and Rádhanpur with Tervada and Vijapur.", "It was further agreed that one of Jawán Mard Khán’s brothers should always serve the Maráthás with 300 horse and 500 foot, the expenses of the force being paid by the Maráthás.", "It was also stipulated that neither the Peshwa’s army nor his deputy’s, nor that of any commander should enter Jawán Mard Khán’s territory, and that in Áhmedábád no Marátha official should put up at any of the Khán Bahádur’s mansions, new or old, or at any of those belonging to his brothers followers or servants.", "Finally that the estates of other members of the family, namely Kaira, Kasba Mátar and Bánsa Mahudha, which belonged to Muhammad Khán, Khán Daurán, and Ábid Khán were not to be meddled with, nor were encroachments to be allowed on the lands of Káyam Kúli Khán or of Zoráwar Khán.", "This agreement was signed and sealed by Raghunáthráv, with Dámáji Gáikwár (half sharer), Malhárráv Holkar, Jye Ápa Sindhia, Rámchandar Vithal Sukhdev, Sakhárám Bhagvant, and Mádhavráv Gopálráv as securities.", "The treaty was then delivered to Jawán Mard Khán, and he and his garrison, marching out with the honours of war, the Maráthás took possession of Áhmedábád on 2 April 1753.", "On leaving Áhmedábád Jawán Mard Khán retired to Pátan.", "At Áhmedábád Raghunáthráv with Dámáji arranged for the government of the city, appointing Shripatráv his deputy.", "He then marched into Jhalawad to levy tribute from the Limbdi and Wadhwan chiefs; and was so far successful that Harbhamji of Limbḍi agreed to pay an annual tribute of Rupees 40,000.", "As the rainy season was drawing near Raghunáthráv returned to Dholka, while Patel Vithal Sukhdev forced Muhammad Bahádur, the governor of Palanpur, to consent to a payment of Rupees 1,15,000.", "From Dholka, Raghunáthráv went to Tárápur, about twelve miles north of Cambay (Khambhat), and compelled Momín Khán to submit to an annual payment of Rupees 10,000.", "At the same time Áli Muhammad Khán Bahádur, the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'', was appointed collector of customs, and his former grants were confirmed and he was allowed to retain his villages of Sayadpur and Kûjádh close to Áhmedábád, as well as the village of Pánmûl in Vijápur.", "Dámáji Gáikwár, after levying tribute in the Vátrak Kántha, went to Kapadvanj, which he took from Sher Khán Bábi.", "From Kapadvanj he passed to Naḍiád and appointed Shevakrái to collect his half share of the revenue of Gujarát.", ";Mughal Coinage Ceases\nIn the Áhmedábád mint, coin ceased to be struck in the emperor’s name and the suburbs of the city which had been deserted during the siege were not again inhabited.", "The Kolis commenced a system of depredation, and their outrages were so daring that women and children were sometimes carried off and sold as slaves.", "After the rains were over (1754) Shetuji, commander of the Áhmedábád garrison, and Shankarji, governor of Víramgám, were sent to collect tribute from Sorath.", "Though the imperial power was sunk so low, the emperor was allowed to confer the post of Kázi of the city on Kázi Rûkn-ul-Hak Khán who arrived at Áhmedábád and assumed office.", ";Failure of an Attempt on Cambay, 1753\nAt the close of the year Shripatráv, who was anxious to acquire Cambay, marched against Momín Khán.", "After two doubtful battles in which the Maráthás gained no advantage, it was agreed that Momín Khán should pay a sum of Rupees 7000, and Shripatráv departed from Áhmedábád early in 1754.", "The Kolis.When the Kolis heard of the ill success of the Maráthás at Cambay, they revolted and Rághoshankar was sent to subdue them.", "In an engagement near Luhára in Bahyal in the Gáikwár’s territory about eighteen miles east of Áhmedábád, Rághoshankar scattered the Kolis, but they again collected and forced the Maráthás to retire.", "At this time Shetuji and Shankarji returned from Sorath, where they had performed the pilgrimage to Dwarka.", "Shetuji was sent to the Bhíl district against the Kolis.", "He was unsuccessful, and was so ashamed of his failure that he returned to the Dakhan and Dandu Dátátri was appointed in his place.", "In this year died Nek Álam Khán II, governor of Broach.", "He was succeeded by his brother Khertalab Khán who expelled his nephew Hámid Beg, son of Nek Álam Khán.", "Hámid Beg took refuge in Surat.", "At Bálásinor a dispute arose between Sher Khán Bábi and a body of Arab mercenaries who took possession of a hill, but in the end came to terms.", ";Maráthás Attack Cambay, 1754\nWith the Peshwa’s permission his deputy Bhagvantráv marched on Cambay.", "But Varajlál, Momín Khán’s steward, who was then at Poona, sent word to his master, who prepared himself against any emergency.", "When Bhagvantráv arrived at Cambay he showed no hostile intentions and was well received by Momín Khán.", "Subsequently a letter from Bhagvantráv to Sálim Jamádár at Áhmedábád ordering him to march against Cambay fell into Momín Khán’s hands.", "He at once surrounded Bhagvantráv’s house and made him prisoner.", "When the Peshwa heard that Bhagvantráv had been captured, he ordered Ganesh Ápa, governor of Jambusar, as well as the governors of Víramgám, Dhandhuka, and other places to march at once upon Cambay.", "They went and besieged the town for three months, but without success.", "Eventually Shripatráv, the Peshwa’s deputy, sent the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' to negotiate, and it was agreed that Bhagvantráv should be released and that no alteration should be made in the position of Momín Khán.", "Shortly afterwards Shripatráv was recalled by the Peshwa and his place supplied by an officer of the name of Rágho.", "About this time Khertalab Khán, governor of Broach, died, and quarrels arose regarding the succession.", "Ultimately Hamid Beg, nephew of Khertalab Khán, obtained the post, and he afterwards received an imperial order confirming him as governor, and bestowing on him the title of Neknám Khán Bahádur.", "At Delhi, during 1754, the emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur was deposed, and Âzíz-ud-dín, son of Jahándár Sháh, was raised to the throne with the title of Alamgir II.", "* Mahárája Vakhatsingh, Fifty-ninth Viceroy, 1748", "\n\n===Bibliography===\n\n*" ]

[ "Otis Bigelow\n\n'''Otis Munro Bigelow III''' (June 2, 1920 - October 6, 2007) was a Broadway actor, playwright and stage manager. He was one of the best-looking men in Manhattan in the 1940s, and one of the first partners of Christian William Miller.\n", "Otis Munro Bigelow III was born on June 2, 1920 in Exeter, New Hampshire. He was the only child of Otis Munro Bigelow II (1881-1932), professor of Romance languages at Phillips Exeter Academy, and Ruth Lillian Spalding (1885-1937). His grandfather, Otis Munro Bigelow I (d. 1939) was the president of the Baldwinsville State Bank.\n\nHe attended Rumsey Hall School, in Washington, Connecticut, where he had his first sexual experiences with classmates. In 1934 he transferred to Phillips Exeter Academy, where he was the lead actor in theatrical productions at the Old Farragut Playhouse, Rye Beach, New Hampshire. One newspaper said: \"Otis Bigelow as \"Corey Masters\" did a very fine job and should be mentioned as one of the outstanding members of the cast.\" After high school he lost his father and his uncle Robert W. Keyes of Utica, New York, who had married his aunt, Olivia Bigelow Keyes (1894-1982), became his guardian. He entered Hamilton College (New York) in 1939 joining the Naval Reserve Officer Training. At Hamilton College, Bigelow had lead roles in the Charlatans productions and was managing editor of the ''The Continental'' (a student-run magazine) and co-editor of ''Hamiltonews''. He was a member of the Publications Board and of Pi Delta Epsilon, a journalism fraternity. He was part of the Theta Delta Chi fraternity. He sang in the College Choir and fenced for the Coach Glas. When he graduated in 1943, ''The Hamiltonian'' said that he was \"the seniors' most diversified artist.\"\n", "At the beginning of his career, he acted and danced on Broadway. He later became a playwright and theatrical agent.\n\nIn 1941 he was writing songs, like \"Seems like yesterday\".\n\nWhile he was at Hamilton College, Bigelow wrote a play that John C. Wilson optioned for Broadway and in 1942 he asked Bigelow to come back to Broadway and rewrite it.\n\nHe was a Reservist for the U.S. Navy and served during World War II as an officer aboard minesweepers in both the Atlantic and the Pacific. After two years of active duty he was released in 1945 as a lieutenant.\n\nHe was in the cast of ''Red Letter'', a hit in London, made his debut on Broadway as the sailor in ''Dear Ruth''. In 1945 he was in the cast of ''Fifty-fifty'' by Andrew Rosenthal at the Sayville Playhouse, Sayville, New York, starring Margaret Bannerman.\n\nIn 1947 he made an audition at Warner Brothers in Hollywood, but was signed as screenwriter. He collaborated with Robert Richards for ''One Sunday Afternoon'' starring Dennis Morgan.\n\nIn 1948 he went to Paris \"to get my mind straightened after Hollywood\", and took odd jobs in French movies, from acting to translating and devising English subtitles. He appeared in films with Danielle Darrieux, Jean Pierre Aumont and Gene Kelly. In 1949 he was in the cast of ''Peg O' My Heart'', starring Academy Award winner Peggy Ann Garner with the Chevy Chase Summer Theater in Wheeling, Illinois; a newspaper said: \"The talented resident company, Paula Laurence, Martin Kingsley, Will Kuluva and Otis Bigelow, again will be turning in the excellent performances that marked last week's comedy starrting Buster Keaton.\"\n\nBack to New York City, he concentrated on writing, but was not able to support himself. ''To Dorothy, a Son'', by Roger MacDougal in collaboration with Bigelow, was a success for more than one year in London, directed by Herman Shumlin and was brought over to Broadway in 1952. Starring was Ronald Howard, the son of Leslie Howard.\n\nBigelow took ballet lessons and became a dancer in for ''The King and I'' on Broadway for three years; he was the Siamese slave and remained with the production for two years.\n\nIn 1953 he joined the dance group Musical Americana, made of 20 men and women, and went on a tour which covered 33 states and 25,000 miles in four months. He then spent a summer with the José Limón Company. In 1955 he then joined the cast of ''The Teahouse of the August Moon'', produced by Maurice Evans (he was the young Okinawa suitor of the geisha girl) and in 1957 of ''Auntie Mame'', starring Connie Bennett (he was the school teacher).\n\nIn 1957 he played the role of a Set Designer in the movie ''Designing Woman'' by Vincente Minnelli with Gregory Peck and Lauren Bacall.\n\nOtis Bigelow and Kay Coulter in the Drunkard\n\nIn the late 1950s he was resident company lead for the Cherry County Playhouse in Traverse City, Michigan:\n* In June 1959 he played the lead role in ''The Drunkard'', \"on of the most played favorites in the show business history\". \n* In July 1959 he was in the cast of ''The Happy Time'', starring Greta Thyssen; a newspaper said: \"Kay Coulter and Otis Bigelow were wonderful as the parents.\"\n* In July 1959 he was Max Hollyday in the cast of ''Dial M for Murder''. \n* In July 1959 he was Wesley Cartwright, lead role in the cast of \"Post Road\", starring ZaSu Pitts. Of Bigelow they said \"The most was gotten out of a difficult role by Otis Bigelow, a very versatile actor.\"\n\nMason Wright, Otis Bigelow, David C. Jones, in 1959, part of the cast of \"Yes Man\"\n\n* In August 1959 he was Newman in the cast of ''Yes Man'', starring Jack Barry, a TV personality; about Bigelow, a newspaper said \"they can search high and low, on Broadway or down alleys, but they'll never find a man who can do a better job of playing the robot part than Otis Bigelow. Absolutely fascinating.\" \n* In August 1959 he was Tom MacKenzie in the cast of ''Seven Year Itch'', starring Gene Raymond, popular stage, screen and television actor.\n* In June 1960 he was in the cast of ''The Curious Savage'' by John Patrick, starring ZaSu Pitts. A newspaper said: \"As the widow's daughter and sons, Suzanne Kaaren, Otis Bigelow, and Jim MacRoslie create a wonderfully unappetizing trio of characters.\"\n* In August 1960 he was Harry King, the father of the lead, in the cast of ''Belvedere'', starring veteran star of movie and TV Charlie Ruggles.\n* In August 1960 he was Morris Dixon in the cast of Noel Coward's ''Present Laughter'', starring Reginald Gardiner, movie and stage star.\n* In August 1960 he was Orlov in the cast of ''Who Was That Lady I Saw You With'', starring Julius LaRosa, again a TV personality.\n* In August 1960 he was Bradford in the cast of ''Ballots Up'', starring Marvin Miller, TV and radio personality.\n* In August 1960 he was Jackson Eldredge in the cast of ''The Golden Fleecing'', starring Eddie Bracken.\n\nOtis Bigelow in 1961\n\nIn 1960 he appeared in the San Juan Drama Festival, in Puerto Rico. In June 1961 he had the lead role in ''Marriage-Go-Round'' with the Gretna Playhouse, in Lebanon, Pennsylvania. He was then Hogan in ''Under The Yum Yum Tree''. Later in the month, he was in the cast of ''Make a Million''; a newspaper said: \"He moves like a dancer with purpose and grace does Otis Bigelow who has leading roles at the Gretna Play.\" And in July 1961 he was in the cast of ''Plain Betsy''. In late 1961 he was in a Broadway production, ''A Cook for Mr. General''. In June 1962 he was back with the Gretna Play for ''Everybody Loves Opal'' starring Kay MacDonald, and the week after he was in the cast of \"Write Me a Murder\", starring Leonard Frey and Joseph Masiell. In 1965 he was in the cast of ''Never Too Late'' with Maureen O'Sullivan and Arthur Godfrey, produced on Broadway and then Palm Beach, Florida.\n\nLater in life he moved to stage management for off-Broadway and summer tour productions. He worked for Mart Crowley's ''The Boys in the Band'' (1968) and for the Williamstown Theatre Festival and the Bucks County Playhouse. He was also a professor at Dartmouth College.\n\nHe retired in 1984.\n", "* ''My Fair Lady'' performed:\n** in 1947 at Broadway and in Bridgeport, Connecticut, starring Alexander Kirkland.\n* ''The Marriner Method'' performed:\n** in 1957 at Broadway, produced by Maurice Evans\n** in 1958 in London and New York City, produced by Robert Morley and Robin Fox and in association with David Merrick in New York, starring Morley and Margaret Rutherford\n* ''The Peacock Season'' performed:\n** in 1960 in Jones Beach, New York, directed by Jose Ferrer\n** in 1961 at Broadway, starring George Grizzard\n** in 1971 in Los Angeles, California.\n** in 1972 in Chicago, Illinois, directed by Tony Randall\n** in 1972 (till 1974) in St. Louis, Missouri\n** in January 1975 in Stonington, Connecticut\n** in December 1975 (and again in 1985) in Marshfield, Wisconsin\n** in 1981 in Charlotte, South Carolina\n** in 1983 in Columbus, Nebraska\n** in 1991 in Santa Clarita, California\n* ''The Giant's Dance'' performed:\n** in 1964 in New York City at the Cherry Lane Theater, produced by Richard Barr and Clinton Wilder\n** in 1967 in Pocatello, Idaho\n** in June 1968 in Indianapolis, Indiana.\n** in December 1968 in North Hollywood, California\n** in February 1970 in Beckley, West Virginia\n** in 1970 in Fairbanks, Alaska\n** in 1970 (till 1976) in Orlando, Florida, starring Dale Carpenter\n** in 1972 in Los Angeles, California, starring Bennye Gatteys\n** in 1974 in Nashville, Tennessee\n** in 1977 in Columbus, Nebraska\n** in January 1978 in Asbury Park, New Jersey.\n** in April 1978 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n** in October 1981 in Great Falls, Montana\n** in November 1981 in Antioch, Illinois\n** in 1983 in Wilmington, Delaware\n** in 1994 in Clute, Texas\n** in 1997 in Saugus, California\n* ''A.M.'' performed:\n** in 1965 in Westport, Connecticut, starring Leonard Frey and Alice Drummond\n** in 1973 in Los Angeles, California\n* ''The Morning After'' performed:\n** in 1968 in Manchester, Vermont\n* ''The Prevalence of Mrs. Seal'' performed:\n** in 1974 in Foster City, California\n** in 1982 in Green Bay, Wisconsin\n** in 1997 in Saugus, California\n** in 2005 in Jackson, Tennessee\n* ''The Unicorns'' performed:\n** in 1978 in Poughkeepsie, New York\n", "While acting in a summer production in Rye Beach, New Hampshire, Bigelow met Gordon Merrick. They shared an apartment in New York, on East 54th Street, and Richard Barr joined them. When Merrick wrote his gay romance ''The Lord Won't Mind'', he modeled one of the characters after Bigelow.\n\nIn New York City in the 1940s, Bigelow became a prominent figure in the gay society. He was interviewed by Alfred Kinsey for his research on Sexual Behavior. He was in a relationship with millionaire George Gallowhur, but he left Gallowhur when he fell in love with Bill Miller.\n\nHe was friends with Maury Paul, the original Cholly Knickerbocker who wrote a society columnist for Hearst.\n\nAfter retirement Bigelow resided in New York City with his long-term partner of more than 50 years, Thierry Mahe. He had a summer house on Fire Island, New York, and traveled often to France. He collected Art Nouveau glass and fin-de-sicle posters.\n\nHe died on October 6, 2007 in New York City.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life", "Career", "Written plays", "Personal life", "References" ]

[ "His grandfather, Otis Munro Bigelow I (d. 1939) was the president of the Baldwinsville State Bank." ]

[ "Otis Bigelow\n\n'''Otis Munro Bigelow III''' (June 2, 1920 - October 6, 2007) was a Broadway actor, playwright and stage manager.", "He was one of the best-looking men in Manhattan in the 1940s, and one of the first partners of Christian William Miller.", "Otis Munro Bigelow III was born on June 2, 1920 in Exeter, New Hampshire.", "He was the only child of Otis Munro Bigelow II (1881-1932), professor of Romance languages at Phillips Exeter Academy, and Ruth Lillian Spalding (1885-1937).", "He attended Rumsey Hall School, in Washington, Connecticut, where he had his first sexual experiences with classmates.", "In 1934 he transferred to Phillips Exeter Academy, where he was the lead actor in theatrical productions at the Old Farragut Playhouse, Rye Beach, New Hampshire.", "One newspaper said: \"Otis Bigelow as \"Corey Masters\" did a very fine job and should be mentioned as one of the outstanding members of the cast.\"", "After high school he lost his father and his uncle Robert W. Keyes of Utica, New York, who had married his aunt, Olivia Bigelow Keyes (1894-1982), became his guardian.", "He entered Hamilton College (New York) in 1939 joining the Naval Reserve Officer Training.", "At Hamilton College, Bigelow had lead roles in the Charlatans productions and was managing editor of the ''The Continental'' (a student-run magazine) and co-editor of ''Hamiltonews''.", "He was a member of the Publications Board and of Pi Delta Epsilon, a journalism fraternity.", "He was part of the Theta Delta Chi fraternity.", "He sang in the College Choir and fenced for the Coach Glas.", "When he graduated in 1943, ''The Hamiltonian'' said that he was \"the seniors' most diversified artist.\"", "At the beginning of his career, he acted and danced on Broadway.", "He later became a playwright and theatrical agent.", "In 1941 he was writing songs, like \"Seems like yesterday\".", "While he was at Hamilton College, Bigelow wrote a play that John C. Wilson optioned for Broadway and in 1942 he asked Bigelow to come back to Broadway and rewrite it.", "He was a Reservist for the U.S. Navy and served during World War II as an officer aboard minesweepers in both the Atlantic and the Pacific.", "After two years of active duty he was released in 1945 as a lieutenant.", "He was in the cast of ''Red Letter'', a hit in London, made his debut on Broadway as the sailor in ''Dear Ruth''.", "In 1945 he was in the cast of ''Fifty-fifty'' by Andrew Rosenthal at the Sayville Playhouse, Sayville, New York, starring Margaret Bannerman.", "In 1947 he made an audition at Warner Brothers in Hollywood, but was signed as screenwriter.", "He collaborated with Robert Richards for ''One Sunday Afternoon'' starring Dennis Morgan.", "In 1948 he went to Paris \"to get my mind straightened after Hollywood\", and took odd jobs in French movies, from acting to translating and devising English subtitles.", "He appeared in films with Danielle Darrieux, Jean Pierre Aumont and Gene Kelly.", "In 1949 he was in the cast of ''Peg O' My Heart'', starring Academy Award winner Peggy Ann Garner with the Chevy Chase Summer Theater in Wheeling, Illinois; a newspaper said: \"The talented resident company, Paula Laurence, Martin Kingsley, Will Kuluva and Otis Bigelow, again will be turning in the excellent performances that marked last week's comedy starrting Buster Keaton.\"", "Back to New York City, he concentrated on writing, but was not able to support himself.", "''To Dorothy, a Son'', by Roger MacDougal in collaboration with Bigelow, was a success for more than one year in London, directed by Herman Shumlin and was brought over to Broadway in 1952.", "Starring was Ronald Howard, the son of Leslie Howard.", "Bigelow took ballet lessons and became a dancer in for ''The King and I'' on Broadway for three years; he was the Siamese slave and remained with the production for two years.", "In 1953 he joined the dance group Musical Americana, made of 20 men and women, and went on a tour which covered 33 states and 25,000 miles in four months.", "He then spent a summer with the José Limón Company.", "In 1955 he then joined the cast of ''The Teahouse of the August Moon'', produced by Maurice Evans (he was the young Okinawa suitor of the geisha girl) and in 1957 of ''Auntie Mame'', starring Connie Bennett (he was the school teacher).", "In 1957 he played the role of a Set Designer in the movie ''Designing Woman'' by Vincente Minnelli with Gregory Peck and Lauren Bacall.", "Otis Bigelow and Kay Coulter in the Drunkard\n\nIn the late 1950s he was resident company lead for the Cherry County Playhouse in Traverse City, Michigan:\n* In June 1959 he played the lead role in ''The Drunkard'', \"on of the most played favorites in the show business history\".", "* In July 1959 he was in the cast of ''The Happy Time'', starring Greta Thyssen; a newspaper said: \"Kay Coulter and Otis Bigelow were wonderful as the parents.\"", "* In July 1959 he was Max Hollyday in the cast of ''Dial M for Murder''.", "* In July 1959 he was Wesley Cartwright, lead role in the cast of \"Post Road\", starring ZaSu Pitts.", "Of Bigelow they said \"The most was gotten out of a difficult role by Otis Bigelow, a very versatile actor.\"", "Mason Wright, Otis Bigelow, David C. Jones, in 1959, part of the cast of \"Yes Man\"\n\n* In August 1959 he was Newman in the cast of ''Yes Man'', starring Jack Barry, a TV personality; about Bigelow, a newspaper said \"they can search high and low, on Broadway or down alleys, but they'll never find a man who can do a better job of playing the robot part than Otis Bigelow.", "Absolutely fascinating.\"", "* In August 1959 he was Tom MacKenzie in the cast of ''Seven Year Itch'', starring Gene Raymond, popular stage, screen and television actor.", "* In June 1960 he was in the cast of ''The Curious Savage'' by John Patrick, starring ZaSu Pitts.", "A newspaper said: \"As the widow's daughter and sons, Suzanne Kaaren, Otis Bigelow, and Jim MacRoslie create a wonderfully unappetizing trio of characters.\"", "* In August 1960 he was Harry King, the father of the lead, in the cast of ''Belvedere'', starring veteran star of movie and TV Charlie Ruggles.", "* In August 1960 he was Morris Dixon in the cast of Noel Coward's ''Present Laughter'', starring Reginald Gardiner, movie and stage star.", "* In August 1960 he was Orlov in the cast of ''Who Was That Lady I Saw You With'', starring Julius LaRosa, again a TV personality.", "* In August 1960 he was Bradford in the cast of ''Ballots Up'', starring Marvin Miller, TV and radio personality.", "* In August 1960 he was Jackson Eldredge in the cast of ''The Golden Fleecing'', starring Eddie Bracken.", "Otis Bigelow in 1961\n\nIn 1960 he appeared in the San Juan Drama Festival, in Puerto Rico.", "In June 1961 he had the lead role in ''Marriage-Go-Round'' with the Gretna Playhouse, in Lebanon, Pennsylvania.", "He was then Hogan in ''Under The Yum Yum Tree''.", "Later in the month, he was in the cast of ''Make a Million''; a newspaper said: \"He moves like a dancer with purpose and grace does Otis Bigelow who has leading roles at the Gretna Play.\"", "And in July 1961 he was in the cast of ''Plain Betsy''.", "In late 1961 he was in a Broadway production, ''A Cook for Mr. General''.", "In June 1962 he was back with the Gretna Play for ''Everybody Loves Opal'' starring Kay MacDonald, and the week after he was in the cast of \"Write Me a Murder\", starring Leonard Frey and Joseph Masiell.", "In 1965 he was in the cast of ''Never Too Late'' with Maureen O'Sullivan and Arthur Godfrey, produced on Broadway and then Palm Beach, Florida.", "Later in life he moved to stage management for off-Broadway and summer tour productions.", "He worked for Mart Crowley's ''The Boys in the Band'' (1968) and for the Williamstown Theatre Festival and the Bucks County Playhouse.", "He was also a professor at Dartmouth College.", "He retired in 1984.", "* ''My Fair Lady'' performed:\n** in 1947 at Broadway and in Bridgeport, Connecticut, starring Alexander Kirkland.", "* ''The Marriner Method'' performed:\n** in 1957 at Broadway, produced by Maurice Evans\n** in 1958 in London and New York City, produced by Robert Morley and Robin Fox and in association with David Merrick in New York, starring Morley and Margaret Rutherford\n* ''The Peacock Season'' performed:\n** in 1960 in Jones Beach, New York, directed by Jose Ferrer\n** in 1961 at Broadway, starring George Grizzard\n** in 1971 in Los Angeles, California.", "** in 1972 in Chicago, Illinois, directed by Tony Randall\n** in 1972 (till 1974) in St. Louis, Missouri\n** in January 1975 in Stonington, Connecticut\n** in December 1975 (and again in 1985) in Marshfield, Wisconsin\n** in 1981 in Charlotte, South Carolina\n** in 1983 in Columbus, Nebraska\n** in 1991 in Santa Clarita, California\n* ''The Giant's Dance'' performed:\n** in 1964 in New York City at the Cherry Lane Theater, produced by Richard Barr and Clinton Wilder\n** in 1967 in Pocatello, Idaho\n** in June 1968 in Indianapolis, Indiana.", "** in December 1968 in North Hollywood, California\n** in February 1970 in Beckley, West Virginia\n** in 1970 in Fairbanks, Alaska\n** in 1970 (till 1976) in Orlando, Florida, starring Dale Carpenter\n** in 1972 in Los Angeles, California, starring Bennye Gatteys\n** in 1974 in Nashville, Tennessee\n** in 1977 in Columbus, Nebraska\n** in January 1978 in Asbury Park, New Jersey.", "** in April 1978 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n** in October 1981 in Great Falls, Montana\n** in November 1981 in Antioch, Illinois\n** in 1983 in Wilmington, Delaware\n** in 1994 in Clute, Texas\n** in 1997 in Saugus, California\n* ''A.M.''", "performed:\n** in 1965 in Westport, Connecticut, starring Leonard Frey and Alice Drummond\n** in 1973 in Los Angeles, California\n* ''The Morning After'' performed:\n** in 1968 in Manchester, Vermont\n* ''The Prevalence of Mrs. Seal'' performed:\n** in 1974 in Foster City, California\n** in 1982 in Green Bay, Wisconsin\n** in 1997 in Saugus, California\n** in 2005 in Jackson, Tennessee\n* ''The Unicorns'' performed:\n** in 1978 in Poughkeepsie, New York", "While acting in a summer production in Rye Beach, New Hampshire, Bigelow met Gordon Merrick.", "They shared an apartment in New York, on East 54th Street, and Richard Barr joined them.", "When Merrick wrote his gay romance ''The Lord Won't Mind'', he modeled one of the characters after Bigelow.", "In New York City in the 1940s, Bigelow became a prominent figure in the gay society.", "He was interviewed by Alfred Kinsey for his research on Sexual Behavior.", "He was in a relationship with millionaire George Gallowhur, but he left Gallowhur when he fell in love with Bill Miller.", "He was friends with Maury Paul, the original Cholly Knickerbocker who wrote a society columnist for Hearst.", "After retirement Bigelow resided in New York City with his long-term partner of more than 50 years, Thierry Mahe.", "He had a summer house on Fire Island, New York, and traveled often to France.", "He collected Art Nouveau glass and fin-de-sicle posters.", "He died on October 6, 2007 in New York City." ]

[ "\n\n'''Island of Krčedin''' or '''Krčedinska Ada''' () is a river island in Serbia. It is located on the left bank of the Danube across the village of Krčedin, in the municipality of Inđija, Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. The uninhabited island is part of the \n. It is one of the largest remaining natural pastures in the Podunavlje, known for the traditional stock breeding, with only basic human interference.\n", "\nThe island stretches approximately between the Danube's , on the river's left bank. Across the Danube, a bit further from the bank, is the village of Krčedin, after which the island was named. Though it is geographically in the Bačka region, administratively it belongs to the municipality of Inđija (so as the village), in the Syrmia region. Right north of the island, closer than the village of Krčedin, is the village of Gardinovci, in the municipality of Titel. Just west of the island the Beška Bridge crosses the Danube while to the northeast are the village of Kovilj and the Kovilj Monastery.\n", "\nThe island is roughly shaped as a rounded triangle, with the top on the north. It is located in the valley of the Danube and on the east extends into the micro-region of Kožjak, within the Marsh of Kovilj (''Koviljski Rit''). It was created when the Danube shifted its course to the south and cut through its own meander curving around the northern slope of the Koševac Hill on the Syrmian side, northeast of the village of Krečedin. It appears as if being embedded into the Bačka mainland and the narrow arm of the Danube which separates it from the land is called Dunavac (\"Little Danube\") on the west and Arm of Gardinovac on the east side. This arm then branches into numerous smaller arms and ponds. Still, during the normal water level, majority of the island remains dry, while most of it got flooded during the rainy season and high water levels. The highest point on the island is .\n\nThe island is long, wide and covers an area of .\n\nAcross the river, to the west, are two archaeological sites, and .\n", "\nThe island is rich in fresh water and grass. It is also partially forested, mostly by the willows, some of which originate from c. 1810s.\n", "\nThe arm which separates the island from the mainland is a rich, natural spawning area for common carp, northern pike, Prussian carp and sterlet. The Island of Krčedin is one of the largest spawning areas of common carp in Europe.\n\nBirds inhabiting the island include storks, herons, mallards and cormorants. In total, there are 172 bird species on the island, of which 103 are declared rare. Among them are the white tailed eagle, great white heron, black stork, Eurasian eagle-owl and saker falcon.\n\nDuring the hot summers and the low water level, the Dunavac partially dries up, so the island can be visited by bicycle. The natural bridge is also, albeit rarely, used by wild animals to reach the island, like deer, jackals or wild boars.\n", "\nThe villagers from Krčedin were the first who began transporting their livestock to the island, by the ferries, in the 19th century. They were later followed by the inhabitants of other neighboring villages: Kovilj, Šajkaš, Gardinovci, Čortanovci, Stari Slankamen. The animals are transported in the early spring and left until the late autumn to live completely freely as the island is uninhabited, without natural predators and with preserved natural habitat since it is undisturbed by the urban development. The livestock includes horses, sheep, cattle, pigs and donkeys. The well fed animals and their young born on the island are returned to the mainland, into the stables only when it gets too cold or rainy, though horses and pigs are sometimes left on the island even during the winter. Some rare breeds, like the mangalica pigs, local breed of the shepherd dog pulin or the Podolian cattle are also kept on the island, so as a lots of poultry, like hens, turkeys and peacocks. There were 80 Podolians in 2017, out of 400 in the entire Serbia.\n\nAs of 2017 the island numbered 1,000 cattle and pigs, 200 horses and over 100 Balkan donkeys. Donkeys are becoming more and more popular, due to the high prices of their milk. In the 1990s however, over 6,000 animals were kept on the island.\n", "\nThe island is part of a much larger Special Natural Reserve \"Koviljsko-Petrovaradinski Rit\", a wetland along the Danube. Municipality organizes photo safari-like tours to the island from May to September. They are conceived as one-day excursions with the small groups of visitors.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Location ", " Geography ", " Plant life ", " Wildlife ", " Husbandry ", " Tourism ", " References " ]

[ "It is located on the left bank of the Danube across the village of Krčedin, in the municipality of Inđija, Autonomous Province of Vojvodina.", "\nThe island stretches approximately between the Danube's , on the river's left bank.", "Across the Danube, a bit further from the bank, is the village of Krčedin, after which the island was named." ]

[ "\n\n'''Island of Krčedin''' or '''Krčedinska Ada''' () is a river island in Serbia.", "The uninhabited island is part of the \n.", "It is one of the largest remaining natural pastures in the Podunavlje, known for the traditional stock breeding, with only basic human interference.", "Though it is geographically in the Bačka region, administratively it belongs to the municipality of Inđija (so as the village), in the Syrmia region.", "Right north of the island, closer than the village of Krčedin, is the village of Gardinovci, in the municipality of Titel.", "Just west of the island the Beška Bridge crosses the Danube while to the northeast are the village of Kovilj and the Kovilj Monastery.", "\nThe island is roughly shaped as a rounded triangle, with the top on the north.", "It is located in the valley of the Danube and on the east extends into the micro-region of Kožjak, within the Marsh of Kovilj (''Koviljski Rit'').", "It was created when the Danube shifted its course to the south and cut through its own meander curving around the northern slope of the Koševac Hill on the Syrmian side, northeast of the village of Krečedin.", "It appears as if being embedded into the Bačka mainland and the narrow arm of the Danube which separates it from the land is called Dunavac (\"Little Danube\") on the west and Arm of Gardinovac on the east side.", "This arm then branches into numerous smaller arms and ponds.", "Still, during the normal water level, majority of the island remains dry, while most of it got flooded during the rainy season and high water levels.", "The highest point on the island is .", "The island is long, wide and covers an area of .", "Across the river, to the west, are two archaeological sites, and .", "\nThe island is rich in fresh water and grass.", "It is also partially forested, mostly by the willows, some of which originate from c. 1810s.", "\nThe arm which separates the island from the mainland is a rich, natural spawning area for common carp, northern pike, Prussian carp and sterlet.", "The Island of Krčedin is one of the largest spawning areas of common carp in Europe.", "Birds inhabiting the island include storks, herons, mallards and cormorants.", "In total, there are 172 bird species on the island, of which 103 are declared rare.", "Among them are the white tailed eagle, great white heron, black stork, Eurasian eagle-owl and saker falcon.", "During the hot summers and the low water level, the Dunavac partially dries up, so the island can be visited by bicycle.", "The natural bridge is also, albeit rarely, used by wild animals to reach the island, like deer, jackals or wild boars.", "\nThe villagers from Krčedin were the first who began transporting their livestock to the island, by the ferries, in the 19th century.", "They were later followed by the inhabitants of other neighboring villages: Kovilj, Šajkaš, Gardinovci, Čortanovci, Stari Slankamen.", "The animals are transported in the early spring and left until the late autumn to live completely freely as the island is uninhabited, without natural predators and with preserved natural habitat since it is undisturbed by the urban development.", "The livestock includes horses, sheep, cattle, pigs and donkeys.", "The well fed animals and their young born on the island are returned to the mainland, into the stables only when it gets too cold or rainy, though horses and pigs are sometimes left on the island even during the winter.", "Some rare breeds, like the mangalica pigs, local breed of the shepherd dog pulin or the Podolian cattle are also kept on the island, so as a lots of poultry, like hens, turkeys and peacocks.", "There were 80 Podolians in 2017, out of 400 in the entire Serbia.", "As of 2017 the island numbered 1,000 cattle and pigs, 200 horses and over 100 Balkan donkeys.", "Donkeys are becoming more and more popular, due to the high prices of their milk.", "In the 1990s however, over 6,000 animals were kept on the island.", "\nThe island is part of a much larger Special Natural Reserve \"Koviljsko-Petrovaradinski Rit\", a wetland along the Danube.", "Municipality organizes photo safari-like tours to the island from May to September.", "They are conceived as one-day excursions with the small groups of visitors." ]

[ "John Hugo Ross, Unknown, McCaffry, Mark Fortune and Thomson Beattie feed pigeons in St. Mark's Square, Venice, March 1912\n\n'''Thomas Francis McCaffry''' (February 5, 1866 - April 15, 1912) was a RMS Titanic victim. It has been suggested that, with travel partners Thomson Beattie and John Hugo Ross, he was one of the gay passengers aboard the Titanic.\n", "Thomas Francis McCaffry was born on February 5, 1866, in Trois-Rivières, Quebec. He was of Irish-Scots descent, the son of James McCaffry and Mary Ann Campbell. He grew up in Montreal and had two sisters, Annie and Mary Eva.\n", "His first employer was the Union Bank of Canada in Trois-Rivière, and later, in 1885, he became a clerk in Montreal. He got promoted and sent to manage the Union Bank in Neepawa, Manitoba. In 1897 he moved to Winnipeg to manage yet another branch. It was in Winnipeg that he met Thomson Beattie (November 25, 1875 - April 15, 1912), who will die with McCaffry aboard of the Titanic. They traveled together to the Agean in 1908, and to North Africa in 1910. The 1912 travel to Middle East and Europe, with the return aboard the Titanic, was to be their last.\n\nIn 1900 McCaffrey moved to Vancouver to manage the gold assay office opened by the Dominion Government. In 1907 he became the manager of the Vancouver branch of the Union Bank.\n", "In 1912, McCaffrey, Beattie and John Hugo Ross, another Titanic victim, left aboard the Franconia for a 4 months long tour to Middle East and Europe. In February they were in Cairo and visited Luxor and Aswan. After Cairo they landed in Naples and Venice. They boarded the Titanice as first class passengers in Cherbourg. McCaffry and Beattie shared cabin C-6. Beattie managed to leave on the last available raft, Collapsible A, but McCaffrey didn't board. His body was later recovered by the MacKay Bennett.\n\nIt has been suggested that McCaffrey and Beattie were a couple and Ross was gay as well. According to Alan Hustak: \"Beattie and McCaffry resembled each other, dressed alike, and were often mistaken for brothers. The Winnipeg Free Press remarked on how similar they were, and observed the two of them 'were almost inseperable.'\"\n\nHe was buried at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal, his tombstone paid by the Union Bank of Canada.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life", "Career", "Personal life", "References" ]

[ "His first employer was the Union Bank of Canada in Trois-Rivière, and later, in 1885, he became a clerk in Montreal.", "He got promoted and sent to manage the Union Bank in Neepawa, Manitoba.", "In 1907 he became the manager of the Vancouver branch of the Union Bank.", "He was buried at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal, his tombstone paid by the Union Bank of Canada." ]

[ "John Hugo Ross, Unknown, McCaffry, Mark Fortune and Thomson Beattie feed pigeons in St. Mark's Square, Venice, March 1912\n\n'''Thomas Francis McCaffry''' (February 5, 1866 - April 15, 1912) was a RMS Titanic victim.", "It has been suggested that, with travel partners Thomson Beattie and John Hugo Ross, he was one of the gay passengers aboard the Titanic.", "Thomas Francis McCaffry was born on February 5, 1866, in Trois-Rivières, Quebec.", "He was of Irish-Scots descent, the son of James McCaffry and Mary Ann Campbell.", "He grew up in Montreal and had two sisters, Annie and Mary Eva.", "In 1897 he moved to Winnipeg to manage yet another branch.", "It was in Winnipeg that he met Thomson Beattie (November 25, 1875 - April 15, 1912), who will die with McCaffry aboard of the Titanic.", "They traveled together to the Agean in 1908, and to North Africa in 1910.", "The 1912 travel to Middle East and Europe, with the return aboard the Titanic, was to be their last.", "In 1900 McCaffrey moved to Vancouver to manage the gold assay office opened by the Dominion Government.", "In 1912, McCaffrey, Beattie and John Hugo Ross, another Titanic victim, left aboard the Franconia for a 4 months long tour to Middle East and Europe.", "In February they were in Cairo and visited Luxor and Aswan.", "After Cairo they landed in Naples and Venice.", "They boarded the Titanice as first class passengers in Cherbourg.", "McCaffry and Beattie shared cabin C-6.", "Beattie managed to leave on the last available raft, Collapsible A, but McCaffrey didn't board.", "His body was later recovered by the MacKay Bennett.", "It has been suggested that McCaffrey and Beattie were a couple and Ross was gay as well.", "According to Alan Hustak: \"Beattie and McCaffry resembled each other, dressed alike, and were often mistaken for brothers.", "The Winnipeg Free Press remarked on how similar they were, and observed the two of them 'were almost inseperable.'\"" ]

[ "'''John Reynolds''' (1797–21 August 1868) was an Irish Repeal Association politician who was a Westminster M.P. for Dublin City from the 1847 election to the 1852 election, and Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1850. He was from a prosperous family; in the 1840s he was secretary of the National Bank of Ireland, while his brother Thomas Reynolds was Dublin City Marshal.\n\nReynolds regarded the Repeal Association as a vehicle for advancing the local interest of Dublin rather than the constitutional question of repeal of the Acts of Union 1800. The Dublin merchant and trade lobby lost influence in the Association to professional men in the mid 1840s, but regained it after Daniel O'Connell's death in May 1847, with Reynolds, then an alderman, coming to prominence. According to Charles Gavan Duffy, it was proved that Reynolds \"accepted money extracted from officers for whom he had procured compensation in Parliament\". His grave is in Glasnevin Cemetery.\n", "===Citations===\n\n===Sources===\n* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "References" ]

[ "He was from a prosperous family; in the 1840s he was secretary of the National Bank of Ireland, while his brother Thomas Reynolds was Dublin City Marshal." ]

[ "'''John Reynolds''' (1797–21 August 1868) was an Irish Repeal Association politician who was a Westminster M.P.", "for Dublin City from the 1847 election to the 1852 election, and Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1850.", "Reynolds regarded the Repeal Association as a vehicle for advancing the local interest of Dublin rather than the constitutional question of repeal of the Acts of Union 1800.", "The Dublin merchant and trade lobby lost influence in the Association to professional men in the mid 1840s, but regained it after Daniel O'Connell's death in May 1847, with Reynolds, then an alderman, coming to prominence.", "According to Charles Gavan Duffy, it was proved that Reynolds \"accepted money extracted from officers for whom he had procured compensation in Parliament\".", "His grave is in Glasnevin Cemetery.", "===Citations===\n\n===Sources===\n* \n*" ]

[ "\n\nDurreen's early career was spent working as an investment banker for the likes of Grameen Bank, Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, and the World Bank. After some 6 years in this sector, Durreen transitioned from the world of finance to media and communications. For the next 7 odd years she led the Asia branches of various media organizations including Asia City Publishing Group, Hearst Magazines International, and Readers Digest Asia. \n\nIn 1999 Durreen founded her own company, oneNest. OneNest was created to be the first online marketplace for local small-batch handicraft producers to connect with globally dispersed consumers. The focus here was on ethical production and trade. The company sold in 2004, at which point Durreen went back into a number of fields ranging from media to teaching. Such varied endeavors as this all led, in 2009, to the founding of Impact Investment Exchange. An impact investing company with a mission to pair finance to global development. Applying innovative financial mechanisms toward solutions in three key areas: women empowerment, climate change, and community resilience, Durreen received the Oslo Business for Peace Award in 2017. \n\n'''Personal Life''' \n\nDurreen Shahnaz was born in Bangladesh. Along with her husband Robert Kraybill, Durreen has two daughters, Diya and Aliya.\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction" ]

[ "\n\nDurreen's early career was spent working as an investment banker for the likes of Grameen Bank, Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, and the World Bank." ]

[ "After some 6 years in this sector, Durreen transitioned from the world of finance to media and communications.", "For the next 7 odd years she led the Asia branches of various media organizations including Asia City Publishing Group, Hearst Magazines International, and Readers Digest Asia.", "In 1999 Durreen founded her own company, oneNest.", "OneNest was created to be the first online marketplace for local small-batch handicraft producers to connect with globally dispersed consumers.", "The focus here was on ethical production and trade.", "The company sold in 2004, at which point Durreen went back into a number of fields ranging from media to teaching.", "Such varied endeavors as this all led, in 2009, to the founding of Impact Investment Exchange.", "An impact investing company with a mission to pair finance to global development.", "Applying innovative financial mechanisms toward solutions in three key areas: women empowerment, climate change, and community resilience, Durreen received the Oslo Business for Peace Award in 2017.", "'''Personal Life''' \n\nDurreen Shahnaz was born in Bangladesh.", "Along with her husband Robert Kraybill, Durreen has two daughters, Diya and Aliya." ]

[ "'''Labour rights in Azerbaijan'''. Everyone including foreign and non-citizens has right to work in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Nobody may be deprived of a right to work based on discrimination related to citizenship, sex, race, nationality, language, place of residence, economic standing, social origin, age, family circumstances, religion, political views, affiliation with trade unions or other public associations, professional standing, beliefs, or other similar factors. All persons are free to choose his or her workplace, profession, and activity. Everybody is free to work or not to work. Compulsory labor is forbidden by legislation in force of Azerbaijan. In other words, no one may be forced to work in the country. If one has a status of “unemployed” the state has to pay social allowances to him or her. Furthermore, the state must endeavor to eliminate the unemployment in the country.\n", "\n=== Rights and obligations of the employees ===\nLabour relations between an employee and employer are set up as from the employment contact carries into force. Labour legislation determines the rights and responsibilities of employees and employers. The workers have right to receive appropriate salary for his or her work and social insurance paid by employer, to work under safety and healthy conditions, to join trade unions or other organization and others. At the same time, the employees have to abstain from the breach of work discipline, occupational safety requirements, disclose of state and trade secrets, and any other that may cause the violation of labor rights and interests of their co-workers.\n", "It is forbidden to force a person to work by intimidation, harassment, use of force, or the restriction of one’s freedom. This action is punished by imprisonment for the term of four to eight years. The punishment may increase, for example, if the same action causes the death of someone. \n\nInfringement of safety precautions regulations or other rules of labor safeties by an appointed person is punished if it causes serious or minor serious harm to health of a person, or the death of a person or persons. \n\nThe persons cannot be employed unless the employment contract comes into force. The authorities who are responsible for this have to bear criminal liability under the Criminal Code of Azerbaijan.\n\nUnreasonable termination of employment contract with a women because of her pregnancy or 3 year old child who depends on her results in criminal liability. The regulation is the same for a man who brings up his child alone. \n", "International Labour Organization\nAzerbaijan became a member of International Labour Organization on May 1992. ILO opened its local office in Azerbaijan in 2003. Until the end of September 2017, Azerbaijan has ratified 58 Conventions and 1 Additional Protocols within the framework of ILO. All fundamental and governance conventions of ILO have been ratified by Azerbaijan. On 18-19 November 2010, Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, played host to the 3rd Conference of the Regional Alliance of Labour Inspections. The Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of Population of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the International Association of Labour Inspections, ILO and World Bank together organized the Conference.\n", "Children's rights in Azerbaijan\n\n\n\n== References ==" ]

[ "Introduction", " Rights and obligations of the employees and employers ", " Criminal liability for violation of labour legislation ", " International Labour Organization and Azerbaijan ", " See also " ]

[ "The Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of Population of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the International Association of Labour Inspections, ILO and World Bank together organized the Conference." ]

[ "'''Labour rights in Azerbaijan'''.", "Everyone including foreign and non-citizens has right to work in the Republic of Azerbaijan.", "Nobody may be deprived of a right to work based on discrimination related to citizenship, sex, race, nationality, language, place of residence, economic standing, social origin, age, family circumstances, religion, political views, affiliation with trade unions or other public associations, professional standing, beliefs, or other similar factors.", "All persons are free to choose his or her workplace, profession, and activity.", "Everybody is free to work or not to work.", "Compulsory labor is forbidden by legislation in force of Azerbaijan.", "In other words, no one may be forced to work in the country.", "If one has a status of “unemployed” the state has to pay social allowances to him or her.", "Furthermore, the state must endeavor to eliminate the unemployment in the country.", "\n=== Rights and obligations of the employees ===\nLabour relations between an employee and employer are set up as from the employment contact carries into force.", "Labour legislation determines the rights and responsibilities of employees and employers.", "The workers have right to receive appropriate salary for his or her work and social insurance paid by employer, to work under safety and healthy conditions, to join trade unions or other organization and others.", "At the same time, the employees have to abstain from the breach of work discipline, occupational safety requirements, disclose of state and trade secrets, and any other that may cause the violation of labor rights and interests of their co-workers.", "It is forbidden to force a person to work by intimidation, harassment, use of force, or the restriction of one’s freedom.", "This action is punished by imprisonment for the term of four to eight years.", "The punishment may increase, for example, if the same action causes the death of someone.", "Infringement of safety precautions regulations or other rules of labor safeties by an appointed person is punished if it causes serious or minor serious harm to health of a person, or the death of a person or persons.", "The persons cannot be employed unless the employment contract comes into force.", "The authorities who are responsible for this have to bear criminal liability under the Criminal Code of Azerbaijan.", "Unreasonable termination of employment contract with a women because of her pregnancy or 3 year old child who depends on her results in criminal liability.", "The regulation is the same for a man who brings up his child alone.", "International Labour Organization\nAzerbaijan became a member of International Labour Organization on May 1992.", "ILO opened its local office in Azerbaijan in 2003.", "Until the end of September 2017, Azerbaijan has ratified 58 Conventions and 1 Additional Protocols within the framework of ILO.", "All fundamental and governance conventions of ILO have been ratified by Azerbaijan.", "On 18-19 November 2010, Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, played host to the 3rd Conference of the Regional Alliance of Labour Inspections.", "Children's rights in Azerbaijan\n\n\n\n== References ==" ]

[ "\n\n\n'''Dovhe''' (; ) is a village in Slovianoserbsk Raion (district) in Luhansk Oblast of eastern Ukraine, at about 30 km WNW from the centre of Luhansk city, on the right bank of the Siverskyi Donets river.\n\nThe settlement was taken under control of pro-Russian forces during the War in Donbass, that started in 2014.\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "References" ]

[ "\n\n\n'''Dovhe''' (; ) is a village in Slovianoserbsk Raion (district) in Luhansk Oblast of eastern Ukraine, at about 30 km WNW from the centre of Luhansk city, on the right bank of the Siverskyi Donets river." ]

[ "The settlement was taken under control of pro-Russian forces during the War in Donbass, that started in 2014." ]

[ "\nShirak Plain with Mount Aragats in the background (from north to south)\n'''Shirak Plain''', ( ''Shiraki dašt''),\nis a plain located in the Armenian Plateau, at the northwest of Armenia. It roughly occupies almost the entire area of Shirak Province, the southwestern parts of Lori Province, as well as the northern parts of Aragatsotn Province. \n\nShirak plan stretches from the left bank of Akhurian River at the west, towards the Pambak Mountains at the east. The plain is dominated by the Shirak mountains from the north, while the volcanoes of Shara and Aragats from the southern and southeastern borders of the plain. Akhurian river separates the Shirak plain from the Kars volcanic plateau at the west, which is located at the right bank of the river in modern-day Turkey.\n\nThe elevation of the plain ranges between 1400 and 1900 meters above sea level.\n\nGyumri, Artik, Maralik and Talin are the main urban settlements within the Shirak Plain.\n", "\nFile:Շիրակի դաշտ, Մարմաշեն.jpg|Shirak plain at Marmashen\nFile:Տափաստանային լանդշաֆտ.jpg|Steppes at the Shirak plateau around Anipemza\nFile:«Փետրախոտային տափաստան».jpg|Steppes at the Shirak plateau northwest of Amasia\nFile:Փետրախոտային տափաստան.jpg|Steppes at the Shirak plateau northwest of Amasia\nFile:Իսահակյան գյուղ2.jpg|Shirak Plain near Isahakyan\nFile:Buckwheat fields in Shirak Province, Armenia 7-15-16, 16 47 38.jpg|Buckwheat fields in Shirak\nFile:Lake Azatan.jpg|Lake Azatan near the Azatan village, Shirak Plain \n\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ "Shirak plan stretches from the left bank of Akhurian River at the west, towards the Pambak Mountains at the east.", "Akhurian river separates the Shirak plain from the Kars volcanic plateau at the west, which is located at the right bank of the river in modern-day Turkey." ]

[ "\nShirak Plain with Mount Aragats in the background (from north to south)\n'''Shirak Plain''', ( ''Shiraki dašt''),\nis a plain located in the Armenian Plateau, at the northwest of Armenia.", "It roughly occupies almost the entire area of Shirak Province, the southwestern parts of Lori Province, as well as the northern parts of Aragatsotn Province.", "The plain is dominated by the Shirak mountains from the north, while the volcanoes of Shara and Aragats from the southern and southeastern borders of the plain.", "The elevation of the plain ranges between 1400 and 1900 meters above sea level.", "Gyumri, Artik, Maralik and Talin are the main urban settlements within the Shirak Plain.", "\nFile:Շիրակի դաշտ, Մարմաշեն.jpg|Shirak plain at Marmashen\nFile:Տափաստանային լանդշաֆտ.jpg|Steppes at the Shirak plateau around Anipemza\nFile:«Փետրախոտային տափաստան».jpg|Steppes at the Shirak plateau northwest of Amasia\nFile:Փետրախոտային տափաստան.jpg|Steppes at the Shirak plateau northwest of Amasia\nFile:Իսահակյան գյուղ2.jpg|Shirak Plain near Isahakyan\nFile:Buckwheat fields in Shirak Province, Armenia 7-15-16, 16 47 38.jpg|Buckwheat fields in Shirak\nFile:Lake Azatan.jpg|Lake Azatan near the Azatan village, Shirak Plain" ]

[ "\n\n'''Habib Ullah Dawn''' is a Bangladeshi Business leader & entrepreneur. He is the Chairman of AM Group and the Chairman of Bangladesh Reconditioned Vehicles Importers and Dealers Association (BARVIDA). He is the Director of Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industries (FBCCI) and Exim Bank Limited. \n", "Born in Dhaka, Habib Ullah Dawn is a son of Abdur Razzak and Late Parveen Sultana Begum. His other three brothers and one sister. Dawn passed Secondary School Certificate (S.S.C) from Dhanmondi Boys High School. After that, he completed Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSC) and B.A from Dhaka City College. \n", "After completing Graduation Dawn initiated his career as a businessman by introducing a showroom at Nayapaltan on June 8, 1996. He established Auto Museum and start importing and marketing the high-cost luxury cars. He became successful to import such luxury cars in accordance with the choice of high-profile industrialists and business people of the country. Although Auto Museum started its journey from Naya Paltan, Dhaka but now its head office located at Gulshan- 2 from March 2004. The number of imported cars by Auto Museum Limited especially from Japan is 800-1000 and following are the brands name: Toyota, Nissan, MITSUBISHI, HONDA, Lexus and HUMMER. Besides Auto Museum Ltd. Dawn is also involved in other business organization such as A.M. Corporation (established October 8, 2003, related to car import business), Alpha Housing Ltd, Chameli Glass Works Ltd. and Atlanta Enterprise. He is the member of Dhaka Club, Golf Club, and Gulshan Club. He is involved with Japan Bangla Chamber of Commerce and Industry (JBCCI), and Dutch- Bangla Chamber of Commerce.He is the only importer, who for the first time by airlines imported up to 15 cars from Dubai. \n", "", "", "\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life and education", "Career", "Personal life", "Awards & honor", " References ", "External links" ]

[ "He is the Director of Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industries (FBCCI) and Exim Bank Limited." ]

[ "\n\n'''Habib Ullah Dawn''' is a Bangladeshi Business leader & entrepreneur.", "He is the Chairman of AM Group and the Chairman of Bangladesh Reconditioned Vehicles Importers and Dealers Association (BARVIDA).", "Born in Dhaka, Habib Ullah Dawn is a son of Abdur Razzak and Late Parveen Sultana Begum.", "His other three brothers and one sister.", "Dawn passed Secondary School Certificate (S.S.C) from Dhanmondi Boys High School.", "After that, he completed Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSC) and B.A from Dhaka City College.", "After completing Graduation Dawn initiated his career as a businessman by introducing a showroom at Nayapaltan on June 8, 1996.", "He established Auto Museum and start importing and marketing the high-cost luxury cars.", "He became successful to import such luxury cars in accordance with the choice of high-profile industrialists and business people of the country.", "Although Auto Museum started its journey from Naya Paltan, Dhaka but now its head office located at Gulshan- 2 from March 2004.", "The number of imported cars by Auto Museum Limited especially from Japan is 800-1000 and following are the brands name: Toyota, Nissan, MITSUBISHI, HONDA, Lexus and HUMMER.", "Besides Auto Museum Ltd.", "Dawn is also involved in other business organization such as A.M.", "Corporation (established October 8, 2003, related to car import business), Alpha Housing Ltd, Chameli Glass Works Ltd. and Atlanta Enterprise.", "He is the member of Dhaka Club, Golf Club, and Gulshan Club.", "He is involved with Japan Bangla Chamber of Commerce and Industry (JBCCI), and Dutch- Bangla Chamber of Commerce.He is the only importer, who for the first time by airlines imported up to 15 cars from Dubai." ]

[ "\n'''Gerua''' is a village in Kamrup rural district, in the state of Assam, India, situated in north bank of river Brahmaputra.\n", "The village is located north of National Highway 27 and connected to nearby towns and cities like Rangiya and Guwahati with regular buses and other modes of transportation.\n", "* Dihina\n* Gandhmow\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Transport", "See also", "References" ]

[ "\n'''Gerua''' is a village in Kamrup rural district, in the state of Assam, India, situated in north bank of river Brahmaputra." ]

[ "The village is located north of National Highway 27 and connected to nearby towns and cities like Rangiya and Guwahati with regular buses and other modes of transportation.", "* Dihina\n* Gandhmow" ]

[ "\n'''Gandhmow''' is a village in Kamrup rural district, in the state of Assam, India, situated in north bank of river Brahmaputra.\n", "The village is located west of National Highway 427 and connected to nearby towns and cities like Guwahati with regular buses and other modes of transportation.\n", "* Gerua\n* Dumunichowki\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Transport", "See also", "References" ]

[ "\n'''Gandhmow''' is a village in Kamrup rural district, in the state of Assam, India, situated in north bank of river Brahmaputra." ]

[ "The village is located west of National Highway 427 and connected to nearby towns and cities like Guwahati with regular buses and other modes of transportation.", "* Gerua\n* Dumunichowki" ]

[ "\n'''Gohalkona''' is a village in Kamrup rural district, in the state of Assam, India, situated in south bank of river Brahmaputra.\n", "The village is located south of National Highway 31 and connected to nearby towns and cities like Boko, Chaygaon and Guwahati with regular buses and other modes of transportation.\n", "* Gerua\n* Gopalpur\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Transport", "See also", "References" ]

[ "\n'''Gohalkona''' is a village in Kamrup rural district, in the state of Assam, India, situated in south bank of river Brahmaputra." ]

[ "The village is located south of National Highway 31 and connected to nearby towns and cities like Boko, Chaygaon and Guwahati with regular buses and other modes of transportation.", "* Gerua\n* Gopalpur" ]

[ "\n'''Gopalpur''' is a village in Kamrup rural district, in the state of Assam, India, situated in north bank of river Brahmaputra.\n", "The village is located south of National Highway 27 and connected to nearby towns and cities like Rangiya, Baihata and Guwahati with regular buses and other modes of transportation.\n", "* Gerua\n* Gohalkona\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Transport", "See also", "References" ]

[ "\n'''Gopalpur''' is a village in Kamrup rural district, in the state of Assam, India, situated in north bank of river Brahmaputra." ]

[ "The village is located south of National Highway 27 and connected to nearby towns and cities like Rangiya, Baihata and Guwahati with regular buses and other modes of transportation.", "* Gerua\n* Gohalkona" ]

[ "\n'''Gurmou''' is a village in Kamrup rural district, in the state of Assam, India, situated in north bank of river Brahmaputra.\n", "The village is located north of National Highway 27 and connected to nearby towns and cities like Rangiya and Guwahati with regular buses and other modes of transportation.\n", "* Gerua\n* Gosaihat\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Transport", "See also", "References" ]

[ "\n'''Gurmou''' is a village in Kamrup rural district, in the state of Assam, India, situated in north bank of river Brahmaputra." ]

[ "The village is located north of National Highway 27 and connected to nearby towns and cities like Rangiya and Guwahati with regular buses and other modes of transportation.", "* Gerua\n* Gosaihat" ]

[ "\n'''Gosaihat''' is a village in Kamrup rural district, in the state of Assam, India, situated in south bank of river Brahmaputra.\n", "The village is located south of National Highway 31 and connected to nearby towns and cities like Bijoynagar and Guwahati with regular buses and other modes of transportation.\n", "* Gurmou\n* Gohalkona\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Transport", "See also", "References" ]

[ "\n'''Gosaihat''' is a village in Kamrup rural district, in the state of Assam, India, situated in south bank of river Brahmaputra." ]

[ "The village is located south of National Highway 31 and connected to nearby towns and cities like Bijoynagar and Guwahati with regular buses and other modes of transportation.", "* Gurmou\n* Gohalkona" ]

[ "\n\n'''William T. \"Bill\" Britton''' (12 October 1890 – 15 February 1965) was an Irish athlete.\n", "\nBritton was born near Mullinahone to a farming family. He attended Coláiste Éamann Rís in Callan and worked as a bank clerk in the Munster and Leinster Bank.\n", "Britton excelled in high jump, long jump, 120 yd hurdles, triple jump and hammer throw, winning Gaelic Athletic Association, National Athletic and Cycling Association and Amateur Athletic Association of England titles.\n\nThe high point of Britton's career was representing Ireland at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Canada, where he won silver in the hammer throw with a throw of 153' 10\" (46.89 m).\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life", "Career", "References" ]

[ "He attended Coláiste Éamann Rís in Callan and worked as a bank clerk in the Munster and Leinster Bank." ]

[ "\n\n'''William T. \"Bill\" Britton''' (12 October 1890 – 15 February 1965) was an Irish athlete.", "\nBritton was born near Mullinahone to a farming family.", "Britton excelled in high jump, long jump, 120 yd hurdles, triple jump and hammer throw, winning Gaelic Athletic Association, National Athletic and Cycling Association and Amateur Athletic Association of England titles.", "The high point of Britton's career was representing Ireland at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Canada, where he won silver in the hammer throw with a throw of 153' 10\" (46.89 m)." ]

[ "\n'''Monique Nsanzabaganwa''' is a Rwandan economist and politician who has served as the Deputy Governor of the National Bank of Rwanda, since 2011.\n", "She was born in Rwanda circa 1971, and attended Rwandan schools prior to her University education. She holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics, from the National University of Rwanda. She studied at Stellenbosch University, in South Africa, graduating with a Master of Arts in economics, followed by a Doctor of Philosophy, also in economics.\n", "Following her gradate studies abroad, she returned to Rwanda and worked as a lecturer in economics at the National University of Rwanda, from 1999 until 2003. Between 2003 and 2008, she served as the Minister of State responsible for Economic Planning in the Rwanda Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. From 2008 until 2011 she was the Minister of Trade and Industry in the Rwandan cabinet. \n\nAs state minister for economic planing, Dr. Monique Nsanzabaganwa is credited with creating a stronger statistical and planning system nationally and at local levels. She was a leader the the drive to establish the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda. She is also credited with leading the efforts to set up the legal framework and policy guidelines for microfinance in Rwanda.\n", "She is (1) a member of the African Leaders Network, (2) a Fellow of the Aspen Global Leadership Network (AGLN), (3) a Fellow of the Africa Leadership Initiative (ALI) East Africa and (4) a Fellow of the John F. Kennedy School of Government’s Executive Education in Public Financial Management. She has served as the chairperson of the Board of Directors of the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, since 2012.\n", "Dr. Monique Nsanzabaganwa is a married mother of three children; two sons and a daughter.\n", "* Cabinet of Rwanda\n* Parliament of Rwanda\n", "\n", "* Website of the National Bank of Rwanda\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Background and education", "Career", "Other considerations", "Family", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ "\n'''Monique Nsanzabaganwa''' is a Rwandan economist and politician who has served as the Deputy Governor of the National Bank of Rwanda, since 2011.", "* Website of the National Bank of Rwanda" ]

[ "She was born in Rwanda circa 1971, and attended Rwandan schools prior to her University education.", "She holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics, from the National University of Rwanda.", "She studied at Stellenbosch University, in South Africa, graduating with a Master of Arts in economics, followed by a Doctor of Philosophy, also in economics.", "Following her gradate studies abroad, she returned to Rwanda and worked as a lecturer in economics at the National University of Rwanda, from 1999 until 2003.", "Between 2003 and 2008, she served as the Minister of State responsible for Economic Planning in the Rwanda Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning.", "From 2008 until 2011 she was the Minister of Trade and Industry in the Rwandan cabinet.", "As state minister for economic planing, Dr. Monique Nsanzabaganwa is credited with creating a stronger statistical and planning system nationally and at local levels.", "She was a leader the the drive to establish the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda.", "She is also credited with leading the efforts to set up the legal framework and policy guidelines for microfinance in Rwanda.", "She is (1) a member of the African Leaders Network, (2) a Fellow of the Aspen Global Leadership Network (AGLN), (3) a Fellow of the Africa Leadership Initiative (ALI) East Africa and (4) a Fellow of the John F. Kennedy School of Government’s Executive Education in Public Financial Management.", "She has served as the chairperson of the Board of Directors of the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, since 2012.", "Dr. Monique Nsanzabaganwa is a married mother of three children; two sons and a daughter.", "* Cabinet of Rwanda\n* Parliament of Rwanda" ]

[ "A timeline of notable events relating to BBC Radio 1, a British national radio station which began broadcasts in September 1967.\n", "* '''1967'''\n**30 September – Radio 1 launches at 7:00 am with Tony Blackburn's ''Daily Disc Delivery'' show. He welcomes listeners to \"the exciting new sound of Radio 1\" and then plays the station's first track: The Move's \"Flowers in the Rain\".\n**1 October – The first Peel Session takes place, featuring psychedelic rock band Tomorrow. \n\n* '''1968'''\n**Tony Blackburn stops presenting the breakfast show on Saturdays. The show is replaced by Ed Stewart presenting Junior Choice.\n\n*'''1969'''\n**April – Johnnie Walker begins his first stint at Radio 1. He would have three stints at the station, the final one ending in 1995.\n**5 October – Annie Nightingale makes her debut and becomes the station's first female presenter.\n**Dave Lee Travis joins.\n", "*'''1970'''\n** July – Kenny Everett is sacked after making cheeky remarks about the Transport Minister's wife following a news item.\n**Bob Harris joins, staying until 1975 before returning for four years in 1989.\n\n*'''1971'''\n**Radio 1 launches its first promotion badges using the slogan \"Go Radio 1 Better on 247\".\n**Radio 1 airs its first documentary, ''The Elvis Presley Story,'' narrated by Wink Martindale.\n*'''1972'''\n**April – Terry Wogan leaves to take over BBC Radio 2's breakfast show.\n\n* '''1973'''\n**8 April – Kenny Everett briefly returns before moving to Capital Radio later in the year.\n**1 June – Tony Blackburn presents his final Breakfast Show, having fronted the show since the station went on air in 1967. Noel Edmonds takes over as presenter three days later.\n**23 July – The first Radio 1 Roadshow takes place. It comes from Newquay, Cornwall and is hosted by Alan Freeman.\n**10 September – Newsbeat bulletins air for the first time. Richard Skinner joins the station as one of the new programme's presenters.\n\n*'''1974'''\n**Radio 1 hosts its first \"Fun Day\".\n\n*'''1975'''\n**September – The first edition of ''The Sunday Request Show'' is broadcast, hosted by Annie Nightingale. The show runs until 1979 before being re-introduced in 1982, running until the end of 1993.\n**27 September – Paul Gambaccini, who joined the station two years earlier, presents his first American chart countdown programme.\n\n*'''1976'''\n**May – Simon Bates gets his first regular show.\n**December – The first Festive Fifty is revealed by John Peel.\n**Emperor Rosko leaves to return to America.\n\n*'''1977'''\n**Peter Powell joins.\n\n*'''1978'''\n**2 May – Dave Lee Travis succeeds Noel Edmonds as presenter of the Radio 1 Breakfast Show.\n**12 November – The Sunday teatime chart show is extended from a Top 20 countdown to a Top 40 countdown. Simon Bates is the presenter, having taken over as host from Tom Browne earlier in the year.\n**17 November – Tommy Vance, one of the station's original presenters, rejoins Radio 1 to present a new programme, The Friday Rock Show.\n**23 November – Radio 1 moves from 247m (1214 kHz) to 275 & 285m (1053 & 1089 kHz) medium wave as part of a plan to improve national AM reception, and to conform with the Geneva Frequency Plan of 1975. \n**Peter Powell, David Jensen and Andy Peebles join.\n\n*'''1979'''\n**No events.\n", "\n*'''1980'''\n**Steve Wright joins.\n**6 December – Andy Peebles interviews John Lennon and Yoko Ono in New York City, just two days before John was assassinated.\n\n*'''1981'''\n**5 January – Mike Read succeeds Dave Lee Travis as presenter of the Radio 1 Breakfast Show.\n**Steve Wright moves to the afternoon slot, thereby launching Steve Wright in the Afternoon.\n\n*'''1982'''\n**10 January – Tommy Vance replaces Tony Blackburn as host of Radio 1's ''Top 40'' show.\n**Gary Davies joins.\n** 4 December – Janice Long joins, hosting a Saturday evening show.\n\n*'''1983'''\n**No events.\n\n*'''1984'''\n**8 January – Simon Bates returns to the Sunday teatime Top 40 programme, but only for a few months as Richard Skinner takes over as host on 30 September.\n**23 September – Tony Blackburn, the first voice heard on Radio 1, presents his final show for the station.\n\n*'''1985'''\n**31 March – Ranking Miss P becomes the station's first black female DJ when she begins presenting the station's first reggae programme. This was not her first appearance on the station, however, as she had been sitting in for other presenters for the past year.\n**13 July – Radio 1 broadcasts full, live coverage of the Live Aid pop concerts.\n**Johnny Beerling replaces Derek Chinnery as station controller.\n\n*'''1986'''\n** February – Paul Gambaccini presents his final programme for Radio 1, leaving after presenting the station's American chart programme for the previous decade.\n**13 April – Bruno Brookes takes over as the host of the UK Singles Chart.\n**18 April – Mike Read presents his final Radio 1 Breakfast Show after five years in the hot seat.\n**5 May – Mike Smith takes over the Radio 1 Breakfast Show. The same day also sees Radio 1 begin broadcasting on weekdays 30 minutes earlier, at 5.30am.\n**Simon Mayo joins.\n\n*'''1987'''\n**31 October – Radio 1 begins launching its FM frequency, starting in London, initially on 104.8 before moving to the 97-99 frequency range allocated to the station.\n**Nicky Campbell and Mark Goodier join.\n\n*'''1988'''\n**January – The station has a \"More Music Day\" which limited presenter chat to news, weather and travel. It was designed as an answer to those who thought that DJs talk too much. It has not been repeated.\n**23 May – Simon Mayo takes over from Mike Smith as presenter of the Breakfast Show.\n**1 September – The Radio 1 FM 'switch on' day which sees three new transmitters brought into service covering central Scotland, the north of England and the Midlands. With 65% of the UK now covered by the station's new FM frequency, the pop group Bros fly around the country in a helicopter to encourage listeners to switch over.\n**25 September – Peter Powell leaves.\n**29 September – Radio 1 'borrows' BBC Radio 2's FM frequencies on a weeknight for the final time; Radio 1 starts broadcasting on FM in South Wales and the west of England. \n**1 October – Radio 1 extends broadcasting hours, closing down at 2am instead of midnight. This results in a new evening schedule with John Peel moving to an earlier evening slot and Richard Skinner rejoining after two years at Capital to host the new Midnight to 2am show. \n**25 November – Radio 1 starts broadcasting on FM in Northern Ireland and Oxfordshire. To mark the event, the breakfast show and Simon Bates programmes are broadcast live from the two areas.\n\n*'''1989'''\n**15 January – Alan Freeman rejoins to revive Pick of the Pops and the Saturday Night Rock Show.\n**1 April – Radio 1 starts broadcasting slightly earlier each morning and is now on air between 5am and 2am seven days a week. Tim Smith joins to host the new weekend early breakfast show. \n**3 July – Simon Bates and producer Jonathan Ruffle set off on an 80-day circumnavigation of the world to raise money for Oxfam. Their progress is charted in a broadcast each weekday morning.\n**29 September – Adrian John leaves after presenting the weekday early show for the past six years. He is replaced by Jackie Brambles.\n**31 October – Roger Scott dies aged 46, three weeks after presenting his final show. Bob Harris rejoins Radio 1 as Roger's Sunday late show replacement.\n**19 December – Radio 1 starts transmitting on FM in East Anglia and in the Cardigan Bay area.\n", "*'''1990'''\n**8 January – \n***A new 30 minute news programme ''News 90'' replaces the teatime edition of Newsbeat. \n***A new jingles package called \"Music Radio for the 90s\" is launched.\n**17 March – Gary King joins to take over the early breakfast show, initially replacing Tim Smith at the weekend before moving to the weekday early show to replace Jackie Brambles, who moves to the weekday teatime show.\n**25 March – Radio 1 ‘borrows' BBC Radio 2's FM frequencies for the final time. \n**30 September – Mark Goodier replaces Bruno Brookes as host of Radio 1's Top 40 show. Other on-air changes take place, including the debut of ''The Evening Session''.\n\n*'''1991'''\n**6 January – For the first time, Radio 1's Sunday chart show plays all 40 tracks and the show is renamed as ''The Complete Top 40''. This becomes possible due to an extension of the programme's duration – starting half an hour earlier at 4.30pm.\n**11 January – The Essential Selection, presented by Pete Tong, debuts. It replaces Jeff Young's Big Beat, which had launched in 1987 as Radio 1's first dance music programme.\n**1 May – Radio 1 commences 24-hour transmission, but only on FM – the station's MW frequencies are switched off each night between midnight and 6am. Lynn Parsons joins to present one of the new overnight shows.\n**5–30 August – Phil Collins, The Pet Shop Boys, Jason Donovan and Whitney Houston were ''Bates's Mates'', who deputised for Simon Bates on Radio 1.\n**Richard Skinner and Mike Read leave.\n\n*'''1992'''\n**9 March – Radio 1 undergoes a schedule revamp, with most of the changes being to the weekend schedule, including Gary Davies becoming host of the weekend breakfast show. Gary King and Andy Peebles leave. The changes also see the introduction of a new jingles package, based on the theme ''Closer to the Music''.\n**15 March – \n***Chris Evans makes his Radio 1 debut, presenting a short-lived Sunday early afternoon show called ''Too Much Gravy''.\n***Bruno Brookes returns as host of the UK Top 40 programme. The programme is extended once again and now airs from 4pm until 7pm.\n**27 December – Pick of the Pops is broadcast on Radio 1 for the final time.\n\n*'''1993'''\n**March – After nearly 15 years of presenting The Friday Rock Show, Tommy Vance leaves to go to new station Virgin 1215. \n**8 August – Dave Lee Travis resigns on air, stating that he could not agree with changes that were being made to Radio 1. Travis told his audience that changes were afoot that he could not tolerate \"and I really want to put the record straight at this point and I thought you ought to know – changes are being made here which go against my principles and I just cannot agree with them\".\n**16 August – 20 September – \"Loud'n'proud\", a series presented by DJ Paulette, is the UK's first national radio series aimed at a gay audience.\n**3 September – Simon Mayo leaves the Radio 1 Breakfast Show after five years in the chair. Simon moves to mid-mornings. Mark Goodier presents the breakfast programme until the end of the year.\n** September – Steve Lamacq and Jo Whiley replace Mark Goodier as host of The Evening Session. \n**October – Matthew Bannister takes over from Johnny Beerling as controller of Radio 1 and immediately makes major changes to the station's output in order to attract a younger audience. On 25 October major changes are made to the programme and presenter line-up with long standing DJs, including Simon Bates, Gary Davies, Bob Harris and Alan Freeman, leaving. They are replaced with a raft of new younger presenters, including Danny Baker presenting the weekend morning show and specialist music programmes, previously heard late at night, are given weekend afternoon slots.\n**24 December – Steve Wright in the Afternoon finishes its 13-year run on Radio 1.\n\n*'''1994'''\n**10 January – \n***Steve Wright becomes Radio 1's latest breakfast show presenter. Other changes on this day see Mark Goodier present a new early afternoon show with Nicky Campbell hosting the drive time show and Emma Freud joining to present a lunchtime show.\n***The teatime edition of Newsbeat returns after four years. The bulletin airs in its old slot – 5.30pm to 5.45pm. \n**1 July – Radio 1's last broadcast on mediumwave. Stephen Duffy's \"Kiss Me\" was the last record played on MW just before 9:00am.\n**Jackie Brambles leaves.\n**Radio 1 starts broadcasting on satellite, using audio carriers on the Astra satellite. \n\n*'''1995'''\n**23 April – Following Bruno Brookes's departure, Mark Goodier begins his second stint as presenter of the Sunday afternoon Top 40 show.\n**24 April – Chris Evans takes over the Radio 1 Breakfast Show from Steve Wright, who left the network following differences with the station's new management over restructuring. Dave Pearce joins to present the early breakfast show.\n**The station holds its first Ibiza weekend.\n**October – Johnnie Walker leaves Radio 1 for the last time.\n**Radio 1's roll-out of its FM network is complete and the station now has the same coverage on FM as the other BBC national stations. The station also becomes available on DAB for the first time.\n\n*'''1996'''\n**June – Radio 1 starts live streaming on the internet.\n**Lynn Parsons leaves.\n\n*'''1997'''\n**January – Chris Evans leaves the Radio 1 Breakfast Show after being sacked for demanding a four day week, sparing Fridays to work on his Channel 4 TV show. \n**17 February – Mark and Lard become the breakfast show's new presenters.\n**28 July – Chris Moyles becomes the new host of the Early Breakfast Show. \n**31 August – Regular programming is interrupted on all BBC stations to provide ongoing news coverage of the death of Diana, Princess of Wales. Radios 2, 3, 4 and BBC Radio 5 Live broadcast a joint programme presented by Peter Allen and James Naughtie. Whilst Radio 1 does not air the special news programme, it cancels all scheduled programmes, including the Official Top 40 programme, and airs extended news bulletins every half hour.\n**13 October – Mark and Lard are replaced as Radio 1 breakfast presenters by Zoë Ball and Kevin Greening. Mark and Lard are moved to an afternoon presenting slot.\n**October – Nicky Campbell leaves to join BBC Radio 5 Live.\n\n*'''1998'''\n**March – Andy Parfitt replaces Matthew Bannister as station controller.\n**September – Kevin Greening leaves the breakfast show, leaving Zoë Ball as sole presenter. She continued to host the show until March 2000.\n**12 October – Chris Moyles is promoted from the Early Breakfast show to present the Radio 1 Early Drive show, between 4pm and 5:45 on weekdays (later being extended to 3pm–5:45). He replaced Dave Pearce, and was replaced on Early Breakfast by Scott Mills.\n\n*'''1999'''\n**19 September – The first edition of a new Sunday evening advice programme called The Sunday Surgery is broadcast.\n**Radio 1 broadcasts its first split programming when it introduces weekly national new music shows for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. \n**Radio 1's Live Lounge is established as part of the mid-morning show. The programmes are broadcast on a three-weekly rotational basis in England.\n", "*'''2000'''\n**31 March – Sara Cox takes over as presenter of the breakfast show.\n\n*'''2001'''\n**19 February – Jo Whiley begins presenting her weekday morning programme, The Jo Whiley Show, replacing Simon Mayo who leaves the station to join BBC Radio 5 Live.\n\n*'''2002'''\n**16 August – Spin-off station BBC Radio 1Xtra launches.\n**17 November – Mark Goodier presents the Top 40 for the final time on the 50th anniversary of the chart.before leaving the station entirely in 2002 owing to falling audiences and BBC bosses considering him \"too old for the job.\"\n\n*'''2003'''\n**9 February – Wes Butters becomes the presenter of The Official Chart.\n**3 May – Radio 1 cancels the first day of its One Big Weekend at Heaton Park, Manchester due to poor weather. However, the second day of the event goes ahead as scheduled.\n**13 and 14 September – Radio 1's second One Big Weekend festival takes place at Cardiff.\n**19 December – Sara Cox presents her final breakfast show. \n** Zane Lowe joins to present a new weeknight evening show.\n\n*'''2004'''\n**5 January – Chris Moyles takes over the breakfast show.\n**26 March – Mark and Lard (Mark Radcliffe and Marc Riley) present their final show, after 11 years and one failed eight-month stint on the Radio 1 Breakfast Show.\n**7 June – Scott Mills takes over as presenter of the drivetime show.\n\n*'''2005'''\n**6 March – JK and Joel take over as presenters of The Official Chart.\n**13 October – Radio 1 hosts the first John Peel Day, a year after John presented his final show for the station which was two weeks before his death.\n\n*'''2006'''\n**8 March – Radio 1 launches its YouTube channel.\n\n*'''2007'''\n**1 June – Greg James joins.\n**14 October – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates take over as presenters of The Official Chart.\n**18 December – Radio 1 is forced to backtrack on a decision to begin playing a censored version of The Pogues' 1987 Christmas hit ''Fairytale of New York''. The song which sees Kirsty MacColl and Shane MacGowan trading insults has the words \"faggot\" and \"slut\" edited out to \"avoid offence\", but after a day of criticism from listeners, the band, and MacColl's mother, the decision is reversed and the original version played in full.\n**BBC Introducing is launched, providing a vital platform for thousands of emerging musical talent. A decade later over 460,000 tracks have been uploaded to the BBC Music Introducing website and 170,000 artists are registered.\n\n*'''2008'''\n**No events.\n\n*'''2009'''\n**18 September – Jo Whiley presents her final weekday program.\n**21 September – Fearne Cotton takes over the mid-morning show and stops presenting The Official Chart, leaving Reggie Yates as the programme's sole presenter.\n", "*'''2010'''\n**31 May – Radio 1 teams up with forces broadcaster BFBS for a ten-hour takeover show from Camp Bastion, Afghanistan.\n\n*'''2011'''\n**18 March – Chris Moyles breaks the record for presenting the longest radio programme, after hosting a 52-hour live broadcast in aid of Comic Relief 2011.\n**April – Jo Whiley leaves Radio 1 after 17 years to move to BBC Radio 2, where she will present an evening show from Mondays to Wednesdays.\n**21 July – The BBC confirms that Andy Parfitt will step down as Controller of Radio 1 after 13 years to pursue other opportunities from the end of the month.\n**28 October – Ben Cooper is appointed as Controller of Radio 1 and 1Xtra, replacing Andy Parfitt who stepped down in July.\n\n*'''2012'''\n**26 February – The Top Ten countdown from ''The Radio 1 Chart Show'' is made available in vision for the first time through the station's website.\n**2 April – A shake-up of the schedule sees Scott Mills and Greg James swapping shows, James hosting the drivetime show and Mills the afternoon show. Also major changes take place to the dance music schedule: Skream & Benga, Toddla T, Charlie Sloth and Friction will take over from Judge Jules, Gilles Peterson, Kissy Sell Out and Fabio & Grooverider resulting in a shuffle of most late night shows Monday to Saturday to incorporate the new line-up.\n**June – The regional new music shows are scrapped after thirteen years as a cost cutting measure and replaced by BBC Introducing.\n**20 June – The BBC Trust says that Radio 1′s core audience is still too old, despite changes made to output following an amendment to the wording of its service licence in 2009. The station is aimed at the 15–29-year age group, but the average age of their listeners is 30.\n**23–24 June – 100,000 people attend Radio 1's Hackney Weekend, a two-day music concert at Hackney Marshes, which forms part of the build-up to the 2012 Summer Olympics.\n**11 July – Chris Moyles announces on-air that he will leave the Radio 1 Breakfast Show in September. It is confirmed later the same day that he will be succeeded by Nick Grimshaw.\n**14 September – Chris Moyles hosts his final breakfast show.\n**24 September – Nick Grimshaw takes over the Radio 1 Breakfast Show.\n\n*'''2013'''\n**January – A series of changes take place. These include the departure of Reggie Yates and Vernon Kay. Jameela Jamil is announced as the new presenter of The Official Chart, Matt Edmondson is to host a weekend morning show and Tom Deacon will return to present a Wednesday night show. Dan Howell and Phil Lester, famous YouTubers, also join the station.\n**12 April – Radio 1 Controller Ben Cooper announces that the station's Radio 1 Chart Show will not air \"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead\", a song which charted following an internet campaign in the wake of the death of former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on 8 April. Instead a portion of the song will air as part of a news item.\n\n*'''2014'''\n** February – Sara Cox hosts her last show for the station.\n**7–8 March – Radio 1 marks International Women's Day with two nights of an all-female line-up from 7pm to 7am, featuring presenters including Annie Nightingale and Adele Roberts. The second night is also aired on 1Xtra.\n**September – A series of changes sees many notable presenters leave the station, including Edith Bowman, Nihal and Rob da Bank. Huw Stephens gains a new show hosting 10pm–1am Mon–Wed with Alice Levine presenting weekends 1pm–4pm. Radio 1's Residency is also expanded with Skream joining the rotational line-up on Thursday nights 10pm–1am.\n\n*'''2015'''\n**25 January – Clara Amfo takes over as presenter of The Official Chart.\n**27 February – Fearne Cotton announces she is to leave Radio 1 to start \"a new chapter\".\n**5 March – Zane Lowe presents his final show. \n**24 March – Radio 1 announces that The Official Chart will move from Sundays to Friday afternoons from mid-July in response to changes in the day new music is released.\n**June – Schedule changes at Radio 1 and BBC 1Xtra see Adele Roberts presenting the Early Breakfast Show, replacing Gemma Cairney. Cairney will become the station's social action presenter, hosting The Surgery and documentaries for both networks.\n**5 July – The final Sunday broadcast of Radio 1's Official Chart Show.\n**10 July – The first Friday broadcast of Radio 1's Official Chart Show. The programme is broadcast on Fridays as part of the drive time show, hosted by Greg James. The programme's airtime is almost halved, to just 1 hour 45 minutes with only the top 10 now being played in full.\n\n*'''2016'''\n**No events.\n\n*'''2017'''\n**30 September – Radio 1 celebrates its 50th birthday. Commemorations include a three-day pop-up station ''Radio 1 Vintage'' celebrating the station's presenters and special on-air programmes on the day itself, including a special breakfast show co-presented by the station's launch DJ Tony Blackburn, which is also broadcast on BBC Radio 2.\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " 1960s ", "1970s", "1980s", "1990s", "2000s", "2010s", "References" ]

[ "**September – A series of changes sees many notable presenters leave the station, including Edith Bowman, Nihal and Rob da Bank." ]

[ "A timeline of notable events relating to BBC Radio 1, a British national radio station which began broadcasts in September 1967.", "* '''1967'''\n**30 September – Radio 1 launches at 7:00 am with Tony Blackburn's ''Daily Disc Delivery'' show.", "He welcomes listeners to \"the exciting new sound of Radio 1\" and then plays the station's first track: The Move's \"Flowers in the Rain\".", "**1 October – The first Peel Session takes place, featuring psychedelic rock band Tomorrow.", "* '''1968'''\n**Tony Blackburn stops presenting the breakfast show on Saturdays.", "The show is replaced by Ed Stewart presenting Junior Choice.", "*'''1969'''\n**April – Johnnie Walker begins his first stint at Radio 1.", "He would have three stints at the station, the final one ending in 1995.", "**5 October – Annie Nightingale makes her debut and becomes the station's first female presenter.", "**Dave Lee Travis joins.", "*'''1970'''\n** July – Kenny Everett is sacked after making cheeky remarks about the Transport Minister's wife following a news item.", "**Bob Harris joins, staying until 1975 before returning for four years in 1989.", "*'''1971'''\n**Radio 1 launches its first promotion badges using the slogan \"Go Radio 1 Better on 247\".", "**Radio 1 airs its first documentary, ''The Elvis Presley Story,'' narrated by Wink Martindale.", "*'''1972'''\n**April – Terry Wogan leaves to take over BBC Radio 2's breakfast show.", "* '''1973'''\n**8 April – Kenny Everett briefly returns before moving to Capital Radio later in the year.", "**1 June – Tony Blackburn presents his final Breakfast Show, having fronted the show since the station went on air in 1967.", "Noel Edmonds takes over as presenter three days later.", "**23 July – The first Radio 1 Roadshow takes place.", "It comes from Newquay, Cornwall and is hosted by Alan Freeman.", "**10 September – Newsbeat bulletins air for the first time.", "Richard Skinner joins the station as one of the new programme's presenters.", "*'''1974'''\n**Radio 1 hosts its first \"Fun Day\".", "*'''1975'''\n**September – The first edition of ''The Sunday Request Show'' is broadcast, hosted by Annie Nightingale.", "The show runs until 1979 before being re-introduced in 1982, running until the end of 1993.", "**27 September – Paul Gambaccini, who joined the station two years earlier, presents his first American chart countdown programme.", "*'''1976'''\n**May – Simon Bates gets his first regular show.", "**December – The first Festive Fifty is revealed by John Peel.", "**Emperor Rosko leaves to return to America.", "*'''1977'''\n**Peter Powell joins.", "*'''1978'''\n**2 May – Dave Lee Travis succeeds Noel Edmonds as presenter of the Radio 1 Breakfast Show.", "**12 November – The Sunday teatime chart show is extended from a Top 20 countdown to a Top 40 countdown.", "Simon Bates is the presenter, having taken over as host from Tom Browne earlier in the year.", "**17 November – Tommy Vance, one of the station's original presenters, rejoins Radio 1 to present a new programme, The Friday Rock Show.", "**23 November – Radio 1 moves from 247m (1214 kHz) to 275 & 285m (1053 & 1089 kHz) medium wave as part of a plan to improve national AM reception, and to conform with the Geneva Frequency Plan of 1975.", "**Peter Powell, David Jensen and Andy Peebles join.", "*'''1979'''\n**No events.", "\n*'''1980'''\n**Steve Wright joins.", "**6 December – Andy Peebles interviews John Lennon and Yoko Ono in New York City, just two days before John was assassinated.", "*'''1981'''\n**5 January – Mike Read succeeds Dave Lee Travis as presenter of the Radio 1 Breakfast Show.", "**Steve Wright moves to the afternoon slot, thereby launching Steve Wright in the Afternoon.", "*'''1982'''\n**10 January – Tommy Vance replaces Tony Blackburn as host of Radio 1's ''Top 40'' show.", "**Gary Davies joins.", "** 4 December – Janice Long joins, hosting a Saturday evening show.", "*'''1983'''\n**No events.", "*'''1984'''\n**8 January – Simon Bates returns to the Sunday teatime Top 40 programme, but only for a few months as Richard Skinner takes over as host on 30 September.", "**23 September – Tony Blackburn, the first voice heard on Radio 1, presents his final show for the station.", "*'''1985'''\n**31 March – Ranking Miss P becomes the station's first black female DJ when she begins presenting the station's first reggae programme.", "This was not her first appearance on the station, however, as she had been sitting in for other presenters for the past year.", "**13 July – Radio 1 broadcasts full, live coverage of the Live Aid pop concerts.", "**Johnny Beerling replaces Derek Chinnery as station controller.", "*'''1986'''\n** February – Paul Gambaccini presents his final programme for Radio 1, leaving after presenting the station's American chart programme for the previous decade.", "**13 April – Bruno Brookes takes over as the host of the UK Singles Chart.", "**18 April – Mike Read presents his final Radio 1 Breakfast Show after five years in the hot seat.", "**5 May – Mike Smith takes over the Radio 1 Breakfast Show.", "The same day also sees Radio 1 begin broadcasting on weekdays 30 minutes earlier, at 5.30am.", "**Simon Mayo joins.", "*'''1987'''\n**31 October – Radio 1 begins launching its FM frequency, starting in London, initially on 104.8 before moving to the 97-99 frequency range allocated to the station.", "**Nicky Campbell and Mark Goodier join.", "*'''1988'''\n**January – The station has a \"More Music Day\" which limited presenter chat to news, weather and travel.", "It was designed as an answer to those who thought that DJs talk too much.", "It has not been repeated.", "**23 May – Simon Mayo takes over from Mike Smith as presenter of the Breakfast Show.", "**1 September – The Radio 1 FM 'switch on' day which sees three new transmitters brought into service covering central Scotland, the north of England and the Midlands.", "With 65% of the UK now covered by the station's new FM frequency, the pop group Bros fly around the country in a helicopter to encourage listeners to switch over.", "**25 September – Peter Powell leaves.", "**29 September – Radio 1 'borrows' BBC Radio 2's FM frequencies on a weeknight for the final time; Radio 1 starts broadcasting on FM in South Wales and the west of England.", "**1 October – Radio 1 extends broadcasting hours, closing down at 2am instead of midnight.", "This results in a new evening schedule with John Peel moving to an earlier evening slot and Richard Skinner rejoining after two years at Capital to host the new Midnight to 2am show.", "**25 November – Radio 1 starts broadcasting on FM in Northern Ireland and Oxfordshire.", "To mark the event, the breakfast show and Simon Bates programmes are broadcast live from the two areas.", "*'''1989'''\n**15 January – Alan Freeman rejoins to revive Pick of the Pops and the Saturday Night Rock Show.", "**1 April – Radio 1 starts broadcasting slightly earlier each morning and is now on air between 5am and 2am seven days a week.", "Tim Smith joins to host the new weekend early breakfast show.", "**3 July – Simon Bates and producer Jonathan Ruffle set off on an 80-day circumnavigation of the world to raise money for Oxfam.", "Their progress is charted in a broadcast each weekday morning.", "**29 September – Adrian John leaves after presenting the weekday early show for the past six years.", "He is replaced by Jackie Brambles.", "**31 October – Roger Scott dies aged 46, three weeks after presenting his final show.", "Bob Harris rejoins Radio 1 as Roger's Sunday late show replacement.", "**19 December – Radio 1 starts transmitting on FM in East Anglia and in the Cardigan Bay area.", "*'''1990'''\n**8 January – \n***A new 30 minute news programme ''News 90'' replaces the teatime edition of Newsbeat.", "***A new jingles package called \"Music Radio for the 90s\" is launched.", "**17 March – Gary King joins to take over the early breakfast show, initially replacing Tim Smith at the weekend before moving to the weekday early show to replace Jackie Brambles, who moves to the weekday teatime show.", "**25 March – Radio 1 ‘borrows' BBC Radio 2's FM frequencies for the final time.", "**30 September – Mark Goodier replaces Bruno Brookes as host of Radio 1's Top 40 show.", "Other on-air changes take place, including the debut of ''The Evening Session''.", "*'''1991'''\n**6 January – For the first time, Radio 1's Sunday chart show plays all 40 tracks and the show is renamed as ''The Complete Top 40''.", "This becomes possible due to an extension of the programme's duration – starting half an hour earlier at 4.30pm.", "**11 January – The Essential Selection, presented by Pete Tong, debuts.", "It replaces Jeff Young's Big Beat, which had launched in 1987 as Radio 1's first dance music programme.", "**1 May – Radio 1 commences 24-hour transmission, but only on FM – the station's MW frequencies are switched off each night between midnight and 6am.", "Lynn Parsons joins to present one of the new overnight shows.", "**5–30 August – Phil Collins, The Pet Shop Boys, Jason Donovan and Whitney Houston were ''Bates's Mates'', who deputised for Simon Bates on Radio 1.", "**Richard Skinner and Mike Read leave.", "*'''1992'''\n**9 March – Radio 1 undergoes a schedule revamp, with most of the changes being to the weekend schedule, including Gary Davies becoming host of the weekend breakfast show.", "Gary King and Andy Peebles leave.", "The changes also see the introduction of a new jingles package, based on the theme ''Closer to the Music''.", "**15 March – \n***Chris Evans makes his Radio 1 debut, presenting a short-lived Sunday early afternoon show called ''Too Much Gravy''.", "***Bruno Brookes returns as host of the UK Top 40 programme.", "The programme is extended once again and now airs from 4pm until 7pm.", "**27 December – Pick of the Pops is broadcast on Radio 1 for the final time.", "*'''1993'''\n**March – After nearly 15 years of presenting The Friday Rock Show, Tommy Vance leaves to go to new station Virgin 1215.", "**8 August – Dave Lee Travis resigns on air, stating that he could not agree with changes that were being made to Radio 1.", "Travis told his audience that changes were afoot that he could not tolerate \"and I really want to put the record straight at this point and I thought you ought to know – changes are being made here which go against my principles and I just cannot agree with them\".", "**16 August – 20 September – \"Loud'n'proud\", a series presented by DJ Paulette, is the UK's first national radio series aimed at a gay audience.", "**3 September – Simon Mayo leaves the Radio 1 Breakfast Show after five years in the chair.", "Simon moves to mid-mornings.", "Mark Goodier presents the breakfast programme until the end of the year.", "** September – Steve Lamacq and Jo Whiley replace Mark Goodier as host of The Evening Session.", "**October – Matthew Bannister takes over from Johnny Beerling as controller of Radio 1 and immediately makes major changes to the station's output in order to attract a younger audience.", "On 25 October major changes are made to the programme and presenter line-up with long standing DJs, including Simon Bates, Gary Davies, Bob Harris and Alan Freeman, leaving.", "They are replaced with a raft of new younger presenters, including Danny Baker presenting the weekend morning show and specialist music programmes, previously heard late at night, are given weekend afternoon slots.", "**24 December – Steve Wright in the Afternoon finishes its 13-year run on Radio 1.", "*'''1994'''\n**10 January – \n***Steve Wright becomes Radio 1's latest breakfast show presenter.", "Other changes on this day see Mark Goodier present a new early afternoon show with Nicky Campbell hosting the drive time show and Emma Freud joining to present a lunchtime show.", "***The teatime edition of Newsbeat returns after four years.", "The bulletin airs in its old slot – 5.30pm to 5.45pm.", "**1 July – Radio 1's last broadcast on mediumwave.", "Stephen Duffy's \"Kiss Me\" was the last record played on MW just before 9:00am.", "**Jackie Brambles leaves.", "**Radio 1 starts broadcasting on satellite, using audio carriers on the Astra satellite.", "*'''1995'''\n**23 April – Following Bruno Brookes's departure, Mark Goodier begins his second stint as presenter of the Sunday afternoon Top 40 show.", "**24 April – Chris Evans takes over the Radio 1 Breakfast Show from Steve Wright, who left the network following differences with the station's new management over restructuring.", "Dave Pearce joins to present the early breakfast show.", "**The station holds its first Ibiza weekend.", "**October – Johnnie Walker leaves Radio 1 for the last time.", "**Radio 1's roll-out of its FM network is complete and the station now has the same coverage on FM as the other BBC national stations.", "The station also becomes available on DAB for the first time.", "*'''1996'''\n**June – Radio 1 starts live streaming on the internet.", "**Lynn Parsons leaves.", "*'''1997'''\n**January – Chris Evans leaves the Radio 1 Breakfast Show after being sacked for demanding a four day week, sparing Fridays to work on his Channel 4 TV show.", "**17 February – Mark and Lard become the breakfast show's new presenters.", "**28 July – Chris Moyles becomes the new host of the Early Breakfast Show.", "**31 August – Regular programming is interrupted on all BBC stations to provide ongoing news coverage of the death of Diana, Princess of Wales.", "Radios 2, 3, 4 and BBC Radio 5 Live broadcast a joint programme presented by Peter Allen and James Naughtie.", "Whilst Radio 1 does not air the special news programme, it cancels all scheduled programmes, including the Official Top 40 programme, and airs extended news bulletins every half hour.", "**13 October – Mark and Lard are replaced as Radio 1 breakfast presenters by Zoë Ball and Kevin Greening.", "Mark and Lard are moved to an afternoon presenting slot.", "**October – Nicky Campbell leaves to join BBC Radio 5 Live.", "*'''1998'''\n**March – Andy Parfitt replaces Matthew Bannister as station controller.", "**September – Kevin Greening leaves the breakfast show, leaving Zoë Ball as sole presenter.", "She continued to host the show until March 2000.", "**12 October – Chris Moyles is promoted from the Early Breakfast show to present the Radio 1 Early Drive show, between 4pm and 5:45 on weekdays (later being extended to 3pm–5:45).", "He replaced Dave Pearce, and was replaced on Early Breakfast by Scott Mills.", "*'''1999'''\n**19 September – The first edition of a new Sunday evening advice programme called The Sunday Surgery is broadcast.", "**Radio 1 broadcasts its first split programming when it introduces weekly national new music shows for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.", "**Radio 1's Live Lounge is established as part of the mid-morning show.", "The programmes are broadcast on a three-weekly rotational basis in England.", "*'''2000'''\n**31 March – Sara Cox takes over as presenter of the breakfast show.", "*'''2001'''\n**19 February – Jo Whiley begins presenting her weekday morning programme, The Jo Whiley Show, replacing Simon Mayo who leaves the station to join BBC Radio 5 Live.", "*'''2002'''\n**16 August – Spin-off station BBC Radio 1Xtra launches.", "**17 November – Mark Goodier presents the Top 40 for the final time on the 50th anniversary of the chart.before leaving the station entirely in 2002 owing to falling audiences and BBC bosses considering him \"too old for the job.\"", "*'''2003'''\n**9 February – Wes Butters becomes the presenter of The Official Chart.", "**3 May – Radio 1 cancels the first day of its One Big Weekend at Heaton Park, Manchester due to poor weather.", "However, the second day of the event goes ahead as scheduled.", "**13 and 14 September – Radio 1's second One Big Weekend festival takes place at Cardiff.", "**19 December – Sara Cox presents her final breakfast show.", "** Zane Lowe joins to present a new weeknight evening show.", "*'''2004'''\n**5 January – Chris Moyles takes over the breakfast show.", "**26 March – Mark and Lard (Mark Radcliffe and Marc Riley) present their final show, after 11 years and one failed eight-month stint on the Radio 1 Breakfast Show.", "**7 June – Scott Mills takes over as presenter of the drivetime show.", "*'''2005'''\n**6 March – JK and Joel take over as presenters of The Official Chart.", "**13 October – Radio 1 hosts the first John Peel Day, a year after John presented his final show for the station which was two weeks before his death.", "*'''2006'''\n**8 March – Radio 1 launches its YouTube channel.", "*'''2007'''\n**1 June – Greg James joins.", "**14 October – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates take over as presenters of The Official Chart.", "**18 December – Radio 1 is forced to backtrack on a decision to begin playing a censored version of The Pogues' 1987 Christmas hit ''Fairytale of New York''.", "The song which sees Kirsty MacColl and Shane MacGowan trading insults has the words \"faggot\" and \"slut\" edited out to \"avoid offence\", but after a day of criticism from listeners, the band, and MacColl's mother, the decision is reversed and the original version played in full.", "**BBC Introducing is launched, providing a vital platform for thousands of emerging musical talent.", "A decade later over 460,000 tracks have been uploaded to the BBC Music Introducing website and 170,000 artists are registered.", "*'''2008'''\n**No events.", "*'''2009'''\n**18 September – Jo Whiley presents her final weekday program.", "**21 September – Fearne Cotton takes over the mid-morning show and stops presenting The Official Chart, leaving Reggie Yates as the programme's sole presenter.", "*'''2010'''\n**31 May – Radio 1 teams up with forces broadcaster BFBS for a ten-hour takeover show from Camp Bastion, Afghanistan.", "*'''2011'''\n**18 March – Chris Moyles breaks the record for presenting the longest radio programme, after hosting a 52-hour live broadcast in aid of Comic Relief 2011.", "**April – Jo Whiley leaves Radio 1 after 17 years to move to BBC Radio 2, where she will present an evening show from Mondays to Wednesdays.", "**21 July – The BBC confirms that Andy Parfitt will step down as Controller of Radio 1 after 13 years to pursue other opportunities from the end of the month.", "**28 October – Ben Cooper is appointed as Controller of Radio 1 and 1Xtra, replacing Andy Parfitt who stepped down in July.", "*'''2012'''\n**26 February – The Top Ten countdown from ''The Radio 1 Chart Show'' is made available in vision for the first time through the station's website.", "**2 April – A shake-up of the schedule sees Scott Mills and Greg James swapping shows, James hosting the drivetime show and Mills the afternoon show.", "Also major changes take place to the dance music schedule: Skream & Benga, Toddla T, Charlie Sloth and Friction will take over from Judge Jules, Gilles Peterson, Kissy Sell Out and Fabio & Grooverider resulting in a shuffle of most late night shows Monday to Saturday to incorporate the new line-up.", "**June – The regional new music shows are scrapped after thirteen years as a cost cutting measure and replaced by BBC Introducing.", "**20 June – The BBC Trust says that Radio 1′s core audience is still too old, despite changes made to output following an amendment to the wording of its service licence in 2009.", "The station is aimed at the 15–29-year age group, but the average age of their listeners is 30.", "**23–24 June – 100,000 people attend Radio 1's Hackney Weekend, a two-day music concert at Hackney Marshes, which forms part of the build-up to the 2012 Summer Olympics.", "**11 July – Chris Moyles announces on-air that he will leave the Radio 1 Breakfast Show in September.", "It is confirmed later the same day that he will be succeeded by Nick Grimshaw.", "**14 September – Chris Moyles hosts his final breakfast show.", "**24 September – Nick Grimshaw takes over the Radio 1 Breakfast Show.", "*'''2013'''\n**January – A series of changes take place.", "These include the departure of Reggie Yates and Vernon Kay.", "Jameela Jamil is announced as the new presenter of The Official Chart, Matt Edmondson is to host a weekend morning show and Tom Deacon will return to present a Wednesday night show.", "Dan Howell and Phil Lester, famous YouTubers, also join the station.", "**12 April – Radio 1 Controller Ben Cooper announces that the station's Radio 1 Chart Show will not air \"Ding-Dong!", "The Witch Is Dead\", a song which charted following an internet campaign in the wake of the death of former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on 8 April.", "Instead a portion of the song will air as part of a news item.", "*'''2014'''\n** February – Sara Cox hosts her last show for the station.", "**7–8 March – Radio 1 marks International Women's Day with two nights of an all-female line-up from 7pm to 7am, featuring presenters including Annie Nightingale and Adele Roberts.", "The second night is also aired on 1Xtra.", "Huw Stephens gains a new show hosting 10pm–1am Mon–Wed with Alice Levine presenting weekends 1pm–4pm.", "Radio 1's Residency is also expanded with Skream joining the rotational line-up on Thursday nights 10pm–1am.", "*'''2015'''\n**25 January – Clara Amfo takes over as presenter of The Official Chart.", "**27 February – Fearne Cotton announces she is to leave Radio 1 to start \"a new chapter\".", "**5 March – Zane Lowe presents his final show.", "**24 March – Radio 1 announces that The Official Chart will move from Sundays to Friday afternoons from mid-July in response to changes in the day new music is released.", "**June – Schedule changes at Radio 1 and BBC 1Xtra see Adele Roberts presenting the Early Breakfast Show, replacing Gemma Cairney.", "Cairney will become the station's social action presenter, hosting The Surgery and documentaries for both networks.", "**5 July – The final Sunday broadcast of Radio 1's Official Chart Show.", "**10 July – The first Friday broadcast of Radio 1's Official Chart Show.", "The programme is broadcast on Fridays as part of the drive time show, hosted by Greg James.", "The programme's airtime is almost halved, to just 1 hour 45 minutes with only the top 10 now being played in full.", "*'''2016'''\n**No events.", "*'''2017'''\n**30 September – Radio 1 celebrates its 50th birthday.", "Commemorations include a three-day pop-up station ''Radio 1 Vintage'' celebrating the station's presenters and special on-air programmes on the day itself, including a special breakfast show co-presented by the station's launch DJ Tony Blackburn, which is also broadcast on BBC Radio 2." ]

[ "Mathilda Roos\n'''Lovisa Mathilda Roos''' (pen name, '''M. Rs.'''; 2 August 1852 - 17 July 1908) was a Swedish writer.\n", "Lovisa Mathilda Roos was born 2 August 1852, in Stockholm. Her parents were Malte Leopold Roos (1806-1882), a major at Svea Artillery Regiment, and Mathilda (Tilda) Beata Meurk (born 1821). She was educated at home and at Åhlinska skolan. Remaining unmarried, she lived with his sister Anna and sometimes also with Laura Fitinghoff, with whom she built the Furuliden house in Stocksund, which later became a rest home for women.\n\nRoos' novels usually dealt with women's issues and misconduct in society. She was not afraid to address sensitive subjects at that time including lesbian love in ''Den första kärleken'' (The First Love). A religious crisis in the 1880s effected her later books. In the novel ''Hvit ljung'' (White Lung), she takes up the unclear living conditions of a teacher and rape. This is considered to have contributed to a government decision that greatly improved teachers' salaries. In women's political pamphlets, she addressed Ellen Key's ideas, ''Ett ord till fröken Ellen Key och till den svenska kvinnan'' (A word to Miss Ellen Key and to the Swedish woman), 1896. Roos died 17 July 1908, in Danderyd.\n", ";Fiction\n\n* ''Marianne'', 1881. Libris 8221523\n* ''Vårstormar'', 1883. Libris 12755378\n* ''Berättelser och skizzer'', 1884. Libris 11828893\n* ''Hårdt mot hårdt : berättelse'', 1886. Libris 17419073\n* ''Höststormar: berättelse'', 1887. Libris 12755374\n* ''Lifsbilder: berättelser'', 1888. Libris 8222515\n* ''Familjen Verle: en skildring'', 1889. Libris 17062548\n* ''Saulus af Tarsus: en själs historia'', 1890. Libris 8203402\n* ''Genom skuggor: en nutidsskildring'', 1891. Libris 17062577\n* ''Oförgätliga ord: ett minne'', 1891. Libris 13489421\n* ''Strejken på Bergstomta: en skildring ur lifvet'', 1892. Libris 8222516\n* ''Helgmålsklockan: skildring från Norrland'', 1896. Libris 8233750\n* ''Karin Holm: en berättelse för mödrar'', 1896. Libris 8222997\n* ''Skepp som förgås i stormen: berättelse'', 1896. Libris 8221533\n* ''Från norrskenets land: sägner och tilldragelser'', 1897. Libris 8222760\n* ''Hägringar: berättelser'', 1898. Libris 18583809\n* ''Hvad Ivar Lyth hörde i fängelset: berättelse'', 1898. Libris 8222761\n* ''De osynliga vägarna'', 1903-1904. Libris 8228831\n* ''En springande gnista och andra berättelser'', 1906. Libris 8222413\n* ''Hvit ljung. Stockholm'', 1907. Libris 8222415\n* ''Maj: en familjehistoria : prisbelönt vid Iduns stora romanpristäfling år 1905'', 1907. Libris 8235335\n* ''En moders dagbok och andra berättelser'', 1908. Libris 8222412\n* ''När bladen falla: dikter'', 1909. Libris 1617016\n\n\n;For children and young readers\n\n* ''I vårbrytningen: teckningar ur barnens värld'', 1891. Libris 8222513 - Illustrated by Jenny Nyström.\n* ''Önskekransen: en berättelse för unga kvinnor'', 1892. Libris 8222518\n* ''Det roligaste af allt'', 1893. Libris 8222460\n* ''En liten tviflare'', 1893. Libris 8222461\n* ''Kärlekens hemlighet'', 1893. Libris 8222459\n* ''Ur barndomens värld: berättelser'', 1894. Libris 8222517 - Illustrated by Jenny Nyström.\n* ''Jul'', 1894. Libris 8222463\n* ''Det allra käraste'', 1894. Libris 8222462\n* ''Fader vår'', 1895. Libris 8222744\n* ''Tant Majkens berättelse'', 1898. Libris 8222985\n* ''Lilla \"tröste-mor\"'', 1898. Libris 8222984\n* ''Guds änglar'', 1898. Libris 8222986\n* ''Djupets sagor: berättelser'', 1901. Libris 8223786\n* ''Glädjeblomster: berättelser för de små'', 1905. Libris 8223787 - Illustrated by Jenny Nyström.\n\n", "\n\n===Bibliography===\n* Heggestad, Eva (1991). Fången och fri: 1880-talets svenska kvinnliga författare om hemmet, yrkeslivet och konstnärskapet. Uppsala: Avd. för litteratursociologi vid Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, Univ. Libris 7746142. (in Swedish)\n* Förbjuden, olycklig kärlek (in Swedish)\n* Mathilda Roose, Svenskt författarlexikon: biobibliografisk handbok till Sveriges moderna litteratur. 1, 1900-1940. Stockholm: Rabén & Sjögren. 1942. sid. 677-678. Libris 113133 (in Swedish)\n", "* Borgström, Eva (2005). ”Erotisk språkförbistring: om queera läckage i Mathilda Roos 1880-talsromaner”. Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap (1988) 2005(34):3,: sid. 67-88. 1104-0556. ISSN 1104-0556. Libris 10059185\n* Borgström, Eva (2006). ”Förord”. Två berättelser om kärlek / (2006): sid. 5-14. Libris 10224536\n* Levin, Hjördis: Mathilda Roos i Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (1998-2000)\n* Nordlinder, Eva (1993). ”\"Socialismens blomma i lifvet\": arbetarfrågan i Mathilda Roos senare produktion”. Läsebok / Carina Lidström (red.) ; redaktionskommitté: Boel Westin ... (Stockholm : B. Östlings bokförl. Symposion, 1993): sid. 187-198, 305. Libris 1996026\n* Samuelsson, Jenny (1996). Skisser och berättelser: om kvinnoproblematiken i noveller ur Elin Ameens, Mathilda Roos' och Sophie Elkans 1880-talsproduktion. Göteborg: Univ., Litteraturvetenskapliga inst. Libris 9219885\n* Sarri, Margareta (1982). Kärlek eller arbete?: om \"Kvinnofrågan\" hos Mathilda Roos - \"Sveriges utan gensägelse främsta författarinna\". Stockholms universitet. Litteraturvetenskapliga inst. Libris 12655638\n* Storckenfeldt, Sigrid (1908). Mathilda Roos: lefnadsteckning hämtad ur hennes bref och dagboksanteckningar. Stockholm. Libris 1510218\n", "\n* Mathilda Roos at Swedish Literature Bank\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Biography", "Selected works", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ "\n* Mathilda Roos at Swedish Literature Bank" ]

[ "Mathilda Roos\n'''Lovisa Mathilda Roos''' (pen name, '''M.", "Rs.", "'''; 2 August 1852 - 17 July 1908) was a Swedish writer.", "Lovisa Mathilda Roos was born 2 August 1852, in Stockholm.", "Her parents were Malte Leopold Roos (1806-1882), a major at Svea Artillery Regiment, and Mathilda (Tilda) Beata Meurk (born 1821).", "She was educated at home and at Åhlinska skolan.", "Remaining unmarried, she lived with his sister Anna and sometimes also with Laura Fitinghoff, with whom she built the Furuliden house in Stocksund, which later became a rest home for women.", "Roos' novels usually dealt with women's issues and misconduct in society.", "She was not afraid to address sensitive subjects at that time including lesbian love in ''Den första kärleken'' (The First Love).", "A religious crisis in the 1880s effected her later books.", "In the novel ''Hvit ljung'' (White Lung), she takes up the unclear living conditions of a teacher and rape.", "This is considered to have contributed to a government decision that greatly improved teachers' salaries.", "In women's political pamphlets, she addressed Ellen Key's ideas, ''Ett ord till fröken Ellen Key och till den svenska kvinnan'' (A word to Miss Ellen Key and to the Swedish woman), 1896.", "Roos died 17 July 1908, in Danderyd.", ";Fiction\n\n* ''Marianne'', 1881.", "Libris 8221523\n* ''Vårstormar'', 1883.", "Libris 12755378\n* ''Berättelser och skizzer'', 1884.", "Libris 11828893\n* ''Hårdt mot hårdt : berättelse'', 1886.", "Libris 17419073\n* ''Höststormar: berättelse'', 1887.", "Libris 12755374\n* ''Lifsbilder: berättelser'', 1888.", "Libris 8222515\n* ''Familjen Verle: en skildring'', 1889.", "Libris 17062548\n* ''Saulus af Tarsus: en själs historia'', 1890.", "Libris 8203402\n* ''Genom skuggor: en nutidsskildring'', 1891.", "Libris 17062577\n* ''Oförgätliga ord: ett minne'', 1891.", "Libris 13489421\n* ''Strejken på Bergstomta: en skildring ur lifvet'', 1892.", "Libris 8222516\n* ''Helgmålsklockan: skildring från Norrland'', 1896.", "Libris 8233750\n* ''Karin Holm: en berättelse för mödrar'', 1896.", "Libris 8222997\n* ''Skepp som förgås i stormen: berättelse'', 1896.", "Libris 8221533\n* ''Från norrskenets land: sägner och tilldragelser'', 1897.", "Libris 8222760\n* ''Hägringar: berättelser'', 1898.", "Libris 18583809\n* ''Hvad Ivar Lyth hörde i fängelset: berättelse'', 1898.", "Libris 8222761\n* ''De osynliga vägarna'', 1903-1904.", "Libris 8228831\n* ''En springande gnista och andra berättelser'', 1906.", "Libris 8222413\n* ''Hvit ljung.", "Stockholm'', 1907.", "Libris 8222415\n* ''Maj: en familjehistoria : prisbelönt vid Iduns stora romanpristäfling år 1905'', 1907.", "Libris 8235335\n* ''En moders dagbok och andra berättelser'', 1908.", "Libris 8222412\n* ''När bladen falla: dikter'', 1909.", "Libris 1617016\n\n\n;For children and young readers\n\n* ''I vårbrytningen: teckningar ur barnens värld'', 1891.", "Libris 8222513 - Illustrated by Jenny Nyström.", "* ''Önskekransen: en berättelse för unga kvinnor'', 1892.", "Libris 8222518\n* ''Det roligaste af allt'', 1893.", "Libris 8222460\n* ''En liten tviflare'', 1893.", "Libris 8222461\n* ''Kärlekens hemlighet'', 1893.", "Libris 8222459\n* ''Ur barndomens värld: berättelser'', 1894.", "Libris 8222517 - Illustrated by Jenny Nyström.", "* ''Jul'', 1894.", "Libris 8222463\n* ''Det allra käraste'', 1894.", "Libris 8222462\n* ''Fader vår'', 1895.", "Libris 8222744\n* ''Tant Majkens berättelse'', 1898.", "Libris 8222985\n* ''Lilla \"tröste-mor\"'', 1898.", "Libris 8222984\n* ''Guds änglar'', 1898.", "Libris 8222986\n* ''Djupets sagor: berättelser'', 1901.", "Libris 8223786\n* ''Glädjeblomster: berättelser för de små'', 1905.", "Libris 8223787 - Illustrated by Jenny Nyström.", "\n\n===Bibliography===\n* Heggestad, Eva (1991).", "Fången och fri: 1880-talets svenska kvinnliga författare om hemmet, yrkeslivet och konstnärskapet.", "Uppsala: Avd.", "för litteratursociologi vid Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, Univ.", "Libris 7746142.", "(in Swedish)\n* Förbjuden, olycklig kärlek (in Swedish)\n* Mathilda Roose, Svenskt författarlexikon: biobibliografisk handbok till Sveriges moderna litteratur.", "1, 1900-1940.", "Stockholm: Rabén & Sjögren.", "1942. sid.", "677-678.", "Libris 113133 (in Swedish)", "* Borgström, Eva (2005).", "”Erotisk språkförbistring: om queera läckage i Mathilda Roos 1880-talsromaner”.", "Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap (1988) 2005(34):3,: sid. 67-88.", "1104-0556.", "ISSN 1104-0556.", "Libris 10059185\n* Borgström, Eva (2006).", "”Förord”.", "Två berättelser om kärlek / (2006): sid. 5-14.", "Libris 10224536\n* Levin, Hjördis: Mathilda Roos i Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (1998-2000)\n* Nordlinder, Eva (1993).", "”\"Socialismens blomma i lifvet\": arbetarfrågan i Mathilda Roos senare produktion”.", "Läsebok / Carina Lidström (red.)", "; redaktionskommitté: Boel Westin ... (Stockholm : B. Östlings bokförl.", "Symposion, 1993): sid.", "187-198, 305.", "Libris 1996026\n* Samuelsson, Jenny (1996).", "Skisser och berättelser: om kvinnoproblematiken i noveller ur Elin Ameens, Mathilda Roos' och Sophie Elkans 1880-talsproduktion.", "Göteborg: Univ., Litteraturvetenskapliga inst.", "Libris 9219885\n* Sarri, Margareta (1982).", "Kärlek eller arbete?", ": om \"Kvinnofrågan\" hos Mathilda Roos - \"Sveriges utan gensägelse främsta författarinna\".", "Stockholms universitet.", "Litteraturvetenskapliga inst.", "Libris 12655638\n* Storckenfeldt, Sigrid (1908).", "Mathilda Roos: lefnadsteckning hämtad ur hennes bref och dagboksanteckningar.", "Stockholm.", "Libris 1510218" ]

[ "\n\n'''''Curvy Widow''''' is a 2017 musical comedy. \n", "The musical is directed by Peter Flynn, with choreography by Marcos Santana, music and lyrics by Drew Brody and a book by Bobby Goldman. \n\n===North Carolina production===\nThe world premiere of Drew Brody and Bobby Goldman's Curvy Widow the Musical opened at North Carolina Stage Company in November 2016. \n\n===Off-Broadway production===\nThe musical started previews in July 2017 and officially opened Off-Broadway in August 2017 at Westside Theatre. \n", "\n*\"Under Control\" - Bobby, Jim, and Ensemble \n*\"Turn the Page\" - Bobby \n*\"White Box Loft\" - Shrink, Bobby, and Ensemble \n*\"Age Height Weight\" - Bobby \n*\"Curvy Widow\" - Bobby \n*\"A New Hand\" - Bobby and Mort \n*\"It's Not a Match\" - Bobby, Heidi, Caroline, Joan and the Men \n*\"Curvy Widow (reprise)\" - Bobby \n*\"Log On, Get Off\" - Ensemble \n*\"The Rules for Whittling Down\" - Bobby \n*\"Gynecologist Tango\" - Bobby, Caroline, Heidi, and Ensemble \n*\"Looking For\" - The Men \n*\"Lying on the Bathroom Floor\" - Bobby \n*\"Looking For (reprise)\" - The Men \n*\"The One\" - Joan, Caroline, and Heidi\n*\"What More Do You Need?\" - Per Se and Bobby \n*\"Why Stop Here?\" - Bobby and Ensemble \n*\"In Her Sites\" - Ensemble and Bobby\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"width:1000;\"\n\n Character\n Los Angeles (2016)\nBroadway (2017)\n\n Bobby \nSamantha Barks\nPhillipa Soo\n\n Jim and others \nSavvy Crawford\n\n Caroline and others \nAdam Chanler-Berat\n\n Heidi and others \nTony Sheldon\n\n Joan and others \nJohn Hickock\n Manoel Felciano\n\n The Shrink and others \nAlison Cimmet\n\n Per Se and others \nMaria-Christina Oliveras\nHarriett D. Foy \n\n\n", "\nThe New York Times's Anita Gates gave a review to the Broadway production as she writes, \"I wish I had Bobby Goldman’s faith that New York is filled with attractive, charming, emotionally stable older men looking for relationships.\" In another raving review by Suzanna Bowling from Times Square Chronicles, Bowling proclaims, \"Nancy Opel, pulls a tour de force, as she embodies the Curvy Widow upstairs at the Westside Theatre. This musical is sure to beat Menopause, as the most popular and highest grossing show in town. Critics were not in love when they saw Menopause, but the authors laugh all the way to the bank. Well move over, because Curvy Widow is bound to surpass that fad.\" \n", "" ]

[ "Introduction", "Production", "Songs", "Original casts", "Original casts", "References" ]

[ "Critics were not in love when they saw Menopause, but the authors laugh all the way to the bank." ]

[ "\n\n'''''Curvy Widow''''' is a 2017 musical comedy.", "The musical is directed by Peter Flynn, with choreography by Marcos Santana, music and lyrics by Drew Brody and a book by Bobby Goldman.", "===North Carolina production===\nThe world premiere of Drew Brody and Bobby Goldman's Curvy Widow the Musical opened at North Carolina Stage Company in November 2016.", "===Off-Broadway production===\nThe musical started previews in July 2017 and officially opened Off-Broadway in August 2017 at Westside Theatre.", "\n*\"Under Control\" - Bobby, Jim, and Ensemble \n*\"Turn the Page\" - Bobby \n*\"White Box Loft\" - Shrink, Bobby, and Ensemble \n*\"Age Height Weight\" - Bobby \n*\"Curvy Widow\" - Bobby \n*\"A New Hand\" - Bobby and Mort \n*\"It's Not a Match\" - Bobby, Heidi, Caroline, Joan and the Men \n*\"Curvy Widow (reprise)\" - Bobby \n*\"Log On, Get Off\" - Ensemble \n*\"The Rules for Whittling Down\" - Bobby \n*\"Gynecologist Tango\" - Bobby, Caroline, Heidi, and Ensemble \n*\"Looking For\" - The Men \n*\"Lying on the Bathroom Floor\" - Bobby \n*\"Looking For (reprise)\" - The Men \n*\"The One\" - Joan, Caroline, and Heidi\n*\"What More Do You Need?\"", "- Per Se and Bobby \n*\"Why Stop Here?\"", "- Bobby and Ensemble \n*\"In Her Sites\" - Ensemble and Bobby", "{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"width:1000;\"\n\n Character\n Los Angeles (2016)\nBroadway (2017)\n\n Bobby \nSamantha Barks\nPhillipa Soo\n\n Jim and others \nSavvy Crawford\n\n Caroline and others \nAdam Chanler-Berat\n\n Heidi and others \nTony Sheldon\n\n Joan and others \nJohn Hickock\n Manoel Felciano\n\n The Shrink and others \nAlison Cimmet\n\n Per Se and others \nMaria-Christina Oliveras\nHarriett D. Foy", "\nThe New York Times's Anita Gates gave a review to the Broadway production as she writes, \"I wish I had Bobby Goldman’s faith that New York is filled with attractive, charming, emotionally stable older men looking for relationships.\"", "In another raving review by Suzanna Bowling from Times Square Chronicles, Bowling proclaims, \"Nancy Opel, pulls a tour de force, as she embodies the Curvy Widow upstairs at the Westside Theatre.", "This musical is sure to beat Menopause, as the most popular and highest grossing show in town.", "Well move over, because Curvy Widow is bound to surpass that fad.\"" ]

[ "\n'''''The River Bank (Ophelia)''''' is a 1980 painting by the English painter David Inshaw. The subject is from William Shakespeare's play ''Hamlet''. It was made for a joint exhibition of the Brotherhood of Ruralists, where each artist made his own interpretation of the subject. Since 2015 it belongs to the Victoria Art Gallery in Bath, Somerset.\n", "The painting depicts an English garden. In the foreground is a river, in which a drowned woman lies. Another woman is running away, holding her red, broad-brimmed hat with both hands.\n", "The Victoria Art Gallery writes: \"In ''The River Bank'' we see the contrast between the carefully ordered world of the enclosed garden and the untamed wildness of the river bank, between reason and the madness that overcame Ophelia, this tragic Shakespearean character.\"\n\nSujata Iyengar, professor of English at the University of Georgia, wrote in the 2016 book ''Rethinking Feminism in Early Modern Studies'': \"The postmodern hyperrealistic style, with vivid colors and granular detail on, for example, the petals of an iris, clongates and twists the women's bodies, the clothing of the drowned girl, and the shapes of greenery in a way that makes it hard for us to know whether we are seeing Gertrude (or a ladies' maid) discovering Ophelia's corpse, or Ophelia herself in both past and present, both contemplating suicide and achieving it.\"\n", "The painting was made for a joint exhibition of the Brotherhood of Ruralists, of which Inshaw was a founding member. The character Ophelia from William Shakespeare's ''Hamlet'' was the common theme for the entire exhibition.\n\nIt was bought by a private collector in October 1980. It was sold on 9 December 2015 as part of Christie's auction ''Modern British & Irish Art'' (Sale 10443). It was acquired by the Victoria Art Gallery with support from the ACE/V&A Purchase Grant Fund and the Friends of the Victoria Art Gallery.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Description", "Themes", "Provenance", "References" ]

[ "\n'''''The River Bank (Ophelia)''''' is a 1980 painting by the English painter David Inshaw.", "The Victoria Art Gallery writes: \"In ''The River Bank'' we see the contrast between the carefully ordered world of the enclosed garden and the untamed wildness of the river bank, between reason and the madness that overcame Ophelia, this tragic Shakespearean character.\"" ]

[ "The subject is from William Shakespeare's play ''Hamlet''.", "It was made for a joint exhibition of the Brotherhood of Ruralists, where each artist made his own interpretation of the subject.", "Since 2015 it belongs to the Victoria Art Gallery in Bath, Somerset.", "The painting depicts an English garden.", "In the foreground is a river, in which a drowned woman lies.", "Another woman is running away, holding her red, broad-brimmed hat with both hands.", "Sujata Iyengar, professor of English at the University of Georgia, wrote in the 2016 book ''Rethinking Feminism in Early Modern Studies'': \"The postmodern hyperrealistic style, with vivid colors and granular detail on, for example, the petals of an iris, clongates and twists the women's bodies, the clothing of the drowned girl, and the shapes of greenery in a way that makes it hard for us to know whether we are seeing Gertrude (or a ladies' maid) discovering Ophelia's corpse, or Ophelia herself in both past and present, both contemplating suicide and achieving it.\"", "The painting was made for a joint exhibition of the Brotherhood of Ruralists, of which Inshaw was a founding member.", "The character Ophelia from William Shakespeare's ''Hamlet'' was the common theme for the entire exhibition.", "It was bought by a private collector in October 1980.", "It was sold on 9 December 2015 as part of Christie's auction ''Modern British & Irish Art'' (Sale 10443).", "It was acquired by the Victoria Art Gallery with support from the ACE/V&A Purchase Grant Fund and the Friends of the Victoria Art Gallery." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n'''''Orpheus''''' was launched at Chester in 1794. She made two voyages for the British East India Company (EIC). She also served briefly as a transport in two military campaigns, and traded with the West and East Indies. She was last listed in1838 but may well have been sold for breaking up in 1828.\n", "''Orpheus'' enters ''Lloyd's Register'' in 1794 with G. Bowen, master, St Barbe & Co., owner, and trade London—India.\n\n'''EIC voyage #1 (1794-1795):''' Prior to her EIC voyage apparently Young measured her. Captain George Bowen acquired a letter of marque on 29 April 1794. Captain Bowen sailed from Plymouth on 22 June 1794, bound for Bengal and Madras. She arrived at Calcutta on 16 November. Homeward bound, she was at Saugor on 30 January 1795 and Madras on 4 March. She reached St Helena on 24 May, but then sailed back to Simons Bay, which she reached on 26 June. She then reached St Helena on 11 July. She returned to Simons Bay on 5 August, and the Cape on 19 September. The to-and-fro done, ''Orpheus'' reached St Helena on 8 October and arrived at the Downs on 23 November.\n\nThe reason for the to-and-fro was that ''Orpheus'' supported the invasion of the Cape Colony. The EIC charged the British government for demurrage for the delay in her homeward voyage, insurance for the extension, freight for the transshipment of her goods on other vessels, and cost and freight for sugar transferred to the British Navy. The total amounted to £6,228 18s .\n\nOne report has Batson, Limehouse, building ''Orpheus'' in 1798 for Cristall & Co. However, EIC records in the British Library simply have Bateson repairing her.\n\n'''EIC voyage #2 (1798-1800):''' Captain John Cristall acquired a letter of marque on 30 July 1798. Captain Cristall sailed from Portsmouth on 4 October 1798, bound for Madras and Bengal. ''Orpheus'' reached the Cape on 14 January 1799, Madras on 9 May, and Coringa on 17 June. She arrived at Calcutta on 13 July. Homeward bound, she was at Culpee (an anchorage towards Calcutta, and just below Diamond Harbour on 3 October and Saugor on 23 October. She reached the Cape on 15 January 1800 and St Helena on 12 February. She then arrived at the Downs on 30 May. \n\nAfter her return ''Orpheus'' sailed as a London-based transport. However, she leaves the body of the 1802 ''Lloyd's Register'', and reappears in the supplemental pages with J. Beavens, master, Mill & Co., owner, and sailing between London and Jamaica. ''Lloyd's List'' reported on 28 January 1803 that ''Orpheus'', Bevans, master, had to put into Bearhaven because of the loss of her maintopsail yard. she had been sailing from Cork to Jamaica at the time.\n\nThe 1809 volume of ''Lloyd's Register'' shows the master of ''Orpheus'' changing from R. Groves to T. Findlay. Captain Thomas Findlay acquired a letter of marque on 19 September 1809.\n\nCirca 1817 Mills sold ''Orpheus'' to Captain Findlay. She is listed in the 1818 volume of ''Lloyd's Register'' with T. Findlay as master and owner, and with trade London—Bombay. The 1819 ''Lloyd's Register'' shows the owner of ''Orpheus'' as J. Terrington, and trade London—Bengal.\n\nIn 1819-1820 ''Orpheus'' served as a transport in the Royal Navy-EIC expedition against the Joasmi pirates at Ras-al-Khaimah.\n\nOn 5 May 1826 ''Orpheus'', R. Duff, master, Terrington, owner, sailed for New South Wales. She was at Rio de Janeiro on 22 June, and arrived at Sydney on 16 September. She brought some 213 men, women, and children of the New South Wales Veterans Companies. \n\n\n\n Year\n Master\n Owner\n Trade\n Source\n\n 1828\n Dutt\n Findlay & Co.\n London—Van Dieman's Land\n ''Lloyd's Register''\n\n 1828\n Duff\n J. Mills & Co.\n London—New South Wales\n ''Register of Shipping''\n\n\n", "One report has ''Orpheus'' being sold in 1828 for breaking up, and the ''Register of Shipping'' no longer lists her after 1828. However, she apparently continued to sail under a slightly new name.\n\n''Lloyd's Register'' for 1829 has ''Orphew'', Findlay & Co., owner, built at Chester in 1795, sailing between Cork and Antwerp with Duff as master.\n\n''Lloyd's List'' reported on 11 March 1828 that ''Orpheus'', Duff, master, had gotten into Antwerp after grounding on the Van Warden Bank. Then on 9 May, it reported that she had been brought off the Goodwin Sands and brought into Dover. \n\nThe information for ''Orphew'' continues unchanged until 1834. From 1834 to 1838 there is an entry for ''Orpheus'', of 417 tons (bm), J.F. duff, master, and home port London. The entries contain no other information.\n\nIt is quite possible that her owner(s) sold her after the mishap on the Goodwin Sands and that all the subsequent listings in ''Lloyd's Register'' represent stale information.\n", "'''Notes'''\n\n'''Citations'''\n\n'''References'''\n*\n*Low, Charles Rathbone (1877) ''History of the Indian Navy: (1613-1863) '' (R. Bentley and son).\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Career", "Fate", "Notes, citations, and references" ]

[ "''Lloyd's List'' reported on 11 March 1828 that ''Orpheus'', Duff, master, had gotten into Antwerp after grounding on the Van Warden Bank." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n'''''Orpheus''''' was launched at Chester in 1794.", "She made two voyages for the British East India Company (EIC).", "She also served briefly as a transport in two military campaigns, and traded with the West and East Indies.", "She was last listed in1838 but may well have been sold for breaking up in 1828.", "''Orpheus'' enters ''Lloyd's Register'' in 1794 with G. Bowen, master, St Barbe & Co., owner, and trade London—India.", "'''EIC voyage #1 (1794-1795):''' Prior to her EIC voyage apparently Young measured her.", "Captain George Bowen acquired a letter of marque on 29 April 1794.", "Captain Bowen sailed from Plymouth on 22 June 1794, bound for Bengal and Madras.", "She arrived at Calcutta on 16 November.", "Homeward bound, she was at Saugor on 30 January 1795 and Madras on 4 March.", "She reached St Helena on 24 May, but then sailed back to Simons Bay, which she reached on 26 June.", "She then reached St Helena on 11 July.", "She returned to Simons Bay on 5 August, and the Cape on 19 September.", "The to-and-fro done, ''Orpheus'' reached St Helena on 8 October and arrived at the Downs on 23 November.", "The reason for the to-and-fro was that ''Orpheus'' supported the invasion of the Cape Colony.", "The EIC charged the British government for demurrage for the delay in her homeward voyage, insurance for the extension, freight for the transshipment of her goods on other vessels, and cost and freight for sugar transferred to the British Navy.", "The total amounted to £6,228 18s .", "One report has Batson, Limehouse, building ''Orpheus'' in 1798 for Cristall & Co.", "However, EIC records in the British Library simply have Bateson repairing her.", "'''EIC voyage #2 (1798-1800):''' Captain John Cristall acquired a letter of marque on 30 July 1798.", "Captain Cristall sailed from Portsmouth on 4 October 1798, bound for Madras and Bengal.", "''Orpheus'' reached the Cape on 14 January 1799, Madras on 9 May, and Coringa on 17 June.", "She arrived at Calcutta on 13 July.", "Homeward bound, she was at Culpee (an anchorage towards Calcutta, and just below Diamond Harbour on 3 October and Saugor on 23 October.", "She reached the Cape on 15 January 1800 and St Helena on 12 February.", "She then arrived at the Downs on 30 May.", "After her return ''Orpheus'' sailed as a London-based transport.", "However, she leaves the body of the 1802 ''Lloyd's Register'', and reappears in the supplemental pages with J. Beavens, master, Mill & Co., owner, and sailing between London and Jamaica.", "''Lloyd's List'' reported on 28 January 1803 that ''Orpheus'', Bevans, master, had to put into Bearhaven because of the loss of her maintopsail yard.", "she had been sailing from Cork to Jamaica at the time.", "The 1809 volume of ''Lloyd's Register'' shows the master of ''Orpheus'' changing from R. Groves to T. Findlay.", "Captain Thomas Findlay acquired a letter of marque on 19 September 1809.", "Circa 1817 Mills sold ''Orpheus'' to Captain Findlay.", "She is listed in the 1818 volume of ''Lloyd's Register'' with T. Findlay as master and owner, and with trade London—Bombay.", "The 1819 ''Lloyd's Register'' shows the owner of ''Orpheus'' as J. Terrington, and trade London—Bengal.", "In 1819-1820 ''Orpheus'' served as a transport in the Royal Navy-EIC expedition against the Joasmi pirates at Ras-al-Khaimah.", "On 5 May 1826 ''Orpheus'', R. Duff, master, Terrington, owner, sailed for New South Wales.", "She was at Rio de Janeiro on 22 June, and arrived at Sydney on 16 September.", "She brought some 213 men, women, and children of the New South Wales Veterans Companies.", "Year\n Master\n Owner\n Trade\n Source\n\n 1828\n Dutt\n Findlay & Co.\n London—Van Dieman's Land\n ''Lloyd's Register''\n\n 1828\n Duff\n J.", "Mills & Co.\n London—New South Wales\n ''Register of Shipping''", "One report has ''Orpheus'' being sold in 1828 for breaking up, and the ''Register of Shipping'' no longer lists her after 1828.", "However, she apparently continued to sail under a slightly new name.", "''Lloyd's Register'' for 1829 has ''Orphew'', Findlay & Co., owner, built at Chester in 1795, sailing between Cork and Antwerp with Duff as master.", "Then on 9 May, it reported that she had been brought off the Goodwin Sands and brought into Dover.", "The information for ''Orphew'' continues unchanged until 1834.", "From 1834 to 1838 there is an entry for ''Orpheus'', of 417 tons (bm), J.F.", "duff, master, and home port London.", "The entries contain no other information.", "It is quite possible that her owner(s) sold her after the mishap on the Goodwin Sands and that all the subsequent listings in ''Lloyd's Register'' represent stale information.", "'''Notes'''\n\n'''Citations'''\n\n'''References'''\n*\n*Low, Charles Rathbone (1877) ''History of the Indian Navy: (1613-1863) '' (R. Bentley and son)." ]

[ "\nThe '''Bèze''' is a French river in the Côte-d'Or department, in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.\nIt is a right tributary of the Saône, and thus a sub-tributary of the Rhône.\n\nThe river rises in the Crétanne cave in the village of Bèze, then crosses several communes in its course before entering the Saône in Vonges.\nIts source is the outlet of a vast underground network fed by the Tille and the Venelle.\nA walk has been laid out around the spring, which is a major tousist attraction in the region. \n\nThe watershed of the Bèze river and its main tributary, the Albane, irrigates the Saône Vingeanne country, over a total area of \nAlong its course the landscape alternates between forested areas and areas of large crops, livestock meadows and ponds. \nThe basin is home to four natural areas of interest for their ecology, fauna and flora.\n\nHuman occupation along the river began as early as the Paleolithic. \nIn Roman Gaul the sanctuary of Mirebeau-sur-Bèze, on an important axis of communication, was an important place in the region. \nThe site was occupied by the Legio VIII Augusta, who built an imposing military camp. \nIn the Middle Ages the river saw the foundation of the Abbaye Saint-Pierre de Bèze, a gathering place for the pilgrimage of Saint Prudent de Narbonne.\nIn the modern era the Poudrerie nationale de Vonges was founded at the mouth of the Bèze, which it used for industrial purposes.\nIt remains an important heritage building on the water.\n\nThe fauna and flora are similar to those associated with the Saône ecosystem, with a predominance of trout. \nMany hydraulic structures, however, have a strong impact on the river species. \nThe water quality of the Bèze and its tributaries is considered mediocre due to nitrates from agricultural and livestock activities along the river's course. \nThe Bèze and its watershed do not present any major natural hazards.\n", "Washing station on the Bèze in Bézouotte.\n\nThe source of the Bèze is north-east of Dijon in the Bèze village at an altitude of .\nIt rises from a basin at the foot of the Kimmeridgian limestones and immediately forms a river wide. \nOther sources, connected with the underground river discovered in 1950 by the Dijon Speleo-Club, originate under the old cemetery of Bèze downstream. \nThe river then travels in a southeasterly direction to discharge into the Saône, of which it is a tributary on the right bank, in the commune of Vonges, at an altitude of of altitude, where it is wide. \nIts average slope is 0.9%.\n\nLa Bèze flows through the center of the \"Bèze-Albane\" catchment basin in the heart of the Saône Vingeanne country, in the department of Côte-d'Or, with a total area of . The river is characterized by its source in Bèze, a remarkable spring fueled by a large underground network.\nIts watershed contains three tributaries and is bounded on the south by its confluence with the Saône.\n\n=== Source ===\n==== Location ====\nThe Bèze in Côte-d'Or.\n\nThe source of the Bèze is one of the most important karst springs in metropolitan France. \nThe river originates in an underground lake in a cave called La Crétanne in the immediate vicinity of the agglomeration of Bèze, in Côte-d'Or, at the foot of a cliff overlooking the spring, in the basin called \"la douy\".\nThe lake is discharged into the open through a tunnel similar to the Fontaine de Vaucluse.\nThe tunnel, called the Salle Blanc (White Room), is with a ceiling, and can be entered by a small staircase at the foot of the cliff.\nThe well-known La Crétanne cave is underground.\nIt is about long, with four upstream tunnels and one downstream tunnel, the source of the Bèze.\n\n==== Underground network ====\n\nThe underground network of the Bèze extends over , with a vertical drop of . \nThe source of the Bèze, the outlet of this hydraulic network, is the most important karst spring of the Côte-d'Or department. \nThe Crétanne cave is the best explored part of this vast network.\n\nThe underground network of Bèze consists of four sumps, or underground water channels:\n*The source of the Bèze sump was prospected by the S.C. Dijon (Speleo Club de Dijon) and the S.C. Paris for the first time on 25 October 1953 along and a depth of . In 1972 the SHAG explored about more and then the S.C. Dijon, in 1974, reached the junction with the cave by crossing this sump of , which proved to be prolonged by side annexes, including a very dangerous downstream duct, for a total of .\n*The pier sump (or sump 1) was unclogged in 1964, 1966 and 1967. The entrance was cleared during the year 1968. The embedded conduit between two strata runs for . It ends in a flooded well constituting the junction of several galleries. The main one was explored in 1975 up to from the entrance and to a depth of . The junction with the Lac Blanc sump was reached in 1976. In 1976 a secondary downstream gallery, beginning from the entrance, extended for and then emerged into a dry area.\n*The Lac Blanc sump (or sump 2) was discovered in 1953 by the S.C. Dijon and the S.C. Paris and then explored for in a slightly immersed gallery to a submerged shaft at a depth of . Ancillary sumps, close to the entrance, were explored to about . In 1976 the main water supply was located from the entrance, the \"Puits de la Chaussette\". The junction with the pier sump was formed by a fracture long and high. A bell-shaped cavity was then discovered from the entrance. Three extensions were explored in 1978 and 1979: a very narrow crack surfaced in a small duct terminated by a flooded crack, a vast flooded chimney and a small upper network.\n*The sumps of the scree gallery (or sumps 3 and 4) have no apparent current and contain many clay deposits. The first measures and the second .\n\n==== Geology ====\nDetail of the cliff that overlooks the upwelling at Bèze\nEntrance to the Bèze cave\nThe Crétanne cave is made of limestone. \nThe set of galleries that constitutes the underground Bèze river have developed in layers of limestones that are not very thick ( on average) and were formed in the upper part of the Oxfordian or Astartian ageas. This formation overlays a thick mass of limestone of quite variable nature from the Rauracian and Sequanian ages, with thickness of over , which constitutes the basement of the limestone plateaus to the north of Bèze.\n\nThe source is covered by limestone and marl of the Kimmeridgian age, which form a small cuesta visible to the south-east of the village of Bèze, under the compact limestone of the Portland Group. \nThe ceiling of the cave is covered with kaolinite while the walls are covered with manganese oxide in some places.\nThe set of galleries has a slight but steady incline towards the south, where it is covered by patches of Cretaceous rocks and then by the Tertiary sediments of La Bresse. \nThe karst in the region must have been established either at the end of the Oligocene, or during the Miocene.\n\nThe galleries of the Bèze cave are parallel to the stratification of the layers. \nThey are wide, with flat roofs that corresponds to the base surface of the limestone beds. \nIt seems that are several levels of galleries. The highest are visible at the base of the first room and are all clogged. \nThe main galleries contain a number of vertical chimneys that could have been formed as a result of upward erosion by water under pressure.\nThe galleries are oriented in two directions.\nThe principal gallery is oriented a few degrees east of north, parallel to the direction of the tectonic faults and the main joints of the region).\nThe second is essentially perpendicular to the previous one and also corresponds to a joint direction.\n\nThe sediments of the Bèze cave were the subject of detailed study in the proceedings of the 1st International Congress of Speleology.\nThe filling mud consists of siliceous sands identical to the albian sands found further south of the Bèze.\nThe sands indicate the existence of the basin of an underground river of an old albian cover that has now disappeared.\nIn addition, the greatest part of the filler consists of fine sand and silt that is increasingly fine towards the top of the series. \nSeveral cycles of sedimentation separated by calcite floors can be observed. \nFinally, varves are present in the upper galleries, formed during flooding, which are separated by darker layers and particles of finer size, deposited during periods of low water.\n\n==== Hydrology at source ====\nView of the karst spring in Bèze and the walkway around it\n\nThe source of the Bèze consists of two openings:\n*The first, at the southern end of the underground river, where the water comes almost vertically through a sump obstructed by large collapsed blocks\n*The second, the main opening, is about further north at the end of the Salle Blanc. The flow is greater than in the other outlet due to the presence of a sump. The Speleo Clubs of Dijon and Paris undertook penetration tests which showed the existence upstream of flooded galleries and then an almost vertical well of in depth leading to more flooded galleries.\n\nA sump to drain the waters of the underground river is a short distance from the first water outlet, about from the Bèze karst spring, but is insufficient to drain all the waters during flood periods.\n\nThe average annual flow of the river at Bèze is . \nThere are significant variations, with the low flow rate around and the maximum at times of flood reaching .\nThe flow of the Bèze at its source was observed during a period of 27 years from 1981 to 2012 at the station in Bèze called the \"Ferme de Rome\" .\n\nSign of the Bèze in Noiron-sur-Bèze \n==== Origin of the waters ====\nThe river originates in an upwelling of the waters of the aquifer under the forest of Velours in the commune of Lux, Côte-d'Or. \nThis is fed by water from the Tille and Venelle rivers.\nThe Speleo-Club of Dijon has explored the source since 14 July 1950.\nExploration continues today by scuba diving and by systematic study of the discovered network.\nH. Tintant says that most of the waters of the Bèze come from underground drainage of the immense karst plateau consisting of rauracian and sequanian limestones forming a quadrilateral limited to the north by the impenetrable Argovian marls from Crécey-sur-Tille to Occey and the valley of the Vingeanne. \nCovered by dry valleys and perforated with numerous funnels (several hundred in the Velours forest alone), this plateau, which measures more than , is covered with very permeable rocks with a small but discernible slope to the south. \nThe underground river feeding the Bèze at its source probably collects 50% of the annual rainfall on the plateau.\n\nFluorescein tests carried out by the Speleo-Club of Dijon in 1970 showed that the waters of Venelle colored those of the Bèze in the caves of the spring.\n\n==== Fauna and flora====\n'''' proche de l'aselle de Bourgogne, endémique à la grotte de Bèze.\n\nLa grotte de Bèze est dotée d'une faune et d'une flore spécifique. Elle abrite ainsi une espèce endémique : l'aselle de Bourgogne, un aselle d'eau douce, étudié en 1969 par J.-P. Henry et G. Magniez.\nLa rivière souterraine héberge d'autres crustacés tels que des niphargus et l'on peut parfois y rencontrer des poissons (vairon, chabot, truite) provenant des pertes de la Venelle ou ayant remonté l'un des siphons ainsi que cinq espèces de chauves-souris. \nLa flore est composée de fougères qui ont colonisé les cheminées géologiques.\nOn peut également y observer divers types de mousses et quelques champignons.\n\n==== La résurgence ====\nLa promenade aménagée autour de la résurgence, à Bèze.\nThe source of the Bèze.\n\nLa résurgence de la Bèze est située \"au point précis où le plateau calcaire séquanien s'enfouit sous la ''cuesta'' plus argileuse ou Kiméridgien}}, de façon \"tout à fait comparable à celle des nombreuses résurgences du Chatillonnais au pied de la ''cuesta'' argovienne\n\nSelon le géographe François Robert, en 1789, la résurgence de la Bèze est l'une des quatre plus considérables existant en France. \nCette résurgence est le lieu le plus photographié de Bèze. Certains éditeurs de cartes postales n'hésitent pas à améliorer l'image en grattant la plaque de verre du négatif pour obtenir un jaillissement plus impressionnant.\nLa promenade de la source, autour de la résurgence, est un site classé dont l'aménagement date du 18th century et composée d'arbres ayant de 200 à 300 ans.\n\n==== Aménagement ====\nPanneau à Marandeuil.\n\nC'est en 1970 que la municipalité de Bèze et son maire, Robert Poinsot, a décidé l'aménagement de la grotte, propriété de la commune, pour le tourisme. Celle-ci a ouvert ses portes aux visiteurs en avril 1971.\n\nLes grottes se visitent en barque sur une distance d'environ sur le lac souterrain, à une température de \nLes nombreuses stalactites et stalagmites aux formes singulières (drapés, sombreros, obus...) font partie de l'attractivité du lieu qui est l'un des sites touristiques les plus importants de la région dijonnaise. Le nombre de visiteurs ne cesse en effet d'augmenter : 14,390 en 2007, en 2008, 18,224 en 2009, en 2010 et 20,193 en 2011.\nDe célèbres stalactites nommées « les andouilles de Bèze », en référence à la gastronomie locale, sont tombées lors d'une crue. La stalactite la plus admirée est l'« oreille d’éléphant ». Trois guides professionnels escortent les visiteurs à bord de barques sans moteur qui sont déplacées grâce à un réseau de cordages installé au plafond de la grotte.\nLa grotte sert régulièrement pour l'entraînement des pompiers de Dijon mais aussi Paris, et même pour l’armée.\n\n=== Bassin versant de la Bèze-Albane ===\n==== Description ====\nCarte du bassin versant (en vert).\n\nLe bassin versant Bèze-Albane est situé dans une région à climat continental exactement similaire à celui de Dijon. \"Les pluies d’été sont souvent orageuses, l’échauffement inégal du sol augmentant les phénomènes convectifs. Les hivers, humides et relativement rudes, se passent rarement sans chute de neige.\"\n\nLa géologie du bassin est constituée, à sa tête, de formations calcaires de l’ère secondaire. \"Le centre-ouest du bassin (de Noiron-sur-Bèze jusqu’à la source de l’Albane) est constitué de formations secondaires du Crétacé et de formations tertiaires anté-Pliocène. Cette série du Crétacé est bien complète forme un monoclinal à léger plongement sud-ouest où la craie cénomano-turonienne forme une côte au-dessus des argiles de l’Albien. Elle donne des collines arrondies typiques.}} Les basses plaines (vallées de l’Albane et de la Bèze) sont constituées d’alluvions récentes carbonatées sur le bassin de la Bèze mais argilo-limoneuses sur le bassin de l’Albane. \"L’amont du bassin de la Bèze est alimenté par un important réseau karstique issu en partie des pertes de la Tille et de la Venelle. Une partie des eaux de pluie vient alimenter ces nappes. La source de la Bèze est l’exutoire de cet important réseau}}.\n\n==== Plan d'eau ====\nDe nombreuses peupleraies sont exploitées le long de la Bèze et de ses affluents. Ici la parcelle est située sur les bords de l'Albane, à Saint-Léger-Triey.\n\nSitué sur le bassin Rhône-Méditerranée, le bassin versant Bèze-Albane est d'une superficie de , pour une longueur de dont représentent le lit mineur de la Bèze. Les principaux affluents de la Bèze qui le constituent sont : l’Albane (), le Chiron () et le Pannecul (). Plusieurs études ont montré que le bassin versant topographique situé sur la commune de Bèze, qui est seulement de , serait au centre d'un réseau hydrologique plus vaste, entre 225 et , vraisemblablement de .\n\nLes plus hauts reliefs culminent à environ sur la tête de bassin.\nLe plan d'eau de la Bèze et de l'Albane (son affluent) bénéficie d'une forte ruralité \"avec seulement 2,1 % de la surface occupée par des sols artificialisés. À eux seuls, les forêts et les cultures représentent plus de 95 % du territoire, avec deux fois plus d’espaces de cultures que de forêts. Les prairies sont peu présentes avec une occupation de 5,5 % du territoire et 8,6 % des territoires agricoles}} Les cultures principales sont les céréales et les oléagineux. Les bois et forêts sont nombreux sur le bassin et représentent une part non négligeable de terrain. Sont traversés par la Bèze, parmi les plus vastes espaces boisés : la forêt domaniale de Mirebeau, le bois de Bèze, le bois Popin, le bois Varve, le bois de Pont Bourdin et la forêt de la Vervotte. De grandes peupleraies sont également traversées, notamment dans les basses vallées, lieux d’exploitation populicoles, notamment à Belleneuve, Mirebeau, ou encore Saint-Léger. \"Certaines prairies ont disparu au cours des temps, au profit des grandes cultures. Celles-ci étaient traditionnellement présentes aux abords des cours d’eau. Le témoin de cet héritage est encore visible sur les cartes IGN au e par les noms des parcellaires le long de la Bèze et de l’Albane : « les prairies », « les grands prés », « le pré des moines », « prés des marais »}}\n\n==== Hydrology ====\nTopographic map of the Bèze\nThe Bèze has moderate seasonal fluctuations in flow, with higher rainfall in winter bringing the average monthly flow rate to between from December to March inclusive, with a maximum in January. \nStarting in March the monthly flow rate gradually drops to the low summer levels from July to September, with a monthly average flow rate down to in August. \nHowever, the minimum flow for 3 consecutive days of the month can drop to during a dry five-year period.\nThe average flow over the year is . \nThe level of the river does not begin to rise slowly until after five or six days of continuous rainfall.\n\nFile:Bèze hydrological station - average monthly flow m3 per sec.jpgAverage monthly flow m3/s as of 2012 at the Bèze hydrological station\n\n\nFlooding is never very significant since the river benefits from the regulating effect of the large underground water table.\nThe instantaneous flow for peak flood is and the maximum for a five year flood is .\nThis rises to for a ten year period, or a 20 year period and for a fifty year period.\nThe greatest instantaneous flow recorded was on 18 December 1982, and the greatest daily average was on 21 December 1982.\nThis flood was lower than the 20 year level, so was by no means exceptional.\nIt might be expected every 15 years on average.\n\nThe amount of water that runs off the Bèze basin (rainfall less evaporation / absorption) is estimated at annually, which is moderately high but of the same order of magnitude as France as a whole, but less than that of the Saône river basin, which has annually.\nThe specific flow reaches per square kilometer of the basin.\n\n==== Paysages ====\nPaysage de plaines et de bosquets, à Noiron-sur-Bèze.\n\n\"Le système paysager est qualifié de « mixte » : le contraste entre les massifs forestiers et les espaces de grandes cultures est très présent.}} Les reliefs sont toutefois plus contrastés et les paysages plus vallonnés au nord-ouest du bassin sur les communes de Viévigne, Tanay, Belleneuve et dans le secteur de Noiron, Chevigny-Saint-Sauveur, Bèze et Bourberain. Les cours d’eau y sont plus encaissés, boisés et les villages sont souvent sur les hauteurs.\n\nCours de la Bèze à Bézouotte.\n\nLe bassin versant comporte quatre principales Zones naturelles d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique (ou ZNIEFF) :\n* la ZNIEFF de type II () concernant la Forêt de Velours et de Fontaine-Française, s’étendant sur les territoires de Lux, Bourberain, Bèze et Viévigne.\n* la ZNIEFF de type II () appelée « la vallée de la Bèze » et concernant tous les proches territoires de la rivière Bèze, de la Commune de Bèze à celle de Vonges, avec entre autres la forêt domaniale de Mirebeau.\n* la ZNIEFF de type II () concernant la forêt de Longchamp, s’étendant sur les communes d'Étevaux, Saint-Léger-Triey (avec sa forêt domaniale également dans le périmètre où le bief du Tréman prend sa source), Lamarche-sur-Saône et Longchamp.\n* la ZNIEFF de type I (), comprise dans cette ZNIEFF 2 de la forêt de Longchamp et concernant l’étang de Saint-Léger-Triey (« Le Grand Étang »).\n* la ZNIEFF de type II () limitrophe au bassin concernant la vallée de la Saône de Vonges à Auxonne.\n* la ZNIEFF de type I () comprise dans la ZNIEFF II de la vallée de la Saône, s'étendant de Pontailler-sur-Saône à Auxonne.\n\n==== Affluents et masses d'eau ====\nQuatre masses d’eau de surface sont présentes sur le bassin versant de la Bèze : la Bèze, l’Albane, le Chiron et le Pannecul., ainsi que trois masses d’eau souterraines :\n* « » est \"constituée de calcaires jurassiques du seuil et des côtes et arrières côtes de Bourgogne dans BV Saône en RD.}} C'est une masse d’eau classée en ressource stratégique ;\n* « » est \"constituée de calcaires jurassiques sous couverture pied de côte bourguignonne.}} ;\n* « » est composée de \"formations variées du Dijonnais entre Ouche et Vingeanne\".\n\nL'affluent notable de la Bèze est l'Albane, dont elle reçoit les eaux en rive droite à Saint-Léger-Triey. La rivière reçoit également de l'eau depuis la source de Chaume, à au nord-ouest de Bèze, dans le canton de Fontaine-Française. Cette liaison souterraine a été démontrée par Spéléo-Club de Dijon en 1955, à la suite d'une brusque montée des eaux boueuses de la Bèze puis à une exploration des cavités.\n\nQuatre sources mineures sont présentes sur le bassin versant, en dehors de celle de la Bèze : la source de l’Albane à Magny-Saint-Médard, la source du Creux de Vau à Mirebeau-sur-Bèze, la source de la Fontaine du Gué à Noiron-sur-Bèze et les petites sources de Tanay.\n\n==== Vallée de la Bèze ====\n\nLa vallée de la Bèze est, en amont, constituée de formations calcaires du Jurassique. À partir de Noiron-sur-Bèze, le contexte calcaire laisse progressivement la place aux marnes. Elle s'étend sur une superficie de .\nLa Bèze traverse douze communes, toutes situées en Côte-d'Or : Bèze, Noiron-sur-Bèze, Mirebeau-sur-Bèze, Bézouotte, Cuiserey, Charmes, Marandeuil, Drambon, Tanay, Saint-Léger-Triey, Vonges et Pontailler-sur-Saône.\n\nLe bassin versant traverse sept cantons et sept communautés de communes, soit au total 41 communes. habitants, soit une densité de 33.7 hab/km sont concernés. Cinq communes comptent plus de habitants sur le bassin : Mirebeau-sur-Bèze, Belleneuve, Arc-sur-Tille, Pontailler-sur-Saône, et Lamarche-sur-Saône.\n\nÀ Charmes, \"pays des sources, fontaines et fossés d'eau}} du bassin versant de la Bèze, l'eau est à fleur du sol si bien que les habitants de la région nomment l'endroit le \"vivier\" Il s'agirait en réalité des douves d'un ancien château. Là, la Bèze est alimenté à un petit cours d'eau, le Gailloux. Une légende raconte qu'un habitant de Bézouotte, trompé par l'obscurité et éméché, y a plongé avec sa bicyclette.\n\nÀ Savolles, et même si la Bèze ne croise pas le territoire de cette commune, une réserve d'eau en cas d'incendie a été constituée sur la ligne de crête entre la Bèze et l'Albane, comblée dans les années 1950 lors de l'érection du château d'eau.\n\n====Albane valley====\nL'Albane à Saint-Léger-Triey, en direction de Vonges. Le cours d'eau rejoint la Bèze à plus au sud-est.\n\nLa vallée de l’Albane (or « Albanne » selon Badin et Quantin en 1847) présente un contexte argilo-marneux.\n\nL’Albane prend sa source au lieu-dit « La Ferme de l’Albane » sur la commune de Magny-Saint-Médard. et s'écoule sur avant de rejoindre la Bèze à, Saint-Léger-Triey, à quelques kilomètres avant la confluence avec la Saône.\n\nElle traverse les communes de : Magny-Saint-Médard, Savolles, Belleneuve, Binges, Trochères, Étevaux, Marandeuil, Drambon, Saint-Léger-Triey, Pontailler-sur-Saône et Lamarche-sur-Saône.\n\n==== Activités économiques et touristiques ====\nSentiers pédestres autour de Bèze.\n\nLes trois quarts du bassin versant abritent des parcours d’AAPPMA (au nombre de sept). La pêche est cependant une pratique en déclin et la principale activité pratiquée par ces associations est le rempoissonnement. La pisciculture se pratique au niveau des nombreux étangs artificiels présents sur la Bèze : l’étang de Bessey, l’étang de Noiron, l’étang Rougeot, l'étang de Drambon et l'étang à Marandeuil en dérivation du cours principal ainsi que, sur l’Albane : l’étang de Bouques, l’étang Pierre, le Grand Étang, l’étang Maladière et l’étang de la Bergerie. La production hydroélectrique demeure anecdotique : seule une turbine existe au niveau du déversoir de décharge, à Drambon.\n\nL’activité touristique est particulièrement présente sur les communes de Mirebeau-sur-Bèze et de Pontailler-sur-Saône, toutes deux stations vertes de vacances. Des sentiers pédestres, faisant partie du circuit du Val de Vingeanne, permettent de découvrir Bèze et ses environs.\n", "=== Au Paléolithique ===\nExemples de bifaces découverts en Bourgogne, de type similaire à ceux mis au jour à Bèze (musée archéologique de Dijon).\n\nLe site de la Roncière, à Bèze fait l'objet de nombreuses prospections. Des vestiges allant du Paléolithique ancien/moyen au Gallo-Romain y ont été découverts, et notamment des nucléus à lamelles (bloc de pierre débité pour produire des éclats ou des lames) de type « Orville », attestant une occupation du site au cours du Magdalénien moyen. Deux autres occupations, l'une à l'Aurignacien, l'autre au Périgordien supérieur, semblent se distinguer.\n\nDes restes d’animaux préhistoriques sont présents à l’entrée de la grotte de la Crétanne, tels que des dents de mammouth, des restes de rhinocéros laineux et d'hipparion.\n\n=== Le site antique de Mirebeau-sur-Bèze ===\ntuile fabriquée par les légionnaires de la 8th Légion Augusta campant à Mirebeau (ici, l'objet a été retrouvé à Strasbourg).\n\nMirebeau-sur-Bèze est situé en zone lingonne, en pleine convergence des frontières éduenne, lingonne et séquane ; la ville se situe en effet sur un axe important du réseau de voies de l'Est de la Gaule. Les découvertes archéologiques récentes font apparaître qu'un sanctuaire celtique et gallo-romain à Mirebeau est installé depuis la fin du 4th century en limite de plusieurs territoires et qu'\"il est intégré dans un pôle d'occupation associé à un habitat\".\nDécouvert en 1973 par René Goguey à la suite de prospections aériennes, le site a été fouillé de 1977 à 1982 lors de la construction d'un collège. De nouvelles fouilles, menées par J.P. Guillaumet de 1983 à 1986 ont permis de mettre au jour des vestiges laténiens. \nEn 2001 et 2006, de nouvelles recherches ont permis d'estimer la surface totale du site à \nPlusieurs périodes d'occupation ont pu être distinguées : La Tène B2-C1, La Tène 2DB Auguste précoce, les années 1940-70 et la période flavienne (durant laquelle un aqueduc est construit.). \nIl apparaît que l'évolution de ce sanctuaire a été influencée par la présence militaire romaine : un premier camp, lors de la guerre des Gaules (58-40 av. J.-C.), a d'abord défendu le site sacré alors qu'un second, à l'est de l'agglomération antique a accueilli la Legio VIII Augusta, cette fois lors de la ''Pax Romana'', cantonnée là de 70 à 90 ap. J.-C. en raison de troubles survenus chez les Lingons.\n\nExemple de fortifications défendant un camp romain comme celui de Mirebeau (ici, reconstitution d'une portion d'enceinte au MuséoParc d'Alésia).\n\nLe camp romain de Mirebeau-sur-Bèze mesurait sur et avait une superficie de Il pouvait abriter les soldats de la légion VIII Augusta. De nombreuses infrastructures ont été retrouvées : des logements, un hôpital, des entrepôts, un atelier, un ''forum'' et des thermes, ainsi que des tuiles estampillées.\nL’enceinte était imposante et composée de fossés-talus puis d'un rempart en terre, bois et pierres. Des portes monumentales canalisaient les passages.\n\nPar ailleurs, le méandre de la Bèze porte des traces d’aménagement : \"la partie amont est élargie, formant une sorte de canal. La rive convexe n’a pas été attaquée par l’érosion, comme elle aurait dû l’être normalement}} De plus, le 4 juillet 1967, des missions de photographies réalisées par les Mirage III de la 33rd Escadre de Reconnaissance ont mis au jour des berges en friche et une ligne droite évoquant le mur d’un quai. Il semble que l'ensemble forme un \"véritable canal, tout à fait accessible à la navigation fluviale antique, certainement destiné à approvisionner la VIIIe légion en stationnement à Mirebeau.\"\nLa Bèze devait alors être utilisée pour \"la descente du blé réputé des Lingons expédié à Rome, Mirebeau étant, comme Lux, au centre de vallées et de plateaux fertiles. Par ailleurs, la Bèze est jalonnée de sites tels qu’un ensemble de petits bâtiments au lieu-dit « La Venelle », deux enceintes apparemment protohistoriques sur la rive gauche.}}\n\n===Middle Ages===\nThe tower of Oysel in Bèze, one of the vestiges of the old abbey, dominates the river.\n\nThe Benedictine Abbaye Saint-Pierre de Bèze was founded in 630. \nIt was visited by Pope Paschal II in February 1107. \nThe town of Bèze then belonged to the province of Champagne. \nIn the 8th century the place was called the \"Fountain of Bèze\" (). \nThe ''Chronique de Bèze'' from the first 3rd of the 12th century, describes foundation of the abbey on an unoccupied site.\nArnanger, Duke of Atuyer, gave his son Gandelin the order to found a monastery there. The Chronicle says:\n\n\nIn 883 the abbey welcomed relics of the martyred Saint Prudent de Narbonne, whose worship was important to Bèze in the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries. \nAccording to Solange de Montenay, in 888 the cave served as a refuge from the Normans for the inhabitants of Bèze and the monks of the abbey.\n\nIn 1680, the lawyer Bonyard described Beze:\n\n\n\nBèze also had a castle protected by walls and moats, and a bridge that joined the two sides of the river.\n\n=== Modern period ===\nFormer hydroelectric dam at the exit of Bèze (Belle-Isle farm in Bèze, towards Mirebeau-sur-Bèze)..\n\n==== The Bèze, central element of the Vonges national powder mill ====\n\nThe history of the national powder factory of Vonges is linked to that of the Bèze. \nOn 15 July 1753 Emmanuel Piche, the founder of the company, acquired a perpetual lease on the Foullot meadow with a surface area of and a stretch of the river to install powder mills. \nAs early as 1775, according to the Abbé Claude Courtépée, the village was an important powder production site: \"Two powder mills on the Bèze with 24 drums and 24 mortars each, which in 21 hours made 960 pounds of powder. A third mill between the two ... to refine the powder. These mills have grown by four times in 23 years.\"\nIn 1716 the site required a change in the water level of the Bèze to meet the industrial needs. \nA major fire in 1839 forced redevelopment, then works in 1840 and 1841 allowed creation of new circular canal pounds and the installation of hydraulic motors. \nA royal ordinance of 29 April 1841 regulated the use of water in the Vonges powder mill. \nIt regulated the level of the large weir of the old Vonges mill and that of the small spillway of the powder mill, and fixed the dimensions of the discharge valves.\n\nAs a result of the extensive development work, and due to numerous complaints from local residents regarding the frequent flooding that transformed grassland around the powder works into unhealthy swamps, on 23 January 1848 a new ordinance was issued concerning the Syndicat de la Bèze. \nIts purpose was \"to prevent the overflow of this watercourse\". \nThe first work involved the powder works' canal, dug to replace the old winding bed of the Bèze. \nDisputes then arose between the residents of the river's left bank and the powder works concerning clearing and maintenance of the old course of the Bèze. \nThe residents demanded compensation. \nOn 26 June 1928 a complaint concerning the Vonges powder works was filed by the riverine communes near the Lower Bèze concerning the floods. \nSince then a union, which meets once a year, is composed of 14 municipalities and has 28 members, two from each commune, chosen from municipal councils. \nThe contribution is paid by some 500 owners, including the national powder factory of Vonges.\n\n==== De-industrialization of Bézouotte ====\nCanal at Bézouotte, former site of the forge\n\nThe well-known forge and furnace of Bézouotte disappeared in 1860, ruined by the industrial concentration and free trade policy of Napoleon III. \nTwenty metallurgists left the village. \nAround 1870 mills were erected on the sites of the forge and the furnace, but they did not last more than ten years. \nHops were cultivated intensively at the end of the 19th century, but then dropped significantly. \nIn addition, several incidents, including a major fire, put an end to the activity. \nIn 1883 the Cuiserey bridge was built on the Bèze.\nThe same year saw the Bèze and its region affected by a terrible drought. \nAround 1900 M. Ratter equipped the forge's canal with a turbine that supplied three-phase electric power to Pontailler.\n\n==== Mills of Mirebeau-sur-Bèze ====\n\nA mill with ten pairs of cylinders and a pair of wheels is in action at Mirebeau-sur-Beze.\nIt is one of the most important in the region, and can grind a hundred sacks of wheat a day. \nTwo metallic walkways allow workers to carry cereals stored in warehouses across the river to the mill. \nSince 1900 a turbine installed next to the mill can produce power for the entire village. \nIn 1903 the covered washing boat on the rue des Moulins was sold by commune.\n\n=== Patrimoine bâti à l'eau ===\n==== Patrimoine culturel ====\nAncien moulin et haut-fourneau de Noiron-sur-Bèze, dont l'activité a cessé en 1858\n\nLe patrimoine bâti à l'eau est divers. Des lavoirs sont présents sur tous les villages traversés par les cours d’eau constituant le bassin Bèze-Albane. Certains sont encore utilisables avec de petites vannes. Les constructions demeurées intactes de l'ancienne abbaye Saint-Pierre de Bèze, y compris son lavoir, représentent un important patrimoine classé monument historique inscrit récemment (en 2010) À Mirebeau, un château, duquel subsistent deux tours et une partie des murailles, ainsi que des traces de remparts de la ville, se situent le long de la Bèze.\n\nDe nombreux ouvrages hydrauliques ponctuent le cours de la Bèze et de ses affluents, mais seuls deux ont encore une utilité économique : celui de l'usine de Drambon et celui de la Rente de l’Albane à Belleneuve.\n\n==== Anciens sites industriels ====\nPlan de la poudrerie nationale de Vonges en 1884 montrant le réseau de canaux constitué à partir de la Bèze et qui traverse le site industriel.\n\nLes activités de moulinage sont historiquement implantées sur les cours d’eau, mais \"la Poudrerie de Vonges, construite en 1691, reste un des sites historiquement emblématique du bassin Bèze-Albane}}. \n\"Les anciens sites industriels sont assez dispersés sur le bassin et concernent essentiellement des anciennes forges, ou encore des décharges communales d’ordures ménagères.}} Un recensement des sites a été effectué à l’échelle de la région Bourgogne dans le cadre d’un programme national mené par le BRGM. Cependant, deux études, du SRAE en 1981, lors de la mesure des débits de la Bèze, et à l’époque de la construction du « canal des marais » (une dérivation permettant d'irriguer des cultures à Drambon), dans les années 1830 ont permis d'enrichir ou de confirmer la carte des industries disparues. Les plus grandes concentrations sont observées à Pontailler-sur-Saône et à Mirebeau-sur-Bèze (présence d'une ancienne distillerie). Des décharges ont également été recensées à Bèze, Viévigne, Noiron-sur-Bèze, et Cirey-les-Pontailler. D'anciennes forges sont présentes dans la quasi-totalité des communes traversées par la Bèze et surtout à Drambon, Marandeuil, Bézouotte et Noiron-sur-Bèze. Ces sites représentent \"un risque potentiel de pollution des eaux, étant donné les écrits affirmant que les maîtres des forges de Bézouotte versaient les boues de leurs patouillets directement dans la rivière. Ces pratiques auraient été assez répandues à l’époque, sur les autres forges également. À Noiron-sur-Bèze, les terres de l’îlot ainsi que celles bordant le moulin en bordure de la Bèze seraient pleines de ces résidus selon le propriétaire, puisque ces derniers auraient en partie servi à constituer l’ilôt.}}\n\n==== Sites industriels actuels ====\nAujourd'hui, seize sites industriels sont en activités sur le parcours de la Bèze. Parmi eux, les deux poudreries de Pontailler-sur-Saône et de Vonges sont classées SEVESO. D'autres industries sont soumises à autosurveillance pour les rejets effectués dans le milieu : PBI à Bézouotte, Titanite SA à Pontailler-sur-Saône, STPI et Nobel Explosifs France à Vonges.\n\n=== Impact anthropique ===\nLa Bèze est fortement canalisée à Drambon. Un déversoir permet d'en réguler le débit.\n\n\"Durant le 20th century la révolution des pratiques agriculturales a induit des bouleversements intenses et à grande échelle de l’occupation des sols dans les vallées}}, note l'EPTB Saône et Doubs. La plupart des zones humides de fond de vallées ont ainsi été drainées et de nombreux fossés d’assainissement et de drainage agricoles ont considérablement redessiné le réseau hydrographique du bassin versant. Toutefois la Bèze est le cours d'eau le moins affecté par les travaux de redressement de son lit, au contraire de ses affluents, l’Albane, le Chiron et le Pannecul, qui ont été aménagés considérablement, à des fins agricoles. Certaines parties de ces cours d'eau présentent une \"véritable chenalisation\".\n", "=== Faune et flore ===\nPerche soleil.\nVairon.\n==== Espèces ====\nLa Truite et la « Satoille » (sans doute la Lamproie fluviatile) étaient pêchées dans la Bèze, mais aussi en Saône et dans la Vingeanne au Moyen Âge. La duchesse Marguerite de Flandre raconte en avoir dégusté en 1382-1383. \nEn 1900, les écrevisses, qui pullulent alors et que l'on pêche à la balance, ou mieux avec un fagot d'épines garni de tripes de poulet, disparaissent brutalement, à la suite d'une mystérieuse épidémie.\n\nLes pêches effectuées depuis 1995 montrent que les espèces les plus présentes sont : la Truite, L’Épinoche (en disparition), le Gardon (en réapparition), la Loche franche (en réapparition), la Perche soleil (en diminution), le Poisson chat (en diminution) et le vairon. À l’aval de Marandeuil, \"le contexte de la Bèze est un contexte cyprinicole conforme, avec comme espèce repère le Brochet. }}\n\nL'état des lieux du peuplement piscicole du bassin versant de la Bèze-Albane est fourni par le ''Plan Départemental pour la Protection du milieu aquatique et la Gestion des ressources piscicoles'' (PDPG) qui date de 1998, élaboré par la Fédération de Pêche de Côte-d’Or. Il note que le \"contexte piscicole de la résurgence de la Bèze jusqu’à Marandeuil est un contexte salmonicole perturbé, avec comme espèce repère la Truite. Seule la reproduction semble être perturbée (parmi les trois critères croissance, éclosion, reproduction).}}\n\nLes zones humides du bassin versant sont limitées aux fossés de drainage au sein desquels quelques espèces hélophytes, également installées dans les étangs fixés aux affluents de la Bèze et de l’Albane. Des roselières sont présentes en grand nombre.\n\n==== Impacts humains ====\nCertains ouvrages bâtis sur la Bèze impactent de manière importante les cycles de reproduction, d’éclosion et de croissance des espèces animales y vivant (ici une grille à l'entrée de la poudrerie de Vonges).\n\nPlusieurs facteurs perturbent la faune :\n* le barrage E.D.F de la Bèze perturbe la fonction de reproduction ;\n* la station d'épuration des eaux usées (STEU) de Mirebeau et les rejets sauvages qui s'ensuivent impactent les trois fonctions de reproduction, d’éclosion et de croissance ;\n* la présence de l’élevage perturbe la fonction de croissance sur les affluents;\n* les vannages sur la Bèze perturbent la reproduction et l’éclosion ;\n* la poudrerie nationale de Vonges, par ses rejets, perturbe la croissance.\n\nDes programmes de repeuplement ont été effectués par l'association la Gaule de Vonges en 1986, 1987 et 1988 concernant le Brochet et la Perche, puis par l’AAPPMA locale. Le PDPG recommande une meilleure gestion des vannages, de favoriser des zones d’expansion de crues et d’améliorer le traitement des effluents de la poudrerie.\n\nSix ouvrages hydrauliques sur les 17 identifiés du bassin versant Bèze-Albane sont \"strictement infranchissables par le poisson (...) Ce constat met en évidence l’ampleur du cloisonnement biologique du réseau hydrographique principal du bassin. C’est plus de 8,5 % du linéaire de cours d’eau (soit ) qui est physiquement influencé par la présence d’ouvrages hydrauliques.}} L’effet de retenue créé par ces ouvrages favorise le réchauffement des eaux, le développement des algues et limite le développement des espèces animales d’eau fraîche.\n\n=== Gestion de l'eau potable ===\nSur l'ensemble du bassin versant de la Bèze, \"11 communes, soit 27 % de la totalité des communes n’ont pas délégué leur compétence à un syndicat. 5 syndicats sont partiellement présents : le syndicat d’Arc-sur-Tille (3 communes sur les 4 du syndicat), celui de Clénay et Saint-Julien (1 commune sur les 10 du syndicat), le syndicat Saône Ognon Vingeanne (5 communes sur les 10 du syndicat), celui de Véronnes (2 communes sur les 3 du syndicat) et le syndicat de la Basse Vingeanne (3 communes sur les 5 du syndicat).}} \"Le gestionnaire principal du bassin est la SAUR avec 78 % des communes du bassin représentées. 5 %, soit 2 communes, sont gérées par le SDEI, désormais Lyonnaise, et 17 % des communes ont opté pour la gestion en régie communale.}} Huit captages utilisent la ressource du bassin versant et six d'entre eux concernent des sources. Les volumes prélevés (estimés) sur le bassin s'élèvent à mètres cubes par an. Le syndicat d’eau de Magny-Saint-Médard représente à lui seul 80 % des prélèvements du bassin.\n\n=== Pollution ===\nLes activités agricoles et d'élevage le long de la Bèze ont d'importantes conséquences sur la qualité de ses eaux (ici des vaches en pâture à Saint-Léger-Triey).\n\nNeuf stations de mesure de la qualité des eaux superficielles sont localisées le long du cours de la Bèze.\nL'Établissement Public Territorial du Bassin de la Saône et du Doubs a relevé dans deux des masses d'eau du bassin versant de la Bèze une concentration en nitrates. La qualité nitrate est médiocre sur l’ensemble des stations du bassin avec un maximum en sortie de bassin. La qualité concernant les métaux (micropolluants minéraux chrome et nickel essentiellement) est moyenne, mais semble localisée aux secteurs d’anciennes forges, à Drambon et Marandeuil. \nLa station de Saint-Léger présente une contamination en arsenic et nickel. \nLes activités agricoles constituent la source la plus importante en termes de pollution diffuse par les nitrates. Cette pollution \"a des sérieuses répercussions au niveau des captages d’eau potable, puisque la potabilité de l’eau distribuée (...) est remise en cause. La totalité du bassin de la Bèze-Albane est comprise en zone vulnérable pour les nitrates. Ce classement vise à protéger les milieux, en l’occurrence la nappe d’accompagnement de la Saône contre la contamination par les nitrates.}} Pour pallier cela, un programme de mise en place de bandes enherbées a été décidé en 2009. Depuis, une nette amélioration \"quant à la qualité de l’eau et quant à la colonisation des berges par de jeunes pousses, qui tendent à faire réapparaître une ripisylve sur les berges des cours d’eau}}, est à noter.\n\nLe Conseil départemental de la Côte-d'Or réalise le suivi de la qualité des eaux superficielles du bassin versant de la Bèze depuis 1994 au moyen de stations de mesures contrôlées tous les deux ans.\n\nDes dépôts d’ordures sauvages ont été observés et font l'objet d'une campagne de sensibilisation.\n\n=== Agriculture et irrigation ===\nL’agriculture représente l’activité économique principale du bassin versant de la Bèze, \"les grandes cultures intensives ayant globalement remplacé les prairies de bord de cours d’eau qui étaient pâturées ou fauchées}} auparavant. Les cultures sont désormais drainées et seuls quelques agriculteurs irriguent encore leurs cultures (principalement de maïs et de pomme de terre) en s'approvisionnant dans la Bèze. Un plan d’eau à la source de l’Albane a été conçu à cette fin.\n\"Selon les chiffres de la MISE, la consommation moyenne annuelle à usage d’irrigation sur le bassin versant est de 98,500 mètres cubes en moyenne annuelle. La quasi-totalité de ce débit est utilisé de mai à septembre, soit sur cinq mois, avec des maximums souvent observés en juin et juillet. Ces prélèvements représenteraient environ 17 % des prélèvements totaux du bassin. L’impact de ces prélèvements est jugé négligeable au vu de l’absence de modification d’écoulement de cours d’eau.}}\n\n=== Assainissement ===\nL’assainissement du bassin versant de la Bèze est géré par 23 communes, par l’intermédiaire d’une intercommunalité, représentant ainsi 56 % de l’ensemble des communes hydrographiquement concernées. Selon l'EPTB Saône et Doubs : \"Lamarche-sur-Saône, Pontailler-sur-Saône et Vonges se tournent sur la Saône, qui constitue alors le milieu récepteur aux rejets, Vonges étant raccordée à une des stations de traitement de Pontailler-sur-Saône. 16 communes ne possèdent pas d’installations de traitement collectif à l’heure actuelle, soit 43 % des communes.}} La moitié des installations sont très récentes, et deux sont habilitées à traiter l’azote et le phosphore, conformément à la Directive eaux résiduaires urbaines (ERU).\n\nLes stations d’épuration rejetant dans le bassin versant de la Bèze sont de trois types : par boues activées, par filtre planté ou par lagunage naturel.\n\n=== Risques naturels ===\nCrue de la rivière à Bèze, le 20 décembre 1913, ayant entraîné un jaillissement important à la résurgence.\n\nLa Bèze, ainsi que son bassin versant, ne présentent pas de risques naturels majeurs. Les secteurs à risque impactés par les crues sont les espaces agricoles. Les communes vulnérables à ce risque selon la DIREN sont Mirebeau et Bourberain. Les zones de confluences (Saint-Léger-Triey, Vonges et Trochères) sont particulièrement concernées par les inondations. \"Les durées de débordement sont relativement courtes, la rivière regagnant son lit pour les crues les plus fréquentes après un à cinq jours.}} Toutefois les risques d'inondations sont pour la majorité dus à une mauvaise gestion des ouvrages hydrauliques, insuffisamment manœuvrés, en particulier ceux des communes de Bèze, Drambon, Bézouotte ou Vonges.\n\nLes bois des environs de Mirebeau abritent des peupliers situés sur les berges de la Bèze qui peuvent constituer de \"|réels risques pour les berges, étant donné le très faible enracinement de cet arbre\".\n", "\n", "\n\n", "\n*\n*\n* \n*\n* \n* \n* \n* \n*\n*\n* \n* \n* \n*\n*\n* \n*\n* \n*\n* \n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n* \n*\n*\n* \n*\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Geography and description", " Occupation humaine ", " Écologie et environnement ", " Notes", "References", "Sources" ]

[ "The river then travels in a southeasterly direction to discharge into the Saône, of which it is a tributary on the right bank, in the commune of Vonges, at an altitude of of altitude, where it is wide.", "Disputes then arose between the residents of the river's left bank and the powder works concerning clearing and maintenance of the old course of the Bèze." ]

[ "\nThe '''Bèze''' is a French river in the Côte-d'Or department, in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.", "It is a right tributary of the Saône, and thus a sub-tributary of the Rhône.", "The river rises in the Crétanne cave in the village of Bèze, then crosses several communes in its course before entering the Saône in Vonges.", "Its source is the outlet of a vast underground network fed by the Tille and the Venelle.", "A walk has been laid out around the spring, which is a major tousist attraction in the region.", "The watershed of the Bèze river and its main tributary, the Albane, irrigates the Saône Vingeanne country, over a total area of \nAlong its course the landscape alternates between forested areas and areas of large crops, livestock meadows and ponds.", "The basin is home to four natural areas of interest for their ecology, fauna and flora.", "Human occupation along the river began as early as the Paleolithic.", "In Roman Gaul the sanctuary of Mirebeau-sur-Bèze, on an important axis of communication, was an important place in the region.", "The site was occupied by the Legio VIII Augusta, who built an imposing military camp.", "In the Middle Ages the river saw the foundation of the Abbaye Saint-Pierre de Bèze, a gathering place for the pilgrimage of Saint Prudent de Narbonne.", "In the modern era the Poudrerie nationale de Vonges was founded at the mouth of the Bèze, which it used for industrial purposes.", "It remains an important heritage building on the water.", "The fauna and flora are similar to those associated with the Saône ecosystem, with a predominance of trout.", "Many hydraulic structures, however, have a strong impact on the river species.", "The water quality of the Bèze and its tributaries is considered mediocre due to nitrates from agricultural and livestock activities along the river's course.", "The Bèze and its watershed do not present any major natural hazards.", "Washing station on the Bèze in Bézouotte.", "The source of the Bèze is north-east of Dijon in the Bèze village at an altitude of .", "It rises from a basin at the foot of the Kimmeridgian limestones and immediately forms a river wide.", "Other sources, connected with the underground river discovered in 1950 by the Dijon Speleo-Club, originate under the old cemetery of Bèze downstream.", "Its average slope is 0.9%.", "La Bèze flows through the center of the \"Bèze-Albane\" catchment basin in the heart of the Saône Vingeanne country, in the department of Côte-d'Or, with a total area of .", "The river is characterized by its source in Bèze, a remarkable spring fueled by a large underground network.", "Its watershed contains three tributaries and is bounded on the south by its confluence with the Saône.", "=== Source ===\n==== Location ====\nThe Bèze in Côte-d'Or.", "The source of the Bèze is one of the most important karst springs in metropolitan France.", "The river originates in an underground lake in a cave called La Crétanne in the immediate vicinity of the agglomeration of Bèze, in Côte-d'Or, at the foot of a cliff overlooking the spring, in the basin called \"la douy\".", "The lake is discharged into the open through a tunnel similar to the Fontaine de Vaucluse.", "The tunnel, called the Salle Blanc (White Room), is with a ceiling, and can be entered by a small staircase at the foot of the cliff.", "The well-known La Crétanne cave is underground.", "It is about long, with four upstream tunnels and one downstream tunnel, the source of the Bèze.", "==== Underground network ====\n\nThe underground network of the Bèze extends over , with a vertical drop of .", "The source of the Bèze, the outlet of this hydraulic network, is the most important karst spring of the Côte-d'Or department.", "The Crétanne cave is the best explored part of this vast network.", "The underground network of Bèze consists of four sumps, or underground water channels:\n*The source of the Bèze sump was prospected by the S.C. Dijon (Speleo Club de Dijon) and the S.C. Paris for the first time on 25 October 1953 along and a depth of .", "In 1972 the SHAG explored about more and then the S.C. Dijon, in 1974, reached the junction with the cave by crossing this sump of , which proved to be prolonged by side annexes, including a very dangerous downstream duct, for a total of .", "*The pier sump (or sump 1) was unclogged in 1964, 1966 and 1967.", "The entrance was cleared during the year 1968.", "The embedded conduit between two strata runs for .", "It ends in a flooded well constituting the junction of several galleries.", "The main one was explored in 1975 up to from the entrance and to a depth of .", "The junction with the Lac Blanc sump was reached in 1976.", "In 1976 a secondary downstream gallery, beginning from the entrance, extended for and then emerged into a dry area.", "*The Lac Blanc sump (or sump 2) was discovered in 1953 by the S.C. Dijon and the S.C. Paris and then explored for in a slightly immersed gallery to a submerged shaft at a depth of .", "Ancillary sumps, close to the entrance, were explored to about .", "In 1976 the main water supply was located from the entrance, the \"Puits de la Chaussette\".", "The junction with the pier sump was formed by a fracture long and high.", "A bell-shaped cavity was then discovered from the entrance.", "Three extensions were explored in 1978 and 1979: a very narrow crack surfaced in a small duct terminated by a flooded crack, a vast flooded chimney and a small upper network.", "*The sumps of the scree gallery (or sumps 3 and 4) have no apparent current and contain many clay deposits.", "The first measures and the second .", "==== Geology ====\nDetail of the cliff that overlooks the upwelling at Bèze\nEntrance to the Bèze cave\nThe Crétanne cave is made of limestone.", "The set of galleries that constitutes the underground Bèze river have developed in layers of limestones that are not very thick ( on average) and were formed in the upper part of the Oxfordian or Astartian ageas.", "This formation overlays a thick mass of limestone of quite variable nature from the Rauracian and Sequanian ages, with thickness of over , which constitutes the basement of the limestone plateaus to the north of Bèze.", "The source is covered by limestone and marl of the Kimmeridgian age, which form a small cuesta visible to the south-east of the village of Bèze, under the compact limestone of the Portland Group.", "The ceiling of the cave is covered with kaolinite while the walls are covered with manganese oxide in some places.", "The set of galleries has a slight but steady incline towards the south, where it is covered by patches of Cretaceous rocks and then by the Tertiary sediments of La Bresse.", "The karst in the region must have been established either at the end of the Oligocene, or during the Miocene.", "The galleries of the Bèze cave are parallel to the stratification of the layers.", "They are wide, with flat roofs that corresponds to the base surface of the limestone beds.", "It seems that are several levels of galleries.", "The highest are visible at the base of the first room and are all clogged.", "The main galleries contain a number of vertical chimneys that could have been formed as a result of upward erosion by water under pressure.", "The galleries are oriented in two directions.", "The principal gallery is oriented a few degrees east of north, parallel to the direction of the tectonic faults and the main joints of the region).", "The second is essentially perpendicular to the previous one and also corresponds to a joint direction.", "The sediments of the Bèze cave were the subject of detailed study in the proceedings of the 1st International Congress of Speleology.", "The filling mud consists of siliceous sands identical to the albian sands found further south of the Bèze.", "The sands indicate the existence of the basin of an underground river of an old albian cover that has now disappeared.", "In addition, the greatest part of the filler consists of fine sand and silt that is increasingly fine towards the top of the series.", "Several cycles of sedimentation separated by calcite floors can be observed.", "Finally, varves are present in the upper galleries, formed during flooding, which are separated by darker layers and particles of finer size, deposited during periods of low water.", "==== Hydrology at source ====\nView of the karst spring in Bèze and the walkway around it\n\nThe source of the Bèze consists of two openings:\n*The first, at the southern end of the underground river, where the water comes almost vertically through a sump obstructed by large collapsed blocks\n*The second, the main opening, is about further north at the end of the Salle Blanc.", "The flow is greater than in the other outlet due to the presence of a sump.", "The Speleo Clubs of Dijon and Paris undertook penetration tests which showed the existence upstream of flooded galleries and then an almost vertical well of in depth leading to more flooded galleries.", "A sump to drain the waters of the underground river is a short distance from the first water outlet, about from the Bèze karst spring, but is insufficient to drain all the waters during flood periods.", "The average annual flow of the river at Bèze is .", "There are significant variations, with the low flow rate around and the maximum at times of flood reaching .", "The flow of the Bèze at its source was observed during a period of 27 years from 1981 to 2012 at the station in Bèze called the \"Ferme de Rome\" .", "Sign of the Bèze in Noiron-sur-Bèze \n==== Origin of the waters ====\nThe river originates in an upwelling of the waters of the aquifer under the forest of Velours in the commune of Lux, Côte-d'Or.", "This is fed by water from the Tille and Venelle rivers.", "The Speleo-Club of Dijon has explored the source since 14 July 1950.", "Exploration continues today by scuba diving and by systematic study of the discovered network.", "H. Tintant says that most of the waters of the Bèze come from underground drainage of the immense karst plateau consisting of rauracian and sequanian limestones forming a quadrilateral limited to the north by the impenetrable Argovian marls from Crécey-sur-Tille to Occey and the valley of the Vingeanne.", "Covered by dry valleys and perforated with numerous funnels (several hundred in the Velours forest alone), this plateau, which measures more than , is covered with very permeable rocks with a small but discernible slope to the south.", "The underground river feeding the Bèze at its source probably collects 50% of the annual rainfall on the plateau.", "Fluorescein tests carried out by the Speleo-Club of Dijon in 1970 showed that the waters of Venelle colored those of the Bèze in the caves of the spring.", "==== Fauna and flora====\n'''' proche de l'aselle de Bourgogne, endémique à la grotte de Bèze.", "La grotte de Bèze est dotée d'une faune et d'une flore spécifique.", "Elle abrite ainsi une espèce endémique : l'aselle de Bourgogne, un aselle d'eau douce, étudié en 1969 par J.-P. Henry et G. Magniez.", "La rivière souterraine héberge d'autres crustacés tels que des niphargus et l'on peut parfois y rencontrer des poissons (vairon, chabot, truite) provenant des pertes de la Venelle ou ayant remonté l'un des siphons ainsi que cinq espèces de chauves-souris.", "La flore est composée de fougères qui ont colonisé les cheminées géologiques.", "On peut également y observer divers types de mousses et quelques champignons.", "==== La résurgence ====\nLa promenade aménagée autour de la résurgence, à Bèze.", "The source of the Bèze.", "La résurgence de la Bèze est située \"au point précis où le plateau calcaire séquanien s'enfouit sous la ''cuesta'' plus argileuse ou Kiméridgien}}, de façon \"tout à fait comparable à celle des nombreuses résurgences du Chatillonnais au pied de la ''cuesta'' argovienne\n\nSelon le géographe François Robert, en 1789, la résurgence de la Bèze est l'une des quatre plus considérables existant en France.", "Cette résurgence est le lieu le plus photographié de Bèze.", "Certains éditeurs de cartes postales n'hésitent pas à améliorer l'image en grattant la plaque de verre du négatif pour obtenir un jaillissement plus impressionnant.", "La promenade de la source, autour de la résurgence, est un site classé dont l'aménagement date du 18th century et composée d'arbres ayant de 200 à 300 ans.", "==== Aménagement ====\nPanneau à Marandeuil.", "C'est en 1970 que la municipalité de Bèze et son maire, Robert Poinsot, a décidé l'aménagement de la grotte, propriété de la commune, pour le tourisme.", "Celle-ci a ouvert ses portes aux visiteurs en avril 1971.", "Les grottes se visitent en barque sur une distance d'environ sur le lac souterrain, à une température de \nLes nombreuses stalactites et stalagmites aux formes singulières (drapés, sombreros, obus...) font partie de l'attractivité du lieu qui est l'un des sites touristiques les plus importants de la région dijonnaise.", "Le nombre de visiteurs ne cesse en effet d'augmenter : 14,390 en 2007, en 2008, 18,224 en 2009, en 2010 et 20,193 en 2011.", "De célèbres stalactites nommées « les andouilles de Bèze », en référence à la gastronomie locale, sont tombées lors d'une crue.", "La stalactite la plus admirée est l'« oreille d’éléphant ».", "Trois guides professionnels escortent les visiteurs à bord de barques sans moteur qui sont déplacées grâce à un réseau de cordages installé au plafond de la grotte.", "La grotte sert régulièrement pour l'entraînement des pompiers de Dijon mais aussi Paris, et même pour l’armée.", "=== Bassin versant de la Bèze-Albane ===\n==== Description ====\nCarte du bassin versant (en vert).", "Le bassin versant Bèze-Albane est situé dans une région à climat continental exactement similaire à celui de Dijon.", "\"Les pluies d’été sont souvent orageuses, l’échauffement inégal du sol augmentant les phénomènes convectifs.", "Les hivers, humides et relativement rudes, se passent rarement sans chute de neige.\"", "La géologie du bassin est constituée, à sa tête, de formations calcaires de l’ère secondaire.", "\"Le centre-ouest du bassin (de Noiron-sur-Bèze jusqu’à la source de l’Albane) est constitué de formations secondaires du Crétacé et de formations tertiaires anté-Pliocène.", "Cette série du Crétacé est bien complète forme un monoclinal à léger plongement sud-ouest où la craie cénomano-turonienne forme une côte au-dessus des argiles de l’Albien.", "Elle donne des collines arrondies typiques.}}", "Les basses plaines (vallées de l’Albane et de la Bèze) sont constituées d’alluvions récentes carbonatées sur le bassin de la Bèze mais argilo-limoneuses sur le bassin de l’Albane.", "\"L’amont du bassin de la Bèze est alimenté par un important réseau karstique issu en partie des pertes de la Tille et de la Venelle.", "Une partie des eaux de pluie vient alimenter ces nappes.", "La source de la Bèze est l’exutoire de cet important réseau}}.", "==== Plan d'eau ====\nDe nombreuses peupleraies sont exploitées le long de la Bèze et de ses affluents.", "Ici la parcelle est située sur les bords de l'Albane, à Saint-Léger-Triey.", "Situé sur le bassin Rhône-Méditerranée, le bassin versant Bèze-Albane est d'une superficie de , pour une longueur de dont représentent le lit mineur de la Bèze.", "Les principaux affluents de la Bèze qui le constituent sont : l’Albane (), le Chiron () et le Pannecul ().", "Plusieurs études ont montré que le bassin versant topographique situé sur la commune de Bèze, qui est seulement de , serait au centre d'un réseau hydrologique plus vaste, entre 225 et , vraisemblablement de .", "Les plus hauts reliefs culminent à environ sur la tête de bassin.", "Le plan d'eau de la Bèze et de l'Albane (son affluent) bénéficie d'une forte ruralité \"avec seulement 2,1 % de la surface occupée par des sols artificialisés.", "À eux seuls, les forêts et les cultures représentent plus de 95 % du territoire, avec deux fois plus d’espaces de cultures que de forêts.", "Les prairies sont peu présentes avec une occupation de 5,5 % du territoire et 8,6 % des territoires agricoles}} Les cultures principales sont les céréales et les oléagineux.", "Les bois et forêts sont nombreux sur le bassin et représentent une part non négligeable de terrain.", "Sont traversés par la Bèze, parmi les plus vastes espaces boisés : la forêt domaniale de Mirebeau, le bois de Bèze, le bois Popin, le bois Varve, le bois de Pont Bourdin et la forêt de la Vervotte.", "De grandes peupleraies sont également traversées, notamment dans les basses vallées, lieux d’exploitation populicoles, notamment à Belleneuve, Mirebeau, ou encore Saint-Léger.", "\"Certaines prairies ont disparu au cours des temps, au profit des grandes cultures.", "Celles-ci étaient traditionnellement présentes aux abords des cours d’eau.", "Le témoin de cet héritage est encore visible sur les cartes IGN au e par les noms des parcellaires le long de la Bèze et de l’Albane : « les prairies », « les grands prés », « le pré des moines », « prés des marais »}}\n\n==== Hydrology ====\nTopographic map of the Bèze\nThe Bèze has moderate seasonal fluctuations in flow, with higher rainfall in winter bringing the average monthly flow rate to between from December to March inclusive, with a maximum in January.", "Starting in March the monthly flow rate gradually drops to the low summer levels from July to September, with a monthly average flow rate down to in August.", "However, the minimum flow for 3 consecutive days of the month can drop to during a dry five-year period.", "The average flow over the year is .", "The level of the river does not begin to rise slowly until after five or six days of continuous rainfall.", "File:Bèze hydrological station - average monthly flow m3 per sec.jpgAverage monthly flow m3/s as of 2012 at the Bèze hydrological station\n\n\nFlooding is never very significant since the river benefits from the regulating effect of the large underground water table.", "The instantaneous flow for peak flood is and the maximum for a five year flood is .", "This rises to for a ten year period, or a 20 year period and for a fifty year period.", "The greatest instantaneous flow recorded was on 18 December 1982, and the greatest daily average was on 21 December 1982.", "This flood was lower than the 20 year level, so was by no means exceptional.", "It might be expected every 15 years on average.", "The amount of water that runs off the Bèze basin (rainfall less evaporation / absorption) is estimated at annually, which is moderately high but of the same order of magnitude as France as a whole, but less than that of the Saône river basin, which has annually.", "The specific flow reaches per square kilometer of the basin.", "==== Paysages ====\nPaysage de plaines et de bosquets, à Noiron-sur-Bèze.", "\"Le système paysager est qualifié de « mixte » : le contraste entre les massifs forestiers et les espaces de grandes cultures est très présent.}}", "Les reliefs sont toutefois plus contrastés et les paysages plus vallonnés au nord-ouest du bassin sur les communes de Viévigne, Tanay, Belleneuve et dans le secteur de Noiron, Chevigny-Saint-Sauveur, Bèze et Bourberain.", "Les cours d’eau y sont plus encaissés, boisés et les villages sont souvent sur les hauteurs.", "Cours de la Bèze à Bézouotte.", "Le bassin versant comporte quatre principales Zones naturelles d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique (ou ZNIEFF) :\n* la ZNIEFF de type II () concernant la Forêt de Velours et de Fontaine-Française, s’étendant sur les territoires de Lux, Bourberain, Bèze et Viévigne.", "* la ZNIEFF de type II () appelée « la vallée de la Bèze » et concernant tous les proches territoires de la rivière Bèze, de la Commune de Bèze à celle de Vonges, avec entre autres la forêt domaniale de Mirebeau.", "* la ZNIEFF de type II () concernant la forêt de Longchamp, s’étendant sur les communes d'Étevaux, Saint-Léger-Triey (avec sa forêt domaniale également dans le périmètre où le bief du Tréman prend sa source), Lamarche-sur-Saône et Longchamp.", "* la ZNIEFF de type I (), comprise dans cette ZNIEFF 2 de la forêt de Longchamp et concernant l’étang de Saint-Léger-Triey (« Le Grand Étang »).", "* la ZNIEFF de type II () limitrophe au bassin concernant la vallée de la Saône de Vonges à Auxonne.", "* la ZNIEFF de type I () comprise dans la ZNIEFF II de la vallée de la Saône, s'étendant de Pontailler-sur-Saône à Auxonne.", "==== Affluents et masses d'eau ====\nQuatre masses d’eau de surface sont présentes sur le bassin versant de la Bèze : la Bèze, l’Albane, le Chiron et le Pannecul., ainsi que trois masses d’eau souterraines :\n* « » est \"constituée de calcaires jurassiques du seuil et des côtes et arrières côtes de Bourgogne dans BV Saône en RD.}}", "C'est une masse d’eau classée en ressource stratégique ;\n* « » est \"constituée de calcaires jurassiques sous couverture pied de côte bourguignonne.}}", ";\n* « » est composée de \"formations variées du Dijonnais entre Ouche et Vingeanne\".", "L'affluent notable de la Bèze est l'Albane, dont elle reçoit les eaux en rive droite à Saint-Léger-Triey.", "La rivière reçoit également de l'eau depuis la source de Chaume, à au nord-ouest de Bèze, dans le canton de Fontaine-Française.", "Cette liaison souterraine a été démontrée par Spéléo-Club de Dijon en 1955, à la suite d'une brusque montée des eaux boueuses de la Bèze puis à une exploration des cavités.", "Quatre sources mineures sont présentes sur le bassin versant, en dehors de celle de la Bèze : la source de l’Albane à Magny-Saint-Médard, la source du Creux de Vau à Mirebeau-sur-Bèze, la source de la Fontaine du Gué à Noiron-sur-Bèze et les petites sources de Tanay.", "==== Vallée de la Bèze ====\n\nLa vallée de la Bèze est, en amont, constituée de formations calcaires du Jurassique.", "À partir de Noiron-sur-Bèze, le contexte calcaire laisse progressivement la place aux marnes.", "Elle s'étend sur une superficie de .", "La Bèze traverse douze communes, toutes situées en Côte-d'Or : Bèze, Noiron-sur-Bèze, Mirebeau-sur-Bèze, Bézouotte, Cuiserey, Charmes, Marandeuil, Drambon, Tanay, Saint-Léger-Triey, Vonges et Pontailler-sur-Saône.", "Le bassin versant traverse sept cantons et sept communautés de communes, soit au total 41 communes.", "habitants, soit une densité de 33.7 hab/km sont concernés.", "Cinq communes comptent plus de habitants sur le bassin : Mirebeau-sur-Bèze, Belleneuve, Arc-sur-Tille, Pontailler-sur-Saône, et Lamarche-sur-Saône.", "À Charmes, \"pays des sources, fontaines et fossés d'eau}} du bassin versant de la Bèze, l'eau est à fleur du sol si bien que les habitants de la région nomment l'endroit le \"vivier\" Il s'agirait en réalité des douves d'un ancien château.", "Là, la Bèze est alimenté à un petit cours d'eau, le Gailloux.", "Une légende raconte qu'un habitant de Bézouotte, trompé par l'obscurité et éméché, y a plongé avec sa bicyclette.", "À Savolles, et même si la Bèze ne croise pas le territoire de cette commune, une réserve d'eau en cas d'incendie a été constituée sur la ligne de crête entre la Bèze et l'Albane, comblée dans les années 1950 lors de l'érection du château d'eau.", "====Albane valley====\nL'Albane à Saint-Léger-Triey, en direction de Vonges.", "Le cours d'eau rejoint la Bèze à plus au sud-est.", "La vallée de l’Albane (or « Albanne » selon Badin et Quantin en 1847) présente un contexte argilo-marneux.", "L’Albane prend sa source au lieu-dit « La Ferme de l’Albane » sur la commune de Magny-Saint-Médard.", "et s'écoule sur avant de rejoindre la Bèze à, Saint-Léger-Triey, à quelques kilomètres avant la confluence avec la Saône.", "Elle traverse les communes de : Magny-Saint-Médard, Savolles, Belleneuve, Binges, Trochères, Étevaux, Marandeuil, Drambon, Saint-Léger-Triey, Pontailler-sur-Saône et Lamarche-sur-Saône.", "==== Activités économiques et touristiques ====\nSentiers pédestres autour de Bèze.", "Les trois quarts du bassin versant abritent des parcours d’AAPPMA (au nombre de sept).", "La pêche est cependant une pratique en déclin et la principale activité pratiquée par ces associations est le rempoissonnement.", "La pisciculture se pratique au niveau des nombreux étangs artificiels présents sur la Bèze : l’étang de Bessey, l’étang de Noiron, l’étang Rougeot, l'étang de Drambon et l'étang à Marandeuil en dérivation du cours principal ainsi que, sur l’Albane : l’étang de Bouques, l’étang Pierre, le Grand Étang, l’étang Maladière et l’étang de la Bergerie.", "La production hydroélectrique demeure anecdotique : seule une turbine existe au niveau du déversoir de décharge, à Drambon.", "L’activité touristique est particulièrement présente sur les communes de Mirebeau-sur-Bèze et de Pontailler-sur-Saône, toutes deux stations vertes de vacances.", "Des sentiers pédestres, faisant partie du circuit du Val de Vingeanne, permettent de découvrir Bèze et ses environs.", "=== Au Paléolithique ===\nExemples de bifaces découverts en Bourgogne, de type similaire à ceux mis au jour à Bèze (musée archéologique de Dijon).", "Le site de la Roncière, à Bèze fait l'objet de nombreuses prospections.", "Des vestiges allant du Paléolithique ancien/moyen au Gallo-Romain y ont été découverts, et notamment des nucléus à lamelles (bloc de pierre débité pour produire des éclats ou des lames) de type « Orville », attestant une occupation du site au cours du Magdalénien moyen.", "Deux autres occupations, l'une à l'Aurignacien, l'autre au Périgordien supérieur, semblent se distinguer.", "Des restes d’animaux préhistoriques sont présents à l’entrée de la grotte de la Crétanne, tels que des dents de mammouth, des restes de rhinocéros laineux et d'hipparion.", "=== Le site antique de Mirebeau-sur-Bèze ===\ntuile fabriquée par les légionnaires de la 8th Légion Augusta campant à Mirebeau (ici, l'objet a été retrouvé à Strasbourg).", "Mirebeau-sur-Bèze est situé en zone lingonne, en pleine convergence des frontières éduenne, lingonne et séquane ; la ville se situe en effet sur un axe important du réseau de voies de l'Est de la Gaule.", "Les découvertes archéologiques récentes font apparaître qu'un sanctuaire celtique et gallo-romain à Mirebeau est installé depuis la fin du 4th century en limite de plusieurs territoires et qu'\"il est intégré dans un pôle d'occupation associé à un habitat\".", "Découvert en 1973 par René Goguey à la suite de prospections aériennes, le site a été fouillé de 1977 à 1982 lors de la construction d'un collège.", "De nouvelles fouilles, menées par J.P. Guillaumet de 1983 à 1986 ont permis de mettre au jour des vestiges laténiens.", "En 2001 et 2006, de nouvelles recherches ont permis d'estimer la surface totale du site à \nPlusieurs périodes d'occupation ont pu être distinguées : La Tène B2-C1, La Tène 2DB Auguste précoce, les années 1940-70 et la période flavienne (durant laquelle un aqueduc est construit.).", "Il apparaît que l'évolution de ce sanctuaire a été influencée par la présence militaire romaine : un premier camp, lors de la guerre des Gaules (58-40 av.", "J.-C.), a d'abord défendu le site sacré alors qu'un second, à l'est de l'agglomération antique a accueilli la Legio VIII Augusta, cette fois lors de la ''Pax Romana'', cantonnée là de 70 à 90 ap.", "J.-C. en raison de troubles survenus chez les Lingons.", "Exemple de fortifications défendant un camp romain comme celui de Mirebeau (ici, reconstitution d'une portion d'enceinte au MuséoParc d'Alésia).", "Le camp romain de Mirebeau-sur-Bèze mesurait sur et avait une superficie de Il pouvait abriter les soldats de la légion VIII Augusta.", "De nombreuses infrastructures ont été retrouvées : des logements, un hôpital, des entrepôts, un atelier, un ''forum'' et des thermes, ainsi que des tuiles estampillées.", "L’enceinte était imposante et composée de fossés-talus puis d'un rempart en terre, bois et pierres.", "Des portes monumentales canalisaient les passages.", "Par ailleurs, le méandre de la Bèze porte des traces d’aménagement : \"la partie amont est élargie, formant une sorte de canal.", "La rive convexe n’a pas été attaquée par l’érosion, comme elle aurait dû l’être normalement}} De plus, le 4 juillet 1967, des missions de photographies réalisées par les Mirage III de la 33rd Escadre de Reconnaissance ont mis au jour des berges en friche et une ligne droite évoquant le mur d’un quai.", "Il semble que l'ensemble forme un \"véritable canal, tout à fait accessible à la navigation fluviale antique, certainement destiné à approvisionner la VIIIe légion en stationnement à Mirebeau.\"", "La Bèze devait alors être utilisée pour \"la descente du blé réputé des Lingons expédié à Rome, Mirebeau étant, comme Lux, au centre de vallées et de plateaux fertiles.", "Par ailleurs, la Bèze est jalonnée de sites tels qu’un ensemble de petits bâtiments au lieu-dit « La Venelle », deux enceintes apparemment protohistoriques sur la rive gauche.}}", "===Middle Ages===\nThe tower of Oysel in Bèze, one of the vestiges of the old abbey, dominates the river.", "The Benedictine Abbaye Saint-Pierre de Bèze was founded in 630.", "It was visited by Pope Paschal II in February 1107.", "The town of Bèze then belonged to the province of Champagne.", "In the 8th century the place was called the \"Fountain of Bèze\" ().", "The ''Chronique de Bèze'' from the first 3rd of the 12th century, describes foundation of the abbey on an unoccupied site.", "Arnanger, Duke of Atuyer, gave his son Gandelin the order to found a monastery there.", "The Chronicle says:\n\n\nIn 883 the abbey welcomed relics of the martyred Saint Prudent de Narbonne, whose worship was important to Bèze in the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries.", "According to Solange de Montenay, in 888 the cave served as a refuge from the Normans for the inhabitants of Bèze and the monks of the abbey.", "In 1680, the lawyer Bonyard described Beze:\n\n\n\nBèze also had a castle protected by walls and moats, and a bridge that joined the two sides of the river.", "=== Modern period ===\nFormer hydroelectric dam at the exit of Bèze (Belle-Isle farm in Bèze, towards Mirebeau-sur-Bèze)..\n\n==== The Bèze, central element of the Vonges national powder mill ====\n\nThe history of the national powder factory of Vonges is linked to that of the Bèze.", "On 15 July 1753 Emmanuel Piche, the founder of the company, acquired a perpetual lease on the Foullot meadow with a surface area of and a stretch of the river to install powder mills.", "As early as 1775, according to the Abbé Claude Courtépée, the village was an important powder production site: \"Two powder mills on the Bèze with 24 drums and 24 mortars each, which in 21 hours made 960 pounds of powder.", "A third mill between the two ... to refine the powder.", "These mills have grown by four times in 23 years.\"", "In 1716 the site required a change in the water level of the Bèze to meet the industrial needs.", "A major fire in 1839 forced redevelopment, then works in 1840 and 1841 allowed creation of new circular canal pounds and the installation of hydraulic motors.", "A royal ordinance of 29 April 1841 regulated the use of water in the Vonges powder mill.", "It regulated the level of the large weir of the old Vonges mill and that of the small spillway of the powder mill, and fixed the dimensions of the discharge valves.", "As a result of the extensive development work, and due to numerous complaints from local residents regarding the frequent flooding that transformed grassland around the powder works into unhealthy swamps, on 23 January 1848 a new ordinance was issued concerning the Syndicat de la Bèze.", "Its purpose was \"to prevent the overflow of this watercourse\".", "The first work involved the powder works' canal, dug to replace the old winding bed of the Bèze.", "The residents demanded compensation.", "On 26 June 1928 a complaint concerning the Vonges powder works was filed by the riverine communes near the Lower Bèze concerning the floods.", "Since then a union, which meets once a year, is composed of 14 municipalities and has 28 members, two from each commune, chosen from municipal councils.", "The contribution is paid by some 500 owners, including the national powder factory of Vonges.", "==== De-industrialization of Bézouotte ====\nCanal at Bézouotte, former site of the forge\n\nThe well-known forge and furnace of Bézouotte disappeared in 1860, ruined by the industrial concentration and free trade policy of Napoleon III.", "Twenty metallurgists left the village.", "Around 1870 mills were erected on the sites of the forge and the furnace, but they did not last more than ten years.", "Hops were cultivated intensively at the end of the 19th century, but then dropped significantly.", "In addition, several incidents, including a major fire, put an end to the activity.", "In 1883 the Cuiserey bridge was built on the Bèze.", "The same year saw the Bèze and its region affected by a terrible drought.", "Around 1900 M. Ratter equipped the forge's canal with a turbine that supplied three-phase electric power to Pontailler.", "==== Mills of Mirebeau-sur-Bèze ====\n\nA mill with ten pairs of cylinders and a pair of wheels is in action at Mirebeau-sur-Beze.", "It is one of the most important in the region, and can grind a hundred sacks of wheat a day.", "Two metallic walkways allow workers to carry cereals stored in warehouses across the river to the mill.", "Since 1900 a turbine installed next to the mill can produce power for the entire village.", "In 1903 the covered washing boat on the rue des Moulins was sold by commune.", "=== Patrimoine bâti à l'eau ===\n==== Patrimoine culturel ====\nAncien moulin et haut-fourneau de Noiron-sur-Bèze, dont l'activité a cessé en 1858\n\nLe patrimoine bâti à l'eau est divers.", "Des lavoirs sont présents sur tous les villages traversés par les cours d’eau constituant le bassin Bèze-Albane.", "Certains sont encore utilisables avec de petites vannes.", "Les constructions demeurées intactes de l'ancienne abbaye Saint-Pierre de Bèze, y compris son lavoir, représentent un important patrimoine classé monument historique inscrit récemment (en 2010) À Mirebeau, un château, duquel subsistent deux tours et une partie des murailles, ainsi que des traces de remparts de la ville, se situent le long de la Bèze.", "De nombreux ouvrages hydrauliques ponctuent le cours de la Bèze et de ses affluents, mais seuls deux ont encore une utilité économique : celui de l'usine de Drambon et celui de la Rente de l’Albane à Belleneuve.", "==== Anciens sites industriels ====\nPlan de la poudrerie nationale de Vonges en 1884 montrant le réseau de canaux constitué à partir de la Bèze et qui traverse le site industriel.", "Les activités de moulinage sont historiquement implantées sur les cours d’eau, mais \"la Poudrerie de Vonges, construite en 1691, reste un des sites historiquement emblématique du bassin Bèze-Albane}}.", "\"Les anciens sites industriels sont assez dispersés sur le bassin et concernent essentiellement des anciennes forges, ou encore des décharges communales d’ordures ménagères.}}", "Un recensement des sites a été effectué à l’échelle de la région Bourgogne dans le cadre d’un programme national mené par le BRGM.", "Cependant, deux études, du SRAE en 1981, lors de la mesure des débits de la Bèze, et à l’époque de la construction du « canal des marais » (une dérivation permettant d'irriguer des cultures à Drambon), dans les années 1830 ont permis d'enrichir ou de confirmer la carte des industries disparues.", "Les plus grandes concentrations sont observées à Pontailler-sur-Saône et à Mirebeau-sur-Bèze (présence d'une ancienne distillerie).", "Des décharges ont également été recensées à Bèze, Viévigne, Noiron-sur-Bèze, et Cirey-les-Pontailler.", "D'anciennes forges sont présentes dans la quasi-totalité des communes traversées par la Bèze et surtout à Drambon, Marandeuil, Bézouotte et Noiron-sur-Bèze.", "Ces sites représentent \"un risque potentiel de pollution des eaux, étant donné les écrits affirmant que les maîtres des forges de Bézouotte versaient les boues de leurs patouillets directement dans la rivière.", "Ces pratiques auraient été assez répandues à l’époque, sur les autres forges également.", "À Noiron-sur-Bèze, les terres de l’îlot ainsi que celles bordant le moulin en bordure de la Bèze seraient pleines de ces résidus selon le propriétaire, puisque ces derniers auraient en partie servi à constituer l’ilôt.}}", "==== Sites industriels actuels ====\nAujourd'hui, seize sites industriels sont en activités sur le parcours de la Bèze.", "Parmi eux, les deux poudreries de Pontailler-sur-Saône et de Vonges sont classées SEVESO.", "D'autres industries sont soumises à autosurveillance pour les rejets effectués dans le milieu : PBI à Bézouotte, Titanite SA à Pontailler-sur-Saône, STPI et Nobel Explosifs France à Vonges.", "=== Impact anthropique ===\nLa Bèze est fortement canalisée à Drambon.", "Un déversoir permet d'en réguler le débit.", "\"Durant le 20th century la révolution des pratiques agriculturales a induit des bouleversements intenses et à grande échelle de l’occupation des sols dans les vallées}}, note l'EPTB Saône et Doubs.", "La plupart des zones humides de fond de vallées ont ainsi été drainées et de nombreux fossés d’assainissement et de drainage agricoles ont considérablement redessiné le réseau hydrographique du bassin versant.", "Toutefois la Bèze est le cours d'eau le moins affecté par les travaux de redressement de son lit, au contraire de ses affluents, l’Albane, le Chiron et le Pannecul, qui ont été aménagés considérablement, à des fins agricoles.", "Certaines parties de ces cours d'eau présentent une \"véritable chenalisation\".", "=== Faune et flore ===\nPerche soleil.", "Vairon.", "==== Espèces ====\nLa Truite et la « Satoille » (sans doute la Lamproie fluviatile) étaient pêchées dans la Bèze, mais aussi en Saône et dans la Vingeanne au Moyen Âge.", "La duchesse Marguerite de Flandre raconte en avoir dégusté en 1382-1383.", "En 1900, les écrevisses, qui pullulent alors et que l'on pêche à la balance, ou mieux avec un fagot d'épines garni de tripes de poulet, disparaissent brutalement, à la suite d'une mystérieuse épidémie.", "Les pêches effectuées depuis 1995 montrent que les espèces les plus présentes sont : la Truite, L’Épinoche (en disparition), le Gardon (en réapparition), la Loche franche (en réapparition), la Perche soleil (en diminution), le Poisson chat (en diminution) et le vairon.", "À l’aval de Marandeuil, \"le contexte de la Bèze est un contexte cyprinicole conforme, avec comme espèce repère le Brochet. }}", "L'état des lieux du peuplement piscicole du bassin versant de la Bèze-Albane est fourni par le ''Plan Départemental pour la Protection du milieu aquatique et la Gestion des ressources piscicoles'' (PDPG) qui date de 1998, élaboré par la Fédération de Pêche de Côte-d’Or.", "Il note que le \"contexte piscicole de la résurgence de la Bèze jusqu’à Marandeuil est un contexte salmonicole perturbé, avec comme espèce repère la Truite.", "Seule la reproduction semble être perturbée (parmi les trois critères croissance, éclosion, reproduction).}}", "Les zones humides du bassin versant sont limitées aux fossés de drainage au sein desquels quelques espèces hélophytes, également installées dans les étangs fixés aux affluents de la Bèze et de l’Albane.", "Des roselières sont présentes en grand nombre.", "==== Impacts humains ====\nCertains ouvrages bâtis sur la Bèze impactent de manière importante les cycles de reproduction, d’éclosion et de croissance des espèces animales y vivant (ici une grille à l'entrée de la poudrerie de Vonges).", "Plusieurs facteurs perturbent la faune :\n* le barrage E.D.F de la Bèze perturbe la fonction de reproduction ;\n* la station d'épuration des eaux usées (STEU) de Mirebeau et les rejets sauvages qui s'ensuivent impactent les trois fonctions de reproduction, d’éclosion et de croissance ;\n* la présence de l’élevage perturbe la fonction de croissance sur les affluents;\n* les vannages sur la Bèze perturbent la reproduction et l’éclosion ;\n* la poudrerie nationale de Vonges, par ses rejets, perturbe la croissance.", "Des programmes de repeuplement ont été effectués par l'association la Gaule de Vonges en 1986, 1987 et 1988 concernant le Brochet et la Perche, puis par l’AAPPMA locale.", "Le PDPG recommande une meilleure gestion des vannages, de favoriser des zones d’expansion de crues et d’améliorer le traitement des effluents de la poudrerie.", "Six ouvrages hydrauliques sur les 17 identifiés du bassin versant Bèze-Albane sont \"strictement infranchissables par le poisson (...) Ce constat met en évidence l’ampleur du cloisonnement biologique du réseau hydrographique principal du bassin.", "C’est plus de 8,5 % du linéaire de cours d’eau (soit ) qui est physiquement influencé par la présence d’ouvrages hydrauliques.}}", "L’effet de retenue créé par ces ouvrages favorise le réchauffement des eaux, le développement des algues et limite le développement des espèces animales d’eau fraîche.", "=== Gestion de l'eau potable ===\nSur l'ensemble du bassin versant de la Bèze, \"11 communes, soit 27 % de la totalité des communes n’ont pas délégué leur compétence à un syndicat.", "5 syndicats sont partiellement présents : le syndicat d’Arc-sur-Tille (3 communes sur les 4 du syndicat), celui de Clénay et Saint-Julien (1 commune sur les 10 du syndicat), le syndicat Saône Ognon Vingeanne (5 communes sur les 10 du syndicat), celui de Véronnes (2 communes sur les 3 du syndicat) et le syndicat de la Basse Vingeanne (3 communes sur les 5 du syndicat).}}", "\"Le gestionnaire principal du bassin est la SAUR avec 78 % des communes du bassin représentées.", "5 %, soit 2 communes, sont gérées par le SDEI, désormais Lyonnaise, et 17 % des communes ont opté pour la gestion en régie communale.}}", "Huit captages utilisent la ressource du bassin versant et six d'entre eux concernent des sources.", "Les volumes prélevés (estimés) sur le bassin s'élèvent à mètres cubes par an.", "Le syndicat d’eau de Magny-Saint-Médard représente à lui seul 80 % des prélèvements du bassin.", "=== Pollution ===\nLes activités agricoles et d'élevage le long de la Bèze ont d'importantes conséquences sur la qualité de ses eaux (ici des vaches en pâture à Saint-Léger-Triey).", "Neuf stations de mesure de la qualité des eaux superficielles sont localisées le long du cours de la Bèze.", "L'Établissement Public Territorial du Bassin de la Saône et du Doubs a relevé dans deux des masses d'eau du bassin versant de la Bèze une concentration en nitrates.", "La qualité nitrate est médiocre sur l’ensemble des stations du bassin avec un maximum en sortie de bassin.", "La qualité concernant les métaux (micropolluants minéraux chrome et nickel essentiellement) est moyenne, mais semble localisée aux secteurs d’anciennes forges, à Drambon et Marandeuil.", "La station de Saint-Léger présente une contamination en arsenic et nickel.", "Les activités agricoles constituent la source la plus importante en termes de pollution diffuse par les nitrates.", "Cette pollution \"a des sérieuses répercussions au niveau des captages d’eau potable, puisque la potabilité de l’eau distribuée (...) est remise en cause.", "La totalité du bassin de la Bèze-Albane est comprise en zone vulnérable pour les nitrates.", "Ce classement vise à protéger les milieux, en l’occurrence la nappe d’accompagnement de la Saône contre la contamination par les nitrates.}}", "Pour pallier cela, un programme de mise en place de bandes enherbées a été décidé en 2009.", "Depuis, une nette amélioration \"quant à la qualité de l’eau et quant à la colonisation des berges par de jeunes pousses, qui tendent à faire réapparaître une ripisylve sur les berges des cours d’eau}}, est à noter.", "Le Conseil départemental de la Côte-d'Or réalise le suivi de la qualité des eaux superficielles du bassin versant de la Bèze depuis 1994 au moyen de stations de mesures contrôlées tous les deux ans.", "Des dépôts d’ordures sauvages ont été observés et font l'objet d'une campagne de sensibilisation.", "=== Agriculture et irrigation ===\nL’agriculture représente l’activité économique principale du bassin versant de la Bèze, \"les grandes cultures intensives ayant globalement remplacé les prairies de bord de cours d’eau qui étaient pâturées ou fauchées}} auparavant.", "Les cultures sont désormais drainées et seuls quelques agriculteurs irriguent encore leurs cultures (principalement de maïs et de pomme de terre) en s'approvisionnant dans la Bèze.", "Un plan d’eau à la source de l’Albane a été conçu à cette fin.", "\"Selon les chiffres de la MISE, la consommation moyenne annuelle à usage d’irrigation sur le bassin versant est de 98,500 mètres cubes en moyenne annuelle.", "La quasi-totalité de ce débit est utilisé de mai à septembre, soit sur cinq mois, avec des maximums souvent observés en juin et juillet.", "Ces prélèvements représenteraient environ 17 % des prélèvements totaux du bassin.", "L’impact de ces prélèvements est jugé négligeable au vu de l’absence de modification d’écoulement de cours d’eau.}}", "=== Assainissement ===\nL’assainissement du bassin versant de la Bèze est géré par 23 communes, par l’intermédiaire d’une intercommunalité, représentant ainsi 56 % de l’ensemble des communes hydrographiquement concernées.", "Selon l'EPTB Saône et Doubs : \"Lamarche-sur-Saône, Pontailler-sur-Saône et Vonges se tournent sur la Saône, qui constitue alors le milieu récepteur aux rejets, Vonges étant raccordée à une des stations de traitement de Pontailler-sur-Saône.", "16 communes ne possèdent pas d’installations de traitement collectif à l’heure actuelle, soit 43 % des communes.}}", "La moitié des installations sont très récentes, et deux sont habilitées à traiter l’azote et le phosphore, conformément à la Directive eaux résiduaires urbaines (ERU).", "Les stations d’épuration rejetant dans le bassin versant de la Bèze sont de trois types : par boues activées, par filtre planté ou par lagunage naturel.", "=== Risques naturels ===\nCrue de la rivière à Bèze, le 20 décembre 1913, ayant entraîné un jaillissement important à la résurgence.", "La Bèze, ainsi que son bassin versant, ne présentent pas de risques naturels majeurs.", "Les secteurs à risque impactés par les crues sont les espaces agricoles.", "Les communes vulnérables à ce risque selon la DIREN sont Mirebeau et Bourberain.", "Les zones de confluences (Saint-Léger-Triey, Vonges et Trochères) sont particulièrement concernées par les inondations.", "\"Les durées de débordement sont relativement courtes, la rivière regagnant son lit pour les crues les plus fréquentes après un à cinq jours.}}", "Toutefois les risques d'inondations sont pour la majorité dus à une mauvaise gestion des ouvrages hydrauliques, insuffisamment manœuvrés, en particulier ceux des communes de Bèze, Drambon, Bézouotte ou Vonges.", "Les bois des environs de Mirebeau abritent des peupliers situés sur les berges de la Bèze qui peuvent constituer de \"|réels risques pour les berges, étant donné le très faible enracinement de cet arbre\".", "\n*\n*\n* \n*\n* \n* \n* \n* \n*\n*\n* \n* \n* \n*\n*\n* \n*\n* \n*\n* \n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n* \n*\n*\n* \n*\n*" ]

[ "\n\n'''Dullabcherra''' ( also known as ''Durllavcherra, দুর্লভছড়া'' ) a township located in Karimganj district in the Indian state of Assam. It is 375 kilometres south of the state capital Guwahati and 57 kilometres south of the district headquarters Karimganj.\n\nApproximately 70% of Dullabcherra's residents are Bishnupriya Manipuri and Bengali's, Bengali Muslims, who speak the Sylheti dialect, the rest being Hindustani, Marwadi and some tribal groups like Meitei, Kuki , Chakma and Burmans.\n\nDullabcherra is situated by the bank of the Singla River ( হিঙ্গলা নদী ). Dullabcherra which is the only CBSE school in the township. Some of the important villages around Dullabcherra are:\n\n |+ Villages in Dullabcherra Area\n\n | width=200px style=\"background: #EAF2F8;\" | Name\n | width=340px style=\"background: #EAF2F8;\"| Residents\n\n | width=200px | ''Krishna Nagar'' ''(East)''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'' , ''Bengalis''\n\n | width=200px | ''Krishna Nagar'' ''(West)''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'', ''Meitei'' , ''Hindustani''\n\n | width=200px | ''Patiala''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri''\n\n | width=200px | ''Summergaon''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri''\n\n | width=200px | ''Dargarband''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Meitei'' , ''Bishnupriya Manipuri''\n\n | width=200px | ''Fetipath''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'', ''Bengali Muslims''\n\n | width=200px | ''Chamtilla''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'', ''Bengalis''\n\n | width=200px | ''Horintilla'' ''(East)''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'' , ''Hindustani''\n\n | width=200px | ''Horintilla'' ''(West)''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Hindustani'' , ''Chakma'' , ''Bengali Muslims'' ,\n\n | width=200px | ''Baskaltilla''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'' , ''Hindustani''\n\n | width=200px | ''Singlacherra''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bengalis'', ''Hindustani'', ''Bengali Muslims'' , ''Nepali''\n\n | width=200px | ''Betarbond''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'' , ''Bengali'' , ''Kuki'' , ''Burman''\n\n | width=200px | ''Nivia''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Hindustani'' , ''Bengali''\n\n | width=200px | ''Buturkhul''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'' , ''Bengali Muslims''\n\n | width=200px | ''Bidyanagar''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Hindustani'' , ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'' , ''Bengali Muslims''\n\n | width=200px | ''Barbari''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Hindustani'' , ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'' , ''Bengali Muslims''\n}", "The name \"Dullabcherra\" originated meaning from the Singla River word ''Dullab'' (meaning \"rare\") and cherra (meaning \"riverbank\").", "", "# Dullabcherra is connected by road and railways to the rest of the country.\n", "There’s a wide range of private schools in Dullabcherra, including Education Department Govt of Assam schools.\n", "\n# Village and town directory, Census of India 2011. \n# Dullabcherra, India \n# The last MG section of Northeast converted into BG \n# Entire NE converted into BG line: NFR \n# Strengthening railway infrastructure and boosting connectivity in North East \n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Etymology", "History", "Connectivity", "Education", "References" ]

[ "Dullabcherra is situated by the bank of the Singla River ( হিঙ্গলা নদী )." ]

[ "\n\n'''Dullabcherra''' ( also known as ''Durllavcherra, দুর্লভছড়া'' ) a township located in Karimganj district in the Indian state of Assam.", "It is 375 kilometres south of the state capital Guwahati and 57 kilometres south of the district headquarters Karimganj.", "Approximately 70% of Dullabcherra's residents are Bishnupriya Manipuri and Bengali's, Bengali Muslims, who speak the Sylheti dialect, the rest being Hindustani, Marwadi and some tribal groups like Meitei, Kuki , Chakma and Burmans.", "Dullabcherra which is the only CBSE school in the township.", "Some of the important villages around Dullabcherra are:\n\n |+ Villages in Dullabcherra Area\n\n | width=200px style=\"background: #EAF2F8;\" | Name\n | width=340px style=\"background: #EAF2F8;\"| Residents\n\n | width=200px | ''Krishna Nagar'' ''(East)''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'' , ''Bengalis''\n\n | width=200px | ''Krishna Nagar'' ''(West)''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'', ''Meitei'' , ''Hindustani''\n\n | width=200px | ''Patiala''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri''\n\n | width=200px | ''Summergaon''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri''\n\n | width=200px | ''Dargarband''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Meitei'' , ''Bishnupriya Manipuri''\n\n | width=200px | ''Fetipath''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'', ''Bengali Muslims''\n\n | width=200px | ''Chamtilla''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'', ''Bengalis''\n\n | width=200px | ''Horintilla'' ''(East)''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'' , ''Hindustani''\n\n | width=200px | ''Horintilla'' ''(West)''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Hindustani'' , ''Chakma'' , ''Bengali Muslims'' ,\n\n | width=200px | ''Baskaltilla''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'' , ''Hindustani''\n\n | width=200px | ''Singlacherra''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bengalis'', ''Hindustani'', ''Bengali Muslims'' , ''Nepali''\n\n | width=200px | ''Betarbond''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'' , ''Bengali'' , ''Kuki'' , ''Burman''\n\n | width=200px | ''Nivia''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Hindustani'' , ''Bengali''\n\n | width=200px | ''Buturkhul''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'' , ''Bengali Muslims''\n\n | width=200px | ''Bidyanagar''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Hindustani'' , ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'' , ''Bengali Muslims''\n\n | width=200px | ''Barbari''\n | width=340px style=\"text-align: left;\"| ''Hindustani'' , ''Bishnupriya Manipuri'' , ''Bengali Muslims''\n}", "The name \"Dullabcherra\" originated meaning from the Singla River word ''Dullab'' (meaning \"rare\") and cherra (meaning \"riverbank\").", "# Dullabcherra is connected by road and railways to the rest of the country.", "There’s a wide range of private schools in Dullabcherra, including Education Department Govt of Assam schools.", "\n# Village and town directory, Census of India 2011.", "# Dullabcherra, India \n# The last MG section of Northeast converted into BG \n# Entire NE converted into BG line: NFR \n# Strengthening railway infrastructure and boosting connectivity in North East" ]

[ "\n is the site of a Heian period government office complex located in what is now part of the town of Watari, Miyagi prefecture in the Tōhoku region of far northern Honshu, Japan. It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site.\n", "In the late Nara period, after the establishment of a centralized government under the ''Ritsuryō'' system, the Yamato court sent a number of military expeditions to what is now the Tōhoku region of northern Japan to bring the local Emishi tribes under its control.\n\nThe site is believed to have been the location of the civil administration of Watari District in the Heian period. The site was excavated by the Miyagi Prefectural Board of Education (1986-1988), and by Watari Town (since 2002).\n", "The ruins are located on the south bank of the Abukuma River in southern Miyagi Prefecture. The site consists of the remnants of a rectangular enclosure, approximately 180 meters east-west by 200 meters north-south, with remnants of a moat and earthen rampart, presumably surmounted by a wooden palisade. Inside the enclosure, there was a secondary wall 50 x 60 meters, containing the elevated foundation base of a large building. \n\nThere are traces of the gate on the east and south side of the palisade. Earthenware from the 9th century has been excavated from the south gate. To the south of the central complex were two long buildings, 6 meters east and west and 26 meters north and south, in symmetrical positions in the east and west, forming a “U”-shape. Both long buildings have been rebuilt once, and were presumably barracks. Up to ten warehouse ruins on the southern end the ruins were surrounded on all sides by a moat of about 150 meters wide. These warehouses were presumably for storing tax rice.\n\nThis arrangement was common to Nara period and Heian period county administrative complexes in other parts of the country.\n\nThere is nothing to be seen at the site today except for a commemorative stone marker.\n", "*Taga Castle\n*Higashiyama Government Offices Site\n*List of Historic Sites of Japan (Miyagi)\n", "\n", "* Miyagi Prefectural Agency for Cultural Affairs \n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Background", "Description", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ "The ruins are located on the south bank of the Abukuma River in southern Miyagi Prefecture." ]

[ "\n is the site of a Heian period government office complex located in what is now part of the town of Watari, Miyagi prefecture in the Tōhoku region of far northern Honshu, Japan.", "It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site.", "In the late Nara period, after the establishment of a centralized government under the ''Ritsuryō'' system, the Yamato court sent a number of military expeditions to what is now the Tōhoku region of northern Japan to bring the local Emishi tribes under its control.", "The site is believed to have been the location of the civil administration of Watari District in the Heian period.", "The site was excavated by the Miyagi Prefectural Board of Education (1986-1988), and by Watari Town (since 2002).", "The site consists of the remnants of a rectangular enclosure, approximately 180 meters east-west by 200 meters north-south, with remnants of a moat and earthen rampart, presumably surmounted by a wooden palisade.", "Inside the enclosure, there was a secondary wall 50 x 60 meters, containing the elevated foundation base of a large building.", "There are traces of the gate on the east and south side of the palisade.", "Earthenware from the 9th century has been excavated from the south gate.", "To the south of the central complex were two long buildings, 6 meters east and west and 26 meters north and south, in symmetrical positions in the east and west, forming a “U”-shape.", "Both long buildings have been rebuilt once, and were presumably barracks.", "Up to ten warehouse ruins on the southern end the ruins were surrounded on all sides by a moat of about 150 meters wide.", "These warehouses were presumably for storing tax rice.", "This arrangement was common to Nara period and Heian period county administrative complexes in other parts of the country.", "There is nothing to be seen at the site today except for a commemorative stone marker.", "*Taga Castle\n*Higashiyama Government Offices Site\n*List of Historic Sites of Japan (Miyagi)", "* Miyagi Prefectural Agency for Cultural Affairs" ]

[ "The original statue of Roland by Volz (damaged during World War II). A copy stands on the square outside the House of the Blackheads.\nAllegorical sculptures on the facade of the House of the Blackheads, made by Volz.\nThe fountain in front of the Latvian National Opera. Volz' designed both the fountain and the interiors of the opera house.\nSculpture by Volz on a house in Tallinn designed by Jacques Rosenbaum.\n'''August Volz''' (; 27 February 1851 – 20 June 1926) was a German-born sculptor working, Born in Magdeburg, Volz worked mainly in Riga, the present-day capital of Latvia. The workshop of Volz received prestigious commissions in Riga from its opening in 1876 and created several of the most well-known sculptures of the city, e.g. the Roland statue and sculptures decorating the House of the Blackheads. The firm of Volz was also responsible for the complete or partial decoration of a number of important public buildings in the city.\n", "August Franz Leberecht Volz was born as the eleventh child of shoemaker Johann Volz and his wife Johanne, née Morin, in Magdeburg. He received his basic education in the city and began an apprenticeship at a sculptor's workshop in Magdeburg at the age of 1865. In the spring of 1869 he moved to Berlin, where he initially worked in a sculptor's workshop and from autumn studied sculpting at the Prussian Academy of Arts under the tutelage of , Carl Domschke, and Karl Geppert. In 1870, at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, Volz tried to join the military but was refused, the first time because he was underage and the second time because there were already too many volunteers.\n\nThroughout his studies, Volz had been working at different workshops. In October 1871, Volz ceased his studies at the academy and began to work full-time for the firm Ende & Böckmann. The firm also took on commissions abroad, and it was through Ende & Böckmann that Volz came to Riga in the autumn of 1875 to work on the sculptural decoration of a large tenement house (on the present-day address Krišjāņa Barona iela 12). Already on 2 January 1876 he established his own firm in Riga. Riga had at that time a large Baltic German population. In addition to his own work as a sculptor, Volz taught at the Art Academy of Riga after its establishment in 1906.\n\nVolz married his first wife Maria, née Thurm, in 1876. The couple had seven children, of which two died before World War I. Maria died in 1909 and in 1911 Volz married his second wife, Olga, née Kalning. The couple had one son.\n\nVolz spent the rest of his life in Riga apart from the years of World War I, when he and his family were obliged to go into exile in the small town of Tsivilsk. This was because Volz had retained his German citizenship and the Russian Empire and Germany was at war. In Tsivilsk the family rented a room from the town's notary and were treated civilly by the authorities. His home in Riga, meanwhile, was used by both Russian officers and later Germans but kept intact and after his return in 1917 only his collection of hunting rifles were missing.\n\nVolz died in Riga in 1926. His descendants live in Germany. A memorial plaque was put up in 1996 at the site where Volz' workshop was located for many years on the present-day address Krišjāņa Valdemāra iela 31.\n", "Volz established himself in Riga at a time of great economic expansion of the old Hanseatic town, which was a major port of the Russian Empire. During the years around the turn of the 19th-20th centuries Riga experienced an unprecedented building activity. At the same time, a professional cadre of local sculptors had not yet formed. Volz' workshop could therefore operate without serious competition, and developed into a large and profitable enterprise. The firm eventually grew to employ about 130 people in the time around 1910, and had already in 1890 employed 40 people. Following the death of August Volz in 1926, his widow Olga continued operating the firm with great skill and energy. On the eve of World War II, because the Volz family was to be forcibly \"repatriated\" to Germany following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the firm was sold to the stone-carving firm of Oto Dambekalns. \n\n===Style and scope===\nStylistically, August Volz had been trained in the classical tradition of the Academic art. Although his firm took on commissions ranging from simple structural elements such as stairs and columns to facades and interiors, portraits, memorial plaques and reliefs, Volz' arguably finest works were freestanding sculpture in the round in the form of free-standing monuments or architectural decoration. A question of dispute is how much the workshop of Volz contributed to providing sculptural elements for the extraordinary flowering of Art Nouveau architecture in Riga. Archival documentation is lacking, and while several sculptures e.g. on the expressive buildings on Alberta iela display characteristics which could certainly link them to the workshop of Volz, it is also known that August Volz himself was dismissive of Art Nouveau as a style. It is however known that Volz supplied the sculptural elements of the highly Art Nouveau buildings by Jacques Rosenbaum in neighbouring Tallinn, and for at least some Art Nouveau buildings in Riga.\n", "===Public buildings===\nOne of the first prestigious commissions given to Volz was the decoration of the Nativity Cathedral, designed by architect in a Byzantine Revival style and built 18876–1884; it is the largest Russian Orthodox Church in the Baltic states. Volz' company subsequently participated in the decoration of an additional two churches in Riga.\n\nOne of Riga's most iconic buildings, the House of the Blackheads, underwent a significant alteration to designs by architect Heinrich Scheel in 1886 and Volz was responsible for the extensive sculptural decoration. The facade had already in the 17th century been decorated with four ''trompe-l'œil'' paintings depicting four allegorical figures, and Volz thus created four sculptures representing the same deities: Hermes, Poseidon, Peace and Harmony, which each stand in a niche prominently displayed at the centre of the facade. Volz would continue to create sculptures for the House of the Blackheads but it remains unclear exactly which sculptures were made in his workshop; it has been assumed that the ''Saint George and the Dragon'' on the corner of the building as well as the two lions at the entrance are from the workshop of Volz.\n\nVolz' firm was also took active part in supplying decorations for both the present-day Latvian National Opera and the Latvian National Theatre. The entirety of the interior decoration for the opera was entrusted to Volz, while for the theatre the firm of Volz supplied the Atlas figures flanking the entrance while the interior decoration was entrusted to the firm Otto & Wassil.\n\nVolz workshop also supplied the sculpture group adorning the pediment of the present-day Latvian National Museum of Art in 1903. It depicts the Greek goddess Athena surrounded by allegorical figures representing civic and artistic traits. The present-day Art Academy of Latvia (built as a commercial school) also has capitals designed by Volz in a Neo-Gothic style, as well as reliefs and other forms of sculptural decoration.\n\nVolz' workshop also provided sculptures for the building of the present-day Ministry of Foreign Affairs, originally built as a bank.\n\nIn addition, Volz provided sculptures and decorations for schools, factories, banks and monumental tenement houses in Riga.\n\n===Monuments===\nVolz made the Roland statue on the square in front of the House of the Blackheads in 1894. The presently visible statue is a copy (as are the statues on the House of the Blackheads, which was severely damaged during World War II and later destroyed during the Soviet occupation of Latvia) but the original, damaged statue remains preserved in St. Peter's Church.\n\nIn 1888 a fountain designed and executed by Volz' company was placed in front of the Latvian National Opera. It draws on Baroque ideas and represents a nymph surrounded by young boys and dolphins. Like the Roland statue, the fountain was in connection to World War II and restored in 1987 by Mirdza Lukaža.\n\nThe workshop of Volz also designed a similar statue of a knight for the Bastejkalns park (destroyed) and sculptures of lions in the Vērmanes Garden.\n\n===Works outside Riga===\nWhile Volz' company was mostly active in Riga, the firm did take on some commissions outside the city limits. The company provided decorations and sculptures for no less than nine manor houses on the Latvian countryside; most of these have however been destroyed or damaged during the violent 20th century.\n\nThe company also supplied sculptures for some buildings in Tallinn (present-day capital of Estonia), notably buildings by architect Jacques Rosenbaum and reliefs for the Estonian Drama Theatre. The company also provided sculptures for the Hludov baths in Moscow.\n", "\n", "*\n*\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Biography", "Workshop and firm", "Works", "References", "Bibliography" ]

[ "Volz' workshop also provided sculptures for the building of the present-day Ministry of Foreign Affairs, originally built as a bank." ]

[ "The original statue of Roland by Volz (damaged during World War II).", "A copy stands on the square outside the House of the Blackheads.", "Allegorical sculptures on the facade of the House of the Blackheads, made by Volz.", "The fountain in front of the Latvian National Opera.", "Volz' designed both the fountain and the interiors of the opera house.", "Sculpture by Volz on a house in Tallinn designed by Jacques Rosenbaum.", "'''August Volz''' (; 27 February 1851 – 20 June 1926) was a German-born sculptor working, Born in Magdeburg, Volz worked mainly in Riga, the present-day capital of Latvia.", "The workshop of Volz received prestigious commissions in Riga from its opening in 1876 and created several of the most well-known sculptures of the city, e.g.", "the Roland statue and sculptures decorating the House of the Blackheads.", "The firm of Volz was also responsible for the complete or partial decoration of a number of important public buildings in the city.", "August Franz Leberecht Volz was born as the eleventh child of shoemaker Johann Volz and his wife Johanne, née Morin, in Magdeburg.", "He received his basic education in the city and began an apprenticeship at a sculptor's workshop in Magdeburg at the age of 1865.", "In the spring of 1869 he moved to Berlin, where he initially worked in a sculptor's workshop and from autumn studied sculpting at the Prussian Academy of Arts under the tutelage of , Carl Domschke, and Karl Geppert.", "In 1870, at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, Volz tried to join the military but was refused, the first time because he was underage and the second time because there were already too many volunteers.", "Throughout his studies, Volz had been working at different workshops.", "In October 1871, Volz ceased his studies at the academy and began to work full-time for the firm Ende & Böckmann.", "The firm also took on commissions abroad, and it was through Ende & Böckmann that Volz came to Riga in the autumn of 1875 to work on the sculptural decoration of a large tenement house (on the present-day address Krišjāņa Barona iela 12).", "Already on 2 January 1876 he established his own firm in Riga.", "Riga had at that time a large Baltic German population.", "In addition to his own work as a sculptor, Volz taught at the Art Academy of Riga after its establishment in 1906.", "Volz married his first wife Maria, née Thurm, in 1876.", "The couple had seven children, of which two died before World War I. Maria died in 1909 and in 1911 Volz married his second wife, Olga, née Kalning.", "The couple had one son.", "Volz spent the rest of his life in Riga apart from the years of World War I, when he and his family were obliged to go into exile in the small town of Tsivilsk.", "This was because Volz had retained his German citizenship and the Russian Empire and Germany was at war.", "In Tsivilsk the family rented a room from the town's notary and were treated civilly by the authorities.", "His home in Riga, meanwhile, was used by both Russian officers and later Germans but kept intact and after his return in 1917 only his collection of hunting rifles were missing.", "Volz died in Riga in 1926.", "His descendants live in Germany.", "A memorial plaque was put up in 1996 at the site where Volz' workshop was located for many years on the present-day address Krišjāņa Valdemāra iela 31.", "Volz established himself in Riga at a time of great economic expansion of the old Hanseatic town, which was a major port of the Russian Empire.", "During the years around the turn of the 19th-20th centuries Riga experienced an unprecedented building activity.", "At the same time, a professional cadre of local sculptors had not yet formed.", "Volz' workshop could therefore operate without serious competition, and developed into a large and profitable enterprise.", "The firm eventually grew to employ about 130 people in the time around 1910, and had already in 1890 employed 40 people.", "Following the death of August Volz in 1926, his widow Olga continued operating the firm with great skill and energy.", "On the eve of World War II, because the Volz family was to be forcibly \"repatriated\" to Germany following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the firm was sold to the stone-carving firm of Oto Dambekalns.", "===Style and scope===\nStylistically, August Volz had been trained in the classical tradition of the Academic art.", "Although his firm took on commissions ranging from simple structural elements such as stairs and columns to facades and interiors, portraits, memorial plaques and reliefs, Volz' arguably finest works were freestanding sculpture in the round in the form of free-standing monuments or architectural decoration.", "A question of dispute is how much the workshop of Volz contributed to providing sculptural elements for the extraordinary flowering of Art Nouveau architecture in Riga.", "Archival documentation is lacking, and while several sculptures e.g.", "on the expressive buildings on Alberta iela display characteristics which could certainly link them to the workshop of Volz, it is also known that August Volz himself was dismissive of Art Nouveau as a style.", "It is however known that Volz supplied the sculptural elements of the highly Art Nouveau buildings by Jacques Rosenbaum in neighbouring Tallinn, and for at least some Art Nouveau buildings in Riga.", "===Public buildings===\nOne of the first prestigious commissions given to Volz was the decoration of the Nativity Cathedral, designed by architect in a Byzantine Revival style and built 18876–1884; it is the largest Russian Orthodox Church in the Baltic states.", "Volz' company subsequently participated in the decoration of an additional two churches in Riga.", "One of Riga's most iconic buildings, the House of the Blackheads, underwent a significant alteration to designs by architect Heinrich Scheel in 1886 and Volz was responsible for the extensive sculptural decoration.", "The facade had already in the 17th century been decorated with four ''trompe-l'œil'' paintings depicting four allegorical figures, and Volz thus created four sculptures representing the same deities: Hermes, Poseidon, Peace and Harmony, which each stand in a niche prominently displayed at the centre of the facade.", "Volz would continue to create sculptures for the House of the Blackheads but it remains unclear exactly which sculptures were made in his workshop; it has been assumed that the ''Saint George and the Dragon'' on the corner of the building as well as the two lions at the entrance are from the workshop of Volz.", "Volz' firm was also took active part in supplying decorations for both the present-day Latvian National Opera and the Latvian National Theatre.", "The entirety of the interior decoration for the opera was entrusted to Volz, while for the theatre the firm of Volz supplied the Atlas figures flanking the entrance while the interior decoration was entrusted to the firm Otto & Wassil.", "Volz workshop also supplied the sculpture group adorning the pediment of the present-day Latvian National Museum of Art in 1903.", "It depicts the Greek goddess Athena surrounded by allegorical figures representing civic and artistic traits.", "The present-day Art Academy of Latvia (built as a commercial school) also has capitals designed by Volz in a Neo-Gothic style, as well as reliefs and other forms of sculptural decoration.", "In addition, Volz provided sculptures and decorations for schools, factories, banks and monumental tenement houses in Riga.", "===Monuments===\nVolz made the Roland statue on the square in front of the House of the Blackheads in 1894.", "The presently visible statue is a copy (as are the statues on the House of the Blackheads, which was severely damaged during World War II and later destroyed during the Soviet occupation of Latvia) but the original, damaged statue remains preserved in St. Peter's Church.", "In 1888 a fountain designed and executed by Volz' company was placed in front of the Latvian National Opera.", "It draws on Baroque ideas and represents a nymph surrounded by young boys and dolphins.", "Like the Roland statue, the fountain was in connection to World War II and restored in 1987 by Mirdza Lukaža.", "The workshop of Volz also designed a similar statue of a knight for the Bastejkalns park (destroyed) and sculptures of lions in the Vērmanes Garden.", "===Works outside Riga===\nWhile Volz' company was mostly active in Riga, the firm did take on some commissions outside the city limits.", "The company provided decorations and sculptures for no less than nine manor houses on the Latvian countryside; most of these have however been destroyed or damaged during the violent 20th century.", "The company also supplied sculptures for some buildings in Tallinn (present-day capital of Estonia), notably buildings by architect Jacques Rosenbaum and reliefs for the Estonian Drama Theatre.", "The company also provided sculptures for the Hludov baths in Moscow.", "*\n*\n*" ]

[ "\n'''Jacqueline \"Jacqui\" Clay Shumiatcher''' (born April 29, 1923) is a Canadian philanthropist, arts patron, and art collector. She and her late husband Morris Shumiatcher began supporting the arts community in Regina, Saskatchewan shortly after their marriage in 1955, an endeavor which she has continued since Morris' death in 2004. The couple were avid collectors of Inuit art and artwork by local artists. In 2014 she donated 1,310 Inuit sculptures and paintings by the Regina Five, worth an estimated CAD$3 million, to the University of Regina. She has received many honors and awards, including the Saskatchewan Order of Merit in 2001 and the Order of Canada in 2017.\n", "General Motors factory in Regina, 1928\nFormer site of the Sacred Heart Academy\nJacqueline Fanchette Clotilde Clay was born on April 29, 1923 in Vendin-le-Vieil, Pas de Calais, France. Her parents were Archibald Franklin Clay and Rose Jeanne Clay (nee Souillart).\nShe has a younger brother. Her British-born father moved to Canada before she was four and she, her mother, and brother followed him to the North Central neighborhood of Regina, Saskatchewan in 1927. Her father found work at the Regina General Motors factory and later as a bank clerk. The family was poor and lived in a disadvantaged neighborhood, with unpaved roads, boarded sidewalks, and no indoor plumbing. Archibald designed a primitive system to collect and pump rainwater into their home. They also lacked a telephone and car.\n\nShe graduated from the Kitchener School and Scott Collegiate high school. In 1940 she began working at the Sacred Heart Academy as a teacher of typing and shorthand for $1 a day. This was followed by a series of jobs in different fields, including auditing in the Simpsons department store, night work in the meterology department at Regina International Airport during World War II, work in a mortgage company and bank, and executive secretarial work at Scott Collegiate.\n\nIn 1947 she applied for a job as secretary to Morris Shumiatcher, legal counsel to Premier of Saskatchewan Tommy Douglas. After leaving this position, she continued to assist Shumiatcher in overseeing his affairs while he was out of town and setting up his law office when he returned. They married in 1955. She then founded Managerial Services Ltd. to supply secretarial and managerial help for her husband’s legal practice.\n", "Conexus Arts Centre\nThe Shumiatchers began supporting the arts community in Regina shortly after their marriage. Since her husband's death in 2004, Shumiatcher continues to make donations in both their names.\n\nAmong the Shumiatchers' endowments are:\n\n*The '''Shumiatcher Open Stage''' at the University of Regina, also known as the '''Shu-Box''', a teaching theatre with expandable seating from 134 to 162\n*The '''Jacqui Shumiatcher Room''' at the Conexus Arts Centre\n*The '''Shumiatcher Lobby''' and '''Shumiatcher Sandbox Series''', both at the Globe Theatre\n*The '''\"Shumiatcher Pops\" Series''' at the Regina Symphony Orchestra\n*The '''Shumiatcher Sculpture Court''', featuring Inuit art donated by the couple, and the '''Shumiatcher Theatre''', both at the MacKenzie Art Gallery\n*The '''Morris and Jacqui Shumiatcher Scholarship in Law''' at the University of Saskatchewan\n*The '''Drs. Morris and Jacqui Shumiatcher Regina Book Award''' for the Saskatchewan Book Awards\n\nBeneficiaries of the Shumiatchers' philanthropy include: the Regina Symphony Orchestra, the Globe Theatre, the Regina Little Theatre, the University of Regina theatre and music departments, New Dance Horizons, Juventus Choir, the Youth Ballet Company of Saskatchewan, Do it With Class Young People's Theatre Company, Regina Lyric Musical Theatre, Prairie Opera, Opera Saskatchewan, and the MacKenzie Art Gallery.\n\nNon-arts beneficiaries include: the Companion Animal Health Fund at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine, the Regina Humane Society, the Regina YWCA, the Saskatchewan Science Centre, the Saskatchewan Federated Indian College, the Regina Council of Women, and the Women's Business and Professional Club.\n", "The Shumiatchers began collecting Inuit art in the mid-1950s, building their collection through acquisitions and gifts they gave to each other. In October 1981 the Norman Mackenzie Art Gallery mounted an exhibition of 96 sculptures and 23 prints, representing about one-quarter of their collection at that time.\n\nBy 2013, the collection was estimated at some 2,000 pieces. In 2014 Jacqui Shumiatcher gifted 1,310 pieces valued at CAD$3 million – including Inuit sculptures and paintings by the Regina Five – to the University of Regina.\n", "Shumiatcher is a past chair of the National Conference of Canadian Clubs and the legal committee of the Regina Council of Women. She is a past president of the Women's Canadian Club of Regina, the Regina Musical Club, and the Regina Film Club. As of 2017 she sits on the board of trustees of the Government House Foundation. She has served on the board of governors of the Dominion Drama Festival and the Regina Symphony Orchestra, and is a former executive member of the Women's Business and Professional Association. \n\nShe was named an honorary member of the Canadian Actors' Equity Association in recognition of her contribution to theatre and the performing arts in Canada. She has volunteered as a docent at the MacKenzie Art Gallery, speaking to schoolchildren about French Impressionism and Inuit art.\n", "Shumiatcher has received many honors and awards in recognition of her philanthropy and support of the Regina arts community. In 1996 she was named a Woman of Distinction by the Regina YWCA, and in 1999 she was named Citizen of the Year by B'nai Brith Canada. She received the Saskatchewan Order of Merit, the province's highest award, in 2001. She received the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal in 2003. The City of Regina named her Citizen of the Year in 2004. In 2017 she was inducted into the Order of Canada.\n\nShe was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Regina in 2002.\n\nIn honor of her 80th birthday in 2003, the Regina Symphony Orchestra presented a concert of big band music, including compositions by Benny Goodman, Glenn Miller, and Duke Ellington. Her 90th birthday party was also held at the Conexus Arts Centre.\n", "She and her husband, Morris Shumiatcher (1917-2004), were childless. They were members of the Beth Jacob synagogue. Morris was also awarded the Order of Canada in 1981 and the Saskatchewan Order of Merit in 1997. Their home in Regina, purchased in 1956 and expanded in 1979, features an extensive art gallery.\n", "\n", "*\n*\n", "* \"Memories of Regina Boat Club\" by Jacqui Shumiatcher in ''Regina's Secret Spaces: Love and Lore of Local Geography'' (2006)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life and family", "Philanthropy", "Inuit art collection", "Memberships and affiliations", "Honors and awards", "Personal life", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ "Her father found work at the Regina General Motors factory and later as a bank clerk.", "This was followed by a series of jobs in different fields, including auditing in the Simpsons department store, night work in the meterology department at Regina International Airport during World War II, work in a mortgage company and bank, and executive secretarial work at Scott Collegiate." ]

[ "\n'''Jacqueline \"Jacqui\" Clay Shumiatcher''' (born April 29, 1923) is a Canadian philanthropist, arts patron, and art collector.", "She and her late husband Morris Shumiatcher began supporting the arts community in Regina, Saskatchewan shortly after their marriage in 1955, an endeavor which she has continued since Morris' death in 2004.", "The couple were avid collectors of Inuit art and artwork by local artists.", "In 2014 she donated 1,310 Inuit sculptures and paintings by the Regina Five, worth an estimated CAD$3 million, to the University of Regina.", "She has received many honors and awards, including the Saskatchewan Order of Merit in 2001 and the Order of Canada in 2017.", "General Motors factory in Regina, 1928\nFormer site of the Sacred Heart Academy\nJacqueline Fanchette Clotilde Clay was born on April 29, 1923 in Vendin-le-Vieil, Pas de Calais, France.", "Her parents were Archibald Franklin Clay and Rose Jeanne Clay (nee Souillart).", "She has a younger brother.", "Her British-born father moved to Canada before she was four and she, her mother, and brother followed him to the North Central neighborhood of Regina, Saskatchewan in 1927.", "The family was poor and lived in a disadvantaged neighborhood, with unpaved roads, boarded sidewalks, and no indoor plumbing.", "Archibald designed a primitive system to collect and pump rainwater into their home.", "They also lacked a telephone and car.", "She graduated from the Kitchener School and Scott Collegiate high school.", "In 1940 she began working at the Sacred Heart Academy as a teacher of typing and shorthand for $1 a day.", "In 1947 she applied for a job as secretary to Morris Shumiatcher, legal counsel to Premier of Saskatchewan Tommy Douglas.", "After leaving this position, she continued to assist Shumiatcher in overseeing his affairs while he was out of town and setting up his law office when he returned.", "They married in 1955.", "She then founded Managerial Services Ltd. to supply secretarial and managerial help for her husband’s legal practice.", "Conexus Arts Centre\nThe Shumiatchers began supporting the arts community in Regina shortly after their marriage.", "Since her husband's death in 2004, Shumiatcher continues to make donations in both their names.", "Among the Shumiatchers' endowments are:\n\n*The '''Shumiatcher Open Stage''' at the University of Regina, also known as the '''Shu-Box''', a teaching theatre with expandable seating from 134 to 162\n*The '''Jacqui Shumiatcher Room''' at the Conexus Arts Centre\n*The '''Shumiatcher Lobby''' and '''Shumiatcher Sandbox Series''', both at the Globe Theatre\n*The '''\"Shumiatcher Pops\" Series''' at the Regina Symphony Orchestra\n*The '''Shumiatcher Sculpture Court''', featuring Inuit art donated by the couple, and the '''Shumiatcher Theatre''', both at the MacKenzie Art Gallery\n*The '''Morris and Jacqui Shumiatcher Scholarship in Law''' at the University of Saskatchewan\n*The '''Drs.", "Morris and Jacqui Shumiatcher Regina Book Award''' for the Saskatchewan Book Awards\n\nBeneficiaries of the Shumiatchers' philanthropy include: the Regina Symphony Orchestra, the Globe Theatre, the Regina Little Theatre, the University of Regina theatre and music departments, New Dance Horizons, Juventus Choir, the Youth Ballet Company of Saskatchewan, Do it With Class Young People's Theatre Company, Regina Lyric Musical Theatre, Prairie Opera, Opera Saskatchewan, and the MacKenzie Art Gallery.", "Non-arts beneficiaries include: the Companion Animal Health Fund at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine, the Regina Humane Society, the Regina YWCA, the Saskatchewan Science Centre, the Saskatchewan Federated Indian College, the Regina Council of Women, and the Women's Business and Professional Club.", "The Shumiatchers began collecting Inuit art in the mid-1950s, building their collection through acquisitions and gifts they gave to each other.", "In October 1981 the Norman Mackenzie Art Gallery mounted an exhibition of 96 sculptures and 23 prints, representing about one-quarter of their collection at that time.", "By 2013, the collection was estimated at some 2,000 pieces.", "In 2014 Jacqui Shumiatcher gifted 1,310 pieces valued at CAD$3 million – including Inuit sculptures and paintings by the Regina Five – to the University of Regina.", "Shumiatcher is a past chair of the National Conference of Canadian Clubs and the legal committee of the Regina Council of Women.", "She is a past president of the Women's Canadian Club of Regina, the Regina Musical Club, and the Regina Film Club.", "As of 2017 she sits on the board of trustees of the Government House Foundation.", "She has served on the board of governors of the Dominion Drama Festival and the Regina Symphony Orchestra, and is a former executive member of the Women's Business and Professional Association.", "She was named an honorary member of the Canadian Actors' Equity Association in recognition of her contribution to theatre and the performing arts in Canada.", "She has volunteered as a docent at the MacKenzie Art Gallery, speaking to schoolchildren about French Impressionism and Inuit art.", "Shumiatcher has received many honors and awards in recognition of her philanthropy and support of the Regina arts community.", "In 1996 she was named a Woman of Distinction by the Regina YWCA, and in 1999 she was named Citizen of the Year by B'nai Brith Canada.", "She received the Saskatchewan Order of Merit, the province's highest award, in 2001.", "She received the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal in 2003.", "The City of Regina named her Citizen of the Year in 2004.", "In 2017 she was inducted into the Order of Canada.", "She was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Regina in 2002.", "In honor of her 80th birthday in 2003, the Regina Symphony Orchestra presented a concert of big band music, including compositions by Benny Goodman, Glenn Miller, and Duke Ellington.", "Her 90th birthday party was also held at the Conexus Arts Centre.", "She and her husband, Morris Shumiatcher (1917-2004), were childless.", "They were members of the Beth Jacob synagogue.", "Morris was also awarded the Order of Canada in 1981 and the Saskatchewan Order of Merit in 1997.", "Their home in Regina, purchased in 1956 and expanded in 1979, features an extensive art gallery.", "*\n*", "* \"Memories of Regina Boat Club\" by Jacqui Shumiatcher in ''Regina's Secret Spaces: Love and Lore of Local Geography'' (2006)" ]

[ "\n\n'''Proliga''' is the Indonesian professional top level competition for volleyball clubs. It is organised by Persatuan Bola Voli Seluruh Indonesia (PBVSI) or Indonesian Volleyball Association.\n", "* Jakarta Electric PLN\n* Jakarta BNI Taplus\n* Jakarta Pertamina Energi\n* Surabaya Samator\n* Palembang Bank Sumsel Babel\n* Bekasi BVN\n", "\n\n\nYear\nChampions\nRunners-Up\nReference\n\n2002\nBandung Tectona\nSurabaya Flame\n \n\n2003\nJakarta BNI 46\nSurabaya Flame\n \n\n2004\nSurabaya Samator\nBandung Tectona\n \n\n2005\nJakarta BNI 46\nJakarta Monas\n \n\n2006\nJakarta BNI 46\nSurabaya Samator\n \n\n2007\nSurabaya Samator\nJakarta BNI 46\n \n\n2008\nJakarta Sananta\nJakarta BNI 46\n \n\n2009\nSurabaya Samator\nJakarta Sananta\n \n\n2010\nJakarta BNI 46\nSurabaya Samator\n \n\n2011\nPalembang Bank Sumsel Babel\nJakarta Sananta\n \n\n2012\nJakarta BNI 46\nSemarang Bank Jateng\n \n\n2013\nPalembang Bank Sumsel Babel\nJakarta BNI 46\n \n\n2014\nSurabaya Samator\nJakarta Pertamina\n \n\n2015\nJakarta Electric PLN\nSurabaya Samator\n \n\n2016\nSurabaya Samator\nJakarta BNI Taplus\n \n\n\n====Titles by clubs====\n\nYears runners-up\n\nJakarta BNI Taplus\n5\n5\n2003, 2005, 2006, 2010, 2012\n2007, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2016\n\nSurabaya Samator\n5\n5\n2004, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n2002, 2003, 2006, 2010, 2015\n\nPalembang Bank Sumsel Babel\n2\n0\n2011, 2012, 2013\n\n\nJakarta Sananta\n1\n2\n2008\n2009, 2011\n\nBandung Tectona\n1\n1\n2002\n2004\n\nJakarta Electric PLN\n1\n0\n2015\n\n\nJakarta Monas\n0\n1\n \n2005\n\n", "*Indonesian women's Proliga\n", "\n", "* Official Site\n* Volimania Indonesia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Current clubs (2016) ", "List of champions", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ "* Jakarta Electric PLN\n* Jakarta BNI Taplus\n* Jakarta Pertamina Energi\n* Surabaya Samator\n* Palembang Bank Sumsel Babel\n* Bekasi BVN", "\n\n\nYear\nChampions\nRunners-Up\nReference\n\n2002\nBandung Tectona\nSurabaya Flame\n \n\n2003\nJakarta BNI 46\nSurabaya Flame\n \n\n2004\nSurabaya Samator\nBandung Tectona\n \n\n2005\nJakarta BNI 46\nJakarta Monas\n \n\n2006\nJakarta BNI 46\nSurabaya Samator\n \n\n2007\nSurabaya Samator\nJakarta BNI 46\n \n\n2008\nJakarta Sananta\nJakarta BNI 46\n \n\n2009\nSurabaya Samator\nJakarta Sananta\n \n\n2010\nJakarta BNI 46\nSurabaya Samator\n \n\n2011\nPalembang Bank Sumsel Babel\nJakarta Sananta\n \n\n2012\nJakarta BNI 46\nSemarang Bank Jateng\n \n\n2013\nPalembang Bank Sumsel Babel\nJakarta BNI 46\n \n\n2014\nSurabaya Samator\nJakarta Pertamina\n \n\n2015\nJakarta Electric PLN\nSurabaya Samator\n \n\n2016\nSurabaya Samator\nJakarta BNI Taplus\n \n\n\n====Titles by clubs====\n\nYears runners-up\n\nJakarta BNI Taplus\n5\n5\n2003, 2005, 2006, 2010, 2012\n2007, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2016\n\nSurabaya Samator\n5\n5\n2004, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n2002, 2003, 2006, 2010, 2015\n\nPalembang Bank Sumsel Babel\n2\n0\n2011, 2012, 2013\n\n\nJakarta Sananta\n1\n2\n2008\n2009, 2011\n\nBandung Tectona\n1\n1\n2002\n2004\n\nJakarta Electric PLN\n1\n0\n2015\n\n\nJakarta Monas\n0\n1\n \n2005" ]

[ "\n\n'''Proliga''' is the Indonesian professional top level competition for volleyball clubs.", "It is organised by Persatuan Bola Voli Seluruh Indonesia (PBVSI) or Indonesian Volleyball Association.", "*Indonesian women's Proliga", "* Official Site\n* Volimania Indonesia" ]

[ "\n\n'''Proliga''' is the Indonesian professional top level competition for volleyball clubs. It is organised by Persatuan Bola Voli Seluruh Indonesia (PBVSI) or Indonesian Volleyball Association. It was founded in 2002.\n", "* Jakarta Electric PLN\n* Jakarta Popsivo PGN\n* Jakarta Pertamina Energi\n* Gresik Petrokimia\n* Bekasi BVN\n\n===Champions===\n\n\nYear\nChampions\nRunners-Up\nReference\n\n2002\nJakarta Monas\nGresik Petrokimia\n \n\n2003\nBandung Art Deco\nGresik Petrokimia\n \n\n2004\nJakarta Electric PLN\nGresik Petrokimia\n \n\n2005\nJakarta BNI Maybank\nJakarta Electric PLN\n \n\n2006\nBandung Art Deco\nGresik Petrokimia\n \n\n2007\nSurabaya Bank Jatim\nGresik Petrokimia\n \n\n2008\nSurabaya Bank Jatim\nJakarta Electric PLN\n \n\n2009\nJakarta Electric PLN\nSurabaya Bank Jatim\n \n\n2010\nJakarta BNI Maybank\nJakarta Electric PLN\n \n\n2011\nJakarta Electric PLN\nJakarta Popsivo Polwan\n \n\n2012\nJakarta Popsivo Polwan\nJakarta Electric PLN\n \n\n2013\nJakarta Popsivo PGN\nManokwari Valeria Papua Barat\n \n\n2014\nJakarta Pertamina Energi\nManokwari Valeria Papua Barat\n \n\n2015\nJakarta Electric PLN\nJakarta Popsivo PGN\n \n\n2016\nJakarta Electric PLN\nJakarta Pertamina Energi\n \n\n2017\nJakarta Electric PLN\nJakarta Pertamina Energi\n \n\n\n====Titles by clubs====\n\nYears runners-up\n\nJakarta Electric PLN\n6\n4\n2004, 2009, 2011, 2015, 2016, 2017\n2005, 2008, 2010, 2012\n\nJakarta Popsivo PGN\n2\n2\n2012, 2013 \n2011, 2015\n\nSurabaya Bank Jatim\n2\n1\n2007, 2008\n2009\n\nJakarta BNI Maybank\n2\n0\n2005, 2010\n\n\nBandung Art Deco\n2\n0\n2003, 2006\n\n\nJakarta Pertamina Energi\n1\n2\n2014\n2016, 2017\n\nJakarta Monas\n1\n0\n2002\n\n\nGresik Petrokimia\n0\n5\n \n2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007\n\nManokwari Valeria Papua Barat\n0\n2\n \n2013, 2014\n\n", "*Indonesian men's Proliga\n", "\n", "* Official Site\n* Volimania Indonesia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Current clubs (2016) ", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ "* Jakarta Electric PLN\n* Jakarta Popsivo PGN\n* Jakarta Pertamina Energi\n* Gresik Petrokimia\n* Bekasi BVN\n\n===Champions===\n\n\nYear\nChampions\nRunners-Up\nReference\n\n2002\nJakarta Monas\nGresik Petrokimia\n \n\n2003\nBandung Art Deco\nGresik Petrokimia\n \n\n2004\nJakarta Electric PLN\nGresik Petrokimia\n \n\n2005\nJakarta BNI Maybank\nJakarta Electric PLN\n \n\n2006\nBandung Art Deco\nGresik Petrokimia\n \n\n2007\nSurabaya Bank Jatim\nGresik Petrokimia\n \n\n2008\nSurabaya Bank Jatim\nJakarta Electric PLN\n \n\n2009\nJakarta Electric PLN\nSurabaya Bank Jatim\n \n\n2010\nJakarta BNI Maybank\nJakarta Electric PLN\n \n\n2011\nJakarta Electric PLN\nJakarta Popsivo Polwan\n \n\n2012\nJakarta Popsivo Polwan\nJakarta Electric PLN\n \n\n2013\nJakarta Popsivo PGN\nManokwari Valeria Papua Barat\n \n\n2014\nJakarta Pertamina Energi\nManokwari Valeria Papua Barat\n \n\n2015\nJakarta Electric PLN\nJakarta Popsivo PGN\n \n\n2016\nJakarta Electric PLN\nJakarta Pertamina Energi\n \n\n2017\nJakarta Electric PLN\nJakarta Pertamina Energi\n \n\n\n====Titles by clubs====\n\nYears runners-up\n\nJakarta Electric PLN\n6\n4\n2004, 2009, 2011, 2015, 2016, 2017\n2005, 2008, 2010, 2012\n\nJakarta Popsivo PGN\n2\n2\n2012, 2013 \n2011, 2015\n\nSurabaya Bank Jatim\n2\n1\n2007, 2008\n2009\n\nJakarta BNI Maybank\n2\n0\n2005, 2010\n\n\nBandung Art Deco\n2\n0\n2003, 2006\n\n\nJakarta Pertamina Energi\n1\n2\n2014\n2016, 2017\n\nJakarta Monas\n1\n0\n2002\n\n\nGresik Petrokimia\n0\n5\n \n2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007\n\nManokwari Valeria Papua Barat\n0\n2\n \n2013, 2014" ]

[ "\n\n'''Proliga''' is the Indonesian professional top level competition for volleyball clubs.", "It is organised by Persatuan Bola Voli Seluruh Indonesia (PBVSI) or Indonesian Volleyball Association.", "It was founded in 2002.", "*Indonesian men's Proliga", "* Official Site\n* Volimania Indonesia" ]