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[ "\n\n\n\n\n'''Stephen McLin''' (born November 11, 1946, St. Louis), son of Leonard Dale and Hazel (Goodlett) McLin was a longtime executive in the banking industry who came at the industry from an engineering, rather than a finance background.\n\nMcLin, oldest of six children, was the son of an Air Force doctor. He grew up moving every few years, including almost three years spent in Wiesbaden, Germany, where his dad was chief of surgery. Returning stateside, McLin went to high school in Laredo, TX, and graduated in 1964. Next, McLin’s father was named hospital commander at Chanute Air Force Base in Rantoul, Illinois, and so McLin went to college nearby at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He majored in chemical engineering (now called the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering). He graduated with a bachelor of science in 1968.\n\n", "After graduation, McLin took a job with Atlantic Richfield (ARCO) in Anaheim, California. After working there for a year, McLin attended Stanford University and earned a master’s degree in mechanical engineering (1970). Along the way he discovered he was more interested in finance, so then he stayed at Stanford and earned an MBA in 1972.\n \nMcLin worked much of his career at Bank of America (BofA), buying and selling other companies. He started out as assistant vice president in the cashiers division and in seven years rose to BofA’s top strategist. Two deals he is most known for are buying Charles Schwab Corporation, a major discount broker, in 1981. This transaction developed into what New York Times reporter Tom Friedman called a “historic test case for Federal banking laws.” He also “engineered” the purchase of the failing Seattle-based bank, Seafirst, which enabled Bank of America to enter a state outside California, where it was based. McLin invented a financial structure, which he called “shrink-to-fit financing,” that protected BofA if Seafirst’s losses in the energy sector became even worse than they already were.,\n\nIn 1985 McLin was BankAmerica’s third-highest paid executive, receiving $285,330 in salary. In 1986 McLin became executive vice president and BankAmerica Corp. a subsidiary of Bank of America. In the course of his career at Bank of America, America First and STM Holdings, LLC, McLin negotiated more than 40 transactions, acquisitions and sales, which represented total assets in excess of $32 billion.\n\n\nIn 1987, at the age of 40, he left to become president of America First Financial Fund. There he raised $100 million in equity capital to buy two Northern California S&Ls. When America First shut down a decade later it had returned more than $500 million in dividends and gains to its shareholders.\n\nMcLin retired at the age of 51, created the McLin Family Foundation, and continues to serve on the Schwab board, which he joined in 1988.\n\n", "\nMcLin has been married twice. He married Rebecca Missen in 1965 and they divorced in 1975. He married Catherine Crespi on October 12, 1981. They live in California. McLin has one surviving child from his first marriage, Stephen Dale McLin (born 1969), and two children from his second marriage: Scott Thomas McLin (born 1983) and Stephanie Therese McLin (born 1986). His son Stephen and his wife, Ashley, have two sons, Patrick Thomas and Alex James.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Career", "Personal Life", "References" ]

[ "McLin worked much of his career at Bank of America (BofA), buying and selling other companies.", "This transaction developed into what New York Times reporter Tom Friedman called a “historic test case for Federal banking laws.” He also “engineered” the purchase of the failing Seattle-based bank, Seafirst, which enabled Bank of America to enter a state outside California, where it was based.", "In 1986 McLin became executive vice president and BankAmerica Corp. a subsidiary of Bank of America.", "In the course of his career at Bank of America, America First and STM Holdings, LLC, McLin negotiated more than 40 transactions, acquisitions and sales, which represented total assets in excess of $32 billion." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\n'''Stephen McLin''' (born November 11, 1946, St. Louis), son of Leonard Dale and Hazel (Goodlett) McLin was a longtime executive in the banking industry who came at the industry from an engineering, rather than a finance background.", "McLin, oldest of six children, was the son of an Air Force doctor.", "He grew up moving every few years, including almost three years spent in Wiesbaden, Germany, where his dad was chief of surgery.", "Returning stateside, McLin went to high school in Laredo, TX, and graduated in 1964.", "Next, McLin’s father was named hospital commander at Chanute Air Force Base in Rantoul, Illinois, and so McLin went to college nearby at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.", "He majored in chemical engineering (now called the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering).", "He graduated with a bachelor of science in 1968.", "After graduation, McLin took a job with Atlantic Richfield (ARCO) in Anaheim, California.", "After working there for a year, McLin attended Stanford University and earned a master’s degree in mechanical engineering (1970).", "Along the way he discovered he was more interested in finance, so then he stayed at Stanford and earned an MBA in 1972.", "He started out as assistant vice president in the cashiers division and in seven years rose to BofA’s top strategist.", "Two deals he is most known for are buying Charles Schwab Corporation, a major discount broker, in 1981.", "McLin invented a financial structure, which he called “shrink-to-fit financing,” that protected BofA if Seafirst’s losses in the energy sector became even worse than they already were.,\n\nIn 1985 McLin was BankAmerica’s third-highest paid executive, receiving $285,330 in salary.", "In 1987, at the age of 40, he left to become president of America First Financial Fund.", "There he raised $100 million in equity capital to buy two Northern California S&Ls.", "When America First shut down a decade later it had returned more than $500 million in dividends and gains to its shareholders.", "McLin retired at the age of 51, created the McLin Family Foundation, and continues to serve on the Schwab board, which he joined in 1988.", "\nMcLin has been married twice.", "He married Rebecca Missen in 1965 and they divorced in 1975.", "He married Catherine Crespi on October 12, 1981.", "They live in California.", "McLin has one surviving child from his first marriage, Stephen Dale McLin (born 1969), and two children from his second marriage: Scott Thomas McLin (born 1983) and Stephanie Therese McLin (born 1986).", "His son Stephen and his wife, Ashley, have two sons, Patrick Thomas and Alex James." ]

[ "\n'''Roberto Gaggioli''' (born 10 September 1962 in Vinci) is an Italian former cyclist.\n\nProfessional from 1985 to 2005, Gaggioli spent most of his career in the United States. He won the Philadelphia International Championship in 1988, and the International Cycling Classic in 1990 and 1992. He rode in the 1986 Giro d'Italia, finishing in 127th position.\n\nHis father Luciano Gaggioli was a professional cyclist from 1960 to 1963. He married Lynn Brotzman, also a professional cyclist.\n", "\n;1986\n: 1st Coppa Bernocchi\n;1987\n: 1st Fitchburg Longsjo Classic\n: 1st Stage 8 Coors Classic\n: 2nd De Kustpijl\n;1988\n: 1st Philadelphia International Championship\n: 1st Stage 3 Giro del Trentino\n: 1st Overall Tour of Somerville\n;1990\n: 1st International Cycling Classic\n;1991\n: 1st Stage 2 Cascade Classic\n;1992\n: 1st International Cycling Classic\n: 1st Stages 3 & 12 Vuelta a Colombia\n;1993\n: 1st New Jersey National Bank Classic\n: 1st Stage 2 Fitchburg Longsjo Classic\n: 1st Stage 1 Settimana Ciclistica Lombarda\n;1994\n: 1st Stage 4 Redlands Bicycle Classic\n;1995\n: 1st Stages 1 & 10 Herald Sun Tour\n: 1st Stage 5 Tour de Toona\n: 1st Overall Valley of the Sun Stage Race\n::1st Stage 3\n;1996\n: 1st Stage 1a Herald Sun Tour\n: 2nd Philadelphia International Championship\n;1998\n: 1st Stage 3 Tour de Langkawi\n;2001\n: 1st Stage 3 Tour of Croatia\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Major results", "References" ]

[ "\n;1986\n: 1st Coppa Bernocchi\n;1987\n: 1st Fitchburg Longsjo Classic\n: 1st Stage 8 Coors Classic\n: 2nd De Kustpijl\n;1988\n: 1st Philadelphia International Championship\n: 1st Stage 3 Giro del Trentino\n: 1st Overall Tour of Somerville\n;1990\n: 1st International Cycling Classic\n;1991\n: 1st Stage 2 Cascade Classic\n;1992\n: 1st International Cycling Classic\n: 1st Stages 3 & 12 Vuelta a Colombia\n;1993\n: 1st New Jersey National Bank Classic\n: 1st Stage 2 Fitchburg Longsjo Classic\n: 1st Stage 1 Settimana Ciclistica Lombarda\n;1994\n: 1st Stage 4 Redlands Bicycle Classic\n;1995\n: 1st Stages 1 & 10 Herald Sun Tour\n: 1st Stage 5 Tour de Toona\n: 1st Overall Valley of the Sun Stage Race\n::1st Stage 3\n;1996\n: 1st Stage 1a Herald Sun Tour\n: 2nd Philadelphia International Championship\n;1998\n: 1st Stage 3 Tour de Langkawi\n;2001\n: 1st Stage 3 Tour of Croatia" ]

[ "\n'''Roberto Gaggioli''' (born 10 September 1962 in Vinci) is an Italian former cyclist.", "Professional from 1985 to 2005, Gaggioli spent most of his career in the United States.", "He won the Philadelphia International Championship in 1988, and the International Cycling Classic in 1990 and 1992.", "He rode in the 1986 Giro d'Italia, finishing in 127th position.", "His father Luciano Gaggioli was a professional cyclist from 1960 to 1963.", "He married Lynn Brotzman, also a professional cyclist." ]

[ "\n\n'''Michael Copeland''' is the current and longest-serving mayor of Olathe, Kansas, currently serving his fifth term. Prior to his tenure as mayor, he served as an Olathe councilman and mayor pro tempore. He is an alumnus of MidAmerica Nazarene University. He holds the regional presidency of the Bank of Blue Valley, and lives in Olathe with his wife Maria and their three children.\n", "\n", "*https://www.jocoelection.org/Directory/D-Olathe.htm\n*https://www.bankbv.com/about/meet-our-team\n*http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article136282433.html\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "References", "Links" ]

[ "He holds the regional presidency of the Bank of Blue Valley, and lives in Olathe with his wife Maria and their three children." ]

[ "\n\n'''Michael Copeland''' is the current and longest-serving mayor of Olathe, Kansas, currently serving his fifth term.", "Prior to his tenure as mayor, he served as an Olathe councilman and mayor pro tempore.", "He is an alumnus of MidAmerica Nazarene University.", "*https://www.jocoelection.org/Directory/D-Olathe.htm\n*https://www.bankbv.com/about/meet-our-team\n*http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article136282433.html" ]

[ "\n\nThe '''Argentinian ambassador in Brussels''' is the official representative of the Government in Buenos Aires to the European Commission.\n", "{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n Diplomatic agrément/Diplomatic accreditation\n Ambassador\n Observations\n List of heads of state of Argentina\n President of the European Commission\n Term end\n\n\n\nCarlos Alberto Juni\n\n*In 1960 he was Minister of Commerce and Industry of the Argentine Republic Carlos Alberto Juni, Argentine, married, lawyer,\nJosé María Guido\nPiero Malvestiti\n\n\n\nHugo Boatti Ossario\n(born 1925 )\n*From 1976 to 1980 he was Argentinian Ambassador to Sweden\n*From 1984 to 1989 he was Argentinian Ambassador to Germany.\nArturo Umberto Illia\nRinaldo Del Bo\n\n\n\nLeopoldo Hugo Tettamanti\n(* Buenos Aires)\n*Son of Luis Tettamanti and Amalla Martínez.\n*Married to Aurora Alzueta.\n*Sons: Julián Luis, Pablo Anselmo, Diego Javier y Andrea Rexana.\n*From 1976 to 1980 he was Argentinian Ambassador to Russia\n\n\nJuan Carlos Onganía\nRinaldo Del Bo\n\n\n\nIldefonso Recalde\n\n*From 1959 to 1962 he was CEO of the Compañía Argentina de Televisión (CADETE) \nIsabel Martínez de Perón\nFrançois-Xavier Ortoli\n\n\n\n\nAntonio Francisco Cafiero\nIsabel Martínez de Perón\nFrançois-Xavier Ortoli\n\n\n\n\n\nJorge Rafael Videla\nFrançois-Xavier Ortoli\n\n\n\nElvio Baldinelli\n\n*From 1968 to 1970 he was Secretary of State for Foreign Trade.\n*From 1981 to 1982 he was Mining and Industry Secretary.\n*From 1977 to 1982 he was Ambassador to the European Economic Community.\n*In 1980 he was Vice-president of the Argentine Central Bank.\nJorge Rafael Videla\nRoy Jenkins\n\n\n\nLuis Ramiro Alfonsin\n(*), is the third of the children of Raúl Alfonsín.\nRaúl Alfonsín\nGaston Thorn\n\n\n\n\n\nCarlos Menem\nJacques Delors\n\n\n\nJuan José Uranga (1936-2004)\nSon of Juan José Uranga\n*In 2000 he was Argentine ambassador to Brazil\nCarlos Menem\nJacques Santer\n\n\n\nRoberto Lavagna\n\nFernando de la Rúa\nRomano Prodi\n\n\n\nJorge Remes Lenicov\n\nEduardo Duhalde\nRomano Prodi\n\n\n\nHernán Lorenzino\nHernán Gaspar Lorenzino\nCristina Fernández de Kirchner\nJosé Manuel Barroso\n\n\n\nMario Raúl Verón Guerra\n\nMauricio Macri\nJean-Claude Juncker\n\n\n\n\n*Argentina–European Union relations\n", "\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " List of Representatives ", " References " ]

[ "*In 1980 he was Vice-president of the Argentine Central Bank." ]

[ "\n\nThe '''Argentinian ambassador in Brussels''' is the official representative of the Government in Buenos Aires to the European Commission.", "{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n Diplomatic agrément/Diplomatic accreditation\n Ambassador\n Observations\n List of heads of state of Argentina\n President of the European Commission\n Term end\n\n\n\nCarlos Alberto Juni\n\n*In 1960 he was Minister of Commerce and Industry of the Argentine Republic Carlos Alberto Juni, Argentine, married, lawyer,\nJosé María Guido\nPiero Malvestiti\n\n\n\nHugo Boatti Ossario\n(born 1925 )\n*From 1976 to 1980 he was Argentinian Ambassador to Sweden\n*From 1984 to 1989 he was Argentinian Ambassador to Germany.", "Arturo Umberto Illia\nRinaldo Del Bo\n\n\n\nLeopoldo Hugo Tettamanti\n(* Buenos Aires)\n*Son of Luis Tettamanti and Amalla Martínez.", "*Married to Aurora Alzueta.", "*Sons: Julián Luis, Pablo Anselmo, Diego Javier y Andrea Rexana.", "*From 1976 to 1980 he was Argentinian Ambassador to Russia\n\n\nJuan Carlos Onganía\nRinaldo Del Bo\n\n\n\nIldefonso Recalde\n\n*From 1959 to 1962 he was CEO of the Compañía Argentina de Televisión (CADETE) \nIsabel Martínez de Perón\nFrançois-Xavier Ortoli\n\n\n\n\nAntonio Francisco Cafiero\nIsabel Martínez de Perón\nFrançois-Xavier Ortoli\n\n\n\n\n\nJorge Rafael Videla\nFrançois-Xavier Ortoli\n\n\n\nElvio Baldinelli\n\n*From 1968 to 1970 he was Secretary of State for Foreign Trade.", "*From 1981 to 1982 he was Mining and Industry Secretary.", "*From 1977 to 1982 he was Ambassador to the European Economic Community.", "Jorge Rafael Videla\nRoy Jenkins\n\n\n\nLuis Ramiro Alfonsin\n(*), is the third of the children of Raúl Alfonsín.", "Raúl Alfonsín\nGaston Thorn\n\n\n\n\n\nCarlos Menem\nJacques Delors\n\n\n\nJuan José Uranga (1936-2004)\nSon of Juan José Uranga\n*In 2000 he was Argentine ambassador to Brazil\nCarlos Menem\nJacques Santer\n\n\n\nRoberto Lavagna\n\nFernando de la Rúa\nRomano Prodi\n\n\n\nJorge Remes Lenicov\n\nEduardo Duhalde\nRomano Prodi\n\n\n\nHernán Lorenzino\nHernán Gaspar Lorenzino\nCristina Fernández de Kirchner\nJosé Manuel Barroso\n\n\n\nMario Raúl Verón Guerra\n\nMauricio Macri\nJean-Claude Juncker\n\n\n\n\n*Argentina–European Union relations" ]

[ "'''Vinu Abraham''', is an Indian short story writer, novelist, script writer and media person writing in Malayalam language hailing from Nedungadappally, near Thiruvalla in Pathanamtitta district of the south Indian state of Kerala. For the past 26 years he is based in Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala. His short stories and articles appear regularly in Malayalam periodicals in Kerala. He has published 16 books so far and penned screenplays for 6 Films.\n‘Nashtanayika', his most famous novel depicts the saga of the tragic life of Malayalam cinema’s first heroine P.K.Rosy and the making of the first Malayalam cinema ‘Vigatha Kumaran’. The famous Malayalam film celluloid directed by Kamal starring Pritviraj, Mamtha and Chandni is the adaptation of ‘Nashtanaayika’.\n\nHe scripted Parudeesa which won the prize for ‘Best Dramatic Editing’ at Amsterdam International Film Festival. The movie also won for best screenplay at Mexico International Film Festival. \n\nWorked as Kerala correspondent for 'The Week' English weekly for 19 years.\n", "* 2015 State bank of Travancore award for the best short story collection - Nilavinte Naghangal (the nails of moonlight)\n* Premji short story award - Gabriela Sabatini Jeevitham Ezhuthumpol (When Gabriela Sabatini writes life )\n* K.A Kodungaloor short story award -Thottavarude Theengriham (The dining house of the defeated)\n* The best screenplay award at Mexico International Film Festival for the film Parudeesa (the paradise, directed by R. Sharath )\n* National film award (Indian president's silver medal ) for the best debut documentary (as producer ) - An encounter with a life living\n* Was the member of Kerala sahitya academy general council \n* Was the youngest member (at 29yrs ) of Kerala University Board of Studies for journalism\n* Was 4 times member of Kerala state television wards jury\n* K.Madhavankutty award from Trivandrum Press Club for the best English media feature-4 times.\n* V.Krishnamoorthy award from Trivandrum Press Club for the best English news report-2 times\n", "# Aaradhanapoorvam shatru (the enemy with adoration) - short stories - current books, kottayam\n# Punyavaalan paranju : Albuthangalude kaalam kazhinjirikkunu( the saint said the era of miracles are over )- short stories - DC books\n# Gabriela Sabatini jeevitham ezhuthumpol (when Gabriela Sabatini writes life) - mathurbhoomi books- short stories\n# Oru swaadnottakkarante bakhsna paryavekshanangal (the culinary explorations of a gourmet )- Short novel- Haritham Books\n# Sreenivasan oru pusthakam (sreenivasan : a book ) - edited book on actor and writer sreenivasan - Olive Books\n# Kazhuthapulikalude chiri (the laughter of the hyeanas ) - short stories - DC Books\n# Nashtanayika (The lost heoine )- current books, Thrissur and new edition by chintha books.\n# Daivavela (divine work )- short stories - DC Books\n# P Padmarajan -biography - Kerala Basha Institute \n# Nilavinte naghangal- short stories DC Books\n# chooppa- children's novel- DC Books\n# K Surendran -Biography -Kerala Basha Institute \n# Pranayavazhinji - Novel - DC Books\n# Athithi Devo Bhava (The guest is God )- short novel -Haritham books\n# K.G George - Biography- Chintha books\n# Ezhuthu, Vaayana, Jeevitham (writing, reading, life )- Autho bio-graphical articles - mathurbhoomi books\n", "# Rathinirvedham(Remake ) -Director - TK Rajeevkumar starring Swetha Menon and Sreejith Vijay\n# Chattakkari (remake) - Director- Santosh Sethumadhavan starring Shamna Kasim and Hemanth Menon\n# Parudeesa (story, screenplay and dialogue ), direction : R. Sarath starring Sreenivasan,Thampi Antony and Swetha Menon\n# Celluloid ( story ), direction - Kamal starring Prithviraj,Chandini and Mamtha Mohandas\n# 100 Degree Celsius ( dialogue ), director - Rakesh Gopan starring Swetha Menon,Meghana Raj,Bhama,Ananya\n# Kathayulloru Pennu (Story, screenplay, dialogue ), director - P Musthafa starring Nuzarath Jahan\n", "\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Awards and honours ", " Bibliography ", " Films ", "References", " External links " ]

[ "* 2015 State bank of Travancore award for the best short story collection - Nilavinte Naghangal (the nails of moonlight)\n* Premji short story award - Gabriela Sabatini Jeevitham Ezhuthumpol (When Gabriela Sabatini writes life )\n* K.A Kodungaloor short story award -Thottavarude Theengriham (The dining house of the defeated)\n* The best screenplay award at Mexico International Film Festival for the film Parudeesa (the paradise, directed by R. Sharath )\n* National film award (Indian president's silver medal ) for the best debut documentary (as producer ) - An encounter with a life living\n* Was the member of Kerala sahitya academy general council \n* Was the youngest member (at 29yrs ) of Kerala University Board of Studies for journalism\n* Was 4 times member of Kerala state television wards jury\n* K.Madhavankutty award from Trivandrum Press Club for the best English media feature-4 times." ]

[ "'''Vinu Abraham''', is an Indian short story writer, novelist, script writer and media person writing in Malayalam language hailing from Nedungadappally, near Thiruvalla in Pathanamtitta district of the south Indian state of Kerala.", "For the past 26 years he is based in Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala.", "His short stories and articles appear regularly in Malayalam periodicals in Kerala.", "He has published 16 books so far and penned screenplays for 6 Films.", "‘Nashtanayika', his most famous novel depicts the saga of the tragic life of Malayalam cinema’s first heroine P.K.Rosy and the making of the first Malayalam cinema ‘Vigatha Kumaran’.", "The famous Malayalam film celluloid directed by Kamal starring Pritviraj, Mamtha and Chandni is the adaptation of ‘Nashtanaayika’.", "He scripted Parudeesa which won the prize for ‘Best Dramatic Editing’ at Amsterdam International Film Festival.", "The movie also won for best screenplay at Mexico International Film Festival.", "Worked as Kerala correspondent for 'The Week' English weekly for 19 years.", "* V.Krishnamoorthy award from Trivandrum Press Club for the best English news report-2 times", "# Aaradhanapoorvam shatru (the enemy with adoration) - short stories - current books, kottayam\n# Punyavaalan paranju : Albuthangalude kaalam kazhinjirikkunu( the saint said the era of miracles are over )- short stories - DC books\n# Gabriela Sabatini jeevitham ezhuthumpol (when Gabriela Sabatini writes life) - mathurbhoomi books- short stories\n# Oru swaadnottakkarante bakhsna paryavekshanangal (the culinary explorations of a gourmet )- Short novel- Haritham Books\n# Sreenivasan oru pusthakam (sreenivasan : a book ) - edited book on actor and writer sreenivasan - Olive Books\n# Kazhuthapulikalude chiri (the laughter of the hyeanas ) - short stories - DC Books\n# Nashtanayika (The lost heoine )- current books, Thrissur and new edition by chintha books.", "# Daivavela (divine work )- short stories - DC Books\n# P Padmarajan -biography - Kerala Basha Institute \n# Nilavinte naghangal- short stories DC Books\n# chooppa- children's novel- DC Books\n# K Surendran -Biography -Kerala Basha Institute \n# Pranayavazhinji - Novel - DC Books\n# Athithi Devo Bhava (The guest is God )- short novel -Haritham books\n# K.G George - Biography- Chintha books\n# Ezhuthu, Vaayana, Jeevitham (writing, reading, life )- Autho bio-graphical articles - mathurbhoomi books", "# Rathinirvedham(Remake ) -Director - TK Rajeevkumar starring Swetha Menon and Sreejith Vijay\n# Chattakkari (remake) - Director- Santosh Sethumadhavan starring Shamna Kasim and Hemanth Menon\n# Parudeesa (story, screenplay and dialogue ), direction : R. Sarath starring Sreenivasan,Thampi Antony and Swetha Menon\n# Celluloid ( story ), direction - Kamal starring Prithviraj,Chandini and Mamtha Mohandas\n# 100 Degree Celsius ( dialogue ), director - Rakesh Gopan starring Swetha Menon,Meghana Raj,Bhama,Ananya\n# Kathayulloru Pennu (Story, screenplay, dialogue ), director - P Musthafa starring Nuzarath Jahan" ]

[ "The '''2017 ITF Women's Circuit''' is the 2017 edition of the second tier tour for women's professional tennis. It is organised by the International Tennis Federation and is a tier below the WTA Tour. The ITF Women's Circuit includes tournaments with prize money ranging from $15,000 up to $100,000.\n\n\n", "{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;\n\nCategory\n\n $100,000 tournaments\n\n $80,000 tournaments\n\n $60,000 tournaments\n\n $25,000 tournaments\n\n $15,000 tournaments\n\n", "\n=== October ===\n\n\nWeek of\nTournament\nWinner\nRunners-up\nSemifinalists\nQuarterfinalists\n\nOctober 2\n Toowoomba, Australia Hard $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Pula, Italy Clay $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Villa del Dique, Argentina Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Sozopol, Bulgaria Hard $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt Hard $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Jounieh, Lebanon Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Telde, Spain Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Colombo, Sri Lanka Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Nonthaburi, Thailand Hard $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Hammamet, Tunisia Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Antalya, Turkey Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Hilton Head Island, United States Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n\nOctober 9\n Cairns, Australia Hard $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, France Hard (indoor) $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Pula, Italy Clay $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Makinohara, Japan Carpet $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Lagos, Nigeria Hard $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Óbidos, Portugal Carpet $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Seville, Spain Clay $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Sumter, United States Hard $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Buenos Aires, Argentina Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt Hard $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Colombo, Sri Lanka Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Nonthaburi, Thailand Hard $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Hammamet, Tunisia Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Antalya, Turkey Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n\nOctober 16\n Suzhou Ladies Open Suzhou, China Hard $60,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Open de Touraine Joué-lès-Tours, France Hard (indoor) $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Pula, Italy Clay $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Hamamatsu, Japan Carpet $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Lagos, Nigeria Hard $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Óbidos, Portugal Carpet $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Florence, United States Hard $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt Hard $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Riba-roja de Túria, Spain Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Colombo, Sri Lanka Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Hammamet, Tunisia Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Antalya, Turkey Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n\nOctober 23\n Internationaux Féminins de la Vienne Poitiers, France Hard (indoor) $100,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Tennis Classic of Macon Macon, United States Hard $80,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Challenger de Saguenay Saguenay, Canada Hard (indoor) $60,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Bank of Liuzhou Cup Liuzhou, China Hard $60,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Pula, Italy Clay $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Óbidos, Portugal Carpet $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Istanbul, Turkey Hard (indoor) $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt Hard $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Heraklion, Greece Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Lambaré, Paraguay Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Stockholm, Sweden Hard (indoor) $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Hammamet, Tunisia Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Wirral, United Kingdom Hard (indoor) $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n\nOctober 30\n Tyler, United States Hard $80,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Canberra Tennis International Canberra, Australia Hard $60,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Tevlin Women's Challenger Toronto, Canada Hard (indoor) $60,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Open Nantes Atlantique Nantes, France Hard (indoor) $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Pula, Italy Clay $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain Clay $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Pereira, Colombia Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt Hard $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Heraklion, Greece Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Pétange, Luxembourg Hard (indoor) $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Casablanca, Morocco Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n CIT Paraguay Open Asunción, Paraguay Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Stockholm, Sweden Hard (indoor) $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Hammamet, Tunisia Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Antalya, Turkey Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Sunderland, United Kingdom Hard (indoor) $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n\n=== November ===\n\n\nWeek of\nTournament\nWinner\nRunners-up\nSemifinalists\nQuarterfinalists\n\n\n=== December ===\n\n\nWeek of\nTournament\nWinner\nRunners-up\nSemifinalists\nQuarterfinalists\n\n", "* International Tennis Federation (ITF)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Key ", " Month ", " External links " ]

[ "\n=== October ===\n\n\nWeek of\nTournament\nWinner\nRunners-up\nSemifinalists\nQuarterfinalists\n\nOctober 2\n Toowoomba, Australia Hard $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Pula, Italy Clay $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Villa del Dique, Argentina Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Sozopol, Bulgaria Hard $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt Hard $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Jounieh, Lebanon Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Telde, Spain Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Colombo, Sri Lanka Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Nonthaburi, Thailand Hard $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Hammamet, Tunisia Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Antalya, Turkey Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Hilton Head Island, United States Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n\nOctober 9\n Cairns, Australia Hard $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, France Hard (indoor) $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Pula, Italy Clay $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Makinohara, Japan Carpet $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Lagos, Nigeria Hard $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Óbidos, Portugal Carpet $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Seville, Spain Clay $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Sumter, United States Hard $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Buenos Aires, Argentina Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt Hard $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Colombo, Sri Lanka Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Nonthaburi, Thailand Hard $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Hammamet, Tunisia Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Antalya, Turkey Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n\nOctober 16\n Suzhou Ladies Open Suzhou, China Hard $60,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Open de Touraine Joué-lès-Tours, France Hard (indoor) $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Pula, Italy Clay $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Hamamatsu, Japan Carpet $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Lagos, Nigeria Hard $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Óbidos, Portugal Carpet $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Florence, United States Hard $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt Hard $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Riba-roja de Túria, Spain Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Colombo, Sri Lanka Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Hammamet, Tunisia Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Antalya, Turkey Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n\nOctober 23\n Internationaux Féminins de la Vienne Poitiers, France Hard (indoor) $100,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Tennis Classic of Macon Macon, United States Hard $80,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Challenger de Saguenay Saguenay, Canada Hard (indoor) $60,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Bank of Liuzhou Cup Liuzhou, China Hard $60,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Pula, Italy Clay $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Óbidos, Portugal Carpet $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Istanbul, Turkey Hard (indoor) $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt Hard $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Heraklion, Greece Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Lambaré, Paraguay Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Stockholm, Sweden Hard (indoor) $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Hammamet, Tunisia Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Wirral, United Kingdom Hard (indoor) $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n\nOctober 30\n Tyler, United States Hard $80,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Canberra Tennis International Canberra, Australia Hard $60,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Tevlin Women's Challenger Toronto, Canada Hard (indoor) $60,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Open Nantes Atlantique Nantes, France Hard (indoor) $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Pula, Italy Clay $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain Clay $25,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Pereira, Colombia Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt Hard $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Heraklion, Greece Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Pétange, Luxembourg Hard (indoor) $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Casablanca, Morocco Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n CIT Paraguay Open Asunción, Paraguay Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Stockholm, Sweden Hard (indoor) $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Hammamet, Tunisia Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Antalya, Turkey Clay $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n Sunderland, United Kingdom Hard (indoor) $15,000 Singles and Doubles Draws\n TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD TBD vs TBD\n\n TBD / TBD vs TBD / TBD\n\n\n=== November ===\n\n\nWeek of\nTournament\nWinner\nRunners-up\nSemifinalists\nQuarterfinalists\n\n\n=== December ===\n\n\nWeek of\nTournament\nWinner\nRunners-up\nSemifinalists\nQuarterfinalists" ]

[ "The '''2017 ITF Women's Circuit''' is the 2017 edition of the second tier tour for women's professional tennis.", "It is organised by the International Tennis Federation and is a tier below the WTA Tour.", "The ITF Women's Circuit includes tournaments with prize money ranging from $15,000 up to $100,000.", "{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;\n\nCategory\n\n $100,000 tournaments\n\n $80,000 tournaments\n\n $60,000 tournaments\n\n $25,000 tournaments\n\n $15,000 tournaments", "* International Tennis Federation (ITF)" ]

[ "'''Edith Daggett Rockwood''' (born 1884) was an American writer.\n", "Edith Daggett was born in Klamath Falls, Oregon, in 1884, the daughter of Morris Henry and Rose Daggett, descendants of the colonial Putnam family. Morris Henry Daggett was a Klamath Falls pioneer. In 1932 he left Oregon to live with his daughter at Berkeley, California, where he died and is buried. He arrived to Klamath Falls from Redding, California, in 1883. He was born in New York state. He operated a drug store at Fifth and Main Streets, Klamath Falls.\n", "Edith Daggett Rockwood contributed to Arizona newspapers and was a magazine writer.\n\nShe is the author of a collection of poems.\n\nWhile a bookkeeper in the Yuma National bank, she organized the Business and Professional Women's Club in Yuma, Arizona.\n\nShe was the organizer of Pioneer's Club of Arizona.\n\nShe was a member of Woman's Athletic Club of Alameda County, Oakland, California, National League of American Pen Women.\n", "Edith Daggett married G. H. Rockwood and they had two children: George Daggett and Hawley McGee.\n\nShe lived at 2236 Haste St., Berkeley, California.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life", "Career", "Personal life", "References" ]

[ "While a bookkeeper in the Yuma National bank, she organized the Business and Professional Women's Club in Yuma, Arizona." ]

[ "'''Edith Daggett Rockwood''' (born 1884) was an American writer.", "Edith Daggett was born in Klamath Falls, Oregon, in 1884, the daughter of Morris Henry and Rose Daggett, descendants of the colonial Putnam family.", "Morris Henry Daggett was a Klamath Falls pioneer.", "In 1932 he left Oregon to live with his daughter at Berkeley, California, where he died and is buried.", "He arrived to Klamath Falls from Redding, California, in 1883.", "He was born in New York state.", "He operated a drug store at Fifth and Main Streets, Klamath Falls.", "Edith Daggett Rockwood contributed to Arizona newspapers and was a magazine writer.", "She is the author of a collection of poems.", "She was the organizer of Pioneer's Club of Arizona.", "She was a member of Woman's Athletic Club of Alameda County, Oakland, California, National League of American Pen Women.", "Edith Daggett married G. H. Rockwood and they had two children: George Daggett and Hawley McGee.", "She lived at 2236 Haste St., Berkeley, California." ]

[ "\n\n'''Pilode''' village is located in Amalner Tehsil of Jalgaon district in Maharashtra, India. It is situated 10 km away from sub-district headquarter Amalner and 65 km away from district headquarter Jalgaon. As per 2009 stats, Pilode village is also a gram panchayat. According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Pilode village is 527436. \nThe total geographical area of village is 1277 hectares. Pilode has a total population of 2,634 peoples. There are about 570 houses in Pilode village. Amalner is nearest town to Pilode which is approximately 10 km away.\n\nPublic Bus Service\nAvailable within village\nPrivate Bus Service\nAvailable within 10+ km distance\nRailway Station\nAvailable within <5 km distance\n\nHistory\nVarkari education trust Chairman Vitthabuva Chaudhari has Born and completed his primary education here. Village has primary and secondary schools and JDCC Bank branch.\nCulture\nNear about in Diwali Pilode village has Fair(yatra) of its own village of Bhavani Mata\nVillage has ancient time One Mahadev temples and One Maruti temples along with grand Balaji temple and has Bhavani festivity as annual event. It also having Saptashrungi Devi Mandir nearly 3 km on Amalner road. Also Datta temple\n\nPilode has Tapi River flowing in northern side at a distance of 7 km and has agriculture and farming as main lines of activity.\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction" ]

[ "Village has primary and secondary schools and JDCC Bank branch." ]

[ "\n\n'''Pilode''' village is located in Amalner Tehsil of Jalgaon district in Maharashtra, India.", "It is situated 10 km away from sub-district headquarter Amalner and 65 km away from district headquarter Jalgaon.", "As per 2009 stats, Pilode village is also a gram panchayat.", "According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Pilode village is 527436.", "The total geographical area of village is 1277 hectares.", "Pilode has a total population of 2,634 peoples.", "There are about 570 houses in Pilode village.", "Amalner is nearest town to Pilode which is approximately 10 km away.", "Public Bus Service\nAvailable within village\nPrivate Bus Service\nAvailable within 10+ km distance\nRailway Station\nAvailable within <5 km distance\n\nHistory\nVarkari education trust Chairman Vitthabuva Chaudhari has Born and completed his primary education here.", "Culture\nNear about in Diwali Pilode village has Fair(yatra) of its own village of Bhavani Mata\nVillage has ancient time One Mahadev temples and One Maruti temples along with grand Balaji temple and has Bhavani festivity as annual event.", "It also having Saptashrungi Devi Mandir nearly 3 km on Amalner road.", "Also Datta temple\n\nPilode has Tapi River flowing in northern side at a distance of 7 km and has agriculture and farming as main lines of activity." ]

[ "\nThe '''Beer Drinkers and Hell Raisers Tour''' was a concert tour through North America and Europe, undertaken by American rock band ZZ Top. Arranged in support of their 2003 album ''Mescalero'', the band visited arenas, amphitheaters, and festivals from 2003 to 2004. To match the artistic theme that the group created with ''Mescalero'', the tour was intended to differ from their past and surpass expectations of the band. Contrary to ZZ Top's elaborately staged multimedia events from previous tours, the Beer Drinkers and Hell Raisers Tour was a modest stage setup. It utilized minimalism by adorning \"Mescalero\" themed props on its stage. To escape their reputation for using stage gimmicks, ZZ Top embodied a more staid and focused image on tour. The Beer Drinkers and Hell Raisers Tour was central to ''Mescalero''′s success.\n\nThe tour's concept was inspired by resemblances of Mexico and the American Southwest. The stage featured a plaster model of a cantina doorway that was decorated with glitter and neon finish. Day of the Dead skeletons, sombreros and a toast were incorporated into the shows. On stage, both Billy Gibbons and Dusty Hill donned several costumes they designed, including rhinestone-embellished serapes, jackets, and oversized cowboy hats. In contrast to other ZZ Top tours, each of the Beer Drinkers and Hell Raisers shows opened with four to ten consecutive older songs before newer material was played.\n\nConsisting of five legs and 137 shows, the tour began in Bossier City, Louisiana on April 25, 2003 and ended in Las Vegas, Nevada on September 25, 2004. The band visited the United States, Europe, and Mexico during the first four legs, before the final leg alternated with visits between the US and Canada. After the first four legs, the tour's itinerary was expanded for fairs, festivals, and casinos during the final leg, which was branded accordingly as a summer excursion. Although the tour provoked a variety of reactions from music critics, it was generally well-received. Along with being one of the top-grossing North American tours of 2003 and 2004, Beer Drinkers and Hell Raisers sold over half-a-million tickets over its five legs. The band's compilation albums, ''Chrome, Smoke & BBQ'' and ''Rancho Texicano'', were released during breaks in the tour, and most of their songs were incorporated into the main set. Critics held the Beer Drinkers and Hell Raisers Tour in high regard—in the ''Worcester Telegram & Gazette'', Scott McLennan described the show as \"a joyride\".\n", "{| class=\"wikitable plainrowheaders\" style=\"text-align:center;\"\n+ List of concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, tickets sold, amount of available tickets and gross revenue\n\n\n Date\n City\n Country\n Venue\n Opening Act(s)\n Attendance\n Revenue\n\n\n Leg 1: arenas and amphitheaters in the United States\n\nApril 25, 2003\nBossier City\nUnited States\nCenturyTel Center\nTed Nugent\n6,300 / 7,500\n$248,850\n\nApril 26, 2003\nPelham\nOak Mountain Amphitheatre\nTed Nugent, Gov't Mule\nrowspan=\"4\" \nrowspan=\"4\" \n\nApril 29, 2003\nSelma\nVerizon Wireless Amphitheater\nKenny Wayne Shepherd\n\nApril 30, 2003\nLaredo\nLaredo Entertainment Center\n\nMay 2, 2003\nJackson\nMississippi Coliseum\nTed Nugent\n\nMay 3, 2003\nOklahoma City\nFord Center\n7,961 / 10,000\n$314,460\n\nMay 4, 2003\nMemphis\nTom Lee Park(Beale Street Music Festival)\nRobert Randolph & the Family Band, Cowboy Mouth\nrowspan=\"8\" \nrowspan=\"12\" \n\nMay 7, 2003\nWest Palm Beach\nCoral Sky Amphitheatre\nTed Nugent, Kenny Wayne Shepherd\n\nMay 9, 2003\nRaleigh\nAlltel Pavilion at Walnut Creek\n\nMay 10, 2003\nCharlotte\nVerizon Wireless Amphitheatre\n\nMay 11, 2003\nVirginia Beach\nVerizon Wireless Virginia Beach Amphitheater\n\nMay 13, 2003\nBristow\nNissan Pavilion at Stone Ridge\n\nMay 14, 2003\nColumbus\nGermain Amphitheater\n\nMay 16, 2003\nPittsburgh\nPost-Gazette Pavilion\n\nMay 17, 2003\nNoblesville\nVerizon Wireless Music Center\n9,594 / 24,790\n\nMay 18, 2003\nCleveland\nTower City Amphitheater\nrowspan=\"3\" \n\nMay 20, 2003\nMansfield\nTweeter Center for the Performing Arts\n\nMay 21, 2003\nCamden\nTweeter Center at the Waterfront\n\nMay 23, 2003\nClarkston\nDTE Energy Music Theatre\nKenny Wayne Shepherd\n15,202 / 15,202\n$366,578\n\nMay 24, 2003\nTinley Park\nTweeter Center\nTed Nugent, Kenny Wayne Shepherd\n\n\n\nMay 25, 2003\nEast Troy\nAlpine Valley Music Theatre\n5,791 / 37,000\n$221,422\n\nMay 28, 2003\nCincinnati\nRiverbend Music Center\nrowspan=\"16\" \nrowspan=\"16\" \n\nMay 30, 2003\nNashville\nAmSouth Amphitheatre\n\nMay 31, 2003\nMaryland Heights\nUMB Bank Pavilion\n\nJune 1, 2003\nBonner Springs\nVerizon Wireless Amphitheater\n\nJune 3, 2003\nAlbuquerque\nJournal Pavilion\n\nJune 4, 2003\nPhoenix\nCricket Pavilion\n\nJune 6, 2003\nConcord\nChronicle Pavilion\n\nJune 7, 2003\nSan Bernardino\nHyundai Pavilion at Glen Helen\n\nJune 8, 2003\nMountain View\nShoreline Amphitheatre\n\nJune 12, 2003\nTulsa\nTulsa Convention Center\nKenny Wayne Shepherd\n\nJune 13, 2003\nAustin\nFrank Erwin Center\n\nJune 14, 2003\nDallas\nAmerican Airlines Center\n\nJune 17, 2003\nNew Orleans\nLakefront Arena\nTed Nugent\n\nJune 18, 2003\nPensacola\nPensacola Civic Center\n\nJune 20, 2003\nOrlando\nTD Waterhouse Centre\n\nJune 21, 2003\nAtlanta\nGwinnett Civic Center Arena\n\n Leg 2: arenas and festivals in Europe\n\nJuly 4, 2003\nSundsvall\nSweden\nStora Scenen(Sundsvall Gatufest)\nGES, Dilba\nrowspan=\"7\" \nrowspan=\"25\" \n\nJuly 5, 2003\nSunne\nRottneros Park\n\n\nJuly 6, 2003\nOslo\nNorway\nRockefeller Music Hall\n\nJuly 8, 2003\nSchwerin\nGermany\nSport- und Kongresshalle\nMike Tramp\n\nJuly 9, 2003\nBonn\nMuseumsplatz\n\nJuly 11, 2003\nWeert\nNetherlands\nSportpark Boshoven(Bospop)\nGary Moore, Motörhead\n\nJuly 12, 2003\nOberkorn\nLuxembourg\nCentre Sportif de Differdange\nBorn\n\nJuly 14, 2003\nMontereau-Fault-Yonne\nFrance\nParc des Noues(Montereau Confluences)\nVan Wilks, Reverend Blues Gang\n2,700 / 10,000\n\nJuly 16, 2003\nHelsinki\nFinland\nHelsinki Olympic Stadium\nThe Hellacopters\nrowspan=\"17\" \n\nJuly 18, 2003\nErfurt\nGermany\nMesse Erfurt\nMike Tramp\n\nJuly 20, 2003\nMontreux\nSwitzerland\nAuditorium Stravinski(Montreux Jazz Festival)\nKrokus\n\nJuly 21, 2003\nZürich\nLandesmuseum(Live at Sunset)\nLe Vibrazioni\n\nJuly 23, 2003\nBudapest\nHungary\nPetofi Csarnok\n\n\nJuly 24, 2003\nDresden\nGermany\nElbufer(Filmnächte am Elbufer)\nMike Tramp\n\nJuly 25, 2003\nLauda-Königshofen\nTauber-Franken-Halle\n\nJuly 27, 2003\nBirmingham\nEngland\nCarling Academy Birmingham\nThe Vaults\n\nJuly 28, 2003\nNewcastle\nTelewest Arena\n\nJuly 29, 2003\nLiverpool\nKing's Dock(Liverpool Summer Pops)\n\nJuly 30, 2003\nLondon\nBrixton Academy\n\nAugust 1, 2003\nXanten\nGermany\nAmphithéâtre de Xanten\nMike Tramp\n\nAugust 5, 2003\nHannover\nGilde Parkbühne\n\nAugust 6, 2003\nHamburg\nStadtpark Freilichtbühne\n\nAugust 7, 2003\nSkanderborg\nDenmark\nDyrehaven(Smukfest)\nKashmir, Robert Plant\n\nAugust 9, 2003\nLiège\nBelgium\nPlaine des Templiers(Nandrin Festival)\nMass Hysteria, Machiavel\n\nAugust 11, 2003\nColmar\nFrance\nParc des Expositions(Foire aux Vins d'Alsace)\n\n\n Leg 3: arenas and amphitheaters in the United States\n\nAugust 20, 2003\nParadise\nUnited States\nMandalay Bay Events Center\nFranky Perez & the Highway Saints\nrowspan=\"16\" \nrowspan=\"16\" \n\nAugust 22, 2003\nKelseyville\nKonocti Field Amphitheatre\n\nAugust 23, 2003\nStateline\nHarveys Outdoor Amphitheater\n\n\nAugust 24, 2003\nLancaster\nAntelope Valley Fairgrounds(Antelope Valley Fair)\n\nAugust 26, 2003\nGreenwood Village\nFiddler's Green Amphitheatre\nJimmie Vaughan & the Tilt-a-Whirl Band\n\nAugust 27, 2003\nLincoln\nBob Devaney Sports Center(Nebraska State Fair)\nFranky Perez & the Highway Saints\n\nAugust 29, 2003\nGrand Rapids\nVan Andel Arena\nTed Nugent\n\nAugust 31, 2003\nBrookfield\nYankee Lake Ballroom(Yankee Lake Jam)\nTed Nugent, Left End\n\nSeptember 3, 2003\nPortland\nCumberland County Civic Center\nTed Nugent\n\nSeptember 5, 2003\nGilford\nMeadowbrook Musical Arts Center\n\nSeptember 6, 2003\nBig Flats\nSummer Stage at Tags\n\nSeptember 7, 2003\nHershey\nGiant Center\nDavid Lee Roth\n\nSeptember 12, 2003\nGreen Bay\nResch Center\nTed Nugent\n\nSeptember 13, 2003\nSomerset\nFloat Rite Park Amphitheatre\n\nSeptember 17, 2003\nWest Valley City\nUSANA Amphitheatre\n\nSeptember 19, 2003\nRidgefield\nAmphitheater at Clark County\n\nSeptember 20, 2003\nGeorge\nGorge Amphitheatre\n8,610 / 13,500\n$423,518\n\n Leg 4: arenas and amphitheaters in North America\n\nNovember 5, 2003\nCoarsegold\nUnited States\nHalf Dome Theater at Chukchansi\n\nrowspan=\"8\" \nrowspan=\"8\" \n\nNovember 7, 2003\nBakersfield\nBakersfield Centennial Garden\nFranky Perez & the Highway Saints\n\nNovember 8, 2003\nSanta Barbara\nSanta Barbara Bowl\n\nNovember 9, 2003\nCastaic\nCastaic Lake State Recreation Area(Love Ride)\nLee Rocker\n\nNovember 14, 2003\nMexico City\nMexico\nPalacio de los Deportes\nTex Tex\n\nNovember 20, 2003\nKnoxville\nUnited States\nKnoxville Civic Coliseum\nCross Canadian Ragweed\n\nNovember 21, 2003\nTunica Resorts\nGrand Casino Events Center\n\n\nNovember 22, 2003\nHouston\nCompaq Center\nLos Lobos, Cross Canadian Ragweed\n\n Leg 5: arenas and amphitheaters in North America\n\nJune 25, 2004\nWichita Falls\nUnited States\nKay Yeager Coliseum\nThe Fabulous Thunderbirds\n\n\n\nJune 26, 2004\nBeaumont\nFord Park Pavilion\nHank Williams Jr., Chris LeBlanc Band\n14,272 / 14,272\n$131,919\n\nJune 28, 2004\nHidalgo\nDodge Arena\nReckless Kelly\n6,578 / 6,578\nrowspan=\"10\" \n\nJuly 1, 2004\nMount Pleasant\nSoaring Eagle Entertainment Hall\n\n\n\nJuly 3, 2004\nMuskegon\nHeritage Landing(Muskegon Summer Celebration)\nLanding Strip\n17,000 / 17,000\n\nJuly 4, 2004\nTinley Park\nTweeter Center\nThe Doors of the 21st Century, Tesla\nrowspan=\"7\" \n\nJuly 5, 2004\nLansing\nAdado Riverfront Park(Common Ground Music Festival)\nGunner Ross and TNT\n\nJuly 8, 2004\nKelowna\nCanada\nWestside Bluff(Rock the Bluff)\nPhat Betty, Mocking Shadows\n\nJuly 10, 2004\nCraven\nQu'Appelle Valley(Rock'N the Valley)\nNazareth, Spin Doctors\n\nJuly 11, 2004\nCamrose\nCamrose Exhibition Grounds(Stage 13)\nSum 41, The Tea Party\n\nJuly 14, 2004\nWalker\nUnited States\nMoondance Festival Grounds(Moondance Jam)\nChris Robinson, Randall Zwarte Band\n\nJuly 16, 2004\nSarnia\nCanada\nCentennial Park(Sarnia Bayfest)\n9 House, The 88's\n\nJuly 17, 2004\nMorristown\nUnited States\nFestival Grounds(Jamboree in the Hills)\nChris LeDoux, Jo Dee Messina\n21,624 / 35,000\n$651,083\n\nJuly 23, 2004\nMinot\nNorth Dakota State Fair Grandstand(North Dakota State Fair)\n\nrowspan=\"10\" \nrowspan=\"10\" \n\nJuly 24, 2004\nCheyenne\nFrontier Park(Cheyenne Frontier Days)\nMarshall Tucker Band\n\nJuly 25, 2004\nWinter Park\nThe Village at Winter Park Resort(Hawgfest)\nWar, Dave Mason\n\nJuly 28, 2004\nPala\nPalomar Starlight Theater\n\n\nJuly 30, 2004\nKelseyville\nKonocti Field Amphitheatre\nCross Canadian Ragweed\n\nJuly 31, 2004\nPaso Robles\nMid-State Fairgrounds Grandstand(California Mid-State Fair)\nReckless Kelly\n\nAugust 1, 2004\nCosta Mesa\nPacific Amphitheatre(Orange County Fair)\n\n\nAugust 3, 2004\nKennewick\nThree Rivers Coliseum\nCross Canadian Ragweed\n\nAugust 5, 2004\nDeer Island\nColumbia Meadows\n\nAugust 6, 2004\nSpokane\nLilac Bowl at Riverfront Park\n\nAugust 7, 2004\nGreat Falls\nFour Seasons Arena(Montana State Fair)\n\n4,079 / 5,870\n$155,002\n\nAugust 9, 2004\nSturgis\nBuffalo Chip Campground(Sturgis Motorcycle Rally)\nrowspan=\"11\" \nrowspan=\"12\" \n\nAugust 10, 2004\nSioux Falls\nW.H. Lyon Fairgrounds Grandstand(Sioux Empire Fair)\n\nAugust 11, 2004\nHayward\nLCO Casino Lodge & Convention Center\n\nAugust 13, 2004\nSedalia\nMissouri State Fairgrounds Grandstand(Missouri State Fair)\nFranky Perez & the Highway Saints\n\nAugust 14, 2004\nOklahoma City\nZoo Amphitheatre\nCardboard Vampyres\n\nAugust 16, 2004\nAtlanta\nChastain Park Amphitheatre\n\n\nAugust 20, 2004\nLouisville\nFreedom Hall(Kentucky State Fair)\nSaliva\n\nAugust 21, 2004\nLima\nAllen County Fairgrounds(Allen County Fair)\n\n\nAugust 24, 2004\nPueblo\nColorado State Fair Events Center(Colorado State Fair)\n\nAugust 26, 2004\nGreen Bay\nOneida Casino Pavilion\n\nAugust 27, 2004\nFalcon Heights\nMinnesota State Fairgrounds Grandstand(Minnesota State Fair)\nSilvertide\n\nSeptember 1, 2004\nSyracuse\nWegmans Grandstand(Great New York State Fair)\nCross Canadian Ragweed\n5,828 / 16,000\n\nSeptember 2, 2004\nAllentown\nAllentown Fairgrounds Grandstand(Great Allentown Fair)\nReckless Kelly\n5,440 / 10,440\n$212,160\n\nSeptember 3, 2004\nEssex Junction\nChamplain Valley Fairgrounds Grandstand(Champlain Valley Fair)\n\nrowspan=\"12\" \nrowspan=\"12\" \n\nSeptember 10, 2004\nBlackfoot\nEastern Idaho State Fairgrounds Grandstand(Eastern Idaho State Fair)\n\nSeptember 11, 2004\nGrand Junction\nCountry Jam Ranch(Rock Jam)\nDickey Betts, Eddie Money\n\nSeptember 12, 2004\nAlbuquerque\nSandia Casino Amphitheater\n\n\nSeptember 16, 2004\nPuyallup\nWestern Washington Fairgrounds Grandstand(Puyallup Fair)\n\nSeptember 17, 2004\nBend\nLes Schwab Amphitheater\nEric Sardinas\n\nSeptember 18, 2004\nReno\nReno Hilton Amphitheater\nCowboy Mouth\n\nSeptember 20, 2004\nLaughlin\nFlamingo Outdoor Amphitheater\n\n\nSeptember 21, 2004\n\nSeptember 23, 2004\nAlpine\nOutlet Center Park\n\nSeptember 24, 2004\nLas Vegas\nHilton Theater\n\nSeptember 25, 2004\n\n\n", "* ''Mescalero''\n", "'''Footnotes'''\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Tour dates", "See also", "References" ]

[ "{| class=\"wikitable plainrowheaders\" style=\"text-align:center;\"\n+ List of concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, tickets sold, amount of available tickets and gross revenue\n\n\n Date\n City\n Country\n Venue\n Opening Act(s)\n Attendance\n Revenue\n\n\n Leg 1: arenas and amphitheaters in the United States\n\nApril 25, 2003\nBossier City\nUnited States\nCenturyTel Center\nTed Nugent\n6,300 / 7,500\n$248,850\n\nApril 26, 2003\nPelham\nOak Mountain Amphitheatre\nTed Nugent, Gov't Mule\nrowspan=\"4\" \nrowspan=\"4\" \n\nApril 29, 2003\nSelma\nVerizon Wireless Amphitheater\nKenny Wayne Shepherd\n\nApril 30, 2003\nLaredo\nLaredo Entertainment Center\n\nMay 2, 2003\nJackson\nMississippi Coliseum\nTed Nugent\n\nMay 3, 2003\nOklahoma City\nFord Center\n7,961 / 10,000\n$314,460\n\nMay 4, 2003\nMemphis\nTom Lee Park(Beale Street Music Festival)\nRobert Randolph & the Family Band, Cowboy Mouth\nrowspan=\"8\" \nrowspan=\"12\" \n\nMay 7, 2003\nWest Palm Beach\nCoral Sky Amphitheatre\nTed Nugent, Kenny Wayne Shepherd\n\nMay 9, 2003\nRaleigh\nAlltel Pavilion at Walnut Creek\n\nMay 10, 2003\nCharlotte\nVerizon Wireless Amphitheatre\n\nMay 11, 2003\nVirginia Beach\nVerizon Wireless Virginia Beach Amphitheater\n\nMay 13, 2003\nBristow\nNissan Pavilion at Stone Ridge\n\nMay 14, 2003\nColumbus\nGermain Amphitheater\n\nMay 16, 2003\nPittsburgh\nPost-Gazette Pavilion\n\nMay 17, 2003\nNoblesville\nVerizon Wireless Music Center\n9,594 / 24,790\n\nMay 18, 2003\nCleveland\nTower City Amphitheater\nrowspan=\"3\" \n\nMay 20, 2003\nMansfield\nTweeter Center for the Performing Arts\n\nMay 21, 2003\nCamden\nTweeter Center at the Waterfront\n\nMay 23, 2003\nClarkston\nDTE Energy Music Theatre\nKenny Wayne Shepherd\n15,202 / 15,202\n$366,578\n\nMay 24, 2003\nTinley Park\nTweeter Center\nTed Nugent, Kenny Wayne Shepherd\n\n\n\nMay 25, 2003\nEast Troy\nAlpine Valley Music Theatre\n5,791 / 37,000\n$221,422\n\nMay 28, 2003\nCincinnati\nRiverbend Music Center\nrowspan=\"16\" \nrowspan=\"16\" \n\nMay 30, 2003\nNashville\nAmSouth Amphitheatre\n\nMay 31, 2003\nMaryland Heights\nUMB Bank Pavilion\n\nJune 1, 2003\nBonner Springs\nVerizon Wireless Amphitheater\n\nJune 3, 2003\nAlbuquerque\nJournal Pavilion\n\nJune 4, 2003\nPhoenix\nCricket Pavilion\n\nJune 6, 2003\nConcord\nChronicle Pavilion\n\nJune 7, 2003\nSan Bernardino\nHyundai Pavilion at Glen Helen\n\nJune 8, 2003\nMountain View\nShoreline Amphitheatre\n\nJune 12, 2003\nTulsa\nTulsa Convention Center\nKenny Wayne Shepherd\n\nJune 13, 2003\nAustin\nFrank Erwin Center\n\nJune 14, 2003\nDallas\nAmerican Airlines Center\n\nJune 17, 2003\nNew Orleans\nLakefront Arena\nTed Nugent\n\nJune 18, 2003\nPensacola\nPensacola Civic Center\n\nJune 20, 2003\nOrlando\nTD Waterhouse Centre\n\nJune 21, 2003\nAtlanta\nGwinnett Civic Center Arena\n\n Leg 2: arenas and festivals in Europe\n\nJuly 4, 2003\nSundsvall\nSweden\nStora Scenen(Sundsvall Gatufest)\nGES, Dilba\nrowspan=\"7\" \nrowspan=\"25\" \n\nJuly 5, 2003\nSunne\nRottneros Park\n\n\nJuly 6, 2003\nOslo\nNorway\nRockefeller Music Hall\n\nJuly 8, 2003\nSchwerin\nGermany\nSport- und Kongresshalle\nMike Tramp\n\nJuly 9, 2003\nBonn\nMuseumsplatz\n\nJuly 11, 2003\nWeert\nNetherlands\nSportpark Boshoven(Bospop)\nGary Moore, Motörhead\n\nJuly 12, 2003\nOberkorn\nLuxembourg\nCentre Sportif de Differdange\nBorn\n\nJuly 14, 2003\nMontereau-Fault-Yonne\nFrance\nParc des Noues(Montereau Confluences)\nVan Wilks, Reverend Blues Gang\n2,700 / 10,000\n\nJuly 16, 2003\nHelsinki\nFinland\nHelsinki Olympic Stadium\nThe Hellacopters\nrowspan=\"17\" \n\nJuly 18, 2003\nErfurt\nGermany\nMesse Erfurt\nMike Tramp\n\nJuly 20, 2003\nMontreux\nSwitzerland\nAuditorium Stravinski(Montreux Jazz Festival)\nKrokus\n\nJuly 21, 2003\nZürich\nLandesmuseum(Live at Sunset)\nLe Vibrazioni\n\nJuly 23, 2003\nBudapest\nHungary\nPetofi Csarnok\n\n\nJuly 24, 2003\nDresden\nGermany\nElbufer(Filmnächte am Elbufer)\nMike Tramp\n\nJuly 25, 2003\nLauda-Königshofen\nTauber-Franken-Halle\n\nJuly 27, 2003\nBirmingham\nEngland\nCarling Academy Birmingham\nThe Vaults\n\nJuly 28, 2003\nNewcastle\nTelewest Arena\n\nJuly 29, 2003\nLiverpool\nKing's Dock(Liverpool Summer Pops)\n\nJuly 30, 2003\nLondon\nBrixton Academy\n\nAugust 1, 2003\nXanten\nGermany\nAmphithéâtre de Xanten\nMike Tramp\n\nAugust 5, 2003\nHannover\nGilde Parkbühne\n\nAugust 6, 2003\nHamburg\nStadtpark Freilichtbühne\n\nAugust 7, 2003\nSkanderborg\nDenmark\nDyrehaven(Smukfest)\nKashmir, Robert Plant\n\nAugust 9, 2003\nLiège\nBelgium\nPlaine des Templiers(Nandrin Festival)\nMass Hysteria, Machiavel\n\nAugust 11, 2003\nColmar\nFrance\nParc des Expositions(Foire aux Vins d'Alsace)\n\n\n Leg 3: arenas and amphitheaters in the United States\n\nAugust 20, 2003\nParadise\nUnited States\nMandalay Bay Events Center\nFranky Perez & the Highway Saints\nrowspan=\"16\" \nrowspan=\"16\" \n\nAugust 22, 2003\nKelseyville\nKonocti Field Amphitheatre\n\nAugust 23, 2003\nStateline\nHarveys Outdoor Amphitheater\n\n\nAugust 24, 2003\nLancaster\nAntelope Valley Fairgrounds(Antelope Valley Fair)\n\nAugust 26, 2003\nGreenwood Village\nFiddler's Green Amphitheatre\nJimmie Vaughan & the Tilt-a-Whirl Band\n\nAugust 27, 2003\nLincoln\nBob Devaney Sports Center(Nebraska State Fair)\nFranky Perez & the Highway Saints\n\nAugust 29, 2003\nGrand Rapids\nVan Andel Arena\nTed Nugent\n\nAugust 31, 2003\nBrookfield\nYankee Lake Ballroom(Yankee Lake Jam)\nTed Nugent, Left End\n\nSeptember 3, 2003\nPortland\nCumberland County Civic Center\nTed Nugent\n\nSeptember 5, 2003\nGilford\nMeadowbrook Musical Arts Center\n\nSeptember 6, 2003\nBig Flats\nSummer Stage at Tags\n\nSeptember 7, 2003\nHershey\nGiant Center\nDavid Lee Roth\n\nSeptember 12, 2003\nGreen Bay\nResch Center\nTed Nugent\n\nSeptember 13, 2003\nSomerset\nFloat Rite Park Amphitheatre\n\nSeptember 17, 2003\nWest Valley City\nUSANA Amphitheatre\n\nSeptember 19, 2003\nRidgefield\nAmphitheater at Clark County\n\nSeptember 20, 2003\nGeorge\nGorge Amphitheatre\n8,610 / 13,500\n$423,518\n\n Leg 4: arenas and amphitheaters in North America\n\nNovember 5, 2003\nCoarsegold\nUnited States\nHalf Dome Theater at Chukchansi\n\nrowspan=\"8\" \nrowspan=\"8\" \n\nNovember 7, 2003\nBakersfield\nBakersfield Centennial Garden\nFranky Perez & the Highway Saints\n\nNovember 8, 2003\nSanta Barbara\nSanta Barbara Bowl\n\nNovember 9, 2003\nCastaic\nCastaic Lake State Recreation Area(Love Ride)\nLee Rocker\n\nNovember 14, 2003\nMexico City\nMexico\nPalacio de los Deportes\nTex Tex\n\nNovember 20, 2003\nKnoxville\nUnited States\nKnoxville Civic Coliseum\nCross Canadian Ragweed\n\nNovember 21, 2003\nTunica Resorts\nGrand Casino Events Center\n\n\nNovember 22, 2003\nHouston\nCompaq Center\nLos Lobos, Cross Canadian Ragweed\n\n Leg 5: arenas and amphitheaters in North America\n\nJune 25, 2004\nWichita Falls\nUnited States\nKay Yeager Coliseum\nThe Fabulous Thunderbirds\n\n\n\nJune 26, 2004\nBeaumont\nFord Park Pavilion\nHank Williams Jr., Chris LeBlanc Band\n14,272 / 14,272\n$131,919\n\nJune 28, 2004\nHidalgo\nDodge Arena\nReckless Kelly\n6,578 / 6,578\nrowspan=\"10\" \n\nJuly 1, 2004\nMount Pleasant\nSoaring Eagle Entertainment Hall\n\n\n\nJuly 3, 2004\nMuskegon\nHeritage Landing(Muskegon Summer Celebration)\nLanding Strip\n17,000 / 17,000\n\nJuly 4, 2004\nTinley Park\nTweeter Center\nThe Doors of the 21st Century, Tesla\nrowspan=\"7\" \n\nJuly 5, 2004\nLansing\nAdado Riverfront Park(Common Ground Music Festival)\nGunner Ross and TNT\n\nJuly 8, 2004\nKelowna\nCanada\nWestside Bluff(Rock the Bluff)\nPhat Betty, Mocking Shadows\n\nJuly 10, 2004\nCraven\nQu'Appelle Valley(Rock'N the Valley)\nNazareth, Spin Doctors\n\nJuly 11, 2004\nCamrose\nCamrose Exhibition Grounds(Stage 13)\nSum 41, The Tea Party\n\nJuly 14, 2004\nWalker\nUnited States\nMoondance Festival Grounds(Moondance Jam)\nChris Robinson, Randall Zwarte Band\n\nJuly 16, 2004\nSarnia\nCanada\nCentennial Park(Sarnia Bayfest)\n9 House, The 88's\n\nJuly 17, 2004\nMorristown\nUnited States\nFestival Grounds(Jamboree in the Hills)\nChris LeDoux, Jo Dee Messina\n21,624 / 35,000\n$651,083\n\nJuly 23, 2004\nMinot\nNorth Dakota State Fair Grandstand(North Dakota State Fair)\n\nrowspan=\"10\" \nrowspan=\"10\" \n\nJuly 24, 2004\nCheyenne\nFrontier Park(Cheyenne Frontier Days)\nMarshall Tucker Band\n\nJuly 25, 2004\nWinter Park\nThe Village at Winter Park Resort(Hawgfest)\nWar, Dave Mason\n\nJuly 28, 2004\nPala\nPalomar Starlight Theater\n\n\nJuly 30, 2004\nKelseyville\nKonocti Field Amphitheatre\nCross Canadian Ragweed\n\nJuly 31, 2004\nPaso Robles\nMid-State Fairgrounds Grandstand(California Mid-State Fair)\nReckless Kelly\n\nAugust 1, 2004\nCosta Mesa\nPacific Amphitheatre(Orange County Fair)\n\n\nAugust 3, 2004\nKennewick\nThree Rivers Coliseum\nCross Canadian Ragweed\n\nAugust 5, 2004\nDeer Island\nColumbia Meadows\n\nAugust 6, 2004\nSpokane\nLilac Bowl at Riverfront Park\n\nAugust 7, 2004\nGreat Falls\nFour Seasons Arena(Montana State Fair)\n\n4,079 / 5,870\n$155,002\n\nAugust 9, 2004\nSturgis\nBuffalo Chip Campground(Sturgis Motorcycle Rally)\nrowspan=\"11\" \nrowspan=\"12\" \n\nAugust 10, 2004\nSioux Falls\nW.H." ]

[ "\nThe '''Beer Drinkers and Hell Raisers Tour''' was a concert tour through North America and Europe, undertaken by American rock band ZZ Top.", "Arranged in support of their 2003 album ''Mescalero'', the band visited arenas, amphitheaters, and festivals from 2003 to 2004.", "To match the artistic theme that the group created with ''Mescalero'', the tour was intended to differ from their past and surpass expectations of the band.", "Contrary to ZZ Top's elaborately staged multimedia events from previous tours, the Beer Drinkers and Hell Raisers Tour was a modest stage setup.", "It utilized minimalism by adorning \"Mescalero\" themed props on its stage.", "To escape their reputation for using stage gimmicks, ZZ Top embodied a more staid and focused image on tour.", "The Beer Drinkers and Hell Raisers Tour was central to ''Mescalero''′s success.", "The tour's concept was inspired by resemblances of Mexico and the American Southwest.", "The stage featured a plaster model of a cantina doorway that was decorated with glitter and neon finish.", "Day of the Dead skeletons, sombreros and a toast were incorporated into the shows.", "On stage, both Billy Gibbons and Dusty Hill donned several costumes they designed, including rhinestone-embellished serapes, jackets, and oversized cowboy hats.", "In contrast to other ZZ Top tours, each of the Beer Drinkers and Hell Raisers shows opened with four to ten consecutive older songs before newer material was played.", "Consisting of five legs and 137 shows, the tour began in Bossier City, Louisiana on April 25, 2003 and ended in Las Vegas, Nevada on September 25, 2004.", "The band visited the United States, Europe, and Mexico during the first four legs, before the final leg alternated with visits between the US and Canada.", "After the first four legs, the tour's itinerary was expanded for fairs, festivals, and casinos during the final leg, which was branded accordingly as a summer excursion.", "Although the tour provoked a variety of reactions from music critics, it was generally well-received.", "Along with being one of the top-grossing North American tours of 2003 and 2004, Beer Drinkers and Hell Raisers sold over half-a-million tickets over its five legs.", "The band's compilation albums, ''Chrome, Smoke & BBQ'' and ''Rancho Texicano'', were released during breaks in the tour, and most of their songs were incorporated into the main set.", "Critics held the Beer Drinkers and Hell Raisers Tour in high regard—in the ''Worcester Telegram & Gazette'', Scott McLennan described the show as \"a joyride\".", "Lyon Fairgrounds Grandstand(Sioux Empire Fair)\n\nAugust 11, 2004\nHayward\nLCO Casino Lodge & Convention Center\n\nAugust 13, 2004\nSedalia\nMissouri State Fairgrounds Grandstand(Missouri State Fair)\nFranky Perez & the Highway Saints\n\nAugust 14, 2004\nOklahoma City\nZoo Amphitheatre\nCardboard Vampyres\n\nAugust 16, 2004\nAtlanta\nChastain Park Amphitheatre\n\n\nAugust 20, 2004\nLouisville\nFreedom Hall(Kentucky State Fair)\nSaliva\n\nAugust 21, 2004\nLima\nAllen County Fairgrounds(Allen County Fair)\n\n\nAugust 24, 2004\nPueblo\nColorado State Fair Events Center(Colorado State Fair)\n\nAugust 26, 2004\nGreen Bay\nOneida Casino Pavilion\n\nAugust 27, 2004\nFalcon Heights\nMinnesota State Fairgrounds Grandstand(Minnesota State Fair)\nSilvertide\n\nSeptember 1, 2004\nSyracuse\nWegmans Grandstand(Great New York State Fair)\nCross Canadian Ragweed\n5,828 / 16,000\n\nSeptember 2, 2004\nAllentown\nAllentown Fairgrounds Grandstand(Great Allentown Fair)\nReckless Kelly\n5,440 / 10,440\n$212,160\n\nSeptember 3, 2004\nEssex Junction\nChamplain Valley Fairgrounds Grandstand(Champlain Valley Fair)\n\nrowspan=\"12\" \nrowspan=\"12\" \n\nSeptember 10, 2004\nBlackfoot\nEastern Idaho State Fairgrounds Grandstand(Eastern Idaho State Fair)\n\nSeptember 11, 2004\nGrand Junction\nCountry Jam Ranch(Rock Jam)\nDickey Betts, Eddie Money\n\nSeptember 12, 2004\nAlbuquerque\nSandia Casino Amphitheater\n\n\nSeptember 16, 2004\nPuyallup\nWestern Washington Fairgrounds Grandstand(Puyallup Fair)\n\nSeptember 17, 2004\nBend\nLes Schwab Amphitheater\nEric Sardinas\n\nSeptember 18, 2004\nReno\nReno Hilton Amphitheater\nCowboy Mouth\n\nSeptember 20, 2004\nLaughlin\nFlamingo Outdoor Amphitheater\n\n\nSeptember 21, 2004\n\nSeptember 23, 2004\nAlpine\nOutlet Center Park\n\nSeptember 24, 2004\nLas Vegas\nHilton Theater\n\nSeptember 25, 2004", "* ''Mescalero''", "'''Footnotes'''" ]

[ "'''Martin Senn''' (* March 22, 1957 in Binningen, Switzerland; † May 27, 2016 in Klosters) was a Swiss insurance manager. He was the CEO of the Zurich Insurance Group from 2010 until December 2015.\n", "He was born and raised in Binningen, in the canton of Basel-Landschaft. He completed a business apprenticeship with the Swiss Bank Corporation in Basel. During his time in the Swiss armed forces, which he left as Oberleutnant, he dreamed of becoming a Aircraft pilot but the dream remained unfulfilled. \n\nHis subsequent career led the assets specialist via the Swiss Bank Corporation to Credit Suisse. He was only 26 years old when he took over the Hong Kong branch store of the Swiss Bank Corporation in 1983. When he joined Credit Suisse in 1994 he served as treasurer for Europe and chairman in Japan. In 2001 he joined the Credit Suisse board of directors and was appointed manager of the Trading- and Investment Services. \n\nAfter his transition into the insurance industry he worked for the companies Swiss Life and Zurich Insurance Group. At Swiss Life Senn was appointed Chief Investment Officer (CIO) in 2003 and joined the board of directors. In April 2006 after his transition to Zurich he headed up the investments unit as Chief Investment Officer (CIO) and in 2009 he replaced James J. Schiro as CEO of the Zurich Insurance Group. In December 2015 after a year of great financial loss for Zurich Senn resigned.\n\nOn 27 May 2016, Senn committed suicide. He was married to the Korean violinist Guen Soo-Senn and had a daughter and a son.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Life ", " References " ]

[ "He completed a business apprenticeship with the Swiss Bank Corporation in Basel.", "His subsequent career led the assets specialist via the Swiss Bank Corporation to Credit Suisse.", "He was only 26 years old when he took over the Hong Kong branch store of the Swiss Bank Corporation in 1983." ]

[ "'''Martin Senn''' (* March 22, 1957 in Binningen, Switzerland; † May 27, 2016 in Klosters) was a Swiss insurance manager.", "He was the CEO of the Zurich Insurance Group from 2010 until December 2015.", "He was born and raised in Binningen, in the canton of Basel-Landschaft.", "During his time in the Swiss armed forces, which he left as Oberleutnant, he dreamed of becoming a Aircraft pilot but the dream remained unfulfilled.", "When he joined Credit Suisse in 1994 he served as treasurer for Europe and chairman in Japan.", "In 2001 he joined the Credit Suisse board of directors and was appointed manager of the Trading- and Investment Services.", "After his transition into the insurance industry he worked for the companies Swiss Life and Zurich Insurance Group.", "At Swiss Life Senn was appointed Chief Investment Officer (CIO) in 2003 and joined the board of directors.", "In April 2006 after his transition to Zurich he headed up the investments unit as Chief Investment Officer (CIO) and in 2009 he replaced James J. Schiro as CEO of the Zurich Insurance Group.", "In December 2015 after a year of great financial loss for Zurich Senn resigned.", "On 27 May 2016, Senn committed suicide.", "He was married to the Korean violinist Guen Soo-Senn and had a daughter and a son." ]

[ "The '''history of the New York Islanders''' National Hockey League team dates back to 1972. Since 1980, the franchise has played in five Stanley Cup Finals, winning four straight Stanley Cups from 1980-1983. \n\n===1972–1974: The NHL heads to Long Island===\nWilliam Shea played a major role in bringing a hockey team to Long Island.\nWith the impending start of the World Hockey Association (WHA) in the fall of 1972, the upstart league had plans to place its New York team, the Raiders, in Nassau County's brand-new Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum. County officials did not consider the WHA a major league and wanted to keep the Raiders out. William Shea, who had helped bring the Major League Baseball's New York Mets to the area a decade earlier, was enlisted to bring an NHL team to Long Island. Shea found a receptive ear in NHL president Clarence Campbell but faced opposition from the New York Rangers, who didn't want additional competition in the New York area. Eventually, Campbell and Shea persuaded the Rangers' owners, Madison Square Garden, to reconsider. Rangers' president Bill Jennings realized that he had two choices. If he allowed another New York-based NHL team, he would at least be able to extract compensation from it for sharing the Rangers' NHL territory. In contrast, a WHA rival would not be obligated to pay the Rangers anything. Perhaps remembering the crucial role the New York Jets had played in ensuring the success of the American Football League just a few years earlier, Jennings ended up helping to bring a new NHL team into town. Despite expanding to 14 teams just two years prior, the NHL hastily awarded a Long Island-based franchise to clothing manufacturer Roy Boe, owner of the American Basketball Association's New York Nets, on November 8, 1971. The terms of the franchise included $6 million ($ million in dollars) franchise fee plus a $5 million ($ million in dollars) territorial fee to the Rangers. An expansion franchise was also given to Atlanta (the Flames) to keep the schedule balanced.\n\nThe franchise chose New York Islanders as its name, although many expected it to choose the \"Long Island Ducks\", the name used by a team that played in the Eastern Hockey League from 1959-73. The team was soon nicknamed the \"Isles\" by the local newspapers. The Islanders' arrival effectively doomed the Raiders, who played in Madison Square Garden under difficult lease terms and were forced to move to Cherry Hill, New Jersey in the middle of their second season.\n\nOn February 14, 1972, Bill Torrey, executive vice president of the NHL's California Golden Seals, was named as the team's general manager. The Islanders secured veteran forward Ed Westfall, Gerry Hart, and goaltender Billy Smith in the 1972 Expansion Draft, along with junior league stars Billy Harris, Lorne Henning, and Bobby Nystrom in the 1972 Amateur Draft. Soon after the draft, Phil Goyette was named as the team's first head coach, however he was fired halfway through the season and replaced with Earl Ingarfield and assistant coach Aut Erickson. Unlike most other expansion teams' general managers, Torrey made few trades for veteran players in the early years, as he was committed to building the team through the draft; he stated, \"I told the owners that we're not going to beat this team next door by taking the castoffs from others teams. We'd have to develop our own stars.\" Before the season began, Westfall was named the team's first captain. Their first win came on October 12, 1972 in a 3-2 game against the Los Angeles Kings. In the team's first season, young players such as Smith, Nystrom, and Henning (all of whom would be part of the Islanders dynasty that would win four straight Stanley Cups in the 1980s) were given chances to prove themselves in the NHL. However, the young and inexperienced expansion team posted a record of 12–60–6, setting an NHL record for amount of losses and worst overall record in a season. A rare highlight occurred on January 18 when they defeated the defending Stanley Cup Champion Boston Bruins 9-7.\n\nFinishing last in the standings that season, they received the right to select first in the 1973 draft. Off the ice, the Islanders struggled financially, a situation that was exacerbated by the then unprecedented 11 million dollars in franchise and territorial fees. Montreal Canadiens' general manager Sam Pollock was keen to acquire the Islanders' pick so he could bring French Canadian junior star defenseman Denis Potvin, who had been touted as \"the next Bobby Orr\" when he was 14 years old, to Montreal. Pollock made several lucrative trade offers including cash to the Islanders, but Torrey turned the Canadiens down and selected Potvin with the first overall pick. During the off-season, Torrey convinced former St. Louis Blues coach Al Arbour to come coach the Islanders. Even with Arbour as the team's head coach and Potvin, who won the Calder Memorial Trophy as NHL Rookie of the Year, the team again finished last in the East Division that season, but allowed 100 fewer goals than the previous season. The season included their first win against the Rangers, on October 27, 1973, which also happened to be the game where Potvin scored his first NHL goal. Although they failed to make the playoffs, their 56 points represented a 26-point improvement from the previous season.\n\n===1974–1979: Ascendancy and playoff inability===\nHall of Fame defenseman Denis Potvin led the Islanders to their postseason success in the '70s and '80s.\nWith the fourth and twenty-second picks in the 1974 draft, the Islanders added young forwards Clark Gillies and Bryan Trottier to continue Torrey's building plan. In 1975, the Islanders made one of the biggest turnarounds in NHL history. Led by Potvin, forwards Westfall, Harris, Nystrom, Gillies, and goaltenders Smith and Glenn \"Chico\" Resch, the team earned 88 points, 32 more than the previous season and two more than their first two seasons combined, earning their first playoff berth. They defeated the rival New York Rangers in a best-of-3 first-round series as J. P. Parise scored just 11 seconds into overtime of the third game. In the next round, down three games to none in a best-of-seven series against the Pittsburgh Penguins, the Islanders rallied to win the next four and take the series winning Game 7 on a late third period goal by Westfall. Only four other major North American professional sports teams have accomplished this feat (the 1941–42 Toronto Maple Leafs, Major League Baseball's 2004 Boston Red Sox, the 2009–10 Philadelphia Flyers, and the 2013–14 Los Angeles Kings). They were close but not as lucky in the following round, rallying from another 3–0 deficit to force a seventh game against the defending Stanley Cup champion Philadelphia Flyers before the Flyers took the decisive seventh game at home and went on to win the Cup again. Despite a disappointing playoff finish, Arbour remained complimentary of the team's attitude and maturity, saying \"If I called a practice next week, every one of them would show up.\"\n\nThe Islanders continued their climb up the standings in 1975–76, earning 101 points and the fifth-best record in the league. It was the first 100-point season in Islanders history, in only their fourth year of existence. Rookie center Trottier finished the season scoring 95 points and winning the Calder Trophy; his points and assists (63) totals set a new league record for most in each category by a rookie. It would be the first of four consecutive 100-point seasons, including the first two division titles in franchise history. Despite the emergence of young star players and regular season success between 1976 and 1979 the Islanders suffered a series of playoff disappointments. In 1976 and 1977, the Islanders were knocked out in the semi-finals by eventual Stanley Cup champions, the Montreal Canadiens. The Canadiens posted a 24–3 record in the playoffs during those two years with all three losses coming from the Islanders.\n\nMike Bossy was selected with the 15th overall pick in 1977 and became the third Islander to win the Calder Trophy in his first season.\nIn the 1977 draft, Torrey had the 15th overall pick and was deciding between forwards Mike Bossy and Dwight Foster. Bossy was known as an emerging scorer who lacked physicality, while Foster could check and had led the Ontario Hockey League in scoring. Arbour persuaded Torrey to pick Bossy, arguing it was easier to teach a scorer how to check. In the upcoming 1977-78 season, Bossy became the third Islander to win the Calder Trophy, having scored 53 goals that season, the most scored by a rookie at the time. The team earned their first Patrick Division and Campbell Conference championships. Six players finished the season with 30 goals scored or more, with five of them being players drafted by the Islanders, showing the success of the draft building process. The season ended with a familiar result as the team lost in the overtime during playoffs Game 7 of the quarterfinals against the Toronto Maple Leafs; Billy Harris failed on a breakaway which was followed by Lanny McDonald scoring to complete an upset.\n\nIn 1978–79, the team finished with the best record in the NHL, clinching it with three goals in the third period of the seasons final game against the Rangers. Trottier was voted the league MVP and captured the scoring title, while sophomore Bossy scored 69 goals, which also led the league. Despite their regular season dominance, the Islanders exited the playoffs with another upset playoff loss, this time to the Rangers in the semi-finals. As the team was leaving Madison Square Garden following their Game 6 elimination, Rangers fans rocked and threw objects at the team's bus. Hockey professionals and journalists generally questioned whether the Islanders were capable of winning the important games needed to win a Stanley Cup. Islander players would cite fear of repeating the pain of this loss as spurring their later success. After surrendering the captaincy to Gillies the season before, Westfall retired and shortly thereafter became a color commentator on the team's telecasts.\n\nOff the ice, the Islanders were on shaky ground. Boe was losing money on both the Islanders and the Nets even as the Islanders quickly surged to NHL prominence and the Nets became an American Basketball Association power. The Islanders were still far behind on the $10 million they had paid in startup costs, and the expenses associated with moving the Nets to the National Basketball Association threw Boe's finances into a tailspin. Eventually, Boe was forced to sell both his teams. He readily found a buyer for the Nets, but had less luck finding one for the Islanders. Torrey orchestrated a sale to one of the team's limited partners, John Pickett, who assigned Torrey as team president. Soon after purchasing the team, Pickett signed a very lucrative cable contract with the fledgling SportsChannel network as their owner, Charles Dolan, thought the up-and-coming Islanders would be a perfect centerpiece for his new network. Dolan gave Pickett a long-term guaranteed contract intended to not only keep the team on Long Island, but give area governments an incentive to renew his cable contracts. The Islanders have remained on the network, now known as MSG Plus, for over a quarter-century.\n\n===1980–1983: The Dynasty===\nAfter the Islanders' regular season dominance and playoff disappointment in 1979, Arbour decided that he would no longer concern himself too greatly with his team's finish in the regular season. Instead, he focused his team's energy on how they would perform in the playoffs. In 1980, the Islanders dropped below the 100-point mark for the first time in five years, earning only 91 points. However, they finally broke through and won the Stanley Cup.\n\nBefore the playoffs, Torrey made the difficult decision to trade longtime and popular veterans Billy Harris and defenseman Dave Lewis to the Los Angeles Kings for second line center Butch Goring. Goring's arrival is often called the \"final piece of the puzzle\": a strong two-way player, his presence on the second line ensured that opponents would no longer be able to focus their defensive efforts on the Islanders' first line of Bossy, Trottier and Clark Gillies. Contributions from new teammates, such as wingers Duane Sutter and Anders Kallur and stay-at-home defensemen Dave Langevin, Gord Lane, and Ken Morrow (the latter fresh off a gold medal win at the 1980 Olympics), also figured prominently in the Islanders' playoff success.\n\nBryan Trottier won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the team's Most Valuable Player for their run in the 1979–80 playoffs\nIn the semi-finals, the Islanders faced the Buffalo Sabres, who had finished second overall in the NHL standings. The Islanders won the first two games in Buffalo, including a 2-1 victory in game two on Bob Nystrom's goal in double overtime. They went on to win the series in six games and reach the finals for the first time in franchise history, where they would face the NHL's regular season champions, the Philadelphia Flyers, who had gone undefeated for 35 straight games (25–0–10) during the regular season. In game one in Philadelphia, the Islanders won 4–3 on Denis Potvin's power-play goal in overtime. Leading the series 3–2, they went home to Long Island for game six. In that game the Islanders blew a 4-2 lead in the third period but Bob Nystrom continued his overtime heroics, scoring at 7:11 of the extra frame, on assists by John Tonelli and Lorne Henning, to bring Long Island its first Stanley Cup. This was the most recent Stanley Cup clinching game won in overtime by the home team until the Los Angeles Kings pulled it off in 2014. It was also the Islanders' sixth overtime victory of the playoffs. Bryan Trottier won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player in the playoffs. Torrey's strategy of building through the draft turned out very well; nearly all of the major contributors on the 1980 champions were home-grown Islanders or had spent most of their NHL careers in the Islanders organization. The Islanders were the first NHL team to win a Stanley Cup (in 1980) with Europeans (Stefan Persson, Anders Kallur) on its roster.\n\nThe Islanders dominated the next two seasons. Bossy scored 50 goals in 50 games in 1981 and the Islanders lost only three playoff games en route to defeating the Minnesota North Stars in five games to win the Stanley Cup. Butch Goring won the Conn Smythe Trophy. During their semi-final sweep of the Rangers, Islander fans began taunting the Rangers with a chant of \"1940!\" – referring to the Rangers' last Stanley Cup win in (the Rangers would not win the cup again until 1994). Fans in other NHL cities soon picked up the chant.\n\nThese four banners hang in Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum and represent the four Stanley Cup championships the Islanders won from 1980 through 1983.\nIn 1981–82 the Islanders won a then-record 15 straight games en route to a franchise-record 118 points, while Mike Bossy set a scoring record for right wingers with 147 points in an 80-game schedule. The Islanders won the regular-season title, yet once in the playoffs against the Pittsburgh Penguins they found themselves down late in the third period of deciding game 5 before John Tonelli scored both the tying goal and the overtime winner. After defeating the Rangers in six games they swept both the upstart Quebec Nordiques and the Cinderella story Vancouver Canucks in the first ever coast-to-coast Stanley Cup Final for their third straight championship. During that series Bossy, upended by a check from Tiger Williams and falling parallel to the ice, managed to hook the puck with his stick and score. Bossy netted the Stanley Cup-winning goal and was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy.\n\nThe next year, although the Islanders had won three straight Stanley Cups, more attention was being paid to the upstart Edmonton Oilers, whose young superstar Wayne Gretzky had just shattered existing scoring records. The 1982–83 season was thus a battle to decide which was the best team in the NHL. The Oilers had a better regular season, but the Islanders swept them in the Stanley Cup finals to win their fourth straight championship. Billy Smith was named the Most Valuable Player of the Playoffs after shutting down the Oilers' vaunted scoring machine. Gretzky failed to score a goal during the series. The Sutter brothers, Duane and Brent, scored 7 and 5 points respectively in the first 3 games, while Bossy again scored the Stanley Cup-winning goal in game four. After that game, the Oilers players walked past the Islanders' dressing room and were surprised to see the champions exhausted. Oilers players such as Gretzky and Mark Messier said that they realized at that moment how much it would actually take to win the Stanley Cup.\n\n===1984–1991: Post-dynasty and the Easter Epic===\nThe Islanders finished the 1983–84 regular season tied atop the Prince of Wales Conference while successfully defending their Patrick Division title. The \"Drive for Five\" got off to a tense start. With 39 seconds remaining of the deciding game of the opening round against the Rangers they gave up the tying goal to Don Maloney that the Islanders felt was illegal because Maloney's stick was too high. They ultimately eliminated the Rangers for the fourth consecutive year. The team then defeated the Washington Capitals in five games and the Montreal Canadiens in six to set up a finals rematch with the Oilers. The series featured rookie Pat LaFontaine scoring two third period goals in 38 seconds. This time, the Oilers dethroned the Islanders to win the first of what would be five Stanley Cups in seven years. For the 1984 postseason, the NHL changed the home and away schedule for the finals, which provided the Islanders home ice advantage in the series based on winning a regular season game against the Oilers, despite finishing lower than them in the overall standings. The new format had them play three straight games in Edmonton, where the Oilers managed to lock up the series. Bossy cited the team's hard time winning an away game as their downfall in the series. The Oilers also ended the Islanders' 19 series playoff winning streak. It remains the longest streak in the history of professional sports (one more than the 1959–67 streak by the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association). Unlike the 1976–79 Montreal Canadiens, who needed to win three series in the 1976 and 1977 playoffs under the playoff format in place at that time, the Islanders had to win four series in each of their Stanley Cup seasons.\n\nThe Islanders remained competitive for the rest of the decade, even as some of the stars from the Cup teams departed. As the decade wore on, Pickett began to keep the money from the team's cable deal rather than reinvest it in the team as he had done in years past. Although it did not become clear immediately, the lack of funds limited Torrey's ability to replace all of the departing talent. In the 1984–85 NHL season, the Islanders slipped to third in their division, followed by similar results in the 1985–86 and 1986–87 seasons. They began facing stiff competition from division rivals, the Philadelphia Flyers, who eliminated the Islanders in the Patrick Division Finals in 1985 and 1987, and the Washington Capitals, who swept the Islanders' 1986 first round series, the team's first exit without winning a playoff round since 1978.\n\nKelly Hrudey (pictured in 2006) saved 73 of 75 shots in the \"Easter Epic\" for the Islanders, who came out victorious after four periods of overtime play.\nIn 1986, Nystrom retired due to a serious injury and Clark Gillies was picked up on waivers by the Buffalo Sabres. Arbour retired as coach following the 1985–86 season and was replaced by longtime junior hockey coach Terry Simpson. During the first round of the 1987 playoffs against the Capitals, the Islanders had fallen behind in the series three games to one but were not eliminated due to a playoff format change from a best-of-5 series to a best-of-7. The Islanders evened the series, which set the stage for one of the most famous games in NHL history: the \"Easter Epic\". Kelly Hrudey stopped 73 shots on goal while Pat LaFontaine scored at 8:47 of the fourth overtime—and at 1:56 a.m. on Easter Sunday morning. The win came even though the Islanders had been outshot 75–52. They were eliminated in the Patrick Division finals in seven games by the Flyers. Chronic back pain forced Mike Bossy to retire after the season.\n\nThe following season, the Islanders captured another division title, but were defeated in the first round of the playoffs by the upstart New Jersey Devils. Potvin retired after the playoffs, holding records for most career goals (310), assists (742) and points (1052) by a defenseman, though he has since been passed in these categories by Ray Bourque and Paul Coffey. Around this time, the team's run of good luck in the draft began to run out. Of their four top draft picks from 1987 to 1990, they lost one to a freak knee injury and two others never panned out.\n\nThe 1988–89 season saw the Islanders win only seven of their first 27 games. Torrey fired Simpson and brought Arbour back. Arbour was unable to turn things around, and the team finished with 61 points, tied with the Quebec Nordiques for the worst record in the league. It was their first losing season and the first time missing the playoffs since their second season. Smith, the last remaining original Islanders player, retired after the season to become the team's goaltending coach. Not long after the end of the season, Pickett moved to Florida and turned over day-to-day operations over to a committee of four Long Island entrepreneurs: Ralph Palleschi, Bob Rosenthal, Stephen Walsh, and Paul Greenwood. In return, they each bought a 2.5 interest in the team. In the next season, the Islanders rebounded to get back in the playoffs, but fell to the Rangers in five games of the opening round. The team bought out the remaining years of Bryan Trottier's contract, sending him off with a team record of games played. The 1990–91 season had the team finish well out of the playoffs after winning only 25 games.\n\n===1991–1995: New faces and the miracle of 1993===\nLaFontaine, the Islanders' remaining superstar, was frustrated with the team's lack of success and the progress of his contract negotiations, and held out rather than report to camp before 1991–92. In response to the holdout, Torrey engineered a rebuilding project with two blockbuster trades on October 25, 1991. He dealt LaFontaine, Randy Wood and Randy Hillier (along with future considerations) to the Buffalo Sabres in return for Pierre Turgeon, Benoit Hogue, Uwe Krupp and Dave McLlwain. He also sent longtime captain Brent Sutter and Brad Lauer to the Chicago Blackhawks for Steve Thomas and Adam Creighton. With these additions and a talented core of players such as Derek King, Ray Ferraro, and Patrick Flatley, along with incoming Soviet players Vladimir Malakhov and Darius Kasparaitis, the Islanders had a new foundation in the early '90s. However, the management committee was not nearly as patient as Boe and Pickett had been, and forced Torrey to resign after the Islanders missed the playoffs again that season. Assistant general manager Don Maloney was hired in Torrey's place, while Torrey quickly resurfaced with the expansion Florida Panthers.\n\nIn Maloney's first year, 1992–93, the Islanders rebounded to make the playoffs, in the process surpassing the 80-point mark for the first time in six years. The LaFontaine-Turgeon trade proved successful for both the Islanders and Sabres, as both players hit career highs in points and Turgeon won the Lady Byng Trophy.\n\nRay Ferraro emerged as a playoff hero, scoring a pair of overtime winners in the first round series against the Capitals. Instead of celebrating after winning Game 6 at Nassau Coliseum, however, the Islanders were both irate and despondent. Turgeon, the team's star center and leading scorer, suffered a shoulder separation when Dale Hunter checked him from behind as he celebrated a series-clinching goal. Turgeon was believed to be out for the entire second round, if not longer. He returned only for spot power play duty in the last game of the second round. Hunter received a then-record 21-game suspension.\n\nThe Islanders' next opponent, the Pittsburgh Penguins, were twice-defending Stanley Cup champions and full of stars such as Mario Lemieux, Jaromir Jagr, and Ron Francis. The Penguins had roared through the regular season with 119 points, as well as recording a record 17 consecutive wins towards the end of the season, and were overwhelmingly favored to win a third straight championship. Jim Smith of ''Newsday'', Long Island's hometown newspaper, predicted that with Turgeon on the sidelines, the Penguins would sweep the Islanders out of the playoffs. However, on the strength of outstanding goaltending from Glenn Healy and contributions from all four lines, the Islanders achieved a huge upset when David Volek scored at 5:16 of overtime of the deciding seventh game. ''Newsday'''s front page the day following the win was a picture of Healy with a headline reading, \"It's a Miracle!\" This was the last playoff series won by the Islanders for 23 years, until the 2015–16 season. Turgeon returned to the Islanders' top line for the Wales Conference Finals against the Montreal Canadiens, though he was not in peak form as he had not fully recovered. The Islanders bowed out of the playoffs after a hard-fought five games, two of which went to overtime. After beating the Islanders, the Canadiens went on to win the Cup.\n\nMaloney had avoided making many personnel changes his first year, but on the eve of the 1993 Expansion Draft he traded backup goaltender Mark Fitzpatrick to the Quebec Nordiques for Ron Hextall. The clubs also exchanged first-round picks in the deal. Able to protect only one netminder in the Expansion Draft, the Islanders left Healy exposed. He was claimed by the Anaheim Mighty Ducks, then was claimed by the Tampa Bay Lightning in Phase II of the draft the next day, and finally had his rights traded to the Rangers, where he was the backup.\n\nThe Islanders barely squeezed past the Panthers to make the 1994 playoffs before being swept in a lopsided opening series by the first-place Rangers, who went on to win the Cup. Arbour retired for good as coach and was succeeded by longtime assistant Lorne Henning. Hextall, who allowed 16 goals in three games, drew most of the criticism for the failed playoff campaign and was shipped to Philadelphia for Tommy Soderstrom in September. In the lockout-shortened 1994–95 season, the Islanders not only failed to qualify for the playoffs, they finished ahead of only the third-year Ottawa Senators.\n\n===1995–2000: Management issues===\nBy the end of the 1994–95 season, Maloney was under considerable heat from the press and fan base for his handling of the team. Since taking over in 1992, the only noticeable attempt he made to upgrade the roster was the acquisition of Hextall. Near the end of the failed 1995 campaign, Maloney decided that the core of players he had left alone for three seasons needed to be revamped, leading to a rebuilding project. He traded Turgeon and Malakhov to the Montreal Canadiens for Kirk Muller and Mathieu Schneider, while Hogue was sent to Toronto for young goaltender Eric Fichaud. Additionally, Maloney allowed the team's leading scorer, Ferraro, to depart as an unrestricted free agent at the conclusion of the season. Fans' displeasure at Maloney for trading the popular Turgeon was magnified when Muller balked at joining a rebuilding team. He played 45 games for the Islanders before being sent to Toronto as well.\n\nBefore the 1995–96 season, Maloney fired Henning and named Mike Milbury head coach. The same year, the Islanders' attempt at updating their look resulted in the unveiling of a new team logo of a slicker-clad fisherman holding a hockey stick. Islanders fans disliked it, and rival Rangers' fans mockingly called the Islanders \"fishsticks\"—mocking how the logo resembled the Gorton's Fisherman. The team reverted to a modified version of the old logo as soon as the league allowed them to do so. The year was a disappointment on the ice as well, as the Islanders finished in last place with a record of 22–50–10. During the season, team management fired Maloney, whom fans blamed for the team's downfall, and gave Milbury full control of hockey operations as both a coach and general manager. Milbury went on to resign as head coach during the following season and elevated assistant Rick Bowness to the position. After another unsuccessful season with little improvement, Milbury took over as coach again during the 1997–98 season. The team improved to fourth place in their division but again failed to make the playoffs. Milbury followed by once again stepping down as coach during the following season while retaining his job as general manager.\n\nDuring the continued playoff drought, instability in the front office mirrored the Islanders' substandard performance on the ice. Pickett sold the team to Dallas businessman John Spano in 1996. However, three months after the 1997 closing, Spano had only paid Pickett a fraction of the first installment on the cable rights deal. Several Islanders executives tipped off ''Newsday'' that something was amiss about their new boss. In July, ''Newsday'' exposed Spano as a fraud who did not have the assets required to complete the deal. The investigation showed that Spano had deliberately misled the NHL and the Islanders about his net worth, and also had two lawsuits pending against him. Within days of the report, Spano was forced to relinquish the team to Pickett. Federal prosecutors turned up evidence that Spano had forged many of the documents used to vouch for his wealth and to promise payment to Pickett, and even appeared to have sent many of the documents from his own office in Dallas. He was sentenced to 71 months in prison for bank and wire fraud. The NHL took additional heat when reports surfaced that the league spent well under $1,000 (depending on the source, the league spent either $525 or $750) to check Spano's background. It subsequently stiffened the process for vetting future owners. The incident and its aftermath were covered in the ESPN ''30 for 30'' documentary, ''Big Shot''. Pickett finally found a buyer, a group led by Howard Milstein and Phoenix Coyotes co-owner Steven Gluckstern, a deal which almost fell through when Spectacor Management Group, which managed the Coliseum for Nassau County, tried to force Pickett to certify that the Coliseum was safe. Pickett refused, since the Coliseum had fallen into disrepair in recent seasons. SMG backed down under pressure from the Islanders, the NHL, and Nassau County officials.\n\nInitially, the team made numerous trades and increased their payroll in an effort to assemble a better team. In one transaction, young players Todd Bertuzzi and Bryan McCabe were traded for veteran Trevor Linden. After the Islanders finished 12 points short of the playoffs in the 1997–98 season, however, Milstein and Gluckstern decided to run the team on an austere budget in an attempt to make a profit. They also complained about the condition of the Nassau Coliseum and made noises about moving the team elsewhere. They began trading or releasing many popular players to avoid paying their salaries, including star scorer Zigmund Palffy, team captain Linden, former rookie of the year Bryan Berard, and rugged defenseman Rich Pilon. Losing the highly regarded players, the team finished with similar results the next two seasons. Attendance, which had been in a steady decline over the past few years, decreased even further to under 12,000 per game. Around that time, Milstein bid hundreds of millions of dollars in unsuccessful attempts to purchase the National Football League's Washington Redskins and Cleveland Browns.\n\n===2000–2006: New ownership and a return to the playoffs===\n\nIn 2000, Milstein and Gluckstern sold the team to Computer Associates executives Charles Wang and Sanjay Kumar. The sale cost $187.5 million ($ million in dollars) and gave fans hope for the team to turn its lack of success around. The new owners allowed Milbury to spend money and invest in free agents. His first attempt proved unpopular with fans, as he traded away future star players Roberto Luongo and Olli Jokinen to the Florida Panthers for Oleg Kvasha and Mark Parrish. Milbury then further surprised the hockey world when he took Rick DiPietro with the first selection in the 2000 draft, ahead of consensus picks Dany Heatley and Marian Gaborik. Reporters and fans were alternately confused and enraged by the moves, which Milbury acknowledged, saying, \"As dangerous as this may be, we think Mad Mike maybe has something going for him.\" Establishing a record of controversial decisions, Milbury held onto the \"Mad Mike\" nickname for years to follow. He remained adamant that his moves were to immediately improve the team, whose poor winning percentage that year was only ahead of only that of the franchise's first season. The team's uninspired play led Milbury to fire head coach and past player Butch Goring. Fans vocalized their dislike of Goring taking the fall rather than Milbury, which was further worsened when Milbury passed on hiring Ted Nolan as Goring's successor; Instead, Boston Bruins assistant coach Peter Laviolette was hired.\n\nThe Islanders acquired Alexei Yashin (left) prior to the 2001–02 season. Yashin would go on to become the team's captain in later years.\nThree key personnel acquisitions were made prior to the 2001–02 season, Laviolette's first. Alexei Yashin was acquired from the Ottawa Senators in exchange for forward Bill Muckalt, defenseman Zdeno Chara and the Islanders' second overall pick in the 2001 draft. Next, Islanders prospects Tim Connolly and Taylor Pyatt were traded to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for Michael Peca, who became the team's captain. By virtue of finishing with the worst record in the previous season, Detroit Red Wings goaltender Chris Osgood was the next addition, taken as the first pick in the September 2001 waiver draft, adding a former Stanley Cup championship goaltender without giving up any players in exchange. The additions proved to be a great help, as the team opened the season with a 9–0–1–1 record, the best in franchise history. They finished the season with new broken records; their 96 points marked the fourth biggest one-year turn-around in the league's history (44 points higher than the previous season), while Osgood's 66 starts surpassed Billy Smith's previous record of 65. During the 2002 Stanley Cup playoffs, they were seeded fifth and faced the fourth-seeded Toronto Maple Leafs. The Islanders lost in a very physical first round series in seven games; the home team won every game of the series. Notably, Game 5 featured Gary Roberts charging Islander defenseman Kenny Jonsson, and Darcy Tucker submarining Peca with a questionable check that tore the Islander captain's anterior cruciate ligament, sidelining both players for the series' final game. The situation between Tucker and Peca caused a bit of outrage, with speculation that Tucker had intended to injury Peca before the game has even began, which Tucker denied.\n\nDespite the promise shown in the Toronto playoff series, the Islanders had a slow start to the 2002–03 season. They rebounded to make the playoffs, but lost a five-game series in the first round to the top-seeded Ottawa Senators. Milbury continued his controversial move-making by firing Laviolette after the season, citing post-season interviews with the players in which they expressed a lack of confidence in the coach. He was replaced with Steve Stirling, who had previously been coaching the team's top minor league affiliate, the Bridgeport Sound Tigers. In the following season, the Islanders again lost in the first round of the playoffs, this time to the eventual champion Tampa Bay Lightning.\n\nFollowing the 2004–05 NHL lockout, which eliminated that season of play, the Islanders made several player moves to increase offense for following season. Peca was traded to the Edmonton Oilers for center Mike York, freeing up room under the NHL's new salary cap. The same day, the team signed winger Miroslav Satan to play alongside Yashin. Milbury also worked on remaking the team's defense, adding Alexei Zhitnik, Brad Lukowich and Brent Sopel to replace the departed Adrian Aucoin and Roman Hamrlik, who left as free agents, and Jonsson, who left the NHL to play in the HockeyAllsvenskan in Sweden. In the aftermath, Yashin was named as the team's new captain. The team's inconsistent play led to Stirling's dismissal midway through the season.\n\n===2006–2009: Management shake-ups and the Rick DiPietro contract===\nRick DiPietro was signed to a 15-year contract with the Islanders in September 2006.\nOn the day of Stirling's firing, January 11, 2006, Milbury also announced that he would step down as general manager once a successor was found. He served as vice president of Wang's sports properties for one year before resigning in May 2007. Wang proceeded by hiring Neil Smith as general manager and Ted Nolan as head coach, following a brief stint by Brad Shaw as the team's interim head coach. Smith, however, was fired after approximately one month and quickly replaced by the team's backup goaltender Garth Snow, who retired from his playing career to accept the position. Before his dismissal, Smith made several free agent acquisitions, including defensemen Brendan Witt and Tom Poti, and forwards Mike Sillinger and Chris Simon.\n\nOn September 12, 2006, the Islanders signed DiPietro to a 15-year, $67.5 million ($ million in dollars) contract, which was believed to be the longest contract to date in the NHL and the second-longest in North American sports, behind a 25-year contract for National Basketball Association player Magic Johnson. DiPietro, Wang and Snow all spoke confidently and felt it was the best move for both sides, despite the mixed reactions it received from the rest of the hockey world. Specifically, Wang stated, \"This is not a big deal. You have to have a commitment to who you're working with.\" As speculation began as to whether other teams would follow suit and give lengthy contracts to star players, Atlanta Thrashers' general manager Don Waddell felt that, \"It's highly unlikely that you will see teams go beyond that. This is a once-in-a-lifetime contract. Ownership must feel very strongly that he's their guy for the next 15 years.\"\n\nThe new-look Islanders were picked by most analysts to languish towards the bottom of the standings. Eyeing a playoff spot, Snow traded for forward Ryan Smyth from the Edmonton Oilers at the trade deadline on February 27, 2007. Injuries to DiPietro and a distracting stick swinging incident that resulted in Simon's suspension for the rest of the season provided extra setbacks, but not enough to drop the team from playoff contention. They qualified for the post-season, assisted by a late-season winning steak and a 3–2 shootout victory against the New Jersey Devils in their final regular season game. Despite DiPietro's return to the team in time for the playoffs, the team lost their first round matchup in five games to the Presidents' Trophy-winning Buffalo Sabres.\n\nBill Guerin was the New York Islanders' captain from 2007 through mid-2009.\nManagement announced in June 2007 that they would buy out captain Alexei Yashin's contract, which had four seasons remaining on it. Free agents Smyth, Poti, Viktor Kozlov, Jason Blake, and Richard Zednik also left in July 2007. During that month, the Islanders signed Bill Guerin to a two-year contract as he immediately assumed team captaincy. Also in the off-season, free agents Mike Comrie, Andy Sutton and Jon Sim joined the team. That summer, it was announced that Nolan extended an invitation to Al Arbour to return as a coach for one game in order to bring his total number of games coached to 1,500. Arbour signed a one-day contract, the shortest in league history, on November 3, 2007; it put him behind the bench the following day as the Islanders defeated the Pittsburgh Penguins 3–2, raising his career coaching win total to 740. The team remained in the playoff hunt through the trade deadline as they resigned Comrie to a one-year contract and traded away Simon and Marc-Andre Bergeron. A rash of injuries saw them plummet to the fifth-worst record in the league by the end of the season.\n\nAt the 2008 NHL Entry Draft, the Islanders made two trades to move down from the fifth to the ninth overall pick, with which they selected center Josh Bailey. They also added free agents Mark Streit and Doug Weight. The team dismissed head coach Ted Nolan over alleged philosophy differences, and later that summer replaced him with Scott Gordon. Near the trade deadline, Snow traded Comrie and Chris Campoli to the Ottawa Senators in exchange for forward Dean McAmmond and the San Jose Sharks' first-round draft pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft and sent captain Bill Guerin to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for a conditional draft pick.\n\nIn the 2008–09 season, the Islanders finished in last place in the league with a record of 26–47–9, which was the team's worst record since the 2000–01 season. After the conclusion of regular season, they won the draft lottery to retain the first overall pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft.\n\n===2009–2014: The John Tavares era begins===\nJohn Tavares, current captain of the Islanders\nBeginning an effort to rebuild the team with new and young talent, the Islanders selected John Tavares with the first-overall pick of the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. Tavares went into the draft as the top prospect in the majority of scouting reports, and it was widely expected that the Islanders would select him after they secured the first overall pick by winning the draft lottery, although there was plenty of competition between Tavares, Victor Hedman, and Matt Duchene. NHL Central Scouting Bureau's Chris Edwards spoke highly of him, stating, \"Tavares is phenomenal at getting the puck through traffic to his linemates, getting to opening. The way he reads the play and can get to where he figures the rebounds will be and bangs in the rebound. He's a real smart player.\" They traded up twice in the first round to also select defenseman Calvin de Haan with the 12th overall pick, as well as Casey Cizikas and Anders Lee in later rounds, all of whom would go on to play consistently on the main roster by the 2014–15 season.\n\nThe 2009–10 season started out slow, with the team winless its first six games. The team continued to play inconsistently due to injuries as many wrote them off as potential postseason contenders. The team hit a mid-season hot streak, however nine losses in 11 games before the Olympic break set them right back. They ultimately ended up at bottom of the standings again, finishing the season 26th in the league. The placement led to a fifth overall pick in 2010. Continuing with their rebuilding process, they used the first round to draft young forwards Nino Niederreiter and Brock Nelson with picks five and 30, respectively. As the 2010–11 season got underway, the team quickly fell into a ten-game losing streak, leading to the firing of head coach Scott Gordon. He was replaced on an interim basis by Jack Capuano, who had been coaching the Bridgeport Sound Tigers. Early in the season, they also acquired Michael Grabner from waivers, who went on to score 34 goals and was selected as a finalist for the Calder Memorial Trophy; he would go on to sign a five-year contract with the team at the end of the season. This year also featured the infamous Penguins–Islanders brawl, which resulted in a combined 346 penalty minutes and a $100,000 fine to the Islanders for \"failure to control their players\".\n\nThe following season was a breakout year for Tavares. The newly named assistant captain gained 31 goals and 50 assists, in addition to being selected to play in the 59th NHL All-Star Game at the age of 21; his 81 points were seventh-best in the league. Tavares' left-winger Matt Moulson also had a strong season, finishing with career highs of 36 goals, 33 assists and 69 points. Despite strong seasons from their top players, the team finished 27th in the league with a record of 34-37-11, continuing their pattern of racking up top prospects with early picks at the drafts. They used the first round of the 2012 draft to select defenseman Griffin Reinhart with the fourth overall pick.\n\nOn August 1, 2011, voters in Nassau County rejected a proposal for a new arena to replace Nassau Coliseum. This followed the failed decade-long attempt by owner Charles Wang to build a mixed-use development called The Lighthouse Project, which would renovate the arena. In the wake of the vote, speculation began that the team would eventually move to Barclays Center in Brooklyn, new arenas in Queens or Suffolk County, the Sprint Center in Kansas City, or the Videotron Centre in Quebec City, the last of which is coincidentally set to open at the same time as the expiration of the Islanders' lease on the Nassau Coliseum in 2015.\n\nOn October 24, 2012, the Islanders made the announcement that the franchise will indeed be moving to the Barclays Center in Brooklyn for the 2015–16 NHL season, after signing a lease that would keep the team in the arena until 2040. The team retained its name, logo and colors as part of the move. As part of the deal, the management of the Barclays Center took over the team's business operations once the Islanders moved to the Barclays Center. The decision to move to Brooklyn didn't require the Rangers' approval. Under a longstanding provision of the agreement that allowed the Islanders to share the New York area with the Rangers, the Islanders are allowed to play their games anywhere on Long Island, including the two city boroughs on the island, Brooklyn and Queens.\n\nBeginning on April 1, 2013, of the 2012–13 season, the team went on a near month-long unbeaten streak in regulation time, posting a 12-game streak of earning points until falling to the Philadelphia Flyers later that month. During that streak, on April 23, 2013, they clinched their first playoff berth since 2007 with a 4–3 shootout loss to the Carolina Hurricanes, ending a six-year playoff drought. Behind goaltender Evgeni Nabakov, the team was ultimately eliminated in six games by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the first round of the playoffs, continuing their winless streak in playoff series.\n\nOn September 10, 2013, Tavares was introduced as the 14th captain in New York Islanders history, replacing former Islander Mark Streit of the Philadelphia Flyers, who served as team captain since 2011. After posting a 4–4–3 record in their first 11 games, the Islanders made a trade, sending fan favorite and three-time 30-goal scorer Matt Moulson, their 2014 first-round draft pick and their 2015 second-round draft pick to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for Thomas Vanek, a highly regarded and dynamic goal scorer. Despite chemistry with linemates Tavares and Kyle Okposo, however, the overall lack of on-ice success and his desire to test free agency led to Vanek being dealt to the Montreal Canadiens at the trade deadline for Sebastian Collberg and a second-round pick in 2014. After a season of player swapping and goaltending issues, they failed to qualify for the playoffs, finishing with a record of 34–37–11.\n\nIn the 2014 off-season, the Islanders made several moves to improve the team before their final season at Nassau Coliseum. In May, the Islanders acquired the rights to Jaroslav Halak from the Washington Capitals in exchange for a fourth-round pick in 2014. Halak was then signed to a four-year contract. The Islanders also signed Mikhail Grabovski, Nikolai Kulemin and goaltender Chad Johnson as free agents. Additionally, on October 4, the Islanders acquired Johnny Boychuk from the Boston Bruins for two-second round picks in 2014 and 2015 and a conditional third round pick in 2015, as well as Nick Leddy from the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for prospect Ville Pokka, T. J. Brennan and the rights to Anders Nilsson.\n\nThe NHL Board of Governors approved the Islanders' sale to businessmen Jon Ledecky and Scott D. Malkin in October 2014. Ledecky and Malkin served as minority partners during a two-year transition period. At the end of the 2015–16 season, they formally took majority control from Wang, who will retain a share of the franchise.\n\nThe Islanders finished the 2014–15 regular season with a record of 47–28–7 for 101 points, and met the Washington Capitals in the first round of the 2015 playoffs. The Capitals held home ice advantage in the series after the Islanders lost their final regular season game to the Columbus Blue Jackets, 5–4, in a shootout, as the Islanders lost the season series to the Capitals after posting a 2–1–1 record in the season series. On April 19, 2015, in the third game of their first round series against Washington, John Tavares scored 15 seconds into overtime to win the game for the Islanders, 2–1. It was the second-shortest overtime playoff game in Islanders history, and was the first overtime, game-winning goal for the Islanders in the playoffs since 1993. The Islanders lost the fourth and fifth games of their series before rebounding in the sixth game to force a seventh game in the series. However, they were denied entry into the second round by a single goal and would ultimately fall to the Capitals in seven games. As a result, Game 6 was the Islanders' last game at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum; the Isles' Cal Clutterbuck scored the final NHL goal in the building.\n\n===2015–present: Move to Barclays Center and playoff series win===\nBarclays Center in Brooklyn, the home of the Islanders since 2015\nIn June 2015, the Islanders selected forward Andong Song in the 6th round of the 2015 NHL Entry Draft, making him the first Chinese player to be drafted by an NHL team.\n\nThe Islanders played their first regular season game at Barclays Center on October 9, 2015, losing 3–2 in overtime to the Chicago Blackhawks. Artem Anisimov scored the first regular season goal, while Tavares scored the first regular season Islanders goal. The Islanders posted the fourth-best penalty kill rate and allowed the fewest power play goals during the season. However, in the last quarter of the regular season, some players, including Halak and defenseman Travis Hamonic, suffered key injuries. The team finished the regular season fourth in the Metropolitan Division with 100 points, enough to clinch the first wild card spot in the Eastern Conference. In the first round of the playoffs, they faced off against the Florida Panthers; goaltender Thomas Greiss only played in 40 minutes of playoff hockey with the San Jose Sharks prior to this series. Both teams split the first four games of the series. The fifth game of the series proved to be a major turning point, as late season call-up Alan Quine scored the game-winning goal on the power play with four minutes left in double overtime to end the second-longest game in franchise history; that goal gave them a 3–2 series lead and a chance to clinch the series on home ice. In the sixth game, the Islanders trailed 1–0 for much of the game, but Tavares tied it late in the third period. Tavares would score again with the series-clinching goal in double overtime to give the Islanders their first playoff series win since 1993. In the second round of the playoffs, they faced the Tampa Bay Lightning for the first time since 2004. Despite winning the first game of the series, the Islanders lost their series to the Lightning in five games.\n\nSummer of 2016 saw free agents and longtime Islanders Kyle Okposo, Frans Nielsen, and Matt Martin all depart the team, joining the Buffalo Sabres, Detroit Red Wings, and Toronto Maple Leafs, respectively. Snow signed free agents Andrew Ladd from the Winnipeg Jets and Jason Chimera from the Washington Capitals to help fill the gaps left behind. After an underwhelming first half of the 2016–17 season, posting a 17–17–8 record through 42 games, head coach Jack Capuano was relieved of duties, with assistant general manager Doug Weight being named interim head coach. Having coached the team since 2010, Capuano was the second winningest coach in the team's history with 227 wins, also leading the team to their first playoff series win since 1993. Prior to Capuano's release, goaltender Jaroslav Halak was placed on waivers, and eventually sent down to the Bridgeport Sound Tigers. Having carried three goaltenders for the second consecutive season, the decision was made to stick with the tandem of Greiss and back-up Jean-Francois Berube after Halak posted a 6–8–5 record with a .904 save percentage through the beginning of the 2016–17 season.\n\nIn late January 2017, following a report by ''Bloomberg News'' which speculated that Barclays Center was considering removing the Islanders due to poor attendance and effects on the venue's profit margins (reception to Barclays Center as a hockey venue has been mixed, and the Islanders have had the third-worst average attendance in the entire league), ''Newsday'' reported that Nassau County executive Edward Mangano had met with one of the team's co-owners, and told the paper that it was possible that the Islanders could return to the renovated Nassau Coliseum.\n\nDespite winning their last six games of the 2016–17 season, the Islanders finished in ninth place in the Eastern Conference; they missed the playoffs by only one point when the Toronto Maple Leafs clinched the final playoff spot on the penultimate day of the season.\n", "\n===Paul Cartier===\nPaul Cartier, who is an organist for the New York Yankees Major League Baseball team, is also the organist for the Islanders, keeping the Islanders tradition alive at both Nassau Coliseum and Barclays Center. \n\n=== Fan Sections ===\nThe Blue and Orange Army are a fan section for the New York Islanders since 2009. They sit in sections 228 & 229 of the Barclays Center. When the team was at Nassau Coliseum, they sat in Section 329 just under the Islanders' four Stanley Cup banners.\n\n===Chants===\nSome fan chants that Islanders fans have been doing over the years include, \"YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES!\", done each time after the Islanders score a goal. The YES chant was started by Islanders superfan Daniel Bryan and continues to this day. Another chant that the Islanders fans would do after the goal was scored was when a man yelled, \"WHOO!\", the fans would yell, \"WHOO!\" back.\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Traditions ", "References" ]

[ "He was sentenced to 71 months in prison for bank and wire fraud." ]

[ "The '''history of the New York Islanders''' National Hockey League team dates back to 1972.", "Since 1980, the franchise has played in five Stanley Cup Finals, winning four straight Stanley Cups from 1980-1983.", "===1972–1974: The NHL heads to Long Island===\nWilliam Shea played a major role in bringing a hockey team to Long Island.", "With the impending start of the World Hockey Association (WHA) in the fall of 1972, the upstart league had plans to place its New York team, the Raiders, in Nassau County's brand-new Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum.", "County officials did not consider the WHA a major league and wanted to keep the Raiders out.", "William Shea, who had helped bring the Major League Baseball's New York Mets to the area a decade earlier, was enlisted to bring an NHL team to Long Island.", "Shea found a receptive ear in NHL president Clarence Campbell but faced opposition from the New York Rangers, who didn't want additional competition in the New York area.", "Eventually, Campbell and Shea persuaded the Rangers' owners, Madison Square Garden, to reconsider.", "Rangers' president Bill Jennings realized that he had two choices.", "If he allowed another New York-based NHL team, he would at least be able to extract compensation from it for sharing the Rangers' NHL territory.", "In contrast, a WHA rival would not be obligated to pay the Rangers anything.", "Perhaps remembering the crucial role the New York Jets had played in ensuring the success of the American Football League just a few years earlier, Jennings ended up helping to bring a new NHL team into town.", "Despite expanding to 14 teams just two years prior, the NHL hastily awarded a Long Island-based franchise to clothing manufacturer Roy Boe, owner of the American Basketball Association's New York Nets, on November 8, 1971.", "The terms of the franchise included $6 million ($ million in dollars) franchise fee plus a $5 million ($ million in dollars) territorial fee to the Rangers.", "An expansion franchise was also given to Atlanta (the Flames) to keep the schedule balanced.", "The franchise chose New York Islanders as its name, although many expected it to choose the \"Long Island Ducks\", the name used by a team that played in the Eastern Hockey League from 1959-73.", "The team was soon nicknamed the \"Isles\" by the local newspapers.", "The Islanders' arrival effectively doomed the Raiders, who played in Madison Square Garden under difficult lease terms and were forced to move to Cherry Hill, New Jersey in the middle of their second season.", "On February 14, 1972, Bill Torrey, executive vice president of the NHL's California Golden Seals, was named as the team's general manager.", "The Islanders secured veteran forward Ed Westfall, Gerry Hart, and goaltender Billy Smith in the 1972 Expansion Draft, along with junior league stars Billy Harris, Lorne Henning, and Bobby Nystrom in the 1972 Amateur Draft.", "Soon after the draft, Phil Goyette was named as the team's first head coach, however he was fired halfway through the season and replaced with Earl Ingarfield and assistant coach Aut Erickson.", "Unlike most other expansion teams' general managers, Torrey made few trades for veteran players in the early years, as he was committed to building the team through the draft; he stated, \"I told the owners that we're not going to beat this team next door by taking the castoffs from others teams.", "We'd have to develop our own stars.\"", "Before the season began, Westfall was named the team's first captain.", "Their first win came on October 12, 1972 in a 3-2 game against the Los Angeles Kings.", "In the team's first season, young players such as Smith, Nystrom, and Henning (all of whom would be part of the Islanders dynasty that would win four straight Stanley Cups in the 1980s) were given chances to prove themselves in the NHL.", "However, the young and inexperienced expansion team posted a record of 12–60–6, setting an NHL record for amount of losses and worst overall record in a season.", "A rare highlight occurred on January 18 when they defeated the defending Stanley Cup Champion Boston Bruins 9-7.", "Finishing last in the standings that season, they received the right to select first in the 1973 draft.", "Off the ice, the Islanders struggled financially, a situation that was exacerbated by the then unprecedented 11 million dollars in franchise and territorial fees.", "Montreal Canadiens' general manager Sam Pollock was keen to acquire the Islanders' pick so he could bring French Canadian junior star defenseman Denis Potvin, who had been touted as \"the next Bobby Orr\" when he was 14 years old, to Montreal.", "Pollock made several lucrative trade offers including cash to the Islanders, but Torrey turned the Canadiens down and selected Potvin with the first overall pick.", "During the off-season, Torrey convinced former St. Louis Blues coach Al Arbour to come coach the Islanders.", "Even with Arbour as the team's head coach and Potvin, who won the Calder Memorial Trophy as NHL Rookie of the Year, the team again finished last in the East Division that season, but allowed 100 fewer goals than the previous season.", "The season included their first win against the Rangers, on October 27, 1973, which also happened to be the game where Potvin scored his first NHL goal.", "Although they failed to make the playoffs, their 56 points represented a 26-point improvement from the previous season.", "===1974–1979: Ascendancy and playoff inability===\nHall of Fame defenseman Denis Potvin led the Islanders to their postseason success in the '70s and '80s.", "With the fourth and twenty-second picks in the 1974 draft, the Islanders added young forwards Clark Gillies and Bryan Trottier to continue Torrey's building plan.", "In 1975, the Islanders made one of the biggest turnarounds in NHL history.", "Led by Potvin, forwards Westfall, Harris, Nystrom, Gillies, and goaltenders Smith and Glenn \"Chico\" Resch, the team earned 88 points, 32 more than the previous season and two more than their first two seasons combined, earning their first playoff berth.", "They defeated the rival New York Rangers in a best-of-3 first-round series as J. P. Parise scored just 11 seconds into overtime of the third game.", "In the next round, down three games to none in a best-of-seven series against the Pittsburgh Penguins, the Islanders rallied to win the next four and take the series winning Game 7 on a late third period goal by Westfall.", "Only four other major North American professional sports teams have accomplished this feat (the 1941–42 Toronto Maple Leafs, Major League Baseball's 2004 Boston Red Sox, the 2009–10 Philadelphia Flyers, and the 2013–14 Los Angeles Kings).", "They were close but not as lucky in the following round, rallying from another 3–0 deficit to force a seventh game against the defending Stanley Cup champion Philadelphia Flyers before the Flyers took the decisive seventh game at home and went on to win the Cup again.", "Despite a disappointing playoff finish, Arbour remained complimentary of the team's attitude and maturity, saying \"If I called a practice next week, every one of them would show up.\"", "The Islanders continued their climb up the standings in 1975–76, earning 101 points and the fifth-best record in the league.", "It was the first 100-point season in Islanders history, in only their fourth year of existence.", "Rookie center Trottier finished the season scoring 95 points and winning the Calder Trophy; his points and assists (63) totals set a new league record for most in each category by a rookie.", "It would be the first of four consecutive 100-point seasons, including the first two division titles in franchise history.", "Despite the emergence of young star players and regular season success between 1976 and 1979 the Islanders suffered a series of playoff disappointments.", "In 1976 and 1977, the Islanders were knocked out in the semi-finals by eventual Stanley Cup champions, the Montreal Canadiens.", "The Canadiens posted a 24–3 record in the playoffs during those two years with all three losses coming from the Islanders.", "Mike Bossy was selected with the 15th overall pick in 1977 and became the third Islander to win the Calder Trophy in his first season.", "In the 1977 draft, Torrey had the 15th overall pick and was deciding between forwards Mike Bossy and Dwight Foster.", "Bossy was known as an emerging scorer who lacked physicality, while Foster could check and had led the Ontario Hockey League in scoring.", "Arbour persuaded Torrey to pick Bossy, arguing it was easier to teach a scorer how to check.", "In the upcoming 1977-78 season, Bossy became the third Islander to win the Calder Trophy, having scored 53 goals that season, the most scored by a rookie at the time.", "The team earned their first Patrick Division and Campbell Conference championships.", "Six players finished the season with 30 goals scored or more, with five of them being players drafted by the Islanders, showing the success of the draft building process.", "The season ended with a familiar result as the team lost in the overtime during playoffs Game 7 of the quarterfinals against the Toronto Maple Leafs; Billy Harris failed on a breakaway which was followed by Lanny McDonald scoring to complete an upset.", "In 1978–79, the team finished with the best record in the NHL, clinching it with three goals in the third period of the seasons final game against the Rangers.", "Trottier was voted the league MVP and captured the scoring title, while sophomore Bossy scored 69 goals, which also led the league.", "Despite their regular season dominance, the Islanders exited the playoffs with another upset playoff loss, this time to the Rangers in the semi-finals.", "As the team was leaving Madison Square Garden following their Game 6 elimination, Rangers fans rocked and threw objects at the team's bus.", "Hockey professionals and journalists generally questioned whether the Islanders were capable of winning the important games needed to win a Stanley Cup.", "Islander players would cite fear of repeating the pain of this loss as spurring their later success.", "After surrendering the captaincy to Gillies the season before, Westfall retired and shortly thereafter became a color commentator on the team's telecasts.", "Off the ice, the Islanders were on shaky ground.", "Boe was losing money on both the Islanders and the Nets even as the Islanders quickly surged to NHL prominence and the Nets became an American Basketball Association power.", "The Islanders were still far behind on the $10 million they had paid in startup costs, and the expenses associated with moving the Nets to the National Basketball Association threw Boe's finances into a tailspin.", "Eventually, Boe was forced to sell both his teams.", "He readily found a buyer for the Nets, but had less luck finding one for the Islanders.", "Torrey orchestrated a sale to one of the team's limited partners, John Pickett, who assigned Torrey as team president.", "Soon after purchasing the team, Pickett signed a very lucrative cable contract with the fledgling SportsChannel network as their owner, Charles Dolan, thought the up-and-coming Islanders would be a perfect centerpiece for his new network.", "Dolan gave Pickett a long-term guaranteed contract intended to not only keep the team on Long Island, but give area governments an incentive to renew his cable contracts.", "The Islanders have remained on the network, now known as MSG Plus, for over a quarter-century.", "===1980–1983: The Dynasty===\nAfter the Islanders' regular season dominance and playoff disappointment in 1979, Arbour decided that he would no longer concern himself too greatly with his team's finish in the regular season.", "Instead, he focused his team's energy on how they would perform in the playoffs.", "In 1980, the Islanders dropped below the 100-point mark for the first time in five years, earning only 91 points.", "However, they finally broke through and won the Stanley Cup.", "Before the playoffs, Torrey made the difficult decision to trade longtime and popular veterans Billy Harris and defenseman Dave Lewis to the Los Angeles Kings for second line center Butch Goring.", "Goring's arrival is often called the \"final piece of the puzzle\": a strong two-way player, his presence on the second line ensured that opponents would no longer be able to focus their defensive efforts on the Islanders' first line of Bossy, Trottier and Clark Gillies.", "Contributions from new teammates, such as wingers Duane Sutter and Anders Kallur and stay-at-home defensemen Dave Langevin, Gord Lane, and Ken Morrow (the latter fresh off a gold medal win at the 1980 Olympics), also figured prominently in the Islanders' playoff success.", "Bryan Trottier won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the team's Most Valuable Player for their run in the 1979–80 playoffs\nIn the semi-finals, the Islanders faced the Buffalo Sabres, who had finished second overall in the NHL standings.", "The Islanders won the first two games in Buffalo, including a 2-1 victory in game two on Bob Nystrom's goal in double overtime.", "They went on to win the series in six games and reach the finals for the first time in franchise history, where they would face the NHL's regular season champions, the Philadelphia Flyers, who had gone undefeated for 35 straight games (25–0–10) during the regular season.", "In game one in Philadelphia, the Islanders won 4–3 on Denis Potvin's power-play goal in overtime.", "Leading the series 3–2, they went home to Long Island for game six.", "In that game the Islanders blew a 4-2 lead in the third period but Bob Nystrom continued his overtime heroics, scoring at 7:11 of the extra frame, on assists by John Tonelli and Lorne Henning, to bring Long Island its first Stanley Cup.", "This was the most recent Stanley Cup clinching game won in overtime by the home team until the Los Angeles Kings pulled it off in 2014.", "It was also the Islanders' sixth overtime victory of the playoffs.", "Bryan Trottier won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player in the playoffs.", "Torrey's strategy of building through the draft turned out very well; nearly all of the major contributors on the 1980 champions were home-grown Islanders or had spent most of their NHL careers in the Islanders organization.", "The Islanders were the first NHL team to win a Stanley Cup (in 1980) with Europeans (Stefan Persson, Anders Kallur) on its roster.", "The Islanders dominated the next two seasons.", "Bossy scored 50 goals in 50 games in 1981 and the Islanders lost only three playoff games en route to defeating the Minnesota North Stars in five games to win the Stanley Cup.", "Butch Goring won the Conn Smythe Trophy.", "During their semi-final sweep of the Rangers, Islander fans began taunting the Rangers with a chant of \"1940!\"", "– referring to the Rangers' last Stanley Cup win in (the Rangers would not win the cup again until 1994).", "Fans in other NHL cities soon picked up the chant.", "These four banners hang in Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum and represent the four Stanley Cup championships the Islanders won from 1980 through 1983.", "In 1981–82 the Islanders won a then-record 15 straight games en route to a franchise-record 118 points, while Mike Bossy set a scoring record for right wingers with 147 points in an 80-game schedule.", "The Islanders won the regular-season title, yet once in the playoffs against the Pittsburgh Penguins they found themselves down late in the third period of deciding game 5 before John Tonelli scored both the tying goal and the overtime winner.", "After defeating the Rangers in six games they swept both the upstart Quebec Nordiques and the Cinderella story Vancouver Canucks in the first ever coast-to-coast Stanley Cup Final for their third straight championship.", "During that series Bossy, upended by a check from Tiger Williams and falling parallel to the ice, managed to hook the puck with his stick and score.", "Bossy netted the Stanley Cup-winning goal and was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy.", "The next year, although the Islanders had won three straight Stanley Cups, more attention was being paid to the upstart Edmonton Oilers, whose young superstar Wayne Gretzky had just shattered existing scoring records.", "The 1982–83 season was thus a battle to decide which was the best team in the NHL.", "The Oilers had a better regular season, but the Islanders swept them in the Stanley Cup finals to win their fourth straight championship.", "Billy Smith was named the Most Valuable Player of the Playoffs after shutting down the Oilers' vaunted scoring machine.", "Gretzky failed to score a goal during the series.", "The Sutter brothers, Duane and Brent, scored 7 and 5 points respectively in the first 3 games, while Bossy again scored the Stanley Cup-winning goal in game four.", "After that game, the Oilers players walked past the Islanders' dressing room and were surprised to see the champions exhausted.", "Oilers players such as Gretzky and Mark Messier said that they realized at that moment how much it would actually take to win the Stanley Cup.", "===1984–1991: Post-dynasty and the Easter Epic===\nThe Islanders finished the 1983–84 regular season tied atop the Prince of Wales Conference while successfully defending their Patrick Division title.", "The \"Drive for Five\" got off to a tense start.", "With 39 seconds remaining of the deciding game of the opening round against the Rangers they gave up the tying goal to Don Maloney that the Islanders felt was illegal because Maloney's stick was too high.", "They ultimately eliminated the Rangers for the fourth consecutive year.", "The team then defeated the Washington Capitals in five games and the Montreal Canadiens in six to set up a finals rematch with the Oilers.", "The series featured rookie Pat LaFontaine scoring two third period goals in 38 seconds.", "This time, the Oilers dethroned the Islanders to win the first of what would be five Stanley Cups in seven years.", "For the 1984 postseason, the NHL changed the home and away schedule for the finals, which provided the Islanders home ice advantage in the series based on winning a regular season game against the Oilers, despite finishing lower than them in the overall standings.", "The new format had them play three straight games in Edmonton, where the Oilers managed to lock up the series.", "Bossy cited the team's hard time winning an away game as their downfall in the series.", "The Oilers also ended the Islanders' 19 series playoff winning streak.", "It remains the longest streak in the history of professional sports (one more than the 1959–67 streak by the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association).", "Unlike the 1976–79 Montreal Canadiens, who needed to win three series in the 1976 and 1977 playoffs under the playoff format in place at that time, the Islanders had to win four series in each of their Stanley Cup seasons.", "The Islanders remained competitive for the rest of the decade, even as some of the stars from the Cup teams departed.", "As the decade wore on, Pickett began to keep the money from the team's cable deal rather than reinvest it in the team as he had done in years past.", "Although it did not become clear immediately, the lack of funds limited Torrey's ability to replace all of the departing talent.", "In the 1984–85 NHL season, the Islanders slipped to third in their division, followed by similar results in the 1985–86 and 1986–87 seasons.", "They began facing stiff competition from division rivals, the Philadelphia Flyers, who eliminated the Islanders in the Patrick Division Finals in 1985 and 1987, and the Washington Capitals, who swept the Islanders' 1986 first round series, the team's first exit without winning a playoff round since 1978.", "Kelly Hrudey (pictured in 2006) saved 73 of 75 shots in the \"Easter Epic\" for the Islanders, who came out victorious after four periods of overtime play.", "In 1986, Nystrom retired due to a serious injury and Clark Gillies was picked up on waivers by the Buffalo Sabres.", "Arbour retired as coach following the 1985–86 season and was replaced by longtime junior hockey coach Terry Simpson.", "During the first round of the 1987 playoffs against the Capitals, the Islanders had fallen behind in the series three games to one but were not eliminated due to a playoff format change from a best-of-5 series to a best-of-7.", "The Islanders evened the series, which set the stage for one of the most famous games in NHL history: the \"Easter Epic\".", "Kelly Hrudey stopped 73 shots on goal while Pat LaFontaine scored at 8:47 of the fourth overtime—and at 1:56 a.m. on Easter Sunday morning.", "The win came even though the Islanders had been outshot 75–52.", "They were eliminated in the Patrick Division finals in seven games by the Flyers.", "Chronic back pain forced Mike Bossy to retire after the season.", "The following season, the Islanders captured another division title, but were defeated in the first round of the playoffs by the upstart New Jersey Devils.", "Potvin retired after the playoffs, holding records for most career goals (310), assists (742) and points (1052) by a defenseman, though he has since been passed in these categories by Ray Bourque and Paul Coffey.", "Around this time, the team's run of good luck in the draft began to run out.", "Of their four top draft picks from 1987 to 1990, they lost one to a freak knee injury and two others never panned out.", "The 1988–89 season saw the Islanders win only seven of their first 27 games.", "Torrey fired Simpson and brought Arbour back.", "Arbour was unable to turn things around, and the team finished with 61 points, tied with the Quebec Nordiques for the worst record in the league.", "It was their first losing season and the first time missing the playoffs since their second season.", "Smith, the last remaining original Islanders player, retired after the season to become the team's goaltending coach.", "Not long after the end of the season, Pickett moved to Florida and turned over day-to-day operations over to a committee of four Long Island entrepreneurs: Ralph Palleschi, Bob Rosenthal, Stephen Walsh, and Paul Greenwood.", "In return, they each bought a 2.5 interest in the team.", "In the next season, the Islanders rebounded to get back in the playoffs, but fell to the Rangers in five games of the opening round.", "The team bought out the remaining years of Bryan Trottier's contract, sending him off with a team record of games played.", "The 1990–91 season had the team finish well out of the playoffs after winning only 25 games.", "===1991–1995: New faces and the miracle of 1993===\nLaFontaine, the Islanders' remaining superstar, was frustrated with the team's lack of success and the progress of his contract negotiations, and held out rather than report to camp before 1991–92.", "In response to the holdout, Torrey engineered a rebuilding project with two blockbuster trades on October 25, 1991.", "He dealt LaFontaine, Randy Wood and Randy Hillier (along with future considerations) to the Buffalo Sabres in return for Pierre Turgeon, Benoit Hogue, Uwe Krupp and Dave McLlwain.", "He also sent longtime captain Brent Sutter and Brad Lauer to the Chicago Blackhawks for Steve Thomas and Adam Creighton.", "With these additions and a talented core of players such as Derek King, Ray Ferraro, and Patrick Flatley, along with incoming Soviet players Vladimir Malakhov and Darius Kasparaitis, the Islanders had a new foundation in the early '90s.", "However, the management committee was not nearly as patient as Boe and Pickett had been, and forced Torrey to resign after the Islanders missed the playoffs again that season.", "Assistant general manager Don Maloney was hired in Torrey's place, while Torrey quickly resurfaced with the expansion Florida Panthers.", "In Maloney's first year, 1992–93, the Islanders rebounded to make the playoffs, in the process surpassing the 80-point mark for the first time in six years.", "The LaFontaine-Turgeon trade proved successful for both the Islanders and Sabres, as both players hit career highs in points and Turgeon won the Lady Byng Trophy.", "Ray Ferraro emerged as a playoff hero, scoring a pair of overtime winners in the first round series against the Capitals.", "Instead of celebrating after winning Game 6 at Nassau Coliseum, however, the Islanders were both irate and despondent.", "Turgeon, the team's star center and leading scorer, suffered a shoulder separation when Dale Hunter checked him from behind as he celebrated a series-clinching goal.", "Turgeon was believed to be out for the entire second round, if not longer.", "He returned only for spot power play duty in the last game of the second round.", "Hunter received a then-record 21-game suspension.", "The Islanders' next opponent, the Pittsburgh Penguins, were twice-defending Stanley Cup champions and full of stars such as Mario Lemieux, Jaromir Jagr, and Ron Francis.", "The Penguins had roared through the regular season with 119 points, as well as recording a record 17 consecutive wins towards the end of the season, and were overwhelmingly favored to win a third straight championship.", "Jim Smith of ''Newsday'', Long Island's hometown newspaper, predicted that with Turgeon on the sidelines, the Penguins would sweep the Islanders out of the playoffs.", "However, on the strength of outstanding goaltending from Glenn Healy and contributions from all four lines, the Islanders achieved a huge upset when David Volek scored at 5:16 of overtime of the deciding seventh game.", "''Newsday'''s front page the day following the win was a picture of Healy with a headline reading, \"It's a Miracle!\"", "This was the last playoff series won by the Islanders for 23 years, until the 2015–16 season.", "Turgeon returned to the Islanders' top line for the Wales Conference Finals against the Montreal Canadiens, though he was not in peak form as he had not fully recovered.", "The Islanders bowed out of the playoffs after a hard-fought five games, two of which went to overtime.", "After beating the Islanders, the Canadiens went on to win the Cup.", "Maloney had avoided making many personnel changes his first year, but on the eve of the 1993 Expansion Draft he traded backup goaltender Mark Fitzpatrick to the Quebec Nordiques for Ron Hextall.", "The clubs also exchanged first-round picks in the deal.", "Able to protect only one netminder in the Expansion Draft, the Islanders left Healy exposed.", "He was claimed by the Anaheim Mighty Ducks, then was claimed by the Tampa Bay Lightning in Phase II of the draft the next day, and finally had his rights traded to the Rangers, where he was the backup.", "The Islanders barely squeezed past the Panthers to make the 1994 playoffs before being swept in a lopsided opening series by the first-place Rangers, who went on to win the Cup.", "Arbour retired for good as coach and was succeeded by longtime assistant Lorne Henning.", "Hextall, who allowed 16 goals in three games, drew most of the criticism for the failed playoff campaign and was shipped to Philadelphia for Tommy Soderstrom in September.", "In the lockout-shortened 1994–95 season, the Islanders not only failed to qualify for the playoffs, they finished ahead of only the third-year Ottawa Senators.", "===1995–2000: Management issues===\nBy the end of the 1994–95 season, Maloney was under considerable heat from the press and fan base for his handling of the team.", "Since taking over in 1992, the only noticeable attempt he made to upgrade the roster was the acquisition of Hextall.", "Near the end of the failed 1995 campaign, Maloney decided that the core of players he had left alone for three seasons needed to be revamped, leading to a rebuilding project.", "He traded Turgeon and Malakhov to the Montreal Canadiens for Kirk Muller and Mathieu Schneider, while Hogue was sent to Toronto for young goaltender Eric Fichaud.", "Additionally, Maloney allowed the team's leading scorer, Ferraro, to depart as an unrestricted free agent at the conclusion of the season.", "Fans' displeasure at Maloney for trading the popular Turgeon was magnified when Muller balked at joining a rebuilding team.", "He played 45 games for the Islanders before being sent to Toronto as well.", "Before the 1995–96 season, Maloney fired Henning and named Mike Milbury head coach.", "The same year, the Islanders' attempt at updating their look resulted in the unveiling of a new team logo of a slicker-clad fisherman holding a hockey stick.", "Islanders fans disliked it, and rival Rangers' fans mockingly called the Islanders \"fishsticks\"—mocking how the logo resembled the Gorton's Fisherman.", "The team reverted to a modified version of the old logo as soon as the league allowed them to do so.", "The year was a disappointment on the ice as well, as the Islanders finished in last place with a record of 22–50–10.", "During the season, team management fired Maloney, whom fans blamed for the team's downfall, and gave Milbury full control of hockey operations as both a coach and general manager.", "Milbury went on to resign as head coach during the following season and elevated assistant Rick Bowness to the position.", "After another unsuccessful season with little improvement, Milbury took over as coach again during the 1997–98 season.", "The team improved to fourth place in their division but again failed to make the playoffs.", "Milbury followed by once again stepping down as coach during the following season while retaining his job as general manager.", "During the continued playoff drought, instability in the front office mirrored the Islanders' substandard performance on the ice.", "Pickett sold the team to Dallas businessman John Spano in 1996.", "However, three months after the 1997 closing, Spano had only paid Pickett a fraction of the first installment on the cable rights deal.", "Several Islanders executives tipped off ''Newsday'' that something was amiss about their new boss.", "In July, ''Newsday'' exposed Spano as a fraud who did not have the assets required to complete the deal.", "The investigation showed that Spano had deliberately misled the NHL and the Islanders about his net worth, and also had two lawsuits pending against him.", "Within days of the report, Spano was forced to relinquish the team to Pickett.", "Federal prosecutors turned up evidence that Spano had forged many of the documents used to vouch for his wealth and to promise payment to Pickett, and even appeared to have sent many of the documents from his own office in Dallas.", "The NHL took additional heat when reports surfaced that the league spent well under $1,000 (depending on the source, the league spent either $525 or $750) to check Spano's background.", "It subsequently stiffened the process for vetting future owners.", "The incident and its aftermath were covered in the ESPN ''30 for 30'' documentary, ''Big Shot''.", "Pickett finally found a buyer, a group led by Howard Milstein and Phoenix Coyotes co-owner Steven Gluckstern, a deal which almost fell through when Spectacor Management Group, which managed the Coliseum for Nassau County, tried to force Pickett to certify that the Coliseum was safe.", "Pickett refused, since the Coliseum had fallen into disrepair in recent seasons.", "SMG backed down under pressure from the Islanders, the NHL, and Nassau County officials.", "Initially, the team made numerous trades and increased their payroll in an effort to assemble a better team.", "In one transaction, young players Todd Bertuzzi and Bryan McCabe were traded for veteran Trevor Linden.", "After the Islanders finished 12 points short of the playoffs in the 1997–98 season, however, Milstein and Gluckstern decided to run the team on an austere budget in an attempt to make a profit.", "They also complained about the condition of the Nassau Coliseum and made noises about moving the team elsewhere.", "They began trading or releasing many popular players to avoid paying their salaries, including star scorer Zigmund Palffy, team captain Linden, former rookie of the year Bryan Berard, and rugged defenseman Rich Pilon.", "Losing the highly regarded players, the team finished with similar results the next two seasons.", "Attendance, which had been in a steady decline over the past few years, decreased even further to under 12,000 per game.", "Around that time, Milstein bid hundreds of millions of dollars in unsuccessful attempts to purchase the National Football League's Washington Redskins and Cleveland Browns.", "===2000–2006: New ownership and a return to the playoffs===\n\nIn 2000, Milstein and Gluckstern sold the team to Computer Associates executives Charles Wang and Sanjay Kumar.", "The sale cost $187.5 million ($ million in dollars) and gave fans hope for the team to turn its lack of success around.", "The new owners allowed Milbury to spend money and invest in free agents.", "His first attempt proved unpopular with fans, as he traded away future star players Roberto Luongo and Olli Jokinen to the Florida Panthers for Oleg Kvasha and Mark Parrish.", "Milbury then further surprised the hockey world when he took Rick DiPietro with the first selection in the 2000 draft, ahead of consensus picks Dany Heatley and Marian Gaborik.", "Reporters and fans were alternately confused and enraged by the moves, which Milbury acknowledged, saying, \"As dangerous as this may be, we think Mad Mike maybe has something going for him.\"", "Establishing a record of controversial decisions, Milbury held onto the \"Mad Mike\" nickname for years to follow.", "He remained adamant that his moves were to immediately improve the team, whose poor winning percentage that year was only ahead of only that of the franchise's first season.", "The team's uninspired play led Milbury to fire head coach and past player Butch Goring.", "Fans vocalized their dislike of Goring taking the fall rather than Milbury, which was further worsened when Milbury passed on hiring Ted Nolan as Goring's successor; Instead, Boston Bruins assistant coach Peter Laviolette was hired.", "The Islanders acquired Alexei Yashin (left) prior to the 2001–02 season.", "Yashin would go on to become the team's captain in later years.", "Three key personnel acquisitions were made prior to the 2001–02 season, Laviolette's first.", "Alexei Yashin was acquired from the Ottawa Senators in exchange for forward Bill Muckalt, defenseman Zdeno Chara and the Islanders' second overall pick in the 2001 draft.", "Next, Islanders prospects Tim Connolly and Taylor Pyatt were traded to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for Michael Peca, who became the team's captain.", "By virtue of finishing with the worst record in the previous season, Detroit Red Wings goaltender Chris Osgood was the next addition, taken as the first pick in the September 2001 waiver draft, adding a former Stanley Cup championship goaltender without giving up any players in exchange.", "The additions proved to be a great help, as the team opened the season with a 9–0–1–1 record, the best in franchise history.", "They finished the season with new broken records; their 96 points marked the fourth biggest one-year turn-around in the league's history (44 points higher than the previous season), while Osgood's 66 starts surpassed Billy Smith's previous record of 65.", "During the 2002 Stanley Cup playoffs, they were seeded fifth and faced the fourth-seeded Toronto Maple Leafs.", "The Islanders lost in a very physical first round series in seven games; the home team won every game of the series.", "Notably, Game 5 featured Gary Roberts charging Islander defenseman Kenny Jonsson, and Darcy Tucker submarining Peca with a questionable check that tore the Islander captain's anterior cruciate ligament, sidelining both players for the series' final game.", "The situation between Tucker and Peca caused a bit of outrage, with speculation that Tucker had intended to injury Peca before the game has even began, which Tucker denied.", "Despite the promise shown in the Toronto playoff series, the Islanders had a slow start to the 2002–03 season.", "They rebounded to make the playoffs, but lost a five-game series in the first round to the top-seeded Ottawa Senators.", "Milbury continued his controversial move-making by firing Laviolette after the season, citing post-season interviews with the players in which they expressed a lack of confidence in the coach.", "He was replaced with Steve Stirling, who had previously been coaching the team's top minor league affiliate, the Bridgeport Sound Tigers.", "In the following season, the Islanders again lost in the first round of the playoffs, this time to the eventual champion Tampa Bay Lightning.", "Following the 2004–05 NHL lockout, which eliminated that season of play, the Islanders made several player moves to increase offense for following season.", "Peca was traded to the Edmonton Oilers for center Mike York, freeing up room under the NHL's new salary cap.", "The same day, the team signed winger Miroslav Satan to play alongside Yashin.", "Milbury also worked on remaking the team's defense, adding Alexei Zhitnik, Brad Lukowich and Brent Sopel to replace the departed Adrian Aucoin and Roman Hamrlik, who left as free agents, and Jonsson, who left the NHL to play in the HockeyAllsvenskan in Sweden.", "In the aftermath, Yashin was named as the team's new captain.", "The team's inconsistent play led to Stirling's dismissal midway through the season.", "===2006–2009: Management shake-ups and the Rick DiPietro contract===\nRick DiPietro was signed to a 15-year contract with the Islanders in September 2006.", "On the day of Stirling's firing, January 11, 2006, Milbury also announced that he would step down as general manager once a successor was found.", "He served as vice president of Wang's sports properties for one year before resigning in May 2007.", "Wang proceeded by hiring Neil Smith as general manager and Ted Nolan as head coach, following a brief stint by Brad Shaw as the team's interim head coach.", "Smith, however, was fired after approximately one month and quickly replaced by the team's backup goaltender Garth Snow, who retired from his playing career to accept the position.", "Before his dismissal, Smith made several free agent acquisitions, including defensemen Brendan Witt and Tom Poti, and forwards Mike Sillinger and Chris Simon.", "On September 12, 2006, the Islanders signed DiPietro to a 15-year, $67.5 million ($ million in dollars) contract, which was believed to be the longest contract to date in the NHL and the second-longest in North American sports, behind a 25-year contract for National Basketball Association player Magic Johnson.", "DiPietro, Wang and Snow all spoke confidently and felt it was the best move for both sides, despite the mixed reactions it received from the rest of the hockey world.", "Specifically, Wang stated, \"This is not a big deal.", "You have to have a commitment to who you're working with.\"", "As speculation began as to whether other teams would follow suit and give lengthy contracts to star players, Atlanta Thrashers' general manager Don Waddell felt that, \"It's highly unlikely that you will see teams go beyond that.", "This is a once-in-a-lifetime contract.", "Ownership must feel very strongly that he's their guy for the next 15 years.\"", "The new-look Islanders were picked by most analysts to languish towards the bottom of the standings.", "Eyeing a playoff spot, Snow traded for forward Ryan Smyth from the Edmonton Oilers at the trade deadline on February 27, 2007.", "Injuries to DiPietro and a distracting stick swinging incident that resulted in Simon's suspension for the rest of the season provided extra setbacks, but not enough to drop the team from playoff contention.", "They qualified for the post-season, assisted by a late-season winning steak and a 3–2 shootout victory against the New Jersey Devils in their final regular season game.", "Despite DiPietro's return to the team in time for the playoffs, the team lost their first round matchup in five games to the Presidents' Trophy-winning Buffalo Sabres.", "Bill Guerin was the New York Islanders' captain from 2007 through mid-2009.", "Management announced in June 2007 that they would buy out captain Alexei Yashin's contract, which had four seasons remaining on it.", "Free agents Smyth, Poti, Viktor Kozlov, Jason Blake, and Richard Zednik also left in July 2007.", "During that month, the Islanders signed Bill Guerin to a two-year contract as he immediately assumed team captaincy.", "Also in the off-season, free agents Mike Comrie, Andy Sutton and Jon Sim joined the team.", "That summer, it was announced that Nolan extended an invitation to Al Arbour to return as a coach for one game in order to bring his total number of games coached to 1,500.", "Arbour signed a one-day contract, the shortest in league history, on November 3, 2007; it put him behind the bench the following day as the Islanders defeated the Pittsburgh Penguins 3–2, raising his career coaching win total to 740.", "The team remained in the playoff hunt through the trade deadline as they resigned Comrie to a one-year contract and traded away Simon and Marc-Andre Bergeron.", "A rash of injuries saw them plummet to the fifth-worst record in the league by the end of the season.", "At the 2008 NHL Entry Draft, the Islanders made two trades to move down from the fifth to the ninth overall pick, with which they selected center Josh Bailey.", "They also added free agents Mark Streit and Doug Weight.", "The team dismissed head coach Ted Nolan over alleged philosophy differences, and later that summer replaced him with Scott Gordon.", "Near the trade deadline, Snow traded Comrie and Chris Campoli to the Ottawa Senators in exchange for forward Dean McAmmond and the San Jose Sharks' first-round draft pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft and sent captain Bill Guerin to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for a conditional draft pick.", "In the 2008–09 season, the Islanders finished in last place in the league with a record of 26–47–9, which was the team's worst record since the 2000–01 season.", "After the conclusion of regular season, they won the draft lottery to retain the first overall pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft.", "===2009–2014: The John Tavares era begins===\nJohn Tavares, current captain of the Islanders\nBeginning an effort to rebuild the team with new and young talent, the Islanders selected John Tavares with the first-overall pick of the 2009 NHL Entry Draft.", "Tavares went into the draft as the top prospect in the majority of scouting reports, and it was widely expected that the Islanders would select him after they secured the first overall pick by winning the draft lottery, although there was plenty of competition between Tavares, Victor Hedman, and Matt Duchene.", "NHL Central Scouting Bureau's Chris Edwards spoke highly of him, stating, \"Tavares is phenomenal at getting the puck through traffic to his linemates, getting to opening.", "The way he reads the play and can get to where he figures the rebounds will be and bangs in the rebound.", "He's a real smart player.\"", "They traded up twice in the first round to also select defenseman Calvin de Haan with the 12th overall pick, as well as Casey Cizikas and Anders Lee in later rounds, all of whom would go on to play consistently on the main roster by the 2014–15 season.", "The 2009–10 season started out slow, with the team winless its first six games.", "The team continued to play inconsistently due to injuries as many wrote them off as potential postseason contenders.", "The team hit a mid-season hot streak, however nine losses in 11 games before the Olympic break set them right back.", "They ultimately ended up at bottom of the standings again, finishing the season 26th in the league.", "The placement led to a fifth overall pick in 2010.", "Continuing with their rebuilding process, they used the first round to draft young forwards Nino Niederreiter and Brock Nelson with picks five and 30, respectively.", "As the 2010–11 season got underway, the team quickly fell into a ten-game losing streak, leading to the firing of head coach Scott Gordon.", "He was replaced on an interim basis by Jack Capuano, who had been coaching the Bridgeport Sound Tigers.", "Early in the season, they also acquired Michael Grabner from waivers, who went on to score 34 goals and was selected as a finalist for the Calder Memorial Trophy; he would go on to sign a five-year contract with the team at the end of the season.", "This year also featured the infamous Penguins–Islanders brawl, which resulted in a combined 346 penalty minutes and a $100,000 fine to the Islanders for \"failure to control their players\".", "The following season was a breakout year for Tavares.", "The newly named assistant captain gained 31 goals and 50 assists, in addition to being selected to play in the 59th NHL All-Star Game at the age of 21; his 81 points were seventh-best in the league.", "Tavares' left-winger Matt Moulson also had a strong season, finishing with career highs of 36 goals, 33 assists and 69 points.", "Despite strong seasons from their top players, the team finished 27th in the league with a record of 34-37-11, continuing their pattern of racking up top prospects with early picks at the drafts.", "They used the first round of the 2012 draft to select defenseman Griffin Reinhart with the fourth overall pick.", "On August 1, 2011, voters in Nassau County rejected a proposal for a new arena to replace Nassau Coliseum.", "This followed the failed decade-long attempt by owner Charles Wang to build a mixed-use development called The Lighthouse Project, which would renovate the arena.", "In the wake of the vote, speculation began that the team would eventually move to Barclays Center in Brooklyn, new arenas in Queens or Suffolk County, the Sprint Center in Kansas City, or the Videotron Centre in Quebec City, the last of which is coincidentally set to open at the same time as the expiration of the Islanders' lease on the Nassau Coliseum in 2015.", "On October 24, 2012, the Islanders made the announcement that the franchise will indeed be moving to the Barclays Center in Brooklyn for the 2015–16 NHL season, after signing a lease that would keep the team in the arena until 2040.", "The team retained its name, logo and colors as part of the move.", "As part of the deal, the management of the Barclays Center took over the team's business operations once the Islanders moved to the Barclays Center.", "The decision to move to Brooklyn didn't require the Rangers' approval.", "Under a longstanding provision of the agreement that allowed the Islanders to share the New York area with the Rangers, the Islanders are allowed to play their games anywhere on Long Island, including the two city boroughs on the island, Brooklyn and Queens.", "Beginning on April 1, 2013, of the 2012–13 season, the team went on a near month-long unbeaten streak in regulation time, posting a 12-game streak of earning points until falling to the Philadelphia Flyers later that month.", "During that streak, on April 23, 2013, they clinched their first playoff berth since 2007 with a 4–3 shootout loss to the Carolina Hurricanes, ending a six-year playoff drought.", "Behind goaltender Evgeni Nabakov, the team was ultimately eliminated in six games by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the first round of the playoffs, continuing their winless streak in playoff series.", "On September 10, 2013, Tavares was introduced as the 14th captain in New York Islanders history, replacing former Islander Mark Streit of the Philadelphia Flyers, who served as team captain since 2011.", "After posting a 4–4–3 record in their first 11 games, the Islanders made a trade, sending fan favorite and three-time 30-goal scorer Matt Moulson, their 2014 first-round draft pick and their 2015 second-round draft pick to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for Thomas Vanek, a highly regarded and dynamic goal scorer.", "Despite chemistry with linemates Tavares and Kyle Okposo, however, the overall lack of on-ice success and his desire to test free agency led to Vanek being dealt to the Montreal Canadiens at the trade deadline for Sebastian Collberg and a second-round pick in 2014.", "After a season of player swapping and goaltending issues, they failed to qualify for the playoffs, finishing with a record of 34–37–11.", "In the 2014 off-season, the Islanders made several moves to improve the team before their final season at Nassau Coliseum.", "In May, the Islanders acquired the rights to Jaroslav Halak from the Washington Capitals in exchange for a fourth-round pick in 2014.", "Halak was then signed to a four-year contract.", "The Islanders also signed Mikhail Grabovski, Nikolai Kulemin and goaltender Chad Johnson as free agents.", "Additionally, on October 4, the Islanders acquired Johnny Boychuk from the Boston Bruins for two-second round picks in 2014 and 2015 and a conditional third round pick in 2015, as well as Nick Leddy from the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for prospect Ville Pokka, T. J. Brennan and the rights to Anders Nilsson.", "The NHL Board of Governors approved the Islanders' sale to businessmen Jon Ledecky and Scott D. Malkin in October 2014.", "Ledecky and Malkin served as minority partners during a two-year transition period.", "At the end of the 2015–16 season, they formally took majority control from Wang, who will retain a share of the franchise.", "The Islanders finished the 2014–15 regular season with a record of 47–28–7 for 101 points, and met the Washington Capitals in the first round of the 2015 playoffs.", "The Capitals held home ice advantage in the series after the Islanders lost their final regular season game to the Columbus Blue Jackets, 5–4, in a shootout, as the Islanders lost the season series to the Capitals after posting a 2–1–1 record in the season series.", "On April 19, 2015, in the third game of their first round series against Washington, John Tavares scored 15 seconds into overtime to win the game for the Islanders, 2–1.", "It was the second-shortest overtime playoff game in Islanders history, and was the first overtime, game-winning goal for the Islanders in the playoffs since 1993.", "The Islanders lost the fourth and fifth games of their series before rebounding in the sixth game to force a seventh game in the series.", "However, they were denied entry into the second round by a single goal and would ultimately fall to the Capitals in seven games.", "As a result, Game 6 was the Islanders' last game at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum; the Isles' Cal Clutterbuck scored the final NHL goal in the building.", "===2015–present: Move to Barclays Center and playoff series win===\nBarclays Center in Brooklyn, the home of the Islanders since 2015\nIn June 2015, the Islanders selected forward Andong Song in the 6th round of the 2015 NHL Entry Draft, making him the first Chinese player to be drafted by an NHL team.", "The Islanders played their first regular season game at Barclays Center on October 9, 2015, losing 3–2 in overtime to the Chicago Blackhawks.", "Artem Anisimov scored the first regular season goal, while Tavares scored the first regular season Islanders goal.", "The Islanders posted the fourth-best penalty kill rate and allowed the fewest power play goals during the season.", "However, in the last quarter of the regular season, some players, including Halak and defenseman Travis Hamonic, suffered key injuries.", "The team finished the regular season fourth in the Metropolitan Division with 100 points, enough to clinch the first wild card spot in the Eastern Conference.", "In the first round of the playoffs, they faced off against the Florida Panthers; goaltender Thomas Greiss only played in 40 minutes of playoff hockey with the San Jose Sharks prior to this series.", "Both teams split the first four games of the series.", "The fifth game of the series proved to be a major turning point, as late season call-up Alan Quine scored the game-winning goal on the power play with four minutes left in double overtime to end the second-longest game in franchise history; that goal gave them a 3–2 series lead and a chance to clinch the series on home ice.", "In the sixth game, the Islanders trailed 1–0 for much of the game, but Tavares tied it late in the third period.", "Tavares would score again with the series-clinching goal in double overtime to give the Islanders their first playoff series win since 1993.", "In the second round of the playoffs, they faced the Tampa Bay Lightning for the first time since 2004.", "Despite winning the first game of the series, the Islanders lost their series to the Lightning in five games.", "Summer of 2016 saw free agents and longtime Islanders Kyle Okposo, Frans Nielsen, and Matt Martin all depart the team, joining the Buffalo Sabres, Detroit Red Wings, and Toronto Maple Leafs, respectively.", "Snow signed free agents Andrew Ladd from the Winnipeg Jets and Jason Chimera from the Washington Capitals to help fill the gaps left behind.", "After an underwhelming first half of the 2016–17 season, posting a 17–17–8 record through 42 games, head coach Jack Capuano was relieved of duties, with assistant general manager Doug Weight being named interim head coach.", "Having coached the team since 2010, Capuano was the second winningest coach in the team's history with 227 wins, also leading the team to their first playoff series win since 1993.", "Prior to Capuano's release, goaltender Jaroslav Halak was placed on waivers, and eventually sent down to the Bridgeport Sound Tigers.", "Having carried three goaltenders for the second consecutive season, the decision was made to stick with the tandem of Greiss and back-up Jean-Francois Berube after Halak posted a 6–8–5 record with a .904 save percentage through the beginning of the 2016–17 season.", "In late January 2017, following a report by ''Bloomberg News'' which speculated that Barclays Center was considering removing the Islanders due to poor attendance and effects on the venue's profit margins (reception to Barclays Center as a hockey venue has been mixed, and the Islanders have had the third-worst average attendance in the entire league), ''Newsday'' reported that Nassau County executive Edward Mangano had met with one of the team's co-owners, and told the paper that it was possible that the Islanders could return to the renovated Nassau Coliseum.", "Despite winning their last six games of the 2016–17 season, the Islanders finished in ninth place in the Eastern Conference; they missed the playoffs by only one point when the Toronto Maple Leafs clinched the final playoff spot on the penultimate day of the season.", "\n===Paul Cartier===\nPaul Cartier, who is an organist for the New York Yankees Major League Baseball team, is also the organist for the Islanders, keeping the Islanders tradition alive at both Nassau Coliseum and Barclays Center.", "=== Fan Sections ===\nThe Blue and Orange Army are a fan section for the New York Islanders since 2009.", "They sit in sections 228 & 229 of the Barclays Center.", "When the team was at Nassau Coliseum, they sat in Section 329 just under the Islanders' four Stanley Cup banners.", "===Chants===\nSome fan chants that Islanders fans have been doing over the years include, \"YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES!", "\", done each time after the Islanders score a goal.", "The YES chant was started by Islanders superfan Daniel Bryan and continues to this day.", "Another chant that the Islanders fans would do after the goal was scored was when a man yelled, \"WHOO!", "\", the fans would yell, \"WHOO!\"", "back." ]

[ "\n\nThe '''1973 Barnett Bank Classic''' was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Miami Jockey Club in Miami, Florida in the United States that was part of the 1973 Virginia Slims World Championship Series. It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from February 6 through February 11, 1973. Second-seeded Margaret Court won the singles title and earned $7,000 first-prize money. \n", "===Singles===\n Margaret Court defeated Kerry Melville 4–6, 6–1, 7–5\n\n===Doubles===\n Françoise Dürr / Betty Stöve defeated Rosie Casals / Billie Jean King 4–6, 6–2, 6–3\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Finals", "References" ]

[ "\n\nThe '''1973 Barnett Bank Classic''' was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Miami Jockey Club in Miami, Florida in the United States that was part of the 1973 Virginia Slims World Championship Series." ]

[ "It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from February 6 through February 11, 1973.", "Second-seeded Margaret Court won the singles title and earned $7,000 first-prize money.", "===Singles===\n Margaret Court defeated Kerry Melville 4–6, 6–1, 7–5\n\n===Doubles===\n Françoise Dürr / Betty Stöve defeated Rosie Casals / Billie Jean King 4–6, 6–2, 6–3" ]

[ "\n\n'''Battersea Greyhound Track''' was a greyhound racing track in Battersea, south west London, within the London Borough of Wandsworth.\n", "The track opened in 1930 and was located near Lombards Road and Victoria Crescent on the south bank of the River Thames. \n", "Independent (unaffiliated to a governing body) greyhound racing took place until 1939 when it was closed due to the start of the Second World War and did not open again afterwards. There is speculation that the track could have been affiliated to the Greyhound Racing Association at some stage and that it raced under National Greyhound Racing Club rules but there is no evidence of this in the track lists of 1934 and 1935.\n", "The site of the track was very close to the modern day Fred Wells Gardens.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Opening", "Greyhound racing", "Today", "References" ]

[ "The track opened in 1930 and was located near Lombards Road and Victoria Crescent on the south bank of the River Thames." ]

[ "\n\n'''Battersea Greyhound Track''' was a greyhound racing track in Battersea, south west London, within the London Borough of Wandsworth.", "Independent (unaffiliated to a governing body) greyhound racing took place until 1939 when it was closed due to the start of the Second World War and did not open again afterwards.", "There is speculation that the track could have been affiliated to the Greyhound Racing Association at some stage and that it raced under National Greyhound Racing Club rules but there is no evidence of this in the track lists of 1934 and 1935.", "The site of the track was very close to the modern day Fred Wells Gardens." ]

[ "'''Global Citizen Awards''' is presented by the Atlantic Council annually to individuals who have made exceptional and distinctive contributions to strengthening the transatlantic relationship.\n", "Recipients of the awards are as follows:\n\n===2017===\n* Justin Trudeau - Prime Minister of Canada\n* Moon Jae-in - President of the Republic of Korea\n* Lang Lang - World-renowned Pianist, Educator and Philanthropist\n\n===2016===\n* Shinzō Abe - Prime Minister of Japan\n* Matteo Renzi - Prime Minister of Italy \n* Wynton Marsalis - Managing and Artistic Director, Jazz at Lincoln Center\n\n===2015===\n* Juan Manuel Santos - President of Colombia\n* Mario Draghi - European Central Bank President\n* Yu Long - Artistic Director, China Philharmonic\n\n===2014===\n* Shimon Peres - Former President of Israel\n* Enrique Peña Nieto - President of Mexico\n* Petro Poroshenko - President of Ukraine\n* Lee Kuan Yew - Former Prime Minister of Singapore\n* Robert De Niro - Actor, Director, Producer \n* Llewellyn Sanchez-Werner - Piano Virtuoso\n\n===2013===\n* Bronisław Komorowski - President of the Republic of Poland\n* Queen Rania Al Abdullah - Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan\n* Seiji Ozawa - Conductor\n\n===2012===\n* Aung San Suu Kyi - Chair, Burmese National League for Democracy\n* Henry Kissinger - Former United States Secretary of State\n* Sadako Ogata - Former United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees\n* Quincy Jones - Producer, Composer, Arranger, and Humanitarian\n\n===2011===\n* Christine Lagarde - Managing Director, International Monetary Fund\n* John Kerry - United States Secretary of State\n* Rafik Hariri - Prime Minister of Lebanon (posthumous award)\n\n===2010===\n* Klaus Schwab - Founder and Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum\n\n", "\n", "* Home page of Global Citizen Awards\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Recipients", "References", "External links" ]

[ "Recipients of the awards are as follows:\n\n===2017===\n* Justin Trudeau - Prime Minister of Canada\n* Moon Jae-in - President of the Republic of Korea\n* Lang Lang - World-renowned Pianist, Educator and Philanthropist\n\n===2016===\n* Shinzō Abe - Prime Minister of Japan\n* Matteo Renzi - Prime Minister of Italy \n* Wynton Marsalis - Managing and Artistic Director, Jazz at Lincoln Center\n\n===2015===\n* Juan Manuel Santos - President of Colombia\n* Mario Draghi - European Central Bank President\n* Yu Long - Artistic Director, China Philharmonic\n\n===2014===\n* Shimon Peres - Former President of Israel\n* Enrique Peña Nieto - President of Mexico\n* Petro Poroshenko - President of Ukraine\n* Lee Kuan Yew - Former Prime Minister of Singapore\n* Robert De Niro - Actor, Director, Producer \n* Llewellyn Sanchez-Werner - Piano Virtuoso\n\n===2013===\n* Bronisław Komorowski - President of the Republic of Poland\n* Queen Rania Al Abdullah - Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan\n* Seiji Ozawa - Conductor\n\n===2012===\n* Aung San Suu Kyi - Chair, Burmese National League for Democracy\n* Henry Kissinger - Former United States Secretary of State\n* Sadako Ogata - Former United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees\n* Quincy Jones - Producer, Composer, Arranger, and Humanitarian\n\n===2011===\n* Christine Lagarde - Managing Director, International Monetary Fund\n* John Kerry - United States Secretary of State\n* Rafik Hariri - Prime Minister of Lebanon (posthumous award)\n\n===2010===\n* Klaus Schwab - Founder and Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum" ]

[ "'''Global Citizen Awards''' is presented by the Atlantic Council annually to individuals who have made exceptional and distinctive contributions to strengthening the transatlantic relationship.", "* Home page of Global Citizen Awards" ]

[ "\n\nThe '''Yilan Museum of Art''' ('''YMA'''; ) is an art museum in Yilan City, Yilan County, Taiwan.\n", "The original museum building was destroyed during World War II. In 1949, it was reconstructed as the Yilan branch of the Bank of Taiwan. The Yilan County Government later designated the area a historic landmark. The bank donated the building in 2012. The museum started its trial operation beginning on 16 November 2014 with exhibitions running free of charge until 23 February 2015.\n", "The building covers an area of more than 2,000 m2. It was designed by Fieldoffice Architects.\n", "The museum exhibits works made by local artists and also promoting local culture.\n", "The museum is accessible within walking distance west of Yilan Station of Taiwan Railways Administration.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "History", "Architecture", "Exhibitions", "Transportation", "References" ]

[ "In 1949, it was reconstructed as the Yilan branch of the Bank of Taiwan.", "The bank donated the building in 2012." ]

[ "\n\nThe '''Yilan Museum of Art''' ('''YMA'''; ) is an art museum in Yilan City, Yilan County, Taiwan.", "The original museum building was destroyed during World War II.", "The Yilan County Government later designated the area a historic landmark.", "The museum started its trial operation beginning on 16 November 2014 with exhibitions running free of charge until 23 February 2015.", "The building covers an area of more than 2,000 m2.", "It was designed by Fieldoffice Architects.", "The museum exhibits works made by local artists and also promoting local culture.", "The museum is accessible within walking distance west of Yilan Station of Taiwan Railways Administration." ]

[ "The '''2018 European Tour''' will be 47th season of golf tournaments since the European Tour officially began in 1972 and the 10th edition of the Race to Dubai.\n", "The table below shows the currently announced tournaments in the 2018 European Tour schedule which begins in late 2017.\n\n\nDate\nTournament\nHost country\nWinner\nOWGRpoints\nNotes\n\n26 Nov\nUBS Hong Kong Open\nHong Kong\n \n\nCo-sanctioned with the Asian Tour\n\n3 Dec\nAustralian PGA Championship\nAustralia\n \n\nCo-sanctioned with the PGA Tour of Australasia\n\n3 Dec\nAfrAsia Bank Mauritius Open\nMauritius\n \n\nCo-sanctioned with the Sunshine Tourand the Asian Tour\n\n10 Dec\nJoburg Open\nSouth Africa\n \n\nCo-sanctioned with the Sunshine Tourand the Asian Tour\n\n14 Jan\nBMW SA Open\nSouth Africa\n\n\nCo-sanctioned with the Sunshine Tour\n\n21 Jan\nAbu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship\nUnited Arab Emirates\n\n\n\n\n28 Jan\nOmega Dubai Desert Classic\nUnited Arab Emirates\n\n\n\n\n4 Feb\nMaybank Championship Malaysia\nMalaysia\n\n\nCo-sanctioned with the Asian Tour\n\n11 Feb\nISPS Handa World Super 6 Perth\nAustralia\n\n\nCo-sanctioned with the PGA Tour of Australasia\n\n18 Feb\nNBO Oman Golf Classic\nOman\n\n\n\n\n25 Feb\nCommercial Bank Qatar Masters\nQatar\n\n\n\n\n4 Mar\nWGC-Mexico Championship\nMexico\n\n\nWorld Golf Championships\n\n4 Mar\nTshwane Open\nSouth Africa\n\n\nCo-sanctioned with the Sunshine Tour\n\n11 Mar\nHero Indian Open\nIndia\n\n\nCo-sanctioned with the Asian Tour\n\n18 Mar\nPhilippines Golf Championship\nPhilippines\n\n\nCo-sanctioned with the Asian Tour\n\n25 Mar\nWGC-Dell Technologies Match Play\nUnited States\n\n\nWorld Golf Championships\n\n8 Apr\n'''Masters Tournament'''\nUnited States\n\n\nMajor championship\n\n22 Apr\nTrophée Hassan II\nMorocco\n\n\n\n\n29 Apr\nVolvo China Open\nChina\n\n\n\n\n20 May\nBelgian Knockout\nBelgium\n\n\n\n\n27 May\nBMW PGA Championship\nEngland\n\n64\nThe European Tour's flagship eventRolex Series\n\n3 Jun\nItalian Open\nItaly\n\n\nRolex Series\n\n10 Jun\nAustrian Golf Open\nAustria\n\n\n\n\n17 Jun\n'''U.S. Open'''\nUnited States\n \n100\nMajor championship\n\n24 Jun\nBMW International Open\nGermany\n\n\n\n\n1 Jul\nHNA Open de France\nFrance\n\n\nRolex Series\n\n8 Jul\nDubai Duty Free Irish Open\nNorthern Ireland\n\n\nRolex Series\n\n15 Jul\nAberdeen Asset Management Scottish Open\nScotland\n\n\nRolex Series\n\n22 Jul\n'''The Open Championship'''\nEngland\n \n100\nMajor championship\n\n29 Jul\nPorsche European Open\nGermany\n\n\n\n\n5 Aug\nWGC-Bridgestone Invitational\nUnited States\n \n\nWorld Golf Championships\n\n12 Aug\n'''PGA Championship'''\nUnited States\n \n100\nMajor championship\n\n19 Aug\nNordea Masters\nSweden\n\n\n\n\n26 Aug\nD+D Real Czech Masters\nCzech Republic\n\n\n\n\n2 Sep\nMade in Denmark\nDenmark\n\n\n\n\n9 Sep\nOmega European Masters\nSwitzerland\n\n\nCo-sanctioned with the Asian Tour\n\n16 Sep\nKLM Open\nNetherlands\n\n\n\n\n23 Sep\nPortugal Masters\nPortugal\n\n\n\n\n7 Oct\nAlfred Dunhill Links Championship\nScotland\n\n\n\n\n14 Oct\nBritish Masters\nEngland\n\n\n\n\n21 Oct\nAndalucía Valderrama Masters\nSpain\n\n\n\n\n28 Oct\nWGC-HSBC Champions\nChina\n \n\nWorld Golf Championships\n\n4 Nov\nTurkish Airlines Open\nTurkey\n\n\nRolex Series\n\n11 Nov\nNedbank Golf Challenge\nSouth Africa\n\n\nRolex Series\n\n18 Nov\nDP World Tour Championship, Dubai\nUnited Arab Emirates\n\n\nTour ChampionshipRolex Series\n\n\n===Unofficial events===\nThe following events, all team events, appear on the schedule, but do not carry official money.\n\nDate\nTournament\nHost country\nWinner\n\n14 Jan\nEurAsia Cup\nMalaysia\n \n\n6 May\nGolfSixes\nTBA\n \n\n12 Aug\nEuropean Golf Team Championships\nScotland\n \n\n30 Sep\nRyder Cup\nFrance\n \n\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Schedule", "References" ]

[ "Date\nTournament\nHost country\nWinner\nOWGRpoints\nNotes\n\n26 Nov\nUBS Hong Kong Open\nHong Kong\n \n\nCo-sanctioned with the Asian Tour\n\n3 Dec\nAustralian PGA Championship\nAustralia\n \n\nCo-sanctioned with the PGA Tour of Australasia\n\n3 Dec\nAfrAsia Bank Mauritius Open\nMauritius\n \n\nCo-sanctioned with the Sunshine Tourand the Asian Tour\n\n10 Dec\nJoburg Open\nSouth Africa\n \n\nCo-sanctioned with the Sunshine Tourand the Asian Tour\n\n14 Jan\nBMW SA Open\nSouth Africa\n\n\nCo-sanctioned with the Sunshine Tour\n\n21 Jan\nAbu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship\nUnited Arab Emirates\n\n\n\n\n28 Jan\nOmega Dubai Desert Classic\nUnited Arab Emirates\n\n\n\n\n4 Feb\nMaybank Championship Malaysia\nMalaysia\n\n\nCo-sanctioned with the Asian Tour\n\n11 Feb\nISPS Handa World Super 6 Perth\nAustralia\n\n\nCo-sanctioned with the PGA Tour of Australasia\n\n18 Feb\nNBO Oman Golf Classic\nOman\n\n\n\n\n25 Feb\nCommercial Bank Qatar Masters\nQatar\n\n\n\n\n4 Mar\nWGC-Mexico Championship\nMexico\n\n\nWorld Golf Championships\n\n4 Mar\nTshwane Open\nSouth Africa\n\n\nCo-sanctioned with the Sunshine Tour\n\n11 Mar\nHero Indian Open\nIndia\n\n\nCo-sanctioned with the Asian Tour\n\n18 Mar\nPhilippines Golf Championship\nPhilippines\n\n\nCo-sanctioned with the Asian Tour\n\n25 Mar\nWGC-Dell Technologies Match Play\nUnited States\n\n\nWorld Golf Championships\n\n8 Apr\n'''Masters Tournament'''\nUnited States\n\n\nMajor championship\n\n22 Apr\nTrophée Hassan II\nMorocco\n\n\n\n\n29 Apr\nVolvo China Open\nChina\n\n\n\n\n20 May\nBelgian Knockout\nBelgium\n\n\n\n\n27 May\nBMW PGA Championship\nEngland\n\n64\nThe European Tour's flagship eventRolex Series\n\n3 Jun\nItalian Open\nItaly\n\n\nRolex Series\n\n10 Jun\nAustrian Golf Open\nAustria\n\n\n\n\n17 Jun\n'''U.S." ]

[ "The '''2018 European Tour''' will be 47th season of golf tournaments since the European Tour officially began in 1972 and the 10th edition of the Race to Dubai.", "The table below shows the currently announced tournaments in the 2018 European Tour schedule which begins in late 2017.", "Open'''\nUnited States\n \n100\nMajor championship\n\n24 Jun\nBMW International Open\nGermany\n\n\n\n\n1 Jul\nHNA Open de France\nFrance\n\n\nRolex Series\n\n8 Jul\nDubai Duty Free Irish Open\nNorthern Ireland\n\n\nRolex Series\n\n15 Jul\nAberdeen Asset Management Scottish Open\nScotland\n\n\nRolex Series\n\n22 Jul\n'''The Open Championship'''\nEngland\n \n100\nMajor championship\n\n29 Jul\nPorsche European Open\nGermany\n\n\n\n\n5 Aug\nWGC-Bridgestone Invitational\nUnited States\n \n\nWorld Golf Championships\n\n12 Aug\n'''PGA Championship'''\nUnited States\n \n100\nMajor championship\n\n19 Aug\nNordea Masters\nSweden\n\n\n\n\n26 Aug\nD+D Real Czech Masters\nCzech Republic\n\n\n\n\n2 Sep\nMade in Denmark\nDenmark\n\n\n\n\n9 Sep\nOmega European Masters\nSwitzerland\n\n\nCo-sanctioned with the Asian Tour\n\n16 Sep\nKLM Open\nNetherlands\n\n\n\n\n23 Sep\nPortugal Masters\nPortugal\n\n\n\n\n7 Oct\nAlfred Dunhill Links Championship\nScotland\n\n\n\n\n14 Oct\nBritish Masters\nEngland\n\n\n\n\n21 Oct\nAndalucía Valderrama Masters\nSpain\n\n\n\n\n28 Oct\nWGC-HSBC Champions\nChina\n \n\nWorld Golf Championships\n\n4 Nov\nTurkish Airlines Open\nTurkey\n\n\nRolex Series\n\n11 Nov\nNedbank Golf Challenge\nSouth Africa\n\n\nRolex Series\n\n18 Nov\nDP World Tour Championship, Dubai\nUnited Arab Emirates\n\n\nTour ChampionshipRolex Series\n\n\n===Unofficial events===\nThe following events, all team events, appear on the schedule, but do not carry official money.", "Date\nTournament\nHost country\nWinner\n\n14 Jan\nEurAsia Cup\nMalaysia\n \n\n6 May\nGolfSixes\nTBA\n \n\n12 Aug\nEuropean Golf Team Championships\nScotland\n \n\n30 Sep\nRyder Cup\nFrance" ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\n\n'''ArthaKranti''' or '''Arthakranti''' is a financial think tank based in Pune, India. Arthakranti is famously credited with originally proposing the sudden ban on 500 and 1000 rupe bank notes implemented in 2016 by the Government of India led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Mr. Anil Bokil is a member of this organization.\n", "\n\n \n\t\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " References " ]

[ "Arthakranti is famously credited with originally proposing the sudden ban on 500 and 1000 rupe bank notes implemented in 2016 by the Government of India led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\n\n'''ArthaKranti''' or '''Arthakranti''' is a financial think tank based in Pune, India.", "Mr. Anil Bokil is a member of this organization." ]

[ "J. A. Wasastjerna\n'''Jarl Axel Wasastjerna''' (18 November 1896 Helsinki – 15 October 1972 Helsinki) was a Finnish physicist. After his academic career, he worked in the industry and received the honorary degree in technology in 1949 and honorary title of Vuorineuvos in 1957.\n\nWasastjerna was Professor of Applied Physics at the University of Helsinki, 1925–1946, Envoy of Finland in Stockholm 1940–1943, Managing Director of United Whool Company 1948–1954, President of the Nordic Union Bank 1944–1951, and Chairman of the Tampella Executive Board since 1944.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " References " ]

[ "Wasastjerna was Professor of Applied Physics at the University of Helsinki, 1925–1946, Envoy of Finland in Stockholm 1940–1943, Managing Director of United Whool Company 1948–1954, President of the Nordic Union Bank 1944–1951, and Chairman of the Tampella Executive Board since 1944." ]

[ "J.", "A. Wasastjerna\n'''Jarl Axel Wasastjerna''' (18 November 1896 Helsinki – 15 October 1972 Helsinki) was a Finnish physicist.", "After his academic career, he worked in the industry and received the honorary degree in technology in 1949 and honorary title of Vuorineuvos in 1957." ]

[ "\n'''InstaReM''' (short for Instant Remittance), founded by Prajit Nanu and Michael Bermingham, is a Singapore-headquartered Fintech company offering cross-border money transfers to individuals and businesses.\"\n\nInstaReM holds licenses to conduct money transfer business in Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia, and Canada, offering domestic payments for individuals, small and mid-sized banks, payment processors and corporates to more than 50 countries.\"\n", "\nFounders Nanu Prajit and Michael Bermingham developed a solution to provide a transparent service for overseas money transfer with close to live exchange rates. InstaReM was incorporated in Singapore in August 2014\" based on the premise of online instant remittances, hence the name InstaReM.\n", "\nGlobal Founders Capital, Germany-based Venture Capital arm of Rocket Internet Founders, invested US$500,000 as seed round of funding in InstaReM in January 2015 that helped the company develop its money transfer platform.\n\nInstaReM has raised US$18 million in two more rounds since.\n\nIn March 2016, it received an investment of US$5 million in Series A from US-based Vertex Venture Holdings (venture capital arm of Temasek Holdings), Fullerton Financial Holdings and Global Founders Capital, to acquire licenses for money transfer business in other markets.\n\nThis was followed by Series B round of US$13 million in July 2017, led by GSR ventures, with participation from SBI-FMO Ventures, Vertex Ventures, Fullerton Financial Holdings, and Global Founders Capital. The company will use this investment to further build its global payment infrastructure by way of increasing its payment corridors from 150 to around 2000.\n\nCurrently, InstaReM is focused mainly on Asia. Since starting operations in August 2015, InstaReM is serving 150 corridors with a staff of around 100 people globally. The World Bank lists InstaReM as one of the most cost-efficient money transfer platforms across many corridors from Australia and Singapore. In its first year of operations, InstaReM managed to gain 8% of remittance market share in the Australia to India corridor.\n\nThe company has also developed InstaReM MassPay, a configurable solution for corporate / SME users to manage and control bulk payments to multiple beneficiaries in multiple currencies via a seamless process. \n\nIn September 2017, InstaReM received a regulatory approval from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for facilitating overseas remittances from India for transactions relating to business, private visits, overseas education, medical treatment, among others, etc. \n", "\nGlobally, sending remittances costs an average of 7.32% of the amount sent, according to the World Bank. InstaReM charges a flat transaction fee of up to 0.50% and there is no FX spread (the difference between the interbank currency conversion rate and the rate quoted by the bank or money transfer company.\n", "In May 2016, InstaReM was selected as one of the Top Ten Promising Propositions in 2016 Asian Banker Fintech Showcase.\n\nIn May 2017, InstaReM was selected as one of the finalists at the FINNIE Awards 2017.\n", "* Financial technology\n* Remittances\n* Money services business\n* Foreign exchange market\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " History ", " Investors and funding ", " InstaReM charges ", " Recognitions ", " See also ", " References " ]

[ "The World Bank lists InstaReM as one of the most cost-efficient money transfer platforms across many corridors from Australia and Singapore.", "In September 2017, InstaReM received a regulatory approval from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for facilitating overseas remittances from India for transactions relating to business, private visits, overseas education, medical treatment, among others, etc.", "\nGlobally, sending remittances costs an average of 7.32% of the amount sent, according to the World Bank.", "InstaReM charges a flat transaction fee of up to 0.50% and there is no FX spread (the difference between the interbank currency conversion rate and the rate quoted by the bank or money transfer company." ]

[ "\n'''InstaReM''' (short for Instant Remittance), founded by Prajit Nanu and Michael Bermingham, is a Singapore-headquartered Fintech company offering cross-border money transfers to individuals and businesses.\"", "InstaReM holds licenses to conduct money transfer business in Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia, and Canada, offering domestic payments for individuals, small and mid-sized banks, payment processors and corporates to more than 50 countries.\"", "\nFounders Nanu Prajit and Michael Bermingham developed a solution to provide a transparent service for overseas money transfer with close to live exchange rates.", "InstaReM was incorporated in Singapore in August 2014\" based on the premise of online instant remittances, hence the name InstaReM.", "\nGlobal Founders Capital, Germany-based Venture Capital arm of Rocket Internet Founders, invested US$500,000 as seed round of funding in InstaReM in January 2015 that helped the company develop its money transfer platform.", "InstaReM has raised US$18 million in two more rounds since.", "In March 2016, it received an investment of US$5 million in Series A from US-based Vertex Venture Holdings (venture capital arm of Temasek Holdings), Fullerton Financial Holdings and Global Founders Capital, to acquire licenses for money transfer business in other markets.", "This was followed by Series B round of US$13 million in July 2017, led by GSR ventures, with participation from SBI-FMO Ventures, Vertex Ventures, Fullerton Financial Holdings, and Global Founders Capital.", "The company will use this investment to further build its global payment infrastructure by way of increasing its payment corridors from 150 to around 2000.", "Currently, InstaReM is focused mainly on Asia.", "Since starting operations in August 2015, InstaReM is serving 150 corridors with a staff of around 100 people globally.", "In its first year of operations, InstaReM managed to gain 8% of remittance market share in the Australia to India corridor.", "The company has also developed InstaReM MassPay, a configurable solution for corporate / SME users to manage and control bulk payments to multiple beneficiaries in multiple currencies via a seamless process.", "In May 2016, InstaReM was selected as one of the Top Ten Promising Propositions in 2016 Asian Banker Fintech Showcase.", "In May 2017, InstaReM was selected as one of the finalists at the FINNIE Awards 2017.", "* Financial technology\n* Remittances\n* Money services business\n* Foreign exchange market" ]

[ "\nThis is a list of all lighthouses in the U.S. state of New York as identified by the United States Coast Guard.\n\n\n\n\n\n Name\nImage\n Location\n Coordinates\n Year first lit\n Automated\n Year deactivated\n Current Lens\n Focal Height\n\n Ambrose Light\n 100px\n Lower New York Bay\n \n 1967 (First) 1999 (Last)\n 1988\n 1999 (First) 2008 (Last)\n None\n 076 \n\n Barber's Point Light\n \n Westport(Lake Champlain)\n \n 1873\n Never\n 1935(Now a private house)\n None\n 036 \n\n Barcelona Light\n 100px\n Westfield\n \n 1829\n Never\n 1859\n None\n 040 \n\n Blackwell Island Light\n 100px\n New York City(Roosevelt Island)\n \n 1872\n Never\n 1940\n None\n 050 \n\n Bluff Point Light\n 100px\n Valcour Island(Lake Champlain)\n \n 1874\n 1930\n Active(Inactive: 1930-2004)\n 300mm\n 095 \n\n Braddock Point Light\n 100px\n Braddock Bay\n \n 1896\n Never\n 1954(Now a private house)\n None\n 055 \n\n Buffalo Main Light\n 100px\n Buffalo(Buffalo River)\n \n 1833\n Never\n 1914\n None\n 060 \n\n Buffalo Harbor North Entrance Light\n \n Buffalo\n Unknown\n 1903\n 1935\n 1980\n None\n Unknown\n\n Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light\n 100px\n Buffalo\n \n 1903\n 1935\n Active\n Unknown\n Unknown\n\n Buffalo North breakwater East end Light\n \n Buffalo\n N/A\n 1903\n 1960\n 1985\n None\n 029 \n\n Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light\n 100px\n Buffalo\n \n 1903\n 1960\n 1985\n None\n Unknown\n\n Cape Vincent Breakwater Lighthouse\n 100px\n Cape Vincent\n \n 1904\n Never\n 1951\n None\n 025 \n\n Cedar Island Light\n 100px\n East Hampton(Cedar Point County Park)\n \n 1839 (Former)1868 (Current)\n Never\n 1934\n None\n 057 \n\n Charlotte–Genesee Lighthouse\n 100px\n Rochester\n \n 1822\n Never\n 1881(Now a museum)\n None\n Unknown\n\n Cold Spring Harbor Light\n 100px\n Cold Spring Harbor\n (Preserved light)(Current structure)\n 1890 (Former)1965 (Current)\n 1965 (Current)\n Active(Replacement)\n Unknown\n Unknown\n\n Coney Island Light\n 100px\n New York City(Brooklyn)\n \n 1890 (Former)1920 (Current)\n 1989\n Active\n Unknown\n 075 \n\n Coxsackie Light\n 100px\n Coxsackie, New York(Hudson River)\n \n 1830 (Former)1868 (Current)\n Never\n 1940\n None\n Unknown\n\n Crossover Island Light\n 100px\n Saint Lawrence River(Border light)\n \n 1848 (Former)1882 (Current)\n Never\n 1941\n None\n Unknown\n\n Crown Point Light\n 100px\n Crown Point(Lake Champlain)\n \n 1858\n Never\n 1926\n None\n Unknown\n\n Cumberland Head Light\n 100px\n Cumberland Head(Lake Champlain)\n \n 1838 (Former)1868 (Current)\n 2003(Relit)\n Active(Inactive: 1934-2003)\n Unknown\n Unknown\n\n Dunkirk Light\n 100px\n Dunkirk\n \n 1826 (Former)1875 (Current)\n 1960\n Active\n Third-order Fresnel\n 082 \n\n East Charity Shoal Light\n 100px\n Lake Ontario(Border light)\n \n 1877 (Moved to NY in 1935)\n 1935\n Active(Also a private house)\n Unknown\n 052 \n\n Eatons Neck Light\n \n Eatons Neck\n N/A\n 1799\n 1969\n Active\n Third-order Fresnel\n 126 \n\n Elm Tree Beacon Light\n 100px\n New York City(Staten Island)\n \n 1856 (Former)1939 (Current)\n 1939\n 1964\n None\n 062 (Original)\n\n Esopus Meadows Light\n 100px\n Esopus(Hudson River)\n \n 1839 (Former)1872 (Current)\n 1965\n Active(Inactive: 1965-2003)\n Unknown\n 052 \n\n Execution Rocks Light\n 100px\n Long Island Sound\n \n 1850\n 1979\n Active\n APRB-251\n 062 \n\n Fire Island Light\n 100px\n Fire Island(Long Island)\n \n 1826 (Former)1858 (Current)\n 1938\n Active(Inactive: 1974-1986)\n DCB-224\n 168 \n\n Fort Niagara Light\n 100px\n Porter(Fort Niagara State Park)\n \n 1782 (Former)1872 (Current)\n Never\n 1993\n None\n 091 \n\n Fort Tompkins Light\n 100px\n New York City(Staten Island)\n \n 1828(The last L.H. was built in 1873)\n Never\n 1903(Demolished)\n None\n Unknown\n\n Fort Wadsworth Light\n 100px\n New York City(Staten Island)\n \n 1903\n 2005(Relit)\n Active(Inactive: 1965-2005)\n Unknown\n 075 \n\n Frenchman Island Light\n 100px\n Oneida Lake\n \n 1918\n 1949\n Active\n Unknown\n Unknown\n\n Galloo Island Light\n 100px\n Hounsfield(Galloo Island)\n \n 1820 (Former)1867 (Current)\n 1963\n Active\n 190mm\n 058 \n\n Horse Island Light\n 100px\n Hounsfield(Sackets Harbor)\n \n 1831 (Former)1870 (Current)\n 1925\n 1957(Now a private house)\n None\n Unknown\n\n Horton Point Light\n 100px\n Southold\n \n 1857\n 1933(Inactive: 1933-1990)\n Active\n VRB-25 \n 103 \n\n Hudson–Athens light\n 100px\n Hudson River\n \n 1874\n 1949\n Active\n 300mm\n 046 \n\n Huntington Harbor Light\n 100px\n Huntington\n \n 1857 (Former)1912 (Current)\n 1949\n Active\n 300mm\n 041 \n\n Latimer Reef Light\n 100px\n Southold(Fishers Island)\n \n 1884\n 1954\n Active\n 300mm\n 055 \n\n Little Gull Island Light\n 100px\n Long Island Sound(Little Gull Island)\n \n 1806 (Former)1869 (Current)\n 1978\n Active\n Unknown\n 091 \n\n Little Red Lighthouse'''Jeffrey's Hook Light'''\n 100px\n New York City(Manhattan)\n \n 1889 (Former)1921 (Current)\n 2002(Relit)\n Active(Inactive: 1947-2002)\n 300mm\n Unknown\n\n Montauk Point Light\n 100px\n Montauk\n \n 1797\n 1987\n Active\n VRB-25\n 168 \n\n New Dorp Light\n 100px\n New York City(Staten Island)\n \n 1856\n Never\n 1964(Now a private house)\n None\n 190 \n\n North Brother Island Light\n 100px\n New York CityThe Bronx\n \n 1869\n Never\n 1953(Now Ruins)\n None\n 050 \n\n North Dumpling Light\n 100px\n Long Island Sound(Near Fishers Island)\n \n 1849\n 1959\n Active\n 300mm\n 060 \n\n Oak Orchard Light\n 100px\n Oak Orchard Creek\n \n 1871\n Never\n 1914(Destroyed in 1916)\n None\n Unknown\n\n Ogdensburg Harbor Light\n 100px\n Ogdensburg\n \n 1834 (Former)1900 (Current)\n 1941\n Active(Inactive: 1961-2011)\n Unknown\n Unknown\n\n Olcott Light\n 100px\n Olcott\n \n 1873\n Never\n 1930(Demolished in 1963,now active as a rebuiltreplica)\n Unknown\n Unknown\n\n Old Field Point Light\n 100px\n Old Field\n .\n 1823 (Former)1869 (Current)\n 1991(Relit)\n Active(Inactive: 1933-1991)\n Unknown\n 074 \n\n Old Orchard Shoal Light\n 100px\n Lower New York Bay\n \n 1893\n 1955\n 2012(Destroyed by Sandy)\n None\n 051 \n\n Orient Long Beach Bar Light\n 100px\n Orient\n \n 1871\n Never\n 1945(Destroyed in 1963,now active as a rebuiltreplica)\n Unknown\n 058 \n\n Orient Point Light\n 100px\n Orient\n \n 1899\n 1958\n Active\n Optic\n 064 \n\n Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Light\n 100px\n Oswego\n \n 1934(Current)\n 1968\n Active\n Optic\n 057 \n\n Plum Island Light\n 100px\n Southold(Plum Island)\n \n 1827 (Former)1870 (Current)\n 1978\n Active(metal tower)\n Unknown\n 050 \n\n Point Aux Roches Light\n 100px\n Champlain(Lake Champlain)\n \n 1859\n 1933\n 1989\n None\n 059 \n\n Prince's Bay Light\n 100px\n New York City(Staten Island)\n \n 1828 (Former)1864 (Current)\n 2006(Relit)\n Active(Inactive: 1922-2006)\n VRB-25\n Unknown\n\n Race Rock Light\n 100px\n Long Island Sound(Near Fishers Island)\n \n 1879\n 1978\n Active\n Unknown\n 067 \n\n Rock Island Light\n 100px\n Saint Lawrence River\n \n 1848 (Former)1882 (Current)\n Never\n 1956\n None\n 050 \n\n Rondout Light\n 100px\n Kingston\n \n 1838 (Former)1915 (Current)\n 1954\n Active\n 250mm\n 054 \n\n Sands Point Light\n \n North Hempstead\n \n 1809\n Never\n 1922\n None\n 065 \n\n Saugerties Light\n 100px\n Saugerties\n \n 1835 (Former)1867 (Current)\n 1954\n Active(Inactive: 1954-1990)\n Unknown\n 042 \n\n Selkirk Light\n 100px\n Pulaski\n \n 1838\n 1989(Relit)\n Active(Inactive: 1859-1989)\n 190mm\n 050 \n\n Shinnecock Light\n 100px\n Southampton(Shinnecock Bay)\n \n 1858\n Never\n 1931(Demolished in 1948)\n None\n 168 \n\n Sodus Outer Light\n 100px\n Sodus\n \n 1858 (Former)1938 (Current)\n 1980\n Active\n Unknown\n 051 \n\n Sodus Point Light\n 100px\n Sodus(Sodus Point)\n \n 1825 (Former)1871 (Current)\n Never\n 1901\n None\n 070 \n\n South Buffalo North Side Light\n 100px\n Dunkirk\n \n 1903\n 1960\n 1985\n None\n Unknown\n\n Staten Island Light\n 100px\n New York City(Staten Island)\n \n 1912\n 1921\n Active\n Unknown\n 231 \n\n Statue of Liberty\n 100px\n New York City(Liberty Island)\n \n 1886\n —\n 1902(As a lighthouse)\n —\n 305 \n\n Stepping Stones Light\n 100px\n Long Island Sound\n \n 1877\n 1964\n Active\n 300mm\n 046 \n\n Stony Point (Henderson) Light\n 100px\n Henderson\n \n 1839 (Former)1869 (Current)\n 1947\n 1959\n None\n 058 \n\n Stony Point Light\n 100px\n Stony Point\n \n 1826\n 1995(Relit)\n Active(Inactive: 1925-1995)\n Fourth-order Fresnel\n 058 \n\n Stuyvesant Light\n 100px\n Stuyvesant\n \n 1829 (Former)1868 (Current)\n Never\n 1933\n None\n 042 \n\n Sunken Rock Light\n 100px\n Saint Lawrence River(Bush Island)\n \n 1847 (Former)1882 (Current)\n 1958\n Active\n Unknown\n Unknown\n\n Tarrytown Light\n 100px\n Sleepy Hollow\n \n 1883\n Never\n 1961\n Fourth-order Fresnel(Replica)\n 056 \n\n Thirty Mile Point Light\n 100px\n Somerset\n \n 1876\n 1958\n Active\n 300mm\n 071 \n\n Throgs Neck Light\n 100px\n New York CityThe Bronx\n \n 1826(The last L.H. was built in 1906)\n Never\n 1934\n None\n Unknown\n\n Tibbetts Point Light\n 100px\n Cape Vincent\n \n 1827 (Former)1854 (Current)\n 1970\n Active\n Fourth-order Fresnel\n 069 \n\n West Point Light\n 100px\n West Point\n \n 1853\n Never\n 1946\n None\n 040 \n\n West Bank Light\n 100px\n Lower New York Bay\n \n 1901\n 1980\n Active\n 300mm\n 069 \n\n Whitestone Point Light\n 100px\n New York CityQueens\n \n 1889\n Unknown\n Active\n Unknown\n 056 \n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "References" ]

[ "was built in 1906)\n Never\n 1934\n None\n Unknown\n\n Tibbetts Point Light\n 100px\n Cape Vincent\n \n 1827 (Former)1854 (Current)\n 1970\n Active\n Fourth-order Fresnel\n 069 \n\n West Point Light\n 100px\n West Point\n \n 1853\n Never\n 1946\n None\n 040 \n\n West Bank Light\n 100px\n Lower New York Bay\n \n 1901\n 1980\n Active\n 300mm\n 069 \n\n Whitestone Point Light\n 100px\n New York CityQueens\n \n 1889\n Unknown\n Active\n Unknown\n 056" ]

[ "\nThis is a list of all lighthouses in the U.S. state of New York as identified by the United States Coast Guard.", "Name\nImage\n Location\n Coordinates\n Year first lit\n Automated\n Year deactivated\n Current Lens\n Focal Height\n\n Ambrose Light\n 100px\n Lower New York Bay\n \n 1967 (First) 1999 (Last)\n 1988\n 1999 (First) 2008 (Last)\n None\n 076 \n\n Barber's Point Light\n \n Westport(Lake Champlain)\n \n 1873\n Never\n 1935(Now a private house)\n None\n 036 \n\n Barcelona Light\n 100px\n Westfield\n \n 1829\n Never\n 1859\n None\n 040 \n\n Blackwell Island Light\n 100px\n New York City(Roosevelt Island)\n \n 1872\n Never\n 1940\n None\n 050 \n\n Bluff Point Light\n 100px\n Valcour Island(Lake Champlain)\n \n 1874\n 1930\n Active(Inactive: 1930-2004)\n 300mm\n 095 \n\n Braddock Point Light\n 100px\n Braddock Bay\n \n 1896\n Never\n 1954(Now a private house)\n None\n 055 \n\n Buffalo Main Light\n 100px\n Buffalo(Buffalo River)\n \n 1833\n Never\n 1914\n None\n 060 \n\n Buffalo Harbor North Entrance Light\n \n Buffalo\n Unknown\n 1903\n 1935\n 1980\n None\n Unknown\n\n Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light\n 100px\n Buffalo\n \n 1903\n 1935\n Active\n Unknown\n Unknown\n\n Buffalo North breakwater East end Light\n \n Buffalo\n N/A\n 1903\n 1960\n 1985\n None\n 029 \n\n Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light\n 100px\n Buffalo\n \n 1903\n 1960\n 1985\n None\n Unknown\n\n Cape Vincent Breakwater Lighthouse\n 100px\n Cape Vincent\n \n 1904\n Never\n 1951\n None\n 025 \n\n Cedar Island Light\n 100px\n East Hampton(Cedar Point County Park)\n \n 1839 (Former)1868 (Current)\n Never\n 1934\n None\n 057 \n\n Charlotte–Genesee Lighthouse\n 100px\n Rochester\n \n 1822\n Never\n 1881(Now a museum)\n None\n Unknown\n\n Cold Spring Harbor Light\n 100px\n Cold Spring Harbor\n (Preserved light)(Current structure)\n 1890 (Former)1965 (Current)\n 1965 (Current)\n Active(Replacement)\n Unknown\n Unknown\n\n Coney Island Light\n 100px\n New York City(Brooklyn)\n \n 1890 (Former)1920 (Current)\n 1989\n Active\n Unknown\n 075 \n\n Coxsackie Light\n 100px\n Coxsackie, New York(Hudson River)\n \n 1830 (Former)1868 (Current)\n Never\n 1940\n None\n Unknown\n\n Crossover Island Light\n 100px\n Saint Lawrence River(Border light)\n \n 1848 (Former)1882 (Current)\n Never\n 1941\n None\n Unknown\n\n Crown Point Light\n 100px\n Crown Point(Lake Champlain)\n \n 1858\n Never\n 1926\n None\n Unknown\n\n Cumberland Head Light\n 100px\n Cumberland Head(Lake Champlain)\n \n 1838 (Former)1868 (Current)\n 2003(Relit)\n Active(Inactive: 1934-2003)\n Unknown\n Unknown\n\n Dunkirk Light\n 100px\n Dunkirk\n \n 1826 (Former)1875 (Current)\n 1960\n Active\n Third-order Fresnel\n 082 \n\n East Charity Shoal Light\n 100px\n Lake Ontario(Border light)\n \n 1877 (Moved to NY in 1935)\n 1935\n Active(Also a private house)\n Unknown\n 052 \n\n Eatons Neck Light\n \n Eatons Neck\n N/A\n 1799\n 1969\n Active\n Third-order Fresnel\n 126 \n\n Elm Tree Beacon Light\n 100px\n New York City(Staten Island)\n \n 1856 (Former)1939 (Current)\n 1939\n 1964\n None\n 062 (Original)\n\n Esopus Meadows Light\n 100px\n Esopus(Hudson River)\n \n 1839 (Former)1872 (Current)\n 1965\n Active(Inactive: 1965-2003)\n Unknown\n 052 \n\n Execution Rocks Light\n 100px\n Long Island Sound\n \n 1850\n 1979\n Active\n APRB-251\n 062 \n\n Fire Island Light\n 100px\n Fire Island(Long Island)\n \n 1826 (Former)1858 (Current)\n 1938\n Active(Inactive: 1974-1986)\n DCB-224\n 168 \n\n Fort Niagara Light\n 100px\n Porter(Fort Niagara State Park)\n \n 1782 (Former)1872 (Current)\n Never\n 1993\n None\n 091 \n\n Fort Tompkins Light\n 100px\n New York City(Staten Island)\n \n 1828(The last L.H.", "was built in 1873)\n Never\n 1903(Demolished)\n None\n Unknown\n\n Fort Wadsworth Light\n 100px\n New York City(Staten Island)\n \n 1903\n 2005(Relit)\n Active(Inactive: 1965-2005)\n Unknown\n 075 \n\n Frenchman Island Light\n 100px\n Oneida Lake\n \n 1918\n 1949\n Active\n Unknown\n Unknown\n\n Galloo Island Light\n 100px\n Hounsfield(Galloo Island)\n \n 1820 (Former)1867 (Current)\n 1963\n Active\n 190mm\n 058 \n\n Horse Island Light\n 100px\n Hounsfield(Sackets Harbor)\n \n 1831 (Former)1870 (Current)\n 1925\n 1957(Now a private house)\n None\n Unknown\n\n Horton Point Light\n 100px\n Southold\n \n 1857\n 1933(Inactive: 1933-1990)\n Active\n VRB-25 \n 103 \n\n Hudson–Athens light\n 100px\n Hudson River\n \n 1874\n 1949\n Active\n 300mm\n 046 \n\n Huntington Harbor Light\n 100px\n Huntington\n \n 1857 (Former)1912 (Current)\n 1949\n Active\n 300mm\n 041 \n\n Latimer Reef Light\n 100px\n Southold(Fishers Island)\n \n 1884\n 1954\n Active\n 300mm\n 055 \n\n Little Gull Island Light\n 100px\n Long Island Sound(Little Gull Island)\n \n 1806 (Former)1869 (Current)\n 1978\n Active\n Unknown\n 091 \n\n Little Red Lighthouse'''Jeffrey's Hook Light'''\n 100px\n New York City(Manhattan)\n \n 1889 (Former)1921 (Current)\n 2002(Relit)\n Active(Inactive: 1947-2002)\n 300mm\n Unknown\n\n Montauk Point Light\n 100px\n Montauk\n \n 1797\n 1987\n Active\n VRB-25\n 168 \n\n New Dorp Light\n 100px\n New York City(Staten Island)\n \n 1856\n Never\n 1964(Now a private house)\n None\n 190 \n\n North Brother Island Light\n 100px\n New York CityThe Bronx\n \n 1869\n Never\n 1953(Now Ruins)\n None\n 050 \n\n North Dumpling Light\n 100px\n Long Island Sound(Near Fishers Island)\n \n 1849\n 1959\n Active\n 300mm\n 060 \n\n Oak Orchard Light\n 100px\n Oak Orchard Creek\n \n 1871\n Never\n 1914(Destroyed in 1916)\n None\n Unknown\n\n Ogdensburg Harbor Light\n 100px\n Ogdensburg\n \n 1834 (Former)1900 (Current)\n 1941\n Active(Inactive: 1961-2011)\n Unknown\n Unknown\n\n Olcott Light\n 100px\n Olcott\n \n 1873\n Never\n 1930(Demolished in 1963,now active as a rebuiltreplica)\n Unknown\n Unknown\n\n Old Field Point Light\n 100px\n Old Field\n .", "1823 (Former)1869 (Current)\n 1991(Relit)\n Active(Inactive: 1933-1991)\n Unknown\n 074 \n\n Old Orchard Shoal Light\n 100px\n Lower New York Bay\n \n 1893\n 1955\n 2012(Destroyed by Sandy)\n None\n 051 \n\n Orient Long Beach Bar Light\n 100px\n Orient\n \n 1871\n Never\n 1945(Destroyed in 1963,now active as a rebuiltreplica)\n Unknown\n 058 \n\n Orient Point Light\n 100px\n Orient\n \n 1899\n 1958\n Active\n Optic\n 064 \n\n Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Light\n 100px\n Oswego\n \n 1934(Current)\n 1968\n Active\n Optic\n 057 \n\n Plum Island Light\n 100px\n Southold(Plum Island)\n \n 1827 (Former)1870 (Current)\n 1978\n Active(metal tower)\n Unknown\n 050 \n\n Point Aux Roches Light\n 100px\n Champlain(Lake Champlain)\n \n 1859\n 1933\n 1989\n None\n 059 \n\n Prince's Bay Light\n 100px\n New York City(Staten Island)\n \n 1828 (Former)1864 (Current)\n 2006(Relit)\n Active(Inactive: 1922-2006)\n VRB-25\n Unknown\n\n Race Rock Light\n 100px\n Long Island Sound(Near Fishers Island)\n \n 1879\n 1978\n Active\n Unknown\n 067 \n\n Rock Island Light\n 100px\n Saint Lawrence River\n \n 1848 (Former)1882 (Current)\n Never\n 1956\n None\n 050 \n\n Rondout Light\n 100px\n Kingston\n \n 1838 (Former)1915 (Current)\n 1954\n Active\n 250mm\n 054 \n\n Sands Point Light\n \n North Hempstead\n \n 1809\n Never\n 1922\n None\n 065 \n\n Saugerties Light\n 100px\n Saugerties\n \n 1835 (Former)1867 (Current)\n 1954\n Active(Inactive: 1954-1990)\n Unknown\n 042 \n\n Selkirk Light\n 100px\n Pulaski\n \n 1838\n 1989(Relit)\n Active(Inactive: 1859-1989)\n 190mm\n 050 \n\n Shinnecock Light\n 100px\n Southampton(Shinnecock Bay)\n \n 1858\n Never\n 1931(Demolished in 1948)\n None\n 168 \n\n Sodus Outer Light\n 100px\n Sodus\n \n 1858 (Former)1938 (Current)\n 1980\n Active\n Unknown\n 051 \n\n Sodus Point Light\n 100px\n Sodus(Sodus Point)\n \n 1825 (Former)1871 (Current)\n Never\n 1901\n None\n 070 \n\n South Buffalo North Side Light\n 100px\n Dunkirk\n \n 1903\n 1960\n 1985\n None\n Unknown\n\n Staten Island Light\n 100px\n New York City(Staten Island)\n \n 1912\n 1921\n Active\n Unknown\n 231 \n\n Statue of Liberty\n 100px\n New York City(Liberty Island)\n \n 1886\n —\n 1902(As a lighthouse)\n —\n 305 \n\n Stepping Stones Light\n 100px\n Long Island Sound\n \n 1877\n 1964\n Active\n 300mm\n 046 \n\n Stony Point (Henderson) Light\n 100px\n Henderson\n \n 1839 (Former)1869 (Current)\n 1947\n 1959\n None\n 058 \n\n Stony Point Light\n 100px\n Stony Point\n \n 1826\n 1995(Relit)\n Active(Inactive: 1925-1995)\n Fourth-order Fresnel\n 058 \n\n Stuyvesant Light\n 100px\n Stuyvesant\n \n 1829 (Former)1868 (Current)\n Never\n 1933\n None\n 042 \n\n Sunken Rock Light\n 100px\n Saint Lawrence River(Bush Island)\n \n 1847 (Former)1882 (Current)\n 1958\n Active\n Unknown\n Unknown\n\n Tarrytown Light\n 100px\n Sleepy Hollow\n \n 1883\n Never\n 1961\n Fourth-order Fresnel(Replica)\n 056 \n\n Thirty Mile Point Light\n 100px\n Somerset\n \n 1876\n 1958\n Active\n 300mm\n 071 \n\n Throgs Neck Light\n 100px\n New York CityThe Bronx\n \n 1826(The last L.H." ]

[ "\n\nThe '''Joint Clinical Research Centre''' ('''JCRC''') is a medical research institution in Uganda, specializing in HIV/AIDS treatment and management.\n", "The headquarters of JCRC are located on Lubowa Hill, at Plot 101 Entebbe Road, approximately , by road, southeast of Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda. The geographical coordinates of the institution's headquarters are:0°13'51.0\"N, 32°34'00.0\"E (Latitude:0.230833; Longitude:32.566667).\n", "Founded in 1990, JCRC is a collaborative effort by three Ugandan ministries to address the challenges posed by HIV/AIDS and related infections: (a) the Ministry of Health, (b) the Ministry of Education and (c) the Ministry of Defence. The institution works in close collaboration with Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS).\n", "JCRC focuses on HIV/AIDS research in all age groups, clinical trials of ARVs, nutritional and social interventions and the concomitant treatment of tuberculosis. The institution also carries out malaria research. The majority of the institution's research projects are in collaboration with national, regional and international organisations, including funding agencies, international health research institutions, international NGOs and universities, as well as corporate philanthropists. \n", "The research centre is administered by an eight-person board of directors, chaired by Justine Opio-Epelu. Other board members include Prof. Nelson Sewankambo, the immediate past Principal of Makerere University College of Health Sciences. Prof. Peter Mugyenyi, the internationally recognized HIV/AIDS researcher and pediatrician, who founded the institution, serves a the centre's executive director. \n", "The JCRC has plans to build an international research hospital worth US$120 million in collaboration with ''Tokushukai Medical Group'' of Japan. Commitment for 70 percent funding has been obtained from the African Development Bank (AfDB).\n", "* Health in Uganda\n* List of hospitals in Uganda\n", "\n", "* Website of the Joint Clinical Research Centre \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Location", "Overview", "Reseach", "Governance", "Future plans", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ "Commitment for 70 percent funding has been obtained from the African Development Bank (AfDB)." ]

[ "\n\nThe '''Joint Clinical Research Centre''' ('''JCRC''') is a medical research institution in Uganda, specializing in HIV/AIDS treatment and management.", "The headquarters of JCRC are located on Lubowa Hill, at Plot 101 Entebbe Road, approximately , by road, southeast of Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda.", "The geographical coordinates of the institution's headquarters are:0°13'51.0\"N, 32°34'00.0\"E (Latitude:0.230833; Longitude:32.566667).", "Founded in 1990, JCRC is a collaborative effort by three Ugandan ministries to address the challenges posed by HIV/AIDS and related infections: (a) the Ministry of Health, (b) the Ministry of Education and (c) the Ministry of Defence.", "The institution works in close collaboration with Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS).", "JCRC focuses on HIV/AIDS research in all age groups, clinical trials of ARVs, nutritional and social interventions and the concomitant treatment of tuberculosis.", "The institution also carries out malaria research.", "The majority of the institution's research projects are in collaboration with national, regional and international organisations, including funding agencies, international health research institutions, international NGOs and universities, as well as corporate philanthropists.", "The research centre is administered by an eight-person board of directors, chaired by Justine Opio-Epelu.", "Other board members include Prof. Nelson Sewankambo, the immediate past Principal of Makerere University College of Health Sciences.", "Prof. Peter Mugyenyi, the internationally recognized HIV/AIDS researcher and pediatrician, who founded the institution, serves a the centre's executive director.", "The JCRC has plans to build an international research hospital worth US$120 million in collaboration with ''Tokushukai Medical Group'' of Japan.", "* Health in Uganda\n* List of hospitals in Uganda", "* Website of the Joint Clinical Research Centre" ]

[ "\n'''William Lunn''' (18 July 1796–19 June 1886) was a Canadian educator, businessman, and politician. Born in Devonport, England, Lunn moved to Canada on assignment with the Royal Navy in 1824 and remained there for the rest of his life. Lunn served in many civic and business capacities in Montreal, and worked to promote the educational interests of Protestants in Quebec at a time when education in that province was dominated by schools run by the Catholic Church.\n", "Lunn was born on 18 July 1796 to Elizabeth (née Heard) and William Lunn in Devonport, England. In 1819, he moved to Kingston, Upper Canada to manage supplies for the Admiralty. He married Margaret Fisher in 1821. Lunn stayed in Canada after the British decided to end their naval presence at Kingston in 1834. His wedding was noted for being the cause of a charivari that went on for three nights and resulted in the door of a police watch house being destroyed and several people arrested.\n\nLunn was a Wesleyan and wrote to Britain in 1824 requesting missionaries, because the Canadian government at the time was not happy with the presence of missionaries from the United States.\n", "Lunn was one of the founders of Montreal General Hospital, and a member of the board of managers at several points between 1824 and 1886. He served on the Bank of Montreal's board of governors from 1829 to 1849. In 1829 he was a member of both the Montreal Library and Montreal Committee of Trade boards of directors.\n\nIn municipal politics Lunn served as a Justice of the Peace in Montreal from 1826 to 1830.\n\nLunn's most significant impact on Montreal was related to education. Education in Quebec in the early 19th century was dominated by the Catholic Church. In 1822 Lunn organized the British and Canadian School Society, and served as its treasurer. In 1844 he became one of the founding board members of the High School of Montreal, and in 1864 he served as chair of the Protestant Educational Association, a group that existed to promote the interests of Protestants in Canadian education.\n\nLunn died on 19 June 1886 in Montreal.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life", "Career", "References" ]

[ "He served on the Bank of Montreal's board of governors from 1829 to 1849." ]

[ "\n'''William Lunn''' (18 July 1796–19 June 1886) was a Canadian educator, businessman, and politician.", "Born in Devonport, England, Lunn moved to Canada on assignment with the Royal Navy in 1824 and remained there for the rest of his life.", "Lunn served in many civic and business capacities in Montreal, and worked to promote the educational interests of Protestants in Quebec at a time when education in that province was dominated by schools run by the Catholic Church.", "Lunn was born on 18 July 1796 to Elizabeth (née Heard) and William Lunn in Devonport, England.", "In 1819, he moved to Kingston, Upper Canada to manage supplies for the Admiralty.", "He married Margaret Fisher in 1821.", "Lunn stayed in Canada after the British decided to end their naval presence at Kingston in 1834.", "His wedding was noted for being the cause of a charivari that went on for three nights and resulted in the door of a police watch house being destroyed and several people arrested.", "Lunn was a Wesleyan and wrote to Britain in 1824 requesting missionaries, because the Canadian government at the time was not happy with the presence of missionaries from the United States.", "Lunn was one of the founders of Montreal General Hospital, and a member of the board of managers at several points between 1824 and 1886.", "In 1829 he was a member of both the Montreal Library and Montreal Committee of Trade boards of directors.", "In municipal politics Lunn served as a Justice of the Peace in Montreal from 1826 to 1830.", "Lunn's most significant impact on Montreal was related to education.", "Education in Quebec in the early 19th century was dominated by the Catholic Church.", "In 1822 Lunn organized the British and Canadian School Society, and served as its treasurer.", "In 1844 he became one of the founding board members of the High School of Montreal, and in 1864 he served as chair of the Protestant Educational Association, a group that existed to promote the interests of Protestants in Canadian education.", "Lunn died on 19 June 1886 in Montreal." ]

[ "Kate Pier\n\n'''Kate Pier''' (June 22, 1845 - June 25, 1925) was a court commissioner, first woman in the United States being conferred with judicial powers.\n", "Kate Hamilton was born in St. Albans (town), Vermont, on June 22, 1845. Her father was John Hamilton, and her mother's maiden name was Mary Meekin. Both parents were of Scotch-Irish descent. When she was eight years old, the family moved to Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.\n\nAt 17 years old Kate Hamilton graduated from Fond du Lac High School, and after that she taught in Empire, Wisconsin, and later in Fond du Lac for about three years.\n", "Kate Pier, A woman of the century\n\nHer father died in 1870, and since that time her mother lived with her, thus making it possible for Pier to accomplish what no other woman in America, or in the world, did at the time. She became a lawyer, and so did her three daughters, Kate Hamilton Pier McIntosh, Caroline Hamilton Pier Roemer and Harriet Hamilton Pier Simonds. A fourth daughter, Mary, died while a student at the German and English Academy in Fond du Lac. Mother and daughters constituted a law firm practicing first in Fond du Lac and then, in 1888, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. When in 1891 Caroline and Harriet were admitted to the bar, the four women were half the number of women lawyers in Wisconsin.\n\nIn 1871 Pier began business life by assuming the charge of her mother's and her own share of a large estate left by her father. She worked from her father's office in the Darling Block, corner First and Main Streets, Fond du Lac, and from the bank and law office in which her husband had an interest. Her success therein brought others to her for assistance in their own affairs, and so, from a general real estate business, in which there was naturally more or less legal work continually, Pier, under the advice of her friends, entered upon the profession of law, in which she paid special attention to real estate and probate law. \n\nShe desired that her daughters began business life under her personal supervision. She started alone and knew what pioneer business undertakings meant for a woman. She wished her girls to benefit by her experience. As it was a new venture for girls to enter law schools, she desired to take the course with her oldest. Pier and her daughter Kate began their legal studies together in the law department of the Wisconsin State University, in 1886. It was a unique precedent and brought the talented pair immediately into public notice. Pier received a LLB degree on June 22, 1887, on her 42nd birthday.\n\nIn 1892 she was appointed circuit Court Commissioner for Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, the first time in the United States of judicial powers conferred on a woman.\n\nPier was the first woman to vote in the Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin; it happened at an election years before the Women's suffrage in the United States.\n\nShe was a member of the First Presbyterian church in Fond du Lac. She was a member the Woman's Relief Corps and of the Order of the Eastern Star. She was the only honorary member of the Milwaukee Business Women's Club. She was the president of the Portia Club and Dean of Psi Chapter at Madison of the Kappa Beta Pi legal sorority. She was vice-president for Wisconsin of the National Association of Women Lawyers.\n", "Kate Pier, 1902\n\nOn June 25, 1866, Kate Hamilton married Col Colwert Kendall Pier (died 1895), of Fond du Lac, in 1866. They knew each other since they were children and he was the first man from Fond du Lac to enlist in the Union Army. He did 4 years of military service under General Grant and after fulfilling his term of enlistment he studied law in Albany, New York.\n\nIn addition to the three daughters of her own, Pier brought up two nephews from their infancy, being assisted by her mother in the care of the large family. They lived in the Pier homestead south of Fond du Lac which was built by Colwert Pier's father in the 1840s.\n\nShe died on June 23, 1925, at the family home in Fond du Lac, and is buried in the Hamilton family plot in the Reinzi Cemetery.\n", "In 1982 Kate Pier was included in a book honoring 300 women from Wisconsin, released by the American Association of University Women as a part of the group's centennial celebration, ''Wisconsin Women: A Gifted Heritage''.\n\nPier Elementary School in Fond du Lac is named after the family.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life", "Career", "Personal life", "Legacy", "References" ]

[ "She worked from her father's office in the Darling Block, corner First and Main Streets, Fond du Lac, and from the bank and law office in which her husband had an interest." ]

[ "Kate Pier\n\n'''Kate Pier''' (June 22, 1845 - June 25, 1925) was a court commissioner, first woman in the United States being conferred with judicial powers.", "Kate Hamilton was born in St. Albans (town), Vermont, on June 22, 1845.", "Her father was John Hamilton, and her mother's maiden name was Mary Meekin.", "Both parents were of Scotch-Irish descent.", "When she was eight years old, the family moved to Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.", "At 17 years old Kate Hamilton graduated from Fond du Lac High School, and after that she taught in Empire, Wisconsin, and later in Fond du Lac for about three years.", "Kate Pier, A woman of the century\n\nHer father died in 1870, and since that time her mother lived with her, thus making it possible for Pier to accomplish what no other woman in America, or in the world, did at the time.", "She became a lawyer, and so did her three daughters, Kate Hamilton Pier McIntosh, Caroline Hamilton Pier Roemer and Harriet Hamilton Pier Simonds.", "A fourth daughter, Mary, died while a student at the German and English Academy in Fond du Lac.", "Mother and daughters constituted a law firm practicing first in Fond du Lac and then, in 1888, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.", "When in 1891 Caroline and Harriet were admitted to the bar, the four women were half the number of women lawyers in Wisconsin.", "In 1871 Pier began business life by assuming the charge of her mother's and her own share of a large estate left by her father.", "Her success therein brought others to her for assistance in their own affairs, and so, from a general real estate business, in which there was naturally more or less legal work continually, Pier, under the advice of her friends, entered upon the profession of law, in which she paid special attention to real estate and probate law.", "She desired that her daughters began business life under her personal supervision.", "She started alone and knew what pioneer business undertakings meant for a woman.", "She wished her girls to benefit by her experience.", "As it was a new venture for girls to enter law schools, she desired to take the course with her oldest.", "Pier and her daughter Kate began their legal studies together in the law department of the Wisconsin State University, in 1886.", "It was a unique precedent and brought the talented pair immediately into public notice.", "Pier received a LLB degree on June 22, 1887, on her 42nd birthday.", "In 1892 she was appointed circuit Court Commissioner for Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, the first time in the United States of judicial powers conferred on a woman.", "Pier was the first woman to vote in the Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin; it happened at an election years before the Women's suffrage in the United States.", "She was a member of the First Presbyterian church in Fond du Lac.", "She was a member the Woman's Relief Corps and of the Order of the Eastern Star.", "She was the only honorary member of the Milwaukee Business Women's Club.", "She was the president of the Portia Club and Dean of Psi Chapter at Madison of the Kappa Beta Pi legal sorority.", "She was vice-president for Wisconsin of the National Association of Women Lawyers.", "Kate Pier, 1902\n\nOn June 25, 1866, Kate Hamilton married Col Colwert Kendall Pier (died 1895), of Fond du Lac, in 1866.", "They knew each other since they were children and he was the first man from Fond du Lac to enlist in the Union Army.", "He did 4 years of military service under General Grant and after fulfilling his term of enlistment he studied law in Albany, New York.", "In addition to the three daughters of her own, Pier brought up two nephews from their infancy, being assisted by her mother in the care of the large family.", "They lived in the Pier homestead south of Fond du Lac which was built by Colwert Pier's father in the 1840s.", "She died on June 23, 1925, at the family home in Fond du Lac, and is buried in the Hamilton family plot in the Reinzi Cemetery.", "In 1982 Kate Pier was included in a book honoring 300 women from Wisconsin, released by the American Association of University Women as a part of the group's centennial celebration, ''Wisconsin Women: A Gifted Heritage''.", "Pier Elementary School in Fond du Lac is named after the family." ]

[ "\nPieter Johan van Berckel\n'''Pieter Johan van Berckel''' (January 1725 - 27 December 1800) was a Dutch politician, who served as mayor of Rotterdam and the first ambassador from the Dutch Republic to the United States of America. He also remained part of the government of Rotterdam until 30 January 1788, when he was dismissed by William V, Prince of Orange and the Estates General of the Dutch Republic - he never returned to Rotterdam and remained a refugee, dying in Newark.\n", "===Early life===\nHe was born in Rotterdam, as a son of Engelbert van Berckel.\n\n===Ambassador===\nNassau Hall\nOn 4 March 1783 Van Berckel was made the first ''minister plenipotentiaris'' to the USA. He set off for Philadelphia on 25th June on the ''Overijssel'', accompanied by Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp, Carel de Vos van Steenwijk and Johan Willem Simon van Haersolte, serving as an officer or sailing as a passenger on one of four ships, which formed an escort squadron. Van Berckel sent a letter ahead ordering a six-horse carriage, along with two Amsterdam merchants who wanted to invest in the Bank of Pennsylvania. He arrived on 11 October and was housed in the best inn in the city.\n\nVan Berckel and the large Dutch delegation had taken fifteen weeks to cross the Atlantic due to bad weather along the coast. One of the four ships, the warship ''De Erfprins'' (launched in 1770 by the Admiralty of Amsterdam) was wrecked 25 miles off Cape Cod. She lost two masts in a storm and was adrift for nine weeks at sea before sinking on 25 November in the Atlantic. 40 survivors from a crew of 350 were eventually picked up by a US brig.\n\nNo horse, carriage or house were ready for Van Berckel, all of which severely offended him, as did the fact that the Congress was no longer in Philadelphia - Princeton had only 75 houses but several good inns, sufficient to house the 22 congressmen during its four months as the US capital. Van Berckel spent the night with a local grandee. Handing in his credentials to the Congress of the Confederation was postponed by a day by president Elias Boudinot, a silversmith, to give time for preparations - the ceremony happened on 31 October at Nassau Hall, now the library of the University of Princeton.\n\nOn 3 December 1784 Van Berckel arrived in Trenton, New Jersey, then temporarily the US capital, though it lost that position because the southern states preferred a location south of the Mason-Dixon Line. On 11 January 1785 he met John Jay, the USA's first foreign minister and a fierce opponent of slavery.\nIn a letter to Jay on 13 February 1785 zette Van Berckel explained his view of the Kettle War. In 1788 he resigned as ambassador and the following year was succeeded by his son Franco Petrus. He took up a house on Wall Street.\n", "\n\n", "\n", "* ''Een grand tour naar de nieuwe republiek: journaal van een reis door Amerika ... door Carel de Vos van Steenwijk'' - describes a visit to Van Berckel by Carel de Vos van Steenwijk on the latter's grand tour \n* W. Wijnaendts van Resant, ''Pieter Johan van Berckel; De eerste gezant van de Republiek in de Verenigde Staten en zijn familie'', in: ''Jaarboek van het Centraal Bureau voor Genealogie'', deel 36 (1982), pag 211-239.\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Life", " Family coat of arms ", "References", "External links" ]

[ "Van Berckel sent a letter ahead ordering a six-horse carriage, along with two Amsterdam merchants who wanted to invest in the Bank of Pennsylvania." ]

[ "\nPieter Johan van Berckel\n'''Pieter Johan van Berckel''' (January 1725 - 27 December 1800) was a Dutch politician, who served as mayor of Rotterdam and the first ambassador from the Dutch Republic to the United States of America.", "He also remained part of the government of Rotterdam until 30 January 1788, when he was dismissed by William V, Prince of Orange and the Estates General of the Dutch Republic - he never returned to Rotterdam and remained a refugee, dying in Newark.", "===Early life===\nHe was born in Rotterdam, as a son of Engelbert van Berckel.", "===Ambassador===\nNassau Hall\nOn 4 March 1783 Van Berckel was made the first ''minister plenipotentiaris'' to the USA.", "He set off for Philadelphia on 25th June on the ''Overijssel'', accompanied by Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp, Carel de Vos van Steenwijk and Johan Willem Simon van Haersolte, serving as an officer or sailing as a passenger on one of four ships, which formed an escort squadron.", "He arrived on 11 October and was housed in the best inn in the city.", "Van Berckel and the large Dutch delegation had taken fifteen weeks to cross the Atlantic due to bad weather along the coast.", "One of the four ships, the warship ''De Erfprins'' (launched in 1770 by the Admiralty of Amsterdam) was wrecked 25 miles off Cape Cod.", "She lost two masts in a storm and was adrift for nine weeks at sea before sinking on 25 November in the Atlantic.", "40 survivors from a crew of 350 were eventually picked up by a US brig.", "No horse, carriage or house were ready for Van Berckel, all of which severely offended him, as did the fact that the Congress was no longer in Philadelphia - Princeton had only 75 houses but several good inns, sufficient to house the 22 congressmen during its four months as the US capital.", "Van Berckel spent the night with a local grandee.", "Handing in his credentials to the Congress of the Confederation was postponed by a day by president Elias Boudinot, a silversmith, to give time for preparations - the ceremony happened on 31 October at Nassau Hall, now the library of the University of Princeton.", "On 3 December 1784 Van Berckel arrived in Trenton, New Jersey, then temporarily the US capital, though it lost that position because the southern states preferred a location south of the Mason-Dixon Line.", "On 11 January 1785 he met John Jay, the USA's first foreign minister and a fierce opponent of slavery.", "In a letter to Jay on 13 February 1785 zette Van Berckel explained his view of the Kettle War.", "In 1788 he resigned as ambassador and the following year was succeeded by his son Franco Petrus.", "He took up a house on Wall Street.", "* ''Een grand tour naar de nieuwe republiek: journaal van een reis door Amerika ... door Carel de Vos van Steenwijk'' - describes a visit to Van Berckel by Carel de Vos van Steenwijk on the latter's grand tour \n* W. Wijnaendts van Resant, ''Pieter Johan van Berckel; De eerste gezant van de Republiek in de Verenigde Staten en zijn familie'', in: ''Jaarboek van het Centraal Bureau voor Genealogie'', deel 36 (1982), pag 211-239." ]

[ "Laura Barney Harding, 1971, Asbury Park Press\n\n'''Laura Barney Harding''' (June 2, 1902 - August 9, 1994) was a Philadelphia heiress and a long-life friend of Katharine Hepburn with whom she shared a house in Franklin Canyon Park.\n", "Laura Barney Harding was born on June 2, 1902 at the family's estate in 1816 South Rittenhouse Square on Philadelphia Main Line. She grew up in a six-story town house at 955 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Her mother, Dorothea Barney, was the granddaughter of Jay Cooke (1821-1905), \"the financier of the Civil War\". His daughter, Laura Elmina Cooke (1849-1919), married Charles Dennis Barney (1844-1945), founder of the brokerage firm that later became Smith-Barney; Harding's father, James Horace Harding (1863-1929), was a senior partner for the firm who married Barney's daughter, Dorothea Elizabeth Allen Barney (1871-1935). Her brother was William Barclay Harding (1907-1967), chairman of the board of Smith, Barney and Co.\n\nHarding made her debut into society at 18 years old, in 1920, at the Plaza in New York City. At the reception there were five hundred guests. Harding's companion for the night was Wilmarth Sheldon Lewis.\n\nIn 1921, Harding was invited at an exclusive dance given by Anne Harriman Vanderbilt confirming her position among the top two hundred people in society. Always in 1921, Harding's sister, Cammie, married Lorillard Suffern Tailer, a well-known polo player and scion of a British-American tobacco family.\n\nHarding attended Miss Porter's School but did not go to college. In 1967, Monmouth College conferred on Harding the honorary degree of doctor in humane letters.\n", "Harding first employment was with the Berkshire Players, in Stockbridge, New York, in Summer 1929, a role in W. Somerset Maugham’s play ''Caroline''. Harding worked with a young James Cagney and Jane Wyatt. In Autumn of the same year she was with the Dramatic League of Chicago in the cast of ''Thunder in the Air''. But when the newspapers wrote that \"an heiress to a seven-million-dollar fortune\" was working with the company, she quit the show. \"I do not want any publicity,\" she said \"I want my work to be judged on nothing but merit. I simply will not have people come to stare at me because they have found out who I am.\"\n\nShe went back to work with the Berkshire Players and that was the time when she became friends with Hepburn who was playing for the same company. \n\n===Katharine Hepburn===\nHarding met Hepburn when the latter was around 22 years old at the house of Frances Robinson-Duff. At Robinson-Duff’s suggestion, they both accepted a work at the Berkshire Playhouse and they became inseparable. They shared a Victorian house on Devon Road, Lee, New York, owned by Reverend Edward C. Bradley and Harding and Hepburn became good friends with the reverend three daughters, who ranged in age from nineteen to twenty-four.\n\nIn 1930 Hepburn and Harding worked together in the same play: Hepburn was Lady Agatha and Harding Lady Catherine in James M. Barrie’s ''The Admirable Crichton'', under the direction of a young Alexander Kirkland, an associate of Eva Le Gallienne.\n\nIn the 1930s the press labelled Laura Harding \"Katherine Hepburn’s other half\". They had moved to the West Coast together and Harding had helped Hepburn launch her career, designing Hepburn’s wardrobe, acting as press agent, and negotiating with producers and directors. To an RKO official’s demand to know who she was, Harding replied, \"Miss Hepburn’s husband\". Harding was the most private and most enduring of all of Hepburn’s relationships with women. \"I think it’s fair to say,\" Hepburn said, \"that Laura Harding saved my life.\"\n\nIt was Harding who introduced Hepburn to Leland Hayward, the son of Colonel William Hayward, U.S. attorney. Harding lived with Hepburn for four years and her career took second place to that of Hepburn. Harding decided to help Hepburn in her career sacrificing her own. Later she'd tell friends this was the time when she was the happiest, living with Hepburn before this latter was a successful actress.\n\nDuring World War II Harding organized dances and parties for the National Guardsmen stationed in Eatontown. She also volunteered her time at the Stage Door Canteen in New York City.\n\nShe was president from 1954 to 1970 and then chairman of the board from 1970 to 1974 of the MCOSS Nursing Services, a voluntary, non profit organization serving patients in Monmouth, Middlesex and Ocean New Jersey counties. She was instrumental in converting the Bendix plant in Red Bank, New Jersey, in an health center later named Geraldine L. Thompson Building (Geraldine L. Thompson was the founder of MCOSS), which served as MCOSS headquarters, and in building the Louise C. Bodman Health Center in Tinton Falls, New Jersey.\n\nIn 1955 she was the assistant of Cecil Beaton, scenic designer for the Broadway production of ''The Chalk Garden''.\n\nIn 1968 Harding was named woman of the year by the Business and Professional Women's Clubs of Monmouth County. In 1971 the MCOSS Nursing Services established the Laura Harding Scholarship fund to provide grants and loans for training in the field of nursing and other medical specialities. In 1974 she received the Brotherhood Award from the American Conference of Christians and Jews.\n\nIn 1990 a medical center in Manasquan, New Jersey, was named in her honor, the Laura Harding Health Center, and a day, that of her birthday, June 2, was declared Laura Harding Day in Monmouth County, New Jersey.\n\nShe was active in the Republican party (she was the Republican Committeewoman of the 5th District in Holmdel) and the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. She was vicepresident of the board of directors of the Riverview Hospital. She was president of the board of managers of the New Jersey Diagnostic Center in Menlo Park, New Jersey. She was a member of the Monmouth Park Charity Fund. She was on the board of the Old Monmouth Training Club and the Monmouth County SPCA.\n", "Later in life Laura Harding lived at Beekman Place, New York, and owned the Bayonet Farm in Holmdel, New Jersey. Hepburn was a frequent visitor to the farm. She also owned a house in Mantoloking, New Jersey; due to a visit of Hepburn in the 1940s, people often referred to that house as Hepburn's.\n\nHarding was often paired with society men like Wilmarth Lewis, a collector of Horace Walpole memorabilia, Carleton Burke, a polo player who lived in the affluent Berkeley Square section of Los Angeles, and Mitch Davenport, a reporter with the magazine Fortune. Her circle of friends included Hope Williams, a fellow graduate of Miss Porter’s and a member of the Junior League, and her lover Mercedes de Acosta, Clifton Webb, Gertrude Lawrence, Guthrie McClintic and his wife Katharine Cornell, Lillie Messenger, a Hollywood talent scout, Philip Barry, Beatrice Lillie, Elsie Janis, Noël Coward, Eunice Stoddard, Cheryl Crawford and her lover, Dorothy Patten.\n\nOne of the last public appearance of Harding was at the premiere of ''Rich and Famous'' by George Cukor in 1981. Harding and Cukor went to the afterward gala together.\n\nHarding died on August 9, 1994 at 92 years old.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life", "Career", "Personal life", "References" ]

[ "She was instrumental in converting the Bendix plant in Red Bank, New Jersey, in an health center later named Geraldine L. Thompson Building (Geraldine L. Thompson was the founder of MCOSS), which served as MCOSS headquarters, and in building the Louise C. Bodman Health Center in Tinton Falls, New Jersey." ]

[ "Laura Barney Harding, 1971, Asbury Park Press\n\n'''Laura Barney Harding''' (June 2, 1902 - August 9, 1994) was a Philadelphia heiress and a long-life friend of Katharine Hepburn with whom she shared a house in Franklin Canyon Park.", "Laura Barney Harding was born on June 2, 1902 at the family's estate in 1816 South Rittenhouse Square on Philadelphia Main Line.", "She grew up in a six-story town house at 955 Fifth Avenue, New York City.", "Her mother, Dorothea Barney, was the granddaughter of Jay Cooke (1821-1905), \"the financier of the Civil War\".", "His daughter, Laura Elmina Cooke (1849-1919), married Charles Dennis Barney (1844-1945), founder of the brokerage firm that later became Smith-Barney; Harding's father, James Horace Harding (1863-1929), was a senior partner for the firm who married Barney's daughter, Dorothea Elizabeth Allen Barney (1871-1935).", "Her brother was William Barclay Harding (1907-1967), chairman of the board of Smith, Barney and Co.\n\nHarding made her debut into society at 18 years old, in 1920, at the Plaza in New York City.", "At the reception there were five hundred guests.", "Harding's companion for the night was Wilmarth Sheldon Lewis.", "In 1921, Harding was invited at an exclusive dance given by Anne Harriman Vanderbilt confirming her position among the top two hundred people in society.", "Always in 1921, Harding's sister, Cammie, married Lorillard Suffern Tailer, a well-known polo player and scion of a British-American tobacco family.", "Harding attended Miss Porter's School but did not go to college.", "In 1967, Monmouth College conferred on Harding the honorary degree of doctor in humane letters.", "Harding first employment was with the Berkshire Players, in Stockbridge, New York, in Summer 1929, a role in W. Somerset Maugham’s play ''Caroline''.", "Harding worked with a young James Cagney and Jane Wyatt.", "In Autumn of the same year she was with the Dramatic League of Chicago in the cast of ''Thunder in the Air''.", "But when the newspapers wrote that \"an heiress to a seven-million-dollar fortune\" was working with the company, she quit the show.", "\"I do not want any publicity,\" she said \"I want my work to be judged on nothing but merit.", "I simply will not have people come to stare at me because they have found out who I am.\"", "She went back to work with the Berkshire Players and that was the time when she became friends with Hepburn who was playing for the same company.", "===Katharine Hepburn===\nHarding met Hepburn when the latter was around 22 years old at the house of Frances Robinson-Duff.", "At Robinson-Duff’s suggestion, they both accepted a work at the Berkshire Playhouse and they became inseparable.", "They shared a Victorian house on Devon Road, Lee, New York, owned by Reverend Edward C. Bradley and Harding and Hepburn became good friends with the reverend three daughters, who ranged in age from nineteen to twenty-four.", "In 1930 Hepburn and Harding worked together in the same play: Hepburn was Lady Agatha and Harding Lady Catherine in James M. Barrie’s ''The Admirable Crichton'', under the direction of a young Alexander Kirkland, an associate of Eva Le Gallienne.", "In the 1930s the press labelled Laura Harding \"Katherine Hepburn’s other half\".", "They had moved to the West Coast together and Harding had helped Hepburn launch her career, designing Hepburn’s wardrobe, acting as press agent, and negotiating with producers and directors.", "To an RKO official’s demand to know who she was, Harding replied, \"Miss Hepburn’s husband\".", "Harding was the most private and most enduring of all of Hepburn’s relationships with women.", "\"I think it’s fair to say,\" Hepburn said, \"that Laura Harding saved my life.\"", "It was Harding who introduced Hepburn to Leland Hayward, the son of Colonel William Hayward, U.S. attorney.", "Harding lived with Hepburn for four years and her career took second place to that of Hepburn.", "Harding decided to help Hepburn in her career sacrificing her own.", "Later she'd tell friends this was the time when she was the happiest, living with Hepburn before this latter was a successful actress.", "During World War II Harding organized dances and parties for the National Guardsmen stationed in Eatontown.", "She also volunteered her time at the Stage Door Canteen in New York City.", "She was president from 1954 to 1970 and then chairman of the board from 1970 to 1974 of the MCOSS Nursing Services, a voluntary, non profit organization serving patients in Monmouth, Middlesex and Ocean New Jersey counties.", "In 1955 she was the assistant of Cecil Beaton, scenic designer for the Broadway production of ''The Chalk Garden''.", "In 1968 Harding was named woman of the year by the Business and Professional Women's Clubs of Monmouth County.", "In 1971 the MCOSS Nursing Services established the Laura Harding Scholarship fund to provide grants and loans for training in the field of nursing and other medical specialities.", "In 1974 she received the Brotherhood Award from the American Conference of Christians and Jews.", "In 1990 a medical center in Manasquan, New Jersey, was named in her honor, the Laura Harding Health Center, and a day, that of her birthday, June 2, was declared Laura Harding Day in Monmouth County, New Jersey.", "She was active in the Republican party (she was the Republican Committeewoman of the 5th District in Holmdel) and the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.", "She was vicepresident of the board of directors of the Riverview Hospital.", "She was president of the board of managers of the New Jersey Diagnostic Center in Menlo Park, New Jersey.", "She was a member of the Monmouth Park Charity Fund.", "She was on the board of the Old Monmouth Training Club and the Monmouth County SPCA.", "Later in life Laura Harding lived at Beekman Place, New York, and owned the Bayonet Farm in Holmdel, New Jersey.", "Hepburn was a frequent visitor to the farm.", "She also owned a house in Mantoloking, New Jersey; due to a visit of Hepburn in the 1940s, people often referred to that house as Hepburn's.", "Harding was often paired with society men like Wilmarth Lewis, a collector of Horace Walpole memorabilia, Carleton Burke, a polo player who lived in the affluent Berkeley Square section of Los Angeles, and Mitch Davenport, a reporter with the magazine Fortune.", "Her circle of friends included Hope Williams, a fellow graduate of Miss Porter’s and a member of the Junior League, and her lover Mercedes de Acosta, Clifton Webb, Gertrude Lawrence, Guthrie McClintic and his wife Katharine Cornell, Lillie Messenger, a Hollywood talent scout, Philip Barry, Beatrice Lillie, Elsie Janis, Noël Coward, Eunice Stoddard, Cheryl Crawford and her lover, Dorothy Patten.", "One of the last public appearance of Harding was at the premiere of ''Rich and Famous'' by George Cukor in 1981.", "Harding and Cukor went to the afterward gala together.", "Harding died on August 9, 1994 at 92 years old." ]

[ "\n\n\nThis is a '''list of public art in Palm Desert, California in the United States'''. This list applies only to works of public art accessible in an outdoor public space. For example, this does not include artwork visible inside a museum. \n\nMost of the works mentioned are sculptures. When this is not the case (i.e. sound installation, for example) it is stated next to the title.\n\n\n Title\n Image\n Artist\n Year\n Location\n Coordinates\n Material\n Dimensions\n Owner\n\n ''Agave''\n \n \n \n San Pascual and Fred Waring Dr.\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Angels''\n \n \n \n Palm Desert Oasis, Seventh Day Adventist Church\n \n \n \n Seventh Day Adventists\n\n ''The Art Place''\n \n \n \n 41801 Corporate Way\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Baja Palapa''\n \n Donna Billick & Arthur Gonzalez\n \n Fred Waring Dr. and Primose\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Balance''\n \n \n\n Civic Center Park\n \n Brushed and polished stainless steel\n 3 parts. Group with bike: approx. 96 x 96 x 48 in.; Boy on bike: approx. 79 x 96 x 48 in.; Racing bike: approx. 69 x 96 x 48 in.; Each base: approx. H. 3 1/2 in.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Bighorn''\n \n Peter Madson, Curt Mattson, Shel McAdams\n\n Bighorn Golf Club\n \n Bronze\n Approx. 6 ft. 4 in. x 6 ft. 2 in. x 6 ft. 3 in.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Bus Shelter''\n \n \n \n Country Club Dr. & Desert Willow Dr.\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''C is for Cat''\n \n \n\n Palm Desert Public Library\n \n Bronze\n Approx. H. 33 in.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n '' Cahuilla''\n \n (designer)\n\n Waring Plaza\n \n Colored stamped concrete.\n Approx. W. 35 ft. x D. 61 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Cantamar Series''\n \n \n \n Oakmont of Sevogia\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Charger''\n \n \n\n El Paseo median\n \n Sculpture: painted and fabricated steel; Base: Cor-Ten steel\n Sculpture: approx. 8 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 4 in. x 16 ft. 9 in.; Base: approx. W. 5 ft. x D. 10 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Chihuly at Desert Willow''\n \n \n \n 38995 Desert Willow Dr.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''City Entry Marker''\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Cliff Henderson''\n \n \n 1978\n Median on El Paseo, east of Larkspur Lane\n \n Bronze\n Sculpture: approx. 28 x 24 x 16 in.; Base: approx. 45 x 31 x 23 in.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Colleagues''\n \n \n 1991\n Civic Center Park\n \n Brushed stainless steel\n 2 parts. Main group: approx. 95 x 120 x 48 in.; Base: approx. 4 x 120 x 48 in.; Female figure: approx. 95 x 60 x 48 in.; Base: approx. 4 x 60 x 48 in.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Coyote Benches''\n \n \n \n Civic Center Park\n \n Mono-color concrete\n 5 benches. Each: approx. 19 x 12 x 60 in.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Creative Bollards in the Minds of the Students''\n \n \n \n Palm Desert Oasis, Seventh Day Adventist Church\n \n \n \n Seventh Day Adventists\n\n ''Dancers''\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n ''Dancing Starfish''\n \n \n\n McCallum Theatre\n \n Carved cedar\n H. 96 in.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Dance to Discovery''\n \n \n \n Palm Desert Public Library\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Danseur''\n \n \n\n Civic Center Park\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Desert Aviary''\n \n \n \n 38801 Cook St.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Desert Bloom''\n \n \n \n 38995 Desert Willow Dr.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Desert Bloom''\n \n \n \n 73750 Dinah Shore Dr.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Desert Dessert''\n \n \n 1991\n Civic Center Park\n \n Painted steel\n 19 x 15 x 56 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Desert Flower/Star''\n \n \n 1992\n Civic Center Park\n \n 2 sculptures. Each: approx. 11 x 20 x 8 ft.\n Welded aluminum coated with Imron and polymer prisms\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Desert Holocaust Memorial''\n \n \n 1995\n Civic Center Park\n \n Sculpture: bronze; Base: marble and black granite.\n Overall: approx. 10 x 60 x 91 ft.; Tallest figure: approx. H. 7 ft. 9 in.; Star of David: approx. 1 x 21 x 21 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Desert Willow Fence''\n \n \n \n Desert Willow Resort\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Desert Willow Monument Sign''\n \n \n \n NW corner of Country Club Dr. and Desert Willow Dr.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Diegueno''\n \n \n 1968\n Waring Plaza\n \n Colored concrete\n Diam. 20 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''The Dreamer''\n \n \n 1989\n Civic Center Plaza\n \n Bronze\n Approx. 48 x 81 x 160 in.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Egrets''\n \n \n \n 41726 Via Aregio\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Feng Shui II''\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n ''Flute Players''\n \n \n \n 44250 Town Center Way\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Fred's Skies''\n \n \n \n Fred Waring Dr. and Town Center Way\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Gaudi Style Benches''\n \n \n \n Spanish Walk division, 75600 Gerald Ford Dr.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Giraffe''\n \n \n \n Palm Desert Public Library\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Gravity Wave''\n \n \n \n Highway 111 and Park View\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Ground Swell''\n \n \n \n 36891 Cook St.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Happy Swinging''\n \n \n \n YMCA, Civic Center Park\n \n Bronze\n Sculpture: approx. 112 x 34 x 55 in.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''In Praise of Cahuilla Baskets''\n \n \n 1992\n Nothing Bundt Cakes\n \n Cor-Ten steel, stamped color concrete\n Sculpture: approx. 11 ft. 3 in. x 16 ft. x 17 ft.; Base: approx. Diam. 44 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Lake Cahuilla Palms''\n \n \n \n Coachella Valley Water District\n \n Mosaic, palm trees\n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Levi Man''\n \n \n \n Tucson Circle and Washington St.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''The Markers''\n \n \n 1992\n Indian Ridge Country Club\n \n Utah sandstone and laminated mirrored glass\n 6 markers. Range from: approx. H. 4 ft. to 11 ft. x W. 3 ft. to 5 ft. x D. 1 ft. to 2 ft. (18 tons).\n City of Palm Desert\n\n\n ''Memorial Community Walk''\n 120px\n \n \n Civic Center Park\n \n Ceramic, concrete and stone\n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Men and Women of Steel''\n \n \n 1995\n Palm Desert Corporation Yard\n \n Stop sign and sweeper broom flat wire\n H. 64 in. x W. 64 in.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''The Messenger''\n \n \n 2010\n Sacred Heart Church\n \n H. 10 ft. x L. 17 ft.\n Bronze\n \n\n ''Messenger of the Puul''\n \n \n 1991\n Civic Center Park\n \n Bronze\n Sculpture: approx. 9 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 8 in.; Base: approx. 14 in. x 10 ft. x 10 ft. x Diam. 10 ft.; Base planter: approx. Diam. 20 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Midnight Oasis''\n \n Larson Company\n 1995\n Desert Crossing Shopping Center\n \n Bronze\n Sculpture: approx. 9 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 8 in.; Base: approx. 14 in. x 10 ft. x 10 ft. x Diam. 10 ft.; Base planter: approx. Diam. 20 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Midstream''\n \n \n\n Civic Center Park\n \n Painted and gilded bronze\n Approx. 70 x 30 x 32 in.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Morning Light, Evening Light, and Dreaming Cahuilla Basketry''\n \n \n \n 35900 Monterey Ave.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Morningstar Overture''\n \n \n \n Palm Desert Recovery Center\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Mother/Child Sculpture Garden''\n \n \n \n Civic Center Park\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Mountain Lions''\n \n \n 1993\n Living Desert Zoo and Gardens\n \n Concrete over a steel armature\n 3 camels. Camel 1: approx. H. 8 ft. 8 in. x W. 3 ft. 6 in. (2,000 lbs.); Camel 2: approx. H. 9 ft. 4 in. x W. 3 ft. 4 in. (1,800 lbs.); Camel 3: approx. H. 8 ft. x W. 2 ft. (1,200 lbs.).\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Music''\n \n \n\n McCallum Theatre\n \n Polished aluminum\n Approx. 12 x 6 x 2 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Neoglyphs''\n \n \n 1993\n Palm Desert Civic Center\n \n Arizona sandstone\n 35 pieces\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''New Beginnings''\n \n \n \n 10500 Via Foruna\n \n \n \n\n\n ''Ocotillo Garden''\n \n \n\n Merit Property Management Inc.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Palm Desert Obelisk''\n \n \n ca. 1995\n Avenue of the States at Washington, center median\n \n Ceramic tile over concrete\n 21 x 3 x 3 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''For Our Freedom''\n \n \n \n Freedom Park\n\n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Passing it Along''\n \n \n 1993\n Joslyn Center, 73750 Catalina Way\n \n Bronze\n Sculpture: approx. 5 x 4 x 3 ft.; Base: approx. 19 in. x 4 ft. x 3 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Peace Fountain''\n \n \n \n Hampton Inn\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Peace Memorial''\n\n \n 1992\n Civic Center Park\n \n White Carrara marble, black granite, marble\n Sculpture: approx. 75 x 55 x 66 in.; Pillars: approx. 10 ft. x 20 in. x 20 in.; Base: approx. L. 10 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Perpetual Motion''\n \n \n \n Palm Desert Public Library\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Portals''\n \n \n 1977\n College of the Desert, Corner of Parkview and Monterey\n \n Cor-Ten steel\n 10 x 17 x 2 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Porte Cochere Entry''\n \n \n \n 38305 Cook St.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Proceed with Caution''\n \n \n\n Palm Desert Aquatic Center, Civic Center Park\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Pulled Up Prince''\n \n \n \n Fred Waring Dr. and Town Center Way\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Recreation Liberties''\n \n \n \n Community Center, Civic Center Park\n \n \n \n \n\n ''The Reed Gatherer''\n \n \n\n Civic Center Park\n \n Sculpture: bronze; Basin: sand aggregate\n Sculpture: approx. 5 ft. 7 in. x 5 ft. 4 in. x 33 in.; Base: approx. 8 in. x 3 ft. x 4 ft. 8 in.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Reminiscing''\n \n \n \n Palm Desert Public Library\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Rising to Dawn''\n \n \n\n 72875 Fred Waring Dr. at San Luis Dr.\n \n Stone, tile, glass and wood mounted to cement fiber board\n Approx. 5 x 8 x 1 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''The Roadrunner''\n \n \n \n 78000 Fred Waring Drive\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Saturday Morning''\n\n \n 1990\n College Golf Center, College of the Desert, 73450 Fred Waring Dr.\n \n Bronze\n 2 figures. Male: approx. 6 ft. x 48 in. x 21 in.; Female: approx. 67 x 23 x 14 in.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Scroll Fence''\n \n \n \n Palm Desert Public Library\n \n \n \n \n\n ''The Seed''\n \n Steven Zaluski, Elizabeth Mapelli\n 1991\n Annenberg Center for Health Sciences\n \n Fabricated bronze, glass tiles, ceramic tile\n Sculpture: approx. 7 ft. 6 in. x 7 ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 9 in.; Base: approx. H. 5 ft. x Diam. 27 in.; Basin: approx. 4 ft. 5 in. x 30 ft. x 25 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Self-Preservation Revised''\n \n \n\n Civic Center Park\n \n Bronze\n 142 x 16 x 16 in.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Stone Eagle''\n \n \n\n 48009 Highway 74\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Sunflower and Snowbirds''\n \n Sharles\n\n Civic Center Park\n \n Bronze with patina\n 2 reliefs. Each relief: approx. Diam. 32 in.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Sunburst''\n \n \n\n Sunlife Medical Group\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Sunrise Sunset''\n \n \n 1991\n Corner of Highway 74 and Haystack\n \n Desert red granite\n Approx. 8 x 16 x 10 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Swim, Dive, Play''\n \n \n\n Palm Desert Aquatic Center, Civic Center Park\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Synergy''\n \n \n \n ampm\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Today''\n \n , Rob Pitchford\n\n Civic Center Park\n \n Sculpture: stainless steel and painted iron; Base: concrete and Corian.\n Sculpture: approx. 102 x 126 x 84 in.; Base: approx. Diam. 18 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Tumbling Weed''\n \n \n \n 34500 Monterey Ave.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Tucson Ruin''\n \n \n \n 74401 Hovley Ln. E.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Untitled''\n\n Marlo Bartels, Palm Deily, Eric Johnson\n 1989\n OneWest Bank\n \n Ceramic tile\n Approx. H. 9 ft. 2 in. x W. 8 ft. 2 in.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Untitled''\n\n \n 1991\n Albert Management Inc., Cook Street & Hovely Lane\n \n Weathering steel\n 18 x 12 x 13 1/2 ft. (10,000 lbs.)\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Walking Man''\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''The Willow''\n \n \n \n The Westin Desert Willow Villas\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Wisdom Given''\n \n \n \n \n \n\n Palm Desert Dental Center\n City of Palm Desert\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "References" ]

[ "E.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Untitled''\n\n Marlo Bartels, Palm Deily, Eric Johnson\n 1989\n OneWest Bank\n \n Ceramic tile\n Approx." ]

[ "\n\n\nThis is a '''list of public art in Palm Desert, California in the United States'''.", "This list applies only to works of public art accessible in an outdoor public space.", "For example, this does not include artwork visible inside a museum.", "Most of the works mentioned are sculptures.", "When this is not the case (i.e.", "sound installation, for example) it is stated next to the title.", "Title\n Image\n Artist\n Year\n Location\n Coordinates\n Material\n Dimensions\n Owner\n\n ''Agave''\n \n \n \n San Pascual and Fred Waring Dr.\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Angels''\n \n \n \n Palm Desert Oasis, Seventh Day Adventist Church\n \n \n \n Seventh Day Adventists\n\n ''The Art Place''\n \n \n \n 41801 Corporate Way\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Baja Palapa''\n \n Donna Billick & Arthur Gonzalez\n \n Fred Waring Dr. and Primose\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Balance''\n \n \n\n Civic Center Park\n \n Brushed and polished stainless steel\n 3 parts.", "Group with bike: approx.", "96 x 96 x 48 in.", "; Boy on bike: approx.", "79 x 96 x 48 in.", "; Racing bike: approx.", "69 x 96 x 48 in.", "; Each base: approx.", "H. 3 1/2 in.", "City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Bighorn''\n \n Peter Madson, Curt Mattson, Shel McAdams\n\n Bighorn Golf Club\n \n Bronze\n Approx.", "6 ft. 4 in.", "x 6 ft. 2 in.", "x 6 ft. 3 in.", "City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Bus Shelter''\n \n \n \n Country Club Dr. & Desert Willow Dr.\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''C is for Cat''\n \n \n\n Palm Desert Public Library\n \n Bronze\n Approx.", "H. 33 in.", "City of Palm Desert\n\n '' Cahuilla''\n \n (designer)\n\n Waring Plaza\n \n Colored stamped concrete.", "Approx.", "W. 35 ft. x D. 61 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Cantamar Series''\n \n \n \n Oakmont of Sevogia\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Charger''\n \n \n\n El Paseo median\n \n Sculpture: painted and fabricated steel; Base: Cor-Ten steel\n Sculpture: approx.", "8 ft. 6 in.", "x 4 ft. 4 in.", "x 16 ft. 9 in.", "; Base: approx.", "W. 5 ft. x D. 10 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Chihuly at Desert Willow''\n \n \n \n 38995 Desert Willow Dr.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''City Entry Marker''\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Cliff Henderson''\n \n \n 1978\n Median on El Paseo, east of Larkspur Lane\n \n Bronze\n Sculpture: approx.", "28 x 24 x 16 in.", "; Base: approx.", "45 x 31 x 23 in.", "City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Colleagues''\n \n \n 1991\n Civic Center Park\n \n Brushed stainless steel\n 2 parts.", "Main group: approx.", "95 x 120 x 48 in.", "; Base: approx.", "4 x 120 x 48 in.", "; Female figure: approx.", "95 x 60 x 48 in.", "; Base: approx.", "4 x 60 x 48 in.", "City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Coyote Benches''\n \n \n \n Civic Center Park\n \n Mono-color concrete\n 5 benches.", "Each: approx.", "19 x 12 x 60 in.", "City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Creative Bollards in the Minds of the Students''\n \n \n \n Palm Desert Oasis, Seventh Day Adventist Church\n \n \n \n Seventh Day Adventists\n\n ''Dancers''\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n ''Dancing Starfish''\n \n \n\n McCallum Theatre\n \n Carved cedar\n H. 96 in.", "City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Dance to Discovery''\n \n \n \n Palm Desert Public Library\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Danseur''\n \n \n\n Civic Center Park\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Desert Aviary''\n \n \n \n 38801 Cook St.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Desert Bloom''\n \n \n \n 38995 Desert Willow Dr.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Desert Bloom''\n \n \n \n 73750 Dinah Shore Dr.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Desert Dessert''\n \n \n 1991\n Civic Center Park\n \n Painted steel\n 19 x 15 x 56 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Desert Flower/Star''\n \n \n 1992\n Civic Center Park\n \n 2 sculptures.", "Each: approx.", "11 x 20 x 8 ft.\n Welded aluminum coated with Imron and polymer prisms\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Desert Holocaust Memorial''\n \n \n 1995\n Civic Center Park\n \n Sculpture: bronze; Base: marble and black granite.", "Overall: approx.", "10 x 60 x 91 ft.; Tallest figure: approx.", "H. 7 ft. 9 in.", "; Star of David: approx.", "1 x 21 x 21 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Desert Willow Fence''\n \n \n \n Desert Willow Resort\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Desert Willow Monument Sign''\n \n \n \n NW corner of Country Club Dr. and Desert Willow Dr.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Diegueno''\n \n \n 1968\n Waring Plaza\n \n Colored concrete\n Diam.", "20 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''The Dreamer''\n \n \n 1989\n Civic Center Plaza\n \n Bronze\n Approx.", "48 x 81 x 160 in.", "City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Egrets''\n \n \n \n 41726 Via Aregio\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Feng Shui II''\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n ''Flute Players''\n \n \n \n 44250 Town Center Way\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Fred's Skies''\n \n \n \n Fred Waring Dr. and Town Center Way\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Gaudi Style Benches''\n \n \n \n Spanish Walk division, 75600 Gerald Ford Dr.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Giraffe''\n \n \n \n Palm Desert Public Library\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Gravity Wave''\n \n \n \n Highway 111 and Park View\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Ground Swell''\n \n \n \n 36891 Cook St.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Happy Swinging''\n \n \n \n YMCA, Civic Center Park\n \n Bronze\n Sculpture: approx.", "112 x 34 x 55 in.", "City of Palm Desert\n\n ''In Praise of Cahuilla Baskets''\n \n \n 1992\n Nothing Bundt Cakes\n \n Cor-Ten steel, stamped color concrete\n Sculpture: approx.", "11 ft. 3 in.", "x 16 ft. x 17 ft.; Base: approx.", "Diam.", "44 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Lake Cahuilla Palms''\n \n \n \n Coachella Valley Water District\n \n Mosaic, palm trees\n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Levi Man''\n \n \n \n Tucson Circle and Washington St.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''The Markers''\n \n \n 1992\n Indian Ridge Country Club\n \n Utah sandstone and laminated mirrored glass\n 6 markers.", "Range from: approx.", "H. 4 ft. to 11 ft. x W. 3 ft. to 5 ft. x D. 1 ft. to 2 ft. (18 tons).", "City of Palm Desert\n\n\n ''Memorial Community Walk''\n 120px\n \n \n Civic Center Park\n \n Ceramic, concrete and stone\n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Men and Women of Steel''\n \n \n 1995\n Palm Desert Corporation Yard\n \n Stop sign and sweeper broom flat wire\n H. 64 in.", "x W. 64 in.", "City of Palm Desert\n\n ''The Messenger''\n \n \n 2010\n Sacred Heart Church\n \n H. 10 ft. x L. 17 ft.", "Bronze\n \n\n ''Messenger of the Puul''\n \n \n 1991\n Civic Center Park\n \n Bronze\n Sculpture: approx.", "9 ft. 6 in.", "x 4 ft. 6 in.", "x 4 ft. 8 in.", "; Base: approx.", "14 in.", "x 10 ft. x 10 ft. x Diam.", "10 ft.; Base planter: approx.", "Diam.", "20 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Midnight Oasis''\n \n Larson Company\n 1995\n Desert Crossing Shopping Center\n \n Bronze\n Sculpture: approx.", "9 ft. 6 in.", "x 4 ft. 6 in.", "x 4 ft. 8 in.", "; Base: approx.", "14 in.", "x 10 ft. x 10 ft. x Diam.", "10 ft.; Base planter: approx.", "Diam.", "20 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Midstream''\n \n \n\n Civic Center Park\n \n Painted and gilded bronze\n Approx.", "70 x 30 x 32 in.", "City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Morning Light, Evening Light, and Dreaming Cahuilla Basketry''\n \n \n \n 35900 Monterey Ave.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Morningstar Overture''\n \n \n \n Palm Desert Recovery Center\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Mother/Child Sculpture Garden''\n \n \n \n Civic Center Park\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Mountain Lions''\n \n \n 1993\n Living Desert Zoo and Gardens\n \n Concrete over a steel armature\n 3 camels.", "Camel 1: approx.", "H. 8 ft. 8 in.", "x W. 3 ft. 6 in.", "(2,000 lbs.", "); Camel 2: approx.", "H. 9 ft. 4 in.", "x W. 3 ft. 4 in.", "(1,800 lbs.", "); Camel 3: approx.", "H. 8 ft. x W. 2 ft. (1,200 lbs.).", "City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Music''\n \n \n\n McCallum Theatre\n \n Polished aluminum\n Approx.", "12 x 6 x 2 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Neoglyphs''\n \n \n 1993\n Palm Desert Civic Center\n \n Arizona sandstone\n 35 pieces\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''New Beginnings''\n \n \n \n 10500 Via Foruna\n \n \n \n\n\n ''Ocotillo Garden''\n \n \n\n Merit Property Management Inc.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Palm Desert Obelisk''\n \n \n ca.", "1995\n Avenue of the States at Washington, center median\n \n Ceramic tile over concrete\n 21 x 3 x 3 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''For Our Freedom''\n \n \n \n Freedom Park\n\n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Passing it Along''\n \n \n 1993\n Joslyn Center, 73750 Catalina Way\n \n Bronze\n Sculpture: approx.", "5 x 4 x 3 ft.; Base: approx.", "19 in.", "x 4 ft. x 3 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Peace Fountain''\n \n \n \n Hampton Inn\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Peace Memorial''\n\n \n 1992\n Civic Center Park\n \n White Carrara marble, black granite, marble\n Sculpture: approx.", "75 x 55 x 66 in.", "; Pillars: approx.", "10 ft. x 20 in.", "x 20 in.", "; Base: approx.", "L. 10 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Perpetual Motion''\n \n \n \n Palm Desert Public Library\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Portals''\n \n \n 1977\n College of the Desert, Corner of Parkview and Monterey\n \n Cor-Ten steel\n 10 x 17 x 2 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Porte Cochere Entry''\n \n \n \n 38305 Cook St.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Proceed with Caution''\n \n \n\n Palm Desert Aquatic Center, Civic Center Park\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Pulled Up Prince''\n \n \n \n Fred Waring Dr. and Town Center Way\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Recreation Liberties''\n \n \n \n Community Center, Civic Center Park\n \n \n \n \n\n ''The Reed Gatherer''\n \n \n\n Civic Center Park\n \n Sculpture: bronze; Basin: sand aggregate\n Sculpture: approx.", "5 ft. 7 in.", "x 5 ft. 4 in.", "x 33 in.", "; Base: approx.", "8 in.", "x 3 ft. x 4 ft. 8 in.", "City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Reminiscing''\n \n \n \n Palm Desert Public Library\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Rising to Dawn''\n \n \n\n 72875 Fred Waring Dr. at San Luis Dr.\n \n Stone, tile, glass and wood mounted to cement fiber board\n Approx.", "5 x 8 x 1 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''The Roadrunner''\n \n \n \n 78000 Fred Waring Drive\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Saturday Morning''\n\n \n 1990\n College Golf Center, College of the Desert, 73450 Fred Waring Dr.", "Bronze\n 2 figures.", "Male: approx.", "6 ft. x 48 in.", "x 21 in.", "; Female: approx.", "67 x 23 x 14 in.", "City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Scroll Fence''\n \n \n \n Palm Desert Public Library\n \n \n \n \n\n ''The Seed''\n \n Steven Zaluski, Elizabeth Mapelli\n 1991\n Annenberg Center for Health Sciences\n \n Fabricated bronze, glass tiles, ceramic tile\n Sculpture: approx.", "7 ft. 6 in.", "x 7 ft. 3 in.", "x 4 ft. 9 in.", "; Base: approx.", "H. 5 ft. x Diam.", "27 in.", "; Basin: approx.", "4 ft. 5 in.", "x 30 ft. x 25 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Self-Preservation Revised''\n \n \n\n Civic Center Park\n \n Bronze\n 142 x 16 x 16 in.", "City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Stone Eagle''\n \n \n\n 48009 Highway 74\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Sunflower and Snowbirds''\n \n Sharles\n\n Civic Center Park\n \n Bronze with patina\n 2 reliefs.", "Each relief: approx.", "Diam.", "32 in.", "City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Sunburst''\n \n \n\n Sunlife Medical Group\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Sunrise Sunset''\n \n \n 1991\n Corner of Highway 74 and Haystack\n \n Desert red granite\n Approx.", "8 x 16 x 10 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Swim, Dive, Play''\n \n \n\n Palm Desert Aquatic Center, Civic Center Park\n \n \n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Synergy''\n \n \n \n ampm\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Today''\n \n , Rob Pitchford\n\n Civic Center Park\n \n Sculpture: stainless steel and painted iron; Base: concrete and Corian.", "Sculpture: approx.", "102 x 126 x 84 in.", "; Base: approx.", "Diam.", "18 ft.\n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Tumbling Weed''\n \n \n \n 34500 Monterey Ave.\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Tucson Ruin''\n \n \n \n 74401 Hovley Ln.", "H. 9 ft. 2 in.", "x W. 8 ft. 2 in.", "City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Untitled''\n\n \n 1991\n Albert Management Inc., Cook Street & Hovely Lane\n \n Weathering steel\n 18 x 12 x 13 1/2 ft. (10,000 lbs.)", "City of Palm Desert\n\n ''Walking Man''\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n City of Palm Desert\n\n ''The Willow''\n \n \n \n The Westin Desert Willow Villas\n \n \n \n \n\n ''Wisdom Given''\n \n \n \n \n \n\n Palm Desert Dental Center\n City of Palm Desert" ]

[ "'''Grahn, Hedman & Wasastjerna''' was an architecture firm working in Helsinki, the capital of Finland, between 1892 and 1905.\n", "The firm was founded in Helsinki by the young architects Karl Gustaf Grahn (1866–1907), Ernst Hedman (1867–1933) and Knut Wasastjerna (1867–1935) in 1892. It quickly established itself as one of the leading architectural firms of the city. The firm worked mainly in Helsinki but also designed buildings for a few other towns in Finland. At one point the firm was the largest in Finland.\n", "\nFile:Wasa aktie bank.jpg| (1899)\nFile:Centro comercial Stockmann, Helsinki, Finlandia, 2012-08-14, DD 01.JPG| (1896)\nFile:Annankatu 24 Kalevankatu 15.jpg|Building of the Real Estate Union of Finland (1898)\nFile:Jakobstad Tobacco Factory 2.jpg|Strengberg Tobacco Factory, Jakobstad (1896)\nFile:Sumeliuksen talo1.jpg|, Tampere (1901)\n\n", "\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "History", "Representative works", "References" ]

[ "\nFile:Wasa aktie bank.jpg| (1899)\nFile:Centro comercial Stockmann, Helsinki, Finlandia, 2012-08-14, DD 01.JPG| (1896)\nFile:Annankatu 24 Kalevankatu 15.jpg|Building of the Real Estate Union of Finland (1898)\nFile:Jakobstad Tobacco Factory 2.jpg|Strengberg Tobacco Factory, Jakobstad (1896)\nFile:Sumeliuksen talo1.jpg|, Tampere (1901)" ]

[ "'''Grahn, Hedman & Wasastjerna''' was an architecture firm working in Helsinki, the capital of Finland, between 1892 and 1905.", "The firm was founded in Helsinki by the young architects Karl Gustaf Grahn (1866–1907), Ernst Hedman (1867–1933) and Knut Wasastjerna (1867–1935) in 1892.", "It quickly established itself as one of the leading architectural firms of the city.", "The firm worked mainly in Helsinki but also designed buildings for a few other towns in Finland.", "At one point the firm was the largest in Finland." ]

[ "'''James \"Jim\" Dothard Dilworth''' is an American banker.\n", "Dilworth studied Business Administration and Finance at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.\n\nFrom September 12, 2016 to February 2017, Dilworth was the Global Head of Sales at BNP Paribas Investment Partners, a position created specifically for him. He was Head of Active Asset Management at Deutsche Bank until January 2016. Previously Dilworth had served as Chief Executive Officer for Germany at Deutsche Asset Management International and also as Global Head of Active Management since 2014. Between 2011 and 2013 Dilworth was Chief of European Operations at Allianz Global Investors which he had joined in October 2009, coming from Morgan Stanley Investment Management where he was Chief Executive Officer of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. During his tenure with Goldman Sachs Asset Management International, Dilworth was responsible for investment management.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Education and career", "References" ]

[ "He was Head of Active Asset Management at Deutsche Bank until January 2016." ]

[ "'''James \"Jim\" Dothard Dilworth''' is an American banker.", "Dilworth studied Business Administration and Finance at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.", "From September 12, 2016 to February 2017, Dilworth was the Global Head of Sales at BNP Paribas Investment Partners, a position created specifically for him.", "Previously Dilworth had served as Chief Executive Officer for Germany at Deutsche Asset Management International and also as Global Head of Active Management since 2014.", "Between 2011 and 2013 Dilworth was Chief of European Operations at Allianz Global Investors which he had joined in October 2009, coming from Morgan Stanley Investment Management where he was Chief Executive Officer of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.", "During his tenure with Goldman Sachs Asset Management International, Dilworth was responsible for investment management." ]

[ "Mab Copland Lineman, 1922\n\n'''Mab Copland Lineman''' (October 2, 1892 – December 26, 1957), LL.B., was an attorney at law, lecturer on Law of Common Things.\n", "Mab Copland Lineman was born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, on October 2, 1892. Her father name was James Copland, her mother was Margaret Macgregor.\n\nShe was educated at Gordon School and Keith, Scotland. She attended Aberdeen College and University of Southern California Law School, graduating in 1918.\n", "Mab Copland Lineman, Jun 1936, ''The Los Angeles Times''\n\nMab Copland Lineman was an attorney at law. She was admitted to the Bar of Los Angeles on December 27, 1917. She was a member of the law firm of H. M. Lineman & Mab Copland Lineman. Her office was at 215 Ferguson Building and later at 630 Bank of Italy Building, Los Angeles.\n\nShe was Extension lecturer at the University of California and conducted legislative protection classes for several years in Los Angeles. Topics discussed included property law, interest, liability, \"disposition of property\", and \"custody and support of children\".\n\nShe was the first State Chairman of Law for the Business and Insurance California Federation of Women's Clubs.\n\nShe was president and chairman of the Legislation Women's Lawyer's Club of Los Angeles. \n\nShe is the author of ''Business and Protective Law for Women'' (1926) and ''The Law of Common Things in California'', the latter an approved high school text book. She was also an attorney for women teachers of Los Angeles.\n\nShe was a member of the State Bar of California, Los Angeles County Bar Association, Women's City Club, Order of the Eastern Star, Eleanor Joy Toll Association, Republican Study Club, Women's Political League, Sigma Iota Chi Legal Fraternity.\n\nShe was the president of the Women's Breakfast Club. Lineman increased the membership to nearly 1000. The main purpose of the Women's Breakfast Club was the day nursery established by Mrs. Buron Fitts. It was located at 2911 Future Street.\n\nIn 1939 she addressed the Van Nuys Woman's Club on \"Life and Law\", \"a comparison of business and protective law as it affects women in America and other countries\".\n\nIn 1940 she was the director of women's activities for the Willkie Volunteers, and she addressed thousands of women in the Southern California in behalf of the candidacy to the presidency of Wendell Willkie. Speaking before a meeting of 300 women in Eagle Rock, California, Lineman declared: Insidious legislation has created a creeping paralysis on the thinking and freedom of America and today we have only dictated freedom. Are you women going to be silenced as the women of other countries and find yourselves and your children in concentration camps or submitting to the will of one man, or are you going to have the courage which must be now or never to come out and fight for all the woman holds dear?\n\nIn 1946, a union strike caused the lack of breakfast at a Women's Breakfast Club meeting, and Lineman, president of the club, led members in opposition: We go on record as demanding that the right of free enterprise be restored in this country; that men and women can work without being forced to belong to a union; that when there is a strike nonunion men and women may work without detriment to themselves or their employers, and that the government enforce such rights to the end that the great majority of unorganized citizens may live normal lives as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States.\n\nJeannie Dean Murphy and Mab Copland Lineman\n\nIn 1948 she was on the Women's Division essay contest jury for the activities organized by the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce in connection with the Freedom Train. The subject of the contest was \"What I Mean by the American Way of Life\" and the first prize winner was Jeannie Dean Murphy, principal of Florence Avenue School.\n\nShe believed in the positive effect on society of personal knowledge of individual legal rights therefore she taught classes specifically aimed to women; aided by the Board of Education she had biweekly courses in two different locations, May Co.'s auditorium and Fair Park Ave. Elementary Schhol, Eagle Rock. Moreover in 1938 she hold a contest among students asking to prepare a plan on how they thought it was possible to prevent crime.\n", "Mab Copland Lineman moved to California in 1913 and lived at 379 South Reno St. and, at the time of her death, 300 N. Las Palmas Ave., Los Angeles, California. She married H. M. Lineman, LL. B.\n\nIn the 1930s she took a trip around the world. In 1936 she moved for one year to her native Scotland, settling in a family estate near the River Tay, opposite the summer home of the Duchess of Athol.\n\nShe died on December 26, 1957.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life", "Career", "Personal life", "References" ]

[ "Her office was at 215 Ferguson Building and later at 630 Bank of Italy Building, Los Angeles." ]

[ "Mab Copland Lineman, 1922\n\n'''Mab Copland Lineman''' (October 2, 1892 – December 26, 1957), LL.B., was an attorney at law, lecturer on Law of Common Things.", "Mab Copland Lineman was born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, on October 2, 1892.", "Her father name was James Copland, her mother was Margaret Macgregor.", "She was educated at Gordon School and Keith, Scotland.", "She attended Aberdeen College and University of Southern California Law School, graduating in 1918.", "Mab Copland Lineman, Jun 1936, ''The Los Angeles Times''\n\nMab Copland Lineman was an attorney at law.", "She was admitted to the Bar of Los Angeles on December 27, 1917.", "She was a member of the law firm of H. M. Lineman & Mab Copland Lineman.", "She was Extension lecturer at the University of California and conducted legislative protection classes for several years in Los Angeles.", "Topics discussed included property law, interest, liability, \"disposition of property\", and \"custody and support of children\".", "She was the first State Chairman of Law for the Business and Insurance California Federation of Women's Clubs.", "She was president and chairman of the Legislation Women's Lawyer's Club of Los Angeles.", "She is the author of ''Business and Protective Law for Women'' (1926) and ''The Law of Common Things in California'', the latter an approved high school text book.", "She was also an attorney for women teachers of Los Angeles.", "She was a member of the State Bar of California, Los Angeles County Bar Association, Women's City Club, Order of the Eastern Star, Eleanor Joy Toll Association, Republican Study Club, Women's Political League, Sigma Iota Chi Legal Fraternity.", "She was the president of the Women's Breakfast Club.", "Lineman increased the membership to nearly 1000.", "The main purpose of the Women's Breakfast Club was the day nursery established by Mrs. Buron Fitts.", "It was located at 2911 Future Street.", "In 1939 she addressed the Van Nuys Woman's Club on \"Life and Law\", \"a comparison of business and protective law as it affects women in America and other countries\".", "In 1940 she was the director of women's activities for the Willkie Volunteers, and she addressed thousands of women in the Southern California in behalf of the candidacy to the presidency of Wendell Willkie.", "Speaking before a meeting of 300 women in Eagle Rock, California, Lineman declared: Insidious legislation has created a creeping paralysis on the thinking and freedom of America and today we have only dictated freedom.", "Are you women going to be silenced as the women of other countries and find yourselves and your children in concentration camps or submitting to the will of one man, or are you going to have the courage which must be now or never to come out and fight for all the woman holds dear?", "In 1946, a union strike caused the lack of breakfast at a Women's Breakfast Club meeting, and Lineman, president of the club, led members in opposition: We go on record as demanding that the right of free enterprise be restored in this country; that men and women can work without being forced to belong to a union; that when there is a strike nonunion men and women may work without detriment to themselves or their employers, and that the government enforce such rights to the end that the great majority of unorganized citizens may live normal lives as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States.", "Jeannie Dean Murphy and Mab Copland Lineman\n\nIn 1948 she was on the Women's Division essay contest jury for the activities organized by the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce in connection with the Freedom Train.", "The subject of the contest was \"What I Mean by the American Way of Life\" and the first prize winner was Jeannie Dean Murphy, principal of Florence Avenue School.", "She believed in the positive effect on society of personal knowledge of individual legal rights therefore she taught classes specifically aimed to women; aided by the Board of Education she had biweekly courses in two different locations, May Co.'s auditorium and Fair Park Ave.", "Elementary Schhol, Eagle Rock.", "Moreover in 1938 she hold a contest among students asking to prepare a plan on how they thought it was possible to prevent crime.", "Mab Copland Lineman moved to California in 1913 and lived at 379 South Reno St. and, at the time of her death, 300 N. Las Palmas Ave., Los Angeles, California.", "She married H. M. Lineman, LL.", "B.", "In the 1930s she took a trip around the world.", "In 1936 she moved for one year to her native Scotland, settling in a family estate near the River Tay, opposite the summer home of the Duchess of Athol.", "She died on December 26, 1957." ]

[ "Orfa Jean Shontz\n\n'''Orfa Jean Shontz''' (November 1, 1876 – May 6, 1954) was an American attorney and municipal judge. She was the first female referee of the Juvenile Court of Los Angeles County.\n", "Orfa Jean Shontz was born on November 1, 1876, in Avoca, Iowa, the daughter of Benjamin Shontz and Jean Anderson Collins.\n\nShe graduated from Ames College (now Iowa State University) in Iowa and studied law at the University of Southern California.\n", "Shontz was a lawyer. She was a practicing attorney since 1913. Her office was at 1030 Citizen's National Bank Building in Los Angeles, California. From 1911 to 1914, while still a student, she became one of the first female probation officers of the Los Angeles County Juvenile Court. She was admitted to the Bar in 1913, one year before her graduation. From 1914 to 1915 she was Secretary to the Los Angeles County Probate Court. From 1915 to 1920 she was Woman's Department Referee of the Juvenile Court of Los Angeles County; she was the first female referee of the Los Angeles Juvenile Court. She created an all-female court, with an homelike atmosphere, to make women feel comfortable, and especially girls involved in sex cases to have the privacy they deserved. When she resigned in 1920, her position was taken over by Miriam Van Waters, her close friend. In 1920 she was named City Clerk of Los Angeles but resigned soon to enter private law practice. In 1932 she was named deputy city attorney and in 1934 she won the general election in California for the State Board of Equalization #4 for the Democratic Party, 48.3% against 47%. From 1935 to 1947 she was Municipal Judge of the Los Angeles Municipal Court. \n\nIn 1918 she was the primary candidate for the Los Angeles County Superior Court election.\n", "Shontz sat on the Board of Directors of the Woman's Athletic Club. She was also president of the Business and Professional Woman's Club and a member of the Board of Managers of the Los Angeles Business Girls' Club. She held memberships in the Artland Club, P.E.O. Sisterhood, Woman Lawyers' Club, State Bar Association, Los Angeles League of Women Voters, and Phi Delta Delta.\n", "Shontz moved to California in 1911. In the 1920s Shontz, Van Waters, Van Waters' friends Sara Fisher and Emily \"Pole\" Reynolds, a teacher of psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles, and Elizabeth \"Bess\" Woods, founder of the educational-research department for the Los Angeles Board of Education, all lived in a group of residences called the Colony, between Los Angeles and Pasadena. When the Colony burned down, Van Waters, Woods, and Shontz rented a house in Glendale that they called \"The Stone House\". At the time of her death, Shontz was living at 3518 Carnation Avenue, Los Angeles.\n\nShe died on May 6, 1954, and is buried at Inglewood Park Cemetery.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life", "Career", "Memberships", "Personal life", "References" ]

[ "Her office was at 1030 Citizen's National Bank Building in Los Angeles, California." ]

[ "Orfa Jean Shontz\n\n'''Orfa Jean Shontz''' (November 1, 1876 – May 6, 1954) was an American attorney and municipal judge.", "She was the first female referee of the Juvenile Court of Los Angeles County.", "Orfa Jean Shontz was born on November 1, 1876, in Avoca, Iowa, the daughter of Benjamin Shontz and Jean Anderson Collins.", "She graduated from Ames College (now Iowa State University) in Iowa and studied law at the University of Southern California.", "Shontz was a lawyer.", "She was a practicing attorney since 1913.", "From 1911 to 1914, while still a student, she became one of the first female probation officers of the Los Angeles County Juvenile Court.", "She was admitted to the Bar in 1913, one year before her graduation.", "From 1914 to 1915 she was Secretary to the Los Angeles County Probate Court.", "From 1915 to 1920 she was Woman's Department Referee of the Juvenile Court of Los Angeles County; she was the first female referee of the Los Angeles Juvenile Court.", "She created an all-female court, with an homelike atmosphere, to make women feel comfortable, and especially girls involved in sex cases to have the privacy they deserved.", "When she resigned in 1920, her position was taken over by Miriam Van Waters, her close friend.", "In 1920 she was named City Clerk of Los Angeles but resigned soon to enter private law practice.", "In 1932 she was named deputy city attorney and in 1934 she won the general election in California for the State Board of Equalization #4 for the Democratic Party, 48.3% against 47%.", "From 1935 to 1947 she was Municipal Judge of the Los Angeles Municipal Court.", "In 1918 she was the primary candidate for the Los Angeles County Superior Court election.", "Shontz sat on the Board of Directors of the Woman's Athletic Club.", "She was also president of the Business and Professional Woman's Club and a member of the Board of Managers of the Los Angeles Business Girls' Club.", "She held memberships in the Artland Club, P.E.O.", "Sisterhood, Woman Lawyers' Club, State Bar Association, Los Angeles League of Women Voters, and Phi Delta Delta.", "Shontz moved to California in 1911.", "In the 1920s Shontz, Van Waters, Van Waters' friends Sara Fisher and Emily \"Pole\" Reynolds, a teacher of psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles, and Elizabeth \"Bess\" Woods, founder of the educational-research department for the Los Angeles Board of Education, all lived in a group of residences called the Colony, between Los Angeles and Pasadena.", "When the Colony burned down, Van Waters, Woods, and Shontz rented a house in Glendale that they called \"The Stone House\".", "At the time of her death, Shontz was living at 3518 Carnation Avenue, Los Angeles.", "She died on May 6, 1954, and is buried at Inglewood Park Cemetery." ]

[ "\n\nThe '''2017–18 Perth Lynx season''' is the 30th season for the franchise in the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL).\n", "\n", "\n", "===Pre-season===\n\n\n Game\n Date \n Team\n Score\n High points\n High rebounds\n High assists\n Location \n Record\n\n 1\n September 22\n @ Townsville\n 82–83 \n Kunek (23)\n Farnworth (8) \n Whitcomb (3) \n Burdekin Basketball Association\n 0–1 \n\n 2\n September 23\n @ Townsville\n 76–88 \n Kunek (23)\n Dowe (6) \n Ciabattoni (5) \n Burdekin Basketball Association\n 0–2 \n\n\n===Regular season===\n\n\n Game\n Date \n Team\n Score\n High points\n High rebounds\n High assists\n Location \n Record\n\n 1\n October 8\n Sydney\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 2\n October 12\n @ Adelaide\n \n \n \n \n Titanium Security Arena\n \n\n 3\n October 14\n @ Bendigo\n \n \n \n \n Bendigo Stadium\n \n\n 4\n October 19\n Bendigo\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 5\n October 21\n @ Melbourne\n \n \n \n \n State Basketball Centre \n \n\n 6\n October 27\n Dandenong\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 7\n November 2\n Townsville\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 8\n November 11\n Canberra\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 9\n November 17\n @ Bendigo\n \n \n \n \n Bendigo Stadium \n \n\n 10\n November 19\n Sydney\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 11\n November 23\n @ Dandenong\n \n \n \n \n Dandenong Stadium \n \n\n 12\n November 26\n Townsville\n \n \n \n \n State Basketball Centre \n \n\n 13\n November 30\n Canberra\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 14\n December 2\n @ Adelaide\n \n \n \n \n Titanium Security Arena\n \n\n 15\n December 7\n Dandenong\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 16\n December 9\n @ Sydney\n \n \n \n \n Qudos Bank Arena \n \n\n 17\n December 15\n Adelaide\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 18\n December 17\n @ Melbourne\n \n \n \n \n State Basketball Centre \n \n\n 19\n December 23\n Melbourne\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 20\n December 29\n @ Canberra\n \n \n \n \n National Convention Centre \n \n\n 21\n December 31\n @ Townsville\n \n \n \n \n Townsville RSL Stadium \n \n\n", "====Returning====\n\n Player\n Signed\n Contract\n\n Sami Whitcomb\n April 6, 2017\n 2-year contract\n\n Antonia Farnworth\n April 11, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Tahlia Fejo\n April 2017\n 1-year development player contract\n\n Natalie Burton\n August 31, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n\n====Incoming====\n\n Player\n Signed\n Contract\n\n Alice Kunek\n May 16, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Olivia Thompson\n June 1, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Kayla Standish\n June 7, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Alex Ciabattoni\n August 1, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Courtney Williams\n August 10, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Amanda Dowe\n August 17, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n", "", "* Perth Lynx Official website\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Roster", "Standings", "Results", "Signings", "References", "External links" ]

[ "===Pre-season===\n\n\n Game\n Date \n Team\n Score\n High points\n High rebounds\n High assists\n Location \n Record\n\n 1\n September 22\n @ Townsville\n 82–83 \n Kunek (23)\n Farnworth (8) \n Whitcomb (3) \n Burdekin Basketball Association\n 0–1 \n\n 2\n September 23\n @ Townsville\n 76–88 \n Kunek (23)\n Dowe (6) \n Ciabattoni (5) \n Burdekin Basketball Association\n 0–2 \n\n\n===Regular season===\n\n\n Game\n Date \n Team\n Score\n High points\n High rebounds\n High assists\n Location \n Record\n\n 1\n October 8\n Sydney\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 2\n October 12\n @ Adelaide\n \n \n \n \n Titanium Security Arena\n \n\n 3\n October 14\n @ Bendigo\n \n \n \n \n Bendigo Stadium\n \n\n 4\n October 19\n Bendigo\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 5\n October 21\n @ Melbourne\n \n \n \n \n State Basketball Centre \n \n\n 6\n October 27\n Dandenong\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 7\n November 2\n Townsville\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 8\n November 11\n Canberra\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 9\n November 17\n @ Bendigo\n \n \n \n \n Bendigo Stadium \n \n\n 10\n November 19\n Sydney\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 11\n November 23\n @ Dandenong\n \n \n \n \n Dandenong Stadium \n \n\n 12\n November 26\n Townsville\n \n \n \n \n State Basketball Centre \n \n\n 13\n November 30\n Canberra\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 14\n December 2\n @ Adelaide\n \n \n \n \n Titanium Security Arena\n \n\n 15\n December 7\n Dandenong\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 16\n December 9\n @ Sydney\n \n \n \n \n Qudos Bank Arena \n \n\n 17\n December 15\n Adelaide\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 18\n December 17\n @ Melbourne\n \n \n \n \n State Basketball Centre \n \n\n 19\n December 23\n Melbourne\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 20\n December 29\n @ Canberra\n \n \n \n \n National Convention Centre \n \n\n 21\n December 31\n @ Townsville\n \n \n \n \n Townsville RSL Stadium" ]

[ "\n\nThe '''2017–18 Perth Lynx season''' is the 30th season for the franchise in the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL).", "====Returning====\n\n Player\n Signed\n Contract\n\n Sami Whitcomb\n April 6, 2017\n 2-year contract\n\n Antonia Farnworth\n April 11, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Tahlia Fejo\n April 2017\n 1-year development player contract\n\n Natalie Burton\n August 31, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n\n====Incoming====\n\n Player\n Signed\n Contract\n\n Alice Kunek\n May 16, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Olivia Thompson\n June 1, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Kayla Standish\n June 7, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Alex Ciabattoni\n August 1, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Courtney Williams\n August 10, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Amanda Dowe\n August 17, 2017\n 1-year contract", "* Perth Lynx Official website" ]

[ "\n\nThe '''2017–18 Sydney Uni Flames season''' is the 38th season for the franchise in the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL).\n", "", "\n", "===Pre-season===\n\n\n Game\n Date \n Team\n Score\n High points\n High rebounds\n High assists\n Location \n Record\n\n 1\n September 11\n Fujitsu Red Wave\n 74–63\n Snell (19) \n – \n –\n Brydens Stadium\n 1–0\n\n 2\n September 12\n Fujitsu Red Wave\n 81–84\n Ebzery (19) \n Boag (11) \n – \n Brydens Stadium\n 1–1\n\n 3\n September 23\n Canberra\n 72–69 \n Wilson (20) \n –\n – \n Brydens Stadium\n 2–1 \n\n\n===Regular season===\n\n\n Game\n Date \n Team\n Score\n High points\n High rebounds\n High assists\n Location \n Record\n\n 1\n October 6\n @ Adelaide\n \n \n \n \n Titanium Security Arena\n \n\n 2\n October 8\n @ Perth\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 3\n October 14\n Dandenong\n \n \n \n \n Brydens Stadium\n \n\n 4\n October 19\n @ Townsville\n \n \n \n \n Townsville RSL Stadium\n \n\n 5\n October 27\n Melbourne\n \n \n \n \n Brydens Stadium\n \n\n 6\n October 29\n @ Dandenong\n \n \n \n \n Dandenong Stadium\n \n\n 7\n November 2\n Canberra\n \n \n \n \n Brydens Stadium\n \n\n 8\n November 4\n @ Canberra\n \n \n \n \n National Convention Centre\n \n\n 9\n November 9\n @ Bendigo\n \n \n \n \n Bendigo Stadium \n \n\n 10\n November 11\n Melbourne\n \n \n \n \n Brydens Stadium\n \n\n 11\n November 19\n @ Perth\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 12\n November 26\n @ Melbourne\n \n \n \n \n State Basketball Centre \n \n\n 13\n November 29\n Adelaide\n \n \n \n \n Brydens Stadium\n \n\n 14\n December 2\n Townsville\n \n \n \n \n Brydens Stadium\n \n\n 15\n December 7\n @ Canberra\n \n \n \n \n National Convention Centre\n \n\n 16\n December 9\n Perth\n \n \n \n \n Qudos Bank Arena \n \n\n 17\n December 14\n @ Dandenong\n \n \n \n \n Dandenong Stadium\n \n\n 18\n December 16\n Bendigo\n \n \n \n \n Brydens Stadium\n \n\n 19\n December 23\n Adelaide\n \n \n \n \n Brydens Stadium\n \n\n 20\n December 29\n Townsville\n \n \n \n \n Brydens Stadium\n \n\n 21\n December 31\n @ Bendigo\n \n \n \n \n Bendigo Stadium \n \n\n", "====Returning====\n\n Player\n Signed\n Contract\n\n Belinda Snell\n September 2016\n existing 2-year contract\n\n Shanae Greaves\n September 2016\n existing 2-year contract \n\n Alex Wilson\n March 29, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Tahlia Tupaea\n April 18, 2017\n 2-year contract\n\n Jennifer Hamson\n May 9, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Carly Boag\n June 12, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Sarah Graham\n July 23, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Asia Taylor\n August 3, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Cassidy McLean\n August 22, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Lara McSpadden\n August 22, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Susannah Walmsley\n August 22, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n\n====Incoming====\n\n Player\n Signed\n Contract\n\n Katie-Rae Ebzery\n May 25, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n", "", "* Sydney Uni Flames Official website\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Roster", "Standings", "Results", "Signings", "References", "External links" ]

[ "===Pre-season===\n\n\n Game\n Date \n Team\n Score\n High points\n High rebounds\n High assists\n Location \n Record\n\n 1\n September 11\n Fujitsu Red Wave\n 74–63\n Snell (19) \n – \n –\n Brydens Stadium\n 1–0\n\n 2\n September 12\n Fujitsu Red Wave\n 81–84\n Ebzery (19) \n Boag (11) \n – \n Brydens Stadium\n 1–1\n\n 3\n September 23\n Canberra\n 72–69 \n Wilson (20) \n –\n – \n Brydens Stadium\n 2–1 \n\n\n===Regular season===\n\n\n Game\n Date \n Team\n Score\n High points\n High rebounds\n High assists\n Location \n Record\n\n 1\n October 6\n @ Adelaide\n \n \n \n \n Titanium Security Arena\n \n\n 2\n October 8\n @ Perth\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 3\n October 14\n Dandenong\n \n \n \n \n Brydens Stadium\n \n\n 4\n October 19\n @ Townsville\n \n \n \n \n Townsville RSL Stadium\n \n\n 5\n October 27\n Melbourne\n \n \n \n \n Brydens Stadium\n \n\n 6\n October 29\n @ Dandenong\n \n \n \n \n Dandenong Stadium\n \n\n 7\n November 2\n Canberra\n \n \n \n \n Brydens Stadium\n \n\n 8\n November 4\n @ Canberra\n \n \n \n \n National Convention Centre\n \n\n 9\n November 9\n @ Bendigo\n \n \n \n \n Bendigo Stadium \n \n\n 10\n November 11\n Melbourne\n \n \n \n \n Brydens Stadium\n \n\n 11\n November 19\n @ Perth\n \n \n \n \n Bendat Basketball Centre\n \n\n 12\n November 26\n @ Melbourne\n \n \n \n \n State Basketball Centre \n \n\n 13\n November 29\n Adelaide\n \n \n \n \n Brydens Stadium\n \n\n 14\n December 2\n Townsville\n \n \n \n \n Brydens Stadium\n \n\n 15\n December 7\n @ Canberra\n \n \n \n \n National Convention Centre\n \n\n 16\n December 9\n Perth\n \n \n \n \n Qudos Bank Arena \n \n\n 17\n December 14\n @ Dandenong\n \n \n \n \n Dandenong Stadium\n \n\n 18\n December 16\n Bendigo\n \n \n \n \n Brydens Stadium\n \n\n 19\n December 23\n Adelaide\n \n \n \n \n Brydens Stadium\n \n\n 20\n December 29\n Townsville\n \n \n \n \n Brydens Stadium\n \n\n 21\n December 31\n @ Bendigo\n \n \n \n \n Bendigo Stadium" ]

[ "\n\nThe '''2017–18 Sydney Uni Flames season''' is the 38th season for the franchise in the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL).", "====Returning====\n\n Player\n Signed\n Contract\n\n Belinda Snell\n September 2016\n existing 2-year contract\n\n Shanae Greaves\n September 2016\n existing 2-year contract \n\n Alex Wilson\n March 29, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Tahlia Tupaea\n April 18, 2017\n 2-year contract\n\n Jennifer Hamson\n May 9, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Carly Boag\n June 12, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Sarah Graham\n July 23, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Asia Taylor\n August 3, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Cassidy McLean\n August 22, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Lara McSpadden\n August 22, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n Susannah Walmsley\n August 22, 2017\n 1-year contract\n\n\n====Incoming====\n\n Player\n Signed\n Contract\n\n Katie-Rae Ebzery\n May 25, 2017\n 1-year contract", "* Sydney Uni Flames Official website" ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n '''Alexander Hamilton Musical Song Narratives\n'''\n '''HAMILTON 1757 - 1804'''\n\n '''ACT ONE'''\n \n1. '''Alexander Hamilton''' - Mother left husband, a crime, she spent three months in jail. Could not legally marry Alexander’s Scottish father. Father unsuccessful and drank. Alexander worked at 14 as trader for Mother’s landlord. Mother(legally an unwed Mother) dies. Alexander (legally a bastard) given money to come to America from St. Croix.\n\n2. '''Aaron Burr, Sir''' - 1776, NYC. Burr orphaned at 3, graduated Princeton at 16. Meets Hamilton and gives advice. John Laurens, from Charleston, SC. Burr and Laurens Lt. Colonels Revolutionary War. Hamilton and Laurens aides-de-camps to George Washington. Lafayette, 19 year old general from France fought with Burr,Hamilton and Laurens. Hercules Mulligan, tailor and Revolutionary spy, boarded Hamilton in NYC when Alexander attended Kings College.\n\n3. '''My Shot''' - Hamilton boasts of his intellect and his desire to fight the British to gain freedom. Lafayette predicts French Revolution. Mulligan mentors others on Revolution’s necessity. All abolitionists. Wanted to “roll like Moses claim’n our promise land”. Throwing away one’s shot when dueling negated the reason for duel. Hamilton, et al, wanted meaningful lives by not throwing away their chance for greatness.\n\n4. '''The Story of Tonight''' - Raising a glass for freedom. Predicted their children will read about them and their toast to America’s freedom.\n\n5. '''The Schuyler Sisters''' - Daughters of Philip Schuyler, successful, rich, businessman. A general in Revolutionary War and a third generation of the Dutch family in America. Angelica, Eliza and Peggy enjoy coming to the greatest city in the world,NYC. Read Thomas Paine, wanted women to included in “all men are created equal”. Showing an interest in men, they were looking for a mind at work.\n\n6. '''Farmers Refuted''' - Samuel Seabury, first American Episcopal bishop, devoted loyalist to King of England during Revolution. Arrested by patriots in November 1775. Hamilton debates, but Seabury does not buy into breaking away from the King. \n\n7. '''You’ll Be Back''' - King reminds everyone that they will regret breaking away from England and in the end the colonies will return to a part to England. And by the way the King says “ I will send my army to remind you of my love for you”.\n\n8. '''Right Hand Man''' - When British Admiral Howe blockaded American, Hamilton wants to command troops under George Washington to either die or gain glory fighting the Revolution. Washington tells how America is out gunned and out maned and needs someone to be his right hand man. Washington loses NYC. Burr volunteers and gives advice to turn the tide. Hamilton’s bravery when stealing British cannons and turning them on the enemy catches Washington’s eye. Generals Greene and Knox wanted Hamilton to serve under them. Hamilton questions whether or not serving on Washington’s staff would be “throwing away his shot”.\n\n9. '''A Winter’s Ball''' - Hamilton becomes Washington’s alter ego. Hamilton and the men all are interested in the ladies, particularly the Schuyler sisters.\n\n10. '''Helpless''' - Angelica makes a move on Hamilton, but Eliza’s and Alexander’s eyes make contact and Eliza falls head over heals in love with Hamilton. Alexander’s attraction is mutual. They correspond as the war goes on. Hamilton asks Eliza’s father for her hand. He obliges and asked Alexander to “stay true”. Hamilton tells Eliza he is not a man of means, all he has is his honor and brains. \n\n11. '''Satisfied''' - Angelica toasts the bride and groom. May you always provide and be satisfied. Angelica remembers the first night she saw Hamilton and had instant feelings for him. Angelica regrets losing Alexander to Eliza. Angelica married, in 1877, John Church, made wealthy by selling goods to the American and French armies during the Revolution. They had eight children. \n\n12. '''The Story of Tonight''' - Hamilton’s pals celebrate on his wedding day in 1780. His friends believe they too can find love. Hamilton laments he does not have a command like Burr. Burr talks about his affair with a women married to a British officer. \n\n13. '''Wait For It''' - Lt Colonel Burr continues a relationship with Theodosia Prevost, ten years older that Burr, wife of Jacques Prevost. with five children. Burr’s father was a Presbyterian preacher, but Burr believed life and death does not discriminate between the sinners and the saints. Burr’s unit suffered greatly from British artillery at the Battle of Monmouth in 1778. Burr resigns commission in 1779. Returns to law school. Marries Theodosia in 1782. Only one child survives to adulthood, Theodora. Burr had two illegitimate children with household servant. Burr recognizes Hamilton works hard and is exceeding much faster than himself, but believes his opportunity will come. \n\n14. '''Stay Alive''' - As Washington’s chief-of-staff, Hamilton describes the despair the American army is experiencing due to lack of supplies. Washington realizes he has to fight with what he has and adopts guerrilla tactics. Hamilton pleads for a field command. General Charles Lee, receives a command ahead of Alexander. Lee fails at the Battle of Monmouth where soldiers died in battle as well as from heat stroke. Lee questions Washington’s leadership. Washington encourages John Laurens to fight on. \n\n15. '''Ten Duel Commandments''' - Hamilton and Burr agree duels are dumb. Although Hamilton believes honorable men should be accountable for what they say. Charles Lee inability to command cost lives and Lee should be held accountable. Lee was court-martialed.\n\n16. '''Meet Me Inside''' - General Lee duels with Lt. Colonel Laurens in 1778. Washington orders Hamilton to meet him alone. Washington admonishes Hamilton the infighting between Lee and Laurens. Hamilton resents Lee and General Thomas Conway’s criticism of Washington. Washington says, “forget it”. Hamilton pleads for field command and is rejected. Washington orders Hamilton to go home to be with a pregnant Eliza.\n\n17. '''That Would Be Enough''' - Eliza expressive how happy she is to be married to Hamilton and that she is proud of his accomplishments. Their love transcends wealth and legacy. \n\n18. '''Guns and Ships''' - Lafayette boasts about his fighting prowess and his ability to obtain guns and ships from France. French General Rochambeau commanded French troops fighting under Washington. Victory predicted at Yorktown. Hamilton is needed in the field to win. \n\n19. '''History Has Its Eyes On You''' - Washington relents, tells Hamilton that he was younger than Alexander when he assumed his first command and his mistakes costs men their lives. Washington says, “you have no control who lives, who dies, who tells your story, history will have its eyes on you”. \n\n20. '''Yorktown''' - 1781 Lafayette and Hamilton confident of their abilities and of defeating the British. Lafayette tells of returning to France to help in a revolution, Hamilton says America will pay France back for the help they gave America. Hamilton talks of dying in battle with his friend Lafayette. Taking bullets out of their guns to avoid a stray shot signaling the enemy of their approach and using information supplied by Hercules Mulligan, an American spy, Americans attack. After a week’s fighting the Redcoats surrender. \n\n21 '''What Comes Next''' - Reeling from defeat, King George doubts the new country will make it without him. Don’t come crawling back to me, I told you so.\n\n22. '''Dear Theodasia''' - Burr sings to his daughter, Theodasia, and Hamilton sings to his son, Philip. Both promise to make the world better for them. Their fathers were not around for them but Burr and Hamilton promise to be there for their children.\n\n23. '''Non-Stop''' - Hamilton returns to study law. He and Burr practice law separately. Hamilton and Burr defend accused murderer Levi Weeks, he is acquited. Burr recognizes Hamilton’s aggressiveness. Hamilton feels called to public service, advocated strong central government. Chosen as a delegate for Constitutional Convention, Hamilton eager to give input. Solicited Burr’s support in writing Federalist Papers. Burr wants to wait and see how the political winds blow. Angelica goes to England with her husband. James Madison and John Jay assist Hamilton in writing essays in support of the Constitution. Eighty five essays in six months, fifty one written by Hamilton. Washington asks Hamilton to be Secretary of Treasury. Eliza predicts Alexander will devote most of his time to the new country. Alexander recognizes it’s his time to shine. \n\n \n\n\n '''HAMILTON \n ACT TWO'''\n\n24. '''What’d I Miss''' - 1789. Thomas Jefferson missed the fighting serving as ambassador to France. Jefferson helped Lafayette draft constitution for France. Washington asked Jefferson to be Secretary of State. James Madison solicits Jefferson in his fight for the soul of the Nation. Resents Hamilton’s desire for a strong central government consolidating state debt from Revolution, $75 million ($1.5 trillion today’s dollars).\n\n25.'''Cabinet Battle #1''' - Hamilton wants a national bank. Jefferson’s Virginia did not want to be responsible for New York’s debt. As Secretary of Treasury, consolidating state debt gave Hamilton too much power. Jefferson fearful of national whiskey tax. Hamilton fires back, assumption of debt would allow states new line of credit giving them an economic boost. Washington facilitates the two sides. Washington reminds Hamilton that he does not have the votes in congress to pass his plan and orders Hamilton to find a compromise.\n\n26. '''Take A Break''' - Hamilton’s writes to Angelica, sees his life as a Scottish tragedy. Tells her his opposition thinks of him as Macbeth, a man consumed by ambition. He sees Madison, Hamilton’s rival, as Banquo; Jefferson, a political enemy, as Macduff, and congress as Birnam Wood on its way to Dunsinane to destroy Hamilton. Angelica criticizes Hamilton for incorrect use of comma as a way of saying Alexander is working too hard. Eliza and son Philip want more time with Hamilton. Too busy says Alexander. Angelica arrives for visit and encourages Hamilton to take a break. \n\n27. '''Say No To This''' - Alone in NYC, Eliza spends summer up-state. Maria Reynolds, married, and Hamilton have an affair. Reynold’s husband, James, blackmails Hamilton. Maria says pay him and she will continue sleeping with Hamilton. Alexander pays.\n\n28. '''The Room Where It Happens''' - 1790. General Mercer’s legacy is sealed by naming a street for him. Hamilton, wanting to be remembered, realizes he has to deal with Madison and Jefferson to get his debt plan approved. Burr meets Jefferson and Madison for dinner, Support for moving the capital from NYC to the banks of the Potomac River(a win for the Southerners) is traded for debt consolidation support(a win for Hamilton). Burr brags about being there to do the deal.\n\n30. '''Schuyler Defeated''' - General Philip Schuyler loses NY senate seat to younger Aaron Burr. Burr has Wall Streets support. Hamilton takes issue with Burr for changing political parties and beating his father-in-law. Hamilton critical of Burr’s lack of conviction, Burr critical of Hamilton’s pride…”it goeth before the fall”. \n\n31. '''Cabinet Battle #2''' - Washington must decide whether or not to support France’s war against England. Jefferson recommended supporting France, shows contempt for Hamilton’s lack of social status. Hamilton says the head of France’s King Louis that America made its promise with has been decapitated, deal over, not sure who is in charge. Did you forget Lafayette and the money France lent us, Jefferson argues. Washington decides America will be neutral, Jefferson disappointed, blames rejection of support on Hamilton’s friendship with Washington. \n\n32. '''Washington On Your Side''' - Jefferson blames Hamilton for the divisiveness among Washington’s cabinet. Resentful of Hamilton increasing the size of government and consolidating war debts. Southerners reject Hamilton’s Federalist views. Washington’s support for Hamilton upsets Jefferson.\n\n33. '''One Last Time''' - Jefferson resigns as Secretary of State so he can run for President. Washington will not run against him. Washington asks Hamilton to write farewell speech. Washington discusses the things he wants to say: neutrality in world affairs, avoid partisan infighting, moving forward to create a better nation, good laws, free government. \n\n34. '''I Know Him''' - Surprised that Washington is stepping down, King George does not believe America has anyone as good to replace him. John Adams will not be a good president and America will be split apart.\n\n35. '''The Adams Administration''' - Hamilton is fired by John Adams. Alexander’s political career is predicted to end without Washington’s support. Hamilton created Coast Guard and New York Post. His enemies want to destroy Alexander reputation. \n\n36. '''We Know''' - Burr, Jefferson & Madison confront Hamilton with check stub showing his payment to Maria Reynold’s husband, James. Accused of embezzling government funds, Hamilton confesses he paid with his own money to keep affair secret. Hamilton questions whether or not the three will keep his secret.\n\n40. '''The Hurricane''' - Hamilton realizing his affair with Maria may cost him his legacy, reflects on how he has risen to his place in life, by writing: about emigrating and revolution, love letters to Eliza, the Constitution, national bank, he can write his way out of his affair too.\n\n41. '''The Reynolds Pamphlet''' - Spells out his affair in detail in 1797. Who, what when and where! His detractors delight in knowing Hamilton will never be president. Angelica travels from London to support her sister. Sentiment is shown for Eliza, a caring, trusting wife.\n\n42. '''Burn''' - Eliza remembers Angelica’s warning about the silver-tongue-devil. I fell for your line and I trusted you. I’ve reread your letters looking for a clue about your infidelities. Hamilton published Maria’s letters to him and in doing so destroyed Eliza’s love for him. Angelica believes Hamilton’s ambition got in his way of good sense and will destroy him. Eliza burns Hamilton’s letters to her and erases his memories from her mind. \n\n43. '''Blow Us All Away''' - Hamilton’s son, Phillip, 19, graduate of Kings College seeks out George Eacker, a supporter of Aaron Burr, who made negative remarks about his father. Challenging Eacker to a duel, Phillip asked his father for dueling advice. Alexander recommends shooting in the air, says if Eacker a man of honor he will follow suit. He did not, kills Phillip.\n\n44. '''It’s Quiet Uptown''' - Eliza and Alexander reconcile and move to uptown NYC, They morn the loss of Phillip. Hamilton walks the streets of NYC talking to himself. He tells Eliza he would gladly exchange his life for Phillip’s. Eliza forgives.\n\n45. '''The Election of 1800''' - Jefferson sizes up his opponent Burr, no one knows what Burr stands for and the North likes him. John Adams not expected to win. Jefferson is advised to seek Hamilton’s endorsement. Alexander and Burr are Federalists. Hamilton has never agreed with Jefferson, but Jefferson at least has beliefs, Burr has none. Alexander will vote for Jefferson. Jefferson wins in a landslide. \n\n46. '''Your Obedient Servant''' - Burr cannot believe Hamilton supported Jefferson, vows it will be the last time Alexander interferes with his political life. Hamilton fires back that he is not the reason for Burr’s unpopularity. Will not apologize for things he has said about Burr. Burr challenges Alexander to a duel. \n\n47. '''Best of Wives and Best of Women''' - Hamilton rises before dawn, Eliza encourages him to come back to bed. Alexander says he has to write a letter before he leaves for a meeting out of town. \n\n48. '''The World Was Wide Enough''' - Rowing across the Hudson River, the entourage included Hamilton’s and Burr’s seconds, Van Ness and Pendleton, and a doctor. Burr vilifies Alexander for Burr’s lack of success. Near the same sight where his son died dueling, Hamilton admits he is not a good marksman. Burr will not throw away his shot. Hamilton thinks about his death and those he will see on the other side, Laurens, his son Phillip, his mother, Washington and one day Eliza. Burr realizes he is now history’s villain. \n\n49. '''Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story''' - Jefferson admits Hamilton’s genius in setting up financial system. Madison credits Hamilton for the country’s solvency. Eliza raises money for Washington Monument, speaks out against slavery, opens first private orphanage in NYC and spends the next fifty years telling Hamilton’s story." ]

[ "Introduction" ]

[ "'''Cabinet Battle #1''' - Hamilton wants a national bank.", "'''The Hurricane''' - Hamilton realizing his affair with Maria may cost him his legacy, reflects on how he has risen to his place in life, by writing: about emigrating and revolution, love letters to Eliza, the Constitution, national bank, he can write his way out of his affair too." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n '''Alexander Hamilton Musical Song Narratives\n'''\n '''HAMILTON 1757 - 1804'''\n\n '''ACT ONE'''\n \n1.", "'''Alexander Hamilton''' - Mother left husband, a crime, she spent three months in jail.", "Could not legally marry Alexander’s Scottish father.", "Father unsuccessful and drank.", "Alexander worked at 14 as trader for Mother’s landlord.", "Mother(legally an unwed Mother) dies.", "Alexander (legally a bastard) given money to come to America from St. Croix.", "2.", "'''Aaron Burr, Sir''' - 1776, NYC.", "Burr orphaned at 3, graduated Princeton at 16.", "Meets Hamilton and gives advice.", "John Laurens, from Charleston, SC.", "Burr and Laurens Lt. Colonels Revolutionary War.", "Hamilton and Laurens aides-de-camps to George Washington.", "Lafayette, 19 year old general from France fought with Burr,Hamilton and Laurens.", "Hercules Mulligan, tailor and Revolutionary spy, boarded Hamilton in NYC when Alexander attended Kings College.", "3.", "'''My Shot''' - Hamilton boasts of his intellect and his desire to fight the British to gain freedom.", "Lafayette predicts French Revolution.", "Mulligan mentors others on Revolution’s necessity.", "All abolitionists.", "Wanted to “roll like Moses claim’n our promise land”.", "Throwing away one’s shot when dueling negated the reason for duel.", "Hamilton, et al, wanted meaningful lives by not throwing away their chance for greatness.", "4.", "'''The Story of Tonight''' - Raising a glass for freedom.", "Predicted their children will read about them and their toast to America’s freedom.", "5.", "'''The Schuyler Sisters''' - Daughters of Philip Schuyler, successful, rich, businessman.", "A general in Revolutionary War and a third generation of the Dutch family in America.", "Angelica, Eliza and Peggy enjoy coming to the greatest city in the world,NYC.", "Read Thomas Paine, wanted women to included in “all men are created equal”.", "Showing an interest in men, they were looking for a mind at work.", "6.", "'''Farmers Refuted''' - Samuel Seabury, first American Episcopal bishop, devoted loyalist to King of England during Revolution.", "Arrested by patriots in November 1775.", "Hamilton debates, but Seabury does not buy into breaking away from the King.", "7.", "'''You’ll Be Back''' - King reminds everyone that they will regret breaking away from England and in the end the colonies will return to a part to England.", "And by the way the King says “ I will send my army to remind you of my love for you”.", "8.", "'''Right Hand Man''' - When British Admiral Howe blockaded American, Hamilton wants to command troops under George Washington to either die or gain glory fighting the Revolution.", "Washington tells how America is out gunned and out maned and needs someone to be his right hand man.", "Washington loses NYC.", "Burr volunteers and gives advice to turn the tide.", "Hamilton’s bravery when stealing British cannons and turning them on the enemy catches Washington’s eye.", "Generals Greene and Knox wanted Hamilton to serve under them.", "Hamilton questions whether or not serving on Washington’s staff would be “throwing away his shot”.", "9.", "'''A Winter’s Ball''' - Hamilton becomes Washington’s alter ego.", "Hamilton and the men all are interested in the ladies, particularly the Schuyler sisters.", "10.", "'''Helpless''' - Angelica makes a move on Hamilton, but Eliza’s and Alexander’s eyes make contact and Eliza falls head over heals in love with Hamilton.", "Alexander’s attraction is mutual.", "They correspond as the war goes on.", "Hamilton asks Eliza’s father for her hand.", "He obliges and asked Alexander to “stay true”.", "Hamilton tells Eliza he is not a man of means, all he has is his honor and brains.", "11.", "'''Satisfied''' - Angelica toasts the bride and groom.", "May you always provide and be satisfied.", "Angelica remembers the first night she saw Hamilton and had instant feelings for him.", "Angelica regrets losing Alexander to Eliza.", "Angelica married, in 1877, John Church, made wealthy by selling goods to the American and French armies during the Revolution.", "They had eight children.", "12.", "'''The Story of Tonight''' - Hamilton’s pals celebrate on his wedding day in 1780.", "His friends believe they too can find love.", "Hamilton laments he does not have a command like Burr.", "Burr talks about his affair with a women married to a British officer.", "13.", "'''Wait For It''' - Lt Colonel Burr continues a relationship with Theodosia Prevost, ten years older that Burr, wife of Jacques Prevost.", "with five children.", "Burr’s father was a Presbyterian preacher, but Burr believed life and death does not discriminate between the sinners and the saints.", "Burr’s unit suffered greatly from British artillery at the Battle of Monmouth in 1778.", "Burr resigns commission in 1779.", "Returns to law school.", "Marries Theodosia in 1782.", "Only one child survives to adulthood, Theodora.", "Burr had two illegitimate children with household servant.", "Burr recognizes Hamilton works hard and is exceeding much faster than himself, but believes his opportunity will come.", "14.", "'''Stay Alive''' - As Washington’s chief-of-staff, Hamilton describes the despair the American army is experiencing due to lack of supplies.", "Washington realizes he has to fight with what he has and adopts guerrilla tactics.", "Hamilton pleads for a field command.", "General Charles Lee, receives a command ahead of Alexander.", "Lee fails at the Battle of Monmouth where soldiers died in battle as well as from heat stroke.", "Lee questions Washington’s leadership.", "Washington encourages John Laurens to fight on.", "15.", "'''Ten Duel Commandments''' - Hamilton and Burr agree duels are dumb.", "Although Hamilton believes honorable men should be accountable for what they say.", "Charles Lee inability to command cost lives and Lee should be held accountable.", "Lee was court-martialed.", "16.", "'''Meet Me Inside''' - General Lee duels with Lt.", "Colonel Laurens in 1778.", "Washington orders Hamilton to meet him alone.", "Washington admonishes Hamilton the infighting between Lee and Laurens.", "Hamilton resents Lee and General Thomas Conway’s criticism of Washington.", "Washington says, “forget it”.", "Hamilton pleads for field command and is rejected.", "Washington orders Hamilton to go home to be with a pregnant Eliza.", "17.", "'''That Would Be Enough''' - Eliza expressive how happy she is to be married to Hamilton and that she is proud of his accomplishments.", "Their love transcends wealth and legacy.", "18.", "'''Guns and Ships''' - Lafayette boasts about his fighting prowess and his ability to obtain guns and ships from France.", "French General Rochambeau commanded French troops fighting under Washington.", "Victory predicted at Yorktown.", "Hamilton is needed in the field to win.", "19.", "'''History Has Its Eyes On You''' - Washington relents, tells Hamilton that he was younger than Alexander when he assumed his first command and his mistakes costs men their lives.", "Washington says, “you have no control who lives, who dies, who tells your story, history will have its eyes on you”.", "20.", "'''Yorktown''' - 1781 Lafayette and Hamilton confident of their abilities and of defeating the British.", "Lafayette tells of returning to France to help in a revolution, Hamilton says America will pay France back for the help they gave America.", "Hamilton talks of dying in battle with his friend Lafayette.", "Taking bullets out of their guns to avoid a stray shot signaling the enemy of their approach and using information supplied by Hercules Mulligan, an American spy, Americans attack.", "After a week’s fighting the Redcoats surrender.", "21 '''What Comes Next''' - Reeling from defeat, King George doubts the new country will make it without him.", "Don’t come crawling back to me, I told you so.", "22.", "'''Dear Theodasia''' - Burr sings to his daughter, Theodasia, and Hamilton sings to his son, Philip.", "Both promise to make the world better for them.", "Their fathers were not around for them but Burr and Hamilton promise to be there for their children.", "23.", "'''Non-Stop''' - Hamilton returns to study law.", "He and Burr practice law separately.", "Hamilton and Burr defend accused murderer Levi Weeks, he is acquited.", "Burr recognizes Hamilton’s aggressiveness.", "Hamilton feels called to public service, advocated strong central government.", "Chosen as a delegate for Constitutional Convention, Hamilton eager to give input.", "Solicited Burr’s support in writing Federalist Papers.", "Burr wants to wait and see how the political winds blow.", "Angelica goes to England with her husband.", "James Madison and John Jay assist Hamilton in writing essays in support of the Constitution.", "Eighty five essays in six months, fifty one written by Hamilton.", "Washington asks Hamilton to be Secretary of Treasury.", "Eliza predicts Alexander will devote most of his time to the new country.", "Alexander recognizes it’s his time to shine.", "'''HAMILTON \n ACT TWO'''\n\n24.", "'''What’d I Miss''' - 1789.", "Thomas Jefferson missed the fighting serving as ambassador to France.", "Jefferson helped Lafayette draft constitution for France.", "Washington asked Jefferson to be Secretary of State.", "James Madison solicits Jefferson in his fight for the soul of the Nation.", "Resents Hamilton’s desire for a strong central government consolidating state debt from Revolution, $75 million ($1.5 trillion today’s dollars).", "25.", "Jefferson’s Virginia did not want to be responsible for New York’s debt.", "As Secretary of Treasury, consolidating state debt gave Hamilton too much power.", "Jefferson fearful of national whiskey tax.", "Hamilton fires back, assumption of debt would allow states new line of credit giving them an economic boost.", "Washington facilitates the two sides.", "Washington reminds Hamilton that he does not have the votes in congress to pass his plan and orders Hamilton to find a compromise.", "26.", "'''Take A Break''' - Hamilton’s writes to Angelica, sees his life as a Scottish tragedy.", "Tells her his opposition thinks of him as Macbeth, a man consumed by ambition.", "He sees Madison, Hamilton’s rival, as Banquo; Jefferson, a political enemy, as Macduff, and congress as Birnam Wood on its way to Dunsinane to destroy Hamilton.", "Angelica criticizes Hamilton for incorrect use of comma as a way of saying Alexander is working too hard.", "Eliza and son Philip want more time with Hamilton.", "Too busy says Alexander.", "Angelica arrives for visit and encourages Hamilton to take a break.", "27.", "'''Say No To This''' - Alone in NYC, Eliza spends summer up-state.", "Maria Reynolds, married, and Hamilton have an affair.", "Reynold’s husband, James, blackmails Hamilton.", "Maria says pay him and she will continue sleeping with Hamilton.", "Alexander pays.", "28.", "'''The Room Where It Happens''' - 1790.", "General Mercer’s legacy is sealed by naming a street for him.", "Hamilton, wanting to be remembered, realizes he has to deal with Madison and Jefferson to get his debt plan approved.", "Burr meets Jefferson and Madison for dinner, Support for moving the capital from NYC to the banks of the Potomac River(a win for the Southerners) is traded for debt consolidation support(a win for Hamilton).", "Burr brags about being there to do the deal.", "30.", "'''Schuyler Defeated''' - General Philip Schuyler loses NY senate seat to younger Aaron Burr.", "Burr has Wall Streets support.", "Hamilton takes issue with Burr for changing political parties and beating his father-in-law.", "Hamilton critical of Burr’s lack of conviction, Burr critical of Hamilton’s pride…”it goeth before the fall”.", "31.", "'''Cabinet Battle #2''' - Washington must decide whether or not to support France’s war against England.", "Jefferson recommended supporting France, shows contempt for Hamilton’s lack of social status.", "Hamilton says the head of France’s King Louis that America made its promise with has been decapitated, deal over, not sure who is in charge.", "Did you forget Lafayette and the money France lent us, Jefferson argues.", "Washington decides America will be neutral, Jefferson disappointed, blames rejection of support on Hamilton’s friendship with Washington.", "32.", "'''Washington On Your Side''' - Jefferson blames Hamilton for the divisiveness among Washington’s cabinet.", "Resentful of Hamilton increasing the size of government and consolidating war debts.", "Southerners reject Hamilton’s Federalist views.", "Washington’s support for Hamilton upsets Jefferson.", "33.", "'''One Last Time''' - Jefferson resigns as Secretary of State so he can run for President.", "Washington will not run against him.", "Washington asks Hamilton to write farewell speech.", "Washington discusses the things he wants to say: neutrality in world affairs, avoid partisan infighting, moving forward to create a better nation, good laws, free government.", "34.", "'''I Know Him''' - Surprised that Washington is stepping down, King George does not believe America has anyone as good to replace him.", "John Adams will not be a good president and America will be split apart.", "35.", "'''The Adams Administration''' - Hamilton is fired by John Adams.", "Alexander’s political career is predicted to end without Washington’s support.", "Hamilton created Coast Guard and New York Post.", "His enemies want to destroy Alexander reputation.", "36.", "'''We Know''' - Burr, Jefferson & Madison confront Hamilton with check stub showing his payment to Maria Reynold’s husband, James.", "Accused of embezzling government funds, Hamilton confesses he paid with his own money to keep affair secret.", "Hamilton questions whether or not the three will keep his secret.", "40.", "41.", "'''The Reynolds Pamphlet''' - Spells out his affair in detail in 1797. Who, what when and where!", "His detractors delight in knowing Hamilton will never be president.", "Angelica travels from London to support her sister.", "Sentiment is shown for Eliza, a caring, trusting wife.", "42.", "'''Burn''' - Eliza remembers Angelica’s warning about the silver-tongue-devil.", "I fell for your line and I trusted you.", "I’ve reread your letters looking for a clue about your infidelities.", "Hamilton published Maria’s letters to him and in doing so destroyed Eliza’s love for him.", "Angelica believes Hamilton’s ambition got in his way of good sense and will destroy him.", "Eliza burns Hamilton’s letters to her and erases his memories from her mind.", "43.", "'''Blow Us All Away''' - Hamilton’s son, Phillip, 19, graduate of Kings College seeks out George Eacker, a supporter of Aaron Burr, who made negative remarks about his father.", "Challenging Eacker to a duel, Phillip asked his father for dueling advice.", "Alexander recommends shooting in the air, says if Eacker a man of honor he will follow suit.", "He did not, kills Phillip.", "44.", "'''It’s Quiet Uptown''' - Eliza and Alexander reconcile and move to uptown NYC, They morn the loss of Phillip.", "Hamilton walks the streets of NYC talking to himself.", "He tells Eliza he would gladly exchange his life for Phillip’s.", "Eliza forgives.", "45.", "'''The Election of 1800''' - Jefferson sizes up his opponent Burr, no one knows what Burr stands for and the North likes him.", "John Adams not expected to win.", "Jefferson is advised to seek Hamilton’s endorsement.", "Alexander and Burr are Federalists.", "Hamilton has never agreed with Jefferson, but Jefferson at least has beliefs, Burr has none.", "Alexander will vote for Jefferson.", "Jefferson wins in a landslide.", "46.", "'''Your Obedient Servant''' - Burr cannot believe Hamilton supported Jefferson, vows it will be the last time Alexander interferes with his political life.", "Hamilton fires back that he is not the reason for Burr’s unpopularity.", "Will not apologize for things he has said about Burr.", "Burr challenges Alexander to a duel.", "47.", "'''Best of Wives and Best of Women''' - Hamilton rises before dawn, Eliza encourages him to come back to bed.", "Alexander says he has to write a letter before he leaves for a meeting out of town.", "48.", "'''The World Was Wide Enough''' - Rowing across the Hudson River, the entourage included Hamilton’s and Burr’s seconds, Van Ness and Pendleton, and a doctor.", "Burr vilifies Alexander for Burr’s lack of success.", "Near the same sight where his son died dueling, Hamilton admits he is not a good marksman.", "Burr will not throw away his shot.", "Hamilton thinks about his death and those he will see on the other side, Laurens, his son Phillip, his mother, Washington and one day Eliza.", "Burr realizes he is now history’s villain.", "49.", "'''Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story''' - Jefferson admits Hamilton’s genius in setting up financial system.", "Madison credits Hamilton for the country’s solvency.", "Eliza raises money for Washington Monument, speaks out against slavery, opens first private orphanage in NYC and spends the next fifty years telling Hamilton’s story." ]

[ "Institut National des Etudes et Recherches Agronomique (INERA - formerly INEAC), Yangambi (2011)\nInstitut National des Etudes et Recherches Agronomique, depot, Yangambi (2011)\nNational Institute for Agronomic Study of the Belgian Congo, Laboratory for Soil science, Yangambi, 1937 - 1954\nMap displaying the ''indigenous peasantry programme'' in the Belgian Congo, 1955\nThe '''National Institute for Agronomic Study of the Belgian Congo''' ( ('''INÉAC'''), ('''NILCO''') ) was a research facility established in Yangambi in the Belgian Congo, operating from 1933 to 1962.\n\nINEAC was established as a successor to the ''Régie des Plantations de la Colonie'' (REPCO).\nThe INEAC experimental fields and research facilities were built along the north bank of the Congo River, and along a road stretching northward from the river for about . The goal of this institute was to follow a more scientific approach with regards to agricultural policies and innovations, and to promote the diffusion of agricultural innovations and know-how under the Congolese farmers. The creation of this institute was part of a larger 'indigenous peasantry programme'. This policy aimed to modernize indigenous agriculture by assigning plots of land to individual families (after rigorous prospection and soil analysis) and by providing them with government support in the form of selected seeds, agronomic advice, fertilizers, etc. The indigenous agricultural techniques were combined with new scientific discoveries, aimed at creating more efficient hybrid farming models and increasing the living standards in the traditional rural communities. In this way, the ''Institute for Agronomic Study of the Belgian Congo'' had a vast impact on the practical implementation of the social and economic agricultural policy of the colonial government. \n", "In the 1930s researchers at INÉAC found the relationship between the ''tenera'', ''dura'' and ''pisifera'' oil palms.\nOil palms have relatively low yield around Yangambi compared to coastal regions. This appears to be due to the lower night temperatures in the continental interior, which have a mean minimum at Yangambi of around .\nThe scientific research undertaken by INÉAC played an essential role in improving the supply of rubber and palm oil in support of the war effort during World War II.\n", "After the second World War the ''indigenous peasantry programme'' became widely spread all over the rural parts of the Belgian Congo, based on the (economic) success of the pilot projects in the mid thirties. The ''Institute for Agronomic Study of the Belgian Congo'' also played an important role in the implementation of the ''Ten year plan for the economic and social development of the Belgian Congo'' (1950-1959), of which the agraric development of the colony was one of the cornerstones.\n\nDuring this period, the institute studied a broad range of agricultural topics, gaining international reputation, with 32 research centers throughout the Belgian Congo and Rwanda-Urundi. By 1959, the scientific research department in Yangambi was made up of the divisions Climatology, Plant physiology, Agricultural engineering and mechanics, Zootechnics, Hydrobiology, Agricultural economics and a diverse range of research into specific crops.\n", "\nThe ''indigenous peasantry programme'' was intended to increase the living conditions of the traditional rural communities, but critics state that the programme was mainly developed as a solution for the increasing soil depletion due to excessively intense cultivation and inadequate soil management. However, the ''paysannats programme'' was designed to be flexible and the implementation varied based on the geographic regions and districts. The institute has also been criticized for concentrating on large-scale agriculture mainly focussed on the production of crops suited for export markets. \n\nTwo years after independence, on 31 December 1962, the ''National Institute for Agronomic Study of the Belgian Congo'' (INÉAC) changed its name into the ''Institut National des Etudes et Recherches Agronomique'' (INERA).\n", "\nThe center developed a number of varieties of soybeans for use in different parts of the country.Early-maturing varieties yielded over 1,200 kg/ha of soybeans.\nField trials showed that inoculation could increase yields by 80% to 300%.\nIn the 1950s INÉAC researchers discovered the 'Yangambi km 5' (AAA) dessert banana. This variety yields large numbers of small fruit with an excellent taste, is productive even on poor soils and is resistant to black leaf streak disease.\nThere is some evidence that this cultivar may have originated in southern Thailand, introduced to the Kilo-Moto region in northeastern Congo and then brought to Yangambi before World War II.\n", "*1934-1934: Pierre Ryckmans (was appointed Governor-General of the Belgian Congo later that year)\n*1949-1962 : Floribert Jurion.\n", "\n", "\n*\n*\n*\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Initial research and policies", "Post World War II", "Criticism", "Other Research", " Présidents-directeurs généraux ", "References", "Sources" ]

[ "The INEAC experimental fields and research facilities were built along the north bank of the Congo River, and along a road stretching northward from the river for about ." ]

[ "Institut National des Etudes et Recherches Agronomique (INERA - formerly INEAC), Yangambi (2011)\nInstitut National des Etudes et Recherches Agronomique, depot, Yangambi (2011)\nNational Institute for Agronomic Study of the Belgian Congo, Laboratory for Soil science, Yangambi, 1937 - 1954\nMap displaying the ''indigenous peasantry programme'' in the Belgian Congo, 1955\nThe '''National Institute for Agronomic Study of the Belgian Congo''' ( ('''INÉAC'''), ('''NILCO''') ) was a research facility established in Yangambi in the Belgian Congo, operating from 1933 to 1962.", "INEAC was established as a successor to the ''Régie des Plantations de la Colonie'' (REPCO).", "The goal of this institute was to follow a more scientific approach with regards to agricultural policies and innovations, and to promote the diffusion of agricultural innovations and know-how under the Congolese farmers.", "The creation of this institute was part of a larger 'indigenous peasantry programme'.", "This policy aimed to modernize indigenous agriculture by assigning plots of land to individual families (after rigorous prospection and soil analysis) and by providing them with government support in the form of selected seeds, agronomic advice, fertilizers, etc.", "The indigenous agricultural techniques were combined with new scientific discoveries, aimed at creating more efficient hybrid farming models and increasing the living standards in the traditional rural communities.", "In this way, the ''Institute for Agronomic Study of the Belgian Congo'' had a vast impact on the practical implementation of the social and economic agricultural policy of the colonial government.", "In the 1930s researchers at INÉAC found the relationship between the ''tenera'', ''dura'' and ''pisifera'' oil palms.", "Oil palms have relatively low yield around Yangambi compared to coastal regions.", "This appears to be due to the lower night temperatures in the continental interior, which have a mean minimum at Yangambi of around .", "The scientific research undertaken by INÉAC played an essential role in improving the supply of rubber and palm oil in support of the war effort during World War II.", "After the second World War the ''indigenous peasantry programme'' became widely spread all over the rural parts of the Belgian Congo, based on the (economic) success of the pilot projects in the mid thirties.", "The ''Institute for Agronomic Study of the Belgian Congo'' also played an important role in the implementation of the ''Ten year plan for the economic and social development of the Belgian Congo'' (1950-1959), of which the agraric development of the colony was one of the cornerstones.", "During this period, the institute studied a broad range of agricultural topics, gaining international reputation, with 32 research centers throughout the Belgian Congo and Rwanda-Urundi.", "By 1959, the scientific research department in Yangambi was made up of the divisions Climatology, Plant physiology, Agricultural engineering and mechanics, Zootechnics, Hydrobiology, Agricultural economics and a diverse range of research into specific crops.", "\nThe ''indigenous peasantry programme'' was intended to increase the living conditions of the traditional rural communities, but critics state that the programme was mainly developed as a solution for the increasing soil depletion due to excessively intense cultivation and inadequate soil management.", "However, the ''paysannats programme'' was designed to be flexible and the implementation varied based on the geographic regions and districts.", "The institute has also been criticized for concentrating on large-scale agriculture mainly focussed on the production of crops suited for export markets.", "Two years after independence, on 31 December 1962, the ''National Institute for Agronomic Study of the Belgian Congo'' (INÉAC) changed its name into the ''Institut National des Etudes et Recherches Agronomique'' (INERA).", "\nThe center developed a number of varieties of soybeans for use in different parts of the country.Early-maturing varieties yielded over 1,200 kg/ha of soybeans.", "Field trials showed that inoculation could increase yields by 80% to 300%.", "In the 1950s INÉAC researchers discovered the 'Yangambi km 5' (AAA) dessert banana.", "This variety yields large numbers of small fruit with an excellent taste, is productive even on poor soils and is resistant to black leaf streak disease.", "There is some evidence that this cultivar may have originated in southern Thailand, introduced to the Kilo-Moto region in northeastern Congo and then brought to Yangambi before World War II.", "*1934-1934: Pierre Ryckmans (was appointed Governor-General of the Belgian Congo later that year)\n*1949-1962 : Floribert Jurion.", "\n*\n*\n*\n*" ]

[ "\n\n'''Edith Grøn''' (19 February 1917-15 March 1990) was a Danish-born Nicaraguan sculptor. She is considered to be the most significant 20th-century Nicaraguan sculptor. Her works are featured in public spaces throughout Nicaragua and abroad.\n", "Edith Dorthe Grøn was born on 19 February 1917 in Copenhagen, Denmark to Sofie (née Rasmussen) and Vilhelm Andersen Grøn. When she was 6 years old, in 1923, her family, which included her brother Niels, migrated to Nicaragua because her mother had been advised a warmer climate would help her arthritis. Her mother's illness coupled with the economic depression which existed in Denmark after World War I, prompted Vilhelm to bring the family to Central America. The family came with an immigration company which had contracted with the Nicaraguan government to resettle up to 2,000 Danish families in the country. One hundred settlers came in her migration group, which initially settled on a farm in the mountainous area around Matagalpa. After moving about the country several times, the family finally settled in Managua, where Vilhelm owned and operated a restaurant known as ''La Casa Dinamarca'' (The Danish House). From an early age, she enjoyed producing artworks, first with paint and then clay. \n\nGrøn completed both her primary and secondary education at the Colegio Bautista in Managua. In 1931, Grøn was involved in a serious car accident, when her father lost control of the car, and she flew through the windshield, breaking all the bones in her face. After numerous surgeries, performed by missionary doctors visiting from North America, she recovered, but remained scarred. In 1942, she entered the National School of Fine Arts (), studying under Genaro Amador Lira, along with students like Roberto de la Selva and Fernando Saravia. In 1943, Grøn won the Rubén Darío Art Prize, for her work ''Amo Muerto'', which was then exhibited at the National Palace of Culture. The sculpture depicted a dog mourning at the grave of its young owner. Wanting to further her studies, Grøn moved to Mexico City in 1944 to study at the Academy of San Carlos with . She studied Classic Arts and Architecture and in 1944, exhibited ''El Puntigado'', which received notice in the Mexican press and secured her a scholarship at Columbia University in New York City. The sculpture was the figure of a crying child who had been whipped as a form of punishment. In 1946, she entered Columbia, studying ceramics and sculpture, completing her studies in 1948 and returning to Nicaragua.\n", "The bust of Darío which adorns the Rubén Darío National Theatre\n''El Relevo'', (The Relay) is in front of the Post Office, Managua\nFrom 1940 to 1952, Grøn was in a relationship with Silvio Turcios, known as Bill. He was a boxer and fireman, and because of his physique, became her model for several sculptures, including the muscles for the athletes of ''El Relevo''. According to her biographer, José Vivó, ''The Relay'' is known internationally as a symbol for the transfer of wisdom and knowledge. Grøn held her first solo exhibit at the National Palace of Culture in 1953, exhibiting large ''Costumbrismo'' sculptures of figures and several nudes. For the centennial celebration of the Battle of San Jacinto, she sculpted , which was installed at the Hacienda San Jacinto in 1956. In 1958, she produced a sculpture of the head of journalist Gabry Rivas and that same year, she was decorated with the Order of Rubén Darío by the government of Nicaragua. The following year, she completed a monument dedicated to mothers, commissioned by historian Julián N. Guerrero. The statue, ''Monumento a la Madre'' was installed in Boaco. \n\nGrøn sculpted in clay, stone and wood, and molded in concrete and various metals. Her initial works were realistic and she strove for perfection, but she was influenced by the Romanian modernist Constantin Brâncuși, which led her to shift to more stylized forms. In 1960, she completed a statue of General José Dolores Estrada for the Nicaraguan Association of Writers and Artists. She was known for her sculptures of Rubén Darío, and also depicted personalities such as Josefa Toledo de Aguirre, Pablo Antonio Cuadra, among others. A 1958 sculpture of Darío was installed in a Miami, Florida park in 1961. That same year, Grøn carved a stone head of Darío clothed in a Carthusian habit, titling it ''La Cartuja'', in reference to the poet's 1913 work on the same theme. In 1962 to commemorate the 350th anniversary of the indigenous revolt against the Spanish conquistador Gil González Dávila, Grøn sculpted an image of Cacique Diriangén to depict his courage and resistance. In 1964, she sculpted a bust of Darío from white Guatemalan marble, which has become an iconic image of the poet. In the 1970s, Grøn developed mouth cancer and went to the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston for chemotherapy. She began losing her sight in 1981 and was forced to change to painting and inlay works with wood. Some of her most known paintings include: ''Muchacha en la hamaca'' (''Girl in a hammock''), ''Cándida'', ''Desnudo'' (''The nude''), and ''Llanto después del desastre'' (''Tears after the disaster''), which was a reference to the 1972 Nicaraguan earthquake.\n\nNumerous sculptures by Grøn adorn public places in Nicaragua, such as ''El Relevo'', (The Relay) which is in front of the post office of Managua; a monument to Andrés Castro Estrada, which was commissioned in 1956 by students and teachers, who had trained with the educator ; a work on José Dolores Estrada which stands at the Masaya entrance to the Tiscapa Lagoon Natural Reserve; a statue of Cacique Diriangén which adorns the park ''Las Piedrecitas'' in Managua; a sculpture of Rubén Darío, located at the Central Bank of Nicaragua, which is the most reproduced depiction of the author in the country; and a bust of Darío completed in 1964, which adorns the National Theater bearing his name. Between 1959 and 1980, Grøn sculpted more than 300 works. They are held not only in Nicaragua, but in Belgium, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, France, Germany, Mexico, Peru, and Spain, among other countries. She was honored with the Rubén Darío Order of Cultural Independence in 1989.\n", "Grøn died from throat cancer on 15 March 1990 in Managua. In 2007, an exhibit of photographs of the sculptor and her works was presented at the Institute of Hispanic Culture of the Spanish embassy. In 2010, the Spanish writer, Joseph M. Vivó, published ''Edith Grön, Biografía de una Escultora'' (Edith Grön, Biography of a sculptor) to preserve her cultural legacy.\n", "===Citations===\n\n\n===Bibliography===\n\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life", "Career", "Death and legacy", " References " ]

[ "Numerous sculptures by Grøn adorn public places in Nicaragua, such as ''El Relevo'', (The Relay) which is in front of the post office of Managua; a monument to Andrés Castro Estrada, which was commissioned in 1956 by students and teachers, who had trained with the educator ; a work on José Dolores Estrada which stands at the Masaya entrance to the Tiscapa Lagoon Natural Reserve; a statue of Cacique Diriangén which adorns the park ''Las Piedrecitas'' in Managua; a sculpture of Rubén Darío, located at the Central Bank of Nicaragua, which is the most reproduced depiction of the author in the country; and a bust of Darío completed in 1964, which adorns the National Theater bearing his name." ]

[ "\n\n'''Edith Grøn''' (19 February 1917-15 March 1990) was a Danish-born Nicaraguan sculptor.", "She is considered to be the most significant 20th-century Nicaraguan sculptor.", "Her works are featured in public spaces throughout Nicaragua and abroad.", "Edith Dorthe Grøn was born on 19 February 1917 in Copenhagen, Denmark to Sofie (née Rasmussen) and Vilhelm Andersen Grøn.", "When she was 6 years old, in 1923, her family, which included her brother Niels, migrated to Nicaragua because her mother had been advised a warmer climate would help her arthritis.", "Her mother's illness coupled with the economic depression which existed in Denmark after World War I, prompted Vilhelm to bring the family to Central America.", "The family came with an immigration company which had contracted with the Nicaraguan government to resettle up to 2,000 Danish families in the country.", "One hundred settlers came in her migration group, which initially settled on a farm in the mountainous area around Matagalpa.", "After moving about the country several times, the family finally settled in Managua, where Vilhelm owned and operated a restaurant known as ''La Casa Dinamarca'' (The Danish House).", "From an early age, she enjoyed producing artworks, first with paint and then clay.", "Grøn completed both her primary and secondary education at the Colegio Bautista in Managua.", "In 1931, Grøn was involved in a serious car accident, when her father lost control of the car, and she flew through the windshield, breaking all the bones in her face.", "After numerous surgeries, performed by missionary doctors visiting from North America, she recovered, but remained scarred.", "In 1942, she entered the National School of Fine Arts (), studying under Genaro Amador Lira, along with students like Roberto de la Selva and Fernando Saravia.", "In 1943, Grøn won the Rubén Darío Art Prize, for her work ''Amo Muerto'', which was then exhibited at the National Palace of Culture.", "The sculpture depicted a dog mourning at the grave of its young owner.", "Wanting to further her studies, Grøn moved to Mexico City in 1944 to study at the Academy of San Carlos with .", "She studied Classic Arts and Architecture and in 1944, exhibited ''El Puntigado'', which received notice in the Mexican press and secured her a scholarship at Columbia University in New York City.", "The sculpture was the figure of a crying child who had been whipped as a form of punishment.", "In 1946, she entered Columbia, studying ceramics and sculpture, completing her studies in 1948 and returning to Nicaragua.", "The bust of Darío which adorns the Rubén Darío National Theatre\n''El Relevo'', (The Relay) is in front of the Post Office, Managua\nFrom 1940 to 1952, Grøn was in a relationship with Silvio Turcios, known as Bill.", "He was a boxer and fireman, and because of his physique, became her model for several sculptures, including the muscles for the athletes of ''El Relevo''.", "According to her biographer, José Vivó, ''The Relay'' is known internationally as a symbol for the transfer of wisdom and knowledge.", "Grøn held her first solo exhibit at the National Palace of Culture in 1953, exhibiting large ''Costumbrismo'' sculptures of figures and several nudes.", "For the centennial celebration of the Battle of San Jacinto, she sculpted , which was installed at the Hacienda San Jacinto in 1956.", "In 1958, she produced a sculpture of the head of journalist Gabry Rivas and that same year, she was decorated with the Order of Rubén Darío by the government of Nicaragua.", "The following year, she completed a monument dedicated to mothers, commissioned by historian Julián N. Guerrero.", "The statue, ''Monumento a la Madre'' was installed in Boaco.", "Grøn sculpted in clay, stone and wood, and molded in concrete and various metals.", "Her initial works were realistic and she strove for perfection, but she was influenced by the Romanian modernist Constantin Brâncuși, which led her to shift to more stylized forms.", "In 1960, she completed a statue of General José Dolores Estrada for the Nicaraguan Association of Writers and Artists.", "She was known for her sculptures of Rubén Darío, and also depicted personalities such as Josefa Toledo de Aguirre, Pablo Antonio Cuadra, among others.", "A 1958 sculpture of Darío was installed in a Miami, Florida park in 1961.", "That same year, Grøn carved a stone head of Darío clothed in a Carthusian habit, titling it ''La Cartuja'', in reference to the poet's 1913 work on the same theme.", "In 1962 to commemorate the 350th anniversary of the indigenous revolt against the Spanish conquistador Gil González Dávila, Grøn sculpted an image of Cacique Diriangén to depict his courage and resistance.", "In 1964, she sculpted a bust of Darío from white Guatemalan marble, which has become an iconic image of the poet.", "In the 1970s, Grøn developed mouth cancer and went to the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston for chemotherapy.", "She began losing her sight in 1981 and was forced to change to painting and inlay works with wood.", "Some of her most known paintings include: ''Muchacha en la hamaca'' (''Girl in a hammock''), ''Cándida'', ''Desnudo'' (''The nude''), and ''Llanto después del desastre'' (''Tears after the disaster''), which was a reference to the 1972 Nicaraguan earthquake.", "Between 1959 and 1980, Grøn sculpted more than 300 works.", "They are held not only in Nicaragua, but in Belgium, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, France, Germany, Mexico, Peru, and Spain, among other countries.", "She was honored with the Rubén Darío Order of Cultural Independence in 1989.", "Grøn died from throat cancer on 15 March 1990 in Managua.", "In 2007, an exhibit of photographs of the sculptor and her works was presented at the Institute of Hispanic Culture of the Spanish embassy.", "In 2010, the Spanish writer, Joseph M. Vivó, published ''Edith Grön, Biografía de una Escultora'' (Edith Grön, Biography of a sculptor) to preserve her cultural legacy.", "===Citations===\n\n\n===Bibliography===\n\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*" ]

[ "\n\n'''Vitalino José Ferreira Prova Canas''' (born 14 July 1959, in Caldas da Rainha) is a Portuguese lawyer, professor and politician, member of the Socialist Party.\n", "\nGraduated and having received a masters degree of Law from the University of Lisbon, he began his teaching career in 1986, having taught at the Law Faculties of the University of Lisbon, University of Macau and at the Eduardo Mondlane University, as well as at the Higher Institute of Management Sciences and the Higher Institute of Sciences Police and Homeland Security. Still student, he joined the youth wing and, later, the Socialist Party, having presided over the National Commission of Jurisdiction in the two structures. From 1983 to 1984 he served as an advisor to the Judicial Office of the Constitutional Court, which he would resume between 1993 and 1995. He headed the Governor of Macau's office between 1989 and 1991 and in Mozambique he was a legal advisor to the World Bank in 1991 and to the Government from 1992 to 1995. Between 1995 and 2002 he was Secretary of State for the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, under the government of António Guterres. Since 2002, he has been a deputy in the Sintra Municipal Assembly and the Assembly of the Republic, having been a national spokesperson for the PS between 2005 and 2009. Aside politics, he is a lawyer in Lisbon, a legal advisor to the ''Fundação Oriente'' and the Stanley Ho Foundation and, since 2004, of the Cape Verdean Government. He has been a non-executive director of the Companhia de Seguros Sagres since 2006.\n<!-- ", "The Socialist Party spokesman, Vitalino Canas, comments on the first projections on 2009's European elections, at Hotel Altis, in Lisbon, June 7th, 2009.\n* \"A Problemática das delegações de poder em Macau\", in Administração, n.º 7, 1990\n* \"Relações entre o Ordenamento Constitucional Português e o Ordenamento Jurídico do Território de Macau.\" in Boletim do Ministério da Justiça n.º 365, de 1987 e Revista Jurídica de Macau, Vol. 1, 1988\n* \"Vias de participação política das diferentes comunidades de Macau\", in Population and city growth in Macau, Macau, 1990\n* \"Princípio da proporcionalidade\", separata do vol. VI do Dicionário Jurídico da Administração Pública, Lisboa, 1994\n* \"Staat und Kirche in Portugal\", in Gerhard Robbers (org), Staat und Kirche in der Europaischen Union, Baden-Baden, 1995 (com versões em inglês, italiano, castelhano, francês e checo)\n* \"A Lei 3/94, de 13 de Setembro, da República de Moçambique, sobre o quadro institucional dos distritos municipais\", in Revista da Faculdade de Direito de Lisboa, vol. XXXVI (1995)\n* \"Relação Jurídico-Pública\", separata do vol. VII do Dicionário Jurídico da Administração Pública, Lisboa, 1996\n* \"Tribunal Constitucional: órgão de estratégia legislativa?\", in Revista da Faculdade de Direito de Lisboa, vol. XXXVIII, 1996\n* \"A Lei Básica e a evolução política de Macau\", in Política Internacional, n.os 15/16, Outono-Inverno 1997\n* \"O princípio da proibição do excesso na Constituição: arqueologia e aplicações\", in Perspectivas Constitucionais, org. Jorge Miranda, vol. 11, Coimbra, 1997\n* \"O sistema de governo moçambicano na Constituição de 1990\", in Revista Luso-Africana de Direito, n.º 1, 1997\n* \"Macau\", separata do 1.° suplemento do Dicionário Jurídico da Administração Pública, Lisboa, 1998\n* \"Sistema semi-presidencial\", separata do 1.° suplemento do Dicionário Jurídico da Administração Pública, Lisboa, 1998\n* \"A fiscalização da constitucional idade em Portugal e em Cabo Verde: em especial a fiscalização preventiva\", in Revista Direito e Cidadania (Cabo Verde), número especial, ano 111. Maio de 1999\n* \"Um passo mais na qualidade da democracia\", Revista Paraná Eleitoral (Brasil), n.º 32, Abr./Jun., 1999\n* \"O n.° 9 do artigo 112° da Constituição: transposição de directivas\", separata à Revista Polis, ano VI, n.º 7/8, Jan.-Dez. 1999\n* \"Notas sobre alguns aspectos restritivos da \"nova\" lei dos estrangeiros\", in Vida Judiciária, n.º 71, Jul./Agosto de 2003.\n* \"Os efeitos das decisões do Tribunal Constitucional: a garantia da segurança jurídica, da equidade e do interesse público\", in Revista Brasileira de Direito Constitucional, n.º 2, Jul./Dez. 2003\n* \"Partidos Políticos: um balanço do estudo do tema\", in Estudos em Homenagem ao Conselheiro José Manuel Cardoso da Costa, Coimbra, 2003\n* \"Dilemas da comunicação política\", in Comunicação para os Cidadãos no estado da sociedade em que vivemos, Comunicações da Conferência Internacional realizada em Oeiras em 9 e 10 de Outubro de 2003\n* \"The semi-presidential system\", in Zeitschrift für auslãndisches offentliches Recht und VO/kerrecht (Heidelberg Journal of International Law), Band 64 (2004), n.º 1\n* \"O Tribunal Constitucional: órgão de garantia da segurança jurídica, da equidade e do interesse público de excepcional relevo\", Estudos em Homenagem ao Prof. Doutor Armando Marques Guedes, Coimbra, 2004\n* Recensão a André Freire, Marina Costa Lobo e Pedro Magalhães (orgs.), Portugal a votos. As eleições legislativas de 2002, in Análise Social n.º 172, vol. XXXIX, Outono de 2004\n* \"«Branqueamento de capitais»: noções elementares do regime jurídico de prevenção e repressão e evolução previsível\", separata da Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa, suplemento, 2004\n* \"Constituição da República Portuguesa. Textos e Comentários à Lei Constituicional n.º 1/82, Lisboa, 1983\n* \"Lei sobre Organização, Funcionamento e Processo do Tribunal Constitucional\", Lisboa, 1984.\n* Código de Justiça Militar anotado, 1.ª ed., Coimbra, 2004\n* \"Autarquias Locais em Moçambique. Antecedentes e Regime Jurídico\", Lisboa-Maputo, 1998\n* \"Democracia com mais cidadania. A questão da igualdade de participação política\", Lisboa, 1998\n* 10 Milhões de Razões, Lisboa, 2002\n* Publica com regularidade artigos de opinião em jornais e revistas\n* As Decisões de Provimento do Tribunal Constitucional. Os seus efeitos em particular, Lisboa, 1984\n* Os Processos de Fiscalização da Constitucionalidade e da Legalidade pelo Tribunal Constitucional, Coimbra, 1986\n* Preliminares do Estudo da Ciência Política (Manual Universitário), Macau, 1992\n* Introdução às Decisões de Provimento do Tribunal Constitucional, Lisboa, 1994\n* Preliminares do Estudo da Ciência Política (Manual Universitário), tradução chinesa, Macau, 1997\n* Referendo Nacional. Introdução e Regime, Lisboa, 1998\n* O Crime de Branqueamento. Regime de prevenção e de repressão, Lisboa, 2004\n* Constituição da República Portuguesa - Comentários e notas, Lisboa, 2004\n* \" A Forma de Governo Semipresidencial. Alguns aspectos\" , in Revista Jurídica, 1982, n.º 1\n* \"O Ministério Público e a Defesa da Constituição\", in Revista do Ministério Público, ano 5, n.º 20 (1984)\n* \"O Orçamento Comunitário, principais problemas\", in Revísta Jurídica, 1985, n.º 4\n* \"Os Efeitos das Decisões do Tribunal Constitucional\", Revista Progresso do Direito, n.os 3/4,1986\n* \"O Vício de forma do acto administrativo\", in Revista Jurídica n.º 9/10 (Jan./Jul., 1987)\n* \"Vias de participação política das diferentes comunidades de Macau\", in Population and city growth in Macau, Macau, 1990 -->\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Career", "Works", "References" ]

[ "He headed the Governor of Macau's office between 1989 and 1991 and in Mozambique he was a legal advisor to the World Bank in 1991 and to the Government from 1992 to 1995." ]

[ "\n\n'''Vitalino José Ferreira Prova Canas''' (born 14 July 1959, in Caldas da Rainha) is a Portuguese lawyer, professor and politician, member of the Socialist Party.", "\nGraduated and having received a masters degree of Law from the University of Lisbon, he began his teaching career in 1986, having taught at the Law Faculties of the University of Lisbon, University of Macau and at the Eduardo Mondlane University, as well as at the Higher Institute of Management Sciences and the Higher Institute of Sciences Police and Homeland Security.", "Still student, he joined the youth wing and, later, the Socialist Party, having presided over the National Commission of Jurisdiction in the two structures.", "From 1983 to 1984 he served as an advisor to the Judicial Office of the Constitutional Court, which he would resume between 1993 and 1995.", "Between 1995 and 2002 he was Secretary of State for the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, under the government of António Guterres.", "Since 2002, he has been a deputy in the Sintra Municipal Assembly and the Assembly of the Republic, having been a national spokesperson for the PS between 2005 and 2009.", "Aside politics, he is a lawyer in Lisbon, a legal advisor to the ''Fundação Oriente'' and the Stanley Ho Foundation and, since 2004, of the Cape Verdean Government.", "He has been a non-executive director of the Companhia de Seguros Sagres since 2006.", "<!--", "The Socialist Party spokesman, Vitalino Canas, comments on the first projections on 2009's European elections, at Hotel Altis, in Lisbon, June 7th, 2009.", "* \"A Problemática das delegações de poder em Macau\", in Administração, n.º 7, 1990\n* \"Relações entre o Ordenamento Constitucional Português e o Ordenamento Jurídico do Território de Macau.\"", "in Boletim do Ministério da Justiça n.º 365, de 1987 e Revista Jurídica de Macau, Vol.", "1, 1988\n* \"Vias de participação política das diferentes comunidades de Macau\", in Population and city growth in Macau, Macau, 1990\n* \"Princípio da proporcionalidade\", separata do vol.", "VI do Dicionário Jurídico da Administração Pública, Lisboa, 1994\n* \"Staat und Kirche in Portugal\", in Gerhard Robbers (org), Staat und Kirche in der Europaischen Union, Baden-Baden, 1995 (com versões em inglês, italiano, castelhano, francês e checo)\n* \"A Lei 3/94, de 13 de Setembro, da República de Moçambique, sobre o quadro institucional dos distritos municipais\", in Revista da Faculdade de Direito de Lisboa, vol.", "XXXVI (1995)\n* \"Relação Jurídico-Pública\", separata do vol.", "VII do Dicionário Jurídico da Administração Pública, Lisboa, 1996\n* \"Tribunal Constitucional: órgão de estratégia legislativa?", "\", in Revista da Faculdade de Direito de Lisboa, vol.", "XXXVIII, 1996\n* \"A Lei Básica e a evolução política de Macau\", in Política Internacional, n.os 15/16, Outono-Inverno 1997\n* \"O princípio da proibição do excesso na Constituição: arqueologia e aplicações\", in Perspectivas Constitucionais, org.", "Jorge Miranda, vol.", "11, Coimbra, 1997\n* \"O sistema de governo moçambicano na Constituição de 1990\", in Revista Luso-Africana de Direito, n.º 1, 1997\n* \"Macau\", separata do 1.° suplemento do Dicionário Jurídico da Administração Pública, Lisboa, 1998\n* \"Sistema semi-presidencial\", separata do 1.° suplemento do Dicionário Jurídico da Administração Pública, Lisboa, 1998\n* \"A fiscalização da constitucional idade em Portugal e em Cabo Verde: em especial a fiscalização preventiva\", in Revista Direito e Cidadania (Cabo Verde), número especial, ano 111.", "Maio de 1999\n* \"Um passo mais na qualidade da democracia\", Revista Paraná Eleitoral (Brasil), n.º 32, Abr./Jun., 1999\n* \"O n.° 9 do artigo 112° da Constituição: transposição de directivas\", separata à Revista Polis, ano VI, n.º 7/8, Jan.-Dez.", "1999\n* \"Notas sobre alguns aspectos restritivos da \"nova\" lei dos estrangeiros\", in Vida Judiciária, n.º 71, Jul./Agosto de 2003.", "* \"Os efeitos das decisões do Tribunal Constitucional: a garantia da segurança jurídica, da equidade e do interesse público\", in Revista Brasileira de Direito Constitucional, n.º 2, Jul./Dez.", "2003\n* \"Partidos Políticos: um balanço do estudo do tema\", in Estudos em Homenagem ao Conselheiro José Manuel Cardoso da Costa, Coimbra, 2003\n* \"Dilemas da comunicação política\", in Comunicação para os Cidadãos no estado da sociedade em que vivemos, Comunicações da Conferência Internacional realizada em Oeiras em 9 e 10 de Outubro de 2003\n* \"The semi-presidential system\", in Zeitschrift für auslãndisches offentliches Recht und VO/kerrecht (Heidelberg Journal of International Law), Band 64 (2004), n.º 1\n* \"O Tribunal Constitucional: órgão de garantia da segurança jurídica, da equidade e do interesse público de excepcional relevo\", Estudos em Homenagem ao Prof. Doutor Armando Marques Guedes, Coimbra, 2004\n* Recensão a André Freire, Marina Costa Lobo e Pedro Magalhães (orgs.", "), Portugal a votos.", "As eleições legislativas de 2002, in Análise Social n.º 172, vol.", "XXXIX, Outono de 2004\n* \"«Branqueamento de capitais»: noções elementares do regime jurídico de prevenção e repressão e evolução previsível\", separata da Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa, suplemento, 2004\n* \"Constituição da República Portuguesa.", "Textos e Comentários à Lei Constituicional n.º 1/82, Lisboa, 1983\n* \"Lei sobre Organização, Funcionamento e Processo do Tribunal Constitucional\", Lisboa, 1984.", "* Código de Justiça Militar anotado, 1.ª ed., Coimbra, 2004\n* \"Autarquias Locais em Moçambique.", "Antecedentes e Regime Jurídico\", Lisboa-Maputo, 1998\n* \"Democracia com mais cidadania.", "A questão da igualdade de participação política\", Lisboa, 1998\n* 10 Milhões de Razões, Lisboa, 2002\n* Publica com regularidade artigos de opinião em jornais e revistas\n* As Decisões de Provimento do Tribunal Constitucional.", "Os seus efeitos em particular, Lisboa, 1984\n* Os Processos de Fiscalização da Constitucionalidade e da Legalidade pelo Tribunal Constitucional, Coimbra, 1986\n* Preliminares do Estudo da Ciência Política (Manual Universitário), Macau, 1992\n* Introdução às Decisões de Provimento do Tribunal Constitucional, Lisboa, 1994\n* Preliminares do Estudo da Ciência Política (Manual Universitário), tradução chinesa, Macau, 1997\n* Referendo Nacional.", "Introdução e Regime, Lisboa, 1998\n* O Crime de Branqueamento.", "Regime de prevenção e de repressão, Lisboa, 2004\n* Constituição da República Portuguesa - Comentários e notas, Lisboa, 2004\n* \" A Forma de Governo Semipresidencial.", "Alguns aspectos\" , in Revista Jurídica, 1982, n.º 1\n* \"O Ministério Público e a Defesa da Constituição\", in Revista do Ministério Público, ano 5, n.º 20 (1984)\n* \"O Orçamento Comunitário, principais problemas\", in Revísta Jurídica, 1985, n.º 4\n* \"Os Efeitos das Decisões do Tribunal Constitucional\", Revista Progresso do Direito, n.os 3/4,1986\n* \"O Vício de forma do acto administrativo\", in Revista Jurídica n.º 9/10 (Jan./Jul., 1987)\n* \"Vias de participação política das diferentes comunidades de Macau\", in Population and city growth in Macau, Macau, 1990 -->" ]

[ "\n\nThe '''35th Golden Bell Awards''' (Mandarin:第35屆金鐘獎) was held on October 6, 2000 at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, Taipei, Taiwan. The ceremony was broadcast live by Formosa Television.\n", "Below is the list of winners and nominees for the main categories.\n\n\n\nProgram/Award\nWinner\nNetwork\n\nRadio Broadcasting\n\nIndividual Awards\n\nNews program Award \n 劉敏娟 - \"News Magazine\" \nBroadcasting Corporation of China\n\nPop music program award \nTAN Zhi Yi, Ming - \"Music New Paradise\" \nCentral Broadcasting System\n\nNon-pop music program award \n Liu Baishan - \"That day, I opened his diary\" \n PRT Broadcasting Limited\n\nChildren's Program Award \nWu Cuiwen - \"Literary Lunch\" \nCheng Sheng Broadcasting Corporation - Yunlin Taiwan\n\nEducation, science, culture program award \n Fan Chin Hui - \"Nature Notes\" \nNational Education Radio\n\nSocial Services Program Award \nXie Meiying - \"Nathan Well Valley - my home\" \n Asian Broadcasting Corporation\n\nTalk show \nLi Qiongfen - \"Air Library\" \nBroadcasting Corporation of China - Taiwan Branch Taiwan\n\nIndividual Awards\n\nNews Interview Award \n Liu Yi-hua, Koushi Jing, Feng Guoxiu, Lai Shu Zhen, Zhang Wenlu, 張文祿, 李河錫, 歐陽和 - \"大地的傷口地震的省思系列報導\" \nBroadcasting Corporation of China - Taiwan and Taiwan\n\nDJs Award \n TAN Zhi Yi, Liu Guanyou - \"New Paradise Music - Pop Music Hall\" \nCentral Broadcasting System\n\nNon-pop music show host award \nLiubai Shan - \"That day, I opened his diary\" \n PRT Broadcasting Corporation\n\nChildren's show host \n邱佩轝 - \"音樂開門之兒童床邊音樂故事\" \nPRT Broadcasting Corporation\n\nEducation, science, culture show host award \nFan Chin Hui - \"Nature Notes\" \nNational Education Radio\n\nSocial Services show host award \n Lin Hsin-i, Linrong Qing, Chen Cheng Yuan - \"Nathan Well Valley - My Home \nAsian Broadcasting Corporation\n\nTalk show host award \n 劉敏娟 - \"News Magazine\" \nBroadcasting Corporation of China\n\nBroadcast Technology Award \n Li Ruomei, 午夜奇譚 - \"Yongzheng Dynasty\" \nBroadcasting Corporation of China\n\nAdvertising Awards\n\nCommercial Advertising Award \n藝術小家咖啡館 \n public broadcasting Corporation\n\nnon-commercial Advertising Award \n \"Old Taiwan\" series \nVoice of Han\n\nProgramme Awards\n\nRadio Events Award \nTemporary Radio - Voice of Peace \nBroadcasting Corporation of China - Taiwan\n\nRadio Community Service Award \nWulai Township Project Hope \nVoice of Han\n\nProfessional Channel Award \nThe police radio traffic network \n Police Broadcasting Service\n\nInternational Chinese Language Program Award \nChinese Heart Asian Love program \nCentral Broadcasting System\n\nSpecial Award \n Cui Xiaoping \n\n\nResearch and Development Award \n Cheng Guangqi Luochen Xin - \"調頻廣播副載波系統應用暨全球衛星定位系統之校時裝置設計\" \nVoice of Han\n\nTelevision Broadcasting\n\nProgramme Awards\n\nNews program Award \n \"民視異言堂\" \nFTV\n\nBest Movie \n誰在橋上寫字 \nPTS\n\nBest Television Series \nOnce Upon A Time \nPTS\n\nTraditional drama program award \nNational Opera Exhibition - generals Spring \nCTV\n\nVariety Show Award \nSuper Sunday \nCTS\n\nChildren's Program Award \nKe La Legend \nPTS\n\nUNESCO program award \n作家身影系列—永遠的台北人--Pai Hsien-yung \nInternational Digital Multimedia Inc.\n\nLiving Information Program Award \nMedical Pioneers \nBig Love Satellite TV\n\nTalk Show Award \nTrue Index \nTVBS\n\nIndividual Awards\n\nNews show host award \n Fangnian Hua - \"TVBS-N晚間九整點--最前線\" \nTVBS\n\nNews Interview Award \nZhan Yiyi, Pan Zhifeng - \"A River Runs Through a series of reports\" \n LTVBS\n\nVariety show host award \n Super Sunday host group - \"Super Sunday\" \nCTV\n\nChildren's show host prize \n Zhao Ziqiang - \"Fruity Pie\" \nPTS\n\nUNESCO Award presenters \nWei-Hsin Sun - \"heading depths of the universe\" \nOrder of the New Communication Co., Ltd.\n\nBest Director \nChu Yu-ning - \"誰在橋上寫字\" \nPTS\n\nBest Directing for Non-Drama Programme \n 何湛然 - \"wilderness voice - Life Movement\" \nJutal Audiovisual Production Communications Limited\n\nBest Directing for a Television Series \nChu Yu-ning, Zhang Youyu - \"誰在橋上寫字\" \nPTS\n\nBest Actor Award \n Leon Dai - \"濁水溪的契約\" \nPTS\n\nBest Actress Award \n Rene Liu - \"千禧劇展--住在十字架裡的母親\" \nCTV\n\nBest Supporting Actor Award \n Lu Qi An - \"誰在橋上寫字\" \nPTS\n\nBest Supporting Actress Award \n李靜美 - \"Millennium Drama Exhibition / Xiaoguang\" \nCTV\n\nCinematography Award \n Zhang Zhihong - \"誰在橋上寫字\" \nPTS\n\nEditing Award \n誰在橋上寫字 - \"dove\" \ntreasure flower Communication Co., Ltd.\n\nSound Award \n Wu Jiali - \"Once Upon A Time\" \nPTS\n\nLighting Award \nLiu Jingling - \"General monument\" \nXin Bao Communications Ltd\n\nArt Director Award \n Miss Chiu Yi - \"Taiwanese writer Theater - Happiness\" \nFTV\n\nBest singing show host award \n Zeng Xin Mei, Chen Jing -\"My Music Your Song\" \n GTV\n\nAdvertising Awards\n\nBest Selling Advertising Awards \nSharp washing machine \n Green frequency Fruit Co.\n\nEnterprise-class Advertising awards \nFirst Bank \n Euro RSCG Inc.\n\nCommunity-wide Advertising Awards \nTzu Chi general donation - Lihe Zhen article \n Big Love Satellite TV\n\nResearch and Development Award \n Xiao Yong - \"master-slave network architecture and clustering technology applications: News editorial pieces automation program development plan\" \nTTV\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Winners and nominees", "References" ]

[ "Living Information Program Award \nMedical Pioneers \nBig Love Satellite TV\n\nTalk Show Award \nTrue Index \nTVBS\n\nIndividual Awards\n\nNews show host award \n Fangnian Hua - \"TVBS-N晚間九整點--最前線\" \nTVBS\n\nNews Interview Award \nZhan Yiyi, Pan Zhifeng - \"A River Runs Through a series of reports\" \n LTVBS\n\nVariety show host award \n Super Sunday host group - \"Super Sunday\" \nCTV\n\nChildren's show host prize \n Zhao Ziqiang - \"Fruity Pie\" \nPTS\n\nUNESCO Award presenters \nWei-Hsin Sun - \"heading depths of the universe\" \nOrder of the New Communication Co., Ltd.\n\nBest Director \nChu Yu-ning - \"誰在橋上寫字\" \nPTS\n\nBest Directing for Non-Drama Programme \n 何湛然 - \"wilderness voice - Life Movement\" \nJutal Audiovisual Production Communications Limited\n\nBest Directing for a Television Series \nChu Yu-ning, Zhang Youyu - \"誰在橋上寫字\" \nPTS\n\nBest Actor Award \n Leon Dai - \"濁水溪的契約\" \nPTS\n\nBest Actress Award \n Rene Liu - \"千禧劇展--住在十字架裡的母親\" \nCTV\n\nBest Supporting Actor Award \n Lu Qi An - \"誰在橋上寫字\" \nPTS\n\nBest Supporting Actress Award \n李靜美 - \"Millennium Drama Exhibition / Xiaoguang\" \nCTV\n\nCinematography Award \n Zhang Zhihong - \"誰在橋上寫字\" \nPTS\n\nEditing Award \n誰在橋上寫字 - \"dove\" \ntreasure flower Communication Co., Ltd.\n\nSound Award \n Wu Jiali - \"Once Upon A Time\" \nPTS\n\nLighting Award \nLiu Jingling - \"General monument\" \nXin Bao Communications Ltd\n\nArt Director Award \n Miss Chiu Yi - \"Taiwanese writer Theater - Happiness\" \nFTV\n\nBest singing show host award \n Zeng Xin Mei, Chen Jing -\"My Music Your Song\" \n GTV\n\nAdvertising Awards\n\nBest Selling Advertising Awards \nSharp washing machine \n Green frequency Fruit Co.\n\nEnterprise-class Advertising awards \nFirst Bank \n Euro RSCG Inc.\n\nCommunity-wide Advertising Awards \nTzu Chi general donation - Lihe Zhen article \n Big Love Satellite TV\n\nResearch and Development Award \n Xiao Yong - \"master-slave network architecture and clustering technology applications: News editorial pieces automation program development plan\" \nTTV" ]

[ "\n\nThe '''35th Golden Bell Awards''' (Mandarin:第35屆金鐘獎) was held on October 6, 2000 at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, Taipei, Taiwan.", "The ceremony was broadcast live by Formosa Television.", "Below is the list of winners and nominees for the main categories.", "Program/Award\nWinner\nNetwork\n\nRadio Broadcasting\n\nIndividual Awards\n\nNews program Award \n 劉敏娟 - \"News Magazine\" \nBroadcasting Corporation of China\n\nPop music program award \nTAN Zhi Yi, Ming - \"Music New Paradise\" \nCentral Broadcasting System\n\nNon-pop music program award \n Liu Baishan - \"That day, I opened his diary\" \n PRT Broadcasting Limited\n\nChildren's Program Award \nWu Cuiwen - \"Literary Lunch\" \nCheng Sheng Broadcasting Corporation - Yunlin Taiwan\n\nEducation, science, culture program award \n Fan Chin Hui - \"Nature Notes\" \nNational Education Radio\n\nSocial Services Program Award \nXie Meiying - \"Nathan Well Valley - my home\" \n Asian Broadcasting Corporation\n\nTalk show \nLi Qiongfen - \"Air Library\" \nBroadcasting Corporation of China - Taiwan Branch Taiwan\n\nIndividual Awards\n\nNews Interview Award \n Liu Yi-hua, Koushi Jing, Feng Guoxiu, Lai Shu Zhen, Zhang Wenlu, 張文祿, 李河錫, 歐陽和 - \"大地的傷口地震的省思系列報導\" \nBroadcasting Corporation of China - Taiwan and Taiwan\n\nDJs Award \n TAN Zhi Yi, Liu Guanyou - \"New Paradise Music - Pop Music Hall\" \nCentral Broadcasting System\n\nNon-pop music show host award \nLiubai Shan - \"That day, I opened his diary\" \n PRT Broadcasting Corporation\n\nChildren's show host \n邱佩轝 - \"音樂開門之兒童床邊音樂故事\" \nPRT Broadcasting Corporation\n\nEducation, science, culture show host award \nFan Chin Hui - \"Nature Notes\" \nNational Education Radio\n\nSocial Services show host award \n Lin Hsin-i, Linrong Qing, Chen Cheng Yuan - \"Nathan Well Valley - My Home \nAsian Broadcasting Corporation\n\nTalk show host award \n 劉敏娟 - \"News Magazine\" \nBroadcasting Corporation of China\n\nBroadcast Technology Award \n Li Ruomei, 午夜奇譚 - \"Yongzheng Dynasty\" \nBroadcasting Corporation of China\n\nAdvertising Awards\n\nCommercial Advertising Award \n藝術小家咖啡館 \n public broadcasting Corporation\n\nnon-commercial Advertising Award \n \"Old Taiwan\" series \nVoice of Han\n\nProgramme Awards\n\nRadio Events Award \nTemporary Radio - Voice of Peace \nBroadcasting Corporation of China - Taiwan\n\nRadio Community Service Award \nWulai Township Project Hope \nVoice of Han\n\nProfessional Channel Award \nThe police radio traffic network \n Police Broadcasting Service\n\nInternational Chinese Language Program Award \nChinese Heart Asian Love program \nCentral Broadcasting System\n\nSpecial Award \n Cui Xiaoping \n\n\nResearch and Development Award \n Cheng Guangqi Luochen Xin - \"調頻廣播副載波系統應用暨全球衛星定位系統之校時裝置設計\" \nVoice of Han\n\nTelevision Broadcasting\n\nProgramme Awards\n\nNews program Award \n \"民視異言堂\" \nFTV\n\nBest Movie \n誰在橋上寫字 \nPTS\n\nBest Television Series \nOnce Upon A Time \nPTS\n\nTraditional drama program award \nNational Opera Exhibition - generals Spring \nCTV\n\nVariety Show Award \nSuper Sunday \nCTS\n\nChildren's Program Award \nKe La Legend \nPTS\n\nUNESCO program award \n作家身影系列—永遠的台北人--Pai Hsien-yung \nInternational Digital Multimedia Inc." ]

[ "\n\n'''Spark''' is John Twelve Hawks' fourth novel, published in 2014 in the United States and Great Britain. It is a stand-alone novel that does not use the characters or setting of Hawks' Fourth Realm Trilogy. Film rights for the book were sold to Dreamworks.\n", "''Spark'' is describes a dystopian world set a few years in the future. Because of a world-wide terrorist attack called \"The Day of Rage,\" mass surveillance has become public and pervasive. Almost everyone carries an ID card or a radio-frequency identification chip implanted under the skin. The chip can be read by the EYE system, \"allowing the government to track physical movement and determine if an individual is operating outside of his/her normal parameters.\"\nIn addition, robots are beginning to replace the human work force. There is growing unemployment and neo-Luddite group called the \"The Sons of Ned\" organizes demonstrations and commits acts of violence. In her New York Times review, Janet Maslin pointed out that René Descartes’s famous statement Cogito, ergo sum \"comes up repeatedly as a matter of crucial important in a world where artificial intelligence grows more powerful every day.\"", "The book is a first person novel narrated by JACOB UNDERWOOD, a man who has suffered a severe brain injury after a motorcycle accident. Underwood suffers from Cotard delusion, a real-life neurological condition in which the afflicted person thinks that he or she is dead. He has created an elaborate epistemological system based on his belief that he is a \"Shell\" (a body) that contains a \"Spark\" (his conscious self). \nUnderwood is hired by the Brooks Danford Group (\"DBG\") - a New York investment bank -- to work as an assassin, eliminating threats to the bank's clients. \"Underwood’s strength as a hired killer is the emotionless, robotic nature that allows him to operate with logical, ruthless precision.\"\n\nMISS HOLQUIST is Underwood's handler at the bank (she never reveals her real name). Although she has two daughters -- one about to be married -- she is a ruthless individual who has no belief in any kind of larger morality. In a crucial speech, she reduces that world to sub-atomic particles: “Everything that goes on in the universe is a physical process that involves boson particles that have an integer spin such as one or two, and fermion particles that have odd, half-integer spins.”\n\nEMILY BUCHANAN is young executive working for the investment bank that disappears with some top secret information. She turns out to be involved with \"anti-social\" groups that are opposed to the system of government control and surveillance.\n", "\nCritical reaction to ''Spark'' was generally positive. \n\nIn a starred review in Booklist, reviewer David Pitt wrote: \"It’s been several years since the Fourth Realm trilogy ended, and some readers might have wondered if the author had only one story to tell. But guess what? As good as the Fourth Realm books were, this one may be even more appealing: less fantastic, more grounded in a contemporary real world, with a narrator who is deeply scarred and endlessly fascinating.\"\n\nIn her Washington Post review, Nancy Hightower wrote that the novel \"is a fantastic blend of action and deeper questions about what it means to be human.\"\n", "\nIn October, 2013 Deadline reported that the film rights to ''Spark'' were sold to Dreamworks.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Fictional world ", " Characters ", " Critical reaction ", " Film adaptation ", " References " ]

[ "Underwood is hired by the Brooks Danford Group (\"DBG\") - a New York investment bank -- to work as an assassin, eliminating threats to the bank's clients.", "MISS HOLQUIST is Underwood's handler at the bank (she never reveals her real name).", "In a crucial speech, she reduces that world to sub-atomic particles: “Everything that goes on in the universe is a physical process that involves boson particles that have an integer spin such as one or two, and fermion particles that have odd, half-integer spins.”\n\nEMILY BUCHANAN is young executive working for the investment bank that disappears with some top secret information." ]

[ "\n\n'''Spark''' is John Twelve Hawks' fourth novel, published in 2014 in the United States and Great Britain.", "It is a stand-alone novel that does not use the characters or setting of Hawks' Fourth Realm Trilogy.", "Film rights for the book were sold to Dreamworks.", "''Spark'' is describes a dystopian world set a few years in the future.", "Because of a world-wide terrorist attack called \"The Day of Rage,\" mass surveillance has become public and pervasive.", "Almost everyone carries an ID card or a radio-frequency identification chip implanted under the skin.", "The chip can be read by the EYE system, \"allowing the government to track physical movement and determine if an individual is operating outside of his/her normal parameters.\"", "In addition, robots are beginning to replace the human work force.", "There is growing unemployment and neo-Luddite group called the \"The Sons of Ned\" organizes demonstrations and commits acts of violence.", "In her New York Times review, Janet Maslin pointed out that René Descartes’s famous statement Cogito, ergo sum \"comes up repeatedly as a matter of crucial important in a world where artificial intelligence grows more powerful every day.\"", "The book is a first person novel narrated by JACOB UNDERWOOD, a man who has suffered a severe brain injury after a motorcycle accident.", "Underwood suffers from Cotard delusion, a real-life neurological condition in which the afflicted person thinks that he or she is dead.", "He has created an elaborate epistemological system based on his belief that he is a \"Shell\" (a body) that contains a \"Spark\" (his conscious self).", "\"Underwood’s strength as a hired killer is the emotionless, robotic nature that allows him to operate with logical, ruthless precision.\"", "Although she has two daughters -- one about to be married -- she is a ruthless individual who has no belief in any kind of larger morality.", "She turns out to be involved with \"anti-social\" groups that are opposed to the system of government control and surveillance.", "\nCritical reaction to ''Spark'' was generally positive.", "In a starred review in Booklist, reviewer David Pitt wrote: \"It’s been several years since the Fourth Realm trilogy ended, and some readers might have wondered if the author had only one story to tell.", "But guess what?", "As good as the Fourth Realm books were, this one may be even more appealing: less fantastic, more grounded in a contemporary real world, with a narrator who is deeply scarred and endlessly fascinating.\"", "In her Washington Post review, Nancy Hightower wrote that the novel \"is a fantastic blend of action and deeper questions about what it means to be human.\"", "\nIn October, 2013 Deadline reported that the film rights to ''Spark'' were sold to Dreamworks." ]

[ "\n'''Ben Akabueze''' is a Nigerian economist and the current Director General of the Budget office for the Federal Republic of Nigeria. He served as the CEO of NAL Bank Plc (now Sterling Bank Plc) and was two terms Commissioner for Economic Planning and Budget with the Lagos State Government.\n", "Akabueze obtained a B.Sc in accounting from the University of Lagos and a postgraduate degree in Business Administration and Management from the Lagos Business School\n\nHe was the Pastor-in-charge of Lagos Province 39 of the Redeemed Christian Church of God till his appointment with the Federal Government and is married to Ngozi, the CEO of Foundation for Sapphire(A not for profit organisation).\n", "Akabueze was elected the Chief Executive Officer of NAL Bank Plc in 2000 a post he retained till its merger in 2005 to become Sterling Bank Plc. He was thereafter in 2007 appointed as the Commissioner for Economic Planning and Budget by the Lagos State Government till 2015. In February 2016 he was appointed as Special Adviser to the President on National Planning and was made the Director General for Budget office in June.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Education and personal life", "Career", "References" ]

[ "He served as the CEO of NAL Bank Plc (now Sterling Bank Plc) and was two terms Commissioner for Economic Planning and Budget with the Lagos State Government.", "Akabueze was elected the Chief Executive Officer of NAL Bank Plc in 2000 a post he retained till its merger in 2005 to become Sterling Bank Plc." ]

[ "\n'''Ben Akabueze''' is a Nigerian economist and the current Director General of the Budget office for the Federal Republic of Nigeria.", "Akabueze obtained a B.Sc in accounting from the University of Lagos and a postgraduate degree in Business Administration and Management from the Lagos Business School\n\nHe was the Pastor-in-charge of Lagos Province 39 of the Redeemed Christian Church of God till his appointment with the Federal Government and is married to Ngozi, the CEO of Foundation for Sapphire(A not for profit organisation).", "He was thereafter in 2007 appointed as the Commissioner for Economic Planning and Budget by the Lagos State Government till 2015.", "In February 2016 he was appointed as Special Adviser to the President on National Planning and was made the Director General for Budget office in June." ]

[ "'''Arnold Nesbitt''' (c. 1721–1779), was a British merchant and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1753 and 1779 .\n \nNesbitt was the son of Thomas Nesbitt of Lismore, county Cavan and his wife Jane. He was apprenticed to his uncle Albert Nesbitt a London merchant, and became his partner and heir. His uncle died on 12 January 1753 and Nesbit inherited his business, his estate at Icklesham and his political connections with the Pelham family. \n\nLord Sandwich allowed Nesbitt to take over his uncle’s seat as Member of Parliament for Mitchell at a by-election in 1753 and was prepared to support him again in 1754 but Henry and James Pelham insisted upon his standing then at Winchelsea. He married Susanna Thrale, daughter of Ralph Thrale MP on 28 November 1758. At this time he had several government contracts and worked in close partnership with James and George Colebrooke. These contracts included ones for money remittances to America in 1756, and for victualling troops at Louisburg and St. John’s in North America,and Guadeloupe, and Quebec between 1758 and 1760. He had interest in a Dublin bank with George Colebrooke, and he was underwrote Government loans on a large scale. \n\nNesbitt was asked to stand down at Winchelsea in the 1761 general election and instead was returned at Cricklade. Although he had purchased the borough and hundred of Cricklade in 1764, he was defeated there at the general election of 1768, and only re-entered Parliament for Winchelsea in a by-election in January 1770. He was by then in partnership with Adam Drummond holding contracts for victualling troops in North America and Canada. After the outbreak of the American War, the size of the contracts was doubled and he received a grant of 20,000 acres in St John’s Island. In the 1774 general election Nesbitt was returned as MP for Winchelsea unopposed, and as MP for Cricklade after a contest. He chose to sit for Cricklade until his death in 1779. He is not recorded as having spoken in all his time in Parliament. \n\nNesbitt died aged 57 on 7 April 1779 and left most of his estate to his nephew John Nesbitt, after providing for two illegitimate sons Colebrooke Nesbitt and Arnold Nesbitt. \n\n", "\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n " ]

[ "Introduction", "References", "Sources" ]

[ "He had interest in a Dublin bank with George Colebrooke, and he was underwrote Government loans on a large scale." ]

[ "'''Arnold Nesbitt''' (c. 1721–1779), was a British merchant and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1753 and 1779 .", "Nesbitt was the son of Thomas Nesbitt of Lismore, county Cavan and his wife Jane.", "He was apprenticed to his uncle Albert Nesbitt a London merchant, and became his partner and heir.", "His uncle died on 12 January 1753 and Nesbit inherited his business, his estate at Icklesham and his political connections with the Pelham family.", "Lord Sandwich allowed Nesbitt to take over his uncle’s seat as Member of Parliament for Mitchell at a by-election in 1753 and was prepared to support him again in 1754 but Henry and James Pelham insisted upon his standing then at Winchelsea.", "He married Susanna Thrale, daughter of Ralph Thrale MP on 28 November 1758.", "At this time he had several government contracts and worked in close partnership with James and George Colebrooke.", "These contracts included ones for money remittances to America in 1756, and for victualling troops at Louisburg and St. John’s in North America,and Guadeloupe, and Quebec between 1758 and 1760.", "Nesbitt was asked to stand down at Winchelsea in the 1761 general election and instead was returned at Cricklade.", "Although he had purchased the borough and hundred of Cricklade in 1764, he was defeated there at the general election of 1768, and only re-entered Parliament for Winchelsea in a by-election in January 1770.", "He was by then in partnership with Adam Drummond holding contracts for victualling troops in North America and Canada.", "After the outbreak of the American War, the size of the contracts was doubled and he received a grant of 20,000 acres in St John’s Island.", "In the 1774 general election Nesbitt was returned as MP for Winchelsea unopposed, and as MP for Cricklade after a contest.", "He chose to sit for Cricklade until his death in 1779.", "He is not recorded as having spoken in all his time in Parliament.", "Nesbitt died aged 57 on 7 April 1779 and left most of his estate to his nephew John Nesbitt, after providing for two illegitimate sons Colebrooke Nesbitt and Arnold Nesbitt." ]

[ "'''Rockefeller's''' is a live music venue located at 3620 Washington Avenue in Houston, Texas. Opening in 1979, acts like Stevie Ray Vaughan, Roy Orbison, B.B. King, James Brown, Muddy Waters, Ray Charles and Bonnie Raitt all played the venue. The neoclassical building was formerly a bank designed by Joseph Finger in 1925.\n", "\n", "* Official website\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "References", "External links" ]

[ "The neoclassical building was formerly a bank designed by Joseph Finger in 1925." ]

[ "'''Rockefeller's''' is a live music venue located at 3620 Washington Avenue in Houston, Texas.", "Opening in 1979, acts like Stevie Ray Vaughan, Roy Orbison, B.B.", "King, James Brown, Muddy Waters, Ray Charles and Bonnie Raitt all played the venue.", "* Official website" ]

[ "This is a list of artworks in the Eskenazi Health Art Collection, most of which are located in the Sidney and Lois Eskenazi Hospital. The collection began in the early part of the 20th century and was greatly expended when the new hospital was opened in 2013. A number of the artworks have been nationally recognized for excellence, and the collection is considered part of a healing environment.\n\n\n Title\n Image\n Artist\n Year\n Location\n Coordinates\n Material\n Dimensions\n Owner\n\nMural Fragment (Whitewater at Brookville)\n\nAdams, John Ottis\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n\n40\" x 34\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nAna Marie Broudeur\n\nAdams, Wayman\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite: Legal\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n23\" x 26.5\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMary Vissa\n\nAdams, Wayman\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite: Legal\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n23\" x 26.5\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nOval Portrait of a Child\n\nAdams, Wayman\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite: Legal\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n14\" x 17\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nOval Portrait of a Child\n\nAdams, Wayman\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite: Legal\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n14\" x 17\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nPortrait of Child (Girl with a Blue Bow)\n\nAdams, Wayman\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite: Legal\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n23\" x 27\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nRichard William Etter\n\nAdams, Wayman\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite: Legal\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n23\" x 27\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nTener Reko\n\nAdams, Wayman\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite: Legal\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n23\" x 27\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Idealized Landscape)\n\nAndersen, Martinus\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n45\" x 54\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Idealized Landscape)\n\nBrown, Francis F.\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n149\" x 57\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Landscape)\n\nConnaway, Jay H.\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: John and Norma Thompson Social Hub\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n64\" x 43\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Landscape)\n\nConnaway, Jay H.\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 3rd Floor: Conference Room Lobby\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n65\" x 42\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Two Children)\n\nScott, William Edouard\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n41.5\" x 40\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Idealized Landscape)\n\nGraf, Carl C.\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n50\" x 60\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nLandscape\n\nGraf, Carl C.\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n125\" x 60\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (The Three Muses)\n\nGraf, Carl C.\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 2nd Floor: Department of Medicine Administration Entrance\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n64\" x 57\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nDedication Plaque\n\nHibben, Helene\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nBas-Relief Bronze\n8' x 3' Unframed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Pilgrim Dwelling)\n\nScott, William Edouard\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n78\" x 73\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Simeon and the Babe Jesus)\n\nScott, William Edouard\n1914\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 1st Floor: Faegre Baker Daniels Conference Room: The Rapp Family Conference Center\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n50\" x 106\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Autumn Landscape)\n\nSteele, T.C.\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n44\" x 79\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Autumn Landscape)\n\nSteele, T.C.\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n42\" x 76\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Four Seasons: Autumn)\n\nSteele, T.C.\n1914\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 1st Floor:\n\nThe Rapp Family Conference Center: Steel Corridor\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n117\" x 79\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Four Seasons: Spring)\n\nSteele, T.C.\n1914\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 1st Floor:\n\nThe Rapp Family Conference Center: Steel Corridor\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n122\" x 73\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Four Seasons: Summer)\n\nSteele, T.C.\n1914\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 1st Floor:\n\nThe Rapp Family Conference Center: Steel Corridor\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n117\" x 68\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Four Seasons: Winter)\n\nSteele, T.C.\n1914\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 1st Floor: The Rapp Family Conference Center: Steel Corridor\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n114\" x 76\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nOctober\n\nSteele, T.C.\n1918\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite\n\nOil on Canvas\n24.5\" x 29\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Spring Landscape with Path)\n\nSteele, T.C.\n1914\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 1st Floor: Faegre Baker Daniels Conference Room Entrance: The Rapp Family Conference Center\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n40\" x 70\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Spring Trees)\n\nSteele, T.C.\n1914\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 1st Floor: Faegre Baker Daniels Conference Room Entrance: The Rapp Family Conference Center\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n40\" x 75\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Idealized Landscape)\n\nWheeler, Clifton\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n45\" x 77\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Idealized Landscape)\n\nWheeler, Clifton\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n115\" x 77\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Women and Children)\n\nWheeler, Clifton\n1914\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 1st Floor: Faegre Baker Daniels Conference Room: The Rapp Family Conference Center\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n70\" x 39\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMorning on the White River\n\nMason Archie\n2013\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 6th Floor: Robert & Gina Laikin Intensive Care Unit Waiting Room\n\nOil on Linen\nA 61.5\" x 38.25\" Framed\n\nB 61.5\" x 38.25\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nBlues\n\nLoretta Pettway Bennett\n2007\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 2nd Floor: Yellow Elevator Bay\n\nSoftground Spitbite Aquatint Etching\n37.75\" 48.25\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nForever (For Old Lady Sally)\n\nLoretta Pettway Bennett\n2006\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 2nd Floor: Yellow Elevator Bay\n\nSoftground Spitbite Aquatint Etching\n50.75\" x 35.75\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nSew Low\n\nLoretta Pettway Bennett\n2011-2012\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 1st Floor: Yellow Elevator Bay\n\nQuilted Fabric\n83\" x 87\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nVegetation\n\nLoretta Pettway Bennett\n2009\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 2nd Floor: Yellow Elevator Bay\n\nQuilted Fabric\n83\" x 98.5\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nCalm Waters\n\nKathy Bradford\n2013\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 4th Floor: Richard M. Fairbanks Burn Center\n\nSand Carved, Etched, and Glue-Chipped Glass; Painted Wall\n238\" x 77\" Unframed\nEskenazi Health\n\nFig Houses\n\nIndia Cruse-Griffin\n2010\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 3rd Floor: Robert & Gina Laikin Registration & Waiting Room\n\nMixed Media on Wood\n37.25\" x 13\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nFriends\n\nIndia Cruse-Griffin\n2011\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 3rd Floor: Robert & Gina Laikin Registration & Waiting Room\n\nMixed Media on Wood\n11.25\" x 21.25\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nHope Skip and Jump\n\nIndia Cruse-Griffin\n2012\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 3rd Floor: Robert & Gina Laikin Registration & Waiting Room\n\nMixed Media on Wood\n41.25\" x 28.25\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMelody at Hand\n\nIndia Cruse-Griffin\n2007\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 3rd Floor: Robert & Gina Laikin Registration & Waiting Room\n\nMixed Media on Wood\n49.25\" x 37.25\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nSunday Morning\n\nIndia Cruse-Griffin\n2013\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 3rd Floor: Robert & Gina Laikin Registration & Waiting Room\n\nMixed Media on Wood\n28.25\" x 41.25\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nTwo Moons\n\nIndia Cruse-Griffin\n2010\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 3rd Floor: Robert & Gina Laikin Registration & Waiting Room\n\nMixed Media on Wood\n25\" x 24\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nWading in the Water\n\nIndia Cruse-Griffin\n2007\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 3rd Floor: Robert & Gina Laikin Registration & Waiting Room\n\nMixed Media on Wood\n49.25\" x 37.25\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nArbor\n\nAdam Frank\n2013\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital: Green Elevator Bay (Floors 1 through 3 and 6 through 10)\n\nGlass, Printed Acrylic, LED Backlight\nVaries\nEskenazi Health\n\nThe Commonground\n\nLand Collective\n2013\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital Courtyard\n\nWater Feature, Fountain, Trellis, Dining Structure\nVaries\nEskenazi Health\n\nThe Sky Farm\n\nLand Collective\n2013\nEskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center, Rooftop Gardens\n\nVaries\nEskenazi Health\n\nMay/September\n\nRob Ley\n2014\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital Campus Parking Garage, South End\n\nSteel, Aluminum, Paint\n60’ x 245’ x 4’\nEskenazi Health\n\nCrossroads I and II\n\nIsmeal Muhammud Nieves\n2013\nEskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center, 4th Floor: Special Medicine and Infusion Center Waiting Room\n\nAcrylic on Canvas\n158” x 49.5”\nEskenazi Health\n\nTemporal Synapse\n\nProject One\n2013\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital: Blue Elevator Bays (Floors 1-6)\n\nAcrylic, Aluminum, Interactive Lighting\nVaries\nEskenazi Health\n\nthe arrival\n\nCasey Roberts\n2013\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 5th Floor: The Sablosky Family Waiting Room\n\nCyanotype Painting with Gouache, Etched Glass Wall\nVaries\nEskenazi Health\n\nIt was just last year...\n\nRichard Ross\n2013\nEskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center, 2nd Floor: RCR Technology Corporation Waiting Room\n\nPhotomurals\n303” x 72” Unframed\nEskenazi Health\n\nBalance\n\nTim Ryan\n2013\nEskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center, 6th Floor: Multispecialist Waiting Room\n\nCeramic Installation\n15’ x 4’ x 3.5” Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nPaths Crossed\n\nAaron Stephan\n2013\nEskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center, Eli Lilly and Company Foundation Concourse\n\nMaple Wood\n16’ x 16’ x 64’\nEskenazi Health\n\nSynchronicity of Color\n\nMargo Sawyer\n2013\nEskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center, Eli Lilly and Company Foundation Concourse: West Corridor\n\nPowdercoat, Yellow Zinc Plate, Kameleon Paint on Steel\nVaries\nEskenazi Health\n\nUntitled #77\n\nArtur Silva\n2012\nEskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center, 5th Floor: Women’s Specialties Waiting Room\n\nInkjet on Archival Paper\n83.5” x 47.5”\nEskenazi Health\n\nUntitled #78\n\nArtur Silva\n2012\nEskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center, 5th Floor: Women’s Specialties Waiting Room\n\nInkjet on Archival Paper\n83.5” x 47.5”\nEskenazi Health\n\nCloud Busting\n\nMalcolm Mobutu Smith\n2013\nEskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center, 3rd Floor: Surgical Specialties Waiting Room\n\nCeramics and Paint\n22’ x 10’ Unframed, Each\nEskenazi Health\n\nArgentina\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 2nd Floor: Fifth Third Foundation Lobby\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nCalifornia\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 1st Floor: Occupational Health Services Waiting Room\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nHudson-Valley\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 1st Floor: Occupational Health Services Waiting Room\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nIndia\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 2nd Floor: Fifth Third Foundation Lobby\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMexico\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 1st Floor: Occupational Health Services: Entrance\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMorocco\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 2nd Floor: Fifth Third Foundation Lobby\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nProvence\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 1st Floor: Occupational Health Services Waiting Room\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nTurkey\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 2nd Floor: Fifth Third Foundation Lobby\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nTuscany\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 1st Floor: Occupational Health Services: Entrance\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nVietnam\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 2nd Floor: Fifth Third Foundation Lobby\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nSidney and Lois Eskenazi\n\nTuck Langland\n2013\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital Building, 1st Floor: North End of Eli Lilly and Company Foundation Concourse\n\nBronze\n19.5\"h x 26\"w x 36\"d\nEskenazi Health\n\nEarth Landscape\n\nJerry Points\n2012\nFifth Third Bank Building, 2nd Floor: Parking Garage Corridor\n\nOil on Canvas\n41\" x 31\"\n\nFramed\nEskenazi Health\n\nFlemish Women\n\nKyle Ragsdale\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 2nd Floor: Parking Garage Corridor\n\nOil on Canvas\n18\" x 14\" Unframed\nEskenazi Health\n\nDouble Dancer\n\nLyman Whitaker\n2007\nEskenazi Health Campus Slip Garden\n\nWind Sculpture - Copper, Steel\n7'8\" x 2'1\"\nEskenazi Health\n\nDouble Helix Sail\n\nLyman Whitaker\n2007\nEskenazi Health Campus Slip Garden\n\nWind Sculpture - Copper, Steel\n7'8\" x 2'5\"\nEskenazi Health\n\nTwister Oval\n\nLyman Whitaker\n2005\nEskenazi Health Campus Slip Garden\n\nWind Sculpture - Copper, Steel\n11'3\" x 2'7\"\nEskenazi Health\n\nTwister Star\n\nLyman Whitaker\n2008\nEskenazi Health Campus Slip Garden\n\nWind Sculpture - Copper, Steel\n11'3\" x 2'7\"\nEskenazi Health\n\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "References" ]

[ "Title\n Image\n Artist\n Year\n Location\n Coordinates\n Material\n Dimensions\n Owner\n\nMural Fragment (Whitewater at Brookville)\n\nAdams, John Ottis\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n\n40\" x 34\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nAna Marie Broudeur\n\nAdams, Wayman\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite: Legal\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n23\" x 26.5\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMary Vissa\n\nAdams, Wayman\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite: Legal\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n23\" x 26.5\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nOval Portrait of a Child\n\nAdams, Wayman\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite: Legal\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n14\" x 17\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nOval Portrait of a Child\n\nAdams, Wayman\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite: Legal\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n14\" x 17\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nPortrait of Child (Girl with a Blue Bow)\n\nAdams, Wayman\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite: Legal\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n23\" x 27\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nRichard William Etter\n\nAdams, Wayman\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite: Legal\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n23\" x 27\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nTener Reko\n\nAdams, Wayman\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite: Legal\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n23\" x 27\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Idealized Landscape)\n\nAndersen, Martinus\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n45\" x 54\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Idealized Landscape)\n\nBrown, Francis F.\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n149\" x 57\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Landscape)\n\nConnaway, Jay H.\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: John and Norma Thompson Social Hub\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n64\" x 43\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Landscape)\n\nConnaway, Jay H.\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 3rd Floor: Conference Room Lobby\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n65\" x 42\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Two Children)\n\nScott, William Edouard\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n41.5\" x 40\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Idealized Landscape)\n\nGraf, Carl C.\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n50\" x 60\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nLandscape\n\nGraf, Carl C.\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n125\" x 60\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (The Three Muses)\n\nGraf, Carl C.\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 2nd Floor: Department of Medicine Administration Entrance\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n64\" x 57\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nDedication Plaque\n\nHibben, Helene\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nBas-Relief Bronze\n8' x 3' Unframed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Pilgrim Dwelling)\n\nScott, William Edouard\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n78\" x 73\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Simeon and the Babe Jesus)\n\nScott, William Edouard\n1914\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 1st Floor: Faegre Baker Daniels Conference Room: The Rapp Family Conference Center\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n50\" x 106\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Autumn Landscape)\n\nSteele, T.C.", "1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n44\" x 79\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Autumn Landscape)\n\nSteele, T.C.", "1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n42\" x 76\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Four Seasons: Autumn)\n\nSteele, T.C.", "1918\nFifth Third Bank Building, 5th Floor: Foundation Suite\n\nOil on Canvas\n24.5\" x 29\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Spring Landscape with Path)\n\nSteele, T.C.", "1914\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 1st Floor: Faegre Baker Daniels Conference Room Entrance: The Rapp Family Conference Center\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n40\" x 75\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Idealized Landscape)\n\nWheeler, Clifton\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n45\" x 77\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Idealized Landscape)\n\nWheeler, Clifton\n1914\nFifth Third Bank Building, Lower Level: Heritage Hallway\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n115\" x 77\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Women and Children)\n\nWheeler, Clifton\n1914\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 1st Floor: Faegre Baker Daniels Conference Room: The Rapp Family Conference Center\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n70\" x 39\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMorning on the White River\n\nMason Archie\n2013\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 6th Floor: Robert & Gina Laikin Intensive Care Unit Waiting Room\n\nOil on Linen\nA 61.5\" x 38.25\" Framed\n\nB 61.5\" x 38.25\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nBlues\n\nLoretta Pettway Bennett\n2007\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 2nd Floor: Yellow Elevator Bay\n\nSoftground Spitbite Aquatint Etching\n37.75\" 48.25\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nForever (For Old Lady Sally)\n\nLoretta Pettway Bennett\n2006\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 2nd Floor: Yellow Elevator Bay\n\nSoftground Spitbite Aquatint Etching\n50.75\" x 35.75\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nSew Low\n\nLoretta Pettway Bennett\n2011-2012\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 1st Floor: Yellow Elevator Bay\n\nQuilted Fabric\n83\" x 87\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nVegetation\n\nLoretta Pettway Bennett\n2009\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 2nd Floor: Yellow Elevator Bay\n\nQuilted Fabric\n83\" x 98.5\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nCalm Waters\n\nKathy Bradford\n2013\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 4th Floor: Richard M. Fairbanks Burn Center\n\nSand Carved, Etched, and Glue-Chipped Glass; Painted Wall\n238\" x 77\" Unframed\nEskenazi Health\n\nFig Houses\n\nIndia Cruse-Griffin\n2010\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 3rd Floor: Robert & Gina Laikin Registration & Waiting Room\n\nMixed Media on Wood\n37.25\" x 13\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nFriends\n\nIndia Cruse-Griffin\n2011\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 3rd Floor: Robert & Gina Laikin Registration & Waiting Room\n\nMixed Media on Wood\n11.25\" x 21.25\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nHope Skip and Jump\n\nIndia Cruse-Griffin\n2012\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 3rd Floor: Robert & Gina Laikin Registration & Waiting Room\n\nMixed Media on Wood\n41.25\" x 28.25\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMelody at Hand\n\nIndia Cruse-Griffin\n2007\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 3rd Floor: Robert & Gina Laikin Registration & Waiting Room\n\nMixed Media on Wood\n49.25\" x 37.25\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nSunday Morning\n\nIndia Cruse-Griffin\n2013\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 3rd Floor: Robert & Gina Laikin Registration & Waiting Room\n\nMixed Media on Wood\n28.25\" x 41.25\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nTwo Moons\n\nIndia Cruse-Griffin\n2010\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 3rd Floor: Robert & Gina Laikin Registration & Waiting Room\n\nMixed Media on Wood\n25\" x 24\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nWading in the Water\n\nIndia Cruse-Griffin\n2007\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 3rd Floor: Robert & Gina Laikin Registration & Waiting Room\n\nMixed Media on Wood\n49.25\" x 37.25\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nArbor\n\nAdam Frank\n2013\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital: Green Elevator Bay (Floors 1 through 3 and 6 through 10)\n\nGlass, Printed Acrylic, LED Backlight\nVaries\nEskenazi Health\n\nThe Commonground\n\nLand Collective\n2013\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital Courtyard\n\nWater Feature, Fountain, Trellis, Dining Structure\nVaries\nEskenazi Health\n\nThe Sky Farm\n\nLand Collective\n2013\nEskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center, Rooftop Gardens\n\nVaries\nEskenazi Health\n\nMay/September\n\nRob Ley\n2014\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital Campus Parking Garage, South End\n\nSteel, Aluminum, Paint\n60’ x 245’ x 4’\nEskenazi Health\n\nCrossroads I and II\n\nIsmeal Muhammud Nieves\n2013\nEskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center, 4th Floor: Special Medicine and Infusion Center Waiting Room\n\nAcrylic on Canvas\n158” x 49.5”\nEskenazi Health\n\nTemporal Synapse\n\nProject One\n2013\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital: Blue Elevator Bays (Floors 1-6)\n\nAcrylic, Aluminum, Interactive Lighting\nVaries\nEskenazi Health\n\nthe arrival\n\nCasey Roberts\n2013\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 5th Floor: The Sablosky Family Waiting Room\n\nCyanotype Painting with Gouache, Etched Glass Wall\nVaries\nEskenazi Health\n\nIt was just last year...\n\nRichard Ross\n2013\nEskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center, 2nd Floor: RCR Technology Corporation Waiting Room\n\nPhotomurals\n303” x 72” Unframed\nEskenazi Health\n\nBalance\n\nTim Ryan\n2013\nEskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center, 6th Floor: Multispecialist Waiting Room\n\nCeramic Installation\n15’ x 4’ x 3.5” Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nPaths Crossed\n\nAaron Stephan\n2013\nEskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center, Eli Lilly and Company Foundation Concourse\n\nMaple Wood\n16’ x 16’ x 64’\nEskenazi Health\n\nSynchronicity of Color\n\nMargo Sawyer\n2013\nEskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center, Eli Lilly and Company Foundation Concourse: West Corridor\n\nPowdercoat, Yellow Zinc Plate, Kameleon Paint on Steel\nVaries\nEskenazi Health\n\nUntitled #77\n\nArtur Silva\n2012\nEskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center, 5th Floor: Women’s Specialties Waiting Room\n\nInkjet on Archival Paper\n83.5” x 47.5”\nEskenazi Health\n\nUntitled #78\n\nArtur Silva\n2012\nEskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center, 5th Floor: Women’s Specialties Waiting Room\n\nInkjet on Archival Paper\n83.5” x 47.5”\nEskenazi Health\n\nCloud Busting\n\nMalcolm Mobutu Smith\n2013\nEskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center, 3rd Floor: Surgical Specialties Waiting Room\n\nCeramics and Paint\n22’ x 10’ Unframed, Each\nEskenazi Health\n\nArgentina\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 2nd Floor: Fifth Third Foundation Lobby\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nCalifornia\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 1st Floor: Occupational Health Services Waiting Room\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nHudson-Valley\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 1st Floor: Occupational Health Services Waiting Room\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nIndia\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 2nd Floor: Fifth Third Foundation Lobby\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMexico\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 1st Floor: Occupational Health Services: Entrance\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMorocco\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 2nd Floor: Fifth Third Foundation Lobby\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nProvence\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 1st Floor: Occupational Health Services Waiting Room\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nTurkey\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 2nd Floor: Fifth Third Foundation Lobby\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nTuscany\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 1st Floor: Occupational Health Services: Entrance\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nVietnam\n\nLeela Cyd\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 2nd Floor: Fifth Third Foundation Lobby\n\nPhotographic Print\n42\" x 33\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nSidney and Lois Eskenazi\n\nTuck Langland\n2013\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital Building, 1st Floor: North End of Eli Lilly and Company Foundation Concourse\n\nBronze\n19.5\"h x 26\"w x 36\"d\nEskenazi Health\n\nEarth Landscape\n\nJerry Points\n2012\nFifth Third Bank Building, 2nd Floor: Parking Garage Corridor\n\nOil on Canvas\n41\" x 31\"\n\nFramed\nEskenazi Health\n\nFlemish Women\n\nKyle Ragsdale\n2014\nFifth Third Bank Building, 2nd Floor: Parking Garage Corridor\n\nOil on Canvas\n18\" x 14\" Unframed\nEskenazi Health\n\nDouble Dancer\n\nLyman Whitaker\n2007\nEskenazi Health Campus Slip Garden\n\nWind Sculpture - Copper, Steel\n7'8\" x 2'1\"\nEskenazi Health\n\nDouble Helix Sail\n\nLyman Whitaker\n2007\nEskenazi Health Campus Slip Garden\n\nWind Sculpture - Copper, Steel\n7'8\" x 2'5\"\nEskenazi Health\n\nTwister Oval\n\nLyman Whitaker\n2005\nEskenazi Health Campus Slip Garden\n\nWind Sculpture - Copper, Steel\n11'3\" x 2'7\"\nEskenazi Health\n\nTwister Star\n\nLyman Whitaker\n2008\nEskenazi Health Campus Slip Garden\n\nWind Sculpture - Copper, Steel\n11'3\" x 2'7\"\nEskenazi Health" ]

[ "This is a list of artworks in the Eskenazi Health Art Collection, most of which are located in the Sidney and Lois Eskenazi Hospital.", "The collection began in the early part of the 20th century and was greatly expended when the new hospital was opened in 2013.", "A number of the artworks have been nationally recognized for excellence, and the collection is considered part of a healing environment.", "1914\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 1st Floor:\n\nThe Rapp Family Conference Center: Steel Corridor\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n117\" x 79\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Four Seasons: Spring)\n\nSteele, T.C.", "1914\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 1st Floor:\n\nThe Rapp Family Conference Center: Steel Corridor\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n122\" x 73\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Four Seasons: Summer)\n\nSteele, T.C.", "1914\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 1st Floor:\n\nThe Rapp Family Conference Center: Steel Corridor\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n117\" x 68\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Four Seasons: Winter)\n\nSteele, T.C.", "1914\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 1st Floor: The Rapp Family Conference Center: Steel Corridor\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n114\" x 76\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nOctober\n\nSteele, T.C.", "1914\nSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 1st Floor: Faegre Baker Daniels Conference Room Entrance: The Rapp Family Conference Center\n\nOil on Canvas,\n\nAdhered on Masonite\n40\" x 70\" Framed\nEskenazi Health\n\nMural Fragment (Spring Trees)\n\nSteele, T.C." ]

[ "\n\n'''Fanfan Rwanyindo Kayirangwa''' is a Rwandan politician who has served as the Cabinet Minister of Public Service and Labour in the Rwandan cabinet, since 31 August 2017.\n", "She holds a Bachelor of Laws, obtained in 1997, from the National University of Rwanda. She also holds a Master of Laws, awarded in 2010, by the University of the Witwatersrand, in Johannesburg, South Africa.\n", "Prior to 2004, Rwanyindo Kayirangwa worked in the financial services industry. From 1998 until 2004, she served as the legal adviser and credit officer of Commercial Bank of Rwanda, which today trades as I&M Bank Rwanda Limited.\n\nFrom 2004 until 2017, she worked in the judiciary of Rwanda. In 2004, she was appointed a Justice of the High Court of Rwanda. In 2008 she was moved to the Commercial High Court. She was appointed Vice-President of the Commercial High Court of Rwanda in October 2013.\n\nIn the cabinet reshuffle of 31 August 2017, Fanfan Rwanyindo Kayirangwa was appointed the new cabinet minister of public service and labour, replacing Judith Uwizeye, who took up the position of Minister in the Office of the President.\n", "She is a member of \"Autism Speaks\", a non-government organization (NGO). She is also one of the founders of \"Private Sector Association against HIV/AIDS\", another NGO.\n", "* Francine Tumushime\n* Judith Uwizeye\n* Rosemary Mbabazi\n", "\n", "* Website of the Rwanda Ministry of Public Service and Labour (Mifotra)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Background and education", "Career", "Other considerations", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ "From 1998 until 2004, she served as the legal adviser and credit officer of Commercial Bank of Rwanda, which today trades as I&M Bank Rwanda Limited." ]

[ "\n\n'''Fanfan Rwanyindo Kayirangwa''' is a Rwandan politician who has served as the Cabinet Minister of Public Service and Labour in the Rwandan cabinet, since 31 August 2017.", "She holds a Bachelor of Laws, obtained in 1997, from the National University of Rwanda.", "She also holds a Master of Laws, awarded in 2010, by the University of the Witwatersrand, in Johannesburg, South Africa.", "Prior to 2004, Rwanyindo Kayirangwa worked in the financial services industry.", "From 2004 until 2017, she worked in the judiciary of Rwanda.", "In 2004, she was appointed a Justice of the High Court of Rwanda.", "In 2008 she was moved to the Commercial High Court.", "She was appointed Vice-President of the Commercial High Court of Rwanda in October 2013.", "In the cabinet reshuffle of 31 August 2017, Fanfan Rwanyindo Kayirangwa was appointed the new cabinet minister of public service and labour, replacing Judith Uwizeye, who took up the position of Minister in the Office of the President.", "She is a member of \"Autism Speaks\", a non-government organization (NGO).", "She is also one of the founders of \"Private Sector Association against HIV/AIDS\", another NGO.", "* Francine Tumushime\n* Judith Uwizeye\n* Rosemary Mbabazi", "* Website of the Rwanda Ministry of Public Service and Labour (Mifotra)" ]

[ "The '''Intel UltraPath Interconnect''' ('''UPI''') is a point-to-point processor interconnect developed by Intel which replaced the QPI in Xeon Skylake-EP platforms starting in 2017. \n\nUPI is a low-latency coherent interconnect for scalable multiprocessor systems with a shared address space. It uses a directory-based home snoop coherency protocol with an transfer speed of up to 10.4 GT/s. Supporting processors typically have two or three UPI links. \n\nComparing to QPI, it improves power efficiency with a new low-power state, improves transfer efficiency with a new packetization format, and improves scalability with protocol layer that does not require preallocation of resources. \n\nUPI only supports directory-based coherency, unlike previous QPI processors which supported multiple snoop modes (no snoop, early snoop, home snoop, and directory). \n\nA combined caching and home agent (CHA) handles resolution of coherency across multiple processors, as well as snoop requests from processor cores and local and remote agents. Separate physical CHAs are placed within each processor core and LLC bank to improve scalability according to the number of cores, memory controllers, or the sub-NUMA clustering mode. The address space is interleaved across different CHAs, which act like a single logical agent. \n\n\n", "* Intel QuickPath Interconnect\n* HyperTransport\n* Front side bus\n", "\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ "Separate physical CHAs are placed within each processor core and LLC bank to improve scalability according to the number of cores, memory controllers, or the sub-NUMA clustering mode." ]

[ "The '''Intel UltraPath Interconnect''' ('''UPI''') is a point-to-point processor interconnect developed by Intel which replaced the QPI in Xeon Skylake-EP platforms starting in 2017.", "UPI is a low-latency coherent interconnect for scalable multiprocessor systems with a shared address space.", "It uses a directory-based home snoop coherency protocol with an transfer speed of up to 10.4 GT/s.", "Supporting processors typically have two or three UPI links.", "Comparing to QPI, it improves power efficiency with a new low-power state, improves transfer efficiency with a new packetization format, and improves scalability with protocol layer that does not require preallocation of resources.", "UPI only supports directory-based coherency, unlike previous QPI processors which supported multiple snoop modes (no snoop, early snoop, home snoop, and directory).", "A combined caching and home agent (CHA) handles resolution of coherency across multiple processors, as well as snoop requests from processor cores and local and remote agents.", "The address space is interleaved across different CHAs, which act like a single logical agent.", "* Intel QuickPath Interconnect\n* HyperTransport\n* Front side bus" ]

[ "'''Harold Rosenwald''' ( 1908 – 1990) was a 20th-century American lawyer, best known for working on the defense team of Alger Hiss during 1949 and in the prosecution of Louisiana governor Huey Long.\n", "\nHarold Rosenwald was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His sisters were Clare Rosenwald Schein (later an arbitrator for Family Court, died 1972), Leah Rosenwald Modest, and Charlotte Rosenwald Rosenberg.\n\nHe graduated from the prep school Cambridge Latin (now Cambridge Rindge and Latin School) in 1923. He graduated cum laude from Harvard University in 1927. In 1930, he graduated from Harvard Law School, where he also served as editor of the ''Harvard Law Review'' (1928–1930) and class secretary. It was during this time he came to know Alger Hiss.\n", "\nRosenwald was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar in 1930 (and the U.S. Supreme Court Bar in 1936).\n\n===Government service===\n\nAccording to Whittaker Chambers, Rosenwald had work in the U.S. Department of Justice during the 1930s under O. John Rogge: He had worked for the U.S. Department of Justice, where he had been the assistant to O. John Rogge, an assistant to the Attorney General. The peculiar vehemence of Mr. Rogge's lefts views finally caused him Rosenwald to leave the Justice Department. Rosenwald supported Justice in its case against U.S. General Charles G. Dawes to recover monies of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) on a $90,000,000 \"Dawes Loan.\" On May 15, 1936, Rosenwald filed a brief on behalf of John L. Hopkins, O. John Rogge, and others for the RFC. Later in May, Justice recovered $2,225,000 for RFC, for which Rosenwald received credit. Justice continued to pursue more repayment, and the case went to court in October 1938. He received credit for his efforts in November 1936 when a court ordered 3,500 Illinois stockholders of a defunct Central Republic Bank to pay $12,500,000 as part of repayment on that loan.\n\nIn 1939, Rosenwald again support Rogge, this time going after income tax cases in Louisiana related to Governor Huey Long's \"Share Our Wealth\" program. Rogge planned to move to the state due to the anticipated length of the case. He cited Rosenwald (and Albert B. Teton) as an expert whose presence he sought to join him because of Rosenwald's \"experience in preparing income tax cases for trial.\"\n\n===Private practice===\n\nIn April 1948, Rosenwald and John J. O'Niel were attorneys for a naval captain before the U.S. Supreme Court in \"United States of America ex. rel. Harold E. Hirschberg v. Captain M. J. Malanaphy, United States Navy, Commanding\nOfficer, United States Naval Receiving Station, Brooklyn, New York.\"\n\n===Hiss Case===\n\nDuring the Hiss Case, Rosenwald was an attorney first in 1948 with Oseas, Pepper, and Segal and by 1950 with Beer, Richards, Lane and Haller (with offices in Washington and New York) (from 1949 to 1957 called \"Beer, Richards, Lane, Haller & Buttenwieser\"). He was one of the chief lawyers in the Hiss Case who defended Alger Hiss, along with William L. Marbury, Jr. and Edward Cochrane McLean. He was the chief architect of argument for a \"psychologically disturbed state of Whittaker Chambers.\"\n\nOn December 12, 1948, Rosenwald, \"an associate of Edward C. McLean, Mr. Hiss' attorney,\" issued a statement by Hiss which said: \"...I repeat the denial... I did not at any time deliver any official documents to Mr. Chambers or any unauthorized person.\"\n\nWhile Lloyd Paul Stryker led during Hiss's first trial, Rosenberg's name remained among his legal defense. Again, when Claude B. Cross led during Hiss's second trial later in 1949, Rosenwald's name appears on his defense team along with McLean and Robert von Mehren.\n\n===Later years===\n\nBy 1952, Rosenwald was \"the legal representative to the Tito Government.\"\n\nIn 1958, Rosenwald represented Lovander Ladner in a Federal case against (in which Ladner was convicted for assaulting police officers).\n\nIn 1959–1960, Rosenwald represented defendants Goldfine and Paperman in an appeal case before the U.S. District Court with Judge Charles E. Wyzanski, Jr. presiding (in which Goldfine and Paperman lost).\n\nIn 1972, he represented Harvard student agencies in their pursuit of contraceptive sales at the university.\n\nWhen Allen Weinstein's ''Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case'' came out in 1978, it quoted Rosenwald about the psychological argument: \"The psychiatric theory has been criticized because it may be regarded as an unjustified smear of Chambers as a homosexual. Surely we intend to smear Chambers in any event. I have no objection to such smearing .... I see little difference between smearing Chambers as a homosexual and smearing him as a liar, a thief and a scoundrel. In 1980, a review of John Lowenthal's documentary ''The Trials of Alger Hiss'' mentioned Rosenwald (along with Robert E. Stripling, Congressman F. Edward Hebert, the Rev. John F. Cronin, and journalist Ralph de Toledano) as among the \"most informative\" who helped counter \"Lowenthal's own bias.\"\n", "\nIn 1943, Rosenwald married Betty Booth. They had a daughter Martha and son Stuart Harold. (Mrs. Rosenwald died in 2004.)\n\nRosenwald died age 82 of Parkinson's disease in Lexington, Massachusetts.\n", "\n* O. John Rogge\n* Alger Hiss\n* Walter Beer\n* Helen Lehman Buttenwieser\n", "\n\n", "\n* Tamiment Library: Guide to the John Lowenthal Papers TAM.190\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Background", "Career", "Personal and death", "See also", "References", "External sources" ]

[ "He received credit for his efforts in November 1936 when a court ordered 3,500 Illinois stockholders of a defunct Central Republic Bank to pay $12,500,000 as part of repayment on that loan." ]

[ "'''Harold Rosenwald''' ( 1908 – 1990) was a 20th-century American lawyer, best known for working on the defense team of Alger Hiss during 1949 and in the prosecution of Louisiana governor Huey Long.", "\nHarold Rosenwald was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "His sisters were Clare Rosenwald Schein (later an arbitrator for Family Court, died 1972), Leah Rosenwald Modest, and Charlotte Rosenwald Rosenberg.", "He graduated from the prep school Cambridge Latin (now Cambridge Rindge and Latin School) in 1923.", "He graduated cum laude from Harvard University in 1927.", "In 1930, he graduated from Harvard Law School, where he also served as editor of the ''Harvard Law Review'' (1928–1930) and class secretary.", "It was during this time he came to know Alger Hiss.", "\nRosenwald was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar in 1930 (and the U.S. Supreme Court Bar in 1936).", "===Government service===\n\nAccording to Whittaker Chambers, Rosenwald had work in the U.S. Department of Justice during the 1930s under O. John Rogge: He had worked for the U.S. Department of Justice, where he had been the assistant to O. John Rogge, an assistant to the Attorney General.", "The peculiar vehemence of Mr. Rogge's lefts views finally caused him Rosenwald to leave the Justice Department.", "Rosenwald supported Justice in its case against U.S. General Charles G. Dawes to recover monies of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) on a $90,000,000 \"Dawes Loan.\"", "On May 15, 1936, Rosenwald filed a brief on behalf of John L. Hopkins, O. John Rogge, and others for the RFC.", "Later in May, Justice recovered $2,225,000 for RFC, for which Rosenwald received credit.", "Justice continued to pursue more repayment, and the case went to court in October 1938.", "In 1939, Rosenwald again support Rogge, this time going after income tax cases in Louisiana related to Governor Huey Long's \"Share Our Wealth\" program.", "Rogge planned to move to the state due to the anticipated length of the case.", "He cited Rosenwald (and Albert B. Teton) as an expert whose presence he sought to join him because of Rosenwald's \"experience in preparing income tax cases for trial.\"", "===Private practice===\n\nIn April 1948, Rosenwald and John J. O'Niel were attorneys for a naval captain before the U.S. Supreme Court in \"United States of America ex.", "rel.", "Harold E. Hirschberg v. Captain M. J. Malanaphy, United States Navy, Commanding\nOfficer, United States Naval Receiving Station, Brooklyn, New York.\"", "===Hiss Case===\n\nDuring the Hiss Case, Rosenwald was an attorney first in 1948 with Oseas, Pepper, and Segal and by 1950 with Beer, Richards, Lane and Haller (with offices in Washington and New York) (from 1949 to 1957 called \"Beer, Richards, Lane, Haller & Buttenwieser\").", "He was one of the chief lawyers in the Hiss Case who defended Alger Hiss, along with William L. Marbury, Jr. and Edward Cochrane McLean.", "He was the chief architect of argument for a \"psychologically disturbed state of Whittaker Chambers.\"", "On December 12, 1948, Rosenwald, \"an associate of Edward C. McLean, Mr. Hiss' attorney,\" issued a statement by Hiss which said: \"...I repeat the denial...", "I did not at any time deliver any official documents to Mr.", "Chambers or any unauthorized person.\"", "While Lloyd Paul Stryker led during Hiss's first trial, Rosenberg's name remained among his legal defense.", "Again, when Claude B.", "Cross led during Hiss's second trial later in 1949, Rosenwald's name appears on his defense team along with McLean and Robert von Mehren.", "===Later years===\n\nBy 1952, Rosenwald was \"the legal representative to the Tito Government.\"", "In 1958, Rosenwald represented Lovander Ladner in a Federal case against (in which Ladner was convicted for assaulting police officers).", "In 1959–1960, Rosenwald represented defendants Goldfine and Paperman in an appeal case before the U.S. District Court with Judge Charles E. Wyzanski, Jr. presiding (in which Goldfine and Paperman lost).", "In 1972, he represented Harvard student agencies in their pursuit of contraceptive sales at the university.", "When Allen Weinstein's ''Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case'' came out in 1978, it quoted Rosenwald about the psychological argument: \"The psychiatric theory has been criticized because it may be regarded as an unjustified smear of Chambers as a homosexual.", "Surely we intend to smear Chambers in any event.", "I have no objection to such smearing ....", "I see little difference between smearing Chambers as a homosexual and smearing him as a liar, a thief and a scoundrel.", "In 1980, a review of John Lowenthal's documentary ''The Trials of Alger Hiss'' mentioned Rosenwald (along with Robert E. Stripling, Congressman F. Edward Hebert, the Rev.", "John F. Cronin, and journalist Ralph de Toledano) as among the \"most informative\" who helped counter \"Lowenthal's own bias.\"", "\nIn 1943, Rosenwald married Betty Booth.", "They had a daughter Martha and son Stuart Harold.", "(Mrs. Rosenwald died in 2004.)", "Rosenwald died age 82 of Parkinson's disease in Lexington, Massachusetts.", "\n* O. John Rogge\n* Alger Hiss\n* Walter Beer\n* Helen Lehman Buttenwieser", "\n* Tamiment Library: Guide to the John Lowenthal Papers TAM.190" ]

[ "\n\n\nThe '''Ministry of Examination of the Republic of China''' ('''MOEX'''; ) is a second level policy-making body, governed under the Examination Yuan of the Republic of China and is the fundamental Examination Yuan agency responsible for the administration of national examinations and the supervision of contract examinations throughout Taiwan.\n", "Ministry of Examination of the Republic of China\n\nThe recruitment of civil servants is one key element in government personnel management and the recruitment through selective examinations has been a long-standing system in Chinese history. After the foundation of the Republic of China, the Examination Council was established in 1929 to oversee examination administration affairs. Following the promulgation of the Constitution, the Ministry was formally established on 21 July 1948.\n", "The Ministry is currently organized as follows:\n\n* Department of Examination Planning\n* Department of Junior & Senior Examinations\n* Department of Special Examinations\n* Department of Professional & Technical Examinations \n* Department of Question Bank Management\n* Department of Information Management\n* Department of General Affairs\n* Secretariat\n* Human Resources Office\n* Accounting Office\n* Statistics Office\n* Ethics Office\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n №\nName\nTerm of Office\n Days\nPolitical Party\nYuan President\n\n\n 1\n Tien Chung-chin (田炯錦)\n 13 July 1948 \n May 1950 \n\n Kuomintang\n Chang Po-ling''Niou Yung-chien''\n\n\n —\n Ma Kuo-lin (馬國琳)\n May 1950 \n May 1952 \n\n Kuomintang\n ''Niou Yung-chien''Chia Ching-teh\n\n\n 2\n Shih Shang-kuan (史尚寬)\n June 1952 \n August 1957 \n\n Kuomintang\n Chia Ching-tehMo Teh-hui\n\n\n 3\n Chen Hsueh-ping (陳雪屏)\n 16 August 1957 \n 14 July 1958 \n \n Kuomintang\n Mo Teh-hui\n\n\n 4\n Huang Ji-lu (黃季陸)\n 22 July 1958 \n 28 February 1961 \n \n Kuomintang\n Mo Teh-hui\n\n\n 5\n Lee Shou-yung (李壽雍)\n March 1961 \n July 1971 \n\n\n Mo Teh-huiSun Fo\n\n\n 6\n Chung Chiao-kuang (鍾皎光)\n August 1971 \n January 1979 \n\n Kuomintang\n Sun FoYang Liang-kungLiu Chi-hung\n\n\n 7\n Tang Chen-chu (唐振楚)\n January 1979 \n August 1984 \n\n Kuomintang\n Liu Chi-hung\n\n\n 8\n Chu Shao-hua (瞿韶華)\n September 1984 \n August 1990 \n\n Kuomintang\n Kung Teh-cheng\n\n\n 9\n Wang Tso-jung (王作榮)\n August 1990 \n August 1996 \n\n Kuomintang\n Kung Teh-chengChiu Chuang-huan\n\n\n 10\n Chen Chin-jang (陳金讓)\n September 1996 \n 27 February 1999 \n\n Kuomintang\n Hsu Shui-teh\n\n\n 11\n Wu Wan-lan (吳挽瀾)\n 27 February 1999 \n 20 May 2000 \n \n Kuomintang\n Hsu Shui-teh\n\n\n 12\n Liu Chu-chih (劉初枝)\n 20 May 2000 \n 20 May 2004 \n \n\n Hsu Shui-tehYao Chia-wen\n\n\n 13\n Lin Chia-cheng (林嘉誠)\n 20 May 2004 \n 20 May 2008 \n \n Democratic Progressive Party\n Yao Chia-wen\n\n\n\n —\n Hwang Yea-baang (黃雅榜)\n 20 May 2008 \n 1 September 2008 \n \n\n Yao Chia-wen\n\n\n 14\n Yang Chao-hsiang (楊朝祥)\n 1 September 2008 \n July 2010 \n\n Kuomintang\n ''Wu Jin-lin''John Kuan\n\n\n 15\n Lai Feng-wei (賴峰偉)\n August 2010 \n February 2012 \n\n Kuomintang\n John Kuan\n\n\n 16\nTung Pao-cheng (董保城)\n March 2012 \n August 2015 \n\n Independent\n John KuanWu Jin-lin\n\n\n 17\n Chiu Hua-chun (邱華君)\n August 2015 \n 20 May 2016 \n\n Independent\n Wu Jin-lin\n\n\n 18\n Tsai Tzung-jen (蔡宗珍)\n 20 May 2016 \n ''Incumbent'' \n \n Independent\n Wu Jin-lin\n\n\n", "\n* Government of the Republic of China\n* Politics of the Republic of China\n", "\n", "* Official site\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " History ", "Ministry structure", "Ministers", "See also", "References", " External links " ]

[ "The Ministry is currently organized as follows:\n\n* Department of Examination Planning\n* Department of Junior & Senior Examinations\n* Department of Special Examinations\n* Department of Professional & Technical Examinations \n* Department of Question Bank Management\n* Department of Information Management\n* Department of General Affairs\n* Secretariat\n* Human Resources Office\n* Accounting Office\n* Statistics Office\n* Ethics Office" ]

[ "\n\n\nThe '''Ministry of Examination of the Republic of China''' ('''MOEX'''; ) is a second level policy-making body, governed under the Examination Yuan of the Republic of China and is the fundamental Examination Yuan agency responsible for the administration of national examinations and the supervision of contract examinations throughout Taiwan.", "Ministry of Examination of the Republic of China\n\nThe recruitment of civil servants is one key element in government personnel management and the recruitment through selective examinations has been a long-standing system in Chinese history.", "After the foundation of the Republic of China, the Examination Council was established in 1929 to oversee examination administration affairs.", "Following the promulgation of the Constitution, the Ministry was formally established on 21 July 1948.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n №\nName\nTerm of Office\n Days\nPolitical Party\nYuan President\n\n\n 1\n Tien Chung-chin (田炯錦)\n 13 July 1948 \n May 1950 \n\n Kuomintang\n Chang Po-ling''Niou Yung-chien''\n\n\n —\n Ma Kuo-lin (馬國琳)\n May 1950 \n May 1952 \n\n Kuomintang\n ''Niou Yung-chien''Chia Ching-teh\n\n\n 2\n Shih Shang-kuan (史尚寬)\n June 1952 \n August 1957 \n\n Kuomintang\n Chia Ching-tehMo Teh-hui\n\n\n 3\n Chen Hsueh-ping (陳雪屏)\n 16 August 1957 \n 14 July 1958 \n \n Kuomintang\n Mo Teh-hui\n\n\n 4\n Huang Ji-lu (黃季陸)\n 22 July 1958 \n 28 February 1961 \n \n Kuomintang\n Mo Teh-hui\n\n\n 5\n Lee Shou-yung (李壽雍)\n March 1961 \n July 1971 \n\n\n Mo Teh-huiSun Fo\n\n\n 6\n Chung Chiao-kuang (鍾皎光)\n August 1971 \n January 1979 \n\n Kuomintang\n Sun FoYang Liang-kungLiu Chi-hung\n\n\n 7\n Tang Chen-chu (唐振楚)\n January 1979 \n August 1984 \n\n Kuomintang\n Liu Chi-hung\n\n\n 8\n Chu Shao-hua (瞿韶華)\n September 1984 \n August 1990 \n\n Kuomintang\n Kung Teh-cheng\n\n\n 9\n Wang Tso-jung (王作榮)\n August 1990 \n August 1996 \n\n Kuomintang\n Kung Teh-chengChiu Chuang-huan\n\n\n 10\n Chen Chin-jang (陳金讓)\n September 1996 \n 27 February 1999 \n\n Kuomintang\n Hsu Shui-teh\n\n\n 11\n Wu Wan-lan (吳挽瀾)\n 27 February 1999 \n 20 May 2000 \n \n Kuomintang\n Hsu Shui-teh\n\n\n 12\n Liu Chu-chih (劉初枝)\n 20 May 2000 \n 20 May 2004 \n \n\n Hsu Shui-tehYao Chia-wen\n\n\n 13\n Lin Chia-cheng (林嘉誠)\n 20 May 2004 \n 20 May 2008 \n \n Democratic Progressive Party\n Yao Chia-wen\n\n\n\n —\n Hwang Yea-baang (黃雅榜)\n 20 May 2008 \n 1 September 2008 \n \n\n Yao Chia-wen\n\n\n 14\n Yang Chao-hsiang (楊朝祥)\n 1 September 2008 \n July 2010 \n\n Kuomintang\n ''Wu Jin-lin''John Kuan\n\n\n 15\n Lai Feng-wei (賴峰偉)\n August 2010 \n February 2012 \n\n Kuomintang\n John Kuan\n\n\n 16\nTung Pao-cheng (董保城)\n March 2012 \n August 2015 \n\n Independent\n John KuanWu Jin-lin\n\n\n 17\n Chiu Hua-chun (邱華君)\n August 2015 \n 20 May 2016 \n\n Independent\n Wu Jin-lin\n\n\n 18\n Tsai Tzung-jen (蔡宗珍)\n 20 May 2016 \n ''Incumbent'' \n \n Independent\n Wu Jin-lin", "\n* Government of the Republic of China\n* Politics of the Republic of China", "* Official site" ]

[ "\n\n\n'''Broxtowe Estate''' is a council estate in the City of Nottingham which is part of the Aspley ward. The estate is located from the City Centre and lies west of Aspley and Cinderhill, south of Bulwell, east of Strelley and north of Bilborough. At the 2001 census, the estate had a population of 4,847. Not to be confused with the Borough of Broxtowe, which is one of the districts of Nottinghamshire with borough status.\n", "The name '''Broxtowe''' comes from the old Anglo Saxon name ''Broculstowe'', which is thought to refer to a dwelling-place, but the name could refer to the stoe of someone named Brocul. It is also thought that the estate was named after Broxtowe Hall which was located off Broxtowe Lane, but was demolished in 1937.\n\nConstruction of the estate commenced in the 1930s, and in 1937, Roman coins and pottery were discovered by the workmen who were engaged in constructing the sewers and the roads for the council estate. It was assumed that the estate was once the site of a Castra, but research proved it was a British hut settlement.\n", "According to the data of the 2001 Census, the estate has a population of 4,847, and a majority of the population are aged 25-44, who make up 29.2% of the estate's population.\n\nThe census also shows that 90.3% of the estate's population is White British, as well as 1.1% being White Irish, and 0.8% classed as Other White. 3.8% of the population is Mixed Race, 0.9% is Asian or Asian British, 2.6% is Black or Black British, and other ethnic groups making 0.5% of the estate's population.\n", "The 2001 Census shows that 53.8% of the estate's population are Christian and Atheists making 35.35 of the population. 0.7% of the population are Muslim and Buddhism, Hinduism and Judaism each score 0.1%. 0.2% of the population are Sikh, other religions make up 0.3% of the population and 9.5% did not state their religion.\n\nBroxtowe has the St Martha the Housewife Parish Church located inside the estate on the corner of Westleigh Road and Frinton Road.\n", "Broxtowe has a row of shops and facilities located on Broxtowe Lane, including a post office, convenience store, a Greggs, and there's a Spar store, a barber shop, a pharmacy, a Lloyds Bank, and other facilities located on the corner of Broxtowe Lane and Strelley Road.\n", "'''Nottingham City Transport'''\n*: Nottingham – Derby Road – QMC – University Park – Wollaton Vale – Bilborough – Strelley – Bulwell.\n*: Nottingham – Alfreton Road – Aspley Lane – Strelley – Cinderhill.\n*: Nottingham – Alfreton Road – Nuthall Road – Broxtowe – Strelley.\n*: Nottingham – Alfreton Road – Aspley Lane – Strelley – Cinderhill – Whitemoor.\n", "\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "History", "Demography and Ethnic Groups", "Religion", "Facilities", "Transport", "References" ]

[ "Broxtowe has a row of shops and facilities located on Broxtowe Lane, including a post office, convenience store, a Greggs, and there's a Spar store, a barber shop, a pharmacy, a Lloyds Bank, and other facilities located on the corner of Broxtowe Lane and Strelley Road." ]

[ "\n\n\n'''Broxtowe Estate''' is a council estate in the City of Nottingham which is part of the Aspley ward.", "The estate is located from the City Centre and lies west of Aspley and Cinderhill, south of Bulwell, east of Strelley and north of Bilborough.", "At the 2001 census, the estate had a population of 4,847.", "Not to be confused with the Borough of Broxtowe, which is one of the districts of Nottinghamshire with borough status.", "The name '''Broxtowe''' comes from the old Anglo Saxon name ''Broculstowe'', which is thought to refer to a dwelling-place, but the name could refer to the stoe of someone named Brocul.", "It is also thought that the estate was named after Broxtowe Hall which was located off Broxtowe Lane, but was demolished in 1937.", "Construction of the estate commenced in the 1930s, and in 1937, Roman coins and pottery were discovered by the workmen who were engaged in constructing the sewers and the roads for the council estate.", "It was assumed that the estate was once the site of a Castra, but research proved it was a British hut settlement.", "According to the data of the 2001 Census, the estate has a population of 4,847, and a majority of the population are aged 25-44, who make up 29.2% of the estate's population.", "The census also shows that 90.3% of the estate's population is White British, as well as 1.1% being White Irish, and 0.8% classed as Other White.", "3.8% of the population is Mixed Race, 0.9% is Asian or Asian British, 2.6% is Black or Black British, and other ethnic groups making 0.5% of the estate's population.", "The 2001 Census shows that 53.8% of the estate's population are Christian and Atheists making 35.35 of the population.", "0.7% of the population are Muslim and Buddhism, Hinduism and Judaism each score 0.1%.", "0.2% of the population are Sikh, other religions make up 0.3% of the population and 9.5% did not state their religion.", "Broxtowe has the St Martha the Housewife Parish Church located inside the estate on the corner of Westleigh Road and Frinton Road.", "'''Nottingham City Transport'''\n*: Nottingham – Derby Road – QMC – University Park – Wollaton Vale – Bilborough – Strelley – Bulwell.", "*: Nottingham – Alfreton Road – Aspley Lane – Strelley – Cinderhill.", "*: Nottingham – Alfreton Road – Nuthall Road – Broxtowe – Strelley.", "*: Nottingham – Alfreton Road – Aspley Lane – Strelley – Cinderhill – Whitemoor." ]

[ "'''The US state Department’s Country Report on Terrorism 2016''' was published on 19 July 2017 in seven chapters, and was posted on the website of the department. Country Reports on Terrorism is an annual report on terrorism in different countries and groups. The 2016 report highlights Iran’s terrorist activities and continues to designate Iran as “State Sponsor of Terrorism”. The report emphasizes on the continuation of Iran’s threats on US interests and its allies. The IRGC-QF, Iran’s primary mechanism for cultivating and supporting terrorists abroad continues its activities in Iraq, Syria and Yemen. Iran also continues to finance and provide weapons to para military Shiite forces in Bahrain. The report also underlines that Iran has sponsored cyberattacks against foreign government and private sector entities, and it concludes with the Iran’s unwillingness to bring to justice senior al-Qa’ida (AQ) members it continued to detain and has refused to publicly identify the members in its custody. \nIn 2016 report, in addition to Iran, Sudan and Syria are also designated as “State Sponsor of Terrorism”. \n\n", "The US state Department’s Country Report on Terrorism 2016 was published in seven chapters:\n:Chapter 1: Strategic Assessment \n:Chapter 2: Country Report Africa, Country Report East Asia and Pacific, Country Report Europe, Country Report Middle East and North Africa, Country Report South and Central Asia, Country Report Western Hemisphere\n:Chapter 3: State Sponsors of Terrorism \n:Chapter 4: The Global Challenge of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, or Nuclear (CBRN) Terrorism \n:Chapter 5: Terrorist Safe Havens (Update to 7120 Report) \n:Chapter 6: Foreign Terrorist Organizations \n:Chapter 7: Legislative Requirements and Key Terms \n", "The main parts of chapters one, three and six of the Country Report on Terrorism 2016 is about Iran’s terrorism. Also in other chapters the issue of Iran is mentioned.\n\n==Chapter 1: Strategic Assessment== \nThe chapter states that in 1984 Iran was designated as a State Sponsor of Terrorism and it continues to be in that status. \n\n===Iran a State Sponsor of Terrorism===\nThe chapter reads in part:” … Iran remained the foremost state sponsor of terrorism in 2016 as groups supported by Iran maintained their capability to threaten U.S. interests and allies. The Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps – Qods Force, along with Iranian partners, allies, and proxies, continued to play a destabilizing role in military conflicts in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen. Iran continued to recruit fighters from across the region to join Iranian affiliated Shia militia forces engaged in conflicts in Syria and Iraq, and has even offered a path to citizenship for those who heed this call. Hizballah continued to work closely with Iran in these conflict zones, playing a major role in supporting the Syria government’s efforts to maintain control and territory, and providing training and a range of other support for Iranian aligned groups in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen. Additionally, Hizballah continued to develop its long-term attack capabilities and infrastructure around the world.” \n\n===The measures taken by the US to counter Iran’s terrorism===\nThe measures taken by the US to counter Iran’s terrorism are mentioned in the same chapter. The report writes: “The United States continued to use a range of tools to counter Iran-sponsored terrorist groups. For instance, on October 20, 2016, the Department of State designated Hizballah commander Haytham ‘Ali Tabataba’i as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist under Executive Order 13224, blocking his property subject to U.S. jurisdiction and prohibiting U.S. persons from engaging in transactions with him. Tabataba’i commanded Hizballah’s special forces, has operated in Syria, and has been reported to be in Yemen.” \n", "In this chapter it is stated that: “Iran’s state sponsorship of terrorism worldwide remained undiminished through the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Qods Force, its Ministry of Intelligence and Security, and Tehran’s ally Hizballah, which remained a significant threat to the stability of Lebanon and the broader region.” \n\n===Iraq===\nThe report of this chapter reads in part: “Many of Iraq’s armed Shia groups are backed by Iran, including Kata’ib Hizballah (KH), Asa’ib Ahl al-Haqq (AAH), and the Badr Organization. These Iranian-backed groups continued to operate in Iraq during 2016, which exacerbated sectarian tensions in Iraq and contributed to allegations of human rights abuses against primarily Sunni civilians, particularly in Fallujah, where residents claim hundreds of male residents remain unaccounted for after the city’s liberation in June.” \n\n===Israel, the West Bank and Gaza, and Jerusalem===\n“…Israeli security officials and politicians remained concerned about the terrorist threat posed to Israel from Hizballah and Iran, highlighting that Iran, primarily through the efforts of its Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Qods Force, continued to fund and supply Hizballah. Israeli experts believed that Iran has transferred to Hizballah advanced weapons systems such as anti-aircraft and anti-ship cruise missile systems, and was continuing to transfer long-range rockets into Lebanon.” \n\n===Kuwait===\n“…In 2016, the government stopped several attempts by foreign nationals to enter illegally. In August, for example, the authorities intercepted and arrested 10 Iranian nationals attempting to enter Kuwaiti waters illegally aboard a ship… In January, a criminal court sentenced to death two of the 26 suspects accused of amassing, on behalf of Iran and Hizballah, a large cache of ammunition, weapons, and explosives at a farm near the Iraqi border, which the authorities raided in August 2015.” \n\n==Chapter 2: Western Hemisphere== \nPart of the chapter about Western Hemisphere reads: “In late December of 2015, following the election of Mauricio Macri as president, the new administration chose not to appeal a federal court ruling invalidating a Memorandum of Understanding between Argentina and Iran concerning the investigation into the bombing. The Memorandum had been negotiated and signed by the Fernandez de Kirchner administration, who maintained that the agreement with Iran would clarify Iran’s alleged role in the bombing. Several former Iranian officials have been indicted for planning and executing the bombing, and are subject to INTERPOL Red Notices.” \n\n==Chapter 3: State Sponsors of Terrorism== \nChapter three of the Country Report is about the countries designated as state sponsor of terrorism. In addition to Iran, Sudan and Syria are also designated as “State Sponsor of Terrorism”. The report in part defines such countries as: “To designate a country as a State Sponsor of Terrorism, the Secretary of State must determine that the government of such country has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism.” \n\n===Iran===\nThe report reads: “Designated as a State Sponsor of Terrorism in 1984, Iran continued its terrorist-related activity in 2016, including support for Hizballah, Palestinian terrorist groups in Gaza, and various groups in Syria, Iraq, and throughout the Middle East. Iran used the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Qods Force (IRGC-QF) to implement foreign policy goals, provide cover for intelligence operations, and create instability in the Middle East. Iran has acknowledged the involvement of the IRGC-QF in the conflicts in Iraq and Syria and the IRGC-QF is Iran’s primary mechanism for cultivating and supporting terrorists abroad.\nIn 2016, Iran supported various Iraqi Shia terrorist groups, including Kata’ib Hizballah, as part of an effort to fight ISIS in Iraq and bolster the Assad regime in Syria. Iran views the Assad regime in Syria as a crucial ally and Syria and Iraq as crucial routes to supply weapons to Hizballah, Iran’s primary terrorist partner. Iran has facilitated and coerced, through financial or residency enticements, primarily Shia fighters from Afghanistan and Pakistan to participate in the Assad regime’s brutal crackdown in Syria. Iranian-supported Shia militias in Iraq have committed serious human rights abuses against primarily Sunni civilians and Iranian forces have directly backed militia operations in Syria with armored vehicles, artillery, and drones.\nSince the end of the 2006 Israeli-Hizballah conflict, Iran has supplied Hizballah with thousands of rockets, missiles, and small arms, in direct violation of UN Security Council resolution (UNSCR) 1701. Iran provides the majority of financial support for Hizballah in Lebanon and has trained thousands of its fighters at camps in Iran. Hizballah fighters have been used extensively in Syria to support the Assad regime and in support of operations against ISIS in Iraq. Hizballah also carried out several attacks against Israeli Defense Forces in 2016 along the Lebanese border with Israel.\nIran has historically provided weapons, training, and funding to Hamas and other Palestinian terrorist groups, including Palestine Islamic Jihad and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command. These Palestinian terrorist groups have been behind a number of deadly attacks originating in Gaza and the West Bank, including attacks against Israeli civilians and Egyptian security forces in the Sinai Peninsula.\nIran has provided weapons, funding, and training to Bahraini militant Shia groups that have conducted attacks on the Bahraini security forces. On January 6, 2016, Bahraini security officials dismantled a terrorist cell, linked to IRGC-QF, planning to carry out a series of bombings throughout the country.\nThe Iranian government maintains a robust cyberterrorism program and has sponsored cyberattacks against foreign government and private sector entities.\nIran remained unwilling to bring to justice senior al-Qa’ida (AQ) members it continued to detain and has refused to publicly identify the members in its custody. Since at least 2009, Iran has allowed AQ facilitators to operate a core facilitation pipeline through the country, enabling AQ to move funds and fighters to South Asia and Syria.” \n", "The report in part reads: “Designated in 1979 as a State Sponsor of Terrorism, the Assad regime continued its political and military support to a variety of terrorist groups affecting the stability of the region as the Syrian conflict entered its sixth year. The regime continued to provide political and weapons support to Hizballah and continued to allow Iran to rearm the terrorist organization. The Assad regime’s relationship with Hizballah and Iran grew stronger in 2016 as the regime became more reliant on external actors to militarily fight the Syrian opposition. These groups played a critical role in the regime’s seizure of eastern Aleppo in December. President Bashar al-Assad remained a staunch defender of Iran’s policies, while Iran exhibited equally energetic support for the Syrian regime. Statements supporting terrorist groups, particularly Hizballah, were often in Syrian government speeches and press statements.” \n\n==Chapter 5: Terrorist Safe Havens== \nPart of chapter reads: “…VOA’s Persian Service provided critical global and regional news relating to Iran and crucial information about U.S. policy toward Iran and the region… In Washington, VOA Persian focused on exposing the role that the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) played in supporting and controlling Hizballah units in Syria…They documented Mahan Air, an Iranian airline with close relations to the IRGC, providing airlifts to IRGC personnel, who were flown between Iran, Iraq, and Syria for military training…”\n“In 2016, Radio Farda produced and aired a 45-minute documentary about interrogation techniques in Iranian prisons, focusing on the personal testimonies of political and civic activists.” report adds. \n\n==Chapter 6: Foreign Terrorist Organizations== \nThe issues related to Iran in this chapter are as follows: \n\n===Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade===\nIran has provided AAMB with funds and guidance, mostly although Hizballah facilitators \n\n===Hamas===\nHistorically, Hamas has received funding, weapons, and training from Iran \n\n===Hizballah===\nHizballah was designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization on October 8, 1997. Formed in 1982 following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, the Lebanon-based radical Shia group takes its ideological inspiration from the Iranian revolution and the teachings of the late Ayatollah Khomeini. The group generally follows the religious guidance of the Iranian Supreme Leader, which in 2016 was Ali Khamenei. Hizballah is closely allied with Iran and the two often work together on shared initiatives, although Hizballah also acts independently. Hizballah shares a close relationship with Syria, and like Iran, provides assistance – including fighters – to Syrian regime forces in the Syrian conflict.\nHizballah is responsible for multiple large scale terrorist attacks, including the 1983 suicide truck bombings of the U.S. Embassy and U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut; the 1984 attack on the U.S. Embassy annex in Beirut; and the 1985 hijacking of TWA flight 847, during which U.S. Navy diver Robert Stethem was murdered.\nElements of the group were responsible for the kidnapping, detention, and murder of U.S. citizens and other Westerners in Lebanon in the 1980s. Hizballah was implicated, along with Iran, in the 1992 attacks on the Israeli Embassy in Argentina and in the 1994 bombing of the Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association in Buenos Aires\nIran continues to provide Hizballah with training, weapons, and explosives, as well as political, diplomatic, monetary, and organizational aid… \n\n===Kata’ib Hizballah===\nKH has ideological ties to and receives support from Iran. Funding and External Aid: KH is heavily dependent on support from Iran. \n\n===Palestine Islamic Jihad===\nFunding and External Aid: PIJ receives financial assistance and training primarily from Iran. PIJ has partnered with Iranian- and Syrian-sponsored Hizballah to carry out joint operations. \n\n===Popular front for the liberation of Palestine-General Command===\nThe PFLP-GC is closely tied to both Syria and Iran. Funding and External Aid: The PFLP-GC receives safe haven and logistical and military support from Syria and financial support from Iran. \n\n===Al-Qa’ida===\nIn September 2015, five senior AQ leaders were released from Iranian custody in exchange for an Iranian diplomat kidnapped in Yemen. Of the five, Saif al Adel and Abu Mohammed al Masri are wanted for the August 1998 U.S. Embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania; al Adel and Abu Mohammed al Masri were experienced operational planners. \n", "\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Chapters of the report", "Parts of report related to Iran", "Chapter 2: Middle East and North Africa", "Syria", "References" ]

[ "These Iranian-backed groups continued to operate in Iraq during 2016, which exacerbated sectarian tensions in Iraq and contributed to allegations of human rights abuses against primarily Sunni civilians, particularly in Fallujah, where residents claim hundreds of male residents remain unaccounted for after the city’s liberation in June.” \n\n===Israel, the West Bank and Gaza, and Jerusalem===\n“…Israeli security officials and politicians remained concerned about the terrorist threat posed to Israel from Hizballah and Iran, highlighting that Iran, primarily through the efforts of its Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Qods Force, continued to fund and supply Hizballah.", "These Palestinian terrorist groups have been behind a number of deadly attacks originating in Gaza and the West Bank, including attacks against Israeli civilians and Egyptian security forces in the Sinai Peninsula." ]

[ "'''The US state Department’s Country Report on Terrorism 2016''' was published on 19 July 2017 in seven chapters, and was posted on the website of the department.", "Country Reports on Terrorism is an annual report on terrorism in different countries and groups.", "The 2016 report highlights Iran’s terrorist activities and continues to designate Iran as “State Sponsor of Terrorism”.", "The report emphasizes on the continuation of Iran’s threats on US interests and its allies.", "The IRGC-QF, Iran’s primary mechanism for cultivating and supporting terrorists abroad continues its activities in Iraq, Syria and Yemen.", "Iran also continues to finance and provide weapons to para military Shiite forces in Bahrain.", "The report also underlines that Iran has sponsored cyberattacks against foreign government and private sector entities, and it concludes with the Iran’s unwillingness to bring to justice senior al-Qa’ida (AQ) members it continued to detain and has refused to publicly identify the members in its custody.", "In 2016 report, in addition to Iran, Sudan and Syria are also designated as “State Sponsor of Terrorism”.", "The US state Department’s Country Report on Terrorism 2016 was published in seven chapters:\n:Chapter 1: Strategic Assessment \n:Chapter 2: Country Report Africa, Country Report East Asia and Pacific, Country Report Europe, Country Report Middle East and North Africa, Country Report South and Central Asia, Country Report Western Hemisphere\n:Chapter 3: State Sponsors of Terrorism \n:Chapter 4: The Global Challenge of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, or Nuclear (CBRN) Terrorism \n:Chapter 5: Terrorist Safe Havens (Update to 7120 Report) \n:Chapter 6: Foreign Terrorist Organizations \n:Chapter 7: Legislative Requirements and Key Terms", "The main parts of chapters one, three and six of the Country Report on Terrorism 2016 is about Iran’s terrorism.", "Also in other chapters the issue of Iran is mentioned.", "==Chapter 1: Strategic Assessment== \nThe chapter states that in 1984 Iran was designated as a State Sponsor of Terrorism and it continues to be in that status.", "===Iran a State Sponsor of Terrorism===\nThe chapter reads in part:” … Iran remained the foremost state sponsor of terrorism in 2016 as groups supported by Iran maintained their capability to threaten U.S. interests and allies.", "The Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps – Qods Force, along with Iranian partners, allies, and proxies, continued to play a destabilizing role in military conflicts in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen.", "Iran continued to recruit fighters from across the region to join Iranian affiliated Shia militia forces engaged in conflicts in Syria and Iraq, and has even offered a path to citizenship for those who heed this call.", "Hizballah continued to work closely with Iran in these conflict zones, playing a major role in supporting the Syria government’s efforts to maintain control and territory, and providing training and a range of other support for Iranian aligned groups in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen.", "Additionally, Hizballah continued to develop its long-term attack capabilities and infrastructure around the world.” \n\n===The measures taken by the US to counter Iran’s terrorism===\nThe measures taken by the US to counter Iran’s terrorism are mentioned in the same chapter.", "The report writes: “The United States continued to use a range of tools to counter Iran-sponsored terrorist groups.", "For instance, on October 20, 2016, the Department of State designated Hizballah commander Haytham ‘Ali Tabataba’i as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist under Executive Order 13224, blocking his property subject to U.S. jurisdiction and prohibiting U.S. persons from engaging in transactions with him.", "Tabataba’i commanded Hizballah’s special forces, has operated in Syria, and has been reported to be in Yemen.”", "In this chapter it is stated that: “Iran’s state sponsorship of terrorism worldwide remained undiminished through the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Qods Force, its Ministry of Intelligence and Security, and Tehran’s ally Hizballah, which remained a significant threat to the stability of Lebanon and the broader region.” \n\n===Iraq===\nThe report of this chapter reads in part: “Many of Iraq’s armed Shia groups are backed by Iran, including Kata’ib Hizballah (KH), Asa’ib Ahl al-Haqq (AAH), and the Badr Organization.", "Israeli experts believed that Iran has transferred to Hizballah advanced weapons systems such as anti-aircraft and anti-ship cruise missile systems, and was continuing to transfer long-range rockets into Lebanon.” \n\n===Kuwait===\n“…In 2016, the government stopped several attempts by foreign nationals to enter illegally.", "In August, for example, the authorities intercepted and arrested 10 Iranian nationals attempting to enter Kuwaiti waters illegally aboard a ship… In January, a criminal court sentenced to death two of the 26 suspects accused of amassing, on behalf of Iran and Hizballah, a large cache of ammunition, weapons, and explosives at a farm near the Iraqi border, which the authorities raided in August 2015.” \n\n==Chapter 2: Western Hemisphere== \nPart of the chapter about Western Hemisphere reads: “In late December of 2015, following the election of Mauricio Macri as president, the new administration chose not to appeal a federal court ruling invalidating a Memorandum of Understanding between Argentina and Iran concerning the investigation into the bombing.", "The Memorandum had been negotiated and signed by the Fernandez de Kirchner administration, who maintained that the agreement with Iran would clarify Iran’s alleged role in the bombing.", "Several former Iranian officials have been indicted for planning and executing the bombing, and are subject to INTERPOL Red Notices.” \n\n==Chapter 3: State Sponsors of Terrorism== \nChapter three of the Country Report is about the countries designated as state sponsor of terrorism.", "In addition to Iran, Sudan and Syria are also designated as “State Sponsor of Terrorism”.", "The report in part defines such countries as: “To designate a country as a State Sponsor of Terrorism, the Secretary of State must determine that the government of such country has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism.” \n\n===Iran===\nThe report reads: “Designated as a State Sponsor of Terrorism in 1984, Iran continued its terrorist-related activity in 2016, including support for Hizballah, Palestinian terrorist groups in Gaza, and various groups in Syria, Iraq, and throughout the Middle East.", "Iran used the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Qods Force (IRGC-QF) to implement foreign policy goals, provide cover for intelligence operations, and create instability in the Middle East.", "Iran has acknowledged the involvement of the IRGC-QF in the conflicts in Iraq and Syria and the IRGC-QF is Iran’s primary mechanism for cultivating and supporting terrorists abroad.", "In 2016, Iran supported various Iraqi Shia terrorist groups, including Kata’ib Hizballah, as part of an effort to fight ISIS in Iraq and bolster the Assad regime in Syria.", "Iran views the Assad regime in Syria as a crucial ally and Syria and Iraq as crucial routes to supply weapons to Hizballah, Iran’s primary terrorist partner.", "Iran has facilitated and coerced, through financial or residency enticements, primarily Shia fighters from Afghanistan and Pakistan to participate in the Assad regime’s brutal crackdown in Syria.", "Iranian-supported Shia militias in Iraq have committed serious human rights abuses against primarily Sunni civilians and Iranian forces have directly backed militia operations in Syria with armored vehicles, artillery, and drones.", "Since the end of the 2006 Israeli-Hizballah conflict, Iran has supplied Hizballah with thousands of rockets, missiles, and small arms, in direct violation of UN Security Council resolution (UNSCR) 1701.", "Iran provides the majority of financial support for Hizballah in Lebanon and has trained thousands of its fighters at camps in Iran.", "Hizballah fighters have been used extensively in Syria to support the Assad regime and in support of operations against ISIS in Iraq.", "Hizballah also carried out several attacks against Israeli Defense Forces in 2016 along the Lebanese border with Israel.", "Iran has historically provided weapons, training, and funding to Hamas and other Palestinian terrorist groups, including Palestine Islamic Jihad and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command.", "Iran has provided weapons, funding, and training to Bahraini militant Shia groups that have conducted attacks on the Bahraini security forces.", "On January 6, 2016, Bahraini security officials dismantled a terrorist cell, linked to IRGC-QF, planning to carry out a series of bombings throughout the country.", "The Iranian government maintains a robust cyberterrorism program and has sponsored cyberattacks against foreign government and private sector entities.", "Iran remained unwilling to bring to justice senior al-Qa’ida (AQ) members it continued to detain and has refused to publicly identify the members in its custody.", "Since at least 2009, Iran has allowed AQ facilitators to operate a core facilitation pipeline through the country, enabling AQ to move funds and fighters to South Asia and Syria.”", "The report in part reads: “Designated in 1979 as a State Sponsor of Terrorism, the Assad regime continued its political and military support to a variety of terrorist groups affecting the stability of the region as the Syrian conflict entered its sixth year.", "The regime continued to provide political and weapons support to Hizballah and continued to allow Iran to rearm the terrorist organization.", "The Assad regime’s relationship with Hizballah and Iran grew stronger in 2016 as the regime became more reliant on external actors to militarily fight the Syrian opposition.", "These groups played a critical role in the regime’s seizure of eastern Aleppo in December.", "President Bashar al-Assad remained a staunch defender of Iran’s policies, while Iran exhibited equally energetic support for the Syrian regime.", "Statements supporting terrorist groups, particularly Hizballah, were often in Syrian government speeches and press statements.” \n\n==Chapter 5: Terrorist Safe Havens== \nPart of chapter reads: “…VOA’s Persian Service provided critical global and regional news relating to Iran and crucial information about U.S. policy toward Iran and the region… In Washington, VOA Persian focused on exposing the role that the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) played in supporting and controlling Hizballah units in Syria…They documented Mahan Air, an Iranian airline with close relations to the IRGC, providing airlifts to IRGC personnel, who were flown between Iran, Iraq, and Syria for military training…”\n“In 2016, Radio Farda produced and aired a 45-minute documentary about interrogation techniques in Iranian prisons, focusing on the personal testimonies of political and civic activists.” report adds.", "==Chapter 6: Foreign Terrorist Organizations== \nThe issues related to Iran in this chapter are as follows: \n\n===Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade===\nIran has provided AAMB with funds and guidance, mostly although Hizballah facilitators \n\n===Hamas===\nHistorically, Hamas has received funding, weapons, and training from Iran \n\n===Hizballah===\nHizballah was designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization on October 8, 1997.", "Formed in 1982 following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, the Lebanon-based radical Shia group takes its ideological inspiration from the Iranian revolution and the teachings of the late Ayatollah Khomeini.", "The group generally follows the religious guidance of the Iranian Supreme Leader, which in 2016 was Ali Khamenei.", "Hizballah is closely allied with Iran and the two often work together on shared initiatives, although Hizballah also acts independently.", "Hizballah shares a close relationship with Syria, and like Iran, provides assistance – including fighters – to Syrian regime forces in the Syrian conflict.", "Hizballah is responsible for multiple large scale terrorist attacks, including the 1983 suicide truck bombings of the U.S. Embassy and U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut; the 1984 attack on the U.S. Embassy annex in Beirut; and the 1985 hijacking of TWA flight 847, during which U.S. Navy diver Robert Stethem was murdered.", "Elements of the group were responsible for the kidnapping, detention, and murder of U.S. citizens and other Westerners in Lebanon in the 1980s.", "Hizballah was implicated, along with Iran, in the 1992 attacks on the Israeli Embassy in Argentina and in the 1994 bombing of the Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association in Buenos Aires\nIran continues to provide Hizballah with training, weapons, and explosives, as well as political, diplomatic, monetary, and organizational aid… \n\n===Kata’ib Hizballah===\nKH has ideological ties to and receives support from Iran.", "Funding and External Aid: KH is heavily dependent on support from Iran.", "===Palestine Islamic Jihad===\nFunding and External Aid: PIJ receives financial assistance and training primarily from Iran.", "PIJ has partnered with Iranian- and Syrian-sponsored Hizballah to carry out joint operations.", "===Popular front for the liberation of Palestine-General Command===\nThe PFLP-GC is closely tied to both Syria and Iran.", "Funding and External Aid: The PFLP-GC receives safe haven and logistical and military support from Syria and financial support from Iran.", "===Al-Qa’ida===\nIn September 2015, five senior AQ leaders were released from Iranian custody in exchange for an Iranian diplomat kidnapped in Yemen.", "Of the five, Saif al Adel and Abu Mohammed al Masri are wanted for the August 1998 U.S. Embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania; al Adel and Abu Mohammed al Masri were experienced operational planners." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\n'''Winter Park Village''' is an outdoor shopping center in Winter Park, Florida, featuring many shops, restaurants, and a 20-screen Regal Cinemas. The center opened in 1999 on the site of the former Winter Park Mall. This mainstreet entertainment center includes retail shops, offices, restaurants, a book store, food store, multiplex cinema, and residential space, forming a vibrant environment within the city of Winter Park.\n", "The site was originally home to Winter Park Mall, which was Greater Orlando's first enclosed shopping mall. The mall opened in 1964 and had Ivey's and JCPenney as the original anchor stores. Ivey's was rebranded as Dillards in 1990. Over the years, the mall lost popularity, as many shoppers preferred the Park Avenue, Winter Park's upscale shopping district, or newer malls in the area. JCPenney moved to Orlando Fashion Square in 1993 leaving Dillards as the only anchor store. After this, the malls owners sold the property to Casto, who had plans for a redevelopment of the property. The mall was razed in 1998.\n\nWinter Park Village was officially dedicated on November 15, 1999, but some stores and restaurants such as Borders and P.F. Chang's opened as early as March. The new center originally kept Dillards as part of the redevelopment plan, but Dillards decided to close the store on August 16, 1999. The empty Dillards building was divided into smaller spaces housing The Cheesecake Factory and Guitar Center on the lower level and the upper level housed 58 loft apartments. The new center also included a new Albertsons supermarket, and a Regal Cinemas. Albertsons closed in 2008, and was replaced with Publix. Borders closed in 2011 after the company decided to close all stores, and the building was demolished and replaced with two smaller buildings housing Chase and Starbucks. Chamberlins Market & Cafe, which was one of the only stores that remained from the Winter Park Mall, closed in 2016, and REI took its place in 2017.\n", "The Winter Park Village is home to a Regal Cinemas", "The Winter Park Village is home to many stores. The major stores include: Publix, REI, Guitar Center, Jos A. Bank,Pier 1 Imports, and LOFT\n", "The Winter Park Villages is home to many small restaurants and cafes. The major restaurants include: P.F. Chang's\n,Brio Tuscan Grille, The Cheesecake Factory, and Mitchell's Fish Market\n", "\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " History ", " Entertainment ", "Stores", "Restaurants", " See Also ", " References " ]

[ "The major stores include: Publix, REI, Guitar Center, Jos A. Bank,Pier 1 Imports, and LOFT" ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\n'''Winter Park Village''' is an outdoor shopping center in Winter Park, Florida, featuring many shops, restaurants, and a 20-screen Regal Cinemas.", "The center opened in 1999 on the site of the former Winter Park Mall.", "This mainstreet entertainment center includes retail shops, offices, restaurants, a book store, food store, multiplex cinema, and residential space, forming a vibrant environment within the city of Winter Park.", "The site was originally home to Winter Park Mall, which was Greater Orlando's first enclosed shopping mall.", "The mall opened in 1964 and had Ivey's and JCPenney as the original anchor stores.", "Ivey's was rebranded as Dillards in 1990.", "Over the years, the mall lost popularity, as many shoppers preferred the Park Avenue, Winter Park's upscale shopping district, or newer malls in the area.", "JCPenney moved to Orlando Fashion Square in 1993 leaving Dillards as the only anchor store.", "After this, the malls owners sold the property to Casto, who had plans for a redevelopment of the property.", "The mall was razed in 1998.", "Winter Park Village was officially dedicated on November 15, 1999, but some stores and restaurants such as Borders and P.F.", "Chang's opened as early as March.", "The new center originally kept Dillards as part of the redevelopment plan, but Dillards decided to close the store on August 16, 1999.", "The empty Dillards building was divided into smaller spaces housing The Cheesecake Factory and Guitar Center on the lower level and the upper level housed 58 loft apartments.", "The new center also included a new Albertsons supermarket, and a Regal Cinemas.", "Albertsons closed in 2008, and was replaced with Publix.", "Borders closed in 2011 after the company decided to close all stores, and the building was demolished and replaced with two smaller buildings housing Chase and Starbucks.", "Chamberlins Market & Cafe, which was one of the only stores that remained from the Winter Park Mall, closed in 2016, and REI took its place in 2017.", "The Winter Park Village is home to a Regal Cinemas", "The Winter Park Village is home to many stores.", "The Winter Park Villages is home to many small restaurants and cafes.", "The major restaurants include: P.F.", "Chang's\n,Brio Tuscan Grille, The Cheesecake Factory, and Mitchell's Fish Market" ]

[ "Engraving of Guy's campus entrance, by right\nShepherd's House\n\n'''Guy's Campus''' is a campus of King's College London adjacent to Guy's Hospital and situated close to London Bridge and the Shard, on the South Bank of the River Thames in London. It is home to the Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine and the Dental Institute.\n\nThe campus is named for Thomas Guy, the founder and benefactor of Guy's Hospital established in 1726 in the London Borough of Southwark. Building include; the Henriette Raphael building, constructed in 1902, the Gordon Museum of Pathology, the Hodgkin building, Shepherd's House and Guy's Chapel. The Students' Union centre at Guy's is situated in Boland House. Guy's Campus is located opposite the Old Operating Theatre Museum, which was part of old St Thomas Hospital in Southwark.\n\nThe nearest Underground stations are London Bridge and Borough.\n", "=== Guy's Chapel ===\nGrade II* listed Guy's Chapel\nThe Grade II* listed Guy's Chapel is one of the oldest parts of the original hospital. It was finished in 1780 and features Victorian stained glass windows and mosaic murals. The chapel is in the centre block of the west wing of the original Guy's Hospital. There is a white marble monument to Thomas Guy by John Bacon inside the main door of the chapel. The monument was erected in 1779, and is set in a semicircular-arched surround made of green marble. The chapel houses the tomb of Thomas Guy, and is the resting place of English surgeon and anatomist Sir Astley Cooper. The coffin-shaped stone tomb of Guy where his remains rest is located in the crypt beneath the chapel. The chapel also contains memorials to hospital's benefactors and members of the hospital staff.\n\n=== The Colonnade ===\nThe Colonnade and Western courtyard with the statue of right\n\nThe Colonnade is also part of the original Guy's Hospital. It was built with two courtyards on either side. A round-hooded Portland stone alcove with a figure sitting inside is located at the eastern courtyard of the Colonnade. The alcove was originally part of, and is one of the surviving fragments of the old London Bridge that was demolished in 1831. The alcove was brought to the hospital in 1861, and was re-erected within the eastern internal court in 1926. The alcove now houses the statue of John Keats, an English Romantic poet who studied at Guy's Hospital from 1815 to 1816 to become an apothecary. The statue displayed at the western courtyard on the other side of the Colonnade is that of William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield, another benefactor of Guy's Hospital. The front courtyard, named the General Court, was later built in 1738, and the part of the Georgian complex was completed in 1780. A brass statue of Thomas Guy by Peter Scheemakers stands in the centre of the General Court, upon a pedestal with bas-reliefs of \"Christ Healing the Sick\" and the \"Good Samaritan\".\n\n=== Henriette Raphael House ===\nright\n\nHenriette Raphael House was opened in 1902. It is the first purpose built nurses' home in London. The house was named after Henriette Raphael, and was funded by donations from her merchant banker husband Henry Louis Raphael, and her sons Walter Raphael and barrister Herbert Raphael.\n\n=== Hodgkin Building ===\nThe Hodgkin Building was named after Thomas Hodgkin, the demonstrator of morbid anatomy (anatomical pathology as it is now called), the former curator of the museum at Guy’s Hospital Medical School and best known for the first account of Hodgkin's disease. The building is the original medical school building of Guy’s Hospital.\n\nThe entrance hall and corridor of the Hodgkin Building displays busts of King’s alumni and benefactors, including Thomas Addison, William Babington, Golding Bird, Richard Bright, Astley Cooper and Richard Mead. The Hodgkin Building currently houses lecture theatres, teaching laboratories, dissecting rooms, museums (Gordon Museum of Pathology and Museum of Life Sciences) and research centres. The original medical school library, Wills Library, is also located on the ground floor of the building.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Buildings", "References" ]

[ "Engraving of Guy's campus entrance, by right\nShepherd's House\n\n'''Guy's Campus''' is a campus of King's College London adjacent to Guy's Hospital and situated close to London Bridge and the Shard, on the South Bank of the River Thames in London." ]

[ "It is home to the Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine and the Dental Institute.", "The campus is named for Thomas Guy, the founder and benefactor of Guy's Hospital established in 1726 in the London Borough of Southwark.", "Building include; the Henriette Raphael building, constructed in 1902, the Gordon Museum of Pathology, the Hodgkin building, Shepherd's House and Guy's Chapel.", "The Students' Union centre at Guy's is situated in Boland House.", "Guy's Campus is located opposite the Old Operating Theatre Museum, which was part of old St Thomas Hospital in Southwark.", "The nearest Underground stations are London Bridge and Borough.", "=== Guy's Chapel ===\nGrade II* listed Guy's Chapel\nThe Grade II* listed Guy's Chapel is one of the oldest parts of the original hospital.", "It was finished in 1780 and features Victorian stained glass windows and mosaic murals.", "The chapel is in the centre block of the west wing of the original Guy's Hospital.", "There is a white marble monument to Thomas Guy by John Bacon inside the main door of the chapel.", "The monument was erected in 1779, and is set in a semicircular-arched surround made of green marble.", "The chapel houses the tomb of Thomas Guy, and is the resting place of English surgeon and anatomist Sir Astley Cooper.", "The coffin-shaped stone tomb of Guy where his remains rest is located in the crypt beneath the chapel.", "The chapel also contains memorials to hospital's benefactors and members of the hospital staff.", "=== The Colonnade ===\nThe Colonnade and Western courtyard with the statue of right\n\nThe Colonnade is also part of the original Guy's Hospital.", "It was built with two courtyards on either side.", "A round-hooded Portland stone alcove with a figure sitting inside is located at the eastern courtyard of the Colonnade.", "The alcove was originally part of, and is one of the surviving fragments of the old London Bridge that was demolished in 1831.", "The alcove was brought to the hospital in 1861, and was re-erected within the eastern internal court in 1926.", "The alcove now houses the statue of John Keats, an English Romantic poet who studied at Guy's Hospital from 1815 to 1816 to become an apothecary.", "The statue displayed at the western courtyard on the other side of the Colonnade is that of William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield, another benefactor of Guy's Hospital.", "The front courtyard, named the General Court, was later built in 1738, and the part of the Georgian complex was completed in 1780.", "A brass statue of Thomas Guy by Peter Scheemakers stands in the centre of the General Court, upon a pedestal with bas-reliefs of \"Christ Healing the Sick\" and the \"Good Samaritan\".", "=== Henriette Raphael House ===\nright\n\nHenriette Raphael House was opened in 1902.", "It is the first purpose built nurses' home in London.", "The house was named after Henriette Raphael, and was funded by donations from her merchant banker husband Henry Louis Raphael, and her sons Walter Raphael and barrister Herbert Raphael.", "=== Hodgkin Building ===\nThe Hodgkin Building was named after Thomas Hodgkin, the demonstrator of morbid anatomy (anatomical pathology as it is now called), the former curator of the museum at Guy’s Hospital Medical School and best known for the first account of Hodgkin's disease.", "The building is the original medical school building of Guy’s Hospital.", "The entrance hall and corridor of the Hodgkin Building displays busts of King’s alumni and benefactors, including Thomas Addison, William Babington, Golding Bird, Richard Bright, Astley Cooper and Richard Mead.", "The Hodgkin Building currently houses lecture theatres, teaching laboratories, dissecting rooms, museums (Gordon Museum of Pathology and Museum of Life Sciences) and research centres.", "The original medical school library, Wills Library, is also located on the ground floor of the building." ]

[ "\n\nThe '''33rd Golden Bell Awards''' (Mandarin:第33屆金鐘獎) was held on March 26, 1998 at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, Taipei, Taiwan. The ceremony was broadcast by CTS.\n", "The Golden Bell Awards ceremony was held at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall on March 26, 1998 (19:00), and was broadcast by CTS on the same day at 21:00.\n\nBelow is the list of winners and nominees for the main categories.\n\n\n\nProgram/Award\nWinner\nNetwork\n\nRadio Broadcasting\n\nProgramme Awards\n\nNews programs \nNetwork News \nBroadcasting Corporation of China\n\nNews Coverage program \nDiamond Report - Typhoon Series \nBroadcasting Corporation of China\n\nPublic Forum program \nEast Coast - niushan Battle \nPolice Broadcasting Service\n\nClassical music program \nMusic Style - 中國古樂的傳承與發揚\" \nBroadcasting Corporation of China\n\nPopular music \nsuper music \nCheng Sheng Broadcasting Corporation\n\nChildren's Program \nMountain Bank \nCheng Sheng Broadcasting Corporation - Taitung Taiwan\n\nFolk Arts Program \n鑼聲響起 \nCheng Sheng Broadcasting Corporation - FM station\n\nComprehensive information programs \n台北什麼都有 \n Voice of Taipei Broadcasting Corporation\n\nSocial service programs \nNature Notes \n Education Radio\n\nCommunity Service Program \nTaipei Sky \n Cheng Sheng Broadcasting Corporation - FM stations broadcasting company in Taipei\n\nVariety show \n女人有約－查某人俱樂部 \nBroadcasting Corporation of China\n\nDrama programs \nOpera Spring - Zhong Kui \n Voice of Han\n\nForeign productions \nMorning's footsteps - Taiwan, Japan and the two national holidays and festivals \n New Grid Communications Limited\n\nAdvertising Awards\n\nBest Radio Advertising \n KISS ˙ RADIO environmental image of the forest campaign chapter \npublic broadcasting company\n\nBest selling Radio Advertisement \nPhilips small appliances ad campaign \n public broadcasting company\n\nIndividual Awards\n\nNews Interview \n Chenya Hong - \"Broadcast Interchange\" \nVoice of Han\n\nProgram Planning \n Hsu Yu (Xu Yan) - \"National Education Committee\" \nVoice of Han\n\nBest Audio \nMoushan Zhong - \"Opera Spring - Zhong Kui\" \nVoice of Han\n\nBest Broadcast \nShixiu Fen - \"World Music\" \nRevival Radio - Taipei, Taiwan\n\nBest Drama Director \n Shao Wenfeng - \"Opera Spring - Zhong Kui\" \n Voice of Han\n\nPublic information \n blind flute piece reprise\nPRT Broadcasting Corporation\n\nRadio Events Awards \n\"Caring for transportation, cherish life\" \nPolice Broadcasting Service\n\nEngineering Award \n賴坤助, 邱文偉 - \"Network Management and radio programs broadcast control automation design\" \nVoice of Han Broadcasting Station\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Winners and nominees", "References" ]

[ "Program/Award\nWinner\nNetwork\n\nRadio Broadcasting\n\nProgramme Awards\n\nNews programs \nNetwork News \nBroadcasting Corporation of China\n\nNews Coverage program \nDiamond Report - Typhoon Series \nBroadcasting Corporation of China\n\nPublic Forum program \nEast Coast - niushan Battle \nPolice Broadcasting Service\n\nClassical music program \nMusic Style - 中國古樂的傳承與發揚\" \nBroadcasting Corporation of China\n\nPopular music \nsuper music \nCheng Sheng Broadcasting Corporation\n\nChildren's Program \nMountain Bank \nCheng Sheng Broadcasting Corporation - Taitung Taiwan\n\nFolk Arts Program \n鑼聲響起 \nCheng Sheng Broadcasting Corporation - FM station\n\nComprehensive information programs \n台北什麼都有 \n Voice of Taipei Broadcasting Corporation\n\nSocial service programs \nNature Notes \n Education Radio\n\nCommunity Service Program \nTaipei Sky \n Cheng Sheng Broadcasting Corporation - FM stations broadcasting company in Taipei\n\nVariety show \n女人有約－查某人俱樂部 \nBroadcasting Corporation of China\n\nDrama programs \nOpera Spring - Zhong Kui \n Voice of Han\n\nForeign productions \nMorning's footsteps - Taiwan, Japan and the two national holidays and festivals \n New Grid Communications Limited\n\nAdvertising Awards\n\nBest Radio Advertising \n KISS ˙ RADIO environmental image of the forest campaign chapter \npublic broadcasting company\n\nBest selling Radio Advertisement \nPhilips small appliances ad campaign \n public broadcasting company\n\nIndividual Awards\n\nNews Interview \n Chenya Hong - \"Broadcast Interchange\" \nVoice of Han\n\nProgram Planning \n Hsu Yu (Xu Yan) - \"National Education Committee\" \nVoice of Han\n\nBest Audio \nMoushan Zhong - \"Opera Spring - Zhong Kui\" \nVoice of Han\n\nBest Broadcast \nShixiu Fen - \"World Music\" \nRevival Radio - Taipei, Taiwan\n\nBest Drama Director \n Shao Wenfeng - \"Opera Spring - Zhong Kui\" \n Voice of Han\n\nPublic information \n blind flute piece reprise\nPRT Broadcasting Corporation\n\nRadio Events Awards \n\"Caring for transportation, cherish life\" \nPolice Broadcasting Service\n\nEngineering Award \n賴坤助, 邱文偉 - \"Network Management and radio programs broadcast control automation design\" \nVoice of Han Broadcasting Station" ]

[ "\n\nThe '''33rd Golden Bell Awards''' (Mandarin:第33屆金鐘獎) was held on March 26, 1998 at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, Taipei, Taiwan.", "The ceremony was broadcast by CTS.", "The Golden Bell Awards ceremony was held at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall on March 26, 1998 (19:00), and was broadcast by CTS on the same day at 21:00.", "Below is the list of winners and nominees for the main categories." ]

[ "The city of Ottawa, Canada held municipal elections on December 7, 1925 to elect members of the 1926 Ottawa City Council.\n", "Incumbent mayor John P. Balharrie is re-elected without opposition. \n\n\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\nJohn P. Balharrie \n Acclaimed\n\n", "There were four plebiscites put to the voters. All four would fail. \n\n\n ''Are you in favor (sic) of reducing the present city assessment on business, incomes and improvements at the rate of ten per cent a year until fifty per cent is exempted; and if the city services require the taxes thus lapsing, the assessment be placed on all land values in the city?''\n\n Option\nVotes\n%\n\n No \n 9,868 \n 53.48\n\n Yes \n 8,583 \n 46.52\n\n\nProperty owners struck down a proposal from cross town tracks. \n\n\n\n ''Are you in favor (sic) of the Corporation applying to the legislature for authority to raise upon debentures and to pay over to the Canadian National Railways one-half the cost of establishing a new railway make-up yard southeast of the Rideau river and the amount necessary for track revision west of Graham's Bay at a total cost to the city not to exceed $350,000, such moneys to be paid such company on condition that it will remove its Bank and Elgin streets yards to such new location and will abandon through train movements between the canal and the western city limit?''\n\n Option\nVotes\n%\n\n No \n 4,302 \n 55.85\n\n Yes \n 3,401 \n 44.15\n\n\nVoters also struck down a proposal to lengthen council terms to two-years. All but Central and St. George Wards were against. \n\n\n\n Two-year terms\n\n Option\nVotes\n%\n\n Against \n 10,400 \n 54.27\n\n For \n 8,763 \n 45.73\n\n\nProperty owners voted against a money debenture bylaw for $12,000 for the West End Market\n\n\n\n West End Market\n\n Option\nVotes\n%\n\n Against \n 4,372 \n 57.02\n\n For \n 3,296 \n 42.98\n\n", "(4 elected)\n\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Frank H. Plant''' \n 11,676 \n 18.03\n\n'''Herbert McElroy''' \n 8,796 \n 13.58\n\n '''Arthur Ellis''' \n 8,307 \n 12.83\n\n'''Charles J. Tulley''' \n 7,784 \n 12.02\n\n Patrick Nolan \n 6,823 \n 10.54\n\n Omer Langlois \n 5,600 \n 8.65\n\n S. Rupert Broadfoot \n 4,911 \n 7.58 \n\n Walter Cunningham \n 4,148 \n 6.41\n\n Fred Desjardins \n 3,359 \n 5.19\n\n Napoleon A. Bordeleau \n 3,357 \n 5.18\n\n", "(2 elected from each ward)\n\n\n\n Rideau Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Tom Brethour''' \n 525 \n 24.93\n\n'''David Esdale''' \n 525 \n 24.93\n\nRobert Ingram \n 435 \n 20.66\n\n Marcil \n 330 \n 15.67\n\n McCarthy \n 291 \n 13.82\n\n\n\n\n\n By Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Frank LaFortune'''\n Acclaimed\n\n'''Eric Query'''\n Acclaimed\n\n\n\n\n St. George Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Thomas E. Dansereau''' \n Acclaimed\n\n'''Hugh J. McNulty'''\n Acclaimed\n\n\n\n\n Wellington Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''James W. McNabb''' \n 1,599 \n 32.31\n\n'''Erenest D. Lowe''' \n 1,398 \n 28.25\n\nWilloughby \n 1,193 \n 24.11\n\nA. Gamble \n 759 \n 15.34\n\n\n\n\n Capital Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''McGregor Easson''' \n 2,813 \n 43.09\n\n'''Harold D. McCormick''' \n 2,522 \n 38.63 \n\nDr. McKinnon \n 1,193 \n 18.28\n\n\n\n\n Dalhousie Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Sam Crooks''' \n 2,290 \n 32.51\n\n'''Jim Forward''' \n 1,744 \n 24.76\n\nMcCarthy \n 1,201 \n 17.05\n\nJohn Dawson \n 988 \n 14.02\n\n Marsden \n 677 \n 9.61\n\n Fitzpatrick \n 145 \n 2.06\n\n\n\n\n Victoria Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Ernest Laroche''' \n Acclaimed\n\n'''Gerald Sims''' \n Acclaimed\n\n\n\n\n Ottawa Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''J. A. Pinard''' \n 1,290 \n 36.75\n\n'''Aristide Belanger''' \n 1,215 \n 34.62\n\nSt. Denis \n 1,005 \n 28.63\n\n\n\n\n Central Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n '''William R. Low''' \n 1,775 \n 46.09\n\n '''C. Allen Snowdon''' \n 1,576 \n 40.92\n\n Burgess \n 500 \n 12.98 \n\n", "*''The Ottawa Evening Citizen'', Dec 8, 1925, pg 1, 9, 12\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "[[Mayor of Ottawa]]", "Plebiscites", "[[Ottawa Board of Control]]", "[[Ottawa City Council]]", "References" ]

[ "''Are you in favor (sic) of the Corporation applying to the legislature for authority to raise upon debentures and to pay over to the Canadian National Railways one-half the cost of establishing a new railway make-up yard southeast of the Rideau river and the amount necessary for track revision west of Graham's Bay at a total cost to the city not to exceed $350,000, such moneys to be paid such company on condition that it will remove its Bank and Elgin streets yards to such new location and will abandon through train movements between the canal and the western city limit?''" ]

[ "The city of Ottawa, Canada held municipal elections on December 7, 1925 to elect members of the 1926 Ottawa City Council.", "Incumbent mayor John P. Balharrie is re-elected without opposition.", "Candidate\nVotes\n%\n\nJohn P. Balharrie \n Acclaimed", "There were four plebiscites put to the voters.", "All four would fail.", "''Are you in favor (sic) of reducing the present city assessment on business, incomes and improvements at the rate of ten per cent a year until fifty per cent is exempted; and if the city services require the taxes thus lapsing, the assessment be placed on all land values in the city?''", "Option\nVotes\n%\n\n No \n 9,868 \n 53.48\n\n Yes \n 8,583 \n 46.52\n\n\nProperty owners struck down a proposal from cross town tracks.", "Option\nVotes\n%\n\n No \n 4,302 \n 55.85\n\n Yes \n 3,401 \n 44.15\n\n\nVoters also struck down a proposal to lengthen council terms to two-years.", "All but Central and St. George Wards were against.", "Two-year terms\n\n Option\nVotes\n%\n\n Against \n 10,400 \n 54.27\n\n For \n 8,763 \n 45.73\n\n\nProperty owners voted against a money debenture bylaw for $12,000 for the West End Market\n\n\n\n West End Market\n\n Option\nVotes\n%\n\n Against \n 4,372 \n 57.02\n\n For \n 3,296 \n 42.98", "(4 elected)\n\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Frank H. Plant''' \n 11,676 \n 18.03\n\n'''Herbert McElroy''' \n 8,796 \n 13.58\n\n '''Arthur Ellis''' \n 8,307 \n 12.83\n\n'''Charles J. Tulley''' \n 7,784 \n 12.02\n\n Patrick Nolan \n 6,823 \n 10.54\n\n Omer Langlois \n 5,600 \n 8.65\n\n S. Rupert Broadfoot \n 4,911 \n 7.58 \n\n Walter Cunningham \n 4,148 \n 6.41\n\n Fred Desjardins \n 3,359 \n 5.19\n\n Napoleon A. Bordeleau \n 3,357 \n 5.18", "(2 elected from each ward)\n\n\n\n Rideau Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Tom Brethour''' \n 525 \n 24.93\n\n'''David Esdale''' \n 525 \n 24.93\n\nRobert Ingram \n 435 \n 20.66\n\n Marcil \n 330 \n 15.67\n\n McCarthy \n 291 \n 13.82\n\n\n\n\n\n By Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Frank LaFortune'''\n Acclaimed\n\n'''Eric Query'''\n Acclaimed\n\n\n\n\n St. George Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Thomas E. Dansereau''' \n Acclaimed\n\n'''Hugh J. McNulty'''\n Acclaimed\n\n\n\n\n Wellington Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''James W. McNabb''' \n 1,599 \n 32.31\n\n'''Erenest D. Lowe''' \n 1,398 \n 28.25\n\nWilloughby \n 1,193 \n 24.11\n\nA.", "Gamble \n 759 \n 15.34\n\n\n\n\n Capital Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''McGregor Easson''' \n 2,813 \n 43.09\n\n'''Harold D. McCormick''' \n 2,522 \n 38.63 \n\nDr. McKinnon \n 1,193 \n 18.28\n\n\n\n\n Dalhousie Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Sam Crooks''' \n 2,290 \n 32.51\n\n'''Jim Forward''' \n 1,744 \n 24.76\n\nMcCarthy \n 1,201 \n 17.05\n\nJohn Dawson \n 988 \n 14.02\n\n Marsden \n 677 \n 9.61\n\n Fitzpatrick \n 145 \n 2.06\n\n\n\n\n Victoria Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Ernest Laroche''' \n Acclaimed\n\n'''Gerald Sims''' \n Acclaimed\n\n\n\n\n Ottawa Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''J.", "A. Pinard''' \n 1,290 \n 36.75\n\n'''Aristide Belanger''' \n 1,215 \n 34.62\n\nSt. Denis \n 1,005 \n 28.63\n\n\n\n\n Central Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n '''William R. Low''' \n 1,775 \n 46.09\n\n '''C.", "Allen Snowdon''' \n 1,576 \n 40.92\n\n Burgess \n 500 \n 12.98", "*''The Ottawa Evening Citizen'', Dec 8, 1925, pg 1, 9, 12" ]

[ "This article shows the rosters of all participating teams at the 2017 FIVB Men's World Champions Cup in Osaka and Nagoya, Japan.\n", "The following is the Brazilian roster in the 2017 FIVB Men's World Champions Cup.\n\nHead coach: Renan Dal Zotto\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–17 club\n\n \n ()\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n SESI São Paulo\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Sada Cruzeiro\n\n \n ()\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Brasil Kirin Campinas\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Funvic Taubaté\n\n \nstyle=\"text-align:left;\"\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\"\n\n\n\n\n Funvic Taubaté\n\n \nstyle=\"text-align:left;\"\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\"\n\n\n\n\n Funvic Taubaté\n\n \nstyle=\"text-align:left;\"\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\"\n\n\n\n\n Sada Cruzeiro\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Brasil Kirin Campinas\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n SESI São Paulo\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n SESI São Paulo\n\n \n ()\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Vôlei Canoas\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Funvic Taubaté\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Arkas İzmir\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Juiz de Fora\n\n", "The following is the French roster in the 2017 FIVB Men's World Champions Cup.\n\nHead coach: Laurent Tillie\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–17 club\n\n\n ()\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Cucine Lube Civitanova\n\n\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Montpellier UC \n\n\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n LRP Piacenza\n\n\n ()\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle\n\n\n ()\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle\n\n8\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Bunge Ravenna\n\n\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Spacer's Toulouse\n\n12\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Chaumont 52 \n\n14\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n İstanbul BBSK\n\n16\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Montpellier UC\n\n18\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Asseco Resovia Rzeszów \n\n21\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Spacer's Toulouse\n\n", "The following is the Iranian roster in the 2017 FIVB Men's World Champions Cup.\n\nHead coach: Igor Kolaković\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–17 club\n\n\nstyle=\"text-align:left;\" \nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Matin Varamin\n\n\n style=\"text-align:left;\" \n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Shahrdari Urmia\n\n\n style=\"text-align:left;\" \n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Paykan Tehran\n\n\n ()\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Shahrdari Urmia\n\n\n style=\"text-align:left;\" \n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Paykan Tehran\n\n\n style=\"text-align:left;\" \n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Sarmayeh Bank Tehran\n\n\n ()\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Saipa Tehran\n\n10\n style=\"text-align:left;\" \n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Paykan Tehran\n\n11\nstyle=\"text-align:left;\" \nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Paykan Tehran\n\n12\n style=\"text-align:left;\" \n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Paykan Tehran\n\n14\n style=\"text-align:left;\" \n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Paykan Tehran\n\n17\nstyle=\"text-align:left;\" \nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Kalleh Mazandaran\n\n19\n ()\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Paykan Tehran\n\n20\n style=\"text-align:left;\" \n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Saipa Tehran\n\n", "The following is the Italian roster in the 2017 FIVB Men's World Champions Cup.\n\nHead coach: Gianlorenzo Blengini\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–17 club\n\n\n \nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Calzedonia Verona\n\n\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Azimut Modena\n\n\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Bunge Ravenna\n\n6\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Diatec Trentino\n\n\n ()\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Kioene Padova\n\n9\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Diatec Trentino\n\n\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Diatec Trentino\n\n11\n ()\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Sir Sicoma Colussi Perugia \n\n13\n ()\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Diatec Trentino\n\n14\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Azimut Modena\n\n16\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Diatec Trentino\n\n17\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Gi Group Monza\n\n18\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Exprivia Molfetta\n\n19\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Bunge Ravenna\n\n", "The following is the Japanese roster in the 2017 FIVB Men's World Champions Cup.\n\nHead coach: Yuichi Nakagaichi\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–17 club\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Chuo University\n\n \n ()\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Panasonic Panthers\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Toray Arrows\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Panasonic Panthers\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Osaka Blazers Sakai\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Suntory Sunbirds\n\n \n ()\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Suntory Sunbirds\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Toyoda Gosei Trefuerza\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n JT Thunders\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Chuo University\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Toray Arrows\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Toray Arrows\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Tokai University\n\n \n ()\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n JTEKT Stings\n\n", "The following is the American roster in the 2017 FIVB Men's World Champions Cup.\n\nHead coach: John Speraw\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–17 club\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n VC Zenit-Kazan\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Sir Safety Umbria Volley\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Al Arabi\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Loyola University Chicago\n\n \n \nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Lokomotiv Novosibirsk\n\n \n \nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Asseco Resovia Rzeszów\n\n \nstyle=\"text-align:left;\"\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\"\n\n\n\n\n Cucine Lube Civitanova\n\n \nstyle=\"text-align:left;\"\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\"\n\n\n\n\n Brigham Young University\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n ''Free agent''\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Kioene Padova\n\n \n ()\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Czarni Radom\n\n \n ()\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Czarni Radom\n\n \n ()\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Lokomotiv Novosibirsk\n\n", "*2017 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Grand Champions Cup squads\n", "\n", "\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "{{vb|BRA}}", "{{vb|FRA}}", "{{vb|IRI}}", "{{vb|ITA}}", "{{vb|JPN}}", "{{vb|USA}}", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ "Name\nDate of birth\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–17 club\n\n\nstyle=\"text-align:left;\" \nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Matin Varamin\n\n\n style=\"text-align:left;\" \n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Shahrdari Urmia\n\n\n style=\"text-align:left;\" \n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Paykan Tehran\n\n\n ()\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Shahrdari Urmia\n\n\n style=\"text-align:left;\" \n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Paykan Tehran\n\n\n style=\"text-align:left;\" \n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Sarmayeh Bank Tehran\n\n\n ()\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Saipa Tehran\n\n10\n style=\"text-align:left;\" \n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Paykan Tehran\n\n11\nstyle=\"text-align:left;\" \nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Paykan Tehran\n\n12\n style=\"text-align:left;\" \n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Paykan Tehran\n\n14\n style=\"text-align:left;\" \n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Paykan Tehran\n\n17\nstyle=\"text-align:left;\" \nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Kalleh Mazandaran\n\n19\n ()\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Paykan Tehran\n\n20\n style=\"text-align:left;\" \n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Saipa Tehran" ]

[ "This article shows the rosters of all participating teams at the 2017 FIVB Men's World Champions Cup in Osaka and Nagoya, Japan.", "The following is the Brazilian roster in the 2017 FIVB Men's World Champions Cup.", "Head coach: Renan Dal Zotto\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–17 club\n\n \n ()\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n SESI São Paulo\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Sada Cruzeiro\n\n \n ()\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Brasil Kirin Campinas\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Funvic Taubaté\n\n \nstyle=\"text-align:left;\"\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\"\n\n\n\n\n Funvic Taubaté\n\n \nstyle=\"text-align:left;\"\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\"\n\n\n\n\n Funvic Taubaté\n\n \nstyle=\"text-align:left;\"\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\"\n\n\n\n\n Sada Cruzeiro\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Brasil Kirin Campinas\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n SESI São Paulo\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n SESI São Paulo\n\n \n ()\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Vôlei Canoas\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Funvic Taubaté\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Arkas İzmir\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Juiz de Fora", "The following is the French roster in the 2017 FIVB Men's World Champions Cup.", "Head coach: Laurent Tillie\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–17 club\n\n\n ()\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Cucine Lube Civitanova\n\n\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Montpellier UC \n\n\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n LRP Piacenza\n\n\n ()\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle\n\n\n ()\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle\n\n8\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Bunge Ravenna\n\n\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Spacer's Toulouse\n\n12\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Chaumont 52 \n\n14\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n İstanbul BBSK\n\n16\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Montpellier UC\n\n18\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Asseco Resovia Rzeszów \n\n21\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Spacer's Toulouse", "The following is the Iranian roster in the 2017 FIVB Men's World Champions Cup.", "Head coach: Igor Kolaković\n\n\nNo.", "The following is the Italian roster in the 2017 FIVB Men's World Champions Cup.", "Head coach: Gianlorenzo Blengini\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–17 club\n\n\n \nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Calzedonia Verona\n\n\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Azimut Modena\n\n\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Bunge Ravenna\n\n6\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Diatec Trentino\n\n\n ()\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Kioene Padova\n\n9\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Diatec Trentino\n\n\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Diatec Trentino\n\n11\n ()\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Sir Sicoma Colussi Perugia \n\n13\n ()\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Diatec Trentino\n\n14\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Azimut Modena\n\n16\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Diatec Trentino\n\n17\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Gi Group Monza\n\n18\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Exprivia Molfetta\n\n19\nalign=left\nalign=right\n\n\n\n\n Bunge Ravenna", "The following is the Japanese roster in the 2017 FIVB Men's World Champions Cup.", "Head coach: Yuichi Nakagaichi\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–17 club\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Chuo University\n\n \n ()\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Panasonic Panthers\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Toray Arrows\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Panasonic Panthers\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Osaka Blazers Sakai\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Suntory Sunbirds\n\n \n ()\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Suntory Sunbirds\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Toyoda Gosei Trefuerza\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n JT Thunders\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Chuo University\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Toray Arrows\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Toray Arrows\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Tokai University\n\n \n ()\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n JTEKT Stings", "The following is the American roster in the 2017 FIVB Men's World Champions Cup.", "Head coach: John Speraw\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–17 club\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n VC Zenit-Kazan\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Sir Safety Umbria Volley\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Al Arabi\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Loyola University Chicago\n\n \n \nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Lokomotiv Novosibirsk\n\n \n \nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Asseco Resovia Rzeszów\n\n \nstyle=\"text-align:left;\"\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\"\n\n\n\n\n Cucine Lube Civitanova\n\n \nstyle=\"text-align:left;\"\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\"\n\n\n\n\n Brigham Young University\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n ''Free agent''\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n style=\"text-align:left;\"\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Kioene Padova\n\n \n ()\n style=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Czarni Radom\n\n \n ()\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Czarni Radom\n\n \n ()\nstyle=\"text-align:right;\" \n\n\n\n\n Lokomotiv Novosibirsk", "*2017 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Grand Champions Cup squads" ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\n'''Aquetong Creek''' is a tributary of the Delaware River in Solebury Township and New Hope, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Rising from the Aquetong Spring, now known as Ingham Spring, just south of the intersection of U.S. Route 202, Lower Mountain Road, and Ingham Road, it runs about to its confluence with the Delaware.\n", "The area surrounding Aquetong Creek was occupied by the Lenape people until the lower portion of what is now Bucks County was acquired by the Penn colony. The Lenape called the spring \"Achewetong\" or \"Achewetank\" meaning \"at the spring among the bushes\". A Lenape village was located at the spring up until about 1690. On 1 November 1710, James Logan, secretary to Penn and later mayor of Philadelphia, was granted of land including the area of the spring. In 1707, Robert and Richard Heath built a gristmill along the Aquetong and on 2 November 1710, Richard was granted of land from the confluence of the Aquetong to the Delaware to include the lower Aquetong valley and the mill. A fulling mill was constructed as early as 1712 by Phillip Williams. The first sawmill on the Aquetong appeared in 1740. In 1747 Jonathan Ingham purchased the Logan tract and constructed a fulling mill below the spring, who passed it on to his son, Dr. Jonathan Ingham, who passed it on to his son, Samuel D. Ingham, famous as President Jackson's Secretary of the Treasury, who took possession in 1800. Later, Samuel likely abandoned the fuller mill and built the Ingham Springs Paper Mill, operating until his passing in 1860. \nAquetong Spring, as it was known by the Lenape, later known as Ingham Spring or the Great Spring, was said to have flowed as much as 3 million gallons per day. The spring flowed a short distance to a dam constructed in 1870 to produce Aquetong Lake or Pond, then flowed in Aquetong Creek generally eastward to the Delaware River in New Hope, PA. The dam has been recently removed to return the pond to its original pre-dam condition.\n", "The watershed of Aquetong Creek covers about in Solebury Township and the Borough of New Hope. The Geographic Names Information System I.D. number is 1168359\n, the U.S. Department of the Interior Geological Survey I.D. is 03039.\n\n", "Aquetong Creek rises from Aquetong Spring near U.S. Route 202 and Lower Mountain in Solebury Township and flows in a generally eastward direction, receiving one tributary from the left bank, to its confluence with the Delaware at its 148.5 river mile.\n", "*Bucks Councy\n**Solebury Township\n**New Hope\n", "*Pennsylvania Route 32 (South Main Street) - NBI structure number 6794, bridge is long, continuous concrete Tee Beam, 3 spans, 2 lanes, constructed 1959.\n*Stockton Avenue - NBI structure number 7478, bridge is long, concrete arch deck, 32 spans, 2 lanes, constructed 1910, reconstructed 1974.\n*West Mechanic Street - NBI sturcture number 48827, bridge is , steel Stringer/Multi-beam or Girder, single span, single lane, constructed 1960.\n*South Sugan Road - NBI structure number 7352, bridge is long, Prestressed concrete, Box Beam or Girders-single or spread, single span, 2 lanes, constructed 1973.\n*Reeder Road\n\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "History", "Statistics", "Course", "Municipalities", "Crossings and Bridges", "References" ]

[ "Aquetong Creek rises from Aquetong Spring near U.S. Route 202 and Lower Mountain in Solebury Township and flows in a generally eastward direction, receiving one tributary from the left bank, to its confluence with the Delaware at its 148.5 river mile." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\n'''Aquetong Creek''' is a tributary of the Delaware River in Solebury Township and New Hope, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.", "Rising from the Aquetong Spring, now known as Ingham Spring, just south of the intersection of U.S. Route 202, Lower Mountain Road, and Ingham Road, it runs about to its confluence with the Delaware.", "The area surrounding Aquetong Creek was occupied by the Lenape people until the lower portion of what is now Bucks County was acquired by the Penn colony.", "The Lenape called the spring \"Achewetong\" or \"Achewetank\" meaning \"at the spring among the bushes\".", "A Lenape village was located at the spring up until about 1690.", "On 1 November 1710, James Logan, secretary to Penn and later mayor of Philadelphia, was granted of land including the area of the spring.", "In 1707, Robert and Richard Heath built a gristmill along the Aquetong and on 2 November 1710, Richard was granted of land from the confluence of the Aquetong to the Delaware to include the lower Aquetong valley and the mill.", "A fulling mill was constructed as early as 1712 by Phillip Williams.", "The first sawmill on the Aquetong appeared in 1740.", "In 1747 Jonathan Ingham purchased the Logan tract and constructed a fulling mill below the spring, who passed it on to his son, Dr. Jonathan Ingham, who passed it on to his son, Samuel D. Ingham, famous as President Jackson's Secretary of the Treasury, who took possession in 1800.", "Later, Samuel likely abandoned the fuller mill and built the Ingham Springs Paper Mill, operating until his passing in 1860.", "Aquetong Spring, as it was known by the Lenape, later known as Ingham Spring or the Great Spring, was said to have flowed as much as 3 million gallons per day.", "The spring flowed a short distance to a dam constructed in 1870 to produce Aquetong Lake or Pond, then flowed in Aquetong Creek generally eastward to the Delaware River in New Hope, PA.", "The dam has been recently removed to return the pond to its original pre-dam condition.", "The watershed of Aquetong Creek covers about in Solebury Township and the Borough of New Hope.", "The Geographic Names Information System I.D.", "number is 1168359\n, the U.S. Department of the Interior Geological Survey I.D.", "is 03039.", "*Bucks Councy\n**Solebury Township\n**New Hope", "*Pennsylvania Route 32 (South Main Street) - NBI structure number 6794, bridge is long, continuous concrete Tee Beam, 3 spans, 2 lanes, constructed 1959.", "*Stockton Avenue - NBI structure number 7478, bridge is long, concrete arch deck, 32 spans, 2 lanes, constructed 1910, reconstructed 1974.", "*West Mechanic Street - NBI sturcture number 48827, bridge is , steel Stringer/Multi-beam or Girder, single span, single lane, constructed 1960.", "*South Sugan Road - NBI structure number 7352, bridge is long, Prestressed concrete, Box Beam or Girders-single or spread, single span, 2 lanes, constructed 1973.", "*Reeder Road" ]

[ "Obverse and reverse image of a typical Blacksmith Token (Wood-13/BL-9), depicting a crude profile of a British monarch on one side and a seated Britannia with a shield holding a spear. Contrast enhanced to bring out detail.\n'''Blacksmith tokens''' are a form of evasion currency that was in circulation primarily in Lower Canada and Upper Canada along with neighboring areas, such as the northern parts of New York and New England in the mid-1820 to 1830s. They were not, strictly speaking counterfeits, but instead skirted around the laws of the time by being similar to officially circulating coinage, but bearing different legends, or bearing no legends or dates at all. The tokens were designed to resemble worn examples of English or Irish copper coinage, most often with a crude profile of either George II or George III in profile on the obverse and an image of Britannia or an Irish harp on the reverse. They were typically underweight when compared to officially-sanctioned halfpenny coinage, but were accepted along with many other unofficially-issued tokens due to a lack of sufficient small denomination coinage in circulation at the time. \n\nMost examples were issued in copper, with a few examples struck in brass. Due to the deliberately poor nature of the images carved into the dies for these tokens, it is rare for a Blacksmith token to be graded higher than ''Very Fine'', with most examples falling into a ''Good'' or ''Very Good'' grade. While first mentioned by noted Canadian numismatists Eugene Courteau and R.W. McLachlan, there were first fully described as a separate type of evasion currency by American numismatist Howland Wood with the publication of his pamphlet ''The Canadian Blacksmith Coppers'' in 1910. These coins, along with many other underweight copper tokens, were eventually driven out of circulation by the late 1830s as Canadian banks began to issue officially-sanctioned copper tokens of the proper weight for their value. \n\nIt is not known how many of these of these coins were made, as the creators faced possible prosecution if they were discovered. Evidence from hoards suggest that some of the blacksmith tokens were relatively common, and examples of various Blacksmith coppers have been found during archaeological excavations along with other coinage contemporary to the 1830s in the Saint John River Valley in Nova Scotia, on the grounds of Fort York in Toronto, and Place Royale in Quebec City. \n\nThe more common Blacksmith tokens can be had for about C$20-$30, while the rarer varieties for which only a handful or unique examples are known can command prices in the thousands of dollars. \n", "The name is derived from reference by R.W. McLachlan in an 1885 article about Canadian Numismatics, where he describes a specific coin of this series and says: \n\n''Previous to 1837, when the lack of specie caused copper change to be accepted in bulk, there lived in Montreal a blacksmith of dissipated habits. He prepared a die for himself, and when he wished to have a \"good time\" he struck two or three dollars in these coppers, and thereby supplied himself with sufficient change with which to gratify his wishes.''\n\nWhile this description was intended to describe only a specific coin in the series, \"blacksmith token\" or \"blacksmith copper\" was the name that stuck, and was soon applied to all of these types of coins. While the rarer blacksmith tokens may well have been struck by a single person by hand, the large numbers of some of the more common tokens in this series suggests that some of them came from more professional minting operations. McLachlan stated that the numerous types of blacksmith tokens available and their quantity meant that they were either struck at several different establishments in quantity, or a large number came from one establishment which operated for several years. More recent research points to the blacksmith tokens being created at various locations in Lower Canada, and possibly in Upper Canada and the United States.\n", "Individual coins in the Blacksmith token series were described by the Canadian numismatist R.W. McLachlan in articles dating back to the mid-1880s, and several examples were also included in Breton's extensive catalog of Canadian colonial tokens. Numismatist Eugene Courteau was the first to notice design similarities between several of these coins, and documented them in an article published in The Numismatist in 1908.\n\nWood's illustration for the Blacksmith tokens Wood 11 and Wood 12, the former depicting a crude Britannia figure combined with a profile of George III, and the latter the regal profile combined with an Irish harp.\nHowland Wood published the first comprehensive study of the series in an article published The Numismatist in 1910, titled The Canadian Blacksmith Coppers (published later that same year as a pamphlet of the same name). He noted one characteristic that was common to the series, that they were created specifically to look like worn British half-pence coins. Another common feature to most of the Blacksmith coppers was that their designs were the opposite to that of the original coin being imitated. If the coin was imitating the bust of George III on its obverse, it would face left in the Blacksmith version whereas in the officially-issued coinage it would face right. Wood believed that the reason for this was the inexperience of the die cutter, who created the die facing the same way as the original coin being imitated. The reverse of many of these coins featured an image of Britannia who faced the opposite way from the original, though Wood notes that when the reverse featured a harp, it faced the same way as it did on the Irish regal coinage it was imitating. Most of these regal imitations were created using copper, though he notes a few that were done in brass. Though Wood had no conclusive proof, he thought the regal imitation Blacksmith tokens were created in the first quarter of the 19th century, noting a particular specimen that had been struck over a George IV half-penny of 1825, so clearly it was struck sometime soon after date. This has been further corroborated in more recent times with the discovery of a Blacksmith token that had been struck over an Upper Canadian token dating to 1820. \n\nIn addition to the Blacksmith tokens that imitated English and Irish regal coinage of George II and George III, Wood also pointed out a second series of Blacksmith tokens which he considered to be \"curiosities and puzzles\", consisting of mules that mixed up dies from various store card tokens with other crudely-made dies. One of these mules includes dies made for a store card token that was released within the United States in 1835, meaning that the Blacksmith version could not have been issued prior to this date. Given that the banks of Upper and Lower Canada started issuing their own officially-sanctioned tokens of the correct weight for their value in 1838, Wood believed this series of tokens must have been created between those dates. Wood also pointed out the relative scarcity of these Blacksmith tokens when compared to those imitating regal coinage, believing that they were issued in limited numbers.\n\nWood counted 46 distinct varieties of Blacksmith tokens. Subsequent research has shown that two of Wood's Blacksmith tokens are in fact worn imitation coppers of British origin, and a third token listed by Wood a copper variant made of brass is in fact made of copper. A study by Oppenheim cataloging the auction of a prominent Blacksmith token collection added several more Blacksmith tokens and variants that were unknown to Wood; the Charlton catalog of Canadian Colonial Tokens lists 56 Blacksmith tokens and varieties. Blacksmith tokens are recognized as falling into specific categories based on the design they were imitating: those containing a regal profile, imitations of the Tiffin plus \"Bust and Harp\" tokens, those with blank reverse, imitations of the \"Ships Colonies and Commerce Tokens\", the \"BITIT\" Series, those based on worn Daniel and Benjamin True token dies, and other miscellaneous types.\n\n==='BITIT' Tokens===\nWood's illustration of Wood 33, with indistinct legends for the tops of the letters along the circumference of the obverse and reverse.\nThe 'BITIT\" blacksmith tokens (Wood 33) is considered to be the most common of the Blacksmiths series, and one of the most controversial in numismatic literature. The obverse contains the profile of George III with what Wood described as a \"large pug nose\", while the reverse has a seated Britannia holding a shamrock. Unlike most Blacksmith tokens, this coin features a legend on both sides, with the tops of the letters obscured by excessive die polishing, possibly done on purpose.\n\nThere has been considerable interpretation as to the reading of the legend of the token, as the missing top portion of its letters supports different readings. McLachlan interpreted the inscription on the obverse as saying \"GLORIUVS III VIS\", though some numismatists contemporary to McLachlan suggested that the \"VIS\" should instead be read as \"VTS\", which is claimed to be an abbreviated, Latin version for \"Vermont\". McLachlan refuted this claim, saying that he had \"little doubt that this piece was struck and issued in Canada as an imitation of a George III copper\". This argument has been picked up again in more recent numismatic studies, with one article affirming that an example graded as Fine reveals the \"I\" should be read as \"T\", supporting the \"VTS\" reading. An off-center strike of this Blacksmith token in the collection of the Bank of Canada Museum where the top portion of the supposed \"T\" ought to be more visible, but is not, contradicts this reading.\n\nWood thought that the obverse legend read \"GLORIOVS III VIS\". A more recent article claims that several high-grade examples of the coin reveal a weak serif and cross-bar on the \"L\", and that the first \"O\" is thinner than the second, suggesting that the initial word of the legend should be read as \"GEORIUVS\" instead. The legend on the obverse has been interpreted as reading as the nonsensical \"BITIT\", though one study claims that the \"I\" and \"T\" are instead an \"R\" and \"I\", making the word read \"BRITI\" instead, a short form for \"BRITISH\". \n\nIn his comprehensive listing of Blacksmith tokens, Wood included this in his \"Miscellaneous and Doubtful\" series, suggesting that it might be an imitation regal coin created in England, but sharing the common Blacksmith token characteristic of the regal bust facing the opposite way. While McLachlan clearly thought that this coin was issued in Canada and was relatively plentiful, it is notable that it was not included in Breton's Illustrated History of Coins and Tokens Relating to Canada, possibly because he thought it was a British import. While American numismatist John H. Hickcox believed the coin to have come from Vermont, the majority consensus of other mid-19th century U.S. Colonial numismatists omit the coin in their listings While the provenance of this coin is still debated, examples of this coin appearing in the hoard McLachlan described and archaeological finds in locations in Upper Canada, Lower Canada and New Brunswick establish that it circulated in Canada.\n", "\n", "\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Name Origin", "Numismatic Study", "Notes", "Bibliography" ]

[ "An off-center strike of this Blacksmith token in the collection of the Bank of Canada Museum where the top portion of the supposed \"T\" ought to be more visible, but is not, contradicts this reading." ]

[ "Obverse and reverse image of a typical Blacksmith Token (Wood-13/BL-9), depicting a crude profile of a British monarch on one side and a seated Britannia with a shield holding a spear.", "Contrast enhanced to bring out detail.", "'''Blacksmith tokens''' are a form of evasion currency that was in circulation primarily in Lower Canada and Upper Canada along with neighboring areas, such as the northern parts of New York and New England in the mid-1820 to 1830s.", "They were not, strictly speaking counterfeits, but instead skirted around the laws of the time by being similar to officially circulating coinage, but bearing different legends, or bearing no legends or dates at all.", "The tokens were designed to resemble worn examples of English or Irish copper coinage, most often with a crude profile of either George II or George III in profile on the obverse and an image of Britannia or an Irish harp on the reverse.", "They were typically underweight when compared to officially-sanctioned halfpenny coinage, but were accepted along with many other unofficially-issued tokens due to a lack of sufficient small denomination coinage in circulation at the time.", "Most examples were issued in copper, with a few examples struck in brass.", "Due to the deliberately poor nature of the images carved into the dies for these tokens, it is rare for a Blacksmith token to be graded higher than ''Very Fine'', with most examples falling into a ''Good'' or ''Very Good'' grade.", "While first mentioned by noted Canadian numismatists Eugene Courteau and R.W.", "McLachlan, there were first fully described as a separate type of evasion currency by American numismatist Howland Wood with the publication of his pamphlet ''The Canadian Blacksmith Coppers'' in 1910.", "These coins, along with many other underweight copper tokens, were eventually driven out of circulation by the late 1830s as Canadian banks began to issue officially-sanctioned copper tokens of the proper weight for their value.", "It is not known how many of these of these coins were made, as the creators faced possible prosecution if they were discovered.", "Evidence from hoards suggest that some of the blacksmith tokens were relatively common, and examples of various Blacksmith coppers have been found during archaeological excavations along with other coinage contemporary to the 1830s in the Saint John River Valley in Nova Scotia, on the grounds of Fort York in Toronto, and Place Royale in Quebec City.", "The more common Blacksmith tokens can be had for about C$20-$30, while the rarer varieties for which only a handful or unique examples are known can command prices in the thousands of dollars.", "The name is derived from reference by R.W.", "McLachlan in an 1885 article about Canadian Numismatics, where he describes a specific coin of this series and says: \n\n''Previous to 1837, when the lack of specie caused copper change to be accepted in bulk, there lived in Montreal a blacksmith of dissipated habits.", "He prepared a die for himself, and when he wished to have a \"good time\" he struck two or three dollars in these coppers, and thereby supplied himself with sufficient change with which to gratify his wishes.''", "While this description was intended to describe only a specific coin in the series, \"blacksmith token\" or \"blacksmith copper\" was the name that stuck, and was soon applied to all of these types of coins.", "While the rarer blacksmith tokens may well have been struck by a single person by hand, the large numbers of some of the more common tokens in this series suggests that some of them came from more professional minting operations.", "McLachlan stated that the numerous types of blacksmith tokens available and their quantity meant that they were either struck at several different establishments in quantity, or a large number came from one establishment which operated for several years.", "More recent research points to the blacksmith tokens being created at various locations in Lower Canada, and possibly in Upper Canada and the United States.", "Individual coins in the Blacksmith token series were described by the Canadian numismatist R.W.", "McLachlan in articles dating back to the mid-1880s, and several examples were also included in Breton's extensive catalog of Canadian colonial tokens.", "Numismatist Eugene Courteau was the first to notice design similarities between several of these coins, and documented them in an article published in The Numismatist in 1908.", "Wood's illustration for the Blacksmith tokens Wood 11 and Wood 12, the former depicting a crude Britannia figure combined with a profile of George III, and the latter the regal profile combined with an Irish harp.", "Howland Wood published the first comprehensive study of the series in an article published The Numismatist in 1910, titled The Canadian Blacksmith Coppers (published later that same year as a pamphlet of the same name).", "He noted one characteristic that was common to the series, that they were created specifically to look like worn British half-pence coins.", "Another common feature to most of the Blacksmith coppers was that their designs were the opposite to that of the original coin being imitated.", "If the coin was imitating the bust of George III on its obverse, it would face left in the Blacksmith version whereas in the officially-issued coinage it would face right.", "Wood believed that the reason for this was the inexperience of the die cutter, who created the die facing the same way as the original coin being imitated.", "The reverse of many of these coins featured an image of Britannia who faced the opposite way from the original, though Wood notes that when the reverse featured a harp, it faced the same way as it did on the Irish regal coinage it was imitating.", "Most of these regal imitations were created using copper, though he notes a few that were done in brass.", "Though Wood had no conclusive proof, he thought the regal imitation Blacksmith tokens were created in the first quarter of the 19th century, noting a particular specimen that had been struck over a George IV half-penny of 1825, so clearly it was struck sometime soon after date.", "This has been further corroborated in more recent times with the discovery of a Blacksmith token that had been struck over an Upper Canadian token dating to 1820.", "In addition to the Blacksmith tokens that imitated English and Irish regal coinage of George II and George III, Wood also pointed out a second series of Blacksmith tokens which he considered to be \"curiosities and puzzles\", consisting of mules that mixed up dies from various store card tokens with other crudely-made dies.", "One of these mules includes dies made for a store card token that was released within the United States in 1835, meaning that the Blacksmith version could not have been issued prior to this date.", "Given that the banks of Upper and Lower Canada started issuing their own officially-sanctioned tokens of the correct weight for their value in 1838, Wood believed this series of tokens must have been created between those dates.", "Wood also pointed out the relative scarcity of these Blacksmith tokens when compared to those imitating regal coinage, believing that they were issued in limited numbers.", "Wood counted 46 distinct varieties of Blacksmith tokens.", "Subsequent research has shown that two of Wood's Blacksmith tokens are in fact worn imitation coppers of British origin, and a third token listed by Wood a copper variant made of brass is in fact made of copper.", "A study by Oppenheim cataloging the auction of a prominent Blacksmith token collection added several more Blacksmith tokens and variants that were unknown to Wood; the Charlton catalog of Canadian Colonial Tokens lists 56 Blacksmith tokens and varieties.", "Blacksmith tokens are recognized as falling into specific categories based on the design they were imitating: those containing a regal profile, imitations of the Tiffin plus \"Bust and Harp\" tokens, those with blank reverse, imitations of the \"Ships Colonies and Commerce Tokens\", the \"BITIT\" Series, those based on worn Daniel and Benjamin True token dies, and other miscellaneous types.", "==='BITIT' Tokens===\nWood's illustration of Wood 33, with indistinct legends for the tops of the letters along the circumference of the obverse and reverse.", "The 'BITIT\" blacksmith tokens (Wood 33) is considered to be the most common of the Blacksmiths series, and one of the most controversial in numismatic literature.", "The obverse contains the profile of George III with what Wood described as a \"large pug nose\", while the reverse has a seated Britannia holding a shamrock.", "Unlike most Blacksmith tokens, this coin features a legend on both sides, with the tops of the letters obscured by excessive die polishing, possibly done on purpose.", "There has been considerable interpretation as to the reading of the legend of the token, as the missing top portion of its letters supports different readings.", "McLachlan interpreted the inscription on the obverse as saying \"GLORIUVS III VIS\", though some numismatists contemporary to McLachlan suggested that the \"VIS\" should instead be read as \"VTS\", which is claimed to be an abbreviated, Latin version for \"Vermont\".", "McLachlan refuted this claim, saying that he had \"little doubt that this piece was struck and issued in Canada as an imitation of a George III copper\".", "This argument has been picked up again in more recent numismatic studies, with one article affirming that an example graded as Fine reveals the \"I\" should be read as \"T\", supporting the \"VTS\" reading.", "Wood thought that the obverse legend read \"GLORIOVS III VIS\".", "A more recent article claims that several high-grade examples of the coin reveal a weak serif and cross-bar on the \"L\", and that the first \"O\" is thinner than the second, suggesting that the initial word of the legend should be read as \"GEORIUVS\" instead.", "The legend on the obverse has been interpreted as reading as the nonsensical \"BITIT\", though one study claims that the \"I\" and \"T\" are instead an \"R\" and \"I\", making the word read \"BRITI\" instead, a short form for \"BRITISH\".", "In his comprehensive listing of Blacksmith tokens, Wood included this in his \"Miscellaneous and Doubtful\" series, suggesting that it might be an imitation regal coin created in England, but sharing the common Blacksmith token characteristic of the regal bust facing the opposite way.", "While McLachlan clearly thought that this coin was issued in Canada and was relatively plentiful, it is notable that it was not included in Breton's Illustrated History of Coins and Tokens Relating to Canada, possibly because he thought it was a British import.", "While American numismatist John H. Hickcox believed the coin to have come from Vermont, the majority consensus of other mid-19th century U.S. Colonial numismatists omit the coin in their listings While the provenance of this coin is still debated, examples of this coin appearing in the hoard McLachlan described and archaeological finds in locations in Upper Canada, Lower Canada and New Brunswick establish that it circulated in Canada.", "\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*\n\n*" ]

[ "\n\n'''Asunción Valdés Nicolau''' (born 1950) is a Spanish journalist. In 1983 she became the first woman to direct and edit a television news program in Spain. In 1993 she was appointed Director of Media Relations for the Royal Household of Spain, the first woman to hold such a high position with the Head of State.\n", "Valdés earned a degree in political science and a journalism title from the Complutense University of Madrid in 1972, and a Diploma of Advanced Studies in social sciences from the Pontifical University of Salamanca in 2007. In 1973 she obtained a scholarship for postgraduate studies at the College of Europe in Bruges, the prestigious institution which was founded by Salvador de Madariaga.\n\nAfter her stay in Bruges, Valdés moved to Brussels to pursue internships at the European Economic and Social Committee and the European Commission. She earned a diploma in political sociology at the Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales in Madrid in 1980. She is a fellow of the German Marshall Fund of the United States.\n\nShe began her professional career in 1972, with ''''. Later, she joined ''La Verdad'', both newspapers in her native city of Alicante.\n\nIn 1975, she began broadcasting on Radio Exterior. In January 1976 she was one of the journalists who put together the first edition of ''El País'', working as International Economic Editor.\n\nIn 1977, she moved to Bonn as a correspondent of Radio Nacional de España, and remained in West Germany until 1982, when she became the station's correspondent in Brussels. In Bonn she was vice president of the Association of the Foreign Press in Germany (''Verein der Ausländische Presse in Deutschland'').\n\nIn February 1983, Valdés returned to Spain to take charge of the first edition of ''Telediario'' on Televisión Española (TVE), becoming the first woman to direct and edit a newscast. In September 1983 she resigned following an interview with alleged murderers, on the grounds that the principle of presumption of innocence had been violated. In 1984 she was the first director of '''', a reporting program that she directed until 1985, also on TVE.\n\nFrom 1986 to 1992, she headed the European Parliament's office in Madrid, a position that she won through competition with more than 400 candidates. During these six years, she worked closely with the Presidents of the European Parliament, Lord Henry Plumb and Enrique Barón Crespo.\n\nOn 1 February 1993, she was appointed Director of Media Relations for the Royal Household of Spain, with the rank of general director, a position which she held until June 2003. She was the first woman to hold such a high position with the Head of State, that is, of the entire Royal Family.\n\nIn December 2003, at the proposal of H.M. The Queen, she was appointed a member of the board of the Reina Sofía Foundation, a philanthropic organization that she continued to serve with, after leaving the Royal Household, on its Advisory Council.\n\nThe first professional activity Valdés took on at the end of her decade at the Palace of Zarzuela in June 2003 was as a member of the Advisory Board of Ernst & Young Spain. Also on the board were prominent personalities such as former Prime Minister Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, his ex-Secretary General Luis Sánchez-Merlo, and the former Governor of the Bank of Spain, .\n\nFrom 2004 to 2011, she was the director general of the Euroamérica Foundation under presidents Lord Tristan Garel-Jones (who was Minister of Industry and Economics), Carlos Solchaga, and the former Austrian Minister of Foreign Affairs and ex-European Commissioner Benita Ferrero-Waldner. In 2011, Valdés was appointed Director General of External Relations of (EPI), one of the most important communication groups in Spain, whose president is Javier Moll.\n\nShe is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Luso-Spanish Foundation and a member of the Academic Council of the Master of Community Law at Charles III University of Madrid.\n\nSince February 2017, Valdés has independently expanded her knowledge and experience in communications, the European Union, and institutions. She is a lecturer of ''Femmes d'Europe'' and a member of the Advisory Board of the Fundación Conexus Madrid-Comunidad Valenciana. She continues to write for various media, including ''Fleet People'' magazine.\n", "* In 1993 she was named ''Importante'' (significant or essential) by the newspaper ''Información''.\n* In 1996 she received the Award of the Spanish Federation of Directors, Executives, Professionals, and Businesswomen (''Federación Española de Directivas, Ejecutivas, Profesionales y Empresarias''; FEDEPE).\n* In 2000 she was recognized with the Flor Award by the Asociación Dones i Comunicaciò.\n* In 2002 she received the Seco de Lucena Award of the Granada Press Association for her professional career.\n* In 2003 Valdés was decorated with the Order of Charles III in recognition of her work for the Royal Household. Previously, H.M. the King had named her the Commander by Number (''Enconmienda de número'') of the Order of Civil Merit. She holds the ''tratamiento de Ilustrísima''.\n* In 2003 she was designated \"Woman of the Epoch\" by the magazine ''Época''.\n* In 2004 she was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour of France by President Jacques Chirac.\n* Since October 2006, a street in Alicante has been named \"Periodista Asunción Valdés\".\n* In 2014 she received the Hermes Award of the Association of Viewers, Radio Listeners, and Media Consumers of the Valencian Community (''Asociación de Telespectadores, Radioyentes y Consumidores de Medios de la Comunidad Valenciana''; ATR).\n* In 2015 she was awarded the Gold Medal of Miguel Hernández University's Mediterranean Protocol Institute.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Biography", "Awards and distinctions", "References" ]

[ "Also on the board were prominent personalities such as former Prime Minister Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, his ex-Secretary General Luis Sánchez-Merlo, and the former Governor of the Bank of Spain, ." ]

[ "\n\n'''Asunción Valdés Nicolau''' (born 1950) is a Spanish journalist.", "In 1983 she became the first woman to direct and edit a television news program in Spain.", "In 1993 she was appointed Director of Media Relations for the Royal Household of Spain, the first woman to hold such a high position with the Head of State.", "Valdés earned a degree in political science and a journalism title from the Complutense University of Madrid in 1972, and a Diploma of Advanced Studies in social sciences from the Pontifical University of Salamanca in 2007.", "In 1973 she obtained a scholarship for postgraduate studies at the College of Europe in Bruges, the prestigious institution which was founded by Salvador de Madariaga.", "After her stay in Bruges, Valdés moved to Brussels to pursue internships at the European Economic and Social Committee and the European Commission.", "She earned a diploma in political sociology at the Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales in Madrid in 1980.", "She is a fellow of the German Marshall Fund of the United States.", "She began her professional career in 1972, with ''''.", "Later, she joined ''La Verdad'', both newspapers in her native city of Alicante.", "In 1975, she began broadcasting on Radio Exterior.", "In January 1976 she was one of the journalists who put together the first edition of ''El País'', working as International Economic Editor.", "In 1977, she moved to Bonn as a correspondent of Radio Nacional de España, and remained in West Germany until 1982, when she became the station's correspondent in Brussels.", "In Bonn she was vice president of the Association of the Foreign Press in Germany (''Verein der Ausländische Presse in Deutschland'').", "In February 1983, Valdés returned to Spain to take charge of the first edition of ''Telediario'' on Televisión Española (TVE), becoming the first woman to direct and edit a newscast.", "In September 1983 she resigned following an interview with alleged murderers, on the grounds that the principle of presumption of innocence had been violated.", "In 1984 she was the first director of '''', a reporting program that she directed until 1985, also on TVE.", "From 1986 to 1992, she headed the European Parliament's office in Madrid, a position that she won through competition with more than 400 candidates.", "During these six years, she worked closely with the Presidents of the European Parliament, Lord Henry Plumb and Enrique Barón Crespo.", "On 1 February 1993, she was appointed Director of Media Relations for the Royal Household of Spain, with the rank of general director, a position which she held until June 2003.", "She was the first woman to hold such a high position with the Head of State, that is, of the entire Royal Family.", "In December 2003, at the proposal of H.M.", "The Queen, she was appointed a member of the board of the Reina Sofía Foundation, a philanthropic organization that she continued to serve with, after leaving the Royal Household, on its Advisory Council.", "The first professional activity Valdés took on at the end of her decade at the Palace of Zarzuela in June 2003 was as a member of the Advisory Board of Ernst & Young Spain.", "From 2004 to 2011, she was the director general of the Euroamérica Foundation under presidents Lord Tristan Garel-Jones (who was Minister of Industry and Economics), Carlos Solchaga, and the former Austrian Minister of Foreign Affairs and ex-European Commissioner Benita Ferrero-Waldner.", "In 2011, Valdés was appointed Director General of External Relations of (EPI), one of the most important communication groups in Spain, whose president is Javier Moll.", "She is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Luso-Spanish Foundation and a member of the Academic Council of the Master of Community Law at Charles III University of Madrid.", "Since February 2017, Valdés has independently expanded her knowledge and experience in communications, the European Union, and institutions.", "She is a lecturer of ''Femmes d'Europe'' and a member of the Advisory Board of the Fundación Conexus Madrid-Comunidad Valenciana.", "She continues to write for various media, including ''Fleet People'' magazine.", "* In 1993 she was named ''Importante'' (significant or essential) by the newspaper ''Información''.", "* In 1996 she received the Award of the Spanish Federation of Directors, Executives, Professionals, and Businesswomen (''Federación Española de Directivas, Ejecutivas, Profesionales y Empresarias''; FEDEPE).", "* In 2000 she was recognized with the Flor Award by the Asociación Dones i Comunicaciò.", "* In 2002 she received the Seco de Lucena Award of the Granada Press Association for her professional career.", "* In 2003 Valdés was decorated with the Order of Charles III in recognition of her work for the Royal Household.", "Previously, H.M. the King had named her the Commander by Number (''Enconmienda de número'') of the Order of Civil Merit.", "She holds the ''tratamiento de Ilustrísima''.", "* In 2003 she was designated \"Woman of the Epoch\" by the magazine ''Época''.", "* In 2004 she was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour of France by President Jacques Chirac.", "* Since October 2006, a street in Alicante has been named \"Periodista Asunción Valdés\".", "* In 2014 she received the Hermes Award of the Association of Viewers, Radio Listeners, and Media Consumers of the Valencian Community (''Asociación de Telespectadores, Radioyentes y Consumidores de Medios de la Comunidad Valenciana''; ATR).", "* In 2015 she was awarded the Gold Medal of Miguel Hernández University's Mediterranean Protocol Institute." ]

[ "\n\nTom Tilley (born 1980/81) is an Australian radio presenter who currently hosts daily news program ''Hack'' on Triple J. He has also appeared on TV, hosting ''Hack Live'', a studio based discussion program on ABC2.\n", "Interested in journalism from a young age, Tilley undertook work experience at a radio station and for a newspaper during high school, but was initially discouraged by relatives from pursuing it as a career due to the difficulties in finding work within the industry. He worked as an investment banker at Deutsche Bank for two years after graduating from university before choosing to change career paths. After travelling overseas and teaching himself video editing skills, Tilley decided that journalism was what he ultimately wanted to break into.\n\nTilley began working at the ABC in late 2005, undertaking secretarial work in its newsroom as a casual employee. He later moved into radio presenting, first during the late-night 'graveyard shift', and later as a talk-back presenter. In 2007, Tilley succeeded in landing a role as a reporter for daily Triple J news and current affairs radio program ''Hack'', initially answering phone calls from listeners and working as an off location reporter from the Northern Territory. In 2011, he became host of the program, a role which he continues in today.\n\nIn 2014, Tilley hosted the first of a number of live studio-based debate and discussion forums broadcast on TV station ABC2. As of July 2017, Tilley has hosted nine of these specials, including five under the ''Hack Live'' brand.\n", "Tilley grew up in Mudgee, NSW with his parents and three brothers. He attended Mudgee High School where he became school captain. Following high school, he moved to Newport, Sydney to complete a Bachelor of Commerce at Macquarie University. He now resides in Redfern.\n\nTilley is a bassist for Client Liaison during their live performances, and also has experience as a DJ. In 2016, he was a finalist in the Cleo Bachelor of the Year award. \n", "\n", "* Tom Tilley's profile on Triple J\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Career ", " Personal life ", " References ", "External links" ]

[ "He worked as an investment banker at Deutsche Bank for two years after graduating from university before choosing to change career paths." ]

[ "\n\nTom Tilley (born 1980/81) is an Australian radio presenter who currently hosts daily news program ''Hack'' on Triple J.", "He has also appeared on TV, hosting ''Hack Live'', a studio based discussion program on ABC2.", "Interested in journalism from a young age, Tilley undertook work experience at a radio station and for a newspaper during high school, but was initially discouraged by relatives from pursuing it as a career due to the difficulties in finding work within the industry.", "After travelling overseas and teaching himself video editing skills, Tilley decided that journalism was what he ultimately wanted to break into.", "Tilley began working at the ABC in late 2005, undertaking secretarial work in its newsroom as a casual employee.", "He later moved into radio presenting, first during the late-night 'graveyard shift', and later as a talk-back presenter.", "In 2007, Tilley succeeded in landing a role as a reporter for daily Triple J news and current affairs radio program ''Hack'', initially answering phone calls from listeners and working as an off location reporter from the Northern Territory.", "In 2011, he became host of the program, a role which he continues in today.", "In 2014, Tilley hosted the first of a number of live studio-based debate and discussion forums broadcast on TV station ABC2.", "As of July 2017, Tilley has hosted nine of these specials, including five under the ''Hack Live'' brand.", "Tilley grew up in Mudgee, NSW with his parents and three brothers.", "He attended Mudgee High School where he became school captain.", "Following high school, he moved to Newport, Sydney to complete a Bachelor of Commerce at Macquarie University.", "He now resides in Redfern.", "Tilley is a bassist for Client Liaison during their live performances, and also has experience as a DJ.", "In 2016, he was a finalist in the Cleo Bachelor of the Year award.", "* Tom Tilley's profile on Triple J" ]

[ "\n'''Bradley J. Bondi''' is an American lawyer, law professor and partner at Cahill Gordon & Reindel. He has also served on the executive staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), he was appointed to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) in the wake of the 2007-2008 financial crisis to investigate its causes and he worked on Donald Trump's presidential transition team.\n\nHe appears regularly as a legal analyst and commentator on television, including CNBC and Bloomberg Television, and is often quoted in the ''Wall Street Journal'', the ''New York Times'', the ''Washington Post'',  ''Forbes'' and others. \n\nBondi is a senior fellow at the Center for Financial Stability, a think tank focusing on domestic and international securities and banking regulation, financial markets, corporate governance and the financial crisis. He is also a member of the board of advisors of the Economic Crime and Cybersecurity Institute, which supports education and research in economic crime and information security.\n\nHis sister is Pam Bondi, the Attorney General of Florida.\n", "\n=== Government Service ===\nBondi served three years on the executive staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission, working as counsel for enforcement actions and regulatory rule-making to Commissioners Paul S. Atkins and Troy Paredes,  the former of whom Bondi has co-authored op-eds and journal articles on regulatory policy and securities law.  While at the SEC, he served as a Special Assistant United States Attorney.\n\nIn the wake of the financial crisis, Bondi was appointed from the SEC to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC), as an assistant director and deputy general counsel.  The Commission was signed into law in 2009 and charged with examining “the causes, domestic and global, of the current financial and economic crisis in the United States.\" While with the FCIC, Bondi led one of the three teams examining the causes of the financial crisis,  and questioned prominent figures in the financial world including Warren Buffett, former Chairman and CEO of Citigroup Charles Prince, former US Secretary of the Treasury Robert Rubin, former Citigroup executive John Reed, hedge fund manager William Ackman, then-CEO of Citigroup Vikram Pandit, Eric Kolchinsky, Thomas Maheras and David Bushnell.  He has been credited with assisting Peter Wallison, a commissioner of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, with research that went into Wallison’s dissenting report.\n=== Private Sector ===\nToday, Bondi specializes in crisis management, enforcement actions involving the SEC and the Department of Justice (DOJ), internal investigations and significant litigation. He also leads Cahill’s securities enforcement and regulatory practices.\n\nAmong his notable client representations that are public, Bondi led an internal investigation for the board of directors of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority that exposed misconduct by a prominent D.C. Council Member.  The ''Washington Post'' said the \"devastating\" and “meticulous report cited incontrovertible evidence” of misconduct. The paper credited the report for leading to the Council Member’s re-election defeat, following his public reprimand. In 2017, Bondi defended the Salix subsidiary of Valeant Pharmaceuticals in a securities class action  and in 2016 represented Princess Cruise Lines in connection with a criminal case involving the illegal discharge from one of its ships.\n\nOn two different cases before the Supreme Court of the United States, Bondi served as the counsel of record for amicus curiae briefs: Yates v. United States (construing Sarbanes-Oxley’s criminal provision for document destruction)  and Salman v. United States (concerning the personal benefit element of insider trading law). \n\nBondi teaches securities law as an adjunct professor at both Georgetown University Law Center and George Mason University's Antonin Scalia Law School.\n\nIn 2016-2017, Bondi served on the transition team for the incoming Trump administration, advising on issues relating to the financial services sector and leading the landing team to the Export-Import Bank of the United States.", "Bondi has authored numerous academic articles on securities law, criminal law and corporate governance. He also has authored two book chapters on white-collar criminal defense strategy for the series ''Inside the Minds'' (Aspatore Books, 2007).  He serves as a regular contributor to ''Directorship Magazine'', a publication of the National Association of Corporate Directors.\n=== Academic and Journal Articles ===\n* The Law of Insider Trading: Legal Theories, Common Defenses, and Best Practices for Ensuring Compliance, New York University Journal of Law and Business (March 2012) \n* Facilitating Economic Recovery and Sustainable Growth through Reform of the Securities Class-Action System: Exploring Arbitration as an Alternative to Litigation, Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy (Spring 2010) \n* Don’t Tread On Me: Has the United States Government’s Quest for Customer Records from UBS Sounded the Death Knell for Swiss Bank Secrecy Laws?, Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business (Winter 2010) \n* No Secrets Allowed: Congress’s Treatment and Mistreatment of the Attorney-Client Privilege and the Work-Product Protection in Congressional Investigations and Contempt Proceedings, Journal of Law & Politics (March, 2010) \n* Dangerous Liaisons: Collective Scienter in SEC Enforcement Actions, New York University Journal of Law and Business (Fall 2009) \n* Securities Arbitrations Involving Mortgage-Backed Securities and Collateralized Mortgage Obligations: Suitable for Unsuitability Claims?, Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law (August 22, 2009) \n* Evaluating the Mission: A Critical Review of the History and Evolution of the SEC Enforcement Program (co-authored with SEC Commissioner Paul S. Atkins), Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law (2008) \n\n", "\n\n*\n*\n*\n*\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Career ", " Publications ", " References " ]

[ "In 2016-2017, Bondi served on the transition team for the incoming Trump administration, advising on issues relating to the financial services sector and leading the landing team to the Export-Import Bank of the United States.", "=== Academic and Journal Articles ===\n* The Law of Insider Trading: Legal Theories, Common Defenses, and Best Practices for Ensuring Compliance, New York University Journal of Law and Business (March 2012) \n* Facilitating Economic Recovery and Sustainable Growth through Reform of the Securities Class-Action System: Exploring Arbitration as an Alternative to Litigation, Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy (Spring 2010) \n* Don’t Tread On Me: Has the United States Government’s Quest for Customer Records from UBS Sounded the Death Knell for Swiss Bank Secrecy Laws?, Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business (Winter 2010) \n* No Secrets Allowed: Congress’s Treatment and Mistreatment of the Attorney-Client Privilege and the Work-Product Protection in Congressional Investigations and Contempt Proceedings, Journal of Law & Politics (March, 2010) \n* Dangerous Liaisons: Collective Scienter in SEC Enforcement Actions, New York University Journal of Law and Business (Fall 2009) \n* Securities Arbitrations Involving Mortgage-Backed Securities and Collateralized Mortgage Obligations: Suitable for Unsuitability Claims?, Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law (August 22, 2009) \n* Evaluating the Mission: A Critical Review of the History and Evolution of the SEC Enforcement Program (co-authored with SEC Commissioner Paul S. Atkins), Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law (2008)" ]

[ "\n'''Bradley J. Bondi''' is an American lawyer, law professor and partner at Cahill Gordon & Reindel.", "He has also served on the executive staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), he was appointed to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) in the wake of the 2007-2008 financial crisis to investigate its causes and he worked on Donald Trump's presidential transition team.", "He appears regularly as a legal analyst and commentator on television, including CNBC and Bloomberg Television, and is often quoted in the ''Wall Street Journal'', the ''New York Times'', the ''Washington Post'',  ''Forbes'' and others.", "Bondi is a senior fellow at the Center for Financial Stability, a think tank focusing on domestic and international securities and banking regulation, financial markets, corporate governance and the financial crisis.", "He is also a member of the board of advisors of the Economic Crime and Cybersecurity Institute, which supports education and research in economic crime and information security.", "His sister is Pam Bondi, the Attorney General of Florida.", "\n=== Government Service ===\nBondi served three years on the executive staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission, working as counsel for enforcement actions and regulatory rule-making to Commissioners Paul S. Atkins and Troy Paredes,  the former of whom Bondi has co-authored op-eds and journal articles on regulatory policy and securities law.", "While at the SEC, he served as a Special Assistant United States Attorney.", "In the wake of the financial crisis, Bondi was appointed from the SEC to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC), as an assistant director and deputy general counsel.", "The Commission was signed into law in 2009 and charged with examining “the causes, domestic and global, of the current financial and economic crisis in the United States.\"", "While with the FCIC, Bondi led one of the three teams examining the causes of the financial crisis,  and questioned prominent figures in the financial world including Warren Buffett, former Chairman and CEO of Citigroup Charles Prince, former US Secretary of the Treasury Robert Rubin, former Citigroup executive John Reed, hedge fund manager William Ackman, then-CEO of Citigroup Vikram Pandit, Eric Kolchinsky, Thomas Maheras and David Bushnell.", "He has been credited with assisting Peter Wallison, a commissioner of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, with research that went into Wallison’s dissenting report.", "=== Private Sector ===\nToday, Bondi specializes in crisis management, enforcement actions involving the SEC and the Department of Justice (DOJ), internal investigations and significant litigation.", "He also leads Cahill’s securities enforcement and regulatory practices.", "Among his notable client representations that are public, Bondi led an internal investigation for the board of directors of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority that exposed misconduct by a prominent D.C. Council Member.", "The ''Washington Post'' said the \"devastating\" and “meticulous report cited incontrovertible evidence” of misconduct.", "The paper credited the report for leading to the Council Member’s re-election defeat, following his public reprimand.", "In 2017, Bondi defended the Salix subsidiary of Valeant Pharmaceuticals in a securities class action  and in 2016 represented Princess Cruise Lines in connection with a criminal case involving the illegal discharge from one of its ships.", "On two different cases before the Supreme Court of the United States, Bondi served as the counsel of record for amicus curiae briefs: Yates v. United States (construing Sarbanes-Oxley’s criminal provision for document destruction)  and Salman v. United States (concerning the personal benefit element of insider trading law).", "Bondi teaches securities law as an adjunct professor at both Georgetown University Law Center and George Mason University's Antonin Scalia Law School.", "Bondi has authored numerous academic articles on securities law, criminal law and corporate governance.", "He also has authored two book chapters on white-collar criminal defense strategy for the series ''Inside the Minds'' (Aspatore Books, 2007).", "He serves as a regular contributor to ''Directorship Magazine'', a publication of the National Association of Corporate Directors.", "\n\n*\n*\n*\n*" ]

[ "The city of Ottawa, Canada held municipal elections on January 7, 1924 to elect members of the 1924 Ottawa City Council. It was the first of two municipal elections held in the 1924 calendar year, as the 1925 council was elected in December of 1924.\n", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\nHenry Watters \n 14,641 \n 57.76\n\nFrank H. Plant \n 9,969 \n 39.33\n\nTaylor McVeity \n 736 \n 2.90\n\n", "There was a vote on the bylaw to sanction the agreement with the Ottawa Electric Railway Company. The bylaw would do away with ticket fares, replacing them with a straight five cent fare. It also means the company can begin construction on the Laurier Avenue, Bank to Elgin line and the Ottawa East line. \n\n\n\n O.E.R. Bylaw Vote\n\n Option\nVotes\n%\n\n For \n 15,404 \n 67.01\n\n Against \n 7,583 \n 32.99\n\n", "(4 elected)\n\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Napoleon Champagne''' \n 9,479 \n 13.07\n\n'''Arthur Ellis''' \n 8,931 \n 12.31\n\n'''John P. Balharrie''' \n 8,543 \n 11.78\n\n'''Charles J. Tulley''' \n 6,959 \n 9.59\n\nHerbert McElroy \n 6,406 \n 8.83\n\n J. Lambert Payne \n 6,014 \n 8.29\n\n J. G. McGuire \n 5,586 \n 7.70\n\n Rupert Broadfoot \n 4,292 \n 5.92\n\n J. A. Forward \n 3,959 \n 5.46\n\n J. A. P. Haydon \n 3,586 \n 4.94\n\n Macdonald \n 3,446 \n 4.75\n\n Brethour \n 3,172 \n 4.37 \n\n Brewer \n 2,176 \n 3.00\n\n", "(2 elected from each ward)\n\n\n\n Rideau Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Dave Esdale''' \n 556 \n 25.34\n\n'''Thomas H. Marcil''' \n 470 \n 21.42\n\n Cherry \n 404 \n 18.41\n\n Ackland \n 318 \n 14.49\n\n Goodhouse \n 247 \n 11.26\n\n Mackenzie \n 199 \n 9.07\n\n\n\n\n By Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Eric Query''' \n 1,174 \n 43.79\n\n'''Fred Desjardins''' \n 1,037 \n 38.68\n\n Marcil \n 299 \n 11.15\n\n Charles Greenerg \n 171 \n 6.38\n\n\n\n\n St. George Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Walter Cunningham''' \n 1,453 \n 32.05\n\n'''W. J. McCaffrey''' \n 1,203 \n 26.53 \n\nW. J. Grace \n 1,045 \n 23.05\n\nBarrette \n 833 \n 18.37\n\n\n\n\n Wellington Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''James W. McNabb''' \n 2,252 \n 44.98\n\n'''Erenest D. Lowe''' \n 2,007 \n 14.08\n\nHinchcliffe \n 748 \n 14.94\n\n\n\n\n Capital Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''McGregor Easson''' \n 2,611 \n 31.66\n\n'''Harold D. McCormick''' \n 1,804 \n 21.87\n\nOlmsted \n 1,584 \n 19.20\n\nBooth \n 1,074 \n 13.02\n\nBeaton \n 817 \n 9.91\n\n Rowen \n 358 \n 4.34 \n\n\n\n\n Dalhousie Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Sam Crooks''' \n 2,332 \n 32.14 \n\n'''Fred Hunt''' \n 1,981 \n 27.30\n\n O'Meara \n 1,529 \n 21.07\n\n Morris \n 1,414 \n 19.49 \n\n\n\n\n Victoria Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Ernest Laroche''' \n 1,126 \n 29.36\n\n'''Patrick Nolan''' \n 974 \n 25.40\n\n Sims \n 886 \n 23.10\n\nDent \n 849 \n 22.14 \n\n\n\n\n Ottawa Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Joseph Albert Pinard''' \n 1,007 \n 29.34\n\n'''Napoleon Bordeleau''' \n 983 \n 28.64\n\nTelmond St. Denis \n 787 \n 22.93\n\n McLaughlin \n 359 \n 22.93\n\nPoullotte \n 296 \n 8.62\n\n\n\n\n Central Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n '''William R. Low''' \n 1,771 \n 30.38\n\n '''C. Allen Snowdon''' \n 1,762 \n 30.22\n\n Shipman \n 1,508 \n 25.87\n\n Hamilton \n 789 \n 13.53\n\n", "*'' The Ottawa Evening Citizen'', Jan 8, 1924\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "[[Mayor of Ottawa]]", "Plebiscite", "[[Ottawa Board of Control]]", "[[Ottawa City Council]]", "References" ]

[ "It also means the company can begin construction on the Laurier Avenue, Bank to Elgin line and the Ottawa East line." ]

[ "The city of Ottawa, Canada held municipal elections on January 7, 1924 to elect members of the 1924 Ottawa City Council.", "It was the first of two municipal elections held in the 1924 calendar year, as the 1925 council was elected in December of 1924.", "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\nHenry Watters \n 14,641 \n 57.76\n\nFrank H. Plant \n 9,969 \n 39.33\n\nTaylor McVeity \n 736 \n 2.90", "There was a vote on the bylaw to sanction the agreement with the Ottawa Electric Railway Company.", "The bylaw would do away with ticket fares, replacing them with a straight five cent fare.", "O.E.R.", "Bylaw Vote\n\n Option\nVotes\n%\n\n For \n 15,404 \n 67.01\n\n Against \n 7,583 \n 32.99", "(4 elected)\n\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Napoleon Champagne''' \n 9,479 \n 13.07\n\n'''Arthur Ellis''' \n 8,931 \n 12.31\n\n'''John P. Balharrie''' \n 8,543 \n 11.78\n\n'''Charles J. Tulley''' \n 6,959 \n 9.59\n\nHerbert McElroy \n 6,406 \n 8.83\n\n J. Lambert Payne \n 6,014 \n 8.29\n\n J. G. McGuire \n 5,586 \n 7.70\n\n Rupert Broadfoot \n 4,292 \n 5.92\n\n J.", "A.", "Forward \n 3,959 \n 5.46\n\n J.", "A. P. Haydon \n 3,586 \n 4.94\n\n Macdonald \n 3,446 \n 4.75\n\n Brethour \n 3,172 \n 4.37 \n\n Brewer \n 2,176 \n 3.00", "(2 elected from each ward)\n\n\n\n Rideau Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Dave Esdale''' \n 556 \n 25.34\n\n'''Thomas H. Marcil''' \n 470 \n 21.42\n\n Cherry \n 404 \n 18.41\n\n Ackland \n 318 \n 14.49\n\n Goodhouse \n 247 \n 11.26\n\n Mackenzie \n 199 \n 9.07\n\n\n\n\n By Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Eric Query''' \n 1,174 \n 43.79\n\n'''Fred Desjardins''' \n 1,037 \n 38.68\n\n Marcil \n 299 \n 11.15\n\n Charles Greenerg \n 171 \n 6.38\n\n\n\n\n St. George Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Walter Cunningham''' \n 1,453 \n 32.05\n\n'''W.", "J. McCaffrey''' \n 1,203 \n 26.53 \n\nW. J.", "Grace \n 1,045 \n 23.05\n\nBarrette \n 833 \n 18.37\n\n\n\n\n Wellington Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''James W. McNabb''' \n 2,252 \n 44.98\n\n'''Erenest D. Lowe''' \n 2,007 \n 14.08\n\nHinchcliffe \n 748 \n 14.94\n\n\n\n\n Capital Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''McGregor Easson''' \n 2,611 \n 31.66\n\n'''Harold D. McCormick''' \n 1,804 \n 21.87\n\nOlmsted \n 1,584 \n 19.20\n\nBooth \n 1,074 \n 13.02\n\nBeaton \n 817 \n 9.91\n\n Rowen \n 358 \n 4.34 \n\n\n\n\n Dalhousie Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Sam Crooks''' \n 2,332 \n 32.14 \n\n'''Fred Hunt''' \n 1,981 \n 27.30\n\n O'Meara \n 1,529 \n 21.07\n\n Morris \n 1,414 \n 19.49 \n\n\n\n\n Victoria Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Ernest Laroche''' \n 1,126 \n 29.36\n\n'''Patrick Nolan''' \n 974 \n 25.40\n\n Sims \n 886 \n 23.10\n\nDent \n 849 \n 22.14 \n\n\n\n\n Ottawa Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n'''Joseph Albert Pinard''' \n 1,007 \n 29.34\n\n'''Napoleon Bordeleau''' \n 983 \n 28.64\n\nTelmond St. Denis \n 787 \n 22.93\n\n McLaughlin \n 359 \n 22.93\n\nPoullotte \n 296 \n 8.62\n\n\n\n\n Central Ward\n\nCandidate\nVotes\n%\n\n '''William R. Low''' \n 1,771 \n 30.38\n\n '''C.", "Allen Snowdon''' \n 1,762 \n 30.22\n\n Shipman \n 1,508 \n 25.87\n\n Hamilton \n 789 \n 13.53", "*'' The Ottawa Evening Citizen'', Jan 8, 1924" ]

[ "\nColonel '''Edmund William Cole''' (July 19, 1827 – May 25, 1899) was an American Confederate veteran and businessman. He was the president of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway, and the founder of the American National Bank.\n", "Edmund William Cole was born on July 19, 1827 in Giles County, Tennessee. He grew up on a farm.\n", "Cole moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 1845, where he worked as a store clerk and later as a bookkeeper in the post office. In 1857, he was appointed as the superintendent of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad by its founder, Vernon K. Stevenson.\n\nDuring the American Civil War of 1861–1865, Cole served as a colonel in the Confederate States Army. General Samuel Jones described Cole as \"active and zealous\" during the war.\n\nCole was appointed as the president of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad in 1868. Cole acquired four more lines and renamed it the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway in 1873. According to historian Jesse C. Burt, Jr., \"His grandiose scheme for uniting disparate pieces of rail properties into a solid and well-managed enterprise was probably the first large rail consolidation to be attempted in the South.\" When August Belmont purchased it from Stevenson in 1880, Cole resigned, and he was succeeded as president by James D. Porter.\n\nCole co-founded the American National Bank in 1883. He also invested in real estate in Downtown Nashville and coal mines in Sheffield, Alabama. He was also an investor in the Sheffield Hotel, where he banned the sale of whisky.\n", "The Anna Russell Cole Auditorium.\nIn 1885, Cole founded the Randall Cole School, and he hired Dr W. C. Kilvington as superintendent. In 1887, Cole donated it to the state of Tennessee, and it was renamed the Tennessee Industrial School. In 1894, it moved into the Anna Russell Cole Auditorium, named for Cole's second wife.\n\nCole served as the treasurer of the board of trust of Vanderbilt University. In 1892, he donated $5,000 to endow the annual Cole Lecture, \"for the defense and advocacy of the Christian religion.\"\n", "Cole was married twice. His first wife, Louisa McGavock, died in 1869; her funeral ceremony was conducted by reverends John Berry McFerrin and Robert A. Young. They lived at 182 Church Street. His second wife, Anna Russell, was a native of Augusta, Georgia whose father had served as the first Democratic mayor of Augusta after the Civil War. Their wedding, conducted by Bishop Holland Nimmons McTyeire, was attended by Confederate veterans Bushrod Johnson and Edmund Kirby Smith. The Coles first resided at Terrace Place, a three-story townhouse on Church Street in Nashville, until they moved into Colemere, a mansion designed for them by Confederate veteran and architect William Crawford Smith. They had a son, Whitefoord Russell Cole, who became a prominent businessman. Cole was a member of the Democratic Party, and he attended the McKendree United Methodist Church.\n\nCole died of heart disease on May 25, 1899 at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City. His funeral was held at the McKendree United Methodist Church in Nashville. After his death, his widow hired sculptor George Julian Zolnay to design his bust; it was installed in Kirkland Hall, the administration building of Vanderbilt University. When Kirkland Hall burned down in 1905, it was replaced with a marble bust alongside his widow's portrait by Willie Betty Newman.\n", "\n", "* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life", "Career", "Philanthropy", "Personal life, death and legacy", "References", "External links" ]

[ "He was the president of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway, and the founder of the American National Bank.", "Cole co-founded the American National Bank in 1883." ]

[ "\nColonel '''Edmund William Cole''' (July 19, 1827 – May 25, 1899) was an American Confederate veteran and businessman.", "Edmund William Cole was born on July 19, 1827 in Giles County, Tennessee.", "He grew up on a farm.", "Cole moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 1845, where he worked as a store clerk and later as a bookkeeper in the post office.", "In 1857, he was appointed as the superintendent of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad by its founder, Vernon K. Stevenson.", "During the American Civil War of 1861–1865, Cole served as a colonel in the Confederate States Army.", "General Samuel Jones described Cole as \"active and zealous\" during the war.", "Cole was appointed as the president of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad in 1868.", "Cole acquired four more lines and renamed it the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway in 1873.", "According to historian Jesse C. Burt, Jr., \"His grandiose scheme for uniting disparate pieces of rail properties into a solid and well-managed enterprise was probably the first large rail consolidation to be attempted in the South.\"", "When August Belmont purchased it from Stevenson in 1880, Cole resigned, and he was succeeded as president by James D. Porter.", "He also invested in real estate in Downtown Nashville and coal mines in Sheffield, Alabama.", "He was also an investor in the Sheffield Hotel, where he banned the sale of whisky.", "The Anna Russell Cole Auditorium.", "In 1885, Cole founded the Randall Cole School, and he hired Dr W. C. Kilvington as superintendent.", "In 1887, Cole donated it to the state of Tennessee, and it was renamed the Tennessee Industrial School.", "In 1894, it moved into the Anna Russell Cole Auditorium, named for Cole's second wife.", "Cole served as the treasurer of the board of trust of Vanderbilt University.", "In 1892, he donated $5,000 to endow the annual Cole Lecture, \"for the defense and advocacy of the Christian religion.\"", "Cole was married twice.", "His first wife, Louisa McGavock, died in 1869; her funeral ceremony was conducted by reverends John Berry McFerrin and Robert A.", "Young.", "They lived at 182 Church Street.", "His second wife, Anna Russell, was a native of Augusta, Georgia whose father had served as the first Democratic mayor of Augusta after the Civil War.", "Their wedding, conducted by Bishop Holland Nimmons McTyeire, was attended by Confederate veterans Bushrod Johnson and Edmund Kirby Smith.", "The Coles first resided at Terrace Place, a three-story townhouse on Church Street in Nashville, until they moved into Colemere, a mansion designed for them by Confederate veteran and architect William Crawford Smith.", "They had a son, Whitefoord Russell Cole, who became a prominent businessman.", "Cole was a member of the Democratic Party, and he attended the McKendree United Methodist Church.", "Cole died of heart disease on May 25, 1899 at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City.", "His funeral was held at the McKendree United Methodist Church in Nashville.", "After his death, his widow hired sculptor George Julian Zolnay to design his bust; it was installed in Kirkland Hall, the administration building of Vanderbilt University.", "When Kirkland Hall burned down in 1905, it was replaced with a marble bust alongside his widow's portrait by Willie Betty Newman.", "*" ]

[ "The last two Gujarat Sultans, Ahmad Shah III and Mahmud Shah III, were raised to throne when they were young so the nobles were ruling the Sultanate. The nobles divided territories between themselves but soon started fighting between themselves for supremacy. One noble invited the Mughal emperor Akbar to intervene in 1572 which resulted in the conquest of Gujarat by 1573 and Gujarat becoming the province of the Mughal Empire.\n", "The Battle of Sarnal, 1572, ''Akbarnama''\nAkbar's triumphal entry into Surat, 1572, ''Akbarnama''\n\n\nThe last two Gujarat Sultans, Ahmad Shah III and Mahmud Shah III, were raised to the throne when they were young. So the nobles had decided to carry on the government under one noble as a regent of the Sultan and they further divided the country among themselves, each one undertaking to protect the frontiers and preserve the public peace. They protected the Sultanate from outside threats such as Mubárak Sháh, the ruler of Khandesh. But the nobles had their own aspirations so started looking for opportunity to expand their territories with intention of the supremacy. They continued to fight among themselves and occasionally invited neighbouring countries and powers in the conflict. During one such instance, Khandesh gained Dultanpur and Nandubar from nobles for not invading Gujarat. On another occasion, one noble Changíz Khán had attacked Surat to take vengeance for his father’s death and took help from the Portuguese who gained districts of Daman and Sanjan in return. One noble Itimad Khan, with view of becoming independent and supreme, continued to engage in power struggle with other nobles. When some nobles laid siege to Ahmedabad to drive out Itimad Khan, he turned for help to the powerful Mughal emperor Akbar ruling from Delhi. Akbar, glad of any pretext for driving the rebel Mírzás who had previously been driven out of India by Akbar, from their place of refuge in Southern Gujarát, was not slow in availing himself of Ítimád Khán’s proposal. Early in July 1572, he started for Áhmedábád.\n", "To the nobles thus fighting among themselves, news was brought that the emperor Akbar was at Disa. Ibráhím Husain Mírza returned to Bharuch and the army of the noble Fauládis of Patan dispersed which resulted in end of the siege of Ahmedabad. From Disa, the Mughal troops advanced to Pátan and then to Jotána, thirty miles south of Pátan. Gujarat Sultán Muzaffar Shah III, who had separated from the Fauládis of Patan, fell into the hands of the emperor, who granted him his life but placed him under charge of one of his nobles named Karam Áli.\n\nWhen the Mughal army reached Kadi, the nobles; Ítimád Khán, Ikhtiyár Khán, Álaf Khán, and Jhujhár Khán; met Akbar and another noble Sayad Hámid also was honoured with an audience at Hájipur. The emperor imprisoned opposing nobles, Álaf Khán and Jhujhár Khán Habshi, and encouraged the other Gujarát nobles. One noble Ikhtiyár-ul-Mulk now fled to Lunawada, and the emperor, fearing that others of the Gujarát nobles might follow his example, sent Ítimád Khán to Khambhat and placed him under the charge of Shahbáz Khán Kambo. From Áhmedábád, Akbar advanced to Khambhat. At this time Ibráhím Mírza held Baroda, Muhammad Husain Mírza held Surat, and Sháh Mírza held Champaner. On leaving Khambaht to expel the Mírzas, Akbar appointed Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh his first viceroy of Gujarát.\nBuland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri was built by Akbar in 1601 to commemorate his victory over Gujarat\nAt Baroda, Akbar heard that Ibráhím Mírza had treacherously killed Rustam Khán Rúmi, who was Changíz Khán’s governor of Bharuch. The emperor recalled the detachment he had sent against Surat, and overtaking the Mírza at Sarnál or Thásra on the right bank of the Mahi river about twenty-three miles north-east of Nadiad, after a bloody conflict routed him. The Mírza fled by Ahmednagar to Sirohi, and Akbar rejoined his camp at Baroda. The emperor now sent a force under Sháh Kuli Khán to invest the fort of Surat, and following in person pitched his camp at Gopi Talav, a suburb of that city. After an obstinate defence of one month and seventeen days, the garrison under Hamzabán, a slave of Humáyún’s who had joined the Mírzás, surrendered. Hamzabán was in treaty with the Portuguese. Under his invitation a large party of Portuguese came to Surat during the siege, but seeing the strength of the Mughal army, represented themselves as ambassadors and besought the honour of an interview. While at Surat, the emperor received from Bihár or Vihárji the Rája of Baglan, Sharfuddín Husain Mírza whom the Rája had captured. After the capture of Surat, the emperor ordered the great Sulaimáni cannon which had been brought by the Turks with the view of destroying the Portuguese forts and left by them in Surat, to be taken to Agra. Surat was placed in the charge of Kalíj Khán. The emperor now advanced to Áhmedábád, where the mother of Changíz Khán came and demanded justice on Jhujhár Khán for having wantonly slain her son. As her complaint was just, the emperor ordered Jhujhár Khán to be thrown under the feet of an elephant. Muhammad Khán, son of Sher Khán Fauládi, who had fled to the Idar hills, now returned and took the city of Pátan, besieging the Mughal governor, Sayad Áhmed Khán Bárha, in the citadel. At this time Mírza Muhammad Husain was at Ranpur near Dhandhuka. When Sher Khán Fauládi, who had taken refuge in Sorath, heard of Muhammad Khán’s return to Pátan, he met Mírza Muhammad Husain, and uniting their forces they joined Muhammad Khán at Pátan. The viceroy Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh with other nobles marched against them, and after a hard-fought battle, in which several of the Mughal nobles were slain, Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh was victorious. Sher Khán again took refuge in Sorath, and his son fled for safety to the Ídar hills, while the Mírza withdrew to the Khándesh frontier. As the conquest of Gujarát was completed in 1573, Akbar returned to Agra with the last Gujarat Sultán Muzaffar Shah III as a captive.\n\nAkbar built Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri in 1601 to commemorate his victory over Gujarat.\n", "\n\n===Bibliography===\n\n* \n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Background", "Conquest of Gujarat", "References" ]

[ "The emperor recalled the detachment he had sent against Surat, and overtaking the Mírza at Sarnál or Thásra on the right bank of the Mahi river about twenty-three miles north-east of Nadiad, after a bloody conflict routed him." ]

[ "The last two Gujarat Sultans, Ahmad Shah III and Mahmud Shah III, were raised to throne when they were young so the nobles were ruling the Sultanate.", "The nobles divided territories between themselves but soon started fighting between themselves for supremacy.", "One noble invited the Mughal emperor Akbar to intervene in 1572 which resulted in the conquest of Gujarat by 1573 and Gujarat becoming the province of the Mughal Empire.", "The Battle of Sarnal, 1572, ''Akbarnama''\nAkbar's triumphal entry into Surat, 1572, ''Akbarnama''\n\n\nThe last two Gujarat Sultans, Ahmad Shah III and Mahmud Shah III, were raised to the throne when they were young.", "So the nobles had decided to carry on the government under one noble as a regent of the Sultan and they further divided the country among themselves, each one undertaking to protect the frontiers and preserve the public peace.", "They protected the Sultanate from outside threats such as Mubárak Sháh, the ruler of Khandesh.", "But the nobles had their own aspirations so started looking for opportunity to expand their territories with intention of the supremacy.", "They continued to fight among themselves and occasionally invited neighbouring countries and powers in the conflict.", "During one such instance, Khandesh gained Dultanpur and Nandubar from nobles for not invading Gujarat.", "On another occasion, one noble Changíz Khán had attacked Surat to take vengeance for his father’s death and took help from the Portuguese who gained districts of Daman and Sanjan in return.", "One noble Itimad Khan, with view of becoming independent and supreme, continued to engage in power struggle with other nobles.", "When some nobles laid siege to Ahmedabad to drive out Itimad Khan, he turned for help to the powerful Mughal emperor Akbar ruling from Delhi.", "Akbar, glad of any pretext for driving the rebel Mírzás who had previously been driven out of India by Akbar, from their place of refuge in Southern Gujarát, was not slow in availing himself of Ítimád Khán’s proposal.", "Early in July 1572, he started for Áhmedábád.", "To the nobles thus fighting among themselves, news was brought that the emperor Akbar was at Disa.", "Ibráhím Husain Mírza returned to Bharuch and the army of the noble Fauládis of Patan dispersed which resulted in end of the siege of Ahmedabad.", "From Disa, the Mughal troops advanced to Pátan and then to Jotána, thirty miles south of Pátan.", "Gujarat Sultán Muzaffar Shah III, who had separated from the Fauládis of Patan, fell into the hands of the emperor, who granted him his life but placed him under charge of one of his nobles named Karam Áli.", "When the Mughal army reached Kadi, the nobles; Ítimád Khán, Ikhtiyár Khán, Álaf Khán, and Jhujhár Khán; met Akbar and another noble Sayad Hámid also was honoured with an audience at Hájipur.", "The emperor imprisoned opposing nobles, Álaf Khán and Jhujhár Khán Habshi, and encouraged the other Gujarát nobles.", "One noble Ikhtiyár-ul-Mulk now fled to Lunawada, and the emperor, fearing that others of the Gujarát nobles might follow his example, sent Ítimád Khán to Khambhat and placed him under the charge of Shahbáz Khán Kambo.", "From Áhmedábád, Akbar advanced to Khambhat.", "At this time Ibráhím Mírza held Baroda, Muhammad Husain Mírza held Surat, and Sháh Mírza held Champaner.", "On leaving Khambaht to expel the Mírzas, Akbar appointed Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh his first viceroy of Gujarát.", "Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri was built by Akbar in 1601 to commemorate his victory over Gujarat\nAt Baroda, Akbar heard that Ibráhím Mírza had treacherously killed Rustam Khán Rúmi, who was Changíz Khán’s governor of Bharuch.", "The Mírza fled by Ahmednagar to Sirohi, and Akbar rejoined his camp at Baroda.", "The emperor now sent a force under Sháh Kuli Khán to invest the fort of Surat, and following in person pitched his camp at Gopi Talav, a suburb of that city.", "After an obstinate defence of one month and seventeen days, the garrison under Hamzabán, a slave of Humáyún’s who had joined the Mírzás, surrendered.", "Hamzabán was in treaty with the Portuguese.", "Under his invitation a large party of Portuguese came to Surat during the siege, but seeing the strength of the Mughal army, represented themselves as ambassadors and besought the honour of an interview.", "While at Surat, the emperor received from Bihár or Vihárji the Rája of Baglan, Sharfuddín Husain Mírza whom the Rája had captured.", "After the capture of Surat, the emperor ordered the great Sulaimáni cannon which had been brought by the Turks with the view of destroying the Portuguese forts and left by them in Surat, to be taken to Agra.", "Surat was placed in the charge of Kalíj Khán.", "The emperor now advanced to Áhmedábád, where the mother of Changíz Khán came and demanded justice on Jhujhár Khán for having wantonly slain her son.", "As her complaint was just, the emperor ordered Jhujhár Khán to be thrown under the feet of an elephant.", "Muhammad Khán, son of Sher Khán Fauládi, who had fled to the Idar hills, now returned and took the city of Pátan, besieging the Mughal governor, Sayad Áhmed Khán Bárha, in the citadel.", "At this time Mírza Muhammad Husain was at Ranpur near Dhandhuka.", "When Sher Khán Fauládi, who had taken refuge in Sorath, heard of Muhammad Khán’s return to Pátan, he met Mírza Muhammad Husain, and uniting their forces they joined Muhammad Khán at Pátan.", "The viceroy Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh with other nobles marched against them, and after a hard-fought battle, in which several of the Mughal nobles were slain, Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh was victorious.", "Sher Khán again took refuge in Sorath, and his son fled for safety to the Ídar hills, while the Mírza withdrew to the Khándesh frontier.", "As the conquest of Gujarát was completed in 1573, Akbar returned to Agra with the last Gujarat Sultán Muzaffar Shah III as a captive.", "Akbar built Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri in 1601 to commemorate his victory over Gujarat.", "\n\n===Bibliography===\n\n*" ]

[ "\n\n\n'''Hadsten Sports Klub Håndbold''' is a handball club from Hadsten, Denmark. Currently, Hadsten SK competes in the women's Danish 1st Division. The home arena of the club is Vestjysk BANK Arena.\n", ":''Squad for the 2017-18 season''\n\n\n\n;Goalkeeper\n* 1 Sophie Toft\n* 12 Sara Kececi\n;Wingers\n;RW\n* 2 Astrid Schultz Carlsen\n* 10 Tine Thyssen\n;LW\n* 6 Kathrine Skipper\n* 8 Laura Christiansen \n\n;Pivots\n* Ida Jespersen\n* 13 Lea Haaning Rømer \n* 21 Sara Kjærsgaard\n\n;Back players\n;LB\n* Amalie Angel\n* 2 Christina Tønder\n* 28 Kristina Schøler\n;CB\n* Malene Mogensen\n* 3 Sophie Ladekjær\n* 17 Josephine Orby Poulsen\n* 18 Ditte Aaen\n:RB\n* 7 Mia Skov\n", "\n* Hadsten Håndbold\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Current squad", "External links" ]

[ "The home arena of the club is Vestjysk BANK Arena." ]

[ "\n\n\n'''Hadsten Sports Klub Håndbold''' is a handball club from Hadsten, Denmark.", "Currently, Hadsten SK competes in the women's Danish 1st Division.", ":''Squad for the 2017-18 season''\n\n\n\n;Goalkeeper\n* 1 Sophie Toft\n* 12 Sara Kececi\n;Wingers\n;RW\n* 2 Astrid Schultz Carlsen\n* 10 Tine Thyssen\n;LW\n* 6 Kathrine Skipper\n* 8 Laura Christiansen \n\n;Pivots\n* Ida Jespersen\n* 13 Lea Haaning Rømer \n* 21 Sara Kjærsgaard\n\n;Back players\n;LB\n* Amalie Angel\n* 2 Christina Tønder\n* 28 Kristina Schøler\n;CB\n* Malene Mogensen\n* 3 Sophie Ladekjær\n* 17 Josephine Orby Poulsen\n* 18 Ditte Aaen\n:RB\n* 7 Mia Skov", "\n* Hadsten Håndbold" ]

[ "Sir George Arthur Mitchell, pastel drawing by Stephen C Dickson\nSir '''George Arthur Mitchell''' FRSE MIME (1860–1948) was a Scottish mining engineer and company director. He was Director of both the Clydesdale Bank and Midland Bank and of several collieries. He endowed the '''Mitchell Lectures''' at Glasgow University.\n", "He was born in Hamilton, Lanarkshire, in 1860 the son of Alexander Moncrieff Mitchell, a colliery owner (son of Moncrieff Mitchell), and his wife Elizabeth Mitchell, sister of Sir Arthur Mitchell. He was educated at Lenzie Academy. He studied Science and engineering at Glasgow University graduating MA.\n\nIn 1897 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Lord Kelvin, John Gray McKendrick, James Thomson Bottomley and Sir Arthur Mitchell. He was knighted by King George V in 1935.\n\nIn 1910 he was living in a new and exclusive property at 9 Lowther Terrace in Kelvinside in Glasgow and was listed as Director of the Flemington Coal Company. The building was designed by his architect cousin Sydney Mitchell in 1906.\n\nHe died at Drumquhassle House near Drymen on 16 February 1948. He did not marry and had no children.\n", "\n*President of the Mining Institute of Scotland 1894 to 1898\n*President of the Institute of Mining Engineers 1895/6\n*President of the Mining Association of Great Britain 1906/7\n*Vice President of the Institute of Engineers and Shipbuilders of Scotland 1919 to 1922\n*President of the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce 1923 to 1925\n*Director of the Clydesdale Bank\n*Director of the Midland Bank\n*Director of Stewarts & Lloyds Ltd\n*Director of the Lochgelly Iron and Coal Company\n*Director of Robert Addle & Sons Collieries Ltd\n*Director of Plean Colliery Ltd\n*Director of the Flemington Coal Co Ltd\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Life", "Positions of Note", "References" ]

[ "He was Director of both the Clydesdale Bank and Midland Bank and of several collieries.", "\n*President of the Mining Institute of Scotland 1894 to 1898\n*President of the Institute of Mining Engineers 1895/6\n*President of the Mining Association of Great Britain 1906/7\n*Vice President of the Institute of Engineers and Shipbuilders of Scotland 1919 to 1922\n*President of the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce 1923 to 1925\n*Director of the Clydesdale Bank\n*Director of the Midland Bank\n*Director of Stewarts & Lloyds Ltd\n*Director of the Lochgelly Iron and Coal Company\n*Director of Robert Addle & Sons Collieries Ltd\n*Director of Plean Colliery Ltd\n*Director of the Flemington Coal Co Ltd" ]

[ "Sir George Arthur Mitchell, pastel drawing by Stephen C Dickson\nSir '''George Arthur Mitchell''' FRSE MIME (1860–1948) was a Scottish mining engineer and company director.", "He endowed the '''Mitchell Lectures''' at Glasgow University.", "He was born in Hamilton, Lanarkshire, in 1860 the son of Alexander Moncrieff Mitchell, a colliery owner (son of Moncrieff Mitchell), and his wife Elizabeth Mitchell, sister of Sir Arthur Mitchell.", "He was educated at Lenzie Academy.", "He studied Science and engineering at Glasgow University graduating MA.", "In 1897 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.", "His proposers were Lord Kelvin, John Gray McKendrick, James Thomson Bottomley and Sir Arthur Mitchell.", "He was knighted by King George V in 1935.", "In 1910 he was living in a new and exclusive property at 9 Lowther Terrace in Kelvinside in Glasgow and was listed as Director of the Flemington Coal Company.", "The building was designed by his architect cousin Sydney Mitchell in 1906.", "He died at Drumquhassle House near Drymen on 16 February 1948.", "He did not marry and had no children." ]

[ "\nPlynlimon and Hafan Tramway locomotives ''Talybont'' and ''Victoria'', this photograph first appeared in Cozens' book on the Tramway\n'''Lewis Cozens''' (full name Henry Lewis Cozens) was a British railway author and historian, notable as one of the earliest writers on Welsh narrow gauge and light railways.\n", "\nCozens was born in Edmonton, Middlesex in 1909, the son of James Henry Theodore Charles Cozens and Mary Margarite Cozens (née Jones). He was a bank clerk by profession and his family came from the Welsh county of Montgomeryshire. He married Elizabeth Kindlberger in London in 1939.\n\nIn 1935, Cozens' mother Mary died, leaving £145 to Lewis and his brother David. In 1939, his father a civil servant also died, leaving Lewis £150 in his will. The unusual declaration in the will was reported in the Birmingham Daily Post, it said the bequest was \"in view of the fact that I paid no premium for his career and he was no charge to me from the age of eighteen\".\n\nDuring his holidays in Wales before and after World War Two, he explored the many minor railways of mid Wales. As early as 1944, Cozens was actively researching the history of the Plynlimon and Hafan Tramway. In that year he began a correspondence with Selwyn Pearce Higgins about the discovery of historical records of the Tramway. This led to the publication of Cozens' 1955 book on the Plynlimon and Hafan.\n\nIn 1949, he published the first of his histories on Welsh railways, about the Talyllyn Railway. These early books were self-published and were slim volumes, as printing paper was still rationed in the immediate post-war years. He soon followed with books on the Corris Railway, the Mawddwy Railway and other local lines. His books were the first serious attempt to publish histories of these railways and they introduced many early railway enthusiasts to them. Cozens was a friend of other notable early railway historians, including James Boyd, and R. W. Kidner. Cozens and Boyd have been described as the \"eminent authors on the minor railways of North- and Mid-Wales\"..\n\nSeveral of Cozen's early books were later expanded and republished. While many of his books have been superseded by more detailed histories, his work was influential on later authors and provided important early coverage of the subject.\n", "* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n", "\n", "*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Biography ", " Works ", " References ", " External links " ]

[ "He was a bank clerk by profession and his family came from the Welsh county of Montgomeryshire." ]

[ "\nPlynlimon and Hafan Tramway locomotives ''Talybont'' and ''Victoria'', this photograph first appeared in Cozens' book on the Tramway\n'''Lewis Cozens''' (full name Henry Lewis Cozens) was a British railway author and historian, notable as one of the earliest writers on Welsh narrow gauge and light railways.", "\nCozens was born in Edmonton, Middlesex in 1909, the son of James Henry Theodore Charles Cozens and Mary Margarite Cozens (née Jones).", "He married Elizabeth Kindlberger in London in 1939.", "In 1935, Cozens' mother Mary died, leaving £145 to Lewis and his brother David.", "In 1939, his father a civil servant also died, leaving Lewis £150 in his will.", "The unusual declaration in the will was reported in the Birmingham Daily Post, it said the bequest was \"in view of the fact that I paid no premium for his career and he was no charge to me from the age of eighteen\".", "During his holidays in Wales before and after World War Two, he explored the many minor railways of mid Wales.", "As early as 1944, Cozens was actively researching the history of the Plynlimon and Hafan Tramway.", "In that year he began a correspondence with Selwyn Pearce Higgins about the discovery of historical records of the Tramway.", "This led to the publication of Cozens' 1955 book on the Plynlimon and Hafan.", "In 1949, he published the first of his histories on Welsh railways, about the Talyllyn Railway.", "These early books were self-published and were slim volumes, as printing paper was still rationed in the immediate post-war years.", "He soon followed with books on the Corris Railway, the Mawddwy Railway and other local lines.", "His books were the first serious attempt to publish histories of these railways and they introduced many early railway enthusiasts to them.", "Cozens was a friend of other notable early railway historians, including James Boyd, and R. W. Kidner.", "Cozens and Boyd have been described as the \"eminent authors on the minor railways of North- and Mid-Wales\"..\n\nSeveral of Cozen's early books were later expanded and republished.", "While many of his books have been superseded by more detailed histories, his work was influential on later authors and provided important early coverage of the subject.", "* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n*", "*" ]

[ "'''Fannie Smith Goble''' (October 13, 1861 - June 17, 1940) was a member of the Spokane Board of Education and one of the owners of The Excelsior Rock Springs Coal company, Wyoming.\n", "Fannie Smith was born in Chesaning, Michigan, on October 13, 1861, the daughter of Oliver Cook Smith (1825-1904) and Jane E. \"Jennie\" Ross (died in 1962).\n", "Rock Springs Coal company\n\nFannie Smith Goble was a member of the Spokane Board of Education. \n\nShe was an active club woman. She held several high offices in Daughters of the American Revolution organization, she was a regent for the State of Washington; she was the president and treasurer of Spokane Sorosis Club. She was a life member on the Young Women's Christian Association Board of Directors. \n\nWhile living in Rock Springs at the end of the 19th century, the Gobles owned The Excelsior Rock Springs Coal company, which was incorporated in 1899 by millionaire B.R. Wells from Chicago. The other owners were John Beckwith and A.V. Quinn of Evanston, Illinois. The company owned a large tract of coal land and expected to ship coal of superior quality starting from 1900 and to manufacturer coke. The capital stock of the company was $300,000.00 ($300,000.00 in 1914 had the same buying power as $7,242,960.00 in 2017)\n", "First National Bank Rock Springs\n\nFannie Smith married George Harvey Goble (1854-1933). They had two daughter, Katherine and Olive.\n\nWhen her husband was employed by the Rock Springs National Bank they moved to Rock Springs, Wyoming. Goble Street in Rock Springs is named after them. They moved to Washington in 1907 and lived at 1019 7th Avenue, Spokane, Washington. She last moved to Akron, at 96 Overwood Road, at the house of her daughter Mrs. J.P. Maider.\n\nShe died on June 17, 1940, in Akron, Ohio, and is buried with her husband at Riverview Cemetery, Baldwinsville, New York.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life", "Career", "Personal life", "References" ]

[ "First National Bank Rock Springs\n\nFannie Smith married George Harvey Goble (1854-1933).", "When her husband was employed by the Rock Springs National Bank they moved to Rock Springs, Wyoming." ]

[ "'''Fannie Smith Goble''' (October 13, 1861 - June 17, 1940) was a member of the Spokane Board of Education and one of the owners of The Excelsior Rock Springs Coal company, Wyoming.", "Fannie Smith was born in Chesaning, Michigan, on October 13, 1861, the daughter of Oliver Cook Smith (1825-1904) and Jane E. \"Jennie\" Ross (died in 1962).", "Rock Springs Coal company\n\nFannie Smith Goble was a member of the Spokane Board of Education.", "She was an active club woman.", "She held several high offices in Daughters of the American Revolution organization, she was a regent for the State of Washington; she was the president and treasurer of Spokane Sorosis Club.", "She was a life member on the Young Women's Christian Association Board of Directors.", "While living in Rock Springs at the end of the 19th century, the Gobles owned The Excelsior Rock Springs Coal company, which was incorporated in 1899 by millionaire B.R.", "Wells from Chicago.", "The other owners were John Beckwith and A.V.", "Quinn of Evanston, Illinois.", "The company owned a large tract of coal land and expected to ship coal of superior quality starting from 1900 and to manufacturer coke.", "The capital stock of the company was $300,000.00 ($300,000.00 in 1914 had the same buying power as $7,242,960.00 in 2017)", "They had two daughter, Katherine and Olive.", "Goble Street in Rock Springs is named after them.", "They moved to Washington in 1907 and lived at 1019 7th Avenue, Spokane, Washington.", "She last moved to Akron, at 96 Overwood Road, at the house of her daughter Mrs. J.P. Maider.", "She died on June 17, 1940, in Akron, Ohio, and is buried with her husband at Riverview Cemetery, Baldwinsville, New York." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\n \nThe '''1982–83 Football League Group Cup''' was the second and last edition of the tournament now renamed the '''Football League Trophy'''. It was won by Millwall, who beat Lincoln City 3–1 in the final at Sincil Bank. Next season the tournament would be replaced by the Associate Members' Cup which still runs to this day as the EFL Trophy.\n\n\n===First round===\n\n====Group A====\n\n\n\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nColchester United\n3–1\nSouthend United\n13 August 1982\n\nWatford\n4–1\nOrient\n14 August 1982\n\nSouthend United\n1–1\nOrient\n16 August 1982\n\nWatford\n2–1\nColchester United\n17 August 1982\n\nOrient\n0–2\nColchester United\n21 August 1982\n\nSouthend United\n1–4\nWatford\n21 August 1982\n\n \n\n\n\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWatford\n3\n3\n0\n0\n10\n3\n+7\n2\n'''11'''\n\nColchester United\n3\n2\n0\n1\n6\n3\n+3\n1\n'''7'''\n\nSouthend United\n3\n0\n1\n2\n3\n8\n\n0\n'''1'''\n\nOrient\n3\n0\n1\n2\n2\n7\n\n0\n'''1'''\n\n\n\n====Group B====\n\n\n\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nShrewsbury Town\n1–1\nTranmere Rovers\n13 August 1982\n\nChesterfield\n1–1\nChester\n14 August 1982\n\nChesterfield\n1–0\nShrewsbury Town\n17 August 1982\n\nTranmere Rovers\n2–1\nChester\n18 August 1982\n\nChester\n5–0\nShrewsbury Town\n21 August 1982\n\nTranmere Rovers\n1–1\nChesterfield\n21 August 1982\n\n \n\n\n\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChester\n3\n1\n1\n1\n7\n3\n+4\n1\n'''5'''\n\nTranmere Rovers\n3\n1\n2\n0\n4\n3\n+1\n0\n'''5'''\n\nChesterfield\n3\n1\n2\n0\n3\n2\n+1\n0\n'''5'''\n\nShrewsbury Town\n3\n0\n1\n2\n1\n7\n\n0\n'''1'''\n\n\n\n====Group C====\n\n\n\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nAFC Bournemouth\n2–2\nAldershot\n14 August 1982\n\nReading\n2–1\nOxford United\n14 August 1982\n\nAldershot\n1–3\nOxford United\n17 August 1982\n\nReading\n4–2\nAFC Bournemouth\n18 August 1982\n\nAldershot\n3–3\nReading\n21 August 1982\n\nAFC Bournemouth\n3–0\nOxford United\n21 August 1982\n\n \n\n\n\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nReading\n3\n2\n1\n0\n9\n6\n+3\n2\n'''9'''\n\nAFC Bournemouth\n3\n1\n1\n1\n7\n6\n+1\n1\n'''5'''\n\nOxford United\n3\n1\n0\n2\n4\n6\n\n1\n'''4'''\n\nAldershot\n3\n0\n2\n1\n6\n8\n\n1\n'''3'''\n\n\n\n====Group D====\n\n\n\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nBradford City\n1–0\nHalifax Town\n14 August 1982\n\nHartlepool United\n1–2\nHull City\n14 August 1982\n\nHalifax Town\n1–0\nHull City\n17 August 1982\n\nHartlepool United\n0–4\nBradford City\n18 August 1982\n\nHalifax Town\n3–0\nHartlepool United\n21 August 1982\n\nHull City\n0–0\nBradford City\n21 August 1982\n\n \n\n\n\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBradford City\n3\n2\n1\n0\n5\n0\n+5\n1\n'''8'''\n\nHalifax Town\n3\n2\n0\n1\n4\n1\n+3\n1\n'''7'''\n\nHull City\n3\n1\n1\n1\n2\n2\n0\n0\n'''4'''\n\nHartlepool United\n3\n0\n0\n3\n1\n9\n\n0\n'''0'''\n\n\n\n====Group E====\n\n\n\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nBrentford\n2–2\nCrystal Palace\n14 August 1982\n\nMillwall\n0–1\nWimbledon\n14 August 1982\n\nCrystal Palace\n1–0\nWimbledon\n17 August 1982\n\nMillwall\n3–0\nBrentford\n17 August 1982\n\nCrystal Palace\n0–3\nMillwall\n21 August 1982\n\nWimbledon\n1–3\nBrentford\n21 August 1982\n\n \n\n\n\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMillwall\n3\n2\n0\n1\n6\n1\n+5\n2\n'''8'''\n\nBrentford\n3\n1\n1\n1\n5\n6\n\n1\n'''5'''\n\nCrystal Palace\n3\n1\n1\n1\n3\n5\n\n0\n'''4'''\n\nWimbledon\n3\n1\n0\n2\n2\n4\n\n0\n'''3'''\n\n\n\n====Group F====\n\n\n\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nExeter City\n2–1\nBristol City\n14 August 1982\n\nNewport County\n0–1\nTorquay United\n14 August 1982\n\nBristol City\n1–0\nTorquay United\n17 August 1982\n\nNewport County\n5–1\nExeter City\n18 August 1982\n\nBristol City\n1–4\nNewport County\n21 August 1982\n\nTorquay United\n3–2\nExeter City\n21 August 1982\n\n \n\n\n\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNewport County\n3\n2\n0\n1\n9\n3\n+6\n2\n'''8'''\n\nTorquay United\n3\n2\n0\n1\n4\n3\n+1\n1\n'''7'''\n\nExeter City\n3\n1\n0\n2\n5\n9\n\n0\n'''3'''\n\nBristol City\n3\n1\n0\n2\n3\n6\n\n0\n'''3'''\n\n\n\n====Group G====\n\n\n\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nNorwich City\n3–0\nNorthampton Town\n14 August 1982\n\nPeterborough United\n4–1\nMansfield Town\n14 August 1982\n\nMansfield Town\n1–2\nNorthampton Town\n16 August 1982\n\nNorwich City\n6–2\nPeterborough United\n18 August 1982\n\nMansfield Town\n1–3\nNorwich City\n21 August 1982\n\nPeterborough United\n5–2\nNorthampton Town\n21 August 1982\n\n \n\n\n\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNorwich City\n3\n3\n0\n0\n12\n3\n+9\n3\n'''12'''\n\nPeterborough United\n3\n2\n0\n1\n11\n9\n+2\n2\n'''8'''\n\nNorthampton Town\n3\n1\n0\n2\n4\n9\n\n0\n'''3'''\n\nMansfield Town\n3\n0\n0\n3\n3\n9\n\n0\n'''0'''\n\n\n\n====Group H====\n\n\n\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nScunthorpe United\n1–1\nLincoln City\n14 August 1982\n\nSheffield United\n1–3\nGrimsby Town\n14 August 1982\n\nScunthorpe United\n0–0\nSheffield United\n17 August 1982\n\nLincoln City\n2–0\nGrimsby Town\n18 August 1982\n\nGrimsby Town\n2–0\nScunthorpe United\n21 August 1982\n\nLincoln City\n3–1\nSheffield United\n21 August 1982\n\n \n\n\n\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLincoln City\n3\n2\n1\n0\n6\n3\n+3\n1\n'''8'''\n\nGrimsby Town\n3\n2\n0\n1\n6\n3\n+3\n1\n'''7'''\n\nScunthorpe United\n3\n0\n2\n1\n1\n3\n\n0\n'''2'''\n\nSheffield United\n3\n0\n1\n2\n2\n6\n\n0\n'''1'''\n\n\n\n===Quarter-finals===\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nMillwall\n1–1 (aet) \nBradford City\n6 December 1982\n\nLincoln City\n3–1\nNorwich City\n8 December 1982\n\nReading\n5–3\nWatford\n8 December 1982\n\nChester\n0–0 (aet) \nNewport County\n26 January 1983\n\n\n===Semi-finals===\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nReading\n1–3\nMillwall\n26 January 1983\n\nChester\n1–3 (aet)\nLincoln City\n8 February 1983\n\n", "\n\n\n====Millwall line-ups====\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "\n", "*\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Final", "Notes", "References" ]

[ "It was won by Millwall, who beat Lincoln City 3–1 in the final at Sincil Bank." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\n \nThe '''1982–83 Football League Group Cup''' was the second and last edition of the tournament now renamed the '''Football League Trophy'''.", "Next season the tournament would be replaced by the Associate Members' Cup which still runs to this day as the EFL Trophy.", "===First round===\n\n====Group A====\n\n\n\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nColchester United\n3–1\nSouthend United\n13 August 1982\n\nWatford\n4–1\nOrient\n14 August 1982\n\nSouthend United\n1–1\nOrient\n16 August 1982\n\nWatford\n2–1\nColchester United\n17 August 1982\n\nOrient\n0–2\nColchester United\n21 August 1982\n\nSouthend United\n1–4\nWatford\n21 August 1982\n\n \n\n\n\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWatford\n3\n3\n0\n0\n10\n3\n+7\n2\n'''11'''\n\nColchester United\n3\n2\n0\n1\n6\n3\n+3\n1\n'''7'''\n\nSouthend United\n3\n0\n1\n2\n3\n8\n\n0\n'''1'''\n\nOrient\n3\n0\n1\n2\n2\n7\n\n0\n'''1'''\n\n\n\n====Group B====\n\n\n\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nShrewsbury Town\n1–1\nTranmere Rovers\n13 August 1982\n\nChesterfield\n1–1\nChester\n14 August 1982\n\nChesterfield\n1–0\nShrewsbury Town\n17 August 1982\n\nTranmere Rovers\n2–1\nChester\n18 August 1982\n\nChester\n5–0\nShrewsbury Town\n21 August 1982\n\nTranmere Rovers\n1–1\nChesterfield\n21 August 1982\n\n \n\n\n\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChester\n3\n1\n1\n1\n7\n3\n+4\n1\n'''5'''\n\nTranmere Rovers\n3\n1\n2\n0\n4\n3\n+1\n0\n'''5'''\n\nChesterfield\n3\n1\n2\n0\n3\n2\n+1\n0\n'''5'''\n\nShrewsbury Town\n3\n0\n1\n2\n1\n7\n\n0\n'''1'''\n\n\n\n====Group C====\n\n\n\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nAFC Bournemouth\n2–2\nAldershot\n14 August 1982\n\nReading\n2–1\nOxford United\n14 August 1982\n\nAldershot\n1–3\nOxford United\n17 August 1982\n\nReading\n4–2\nAFC Bournemouth\n18 August 1982\n\nAldershot\n3–3\nReading\n21 August 1982\n\nAFC Bournemouth\n3–0\nOxford United\n21 August 1982\n\n \n\n\n\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nReading\n3\n2\n1\n0\n9\n6\n+3\n2\n'''9'''\n\nAFC Bournemouth\n3\n1\n1\n1\n7\n6\n+1\n1\n'''5'''\n\nOxford United\n3\n1\n0\n2\n4\n6\n\n1\n'''4'''\n\nAldershot\n3\n0\n2\n1\n6\n8\n\n1\n'''3'''\n\n\n\n====Group D====\n\n\n\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nBradford City\n1–0\nHalifax Town\n14 August 1982\n\nHartlepool United\n1–2\nHull City\n14 August 1982\n\nHalifax Town\n1–0\nHull City\n17 August 1982\n\nHartlepool United\n0–4\nBradford City\n18 August 1982\n\nHalifax Town\n3–0\nHartlepool United\n21 August 1982\n\nHull City\n0–0\nBradford City\n21 August 1982\n\n \n\n\n\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBradford City\n3\n2\n1\n0\n5\n0\n+5\n1\n'''8'''\n\nHalifax Town\n3\n2\n0\n1\n4\n1\n+3\n1\n'''7'''\n\nHull City\n3\n1\n1\n1\n2\n2\n0\n0\n'''4'''\n\nHartlepool United\n3\n0\n0\n3\n1\n9\n\n0\n'''0'''\n\n\n\n====Group E====\n\n\n\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nBrentford\n2–2\nCrystal Palace\n14 August 1982\n\nMillwall\n0–1\nWimbledon\n14 August 1982\n\nCrystal Palace\n1–0\nWimbledon\n17 August 1982\n\nMillwall\n3–0\nBrentford\n17 August 1982\n\nCrystal Palace\n0–3\nMillwall\n21 August 1982\n\nWimbledon\n1–3\nBrentford\n21 August 1982\n\n \n\n\n\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMillwall\n3\n2\n0\n1\n6\n1\n+5\n2\n'''8'''\n\nBrentford\n3\n1\n1\n1\n5\n6\n\n1\n'''5'''\n\nCrystal Palace\n3\n1\n1\n1\n3\n5\n\n0\n'''4'''\n\nWimbledon\n3\n1\n0\n2\n2\n4\n\n0\n'''3'''\n\n\n\n====Group F====\n\n\n\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nExeter City\n2–1\nBristol City\n14 August 1982\n\nNewport County\n0–1\nTorquay United\n14 August 1982\n\nBristol City\n1–0\nTorquay United\n17 August 1982\n\nNewport County\n5–1\nExeter City\n18 August 1982\n\nBristol City\n1–4\nNewport County\n21 August 1982\n\nTorquay United\n3–2\nExeter City\n21 August 1982\n\n \n\n\n\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNewport County\n3\n2\n0\n1\n9\n3\n+6\n2\n'''8'''\n\nTorquay United\n3\n2\n0\n1\n4\n3\n+1\n1\n'''7'''\n\nExeter City\n3\n1\n0\n2\n5\n9\n\n0\n'''3'''\n\nBristol City\n3\n1\n0\n2\n3\n6\n\n0\n'''3'''\n\n\n\n====Group G====\n\n\n\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nNorwich City\n3–0\nNorthampton Town\n14 August 1982\n\nPeterborough United\n4–1\nMansfield Town\n14 August 1982\n\nMansfield Town\n1–2\nNorthampton Town\n16 August 1982\n\nNorwich City\n6–2\nPeterborough United\n18 August 1982\n\nMansfield Town\n1–3\nNorwich City\n21 August 1982\n\nPeterborough United\n5–2\nNorthampton Town\n21 August 1982\n\n \n\n\n\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNorwich City\n3\n3\n0\n0\n12\n3\n+9\n3\n'''12'''\n\nPeterborough United\n3\n2\n0\n1\n11\n9\n+2\n2\n'''8'''\n\nNorthampton Town\n3\n1\n0\n2\n4\n9\n\n0\n'''3'''\n\nMansfield Town\n3\n0\n0\n3\n3\n9\n\n0\n'''0'''\n\n\n\n====Group H====\n\n\n\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nScunthorpe United\n1–1\nLincoln City\n14 August 1982\n\nSheffield United\n1–3\nGrimsby Town\n14 August 1982\n\nScunthorpe United\n0–0\nSheffield United\n17 August 1982\n\nLincoln City\n2–0\nGrimsby Town\n18 August 1982\n\nGrimsby Town\n2–0\nScunthorpe United\n21 August 1982\n\nLincoln City\n3–1\nSheffield United\n21 August 1982\n\n \n\n\n\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLincoln City\n3\n2\n1\n0\n6\n3\n+3\n1\n'''8'''\n\nGrimsby Town\n3\n2\n0\n1\n6\n3\n+3\n1\n'''7'''\n\nScunthorpe United\n3\n0\n2\n1\n1\n3\n\n0\n'''2'''\n\nSheffield United\n3\n0\n1\n2\n2\n6\n\n0\n'''1'''\n\n\n\n===Quarter-finals===\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nMillwall\n1–1 (aet) \nBradford City\n6 December 1982\n\nLincoln City\n3–1\nNorwich City\n8 December 1982\n\nReading\n5–3\nWatford\n8 December 1982\n\nChester\n0–0 (aet) \nNewport County\n26 January 1983\n\n\n===Semi-finals===\n\n\nHome team\nResult\nAway team\nDate\n\nReading\n1–3\nMillwall\n26 January 1983\n\nChester\n1–3 (aet)\nLincoln City\n8 February 1983", "\n\n\n====Millwall line-ups====", "*" ]

[ "\n\n\n\n'''UAP Old Mutual Group''' is a financial services conglomerate that maintains its headquarters in Kenya, with subsidiaries in Uganda, Tanzania, South Sudan, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.\n", "The headquarters of UAP Old Mutual Group are located in the 33-storey UAP Old Mutual Tower, located on ''Hospital Road'', in Upper Hill, Nairobi, about , southwest of the city's central business district. The coordinates of the company headquarters are: 01°17'56.0\"S, 36°49'10.0\"E (Latitude:-1.298889; Longitude:36.819444).\n", "In 2014 Old Mutual acquired a controlling 67 percent interest in Faulu Kenya, the second-largest microfinance bank in Kenya, whose stock is privately held, for a sum of KSh3.6 billion (approx. US$40 million). In early 2015, Old Mutual, spent a total of US$253.1 million (KSh 23.1 billion) to acquire 60.66 percent shareholding in UAP Holdings. Later in 2015, Old Mutual began to consolidate all its investments in Kenya under one company, namely the \"UAP Old Mutual Group\". The integration involves (a) UAP Holdings, in which Old Mutual owns 60.66 percent (b) Faulu Kenya, in which Old Mutual owns 67 percent and (c) the legacy businesses of Old Mutual Kenya, in which Old Mutual maintains 100 percent shareholding. UAP Old Mutual plans to list its shares on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) in 2018, after the mergers are concluded.\n", "The group is governed by a 14-person board of directors chaired by Dr. Joseph Barrage Wanjui, a shareholder in the business. The Group CEO is Peter Mwangi, a certified public accountant and a chartered financial analyst.\n", "* UAP Holdings\n* Faulu Kenya\n* Old Mutual\n", "\n", "* Website of UAP Old Mutual Group\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Location", "Overview", "Governance", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ "In 2014 Old Mutual acquired a controlling 67 percent interest in Faulu Kenya, the second-largest microfinance bank in Kenya, whose stock is privately held, for a sum of KSh3.6 billion (approx." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n'''UAP Old Mutual Group''' is a financial services conglomerate that maintains its headquarters in Kenya, with subsidiaries in Uganda, Tanzania, South Sudan, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "The headquarters of UAP Old Mutual Group are located in the 33-storey UAP Old Mutual Tower, located on ''Hospital Road'', in Upper Hill, Nairobi, about , southwest of the city's central business district.", "The coordinates of the company headquarters are: 01°17'56.0\"S, 36°49'10.0\"E (Latitude:-1.298889; Longitude:36.819444).", "US$40 million).", "In early 2015, Old Mutual, spent a total of US$253.1 million (KSh 23.1 billion) to acquire 60.66 percent shareholding in UAP Holdings.", "Later in 2015, Old Mutual began to consolidate all its investments in Kenya under one company, namely the \"UAP Old Mutual Group\".", "The integration involves (a) UAP Holdings, in which Old Mutual owns 60.66 percent (b) Faulu Kenya, in which Old Mutual owns 67 percent and (c) the legacy businesses of Old Mutual Kenya, in which Old Mutual maintains 100 percent shareholding.", "UAP Old Mutual plans to list its shares on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) in 2018, after the mergers are concluded.", "The group is governed by a 14-person board of directors chaired by Dr. Joseph Barrage Wanjui, a shareholder in the business.", "The Group CEO is Peter Mwangi, a certified public accountant and a chartered financial analyst.", "* UAP Holdings\n* Faulu Kenya\n* Old Mutual", "* Website of UAP Old Mutual Group" ]

[ "\n\n'''''Toughest Man Alive''''' is a 1955 American drama film directed by Sidney Salkow from an original screenplay by Steve Fisher. The film stars Dane Clark, Lita Milan, and Anthony Caruso, and was released on November 6, 1955.\n", "* Dane Clark as Lee Stevens aka Pete Gore\n* Lita Milan as Lida Montoya\n* Anthony Caruso as Pete Gore\n* Ross Elliott as Cal York\n* Myrna Dell as Nancy York\n* Thomas B. Henry as Ed Dolphin\n* Paul Levitt as Don\n* John Eldredge as Widmer\n* Dehl Berti as Salvador\n* Richard Karlan as Morgan\n* Syd Saylor as Proprietor\n* Jonathan Seymour as Agency chief\n* Don Mathers as Bank manager\n* William Haade as Henchman hired by Lee\n", "", "* \n* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Cast list", "References", "External links" ]

[ "* Dane Clark as Lee Stevens aka Pete Gore\n* Lita Milan as Lida Montoya\n* Anthony Caruso as Pete Gore\n* Ross Elliott as Cal York\n* Myrna Dell as Nancy York\n* Thomas B. Henry as Ed Dolphin\n* Paul Levitt as Don\n* John Eldredge as Widmer\n* Dehl Berti as Salvador\n* Richard Karlan as Morgan\n* Syd Saylor as Proprietor\n* Jonathan Seymour as Agency chief\n* Don Mathers as Bank manager\n* William Haade as Henchman hired by Lee" ]

[ "\n\n'''''Toughest Man Alive''''' is a 1955 American drama film directed by Sidney Salkow from an original screenplay by Steve Fisher.", "The film stars Dane Clark, Lita Milan, and Anthony Caruso, and was released on November 6, 1955.", "* \n* \n*" ]

[ "The '''ABC''' was a Cuban political organization founded in 1931 in opposition to the government of Gerardo Machado. It used a hierarchy of clandestine cells, in which each member would oversee a cell on the next level. The first cell was labeled A; the next tier B; then C, and so forth.\n\nThe ABC gained prominence quickly through dissemination of propaganda and through acts of terrorism. The group accepted the invitation of US Ambassador Sumner Welles to participate in a new government, only to be forced out of power in less than a month, becoming again an opposition group during the One Hundred Days Government.\n", "The ABC was founded in October 1931 by a group that had been meeting for a year in the office of Dr. Juan Andrés Lliteras. The most prominent member was Joaquín Martínez Saenz. Jorge Mañach and Francisco Ichaso were soon invited to join. The group's membership was predominantly middle class, including students and professionals.\n\nCells had about seven members, each of whom could lead a cell on the tier below. Members of the organization knew only their leader and the cell below them. The system of alphabetical lettering of cells from tier to tier gave the organization its name.\n\nA sequence of numbers along with the letter identified each individual member. The members of cell A were numbered A1, A2, A3, etc. They gave their number as the first digit used in the next cell; the cell led by A3 would have members B31, B32, B33, etc.\n", "The organization took credit for numerous acts of assassination and bombing. They targeted police officers and soldiers, and also made several high-profile killings including Senate President Clemente Vazquez Bello. Apparently the ABC had made a plan to kill Machado by bombing Vazequez Bello’s funeral, but failed due to a last-minute change of cemetery.\n\nIn early 1932 the government created a secret police force called the Porra, which acted against the opposition with no less violence. This repression further weakened the Machado government and enhanced the ABC's standing.\n\nThe ABC maintained close contact with Cuba's radical student group, the Directorio Estudiantil Universitario. Student leader Eduardo Chibás wrote that students sometimes carried out the bombing missions, with the ABC providing funding and equipment, and also taking credit.\n", "ABC insignia as it appears on the 1932 program-manifesto\nIn 1932, the ABC issued a Program Manifesto, written predominantly by Martínez Saenz, Mañach, and Ichaso. The Manifesto called for a range of reforms, including women's suffrage, worker’s rights (unions, eight-hour day, right to strike, pensions), the elimination of ''latifundios'' through taxation, and the creation of cooperatives. It also called for the creation of a Cuban National Bank.\n\nThough wide-ranging, the ABC's program has been described as more pragmatic or realistic than those of other opposition groups at the time. The ABC was sometimes criticized (especially by the Communist Party) as fascist, elitist, or crypto-imperialist. The British Ambassador John J. Broderick related his \"surprise to hear university professors and lawyers and doctors of education and intelligence attempt to justify the nightly bombings in the capital and its surroundings, on the grounds that they serve to keep alive amongst the people a spirit of uneasiness and revolt until comprehensive plans have been prepared for a series of systematic direct attacks on the machinery of the Government.\"\n\nThe ABC itself declared its opposition to both communism and fascism.\n", "\nBy early 1933 the ABC had reached its peak popularity, and its green flag was reportedly flown widely.\n\nApparently contrary to its stance against American interventionism, the ABC accepted a seat at the table in negotiations with American ambassador Sumner Welles, prompting the creation of a more rigidly anti-interventionist splinter group called ABC Radical. ABC’s participation gave credibility to the negotiations, and by twice threatening to withdraw the organization was able to effect release of its imprisoned members, thanks to pressure by Welles on Machado. Welles wrote of the ABC in a telegram to Washington on 1 July 1933, \"the representatives of that organization are both intelligent and well-disposed and I am hopeful that for some weeks at least the organization can be kept in line.\"\n\nWhen, amidst a general strike in Havana, Welles succeeded in pressuring Machado to resign, the ABC requested four cabinet positions in the new government of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada. It got two: Martínez Saenz as Secretary of the Treasury, and Carlos Saladrigas as Secretary of Justice. \n\nThe Céspedes government was displaced by the Sergeants' Revolt of 4 September 1933. One of the plotters, Fulgencio Batista, was an ABC member, but had not secured the help of his comrades in the government. (In the years preceding, Batista had been spying for the ABC while serving as a sergeant-stenographer.)\n\nIn November 1933 the ABC participated in an unsuccessful revolt against the One Hundred Days Government headed by Ramon Grau. Despite the chaos of the times, many groups including ABC Radical, the Communist Party, and eventually the armed forces under Batista fought on the side of the government. The rebels retreated to Atarés Castle, where they held out for a few hours then surrendered. This defeat, and the ABC’s confused explanation of its motives for the revolt, dealt a permanent blow to the group’s credibility.\n", "\nThe ABC continued as a political party but saw its influence steadily dwindle. It disbanded in 1952.\n", "* Directorio Estudiantil Universitario\n", "\n\n=== Sources ===\n* Aguilar, Luis E. (1972). ''Cuba 1933: Prologue to Revolution''. Cornell University Press. .\n* Argote-Freyre, Frank (2006). ''Fulgencio Batista: From Revolutionary to Strongman''. Rutgers University Press. .\n* Whitney, Robert W. (2001). ''State and Revolution in Cuba: Mass Mobilization and Political Change, 1920–1940''. University of North Carolina Press. .\n", "* El ABC al Pueblo de Cuba: Manifiesto-Programa\n* Photographs of ABC mausoleum\n* Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Paper, 1933, The American Republics, Volume 5: Cuba\n\n=== News ===\n* Arthur Evans. “ Rioters in Havana Shoot ‘Porristas’: 60 Are Slain”. Chicago Tribune. 14 August 1933, p. 1.\n* Arthur Evans. \" Cuba is Terrorized Anew: Troops Battle Rioting Mobs in Several Cities: Uprising Reported in Ranks of Army\". ''Chicago Tribune''. 21 September 1933, p. 1.\n* \" Revolt Flares Anew in Cuba; Bomb Havana\". ''Chicago Tribune'' (via ''New York Times''). 9 November 1933.\n* Edmund A. Chester. \" Retaliation in Cuba is Feared: ABC Leaders, Beset in Sunday's Parade by Machine Gunners, Expected to Strike; 15 Dead\". ''Prescott Evening Courier'' (AP), 18 June 1934, p. 1.\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Founding ", " Terrorism ", " Manifesto and ideology", " Regime changes of 1933–1934 ", " After 1934 ", " See also ", " References ", " External links " ]

[ "It also called for the creation of a Cuban National Bank." ]

[ "The '''ABC''' was a Cuban political organization founded in 1931 in opposition to the government of Gerardo Machado.", "It used a hierarchy of clandestine cells, in which each member would oversee a cell on the next level.", "The first cell was labeled A; the next tier B; then C, and so forth.", "The ABC gained prominence quickly through dissemination of propaganda and through acts of terrorism.", "The group accepted the invitation of US Ambassador Sumner Welles to participate in a new government, only to be forced out of power in less than a month, becoming again an opposition group during the One Hundred Days Government.", "The ABC was founded in October 1931 by a group that had been meeting for a year in the office of Dr. Juan Andrés Lliteras.", "The most prominent member was Joaquín Martínez Saenz.", "Jorge Mañach and Francisco Ichaso were soon invited to join.", "The group's membership was predominantly middle class, including students and professionals.", "Cells had about seven members, each of whom could lead a cell on the tier below.", "Members of the organization knew only their leader and the cell below them.", "The system of alphabetical lettering of cells from tier to tier gave the organization its name.", "A sequence of numbers along with the letter identified each individual member.", "The members of cell A were numbered A1, A2, A3, etc.", "They gave their number as the first digit used in the next cell; the cell led by A3 would have members B31, B32, B33, etc.", "The organization took credit for numerous acts of assassination and bombing.", "They targeted police officers and soldiers, and also made several high-profile killings including Senate President Clemente Vazquez Bello.", "Apparently the ABC had made a plan to kill Machado by bombing Vazequez Bello’s funeral, but failed due to a last-minute change of cemetery.", "In early 1932 the government created a secret police force called the Porra, which acted against the opposition with no less violence.", "This repression further weakened the Machado government and enhanced the ABC's standing.", "The ABC maintained close contact with Cuba's radical student group, the Directorio Estudiantil Universitario.", "Student leader Eduardo Chibás wrote that students sometimes carried out the bombing missions, with the ABC providing funding and equipment, and also taking credit.", "ABC insignia as it appears on the 1932 program-manifesto\nIn 1932, the ABC issued a Program Manifesto, written predominantly by Martínez Saenz, Mañach, and Ichaso.", "The Manifesto called for a range of reforms, including women's suffrage, worker’s rights (unions, eight-hour day, right to strike, pensions), the elimination of ''latifundios'' through taxation, and the creation of cooperatives.", "Though wide-ranging, the ABC's program has been described as more pragmatic or realistic than those of other opposition groups at the time.", "The ABC was sometimes criticized (especially by the Communist Party) as fascist, elitist, or crypto-imperialist.", "The British Ambassador John J. Broderick related his \"surprise to hear university professors and lawyers and doctors of education and intelligence attempt to justify the nightly bombings in the capital and its surroundings, on the grounds that they serve to keep alive amongst the people a spirit of uneasiness and revolt until comprehensive plans have been prepared for a series of systematic direct attacks on the machinery of the Government.\"", "The ABC itself declared its opposition to both communism and fascism.", "\nBy early 1933 the ABC had reached its peak popularity, and its green flag was reportedly flown widely.", "Apparently contrary to its stance against American interventionism, the ABC accepted a seat at the table in negotiations with American ambassador Sumner Welles, prompting the creation of a more rigidly anti-interventionist splinter group called ABC Radical.", "ABC’s participation gave credibility to the negotiations, and by twice threatening to withdraw the organization was able to effect release of its imprisoned members, thanks to pressure by Welles on Machado.", "Welles wrote of the ABC in a telegram to Washington on 1 July 1933, \"the representatives of that organization are both intelligent and well-disposed and I am hopeful that for some weeks at least the organization can be kept in line.\"", "When, amidst a general strike in Havana, Welles succeeded in pressuring Machado to resign, the ABC requested four cabinet positions in the new government of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada.", "It got two: Martínez Saenz as Secretary of the Treasury, and Carlos Saladrigas as Secretary of Justice.", "The Céspedes government was displaced by the Sergeants' Revolt of 4 September 1933.", "One of the plotters, Fulgencio Batista, was an ABC member, but had not secured the help of his comrades in the government.", "(In the years preceding, Batista had been spying for the ABC while serving as a sergeant-stenographer.)", "In November 1933 the ABC participated in an unsuccessful revolt against the One Hundred Days Government headed by Ramon Grau.", "Despite the chaos of the times, many groups including ABC Radical, the Communist Party, and eventually the armed forces under Batista fought on the side of the government.", "The rebels retreated to Atarés Castle, where they held out for a few hours then surrendered.", "This defeat, and the ABC’s confused explanation of its motives for the revolt, dealt a permanent blow to the group’s credibility.", "\nThe ABC continued as a political party but saw its influence steadily dwindle.", "It disbanded in 1952.", "* Directorio Estudiantil Universitario", "\n\n=== Sources ===\n* Aguilar, Luis E. (1972).", "''Cuba 1933: Prologue to Revolution''.", "Cornell University Press.", ".", "* Argote-Freyre, Frank (2006).", "''Fulgencio Batista: From Revolutionary to Strongman''.", "Rutgers University Press.", ".", "* Whitney, Robert W. (2001).", "''State and Revolution in Cuba: Mass Mobilization and Political Change, 1920–1940''.", "University of North Carolina Press.", ".", "* El ABC al Pueblo de Cuba: Manifiesto-Programa\n* Photographs of ABC mausoleum\n* Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Paper, 1933, The American Republics, Volume 5: Cuba\n\n=== News ===\n* Arthur Evans.", "“ Rioters in Havana Shoot ‘Porristas’: 60 Are Slain”.", "Chicago Tribune.", "14 August 1933, p. 1.", "* Arthur Evans. \"", "Cuba is Terrorized Anew: Troops Battle Rioting Mobs in Several Cities: Uprising Reported in Ranks of Army\".", "''Chicago Tribune''.", "21 September 1933, p. 1.", "* \" Revolt Flares Anew in Cuba; Bomb Havana\".", "''Chicago Tribune'' (via ''New York Times'').", "9 November 1933.", "* Edmund A. Chester. \"", "Retaliation in Cuba is Feared: ABC Leaders, Beset in Sunday's Parade by Machine Gunners, Expected to Strike; 15 Dead\".", "''Prescott Evening Courier'' (AP), 18 June 1934, p. 1." ]

[ "'''Glauser''' is a surname. People with this surname or its variants include:\n\n\n* Calvin Henry Glauser (1923–2007), Canadian bank employee and political figure in Saskatchewan\n* Elisabeth Glauser (born 1943), Swiss operatic mezzo-soprano and academic voice teacher\n* Friedrich Glauser (1896–1938), Swiss writer\n* Laura Glauser (born 1993), French handballer in the French national team\n* Nelly Glauser (born 1966), Swiss long-distance runner\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction" ]

[ "People with this surname or its variants include:\n\n\n* Calvin Henry Glauser (1923–2007), Canadian bank employee and political figure in Saskatchewan\n* Elisabeth Glauser (born 1943), Swiss operatic mezzo-soprano and academic voice teacher\n* Friedrich Glauser (1896–1938), Swiss writer\n* Laura Glauser (born 1993), French handballer in the French national team\n* Nelly Glauser (born 1966), Swiss long-distance runner" ]

[ "'''Glauser''' is a surname." ]

[ "Salford is a town in the City of Salford Metropolitan Borough, Greater Manchester, England. The town, which includes the areas of Broughton, Charlestown, Kersal, Ordsall, Pendleton, and Weaste, contains 125 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, two are listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, nine are at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. \n\nAlthough Salford was a manor recorded in the Domesday Book, few listed buildings date from before the arrival of the Industrial Revolution in the form of the textile industry. There was a considerable increase in population in the early 19th century, particularly following the arrival of the railways, and many houses date from between 1830 and 1850, and these were followed by churches and public buildings. The earliest listed buildings are a country house, a manor house and a church. In the early 19th century are a public house, churches and a bridge. Following that are houses, more churches, and a surviving mill; then there are more houses and associated structures, churches and items in churchyards, and public buildings. Other later types of listed buildings include railway structures, memorials and statues, social clubs, offices, a telephone kiosk, and items of public art.\n__NOTOC__", "\n\n\n Grade\n Criteria\n\nI\n Buildings of exceptional interest, sometimes considered to be internationally important\n\nII*\n Particularly important buildings of more than special interest\n\nII\n Buildings of national importance and special interest\n\n", "{| class=\"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders\" style=\"width:100%; border:0; text-align:left; line-height:150%;\"\n\nName and location\nPhotograph\nDate\nNotes\nGrade\n\nOrdsall Hall\ncentre\n\nA country house, extended in about 1639, and restored and extended in 1896–97 by Alfred Darbyshire. The original part is timber framed with slate roofs, and the extensions are in brick with terracotta dressings. The building has a central open hall with gabled two-storey cross-wings. The windows are mullioned or mullioned and transomed, and there is a large two-storey canted bay window.\n\n\nKersal Cell\ncentre\n\nA manor house, later used for other purposes, it is timber framed on a sandstone plinth with plaster infill, and it originated as a cruck-framed building. The house consists of a three-bay hall with gabled cross-wings, it has two storeys, and the windows are mullioned. The rear is in brick and contains Gothic-style windows with hood moulds. On the side walls are exposed cruck trusses and on the west side is a decorative plaster frieze.\n\n\nSacred Trinity Church\ncentre\n1635\nThe oldest part is the tower, the rest of the church was rebuilt in 1752–53, and the church was restored in 1871–74. It is in stone, and consists of a nave, a shallow chancel, and a west tower. The tower has angle pilasters, and at the top is a triglyph frieze, an embattled parapet with finials, and a small spire with a weathervane. Along the sides of the church are two tiers of round-headed windows with keystones, and below the parapet is a modillion eaves cornice.\n\n\nThe former Punch Bowl Public House\n\n1817 (mainly)\nOriginally two public houses, later used for other purposes, the building is in brick with a modillion eaves cornice and Welsh slate roofs. The main block, on a corner site, has three storeys, one bay on Chapel Street, three on Booth Street, and a curved bay on the corner. The doorway, in the corner bay, has a large fascia on consoles, the windows are sashes, and between the upper floors is a sill band. On Booth Street is a two-storey, four-bay block with mullioned windows on the ground floor and sash windows above.\n\n\nChapel Street and Hope United Reformed Church\ncentre\n1819\nThe church is in brick on a stone plinth, with stone dressings, a string course, a parapet, and a hipped Welsh slate roof. It has a single storey over a basement and five bays. In the second and fourth bays are doorways, and in the other bays are windows, all with round heads. The doorways have moulded architraves and radial fanlights. Steps lead up to the doorways and between them is a balustraded balcony. Above the doorways are inscribed stones.\n\n\n22–34 The Crescent\ncentre\n\nA slightly curving terrace of 13 houses, later offices, with stone dressings and a Welsh slate roof. They have three storeys, and each house has three bays. Most of the doorways have Corinthian shafts carrying an entablature with a triglyph and modillion frieze and a fanlight. The windows are sashes.\n\n\nBlackfriars Bridge\ncentre\n\nThe bridge carries Blackfriars Street on a slope over the River Irwell. It is in stone and cast iron, and consists of three semicircular arches, partly embedded in the river bank. On each side of the central arch are paired Ionic pilasters, the voussoirs have vermiculated rustication, and the outer faces of the parapets are balustraded.\n\n\nSt Philip's Church\ncentre\n1822–24\nA Commissioners' church designed by Robert Smirke in Greek Revival style, and reordered in 1895 by J. Medland Taylor. It is in ashlar stone, and has a rectangular plan and two storeys. On the south side is a semicircular porch with six unfluted Ionic columns and a balustraded parapet. The doorway has a Doric architrave. Above the porch is a circular bell tower with two stages; the lower stage has engaged fluted shafts with Corinthian capitals and a cornice. In the upper stage are pilasters, round-arched openings, and a domed cap. The lower storey contains flat-headed windows, and above are larger round-headed windows. There are pediments at the east and west ends, and inside are galleries on three sides.\n\n\nIslington Mill\n\n1823\nA cotton spinning mill, later extended and then used for other purposes, it is in brick with slate roofs. The main block is fire-proof with an internal structure of cast iron columns and brick arches. It has six storeys and twelve bays, a lift tower and a stair tower. There is a second mill with three storeys and a stair tower. Also on the site, with all the buildings surrounding a courtyard, are an external engine house and boiler house, a warehouse range, offices, and stabling.\n\n\nSummer Hill\n\n\nA detached house in Tudor Revival style, later used for other purposes. It is stone-faced and has a Welsh slate roof, and the parapets are embattled throughout. There are two storeys, a symmetrical range of five bays, and a recessed two-bay left wing. The central porch has a four-centred arch and an inner doorway with a traceried fanlight. Flanking the central bay are pilasters that rise to form turrets, and there are angle buttresses rising to octagonal finials. The windows are mullioned and transomed, and in the left wing is a square bay window.\n\n\n2, 4 and 6 Acton Square\n\n\nA terrace of three brick houses, later used as offices, on a stone plinth, with a sill band, a wooden modillion eaves, and a slate roof. There are two storeys, and each house has three bays. In the central bay of each house is a doorway with an Ionic architrave and a traceried fanlight in a shallow segmental arch. The windows are sashes.\n\n\n32, 34 and 36 Broad Street\n\n\nA terrace of three brick houses with a modillion eaves cornice and a Welsh slate roof. There are two storeys and eight bays. The first bay projects slightly, the next five bays are symmetrical under a pediment, and the end two bays also project slightly. The doorways have architraves, round heads and fanlights, and the windows are sashes.\n\n\n6–12 Encombe Place\ncentre\n\nA terrace of four brick houses on a stone plinth, with stone dressings, a first floor sill band, an eaves cornice, and a Welsh slate roof. They have three storeys, and each house has three bays. The doorways are approached up steps, and have moulded architraves with Ionic shafts and flat entablatures. The windows are sashes, those in the ground floor with aprons.\n\n\n1 Massey Street\n\n\nA house in roughcast brick with a slate roof, it has three storeys and two bays. The doorway has a pediment, and the windows are sashes.\n\n\n17 The Crescent\n\n\nA brick house, later offices, on a stone plinth, with stone dressings, pilasters, a stone eaves cornice and blocking course, and a hipped Welsh slate roof. It has two storeys, five bays, and flanking single-storey bays. Steps lead up to the central doorway, which has engaged Ionic columns and pilasters, a fanlight, and an entablature. The windows are sashes with aprons, the window above the doorway having an architrave and a cornice on consoles. In the outer bays are infilled segmental archways.\n\n\n19, 20 and 21 The Crescent\ncentre\n\nOriginally a terrace of three houses, later combined to form a public house, it is in roughcast brick with a Welsh slate roof. There are three storeys and six bays, two doorways, one with a pedimented doorcase, and sash windows. In the roof is a pedimented dormer.\n\n\nBollards south of St Philip's Church\n\n\nA row of eleven cast iron columnar bollards at the edge of the pavement to the south and west of the church.\n\n\nBollards west of St Philip's Church\n\n\nA row of eight cast iron columnar bollards at the edge of the pavement to the south and west of the church.\n\n\nJoule House and 48 and 49 The Crescent\ncentre\n\nA group of three brick houses, later used as offices, with a first floor band, a plain eaves cornice, angle pilasters, and a slate roof. They have three storeys, eight bays on The Crescent, four on Acton Square, and a lower wing beyond. Each house has a projecting Ionic doorcase, and the windows are sashes. The scientist James Prescott Joule lived and worked in Joule House.\n\n\nFormer Kersal Bar Toll House\ncentre\n\nThe former toll house is in stuccoed brick with a felt roof. It has an octagonal plan, a single storey, and a rectangular bay to the right. The entrance is on the left, and the windows, which are replacements, have hood moulds.\n\n\nThe Crown Tavern\ncentre\n\nThe public house is in brick with a Welsh slate roof, three storeys and three bays. The ground floor is tiled, and in the centre is a round-headed doorway that has an architrave with shafts. Above the ground floor is a moulded fascia, and in the upper floors are sash windows with flat-arched stuccoed heads.\n\n\nBuile Hill\ncentre\n1825–27\nA large house, later used for other purposes, designed by Charles Barry, and extended in the 1860s by Edward Walters. It is in ashlar stone and has a Welsh slate roof, and three storeys. In the centre is a porte-cochère with two fluted Doric columns carrying an entablature with a triglyph frieze. Flanking this are two bays, there is a two-bay wing recessed to the right and a further single-storey wing to the right of this. In the centre of the house is an open pavilion with a balustrade. All the windows are sashes. In the garden front is a doorway with a Doric architrave and square bay windows with balustraded parapets.\n\n\nTown Hall\ncentre\n1825–27\nOriginally a market hall and used as the town hall from 1853, the front and first bay were designed by Richard Lane in Neoclassical style, and additions have since been made to the rear. The front is in ashlar stone, and has two storeys and a symmetrical front of five bays. The central three bays project forward under a pediment, and there are two central engaged fluted Doric columns, two outer pilasters, and an entablature with a laurel wreath frieze. At the corners are similar pilasters, the central doorway has a fanlight, and the windows are sashes, those in the outer ground floor with entablatures on console blocks. Behind is a long brick range in varying heights.\n\n\nSt Thomas' Church, Pendleton\ncentre\n1829–31\nA Commissioners' church by Francis Goodwin and Richard Lane in Gothic style. It is in stone, and consists of a nave, north and south aisles, a chancel, and a west tower flanked by porches. There are embattled parapets on the body of the church and on the tower, which has also has corner pinnacles. The aisle windows have Decorated tracery, and the east window has six lights and Perpendicular tracery.\n\n\nRailings, gates and gate piers,St Thomas' Church, Pendleton\n\n\nA low brick wall runs along the north side of the churchyard, and is surmounted by chamfered stone coping and cast iron railings. The gate piers have polygonal angle pilasters and volutes.\n\n\n30 Broad Street\n\n\nA brick house in a terrace with a moulded wood eaves cornice and a Welsh slate roof. There are three storeys and three narrow bays. The round-headed doorway in the left bay has an architrave and a fanlight, and the windows are sashes.\n\n\n258 Great Clowes Street and1 Murray Street\n\n\nOriginally two houses, later combined and used for other purposes, the building is stuccoed with a sill band, a plain wood eaves cornice, and a hipped Welsh slate roof. There are two storeys with a basement, seven bays on Great Clowes Street, and three on Murray Street. On both fronts is an Ionic portico, and the windows are replacements.\n\n\n260 Great Clowes Street\n\n\nA house at the end of a terrace, stuccoed with a sill band, a plain wood eaves cornice, an angle pilaster, and a Welsh slate roof. There are two storeys and three bays. In the left bay is a recessed doorway with an architrave, and an entablature on Ionic pilasters. Some of the windows are sashes, and others are replacements.\n\n\n1 Hulme Place\n\n\nA brick house, later offices, with a Welsh slate roof, three storeys, three bays, and a lower two-storey range to the right. In the centre of the main block is a doorway with a pedimented doorcase, and the windows are sashes.\n\n\nDrinking fountain\n\n\nThe drinking fountain is in the wall at the corner of the churchyard of St Thomas' Church, Pendleton. It is in stone and consists of a chamfered pier with a corbelled cornice and a coped pyramidal cap. There are two basins in niches with trefoil heads and shafts with foliate capitals.\n\n\nRailway bridge to former Liverpool Road Station\ncentre\n1830\nThe bridge was designed by George Stephenson to carry the Liverpool and Manchester Railway over the River Irwell into Liverpool Road railway station. It is in stone and consists of two segmental arches with a central pier and a cutwater. The arches have voussoirs, there are pilasters flanking the pier, and the bridge has a cornice and a parapet with plain coping.\n\n\nSt John's Church, Broughton\ncentre\n1836–39\nThe church was designed by Richard Lane, and the chancel was added in 1846. The church is in stone with a Welsh slate roof, and consists of a nave, a chancel with north and south vestries, and a west tower with flanking porches. The parapets are embattled. The tower has three stages, angle buttresses rising to tall pinnacles, a clock face, and an embattled parapet. Most of the windows contain Decorated tracery.\n\n\nVictoria Bridge\ncentre\n1839\nThe bridge carries Victoria Bridge Street over the River Irwell, and is in rusticated sandstone. It consists of a single segmental arch with a string course and shallow chamfered copings. In the centre are inscribed panels with ball finials and volutes, and at the ends are pilasters.\n\n\n319 Bury New Road\n\n\nA brick house with a sill band, a moulded wood eaves cornice, and a hipped Welsh slate roof. There are two storeys and three bays. The central doorway has a segmental arch, an Ionic architrave and a traceried fanlight, and the windows are replacements. On the north side is a round-arched stair window.\n\n\n393–407 Bury New Road\n\n\nA terrace of eight stuccoed houses with quoins, a modillion eaves cornice, and a Welsh slate roof. They have three storeys and 18 bays, the outer four bays at each end projecting forward. The doorways have moulded architraves and fanlights, and the windows, also with moulded architraves, are sashes. At the ends are projecting porches.\n\n\n122 Great Clowes Street\n\n\nA brick house with a sill band, a plain wood eaves cornice, and a Welsh slate roof. There are three storeys and six bays. Steps lead up to the round-headed doorway that has an architrave and a fanlight, and the windows are sashes.\n\n\n208 and 210 Great Clowes Street\n\n\nOriginally two houses, later divided into flats, the building is in brick with stone dressings, a first floor sill band, and a hipped concrete tile roof. There are three storeys, a symmetrical front of five bays, and a recessed wing at the rear. In the centre is a Roman Doric portico with an entablature and a cornice, and the windows are sashes.\n\n\n437 Lower Broughton Road\n\n\nA brick house with a Welsh slate roof, two storeys and three bays. The outer bays have shallow gables, and in the central bay is a recessed porch and a doorway with a segmental head. The windows are sashes. In the left return are a bow window with paired pilasters, and a cartouche.\n\n\n451 Lower Broughton Road and coach house\n\n\nThe house and coach house are in brick with angle pilasters, a plain cornice, overhanging eaves on small brackets, and hipped Welsh slate roofs. The house has two storeys and three bays. In the central bay is a doorway with a canopy, and in the left bay is a full-height canted bay window. The windows are sashes. The coach house at the rear has an arched corbel table, inserted windows, and a pair of pointed niches facing the street.\n\n\n453 Lower Broughton Road\n\n\nA stuccoed brick house with a moulded eaves cornice, and a hipped Welsh slate roof. There are two storeys and three bays. In the centre is a flat-roofed porch and a doorway that has an architrave with Tuscan pilasters. The right bay contains a full-height square bay window, and the windows are sashes with fretted blind canopies.\n\n\n455 Lower Broughton Road\n\n\nA stuccoed brick house with a moulded eaves cornice and a Welsh slate roof. It is part of a terrace, set back from the road, with two storeys, a single bay at the front, and a long rear wing. The porch projects and has a doorway with round-headed side lights, and above it is a glazed gable. In the upper floor is a three-light sash window.\n\n\n457 and 459 Broughton Road\n\n\nA pair of stuccoed brick houses with a sill band, a moulded eaves cornice, and a hipped Welsh slate roof. There are two storeys and six bays. The doorways have architraves with engaged columns and fanlights, and the windows are sashes in architraves.\n\n\n466 Lower Broughton Road\n\n\nA brick house in Gothic style with a Welsh slate roof. There are two storeys with attics, a three-bay front, and a rear wing. The central bay projects slightly and has a gable with bargeboards and a pendant finial, and a projecting porch containing a doorway with a four-centred arched head. Above this is a three-light window and a lancet window in the gable. The ground floor windows are mullioned and transomed. The sides are gabled and contain canted bay windows.\n\n\nCliff House\n\n\nA stuccoed brick house with a sill band and a hipped tile roof. There are two storeys and a front of three bays at right angles to the road. Facing the road, to the right, is a porch with a pediment behind which is a verandah. The windows have been renewed, those in the ground floor with entablatures on console brackets, and those in the upper floor with architraves.\n\n\nPark Villa\n\n\nA stuccoed brick house with a plain eaves cornice, overhanging eaves, and a hipped Welsh slate roof. There are two storeys with attics and a symmetrical front of three bays. The doorway is in the middle bay, the windows are sashes, and there are three gabled dormers.\n\n\nParkside\n\n\nA stuccoed house with overhanging eaves on moulded brackets and a Welsh slate roof. There are two storeys with attics, three bays, and a lower recessed two-storey single-bay extension to the left. In the centre is a Doric portico with a balustraded parapet and a doorway with a reeded architrave and a fanlight, above which are two small round-headed windows. The outer bays project slightly and contain sash windows, and in the roof are two gabled dormers.\n\n\nRailway viaduct and retaining walls\ncentre\n\nThis consists of two railway bridges and a linking retaining wall. The wall is in ashlar stone and has rusticated piers dividing it into bays containing arches with voussoirs, the piers breaking into the plain parapet. The bridges and their parapets are in cast iron, the parapet over Greengate has solid panels with moulded decoration, and that over Chapel Street has traceried openwork.\n\n\nScarr Wheel House\n\n\nA stuccoed brick house with a Welsh slate roof. It has two storeys, a front of three bays, and a parallel single-story rear range with pinnacles. In the middle bay is a porch with a four-centred arched doorway and a traceried parapet, above which is an oriel window. Over this bay and the right bay are gablets. The left bay projects forward, it is gabled, and contains sash windows and a sexfoil in the gable apex. On the right return are blind windows.\n\n\nAlbert Bridge\ncentre\n1844\nThe bridge, which carries Bridge Street over the River Irwell, was designed by George W. Buck. It is in sandstone, and consists of a single segmental arch with voussoirs, pilaster terminals, and a moulded string course. In the centre of each parapet is a raised panel, and on the parapets are cast iron lamps.\n\n\nSouthern Railway Viaduct and Colonnade\ncentre\n1844\nThe viaduct was designed by John Hawkshaw for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. It consists of L-shaped girders with cast iron parapets carried on cast iron columns that have capitals decorated with Egyptian lotus flowers. The viaduct is otherwise plain except for the portion over Bridge Street which has sections divided by fluted pilasters with acanthus capitals, and a frieze.\n\n\nSalford Cathedral and Cathedral House\ncentre\n1844–48\nA Roman Catholic cathedral designed by Matthew Hadfield in Gothic Revival style, with the south transept added in 1884. It is in stone with slate roofs, and has a cruciform plan. The cathedral consists of a nave with a clerestory, north and south aisles, north and south transepts, a chancel with aisles, and a steeple at the crossing. The steeple has a tower with angle buttresses, a quatrefoil parapet and a broach spire with four tiers of lucarnes. At the east end is a seven-light window, and polygonal turrets at the corners. The west end contains an arched doorway with a four-light window above and flanked by gabled buttresses with statues under canopies. Also at the west end are four octagonal turrets with crocketed pinnacles and spirelets. Adjoining the east side of the cathedral is the Cathedral House that has an L-shaped plan three storeys and three bays.\n\n\nRailings, wall, gate and gate piers, Salford Cathedral\n\n\nA stone wall runs along the cathedral precinct carrying wrought iron railings, with pilasters on the east side. To the left is a stone arched gateway, and stone gate piers with wrought iron gates.\n\n\nChaseley Field\n\n1848–51\nA detached house in sandstone with a Welsh slate roof, coped gables, and elaborate round chimney stacks. It has an irregular plan, two storeys, attics and cellars. The doorway has a four-centred arch and a hood mould, to the left is a mullioned window and to the right a full-height canted bay window. There are bay windows elsewhere, and dormers, all with sashes. At the rear is a tower-like bay with a pyramidal roof.\n\n\n464 Lower Broughton Road\n\n\nA stone house in Italianate style, with quoins, a Welsh slate roof, and a brick extension at the rear. It has two storey with an attic, and three bays, the right bay projecting forward as a wing with a hipped roof. The central bay contains a porch with a rusticated surround and a round-headed doorway, above which is a balustraded balcony on console brackets. The ground floor windows have panelled architraves and voussoirs, and the upper floor window in the wing has a balustraded balcony.\n\n\nGreengate Baths\n\n1850\nA public swimming baths designed by Thomas Worthington with an Italianate front, later used for other purposes. It is in brick with stone dressings and a Welsh slate roof. The front is symmetrical with 13 bays and two storeys, the central five bays also have an attic storey. In the ground floor each bay contains a round-arched opening with voussoirs, containing a window or an entrance, and each has a console keystone carrying a cornice. In the upper floor are brick pilasters, windows in architraves, and coats of arms in panels at the ends. In the attic storey are round-headed windows, and at the rear the baths have glazed roofs.\n\n\n388 and 390 Lower Broughton Road\n\n\nA pair of brick cottages incorporating earlier timber framing possibly from the 17th century. They have Welsh slate roofs, and consist of two parallel ranges joined by a lower wing. Features include gables with decorative bargeboards, square bay windows, ornamental hood moulds, a gabled dormer, and sash windows.\n\n\nBoundary post, Flax Street\n\n\nThe boundary post denotes the boundary between Salford and Broughton. It is in cast iron, and consists of a column high with an upper face inscribed \"DIVISION\", and the lower face with the names of the two divisions.\n\n\nSt Paul's Church, Kersal\ncentre\n1851–52\nThe church was damaged by fire in 1987, and in the rebuilding the clerestory was not replaced. The church is in stone, and consists of a nave, north and south aisles, a south porch, north and south transepts, a chancel with a north vestry, and a west steeple. The steeple has a three-stage tower with diagonal buttresses, a south doorway, a quatrefoil frieze, a corbel table, an embattled parapet, and a spire with lucarnes. At the southwest is a stair turret with a spirelet.\n\n\nRoyal Art Gallery, Museum and Library\ncentre\n1852–57\nThe building was extended in 1878 and in 1936–38. It is in brick with stone dressings, it has a Welsh slate roof, and is in Italian Renaissance style. The building has a range of four bays containing segmentally-arched windows that is flanked by pedimented wings. Each wing contains an arcaded portico with Corinthian columns, and a balcony with a balustraded parapet. Above is a modillion cornice, and a pediment containing arcading.\n\n\nBoundary stone, Bury Old Road\n\n1853\nThe boundary stone is in ashlar and has a triangular plan and a chamfered top. It denoted the boundary between Prestwich and Salford, and the names of the townships are inscribed on the sides.\n\n\nBoundary stone, Singleton Brook\n\n1853\nThe boundary stone marks the boundary between Prestwich and Salford. It is in ashlar with a triangular plan and a chamfered top. The top is inscribed \"BOUNDARY STONE\", and on the sides are inscribed the names of the towns.\n\n\nBoundary stone, Singleton Road\n\n1853\nThe boundary stone marks the boundary between Prestwich and Salford. It is in ashlar with a triangular plan and a chamfered top. The top is inscribed \"BOUNDARY STONE\", and on the sides are inscribed the names of the towns.\n\n\nLodge, Weaste Cemetery\n\n\nThe lodge is in stone, and is now roofless and ruinous. It has a single storey, and has a plaque recording the opening and the extension of the cemetery.\n\n\nSt Paul's Church, Pendleton, church rooms, vicarage, walls and gates\ncentre\n1855–56\nThe church was designed by E. H. Shellard in Decorated style, but by the 1970s its condition had deteriorated, and it was restored and partly rebuilt by Stephen Dykes Bower, who also added church rooms with a vicarage above. The church is in stone and has slate roofs with stone coping and finials. The church consists of a nave, north and south aisles, a south porch, and a chancel. At the east end is a five-light window, and a bell turret with an octagonal arcaded top and a spire. A northeast porch leads to the church rooms and vicarage, which are at right angles, and a tall garden wall runs from it to enclose a square garden. The wall contains elaborate iron gates.\n\n\nBrotherton Memorial\ncentre\n\nThe memorial is in Weaste Cemetery, and commemorates Joseph Brotherton, Salford's first member of parliament. It is in sandstone, and in Gothic Revival style. The monument has a stepped plinth, a carved arcaded and buttressed base, an open arcaded and gabled octagon with the shafts carved as angels, and a gabled and crocketed spirelet.\n\n\nLeighton House and Moor End\n\n\nA pair of brick semi-detached houses with sandstone dressings, a sill band, a moulded eaves cornice, and a Welsh slate roof. They have two storeys, attics and cellars, and each house has three bays. In the centre of each house is a projecting porch with Doric columns, and a doorway with an architrave and a fanlight. The outer bays project forward with pedimented gables. The windows are sashes, those in the ground floor with pilasters and entablatures, and those in the upper floor with architraves.\n\n\nStatue of Queen Victoria\ncentre\n1857\nThe statue was designed by Matthew Noble. It depicts Queen Victoria, and stands on a high pedestal on steps.\n\n\nTower of St George's Church\ncentre\n1858\nThe church was designed by E. H. Shellard, but only the steeple remains. This is in sandstone, and in Decorated style. It consists of a three-stage tower with angle buttresses, a four-light west window, a clock face, and a broach spire with lucarnes. To the east is a plain moulded arch and the remains of the springing of the nave arcade.\n\n\nFormer Maypole public house\ncentre\n\nThe former public house is in brick, the ground floor faced in stone, and with a Welsh slate roof, two storeys with attics, and five bays, the outer bays gabled. In the upper floor of the left bay are triple round-arched windows, and in the attic are stepped windows and a small balcony. In the right bay is a flat oriel window. The second bay contains a gabled porch, in the upper floor are windows with polychrome round heads, above them is a stone eaves parapet, and in the roof are two dormers with hipped roofs.\n\n\nGreek Church of the Annunciation and presbytery\ncentre\n1860–61\nA Greek Orthodox church in Classical style, the front is ashlar stone, and the rest in brick with ashlar dressings. On the front is a three-bay portico with Corinthian columns and a pediment with a modillion cornice and an apex cross. The bays on the front and sides of the church are divided by Corinthian pilasters, and the windows have pediments. At the rear is an apse, and a former presbytery in similar style.\n\n\nCourt House, gates and railings\ncentre\n1860–65\nThe court house, later converted into offices, is in brick with the ground floor faced in rusticated stone and with stone dressings. It has quoins, a cornice above the ground floor, a sill band between the upper floors, and an eaves cornice. There are three storeys, a front of seven bays, and three bays on the sides. The doorways are round headed with fanlights and keystones. The windows are sashes, with round heads in the ground floor, in the middle floor they have segmental heads and pediments on consoles, alternately triangular and segmental, and in the top floor they are smaller with flat heads. To the left is a single-story bay, and recessed to the right is a two-storey block. In front is a low stone wall and gate piers and cast iron railings and gates.\n\n\nStatue of Prince Albert\ncentre\n1864\nThe statue was designed by Matthew Noble. It is in limestone, and depicts Prince Albert in academic dress with a pile of books at his feet. This stands on a high pedestal on steps.\n\n\nCentral Railway Viaduct\ncentre\n1865\nThe viaduct was built by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway to carry its line over New Bailey Street. It consists of L-section steel beams carried on cast iron Doric columns, and has a cast iron parapet with plain panels.\n\n\nSt Luke's Church\ncentre\n1865\nThe church was designed by George Gilbert Scott in Gothic Revival style, and the chancel chapel was added in 1873–78. The church is in sandstone with a tiled roof, and consists of a nave with a clerestory, north and south aisles, a north gabled porch, a chancel with a polygonal apse and north and south chapels, and an embraced west steeple. The steeple has a tower with angle buttresses, and a broach spire with lucarnes.\n\n\nGirder bridge over River Irwell\n\n\nThe bridge was built over the River Irwell by the London and North Western Railway to the north of a 1830 stone bridge to improve the approach to the goods warehouse of the former Liverpool Road Station. It has cast iron beams, columns and panels, and the abutments are in rusticated sandstone. In the mid-point of the north side is a giant cast iron column on a stone plinth.\n\n\n14 and 16 Blackfriars Street\n\n1866\nOffices and a warehouse with an ashlar ground floor and brick with stone dressings above. There are four storeys and ten bays. Above the ground floor is a cornice, between the other storeys are string courses, and at the top is a modillion cornice. In the centre is a round-arched doorway with marble shafts and a moulded architrave. The ground floor windows are sashes, between which are pilasters with foliate capitals. The windows in the upper floors have round or arched heads, and marble shafts with foliated capitals.\n\n\nAshworth Memorial\n\n\nThe monument commemorating members of the Ashworth family is in Weaste Cemetery. It is in stone, and has a stepped base, on which is a canopy with pointed gabled arches on columns surmounted by a spirelet with a cross finial. In the arches are inscribed stones.\n\n\nChurch of the Ascension\ncentre\n1869\nThe church, designed by J. Medland Taylor, is in brick with a Welsh slate roof. It consists of a nave with a clerestory, a western narthex with a porch, a chancel with transeptual chapels and an apsidal east end. Above the narthex is blind arcading and a large rose window. Along the sides are triple lancet windows.\n\n\nRusden Memorial\n\n\nThe monument is in Weaste Cemetery, and commemorates members of the Rusden family. It is in stone, and has a stepped base, a canopy with trefoil arches on engaged shafts, and is surmounted by a stepped spirelet with a cross finial. In the arches are memorial stones.\n\n\nFormer United Reformed Church\ncentre\n1874–75\nOriginally a Congregational church, later converted for residential use, it was designed by S. W. Dawkes in Gothic Revival style. It is in stone with a Welsh slate roof and ridge cresting, and consists of a nave, north and south aisles, north and south transepts, a chancel with chapels,the south chapel with an apse, and a southeast steeple. The steeple has a three-stage tower that has buttresses with gablets, pinnacles, flying buttresses, and a spire with lucarnes.\n\n\nWall, archways and gates, Town Hall\n\n\nThe archway and gates are at the entrance to the courtyard. The gate piers and the segmental arch to the right are in rusticated ashlar, and the gates are in cast iron. The piers have wreaths carved in low relief, the arch has a keystone, and above it is a modillion cornice.\n\n\nSt Clement's Church, Ordsall\ncentre\n1877–78\nThe church, designed by Paley and Austin, is in red brick and terracotta with tiled roofs. It consists of a nave with a clerestory, north and south lean-to aisles, a north porch, and a chancel. Above the chancel is a flèche with a roof a Westmorland slate. Along the aisles are windows with pointed heads, and in the clerestory the windows are circular.\n\n\nSt Clement's Rectory\n\n1878\nThe rectory was designed by Paley and Austin and is in dark brick with dressings in red brick and has a tiled roof and sash windows. There are two storeys, an entrance front of three bays, and a later block to the left. The central bay is gabled and contains a gabled porch. To the left are lancet windows, and to the right the upper floor is recessed and the ground floor has a flat roof with a fretted parapet. On the side facing the street are a canted bay window and a dormer window.\n\n\nKing's Arms Public House\ncentre\n1879\nThe public house is in red brick with stone dressings, a sill band, a bracketed cornice, a parapet, and a Welsh slate roof. It is on a corner site, with a semicircular plan, two storeys with an attic, six bays on Bloom Street, two on Sackville Street, and a curved bay on the corner. The round-headed doorway has short granite columns with foliate capitals, a hood mould, and the name in mosaic in the spandrels. Above it is a three-light window, and in the attic another three-light window and a balcony with a wrought ironwork on machicolations. At the top is a coped gable containing the royal coat of arms. The other windows are round-headed sashes, and in the roof are gabled dormers.\n\n\nFormer Manchester Swimming Baths\n\n1879–80\nThe swimming baths. later used for other purposes, are in brick with terracotta dressings and a partly glazed roof. The front is expressed as two storeys, and has a central pedimented gable. The central doorway has a four-centred arch, flanking pilasters, and above is a string course, a mullioned and transomed window, and a decorative terracotta panel with pilasters rising to finials. The other windows have round-arched heads.\n\n\n21 Bolton Road\n\n\nA house in blue-buff brick with dressings in red brick, a corbelled string course, and a tiled roof. It has an irregular plan, two storeys and an attic. On the left is a projecting gabled wing, with diapering and tile hanging in the apex. To the right is a projecting porch with a hipped lean-to gabled roof. The windows are mixed, some being mullioned and transomed, some are sashes, and in the gable is a mullioned casement window.\n\n\nArlington House\ncentre\n1880\nOriginally the offices for the Gas Board, it is in red brick on a stone plinth, with a corbelled eaves cornice and a steep Welsh slate roof. The building has two storeys with attics, and a symmetrical front of nine bays. The central bay contains a doorway with a semicircular head and engaged granite pilasters with foliated capitals. Above the doorway is an oriel window with a parapet and gargoyles. The bay rises to a tower with a machicolated parapet, bartizans, and a truncated pyramidal roof with iron brattishing. The outer bays project and have pyramidal roofs, and in the roof are gabled dormers.\n\n\nIrwell Street Bridge\ncentre\n\nThe bridge carries Irwell Street over the River Irwell. It has stone piers and abutments, between which are paired arched trusses with lattice-work cross bracing. The road bed is carried on cast iron beams, and the parapet, also in cast iron, has panels with solid latticework. There is decoration with rosettes over the rivets and on the ends of the beams, and at the ends of the bridge are panels with the coats of arms of Salford and Manchester in low relief.\n\n\nManchester Tennis and Racquet Club\ncentre\n\nThe club for playing real tennis and other racquet sports designed by G. T. Redmayne, and with a squash court added in 1925–26. It is in red brick with terracotta dressings and has a roof partly slated and partly glazed. The building has a T-shaped plan, with the courts across the rear, and an entrance wing extending towards the street. The central part of the entrance block is gabled with three storeys, and contains a round-headed doorway with a round-headed window to the left, an arcade of round-headed windows above and a blind window in the top floor. To the right is a two-storey gabled block with a three-window arcade in the ground floor and a pair of flat-headed windows under an arch with terracotta panelling in the tympanum. To the left is a single-story flat-roofed block with windows and a stepped parapet.\n\n\nWallness Bridge\ncentre\n1880\nThe bridge carries Frederick Road (B6196) over the River Irwell. There are two sandstone piers on each side at both ends; each has a frieze with acanthus decoration. Between the outer piers is a balustraded parapet with a stone sill and coping, and over the river is a latticed main span, the internal rivets decorated with rosettes.\n\n\nFormer Williams Deacons Bank\n\n\nThe former bank is in brick with an ashlar-faced front, and has a Welsh slate roof with coped gables and wrought iron brattishing. There are three storeys with an attic and four bays. The doorways are in the outer bays with windows in the middle bays; all have semicircular heads. The windows in the upper floors have trefoil heads and between them are pilasters with foliate capitals. At the top is a string course on decorative brackets, a parapet, and two gabled dormers.\n\n\n10 and 12 Blackfriars Street\n\n1884\nOffices and a warehouse, the main block is faced in ashlar and is in Flemish Renaissance style. There are five storeys with an attic and five unequal bays, the bays separated by octagonal piers. The doorway has a segmental head, a traceried fanlight, and a steep pediment. In the outer bays are two-storey oriel windows, and most of the windows are mullioned and transomed. At the top is a small balcony, a pedimented Dutch gable and heraldic finials. To the left is a later bay with a single-storey entrance containing a four-centred doorway, behind which is a recessed three-storey brick block.\n\n\nBlack Friar Public House\n\n1886\nThe public house is in red brick on a chamfered plinth, with sandstone dressings, three string courses, and a slate roof. It has an L-shaped plan, two storeys with cellars and attics, and three gables, the upper parts of which are tile-hung. There are two doorways, one with a moulded surround and an ogee head, and the other with a swan-neck pediment. Some of the windows are sashes, in the gables are mullioned windows, there is an oriel window, and a flat-roofed dormer.\n\n\nFormer Brunswick Wesleyan Schools\n\n1887\nThe school, later offices, is in stone with a Welsh slate roof, and is in Gothic style. It is on a corner site, and has two storeys. On the corner is a tower with chamfered angles containing a doorway with a pointed head, and on the top is a timber lantern with gablets and a spire. The front facing Broad Street is gabled, and contains pilasters and large windows in the upper floor in an arch containing a circular window in the spandrel. On the Higham View front are six bays, two of them gabled. Most of the windows are mullioned and transomed.\n\n\nPendleton Co-operative Industrial Society Buildings\ncentre\n1887\nThe building was extended in 1903. It is in red brick with dressings in terracotta and stone, and Welsh slate roofs. There are three storeys and fronts of four and five bays. The bays are divided by rusticated piers in the ground floor and pilasters above, and at the top of each bay is a pedimented gable. The first floor windows have segmental heads, and those in the top floor are mullioned and transomed. Above the entrance on the north front is a tower with an octagonal lantern and a domed roof. On the west side is an octagonal turret, and on the curved corner bay are a balustraded parapet with urn finials, and a clock near the top.\n\n\nRailings, walls, gate piers and gates,Weaste Cemetery\n\n1887\nThe stone walls flank the drive and the entrance to the cemetery and carry cast iron railings with spiked ball finials. The gate piers flank the main and pedestrian gates, which are in cast iron.\n\n\n62 Chapel Street\ncentre\n1888–89\nOriginally a police station, later converted into offices, it is in red brick with terracotta dressings and a Welsh slate roof. The building is on a corner site with a triangular plan, a curved corner, and a single storey. Along the sides is a continuous arcade with pilasters and foliate capitals, some arches containing casement windows. The main doorway has a cornice hood on consoles. Along the top is a parapet with balusters and piers at intervals, and on the ridge is brattishing. Above the corner is an octagonal spirelet with an iron corona and a finial.\n\n\nMark Addy Memorial\ncentre\n1890\nThe monument in Weaste Cemetery commemorates Mark Addy who rescued many people from the River Irwell. It is in polished granite, and consists of an obelisk on a stepped base. On the obelisk is a medallion, and on the base is an inscription.\n\n\n6 Bloom Street and Salford House\ncentre\n1890–94\nThis originated as a model lodging house for men, and has been converted into flats. It is in red brick and terracotta with a Welsh slate roof. The building has a U-shaped plan with three storeys and attics, and a single-storey central entrance. The entrance has a doorway flanked by windows, all of which are round-headed, and above them is a moulded string course, a parapet and a gable containing a heraldic panel. The wings have corbelled cornices and gables. To the left is the former manager's house (No. 6), with three storeys, a gable, and sash windows.\n\n\nMonument to Oliver Heywood\ncentre\n\nThe monument commemorates Oliver Heywood, a banker and local philanthropist. It is in polished granite, and consists of an obelisk on a stone base with radial buttresses surmounted by volutes. On the monument is a bronze medallion in low relief, and on the base is an inscription.\n\n\nNorthern Railway Viaduct\ncentre\n1894\nThe viaduct was built by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway to carry its line over New Bailey Street. It has a cast iron deck with some steel supports, and is carried by three cast iron Doric columns. The parapet has fluted pilasters, panels with moulded details, and a swag and Greek Key frieze.\n\n\nGazebo, Peel Building\n\n\nThe gazebo was designed to conceal a ventilation duct from the former technical college. It is in terracotta and has a square plan and a single storey. In each face is a round-headed arch, on the corners are octagonal turrets with ogee domes, and it has an ogee cupola roof with a finial.\n\n\nSalford Education Offices\ncentre\n1895\nThe offices are faced in yellow terracotta on a granite plinth, they have a Welsh slate roof, and are in French Renaissance style. There are three storeys with a high basement, and ten bays, each containing mullioned and transomed windows and divided by Ionic pilasters. In the centre is a round-headed doorway with engaged Tuscan pilasters and a balcony on moulded console brackets, above which are decorative panels. There is a two-storey oriel window in the left bay, and a doorway with an enriched entablature in the right bay. At the top of the left bay is a shaped gable with pinnacles, at the top of the right bay is a tower with a cupola, the central bay is surmounted by a lantern with a wind vane and between them is an openwork parapet.\n\n\nCharles Hallé Memorial\ncentre\n\nThe memorial in Weaste Cemetery commemorates Charles Hallé, the founder of The Hallé Orchestra, and members of his family. It is in stone, and consists of an elaborately carved pedestal surmounted by a cross. On the front is a bronze plaque with a head and shoulders profile of Charles Hallé. On the cornice of the pedestal is foliage decoration, on the base of the cross are roundels containing carvings of the Four Evangelists, and on the cross is floral decoration.\n\n\nPeel Building\ncentre\n1896\nThe building originated as the Royal Technical College, and later became part of Salford University. It is in Ruabon brick and terracotta, it has a tiled roof, and is in Renaissance style. There are three storeys and the front is symmetrical, with a central block of three bays. The central round-arched doorway has paired Ionic columns, an entablature and a balustrades parapet. The windows are mullioned and transomed, and other features include gables, some shaped, stair turrets with ogee domes, and terracotta panels containing sculptures relating to art and science.\n\n\nChesters Salford Brewery\ncentre\n1896\nThe brewery was built for Threlfalls Brewery Company, and has since been altered and used for other purposes. It is in red brick with stone dressings and Welsh slate roofs, and has a T-shaped plan with a tower at the junction. To the northeast of the tower is the maturing house, and along Cook Street are offices, a copper room and a boiler house. The tower has five storeys and sides of five and four bays. At the top is a corbel table, a slotted parapet, and a hipped roof with lunettes in dormers and decorative finials.\n\n\nFormer Nurses' Home\ncentre\n1897\nOriginally a nurses' home, later converted into a library, it is in brick with terracotta dressings, applied timber framing to the gables, and has a tiled roof. There are three storeys and an irregular plan. The entrance consists of a flat-roofed porch and a round-headed doorway flanked by moulded pilasters, above which is a balustraded parapet. In the left return are bay windows with decorative parapets. The windows are sashes.\n\n\nSports Pavilion\n\n1899\nThe pavilion is red brick with some stone dressings and a hipped tiled roof. It has two storeys and a rectangular plan, with a half-verandah at the front and a square tower in the southeast corner. The eaves overhang to the front and are carried on timber columns with Ionic capitals. The tower has a half timbered upper floor and a pyramidal roof with a weathervane.\n\n\nFormer Victoria Theatre\n\n1899\nThe theatre, later used for other purposes, was designed by Bertie Crewe. It is in red brick and red terracotta with a stuccoed ground floor and a hipped Welsh slate roof. There are two storeys and five bays, the bays divided by Ionic pilasters. In the ground floor are flattened arches, and in the upper floors are square-headed windows.\n\n\nBurnett Memorial\n\n\nThe memorial is in Weaste Cemetery and commemorates members of the Burnett family. It is in stone, and has a stepped base, an openwork canopy with granite columns, pointed arches, and crocketed gablets, and is surmounted by a spire with a cross finial.\n\n\nChurch of St Ignatius of Antioch, Ordsall\ncentre\n1900\nThe church was designed by Darbyshire and Smith in Romanesque style. It is in brick with terracotta dressings and roofs of slate and concrete tiles. The church consists of a nave with a clerestory, lean-to north and south aisles, a chancel with an apse, chapels and a south vestry, and a detached southwest tower. The tower has four stages, a west doorway, and a pyramidal roof with a cross finial. On the church are decorative friezes, arcades and tympani.\n\n\nEagle Inn and dwelling\n\n1902\nThe public house and dwelling to the left are in red brick on a deep plinth, with terracotta dressings and a slate roof with decorative ridge tiles. Both have two storeys and a string course, the public house has an L-shaped plan, and the dwelling a rectangular plan. The public house is in Edwardian Baroque style with a symmetrical front of three bays. The central doorway has a fanlight and is flanked by recessed canted bay windows. Above the doorway is a terracotta plaque with an eagle and the name, and this is flanked by mullioned windows. At the top is a parapet, a shaped gable and ball finials. The dwelling has a door with a fanlight, and mullioned windows.\n\n\nSalford Lads' Club\ncentre\n1904\nThe social club is in red brick with terracotta dressings and a slate roof. It is on a corner site, with an irregular rectangular plan, and has two and three storeys. The west front has five bays, the central three gabled. The windows are mullioned and transomed, those in the ground floor with semicircular heads, and in the middle bay is an oriel window. The left bay is a tower with a domed cupola, a pierced parapet, and an oriel window. On the corner is a canted bay with three round-headed entrances. The north front has seven bays, round-headed windows in the ground floor, mullioned and transomed windows in the upper floor and five Dutch gables.\n\n\nLancashire Fusiliers Memorial\ncentre\n1905\nThe memorial commemorates the members of the Lancashire Fusiliers who served in the Boer War, and it was designed by George Frampton. The memorial consists of the bronze figure of a soldier standing on a tall stone plinth on which is an inscription and the insignia of the regiment.\n\n\nHalton Bank School\n\n1906\nThe school, later converted into apartments, is in red brick with yellow terracotta dressings and a Welsh slate roof. The main block has two storeys and a U-shaped plan. The central part is gabled and has a small cupola with a domed roof. The outer wings project forward and have towers on the inner corners, with angle pilasters, parapets, and small spirelets. Outside the towers are projecting porches with segmental heads and parapets. At the corner of the left tower is a canted bay window. The right tower links to a projecting range with three gables.\n\n\n119, 121 and 123 Gerald Road and1 Littleton Road\ncentre\n1909\nA group of shops, originally the butchery department of the local Co-operative Society, with Classical and Arts and Crafts features. They are in red brick with dressings in glazed brick and in yellow and green faience. There is a hipped tiled roof with ridge cresting and finials. The building has a triangular plan, two storeys, and a polygonal tower on the angle of the streets. The tower has a frieze, a cornice on brackets, and an ogee cupola. On the angle of the roof is a leaded lantern with a loured cupola. Other features include round-arched windows with voussoirs and keystones, some in arcades, pilasters, and a panel with wording in low relief.\n\n\nCoach and Horses public house\ncentre\n1913\nThe public house is in red brick on a stone plinth, with stone dressings, string courses, a dentil cornice, and a tile roof. It has two storeys, a front and a right return of three bays, and a flat-roofed bay at the rear. On the front the central doorway has pilasters, a segmental pediment on consoles, and a recessed tympanum containing carving, and there is a similar doorway in the right return. In the ground floor are recessed canted bay windows with curved stone heads. The upper floor has windows with voussoirs and keystones.\n\n\nIndependent Chapel\ncentre\n1915\nOriginally Salford Cinema, later used as a chapel, it is in brick with facing in faience and roughcast. The building has a half-hipped Welsh slate roof, its front is in Baroque style, and is expressed as two storeys. The central part has a segmental pediment, below it is flanked by rusticated pilasters, and it contains a doorway, two round windows with moulded surrounds, and festoons. In the outer parts are oval windows with similar moulding, and the corner is curved containing a doorway above which are festoons, an elaborate balustrade, and an open cupola carried on six columns with decorated capitals.\n\n\nWar memorial, Albion Place\ncentre\n1922\nThe war memorial is in white ashlar stone and consists of a pylon on a stepped base with volutes. It has inscriptions commemorating those lost in both World Wars, carved wreaths, the word \"EGYPT\", and in the top is a sphinx.\n\n\nDock Office\ncentre\n\nThe office building is in rendered brick on a steel frame. It has an E-shaped plan, and three storeys with a full attic storey. The central feature is a projecting pylon-like bay containing an entrance, a full-height arched window and a stepped parapet. This is flanked by nine bays on each side with a cornice above, and two rear wings, on the east with nine bays and on the west with eleven. The windows have steel frames, and between them are moulded aprons.\n\n\nEntrance to Dock Office\ncentre\n\nThe entrance is in concrete and consists of a flat arch between pylons decorated with incised panels and motifs with the appearance of ships' keels. To the right is a smaller pedestrian gate with a segmental arch. The gates have been replaced by a screen.\n\n\nSynagogue\n\n1928–29\nThe synagogue is in brick with ashlar facings and stone dressings, and has a hipped Welsh slate roof with a central lantern. It has a rectangular plan with a segmental and domed protrusion towards the road containing the Ark. The entrance is on the southeast front and has a rusticated plinth and stripped down Corinthian pilasters. Lower and to the west are offices, a hall and a staircase block.\n\n\nK6 Telephone Kiosk, Albion Place\ncentre\n1935\nA K6 type telephone kiosk, designed by Giles Gilbert Scott. Constructed in cast iron with a square plan and a dome, it has three unperforated crowns in the top panels.\n\n\nMural at former Cromwell Secondary School\ncentre\n1960\nThe mural on the north wall of a former school, the rest of which has been demolished, is by Alan Boyson and entitled ''The Tree of Knowledge''. It is in mixed media, including ceramics, concrete, tiles, and pebbles, and measures about by . The mural depicts a stylised tree with birds, including an owl, and flowers.\n\n\nThree Totem Sculptures,University of Salford\ncentre\n1966\nThree totem sculptures by William Mitchell in concrete with pebble aggregate and coloured tiles. They consist of columns made from four blocks each and are between and high. Each has a different design and colour, and they include human features, swirls, squares and shells, and applied mosaic tiles.\n\n\n\n", "\n\n===Citations===\n\n\n===Sources===\n\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Key", "Buildings", "References" ]

[ "It is in stone and cast iron, and consists of three semicircular arches, partly embedded in the river bank.", "Former Williams Deacons Bank\n\n\nThe former bank is in brick with an ashlar-faced front, and has a Welsh slate roof with coped gables and wrought iron brattishing.", "Halton Bank School\n\n1906\nThe school, later converted into apartments, is in red brick with yellow terracotta dressings and a Welsh slate roof." ]

[ "Salford is a town in the City of Salford Metropolitan Borough, Greater Manchester, England.", "The town, which includes the areas of Broughton, Charlestown, Kersal, Ordsall, Pendleton, and Weaste, contains 125 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England.", "Of these, two are listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, nine are at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade.", "Although Salford was a manor recorded in the Domesday Book, few listed buildings date from before the arrival of the Industrial Revolution in the form of the textile industry.", "There was a considerable increase in population in the early 19th century, particularly following the arrival of the railways, and many houses date from between 1830 and 1850, and these were followed by churches and public buildings.", "The earliest listed buildings are a country house, a manor house and a church.", "In the early 19th century are a public house, churches and a bridge.", "Following that are houses, more churches, and a surviving mill; then there are more houses and associated structures, churches and items in churchyards, and public buildings.", "Other later types of listed buildings include railway structures, memorials and statues, social clubs, offices, a telephone kiosk, and items of public art.", "__NOTOC__", "\n\n\n Grade\n Criteria\n\nI\n Buildings of exceptional interest, sometimes considered to be internationally important\n\nII*\n Particularly important buildings of more than special interest\n\nII\n Buildings of national importance and special interest", "{| class=\"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders\" style=\"width:100%; border:0; text-align:left; line-height:150%;\"\n\nName and location\nPhotograph\nDate\nNotes\nGrade\n\nOrdsall Hall\ncentre\n\nA country house, extended in about 1639, and restored and extended in 1896–97 by Alfred Darbyshire.", "The original part is timber framed with slate roofs, and the extensions are in brick with terracotta dressings.", "The building has a central open hall with gabled two-storey cross-wings.", "The windows are mullioned or mullioned and transomed, and there is a large two-storey canted bay window.", "Kersal Cell\ncentre\n\nA manor house, later used for other purposes, it is timber framed on a sandstone plinth with plaster infill, and it originated as a cruck-framed building.", "The house consists of a three-bay hall with gabled cross-wings, it has two storeys, and the windows are mullioned.", "The rear is in brick and contains Gothic-style windows with hood moulds.", "On the side walls are exposed cruck trusses and on the west side is a decorative plaster frieze.", "Sacred Trinity Church\ncentre\n1635\nThe oldest part is the tower, the rest of the church was rebuilt in 1752–53, and the church was restored in 1871–74.", "It is in stone, and consists of a nave, a shallow chancel, and a west tower.", "The tower has angle pilasters, and at the top is a triglyph frieze, an embattled parapet with finials, and a small spire with a weathervane.", "Along the sides of the church are two tiers of round-headed windows with keystones, and below the parapet is a modillion eaves cornice.", "The former Punch Bowl Public House\n\n1817 (mainly)\nOriginally two public houses, later used for other purposes, the building is in brick with a modillion eaves cornice and Welsh slate roofs.", "The main block, on a corner site, has three storeys, one bay on Chapel Street, three on Booth Street, and a curved bay on the corner.", "The doorway, in the corner bay, has a large fascia on consoles, the windows are sashes, and between the upper floors is a sill band.", "On Booth Street is a two-storey, four-bay block with mullioned windows on the ground floor and sash windows above.", "Chapel Street and Hope United Reformed Church\ncentre\n1819\nThe church is in brick on a stone plinth, with stone dressings, a string course, a parapet, and a hipped Welsh slate roof.", "It has a single storey over a basement and five bays.", "In the second and fourth bays are doorways, and in the other bays are windows, all with round heads.", "The doorways have moulded architraves and radial fanlights.", "Steps lead up to the doorways and between them is a balustraded balcony.", "Above the doorways are inscribed stones.", "22–34 The Crescent\ncentre\n\nA slightly curving terrace of 13 houses, later offices, with stone dressings and a Welsh slate roof.", "They have three storeys, and each house has three bays.", "Most of the doorways have Corinthian shafts carrying an entablature with a triglyph and modillion frieze and a fanlight.", "The windows are sashes.", "Blackfriars Bridge\ncentre\n\nThe bridge carries Blackfriars Street on a slope over the River Irwell.", "On each side of the central arch are paired Ionic pilasters, the voussoirs have vermiculated rustication, and the outer faces of the parapets are balustraded.", "St Philip's Church\ncentre\n1822–24\nA Commissioners' church designed by Robert Smirke in Greek Revival style, and reordered in 1895 by J. Medland Taylor.", "It is in ashlar stone, and has a rectangular plan and two storeys.", "On the south side is a semicircular porch with six unfluted Ionic columns and a balustraded parapet.", "The doorway has a Doric architrave.", "Above the porch is a circular bell tower with two stages; the lower stage has engaged fluted shafts with Corinthian capitals and a cornice.", "In the upper stage are pilasters, round-arched openings, and a domed cap.", "The lower storey contains flat-headed windows, and above are larger round-headed windows.", "There are pediments at the east and west ends, and inside are galleries on three sides.", "Islington Mill\n\n1823\nA cotton spinning mill, later extended and then used for other purposes, it is in brick with slate roofs.", "The main block is fire-proof with an internal structure of cast iron columns and brick arches.", "It has six storeys and twelve bays, a lift tower and a stair tower.", "There is a second mill with three storeys and a stair tower.", "Also on the site, with all the buildings surrounding a courtyard, are an external engine house and boiler house, a warehouse range, offices, and stabling.", "Summer Hill\n\n\nA detached house in Tudor Revival style, later used for other purposes.", "It is stone-faced and has a Welsh slate roof, and the parapets are embattled throughout.", "There are two storeys, a symmetrical range of five bays, and a recessed two-bay left wing.", "The central porch has a four-centred arch and an inner doorway with a traceried fanlight.", "Flanking the central bay are pilasters that rise to form turrets, and there are angle buttresses rising to octagonal finials.", "The windows are mullioned and transomed, and in the left wing is a square bay window.", "2, 4 and 6 Acton Square\n\n\nA terrace of three brick houses, later used as offices, on a stone plinth, with a sill band, a wooden modillion eaves, and a slate roof.", "There are two storeys, and each house has three bays.", "In the central bay of each house is a doorway with an Ionic architrave and a traceried fanlight in a shallow segmental arch.", "The windows are sashes.", "32, 34 and 36 Broad Street\n\n\nA terrace of three brick houses with a modillion eaves cornice and a Welsh slate roof.", "There are two storeys and eight bays.", "The first bay projects slightly, the next five bays are symmetrical under a pediment, and the end two bays also project slightly.", "The doorways have architraves, round heads and fanlights, and the windows are sashes.", "6–12 Encombe Place\ncentre\n\nA terrace of four brick houses on a stone plinth, with stone dressings, a first floor sill band, an eaves cornice, and a Welsh slate roof.", "They have three storeys, and each house has three bays.", "The doorways are approached up steps, and have moulded architraves with Ionic shafts and flat entablatures.", "The windows are sashes, those in the ground floor with aprons.", "1 Massey Street\n\n\nA house in roughcast brick with a slate roof, it has three storeys and two bays.", "The doorway has a pediment, and the windows are sashes.", "17 The Crescent\n\n\nA brick house, later offices, on a stone plinth, with stone dressings, pilasters, a stone eaves cornice and blocking course, and a hipped Welsh slate roof.", "It has two storeys, five bays, and flanking single-storey bays.", "Steps lead up to the central doorway, which has engaged Ionic columns and pilasters, a fanlight, and an entablature.", "The windows are sashes with aprons, the window above the doorway having an architrave and a cornice on consoles.", "In the outer bays are infilled segmental archways.", "19, 20 and 21 The Crescent\ncentre\n\nOriginally a terrace of three houses, later combined to form a public house, it is in roughcast brick with a Welsh slate roof.", "There are three storeys and six bays, two doorways, one with a pedimented doorcase, and sash windows.", "In the roof is a pedimented dormer.", "Bollards south of St Philip's Church\n\n\nA row of eleven cast iron columnar bollards at the edge of the pavement to the south and west of the church.", "Bollards west of St Philip's Church\n\n\nA row of eight cast iron columnar bollards at the edge of the pavement to the south and west of the church.", "Joule House and 48 and 49 The Crescent\ncentre\n\nA group of three brick houses, later used as offices, with a first floor band, a plain eaves cornice, angle pilasters, and a slate roof.", "They have three storeys, eight bays on The Crescent, four on Acton Square, and a lower wing beyond.", "Each house has a projecting Ionic doorcase, and the windows are sashes.", "The scientist James Prescott Joule lived and worked in Joule House.", "Former Kersal Bar Toll House\ncentre\n\nThe former toll house is in stuccoed brick with a felt roof.", "It has an octagonal plan, a single storey, and a rectangular bay to the right.", "The entrance is on the left, and the windows, which are replacements, have hood moulds.", "The Crown Tavern\ncentre\n\nThe public house is in brick with a Welsh slate roof, three storeys and three bays.", "The ground floor is tiled, and in the centre is a round-headed doorway that has an architrave with shafts.", "Above the ground floor is a moulded fascia, and in the upper floors are sash windows with flat-arched stuccoed heads.", "Buile Hill\ncentre\n1825–27\nA large house, later used for other purposes, designed by Charles Barry, and extended in the 1860s by Edward Walters.", "It is in ashlar stone and has a Welsh slate roof, and three storeys.", "In the centre is a porte-cochère with two fluted Doric columns carrying an entablature with a triglyph frieze.", "Flanking this are two bays, there is a two-bay wing recessed to the right and a further single-storey wing to the right of this.", "In the centre of the house is an open pavilion with a balustrade.", "All the windows are sashes.", "In the garden front is a doorway with a Doric architrave and square bay windows with balustraded parapets.", "Town Hall\ncentre\n1825–27\nOriginally a market hall and used as the town hall from 1853, the front and first bay were designed by Richard Lane in Neoclassical style, and additions have since been made to the rear.", "The front is in ashlar stone, and has two storeys and a symmetrical front of five bays.", "The central three bays project forward under a pediment, and there are two central engaged fluted Doric columns, two outer pilasters, and an entablature with a laurel wreath frieze.", "At the corners are similar pilasters, the central doorway has a fanlight, and the windows are sashes, those in the outer ground floor with entablatures on console blocks.", "Behind is a long brick range in varying heights.", "St Thomas' Church, Pendleton\ncentre\n1829–31\nA Commissioners' church by Francis Goodwin and Richard Lane in Gothic style.", "It is in stone, and consists of a nave, north and south aisles, a chancel, and a west tower flanked by porches.", "There are embattled parapets on the body of the church and on the tower, which has also has corner pinnacles.", "The aisle windows have Decorated tracery, and the east window has six lights and Perpendicular tracery.", "Railings, gates and gate piers,St Thomas' Church, Pendleton\n\n\nA low brick wall runs along the north side of the churchyard, and is surmounted by chamfered stone coping and cast iron railings.", "The gate piers have polygonal angle pilasters and volutes.", "30 Broad Street\n\n\nA brick house in a terrace with a moulded wood eaves cornice and a Welsh slate roof.", "There are three storeys and three narrow bays.", "The round-headed doorway in the left bay has an architrave and a fanlight, and the windows are sashes.", "258 Great Clowes Street and1 Murray Street\n\n\nOriginally two houses, later combined and used for other purposes, the building is stuccoed with a sill band, a plain wood eaves cornice, and a hipped Welsh slate roof.", "There are two storeys with a basement, seven bays on Great Clowes Street, and three on Murray Street.", "On both fronts is an Ionic portico, and the windows are replacements.", "260 Great Clowes Street\n\n\nA house at the end of a terrace, stuccoed with a sill band, a plain wood eaves cornice, an angle pilaster, and a Welsh slate roof.", "There are two storeys and three bays.", "In the left bay is a recessed doorway with an architrave, and an entablature on Ionic pilasters.", "Some of the windows are sashes, and others are replacements.", "1 Hulme Place\n\n\nA brick house, later offices, with a Welsh slate roof, three storeys, three bays, and a lower two-storey range to the right.", "In the centre of the main block is a doorway with a pedimented doorcase, and the windows are sashes.", "Drinking fountain\n\n\nThe drinking fountain is in the wall at the corner of the churchyard of St Thomas' Church, Pendleton.", "It is in stone and consists of a chamfered pier with a corbelled cornice and a coped pyramidal cap.", "There are two basins in niches with trefoil heads and shafts with foliate capitals.", "Railway bridge to former Liverpool Road Station\ncentre\n1830\nThe bridge was designed by George Stephenson to carry the Liverpool and Manchester Railway over the River Irwell into Liverpool Road railway station.", "It is in stone and consists of two segmental arches with a central pier and a cutwater.", "The arches have voussoirs, there are pilasters flanking the pier, and the bridge has a cornice and a parapet with plain coping.", "St John's Church, Broughton\ncentre\n1836–39\nThe church was designed by Richard Lane, and the chancel was added in 1846.", "The church is in stone with a Welsh slate roof, and consists of a nave, a chancel with north and south vestries, and a west tower with flanking porches.", "The parapets are embattled.", "The tower has three stages, angle buttresses rising to tall pinnacles, a clock face, and an embattled parapet.", "Most of the windows contain Decorated tracery.", "Victoria Bridge\ncentre\n1839\nThe bridge carries Victoria Bridge Street over the River Irwell, and is in rusticated sandstone.", "It consists of a single segmental arch with a string course and shallow chamfered copings.", "In the centre are inscribed panels with ball finials and volutes, and at the ends are pilasters.", "319 Bury New Road\n\n\nA brick house with a sill band, a moulded wood eaves cornice, and a hipped Welsh slate roof.", "There are two storeys and three bays.", "The central doorway has a segmental arch, an Ionic architrave and a traceried fanlight, and the windows are replacements.", "On the north side is a round-arched stair window.", "393–407 Bury New Road\n\n\nA terrace of eight stuccoed houses with quoins, a modillion eaves cornice, and a Welsh slate roof.", "They have three storeys and 18 bays, the outer four bays at each end projecting forward.", "The doorways have moulded architraves and fanlights, and the windows, also with moulded architraves, are sashes.", "At the ends are projecting porches.", "122 Great Clowes Street\n\n\nA brick house with a sill band, a plain wood eaves cornice, and a Welsh slate roof.", "There are three storeys and six bays.", "Steps lead up to the round-headed doorway that has an architrave and a fanlight, and the windows are sashes.", "208 and 210 Great Clowes Street\n\n\nOriginally two houses, later divided into flats, the building is in brick with stone dressings, a first floor sill band, and a hipped concrete tile roof.", "There are three storeys, a symmetrical front of five bays, and a recessed wing at the rear.", "In the centre is a Roman Doric portico with an entablature and a cornice, and the windows are sashes.", "437 Lower Broughton Road\n\n\nA brick house with a Welsh slate roof, two storeys and three bays.", "The outer bays have shallow gables, and in the central bay is a recessed porch and a doorway with a segmental head.", "The windows are sashes.", "In the left return are a bow window with paired pilasters, and a cartouche.", "451 Lower Broughton Road and coach house\n\n\nThe house and coach house are in brick with angle pilasters, a plain cornice, overhanging eaves on small brackets, and hipped Welsh slate roofs.", "The house has two storeys and three bays.", "In the central bay is a doorway with a canopy, and in the left bay is a full-height canted bay window.", "The windows are sashes.", "The coach house at the rear has an arched corbel table, inserted windows, and a pair of pointed niches facing the street.", "453 Lower Broughton Road\n\n\nA stuccoed brick house with a moulded eaves cornice, and a hipped Welsh slate roof.", "There are two storeys and three bays.", "In the centre is a flat-roofed porch and a doorway that has an architrave with Tuscan pilasters.", "The right bay contains a full-height square bay window, and the windows are sashes with fretted blind canopies.", "455 Lower Broughton Road\n\n\nA stuccoed brick house with a moulded eaves cornice and a Welsh slate roof.", "It is part of a terrace, set back from the road, with two storeys, a single bay at the front, and a long rear wing.", "The porch projects and has a doorway with round-headed side lights, and above it is a glazed gable.", "In the upper floor is a three-light sash window.", "457 and 459 Broughton Road\n\n\nA pair of stuccoed brick houses with a sill band, a moulded eaves cornice, and a hipped Welsh slate roof.", "There are two storeys and six bays.", "The doorways have architraves with engaged columns and fanlights, and the windows are sashes in architraves.", "466 Lower Broughton Road\n\n\nA brick house in Gothic style with a Welsh slate roof.", "There are two storeys with attics, a three-bay front, and a rear wing.", "The central bay projects slightly and has a gable with bargeboards and a pendant finial, and a projecting porch containing a doorway with a four-centred arched head.", "Above this is a three-light window and a lancet window in the gable.", "The ground floor windows are mullioned and transomed.", "The sides are gabled and contain canted bay windows.", "Cliff House\n\n\nA stuccoed brick house with a sill band and a hipped tile roof.", "There are two storeys and a front of three bays at right angles to the road.", "Facing the road, to the right, is a porch with a pediment behind which is a verandah.", "The windows have been renewed, those in the ground floor with entablatures on console brackets, and those in the upper floor with architraves.", "Park Villa\n\n\nA stuccoed brick house with a plain eaves cornice, overhanging eaves, and a hipped Welsh slate roof.", "There are two storeys with attics and a symmetrical front of three bays.", "The doorway is in the middle bay, the windows are sashes, and there are three gabled dormers.", "Parkside\n\n\nA stuccoed house with overhanging eaves on moulded brackets and a Welsh slate roof.", "There are two storeys with attics, three bays, and a lower recessed two-storey single-bay extension to the left.", "In the centre is a Doric portico with a balustraded parapet and a doorway with a reeded architrave and a fanlight, above which are two small round-headed windows.", "The outer bays project slightly and contain sash windows, and in the roof are two gabled dormers.", "Railway viaduct and retaining walls\ncentre\n\nThis consists of two railway bridges and a linking retaining wall.", "The wall is in ashlar stone and has rusticated piers dividing it into bays containing arches with voussoirs, the piers breaking into the plain parapet.", "The bridges and their parapets are in cast iron, the parapet over Greengate has solid panels with moulded decoration, and that over Chapel Street has traceried openwork.", "Scarr Wheel House\n\n\nA stuccoed brick house with a Welsh slate roof.", "It has two storeys, a front of three bays, and a parallel single-story rear range with pinnacles.", "In the middle bay is a porch with a four-centred arched doorway and a traceried parapet, above which is an oriel window.", "Over this bay and the right bay are gablets.", "The left bay projects forward, it is gabled, and contains sash windows and a sexfoil in the gable apex.", "On the right return are blind windows.", "Albert Bridge\ncentre\n1844\nThe bridge, which carries Bridge Street over the River Irwell, was designed by George W. Buck.", "It is in sandstone, and consists of a single segmental arch with voussoirs, pilaster terminals, and a moulded string course.", "In the centre of each parapet is a raised panel, and on the parapets are cast iron lamps.", "Southern Railway Viaduct and Colonnade\ncentre\n1844\nThe viaduct was designed by John Hawkshaw for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.", "It consists of L-shaped girders with cast iron parapets carried on cast iron columns that have capitals decorated with Egyptian lotus flowers.", "The viaduct is otherwise plain except for the portion over Bridge Street which has sections divided by fluted pilasters with acanthus capitals, and a frieze.", "Salford Cathedral and Cathedral House\ncentre\n1844–48\nA Roman Catholic cathedral designed by Matthew Hadfield in Gothic Revival style, with the south transept added in 1884.", "It is in stone with slate roofs, and has a cruciform plan.", "The cathedral consists of a nave with a clerestory, north and south aisles, north and south transepts, a chancel with aisles, and a steeple at the crossing.", "The steeple has a tower with angle buttresses, a quatrefoil parapet and a broach spire with four tiers of lucarnes.", "At the east end is a seven-light window, and polygonal turrets at the corners.", "The west end contains an arched doorway with a four-light window above and flanked by gabled buttresses with statues under canopies.", "Also at the west end are four octagonal turrets with crocketed pinnacles and spirelets.", "Adjoining the east side of the cathedral is the Cathedral House that has an L-shaped plan three storeys and three bays.", "Railings, wall, gate and gate piers, Salford Cathedral\n\n\nA stone wall runs along the cathedral precinct carrying wrought iron railings, with pilasters on the east side.", "To the left is a stone arched gateway, and stone gate piers with wrought iron gates.", "Chaseley Field\n\n1848–51\nA detached house in sandstone with a Welsh slate roof, coped gables, and elaborate round chimney stacks.", "It has an irregular plan, two storeys, attics and cellars.", "The doorway has a four-centred arch and a hood mould, to the left is a mullioned window and to the right a full-height canted bay window.", "There are bay windows elsewhere, and dormers, all with sashes.", "At the rear is a tower-like bay with a pyramidal roof.", "464 Lower Broughton Road\n\n\nA stone house in Italianate style, with quoins, a Welsh slate roof, and a brick extension at the rear.", "It has two storey with an attic, and three bays, the right bay projecting forward as a wing with a hipped roof.", "The central bay contains a porch with a rusticated surround and a round-headed doorway, above which is a balustraded balcony on console brackets.", "The ground floor windows have panelled architraves and voussoirs, and the upper floor window in the wing has a balustraded balcony.", "Greengate Baths\n\n1850\nA public swimming baths designed by Thomas Worthington with an Italianate front, later used for other purposes.", "It is in brick with stone dressings and a Welsh slate roof.", "The front is symmetrical with 13 bays and two storeys, the central five bays also have an attic storey.", "In the ground floor each bay contains a round-arched opening with voussoirs, containing a window or an entrance, and each has a console keystone carrying a cornice.", "In the upper floor are brick pilasters, windows in architraves, and coats of arms in panels at the ends.", "In the attic storey are round-headed windows, and at the rear the baths have glazed roofs.", "388 and 390 Lower Broughton Road\n\n\nA pair of brick cottages incorporating earlier timber framing possibly from the 17th century.", "They have Welsh slate roofs, and consist of two parallel ranges joined by a lower wing.", "Features include gables with decorative bargeboards, square bay windows, ornamental hood moulds, a gabled dormer, and sash windows.", "Boundary post, Flax Street\n\n\nThe boundary post denotes the boundary between Salford and Broughton.", "It is in cast iron, and consists of a column high with an upper face inscribed \"DIVISION\", and the lower face with the names of the two divisions.", "St Paul's Church, Kersal\ncentre\n1851–52\nThe church was damaged by fire in 1987, and in the rebuilding the clerestory was not replaced.", "The church is in stone, and consists of a nave, north and south aisles, a south porch, north and south transepts, a chancel with a north vestry, and a west steeple.", "The steeple has a three-stage tower with diagonal buttresses, a south doorway, a quatrefoil frieze, a corbel table, an embattled parapet, and a spire with lucarnes.", "At the southwest is a stair turret with a spirelet.", "Royal Art Gallery, Museum and Library\ncentre\n1852–57\nThe building was extended in 1878 and in 1936–38.", "It is in brick with stone dressings, it has a Welsh slate roof, and is in Italian Renaissance style.", "The building has a range of four bays containing segmentally-arched windows that is flanked by pedimented wings.", "Each wing contains an arcaded portico with Corinthian columns, and a balcony with a balustraded parapet.", "Above is a modillion cornice, and a pediment containing arcading.", "Boundary stone, Bury Old Road\n\n1853\nThe boundary stone is in ashlar and has a triangular plan and a chamfered top.", "It denoted the boundary between Prestwich and Salford, and the names of the townships are inscribed on the sides.", "Boundary stone, Singleton Brook\n\n1853\nThe boundary stone marks the boundary between Prestwich and Salford.", "It is in ashlar with a triangular plan and a chamfered top.", "The top is inscribed \"BOUNDARY STONE\", and on the sides are inscribed the names of the towns.", "Boundary stone, Singleton Road\n\n1853\nThe boundary stone marks the boundary between Prestwich and Salford.", "It is in ashlar with a triangular plan and a chamfered top.", "The top is inscribed \"BOUNDARY STONE\", and on the sides are inscribed the names of the towns.", "Lodge, Weaste Cemetery\n\n\nThe lodge is in stone, and is now roofless and ruinous.", "It has a single storey, and has a plaque recording the opening and the extension of the cemetery.", "St Paul's Church, Pendleton, church rooms, vicarage, walls and gates\ncentre\n1855–56\nThe church was designed by E. H. Shellard in Decorated style, but by the 1970s its condition had deteriorated, and it was restored and partly rebuilt by Stephen Dykes Bower, who also added church rooms with a vicarage above.", "The church is in stone and has slate roofs with stone coping and finials.", "The church consists of a nave, north and south aisles, a south porch, and a chancel.", "At the east end is a five-light window, and a bell turret with an octagonal arcaded top and a spire.", "A northeast porch leads to the church rooms and vicarage, which are at right angles, and a tall garden wall runs from it to enclose a square garden.", "The wall contains elaborate iron gates.", "Brotherton Memorial\ncentre\n\nThe memorial is in Weaste Cemetery, and commemorates Joseph Brotherton, Salford's first member of parliament.", "It is in sandstone, and in Gothic Revival style.", "The monument has a stepped plinth, a carved arcaded and buttressed base, an open arcaded and gabled octagon with the shafts carved as angels, and a gabled and crocketed spirelet.", "Leighton House and Moor End\n\n\nA pair of brick semi-detached houses with sandstone dressings, a sill band, a moulded eaves cornice, and a Welsh slate roof.", "They have two storeys, attics and cellars, and each house has three bays.", "In the centre of each house is a projecting porch with Doric columns, and a doorway with an architrave and a fanlight.", "The outer bays project forward with pedimented gables.", "The windows are sashes, those in the ground floor with pilasters and entablatures, and those in the upper floor with architraves.", "Statue of Queen Victoria\ncentre\n1857\nThe statue was designed by Matthew Noble.", "It depicts Queen Victoria, and stands on a high pedestal on steps.", "Tower of St George's Church\ncentre\n1858\nThe church was designed by E. H. Shellard, but only the steeple remains.", "This is in sandstone, and in Decorated style.", "It consists of a three-stage tower with angle buttresses, a four-light west window, a clock face, and a broach spire with lucarnes.", "To the east is a plain moulded arch and the remains of the springing of the nave arcade.", "Former Maypole public house\ncentre\n\nThe former public house is in brick, the ground floor faced in stone, and with a Welsh slate roof, two storeys with attics, and five bays, the outer bays gabled.", "In the upper floor of the left bay are triple round-arched windows, and in the attic are stepped windows and a small balcony.", "In the right bay is a flat oriel window.", "The second bay contains a gabled porch, in the upper floor are windows with polychrome round heads, above them is a stone eaves parapet, and in the roof are two dormers with hipped roofs.", "Greek Church of the Annunciation and presbytery\ncentre\n1860–61\nA Greek Orthodox church in Classical style, the front is ashlar stone, and the rest in brick with ashlar dressings.", "On the front is a three-bay portico with Corinthian columns and a pediment with a modillion cornice and an apex cross.", "The bays on the front and sides of the church are divided by Corinthian pilasters, and the windows have pediments.", "At the rear is an apse, and a former presbytery in similar style.", "Court House, gates and railings\ncentre\n1860–65\nThe court house, later converted into offices, is in brick with the ground floor faced in rusticated stone and with stone dressings.", "It has quoins, a cornice above the ground floor, a sill band between the upper floors, and an eaves cornice.", "There are three storeys, a front of seven bays, and three bays on the sides.", "The doorways are round headed with fanlights and keystones.", "The windows are sashes, with round heads in the ground floor, in the middle floor they have segmental heads and pediments on consoles, alternately triangular and segmental, and in the top floor they are smaller with flat heads.", "To the left is a single-story bay, and recessed to the right is a two-storey block.", "In front is a low stone wall and gate piers and cast iron railings and gates.", "Statue of Prince Albert\ncentre\n1864\nThe statue was designed by Matthew Noble.", "It is in limestone, and depicts Prince Albert in academic dress with a pile of books at his feet.", "This stands on a high pedestal on steps.", "Central Railway Viaduct\ncentre\n1865\nThe viaduct was built by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway to carry its line over New Bailey Street.", "It consists of L-section steel beams carried on cast iron Doric columns, and has a cast iron parapet with plain panels.", "St Luke's Church\ncentre\n1865\nThe church was designed by George Gilbert Scott in Gothic Revival style, and the chancel chapel was added in 1873–78.", "The church is in sandstone with a tiled roof, and consists of a nave with a clerestory, north and south aisles, a north gabled porch, a chancel with a polygonal apse and north and south chapels, and an embraced west steeple.", "The steeple has a tower with angle buttresses, and a broach spire with lucarnes.", "Girder bridge over River Irwell\n\n\nThe bridge was built over the River Irwell by the London and North Western Railway to the north of a 1830 stone bridge to improve the approach to the goods warehouse of the former Liverpool Road Station.", "It has cast iron beams, columns and panels, and the abutments are in rusticated sandstone.", "In the mid-point of the north side is a giant cast iron column on a stone plinth.", "14 and 16 Blackfriars Street\n\n1866\nOffices and a warehouse with an ashlar ground floor and brick with stone dressings above.", "There are four storeys and ten bays.", "Above the ground floor is a cornice, between the other storeys are string courses, and at the top is a modillion cornice.", "In the centre is a round-arched doorway with marble shafts and a moulded architrave.", "The ground floor windows are sashes, between which are pilasters with foliate capitals.", "The windows in the upper floors have round or arched heads, and marble shafts with foliated capitals.", "Ashworth Memorial\n\n\nThe monument commemorating members of the Ashworth family is in Weaste Cemetery.", "It is in stone, and has a stepped base, on which is a canopy with pointed gabled arches on columns surmounted by a spirelet with a cross finial.", "In the arches are inscribed stones.", "Church of the Ascension\ncentre\n1869\nThe church, designed by J. Medland Taylor, is in brick with a Welsh slate roof.", "It consists of a nave with a clerestory, a western narthex with a porch, a chancel with transeptual chapels and an apsidal east end.", "Above the narthex is blind arcading and a large rose window.", "Along the sides are triple lancet windows.", "Rusden Memorial\n\n\nThe monument is in Weaste Cemetery, and commemorates members of the Rusden family.", "It is in stone, and has a stepped base, a canopy with trefoil arches on engaged shafts, and is surmounted by a stepped spirelet with a cross finial.", "In the arches are memorial stones.", "Former United Reformed Church\ncentre\n1874–75\nOriginally a Congregational church, later converted for residential use, it was designed by S. W. Dawkes in Gothic Revival style.", "It is in stone with a Welsh slate roof and ridge cresting, and consists of a nave, north and south aisles, north and south transepts, a chancel with chapels,the south chapel with an apse, and a southeast steeple.", "The steeple has a three-stage tower that has buttresses with gablets, pinnacles, flying buttresses, and a spire with lucarnes.", "Wall, archways and gates, Town Hall\n\n\nThe archway and gates are at the entrance to the courtyard.", "The gate piers and the segmental arch to the right are in rusticated ashlar, and the gates are in cast iron.", "The piers have wreaths carved in low relief, the arch has a keystone, and above it is a modillion cornice.", "St Clement's Church, Ordsall\ncentre\n1877–78\nThe church, designed by Paley and Austin, is in red brick and terracotta with tiled roofs.", "It consists of a nave with a clerestory, north and south lean-to aisles, a north porch, and a chancel.", "Above the chancel is a flèche with a roof a Westmorland slate.", "Along the aisles are windows with pointed heads, and in the clerestory the windows are circular.", "St Clement's Rectory\n\n1878\nThe rectory was designed by Paley and Austin and is in dark brick with dressings in red brick and has a tiled roof and sash windows.", "There are two storeys, an entrance front of three bays, and a later block to the left.", "The central bay is gabled and contains a gabled porch.", "To the left are lancet windows, and to the right the upper floor is recessed and the ground floor has a flat roof with a fretted parapet.", "On the side facing the street are a canted bay window and a dormer window.", "King's Arms Public House\ncentre\n1879\nThe public house is in red brick with stone dressings, a sill band, a bracketed cornice, a parapet, and a Welsh slate roof.", "It is on a corner site, with a semicircular plan, two storeys with an attic, six bays on Bloom Street, two on Sackville Street, and a curved bay on the corner.", "The round-headed doorway has short granite columns with foliate capitals, a hood mould, and the name in mosaic in the spandrels.", "Above it is a three-light window, and in the attic another three-light window and a balcony with a wrought ironwork on machicolations.", "At the top is a coped gable containing the royal coat of arms.", "The other windows are round-headed sashes, and in the roof are gabled dormers.", "Former Manchester Swimming Baths\n\n1879–80\nThe swimming baths.", "later used for other purposes, are in brick with terracotta dressings and a partly glazed roof.", "The front is expressed as two storeys, and has a central pedimented gable.", "The central doorway has a four-centred arch, flanking pilasters, and above is a string course, a mullioned and transomed window, and a decorative terracotta panel with pilasters rising to finials.", "The other windows have round-arched heads.", "21 Bolton Road\n\n\nA house in blue-buff brick with dressings in red brick, a corbelled string course, and a tiled roof.", "It has an irregular plan, two storeys and an attic.", "On the left is a projecting gabled wing, with diapering and tile hanging in the apex.", "To the right is a projecting porch with a hipped lean-to gabled roof.", "The windows are mixed, some being mullioned and transomed, some are sashes, and in the gable is a mullioned casement window.", "Arlington House\ncentre\n1880\nOriginally the offices for the Gas Board, it is in red brick on a stone plinth, with a corbelled eaves cornice and a steep Welsh slate roof.", "The building has two storeys with attics, and a symmetrical front of nine bays.", "The central bay contains a doorway with a semicircular head and engaged granite pilasters with foliated capitals.", "Above the doorway is an oriel window with a parapet and gargoyles.", "The bay rises to a tower with a machicolated parapet, bartizans, and a truncated pyramidal roof with iron brattishing.", "The outer bays project and have pyramidal roofs, and in the roof are gabled dormers.", "Irwell Street Bridge\ncentre\n\nThe bridge carries Irwell Street over the River Irwell.", "It has stone piers and abutments, between which are paired arched trusses with lattice-work cross bracing.", "The road bed is carried on cast iron beams, and the parapet, also in cast iron, has panels with solid latticework.", "There is decoration with rosettes over the rivets and on the ends of the beams, and at the ends of the bridge are panels with the coats of arms of Salford and Manchester in low relief.", "Manchester Tennis and Racquet Club\ncentre\n\nThe club for playing real tennis and other racquet sports designed by G. T. Redmayne, and with a squash court added in 1925–26.", "It is in red brick with terracotta dressings and has a roof partly slated and partly glazed.", "The building has a T-shaped plan, with the courts across the rear, and an entrance wing extending towards the street.", "The central part of the entrance block is gabled with three storeys, and contains a round-headed doorway with a round-headed window to the left, an arcade of round-headed windows above and a blind window in the top floor.", "To the right is a two-storey gabled block with a three-window arcade in the ground floor and a pair of flat-headed windows under an arch with terracotta panelling in the tympanum.", "To the left is a single-story flat-roofed block with windows and a stepped parapet.", "Wallness Bridge\ncentre\n1880\nThe bridge carries Frederick Road (B6196) over the River Irwell.", "There are two sandstone piers on each side at both ends; each has a frieze with acanthus decoration.", "Between the outer piers is a balustraded parapet with a stone sill and coping, and over the river is a latticed main span, the internal rivets decorated with rosettes.", "There are three storeys with an attic and four bays.", "The doorways are in the outer bays with windows in the middle bays; all have semicircular heads.", "The windows in the upper floors have trefoil heads and between them are pilasters with foliate capitals.", "At the top is a string course on decorative brackets, a parapet, and two gabled dormers.", "10 and 12 Blackfriars Street\n\n1884\nOffices and a warehouse, the main block is faced in ashlar and is in Flemish Renaissance style.", "There are five storeys with an attic and five unequal bays, the bays separated by octagonal piers.", "The doorway has a segmental head, a traceried fanlight, and a steep pediment.", "In the outer bays are two-storey oriel windows, and most of the windows are mullioned and transomed.", "At the top is a small balcony, a pedimented Dutch gable and heraldic finials.", "To the left is a later bay with a single-storey entrance containing a four-centred doorway, behind which is a recessed three-storey brick block.", "Black Friar Public House\n\n1886\nThe public house is in red brick on a chamfered plinth, with sandstone dressings, three string courses, and a slate roof.", "It has an L-shaped plan, two storeys with cellars and attics, and three gables, the upper parts of which are tile-hung.", "There are two doorways, one with a moulded surround and an ogee head, and the other with a swan-neck pediment.", "Some of the windows are sashes, in the gables are mullioned windows, there is an oriel window, and a flat-roofed dormer.", "Former Brunswick Wesleyan Schools\n\n1887\nThe school, later offices, is in stone with a Welsh slate roof, and is in Gothic style.", "It is on a corner site, and has two storeys.", "On the corner is a tower with chamfered angles containing a doorway with a pointed head, and on the top is a timber lantern with gablets and a spire.", "The front facing Broad Street is gabled, and contains pilasters and large windows in the upper floor in an arch containing a circular window in the spandrel.", "On the Higham View front are six bays, two of them gabled.", "Most of the windows are mullioned and transomed.", "Pendleton Co-operative Industrial Society Buildings\ncentre\n1887\nThe building was extended in 1903.", "It is in red brick with dressings in terracotta and stone, and Welsh slate roofs.", "There are three storeys and fronts of four and five bays.", "The bays are divided by rusticated piers in the ground floor and pilasters above, and at the top of each bay is a pedimented gable.", "The first floor windows have segmental heads, and those in the top floor are mullioned and transomed.", "Above the entrance on the north front is a tower with an octagonal lantern and a domed roof.", "On the west side is an octagonal turret, and on the curved corner bay are a balustraded parapet with urn finials, and a clock near the top.", "Railings, walls, gate piers and gates,Weaste Cemetery\n\n1887\nThe stone walls flank the drive and the entrance to the cemetery and carry cast iron railings with spiked ball finials.", "The gate piers flank the main and pedestrian gates, which are in cast iron.", "62 Chapel Street\ncentre\n1888–89\nOriginally a police station, later converted into offices, it is in red brick with terracotta dressings and a Welsh slate roof.", "The building is on a corner site with a triangular plan, a curved corner, and a single storey.", "Along the sides is a continuous arcade with pilasters and foliate capitals, some arches containing casement windows.", "The main doorway has a cornice hood on consoles.", "Along the top is a parapet with balusters and piers at intervals, and on the ridge is brattishing.", "Above the corner is an octagonal spirelet with an iron corona and a finial.", "Mark Addy Memorial\ncentre\n1890\nThe monument in Weaste Cemetery commemorates Mark Addy who rescued many people from the River Irwell.", "It is in polished granite, and consists of an obelisk on a stepped base.", "On the obelisk is a medallion, and on the base is an inscription.", "6 Bloom Street and Salford House\ncentre\n1890–94\nThis originated as a model lodging house for men, and has been converted into flats.", "It is in red brick and terracotta with a Welsh slate roof.", "The building has a U-shaped plan with three storeys and attics, and a single-storey central entrance.", "The entrance has a doorway flanked by windows, all of which are round-headed, and above them is a moulded string course, a parapet and a gable containing a heraldic panel.", "The wings have corbelled cornices and gables.", "To the left is the former manager's house (No.", "6), with three storeys, a gable, and sash windows.", "Monument to Oliver Heywood\ncentre\n\nThe monument commemorates Oliver Heywood, a banker and local philanthropist.", "It is in polished granite, and consists of an obelisk on a stone base with radial buttresses surmounted by volutes.", "On the monument is a bronze medallion in low relief, and on the base is an inscription.", "Northern Railway Viaduct\ncentre\n1894\nThe viaduct was built by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway to carry its line over New Bailey Street.", "It has a cast iron deck with some steel supports, and is carried by three cast iron Doric columns.", "The parapet has fluted pilasters, panels with moulded details, and a swag and Greek Key frieze.", "Gazebo, Peel Building\n\n\nThe gazebo was designed to conceal a ventilation duct from the former technical college.", "It is in terracotta and has a square plan and a single storey.", "In each face is a round-headed arch, on the corners are octagonal turrets with ogee domes, and it has an ogee cupola roof with a finial.", "Salford Education Offices\ncentre\n1895\nThe offices are faced in yellow terracotta on a granite plinth, they have a Welsh slate roof, and are in French Renaissance style.", "There are three storeys with a high basement, and ten bays, each containing mullioned and transomed windows and divided by Ionic pilasters.", "In the centre is a round-headed doorway with engaged Tuscan pilasters and a balcony on moulded console brackets, above which are decorative panels.", "There is a two-storey oriel window in the left bay, and a doorway with an enriched entablature in the right bay.", "At the top of the left bay is a shaped gable with pinnacles, at the top of the right bay is a tower with a cupola, the central bay is surmounted by a lantern with a wind vane and between them is an openwork parapet.", "Charles Hallé Memorial\ncentre\n\nThe memorial in Weaste Cemetery commemorates Charles Hallé, the founder of The Hallé Orchestra, and members of his family.", "It is in stone, and consists of an elaborately carved pedestal surmounted by a cross.", "On the front is a bronze plaque with a head and shoulders profile of Charles Hallé.", "On the cornice of the pedestal is foliage decoration, on the base of the cross are roundels containing carvings of the Four Evangelists, and on the cross is floral decoration.", "Peel Building\ncentre\n1896\nThe building originated as the Royal Technical College, and later became part of Salford University.", "It is in Ruabon brick and terracotta, it has a tiled roof, and is in Renaissance style.", "There are three storeys and the front is symmetrical, with a central block of three bays.", "The central round-arched doorway has paired Ionic columns, an entablature and a balustrades parapet.", "The windows are mullioned and transomed, and other features include gables, some shaped, stair turrets with ogee domes, and terracotta panels containing sculptures relating to art and science.", "Chesters Salford Brewery\ncentre\n1896\nThe brewery was built for Threlfalls Brewery Company, and has since been altered and used for other purposes.", "It is in red brick with stone dressings and Welsh slate roofs, and has a T-shaped plan with a tower at the junction.", "To the northeast of the tower is the maturing house, and along Cook Street are offices, a copper room and a boiler house.", "The tower has five storeys and sides of five and four bays.", "At the top is a corbel table, a slotted parapet, and a hipped roof with lunettes in dormers and decorative finials.", "Former Nurses' Home\ncentre\n1897\nOriginally a nurses' home, later converted into a library, it is in brick with terracotta dressings, applied timber framing to the gables, and has a tiled roof.", "There are three storeys and an irregular plan.", "The entrance consists of a flat-roofed porch and a round-headed doorway flanked by moulded pilasters, above which is a balustraded parapet.", "In the left return are bay windows with decorative parapets.", "The windows are sashes.", "Sports Pavilion\n\n1899\nThe pavilion is red brick with some stone dressings and a hipped tiled roof.", "It has two storeys and a rectangular plan, with a half-verandah at the front and a square tower in the southeast corner.", "The eaves overhang to the front and are carried on timber columns with Ionic capitals.", "The tower has a half timbered upper floor and a pyramidal roof with a weathervane.", "Former Victoria Theatre\n\n1899\nThe theatre, later used for other purposes, was designed by Bertie Crewe.", "It is in red brick and red terracotta with a stuccoed ground floor and a hipped Welsh slate roof.", "There are two storeys and five bays, the bays divided by Ionic pilasters.", "In the ground floor are flattened arches, and in the upper floors are square-headed windows.", "Burnett Memorial\n\n\nThe memorial is in Weaste Cemetery and commemorates members of the Burnett family.", "It is in stone, and has a stepped base, an openwork canopy with granite columns, pointed arches, and crocketed gablets, and is surmounted by a spire with a cross finial.", "Church of St Ignatius of Antioch, Ordsall\ncentre\n1900\nThe church was designed by Darbyshire and Smith in Romanesque style.", "It is in brick with terracotta dressings and roofs of slate and concrete tiles.", "The church consists of a nave with a clerestory, lean-to north and south aisles, a chancel with an apse, chapels and a south vestry, and a detached southwest tower.", "The tower has four stages, a west doorway, and a pyramidal roof with a cross finial.", "On the church are decorative friezes, arcades and tympani.", "Eagle Inn and dwelling\n\n1902\nThe public house and dwelling to the left are in red brick on a deep plinth, with terracotta dressings and a slate roof with decorative ridge tiles.", "Both have two storeys and a string course, the public house has an L-shaped plan, and the dwelling a rectangular plan.", "The public house is in Edwardian Baroque style with a symmetrical front of three bays.", "The central doorway has a fanlight and is flanked by recessed canted bay windows.", "Above the doorway is a terracotta plaque with an eagle and the name, and this is flanked by mullioned windows.", "At the top is a parapet, a shaped gable and ball finials.", "The dwelling has a door with a fanlight, and mullioned windows.", "Salford Lads' Club\ncentre\n1904\nThe social club is in red brick with terracotta dressings and a slate roof.", "It is on a corner site, with an irregular rectangular plan, and has two and three storeys.", "The west front has five bays, the central three gabled.", "The windows are mullioned and transomed, those in the ground floor with semicircular heads, and in the middle bay is an oriel window.", "The left bay is a tower with a domed cupola, a pierced parapet, and an oriel window.", "On the corner is a canted bay with three round-headed entrances.", "The north front has seven bays, round-headed windows in the ground floor, mullioned and transomed windows in the upper floor and five Dutch gables.", "Lancashire Fusiliers Memorial\ncentre\n1905\nThe memorial commemorates the members of the Lancashire Fusiliers who served in the Boer War, and it was designed by George Frampton.", "The memorial consists of the bronze figure of a soldier standing on a tall stone plinth on which is an inscription and the insignia of the regiment.", "The main block has two storeys and a U-shaped plan.", "The central part is gabled and has a small cupola with a domed roof.", "The outer wings project forward and have towers on the inner corners, with angle pilasters, parapets, and small spirelets.", "Outside the towers are projecting porches with segmental heads and parapets.", "At the corner of the left tower is a canted bay window.", "The right tower links to a projecting range with three gables.", "119, 121 and 123 Gerald Road and1 Littleton Road\ncentre\n1909\nA group of shops, originally the butchery department of the local Co-operative Society, with Classical and Arts and Crafts features.", "They are in red brick with dressings in glazed brick and in yellow and green faience.", "There is a hipped tiled roof with ridge cresting and finials.", "The building has a triangular plan, two storeys, and a polygonal tower on the angle of the streets.", "The tower has a frieze, a cornice on brackets, and an ogee cupola.", "On the angle of the roof is a leaded lantern with a loured cupola.", "Other features include round-arched windows with voussoirs and keystones, some in arcades, pilasters, and a panel with wording in low relief.", "Coach and Horses public house\ncentre\n1913\nThe public house is in red brick on a stone plinth, with stone dressings, string courses, a dentil cornice, and a tile roof.", "It has two storeys, a front and a right return of three bays, and a flat-roofed bay at the rear.", "On the front the central doorway has pilasters, a segmental pediment on consoles, and a recessed tympanum containing carving, and there is a similar doorway in the right return.", "In the ground floor are recessed canted bay windows with curved stone heads.", "The upper floor has windows with voussoirs and keystones.", "Independent Chapel\ncentre\n1915\nOriginally Salford Cinema, later used as a chapel, it is in brick with facing in faience and roughcast.", "The building has a half-hipped Welsh slate roof, its front is in Baroque style, and is expressed as two storeys.", "The central part has a segmental pediment, below it is flanked by rusticated pilasters, and it contains a doorway, two round windows with moulded surrounds, and festoons.", "In the outer parts are oval windows with similar moulding, and the corner is curved containing a doorway above which are festoons, an elaborate balustrade, and an open cupola carried on six columns with decorated capitals.", "War memorial, Albion Place\ncentre\n1922\nThe war memorial is in white ashlar stone and consists of a pylon on a stepped base with volutes.", "It has inscriptions commemorating those lost in both World Wars, carved wreaths, the word \"EGYPT\", and in the top is a sphinx.", "Dock Office\ncentre\n\nThe office building is in rendered brick on a steel frame.", "It has an E-shaped plan, and three storeys with a full attic storey.", "The central feature is a projecting pylon-like bay containing an entrance, a full-height arched window and a stepped parapet.", "This is flanked by nine bays on each side with a cornice above, and two rear wings, on the east with nine bays and on the west with eleven.", "The windows have steel frames, and between them are moulded aprons.", "Entrance to Dock Office\ncentre\n\nThe entrance is in concrete and consists of a flat arch between pylons decorated with incised panels and motifs with the appearance of ships' keels.", "To the right is a smaller pedestrian gate with a segmental arch.", "The gates have been replaced by a screen.", "Synagogue\n\n1928–29\nThe synagogue is in brick with ashlar facings and stone dressings, and has a hipped Welsh slate roof with a central lantern.", "It has a rectangular plan with a segmental and domed protrusion towards the road containing the Ark.", "The entrance is on the southeast front and has a rusticated plinth and stripped down Corinthian pilasters.", "Lower and to the west are offices, a hall and a staircase block.", "K6 Telephone Kiosk, Albion Place\ncentre\n1935\nA K6 type telephone kiosk, designed by Giles Gilbert Scott.", "Constructed in cast iron with a square plan and a dome, it has three unperforated crowns in the top panels.", "Mural at former Cromwell Secondary School\ncentre\n1960\nThe mural on the north wall of a former school, the rest of which has been demolished, is by Alan Boyson and entitled ''The Tree of Knowledge''.", "It is in mixed media, including ceramics, concrete, tiles, and pebbles, and measures about by .", "The mural depicts a stylised tree with birds, including an owl, and flowers.", "Three Totem Sculptures,University of Salford\ncentre\n1966\nThree totem sculptures by William Mitchell in concrete with pebble aggregate and coloured tiles.", "They consist of columns made from four blocks each and are between and high.", "Each has a different design and colour, and they include human features, swirls, squares and shells, and applied mosaic tiles.", "\n\n===Citations===\n\n\n===Sources===\n\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*" ]

[ "\n\nThe '''Western Anbar offensive (2017–present)''' is a military operation by the Iraqi Army against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, in the western districts of the Province of Anbar and on the border with Syria.\n", "\n\nThe towns of western Anbar were captured by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in 2014. Before the 2017 offensive, Iraqi forces had dislodged the group from key cities of Anbar including Ramadi and Fallujah but the areas near border with Syria including Anah, Rawa, Qaim and the vast rural areas across the province remained under militant control. An Iraqi operation was launched towards west Anbar in January 2017, but was suspended after recapture of towns of Sagra and Zawiya because of preparations for retaking the western bank of Mosul.\n\nThe operation on Euphrates Valley was the first since recapture of Tal Afar in August 2017. According to Iraqi military, it aims to retake militant held-towns of Al-Qaim, Rawa and Anah, which formed one of the last two enclaves still held by ISIL in Iraq. From September 11 to September 16, Iraqi aircraft carried out airstrikes in the area, killing 306 militants according to the military. On the evening of September 15, Iraqi warplanes dropped leaflets over Akashat, Anah, Rawa and Al-Qaim towns, urging civilians to take cover and calling on the militants to surrender.\n", "===Akashat===\nOn September 16, Iraqi forces began the offensive, supported by the United States-led air alliance, to dislodge ISIL from the border with Syria to the south of the Euphrates, also aimed at tightening Iraq's hold on its border with Syria. According to military statements, the offensive on the Akashat region containing natural gas reserves, was also meant to pave the way for capturing ISIL-held towns along Euphrates valley. Later in the day, Iraqi military announced that it had captured Akashat. Lt. Gen. Abdul Amir Yarallah from the Iraqi Joint Operations Command (JOC) said the Hashd al-Shaabi and Iraqi border guards had also reopened a nearby strategic road besides capturing the town. In a separate statement, Hashd al-Shaabi added that troops captured the area after destroying defensive lines of the militants, used as a corridor to move between Syria and Iraq, leaving many of them killed and wounded. \n\n===Anah===\nOn September 19, the Iraqi forces backed by US airstrikes began an assault on the militants in western Anbar. Iraqi military stated that a force composed of army units, police and tribal fighters launched the attack at dawn near the town of Anah. On the same day, Iraqi forces captured the village of al-Rayhana in the area. An Iraqi colonel told Agence-France Presse that the forces attacked it from three directions and seven militants were killed, with rest retreating to Anah. Yarallah from JOC announced on 21 September that Iraqi forces ahd completely captured Anah.\n\n===Interlude===\n\nOn September 27, the militants attacked and briefly took over areas near Ramadi according to security sources. The operation was likely meant to create a diversion against Iraq's offensives to dislodge the group from its last strongholds. Provincial police chief Major General Hadi Razij Kassar stated that security forces and tribes retook the Al-Tash, Majr and Kilometre Seven districts and all the militants were killed. A general meanwhile told that 20 militants were killed. A military source in a Ramadi hospital said two security personnel were killed and 18 civilians wounded.\n", "*Anbar campaign (2013–14)\n*Battle of Ramadi (2014–15)\n*2nd Anbar\n**2nd Ramadi\n**Siege of Fallujah (2016)\n**Battle of Fallujah (2016)\n*Mosul offensive (2016)\n**4th Mosul\n**Western Nineveh\n*Battle of Tal Afar (2017)\n*Battle of Hawija (2017–present)\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Background", "Timeline of the offensive", "See also", "References" ]

[ "An Iraqi operation was launched towards west Anbar in January 2017, but was suspended after recapture of towns of Sagra and Zawiya because of preparations for retaking the western bank of Mosul." ]

[ "\n\nThe '''Western Anbar offensive (2017–present)''' is a military operation by the Iraqi Army against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, in the western districts of the Province of Anbar and on the border with Syria.", "\n\nThe towns of western Anbar were captured by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in 2014.", "Before the 2017 offensive, Iraqi forces had dislodged the group from key cities of Anbar including Ramadi and Fallujah but the areas near border with Syria including Anah, Rawa, Qaim and the vast rural areas across the province remained under militant control.", "The operation on Euphrates Valley was the first since recapture of Tal Afar in August 2017.", "According to Iraqi military, it aims to retake militant held-towns of Al-Qaim, Rawa and Anah, which formed one of the last two enclaves still held by ISIL in Iraq.", "From September 11 to September 16, Iraqi aircraft carried out airstrikes in the area, killing 306 militants according to the military.", "On the evening of September 15, Iraqi warplanes dropped leaflets over Akashat, Anah, Rawa and Al-Qaim towns, urging civilians to take cover and calling on the militants to surrender.", "===Akashat===\nOn September 16, Iraqi forces began the offensive, supported by the United States-led air alliance, to dislodge ISIL from the border with Syria to the south of the Euphrates, also aimed at tightening Iraq's hold on its border with Syria.", "According to military statements, the offensive on the Akashat region containing natural gas reserves, was also meant to pave the way for capturing ISIL-held towns along Euphrates valley.", "Later in the day, Iraqi military announced that it had captured Akashat.", "Lt. Gen. Abdul Amir Yarallah from the Iraqi Joint Operations Command (JOC) said the Hashd al-Shaabi and Iraqi border guards had also reopened a nearby strategic road besides capturing the town.", "In a separate statement, Hashd al-Shaabi added that troops captured the area after destroying defensive lines of the militants, used as a corridor to move between Syria and Iraq, leaving many of them killed and wounded.", "===Anah===\nOn September 19, the Iraqi forces backed by US airstrikes began an assault on the militants in western Anbar.", "Iraqi military stated that a force composed of army units, police and tribal fighters launched the attack at dawn near the town of Anah.", "On the same day, Iraqi forces captured the village of al-Rayhana in the area.", "An Iraqi colonel told Agence-France Presse that the forces attacked it from three directions and seven militants were killed, with rest retreating to Anah.", "Yarallah from JOC announced on 21 September that Iraqi forces ahd completely captured Anah.", "===Interlude===\n\nOn September 27, the militants attacked and briefly took over areas near Ramadi according to security sources.", "The operation was likely meant to create a diversion against Iraq's offensives to dislodge the group from its last strongholds.", "Provincial police chief Major General Hadi Razij Kassar stated that security forces and tribes retook the Al-Tash, Majr and Kilometre Seven districts and all the militants were killed.", "A general meanwhile told that 20 militants were killed.", "A military source in a Ramadi hospital said two security personnel were killed and 18 civilians wounded.", "*Anbar campaign (2013–14)\n*Battle of Ramadi (2014–15)\n*2nd Anbar\n**2nd Ramadi\n**Siege of Fallujah (2016)\n**Battle of Fallujah (2016)\n*Mosul offensive (2016)\n**4th Mosul\n**Western Nineveh\n*Battle of Tal Afar (2017)\n*Battle of Hawija (2017–present)" ]

[ "\"'''The Old Canoe'''\" was written by Emily Rebecca Page in 1849, appearing in the ''Portland Transcipt''. The poem begins: \"Where the rocks are gray and the shore is steep\". It was included in school readers and books on elocution, receiving general recognition as a work of merit. \n", "Dr. Robert Looney Caruthers White, of Nashville, who was authority on literary matters, came to the rescue when the poem's authorship was brought into question. In ''Trotwood's Monthly'' he commented: \"In your March issue, reprinting the familiar poem, \"The Old Canoe,\" which the anthology-makers so persistently ascribe to the late Gen. Albert Pike, you say: \"Like many other good poems, It was, perhaps, the only one some poet wrote, and, never thinking itt would be immortal, or that it had any special merit, failed to sign his name to it. . . . Its authorship has never before, perhaps, been publicly corrected.\" Both these statements are erroneous. Nine years ago, when Miss Jennie Thornley Clarke's \"Songs of the South\" was published, it contained this poem, marked \"anonymous.\" As I chanced to know its real authorship, and hence knew that it lacked several hundreds of miles, geographically speaking, of being a \"song of the South,\" I sent a communication to the ''New York Critic'', which was printed in its issue of March 13, 1897, giving the facts. I have several times since publicly corrected the statement that General Albert Pike was the author of the poem. The actual author was Miss Emily Rebecca Page, who was born in Bradford, Vt., in 1834, and died in Chelsea, Mass., in 1862. \"The Old Canoe\" was written in 1849, and appeared in the ''Portland Transcript'' in that year. It was not by any means \"the only one the poet wrote.\" Miss Page was a voluminous writer of both verse and prose, having been a constant contributor to many New England periodicals. She was later assistant editor of ''Gleason's Pictorial'' and ''The Flag of Our Union'', two Boston literary publications which were very popular forty or fifty years ago. She also published several volumes of poetry. -R. L. C. WHITE. Nashville, February 26, 1906.\"\n\n\nIt was suggested that the authorship of the poem was fastened upon Pike because about the time of its publication, when it was going the rounds of the press, probably without any credit, a doggerel called \"The Old Canoe\" was composed about Pike by one of his political foes, the subject of it being a canoe in which he left Columbia, Tennessee, when a young man practicing law in that place. Pike himself stated to Senator Edward W. Carmack that he was not the author of \"The Old Canoe,\" and could not imagine how he ever got the credit for it.\n\n\nElizabeth Akers Allen also addressed the error in author attribution in Carleton's ''Record of the Year: A Reference Scrap Book'' saying, \"By a natural enough mistake, or rather a repetition of another's mistake, you print in your Record for June, crediting it to Albert Pike, a poem entitled \" The Old Canoe.\" It is not his, having been written originally by a young girl, Miss Emily Rebecca Page, a native of Bradford, Vermont. She was born and passed most of her short life in a quiet place on the Vermont bank of the Connecticut river, near the \"toll-bridge,\" which was mentioned last week in the papers as having been carried off by the freshet, near Piermont. I am positive about the matter, as I was well acquainted with her in her school-days. I had occasion to correct this same error in a New York daily two or three years ago. If my name is strange to you, I can refer you to Mr. B. P. Shillaber, of Chelsea, Massachusetts, who will assure you that I am in the right, as he was a friend of Miss Page when she was copy-holder in the office of Bailors Pictorial, Boston. She was not more than sixteen or seventeen years of age when she wrote this poem, notably her best, although it bears evidence of the youth and inexperience of the writer. Poetry, I know, is rather a drug in the market, but even verse-writers have their rights, and should not be cheated of their own, especially after they are dead, and cannot defend themselves.\"\n", "\n\n===Bibliography===\n*\n*\n*\n", "* ''Lyrics & Love Songs: Gen. Albert Pike and the Old Canoe Controversy'' (2014) \n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Publication history", "References", "External links" ]

[ "She was born and passed most of her short life in a quiet place on the Vermont bank of the Connecticut river, near the \"toll-bridge,\" which was mentioned last week in the papers as having been carried off by the freshet, near Piermont." ]

[ "\"'''The Old Canoe'''\" was written by Emily Rebecca Page in 1849, appearing in the ''Portland Transcipt''.", "The poem begins: \"Where the rocks are gray and the shore is steep\".", "It was included in school readers and books on elocution, receiving general recognition as a work of merit.", "Dr. Robert Looney Caruthers White, of Nashville, who was authority on literary matters, came to the rescue when the poem's authorship was brought into question.", "In ''Trotwood's Monthly'' he commented: \"In your March issue, reprinting the familiar poem, \"The Old Canoe,\" which the anthology-makers so persistently ascribe to the late Gen. Albert Pike, you say: \"Like many other good poems, It was, perhaps, the only one some poet wrote, and, never thinking itt would be immortal, or that it had any special merit, failed to sign his name to it.", ".", ".", ".", "Its authorship has never before, perhaps, been publicly corrected.\"", "Both these statements are erroneous.", "Nine years ago, when Miss Jennie Thornley Clarke's \"Songs of the South\" was published, it contained this poem, marked \"anonymous.\"", "As I chanced to know its real authorship, and hence knew that it lacked several hundreds of miles, geographically speaking, of being a \"song of the South,\" I sent a communication to the ''New York Critic'', which was printed in its issue of March 13, 1897, giving the facts.", "I have several times since publicly corrected the statement that General Albert Pike was the author of the poem.", "The actual author was Miss Emily Rebecca Page, who was born in Bradford, Vt., in 1834, and died in Chelsea, Mass., in 1862.", "\"The Old Canoe\" was written in 1849, and appeared in the ''Portland Transcript'' in that year.", "It was not by any means \"the only one the poet wrote.\"", "Miss Page was a voluminous writer of both verse and prose, having been a constant contributor to many New England periodicals.", "She was later assistant editor of ''Gleason's Pictorial'' and ''The Flag of Our Union'', two Boston literary publications which were very popular forty or fifty years ago.", "She also published several volumes of poetry.", "-R. L. C. WHITE.", "Nashville, February 26, 1906.\"", "It was suggested that the authorship of the poem was fastened upon Pike because about the time of its publication, when it was going the rounds of the press, probably without any credit, a doggerel called \"The Old Canoe\" was composed about Pike by one of his political foes, the subject of it being a canoe in which he left Columbia, Tennessee, when a young man practicing law in that place.", "Pike himself stated to Senator Edward W. Carmack that he was not the author of \"The Old Canoe,\" and could not imagine how he ever got the credit for it.", "Elizabeth Akers Allen also addressed the error in author attribution in Carleton's ''Record of the Year: A Reference Scrap Book'' saying, \"By a natural enough mistake, or rather a repetition of another's mistake, you print in your Record for June, crediting it to Albert Pike, a poem entitled \" The Old Canoe.\"", "It is not his, having been written originally by a young girl, Miss Emily Rebecca Page, a native of Bradford, Vermont.", "I am positive about the matter, as I was well acquainted with her in her school-days.", "I had occasion to correct this same error in a New York daily two or three years ago.", "If my name is strange to you, I can refer you to Mr. B. P. Shillaber, of Chelsea, Massachusetts, who will assure you that I am in the right, as he was a friend of Miss Page when she was copy-holder in the office of Bailors Pictorial, Boston.", "She was not more than sixteen or seventeen years of age when she wrote this poem, notably her best, although it bears evidence of the youth and inexperience of the writer.", "Poetry, I know, is rather a drug in the market, but even verse-writers have their rights, and should not be cheated of their own, especially after they are dead, and cannot defend themselves.\"", "\n\n===Bibliography===\n*\n*\n*", "* ''Lyrics & Love Songs: Gen. Albert Pike and the Old Canoe Controversy'' (2014)" ]

[ "\n'''William Armistead Moale Burden II''' (April 8, 1906 – October 10, 1984) was a prominent American banker, art collector, and philanthropist who served as U.S. Ambassador to Belgium under President Eisenhower.\n", "Burden was born on April 8, 1906 in Manhattan. He was the son of William Armistead Moale Burden (1877–1909), and Florence Vanderbilt (née Twombly) (1881–1969). He was the brother of Shirley Carter Burden (1908–1989), a prominent photographer.\n\nHis paternal grandparents were I. Townsend Burden (1838–1913) and Evelyn Byrd Moale (1847–1916), the daughter of William Armistead Moale (1800–1880) of Baltimore, Maryland, who was a direct descendant of the Carter and Byrd families of Virginia. His grandfather was an owner of Burden Iron Works, which was founded by his great-grandfather, Henry Burden (1791–1871). He was also the maternal grandson of Florence Adele Vanderbilt Twombly, a granddaughter of Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt, and Hamilton McKown Twombly.\n\nBurden attended and graduated from Harvard College in 1927. He also attended special aviation courses at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.\n", "Standing, left to right: Burden, then Special Aviation Assistant to the Secretary of Commerce, Willard E. Givens, and John W. Studebaker. Seated, left to right: Ralph A. Bard, Paul V. McNutt, and Robert P. Patterson, September 1942\nIn 1927, after his graduation from Harvard, he was hired as an aviation research analyst at Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. From 1932 to 1938, he worked for Scudder, Stevens and Clark. In 1935, while at Scudder, he was elected a director of the United Air Lines Transport Corporation. In 1940, he was named to the board of trustees of Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.\n\nDuring World War II, he was Special Assistant for Research and Development to the Secretary of the Air Force. In 1947, after the War, he joined Smith, Barney & Co. as an aviation consultant.\n\nIn 1949, he founded William A. M. Burden & Co., an investment company intended to pool and manage his families money. The firm is considered a pioneer in the \"family office\" space and continues to this day, managing half a billion dollars as of 1998. Unlike other Vanderbilt descendants, Burden \"saw the fortune dissipating into smaller and smaller chunks and was determined to protect his own progeny.\"\n\nIn 1959, he was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower as U.S. Ambassador to Belgium. He served in this role from 1959 until 1961.\n\nBurden served on the Board of Trustees of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City from 1943 until his death. He was elected President of the Board in 1953, succeeding Nelson Rockefeller, who resigned to accept appointment as Under Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Burden resigned as President in 1959, to become Ambassador, and was succeeded by Blanchette Ferry Rockefeller, the wife of John D. Rockefeller III. He resumed the presidency again afterwards from 1961 until 1965. He donated works to be auctioned off for the Museum, including Paul Cézanne's ''Apples'', in 1960. He also served as a trustee of Columbia University, a member of the board of the Smithsonian Institution, director of the Council on Foreign Relations, chairman of the Institute for Defense Analysis.\n\n===Residence===\nIn the 1940s, Burden and his wife commissioned Wallace K. Harrison, an architect who was involved in the design of Rockefeller Center, the Museum of Modern Art, and the United Nations Building in New York, as well as Isamu Noguchi, the artist, to design a summer home for them in Maine. The original 4,500 square-foot house, known as \"Sea Change,\" was completed in 1947 and in the 1960s, an indoor swimming pool was added bringing the home up to 6,500-square-feet.\n", "Portrait of Joseph Roulin by Vincent van Gogh, donated to MoMa by Burden\nOn February 16, 1931, he was married to Margaret Livingston Partridge (1909–1996), at Saint Thomas Church in Manhattan. She was the daughter of William Ordway Partridge (1861–1930), a sculptor, and the niece of Bishop Sidney Catlin Partridge. On her mothers side, she was the granddaughter of William H. Wetmore and the great-great-great-granddaughter of Chancellor Robert L. Livingston Together, they were the parents of four sons:\n\n* William Armistead Moale Burden III (1931–1962), a reporter for The Washington Post who was married to Leslie Lepington Hamilton (1932–1998), granddaughter of Bishop Franklin Hamilton, in 1951.\n* Robert Livingston Burden (1934–1974), who did not marry and was the head of the science department at Thomas Jefferson School in St. Louis.\n* Hamilton Twombly Burden (1937–2015), who did not marry and who was an author.\n* Ordway Partridge Burden (b. 1944), who married Jean Elizabeth (née Poor) Lynch, the granddaughter of Walter E. Poor, founder of the Sylvania Electric Company, in 1991.\n\nBurden died on October 10, 1984.\n\n===Legacy===\nIn 1971, together with his mother and brother, he donated Burden Auditorium to Harvard Business School in honor of his father, William A. M. Burden Sr., who graduated from Harvard in 1900, and his son, William A. M. Burden III, who graduated from Harvard in 1953 and Harvard Business School in 1955, both of whom died young. The hall was designed by Lincoln Center architect Philip Johnson.\n\nHis estate in Chappaqua, New York was later purchased and turned into a housing development in the 2000s.\n\nHis granddaughter, Wendy Burden, wrote a memoir entitled ''Dead End Gene Pool'' about her family, including her grandfather William, where she described him as, \"a casual anti-Semite and a serious alcoholic, who in the waning years of his life had a bathroom and dressing room lined with two inches of foam to avoid bruising himself. Once, while visiting Paris, he had a private secretary in New York order seven new Mercedes-Benzes — one to be delivered within a few hours.\"\n\nAfter his death, in 1985 his widow donated \"eleven masterworks\" from his estate to the Museum of Modern Art. Paintings included:\n\n\n\n\n Year\n\n Link \n Jean Arp \n ''Ptolemy'' \n 1953\n\n Link \n Constantin Brancusi \n ''Young Bird'' \n 1928\n\n Link \n Constantin Brancusi \n ''Bird in Space'' \n 1941\n\n Link \n Robert Delaunay \n ''The Three Windows, the Tower and the Wheel'' \n 1912\n\n Link \n Arshile Gorky \n ''Diary of a Seducer'' \n 1945\n\n Link \n Piet Mondrian \n ''Trafalgar Square'' \n 1939-43\n\n \n Claude Monet \n ''Corona (Water Lilies)'' \n c. 1920\n\n Link \n Pablo Picasso \n ''Two Acrobats with a Dog'' \n 1905\n\n Link \n Pablo Picasso \n ''Still Life with Red Bull's Head'' \n 1938\n\n \n Pablo Picasso \n ''Mirror and Cherries'' \n 1947\n\n Link \n Georges-Pierre Seurat \n ''The Channel at Gravelines, Evening'' \n 1890\n\n\n", "* ''The Struggle for Airways in Latin America'' (1943), Council on Foreign Relations.\n", "\n", "* \n* The Struggle for Airways in Latin America, by William Armistead Moale Burden, 1943.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Early life", "Career", "Personal life", "Published works", " References ", "External links" ]

[ "In 1940, he was named to the board of trustees of Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.\n\nDuring World War II, he was Special Assistant for Research and Development to the Secretary of the Air Force." ]

[ "\n'''William Armistead Moale Burden II''' (April 8, 1906 – October 10, 1984) was a prominent American banker, art collector, and philanthropist who served as U.S.", "Ambassador to Belgium under President Eisenhower.", "Burden was born on April 8, 1906 in Manhattan.", "He was the son of William Armistead Moale Burden (1877–1909), and Florence Vanderbilt (née Twombly) (1881–1969).", "He was the brother of Shirley Carter Burden (1908–1989), a prominent photographer.", "His paternal grandparents were I. Townsend Burden (1838–1913) and Evelyn Byrd Moale (1847–1916), the daughter of William Armistead Moale (1800–1880) of Baltimore, Maryland, who was a direct descendant of the Carter and Byrd families of Virginia.", "His grandfather was an owner of Burden Iron Works, which was founded by his great-grandfather, Henry Burden (1791–1871).", "He was also the maternal grandson of Florence Adele Vanderbilt Twombly, a granddaughter of Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt, and Hamilton McKown Twombly.", "Burden attended and graduated from Harvard College in 1927.", "He also attended special aviation courses at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.", "Standing, left to right: Burden, then Special Aviation Assistant to the Secretary of Commerce, Willard E. Givens, and John W. Studebaker.", "Seated, left to right: Ralph A. Bard, Paul V. McNutt, and Robert P. Patterson, September 1942\nIn 1927, after his graduation from Harvard, he was hired as an aviation research analyst at Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. From 1932 to 1938, he worked for Scudder, Stevens and Clark.", "In 1935, while at Scudder, he was elected a director of the United Air Lines Transport Corporation.", "In 1947, after the War, he joined Smith, Barney & Co. as an aviation consultant.", "In 1949, he founded William A. M. Burden & Co., an investment company intended to pool and manage his families money.", "The firm is considered a pioneer in the \"family office\" space and continues to this day, managing half a billion dollars as of 1998.", "Unlike other Vanderbilt descendants, Burden \"saw the fortune dissipating into smaller and smaller chunks and was determined to protect his own progeny.\"", "In 1959, he was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower as U.S.", "Ambassador to Belgium.", "He served in this role from 1959 until 1961.", "Burden served on the Board of Trustees of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City from 1943 until his death.", "He was elected President of the Board in 1953, succeeding Nelson Rockefeller, who resigned to accept appointment as Under Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.", "Burden resigned as President in 1959, to become Ambassador, and was succeeded by Blanchette Ferry Rockefeller, the wife of John D. Rockefeller III.", "He resumed the presidency again afterwards from 1961 until 1965.", "He donated works to be auctioned off for the Museum, including Paul Cézanne's ''Apples'', in 1960.", "He also served as a trustee of Columbia University, a member of the board of the Smithsonian Institution, director of the Council on Foreign Relations, chairman of the Institute for Defense Analysis.", "===Residence===\nIn the 1940s, Burden and his wife commissioned Wallace K. Harrison, an architect who was involved in the design of Rockefeller Center, the Museum of Modern Art, and the United Nations Building in New York, as well as Isamu Noguchi, the artist, to design a summer home for them in Maine.", "The original 4,500 square-foot house, known as \"Sea Change,\" was completed in 1947 and in the 1960s, an indoor swimming pool was added bringing the home up to 6,500-square-feet.", "Portrait of Joseph Roulin by Vincent van Gogh, donated to MoMa by Burden\nOn February 16, 1931, he was married to Margaret Livingston Partridge (1909–1996), at Saint Thomas Church in Manhattan.", "She was the daughter of William Ordway Partridge (1861–1930), a sculptor, and the niece of Bishop Sidney Catlin Partridge.", "On her mothers side, she was the granddaughter of William H. Wetmore and the great-great-great-granddaughter of Chancellor Robert L. Livingston Together, they were the parents of four sons:\n\n* William Armistead Moale Burden III (1931–1962), a reporter for The Washington Post who was married to Leslie Lepington Hamilton (1932–1998), granddaughter of Bishop Franklin Hamilton, in 1951.", "* Robert Livingston Burden (1934–1974), who did not marry and was the head of the science department at Thomas Jefferson School in St. Louis.", "* Hamilton Twombly Burden (1937–2015), who did not marry and who was an author.", "* Ordway Partridge Burden (b.", "1944), who married Jean Elizabeth (née Poor) Lynch, the granddaughter of Walter E. Poor, founder of the Sylvania Electric Company, in 1991.", "Burden died on October 10, 1984.", "===Legacy===\nIn 1971, together with his mother and brother, he donated Burden Auditorium to Harvard Business School in honor of his father, William A. M. Burden Sr., who graduated from Harvard in 1900, and his son, William A. M. Burden III, who graduated from Harvard in 1953 and Harvard Business School in 1955, both of whom died young.", "The hall was designed by Lincoln Center architect Philip Johnson.", "His estate in Chappaqua, New York was later purchased and turned into a housing development in the 2000s.", "His granddaughter, Wendy Burden, wrote a memoir entitled ''Dead End Gene Pool'' about her family, including her grandfather William, where she described him as, \"a casual anti-Semite and a serious alcoholic, who in the waning years of his life had a bathroom and dressing room lined with two inches of foam to avoid bruising himself.", "Once, while visiting Paris, he had a private secretary in New York order seven new Mercedes-Benzes — one to be delivered within a few hours.\"", "After his death, in 1985 his widow donated \"eleven masterworks\" from his estate to the Museum of Modern Art.", "Paintings included:\n\n\n\n\n Year\n\n Link \n Jean Arp \n ''Ptolemy'' \n 1953\n\n Link \n Constantin Brancusi \n ''Young Bird'' \n 1928\n\n Link \n Constantin Brancusi \n ''Bird in Space'' \n 1941\n\n Link \n Robert Delaunay \n ''The Three Windows, the Tower and the Wheel'' \n 1912\n\n Link \n Arshile Gorky \n ''Diary of a Seducer'' \n 1945\n\n Link \n Piet Mondrian \n ''Trafalgar Square'' \n 1939-43\n\n \n Claude Monet \n ''Corona (Water Lilies)'' \n c. 1920\n\n Link \n Pablo Picasso \n ''Two Acrobats with a Dog'' \n 1905\n\n Link \n Pablo Picasso \n ''Still Life with Red Bull's Head'' \n 1938\n\n \n Pablo Picasso \n ''Mirror and Cherries'' \n 1947\n\n Link \n Georges-Pierre Seurat \n ''The Channel at Gravelines, Evening'' \n 1890", "* ''The Struggle for Airways in Latin America'' (1943), Council on Foreign Relations.", "* \n* The Struggle for Airways in Latin America, by William Armistead Moale Burden, 1943." ]

[ "Mabel B. Dunn\n\n'''Laura Mabel Blackstock Dunn''' (August 7, 1880 - April 9, 1968) was the curator of the Shakespeare section of Highland Park Ebell.\n", "Judge Nehemiah Blackstock\n\nLaura Mabel Blackstock was born in Ventura, California, on August 7, 1880, the daughter of Judge Nehemiah Blackstock (1846-1928) and Abigail \"Abbie\" Smith (1848-1930). Nehemiah practiced law there for about 30 years and in 1897 was appointed to the State Railroad Commission; in 1905 he was appointed State Banking Commissioner.\n\nThe family moved to Los Angeles in 1905.\n", "Mabel B. Dunn was active in club affairs.\n\nShe was the curator of the Shakespeare section of Highland Park Ebell.\n\nShe was a member of Friday Morning Club and Kate Tupper Galpin Club.\n", "J. Nehemiah Blackstock House, 109 W. Avenue 54, Los Angeles (demolished), around the corner from Mabel Dunn's house\n\nIn 1906 Mabel Blackstock married Oliver Dunn, an early resident of the Oxnard area, and had two children: Oliver Charles Dunn (1909–1998) and Gerald/Gerold Camarillo Dunn (1911–1980). They first lived at Camarillo, California, and later moved to 5409 Pasadena Ave., Los Angeles, California\n\nWith the help of his father-in-law, Oliver Dunn became vice-president and trust officer of the Merchant Bank & Trust Co. of Los Angeles. In 1911 he opened his own company, the International Indemnity Company. He died in 1912 for blood disease.\n\nShe died on April 9, 1968, and is buried with her family at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale).\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life", "Career", "Personal life", "References" ]

[ "They first lived at Camarillo, California, and later moved to 5409 Pasadena Ave., Los Angeles, California\n\nWith the help of his father-in-law, Oliver Dunn became vice-president and trust officer of the Merchant Bank & Trust Co. of Los Angeles." ]

[ "Mabel B. Dunn\n\n'''Laura Mabel Blackstock Dunn''' (August 7, 1880 - April 9, 1968) was the curator of the Shakespeare section of Highland Park Ebell.", "Judge Nehemiah Blackstock\n\nLaura Mabel Blackstock was born in Ventura, California, on August 7, 1880, the daughter of Judge Nehemiah Blackstock (1846-1928) and Abigail \"Abbie\" Smith (1848-1930).", "Nehemiah practiced law there for about 30 years and in 1897 was appointed to the State Railroad Commission; in 1905 he was appointed State Banking Commissioner.", "The family moved to Los Angeles in 1905.", "Mabel B. Dunn was active in club affairs.", "She was the curator of the Shakespeare section of Highland Park Ebell.", "She was a member of Friday Morning Club and Kate Tupper Galpin Club.", "J. Nehemiah Blackstock House, 109 W. Avenue 54, Los Angeles (demolished), around the corner from Mabel Dunn's house\n\nIn 1906 Mabel Blackstock married Oliver Dunn, an early resident of the Oxnard area, and had two children: Oliver Charles Dunn (1909–1998) and Gerald/Gerold Camarillo Dunn (1911–1980).", "In 1911 he opened his own company, the International Indemnity Company.", "He died in 1912 for blood disease.", "She died on April 9, 1968, and is buried with her family at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)." ]

[ "\n\n'''Wallace's Cave''' in the Lugar Gorge at Auchinleck in the Parish of Auchinleck is an 18th century grotto contemporary with Dr Johnson's Summerhouse, also located on the Auchinleck Estate. It shows superior workmanship in its construction, possibly being the enlargement of a pre-existing cave. The cave or grotto lies downstream of the confluence of the Dippol Burn with the River Lugar and is reached via a once well formed path, however access is now hazardous due to the condition of the cliff edge path and the vertical drop into the River Lugar.\n", "The interior of Wallace's Cave\nThe cave is a Category B Listed Building that is reached via a narrow path and some rock cut steps that follow the River Lugar gorge. Lying within a side gorge cut by a small burn the final approach requires the crossing of the burn. The masons chisel marks are very clear on the walls and their work created a chamber with a floor area of approximately 14 square feet with prominent rib vaults that rise from the four corners meeting at the central roof apex, thus creating the impression, deliberately or not, of a cross or Saltire. The cave height is approximately ten feet and access is via a pointed seven foot high arched doorway, now minus its door, with one small, similarly shaped window to left as seen from the outside. The window shows no obvious sign of having been glazed.\n\nThe eminent antiquarian John Smith visited the area circa 1895 recording historic sites but makes no reference to the two caves on the estate. It has been suggested that this or a previous cave dates from the late 13th or 14th century. Warrick, writing in 1899, makes no reference to Wallace's Cave at this site although he mentions one near Lugar in the Cubs' Glen on the Glenmuir Water.\n\nJohn Thomson's map of 1832 does not mark the cave however the natural feature Kemp's Castle and the ruins of Ochiltree Castle and Auchinleck Castle are shown. The 1857 OS map shows a path leading to the site with no cave indicated, however by 1896 it is recorded. The 1908 map records the cave however the access path is no longer shown.\n\n===Other Wallace's Cave sites===\nA Wallace's Cave or Hawthornden Castle Cave exists in Roslin Glen, in Midlothian. Hawthornden Castle stands nearby and the patriot took part in the Battle of Rosslyn on 24 February 1303.\n\nA Wallace’s Cave was located in Bothwell Parish on the South Calder Water, Lanarkshire, to the west of Cleland and close to the site of the old Ravenscraig Steelworks.\n\nCrawhill in Lothian has a Wallace's Cave that is said to have been used by him after the Battle of Falkirk.\n\nThe River Clyde has an example at Corra Linn near New Lanark, Lanarkshire.\n\nOn the opposite side of the River Ayr from Wallace's Heel Well a Wallace's Cave was located and it is said that William Wallace used it to hide from English troops. No sign of it remains.\n\nA natural cave in the Cartland Craigs (NS 8691 4454) ravine in South Lanarkshire is locally said to have been used as a refuge by William Wallace.\n\nTradition identifies a Wallace's Cave located at a rock shelter near Lugar in the Cubs' Glen on the Glenmuir Water.\n", "The interior of Samuel Johnson's Summer House\nIt has been estimated as dating from circa 1760 and has been hewn from soft red sandstone in the Gothic style as a man-made folly or grotto, although the possibility remains that it was an extension of a natural cave. The RCAHMS Canmore site classifies the site as post-medieval and holds no details of the grotto. The original Auchinleck Castle stands upstream of the cave just above the confluence of the Dippol Burn with the River Lugar.\n\nThe first Laird of Auchinleck or Affleck on record was Nicol de Achethlec or Achethlic who was a great supporter of Scottish independence and is said to have been related to Sir William Wallace.\n\nIt is known that Nicol rode with Wallace to Glasgow where the English soldiers were defeated at the 'Battle of the Bell of the Brae'. It has been surmised that the grotto's name patriotically commemorates the romantic Boswell family association with the national hero and that it is contemporary with the surviving Gothic grotto variously known as Dr Johnson's Summerhouse, 'Boswell's Summerhouse' or the 'Deer Cave' situated further upstream on the Dippol Burn near the Ten Shillings Bridge, making two grottoes hewn in the picturesque landscape circa 1760 to enhance the new Auchinleck House and pleasure gardens.\n", "A visitor to one of the caves in circa 1947 describes a walk that takes him to \"a staircase of broad wooden steps built into the steep bank, but so deep in leaves that the stepping places were hard to distinguish. It led down to the water's edge, and gave access to a large cave hewn in the solid rock. A fine dry apartment it was, and to sit on the carved ledge and watch the wagtails dipping from stone to stone, the burn clear as a sheet of crystal, was most restful.\" This may refer to the summerhouse named in Dr Samuel Johnson's honour.\n", "*Cleeves Cove\n*Dunton Cove\n*The Holy Cave, Hunterston\n*Peden's Cave (Auchinbay)\n", ";Notes\n\n", "* Wallace's Cave, Lugar Gorge, Auchinleck.\n* Samuel Johnson's Summerhouse Cave.\n* Auchinleck Ice House, Dippol Burn.\n* Wallace's Cave, Armadale.\n* Wallace's Cave, Roslin\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Cave and access", "History", "Micro-history", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ "A visitor to one of the caves in circa 1947 describes a walk that takes him to \"a staircase of broad wooden steps built into the steep bank, but so deep in leaves that the stepping places were hard to distinguish." ]

[ "\n\n'''Wallace's Cave''' in the Lugar Gorge at Auchinleck in the Parish of Auchinleck is an 18th century grotto contemporary with Dr Johnson's Summerhouse, also located on the Auchinleck Estate.", "It shows superior workmanship in its construction, possibly being the enlargement of a pre-existing cave.", "The cave or grotto lies downstream of the confluence of the Dippol Burn with the River Lugar and is reached via a once well formed path, however access is now hazardous due to the condition of the cliff edge path and the vertical drop into the River Lugar.", "The interior of Wallace's Cave\nThe cave is a Category B Listed Building that is reached via a narrow path and some rock cut steps that follow the River Lugar gorge.", "Lying within a side gorge cut by a small burn the final approach requires the crossing of the burn.", "The masons chisel marks are very clear on the walls and their work created a chamber with a floor area of approximately 14 square feet with prominent rib vaults that rise from the four corners meeting at the central roof apex, thus creating the impression, deliberately or not, of a cross or Saltire.", "The cave height is approximately ten feet and access is via a pointed seven foot high arched doorway, now minus its door, with one small, similarly shaped window to left as seen from the outside.", "The window shows no obvious sign of having been glazed.", "The eminent antiquarian John Smith visited the area circa 1895 recording historic sites but makes no reference to the two caves on the estate.", "It has been suggested that this or a previous cave dates from the late 13th or 14th century.", "Warrick, writing in 1899, makes no reference to Wallace's Cave at this site although he mentions one near Lugar in the Cubs' Glen on the Glenmuir Water.", "John Thomson's map of 1832 does not mark the cave however the natural feature Kemp's Castle and the ruins of Ochiltree Castle and Auchinleck Castle are shown.", "The 1857 OS map shows a path leading to the site with no cave indicated, however by 1896 it is recorded.", "The 1908 map records the cave however the access path is no longer shown.", "===Other Wallace's Cave sites===\nA Wallace's Cave or Hawthornden Castle Cave exists in Roslin Glen, in Midlothian.", "Hawthornden Castle stands nearby and the patriot took part in the Battle of Rosslyn on 24 February 1303.", "A Wallace’s Cave was located in Bothwell Parish on the South Calder Water, Lanarkshire, to the west of Cleland and close to the site of the old Ravenscraig Steelworks.", "Crawhill in Lothian has a Wallace's Cave that is said to have been used by him after the Battle of Falkirk.", "The River Clyde has an example at Corra Linn near New Lanark, Lanarkshire.", "On the opposite side of the River Ayr from Wallace's Heel Well a Wallace's Cave was located and it is said that William Wallace used it to hide from English troops.", "No sign of it remains.", "A natural cave in the Cartland Craigs (NS 8691 4454) ravine in South Lanarkshire is locally said to have been used as a refuge by William Wallace.", "Tradition identifies a Wallace's Cave located at a rock shelter near Lugar in the Cubs' Glen on the Glenmuir Water.", "The interior of Samuel Johnson's Summer House\nIt has been estimated as dating from circa 1760 and has been hewn from soft red sandstone in the Gothic style as a man-made folly or grotto, although the possibility remains that it was an extension of a natural cave.", "The RCAHMS Canmore site classifies the site as post-medieval and holds no details of the grotto.", "The original Auchinleck Castle stands upstream of the cave just above the confluence of the Dippol Burn with the River Lugar.", "The first Laird of Auchinleck or Affleck on record was Nicol de Achethlec or Achethlic who was a great supporter of Scottish independence and is said to have been related to Sir William Wallace.", "It is known that Nicol rode with Wallace to Glasgow where the English soldiers were defeated at the 'Battle of the Bell of the Brae'.", "It has been surmised that the grotto's name patriotically commemorates the romantic Boswell family association with the national hero and that it is contemporary with the surviving Gothic grotto variously known as Dr Johnson's Summerhouse, 'Boswell's Summerhouse' or the 'Deer Cave' situated further upstream on the Dippol Burn near the Ten Shillings Bridge, making two grottoes hewn in the picturesque landscape circa 1760 to enhance the new Auchinleck House and pleasure gardens.", "It led down to the water's edge, and gave access to a large cave hewn in the solid rock.", "A fine dry apartment it was, and to sit on the carved ledge and watch the wagtails dipping from stone to stone, the burn clear as a sheet of crystal, was most restful.\"", "This may refer to the summerhouse named in Dr Samuel Johnson's honour.", "*Cleeves Cove\n*Dunton Cove\n*The Holy Cave, Hunterston\n*Peden's Cave (Auchinbay)", ";Notes", "* Wallace's Cave, Lugar Gorge, Auchinleck.", "* Samuel Johnson's Summerhouse Cave.", "* Auchinleck Ice House, Dippol Burn.", "* Wallace's Cave, Armadale.", "* Wallace's Cave, Roslin" ]

[ "\n'''Chernihivka''' () is a town in Chernihivka Raion of Zaporizhia Oblast (region) of Ukraine. It is an administrative center of Chernihivka Raion. Population: .\n\nChernihivka is situated midway between Zaporizhia and Berdyansk cities on the bank of Tokmak River on territory known as Azov Upland. The town is located in a middle of the Pontic steppe away from major highways and railways.\n\nChernihivka is a populated place of Chernihivka town council, which is a municipal community and beside the town also includes two rural settlements and four neighboring villages.\n\nChernihivka was established in 1783 by villagers from Chernigov Governorate (''Chernihiv Governorate'') who lived on territory of the today's Romny Raion (Sumy Oblast).\n\nThe agrarian company Zorya (meaning ''Star'') plays an important role in the region. During the Soviet times the company was called as Zarya Kommunizma (Dawn of the Communism).\n", "", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "See also", "References" ]

[ "Chernihivka is situated midway between Zaporizhia and Berdyansk cities on the bank of Tokmak River on territory known as Azov Upland." ]

[ "\n'''Chernihivka''' () is a town in Chernihivka Raion of Zaporizhia Oblast (region) of Ukraine.", "It is an administrative center of Chernihivka Raion.", "Population: .", "The town is located in a middle of the Pontic steppe away from major highways and railways.", "Chernihivka is a populated place of Chernihivka town council, which is a municipal community and beside the town also includes two rural settlements and four neighboring villages.", "Chernihivka was established in 1783 by villagers from Chernigov Governorate (''Chernihiv Governorate'') who lived on territory of the today's Romny Raion (Sumy Oblast).", "The agrarian company Zorya (meaning ''Star'') plays an important role in the region.", "During the Soviet times the company was called as Zarya Kommunizma (Dawn of the Communism)." ]

[ "The '''We The People Amendment''' is a joint resolution to amend the United States Constitution to abolish the doctrines of corporate personhood and money equals political speech. It was introduced by Representative Rick Nolan as on February 23, 2013. It has been re-introduced two more times as on April 29, 2015 and again as on January 30, 2017. \n\n===Text of legislation===\n\nSection 1. ''The rights protected by the Constitution of the United States are the rights of natural persons only. Artificial entities, such as corporations, limited liability companies, and other entities, established by the laws of any State, the United States, or any foreign state shall have no rights under this Constitution and are subject to regulation by the People, through Federal, State, or local law. The privileges of artificial entities shall be determined by the People, through Federal, State, or local law, and shall not be construed to be inherent or inalienable.''\n\nSection 2. ''Federal, State and local government shall regulate, limit, or prohibit contributions and expenditures, including a candidate’s own contributions and expenditures, to ensure that all citizens, regardless of their economic status, have access to the political process, and that no person gains, as a result of that person’s money, substantially more access or ability to influence in any way the election of any candidate for public office or any ballot measure. Federal, State, and local governments shall require that any permissible contributions and expenditures be publicly disclosed. The judiciary shall not construe the spending of money to influence elections to be speech under the First Amendment.''\n", "See also: ''Corporate personhood''\nSee also: ''Campaign finance reform in the United States''\n\nThe proposed amendment would establish that (1) constitutional rights are reserved for natural persons only, (2) that artificial entities (corporations, limited liability companies, and other incorporated entities established by the laws of any state, the United States, or any foreign state) have no rights under the Constitution and are subject to regulation through federal, state, or local law and (3) the privileges of such entities cannot be construed as inherent or inalienable. It would also require federal, state, and local governments to (1) regulate, limit, or prohibit political contributions or expenditures, including those made by a candidate, (2) require public disclosure of political contributions and expenditures, and (3) prohibit the courts from construing the spending of money to influence elections is not protected under the First Amendment. The amendment was proposed in response to the implications presented in the Supreme Court’s ruling in ''Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission'' (2010), a U.S. constitutional law case concerning the regulation of independent political expenditures by corporations, which the non-profit organization Citizens United challenged on the grounds of violating the First Amendment’s freedom of speech. \n\nThe basis for extending free speech rights under the doctrine of corporate personhood dates back over a century to ''Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company'' (1886). In this case, Chief Justice Morrison Waite began oral argument by stating, \"The court does not wish to hear argument on the question whether the provision in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which forbids a State to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, applies to these corporations. We are all of the opinion that it does.\"\n\nThe debate of corporate constitutional rights can be parsed into the legal definitions of corporation and personhood, the latter term being controversial in regards to the philosophical debate over where human personhood begins and the legal debate over where legal personhood ends. Under US law, corporations are extended at least some legal rights and responsibilities as natural persons, such as the right to enter into contracts and to sue or be sued. However, the framers of the US Constitution had originally reserved constitutional protections for individual citizens and had not intended such protections to be inherent or inalienable for their organizations incorporated under law. In fact, Chief Justice Waite’s statement in ''Santa Clara County'' was inserted in the headnote, which was not part of the Court’s opinion and not considered precedent, but the doctrine was clearly affirmed in subsequent cases in ''Pembina Consolidated Silver Mining Co. v. Pennsylvania'' (1888) and ''Minneapolis and Saint Louis Railway v. Beckwith'' (1889).\n\nIn the 307 Fourteenth Amendment cases heard by the Supreme Court in the years following ''Santa Clara County,'' 288 cases involved corporations compared to 19 cases involving African Americans, its intended recipients. The Court reaffirmed its ''Santa Clara County'' precedent in the landmark case ''Lochner v. New York'' (1905), which expanded corporate deregulation under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses. A year later, the Court extended corporate personhood to include search and seizure protections under the Fourth Amendment in ''Hale v. Henkel'' (1906), from which dissenting Justice John Marshall Harlan stated, \"to look into the books, records and papers of a corporation of its own creation, to ascertain whether that corporation has obeyed or is defying the law, will be greatly curtailed, if not destroyed.\" The Court later deemed in ''Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon'' (1922) that a regulation by state government is a form of takings and ruled that corporations are protected from \"private lands being taken for public use without just compensation\" and therefore entitled to compensation for lost profit under the Fifth Amendment. During this period known as the ''Lochner era,'' the Court cited the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause in halting over 200 regulations intended for corporations. Despite the Court’s recognition of corporate personhood under the Fourteenth Amendment, the Equal Protection Clause would not be applied to women until the case ''Reed v. Reed'' (1971).\n\nIn the case of ''Citizens United'', the extension of corporate personhood to include free speech rights was premised on the First Amendment’s Freedom of the Press Clause, which protects associations of individuals, including individual speakers. The Court ruled that Corporations (as associations of individuals) are entitled to free speech rights because the First Amendment does not allow prohibitions of speech based on the identity of the speaker. Furthermore, the Court extended its precedents set in ''Buckley v. Valeo'' (1976), which asserted corporate spending to political candidates and parties is the equivalent of free speech, and ''First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti'' (1978), which established that non-media business corporations can give unrestricted money to \"influence or affect\" voter opinions in state political referenda.\n\n", "In the 113th Congress, the We the People Amendment received 3 co-sponsors from the Democratic Party. In the 114th Congress, it garnered 23 co-sponsors (22 Democrats, 1 Republican). In the 115th Congress, it has 44 co-sponsors (43 Democrats, 1 Republican). \n\nAs of September 2017, the joint resolution is in the House Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice under the House Committee on the Judiciary.\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Background", "Introduction", " References " ]

[ "Furthermore, the Court extended its precedents set in ''Buckley v. Valeo'' (1976), which asserted corporate spending to political candidates and parties is the equivalent of free speech, and ''First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti'' (1978), which established that non-media business corporations can give unrestricted money to \"influence or affect\" voter opinions in state political referenda." ]

[ "The '''We The People Amendment''' is a joint resolution to amend the United States Constitution to abolish the doctrines of corporate personhood and money equals political speech.", "It was introduced by Representative Rick Nolan as on February 23, 2013.", "It has been re-introduced two more times as on April 29, 2015 and again as on January 30, 2017.", "===Text of legislation===\n\nSection 1.", "''The rights protected by the Constitution of the United States are the rights of natural persons only.", "Artificial entities, such as corporations, limited liability companies, and other entities, established by the laws of any State, the United States, or any foreign state shall have no rights under this Constitution and are subject to regulation by the People, through Federal, State, or local law.", "The privileges of artificial entities shall be determined by the People, through Federal, State, or local law, and shall not be construed to be inherent or inalienable.''", "Section 2.", "''Federal, State and local government shall regulate, limit, or prohibit contributions and expenditures, including a candidate’s own contributions and expenditures, to ensure that all citizens, regardless of their economic status, have access to the political process, and that no person gains, as a result of that person’s money, substantially more access or ability to influence in any way the election of any candidate for public office or any ballot measure.", "Federal, State, and local governments shall require that any permissible contributions and expenditures be publicly disclosed.", "The judiciary shall not construe the spending of money to influence elections to be speech under the First Amendment.''", "See also: ''Corporate personhood''\nSee also: ''Campaign finance reform in the United States''\n\nThe proposed amendment would establish that (1) constitutional rights are reserved for natural persons only, (2) that artificial entities (corporations, limited liability companies, and other incorporated entities established by the laws of any state, the United States, or any foreign state) have no rights under the Constitution and are subject to regulation through federal, state, or local law and (3) the privileges of such entities cannot be construed as inherent or inalienable.", "It would also require federal, state, and local governments to (1) regulate, limit, or prohibit political contributions or expenditures, including those made by a candidate, (2) require public disclosure of political contributions and expenditures, and (3) prohibit the courts from construing the spending of money to influence elections is not protected under the First Amendment.", "The amendment was proposed in response to the implications presented in the Supreme Court’s ruling in ''Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission'' (2010), a U.S. constitutional law case concerning the regulation of independent political expenditures by corporations, which the non-profit organization Citizens United challenged on the grounds of violating the First Amendment’s freedom of speech.", "The basis for extending free speech rights under the doctrine of corporate personhood dates back over a century to ''Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company'' (1886).", "In this case, Chief Justice Morrison Waite began oral argument by stating, \"The court does not wish to hear argument on the question whether the provision in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which forbids a State to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, applies to these corporations.", "We are all of the opinion that it does.\"", "The debate of corporate constitutional rights can be parsed into the legal definitions of corporation and personhood, the latter term being controversial in regards to the philosophical debate over where human personhood begins and the legal debate over where legal personhood ends.", "Under US law, corporations are extended at least some legal rights and responsibilities as natural persons, such as the right to enter into contracts and to sue or be sued.", "However, the framers of the US Constitution had originally reserved constitutional protections for individual citizens and had not intended such protections to be inherent or inalienable for their organizations incorporated under law.", "In fact, Chief Justice Waite’s statement in ''Santa Clara County'' was inserted in the headnote, which was not part of the Court’s opinion and not considered precedent, but the doctrine was clearly affirmed in subsequent cases in ''Pembina Consolidated Silver Mining Co. v. Pennsylvania'' (1888) and ''Minneapolis and Saint Louis Railway v. Beckwith'' (1889).", "In the 307 Fourteenth Amendment cases heard by the Supreme Court in the years following ''Santa Clara County,'' 288 cases involved corporations compared to 19 cases involving African Americans, its intended recipients.", "The Court reaffirmed its ''Santa Clara County'' precedent in the landmark case ''Lochner v. New York'' (1905), which expanded corporate deregulation under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses.", "A year later, the Court extended corporate personhood to include search and seizure protections under the Fourth Amendment in ''Hale v. Henkel'' (1906), from which dissenting Justice John Marshall Harlan stated, \"to look into the books, records and papers of a corporation of its own creation, to ascertain whether that corporation has obeyed or is defying the law, will be greatly curtailed, if not destroyed.\"", "The Court later deemed in ''Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon'' (1922) that a regulation by state government is a form of takings and ruled that corporations are protected from \"private lands being taken for public use without just compensation\" and therefore entitled to compensation for lost profit under the Fifth Amendment.", "During this period known as the ''Lochner era,'' the Court cited the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause in halting over 200 regulations intended for corporations.", "Despite the Court’s recognition of corporate personhood under the Fourteenth Amendment, the Equal Protection Clause would not be applied to women until the case ''Reed v. Reed'' (1971).", "In the case of ''Citizens United'', the extension of corporate personhood to include free speech rights was premised on the First Amendment’s Freedom of the Press Clause, which protects associations of individuals, including individual speakers.", "The Court ruled that Corporations (as associations of individuals) are entitled to free speech rights because the First Amendment does not allow prohibitions of speech based on the identity of the speaker.", "In the 113th Congress, the We the People Amendment received 3 co-sponsors from the Democratic Party.", "In the 114th Congress, it garnered 23 co-sponsors (22 Democrats, 1 Republican).", "In the 115th Congress, it has 44 co-sponsors (43 Democrats, 1 Republican).", "As of September 2017, the joint resolution is in the House Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice under the House Committee on the Judiciary." ]

[ "\n\nThe Mughal Empire's province Gujarat (now in India) was managed by the Viceroys appointed by the emperors. After defeating all his brothers, Aurangzeb ascended the Mughal throne in 1658. He rewarded people who had helped him in his succession war. He forgave Jaswant Singh with whom he had faught in the battle and appointed him as the viceroy of Gujarat. Mahabat Khan succeeded him who annexed Nawanagar under the Mughal control. During his time, Aurangzeb decreed some administrative reforms, ordered curbs on Hindu customs and festivals and enforced Islamic religious law. In 1664, Maratha leader Shivaji plundered Surat and emptied its riches. Under next viceroy Khan Jehan, Shivaji again attacked Surat and Janjira. Jaswant Singh was appointed the viceroy again and the Nawanagar was partially restored to its ruler. During the next viceroy Amin Khan, there was disorder in the province due to imposition of jizya tax and other discrimination and Idar revolted in 1679 but soon contained.\n\nDuring next viceroy, Mukhtar Khan, Ahmedabad faced flood (1683) and the province faced the famine (1684). Sujaat Khan, the next viceroy, managed the province for nineteen years. he contained revolt of Shia Muslims in 1691 and disturbances in Kathiawad and Marwar. He made peace with Durgadas Rathod of Marwar. In 1698, Gujarat again faced scarcity. In 1703, Prince Muhammad Azam Shah was appointed as the viceroy. Durgadas was invited to Ahmedabad to be killed but he escaped. In south, the Marathas assembled and threatened to enter Gujarat. Soon they entered under Dhanaji Jadhav up to Bharuch during the rule of the next viceroy Ibrahim Khan. Under him, the Mughal forces were defeated at Ratanpur near Rajpipla and again at Baba Pyara and plundered the whole region. The emperor sent prince Muhammad Bidar Bakht with forces to help but the Marathas returned before he arrived. On the other hand, Durgadas again rebelled and sent forces but he was defeated. Ibrahim Khan soon reappointed as the viceroy just before death of Aurangzeb in 1707. Taking advantage of situation due to warring princes for succession, the Marathas under Balaji Vishwanath entered Gujarat and reached as far as Ahmedabad. Fearing heavy plunder, Ibrahim Khan negotiated and paid heavy tribute of Rupees 210000 to withdraw. Thus Marathas returned. Bahadur Shah I ascended the Mughal throne in Delhi. During Aurangzeb's rule, the Mughal Empire had weakened and started falling apart.\n", "===Kásam Khán, Thirtieth Viceroy, 1657–1659 and Sháh Nawáz Khán Safávi, Thirty-first Viceroy, 1659===\n;Dara Shikoh rebelled and defeated, 1659\nIn 1658, while his father Shah Jahan was still alive, Aurangzeb assumed the imperial titles and ascended the Mugahl throne. In 1659, he appointed Sháh Nawáz Khán Safávi, thirty-first viceroy of Gujarát, with Rahmat Khán as minister replacing Kasam Khan appointed by his father whom he defeated in the battle of Dharmatpur.\n\nOn this occasion Shantidas Jhaveri, a merchant from Ahmedabad who had helped financing his cause during battles of succession, received a decree directing that the provincial officials should settle his accounts and Kutb-ud-dín Kheshgi was appointed to Sorath. Sháh Nawáz Khán was the father-in-law of both Aurangzeb and his brother Murad Bakhsh whom he had imprisoned. Shortly after his appointment, while Murád’s wife was paid a visit to her father. Another prince Dara Shikoh fighting for succession went to Kutch, where he had been hospitably received by the Ráo of Kutch. He made a sudden descent on Gujarát. The viceroy Sháh Nawáz Khán, won over by the entreaties of his daughter who saw in the success of Dara Shikoh, a hope of release for her husband, joined the prince who entered Áhmedábád. After raising funds from Surat and Áhmedábád, he collected an army of 22000 horse and appointing Sayad Áhmed deputy viceroy, marched towards Ajmer, once more to try his chance of empire. He was defeated and fled to Áhmedábád, where Sardár Khán, who had confined Sayad Áhmed, closed the gates of the city in his face. The unhappy prince retired to Kutch, but finding no support fled to Sindh, where he was treacherously seized and handed to his brother Aurangzeb by the chief of Jún. \n\n===Jaswant Singh, Thirty-second Viceroy, 1659–1662===\nThe emperor Aurangzeb, forgiving Jaswant Singh his opposition during battle of Dharmatpur during succession war, conferred on him the government of Gujarát, and in the place of Rahmat Khán appointed Makramat Khán to act as minister.\n\nSardár Khán was thanked for his loyal conduct and made governor of Bharuch. Praise was also given to Sher and Ábid of the Bábi family. Presents were bestowed on Kutb-ud-dín, governor of Sorath, and, shortly after, for his refusal to help prince Dara Shikoh, Tamáchi chief of Kutch was rewarded. These measures removed all signs of disaffection at the accession of Aurangzeb. A decree was issued directing Rahmat Khán the minister to forbid the cultivation of the ''bhang'' plant. ''Mohtasib''s or censors were appointed to prevent the drinking of wine or the use of intoxicating drugs and preparations. On the formal installation of Aurangzeb in 1658–59, the Áhmedábád Kázi was ordered to read the sermon in his name. The Kázi objected that Sháh Jahán was alive. Sheikh Abdul Wahháb, a Sunni Bohra of Patan, whom on account of his learning and intelligence Aurangzeb had made Kázi of his camp, contended that the weakness and age of Sháh Jahán made a successor necessary. The Bohra prevailed and the sermon was read in Aurangzeb’s name.\n\nIn 1662, Jaswant Singh received orders to march to the Dakhan (Deccan) and join prince Muâzzam against Shivaji, the Maratha leader; and Kutb-ud-dín, governor of Sorath, was directed to act for him in his absence.\n\n===Mahábat Khán, Thirty-third Viceroy, 1662–1668===\nIn 1662, Mahábat Khán was appointed thirty-third viceroy of Gujarát, and Sardár Khán, the governor of Bharuch, was sent to Idar to suppress disturbances. About 1664, Ranmalji or Satarsála Jám of Nawanagar died, leaving by a Rathod mother a child named Lákha whom the late chief’s brother Ráisinghji with the aid of the Ráo of Kutch and other Jádejás, set aside and himself mounted the throne. Malik Ísa, a servant of the family, took Lákha to Áhmedábád and invoked the aid of the viceroy.\n\n;Capture of Nawánagar (Islámnagar), 1664\nKutb-ud-dín marching on Navánagar, defeated and slew Ráisingh, took possession of Nawánagar, and annexed the territory, changing the name of the city into Islámnagar. Ráisingh’s son, Tamáchi, then an infant, escaped and was sheltered in Kutch. In the same year (1664), a Baluch personating Dara Shikoh, was joined by many Kolis, and disturbed the peace of the Chunval, north of Viramgam (now in Patan district, Gujarat. With the aid of Sherkhán Bábi, Mahábat Khán quelled these disturbances, and established two new military posts, one at Gájna under Cambay and one at Belpár under Petlad.\n\n;Imperial decrees\nIn 1664, an imperial decree was received requiring the discontinuance of the following abuses: The charging of blackmail by executive subordinates; A tax on private individuals on their cutting their own trees; Forced purchases by state servants; The levy by local officers of a tax on persons starting certain crafts; The levy of a tax on laden carts and on cattle for sale; The closing of shops on the Jain Paryushan festival and at the monthly elevenths or Ekadashi; Forced labour; The exclusive purchase of new grain by revenue officers; The exclusive sale by officers of the vegetables and other produce of their gardens; A tax on the slaughtering of cattle in addition to that on their sale; Payments to the Ahmednagar Kolis to prevent Muslims praying in the Ahmednagar mosque; The re-opening of certain Hindu temples; The aggressive conduct and obscenity practised during the Holi and Diwali festivals; The sale by Hindus of toy horses and elephants during Muslim festivals; The exclusive sale of rice by certain rich Banias; The exclusive purchase by Imperial officers of roses for the manufacture of rosewater; The mixed gatherings of men and women at Muslim shrines; The setting up of ''neza''s or holy hands and the sitting of harlots on roadsides or in markets; The charging by revenue officers of scarcity rates; The special tax in Prantij, Modasa, Vadnagar, Bisnápur, and Harsol on Muslim owners of mango trees; The levy of duty both at Surat and Ahmedabad from English and Dutch merchants.\n\n;Shiváji Plunders Surat, 1664\n\nIn the same year (1664), Shivaji made a rapid descent on Surat, then undefended by walls, and, by plundering the city, created great alarm over the whole province. The viceroy Mahábat Khán marched to Surat with the following chiefs and officers: Jagmál, proprietor of Sanand; the governor of Dholka; Shádimal, chief of Idar; Sayad Hasan Khán, governor of Ídar; Muhammad Ábid with 200 superior landholders of the district of Kadi; the Rája of Dungarpur; Sabalsingh Rája of Wadhwan and other chiefs of Jhalawad; Lál Kalián chief of Mandwa near Atarsumba near Baroda; the chief of Ilol under Ahmednagar in the Mahi Kántha region; Prathiráj of Haldarvás; and the chief of Belpár. Before the viceroy’s army arrived at Surat, Shiváji had carried off his plunder to his head-quarters at Raigad fort.\n\nAfter remaining three months at Surat levying tribute from the superior landholders, the viceroy returned to Ahmedábád, and Ináyat Khán, the revenue collector of Surat, built a wall round the town for its protection. About this time Kutb-ud-dín Khán, governor of Sorath, was sent with an army to aid the Mahárája Jaswant Singh in the Dakhan and Sardár Khán was appointed in his place.\n\nIn 1666, the Maráthás again attacked and plundered Surat, and in the same year the deposed emperor Shah Jahan died. Aurangzeb attempted to induce the English to supply him with European artillerymen and engineers. The request was evaded.\n\n;Copper Coinage Introduced, 1668\nIn this year the viceroy, Mahábat Khán, in place of the old iron coins, introduced a copper coinage into Gujarát. Sardár Khan, the governor of Junagadh, was put in charge of Islámnagar (Nawánagar) and 500 additional horsemen were placed under him. Special checks by branding and inspection were introduced to prevent nobles and others keeping less than their proper contingent of horse. In the same year the cultivator who paid the rent was acknowledged to be the owner of the land and a system of strengtheners or ''takáwi'' after due security was introduced.\n\n===Khán Jehán, Thirty-fourth Viceroy, 1668–1671===\nIn 1668, Bahádur Khán Khán Jehán, who had formerly been viceroy of Allahábád, was appointed viceroy of Gujarát, with Háji Shafi Khán, and afterwards Khwájah Muhammad Háshím, as his ministers.\n\n;Shivaji attacks Surat and Janjira\nKhán Jehán joined his government in 1669, and in 1670 Shiváji again plundered Surat. In 1670 Shiváji made an attempt on Janjira, the residence and stronghold of the Sídi or Abyssinian admirals of Bíjápur. Sídi Yákút the commander of Janjira applied for aid to the governor of Surat. On his offering to become a vassal of the emperor and place his fleet at the emperor’s disposal, Sídi Yákút received the title of Yákút Khán, and a yearly subsidy of Rupees 150000 payable from the port of Surat. About the same time Sayad Diler Khán, who had accompanied Mahárája Jaswant Singh to the Dakhan, was recalled by the viceroy Khán Jehán and appointed governor of Sorath in place of Sardár Khán, who was sent to Ídar. Sayad Haidar, in charge of the military post of Haidarábád, about twenty-four miles south of Áhmedábád, reported that he had put down the rebellion but recommended that a small fort should be built. In 1670 the emperor summoned Diler Khán to discuss Dakhan affairs, and sent him to the seat of war, replacing him in the government of Sorath by Sardár Khán.\n\n===Mahárája Jaswant Singh, Thirty-fifth Viceroy, 1671–1674===\nIn 1671, Bahádur Khán Khán Jehán was sent as viceroy to the Dakhan. He was relieved by the Mahárája Jaswant Singh, who, as viceroy, received an assignment of the districts of Dhandhuka and Petlad.\n\nIn 1673, through the intercession of the viceroy, Jám Ṭamáchi, the son of Ráisingh of Nawanagar, on condition of serving the viceroy and of keeping order was restored to Nawánagar, and twenty-five villages were granted to certain dependent Jádeja Rájputs. So long as the emperor Aurangzeb lived, the city of Nawánagar (Islámnagar) remained in the hands of a Muslim noble, the Jám residing at Khambhalia, a town about thirty miles south-west of the head-quarters of the state. In 1707, on Aurangzeb’s death, the Jám was allowed to return to Nawánagar where he built a strong fort. Similarly so long as Aurangzeb lived, the Jám forbore to work the pearl fisheries in the Gulf of Kutch, but afterwards again made use of this source of revenue.\n\nEarly in 1674, an order issued forbidding the levy from Muslims of ''rahádari'' or transit dues, of taxes on fish vegetables grass firewood and other forest produce, on Muslim artisans, and many other miscellaneous dues. The officer in charge of Morbi, which was then an imperial district, was ordered to strive to increase its population and revenue, and the chief of Porbandar, also an imperial district, on condition of service and of protecting the port was allowed a fourth share of its revenue. Much discontent was caused by enforcing an imperial order confiscating all ''wazífah'' land, that is all land held on religious tenure by Hindus.\n\n===Muhammad Amín Khán Umdat-ul-Mulk, Thirty-sixth Viceroy, 1674–1683===\nAbout the close of the year 1674, Mahárája Jaswant Singh was relieved and sent to Kabul, and Muhammad Amín Khán Umdat-ul-Mulk, who had just been defeated at Kábul, was appointed thirty-sixth viceroy of Gujarát, receiving an assignment of the districts of Patan and Viramgam. Among the military posts mentioned in the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' is that of Sadra (Islamabad) near Godhra which was under the command of Sayad Kamál, son of Sayad Kámil.\n\n;Increased Power of the Bábi Family.\nThe Bábi family were now rising into importance. Muhammad Muzaffar, son of Sher Khán Bábi, was governor of Kadi, and Muhammad Mubáriz, another son of Sher Bábi, was in charge of one of the posts under Kadi. Kamál Khán Jhálori, who had been removed from the government of Palanpur and replaced by Muhammad Fateh, was now restored to his former post. About the same time, at the representation of Mulla Hasan Gujaráti, twenty-one villages were taken from Vijapur and Kadi and Pátan and formed into the separate division of Visalnagar (Visnagar). In 1676, the fort of Junagadh was put into repair, and Sheikh Nizám-ud-dín Áhmed, minister of Gujarát, was sent to Malwa, and was succeeded by Muhammad Sharíf. The Kánkrej Kolis were again rebellious, and Muhammad Amín Khán Umdat-ul-Mulk went against them and remained four months in their country, subduing them and enforcing tribute. In the end of 1678, the viceroy paid his respects to the emperor at Ajmer. The emperor forbade the fining of Muslim officials as contrary to the Muslim law and directed that if guilty of any fault they should be imprisoned or degraded from office, but not fined. An order was also given to change the name of the new Visalnagar district to Rasúlnagar (now Visnagar).\n\nAt this time (1679) the emperor was doing his utmost to crush both the Rána of Udaipur and the Ráthoḍs of Marwar. While the emperor was at Chittor, Bhímsing the Rána’s youngest son raided into Gujarát plundering Vadnagar, Visalnagar and other towns and villages.\n\n;Revolt of Ídar, 1679\nThe chief of Idar, thinking the opportunity favourable for regaining his independence, expelled the Mughal garrison from Ídar and established himself in his capital. Muhammad Amín Khán sent Muhammad Bahlol Khán Shirwáni who with the help of the Kasbátis of Prantij re-took Ídar, and the chief pursued by Bahlol Khán fled to the hills, where he died in a cave from want of his usual dose of opium to which he was much addicted. His body was found by a woodcutter who brought the head to Bahlol Khán. The head was recognized by the chief’s widow, who from that day put on mourning. Muhammad Bahlol Khán was much praised, and was appointed to the charge of Ídar, and at the same time the minister Muhammad Sharíf was succeeded by Abdúl Latíf.\n\nTo this time belongs an imperial decree imposing the jizya or head tax on all subjects not professing the Muslim faith, and another regulating the levy from Muslims of the ''zakát'' or poor rate. In 1681, a severe famine led to riots in Áhmedábád.. As the viceroy Muhammad Amín was returning in state from the Eid prayers; Abu Bakr, an Áhmedábád Sheikh instigated the people to throw stones and dust. The viceroy’s bodyguard attacked the mob, but owing to the viceroy’s forbearance no serious results followed. On hearing of the riot the emperor ordered the city to be put under martial law. The more politic viceroy contented himself by inviting Sheikh Abu Bakr and others to a banquet. After dinner, he gave a piece of a poisoned watermelon to Abu Bakr, who died and the riot with him. In 1683, Muhammad Amín, the viceroy died. According to the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'', Muhammad Amín was one of the best of Gujarát governors. The emperor Aurangzeb used to say, \"No viceroy of mine keeps order like Amín Khán.\"\n\n===Mukhtár Khán, Thirty-seventh Viceroy, 1683–1684===\nAmín Khán was succeeded by Mukhtár Khán as thirty-seventh viceroy, Abdul Latíf continuing to hold the office of minister. Fresh orders were passed forbidding import dues on merchandise, fruit, grass, firewood, and similar produce entering Áhmedábád. In 1682, a decree was received ordering pauper prisoners to be provided with rations and dress at the cost of the state. In 1683, the Sabarmati river rose so high that the water reached as far as the Teen Darwaza or Triple Gateway in the west of Áhmedábád city. In consequence of disturbances in Sorath, the viceroy called on the minister to advance funds for an expedition. The minister refused to make advances without special orders from the emperor. On a reference to court the minister was directed to make advances in emergent cases. In 1684, at the request of the inhabitants of that city Abdúr Rahmán Krori, the governor of Deva Pátan, was removed and in his place Muhammad Sayad chose Sardár Khán as governor of Sorath. In the following year, on the death of Sardár Khán at Thatta in Sindh, where he had gone as viceroy, he was, in the first instance, succeeded in the government of Sorath by Sayad Muhammad Khán. Not long after Sorath was assigned as a personal estate to the emperor’s second son prince Muhammad Azam Shah Bahádur and during the prince’s absence Sháhwardi Khán was sent to manage its affairs. \n\n;Famine, 1684\nIn 1684, a famine in Gujarát raised the price of grain in Áhmedábád to such a degree that Sheikh Muhy-ud-dín, the son of the Kázi and regulator of prices, was mobbed.\n\n===Shujáât Khán (Kártalab Khán), Thirty-eighth Viceroy, 1684–1703===\nOn the death of the viceroy in 1684, prince Muhammad Azam Shah was nominated to succeed him with Kártalab Khán, governor of Sorath, as his deputy. Before the prince took charge, Kártalab Khán was raised to the post of viceroy, and Muhammad Táhir appointed minister. In addition to his command as viceroy of Gujarát, Kártalab Khán was afterwards placed in charge of Jodhpur. In this rearrangement besides his previous personal estate, the district of Petlád was assigned to prince Muhammad Ázam Sháh, and Sher Afghan Khán, son of Sháhwardi Khán, was appointed governor of Sorath. In 1687, Sher Afghan Khán was relieved by Bahlol Shirwáni, but in the following year was restored to his command.\n\n;Mutiny quelled, 1689.\nIn 1689, on the news of the death of its governor Ináyat Khán, Kártalab Khán started to settle the affairs of Jodhpur. As soon as he left Áhmedábád, a rumour spread that a new viceroy was coming, and the troops, with whom as well as with the people of Gujarát Kártalab was most popular, grew mutinous. On hearing of this disturbance Kártalab Khán at once returned to Áhmedábád and quelled the mutiny. His firmness so pleased the emperor that he gave him the title of Shujaât Khán, and placed the governor of Jodhpur under his orders.\n\nShujaât Khán now proceeded to Jodhpur, where Durgádás Ráthoḍ, who had incited prince Abkar to rebellion, and Ajítsingh, the son of Mahárája Jaswant Singh, were causing disturbance. Finding that a strong resident governor was required to keep the insurgents in check, Shujaât Khán appointed Kázim Beg Muhammad Amín, a brave and resolute soldier, to be his deputy and returned to Áhmedábád.\n\nDuring this viceroyalty the pay of the leader or ''jamádár'' of a troop of fifty horse was fixed at Ruppes 100; of a ''do-aspah'' or two-horse trooper at Rupees 60; and of an ''ek-aspah'' or one-horse trooper at Rupees 30 a month. An imperial order was also issued directing the levy on merchandise to be taken at the place and time of sale instead of the time and place of purchase. As this change caused loss to the revenue the old system was again adopted. In a.d. 1690 the minister Amánat Khán, with the title of Ítimád Khán, was made military governor of Surat, and Sayad Muhsín was chosen minister in his place. To prevent the peons of great officials extorting fees and dues officials were forbidden to entertain peons without payment.\n\n;Revolt of Matiás and Momnás, 1691\nIn the following year (1691), an attempt on the part of the emperor to suppress a body of Muslim sectarians led to a somewhat serious insurrection. Sayad Sháhji was the religious preceptor of the Matiás of Khandesh and the Momnás of Gujarát, two classes of converted Hindus closely allied to the Khojas of Kathiawad, all of them being followers of Sayad Imám-ud-dín, an Shia Ismáîliá missionary who came to Gujarát during the reign of Gujarat Sultan Mahmud Begada (r.1459–1513). Hearing that his followers paid obeisance to their veiled spiritual guide by kissing his toe, the emperor ordered the guide to be sent to court to be examined before the religious doctors. Afraid of the result of this examination, the Sayad committed suicide and was buried at Karamtah nine miles south of Áhmedábád. The loss of their leader so enraged his followers that, collecting from all sides, they marched against Bharuch, seized the fort, and slew the governor. The insurgents held the fort of Bharuch against the governor of Baroda who was sent to punish them, and for a time successfully resisted the efforts of his successor Nazar Áli Khán. At last, at an unguarded spot, some of the besiegers stole over the city wall and opening the gates admitted their companions. The Momnás were defeated and almost all slain as they sought death either by the sword or by drowning to merit their saint’s favour in the next world.\n\n;Disturbances in Kathiawad, 1692\nIn 1692, Shujáât Khán, during his tribute-gathering campaign in Jhalawad and Sorath, stormed the fort of Than, the head-quarters of the plundering Káthis and after destroying the fort returned to Áhmedábád. Shujáât Khán was one of the ablest of Gujarát viceroys. He gave so much of his attention to the management of Jodhpur, that he used to spend about six months of every year in Márwár. He beautified Áhmedábád by building the college and mosque still known by his name near the Lál Darwaza area of Ahmedabad. In 1642, two hundred cart-loads of marble were received from the ancient buildings at Pátan and the deputy governor Safdar Khán Bábi wrote that if a thousand cart-loads more were required they could be supplied from the same source. At this time the emperor ordered that Sheikh Akram-ud-dín, the local tax-collector, should levy the head tax from the Hindus of Palanpur and Jalore. The viceroy deputed Muhammad Mujáhid, son of Kamál Khán Jhálori, governor of Pálanpur to help in collecting. \n\nDisturbances in Márwár.\nAs Durgádás Ráthoḍ was again caused disturbance in Márwár, the viceroy went to Jodhpur, and by confirming their estates to the chief vassals and landholders and guaranteeing other public measures on condition of service, persuaded them to abandon their alliance with Durgádás against whom he sent his deputy Kázim Beg, who expelled him from Márwár. After appointing Kunvár Muhkamsingh, governor of Mertha in Márwár, Shujáât Khán returned to Áhmedábád. In 1693, at the request of Sher Afghan Khán, governor of Sorath, the walls of the fort of Jagat (Dwarka) were restored. In this year the viceroy went to Jhalawad to exact tribute.\n\nOn his return to Áhmedábád Safdar Khán Bábi, governor of Pátan, wrote to the viceroy, and at his request the forts of Kambhoi and Sámprah were repaired. The viceroy now went to Jodhpúr and from that returned to Áhmedábád. A circumstance in connection with a sum of Rupees 7000 spent on the repairs of forts illustrates the close imperial supervision of provincial accounts. The item having come to imperial notice from the provincial disbursement sheets was disallowed as unfair and ordered to be refunded under the rule that such charges were to be met out of their incomes by the local governors and military deputy governors. Imperial officers were also from time to time deputed to collect from the books of the ''desái''’s statements of provincial disbursements and receipts for periods of ten years that they might render an independent check.\nHatkeshwar Mahadev Temple at Vadnagar which was ordered by the emperor to be destroyed.\nIn this year the emperor hearing that Ajítsingh and Durgádás were again contemplating rebellion ordered the viceroy to Jodhpur. Muhammad Mubáriz Bábi was at the same time appointed deputy governor of Vadnagar, and an order was issued that the revenue of Pátan should be paid to Shujáât Khán instead of as formerly into the imperial treasury. In this year also Safdar Khán Bábi, governor of Pátan, was succeeded by Mubáriz Khán Bábi. Not long afterwards under imperial orders the viceroy directed Muhammad Mubáriz Bábi to destroy the Vadnagar temple of Hatkeshwar Mahádev, the Nágar Bráhmans’ special guardian.\n\nIn 1696, Muhammad Bahlol Shírwáni, governor of Baroda, died, and his place was supplied by Muhammad Beg Khán. During this year the viceroy again went to Jodhpúr and remained there for some months. In 1697 Buláki Beg the mace-bearer arrived from the imperial court to settle disputes connected with the Nawánagar succession, and to inquire into complaints made by the inhabitants of Sorath. In 1696, an imperial circular was addressed to all officers in charge of districts ordering them to show no respect or consideration for royalty in their efforts to capture or kill the rebel prince Akbar. \n\n;Durgádás Ráthoḍ reconciled to the Emperor, 1697.\nAbout the same time (1697) Durgádás Ráthoḍ, in whose charge were the son and daughter of prince Akbar, made an application to Shujáât Khán, proposing a truce, and saying that he wished personally to hand the children to their grandfather. Shujaât Khán agreed and Durgádás restored Akbar’s children to the emperor. Aurangzeb finding the children able to repeat the whole Quran was much pleased with Durgádás, and made peace with him, assigning him as a personal estate the lands of Mertha in Jodhpur, and afterwards adding to this the grant of Dhandhuka and other districts of Gujarát. In consequence of a failure of crops the price of grain rose so high that the government share of the produce was brought to Áhmedábád and sold in public to the poor and needy. About this time Muhammad Mubáriz Bábi was killed by a Koli who shot him with an arrow while he was sacking the village of Sámprah. Safdar Khán Bábi was appointed deputy governor of Pátan in his stead.\n\n;Scarcity, 1698\nIn 1698, on the death of Ítimád Khán, his son Muhammad Muhsín was made minister, and he was ordered to hand the district of Mertha to Durgádás Ráthoḍ. Among other changes Muhammad Muním was raised to the command of the fort of Jodhpur and Khwájáh Abdul Hamíd was appointed minister. Owing to a second failure of rain 1698 was a year of much scarcity in Márwár and north Gujarát. The accounts of this year notice a petition addressed to the viceroy by a Sinor Bráhman, praying that he might not be seized as a carrier or labourer.\n\nIn connection with some revenue and civil affairs, a difference of opinion arose between Shujáât Khán and Safdar Khán Bábi, deputy governor of Pátan. Safdar Khán resigned, and, until a successor was appointed, Muhammad Bahlol Shírwáni was directed to administer the Pátan district. In the same year the emperor bestowed the government of Sorath on Muhammad Beg Khán. In 1699, Durgádás Ráthoḍ obtained from the emperor not only a pardon for Ajítsingh, son of the late Mahárája Jaswant Singh, but procured him an assignment of lands in, as well as the official charge of, the districts of Jalore and Sanchor in Márwár. Mujáhid Khán Jhálori, who as representing a family of landholders dating as far back as the Gujarát Sultáns, had held Jhálor and Sáchor, now received in their stead the lands in Pálanpur and Disa which his descendants still hold. In this year also (1699) Amánat Khán, governor of Surat, died, and the Maráthás making a raid into the province, Shujáât Khán sent Nazar Áli Khán to drive them out. About this time an imperial order arrived, addressed to the provincial díwán directing him to purchase 1000 horses for the government at the average rate of Rupees 200.\n\nIn 1700, on the death of Fírúz Khán Mewáti, deputy governor of Jodhpúr, the viceroy appointed in his place Muhammad Záhid from Víramgám. Rája Ajítsingh of Márwár was now ordered to repair to court, and as he delayed, a ''mohsal'' or speed fine was imposed upon him in agreement with Shujáât Khán’s directions. About this time an order came to Kamál Khán Jhálori for the despatch to the emperor of some of the Pálanpur chítáhs or hunting leopards which are still in demand in other parts of India. In the same year the manager of Dhandhúka on behalf of Durgádás Ráthoḍ, asked the viceroy for aid against the Káthis, who were plundering that district. The viceroy ordered Muhammad Beg, governor of Sorath, to march against them. At this time Shujáât Khán despatched Nazar Áli Khán with a large force to join the imperial camp which was then at Panhála in Kolhápur. Shujáât Khán, who had so long and ably filled the office of viceroy in a most critical time, died in 1703.\n\n===Prince Muhammad Azam Shah, Thirty-ninth Viceroy, 1703–1705===\nIn Shujaat Khan's place prince Muhammad Azam Shah, who was then at Dhár in Málwa, was appointed thirty-ninth viceroy of Gujarát, as well as governor of Ajmír and Jodhpur; and until his arrival the minister Khwájáh Abdul Hamíd Khán was ordered to administer the province. Owing to the recall of the late governor’s troops from many of the posts disorders broke out in the Pátan districts and the Kolis plundered the country and made the roads impassable.\n\nn his way from the Dakhan to Áhmedábád, the chief of Jhábua near Bhopal, paid his respects to the new viceroy and presented him with a tribute of Rupees 16000. Among other arrangements the prince sent to Jodhpur, Jáfar Kuli, son of Kázim Beg, as deputy governor, and appointed Durgádás Ráthoḍ governor of Pátan. Shortly after, on suspicion of his tampering with the Ráthoḍ Rájputs, an order came from the emperor to summon Durgádás to the prince’s court at Áhmedábád, and there confine him or slay him.\n\n;Durgádás Ráthoḍ, 1703\nSafdar Khán Bábi, who, in displeasure with Shujáât Khán had retired to Málwa, returned and offered to slay or capture Durgádás, who was accordingly invited to the prince’s court at Áhmedábád. Durgádás came and pitched his camp at the village of Báreja on the Sábarmati near Áhmedábád. On the day Durgádás was to present himself, the prince, on pretence of a hunt, had ordered the attendance of a strong detachment of the army. When all was ready and Safdar Khán Bábi and his sons appeared mailed and gauntleted the prince sent for Durgádás. As this day was an eleventh or ''agiára''s Durgádás had put off waiting on the prince until the fast was over.\n\nGrowing suspicious of the number of messengers from the prince, he burned his tents and fled. Safdar Khán Bábi was sent in pursuit. He was overtaking Durgádás when Durgádás’ grandson praying his grandfather to make good his escape, stayed behind with a band of followers, charged the pursuers, and after a gallant combat, he and his Rájputs were slain. The grandson of Durgádás was killed in a hand-to-hand fight with Salábat Khán, the son of Safdar Khán Bábi. Meanwhile Durgádás had reached Unjha-Unáwa, forty miles east of Pátan, and from Unjha made his way to Pátan. From Pátan, taking his family with him, he retired to Tharad, and from that to Márwár, where he was afterwards joined by Ajítsingh of Márwár, whom the emperor opposed on the ground of illegitimacy. The imperial troops followed and took possession of Pátan, putting to death the head of the city police.\n\nIn his old age the emperor Aurangzeb became more and more strict in religious matters. In 1702, an imperial order forbad the making of almanacs as contrary to the Muslim law. Hindus were also forbidden to keep Muslim servants.\n\n;Surat under threat\nAbout this time (1700) news arrived that the Marathas with a force of 10,000 horse were threatening Surat from the foot of the Kására pass and the confines of Sultánpur and Nandurbar. The viceroy despatched a body of troops to guard Surat against their incursions. Disputes between the government and the Portuguese were also injuring the trade of the province. In 1701, the viceroy received an order from Court directing him to destroy the Somnath temple beyond possibility of repair. The despatch adds that a similar order had been issued at the beginning of Aurangzeb’s reign. In 1703, at the request of the merchants of Gujarát, with the view of inducing the Portuguese to let ships from Surat pass unmolested and release some Muslim who had been imprisoned on their way back from Mecca, orders were issued that certain confiscated Portuguese merchandise should be restored to its owners. An imperial order was also received to encourage the art of brocade weaving in Áhmedábád. In 1704, Safdar Khán Bábi was raised to be governor of Vijapur. Sarandáz Khán was at the same time appointed to Sorath instead of Muhammad Beg Khán, who was placed in charge of the lands round Áhmedábád. As the Maráthás once more threatened Surat, Mustafa Kuli, governor of Bharuch, was sent with 1000 horse to defend the city.\n\n===Ibráhím Khán, Fortieth Viceroy, 1705===\nIn 1705, as the climate of Gujarát did not agree with prince Azam, Ibráhím Khán, viceroy of Kashmír, was appointed fortieth viceroy of Gujarát, and his son Zabardast Khán, viceroy of Lahore, was appointed to the government of Ajmer and Jodhpur. Prince Azam at once went to Burhánpur in Khándesh, handing charge of Gujarát to the minister Abdúl Hamíd Khán until the new viceroy should arrive. Durgádás Ráthoḍ now asked for and received pardon. Abdúl Hamíd Khán was ordered to restore the lands formerly granted to Durgádás, and Durgádás was directed to act under Abdúl Hamíd’s orders. In 1705, the emperor learned that Khánji, a successor of Kutb the high priest of the Shia Ismáîli Bohrás, had sent out twelve missionaries to win people to his faith, and that his followers had subscribed Rupees 114000 to relieve those of their number who were imprisoned. The emperor ordered that the twelve missionaries should be secured and sent to him and appointed Sunni Mullás to preach in their villages and bring the Bohras’ children to the Sunni form of faith.\n\n====The Maráthás enter Gujarát====\nAbout this time (1705) the Maráthás, who had long been hovering on the south-east frontiers of the province, bursting into south Gujarát with an army 15,000 strong, under the leadership of Dhanaji Jadhav, defeated the local forces and laid the country waste. Abdúl Hamíd Khán, who was then in charge of the province, ordered all governors of districts and officers in charge of posts to collect their men and advance to Surat. Between Nazar Áli Khán and Safdar Khán Bábi, the officers in command of this army, an unfortunate jealousy prevailed. Not knowing where the Maráthás were to be found, they halted on the Narmada near the Bába Piárah ford. Here they remained for a month and a half, the leaders contenting themselves with sending out spies to search for the enemy. At last, hearing of the approach of the Maráthás, they sent to head-quarters asking for artillery and other reinforcements. In reply, Abdúl Hamíd Khán, a man of hasty temper, upbraided them for their inactivity and for allowing so much time to pass without making their way to Surat.\n\n;Battle of Ratanpúr and defeat of the Mughals, 1705.\nOrders were accordingly at once issued for an advance, and the army next halted at Ratanpúr in Rajpipla. Here, apparently from the jealousy of the commanders, the different chiefs pitched their camps at some distance from each other. Finding the enemy’s forces thus scattered, the Maráthás, under the command of Dhanáji Jádhav, lost no time in advancing against them. First attacking the camp of Safdar Khán Bábi, they defeated his troops, killed his son, and took prisoner the chief himself. Only a few of his men, with his nephew Muhammad Azam, escaped to the camp of Nazar Áli Khán. Next, the Maráthás attacked the army under Muhammad Purdil Khán Shirwáni; and it also they defeated. Of the Musalmán army those who were not slain, drowned in the Narmada, or captured, reached Bharuch in miserable plight, where they were relieved by Akbar Áli Khán. Nazar Áli Khán burned his tents and surrendered to the Maráthás, by whom he was well treated.\n\n;Battle of the Bába Piárah Ford. Second Defeat of the Mughals, 1705.\nThe Maráthás now heard that Abdúl Hamíd Khán was coming with an army to oppose them. Thinking he would not risk a battle, they went to the Bába Piárah ford, and there crossed the Narmada. That very day Abdúl Hamíd Khán, with Muhammad Sher and Muhammad Salábat, sons of Safdar Khán Bábi, and others came to the spot where the Maráthás were encamped. All night long they were harassed by the Maráthás, and next morning found the enemy ready for a general attack. The Mughals, weary with watching, dispirited from the defeats of Safdar Khán, and inferior in number to their assailants, were repulsed and surrounded. The two sons of Safdar Khán Bábi, and two other nobles, seeing that the day was lost, cut their way through the enemy and escaped, Abdúl Hamíd Khán, Nazar Áli Khán, and many others were taken prisoners. The Maráthás plundered the Mughal camp, declared their right to tribute, levied sums from the adjacent towns and villages and extorted heavy ransoms which in the case of Abdúl Hamíd Khán was fixed at as large a sum as Rupees 3 lákhs. \n\n;Koli Disturbances\nThe Kolis, seeing the disorganized state of Gujarát, began ravaging the country, and plundered Baroda for two days. At Áhmedábád, Muhammad Beg Khán, who had been appointed governor of Sorath, was recalled to defend the capital. When the news of the defeat at Bába Piárah reached Delhi, the emperor despatched prince Muhammad Bidár Bakht with a large army to drive out the invaders. Before this force reached Gujarát, the Maráthás had retired.\n\n===Prince Muhammad Bídár Bakht, Forty-First Viceroy, 1705–1706===\nPrince Muhammad Bidar Bakht arrived in 1705 as forty-first viceroy, and appointed Amánat Khán governor of the ports of Surat and Cambay. News was now received that Ajítsingh of Jodhpur and Verisálji of Rájpípla were about to rebel, and the prince took measures to check their plans. About this time the emperor, hearing that an attack had been made on the Muslim post at Dwarka, ordered the Dwarkadhish temple to be levelled to the ground. It seems doubtful whether this order was carried out.\n\nNazar Áli Khán, who had formerly enjoyed a grant of Halvad in Jhalawad, had been driven out by Chandrasingh, chief of Vankaner; but, on condition of his expelling Chandrasingh, these lands were again granted to him. Kamál Khán Jhálori, leaving under his son Fírúz Khán at Pálanpur a body of men for the defence of his charge, advanced to Áhmedábád to guard the city from Marátha attack. He petitioned that according to Gujarát custom his troops should receive rations so long as they were employed on imperial service. To this request the emperor agreed and issued orders to the provincial minister.\n\n;Durgádás Ráthoḍ again in Rebellion.\nShortly after Durgádás Ráthoḍ took advantage of the general confusion to rejoin Ajítsingh, and an army was sent to Tharad against them. Ajítsingh was at first forced to retire. Finally he succeeded in defeating Kunvar Muhkamsingh, and marching on Jodhpur recovered it from Jaâfar Kuli, son of Kázím Beg. Durgádás meanwhile had taken shelter with the Kolis. At the head of a band of robbers, meeting Sháh Kúli the son of Kázím Beg on his way to join his appointment as deputy governor of Pátan, Durgádás attacked and killed him. And soon after at Chaniár in the Chunvál, laying in wait for Maâsúm Kúli, the governor of Víramgám, he routed his escort, Maâsum Kúli escaping with difficulty. On condition of being appointed governor of Pátan, Safdar Khán Bábi now offered to kill or capture Durgádás. His offer was accepted, and as from this time Durgádás is no more heard of, it seems probable that Safdar Khán succeeded in killing him.\n\n===Ibráhím Khán, Forty-second Viceroy, 1706===\nAs the disturbed state of the province seemed to require a change of government Ibráhím Khán, who had been appointed viceroy in the previous year, was ordered to join his post. This order he reluctantly obeyed in 1706.\n\nWith the death of the emperor Aurangzeb, early in 1707, the period of strong government which had latterly from year to year been growing weaker came to an end.\n\n;The Maráthás advance to Áhmedábád and levy tribute, 1707\nAs soon as Aurangzeb’s death was known, the Maráthás under Balaji Vishwanath burst into east Gujarát, marching by Jhábua and Godhra, where they were ineffectually opposed by the governor Murád Baksh. From Godhra, they went to and plundered the town of Mahuda in Kaira (Kheda), and proposed marching on Áhmedábád by way of Nadiad. The viceroy prepared to resist them, and, enlisting special troops, camped outside of the city near the Kankaria Lake. Of the warlike population on the north bank of the Sabarmati river, opposite Áhmedábád nearly eight thousand Mughal horse and three thousand foot together with four thousand Rájpúts and Kolis in three days gathered at the Kánkaria camp. The viceroy was also joined by Abdúl Hádi Pandemal the viceroy’s minister, Abdúl Hamíd Khán provincial minister, Muhammad Beg Khán, Nazar Áli Khán, Safdar Khán Bábi, and several other deputy governors with their retinues and artillery. Though strong in numbers the practised eye of the viceroy failed to find in the host that firmness and unity of purpose which could alone ensure victory over the Marátha hordes. The Maráthás did much mischief, plundering as far as Vatva, only four-and-a-half miles from the viceroy’s camp. The author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'', whose father was an actor in these scenes, describes the panic in the capital of Gujarát which since its capture by last Gujarat Sultan Muzaffar Shah III in 1583 had been free from the horrors of war. Crowds of scared and terror-stricken men, women and children laden with as much of their property as they could carry were pressing from the suburbs into the city. In the city the streets were crowded with squatters. The cries of parents bereft of children, added to the din and turmoil of the soldiery, was like the horror of the Day of Resurrection. The dejected faces of the soldiers beaten in the late engagements added to the general gloom. The viceroy, thoroughly alarmed, concluded a treaty with Báláji, and on receiving a tribute of Rupees 210000 the Maráthás withdrew.\n\nMeanwhile, in the contest between the princes for the throne of Delhi, prince Muhammad Azam Shah was defeated and slain, and prince Muhammad Muâzzam Sháh mounted the throne with the title of Bahadur Shah. Ibráhím Khán was confirmed in the post of viceroy of Gujarát, but, fearing that the emperor might be displeased at his concession of tribute to the Maráthás, he went to Delhi to explain his conduct, and there resigned office.\n", "* Kásam Khán, Thirtieth Viceroy, 1657–1659\n* Sháh Nawáz Khán Safávi, Thirty-first Viceroy, 1659\n* Maharaja Jaswant Singh, Thirty-second Viceroy, 1659–1662\n* Mahábat Khán, Thirty-third Viceroy, 1662–1668\n* Khán Jehán, Thirty-fourth Viceroy, 1668–1671\n* Mahárája Jaswant Singh, Thirty-fifth Viceroy, 1671–1674 (second time)\n* Muhammad Amín Khán Umdat-ul-Mulk, Thirty-sixth Viceroy, 1674–1683\n* Mukhtár Khán, Thirty-seventh Viceroy, 1683–1684\n* Shujáât Khán (Kártalab Khán) Thirty-eighth Viceroy, 1684–1703\n* Prince Muhammad Azam Shah, Thirty-ninth Viceroy, 1703–1705\n* Ibráhím Khán, Fortieth Viceroy, 1705\n* Prince Muhammad Bidar Bakht, Forty-First Viceroy, 1705–170\n* Ibráhím Khán, Forty-second Viceroy, 1706 (second time)\n", "\n", "\n\n===Bibliography===\n\n* \n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Viceroys under Aurangzeb (1658–1707)", "List of Viceroys under Aurangzeb (1658–1707)", "Notes", "References" ]

[ "Of the warlike population on the north bank of the Sabarmati river, opposite Áhmedábád nearly eight thousand Mughal horse and three thousand foot together with four thousand Rájpúts and Kolis in three days gathered at the Kánkaria camp." ]

[ "\n\nThe Mughal Empire's province Gujarat (now in India) was managed by the Viceroys appointed by the emperors.", "After defeating all his brothers, Aurangzeb ascended the Mughal throne in 1658.", "He rewarded people who had helped him in his succession war.", "He forgave Jaswant Singh with whom he had faught in the battle and appointed him as the viceroy of Gujarat.", "Mahabat Khan succeeded him who annexed Nawanagar under the Mughal control.", "During his time, Aurangzeb decreed some administrative reforms, ordered curbs on Hindu customs and festivals and enforced Islamic religious law.", "In 1664, Maratha leader Shivaji plundered Surat and emptied its riches.", "Under next viceroy Khan Jehan, Shivaji again attacked Surat and Janjira.", "Jaswant Singh was appointed the viceroy again and the Nawanagar was partially restored to its ruler.", "During the next viceroy Amin Khan, there was disorder in the province due to imposition of jizya tax and other discrimination and Idar revolted in 1679 but soon contained.", "During next viceroy, Mukhtar Khan, Ahmedabad faced flood (1683) and the province faced the famine (1684).", "Sujaat Khan, the next viceroy, managed the province for nineteen years.", "he contained revolt of Shia Muslims in 1691 and disturbances in Kathiawad and Marwar.", "He made peace with Durgadas Rathod of Marwar.", "In 1698, Gujarat again faced scarcity.", "In 1703, Prince Muhammad Azam Shah was appointed as the viceroy.", "Durgadas was invited to Ahmedabad to be killed but he escaped.", "In south, the Marathas assembled and threatened to enter Gujarat.", "Soon they entered under Dhanaji Jadhav up to Bharuch during the rule of the next viceroy Ibrahim Khan.", "Under him, the Mughal forces were defeated at Ratanpur near Rajpipla and again at Baba Pyara and plundered the whole region.", "The emperor sent prince Muhammad Bidar Bakht with forces to help but the Marathas returned before he arrived.", "On the other hand, Durgadas again rebelled and sent forces but he was defeated.", "Ibrahim Khan soon reappointed as the viceroy just before death of Aurangzeb in 1707.", "Taking advantage of situation due to warring princes for succession, the Marathas under Balaji Vishwanath entered Gujarat and reached as far as Ahmedabad.", "Fearing heavy plunder, Ibrahim Khan negotiated and paid heavy tribute of Rupees 210000 to withdraw.", "Thus Marathas returned.", "Bahadur Shah I ascended the Mughal throne in Delhi.", "During Aurangzeb's rule, the Mughal Empire had weakened and started falling apart.", "===Kásam Khán, Thirtieth Viceroy, 1657–1659 and Sháh Nawáz Khán Safávi, Thirty-first Viceroy, 1659===\n;Dara Shikoh rebelled and defeated, 1659\nIn 1658, while his father Shah Jahan was still alive, Aurangzeb assumed the imperial titles and ascended the Mugahl throne.", "In 1659, he appointed Sháh Nawáz Khán Safávi, thirty-first viceroy of Gujarát, with Rahmat Khán as minister replacing Kasam Khan appointed by his father whom he defeated in the battle of Dharmatpur.", "On this occasion Shantidas Jhaveri, a merchant from Ahmedabad who had helped financing his cause during battles of succession, received a decree directing that the provincial officials should settle his accounts and Kutb-ud-dín Kheshgi was appointed to Sorath.", "Sháh Nawáz Khán was the father-in-law of both Aurangzeb and his brother Murad Bakhsh whom he had imprisoned.", "Shortly after his appointment, while Murád’s wife was paid a visit to her father.", "Another prince Dara Shikoh fighting for succession went to Kutch, where he had been hospitably received by the Ráo of Kutch.", "He made a sudden descent on Gujarát.", "The viceroy Sháh Nawáz Khán, won over by the entreaties of his daughter who saw in the success of Dara Shikoh, a hope of release for her husband, joined the prince who entered Áhmedábád.", "After raising funds from Surat and Áhmedábád, he collected an army of 22000 horse and appointing Sayad Áhmed deputy viceroy, marched towards Ajmer, once more to try his chance of empire.", "He was defeated and fled to Áhmedábád, where Sardár Khán, who had confined Sayad Áhmed, closed the gates of the city in his face.", "The unhappy prince retired to Kutch, but finding no support fled to Sindh, where he was treacherously seized and handed to his brother Aurangzeb by the chief of Jún.", "===Jaswant Singh, Thirty-second Viceroy, 1659–1662===\nThe emperor Aurangzeb, forgiving Jaswant Singh his opposition during battle of Dharmatpur during succession war, conferred on him the government of Gujarát, and in the place of Rahmat Khán appointed Makramat Khán to act as minister.", "Sardár Khán was thanked for his loyal conduct and made governor of Bharuch.", "Praise was also given to Sher and Ábid of the Bábi family.", "Presents were bestowed on Kutb-ud-dín, governor of Sorath, and, shortly after, for his refusal to help prince Dara Shikoh, Tamáchi chief of Kutch was rewarded.", "These measures removed all signs of disaffection at the accession of Aurangzeb.", "A decree was issued directing Rahmat Khán the minister to forbid the cultivation of the ''bhang'' plant.", "''Mohtasib''s or censors were appointed to prevent the drinking of wine or the use of intoxicating drugs and preparations.", "On the formal installation of Aurangzeb in 1658–59, the Áhmedábád Kázi was ordered to read the sermon in his name.", "The Kázi objected that Sháh Jahán was alive.", "Sheikh Abdul Wahháb, a Sunni Bohra of Patan, whom on account of his learning and intelligence Aurangzeb had made Kázi of his camp, contended that the weakness and age of Sháh Jahán made a successor necessary.", "The Bohra prevailed and the sermon was read in Aurangzeb’s name.", "In 1662, Jaswant Singh received orders to march to the Dakhan (Deccan) and join prince Muâzzam against Shivaji, the Maratha leader; and Kutb-ud-dín, governor of Sorath, was directed to act for him in his absence.", "===Mahábat Khán, Thirty-third Viceroy, 1662–1668===\nIn 1662, Mahábat Khán was appointed thirty-third viceroy of Gujarát, and Sardár Khán, the governor of Bharuch, was sent to Idar to suppress disturbances.", "About 1664, Ranmalji or Satarsála Jám of Nawanagar died, leaving by a Rathod mother a child named Lákha whom the late chief’s brother Ráisinghji with the aid of the Ráo of Kutch and other Jádejás, set aside and himself mounted the throne.", "Malik Ísa, a servant of the family, took Lákha to Áhmedábád and invoked the aid of the viceroy.", ";Capture of Nawánagar (Islámnagar), 1664\nKutb-ud-dín marching on Navánagar, defeated and slew Ráisingh, took possession of Nawánagar, and annexed the territory, changing the name of the city into Islámnagar.", "Ráisingh’s son, Tamáchi, then an infant, escaped and was sheltered in Kutch.", "In the same year (1664), a Baluch personating Dara Shikoh, was joined by many Kolis, and disturbed the peace of the Chunval, north of Viramgam (now in Patan district, Gujarat.", "With the aid of Sherkhán Bábi, Mahábat Khán quelled these disturbances, and established two new military posts, one at Gájna under Cambay and one at Belpár under Petlad.", ";Imperial decrees\nIn 1664, an imperial decree was received requiring the discontinuance of the following abuses: The charging of blackmail by executive subordinates; A tax on private individuals on their cutting their own trees; Forced purchases by state servants; The levy by local officers of a tax on persons starting certain crafts; The levy of a tax on laden carts and on cattle for sale; The closing of shops on the Jain Paryushan festival and at the monthly elevenths or Ekadashi; Forced labour; The exclusive purchase of new grain by revenue officers; The exclusive sale by officers of the vegetables and other produce of their gardens; A tax on the slaughtering of cattle in addition to that on their sale; Payments to the Ahmednagar Kolis to prevent Muslims praying in the Ahmednagar mosque; The re-opening of certain Hindu temples; The aggressive conduct and obscenity practised during the Holi and Diwali festivals; The sale by Hindus of toy horses and elephants during Muslim festivals; The exclusive sale of rice by certain rich Banias; The exclusive purchase by Imperial officers of roses for the manufacture of rosewater; The mixed gatherings of men and women at Muslim shrines; The setting up of ''neza''s or holy hands and the sitting of harlots on roadsides or in markets; The charging by revenue officers of scarcity rates; The special tax in Prantij, Modasa, Vadnagar, Bisnápur, and Harsol on Muslim owners of mango trees; The levy of duty both at Surat and Ahmedabad from English and Dutch merchants.", ";Shiváji Plunders Surat, 1664\n\nIn the same year (1664), Shivaji made a rapid descent on Surat, then undefended by walls, and, by plundering the city, created great alarm over the whole province.", "The viceroy Mahábat Khán marched to Surat with the following chiefs and officers: Jagmál, proprietor of Sanand; the governor of Dholka; Shádimal, chief of Idar; Sayad Hasan Khán, governor of Ídar; Muhammad Ábid with 200 superior landholders of the district of Kadi; the Rája of Dungarpur; Sabalsingh Rája of Wadhwan and other chiefs of Jhalawad; Lál Kalián chief of Mandwa near Atarsumba near Baroda; the chief of Ilol under Ahmednagar in the Mahi Kántha region; Prathiráj of Haldarvás; and the chief of Belpár.", "Before the viceroy’s army arrived at Surat, Shiváji had carried off his plunder to his head-quarters at Raigad fort.", "After remaining three months at Surat levying tribute from the superior landholders, the viceroy returned to Ahmedábád, and Ináyat Khán, the revenue collector of Surat, built a wall round the town for its protection.", "About this time Kutb-ud-dín Khán, governor of Sorath, was sent with an army to aid the Mahárája Jaswant Singh in the Dakhan and Sardár Khán was appointed in his place.", "In 1666, the Maráthás again attacked and plundered Surat, and in the same year the deposed emperor Shah Jahan died.", "Aurangzeb attempted to induce the English to supply him with European artillerymen and engineers.", "The request was evaded.", ";Copper Coinage Introduced, 1668\nIn this year the viceroy, Mahábat Khán, in place of the old iron coins, introduced a copper coinage into Gujarát.", "Sardár Khan, the governor of Junagadh, was put in charge of Islámnagar (Nawánagar) and 500 additional horsemen were placed under him.", "Special checks by branding and inspection were introduced to prevent nobles and others keeping less than their proper contingent of horse.", "In the same year the cultivator who paid the rent was acknowledged to be the owner of the land and a system of strengtheners or ''takáwi'' after due security was introduced.", "===Khán Jehán, Thirty-fourth Viceroy, 1668–1671===\nIn 1668, Bahádur Khán Khán Jehán, who had formerly been viceroy of Allahábád, was appointed viceroy of Gujarát, with Háji Shafi Khán, and afterwards Khwájah Muhammad Háshím, as his ministers.", ";Shivaji attacks Surat and Janjira\nKhán Jehán joined his government in 1669, and in 1670 Shiváji again plundered Surat.", "In 1670 Shiváji made an attempt on Janjira, the residence and stronghold of the Sídi or Abyssinian admirals of Bíjápur.", "Sídi Yákút the commander of Janjira applied for aid to the governor of Surat.", "On his offering to become a vassal of the emperor and place his fleet at the emperor’s disposal, Sídi Yákút received the title of Yákút Khán, and a yearly subsidy of Rupees 150000 payable from the port of Surat.", "About the same time Sayad Diler Khán, who had accompanied Mahárája Jaswant Singh to the Dakhan, was recalled by the viceroy Khán Jehán and appointed governor of Sorath in place of Sardár Khán, who was sent to Ídar.", "Sayad Haidar, in charge of the military post of Haidarábád, about twenty-four miles south of Áhmedábád, reported that he had put down the rebellion but recommended that a small fort should be built.", "In 1670 the emperor summoned Diler Khán to discuss Dakhan affairs, and sent him to the seat of war, replacing him in the government of Sorath by Sardár Khán.", "===Mahárája Jaswant Singh, Thirty-fifth Viceroy, 1671–1674===\nIn 1671, Bahádur Khán Khán Jehán was sent as viceroy to the Dakhan.", "He was relieved by the Mahárája Jaswant Singh, who, as viceroy, received an assignment of the districts of Dhandhuka and Petlad.", "In 1673, through the intercession of the viceroy, Jám Ṭamáchi, the son of Ráisingh of Nawanagar, on condition of serving the viceroy and of keeping order was restored to Nawánagar, and twenty-five villages were granted to certain dependent Jádeja Rájputs.", "So long as the emperor Aurangzeb lived, the city of Nawánagar (Islámnagar) remained in the hands of a Muslim noble, the Jám residing at Khambhalia, a town about thirty miles south-west of the head-quarters of the state.", "In 1707, on Aurangzeb’s death, the Jám was allowed to return to Nawánagar where he built a strong fort.", "Similarly so long as Aurangzeb lived, the Jám forbore to work the pearl fisheries in the Gulf of Kutch, but afterwards again made use of this source of revenue.", "Early in 1674, an order issued forbidding the levy from Muslims of ''rahádari'' or transit dues, of taxes on fish vegetables grass firewood and other forest produce, on Muslim artisans, and many other miscellaneous dues.", "The officer in charge of Morbi, which was then an imperial district, was ordered to strive to increase its population and revenue, and the chief of Porbandar, also an imperial district, on condition of service and of protecting the port was allowed a fourth share of its revenue.", "Much discontent was caused by enforcing an imperial order confiscating all ''wazífah'' land, that is all land held on religious tenure by Hindus.", "===Muhammad Amín Khán Umdat-ul-Mulk, Thirty-sixth Viceroy, 1674–1683===\nAbout the close of the year 1674, Mahárája Jaswant Singh was relieved and sent to Kabul, and Muhammad Amín Khán Umdat-ul-Mulk, who had just been defeated at Kábul, was appointed thirty-sixth viceroy of Gujarát, receiving an assignment of the districts of Patan and Viramgam.", "Among the military posts mentioned in the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' is that of Sadra (Islamabad) near Godhra which was under the command of Sayad Kamál, son of Sayad Kámil.", ";Increased Power of the Bábi Family.", "The Bábi family were now rising into importance.", "Muhammad Muzaffar, son of Sher Khán Bábi, was governor of Kadi, and Muhammad Mubáriz, another son of Sher Bábi, was in charge of one of the posts under Kadi.", "Kamál Khán Jhálori, who had been removed from the government of Palanpur and replaced by Muhammad Fateh, was now restored to his former post.", "About the same time, at the representation of Mulla Hasan Gujaráti, twenty-one villages were taken from Vijapur and Kadi and Pátan and formed into the separate division of Visalnagar (Visnagar).", "In 1676, the fort of Junagadh was put into repair, and Sheikh Nizám-ud-dín Áhmed, minister of Gujarát, was sent to Malwa, and was succeeded by Muhammad Sharíf.", "The Kánkrej Kolis were again rebellious, and Muhammad Amín Khán Umdat-ul-Mulk went against them and remained four months in their country, subduing them and enforcing tribute.", "In the end of 1678, the viceroy paid his respects to the emperor at Ajmer.", "The emperor forbade the fining of Muslim officials as contrary to the Muslim law and directed that if guilty of any fault they should be imprisoned or degraded from office, but not fined.", "An order was also given to change the name of the new Visalnagar district to Rasúlnagar (now Visnagar).", "At this time (1679) the emperor was doing his utmost to crush both the Rána of Udaipur and the Ráthoḍs of Marwar.", "While the emperor was at Chittor, Bhímsing the Rána’s youngest son raided into Gujarát plundering Vadnagar, Visalnagar and other towns and villages.", ";Revolt of Ídar, 1679\nThe chief of Idar, thinking the opportunity favourable for regaining his independence, expelled the Mughal garrison from Ídar and established himself in his capital.", "Muhammad Amín Khán sent Muhammad Bahlol Khán Shirwáni who with the help of the Kasbátis of Prantij re-took Ídar, and the chief pursued by Bahlol Khán fled to the hills, where he died in a cave from want of his usual dose of opium to which he was much addicted.", "His body was found by a woodcutter who brought the head to Bahlol Khán.", "The head was recognized by the chief’s widow, who from that day put on mourning.", "Muhammad Bahlol Khán was much praised, and was appointed to the charge of Ídar, and at the same time the minister Muhammad Sharíf was succeeded by Abdúl Latíf.", "To this time belongs an imperial decree imposing the jizya or head tax on all subjects not professing the Muslim faith, and another regulating the levy from Muslims of the ''zakát'' or poor rate.", "In 1681, a severe famine led to riots in Áhmedábád.. As the viceroy Muhammad Amín was returning in state from the Eid prayers; Abu Bakr, an Áhmedábád Sheikh instigated the people to throw stones and dust.", "The viceroy’s bodyguard attacked the mob, but owing to the viceroy’s forbearance no serious results followed.", "On hearing of the riot the emperor ordered the city to be put under martial law.", "The more politic viceroy contented himself by inviting Sheikh Abu Bakr and others to a banquet.", "After dinner, he gave a piece of a poisoned watermelon to Abu Bakr, who died and the riot with him.", "In 1683, Muhammad Amín, the viceroy died.", "According to the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'', Muhammad Amín was one of the best of Gujarát governors.", "The emperor Aurangzeb used to say, \"No viceroy of mine keeps order like Amín Khán.\"", "===Mukhtár Khán, Thirty-seventh Viceroy, 1683–1684===\nAmín Khán was succeeded by Mukhtár Khán as thirty-seventh viceroy, Abdul Latíf continuing to hold the office of minister.", "Fresh orders were passed forbidding import dues on merchandise, fruit, grass, firewood, and similar produce entering Áhmedábád.", "In 1682, a decree was received ordering pauper prisoners to be provided with rations and dress at the cost of the state.", "In 1683, the Sabarmati river rose so high that the water reached as far as the Teen Darwaza or Triple Gateway in the west of Áhmedábád city.", "In consequence of disturbances in Sorath, the viceroy called on the minister to advance funds for an expedition.", "The minister refused to make advances without special orders from the emperor.", "On a reference to court the minister was directed to make advances in emergent cases.", "In 1684, at the request of the inhabitants of that city Abdúr Rahmán Krori, the governor of Deva Pátan, was removed and in his place Muhammad Sayad chose Sardár Khán as governor of Sorath.", "In the following year, on the death of Sardár Khán at Thatta in Sindh, where he had gone as viceroy, he was, in the first instance, succeeded in the government of Sorath by Sayad Muhammad Khán.", "Not long after Sorath was assigned as a personal estate to the emperor’s second son prince Muhammad Azam Shah Bahádur and during the prince’s absence Sháhwardi Khán was sent to manage its affairs.", ";Famine, 1684\nIn 1684, a famine in Gujarát raised the price of grain in Áhmedábád to such a degree that Sheikh Muhy-ud-dín, the son of the Kázi and regulator of prices, was mobbed.", "===Shujáât Khán (Kártalab Khán), Thirty-eighth Viceroy, 1684–1703===\nOn the death of the viceroy in 1684, prince Muhammad Azam Shah was nominated to succeed him with Kártalab Khán, governor of Sorath, as his deputy.", "Before the prince took charge, Kártalab Khán was raised to the post of viceroy, and Muhammad Táhir appointed minister.", "In addition to his command as viceroy of Gujarát, Kártalab Khán was afterwards placed in charge of Jodhpur.", "In this rearrangement besides his previous personal estate, the district of Petlád was assigned to prince Muhammad Ázam Sháh, and Sher Afghan Khán, son of Sháhwardi Khán, was appointed governor of Sorath.", "In 1687, Sher Afghan Khán was relieved by Bahlol Shirwáni, but in the following year was restored to his command.", ";Mutiny quelled, 1689.", "In 1689, on the news of the death of its governor Ináyat Khán, Kártalab Khán started to settle the affairs of Jodhpur.", "As soon as he left Áhmedábád, a rumour spread that a new viceroy was coming, and the troops, with whom as well as with the people of Gujarát Kártalab was most popular, grew mutinous.", "On hearing of this disturbance Kártalab Khán at once returned to Áhmedábád and quelled the mutiny.", "His firmness so pleased the emperor that he gave him the title of Shujaât Khán, and placed the governor of Jodhpur under his orders.", "Shujaât Khán now proceeded to Jodhpur, where Durgádás Ráthoḍ, who had incited prince Abkar to rebellion, and Ajítsingh, the son of Mahárája Jaswant Singh, were causing disturbance.", "Finding that a strong resident governor was required to keep the insurgents in check, Shujaât Khán appointed Kázim Beg Muhammad Amín, a brave and resolute soldier, to be his deputy and returned to Áhmedábád.", "During this viceroyalty the pay of the leader or ''jamádár'' of a troop of fifty horse was fixed at Ruppes 100; of a ''do-aspah'' or two-horse trooper at Rupees 60; and of an ''ek-aspah'' or one-horse trooper at Rupees 30 a month.", "An imperial order was also issued directing the levy on merchandise to be taken at the place and time of sale instead of the time and place of purchase.", "As this change caused loss to the revenue the old system was again adopted.", "In a.d. 1690 the minister Amánat Khán, with the title of Ítimád Khán, was made military governor of Surat, and Sayad Muhsín was chosen minister in his place.", "To prevent the peons of great officials extorting fees and dues officials were forbidden to entertain peons without payment.", ";Revolt of Matiás and Momnás, 1691\nIn the following year (1691), an attempt on the part of the emperor to suppress a body of Muslim sectarians led to a somewhat serious insurrection.", "Sayad Sháhji was the religious preceptor of the Matiás of Khandesh and the Momnás of Gujarát, two classes of converted Hindus closely allied to the Khojas of Kathiawad, all of them being followers of Sayad Imám-ud-dín, an Shia Ismáîliá missionary who came to Gujarát during the reign of Gujarat Sultan Mahmud Begada (r.1459–1513).", "Hearing that his followers paid obeisance to their veiled spiritual guide by kissing his toe, the emperor ordered the guide to be sent to court to be examined before the religious doctors.", "Afraid of the result of this examination, the Sayad committed suicide and was buried at Karamtah nine miles south of Áhmedábád.", "The loss of their leader so enraged his followers that, collecting from all sides, they marched against Bharuch, seized the fort, and slew the governor.", "The insurgents held the fort of Bharuch against the governor of Baroda who was sent to punish them, and for a time successfully resisted the efforts of his successor Nazar Áli Khán.", "At last, at an unguarded spot, some of the besiegers stole over the city wall and opening the gates admitted their companions.", "The Momnás were defeated and almost all slain as they sought death either by the sword or by drowning to merit their saint’s favour in the next world.", ";Disturbances in Kathiawad, 1692\nIn 1692, Shujáât Khán, during his tribute-gathering campaign in Jhalawad and Sorath, stormed the fort of Than, the head-quarters of the plundering Káthis and after destroying the fort returned to Áhmedábád.", "Shujáât Khán was one of the ablest of Gujarát viceroys.", "He gave so much of his attention to the management of Jodhpur, that he used to spend about six months of every year in Márwár.", "He beautified Áhmedábád by building the college and mosque still known by his name near the Lál Darwaza area of Ahmedabad.", "In 1642, two hundred cart-loads of marble were received from the ancient buildings at Pátan and the deputy governor Safdar Khán Bábi wrote that if a thousand cart-loads more were required they could be supplied from the same source.", "At this time the emperor ordered that Sheikh Akram-ud-dín, the local tax-collector, should levy the head tax from the Hindus of Palanpur and Jalore.", "The viceroy deputed Muhammad Mujáhid, son of Kamál Khán Jhálori, governor of Pálanpur to help in collecting.", "Disturbances in Márwár.", "As Durgádás Ráthoḍ was again caused disturbance in Márwár, the viceroy went to Jodhpur, and by confirming their estates to the chief vassals and landholders and guaranteeing other public measures on condition of service, persuaded them to abandon their alliance with Durgádás against whom he sent his deputy Kázim Beg, who expelled him from Márwár.", "After appointing Kunvár Muhkamsingh, governor of Mertha in Márwár, Shujáât Khán returned to Áhmedábád.", "In 1693, at the request of Sher Afghan Khán, governor of Sorath, the walls of the fort of Jagat (Dwarka) were restored.", "In this year the viceroy went to Jhalawad to exact tribute.", "On his return to Áhmedábád Safdar Khán Bábi, governor of Pátan, wrote to the viceroy, and at his request the forts of Kambhoi and Sámprah were repaired.", "The viceroy now went to Jodhpúr and from that returned to Áhmedábád.", "A circumstance in connection with a sum of Rupees 7000 spent on the repairs of forts illustrates the close imperial supervision of provincial accounts.", "The item having come to imperial notice from the provincial disbursement sheets was disallowed as unfair and ordered to be refunded under the rule that such charges were to be met out of their incomes by the local governors and military deputy governors.", "Imperial officers were also from time to time deputed to collect from the books of the ''desái''’s statements of provincial disbursements and receipts for periods of ten years that they might render an independent check.", "Hatkeshwar Mahadev Temple at Vadnagar which was ordered by the emperor to be destroyed.", "In this year the emperor hearing that Ajítsingh and Durgádás were again contemplating rebellion ordered the viceroy to Jodhpur.", "Muhammad Mubáriz Bábi was at the same time appointed deputy governor of Vadnagar, and an order was issued that the revenue of Pátan should be paid to Shujáât Khán instead of as formerly into the imperial treasury.", "In this year also Safdar Khán Bábi, governor of Pátan, was succeeded by Mubáriz Khán Bábi.", "Not long afterwards under imperial orders the viceroy directed Muhammad Mubáriz Bábi to destroy the Vadnagar temple of Hatkeshwar Mahádev, the Nágar Bráhmans’ special guardian.", "In 1696, Muhammad Bahlol Shírwáni, governor of Baroda, died, and his place was supplied by Muhammad Beg Khán.", "During this year the viceroy again went to Jodhpúr and remained there for some months.", "In 1697 Buláki Beg the mace-bearer arrived from the imperial court to settle disputes connected with the Nawánagar succession, and to inquire into complaints made by the inhabitants of Sorath.", "In 1696, an imperial circular was addressed to all officers in charge of districts ordering them to show no respect or consideration for royalty in their efforts to capture or kill the rebel prince Akbar.", ";Durgádás Ráthoḍ reconciled to the Emperor, 1697.", "About the same time (1697) Durgádás Ráthoḍ, in whose charge were the son and daughter of prince Akbar, made an application to Shujáât Khán, proposing a truce, and saying that he wished personally to hand the children to their grandfather.", "Shujaât Khán agreed and Durgádás restored Akbar’s children to the emperor.", "Aurangzeb finding the children able to repeat the whole Quran was much pleased with Durgádás, and made peace with him, assigning him as a personal estate the lands of Mertha in Jodhpur, and afterwards adding to this the grant of Dhandhuka and other districts of Gujarát.", "In consequence of a failure of crops the price of grain rose so high that the government share of the produce was brought to Áhmedábád and sold in public to the poor and needy.", "About this time Muhammad Mubáriz Bábi was killed by a Koli who shot him with an arrow while he was sacking the village of Sámprah.", "Safdar Khán Bábi was appointed deputy governor of Pátan in his stead.", ";Scarcity, 1698\nIn 1698, on the death of Ítimád Khán, his son Muhammad Muhsín was made minister, and he was ordered to hand the district of Mertha to Durgádás Ráthoḍ.", "Among other changes Muhammad Muním was raised to the command of the fort of Jodhpur and Khwájáh Abdul Hamíd was appointed minister.", "Owing to a second failure of rain 1698 was a year of much scarcity in Márwár and north Gujarát.", "The accounts of this year notice a petition addressed to the viceroy by a Sinor Bráhman, praying that he might not be seized as a carrier or labourer.", "In connection with some revenue and civil affairs, a difference of opinion arose between Shujáât Khán and Safdar Khán Bábi, deputy governor of Pátan.", "Safdar Khán resigned, and, until a successor was appointed, Muhammad Bahlol Shírwáni was directed to administer the Pátan district.", "In the same year the emperor bestowed the government of Sorath on Muhammad Beg Khán.", "In 1699, Durgádás Ráthoḍ obtained from the emperor not only a pardon for Ajítsingh, son of the late Mahárája Jaswant Singh, but procured him an assignment of lands in, as well as the official charge of, the districts of Jalore and Sanchor in Márwár.", "Mujáhid Khán Jhálori, who as representing a family of landholders dating as far back as the Gujarát Sultáns, had held Jhálor and Sáchor, now received in their stead the lands in Pálanpur and Disa which his descendants still hold.", "In this year also (1699) Amánat Khán, governor of Surat, died, and the Maráthás making a raid into the province, Shujáât Khán sent Nazar Áli Khán to drive them out.", "About this time an imperial order arrived, addressed to the provincial díwán directing him to purchase 1000 horses for the government at the average rate of Rupees 200.", "In 1700, on the death of Fírúz Khán Mewáti, deputy governor of Jodhpúr, the viceroy appointed in his place Muhammad Záhid from Víramgám.", "Rája Ajítsingh of Márwár was now ordered to repair to court, and as he delayed, a ''mohsal'' or speed fine was imposed upon him in agreement with Shujáât Khán’s directions.", "About this time an order came to Kamál Khán Jhálori for the despatch to the emperor of some of the Pálanpur chítáhs or hunting leopards which are still in demand in other parts of India.", "In the same year the manager of Dhandhúka on behalf of Durgádás Ráthoḍ, asked the viceroy for aid against the Káthis, who were plundering that district.", "The viceroy ordered Muhammad Beg, governor of Sorath, to march against them.", "At this time Shujáât Khán despatched Nazar Áli Khán with a large force to join the imperial camp which was then at Panhála in Kolhápur.", "Shujáât Khán, who had so long and ably filled the office of viceroy in a most critical time, died in 1703.", "===Prince Muhammad Azam Shah, Thirty-ninth Viceroy, 1703–1705===\nIn Shujaat Khan's place prince Muhammad Azam Shah, who was then at Dhár in Málwa, was appointed thirty-ninth viceroy of Gujarát, as well as governor of Ajmír and Jodhpur; and until his arrival the minister Khwájáh Abdul Hamíd Khán was ordered to administer the province.", "Owing to the recall of the late governor’s troops from many of the posts disorders broke out in the Pátan districts and the Kolis plundered the country and made the roads impassable.", "n his way from the Dakhan to Áhmedábád, the chief of Jhábua near Bhopal, paid his respects to the new viceroy and presented him with a tribute of Rupees 16000.", "Among other arrangements the prince sent to Jodhpur, Jáfar Kuli, son of Kázim Beg, as deputy governor, and appointed Durgádás Ráthoḍ governor of Pátan.", "Shortly after, on suspicion of his tampering with the Ráthoḍ Rájputs, an order came from the emperor to summon Durgádás to the prince’s court at Áhmedábád, and there confine him or slay him.", ";Durgádás Ráthoḍ, 1703\nSafdar Khán Bábi, who, in displeasure with Shujáât Khán had retired to Málwa, returned and offered to slay or capture Durgádás, who was accordingly invited to the prince’s court at Áhmedábád.", "Durgádás came and pitched his camp at the village of Báreja on the Sábarmati near Áhmedábád.", "On the day Durgádás was to present himself, the prince, on pretence of a hunt, had ordered the attendance of a strong detachment of the army.", "When all was ready and Safdar Khán Bábi and his sons appeared mailed and gauntleted the prince sent for Durgádás.", "As this day was an eleventh or ''agiára''s Durgádás had put off waiting on the prince until the fast was over.", "Growing suspicious of the number of messengers from the prince, he burned his tents and fled.", "Safdar Khán Bábi was sent in pursuit.", "He was overtaking Durgádás when Durgádás’ grandson praying his grandfather to make good his escape, stayed behind with a band of followers, charged the pursuers, and after a gallant combat, he and his Rájputs were slain.", "The grandson of Durgádás was killed in a hand-to-hand fight with Salábat Khán, the son of Safdar Khán Bábi.", "Meanwhile Durgádás had reached Unjha-Unáwa, forty miles east of Pátan, and from Unjha made his way to Pátan.", "From Pátan, taking his family with him, he retired to Tharad, and from that to Márwár, where he was afterwards joined by Ajítsingh of Márwár, whom the emperor opposed on the ground of illegitimacy.", "The imperial troops followed and took possession of Pátan, putting to death the head of the city police.", "In his old age the emperor Aurangzeb became more and more strict in religious matters.", "In 1702, an imperial order forbad the making of almanacs as contrary to the Muslim law.", "Hindus were also forbidden to keep Muslim servants.", ";Surat under threat\nAbout this time (1700) news arrived that the Marathas with a force of 10,000 horse were threatening Surat from the foot of the Kására pass and the confines of Sultánpur and Nandurbar.", "The viceroy despatched a body of troops to guard Surat against their incursions.", "Disputes between the government and the Portuguese were also injuring the trade of the province.", "In 1701, the viceroy received an order from Court directing him to destroy the Somnath temple beyond possibility of repair.", "The despatch adds that a similar order had been issued at the beginning of Aurangzeb’s reign.", "In 1703, at the request of the merchants of Gujarát, with the view of inducing the Portuguese to let ships from Surat pass unmolested and release some Muslim who had been imprisoned on their way back from Mecca, orders were issued that certain confiscated Portuguese merchandise should be restored to its owners.", "An imperial order was also received to encourage the art of brocade weaving in Áhmedábád.", "In 1704, Safdar Khán Bábi was raised to be governor of Vijapur.", "Sarandáz Khán was at the same time appointed to Sorath instead of Muhammad Beg Khán, who was placed in charge of the lands round Áhmedábád.", "As the Maráthás once more threatened Surat, Mustafa Kuli, governor of Bharuch, was sent with 1000 horse to defend the city.", "===Ibráhím Khán, Fortieth Viceroy, 1705===\nIn 1705, as the climate of Gujarát did not agree with prince Azam, Ibráhím Khán, viceroy of Kashmír, was appointed fortieth viceroy of Gujarát, and his son Zabardast Khán, viceroy of Lahore, was appointed to the government of Ajmer and Jodhpur.", "Prince Azam at once went to Burhánpur in Khándesh, handing charge of Gujarát to the minister Abdúl Hamíd Khán until the new viceroy should arrive.", "Durgádás Ráthoḍ now asked for and received pardon.", "Abdúl Hamíd Khán was ordered to restore the lands formerly granted to Durgádás, and Durgádás was directed to act under Abdúl Hamíd’s orders.", "In 1705, the emperor learned that Khánji, a successor of Kutb the high priest of the Shia Ismáîli Bohrás, had sent out twelve missionaries to win people to his faith, and that his followers had subscribed Rupees 114000 to relieve those of their number who were imprisoned.", "The emperor ordered that the twelve missionaries should be secured and sent to him and appointed Sunni Mullás to preach in their villages and bring the Bohras’ children to the Sunni form of faith.", "====The Maráthás enter Gujarát====\nAbout this time (1705) the Maráthás, who had long been hovering on the south-east frontiers of the province, bursting into south Gujarát with an army 15,000 strong, under the leadership of Dhanaji Jadhav, defeated the local forces and laid the country waste.", "Abdúl Hamíd Khán, who was then in charge of the province, ordered all governors of districts and officers in charge of posts to collect their men and advance to Surat.", "Between Nazar Áli Khán and Safdar Khán Bábi, the officers in command of this army, an unfortunate jealousy prevailed.", "Not knowing where the Maráthás were to be found, they halted on the Narmada near the Bába Piárah ford.", "Here they remained for a month and a half, the leaders contenting themselves with sending out spies to search for the enemy.", "At last, hearing of the approach of the Maráthás, they sent to head-quarters asking for artillery and other reinforcements.", "In reply, Abdúl Hamíd Khán, a man of hasty temper, upbraided them for their inactivity and for allowing so much time to pass without making their way to Surat.", ";Battle of Ratanpúr and defeat of the Mughals, 1705.", "Orders were accordingly at once issued for an advance, and the army next halted at Ratanpúr in Rajpipla.", "Here, apparently from the jealousy of the commanders, the different chiefs pitched their camps at some distance from each other.", "Finding the enemy’s forces thus scattered, the Maráthás, under the command of Dhanáji Jádhav, lost no time in advancing against them.", "First attacking the camp of Safdar Khán Bábi, they defeated his troops, killed his son, and took prisoner the chief himself.", "Only a few of his men, with his nephew Muhammad Azam, escaped to the camp of Nazar Áli Khán.", "Next, the Maráthás attacked the army under Muhammad Purdil Khán Shirwáni; and it also they defeated.", "Of the Musalmán army those who were not slain, drowned in the Narmada, or captured, reached Bharuch in miserable plight, where they were relieved by Akbar Áli Khán.", "Nazar Áli Khán burned his tents and surrendered to the Maráthás, by whom he was well treated.", ";Battle of the Bába Piárah Ford.", "Second Defeat of the Mughals, 1705.", "The Maráthás now heard that Abdúl Hamíd Khán was coming with an army to oppose them.", "Thinking he would not risk a battle, they went to the Bába Piárah ford, and there crossed the Narmada.", "That very day Abdúl Hamíd Khán, with Muhammad Sher and Muhammad Salábat, sons of Safdar Khán Bábi, and others came to the spot where the Maráthás were encamped.", "All night long they were harassed by the Maráthás, and next morning found the enemy ready for a general attack.", "The Mughals, weary with watching, dispirited from the defeats of Safdar Khán, and inferior in number to their assailants, were repulsed and surrounded.", "The two sons of Safdar Khán Bábi, and two other nobles, seeing that the day was lost, cut their way through the enemy and escaped, Abdúl Hamíd Khán, Nazar Áli Khán, and many others were taken prisoners.", "The Maráthás plundered the Mughal camp, declared their right to tribute, levied sums from the adjacent towns and villages and extorted heavy ransoms which in the case of Abdúl Hamíd Khán was fixed at as large a sum as Rupees 3 lákhs.", ";Koli Disturbances\nThe Kolis, seeing the disorganized state of Gujarát, began ravaging the country, and plundered Baroda for two days.", "At Áhmedábád, Muhammad Beg Khán, who had been appointed governor of Sorath, was recalled to defend the capital.", "When the news of the defeat at Bába Piárah reached Delhi, the emperor despatched prince Muhammad Bidár Bakht with a large army to drive out the invaders.", "Before this force reached Gujarát, the Maráthás had retired.", "===Prince Muhammad Bídár Bakht, Forty-First Viceroy, 1705–1706===\nPrince Muhammad Bidar Bakht arrived in 1705 as forty-first viceroy, and appointed Amánat Khán governor of the ports of Surat and Cambay.", "News was now received that Ajítsingh of Jodhpur and Verisálji of Rájpípla were about to rebel, and the prince took measures to check their plans.", "About this time the emperor, hearing that an attack had been made on the Muslim post at Dwarka, ordered the Dwarkadhish temple to be levelled to the ground.", "It seems doubtful whether this order was carried out.", "Nazar Áli Khán, who had formerly enjoyed a grant of Halvad in Jhalawad, had been driven out by Chandrasingh, chief of Vankaner; but, on condition of his expelling Chandrasingh, these lands were again granted to him.", "Kamál Khán Jhálori, leaving under his son Fírúz Khán at Pálanpur a body of men for the defence of his charge, advanced to Áhmedábád to guard the city from Marátha attack.", "He petitioned that according to Gujarát custom his troops should receive rations so long as they were employed on imperial service.", "To this request the emperor agreed and issued orders to the provincial minister.", ";Durgádás Ráthoḍ again in Rebellion.", "Shortly after Durgádás Ráthoḍ took advantage of the general confusion to rejoin Ajítsingh, and an army was sent to Tharad against them.", "Ajítsingh was at first forced to retire.", "Finally he succeeded in defeating Kunvar Muhkamsingh, and marching on Jodhpur recovered it from Jaâfar Kuli, son of Kázím Beg.", "Durgádás meanwhile had taken shelter with the Kolis.", "At the head of a band of robbers, meeting Sháh Kúli the son of Kázím Beg on his way to join his appointment as deputy governor of Pátan, Durgádás attacked and killed him.", "And soon after at Chaniár in the Chunvál, laying in wait for Maâsúm Kúli, the governor of Víramgám, he routed his escort, Maâsum Kúli escaping with difficulty.", "On condition of being appointed governor of Pátan, Safdar Khán Bábi now offered to kill or capture Durgádás.", "His offer was accepted, and as from this time Durgádás is no more heard of, it seems probable that Safdar Khán succeeded in killing him.", "===Ibráhím Khán, Forty-second Viceroy, 1706===\nAs the disturbed state of the province seemed to require a change of government Ibráhím Khán, who had been appointed viceroy in the previous year, was ordered to join his post.", "This order he reluctantly obeyed in 1706.", "With the death of the emperor Aurangzeb, early in 1707, the period of strong government which had latterly from year to year been growing weaker came to an end.", ";The Maráthás advance to Áhmedábád and levy tribute, 1707\nAs soon as Aurangzeb’s death was known, the Maráthás under Balaji Vishwanath burst into east Gujarát, marching by Jhábua and Godhra, where they were ineffectually opposed by the governor Murád Baksh.", "From Godhra, they went to and plundered the town of Mahuda in Kaira (Kheda), and proposed marching on Áhmedábád by way of Nadiad.", "The viceroy prepared to resist them, and, enlisting special troops, camped outside of the city near the Kankaria Lake.", "The viceroy was also joined by Abdúl Hádi Pandemal the viceroy’s minister, Abdúl Hamíd Khán provincial minister, Muhammad Beg Khán, Nazar Áli Khán, Safdar Khán Bábi, and several other deputy governors with their retinues and artillery.", "Though strong in numbers the practised eye of the viceroy failed to find in the host that firmness and unity of purpose which could alone ensure victory over the Marátha hordes.", "The Maráthás did much mischief, plundering as far as Vatva, only four-and-a-half miles from the viceroy’s camp.", "The author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'', whose father was an actor in these scenes, describes the panic in the capital of Gujarát which since its capture by last Gujarat Sultan Muzaffar Shah III in 1583 had been free from the horrors of war.", "Crowds of scared and terror-stricken men, women and children laden with as much of their property as they could carry were pressing from the suburbs into the city.", "In the city the streets were crowded with squatters.", "The cries of parents bereft of children, added to the din and turmoil of the soldiery, was like the horror of the Day of Resurrection.", "The dejected faces of the soldiers beaten in the late engagements added to the general gloom.", "The viceroy, thoroughly alarmed, concluded a treaty with Báláji, and on receiving a tribute of Rupees 210000 the Maráthás withdrew.", "Meanwhile, in the contest between the princes for the throne of Delhi, prince Muhammad Azam Shah was defeated and slain, and prince Muhammad Muâzzam Sháh mounted the throne with the title of Bahadur Shah.", "Ibráhím Khán was confirmed in the post of viceroy of Gujarát, but, fearing that the emperor might be displeased at his concession of tribute to the Maráthás, he went to Delhi to explain his conduct, and there resigned office.", "* Kásam Khán, Thirtieth Viceroy, 1657–1659\n* Sháh Nawáz Khán Safávi, Thirty-first Viceroy, 1659\n* Maharaja Jaswant Singh, Thirty-second Viceroy, 1659–1662\n* Mahábat Khán, Thirty-third Viceroy, 1662–1668\n* Khán Jehán, Thirty-fourth Viceroy, 1668–1671\n* Mahárája Jaswant Singh, Thirty-fifth Viceroy, 1671–1674 (second time)\n* Muhammad Amín Khán Umdat-ul-Mulk, Thirty-sixth Viceroy, 1674–1683\n* Mukhtár Khán, Thirty-seventh Viceroy, 1683–1684\n* Shujáât Khán (Kártalab Khán) Thirty-eighth Viceroy, 1684–1703\n* Prince Muhammad Azam Shah, Thirty-ninth Viceroy, 1703–1705\n* Ibráhím Khán, Fortieth Viceroy, 1705\n* Prince Muhammad Bidar Bakht, Forty-First Viceroy, 1705–170\n* Ibráhím Khán, Forty-second Viceroy, 1706 (second time)", "\n\n===Bibliography===\n\n*" ]

[ "\n\n'''Neeraj Kanwar''' (born 6 September 1971) is the vice chairman and managing director of Apollo Tyres, India's second largest tyre manufacturer with annual revenues of over $2 billion. He is credited with turning Apollo Tyres from a commercial vehicle-focussed tyre manufacturer in India when he joined in 1995 into a multinational company that now manufactures tyres for commercial and passenger vehicles as well as two wheeler tyres.\n", "Kanwar was educated at St. Columba's School, Delhi and thereafter graduated in engineering from Lehigh University in Pennsylvania, US.\n", "Kanwar started his career with a training stint at American Express Bank in New York. He thereafter returned to India and started Global Finance Ltd, a non-bank financial institution which shut within three years of operations. Thereafter, Kanwar became the third generation of his family to join Apollo Tyres, which was set up by his grandfather Raunaq Singh and later taken over by his father Onkar Kanwar. His first position in the company was in the sales team.\n\nIn 2002, Kanwar took over daily operations of Apollo Tyres from his father. Kanwar has been the force behind Apollo's international acquisitions. When the company announced its acquisition of Dunlop Tyres, South Africa in 2006 it made a simultaneously announced Kanwar's elevation as the company's Managing Director. The company later sold most of its South African operations to Sumitomo Rubber Industries in 2013, retaining one plant in Durban.\n\nIn 2009, under the aegis of Kanwar, Apollo bought out Vredestein Banden in the Netherlands, thus giving the company a foothold in Europe. Under his leadership, Apollo also bought out ''Reifencom GmbH'' in Germany in 2015, giving it access to distribution channels across Europe. After the failed takeover attempt of Cooper Tires in 2013, Kanwar decided to focus on organic growth by investing in new greenfield facilities in Chennai, India and Budapest, Hungary. The plant in Hungary was inaugurated in 2017.\n\nOutside of Apollo, in partnership with Amit Burman (vice chairman of Dabur), Kanwar bought an Italian restaurant called ''Scalini'' in London in his personal capacity in 2014. Kanwar and Burman met during their University days in Pennsylvania and have remained friends since.\n\nApart from his business activities, Kanwar serves as the vice chairman of the British Asian Trust in India, a charity founded by Prince Charles.\n", "\nNeeraj Kanwar is the second son of Onkar Kanwar and has an elder brother, Raja. He is married to Simran Kanwar and they have two children, a son named Jai Karan and a daughter named Sayra Taru. Kanwar is fond of workouts and maintains a personal gymnasium at his house. In 2013, he relocated to London to focus on the attempted buyout of Cooper Tires. Though the deal did not work out, Kanwar settled in London to focus on Apollo's international operations and better manage its international investors. Kanwar resides in a mansion in London's Mayfair neighbourhood.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Education", "Career", "Personal life", "References" ]

[ "Kanwar started his career with a training stint at American Express Bank in New York.", "He thereafter returned to India and started Global Finance Ltd, a non-bank financial institution which shut within three years of operations." ]

[ "\n\n'''Neeraj Kanwar''' (born 6 September 1971) is the vice chairman and managing director of Apollo Tyres, India's second largest tyre manufacturer with annual revenues of over $2 billion.", "He is credited with turning Apollo Tyres from a commercial vehicle-focussed tyre manufacturer in India when he joined in 1995 into a multinational company that now manufactures tyres for commercial and passenger vehicles as well as two wheeler tyres.", "Kanwar was educated at St. Columba's School, Delhi and thereafter graduated in engineering from Lehigh University in Pennsylvania, US.", "Thereafter, Kanwar became the third generation of his family to join Apollo Tyres, which was set up by his grandfather Raunaq Singh and later taken over by his father Onkar Kanwar.", "His first position in the company was in the sales team.", "In 2002, Kanwar took over daily operations of Apollo Tyres from his father.", "Kanwar has been the force behind Apollo's international acquisitions.", "When the company announced its acquisition of Dunlop Tyres, South Africa in 2006 it made a simultaneously announced Kanwar's elevation as the company's Managing Director.", "The company later sold most of its South African operations to Sumitomo Rubber Industries in 2013, retaining one plant in Durban.", "In 2009, under the aegis of Kanwar, Apollo bought out Vredestein Banden in the Netherlands, thus giving the company a foothold in Europe.", "Under his leadership, Apollo also bought out ''Reifencom GmbH'' in Germany in 2015, giving it access to distribution channels across Europe.", "After the failed takeover attempt of Cooper Tires in 2013, Kanwar decided to focus on organic growth by investing in new greenfield facilities in Chennai, India and Budapest, Hungary.", "The plant in Hungary was inaugurated in 2017.", "Outside of Apollo, in partnership with Amit Burman (vice chairman of Dabur), Kanwar bought an Italian restaurant called ''Scalini'' in London in his personal capacity in 2014.", "Kanwar and Burman met during their University days in Pennsylvania and have remained friends since.", "Apart from his business activities, Kanwar serves as the vice chairman of the British Asian Trust in India, a charity founded by Prince Charles.", "\nNeeraj Kanwar is the second son of Onkar Kanwar and has an elder brother, Raja.", "He is married to Simran Kanwar and they have two children, a son named Jai Karan and a daughter named Sayra Taru.", "Kanwar is fond of workouts and maintains a personal gymnasium at his house.", "In 2013, he relocated to London to focus on the attempted buyout of Cooper Tires.", "Though the deal did not work out, Kanwar settled in London to focus on Apollo's international operations and better manage its international investors.", "Kanwar resides in a mansion in London's Mayfair neighbourhood." ]

[ "\n\nA view from NH70\n'''Kotli (Tungal)''' is a small town just 22 KM away from Mandi city. Kotli is also tehsil of Mandi Himachal Pradesh India. Kotli and surrounding area is known as Tugal valley. By Road Kotli is 22km from Mandi Himachal Pradesh. NH 70 (003)from Mandi to Jalandhar is passing through here.\n*Country India\n*State Himachal Pradesh\n*District Mandi\n*Tehsil Kotli Himachal Pradesh\n*Pin Coad 175003\n", "The People pf Kotli Speaks and understand Pahari, Hindi and punjabi.\n", "#Tehsil \n#IPH \n#HP PWD \n#Electricity Board 5.Govt Schools \n#Degree Collage \n#Post Office \n#Civil Hospital \n#Police Post \n#BMO office\n#Bsnl Telephone Exchange \n#Rest House\n#Treachery\n#Milk Che ling center \n#NH office\n#Aanaz Depot\n#HPPCL Office\n#Horticulture Office\n#Gram Panchyat office \n#HRTC Bus stand and Booking counter\n", "#State Bank of india\n#HP cooperative Bank \n#Himachal Gramin Bank\n#Punjab national bank\n#CD cooprative bank\n", "#Govt Sen Sec School Kotli\n#TPM Sen sec School Kotli\n#Gurukul Public Sen Sec School Kotli\n#Alok Bharti Vidyalaya Kotli\n#Sarswati Vidya Mandir Kotli\n#Oxford School Kotli\n#Jagriti Public School Kotli\n", "#Govt Degree College Kotli\n#Govt ITI Kotli\n", "\n*http://epaper.divyahimachal.com/1353278/Mera-Mandi/Mera-Mandi#page/1/1 \n*http://epaper.amarujala.com/ma/20130710/04.html?format=img \n*http://epaper.amarujala.com/ma/20160128/05.html?format=img \n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Language", "Government offices", "Banks", "Schools", "College", " References " ]

[ "#State Bank of india\n#HP cooperative Bank \n#Himachal Gramin Bank\n#Punjab national bank\n#CD cooprative bank" ]

[ "\n\nA view from NH70\n'''Kotli (Tungal)''' is a small town just 22 KM away from Mandi city.", "Kotli is also tehsil of Mandi Himachal Pradesh India.", "Kotli and surrounding area is known as Tugal valley.", "By Road Kotli is 22km from Mandi Himachal Pradesh.", "NH 70 (003)from Mandi to Jalandhar is passing through here.", "*Country India\n*State Himachal Pradesh\n*District Mandi\n*Tehsil Kotli Himachal Pradesh\n*Pin Coad 175003", "The People pf Kotli Speaks and understand Pahari, Hindi and punjabi.", "#Tehsil \n#IPH \n#HP PWD \n#Electricity Board 5.Govt Schools \n#Degree Collage \n#Post Office \n#Civil Hospital \n#Police Post \n#BMO office\n#Bsnl Telephone Exchange \n#Rest House\n#Treachery\n#Milk Che ling center \n#NH office\n#Aanaz Depot\n#HPPCL Office\n#Horticulture Office\n#Gram Panchyat office \n#HRTC Bus stand and Booking counter", "#Govt Sen Sec School Kotli\n#TPM Sen sec School Kotli\n#Gurukul Public Sen Sec School Kotli\n#Alok Bharti Vidyalaya Kotli\n#Sarswati Vidya Mandir Kotli\n#Oxford School Kotli\n#Jagriti Public School Kotli", "#Govt Degree College Kotli\n#Govt ITI Kotli", "\n*http://epaper.divyahimachal.com/1353278/Mera-Mandi/Mera-Mandi#page/1/1 \n*http://epaper.amarujala.com/ma/20130710/04.html?format=img \n*http://epaper.amarujala.com/ma/20160128/05.html?format=img" ]

[ "The '''Global Maritime Forum''' is an international not-for-profit organisation dedicated to promoting the potential of the global maritime industry. To serve its mission, it convenes leaders from across the maritime community with policy-makers, experts, NGOs and other influential decision-makers and opinion shapers to discuss collective challenges and to work together on developing new solutions and recommendations for action.\n", "The 14 founding partners of the Global Maritime Forum are A.P. Møller-Mærsk, Arshiya Limited, Euronav, GasLog, Gorrissen Federspiel, Gulf Agency Company, Heidrick & Struggles, Hempel Group, KfW IPEX-Bank MISC, Onassis Foundation, PSA International, Trafigura and Wan Hai Lines.\n", "The organization is based in Copenhagen.\n", "The first summit of the Global Maritime Forum is expected to take place in October 2018.\n", "* Official website\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Founding partners", "Secretariat", "Summits", "External links" ]

[ "Møller-Mærsk, Arshiya Limited, Euronav, GasLog, Gorrissen Federspiel, Gulf Agency Company, Heidrick & Struggles, Hempel Group, KfW IPEX-Bank MISC, Onassis Foundation, PSA International, Trafigura and Wan Hai Lines." ]

[ "The '''Global Maritime Forum''' is an international not-for-profit organisation dedicated to promoting the potential of the global maritime industry.", "To serve its mission, it convenes leaders from across the maritime community with policy-makers, experts, NGOs and other influential decision-makers and opinion shapers to discuss collective challenges and to work together on developing new solutions and recommendations for action.", "The 14 founding partners of the Global Maritime Forum are A.P.", "The organization is based in Copenhagen.", "The first summit of the Global Maritime Forum is expected to take place in October 2018.", "* Official website" ]

[ "After gaining independence, Azerbaijan has taken important measures throughout the country to improve its legal system, enhance justice and efficiency.\n", "On 18 October 1991 Azerbaijan re-established its independence according to the Constitutional Act on Restoration of the State Independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijani law system is based on civil law system. Constitution of Azerbaijan is the highest legal force in the country which was accepted in 1995 as the result of nationwide referendum. The separation of powers among legislative, judicial and executive branches were formed according to the Constitution.\n\nThe legislative system of the Republic of Azerbaijan consists of normative-legal Acts as those: the Constitution, acts adopted by referendum, laws, orders, Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Azerbaijan, Normative Acts of central executive power bodies. International Treaties, of which Azerbaijan is a party, compose an essential part of the legislative system of the Azerbaijan.\n\n=== Separation of Powers ===\nAccording to the Constitution, Azerbaijan is a democratic, legal, secular and unitary republic. Religion is separated from the State. State power is divided among 3 divisions: Milli Majlis (legislative), President (executive), and courts (judicial). Milli Majlis is one chamber body with 125 parliamentarians selected for 5 years term. The Head of the State of Azerbaijan is the President who is elected for 7 years term. Vice-President is the second-highest constitutional officer after the President in Azerbaijan, appointed and dismissed by the President. President forms Cabinet of Ministers with the leading of Prime Minister to implement executive power. Judicial power is implemented through Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, Courts of Appeal, ordinary and other specialized law courts.\n", "After adaptation of Constitution (1995), new legislative acts and amendments were issued in line with democratic principles and in consistency with requirements of international law within the legal reforms.\n\n=== Constitution and Constitutional Acts ===\n* Constitutional Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on regulating the realization of human rights and freedoms in the Republic of Azerbaijan (29 December 1998);\n* Constitutional Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Approval of the Constitution of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (24 December 2002);\n* Constitutional Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Normative Legal Acts (21 December 2010).\n\n=== Codes ===\n* Labor Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1 February 1999);\n* The Civil Code of the Azerbaijan Republic (28 December 1999);\n* The Civil Procedural Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (28 December 1999);\n* Family Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (28 December 1999);\n* Criminal Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (30 December 1999);\n* Code on Administrative offences of the Republic of Azerbaijan (11 July 2000);\n* Tax Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (11 July, 2000);\n* Code of Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Azerbaijan (14 July 2000);\n* Code of Execution of Penalties of the Republic of Azerbaijan (14 July 2000);\n* Election Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (27 May 2003);\n* Administrative Procedural Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (June 30, 2009);\n* Housing Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (15 November 2011)\n* Migration Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (2 July 2013).\n\n=== Laws ===\n* Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Freedom of Religious Belief (20 August, 1992);\n* Law of the Azerbaijan Republic on prevention of disablement, rehabilitation and social security of disabled persons (25 August, 1992);\n* Law on copyrights and related rights of the Republic of Azerbaijan (5 June, 1996);\n* Law of the Azerbaijan Republic on procedures for review of citizen applications (June 10, 1997);\n* Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on freedom of information (19 June 1998);\n* Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on state protection of persons participating in criminal proceedings (11 December, 1998);\n* Law on Normative Legal Acts of the republic of Azerbaijan (26 November, 1999);\n* Law on advocates and advocacy activities (28 December 1999);\n* Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Civil Service (21 July 2000);\n* Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on state registration and state registry of legal entities (December 12, 2003);\n* Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on combating corruption (13 January 2004);\n* Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on State Guarantees of Equal Rights for Women and Men (10 October 2006).\n", "Decree on Modernization of Judicial system was signed on 19 January 2006 by the President of Azerbaijan and the country entered the next step in judicial system. New courts, as well as new appeal courts in regions were established to increase the effectiveness of justice and to make easier to access to courts for people in regions. Number of judges increased, court activities modernized, newly established courts were organized, and the apparatus of courts upgraded based on the Decree. New judicial system appointed appeal courts (composed of 4 chambers – Civil, Criminal, Military and Administrative-Economic) in 6 regions of Azerbaijan to fulfill their duties on territorial jurisdiction.\n\nThe courts of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic were set up in accordance with the blockade situation of the territory. The Supreme Court of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic is the first-degree appeal instance for courts of Nakhchivan. The cassation instance for the Supreme Court of Nakhchivan AR is Supreme Court of Azerbaijan Republic.\n\nNew mechanism of appealing directly to the Constitutional Court regarding the restoration of violated rights and freedoms was defined according to the Law on Constitutional Court (23 December 2003). The Amendments to the  “Law on Courts and Judges” and “Law on Judicial-Legal Council” adopted as a result of cooperating with Council of Europe have played an important role in increasing effectiveness of justice. Judicial-Legal Council was set up referring to these acts, which are consistent with international principles.\n\nThe new legislation regulates the immunity of the judges and their terms of office, indefinite term of appointment to the judge's office has been defined, disciplinary responsibility of judges has been assigned to the authority of the Judicial-Legal Council, and a new body - Judges Selection Committee has been established to elect the candidates for judge positions. \n\nInfluential international financial institutions also supported the judicial-legal reforms carried out in Azerbaijan. For example, a joint project of the Ministry of Justice and World Bank entitled “Modernization of the Justice Sector” implemented in the country. In the framework of the project, numerous court buildings were constructed, the infrastructure in this area was updated and the most up-to-date technologies was introduced in the courts. \n\nThe role of prosecuting authorities in the judicial system was also reviewed in the framework of legal and judicial reforms, and its activities have been adapted to international standards and to the requirements of democratic institutions. Thus, a number of previous competences of public prosecution were revoked, warrant to issue arrests was granted to the courts, supervision over courts by Prosecutor’s office were eliminated according to the “Law on Prosecutor's Office” (1999).As a result, the Prosecutor’s Office of Azerbaijan became the independent body to start criminal case, carry out preliminary investigation, oversee the implementation of laws in the activities of investigative and operational-search bodies, and represent as a claimant on behalf of the state in civil issues. \n\n=== Judicial-Legal Council ===\nThe Judicial-Legal Council of Azerbaijan was formed in February 2005 to implement self-governance functions of Judiciary system as the result of legal-judicial reforms in Azerbaijan.The Council consists of 15 members (9 of them are Judges and others are representatives of President, Parliament, Prosecutor’s Office, Bar Association, Ministry of Justice) who are selected by Milli Majlis.\n\nAs a permanently functioning independent body, The Judicial-Legal Council is not dependent on legislative, executive or judicial authorities, local self-governance bodies, individuals and legal entities for organizational, financial or other issues. The Council is in charge with the organization of the judiciary system and independence of judges in Azerbaijan Republic; organization of selection of candidates to vacant judge positions who are not yet judges; evaluation of performance of judges; promotion, rotation of judges, as well as, other issues related to courts and judges.\n\nConstitution of Azerbaijan, international treaties to which it is a party, the law on Judicial-Legal Council, law on “Courts and Judges” and other legislative acts are the legal basis for the activity of the Judicial-Legal Council. It cooperates with legislative, executive and judicial authorities, Azerbaijan Bar Association, and scientific institutions.\n\nBesides, a special training department under the Council was set up to carry out training for judges and public prosecutors, including candidates to judge posts. According to new method of judge selection, multistage procedures, including testing, written and oral exams were developed starting from 2005. On the other hand, long-term training courses were organized for candidates to judge posts and a number of higher judges, prominent legal scientists, experts from different countries including Turkey; Commissioner for Human Rights of Council of Europe, Judges of European Court of Human Rights, specialists of ABA/CEELI took part in these courses.\n\nAs the result of assessment of judicial staff’s activity, powers of up to 40 judges have been terminated, personnel of courts have been renewed, new courts, as well as regional appeal courts have been established, and number of judges have risen by 50%.\n", "Taking into account the need to strengthen democratic values, implement judicial-legal reforms, protect human and civil rights and freedoms, amendments to the text of Constitution were made several times. In 2002, 2009 and 2016 the text of Constitution was amended and enriched by new provisions due to the results of referendums held through the country. The social-economic, public-political and cultural life of the country started to develop, large-scale infrastructure and construction project implemented in regard with the amendments.\n\n=== Referendum 2002 ===\n\nThe first referendum for amendments to the text of Constitution initiated by the former President Heydar Aliyev was held in 2002, 24 August. 39 changes were done to the 23 articles of the Constitution.These changes are categorized into 7 main groups, as\n* Changes arising from commitments undertaken by Azerbaijan Republic to European Council;\n* Changes arising from the accession of Azerbaijan Republic to European Convention on protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms;\n* Changes arising from the improvement of conducting referendum;\n* Changes to election process to Parliament of Azerbaijan Republic;\n* Changes to election process of the President of Azerbaijan Republic;\n* Changes arising from the improvement the activity of state authorities;\n* Changes arising from the implementation of judicial reforms.\nAccording to these amendments, proportional party list elections to Parliament was eliminated; citizen of the country, courts and human right commissioner gained right to appeal directly to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Azerbaijan; the procedure of transferring the powers of President to the Prime Minister instead of the Chairman of Milli Majlis in case of resignation was approved; the procedure of calculating the results of the presidential elections with a simple majority was defined.\n\n=== Referendum 2009 ===\n\nThe second Referendum Act on “Amendments and additions to the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan” was put to a nationwide referendum on March 18, 2009. As a result, the Constitution was further upgraded and constitutional norms and principles were adapted to the requirements of the time with 41 amendments to 29 articles.\n\nThe constitutional amendments of March 18, 2009 can be classified in 3 groups on several aspects:\n* The first classification is related to the enrichment of constitutional norms that define human rights and freedoms, the identification of new opportunities, the broader assurance and the formation of a more effective defense mechanism. E.g. the provision of \"providing adequate standard of living for the citizens of the Republic of Azerbaijan\" to the Article 12. Article 17 that defines constitutional foundations of family, children and state relations was enriched with 4 new sections of greater importance. The content of Article 25 that defines right for equality; Article 32 that defines right for personal immunity and Article 71 that ensures the rights and liberties of a human being and citizen were enhanced with several new provisions;\n* The second aspect was the further improvement of the constitutional provisions that define the mechanism of the state power. Thus, it was supposed to make amendments and additions to the articles regarding the organization and activity of the Milli Majlis, as well as some articles defining the legal status of the President and the judiciary power. “The term of office of the President of Azerbaijan Republic and Milli Majlis is extended until the end of the military operations in case the conduct of military operations does not allow holding elections” was added to Article 84 and Article 101;\n* Another aspect of the amendments was related to the improvement of the constitutional status of local self-government, in particular the independence of municipalities. Article 146 that defines the independence of municipalities, was enlarged with 4 new parts. New provisions define the independence of municipalities while defining its responsibilities for the citizens living in the municipality, exercising its power independently not undermining sovereignty of Azerbaijani state, and reporting to the Milli Majlis about the activities of municipalities in cases and in the manner prescribed by law.\n\n=== Referendum 2016 ===\n\nThe third referendum for amendments to the text of Constitution initiated by the President Ilham Aliyev was held on September 26, 2016.34 amendments and additions to 23 articles, as well as 6 new articles that change the structure of the Constitution were made according to the results of the Referendum.\n\nAmendments are divided into 2 main categories: \n* enrichment of human rights and freedoms, adaptation to international universal and regional legal acts, improvement of safeguards and defense mechanisms;\n* improvement of principle of separation of powers, “confrontation and balance” mechanism, as well as political management and local self-governance activities.\nWithin the first aspect, protection of human dignity and respect for it, and non-discrimination principles were added to Article 24; provision on the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities were added to Article 25; Article 32 provides the right of personal immunity (e.g. the provision of safeguarding of the protection of personal data), Article 36 prohibits lockouts for the protection of the rights of persons employed under labor contract (except in cases prescribed by law); Article 60 was amended to enhance the administrative and judicial support for rights and freedoms according to the results of the 2016 referendum.\n\nWithin the second aspect, the age limit for appointment and selection to certain posts was eliminated in Articles 85, 100, 121 and 126 as the result of Referendum. Provision 103.1 that defines forming vice-president institute was added to Article 103; and several amendments to Article 105 and 106 were done arising from provision 103.1.\n", "As becoming a participant in the work of Council of Europe since 1996, Azerbaijan started to develop an effective mechanism to improve national legislation to the level of European standards.In the framework of this activity, On February 22, 1998 the President of Azerbaijan issued a decree “On Measures for Ensuring Human and Civil Rights and Freedoms” and based on this decree, State Program on Protection of Human Rights was approved by the Decree of 18 June 1998. In the framework of this Program, Ombudsman Institute was set up.It happened on December 28, 2001, after The Constitutional Law “On the Commissioner for Human Rights (Ombudsman) of the Republic of Azerbaijan” was adopted. There were several amendments done to this law on 1 September 2004, 3 March 2006, 19 October 2007, 19 June 2009, 26 November 2009, 06 May 2011, 24 June 2011, 27 June 2014 and on 15 April 2016.\n\nElmira Suleymanova was appointed as the Commissioner for Human Rights (Ombudsman) according to the Decision № 362 of the Parliament of Azerbaijan on July 2, 2002.\n\nThe main objective of this institute is to restore violated human rights and freedoms in accordance with the Constitution of Azerbaijan and the international treaties to which Azerbaijan is a party. Investigation of activities of the President, parliamentarians and judges of Azerbaijan are not the subjects of authorities of the Commissioner. The Ombudsman's activities in the field of human rights include the protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, controlling and and analyzing of the status of the human and civil rights. Commissioner also deals with defining shortcomings and violations, and restores and prevents the violations of human rights.\n\nOmbudsman Institute is also in charge with the national preventive mechanism envisaged under the Optional Protocol to the “Convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment” according to the Order of the President of Azerbaijan on 13 January 2009.\n\nOne of the important steps in the field of human rights was the adoption of the National Action Plan on Protection of Human Rights in the Republic of Azerbaijan. The National Action Plan was prepared on the basis of proposals by a number of state agencies, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and was approved by Presidential Decree No. 1889 of 28 December 2006.\n\nIn 2007-2008, a number of measures were taken to implement the National Action Plan on the Protection of Human Rights in the Republic of Azerbaijan; and to protect human and civil rights and freedoms, provide the rule of law, as well as to develop civil society. With regard to the planning the implementation of these measures in these areas, website of the National Human Rights Action Plan (NHRAP) is planned to be established by the initiative of Ombudsman's Office. The website is going to provide information on the status of the NHRAP implementation, periodic reports, views of working groups and other information.\n", "Unified Judicial Portal of the Republic of Azerbaijan is a legal e-services portal developed for the judicial system of the country by the initiative of The Ministry of Justice. The portal was developed within the framework of the Project on Modernization of Legal System implemented jointly with World Bank. It offers electronic services through which citizens can get information about working hours, locations of judicial institutions, registration of NGOs, rules of running notarial acts and other documents, fees and execution of judgments. It is possible to make an appointment with the employees of judiciary bodies via online regime of the portal.\n", "\n=== Council of Europe ===\nAzerbaijan took part in the work of Council of Europe as a special guest since 28 June 1996, and became a full member in 25 January 2001. In order to establish effective mechanism to develop national legislation to the level of European standards, a number of measures was carried out, as signing orders by the President of Azerbaijan, on  “The implementation of the measures of the program of cooperation between the Council of Europe and the Republic of Azerbaijan” (July 8, 1996); “The measures aimed at expanding cooperation between the Council of Europe and the Republic of Azerbaijan” (January 20, 1998); “The measures for expanding cooperation between the Council of Europe and the Republic of Azerbaijan and for protecting the interests of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe” (May 14, 1999). According to these orders, it was started to adapt criminal, criminal-procedure, civil, civil-procedure codes of Azerbaijan Republic to European standards and norms. In the framework of this measure, parliament adopted laws “On the Constitutional Court”, “On Courts and Judges”, “On Police”, “On Prosecutor’s Office”, “Advocates and Advocacy”. Death penalty was abolished in 1998. Presidential decree “On the measures for ensuring human and civil rights and freedoms” (February 22, 1998) was adopted to implement measures in the field of human rights. “The state program on the protection of human rights” was issued on February 22, 1998 to improve legal mechanisms, develop cooperation with international organizations and train specialists in implementation of their duties. “Law on mass media” was adopted in December of 1999 as a result of cooperation with Council of Europe to abolish censorship on mass media.\n\nAfter becoming a full member of Council of Europe, Azerbaijan adopted a constitutional law “On the Commissioner (Ombudsman) on human rights of the Republic of Azerbaijan” on December 28, 2001 to form the ombudsman institution in the country. The European Convention on Human Rights and its protocols № 1, 4, 6 and 7 were ratified by the Parliament on December 25, 2001.\n\n==== European Court of Human Rights ====\nAzerbaijan recognized the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights on April 15, 2002 after ratification the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms by Parliament of Azerbaijan. Supreme Court and other judicial authorities were recommended to arrange study of the case law of the European Court according to the order “On Modernization of Judiciary System” by the President of Azerbaijan. As a result, the decree “On application of the provisions of the European Convention on the Protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms” precedents of European Court of Human Rights” (30 March 2006) was adopted by the Plenum of the Supreme Court of Azerbaijani Republic.\n\n==== Projects ====\n* Completed project: ''Improving the efficiency and quality of judicial services in the Republic of Azerbaijan''.\n* Ongoing projects: ''Application of the European Convention on Human Rights and the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights in Azerbaijan''; ''Further support to the penitentiary reform in Azerbaijan''.\n\n=== World Bank ===\nWorld Bank initiated financial support to Azerbaijan in the area of legal reforms. The projects of constructing 30 court buildings and complexes, new buildings with cutting-edge information technology for 4 regional courts were implemented during 2006-2014 within the cooperation with WB. Moreover, Constitutional Court and Supreme Court. Judicial-Legal Council, Ministry of Justice have been provided with modern information and communication technologies, a single internet portal of the judicial system has been established, more than 1500 judges, and personnel of legal and judicial system have been trained in order to improve their knowledge on ICTs.\n\n==== Projects ====\n* ''Judicial Modernization Project'' (completed);\n* ''Judicial Services and Smart Infrastructure Project: Environmental management plan'' (in progress).\n", "* Reforms in Azerbaijan\n* Law of Azerbaijan\n* Judiciary of Azerbaijan\n", "\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Background ", " Legislative reform ", " Judicial reform ", " Constitutional reform ", " Ombudsman Office ", " Legal e-services portal ", " International relations ", " See also ", " References " ]

[ "For example, a joint project of the Ministry of Justice and World Bank entitled “Modernization of the Justice Sector” implemented in the country.", "The portal was developed within the framework of the Project on Modernization of Legal System implemented jointly with World Bank.", "=== World Bank ===\nWorld Bank initiated financial support to Azerbaijan in the area of legal reforms." ]

[ "After gaining independence, Azerbaijan has taken important measures throughout the country to improve its legal system, enhance justice and efficiency.", "On 18 October 1991 Azerbaijan re-established its independence according to the Constitutional Act on Restoration of the State Independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan.", "Azerbaijani law system is based on civil law system.", "Constitution of Azerbaijan is the highest legal force in the country which was accepted in 1995 as the result of nationwide referendum.", "The separation of powers among legislative, judicial and executive branches were formed according to the Constitution.", "The legislative system of the Republic of Azerbaijan consists of normative-legal Acts as those: the Constitution, acts adopted by referendum, laws, orders, Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Azerbaijan, Normative Acts of central executive power bodies.", "International Treaties, of which Azerbaijan is a party, compose an essential part of the legislative system of the Azerbaijan.", "=== Separation of Powers ===\nAccording to the Constitution, Azerbaijan is a democratic, legal, secular and unitary republic.", "Religion is separated from the State.", "State power is divided among 3 divisions: Milli Majlis (legislative), President (executive), and courts (judicial).", "Milli Majlis is one chamber body with 125 parliamentarians selected for 5 years term.", "The Head of the State of Azerbaijan is the President who is elected for 7 years term.", "Vice-President is the second-highest constitutional officer after the President in Azerbaijan, appointed and dismissed by the President.", "President forms Cabinet of Ministers with the leading of Prime Minister to implement executive power.", "Judicial power is implemented through Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, Courts of Appeal, ordinary and other specialized law courts.", "After adaptation of Constitution (1995), new legislative acts and amendments were issued in line with democratic principles and in consistency with requirements of international law within the legal reforms.", "=== Constitution and Constitutional Acts ===\n* Constitutional Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on regulating the realization of human rights and freedoms in the Republic of Azerbaijan (29 December 1998);\n* Constitutional Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Approval of the Constitution of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (24 December 2002);\n* Constitutional Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Normative Legal Acts (21 December 2010).", "=== Codes ===\n* Labor Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1 February 1999);\n* The Civil Code of the Azerbaijan Republic (28 December 1999);\n* The Civil Procedural Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (28 December 1999);\n* Family Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (28 December 1999);\n* Criminal Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (30 December 1999);\n* Code on Administrative offences of the Republic of Azerbaijan (11 July 2000);\n* Tax Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (11 July, 2000);\n* Code of Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Azerbaijan (14 July 2000);\n* Code of Execution of Penalties of the Republic of Azerbaijan (14 July 2000);\n* Election Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (27 May 2003);\n* Administrative Procedural Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (June 30, 2009);\n* Housing Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (15 November 2011)\n* Migration Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (2 July 2013).", "=== Laws ===\n* Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Freedom of Religious Belief (20 August, 1992);\n* Law of the Azerbaijan Republic on prevention of disablement, rehabilitation and social security of disabled persons (25 August, 1992);\n* Law on copyrights and related rights of the Republic of Azerbaijan (5 June, 1996);\n* Law of the Azerbaijan Republic on procedures for review of citizen applications (June 10, 1997);\n* Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on freedom of information (19 June 1998);\n* Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on state protection of persons participating in criminal proceedings (11 December, 1998);\n* Law on Normative Legal Acts of the republic of Azerbaijan (26 November, 1999);\n* Law on advocates and advocacy activities (28 December 1999);\n* Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Civil Service (21 July 2000);\n* Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on state registration and state registry of legal entities (December 12, 2003);\n* Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on combating corruption (13 January 2004);\n* Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on State Guarantees of Equal Rights for Women and Men (10 October 2006).", "Decree on Modernization of Judicial system was signed on 19 January 2006 by the President of Azerbaijan and the country entered the next step in judicial system.", "New courts, as well as new appeal courts in regions were established to increase the effectiveness of justice and to make easier to access to courts for people in regions.", "Number of judges increased, court activities modernized, newly established courts were organized, and the apparatus of courts upgraded based on the Decree.", "New judicial system appointed appeal courts (composed of 4 chambers – Civil, Criminal, Military and Administrative-Economic) in 6 regions of Azerbaijan to fulfill their duties on territorial jurisdiction.", "The courts of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic were set up in accordance with the blockade situation of the territory.", "The Supreme Court of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic is the first-degree appeal instance for courts of Nakhchivan.", "The cassation instance for the Supreme Court of Nakhchivan AR is Supreme Court of Azerbaijan Republic.", "New mechanism of appealing directly to the Constitutional Court regarding the restoration of violated rights and freedoms was defined according to the Law on Constitutional Court (23 December 2003).", "The Amendments to the  “Law on Courts and Judges” and “Law on Judicial-Legal Council” adopted as a result of cooperating with Council of Europe have played an important role in increasing effectiveness of justice.", "Judicial-Legal Council was set up referring to these acts, which are consistent with international principles.", "The new legislation regulates the immunity of the judges and their terms of office, indefinite term of appointment to the judge's office has been defined, disciplinary responsibility of judges has been assigned to the authority of the Judicial-Legal Council, and a new body - Judges Selection Committee has been established to elect the candidates for judge positions.", "Influential international financial institutions also supported the judicial-legal reforms carried out in Azerbaijan.", "In the framework of the project, numerous court buildings were constructed, the infrastructure in this area was updated and the most up-to-date technologies was introduced in the courts.", "The role of prosecuting authorities in the judicial system was also reviewed in the framework of legal and judicial reforms, and its activities have been adapted to international standards and to the requirements of democratic institutions.", "Thus, a number of previous competences of public prosecution were revoked, warrant to issue arrests was granted to the courts, supervision over courts by Prosecutor’s office were eliminated according to the “Law on Prosecutor's Office” (1999).As a result, the Prosecutor’s Office of Azerbaijan became the independent body to start criminal case, carry out preliminary investigation, oversee the implementation of laws in the activities of investigative and operational-search bodies, and represent as a claimant on behalf of the state in civil issues.", "=== Judicial-Legal Council ===\nThe Judicial-Legal Council of Azerbaijan was formed in February 2005 to implement self-governance functions of Judiciary system as the result of legal-judicial reforms in Azerbaijan.The Council consists of 15 members (9 of them are Judges and others are representatives of President, Parliament, Prosecutor’s Office, Bar Association, Ministry of Justice) who are selected by Milli Majlis.", "As a permanently functioning independent body, The Judicial-Legal Council is not dependent on legislative, executive or judicial authorities, local self-governance bodies, individuals and legal entities for organizational, financial or other issues.", "The Council is in charge with the organization of the judiciary system and independence of judges in Azerbaijan Republic; organization of selection of candidates to vacant judge positions who are not yet judges; evaluation of performance of judges; promotion, rotation of judges, as well as, other issues related to courts and judges.", "Constitution of Azerbaijan, international treaties to which it is a party, the law on Judicial-Legal Council, law on “Courts and Judges” and other legislative acts are the legal basis for the activity of the Judicial-Legal Council.", "It cooperates with legislative, executive and judicial authorities, Azerbaijan Bar Association, and scientific institutions.", "Besides, a special training department under the Council was set up to carry out training for judges and public prosecutors, including candidates to judge posts.", "According to new method of judge selection, multistage procedures, including testing, written and oral exams were developed starting from 2005.", "On the other hand, long-term training courses were organized for candidates to judge posts and a number of higher judges, prominent legal scientists, experts from different countries including Turkey; Commissioner for Human Rights of Council of Europe, Judges of European Court of Human Rights, specialists of ABA/CEELI took part in these courses.", "As the result of assessment of judicial staff’s activity, powers of up to 40 judges have been terminated, personnel of courts have been renewed, new courts, as well as regional appeal courts have been established, and number of judges have risen by 50%.", "Taking into account the need to strengthen democratic values, implement judicial-legal reforms, protect human and civil rights and freedoms, amendments to the text of Constitution were made several times.", "In 2002, 2009 and 2016 the text of Constitution was amended and enriched by new provisions due to the results of referendums held through the country.", "The social-economic, public-political and cultural life of the country started to develop, large-scale infrastructure and construction project implemented in regard with the amendments.", "=== Referendum 2002 ===\n\nThe first referendum for amendments to the text of Constitution initiated by the former President Heydar Aliyev was held in 2002, 24 August.", "39 changes were done to the 23 articles of the Constitution.These changes are categorized into 7 main groups, as\n* Changes arising from commitments undertaken by Azerbaijan Republic to European Council;\n* Changes arising from the accession of Azerbaijan Republic to European Convention on protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms;\n* Changes arising from the improvement of conducting referendum;\n* Changes to election process to Parliament of Azerbaijan Republic;\n* Changes to election process of the President of Azerbaijan Republic;\n* Changes arising from the improvement the activity of state authorities;\n* Changes arising from the implementation of judicial reforms.", "According to these amendments, proportional party list elections to Parliament was eliminated; citizen of the country, courts and human right commissioner gained right to appeal directly to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Azerbaijan; the procedure of transferring the powers of President to the Prime Minister instead of the Chairman of Milli Majlis in case of resignation was approved; the procedure of calculating the results of the presidential elections with a simple majority was defined.", "=== Referendum 2009 ===\n\nThe second Referendum Act on “Amendments and additions to the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan” was put to a nationwide referendum on March 18, 2009.", "As a result, the Constitution was further upgraded and constitutional norms and principles were adapted to the requirements of the time with 41 amendments to 29 articles.", "The constitutional amendments of March 18, 2009 can be classified in 3 groups on several aspects:\n* The first classification is related to the enrichment of constitutional norms that define human rights and freedoms, the identification of new opportunities, the broader assurance and the formation of a more effective defense mechanism.", "E.g.", "the provision of \"providing adequate standard of living for the citizens of the Republic of Azerbaijan\" to the Article 12.", "Article 17 that defines constitutional foundations of family, children and state relations was enriched with 4 new sections of greater importance.", "The content of Article 25 that defines right for equality; Article 32 that defines right for personal immunity and Article 71 that ensures the rights and liberties of a human being and citizen were enhanced with several new provisions;\n* The second aspect was the further improvement of the constitutional provisions that define the mechanism of the state power.", "Thus, it was supposed to make amendments and additions to the articles regarding the organization and activity of the Milli Majlis, as well as some articles defining the legal status of the President and the judiciary power.", "“The term of office of the President of Azerbaijan Republic and Milli Majlis is extended until the end of the military operations in case the conduct of military operations does not allow holding elections” was added to Article 84 and Article 101;\n* Another aspect of the amendments was related to the improvement of the constitutional status of local self-government, in particular the independence of municipalities.", "Article 146 that defines the independence of municipalities, was enlarged with 4 new parts.", "New provisions define the independence of municipalities while defining its responsibilities for the citizens living in the municipality, exercising its power independently not undermining sovereignty of Azerbaijani state, and reporting to the Milli Majlis about the activities of municipalities in cases and in the manner prescribed by law.", "=== Referendum 2016 ===\n\nThe third referendum for amendments to the text of Constitution initiated by the President Ilham Aliyev was held on September 26, 2016.34 amendments and additions to 23 articles, as well as 6 new articles that change the structure of the Constitution were made according to the results of the Referendum.", "Amendments are divided into 2 main categories: \n* enrichment of human rights and freedoms, adaptation to international universal and regional legal acts, improvement of safeguards and defense mechanisms;\n* improvement of principle of separation of powers, “confrontation and balance” mechanism, as well as political management and local self-governance activities.", "Within the first aspect, protection of human dignity and respect for it, and non-discrimination principles were added to Article 24; provision on the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities were added to Article 25; Article 32 provides the right of personal immunity (e.g.", "the provision of safeguarding of the protection of personal data), Article 36 prohibits lockouts for the protection of the rights of persons employed under labor contract (except in cases prescribed by law); Article 60 was amended to enhance the administrative and judicial support for rights and freedoms according to the results of the 2016 referendum.", "Within the second aspect, the age limit for appointment and selection to certain posts was eliminated in Articles 85, 100, 121 and 126 as the result of Referendum.", "Provision 103.1 that defines forming vice-president institute was added to Article 103; and several amendments to Article 105 and 106 were done arising from provision 103.1.", "As becoming a participant in the work of Council of Europe since 1996, Azerbaijan started to develop an effective mechanism to improve national legislation to the level of European standards.In the framework of this activity, On February 22, 1998 the President of Azerbaijan issued a decree “On Measures for Ensuring Human and Civil Rights and Freedoms” and based on this decree, State Program on Protection of Human Rights was approved by the Decree of 18 June 1998.", "In the framework of this Program, Ombudsman Institute was set up.It happened on December 28, 2001, after The Constitutional Law “On the Commissioner for Human Rights (Ombudsman) of the Republic of Azerbaijan” was adopted.", "There were several amendments done to this law on 1 September 2004, 3 March 2006, 19 October 2007, 19 June 2009, 26 November 2009, 06 May 2011, 24 June 2011, 27 June 2014 and on 15 April 2016.", "Elmira Suleymanova was appointed as the Commissioner for Human Rights (Ombudsman) according to the Decision № 362 of the Parliament of Azerbaijan on July 2, 2002.", "The main objective of this institute is to restore violated human rights and freedoms in accordance with the Constitution of Azerbaijan and the international treaties to which Azerbaijan is a party.", "Investigation of activities of the President, parliamentarians and judges of Azerbaijan are not the subjects of authorities of the Commissioner.", "The Ombudsman's activities in the field of human rights include the protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, controlling and and analyzing of the status of the human and civil rights.", "Commissioner also deals with defining shortcomings and violations, and restores and prevents the violations of human rights.", "Ombudsman Institute is also in charge with the national preventive mechanism envisaged under the Optional Protocol to the “Convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment” according to the Order of the President of Azerbaijan on 13 January 2009.", "One of the important steps in the field of human rights was the adoption of the National Action Plan on Protection of Human Rights in the Republic of Azerbaijan.", "The National Action Plan was prepared on the basis of proposals by a number of state agencies, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and was approved by Presidential Decree No.", "1889 of 28 December 2006.", "In 2007-2008, a number of measures were taken to implement the National Action Plan on the Protection of Human Rights in the Republic of Azerbaijan; and to protect human and civil rights and freedoms, provide the rule of law, as well as to develop civil society.", "With regard to the planning the implementation of these measures in these areas, website of the National Human Rights Action Plan (NHRAP) is planned to be established by the initiative of Ombudsman's Office.", "The website is going to provide information on the status of the NHRAP implementation, periodic reports, views of working groups and other information.", "Unified Judicial Portal of the Republic of Azerbaijan is a legal e-services portal developed for the judicial system of the country by the initiative of The Ministry of Justice.", "It offers electronic services through which citizens can get information about working hours, locations of judicial institutions, registration of NGOs, rules of running notarial acts and other documents, fees and execution of judgments.", "It is possible to make an appointment with the employees of judiciary bodies via online regime of the portal.", "\n=== Council of Europe ===\nAzerbaijan took part in the work of Council of Europe as a special guest since 28 June 1996, and became a full member in 25 January 2001.", "In order to establish effective mechanism to develop national legislation to the level of European standards, a number of measures was carried out, as signing orders by the President of Azerbaijan, on  “The implementation of the measures of the program of cooperation between the Council of Europe and the Republic of Azerbaijan” (July 8, 1996); “The measures aimed at expanding cooperation between the Council of Europe and the Republic of Azerbaijan” (January 20, 1998); “The measures for expanding cooperation between the Council of Europe and the Republic of Azerbaijan and for protecting the interests of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe” (May 14, 1999).", "According to these orders, it was started to adapt criminal, criminal-procedure, civil, civil-procedure codes of Azerbaijan Republic to European standards and norms.", "In the framework of this measure, parliament adopted laws “On the Constitutional Court”, “On Courts and Judges”, “On Police”, “On Prosecutor’s Office”, “Advocates and Advocacy”.", "Death penalty was abolished in 1998.", "Presidential decree “On the measures for ensuring human and civil rights and freedoms” (February 22, 1998) was adopted to implement measures in the field of human rights.", "“The state program on the protection of human rights” was issued on February 22, 1998 to improve legal mechanisms, develop cooperation with international organizations and train specialists in implementation of their duties.", "“Law on mass media” was adopted in December of 1999 as a result of cooperation with Council of Europe to abolish censorship on mass media.", "After becoming a full member of Council of Europe, Azerbaijan adopted a constitutional law “On the Commissioner (Ombudsman) on human rights of the Republic of Azerbaijan” on December 28, 2001 to form the ombudsman institution in the country.", "The European Convention on Human Rights and its protocols № 1, 4, 6 and 7 were ratified by the Parliament on December 25, 2001.", "==== European Court of Human Rights ====\nAzerbaijan recognized the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights on April 15, 2002 after ratification the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms by Parliament of Azerbaijan.", "Supreme Court and other judicial authorities were recommended to arrange study of the case law of the European Court according to the order “On Modernization of Judiciary System” by the President of Azerbaijan.", "As a result, the decree “On application of the provisions of the European Convention on the Protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms” precedents of European Court of Human Rights” (30 March 2006) was adopted by the Plenum of the Supreme Court of Azerbaijani Republic.", "==== Projects ====\n* Completed project: ''Improving the efficiency and quality of judicial services in the Republic of Azerbaijan''.", "* Ongoing projects: ''Application of the European Convention on Human Rights and the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights in Azerbaijan''; ''Further support to the penitentiary reform in Azerbaijan''.", "The projects of constructing 30 court buildings and complexes, new buildings with cutting-edge information technology for 4 regional courts were implemented during 2006-2014 within the cooperation with WB.", "Moreover, Constitutional Court and Supreme Court.", "Judicial-Legal Council, Ministry of Justice have been provided with modern information and communication technologies, a single internet portal of the judicial system has been established, more than 1500 judges, and personnel of legal and judicial system have been trained in order to improve their knowledge on ICTs.", "==== Projects ====\n* ''Judicial Modernization Project'' (completed);\n* ''Judicial Services and Smart Infrastructure Project: Environmental management plan'' (in progress).", "* Reforms in Azerbaijan\n* Law of Azerbaijan\n* Judiciary of Azerbaijan" ]

[ "'''Lord Robert Spencer''' (1747–1831), was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons several times between 1768 and 1818.\nLord Robert Spencer by Joshua Reynolds\nSpencer was the son of Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough and his wife the Hon. Elizabeth Trevor, daughter of Thomas Trevor, 2nd Baron Trevor, and was born on 8 May 1747. He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford on 10 April1762 and was awarded MA on 6 May 1765. From 1766 to 1768 he undertook a Grand Tour through Austria, Italy and France.\n\nAt the 1768 general election Spencer was returned as Member of Parliament for New Woodstock on the Marlborough interest. He was appointed a Lord of Trade in April 1770 but did not attend the Board regularly nor parliament itself. He resigned his seat in January 1771 and was elected MP for Oxford in a by election on 31 January 1771. He was returned for Oxford in 1774 and 1780. Spencer was an inveterate gambler and having lost his official salary found himself in financial difficulties around 1781, until he was admitted to a twelfth share in Fox’s faro bank at Brooks’s, with a fee of five or six guineas an hour. He was an ardent supporter of Fox throughout his career and after. In 1784 he was returned again for Oxford. The circle surrounding Fox, included Edward Bouverie, a fellow habitue of Brook’s and his younger wife Harriet, the daughter of Sir Everard Fawkener, K.B. She was a society hostess and actively campaigned for the Whigs. She became Spencer’s mistress and the youngest Bouverie child, Diana, born in 1786 was acknowledged as a Bouverie but was referred to as “the tell-tale Bouverie, for there never was such a perfect indisputable Spencer, Lord Robert’s walking picture and the very prettiest creature that ever was seen”. \n\nSpencer was a member of a subscription committee set up to raise funds to support the Whigs in the forthcoming general election. He remained active in fund-raising appeals for the party for many years afterwards. In consequence the Duke of Marlborough replaced him as candidate for Oxford in 1790. Fox may have intended a seat for Winchelsea for him, but nothing transpired. He did not want to spent £3,000 to buy a seat at Wootton Bassett or risk an expensive contest at Evesham,and did not want to be a liability on his party.Woolbeding House He maintained a vain hope that the family interest would be available at Oxford, but it was not. In the 1790 general election he was elected MP for Wareham probably at the party’s expense. By 1791 his profits from the faro bank were sufficient to allow him to purchase Woolbeding House in Sussex. In the 1796 general election the Whigs appear to have paid £3,000 his return again at Wareham. However, he was in financial difficulties in 1799 and lost through gambling again so heavily that he had to sell his London house and pictures. He resigned his seat in February 1799. \n \n\nIn March 1802 a vacancy arose for Spencer at Tavistock and he was elected at a by-election on 25 March 1802. In August 1802 he went to Paris with Fox, and met Napoleon with whom he discussed his great ancestor. Later when Napoleon was at St Helena Spencer sent him a biography of Marlborough. He was returned for Tavistock in the 1802 and 1806 general elections. He was Surveyor General of Woods, Forests, Parks, and Chases from February 1806 to March 1807. When Fox died his political raison d’être was gone and he gave up his seat at 1807. He never ceased to lament and praise Fox. \n\nSpencer married his mistress Henrietta Bouverie on 2 October 1811 a year after the death of her husband. He resumed his seat for Tavistock in 1817 as a stopgap for the Duke of Bedford when Lord John Russell vacated the seat through illness and was returned in a by-election on 12 March 1817. Similarly he stood in for his own family at Woodstock in the 1818 general election although his nephew the Duke of Marlborough withdrew him from Woodstock in 1820. \n\nSpencer retired to Woolbeding which he had tastefully embellished. He died on 23 June 1831, “a venerable grave old man”. He left Wooldeding to his natural daughter Diana Bouverie whose mother had predeceased him. She married George Ponsonby.\n", "\n", "*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "References", "Sources" ]

[ "Spencer was an inveterate gambler and having lost his official salary found himself in financial difficulties around 1781, until he was admitted to a twelfth share in Fox’s faro bank at Brooks’s, with a fee of five or six guineas an hour.", "By 1791 his profits from the faro bank were sufficient to allow him to purchase Woolbeding House in Sussex." ]

[ "'''Lord Robert Spencer''' (1747–1831), was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons several times between 1768 and 1818.", "Lord Robert Spencer by Joshua Reynolds\nSpencer was the son of Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough and his wife the Hon.", "Elizabeth Trevor, daughter of Thomas Trevor, 2nd Baron Trevor, and was born on 8 May 1747.", "He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford on 10 April1762 and was awarded MA on 6 May 1765.", "From 1766 to 1768 he undertook a Grand Tour through Austria, Italy and France.", "At the 1768 general election Spencer was returned as Member of Parliament for New Woodstock on the Marlborough interest.", "He was appointed a Lord of Trade in April 1770 but did not attend the Board regularly nor parliament itself.", "He resigned his seat in January 1771 and was elected MP for Oxford in a by election on 31 January 1771.", "He was returned for Oxford in 1774 and 1780.", "He was an ardent supporter of Fox throughout his career and after.", "In 1784 he was returned again for Oxford.", "The circle surrounding Fox, included Edward Bouverie, a fellow habitue of Brook’s and his younger wife Harriet, the daughter of Sir Everard Fawkener, K.B.", "She was a society hostess and actively campaigned for the Whigs.", "She became Spencer’s mistress and the youngest Bouverie child, Diana, born in 1786 was acknowledged as a Bouverie but was referred to as “the tell-tale Bouverie, for there never was such a perfect indisputable Spencer, Lord Robert’s walking picture and the very prettiest creature that ever was seen”.", "Spencer was a member of a subscription committee set up to raise funds to support the Whigs in the forthcoming general election.", "He remained active in fund-raising appeals for the party for many years afterwards.", "In consequence the Duke of Marlborough replaced him as candidate for Oxford in 1790.", "Fox may have intended a seat for Winchelsea for him, but nothing transpired.", "He did not want to spent £3,000 to buy a seat at Wootton Bassett or risk an expensive contest at Evesham,and did not want to be a liability on his party.Woolbeding House He maintained a vain hope that the family interest would be available at Oxford, but it was not.", "In the 1790 general election he was elected MP for Wareham probably at the party’s expense.", "In the 1796 general election the Whigs appear to have paid £3,000 his return again at Wareham.", "However, he was in financial difficulties in 1799 and lost through gambling again so heavily that he had to sell his London house and pictures.", "He resigned his seat in February 1799.", "In March 1802 a vacancy arose for Spencer at Tavistock and he was elected at a by-election on 25 March 1802.", "In August 1802 he went to Paris with Fox, and met Napoleon with whom he discussed his great ancestor.", "Later when Napoleon was at St Helena Spencer sent him a biography of Marlborough.", "He was returned for Tavistock in the 1802 and 1806 general elections.", "He was Surveyor General of Woods, Forests, Parks, and Chases from February 1806 to March 1807.", "When Fox died his political raison d’être was gone and he gave up his seat at 1807.", "He never ceased to lament and praise Fox.", "Spencer married his mistress Henrietta Bouverie on 2 October 1811 a year after the death of her husband.", "He resumed his seat for Tavistock in 1817 as a stopgap for the Duke of Bedford when Lord John Russell vacated the seat through illness and was returned in a by-election on 12 March 1817.", "Similarly he stood in for his own family at Woodstock in the 1818 general election although his nephew the Duke of Marlborough withdrew him from Woodstock in 1820.", "Spencer retired to Woolbeding which he had tastefully embellished.", "He died on 23 June 1831, “a venerable grave old man”.", "He left Wooldeding to his natural daughter Diana Bouverie whose mother had predeceased him.", "She married George Ponsonby.", "*" ]

[ "The Mughal Empire's province Gujarat (now in India) was managed by the viceroys appointed by the emperors. The emperor Farrukhsiyar was deposed by influential Sayad brothers in 1719. He was succeeded by the short reigns of Rafi ud-Darajat and Shah Jahan II. Finally Muhammad Shah was raised to the throne by them. To make peace with powerful vassal, he appointed Ajítsingh of Márwár as a viceroy. The Maratha incursions continued and Píláji Gáikwár established himself at Songad near southern border of Gujarat. Ajit Singh had appointed Anopsingh Bhandari as his deputy. For helping desposing influencial Sayad brothers, Haidar Kúli Khán was appointed the next viceroy. People discontent with Anopsingh rejoiced his appointment but he tried to make himself free so he was recalled. Nizám-ul-Mulk took over who had to face the Maratha incursion again. The Marathas taking advantage of weakening Mughal Empire started extracting tribute from Gujarat regularly. The next viceroy Sarbuland Khan came in conflict with the Marathas whose generals were first defeated at Kapadvanj and again at Aras. The infighting in Marathas later stalled their advances. The imperial troops was sent by the emperor to help. Finally the Marathas were defeated at Sojitra and Kapadvanj and pushed back from their inroads in Gujarat. In subsequent years, the Marathas attacked Vadnagar and later captured Baroda, Dabhoi and Champaner. The growing power of Marathas in the southern Gujarat can not be contained.\n\nIn 1730, Abheysingh was appointed as the viceroy who defeated Mubáriz-ul-Mulk at Adalaj who has opposed his appointment. He soon allied with Maratha Peshwa and defeated another Maratha Gaikwar. He returned to Marwar placing Ratansingh Bhandari, his deputy, in charge. He recovered Baroda but his rivalry with other Mughal leaders Momin Khan and Sohrab Khan weaken him. Soon Momin Khan was appointed as the viceroy but he had to laid seige of Ahmedabad to be in power as Ratansingh had not complied with the order. Soon the emperor reappointed Abheysingh but Momin Khan continued seige. He took help of Damaji Gaikwar and finally captured Ahmedabad. He had to share revenues with Gaikwars but soon disagreements rose and they had fights. He tried to manage his control over Gujarat but the Marathas keep growing and expanding their power. After death of Momin Khan, Fidá-ud-dín managed the province foe a while. Abdúl Ázíz Khán, the commander of Junnar near Pune came to power due to forged order but later had to relinquish. Muftakhir Khán, son of Momin Khan, appointed as the next viceroy. During his reign, the Marathas came to Ahmedabad and continued to attack towns in central Gujarat. Fakhr-ud-daulah succeeded him. He had some peace due to internal struggles between the different houses of the Marathas had slow down their advances in Gujarat. In 1748, Muhammad Shah died and he was succeeded by his son Ahmad Shah Bahadur.\n", "Early in 1719, the emperor Farrukhsiyar was deposed and put to death by the his nobles Sayads; and a prince named Rafi ud-Darajat, a grandson of the emperor, was raised to the throne. Rafi ud-Darajat was put to death by the Sayads after a reign of three months, and his brother Rafi ud-Daulah as Shah Jahan II, who succeeded him, also died after a few days' reign. The Sayads then raised to the throne prince Roshan Akhtar Bahadur with the title of Muhammad Shah.\n\n===Mahárája Ajítsingh, Forty-ninth Viceroy, 1719–1721===\nAfter the murder of Farrukhsiyar, the most powerful vassal in the neighbourhood of Delhi was Ajítsingh of Márwár. To win him to their side the Sayads granted him the viceroyalty of Gujarát, and Míhr Áli Khán was appointed to act for him until his arrival, while Muhammad Bahádur Bábi, son of Salábat Muhammad Khán Bábi, was placed in charge of the police of the district immediately round Áhmedábád. Shortly after, through the influence of the Mahárája Ajítsingh, Náhir Khán superseded Míhr Áli Khán as deputy viceroy. Náhir Khán was also appointed to the charge of Dholka, Dahod and Petlad, and made superintendent of customs. About this time the head tax was repealed, and orders were issued that its levy in Gujarát should cease.\n\n;Píláji Gáikwár at Songaḍ, 1719.\nIn the same year, 1719, Píláji Gáikwár marched on Surat with a large army and defeated the Mughal troops commanded by Sayad Âkil and Muhammad Panáh, the latter commander being taken prisoner and forced to pay a heavy ransom. Píláji, finding Gujarát an easy prey, made frequent incursions, and taking Songaḍ in the extreme south-east established himself there. Míhr Áli Khán, who had been acting for Náhir Khán, marched against and subdued the Kolis, who were committing piracy in the Mahi estuary. \n\n;Decay of Imperial Power, 1720.\nFrom 1720, Mughal rule in Gujarát was doomed. Píláji Gáikwár was established at Songaḍ, and in the anarchy that ensued, the great Gujarát houses of the Bábis and Jháloris, as well as the newly arrived Momín Khán, turned their thoughts to independence. Ajítsingh so hated Mughal rule that he secretly favoured the Maráthás, and strove to establish his own authority over such portions of Gujarát as bordered on Márwár. In after years, Sarbuland Khán made a vigorous attempt to reassert Mughal dominion, but the seeds of dissolution were sown and efforts at recovery were vain.\n\nIn 1720, Ajítsingh the viceroy sent Anopsingh Bhandári to Gujarát as his deputy. In this year Nizám-ul-Mulk, viceroy of Ujjain, was superseded by Sayad Diláwar Khán. While Diláwar Khán was yet on the Málwa frontiers the Nizám desirous of possessing himself of the Dakhan (Deccan) and its resources retired to burhanpur pursued by Sayad Diláwar Khán, who giving battle was killed, the Nizám retiring to Aurangabad in the Dakhan. Álam Áli Khán, deputy viceroy of the Dakhan, was directed to march against him, while from north Gujarát Anopsingh Bhandári was ordered to send 10,000 horse to Surat, and Náhir Khán, the deputy viceroy, was instructed to proceed thither in person. The Nizám and Álam Áli Khán met near Bálápur in the Berárs and a battle was fought in which the Nizám was successful and Álam Khán was slain. At this time Anopsingh Bhandári committed many oppressive acts, of which the chief was the murder of Kapurchand Bhansáli, the leading merchant of Áhmedábád. The cause of Kapurchand’s murder was that he had hired a number of armed retainers who used to oppose the Bhandári’s orders and set free people unjustly imprisoned by him. To remove this meddler from his way the Bhandári got him assassinated. \n\n;Nizám-ul-Mulk Prime Minister, of the Empire, 1721\nIn 1721, Nizám-ul-Mulk was appointed prime minister of the empire, Abdúl Hamíd Khán was recalled from Sorath, and in his stead Asad Kuli Khán, with the title of Amir-ul-Umara, was appointed governor of Sorath and sent Muhammad Sharíf Khán into Sorath as his deputy.\n\n===Haidar Kúli Khán, Fiftieth Viceroy, 1721–22===\nIn 1721, in conjunction with Muhammad Amín and Saádat Khán, Haidar Kúli Khán freed the emperor from the tyranny of the Sayads, and was rewarded with the title of Muîz-ud-daulah Haidar Kúli Khán Bahádur Zafar Jang and the viceroyalty of Gujarát. He obtained the appointment of minister for his brother Jaâfar Kúli Khán. Maâsúm Kúli Khán was dignified by the title of Shujáât Khán Bahádur and appointed deputy viceroy.\n\nDisorder in Áhmedábád, 1721\nAs soon as this change was notified, the people of Áhmedábád, who were discontented with the rule of Anopsingh Bhandari, attacked his palace, the Bhadra, and he escaped with difficulty. In consequence of the enmity between Haidar Kúli Khán and the Márwáris, Shujáât Khán, the deputy viceroy, attacked the house of Náhir Khán who had been Ajítsingh’s minister, and forced him to pay Rupees 100000 and leave the city. Shujáât Khán next interfered with the lands of Safdar Khán Bábi, the deputy governor of Godhra, and his brothers. On one of the brothers repairing to Delhi and remonstrating, Haidar Kúli, restored their lands to the Bábis. In consequence of this decision ill-feeling sprung up between Shujáât Khán and the Bábis, and when Shujáât Khán went to exact tribute he forced Muhammad Khán Bábi, governor of Kaira (Kheda district), to pay a special fine of Rupees 10000. Shortly after one of the viceroy’s officers, Kásím Áli Khán, while employed against the Kolis of that part of the country, was killed at Pethapur. Shujáât Khán advanced, and revenged Kásím Áli’s death by burning the town. Next, he passed into Sorath, and after exacting tribute, crossed to Kutch. The chief opposed him, and in the fight that followed was beaten and forced to pay about Rupees 225000. In 1721, a Sayad was sent to Sorath as deputy governor in place of Muhammad Sharíf, and Haidar Kúli was appointed governor of Kadi, the Chúnvál, and Halvad (called Muhammadnagar), and put in charge of Tharad, Arjanpur, Bhámnárli, Pethápur, and Kheralu in place of Vakhatsingh, son of the Mahárája Ajítsingh.\n\nEarly in 1722, Nizám-ul-Mulk took up the office of prime minister of the empire, to which he had been appointed in the previous year. Strenuous efforts were made to embroil him with Haidar Kúli Khán, as the Nizám’s austerity and craft were a source of not less anxiety to the Dehli court than Haidar Kúli’s more daring and restless ambition. Haidar Kúli Khán, unable to contend with the Nizám, left Dehli and retired to Gujarát. On his way the villagers of Dabháli opposed him killing one of his chief men named Alif Beg Khán. Haidar burned the village and put all the people to death, a severity which caused such terror that throughout his rule no difficulty was experienced in realizing tribute or in keeping the roads safe. About this time, among other changes, Muhammad Bahádúr, son of Salábat Khán Bábi, was placed in charge of Sádra and Virpur, with the title of Sher Khán. Shortly after his arrival the viceroy marched against and subdued the rebellious Kolis of the Chunvál, appointing Rustam Áli Khán his governor there. Then, returning to Áhmedábád, he took up his residence in the Bhadra. \n\nShows signs of Independence and is Recalled, 1722.\nAt this time Haidar Kúli aimed at bringing all Gujarát under his rule. He seized the imperial horses which passed through Áhmedábád on their way to Delhi, and confiscated many estates and gave them to his own men. On his way to enforce tribute from the Dungarpúr chiefs, he levied Rupees 80,000 from Lunavada. Through the mediation of the Udaipur Rána, and as he agreed to pay a tribute of Rupees 100000, the Rával of Dungarpur escaped. Haidar Kúli next proceeded to Vijapur, north of Áhmedábád, but hearing that the emperor was displeased at his assumption of the power of giving and changing grants of land, he returned to Áhmedábád and restored several estates which he had confiscated. \n\n===Nizám-ul-Mulk, Fifty-first Viceroy, 1722===\nAs the emperor continued to distrust Haidar Kúli Khan for his act to be free, and at the close of 1722 appointed Jumlat-ul-Mulk Nizám-ul-Mulk fifty-first viceroy.\n\nHaidar Kúli Khán, finding himself no match for the Nizám, was induced to retire quietly, and accordingly left Gujarát by way of Dungarpur. Shujáât Khán and Rustam Áli Khán accompanied him as far as Dungarpúr, and then returned to Áhmedábád. In the meantime the Nizám had reached Ujjain, and then directed Safdar Khán Bábi to carry on the government till he should arrive, appointing at the same time his uncle Hámid Khán as deputy viceroy and Fidwi Khán as minister. Subsequently the Nizám came to Gujarát and chose officers of his own for places of trust, the chief of whom was Momín Khán, who was appointed governor of Surat. The Nizám then returned to Delhi, but, after a short time, disgusted with his treatment at court, he retired to the Dakhan (Deccan), where, making Hyderabad his capital, he gradually began to act as an independent ruler. Meanwhile in Gujarát dissensions sprang up between Hámid Khán and other officers, but matters were arranged without any outbreak of hostility. Tribute was exacted from the chiefs on the banks of the Vatrak river and from Modhera an unruly Koli village was burned down, and garrisons were placed in the Koli country. In 1723 Rustam Áli Khán and Shujáât Khán were ordered from Delhi to march on Jodhpur, which they captured and plundered, and then returned to Áhmedábád.\n\n;Marathas return\nIn 1723, Piláji Gáikwár, who had been long hovering on the frontier, marched on Surat and was opposed by Momín Khán, whom he defeated. After levying contributions from the surrounding country, he returned to his head-quarters at Songad, and from this overran a considerable portion of the Surat territory, building several forts in the Rájpípla country. At the same time Kántáji Kadam Bánde, invading Gujarát from the side of Dahod, began to levy fixed contributions.\n\nThough before this occasional demands had often been made, 1723 was the first year in which the Maráthás imposed a regular tribute on Gujarát. Momín Khán was now appointed provincial minister, and Rustam Áli Khán succeeded him as revenue officer of Surat.\n\n===Sarbuland Khan, Fifty-second Viceroy, 1723–1730===\nAs Nizám had gone to the Dakhan without the emperor’s leave, Mubáriz-ul-Mulk Sarbuland Khan Bahádur Diláwar Jang was appointed fifty-second viceroy of Gujarát. He selected Shujáât Khán as his deputy, and made other arrangements for the government of the province. Hámid Khán, uncle and deputy of the Nizám, prepared to oppose Shujáât Khán, but through the intervention of Bábis Salábat Khán, Safdar Khán, and Jawán Mard Khán, Hámid Khán evacuated the Bhadra, and withdrew to Dahod. Shujáât Khán now went to collect tribute, leaving Ibráhím Kúli Khán at Áhmedábád, while Rámrái was posted at Mahudha in Kaira, with orders to watch the movements of Hámid Khán. As the viceroy was in need of money, he farmed to one Jívan Jugal the districts of Jambusar, Makbúlábad or Amod about twenty-two miles north of Bharuch, Dholka, and Bharuch. In 1724, he came to Áhmedábád with Áli Muhammad Khán father of the author of the ''Mirát-i-Áhmedi'', as his private minister.\n\nRustam Áli, governor of Surat, having succeeded twice or thrice in defeating the Maráthás under Píláji Gáikwár, now offered, in conjunction with his brother Shujáât Khán, that if 20,000 men were placed under their orders, they would march against the Nizám. The emperor accepted this offer, allowing Rustam Áli to draw on the Surat treasury to the extent of Rupees 200000. Rustam Áli accordingly, with the aid of Áhmed Kúli his brother’s son, equipped an army. In the meantime the Nizám was not idle. He promised to Kántáji Kadam Bánde a one-fourth share of the revenue of Gujarát, provided he should be able, in concert with Hámid Khán, to re-conquer the province from Mubáriz-ul-Mulk. Shujáât Khán, who was now at Kadi, instead of following the advice of his minister and carefully watching Hámid Khán’s movements from Kapadvanj, went to a distant part of the province. Hámid Khán seeing his opportunity, united his forces with those of Kántáji Kadam, and marched to Kapadvanj. Shujáât Khán hearing of this, advanced towards Áhmedábád and encamped at Dabhoda near Áhmedábád and then proceeded to Mota Medra, about six miles east of the capital. When he came so near Áhmedábád, many of his soldiers went without leave into the city to visit their families. The Maráthás attacked his rear guard, and his men giving way took to flight. Hámid Khán seeing that Shujáât Khán had but a small force, marched between him and the capital. A battle was fought, in which Shujáât Khán was slain, and his two sons Hasan Kúli and Mustafa Kúli were taken prisoners. Shujáât Khán’s head was cut off and sent to Safdar Khán Bábi, to be sent to Ibráhím Kúli his son, who was doing duty as commandant at Áhmedábád. Hámid Khán took up his quarters in and got possession of all Áhmedábád except the city. Hámid Khán now sent a message to the emperor, that the Maráthás had been successful in defeating Shujáât Khán and conquering Gujarát, but that he had defended Áhmedábád against them. The emperor sent him a dress of honour, but after a few days discovered that Hámid’s message was false. The Maráthás now marched through the country, collecting their ''chauth'' or one-fourth and their ''sardeshmukhi'' or one-tenth shares of the revenue. Kántáji went to Viramgam and besieged the town, but on the promise of one of the chief inhabitants to raise a sum of Rupees 350000, the Maráthás retired. Hámid Khán who was now independent began to bestow lands and districts many of which remained with the grantees and were never recovered by future governors. Ibráhím Kúli, son of Shujáât Khán, in revenge for his father’s death, determined to assassinate Hámid Khán. The attempt failed. Hámid Khán escaped and Ibráhím Kúli was slain.\n\n;Battle of Arás\nRustam Áli Khán, governor of Surat, in the hope of being revenged on Hámid Khán, invited the aid of Píláji Gáikwár, and it was agreed that they should meet on the north bank of the Narmada River. Píláji promised to aid Rustam Khán, and the allied armies, crossing the Mahi river, encamped at Aras in the plain between Anand Anand and the Mahi. Hámid Khán, accompanied by Mír Nathu, Muhammad Salábat Rohila, and Kántáji Kadam, marched to oppose Rustam Khán. Hámid Khán also entered into secret negotiations with Píláji Gáikwár, who resolved to remain neutral and side with the conqueror. A battle was fought, in which, though Piláji took no part, Hámid Khán was defeated and put to flight, and Mír Nathu was killed. After the fight Rustam Áli remained on the field of battle and liberated his nephews, plundering Hámid Khán’s camp. Píláji plundered Rustam Áli’s camp and then moved off, while Kántáji carried away what was left in the camp of Hámid Khán. Hámid Khán reproached Kántáji for his inactivity; but he pleaded in excuse that he was watching the mode of warfare amongst Mughals, and promised to attack Rustam Áli shortly. Now, as the Maráthás really desired to ruin Rustam Áli, who was their bitter foe, they after a few days surrounded him and cut off his supplies. Rustam Áli stood a blockade of eight days, and then forced his way through his enemies and went to Nápád, (about fourteen miles west of the Vásad railway station in the Anand district), and then through Kalamsar to Nápa or Nába under Petlad. The Maráthás still pursuing Rustam Áli retired to Vasu under Petlád where he gave battle, and by a furious charge broke the Marátha line. The Maráthás rallied, and Rustam Áli and his men were defeated, Rustam Áli being slain and his nephews again taken prisoners. Rustam was buried on the field of battle and his head sent to Áhmedábád.\n\nHámid Khán returned to Áhmedábád with the Maráthás, who saw that their only means of effecting a permanent footing in the province was by supporting him. Hámid Khán then assigned a one-fourth share of the revenue of the territory north of the Mahi to Kántáji, and to Píláji a corresponding interest in the territory south of the Mahi, including Surat and Baroda. After this Hámid Khán acted tyrannically. He extorted large sums from the rich, and poisoned the two sons of Shujáât Khán.\n\nWhen the news of Kántáji’s and Píláji’s success reached the Dakhan, Trimbak Rao Dabhade, son of Khanderáv Senápati, came with a large army and laid siege to Cambay. While the siege was being pressed a quarrel among the Marátha leaders culminated in strife and bloodshed. Trimbak Rao was wounded or killed and the Marátha army had to disperse and retire.\n\n;Mubáriz-ul-Mulk recaptures the provice from Hamid Khan and the Maráthás, 1725.\nSalábat Khán, leaving Áhmedábád, went to Víramgám, and after some time, placing his nephew at Víramgám, he went into Gohilwad. When the news of the defeat and death of Rustam Áli reached Delhi, the emperor ordered Mubáriz-ul-Mulk to take a strong army and proceed in person to Gujarát and expel Hámid Khán and the Maráthás. Mubáriz-ul-Mulk marched on Gujarát with a large army, assisted by Mahárája Abheysingh of Jodhpur, Chatarsingh Rája of Narwar in Bundelkhand, Gandrapsingh, and the Mahárána of Udaipur. On his arrival at Ajmer, Mubáriz-ul-Mulk was received by his private minister Áli Muhammad Khán, who afterwards joined Jawán Mard Khán Bábi in Rádhanpur, and united their troops with those under Mubáriz-ul-Mulk. At that time Salábat Khán was removed from his government, and Safdar Khán Bábi died. In obedience to the imperial order, Mubáriz-ul-Mulk marched from Ajmer and came to the Gujarát frontier. On his approach Hámid Khán returned to Áhmedábád. He placed Rúpsingh and Sardár Muhammad Ghorni in charge of the city and himself withdrew to Mehmúdábád. Mubáriz-ul-Mulk now sent Sheikh Alíyár in advance with an army against Áhmedábád. When Sheikh Alíyár arrived before the city, Muhammad Ghorni, who was dissatisfied with Hámid Khán for bringing in the Maráthás, persuaded Rúpsingh to fly.\n\nIn the meantime Mubáriz-ul-Mulk with the main body of his forces reached Sidhpur. Hámid Khán, accompanied by a detachment of Marátha horse, now returned to Áhmedábád; but Muhammad Ghorni closed the gates, and would not suffer him to enter the city. Mubáriz-ul-Mulk marched to Mehsana. About this time Áli Muhammad Khán, the father of the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'', who was now with Mubáriz-ul-Mulk at Mehsána, advised him to conciliate the influential family of Bábi. Under his advice, Salábat Muhammad Khán Bábi was appointed governor of Víramgám, and Jawán Mard Khán governor of Pátan. Shortly afterwards Murlidhardás, the Gujaráti minister of Hámid Khán, deserted his master’s declining cause. When Kantáji heard that Mubáriz-ul-Mulk had arrived at Pethápur, only eighteen miles from Áhmedábád, he retired to Mehmúdábád. Before the close of 1725, Mubáriz-ul-Mulk reached Áhmedábád, where he was well received by the officials and merchants.\n\nHámid Khán and Kantáji, who had by this time reached the banks of the Mahi river, were now joined by Píláji Gáikwár. The Marátha leaders, seeing that the only way to preserve their footing in the province was to espouse the cause of Hámid Khán, united their forces with his, and prepared to march on Áhmedábád. Mubáriz-ul-Mulk deputed his son Khánahzád Khán with an army to oppose them, and made several appointments, among other changes raising Áli Muhammad Khán to the post of minister.\n\n;Defeat of the Maráthás at Sojitra and Kapadvanj, 1725\nKhánahzád Khán met the Maráthás near Sojitra, about ten miles north-west of Petlád, and defeated them, pursuing them as far as the Mahi. Then, returning, he was reinforced by his brother Sháh Nawáz Khán, and marched against the Maráthás, who were encamped at Kapadvanj. Another battle was fought, and the Maráthás were again defeated and pursued as far as the hills of Áli-Mohan now Chhota Udaipur in the extreme east of the province. Khánahzád Khán now appointed Hasan-ud-dín governor of Baroda, Bharuch, Jambusar, and Makbulábád.\n\n;Marátha Expedition against Vadnagar, 1725\nMeanwhile Antáji Bháskar, a Marátha noble, entering Gujarát from the side of Idar, laid siege to the town of Vadnagar, which, according to the old Gujarát proverb, with Umreth in the Kaira district, are the two golden feathers of the kingdom of Gujarát. Vadnagar was inhabited by wealthy Bráhmans of the Nágar caste who prayed Mubáriz-ul-Mulk to march to their relief; but as both his sons were in pursuit of the other Marátha bands defeated at Kapadvanj, the viceroy had no troops to spare from the Áhmedábád garrison. The Nágars accordingly, seeing no prospect of help, paid a sum of Rupees 400000 and Antáji Bháskar retired. Kantáji and Píláji, encouraged by this raid of Antáji’s, entered Gujarát from different quarters. Kántáji again laid siege to Vadnagar. The Nágars, unable to pay the contribution demanded, leaving their property fled and Kántáji in his attempts to unearth the buried treasure burned down the town.\n\nShortly afterwards Umreth in the Kaira district suffered a similar fate at the hands of Kántáji. In one of his raids Píláji Gáikwár advancing as far as Baroda was met by Khánahzád Khán, the son of the viceroy. Distrusting the issue of a battle Píláji fled to Cambay, and from Cambay withdrew to Sorath. For these services the emperor raised Khánahzád Khán to the rank of a noble, with the title Ghálib Jang. About this time Áli Muhammad Khán was dismissed from the post of minister, and in his stead first Muhammad Sayad Beg and afterwards Muhammad Sulaimán were appointed. Not long afterwards Áli Muhammad Khán was again entrusted with a command and raised to be governor of Dholka.\n\nThe Maráthás retired to the Dakhan, but, returning in 1726, compelled Mubáriz-ul-Mulk to confirm his predecessor’s grants in their favour. The emperor refused to acknowledge any cessions of revenue to the Maráthás; and the viceroy, hard pressed for money, unable to obtain support from the court and receiving little help from his impoverished districts, was forced to impose fresh taxes on the citizens of Áhmedábád, and at the same time to send an army to collect their tribute from the Mahi chiefs. As part of the agreement between Mubáriz-ul-Mulk and the Marátha chiefs Píláji was to receive a share in the revenue of the districts south of the Mahi. But Peshwa Bajirao Balál, to whom, as agent of his rival Khanderáv Dábháde, Píláji was obnoxious, sent Udáji Pavár to drive Píláji away. In this Udáji was successful, and defeating Píláji forced him to seek the aid of Kántáji. Kántáji, perceiving that if the Peshwa became supreme his own independence would suffer, joined Píláji, and marching together upon Baroda they endeavoured, but without success, to prevent the Mughal governor Sadr-ud-dín Khán from entering the city. About this time want of funds forced Mubáriz-ul-Mulk to sell the greater part of the Dholka district to different landholders.\n\nIn the following year, 1727, Bájiráv Peshwa began to negotiate with Mubáriz-ul-Mulk, undertaking that if the one-fourth and one-tenth shares in the revenue of the province were guaranteed to him, he would protect Gujarát from other invaders. Though he did not consent to these proposals, the viceroy so far accepted the alliance of the Peshwa as to allow the governor of Baroda to aid Udáji Pavár against Píláji.\n\n;Piláji Gáikwár obtains Baroda and Dabhoi, 1727.\nPiláji and Kántáji outmanœuvred Udáji and prevented him from effecting a junction with the governor of Baroda, who in the end was forced to abandon both that city and the stronghold of Dabhoi, while Udáji retired to Málwa. Píláji Gáikwár now obtained possession of Baroda. Mubáriz-ul-Mulk, still sorely pressed for funds, marched into Sorath to exact tribute. On reaching Víramgám, Salábat Muhammad Khán Bábi, on behalf of the Jám of Nawánagar, presented the viceroy with Rupees 100000, and for this service was rewarded with the gift of an elephant. Mubáriz-ul-Mulk then marched against Chháya, the capital of the chief of Porbandar in the south-west of Káthiáwad. This chief, by putting to sea, hoped to escape the payment of tribute. But on hearing that the viceroy proposed to annex his territory and appoint an officer to govern it, he returned and agreed to pay a tribute of Rupees 40,000. On his way back to Áhmedábád, Mubáriz-ul-Mulk passed through Halvad in Jháláváḍa, and there married the daughter of Jhála Pratápsingh, the chief of that district, whom he accordingly exempted from the payment of tribute. About this time the viceroy received orders from the emperor to restore certain land which he had confiscated, and as he neglected to obey, certain estates of his in the Panjáb were resumed.\n\n;Capture of Chámpáner by the Maráthás, 1728.\nIn the meantime Krishnáji, foster son of Kántáji, made a sudden attack upon Champaner and captured that fortress, and from that time Kántáji’s agents remained permanently in Gujarát to collect his share of the tribute.\n\nIn 1728 the minister Momín Khán died, and in his place the emperor selected Momín Khán’s brother Abd-ul-Ghani Khán. About this time Asad Áli, governor of Junágaḍh, also died, and on his deathbed appointed Salábat Muhammad Khán Bábi, deputy governor of that fortress. Salábat Muhammad Khán sent his son Sher Khán Bábi to act on his behalf. When the emperor heard of the death of Asad Áli, he appointed Ghulám Muhy-ud-dín Khán, son of the late Asad Áli, governor. Ghulám Muhy-ud-dín did not proceed to Junágaḍh but continued Sher Khán Bábi as his deputy perceiving that neither Píláji nor Kántáji afforded any protection to Gujarát, but rather pillaged it, closed with the offers of Bájiráv Peshwa, and in 1729 formally granted to him the one-fourth and one-tenth shares of the revenue of the province. The Peshwa accordingly sent his brother Chimnájiráv to collect the tribute. Chimnáji plundered Dholka and the country near Chámpáner, while Mubáriz-ul-Mulk exacted tribute from the chiefs on the banks of the Vatrak river. Kántáji now entered Gujarát and prepared for war in case Chimnáji and the viceroy should unite against him. His movements were not interfered with, and after collecting his share of the tribute, he retired to Sorath. The viceroy now marched against the Kolis, and after destroying many of them together with their wives and children, returned to Áhmedábád by way of Modasa and Ahmednagar (Himatnagar). Ghulám Muhy-ud-dín Khán, governor of Junágaḍh, who had not yet proceeded to his command, appointed a second deputy. Through the influence of the viceroy this appointment was not confirmed, and instead Sher Khán Bábi, son of Salábat Muhammad Khán, was placed in charge of that fortress.\n\n;Mulla Muhammad Áli raises a Disturbance at Surat, 1729\nIn Surat, the year 1729, was marked by a severe flood in the Tapti river and by a somewhat serious local disturbance. The chief cause of the disturbance was Mulla Muhammad Áli, a rich Muslim trader of Surat. This man who, as Ûmda-tut-tujjár or chief of the merchants, had already a special rank in the city, was tempted to take advantage of the disorders of the time to raise himself to the position of an independent ruler. With this object, he chose as his head-quarters the Piram Island in the Gulf of Cambay, near the port of Ghogha, and there spent considerable sums in strengthening the island and tempting settlers to place themselves under his protection. As Píram was not popular, Mulla Muhammad fixed on the village of Athwa, on the left bank of the Tápti, about twelve miles from its mouth. Here he began to build a fort, but was ordered to desist by Sohráb Khán, the governor of Surat, from which city the proposed stronghold was only three miles distant. Mulla Muhammad so far from obeying, persuaded Beglar-Beg Khán the commander of the fort of Surat to side with him. Accordingly, next day, Beglar-Beg Khán bombarded the governor Sohráb Khán’s residence, proclaiming that his own brother Teghbeg Khán was appointed governor of Surat. In the end, Mulla Muhammad Áli induced the chief merchants of the city to pray for the removal of Sohráb who pending receipt of orders from the emperor was made to hand over his official residence in the city to Teghbeg Khán.\n\n;Naḍiád given in Farm, 1729.\nIn the same year, 1729, Jawán Mard Khán Bábi was chosen governor of Petlad, Áli Muhammad Khán was made collector of Áhmedábád, and Áli Muhammad’s son, the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' and his brother were appointed governor and superintendent of the customs of that district. Áli Muhammad Khán shortly resigned and was succeeded by Rú-ín Khán. At this time Jawán Mard Khán Bábi, while punishing the Kolis of Bálor, probably Bhátod about fifteen miles east of Bharuch, was killed by a man of that tribe, and in revenge for his death the town of Bálor was plundered. On the death of Jawán Mard Khán, at the request of Salábat Muhammad Khán Bábi, his eldest son Kamál-ud-dín Khán Bábi received the districts of Sami and Munjpur and the title of Jawán Mard Khán. At the same time the second son, Muhammad Anwar, with the title of Safdar Khán, was appointed to the government of Radhanpur. The viceroy now went to Naḍiád, where Rái Kishandás, agent of Jawán Mard Khán, received the district of Petlád in farm. From Naḍiád, Mubáriz-ul-Mulk went to collect tribute from Sarḍársingh, the chief of Bhadarva in the Rewa Kántha about fifteen miles north of Baroda, on the banks of the Mahi river, who, after some fighting, agreed to pay a sum of Rs. 20000. On his way back to Áhmedábád the viceroy levied tribute from the chief of Umeta, fifteen miles west of Baroda. As Rái Kishandás failed to pay the sum agreed on for the farm of Petlád, an order was issued for his imprisonment. To save himself from the indignity he committed suicide.\n\n;Athva Fort, 1730\nWhen Kántáji returned from Sorath he camped at Sanand, and his advanced guard carried off some of the viceroy’s elephants which were grazing there. Men were sent in pursuit, but in vain, and the Maráthás escaped. Meanwhile, at Surat, Mulla Muhammad Áli continued to build the fort at Athva. At last his accomplice, Beglar-Beg Khán the commander of the Surat fort, began to perceive that if the Athva fort were completed the Mulla would be in a position to obstruct the trade of the port of Surat. He consequently ordered him to stop building. In spite of this the Mulla succeeded in persuading Sohráb Khán to allow him to go on with his fort promising in return to get him confirmed as governor of Surat. Sohráb Khán agreed, and the fort was completed, and Sohráb Khán was duly appointed governor. As the fort was immediately below Surat the revenue of Surat was greatly diminished, and Sohráb Khán, when it was too late, saw his mistake.\n\n;The Viceroy in Káthiáváḍa and Kutch, 1730\nIn 1730, Mubáriz-ul-Mulk went into Gohilwad in south-east Kathiawad and levied tribute from Bhávsingh, chief of Sihor; then he proceeded to Mádhupur, a town under Porbandar, and laid it waste. While engaged at Mádhupur, Momín Khán, son-in-law of the late Momín Khán, owing to some misunderstanding with the viceroy suddenly set out for Áhmedábád and from Áhmedábád proceeded to Ágra. The viceroy now marched in the direction of Kutch and refusing the offer of a yearly tribute of about 10,00,000 ''mahmúdi''s, advanced against Bhuj. He experienced great difficulty in crossing the Rann of Kutch, and as the Ráo had cut off all supplies, and as at the same time news arrived of disturbances in Áhmedábád, he was obliged, after a month and a half, to retire to Rádhanpur.\n\n;Riots at Áhmedábád\nThe author of the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi was ordered to suppress the Áhmedábád riots, which had arisen out of the levy of some fresh taxes, and was invested with the title of Hasan Muhammad Khán. In this year Udaikaran, Desái of Víramgám, was murdered by a Kasbáti of that town named Áli, and Salábát Muhammad Khán Bábi, who was sent to investigate this murder, died on his way at Paldi, a village on the right bank of the Sábarmati opposite to Áhmedábád.\n\n===Mahárája Abheysingh, Fifty-third Viceroy, 1730–1733===\nIn 1730, Mahárája Abheysingh of Jodhpur was appointed viceroy and had reached Palanpur. The friends of order endeavoured to arrange a peaceable transfer between the Mahárája and the late viceroy, but Mubáriz-ul-Mulk determined to try the chances of war, and prepared for resistance. At this time Mír Ismáíl, deputy of Ghulám Muhy-ud-dín Khán, arrived and took charge of the government of Junágaḍh from Sher Khán Bábi. Mahárája Abheysingh, after making various appointments, set out with his brother Vakhatsingh and 20,000 men to take over the government of Gujarát. When he reached Pálanpur and saw that Mubáriz-ul-Mulk was determined on resistance, he sent an order to Sardár Muhammad Ghorni appointing him his minister and directing him to take possession of the city of Áhmedábád and drive out the late viceroy. As Sardár Muhammad was not strong enough to carry out these orders he awaited the Mahárája’s arrival. When the Mahárája reached Sidhpur he was joined by Safdar Khán Bábi and Jawán Mard Khán Bábi from Radhanpur. They then advanced together to Adalaj, distant only about eight miles from Ahmedabad, their army increasing daily.\n\n;Battle of Adálaj (1730) and Mubáriz-ul-Mulk defeated\nMubáriz-ul-Mulk was already encamped between Adálaj and the city, and on the approach of the Mahárája a battle was fought in which the Mahárája was defeated. Abheysingh changed his position, and another and bloodier engagement took place, in which both sides tried to kill the opposing commander. But as both Mubáriz-ul-Mulk and the Mahárája fought disguised as common soldiers, neither party succeeded. At first the Mahárája who had the advantage in position repulsed the enemy, but Mubáriz-ul-Mulk fought so desperately in the river-bed that the Ráthoḍs gave way. They rallied and made one more desperate charge, but were met, repulsed, and finally pursued as far as Sarkhej. The Mahárája, who had not expected so determined an opposition, now sent Momín Khán and Amarsingh to negotiate with Mubáriz-ul-Mulk, who was still determined to resist to the uttermost. It was finally agreed that Mubáriz-ul-Mulk should receive a sum of Rupees 1 lakh and should surrender Áhmedábád to the Mahárája. Mubáriz-ul-Mulk accordingly quitted the city and left for Agra by way of Udaipur.\n\nThe Mahárája entering Áhmedábád, appointed Ratansingh Bhandári his deputy, and placed Fidá-ud-dín Khán, cousin of Momín Khán, in charge of the city police. Shortly afterwards Karímdád Khán Jhálori, governor of Pálanpur, who had accompanied the Mahárája into Gujarát, died. After the death of Salábat Muhammad Khán Bábi, his son, Sher Khán Bábi, was dismissed from the government of Junágaḍh. He retired to his estate of Ghogha, and when the Mahárája arrived in Áhmedábád he paid his respects, presenting the viceroy with an elephant and some horses. The Mahárája confirmed the lands assigned to his father, and reported his action to the emperor. \n\n;Momín Khán Ruler of Cambay, 1730\nMomín Khán was made ruler of Cambay, and Fidá-ud-dín Khán, his cousin, was made governor of the lands near that city, the revenue of which had been assigned to the Mahárája. So great was the fear of the Maráthás, that Mustafíd Khán, the governor elect of Surat, instead of proceeding direct by land, went to Cambay. From Cambay he moved to Bharuch, and from Bharuch entered into negotiations with Píláji Gáikwár, promising, if allowed to retain possession of Surat, to pay Píláji the one-fourth share of its revenues. Píláji agreed, but Sohráb Khán, who was still in possession of Surat, refused to hand it over to Mustafíd Khán. In this year also Vakhatsingh, brother of the Mahárája Abheysingh, was appointed governor of Pátan, and sent a deputy to act for him. About the same time Mír Fakhr-ud-dín, a follower of the late viceroy Mubáriz-ul-Mulk, leaving him secretly, came to Áhmedábád, and in an interview with the Mahárája obtained for himself the post of deputy governor of Junágaḍh. When he proceeded to take up his appointment he was opposed by Mír Ismáíl, and was killed in a battle fought near Amreli. Muhammad Pahár, son of Karímdád Khán Jhálori, was appointed governor of Pálanpur in succession to his father, and Jawán Mard Khán was sent to Vadnagar.\n\n;The Peshwa and Viceroy against Piláji Gáikwár, 1731\nIn 1731, Bájiráv Peshwa, entering Gujarát at the head of an army, advanced against Baroda, then in the possession of Píláji Gáikwár. Afterwards, at the invitation of the Mahárája, he visited Áhmedábád and had a meeting with the viceroy in the Sháhi Bágh. At this meeting it was agreed that Bájiráv should assist Ázmatulláh, the governor of Baroda, in taking possession of that town and in expelling Píláji Gáikwár. By this arrangement the viceroy hoped by playing off the Peshwa against Píláji, to succeed in getting rid of the latter, while the Peshwa intended that if Píláji was forced to give up Baroda, he himself should gain possession of that city. Accordingly the Peshwa, together with an army from the viceroy, marched on Baroda. They had scarcely laid siege to the city when the Peshwa heard that Nizám-ul-Mulk was advancing on Gujarát against him. Abandoning all operations against Baroda, the Peshwa withdrew, with all speed, to the Dakhan. On his way he encountered the army of Trimbakráv Senápati, who, together with Piláji Kántáji and Udáji Pavár, had united to resist the pretensions of the Peshwa in Gujarát, and were also secretly leagued with the Nizám.\n\nAn engagement was fought in which the Peshwa was victorious and Trimbakráv was slain. The Peshwa at once pushed on to the Dakhan, contriving to avoid the Nizám, though his baggage was plundered by that chief, who had camped at Ghala Kamrej, on the river Tápti, about ten miles above Surat.\n\nAbdúlláh Beg appointed the Nizám’s Deputy at Broach.\nDuring these changes the city of Bharuch, which on account of the strength of its fort the Maráthás had failed to take, was governed by Abdúlláh Beg, an officer originally appointed to that command by Mubáriz-ul-Mulk. Dissatisfied that the government of Gujarát should be in the hands of Abheysingh, Abdúlláh Beg, in 1731, entered into negotiations with the Nizám, offering to hold Bharuch as the Nizám’s deputy. Nizám-ul-Mulk agreed, appointed Abdúlláh his deputy, and ennobled him with the title of Nek Álam Khán. About the same time Vakhatsingh, brother of the viceroy, withdrew to his chiefship of Nágor in Jodhpur, and Ázmat-ulláh went to Ágra. After his safe arrival in the Dakhan Bájiráv Peshwa entered into an agreement with the Nizám under the terms of which the grants of Dholka, Bharuch, Jambusar, and Makbúlábád were continued to the Nizám. Momín Khán received the farm of Petlad, and Kántáji was confirmed in the share he had acquired of the revenues of Gujarát. In 1732 the paymaster, Amánatdár Khán, died, and was succeeded by Ghulám Hasan Khán, who sent Mujáhid-ud-dín Khán to act as his deputy. Through the influence of Mulla Muhammad Ali, Sohráb Áli was now confirmed as governor of Surat, and Mustafíd Khán was obliged to return to Áhmedábád.\n\nPíláji Gáikwár as the agent of the deceased Khanderáv Dábháde Senápati, as the owner of the fort of Songad, and as the ally of the Bhíls and Kolis, was naturally a thorn in the side of the viceroy Abheysingh. The recent acquisition of the town of Baroda and of the strong fortress of Dabhoi had made Piláji still more formidable. Under these circumstances, Abheysingh, who had long wished to recover Baroda and Dabhoi determined to assassinate Piláji, and this was effected by a Márvádi at the holy village of Dakor. The Maráthás slew the assassin and withdrew across the Mahi, burning the body of Piláji at the village of Savli, fourteen miles north of Baroda. They then evacuated the district of Baroda, retiring to the fortress of Dabhoi. On hearing of the death of Píláji, the viceroy immediately advanced against the Maráthás, and, after taking possession of Baroda, laid siege to Dabhoi. He failed to capture this fortress, and as the rainy season had set in and provisions were scarce, he was obliged to retire. He then went to Baroda, and after placing Sher Khán Bábi in charge of the city, returned to Áhmedábád. In 1732, Gujarát was wasted by famine.\n\n;Affairs at Surat, 1732.\nMeanwhile at Surat Múlla Muhammad Ali of Athva was again the cause of disturbance. Resisting with force the demand of a sum of Rupees 1 lakh by Sohráb Khán, the governor of Surat, he succeeded in driving Sohráb Khán out of the city, and the government of Surat was then usurped by Teghbeg Khán, a brother of Beglar-Beg Khán. The success of the Múlla against Soráb Khán made him so forgetful of his position that he arrogated to himself all the emblems of the governor’s office and wrote to the emperor asking a patent of the governorship of Surat in the name of his son Múlla Fakhr-ud-dín. The messengers bearing these communications were intercepted at Broach by the partisans of Teghbeg, who determined to remove this powerful cause of anxiety. Teghbeg Khán, inviting Muhammad Ali to an entertainment, placed him in confinement, and after keeping him in prison for two years, in 1734 put him to death. Teghbeg also took possession of the fort of Athva, and plundered it. Sohráb Khán, seeing that he could not recover Surat, went with Sayad Wali to Ghogha, where his relatives lived, and from that, proceeding to Bhavnagar settled there. When the emperor heard what had happened, he appointed Momín Khán to Surat and Teghbeg Khán to Cambay. Momín Khán sent Sayad Núrullah to act for him, but he was defeated by Teghbeg Khán, who afterwards contrived, in 1733, to be formally appointed governor of Surat with the title of Bahádur.\n\nWhen Umábái, widow of Khanderáv Senápati, heard of the assassination of Píláji Gáikwár, she determined to avenge his death. Collecting an army and taking with her Kántáji Kadam and Dámáji Gáikwár, son of Píláji, she marched upon Áhmedábád. As the Maráthás failed to do more than slay a Rájput leader named Jívaráj they came to terms. In the end it was agreed that in addition to the one-fourth and the one-tenth shares of the revenue a sum of rupees 80,000 should be paid from the Áhmedábád treasury, Jawán Mard Khán being kept as a hostage till the payments were made. For his services on this occasion Jawán Mard Khán was made governor of Viramgam. During this year an imperial order appointed Khushálchand Sheth, son of Shantidas Jhaveri, Nagar Sheth or chief merchant of Áhmedábád. The Maráthás plundered Rasúlábád a mile south of Áhmedábád and its excellent library was pillaged. Umábái now marched upon Baroda, and the governor, Sher Khán Bábi, prepared to oppose the Maráthás. But Umábái, sending a message to Sher Khán, explained that she had just concluded a peace with the Mahárája, and was suffered to pass unmolested. The emperor, satisfied with the arrangements made by the Mahárája, presented him with a dress of honour. \n\n===Ratansingh Bhandári, Deputy Viceroy, 1733–1737===\nIn this year the Mahárája went to court by way of Jodhpur, and appointed Ratansingh Bhandári as his deputy, and the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' as news recorder. In 1733, Ghulám Muhy-ud-dín Khán, governor of Junágaḍh died, and his son Mír Hazabr Khán was selected to fill his place.\n\nMeanwhile as the Maráthás had not received their rights, Jádoji Dábháde, son of Umábái, returned to Gujarát. Peace was concluded on the former basis, and Jádoji marched into Sorath to exact tribute. In this year the Kolis of the Chúnvál and Kánkrej committed many excesses, and a Rájput noble was robbed in the Pátan district. In the meantime Sohráb Khán, the former governor of Surat, who had been kindly received by Bhávsinghji, the chief of Sihor, began to raise a following and was appointed collector of arrears in Sorath. He chose Sayad Núrullah as his deputy, and sent him to recover the revenue for the current year.\n\nOn the death of Salábat Khán Bábi, though the Mahárája had endeavoured to get Sher Khán Bábi appointed in place of his father, Ghogha had been granted to Burhán-ul-Mulk, who chose Sohráb Khán as his deputy. At this time Sher Khán Bábi was at Baroda, and his younger brother, though he resisted, was compelled to leave Ghogha. The deputy governor of Sorath complained to the governor of the oppressive conduct of Sohráb Khán. But Burhán-ul-Mulk supported Sohráb and having obtained for himself the government of Sorath, sent Sohráb Khán as his deputy to Junágaḍh. In 1734, Ratansingh Bhandári, the deputy viceroy, ordered Bhávsingh, son of Udaikaran, the hereditary officer of Víramgám, to be captured by Jawán-Mard Khán, imprisoned and sent him to Áhmedábád. Jawan-Mard Khán went so far as to arrest Bhávsingh, but was forced by his supporters to release him.\n\n;Baroda recovered by the Maráthás, 1734\nIn 1734, Sher Khán Bábi, governor of Baroda, went to visit his lands at Balasinor, leaving Muhammad Sarbáz in command at Baroda, Máhadáji Gáikwár, brother of Píláji, who then held Jambúsar, sending to Songad to Dámáji for aid, marched on Baroda with a strong force. The garrison made a brave defence, and Sher Khán hearing of the attack at Bálásinor, called for aid from Ratansingh Bhandári, the deputy viceroy, who directed Momín Khán, the governor of Cambay, to join Sher Khán and drive back the Maráthás. Sher Khán started at once for Baroda. But Máhadaji leaving a sufficient force before the town pushed on with the bulk of his army to meet Sher Khán, and, though he and his men fought bravely, defeated him, and then returned to Baroda, Sher Khán retiring to Bálásinor. Momín Khán, who arrived after Sher Khán’s defeat, did not deem it prudent to engage the Maráthás, and retired to Cambay. In the meantime the garrison of Baroda, hopeless of succour, surrendered the town, and since that day Baroda continued to be the head-quarters of the Gáikwár family until independence of India in 1947.\n\nSince Jawán Mard Khán’s capture of Bhávsingh of Víramgám, he had become much disliked. For this reason Ratansingh Bhandári, the deputy viceroy, transferred him to Kadi and Vijapur, and in his place appointed Sher Khán Bábi, whose father Muhammad Salábát Khán Bábi had been a popular governor of Víramgám. At this time Dhanrúp Bhandári, governor of Petlád, died, and the farm of the districts of Nadiad, Arhar-Mátar, Petlád, and Mahudha was given to Momín Khán. Mulla Muhammad Áli managed to write letters from his confinement at Surat to the Nizám; and as that chief was now not far from Surat, he wrote urgently to Teghbeg Khán to release him. Teghbeg Khán put the Mulla to death, and bribing the Nizám’s messenger, gave out that he had died of joy at his release. Khushálchand, the chief of the merchants of Áhmedábád, having had a difference with Ratansingh, was forced to leave the city, and sought shelter at Cambay and afterwards at Junágaḍh. \n\nJawán Mard Khán conceived the design of conquering Idar from Anandsingh and Ráisingh, brothers of the Mahárája Abheysingh. He accordingly marched upon Ídar, taking with him as allies Aghráji Koli of Katosan and Koli Amra of Ilol Kánrah. In this strait Anandsingh and Ráisingh sought the aid of Malhárráv Holkar and Ránoji Sindia, who were at this time in Málwa. The Marátha chiefs at once marched to the help of Ídar, and Jawán Mard Khán, disbelieving the report of Marátha aid, continued to advance until he found himself opposed by an overwhelming force. Negotiations were entered into, and Jawán Mard Khán agreed to pay a sum of Rupees 1,75,000. Of the total amount Rupees 25,000 were paid at once, and Zoráwar Khán, brother of Jawán Mard Khán, and Ajabsingh, agent of Aghráji Koli, were kept as hostages until the balance should be paid. In this year Teghbeg Khán of Surat caused a wealthy merchant named Áhmed Chalabi to be assassinated, and confiscated his property. He also ordered Sayad Áli to be put to death by certain Afgháns.\n\n;Rivalry of Ratansingh Bhandári and Sohráb Khán, 1735\nIn 1735, Dholka was assigned to Ratansingh Bhandári, and through the influence of Burhán-ul-Mulk, Sohráb Khán was appointed governor of Víramgám. Ratansingh resented this, and eventually Víramgám was conferred on the Mahárája Abheysingh. When this order reached Sohráb Khán, he forwarded it to Burhán-ul-Mulk, and in consequence of Burhán-ul-Mulk’s remonstrances, the arrangements were changed and Sohráb Khán appointed governor. Upon this Sohráb Khán, leaving Sádak Ali as his deputy in Junágaḍh, marched for Víramgám; while Ratansingh Bhandári, hearing of Sohráb Khán’s approach, summoned Momín Khán and others to his assistance, and with his own army proceeded to Dholka and plundered Koth. From Koth he advanced and pitched at Harala, about ten miles from Sohráb Khán’s camp, and here he was joined by Momín Khán and others whom he had summoned to support him. \n\n;Battle of Dholi. Defeat and Death of Sohráb Khán, 1735\nAfter the union of these forces he marched to Dholi, six miles from Dhandhuka, at which place Sohráb Khán was then encamped. Ratansingh Bhandári now proposed that peace should be concluded, and that Sohráb Khán should enjoy Víramgám until final orders were passed by the emperor. Safdar Khán Bábi and others went to Sohráb Khán and endeavoured to bring him to consent to these terms; but he would not listen, and on both sides preparations were made for battle. During the following night Ratansingh Bhandári planned an attack on Sohráb Khán’s camp. The surprise was complete. Sohráb Khán’s troops fled, and himself, mortally wounded, shortly afterwards died. By the death of Sohráb Khán the family of Kázím Beg Khán became extinct. He was buried at Sihor in Kathiwar.\n\n;Rivalry between Ratansingh Bhandári and Momín Khán, 1735\nAfter this success a single horseman attacked and wounded Ratansingh Bhandári in two places. The horseman was at once slain, but no one was able to recognize him. Ratansingh, who in two months had recovered from his injuries, now determined to attack Momín Khán, as that officer in the recent struggle had taken part with Sohráb Khán. Momín Khán hearing of Ratansingh’s intentions, withdrew to Cambay. In the course of this year, on the expiry of the period of the farm of Mahudha, Arhar-Mátar, and Naḍiád, these districts were transferred from Momín Khán to Safdar Khán Bábi. Kaliánchand, was appointed to Víramgám in place of Sher Khán Bábi, and instead of Sohráb Khán, Muhsin Khán Khálvi was made deputy governor of Sorath.\n\n;Battle of Ánand-Mogri, 1735.\nAbout this time Dámáji Gáikwár, who had been chosen by Umábái as her representative in Gujarát, appointed Rangoji to act as his agent. Kántáji being dissatisfied with this arrangement, in which his rights were ignored, marched into Gujarát. Rangoji met him, and a battle was fought at Ánand-Mogri, twenty-five miles south-east of Kheda, in which Kántáji was defeated and his son killed. In consequence of this reverse Kántáji retired to Petlád. Momín Khán, who with his army was drawn up near Petlád to oppose Rangoji, was compelled to retire to Cambay, where peace was concluded on condition that Dámáji should receive the one-fourth share of the revenues of the country north of the Mahi. As the districts where these battles were fought were held in farm by Safdar Khán Bábi, he suffered much loss, and consequently retired to Rádhanpur. Rangoji was joined by Dámáji Gáikwár, and these two leaders went together to Dholka.\n\nWhile they were there, Bhávsingh of Víramgám invited them to that town, both on account of the annoyance he suffered from the Márvádis and that he might take vengeance on the Kasbátis for the murder of his father Udaikaran. He accordingly admitted the Maráthás and slew Daulat Muhammad Tánk, brother of the murderer of his father, and expelled the rest of the Kasbátis, while Kalián, the Márvádi administrator, was permitted to go to Áhmedábád. Leaving Rangoji at Víramgám, Dámáji marched into Sorath to levy tribute from the chiefs, and after collecting a portion of his dues, returned to the Dakhan. In the following year (1736) Rangoji advanced as far as Bavla near Dholka wasting the country. Ratansingh Bhandári, the deputy viceroy, marched against him, and forced him to retire to Víramgám. Ratansingh pursued the Maráthás to Víramgám, attacked and defeated them capturing their baggage, but failed to prevent them taking shelter in the town. About this time some Marátha horse who were at Sarnál, otherwise called Thásra, joined the Kolis of those parts, advanced with them against Kapadvanj and without any serious resistance succeeded in capturing the town. Meanwhile though Ratansingh had summoned Momín Khán to his aid, he delayed coming, as he began to scheme independence at Cambay.\n\nRatansingh Bhandári heard that Pratápráv, brother of Dámáji, and Deváji Tákpar were advancing on Áhmedábád with 10,000 horse. At first he thought this a device to draw him from Víramgám, to whose walls his mines had reached. On ascertaining from trusty spies that the report was true, he raised the siege of Víramgám, returned rapidly to Áhmedábád, and pushing forward to meet Pratápráv, exacted tribute from the chiefs on the banks of the Vátrak. As Pratápráv drew near, the governor of the Bhíl district retired before him, and he continuing his advance, passed through Valad and Pethapur, and so by way of Chhála reached Dholka. Here, through Muhammad Ismáíl, the governor of Dholka, he demanded from the Bhandári his share of the revenue. Afterwards, leaving 2000 horse in Dholka, he went to Dhandhúka. In the meantime Kántáji, who was a follower of Bájiráv Peshwa, joining with Malhárráv Holkar, advanced upon Ídar, and coming against Dánta, plundered that town. Some Nágar Bráhmans of the town of Vadnagar, who were settled in Dánta, tried to escape to the hills, but were intercepted and pillaged. The Maráthás then proceeded to Vadnagar and plundered the town. From Vadnagar they went as far as Pálanpur, where Pahár Khán Jhálori, being unable to oppose them, agreed to pay a tribute of Rupees 1 lákh. Kántáji and Malhárráv Holkar then marched into Márwár, while Pratápráv and Rangoji crossed over from Dhandhuka into Káthiáváḍa and Gohilváḍa. About this time Muhammad Pahár Khán Jhálori was appointed deputy governor of Pátan on behalf of Vakhatsingh. As no settlement of his demands on the revenues of Dholka had yet been made, Pratápráv returned to that town and sent Narhar Pandit to receive the tribute due to him. Afterwards proceeding to Baroda with Rangoji they were summoned to Sorath by Dámáji to assist him. Sher Khán Bábi, who up to his time had been at Kaira, now came to Áhmedábád, and as the deputy viceroy was displeased with Momín Khán’s conduct when Víramgám was besieged, he appointed Sher Khán his own deputy at Petlád, Arhar-Mátar, and Naḍiád. Afterwards on Momín Khán’s remonstrance Subháchand Márvádi was appointed to examine the accounts and receive the revenue in place of Sher Khán. In 1737 Dámáji’s brother Pratápráv, returning to his country after exacting tribute from the chiefs of Sorath, died of smallpox at Kánkar near Dholka. Momín Khán seeing that Sher Khán had not yet left Kaira, collected some men and came to Petlád, while Sher Khán went to Dehgam and awaited the departure of Rangoji. Ratansingh Bhandári made preparations to help Sher Khán and Momín Khán returned to Cambay.\n\n===Momín Khán, Fifty-fourth Viceroy, 1737===\nAt this time as the Mahárája Abheysingh was not in favour at court, Momín Khán was appointed fifty-fourth viceroy. As he was unable to effect anything by himself he persuaded Jawán Mard Khán Bábi to join him by a promise of the government of Pátan and directed him to proceed and take up that appointment. Now the Jháloris were allies of the Ráthoḍs, and Pahár Khán Jhálori, then in command of Pátan, opposed Jawán Mard Khán, but was finally obliged to vacate Pátan. Momín Khán, who had not hitherto produced the order appointing him viceroy, now made it public and began to act as viceroy with the title of Najm-ud-dauláh Momín Khán Bahádur Fírúz Jang, and in 1737 sent a copy of this order to Abdúl Husain Khán, the deputy minister, and to Mustafíd Khán, who held the office of Kázi. Sher Khán Bábi, wishing to remain neutral, retired to Bálásinor and Momín Khán summoned Rangoji, who was in the neighbourhood of Cambay, to his assistance.\n\nRangoji agreed to aid him in expelling the Márvádis, on condition that, if successful, he should be granted one-half of the produce of Gujarát except the city of Áhmedábád, the lands in the neighbourhood of the city, and the port of Cambay. This alliance with the Maráthás gave the last blow to Mughal power in Gujarát, which otherwise might have lingered for at least a quarter of a century.\n\nWhen Ratansingh Bhandári heard of the appointment of Momín Khán to be viceroy, he wrote to Mahárája Abheysingh for orders. Meanwhile he sent officials to Cambay to persuade Momín Khán to take no further steps until a reply should be received to the reference Momín Khán had made to Ágra. The reply of the Mahárája was that Ratansingh should resist Momín Khán if he could. Ratansingh prepared to defend Áhmedábád while Momín Khán collecting an army, camped at the Náransar lake.\n\n;Seige of Ahmedabad\nFrom the Náransar lake where Momín Khán remained encamped for one and a half months collecting his partisans he advanced to Sojitra, where he was joined by Jawán Mard Khán Bábi; and proceeding together they came to Vasu under Petlád, about twenty-six miles from Áhmedábád, and from Vasu to Kaira, about eighteen miles from the capital. At Kaira they encamped on the banks of the Vátrak, where, owing to the incessant rain, they were forced to remain for about a month. When the rain abated and the rivers were fordable, Momín Khán, moving to Áhmedábád, encamped in front of the city on the Kánkariya tank and prepared for a siege. About the same time Momín Khán’s manager, Vajerám, whom he had sent to Songad to solicit Dámáji to march in person to his assistance, arrived and informed him that Dámáji would join him shortly. Zoráwar Khán, who had been left at the Marátha camp as security for the payment of the tribute, was recalled, and instead the district of Prantij was formally assigned to the Maráthás in payment of their demands. Some of the Mahárája’s guns, which were being sent to Áhmedábád by his agents at Surat through Cambay for facility of transit, were about this time captured by a party of Momín Khán's men. When Ratansingh Bhandári wrote to the Mahárája of Momín Khán’s advance on Áhmedábád, the Mahárája was much displeased, and went from the emperor's presence in anger. The nobles fearing the consequences, recalled him, and persuaded the emperor to re-appoint him viceroy of Gujarát.\n\n===Mahárája Abheysingh, Fifty-fifth Viceroy, 1737===\n;Momín Khán continues the Siege of Áhmedábád\nMomín Khán was secretly enjoined to disregard the Mahárája’s appointment and persevere in expelling the Ráthoḍs of Marwar, and was assured of the emperor’s approbation of this line of conduct. He therefore continued to prosecute the siege with vigour. In the meantime another order was received from the imperial court, confirming the reappointment of the Mahárája and appointing Fidá-ud-dín Khán to guard the city with 500 men, directing also that Momín Khán should return to Cambay. It was further stated that, as Ratansingh Bhandári had acted oppressively, some other person should be appointed deputy to fill his place, and that in the meantime a Rájput noble, named Abhaikaran, was to carry on the government. Shortly before this Muhammad Bákir Khán, son of Muâtamid Khán, joined Momín Khán from Surat, while Sádik Áli Khán and his nephew reinforced him from Junágaḍh. When Momín Khán was informed of the purport of the imperial order he agreed to return to Cambay, provided Ratansingh Bhandári would quit the city, hand over charge to Abhaikaran, and admit Fidá-ud-dín Khán and his men into the city.\n\nRatansingh Bhandári determined not to leave the city, and prepared to defend himself to the last. Dámáji Gáikwár now joined Momín Khán from Songad. Momín Khán met Dámáji at Isanpur, three miles from Áhmedábád, and made great show of friendship, calling him his brother. When Ratansingh Bhandári heard of the arrangements made between Dámáji and Momín Khán, he sent a message to Dámáji saying, ‘Momín Khán has promised Rangoji half of the revenues of Gujarát excepting the city of Áhmedábád, the lands immediately round it, and Cambay. If you will join me, I will give you half of everything not excepting the city nor Cambay, and will send to your camp some of my chief landholders as security if you agree.’ Dámáji showed this to Momín Khán, and asked him what he proposed to do. Momín Khán now perforce agreed to do the same; but instead of Cambay offered to make over to the Maráthás the whole district of Víramgám. Dámáji, accepting these terms, ceased to negotiate with Ratansingh. He then went on pilgrimage to Dudesar, and returning in the same year, 1738, he and Rangoji began active operations against Áhmedábád. Their bombardment did so much damage to the city that Momín Khán repented having called them to his aid, and foresaw that if the Maráthás once gained any portion of the city it would be no easy matter to drive them out. Momín Khán now sent the writer of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' to Ratansingh Bhandári, in hopes that he might withdraw peaceably, but Ratansingh refused to listen to any terms. After some time the people under Kázim Áli Khán and others, and the Maráthás under Báburáv endeavoured to take the city by storm, but after a bloody contest were forced to retire. Next day Ratansingh, seeing that he could not long hold the city, entered into a negotiation with Momín Khán, and, on receiving a sum of money for his expenses, and on being allowed to retire with the honours of war, left the city.\n\n;Momín Khán entered Áhmedábád\nOn the capture of the city, in accordance with Momín Khán’s engagement, half of it was handed to the Maráthás. Momín Khán sent news of what had taken place to the emperor, and appointed Fidá-ud-dín Khán his deputy. Dámáji, who in the meantime had been to Sorath, now returned and was met by Rangoji, who accompanied him as far as the banks of the Mahi, whence Rangoji proceeded to Dholka. After spending a few days at Dholka, Rangoji returned to Áhmedábád and took charge of his share of the city, which comprised the Raikhad, Khánjchán, and Jamalpur quarters as far as the Astoria and Ráipur gates. The city was thus equally divided, and the Astodia and Raipur gates were guarded by the Maráthás. At that time the inhabitants of Áhmedábád rose against the strangers, and after a severe affray expelled the greater part of them from the city. Momín Khán, though secretly pleased, affected ignorance and sent Fidá-ud-dín Khán to reassure Rangoji. This with some difficulty he succeeded in doing and Rangoji remained in the city. Jawán Mard Khán was sent to Pátan, and, instead of Prántij, the district of Kheralu was granted to Zoráwar Khán Bábi.\n\n===Momín Khán, Fifth-sixth Viceroy, 1738–1743===\nWith the cessation of Marátha oppression, Áhmedábád began to recover its splendour and opulence. The emperor was much pleased with Momín Khán, and, raising his rank, presented him with a dress of honour, a sword, and other articles of value. At the close of the rainy season Momín Khán went to levy tribute from the chiefs on the banks of the Sabarmati, and Rangoji was asked to accompany him. They marched to Adalaj whence Fidá-ud-dín Khán, the deputy viceroy, returned to the city accompanied by Rámáji as deputy of Rangoji. Jawán Mard Khán and Sher Khán Bábi now joined the viceroy’s camp, and, about the same time Hathising, chief of Pethápur, paid a visit to the viceroy and settled his tribute. From Adálaj they advanced to Mansa and were met by the Mánsa chief. From Mánsa they proceeded to Kadi, and from Kadi to Víjápur. After Momín Khán left the people of Áhmedábád were badly treated, and Rangoji, leaving his brother Akoji in camp, returned to the capital, whence he marched towards Víramgám and Sorath. Momín Khán went from Víjápur to Ídar, and there levied tribute from the chiefs of Mohanpur and Ranásan.\n\n;The Viceroy collects Tribute, 1738\nWhen Momín Khán arrived at Ídar, Ánandsingh and Ráisingh, brothers of Mahárája Abheysingh, went to him and paid the tribute of Mohanpur and Ranásan as being within the limits of the Ídar territory. The matter was amicably settled, and the two brothers accompanied the viceroy as far as the Ídar frontier, when Ánandsingh returned to Ídar, and Ráisingh, at Momín Khán’s request, remained with him, Momín Khán undertaking to pay the expenses of his men. Prathiráj, the chief of Mánsa, agreed to pay Rupees 23,000 and the chief of Varsoda Rupees 10,000 as tribute. At this time Sher Muhammad Khán Bábi was appointed to succeed Mír Dost Áli as deputy governor of Sorath. The Maráthás, who had attempted to deprive some of the Rasúlábád and Batwa Sayads of their land, were attacked by the Muslim population, and a few men were wounded on either side. Momín Khán, receiving tribute from various chiefs, had now reached Palanpur, and Pahár Khán Jhálori, the governor of that place, was introduced to the viceroy by Sher Khán Bábi. As news was now received that Deváji Tákpar was advancing through the Baroda districts, Momín Khán marched towards Áhmedábád, dismissing Pahár Khán Jhálori on the Pálanpur frontier. Jawán Mard Khán Bábi, appointing his brother Safdar Khán Bábi as his deputy at Pátan, pushed forward in advance for Áhmedábád. Mámúr Khán, who had been chosen by Mír Huzabr Áli as his deputy in Sorath, now arrived and complained to Momín Khán regarding Sher Khán Bábi’s appointment. Momín Khán said that, as neither had assumed charge of their duties, they should await final orders from the emperor. He then advanced to Hájipur, and thence encamped on the side of the city near Bahrámpur and occupied himself in strengthening the city defences. From that camp he proceeded to Ísanpur four miles south of Áhmedábád on his way to levy tribute from the Koli chiefs of the banks of the Vátrak. After this he proceeded to Kulej on the Vátrak and levied tribute from the Koli chiefs of that neighbourhood. Hearing that Dámáji had left Songad, and crossing the Mahi had gone to Arás, Momín Khán struck his camp and returned to the city, while Dámáji going to Dholka marched from that to Sorath. Momín Khán now permitted Sher Khán to return to his lands in Ghogha, whence he proceeded to Junágaḍh and took charge of the office of deputy governor.\n\n;Sher Khán Bábi Deputy Governor of Sorath, 1738\nIn 1738, Mír Huzabr Khán, the governor of Sorath, died, and as Sher Khán had occupied Junágaḍh, and taken into his employ all the troops of Mir Dost Áli, Mámúr Khán was obliged to resign his pretensions and return. The emperor now appointed Himmat Áli Khán, nephew of Momín Khán, governor of Sorath, and he wrote to his uncle to choose a fitting deputy. Momín Khán, as the Marátha incursions into Sorath increased yearly, and as Sher Khán Bábi was a man able to hold his own with them, suffered him to remain as deputy. When Dámáji returned to Víramgám, after levying tribute from the chiefs of Sorath, he was obliged to march against Kánji Koli, the chief of Chhaniár in the Chúnvál. As he could not prevail against them he was forced to call on Momín Khán for aid. Momín Khán sent Fidá-ud-dín Khán at the head of a well-equipped army. On their approach the Kolis fled, and the village was burned, and Fidá-ud-dín Khán returned to the capital. Dámáji, leaving Rangoji as his deputy, returned to Songad.\n\nIn 1738, Mughal Empire was invaded by the Persian Emperor Nádir Sháh, Delhi sacked, and the emperor Muhammad Shah made prisoner. Except that coin was struck in Nádir’s name, the collapse of Mughal power caused little change in Gujarát.\n\n;The Deputy Viceroy collects Tribute, 1739\nIn 1739 Fidá-ud-dín Khán was sent to levy tribute from the chiefs on the banks of the Sábarmati, and, accompanied by Jawán Mard Khán Bábi and Rája Ráisingh of Ídar, marched to Charárah. As the village of Pánmul under Vijápur had been assigned to the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'', he accompanied Fidá-ud-dín Khán, who marched to Ahmednagar, and demanded tribute from Jítsingh of Mohanpur and Ranásan. Jítsingh resisted and a doubtful battle was fought. Next day Fidá-ud-dín Khán changed his position and again attacked Jítsingh, who being defeated agreed to pay Rupees 10,000. They then went to Ídar, where they were hospitably received by Rája Ráising, who presented the leaders with horses. From Ídar they proceeded to Vadnagar, which was under Jawán Mard Khán, who also received them courteously and presented horses. The army then marched to Visalnagar. On the arrival of the troops at Visalnagar, Jawán Mard Khán requested Fidá-ud-dín Khán to subdue Jámáji the Koli chief of Thara-Jámpur in the Kánkrej, who was then at Balisana under Pátan and who was continually plundering the country. Fidá-ud-dín Khán marched to Bálísána, but Jámáji fled to Thara-Jámpur without risking a battle and the Mughal troops plundered Thara-Jámpur. From Bálísána Fidá-ud-dín marched to Kadi, and allowing Jawán Mard Khán to return to Pátan proceeded to Áhmedábád.\n\nAt Áhmedábád disputes between Rangoji and Momín Khán regarding the government of the city were frequent. In one serious disturbance Momín Khán was worsted and forced to sue for peace and grant Rangoji his half share both in the government and revenue, which, since the affray in 1738, Momín Khán had withheld. A formal agreement was drawn up but did not long remain in force. About this time Momín Khán’s nephew Muhammad Momín Khán Bakhshi received a patent granting him the title of Nazar Áli Khán. In 1739, there was a disastrous flood in the Sábarmati. \n\n;Capture of Bassein by the Maráthás, 1739\nIn 1739, the Maráthás under Chimnáji Ápa successfully captured the fort of Vasai (Bassein) from the Portuguese following the Battle of Vasai.\n\nIn 1740, on his return from Sorath, Dámáji Gáikwár took Rangoji to the Dakhan and appointed Malhárráv Khúni his deputy at Áhmedábád. Fidá-ud-dín Khán met the new deputy at Ísanpur and escorted him to the city. Shortly after Fidá-ud-dín Khán and Nazar Áli Khán started to collect tribute, and Jawán Mard Khán sent his brother Zoráwar Khán Bábi to accompany them. They advanced against Dabhoda under Bahyal eighteen miles east of Áhmedábád in the Bhíl district and fought with the chief, who agreed to pay tribute. Then they went to Atarsumba, where the Kolis after a vain attempt to carry off their cannon agreed to pay tribute. The force then proceeded to Mándva and levied a contribution from the Mandva chief. They next went to Kapadvanj, and passing through Bálásinor reached Virpur under Lunáváḍa. Here, from Sultánsingh, agent of the Lunavada chief, they received two horses and Rupees 3000 as tribute. While at Lunáváḍa an order of recall came from Momín Khán, who intimated that Malhárráv Khúni had laid up large stores of grain and contemplated war. Fidá-ud-dín Khán at once pushed forward through Bálásinor and Kapadvanj, advancing rapidly towards the capital. On the way he received a second despatch from Momín Khán saying that, as the risk of war had for the present passed, they should advance to Petlád, where they would find Malhárráv Khúni and settle with him about the revenue accounts. They continued their march, and in two days reached Kaira (Kheda), being joined on the way by Muhammad Kúli Khán, who was charged with messages from Momín Khán. At Kaira they found Muhammad Husain, nephew of Fidá-ud-dín Khán who had been sent with a force to Mahudha. As Malhárráv Khúni was at Pinj near Kaira, Fidá-ud-dín Khán expressed a wish to meet him, and it was agreed that both sides should go to the Petlád district and there settle the disputed collections. Shortly after they met and arrangements were in progress when the Kolis of the Bhíl district rebelled and Abdúl Husain Khán and Vajerám were sent against them. After burning two or three villages this detachment rejoined the main body, and not long after all returned to Áhmedábád. During 1740, Bájiráv Peshwa died.\n\nIn 1741, Momín Khán went to Cambay, and while residing at Ghiáspur near that city received information that Dámáji had again appointed Rangoji his deputy in place of Malhárráv Khúni, and shortly after Rangoji arrived at Petlád. At this time Momín Khán turned his attention to the falling off in the customs revenue of Cambay and appointed Ismáil Muhammad collector of customs. As he was anxious to clear some misunderstanding between Rangoji and himself, Momín Khán set out to visit Rangoji and assure him of his good wishes. At this time Bhavsingh of Viramgam, who found the Maráthás even more troublesome than the Mughals, as soon as he heard of Malhárráv’s recall, suddenly attacked the fort of Víramgám and with the aid of some Arabs and Rohillas expelled the Marátha garrison and prepared to hold the fort on his own account. Shortly after Rangoji demanded that a tower in Áhmedábád, which had been raised a story by Momín Khán so as to command the residence of the Marátha deputy at the Jamálpur gate, should be reduced to its original height. At the same time he suggested that Momín Khán and he, uniting their forces, should advance and expel Bhávsingh from Víramgám. Momín Khán agreed to both proposals. The addition to the tower was pulled down, and Momín Khán and Rangoji, marching against Víramgám, laid siege to the town. Bhávsingh made a gallant defence, and Momín Khán, who was not sorry to see the Maráthás in difficulties, after a time left them and marched to Kadi and Vijápur to levy tribute. Rangoji continued the siege, and as Bhávsingh saw that even without Momín Khán the Marátha army was sufficient to reduce the place, he agreed to surrender Víramgám, provided the fort of Patdi and its dependent villages were granted to him. Rangoji agreed, and thus the Maráthás again obtained possession of Víramgám, while Bhávsingh acquired Pátdi, a property which his descendants hold until independence of India.\n\nWhen Momín Khán arrived at Mansa, about twenty-six miles north-west of Áhmedábád, hearing that Dámáji had crossed the Mahi with 10,000 men, he at once returned to the capital. Dámáji arrived at Mánsa and besieged it. The chiefs and Kolis defended the place bravely for about a month, when it fell into Dámáji’s hands, who not only cleared the prickly-pear stockade which surrounded it, but also burned the town. From Mánsa, Dámáji marched to Sorath. On his return he laid siege to Bharuch, a fort which, from its natural strength as well as from its favourable position on the Narmada, it had been the constant ambition both of Dámáji and of his father Píláji to capture. On the approach of Dámáji, Nek Álam Khán, who held the place in the interests of the Nizám, prepared to defend the fort, and wrote to the Nizám for aid. In reply the Nizám warned Dámáji not to attack his possessions. On receiving this letter Dámáji raised the siege and returned to Songad. It seems probable that concessions were made to tempt Dámáji to retire from Bharuch, and that the Gáikwár’s share in the Bharuch customs dated from this siege.\n\n;Battle of Dholka (1741)\nIn 1741, in a battle between Káim Kúli Khán, governor of Dholka, and Rangoji’s deputy, the Maráthás were defeated. Momín Khán, at the request of Rangoji, made peace between them. Fidá-ud-dín Khán, who had recently been raised in rank with the title of Bahádur, starting to collect tribute burned down the refractory Koli village of Dabhoda, and placing a post there, passed to Satumba, Balasinor, and Thásra. After the battle at Dholka, the building by Rangoji of the fort of Borsad, caused renewed fighting between the Mughals and Maráthás of Dholka. At the request of Muhammad Hádi Khán, governor of Dholka, Fidá-ud-dín Khán, passing through Mahudha to Petlád pushed forward to help him. In the meantime a battle was fought, in which the Maráthás under Malhárráv attacked Muhammad Hádi Khán, and after a short contest withdrew. Next day the Mughals, strengthened by the arrival of Fidá-ud-dín Khán, besieged Sojitra. A letter was written to Rangoji, asking the meaning of the attack, and he replied excusing himself and attributing it to the ignorance of Malhárráv. Muhammad Hádi Khán and the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' eventually met Rangoji at Borsad, and settled that he and Fidá-ud-dín Khán should come together and arrange matters. But Rangoji in his heart intended to fight and wrote to his deputy Rámáji at Áhmedábád to be ready for war. Malhárráv now joined Rangoji at Borsad. At this time many misunderstandings and several fights between the Maráthás and the Muhammadans were appeased by Momín Khán and Rangoji, who, in spite of the ill-feeling among their subordinates and a certain distrust of each other’s designs, appear throughout to have maintained a warm mutual regard. Dámáji from his stronghold at Songad was too much occupied in Dakhan politics to give much attention to Gujarát. Rangoji, on the other hand, gained so much influence with the Gujarát chiefs, that at one time he succeeded in engaging Sajansingh Hazári in his service, and also induced Rája Ráisingh of Ídar to join him. But Momín Khán detached Ráisingh from this alliance, by placing him in charge of the post of Amaliara and granting him the districts of Modasa, Meghrej, Ahmednagar (Himatnagar), Prantij, and Harsol. Moreover the customary Gujarát sum at first sent daily by Rangoji to Rája Ráisingh for the expenses of his troops had begun to fall into arrears. Rája Ráisingh made his peace with Momín Khán through the mediation of Nazar Áli Khán, Momín Khán’s nephew, who appears to have been one of the leading spirits of the time.\n\nIn 1742, in another fight between the Maráthás and Mughals in Áhmedábád, the Mughals gained a slight advantage. After this Rangoji left the city, appointing as before Rámáji as his deputy, and joining Jagjíwan Pavár went to Borsad, where he had built a fort. At this time one Jívandás came with authority from the Nizám to act as collector of Dholka, part of the lands assigned to the Nizám as a personal grant, but failed to enforce his position. Shortly after this Rája Ánandsing of Ídar was killed, and his brother Ráising, taking leave, went to Ídar to settle matters. Momín Khán had his patent increased to the personal rank of commander of 6000 with a contingent of 6000 cavalry. He received a dress of honour, a jewelled turban, a plume, six pieces of cloth, an elephant, the order of Máhi-marátib, and the title of Najm-ud-daulah Momín Khán Bahádur Diláwar Jang. Differences again broke out between Momín Khán and Rangoji, and again matters were settled by a friendly meeting between the two chiefs at Borsad, where Rangoji had taken up his residence. Momín Khán now went to Petlád, and from that to Cambay, where he was taken ill, but after six weeks came to Vasu, where Rangoji visited him. Here though again unwell he went to Dholka, and shortly afterwards he and Rangoji marched upon Limbdi, which at this time is mentioned as under Víramgám. While before Limbḍi, Rangoji was summoned by Dámáji to help him against Bápu Náik, and at once started to his assistance. Momín Khán now marched into Gohilwad, and proceeded by Loliana to Ghogha, then under the charge of a resident deputy of Sher Khán Bábi. Here he received tribute from the chief of Sihor, and from that, marching into Halar, went against Nawanagar. The Jám resisted for twenty days, and eventually, on his agreeing to pay Rupees 50,000 as tribute, Momín Khán returned to Áhmedábád. During his absence in spite of stubborn resistance, Nazar Áli Khán and Vajerám had collected tribute from the Koli chiefs. Rangoji, who had now left Dámáji, joined battle with Bápu Náik ere he crossed the Mahi, and Bápu Náik turned back. Rangoji therefore remained at Borsad, but hearing that Momín Khán’s illness had become serious, he went once or twice to Áhmedábád to visit him. In 1743, Momín Khán died.\n\n===Fidá-ud-dín acts as Viceroy, 1743===\nMomin Khan's wife, fearing lest Fidá-ud-dín Khán and Muftakhir Khán, Momín Khán’s son, would deprive her of her estate, sought the protection of Rangoji. In the meantime Fidá-ud-dín Khán and Muftakhir Khán received an imperial order to carry on the government until a new viceroy should be appointed. At this time a man named Ánandrám, who had been disgraced by Momín Khán, went over to Rangoji and incited him to murder Fidá-ud-dín Khán and Muftakhir Khán. Rangoji with this intention invited them both to his house, but his heart failed him, and shortly afterwards Fidá-ud-dín Khán went to Cambay. Rangoji now determined at all hazards to assassinate Muftakhir Khán. With this object he took Muftakhir Khán’s associates, Vajerám and Káim Kúli Khán, into his confidence. Muftakhir Khán accidentally heard of his designs, and remained on his guard. As Rangoji had failed to carry out his promise to raise Sher Khán Bábi to the post of deputy viceroy, Sher Khán advanced to Dholka and began plundering some Cambay villages. Rangoji, after another futile attempt to assassinate Muftakhir Khán, sent for his deputy Rámáji, who was then in the neighbourhood, and prepared to fight. Muftakhir Khán, on his part, summoned Fidá-ud-dín Khán from Cambay, and in a few days they succeeded in uniting their forces. Sher Khán Bábi deserting the cause of Rangoji, the Maráthás were worsted and Rangoji’s house was besieged. Rangoji, being hard pressed, agreed to give up Ánandrám and to surrender both Borsad and Víramgám, Sher Khán Bábi becoming his security. In this way Fidá-ud-dín Khán became sole master of Gujarát.\n\nShortly after Dámáji Gáikwár returned from Satara and came to Cambay. In the meantime Rangoji, who had been living with Sher Khán Bábi, his security, contrived, with the connivance of Sher Khán, to escape together with his family. Fidá-ud-dín Khán was so greatly enraged with Sher Khán for this treachery, that Sher Khán leaving Áhmedábád on pretence of hunting, escaped to Bálásinor, where his wife joined him. Fidá-ud-dín Khán put Ánandrám to death, while Rangoji through the aid of Sher Khán Bábi’s wife, made good his escape to Borsad. Fidá-ud-dín Khán had set out to collect tribute, when news arrived that Khanderáv Gáikwár, brother of Dámáji, had crossed the Mahi and joining Rangoji had laid siege to Petlád. On hearing this, Fidá-ud-dín at once returned to Áhmedábád, and sent Valabhdás Kotwál to Khanderáv to complain of the misconduct of Rangoji.\n\n====Abdúl Ázíz Khán of Junnar, Viceroy (by a forged order)====\nAfter the death of Momín Khán, Jawán Mard Khán Bábi was the greatest noble in Gujarát. He began to aspire to power, and Fidá-ud-dín, who was not good in the field, had thoughts of appointing him as a deputy. While matters were in this state, and Jawán Mard Khán was already laying claim to the revenue of the district round Áhmedábád, an order was received appointing Abdúl Ázíz Khán the commander of Junnar, near Poona, to be viceroy of Gujarát. This order was forged by Abdúl Ázíz Khán in Jawán Mard Khán’s interests, whom he appointed his deputy. Though Fidá-ud-dín Khán doubted the genuineness of the order, he was not powerful enough to remove Jawán Mard Khán, who accordingly proclaimed himself deputy viceroy.\n\n;Mutiny of the Troops\nAt this time the troops, clamorous on account of arrears, placed both Fidá-ud-dín Khán and Muftakhir Khán under confinement. Jawán Mard Khán assumed charge of the city and stationed his own men on guard. While Fidá-ud-dín Khán and Muftakhir Khán were in confinement, Khanderáv Gáikwár sent them a message that if they would cause the fort of Petlád to be surrendered to him, he would help them. To this they returned no answer. Fidá-ud-dín Khán now entreated Jawán Mard Khán to interfere between him and his troops. Jawán Mard Khán accordingly persuaded the mutineers to release Fidá-ud-dín Khán, who eventually escaped from the city and went to Agra.\n\n;Maráthás Capture Petlád\nMeanwhile Rangoji continued to press the siege of Petlád and the commander, Ágha Muhammad Husain, after in vain appealing for help to Jawán Mard Khán, was forced to surrender. Rangoji demolished the fort of Petlád and marched upon Áhmedábád. As he approached the city Jawán Mard Khán sent the writer of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' and Ajabsingh to negotiate with Rangoji, who demanded all his former rights and possessions.\n\n===Muftakhir Khán, Fifty-seventh Viceroy, 1743–44===\nNews had now reached Delhi that a false viceroy was governing Gujarát, and accordingly Muftakhir Khán was chosen fifty-seventh viceroy, the order explaining that Abdúl Ázíz had never been appointed viceroy, and directing Jawán Mard Khán to withdraw from the conduct of affairs. Muftakhir Khán was perplexed how to act. He succeeded in persuading his troops that he would be able to pay them their arrears, and he sent a copy of the order to Jawán Mard Khán; and, as he dared not displace him, he informed Jawán Mard Khán that he had appointed him as his deputy, and that he himself would shortly leave Áhmedábád. Jawán Mard Khán, so far from obeying, ordered Muftakhir Khán’s house to be surrounded. Eventually Muftakhir Khán, leaving the city, joined Rangoji, and then retired to Cambay.\n\n;The Maráthás in Áhmedábád\nKhanderáv Gáikwár returned, and, with the view of enforcing his claims, uniting with Rangoji, marched to Banjar, about five miles south of Áhmedábád. Jawán Mard Khán issuing from the city camped near the Kankaria Lake. Narhar Pandit and Krishnáji on behalf of the Marátha leaders were sent to Jawán Mard Khán to demand their former rights and possessions. Jawán at first refused, but in the end gave way and the Maráthás appointed Dádu Morár deputy of the city. Sher Khán Bábi now returned to Bálásinor. Khanderáv and Kánáji then went to Dholka, Rangoji to Petlád, and Khanderáv Gáikwár to Sorath. Fidá-ud-dín Khán requested Rangoji to help Muftakhir Khán; he replied that he was willing to help him, but had no money. Rangoji then accompanied Fidá-ud-dín Khán to Cambay, where Muftakhir Khán was. Negotiations were entered into, and the Kháns tried to collect Rupees 1 lákh which Rangoji asked for to enable him to make military preparations to aid them. They raised Rupees 80,000 with great difficulty and admitted Rangoji’s Náib to a share in the administration. Rangoji withdrew to Borsad with the Rupees 80,000 under the pretext that when the remaining Rupees 20,000 were paid he would take action. Fidá-ud-dín Khán, annoyed at Rangoji’s conduct, went to reside at Dhowan, a village belonging to Jálam Jália Koli.\n\n;Battle of Kím Kathodra and defeat and death of Abdúl Ázíz Khán, 1744\nIn 1744 Jawán Mard Khán, after appointing one of his brothers, Zoráwar Khán, his deputy at Pátan, and keeping his other brother Safdar Khán at Áhmedábád, advanced from the city to Kadi to collect tribute. His next step was to invite Abdúl Ázíz Khán, the commander of Junnar, near Poona, to join him in Gujarát. Abdul Ázíz accordingly set out from Junnar, taking with him Fatehyáb Khán, commander of the fort of Mulher in Baglan and Rustamráv Marátha. Directing his march in the first instance to Surat he was there watched in the interests of Dámáji Gáikwár, by Deváji Tákpar, the lieutenant of that chief, who, seeing that on leaving Surat, Abdúl Ázíz continued to advance to Áhmedábád, pursued him to Kím Kathodra, about fifteen miles north-west of Surat, and there attacked him. In the engagement Deváji Tákpar, who had gained over Rustamráv Marátha, one of the leading men in Abdúl Ázíz’s army, was victorious. Abdúl Ázíz Khán retired, but was so closely followed by the Maráthás, that at Panoli he was forced to leave his elephant, and, mounting a horse, fled with all speed towards Bharuch. On reaching the Narmada, he failed to find any boats, and, as his pursuers were close upon him, putting his horse at the water, he tried to swim the river; but, sticking fast in the mud, he was overtaken and slain by the Maráthás.\n\n===Fakhr-ud-daulah, Fifty-eighth Viceroy, 1744–1748===\nOn hearing of the death of Abdúl Ázíz, Jawán Mard Khán thought of joining Muftakhir Khán. Here he could carry this plan into effect, the emperor receiving, it is said, a present of Rupees 2 lákhs for the nomination, appointed Fakhr-ud-daulah Fakhr-ud-dín Khán Shujáât Jang Bahádur the fifty-eighth viceroy of Gujarát. The new viceroy forwarded a blank paper to a banker of his acquaintance named Sitárám, asking him to enter in it the name of a fitting deputy. Jawán Mard Khán Bábi, Deputy Viceroy.Sitárám filled in the name of Jawán Mard Khán, and Fakhr-ud-daulah was proclaimed viceroy. About this time Safdar Khán Bábi, after levying tribute from the Sábarmati chiefs, returned to Áhmedábád, and Khanderáv Gáikwár, as he passed from Sorath to Songad, appointed Rangoji his deputy. On being appointed deputy Rangoji sent Krishnáji instead of Morár Náik as his deputy to Áhmedábád, and himself proceeded to Arhar-Mátar on the Vátrak, and from that moved to Kaira (Kheda) to visit Jawán Mard Khán, with whom he established friendly relations. In the same year Áli Muhammad Khán, superintendent of customs, died, and in his place the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' was appointed. In this year, too, Pahár Khán Jhálori died, and his uncle, Muhammad Bahádur, was appointed governor of Pálanpur in his stead.\n\n;Khanderáv Gáikwár called to Sátára\nAbout this time Umábái, widow of Khanderáv Dábháde, summoned Khanderáv Gáikwár to help her in her attempt to lessen the power of the Peshwa. As Dámáji Gáikwár could not be spared from the Dakhan, Khanderáv was appointed his deputy in Gujarát, and he chose one Rámchandra to represent him at Áhmedábád. When Fakhr-ud-daulah advanced to join his appointment as viceroy he was received at Bálásinor with much respect by Sher Khán Bábi. Jawán Mard Khán Bábi, on the other hand, determining to resist Fakhr-ud-daulah to the utmost of his power, summoned Gangádhar with a body of Marátha horse from Petlád, and posting them at Isanpur, about ten miles south-west of the city, himself leaving the fortifications of Áhmedábád, encamped at Asarva, about a mile and a half from the walls. During his progress towards the capital the new viceroy was joined by Ráisinghji of Idar at Kapadvanj, and, advancing together, they arrived at Bhílpur, eighteen miles east of Áhmedábád. On their approach Jawán Mard Khán sent Safdar Khán and Gangádhar to oppose them, and the two armies met about six miles from the capital. After some fighting Fakhr-ud-daulah succeeded in forcing his way to the suburb of Rájpura, and next day continuing to drive back the enemy occupied the suburb of Behrampura and began the actual siege of the city. At this point affairs took a turn. Fakhr-ud-daulah was wounded and returned to his camp, while Jawán Mard Khán succeeded in winning over to his side Sher Khán Bábi and Ráisinghji of Ídar, two of the viceroy’s chief supporters. The ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' especially notes that Rája Ráisingh asked for money to pay his troops but Fakhr-ud-daulah, not knowing that this rule had long been a dead letter, said that as he held a district on service tenure, it was not proper for him to ask for a money aid when on imperial service.\n\nNext day Fakhr-ud-daulah was surrounded by Safdar Khán Bábi and the Maráthás, and himself one wife and some children were taken prisoners, while another of his wives and his son, who had managed to escape to Sidhpur, were captured and brought back to Áhmedábád.\n\n;Rangoji Disgraced by Khanderáv Gáikwár\nAfter this Khanderáv Gáikwár returned to Gujarát to receive his share of the spoil taken from Fakhr-ud-daulah. Reaching Borsad, he took Rangoji with him as far as Áhmedábád, where he met Jawán Mard Khán, and obtained from Rangoji his share of the tribute. Khanderáv was not satisfied with Rangoji’s accounts, and appointing a fresh deputy, he attached Rangoji’s property, and before leaving Áhmedábád for Sorath, put him in confinement at Borsad. He also confined Fakhr-ud-daulah in the Ghiáspur outpost on the bank of the Mahi river. Meanwhile in consequence of some misunderstanding between Jawán Mard Khán Bábi and his brother Safdar Khán, the latter retired to Udepur, and Jawán Mard Khán went to Visalnagar (Visnagar) then in the hands of his brother Zoráwar Khán. From Visalnagar, Jawán Mard Khán proceeded to Radhanpur, and meeting his brother Safdar Khán, they became reconciled, and returned together to Áhmedábád. Khanderáv Gáikwár, who had in the meantime returned from Sorath, encamping at Dholka appointed Trimbakráv Pandit as his deputy at Áhmedábád in place of Moro Pandit. On hearing that Rangoji had been thrown into confinement, Umábái sent for him, and he along with Khanderáv Gáikwár repaired to the Dakhan.\n\nShortly afterwards Punáji Vithal, in concert with Trimbak Pandit, being dissatisfied with Jawán Mard Khán, began to intrigue with Fakhr-ud-daulah. In the meantime Umábái had appointed Rangoji as her deputy, and, as he was a staunch friend of Jawán Mard Khán, he expelled Trimbakráv from Áhmedábád, and himself collected the Marátha share of the city revenues. Upon this Punáji Vithal sent Gangádhar and Krishnáji with an army, and they, expelling the Mughal officers from the districts from which the Maráthás levied the one-fourth share of the revenue, took the management of them into their own hands. Rangoji now asked Sher Khán Bábi to help him. Sher Khán agreed; but as he had not funds to pay his troops, he delayed, and afterwards plundered Mahudha and Nadiad. As Rangoji failed to join him, Sher Khán proceeded by himself to Kapadvanj, and from Kapadvanj marched against the Marátha camp, with which Fakhr-ud-daulah was then associated. On the night after his arrival, the Maráthás made an attack on Sher Khán’s camp, in which many men on both sides were slain. Next morning the battle was renewed, but on Sher Khán suggesting certain terms the fighting ceased. That very night, hearing that Rangoji had reached Bálásinor, Sher Khán stole off towards Kapadvanj. Punáji and Fakhr-ud-daulah followed in pursuit but failed to prevent Rangoji and Sher Khán from joining their forces.\n\n;Siege of Kapadvanj by Fakhr-ud-daulah, 1746\nIn 1746 a battle was fought in the neighbourhood of the town of Kapadvanj in which Sher Khán was wounded. He was forced to take shelter with Rangoji in Kapadvanj, while Fakhr-ud-daulah, Gangádhar, and Krishnáji laid siege to that town. At this time the Lunáváḍa chief asked Malhárráv Holkar on his way back from his yearly raid into Malwa, to join him in attacking Virpur. Holkar agreed and Virpur was plundered. Rangoji, hearing of the arrival of Holkar, begged him to come to his aid, and on promise of receiving a sum of Rupees 2 lákhs and two elephants, Holkar consented. Gangádhar, Krishnáji, and Fakhr-ud-daulah, hearing of the approach of Holkar, raised the siege of Kapadvanj, and marching to Dholka expelled the governor of that district. Shortly afterwards on a summons from Dámáji and Khanderáv Gáikwár Rangoji retired to Baroda. Meanwhile Fakhr-ud-daulah, Krishnáji, and Gangádhar advanced to Jetalpur in the Daskroi sub-division of Áhmedábád and, taking possession of it, expelled Ámbar Habshi, the deputy of Jawán Mard Khán. Dámáji and Khanderáv Gáikwár passed from Baroda to Vasu, where they were met by Krishnáji and Gangádhar, whom Dámáji censured for aiding Fakhr-ud-daulah. On this occasion Dámáji bestowed the districts of Baroda Naḍiád and Borsad on his brother Khanderáv, an action which for ever removed any ill feeling on the part of Khanderáv. Then, proceeding to Goklej, Dámáji had an interview with Jawán Mard Khán. From Goklej he sent Kánoji Tákpar with Fakhr-ud-daulah to Sorath, and himself returned to Songaḍ. As Borsad had been given to Khanderáv, Rangoji fixed on Umreth as his residence.\n\nIn this year, 1746, Teghbeg Khán, governor of Surat, died, and was succeeded by his brother Safdar Muhammad Khán, who, in acknowledgment of a present of seven horses, received from the emperor the title of Bahádur. At this time Tálib Áli Khán died, and the writer of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' was appointed minister by the emperor. In 1747, Rangoji returned to Áhmedábád, and Jawán Mard Khán had an interview with him a few miles from the city. Shortly after this the Kolis of Mehmudabad and Mahudha rebelled, but the revolt was speedily crushed by Sháhbáz Rohilla.\n\n;Momín Khán II. Governor of Cambay, 1748\nDuring this year Najm Khán, governor of Cambay, died. Muftakhir Khán, son of Najm-ud-daulah Momín Khán I., who had also received the title of Momín Khán II, informed the emperor of Najm Khán’s death, and himself assumed the office of governor in which in 1748 he was confirmed. On hearing of the death of Najm Khán, on pretense of condoling with the family of the late governor, Fidá-ud-dín Khán marched to Cambay, but as he was not allowed to enter the town he retired. He afterwards went to Umreth and lived with Rangoji. Kánoji Tákpar, who had gone with Fakhr-ud-daulah into Sorath, now laid siege to and took the town of Vanthali. As it was nearly time for the Maráthás to return to their country, Kánoji and Fakhr-ud-daulah, retiring to Dholka, expelled Muhammad Jánbáz, the deputy governor. Rangoji, who had at this time a dispute with Jawán Mard Khán regarding his share of tribute, now came and joined them, and their combined forces marched upon Sanand, where, after plundering the town, they encamped. It was now time for Kánoji to withdraw to the Dakhan (Deccan). Rangoji and Fakhr-ud-daulah, remaining behind to collect tribute from the neighbouring districts, marched to Ísanpur, where they were opposed by Jawán Mard Khán. On this occasion both Jawán Mard Khán and Fakhr-ud-daulah sought the alliance of Rája Ráisingh of Ídar. But, as he offered more favourable terms, Rája Ráisingh determined to join Fakhr-ud-daulah. Sher Khán Bábi also joined Fakhr-ud-daulah, who, thus reinforced, laid siege to Áhmedábád. While these events were passing at Áhmedábád, Hariba, an adopted son of Khanderáv Gáikwár, at that time in possession of the fort of Borsad, began to plunder Rangoji’s villages under Petlád, and, attacking his deputy, defeated and killed him. On this Rangoji withdrew from Áhmedábád, attacked and captured the fort of Borsad, and forced Hariba to leave the country. Jawán Mard Khán now sent for Janárdhan Pandit, Khanderáv’s deputy at Naḍiád, and, in place of Rangoji’s representative, appointed him to manage the Marátha share of Áhmedábád.\n\n;Surat Affairs, 1748\nDuring these years important changes had taken place in the government of Surat. In 1734, when Mulla Muhammad Áli, the chief of the merchants and builder of the Athva fort, was killed in prison by Teghbeg Khán, the Nizám sent Sayad Miththan to revenge his death. Sayad Miththan was forced to return unsuccessful. After Teghbeg Khán’s death, Sayad Miththan again came to Surat and lived there with his brother Sayad Achchan, who held the office of paymaster. Sayad Miththan tried to get the government of the town into his hands, but, again failing, committed suicide. His brother Sayad Achchan then attacked and took the citadel, expelling the commander; and for several days war was waged between him and the governor Safdar Muhammad Khán with doubtful success. At last Sayad Achchan called to his aid Malhárráv, the deputy at Baroda, and their combined forces took possession of the whole city. During the sack of the city, Malhárráv was killed and the entire management of affairs fell into the hands of Sayad Achchan. Safdar Muhammad Khán, the late governor, though obliged to leave the city, was determined not to give up Surat without a struggle, and raising some men opened fire on the fort. Sayad Achchan now begged the Arab, Turk, English, Dutch and Portuguese merchants to aid him. A deed addressed to the emperor and the Nizám, begging that Sayad Achchan should be appointed governor, was signed by all the merchants except by Mr. Lamb the English chief, and though he at first refused, he was in the end persuaded by the other merchants to sign. The merchants then assisted Sayad Achchan, and Safdar Muhammad Khán retired to Sindh.\n\n;Mulla Fakhr-ud-din Escapes to Bombay and Cession of Surat Revenue to the Gáikwár, 1747\nSayad Achchan agreed, but on the way Mr. Lamb carried off Mulla Fakhr-ud-dín to the English factory, and afterwards sent him to Bombay (now Mumbai) in disguise. In the meantime Kedárji Gáikwár, a cousin of Dámáji’s, whom, with Malhárrav, Sayad Achchan had asked to his help, arrived at Surat, and though Sayad Achchan had been successful without his aid, Kedárji demanded the Rupees 3 lákhs which had been promised him. As the Sayad was not in a position to resist Kedárji’s demands, and as he had no ready money to give him, he made over to him a third of the revenues of Surat until the amount should be paid. As before this another third of the revenues of Surat had been assigned to Háfiz Masûud Khán, the deputy of Yákut Khán of Janjira, the emoluments of the governor of Surat were reduced to one-third of the entire revenue and this was divided between the Mutasaddi and Bakhshi.\n\nIn 1747 (Samvat 1803), there was a severe shock of earthquake and a great famine which caused many deaths. In the following year, Jawán Mard Khán endeavoured to recapture Jetalpur, but failed. About the same time Umábái died, and Dámáji’s brother Khanderáv, who was on good terms with Ambiká, wife of Báburáv Senápati, the guardian of Umábái’s son, procured his own appointment as deputy of his brother Dámáji in Gujarát. On being appointed deputy, Khanderáv at once marched against Rangoji to recover Borsad, which, as above mentioned, Rangoji had taken from Hariba. Their forces were joined by two detachments, one from Momín Khán under the command of Ágha Muhammad Husain, the other from Jawán Mard Khán commanded by Janárdhan Pandit. The combined army besieged Borsad. After a five months’ siege, Borsad was taken, and Rangoji was imprisoned by Khanderáv. On the fall of Borsad Sher Khán Bábi and Rája Ráisingh of Ídar, who were allies of Rangoji, returned to Bálásinor and Ídar; Fakhr-ud-daulah was sent to Petlád and Fidá-ud-dín Khán, leaving Umreth, took shelter with Jetha, the chief of Atarsumba.\n\nIn 1748, the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah died and was succeeded by his son Ahmad Shah Bahadur ().\n", "* Mahárája Ajítsingh, Forty-ninth Viceroy, 1719–1721 (second time)\n* Haidar Kúli Khán, Fiftieth Viceroy, 1721–1722\n* Nizám-ul-Mulk, Fifty-first Viceroy, 1722\n* Sarbuland Khan, Fifty-second Viceroy, 1723–1730\n* Mahárája Abheysingh, Fifty-third Viceroy, 1730–1733\n** Ratansingh Bhandári, Deputy Viceroy, 1733–1737\n* Momín Khán, Fifty-fourth Viceroy, 1737\n* Mahárája Abheysingh, Fifty-fifth Viceroy, 1737 (second time)\n* Momín Khán, Fifth-sixth Viceroy, 1738–1743 (second time)\n** Fidá-ud-dín acts as Viceroy, 1743\n** Abdúl Ázíz Khán of Junnar, Viceroy (by a forged order)\n* Muftakhir Khán, Fifty-seventh Viceroy, 1743–44\n* Fakhr-ud-daulah, Fifty-eighth Viceroy, 1744–1748\n", "\n", "\n\n===Bibliography===\n\n* \n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Viceroys under Muhammad Shah (1719–1748)", "List of Viceroys under Muhammad Shah (1719–1748)", "Notes", "References" ]

[ ";Battle of Arás\nRustam Áli Khán, governor of Surat, in the hope of being revenged on Hámid Khán, invited the aid of Píláji Gáikwár, and it was agreed that they should meet on the north bank of the Narmada River.", "As Píram was not popular, Mulla Muhammad fixed on the village of Athwa, on the left bank of the Tápti, about twelve miles from its mouth.", "In this year Udaikaran, Desái of Víramgám, was murdered by a Kasbáti of that town named Áli, and Salábát Muhammad Khán Bábi, who was sent to investigate this murder, died on his way at Paldi, a village on the right bank of the Sábarmati opposite to Áhmedábád.", "He also confined Fakhr-ud-daulah in the Ghiáspur outpost on the bank of the Mahi river." ]

[ "The Mughal Empire's province Gujarat (now in India) was managed by the viceroys appointed by the emperors.", "The emperor Farrukhsiyar was deposed by influential Sayad brothers in 1719.", "He was succeeded by the short reigns of Rafi ud-Darajat and Shah Jahan II.", "Finally Muhammad Shah was raised to the throne by them.", "To make peace with powerful vassal, he appointed Ajítsingh of Márwár as a viceroy.", "The Maratha incursions continued and Píláji Gáikwár established himself at Songad near southern border of Gujarat.", "Ajit Singh had appointed Anopsingh Bhandari as his deputy.", "For helping desposing influencial Sayad brothers, Haidar Kúli Khán was appointed the next viceroy.", "People discontent with Anopsingh rejoiced his appointment but he tried to make himself free so he was recalled.", "Nizám-ul-Mulk took over who had to face the Maratha incursion again.", "The Marathas taking advantage of weakening Mughal Empire started extracting tribute from Gujarat regularly.", "The next viceroy Sarbuland Khan came in conflict with the Marathas whose generals were first defeated at Kapadvanj and again at Aras.", "The infighting in Marathas later stalled their advances.", "The imperial troops was sent by the emperor to help.", "Finally the Marathas were defeated at Sojitra and Kapadvanj and pushed back from their inroads in Gujarat.", "In subsequent years, the Marathas attacked Vadnagar and later captured Baroda, Dabhoi and Champaner.", "The growing power of Marathas in the southern Gujarat can not be contained.", "In 1730, Abheysingh was appointed as the viceroy who defeated Mubáriz-ul-Mulk at Adalaj who has opposed his appointment.", "He soon allied with Maratha Peshwa and defeated another Maratha Gaikwar.", "He returned to Marwar placing Ratansingh Bhandari, his deputy, in charge.", "He recovered Baroda but his rivalry with other Mughal leaders Momin Khan and Sohrab Khan weaken him.", "Soon Momin Khan was appointed as the viceroy but he had to laid seige of Ahmedabad to be in power as Ratansingh had not complied with the order.", "Soon the emperor reappointed Abheysingh but Momin Khan continued seige.", "He took help of Damaji Gaikwar and finally captured Ahmedabad.", "He had to share revenues with Gaikwars but soon disagreements rose and they had fights.", "He tried to manage his control over Gujarat but the Marathas keep growing and expanding their power.", "After death of Momin Khan, Fidá-ud-dín managed the province foe a while.", "Abdúl Ázíz Khán, the commander of Junnar near Pune came to power due to forged order but later had to relinquish.", "Muftakhir Khán, son of Momin Khan, appointed as the next viceroy.", "During his reign, the Marathas came to Ahmedabad and continued to attack towns in central Gujarat.", "Fakhr-ud-daulah succeeded him.", "He had some peace due to internal struggles between the different houses of the Marathas had slow down their advances in Gujarat.", "In 1748, Muhammad Shah died and he was succeeded by his son Ahmad Shah Bahadur.", "Early in 1719, the emperor Farrukhsiyar was deposed and put to death by the his nobles Sayads; and a prince named Rafi ud-Darajat, a grandson of the emperor, was raised to the throne.", "Rafi ud-Darajat was put to death by the Sayads after a reign of three months, and his brother Rafi ud-Daulah as Shah Jahan II, who succeeded him, also died after a few days' reign.", "The Sayads then raised to the throne prince Roshan Akhtar Bahadur with the title of Muhammad Shah.", "===Mahárája Ajítsingh, Forty-ninth Viceroy, 1719–1721===\nAfter the murder of Farrukhsiyar, the most powerful vassal in the neighbourhood of Delhi was Ajítsingh of Márwár.", "To win him to their side the Sayads granted him the viceroyalty of Gujarát, and Míhr Áli Khán was appointed to act for him until his arrival, while Muhammad Bahádur Bábi, son of Salábat Muhammad Khán Bábi, was placed in charge of the police of the district immediately round Áhmedábád.", "Shortly after, through the influence of the Mahárája Ajítsingh, Náhir Khán superseded Míhr Áli Khán as deputy viceroy.", "Náhir Khán was also appointed to the charge of Dholka, Dahod and Petlad, and made superintendent of customs.", "About this time the head tax was repealed, and orders were issued that its levy in Gujarát should cease.", ";Píláji Gáikwár at Songaḍ, 1719.", "In the same year, 1719, Píláji Gáikwár marched on Surat with a large army and defeated the Mughal troops commanded by Sayad Âkil and Muhammad Panáh, the latter commander being taken prisoner and forced to pay a heavy ransom.", "Píláji, finding Gujarát an easy prey, made frequent incursions, and taking Songaḍ in the extreme south-east established himself there.", "Míhr Áli Khán, who had been acting for Náhir Khán, marched against and subdued the Kolis, who were committing piracy in the Mahi estuary.", ";Decay of Imperial Power, 1720.", "From 1720, Mughal rule in Gujarát was doomed.", "Píláji Gáikwár was established at Songaḍ, and in the anarchy that ensued, the great Gujarát houses of the Bábis and Jháloris, as well as the newly arrived Momín Khán, turned their thoughts to independence.", "Ajítsingh so hated Mughal rule that he secretly favoured the Maráthás, and strove to establish his own authority over such portions of Gujarát as bordered on Márwár.", "In after years, Sarbuland Khán made a vigorous attempt to reassert Mughal dominion, but the seeds of dissolution were sown and efforts at recovery were vain.", "In 1720, Ajítsingh the viceroy sent Anopsingh Bhandári to Gujarát as his deputy.", "In this year Nizám-ul-Mulk, viceroy of Ujjain, was superseded by Sayad Diláwar Khán.", "While Diláwar Khán was yet on the Málwa frontiers the Nizám desirous of possessing himself of the Dakhan (Deccan) and its resources retired to burhanpur pursued by Sayad Diláwar Khán, who giving battle was killed, the Nizám retiring to Aurangabad in the Dakhan.", "Álam Áli Khán, deputy viceroy of the Dakhan, was directed to march against him, while from north Gujarát Anopsingh Bhandári was ordered to send 10,000 horse to Surat, and Náhir Khán, the deputy viceroy, was instructed to proceed thither in person.", "The Nizám and Álam Áli Khán met near Bálápur in the Berárs and a battle was fought in which the Nizám was successful and Álam Khán was slain.", "At this time Anopsingh Bhandári committed many oppressive acts, of which the chief was the murder of Kapurchand Bhansáli, the leading merchant of Áhmedábád.", "The cause of Kapurchand’s murder was that he had hired a number of armed retainers who used to oppose the Bhandári’s orders and set free people unjustly imprisoned by him.", "To remove this meddler from his way the Bhandári got him assassinated.", ";Nizám-ul-Mulk Prime Minister, of the Empire, 1721\nIn 1721, Nizám-ul-Mulk was appointed prime minister of the empire, Abdúl Hamíd Khán was recalled from Sorath, and in his stead Asad Kuli Khán, with the title of Amir-ul-Umara, was appointed governor of Sorath and sent Muhammad Sharíf Khán into Sorath as his deputy.", "===Haidar Kúli Khán, Fiftieth Viceroy, 1721–22===\nIn 1721, in conjunction with Muhammad Amín and Saádat Khán, Haidar Kúli Khán freed the emperor from the tyranny of the Sayads, and was rewarded with the title of Muîz-ud-daulah Haidar Kúli Khán Bahádur Zafar Jang and the viceroyalty of Gujarát.", "He obtained the appointment of minister for his brother Jaâfar Kúli Khán.", "Maâsúm Kúli Khán was dignified by the title of Shujáât Khán Bahádur and appointed deputy viceroy.", "Disorder in Áhmedábád, 1721\nAs soon as this change was notified, the people of Áhmedábád, who were discontented with the rule of Anopsingh Bhandari, attacked his palace, the Bhadra, and he escaped with difficulty.", "In consequence of the enmity between Haidar Kúli Khán and the Márwáris, Shujáât Khán, the deputy viceroy, attacked the house of Náhir Khán who had been Ajítsingh’s minister, and forced him to pay Rupees 100000 and leave the city.", "Shujáât Khán next interfered with the lands of Safdar Khán Bábi, the deputy governor of Godhra, and his brothers.", "On one of the brothers repairing to Delhi and remonstrating, Haidar Kúli, restored their lands to the Bábis.", "In consequence of this decision ill-feeling sprung up between Shujáât Khán and the Bábis, and when Shujáât Khán went to exact tribute he forced Muhammad Khán Bábi, governor of Kaira (Kheda district), to pay a special fine of Rupees 10000.", "Shortly after one of the viceroy’s officers, Kásím Áli Khán, while employed against the Kolis of that part of the country, was killed at Pethapur.", "Shujáât Khán advanced, and revenged Kásím Áli’s death by burning the town.", "Next, he passed into Sorath, and after exacting tribute, crossed to Kutch.", "The chief opposed him, and in the fight that followed was beaten and forced to pay about Rupees 225000.", "In 1721, a Sayad was sent to Sorath as deputy governor in place of Muhammad Sharíf, and Haidar Kúli was appointed governor of Kadi, the Chúnvál, and Halvad (called Muhammadnagar), and put in charge of Tharad, Arjanpur, Bhámnárli, Pethápur, and Kheralu in place of Vakhatsingh, son of the Mahárája Ajítsingh.", "Early in 1722, Nizám-ul-Mulk took up the office of prime minister of the empire, to which he had been appointed in the previous year.", "Strenuous efforts were made to embroil him with Haidar Kúli Khán, as the Nizám’s austerity and craft were a source of not less anxiety to the Dehli court than Haidar Kúli’s more daring and restless ambition.", "Haidar Kúli Khán, unable to contend with the Nizám, left Dehli and retired to Gujarát.", "On his way the villagers of Dabháli opposed him killing one of his chief men named Alif Beg Khán.", "Haidar burned the village and put all the people to death, a severity which caused such terror that throughout his rule no difficulty was experienced in realizing tribute or in keeping the roads safe.", "About this time, among other changes, Muhammad Bahádúr, son of Salábat Khán Bábi, was placed in charge of Sádra and Virpur, with the title of Sher Khán.", "Shortly after his arrival the viceroy marched against and subdued the rebellious Kolis of the Chunvál, appointing Rustam Áli Khán his governor there.", "Then, returning to Áhmedábád, he took up his residence in the Bhadra.", "Shows signs of Independence and is Recalled, 1722.", "At this time Haidar Kúli aimed at bringing all Gujarát under his rule.", "He seized the imperial horses which passed through Áhmedábád on their way to Delhi, and confiscated many estates and gave them to his own men.", "On his way to enforce tribute from the Dungarpúr chiefs, he levied Rupees 80,000 from Lunavada.", "Through the mediation of the Udaipur Rána, and as he agreed to pay a tribute of Rupees 100000, the Rával of Dungarpur escaped.", "Haidar Kúli next proceeded to Vijapur, north of Áhmedábád, but hearing that the emperor was displeased at his assumption of the power of giving and changing grants of land, he returned to Áhmedábád and restored several estates which he had confiscated.", "===Nizám-ul-Mulk, Fifty-first Viceroy, 1722===\nAs the emperor continued to distrust Haidar Kúli Khan for his act to be free, and at the close of 1722 appointed Jumlat-ul-Mulk Nizám-ul-Mulk fifty-first viceroy.", "Haidar Kúli Khán, finding himself no match for the Nizám, was induced to retire quietly, and accordingly left Gujarát by way of Dungarpur.", "Shujáât Khán and Rustam Áli Khán accompanied him as far as Dungarpúr, and then returned to Áhmedábád.", "In the meantime the Nizám had reached Ujjain, and then directed Safdar Khán Bábi to carry on the government till he should arrive, appointing at the same time his uncle Hámid Khán as deputy viceroy and Fidwi Khán as minister.", "Subsequently the Nizám came to Gujarát and chose officers of his own for places of trust, the chief of whom was Momín Khán, who was appointed governor of Surat.", "The Nizám then returned to Delhi, but, after a short time, disgusted with his treatment at court, he retired to the Dakhan (Deccan), where, making Hyderabad his capital, he gradually began to act as an independent ruler.", "Meanwhile in Gujarát dissensions sprang up between Hámid Khán and other officers, but matters were arranged without any outbreak of hostility.", "Tribute was exacted from the chiefs on the banks of the Vatrak river and from Modhera an unruly Koli village was burned down, and garrisons were placed in the Koli country.", "In 1723 Rustam Áli Khán and Shujáât Khán were ordered from Delhi to march on Jodhpur, which they captured and plundered, and then returned to Áhmedábád.", ";Marathas return\nIn 1723, Piláji Gáikwár, who had been long hovering on the frontier, marched on Surat and was opposed by Momín Khán, whom he defeated.", "After levying contributions from the surrounding country, he returned to his head-quarters at Songad, and from this overran a considerable portion of the Surat territory, building several forts in the Rájpípla country.", "At the same time Kántáji Kadam Bánde, invading Gujarát from the side of Dahod, began to levy fixed contributions.", "Though before this occasional demands had often been made, 1723 was the first year in which the Maráthás imposed a regular tribute on Gujarát.", "Momín Khán was now appointed provincial minister, and Rustam Áli Khán succeeded him as revenue officer of Surat.", "===Sarbuland Khan, Fifty-second Viceroy, 1723–1730===\nAs Nizám had gone to the Dakhan without the emperor’s leave, Mubáriz-ul-Mulk Sarbuland Khan Bahádur Diláwar Jang was appointed fifty-second viceroy of Gujarát.", "He selected Shujáât Khán as his deputy, and made other arrangements for the government of the province.", "Hámid Khán, uncle and deputy of the Nizám, prepared to oppose Shujáât Khán, but through the intervention of Bábis Salábat Khán, Safdar Khán, and Jawán Mard Khán, Hámid Khán evacuated the Bhadra, and withdrew to Dahod.", "Shujáât Khán now went to collect tribute, leaving Ibráhím Kúli Khán at Áhmedábád, while Rámrái was posted at Mahudha in Kaira, with orders to watch the movements of Hámid Khán.", "As the viceroy was in need of money, he farmed to one Jívan Jugal the districts of Jambusar, Makbúlábad or Amod about twenty-two miles north of Bharuch, Dholka, and Bharuch.", "In 1724, he came to Áhmedábád with Áli Muhammad Khán father of the author of the ''Mirát-i-Áhmedi'', as his private minister.", "Rustam Áli, governor of Surat, having succeeded twice or thrice in defeating the Maráthás under Píláji Gáikwár, now offered, in conjunction with his brother Shujáât Khán, that if 20,000 men were placed under their orders, they would march against the Nizám.", "The emperor accepted this offer, allowing Rustam Áli to draw on the Surat treasury to the extent of Rupees 200000.", "Rustam Áli accordingly, with the aid of Áhmed Kúli his brother’s son, equipped an army.", "In the meantime the Nizám was not idle.", "He promised to Kántáji Kadam Bánde a one-fourth share of the revenue of Gujarát, provided he should be able, in concert with Hámid Khán, to re-conquer the province from Mubáriz-ul-Mulk.", "Shujáât Khán, who was now at Kadi, instead of following the advice of his minister and carefully watching Hámid Khán’s movements from Kapadvanj, went to a distant part of the province.", "Hámid Khán seeing his opportunity, united his forces with those of Kántáji Kadam, and marched to Kapadvanj.", "Shujáât Khán hearing of this, advanced towards Áhmedábád and encamped at Dabhoda near Áhmedábád and then proceeded to Mota Medra, about six miles east of the capital.", "When he came so near Áhmedábád, many of his soldiers went without leave into the city to visit their families.", "The Maráthás attacked his rear guard, and his men giving way took to flight.", "Hámid Khán seeing that Shujáât Khán had but a small force, marched between him and the capital.", "A battle was fought, in which Shujáât Khán was slain, and his two sons Hasan Kúli and Mustafa Kúli were taken prisoners.", "Shujáât Khán’s head was cut off and sent to Safdar Khán Bábi, to be sent to Ibráhím Kúli his son, who was doing duty as commandant at Áhmedábád.", "Hámid Khán took up his quarters in and got possession of all Áhmedábád except the city.", "Hámid Khán now sent a message to the emperor, that the Maráthás had been successful in defeating Shujáât Khán and conquering Gujarát, but that he had defended Áhmedábád against them.", "The emperor sent him a dress of honour, but after a few days discovered that Hámid’s message was false.", "The Maráthás now marched through the country, collecting their ''chauth'' or one-fourth and their ''sardeshmukhi'' or one-tenth shares of the revenue.", "Kántáji went to Viramgam and besieged the town, but on the promise of one of the chief inhabitants to raise a sum of Rupees 350000, the Maráthás retired.", "Hámid Khán who was now independent began to bestow lands and districts many of which remained with the grantees and were never recovered by future governors.", "Ibráhím Kúli, son of Shujáât Khán, in revenge for his father’s death, determined to assassinate Hámid Khán.", "The attempt failed.", "Hámid Khán escaped and Ibráhím Kúli was slain.", "Píláji promised to aid Rustam Khán, and the allied armies, crossing the Mahi river, encamped at Aras in the plain between Anand Anand and the Mahi.", "Hámid Khán, accompanied by Mír Nathu, Muhammad Salábat Rohila, and Kántáji Kadam, marched to oppose Rustam Khán.", "Hámid Khán also entered into secret negotiations with Píláji Gáikwár, who resolved to remain neutral and side with the conqueror.", "A battle was fought, in which, though Piláji took no part, Hámid Khán was defeated and put to flight, and Mír Nathu was killed.", "After the fight Rustam Áli remained on the field of battle and liberated his nephews, plundering Hámid Khán’s camp.", "Píláji plundered Rustam Áli’s camp and then moved off, while Kántáji carried away what was left in the camp of Hámid Khán.", "Hámid Khán reproached Kántáji for his inactivity; but he pleaded in excuse that he was watching the mode of warfare amongst Mughals, and promised to attack Rustam Áli shortly.", "Now, as the Maráthás really desired to ruin Rustam Áli, who was their bitter foe, they after a few days surrounded him and cut off his supplies.", "Rustam Áli stood a blockade of eight days, and then forced his way through his enemies and went to Nápád, (about fourteen miles west of the Vásad railway station in the Anand district), and then through Kalamsar to Nápa or Nába under Petlad.", "The Maráthás still pursuing Rustam Áli retired to Vasu under Petlád where he gave battle, and by a furious charge broke the Marátha line.", "The Maráthás rallied, and Rustam Áli and his men were defeated, Rustam Áli being slain and his nephews again taken prisoners.", "Rustam was buried on the field of battle and his head sent to Áhmedábád.", "Hámid Khán returned to Áhmedábád with the Maráthás, who saw that their only means of effecting a permanent footing in the province was by supporting him.", "Hámid Khán then assigned a one-fourth share of the revenue of the territory north of the Mahi to Kántáji, and to Píláji a corresponding interest in the territory south of the Mahi, including Surat and Baroda.", "After this Hámid Khán acted tyrannically.", "He extorted large sums from the rich, and poisoned the two sons of Shujáât Khán.", "When the news of Kántáji’s and Píláji’s success reached the Dakhan, Trimbak Rao Dabhade, son of Khanderáv Senápati, came with a large army and laid siege to Cambay.", "While the siege was being pressed a quarrel among the Marátha leaders culminated in strife and bloodshed.", "Trimbak Rao was wounded or killed and the Marátha army had to disperse and retire.", ";Mubáriz-ul-Mulk recaptures the provice from Hamid Khan and the Maráthás, 1725.", "Salábat Khán, leaving Áhmedábád, went to Víramgám, and after some time, placing his nephew at Víramgám, he went into Gohilwad.", "When the news of the defeat and death of Rustam Áli reached Delhi, the emperor ordered Mubáriz-ul-Mulk to take a strong army and proceed in person to Gujarát and expel Hámid Khán and the Maráthás.", "Mubáriz-ul-Mulk marched on Gujarát with a large army, assisted by Mahárája Abheysingh of Jodhpur, Chatarsingh Rája of Narwar in Bundelkhand, Gandrapsingh, and the Mahárána of Udaipur.", "On his arrival at Ajmer, Mubáriz-ul-Mulk was received by his private minister Áli Muhammad Khán, who afterwards joined Jawán Mard Khán Bábi in Rádhanpur, and united their troops with those under Mubáriz-ul-Mulk.", "At that time Salábat Khán was removed from his government, and Safdar Khán Bábi died.", "In obedience to the imperial order, Mubáriz-ul-Mulk marched from Ajmer and came to the Gujarát frontier.", "On his approach Hámid Khán returned to Áhmedábád.", "He placed Rúpsingh and Sardár Muhammad Ghorni in charge of the city and himself withdrew to Mehmúdábád.", "Mubáriz-ul-Mulk now sent Sheikh Alíyár in advance with an army against Áhmedábád.", "When Sheikh Alíyár arrived before the city, Muhammad Ghorni, who was dissatisfied with Hámid Khán for bringing in the Maráthás, persuaded Rúpsingh to fly.", "In the meantime Mubáriz-ul-Mulk with the main body of his forces reached Sidhpur.", "Hámid Khán, accompanied by a detachment of Marátha horse, now returned to Áhmedábád; but Muhammad Ghorni closed the gates, and would not suffer him to enter the city.", "Mubáriz-ul-Mulk marched to Mehsana.", "About this time Áli Muhammad Khán, the father of the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'', who was now with Mubáriz-ul-Mulk at Mehsána, advised him to conciliate the influential family of Bábi.", "Under his advice, Salábat Muhammad Khán Bábi was appointed governor of Víramgám, and Jawán Mard Khán governor of Pátan.", "Shortly afterwards Murlidhardás, the Gujaráti minister of Hámid Khán, deserted his master’s declining cause.", "When Kantáji heard that Mubáriz-ul-Mulk had arrived at Pethápur, only eighteen miles from Áhmedábád, he retired to Mehmúdábád.", "Before the close of 1725, Mubáriz-ul-Mulk reached Áhmedábád, where he was well received by the officials and merchants.", "Hámid Khán and Kantáji, who had by this time reached the banks of the Mahi river, were now joined by Píláji Gáikwár.", "The Marátha leaders, seeing that the only way to preserve their footing in the province was to espouse the cause of Hámid Khán, united their forces with his, and prepared to march on Áhmedábád.", "Mubáriz-ul-Mulk deputed his son Khánahzád Khán with an army to oppose them, and made several appointments, among other changes raising Áli Muhammad Khán to the post of minister.", ";Defeat of the Maráthás at Sojitra and Kapadvanj, 1725\nKhánahzád Khán met the Maráthás near Sojitra, about ten miles north-west of Petlád, and defeated them, pursuing them as far as the Mahi.", "Then, returning, he was reinforced by his brother Sháh Nawáz Khán, and marched against the Maráthás, who were encamped at Kapadvanj.", "Another battle was fought, and the Maráthás were again defeated and pursued as far as the hills of Áli-Mohan now Chhota Udaipur in the extreme east of the province.", "Khánahzád Khán now appointed Hasan-ud-dín governor of Baroda, Bharuch, Jambusar, and Makbulábád.", ";Marátha Expedition against Vadnagar, 1725\nMeanwhile Antáji Bháskar, a Marátha noble, entering Gujarát from the side of Idar, laid siege to the town of Vadnagar, which, according to the old Gujarát proverb, with Umreth in the Kaira district, are the two golden feathers of the kingdom of Gujarát.", "Vadnagar was inhabited by wealthy Bráhmans of the Nágar caste who prayed Mubáriz-ul-Mulk to march to their relief; but as both his sons were in pursuit of the other Marátha bands defeated at Kapadvanj, the viceroy had no troops to spare from the Áhmedábád garrison.", "The Nágars accordingly, seeing no prospect of help, paid a sum of Rupees 400000 and Antáji Bháskar retired.", "Kantáji and Píláji, encouraged by this raid of Antáji’s, entered Gujarát from different quarters.", "Kántáji again laid siege to Vadnagar.", "The Nágars, unable to pay the contribution demanded, leaving their property fled and Kántáji in his attempts to unearth the buried treasure burned down the town.", "Shortly afterwards Umreth in the Kaira district suffered a similar fate at the hands of Kántáji.", "In one of his raids Píláji Gáikwár advancing as far as Baroda was met by Khánahzád Khán, the son of the viceroy.", "Distrusting the issue of a battle Píláji fled to Cambay, and from Cambay withdrew to Sorath.", "For these services the emperor raised Khánahzád Khán to the rank of a noble, with the title Ghálib Jang.", "About this time Áli Muhammad Khán was dismissed from the post of minister, and in his stead first Muhammad Sayad Beg and afterwards Muhammad Sulaimán were appointed.", "Not long afterwards Áli Muhammad Khán was again entrusted with a command and raised to be governor of Dholka.", "The Maráthás retired to the Dakhan, but, returning in 1726, compelled Mubáriz-ul-Mulk to confirm his predecessor’s grants in their favour.", "The emperor refused to acknowledge any cessions of revenue to the Maráthás; and the viceroy, hard pressed for money, unable to obtain support from the court and receiving little help from his impoverished districts, was forced to impose fresh taxes on the citizens of Áhmedábád, and at the same time to send an army to collect their tribute from the Mahi chiefs.", "As part of the agreement between Mubáriz-ul-Mulk and the Marátha chiefs Píláji was to receive a share in the revenue of the districts south of the Mahi.", "But Peshwa Bajirao Balál, to whom, as agent of his rival Khanderáv Dábháde, Píláji was obnoxious, sent Udáji Pavár to drive Píláji away.", "In this Udáji was successful, and defeating Píláji forced him to seek the aid of Kántáji.", "Kántáji, perceiving that if the Peshwa became supreme his own independence would suffer, joined Píláji, and marching together upon Baroda they endeavoured, but without success, to prevent the Mughal governor Sadr-ud-dín Khán from entering the city.", "About this time want of funds forced Mubáriz-ul-Mulk to sell the greater part of the Dholka district to different landholders.", "In the following year, 1727, Bájiráv Peshwa began to negotiate with Mubáriz-ul-Mulk, undertaking that if the one-fourth and one-tenth shares in the revenue of the province were guaranteed to him, he would protect Gujarát from other invaders.", "Though he did not consent to these proposals, the viceroy so far accepted the alliance of the Peshwa as to allow the governor of Baroda to aid Udáji Pavár against Píláji.", ";Piláji Gáikwár obtains Baroda and Dabhoi, 1727.", "Piláji and Kántáji outmanœuvred Udáji and prevented him from effecting a junction with the governor of Baroda, who in the end was forced to abandon both that city and the stronghold of Dabhoi, while Udáji retired to Málwa.", "Píláji Gáikwár now obtained possession of Baroda.", "Mubáriz-ul-Mulk, still sorely pressed for funds, marched into Sorath to exact tribute.", "On reaching Víramgám, Salábat Muhammad Khán Bábi, on behalf of the Jám of Nawánagar, presented the viceroy with Rupees 100000, and for this service was rewarded with the gift of an elephant.", "Mubáriz-ul-Mulk then marched against Chháya, the capital of the chief of Porbandar in the south-west of Káthiáwad.", "This chief, by putting to sea, hoped to escape the payment of tribute.", "But on hearing that the viceroy proposed to annex his territory and appoint an officer to govern it, he returned and agreed to pay a tribute of Rupees 40,000.", "On his way back to Áhmedábád, Mubáriz-ul-Mulk passed through Halvad in Jháláváḍa, and there married the daughter of Jhála Pratápsingh, the chief of that district, whom he accordingly exempted from the payment of tribute.", "About this time the viceroy received orders from the emperor to restore certain land which he had confiscated, and as he neglected to obey, certain estates of his in the Panjáb were resumed.", ";Capture of Chámpáner by the Maráthás, 1728.", "In the meantime Krishnáji, foster son of Kántáji, made a sudden attack upon Champaner and captured that fortress, and from that time Kántáji’s agents remained permanently in Gujarát to collect his share of the tribute.", "In 1728 the minister Momín Khán died, and in his place the emperor selected Momín Khán’s brother Abd-ul-Ghani Khán.", "About this time Asad Áli, governor of Junágaḍh, also died, and on his deathbed appointed Salábat Muhammad Khán Bábi, deputy governor of that fortress.", "Salábat Muhammad Khán sent his son Sher Khán Bábi to act on his behalf.", "When the emperor heard of the death of Asad Áli, he appointed Ghulám Muhy-ud-dín Khán, son of the late Asad Áli, governor.", "Ghulám Muhy-ud-dín did not proceed to Junágaḍh but continued Sher Khán Bábi as his deputy perceiving that neither Píláji nor Kántáji afforded any protection to Gujarát, but rather pillaged it, closed with the offers of Bájiráv Peshwa, and in 1729 formally granted to him the one-fourth and one-tenth shares of the revenue of the province.", "The Peshwa accordingly sent his brother Chimnájiráv to collect the tribute.", "Chimnáji plundered Dholka and the country near Chámpáner, while Mubáriz-ul-Mulk exacted tribute from the chiefs on the banks of the Vatrak river.", "Kántáji now entered Gujarát and prepared for war in case Chimnáji and the viceroy should unite against him.", "His movements were not interfered with, and after collecting his share of the tribute, he retired to Sorath.", "The viceroy now marched against the Kolis, and after destroying many of them together with their wives and children, returned to Áhmedábád by way of Modasa and Ahmednagar (Himatnagar).", "Ghulám Muhy-ud-dín Khán, governor of Junágaḍh, who had not yet proceeded to his command, appointed a second deputy.", "Through the influence of the viceroy this appointment was not confirmed, and instead Sher Khán Bábi, son of Salábat Muhammad Khán, was placed in charge of that fortress.", ";Mulla Muhammad Áli raises a Disturbance at Surat, 1729\nIn Surat, the year 1729, was marked by a severe flood in the Tapti river and by a somewhat serious local disturbance.", "The chief cause of the disturbance was Mulla Muhammad Áli, a rich Muslim trader of Surat.", "This man who, as Ûmda-tut-tujjár or chief of the merchants, had already a special rank in the city, was tempted to take advantage of the disorders of the time to raise himself to the position of an independent ruler.", "With this object, he chose as his head-quarters the Piram Island in the Gulf of Cambay, near the port of Ghogha, and there spent considerable sums in strengthening the island and tempting settlers to place themselves under his protection.", "Here he began to build a fort, but was ordered to desist by Sohráb Khán, the governor of Surat, from which city the proposed stronghold was only three miles distant.", "Mulla Muhammad so far from obeying, persuaded Beglar-Beg Khán the commander of the fort of Surat to side with him.", "Accordingly, next day, Beglar-Beg Khán bombarded the governor Sohráb Khán’s residence, proclaiming that his own brother Teghbeg Khán was appointed governor of Surat.", "In the end, Mulla Muhammad Áli induced the chief merchants of the city to pray for the removal of Sohráb who pending receipt of orders from the emperor was made to hand over his official residence in the city to Teghbeg Khán.", ";Naḍiád given in Farm, 1729.", "In the same year, 1729, Jawán Mard Khán Bábi was chosen governor of Petlad, Áli Muhammad Khán was made collector of Áhmedábád, and Áli Muhammad’s son, the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' and his brother were appointed governor and superintendent of the customs of that district.", "Áli Muhammad Khán shortly resigned and was succeeded by Rú-ín Khán.", "At this time Jawán Mard Khán Bábi, while punishing the Kolis of Bálor, probably Bhátod about fifteen miles east of Bharuch, was killed by a man of that tribe, and in revenge for his death the town of Bálor was plundered.", "On the death of Jawán Mard Khán, at the request of Salábat Muhammad Khán Bábi, his eldest son Kamál-ud-dín Khán Bábi received the districts of Sami and Munjpur and the title of Jawán Mard Khán.", "At the same time the second son, Muhammad Anwar, with the title of Safdar Khán, was appointed to the government of Radhanpur.", "The viceroy now went to Naḍiád, where Rái Kishandás, agent of Jawán Mard Khán, received the district of Petlád in farm.", "From Naḍiád, Mubáriz-ul-Mulk went to collect tribute from Sarḍársingh, the chief of Bhadarva in the Rewa Kántha about fifteen miles north of Baroda, on the banks of the Mahi river, who, after some fighting, agreed to pay a sum of Rs.", "20000.", "On his way back to Áhmedábád the viceroy levied tribute from the chief of Umeta, fifteen miles west of Baroda.", "As Rái Kishandás failed to pay the sum agreed on for the farm of Petlád, an order was issued for his imprisonment.", "To save himself from the indignity he committed suicide.", ";Athva Fort, 1730\nWhen Kántáji returned from Sorath he camped at Sanand, and his advanced guard carried off some of the viceroy’s elephants which were grazing there.", "Men were sent in pursuit, but in vain, and the Maráthás escaped.", "Meanwhile, at Surat, Mulla Muhammad Áli continued to build the fort at Athva.", "At last his accomplice, Beglar-Beg Khán the commander of the Surat fort, began to perceive that if the Athva fort were completed the Mulla would be in a position to obstruct the trade of the port of Surat.", "He consequently ordered him to stop building.", "In spite of this the Mulla succeeded in persuading Sohráb Khán to allow him to go on with his fort promising in return to get him confirmed as governor of Surat.", "Sohráb Khán agreed, and the fort was completed, and Sohráb Khán was duly appointed governor.", "As the fort was immediately below Surat the revenue of Surat was greatly diminished, and Sohráb Khán, when it was too late, saw his mistake.", ";The Viceroy in Káthiáváḍa and Kutch, 1730\nIn 1730, Mubáriz-ul-Mulk went into Gohilwad in south-east Kathiawad and levied tribute from Bhávsingh, chief of Sihor; then he proceeded to Mádhupur, a town under Porbandar, and laid it waste.", "While engaged at Mádhupur, Momín Khán, son-in-law of the late Momín Khán, owing to some misunderstanding with the viceroy suddenly set out for Áhmedábád and from Áhmedábád proceeded to Ágra.", "The viceroy now marched in the direction of Kutch and refusing the offer of a yearly tribute of about 10,00,000 ''mahmúdi''s, advanced against Bhuj.", "He experienced great difficulty in crossing the Rann of Kutch, and as the Ráo had cut off all supplies, and as at the same time news arrived of disturbances in Áhmedábád, he was obliged, after a month and a half, to retire to Rádhanpur.", ";Riots at Áhmedábád\nThe author of the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi was ordered to suppress the Áhmedábád riots, which had arisen out of the levy of some fresh taxes, and was invested with the title of Hasan Muhammad Khán.", "===Mahárája Abheysingh, Fifty-third Viceroy, 1730–1733===\nIn 1730, Mahárája Abheysingh of Jodhpur was appointed viceroy and had reached Palanpur.", "The friends of order endeavoured to arrange a peaceable transfer between the Mahárája and the late viceroy, but Mubáriz-ul-Mulk determined to try the chances of war, and prepared for resistance.", "At this time Mír Ismáíl, deputy of Ghulám Muhy-ud-dín Khán, arrived and took charge of the government of Junágaḍh from Sher Khán Bábi.", "Mahárája Abheysingh, after making various appointments, set out with his brother Vakhatsingh and 20,000 men to take over the government of Gujarát.", "When he reached Pálanpur and saw that Mubáriz-ul-Mulk was determined on resistance, he sent an order to Sardár Muhammad Ghorni appointing him his minister and directing him to take possession of the city of Áhmedábád and drive out the late viceroy.", "As Sardár Muhammad was not strong enough to carry out these orders he awaited the Mahárája’s arrival.", "When the Mahárája reached Sidhpur he was joined by Safdar Khán Bábi and Jawán Mard Khán Bábi from Radhanpur.", "They then advanced together to Adalaj, distant only about eight miles from Ahmedabad, their army increasing daily.", ";Battle of Adálaj (1730) and Mubáriz-ul-Mulk defeated\nMubáriz-ul-Mulk was already encamped between Adálaj and the city, and on the approach of the Mahárája a battle was fought in which the Mahárája was defeated.", "Abheysingh changed his position, and another and bloodier engagement took place, in which both sides tried to kill the opposing commander.", "But as both Mubáriz-ul-Mulk and the Mahárája fought disguised as common soldiers, neither party succeeded.", "At first the Mahárája who had the advantage in position repulsed the enemy, but Mubáriz-ul-Mulk fought so desperately in the river-bed that the Ráthoḍs gave way.", "They rallied and made one more desperate charge, but were met, repulsed, and finally pursued as far as Sarkhej.", "The Mahárája, who had not expected so determined an opposition, now sent Momín Khán and Amarsingh to negotiate with Mubáriz-ul-Mulk, who was still determined to resist to the uttermost.", "It was finally agreed that Mubáriz-ul-Mulk should receive a sum of Rupees 1 lakh and should surrender Áhmedábád to the Mahárája.", "Mubáriz-ul-Mulk accordingly quitted the city and left for Agra by way of Udaipur.", "The Mahárája entering Áhmedábád, appointed Ratansingh Bhandári his deputy, and placed Fidá-ud-dín Khán, cousin of Momín Khán, in charge of the city police.", "Shortly afterwards Karímdád Khán Jhálori, governor of Pálanpur, who had accompanied the Mahárája into Gujarát, died.", "After the death of Salábat Muhammad Khán Bábi, his son, Sher Khán Bábi, was dismissed from the government of Junágaḍh.", "He retired to his estate of Ghogha, and when the Mahárája arrived in Áhmedábád he paid his respects, presenting the viceroy with an elephant and some horses.", "The Mahárája confirmed the lands assigned to his father, and reported his action to the emperor.", ";Momín Khán Ruler of Cambay, 1730\nMomín Khán was made ruler of Cambay, and Fidá-ud-dín Khán, his cousin, was made governor of the lands near that city, the revenue of which had been assigned to the Mahárája.", "So great was the fear of the Maráthás, that Mustafíd Khán, the governor elect of Surat, instead of proceeding direct by land, went to Cambay.", "From Cambay he moved to Bharuch, and from Bharuch entered into negotiations with Píláji Gáikwár, promising, if allowed to retain possession of Surat, to pay Píláji the one-fourth share of its revenues.", "Píláji agreed, but Sohráb Khán, who was still in possession of Surat, refused to hand it over to Mustafíd Khán.", "In this year also Vakhatsingh, brother of the Mahárája Abheysingh, was appointed governor of Pátan, and sent a deputy to act for him.", "About the same time Mír Fakhr-ud-dín, a follower of the late viceroy Mubáriz-ul-Mulk, leaving him secretly, came to Áhmedábád, and in an interview with the Mahárája obtained for himself the post of deputy governor of Junágaḍh.", "When he proceeded to take up his appointment he was opposed by Mír Ismáíl, and was killed in a battle fought near Amreli.", "Muhammad Pahár, son of Karímdád Khán Jhálori, was appointed governor of Pálanpur in succession to his father, and Jawán Mard Khán was sent to Vadnagar.", ";The Peshwa and Viceroy against Piláji Gáikwár, 1731\nIn 1731, Bájiráv Peshwa, entering Gujarát at the head of an army, advanced against Baroda, then in the possession of Píláji Gáikwár.", "Afterwards, at the invitation of the Mahárája, he visited Áhmedábád and had a meeting with the viceroy in the Sháhi Bágh.", "At this meeting it was agreed that Bájiráv should assist Ázmatulláh, the governor of Baroda, in taking possession of that town and in expelling Píláji Gáikwár.", "By this arrangement the viceroy hoped by playing off the Peshwa against Píláji, to succeed in getting rid of the latter, while the Peshwa intended that if Píláji was forced to give up Baroda, he himself should gain possession of that city.", "Accordingly the Peshwa, together with an army from the viceroy, marched on Baroda.", "They had scarcely laid siege to the city when the Peshwa heard that Nizám-ul-Mulk was advancing on Gujarát against him.", "Abandoning all operations against Baroda, the Peshwa withdrew, with all speed, to the Dakhan.", "On his way he encountered the army of Trimbakráv Senápati, who, together with Piláji Kántáji and Udáji Pavár, had united to resist the pretensions of the Peshwa in Gujarát, and were also secretly leagued with the Nizám.", "An engagement was fought in which the Peshwa was victorious and Trimbakráv was slain.", "The Peshwa at once pushed on to the Dakhan, contriving to avoid the Nizám, though his baggage was plundered by that chief, who had camped at Ghala Kamrej, on the river Tápti, about ten miles above Surat.", "Abdúlláh Beg appointed the Nizám’s Deputy at Broach.", "During these changes the city of Bharuch, which on account of the strength of its fort the Maráthás had failed to take, was governed by Abdúlláh Beg, an officer originally appointed to that command by Mubáriz-ul-Mulk.", "Dissatisfied that the government of Gujarát should be in the hands of Abheysingh, Abdúlláh Beg, in 1731, entered into negotiations with the Nizám, offering to hold Bharuch as the Nizám’s deputy.", "Nizám-ul-Mulk agreed, appointed Abdúlláh his deputy, and ennobled him with the title of Nek Álam Khán.", "About the same time Vakhatsingh, brother of the viceroy, withdrew to his chiefship of Nágor in Jodhpur, and Ázmat-ulláh went to Ágra.", "After his safe arrival in the Dakhan Bájiráv Peshwa entered into an agreement with the Nizám under the terms of which the grants of Dholka, Bharuch, Jambusar, and Makbúlábád were continued to the Nizám.", "Momín Khán received the farm of Petlad, and Kántáji was confirmed in the share he had acquired of the revenues of Gujarát.", "In 1732 the paymaster, Amánatdár Khán, died, and was succeeded by Ghulám Hasan Khán, who sent Mujáhid-ud-dín Khán to act as his deputy.", "Through the influence of Mulla Muhammad Ali, Sohráb Áli was now confirmed as governor of Surat, and Mustafíd Khán was obliged to return to Áhmedábád.", "Píláji Gáikwár as the agent of the deceased Khanderáv Dábháde Senápati, as the owner of the fort of Songad, and as the ally of the Bhíls and Kolis, was naturally a thorn in the side of the viceroy Abheysingh.", "The recent acquisition of the town of Baroda and of the strong fortress of Dabhoi had made Piláji still more formidable.", "Under these circumstances, Abheysingh, who had long wished to recover Baroda and Dabhoi determined to assassinate Piláji, and this was effected by a Márvádi at the holy village of Dakor.", "The Maráthás slew the assassin and withdrew across the Mahi, burning the body of Piláji at the village of Savli, fourteen miles north of Baroda.", "They then evacuated the district of Baroda, retiring to the fortress of Dabhoi.", "On hearing of the death of Píláji, the viceroy immediately advanced against the Maráthás, and, after taking possession of Baroda, laid siege to Dabhoi.", "He failed to capture this fortress, and as the rainy season had set in and provisions were scarce, he was obliged to retire.", "He then went to Baroda, and after placing Sher Khán Bábi in charge of the city, returned to Áhmedábád.", "In 1732, Gujarát was wasted by famine.", ";Affairs at Surat, 1732.", "Meanwhile at Surat Múlla Muhammad Ali of Athva was again the cause of disturbance.", "Resisting with force the demand of a sum of Rupees 1 lakh by Sohráb Khán, the governor of Surat, he succeeded in driving Sohráb Khán out of the city, and the government of Surat was then usurped by Teghbeg Khán, a brother of Beglar-Beg Khán.", "The success of the Múlla against Soráb Khán made him so forgetful of his position that he arrogated to himself all the emblems of the governor’s office and wrote to the emperor asking a patent of the governorship of Surat in the name of his son Múlla Fakhr-ud-dín.", "The messengers bearing these communications were intercepted at Broach by the partisans of Teghbeg, who determined to remove this powerful cause of anxiety.", "Teghbeg Khán, inviting Muhammad Ali to an entertainment, placed him in confinement, and after keeping him in prison for two years, in 1734 put him to death.", "Teghbeg also took possession of the fort of Athva, and plundered it.", "Sohráb Khán, seeing that he could not recover Surat, went with Sayad Wali to Ghogha, where his relatives lived, and from that, proceeding to Bhavnagar settled there.", "When the emperor heard what had happened, he appointed Momín Khán to Surat and Teghbeg Khán to Cambay.", "Momín Khán sent Sayad Núrullah to act for him, but he was defeated by Teghbeg Khán, who afterwards contrived, in 1733, to be formally appointed governor of Surat with the title of Bahádur.", "When Umábái, widow of Khanderáv Senápati, heard of the assassination of Píláji Gáikwár, she determined to avenge his death.", "Collecting an army and taking with her Kántáji Kadam and Dámáji Gáikwár, son of Píláji, she marched upon Áhmedábád.", "As the Maráthás failed to do more than slay a Rájput leader named Jívaráj they came to terms.", "In the end it was agreed that in addition to the one-fourth and the one-tenth shares of the revenue a sum of rupees 80,000 should be paid from the Áhmedábád treasury, Jawán Mard Khán being kept as a hostage till the payments were made.", "For his services on this occasion Jawán Mard Khán was made governor of Viramgam.", "During this year an imperial order appointed Khushálchand Sheth, son of Shantidas Jhaveri, Nagar Sheth or chief merchant of Áhmedábád.", "The Maráthás plundered Rasúlábád a mile south of Áhmedábád and its excellent library was pillaged.", "Umábái now marched upon Baroda, and the governor, Sher Khán Bábi, prepared to oppose the Maráthás.", "But Umábái, sending a message to Sher Khán, explained that she had just concluded a peace with the Mahárája, and was suffered to pass unmolested.", "The emperor, satisfied with the arrangements made by the Mahárája, presented him with a dress of honour.", "===Ratansingh Bhandári, Deputy Viceroy, 1733–1737===\nIn this year the Mahárája went to court by way of Jodhpur, and appointed Ratansingh Bhandári as his deputy, and the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' as news recorder.", "In 1733, Ghulám Muhy-ud-dín Khán, governor of Junágaḍh died, and his son Mír Hazabr Khán was selected to fill his place.", "Meanwhile as the Maráthás had not received their rights, Jádoji Dábháde, son of Umábái, returned to Gujarát.", "Peace was concluded on the former basis, and Jádoji marched into Sorath to exact tribute.", "In this year the Kolis of the Chúnvál and Kánkrej committed many excesses, and a Rájput noble was robbed in the Pátan district.", "In the meantime Sohráb Khán, the former governor of Surat, who had been kindly received by Bhávsinghji, the chief of Sihor, began to raise a following and was appointed collector of arrears in Sorath.", "He chose Sayad Núrullah as his deputy, and sent him to recover the revenue for the current year.", "On the death of Salábat Khán Bábi, though the Mahárája had endeavoured to get Sher Khán Bábi appointed in place of his father, Ghogha had been granted to Burhán-ul-Mulk, who chose Sohráb Khán as his deputy.", "At this time Sher Khán Bábi was at Baroda, and his younger brother, though he resisted, was compelled to leave Ghogha.", "The deputy governor of Sorath complained to the governor of the oppressive conduct of Sohráb Khán.", "But Burhán-ul-Mulk supported Sohráb and having obtained for himself the government of Sorath, sent Sohráb Khán as his deputy to Junágaḍh.", "In 1734, Ratansingh Bhandári, the deputy viceroy, ordered Bhávsingh, son of Udaikaran, the hereditary officer of Víramgám, to be captured by Jawán-Mard Khán, imprisoned and sent him to Áhmedábád.", "Jawan-Mard Khán went so far as to arrest Bhávsingh, but was forced by his supporters to release him.", ";Baroda recovered by the Maráthás, 1734\nIn 1734, Sher Khán Bábi, governor of Baroda, went to visit his lands at Balasinor, leaving Muhammad Sarbáz in command at Baroda, Máhadáji Gáikwár, brother of Píláji, who then held Jambúsar, sending to Songad to Dámáji for aid, marched on Baroda with a strong force.", "The garrison made a brave defence, and Sher Khán hearing of the attack at Bálásinor, called for aid from Ratansingh Bhandári, the deputy viceroy, who directed Momín Khán, the governor of Cambay, to join Sher Khán and drive back the Maráthás.", "Sher Khán started at once for Baroda.", "But Máhadaji leaving a sufficient force before the town pushed on with the bulk of his army to meet Sher Khán, and, though he and his men fought bravely, defeated him, and then returned to Baroda, Sher Khán retiring to Bálásinor.", "Momín Khán, who arrived after Sher Khán’s defeat, did not deem it prudent to engage the Maráthás, and retired to Cambay.", "In the meantime the garrison of Baroda, hopeless of succour, surrendered the town, and since that day Baroda continued to be the head-quarters of the Gáikwár family until independence of India in 1947.", "Since Jawán Mard Khán’s capture of Bhávsingh of Víramgám, he had become much disliked.", "For this reason Ratansingh Bhandári, the deputy viceroy, transferred him to Kadi and Vijapur, and in his place appointed Sher Khán Bábi, whose father Muhammad Salábát Khán Bábi had been a popular governor of Víramgám.", "At this time Dhanrúp Bhandári, governor of Petlád, died, and the farm of the districts of Nadiad, Arhar-Mátar, Petlád, and Mahudha was given to Momín Khán.", "Mulla Muhammad Áli managed to write letters from his confinement at Surat to the Nizám; and as that chief was now not far from Surat, he wrote urgently to Teghbeg Khán to release him.", "Teghbeg Khán put the Mulla to death, and bribing the Nizám’s messenger, gave out that he had died of joy at his release.", "Khushálchand, the chief of the merchants of Áhmedábád, having had a difference with Ratansingh, was forced to leave the city, and sought shelter at Cambay and afterwards at Junágaḍh.", "Jawán Mard Khán conceived the design of conquering Idar from Anandsingh and Ráisingh, brothers of the Mahárája Abheysingh.", "He accordingly marched upon Ídar, taking with him as allies Aghráji Koli of Katosan and Koli Amra of Ilol Kánrah.", "In this strait Anandsingh and Ráisingh sought the aid of Malhárráv Holkar and Ránoji Sindia, who were at this time in Málwa.", "The Marátha chiefs at once marched to the help of Ídar, and Jawán Mard Khán, disbelieving the report of Marátha aid, continued to advance until he found himself opposed by an overwhelming force.", "Negotiations were entered into, and Jawán Mard Khán agreed to pay a sum of Rupees 1,75,000.", "Of the total amount Rupees 25,000 were paid at once, and Zoráwar Khán, brother of Jawán Mard Khán, and Ajabsingh, agent of Aghráji Koli, were kept as hostages until the balance should be paid.", "In this year Teghbeg Khán of Surat caused a wealthy merchant named Áhmed Chalabi to be assassinated, and confiscated his property.", "He also ordered Sayad Áli to be put to death by certain Afgháns.", ";Rivalry of Ratansingh Bhandári and Sohráb Khán, 1735\nIn 1735, Dholka was assigned to Ratansingh Bhandári, and through the influence of Burhán-ul-Mulk, Sohráb Khán was appointed governor of Víramgám.", "Ratansingh resented this, and eventually Víramgám was conferred on the Mahárája Abheysingh.", "When this order reached Sohráb Khán, he forwarded it to Burhán-ul-Mulk, and in consequence of Burhán-ul-Mulk’s remonstrances, the arrangements were changed and Sohráb Khán appointed governor.", "Upon this Sohráb Khán, leaving Sádak Ali as his deputy in Junágaḍh, marched for Víramgám; while Ratansingh Bhandári, hearing of Sohráb Khán’s approach, summoned Momín Khán and others to his assistance, and with his own army proceeded to Dholka and plundered Koth.", "From Koth he advanced and pitched at Harala, about ten miles from Sohráb Khán’s camp, and here he was joined by Momín Khán and others whom he had summoned to support him.", ";Battle of Dholi.", "Defeat and Death of Sohráb Khán, 1735\nAfter the union of these forces he marched to Dholi, six miles from Dhandhuka, at which place Sohráb Khán was then encamped.", "Ratansingh Bhandári now proposed that peace should be concluded, and that Sohráb Khán should enjoy Víramgám until final orders were passed by the emperor.", "Safdar Khán Bábi and others went to Sohráb Khán and endeavoured to bring him to consent to these terms; but he would not listen, and on both sides preparations were made for battle.", "During the following night Ratansingh Bhandári planned an attack on Sohráb Khán’s camp.", "The surprise was complete.", "Sohráb Khán’s troops fled, and himself, mortally wounded, shortly afterwards died.", "By the death of Sohráb Khán the family of Kázím Beg Khán became extinct.", "He was buried at Sihor in Kathiwar.", ";Rivalry between Ratansingh Bhandári and Momín Khán, 1735\nAfter this success a single horseman attacked and wounded Ratansingh Bhandári in two places.", "The horseman was at once slain, but no one was able to recognize him.", "Ratansingh, who in two months had recovered from his injuries, now determined to attack Momín Khán, as that officer in the recent struggle had taken part with Sohráb Khán.", "Momín Khán hearing of Ratansingh’s intentions, withdrew to Cambay.", "In the course of this year, on the expiry of the period of the farm of Mahudha, Arhar-Mátar, and Naḍiád, these districts were transferred from Momín Khán to Safdar Khán Bábi.", "Kaliánchand, was appointed to Víramgám in place of Sher Khán Bábi, and instead of Sohráb Khán, Muhsin Khán Khálvi was made deputy governor of Sorath.", ";Battle of Ánand-Mogri, 1735.", "About this time Dámáji Gáikwár, who had been chosen by Umábái as her representative in Gujarát, appointed Rangoji to act as his agent.", "Kántáji being dissatisfied with this arrangement, in which his rights were ignored, marched into Gujarát.", "Rangoji met him, and a battle was fought at Ánand-Mogri, twenty-five miles south-east of Kheda, in which Kántáji was defeated and his son killed.", "In consequence of this reverse Kántáji retired to Petlád.", "Momín Khán, who with his army was drawn up near Petlád to oppose Rangoji, was compelled to retire to Cambay, where peace was concluded on condition that Dámáji should receive the one-fourth share of the revenues of the country north of the Mahi.", "As the districts where these battles were fought were held in farm by Safdar Khán Bábi, he suffered much loss, and consequently retired to Rádhanpur.", "Rangoji was joined by Dámáji Gáikwár, and these two leaders went together to Dholka.", "While they were there, Bhávsingh of Víramgám invited them to that town, both on account of the annoyance he suffered from the Márvádis and that he might take vengeance on the Kasbátis for the murder of his father Udaikaran.", "He accordingly admitted the Maráthás and slew Daulat Muhammad Tánk, brother of the murderer of his father, and expelled the rest of the Kasbátis, while Kalián, the Márvádi administrator, was permitted to go to Áhmedábád.", "Leaving Rangoji at Víramgám, Dámáji marched into Sorath to levy tribute from the chiefs, and after collecting a portion of his dues, returned to the Dakhan.", "In the following year (1736) Rangoji advanced as far as Bavla near Dholka wasting the country.", "Ratansingh Bhandári, the deputy viceroy, marched against him, and forced him to retire to Víramgám.", "Ratansingh pursued the Maráthás to Víramgám, attacked and defeated them capturing their baggage, but failed to prevent them taking shelter in the town.", "About this time some Marátha horse who were at Sarnál, otherwise called Thásra, joined the Kolis of those parts, advanced with them against Kapadvanj and without any serious resistance succeeded in capturing the town.", "Meanwhile though Ratansingh had summoned Momín Khán to his aid, he delayed coming, as he began to scheme independence at Cambay.", "Ratansingh Bhandári heard that Pratápráv, brother of Dámáji, and Deváji Tákpar were advancing on Áhmedábád with 10,000 horse.", "At first he thought this a device to draw him from Víramgám, to whose walls his mines had reached.", "On ascertaining from trusty spies that the report was true, he raised the siege of Víramgám, returned rapidly to Áhmedábád, and pushing forward to meet Pratápráv, exacted tribute from the chiefs on the banks of the Vátrak.", "As Pratápráv drew near, the governor of the Bhíl district retired before him, and he continuing his advance, passed through Valad and Pethapur, and so by way of Chhála reached Dholka.", "Here, through Muhammad Ismáíl, the governor of Dholka, he demanded from the Bhandári his share of the revenue.", "Afterwards, leaving 2000 horse in Dholka, he went to Dhandhúka.", "In the meantime Kántáji, who was a follower of Bájiráv Peshwa, joining with Malhárráv Holkar, advanced upon Ídar, and coming against Dánta, plundered that town.", "Some Nágar Bráhmans of the town of Vadnagar, who were settled in Dánta, tried to escape to the hills, but were intercepted and pillaged.", "The Maráthás then proceeded to Vadnagar and plundered the town.", "From Vadnagar they went as far as Pálanpur, where Pahár Khán Jhálori, being unable to oppose them, agreed to pay a tribute of Rupees 1 lákh.", "Kántáji and Malhárráv Holkar then marched into Márwár, while Pratápráv and Rangoji crossed over from Dhandhuka into Káthiáváḍa and Gohilváḍa.", "About this time Muhammad Pahár Khán Jhálori was appointed deputy governor of Pátan on behalf of Vakhatsingh.", "As no settlement of his demands on the revenues of Dholka had yet been made, Pratápráv returned to that town and sent Narhar Pandit to receive the tribute due to him.", "Afterwards proceeding to Baroda with Rangoji they were summoned to Sorath by Dámáji to assist him.", "Sher Khán Bábi, who up to his time had been at Kaira, now came to Áhmedábád, and as the deputy viceroy was displeased with Momín Khán’s conduct when Víramgám was besieged, he appointed Sher Khán his own deputy at Petlád, Arhar-Mátar, and Naḍiád.", "Afterwards on Momín Khán’s remonstrance Subháchand Márvádi was appointed to examine the accounts and receive the revenue in place of Sher Khán.", "In 1737 Dámáji’s brother Pratápráv, returning to his country after exacting tribute from the chiefs of Sorath, died of smallpox at Kánkar near Dholka.", "Momín Khán seeing that Sher Khán had not yet left Kaira, collected some men and came to Petlád, while Sher Khán went to Dehgam and awaited the departure of Rangoji.", "Ratansingh Bhandári made preparations to help Sher Khán and Momín Khán returned to Cambay.", "===Momín Khán, Fifty-fourth Viceroy, 1737===\nAt this time as the Mahárája Abheysingh was not in favour at court, Momín Khán was appointed fifty-fourth viceroy.", "As he was unable to effect anything by himself he persuaded Jawán Mard Khán Bábi to join him by a promise of the government of Pátan and directed him to proceed and take up that appointment.", "Now the Jháloris were allies of the Ráthoḍs, and Pahár Khán Jhálori, then in command of Pátan, opposed Jawán Mard Khán, but was finally obliged to vacate Pátan.", "Momín Khán, who had not hitherto produced the order appointing him viceroy, now made it public and began to act as viceroy with the title of Najm-ud-dauláh Momín Khán Bahádur Fírúz Jang, and in 1737 sent a copy of this order to Abdúl Husain Khán, the deputy minister, and to Mustafíd Khán, who held the office of Kázi.", "Sher Khán Bábi, wishing to remain neutral, retired to Bálásinor and Momín Khán summoned Rangoji, who was in the neighbourhood of Cambay, to his assistance.", "Rangoji agreed to aid him in expelling the Márvádis, on condition that, if successful, he should be granted one-half of the produce of Gujarát except the city of Áhmedábád, the lands in the neighbourhood of the city, and the port of Cambay.", "This alliance with the Maráthás gave the last blow to Mughal power in Gujarát, which otherwise might have lingered for at least a quarter of a century.", "When Ratansingh Bhandári heard of the appointment of Momín Khán to be viceroy, he wrote to Mahárája Abheysingh for orders.", "Meanwhile he sent officials to Cambay to persuade Momín Khán to take no further steps until a reply should be received to the reference Momín Khán had made to Ágra.", "The reply of the Mahárája was that Ratansingh should resist Momín Khán if he could.", "Ratansingh prepared to defend Áhmedábád while Momín Khán collecting an army, camped at the Náransar lake.", ";Seige of Ahmedabad\nFrom the Náransar lake where Momín Khán remained encamped for one and a half months collecting his partisans he advanced to Sojitra, where he was joined by Jawán Mard Khán Bábi; and proceeding together they came to Vasu under Petlád, about twenty-six miles from Áhmedábád, and from Vasu to Kaira, about eighteen miles from the capital.", "At Kaira they encamped on the banks of the Vátrak, where, owing to the incessant rain, they were forced to remain for about a month.", "When the rain abated and the rivers were fordable, Momín Khán, moving to Áhmedábád, encamped in front of the city on the Kánkariya tank and prepared for a siege.", "About the same time Momín Khán’s manager, Vajerám, whom he had sent to Songad to solicit Dámáji to march in person to his assistance, arrived and informed him that Dámáji would join him shortly.", "Zoráwar Khán, who had been left at the Marátha camp as security for the payment of the tribute, was recalled, and instead the district of Prantij was formally assigned to the Maráthás in payment of their demands.", "Some of the Mahárája’s guns, which were being sent to Áhmedábád by his agents at Surat through Cambay for facility of transit, were about this time captured by a party of Momín Khán's men.", "When Ratansingh Bhandári wrote to the Mahárája of Momín Khán’s advance on Áhmedábád, the Mahárája was much displeased, and went from the emperor's presence in anger.", "The nobles fearing the consequences, recalled him, and persuaded the emperor to re-appoint him viceroy of Gujarát.", "===Mahárája Abheysingh, Fifty-fifth Viceroy, 1737===\n;Momín Khán continues the Siege of Áhmedábád\nMomín Khán was secretly enjoined to disregard the Mahárája’s appointment and persevere in expelling the Ráthoḍs of Marwar, and was assured of the emperor’s approbation of this line of conduct.", "He therefore continued to prosecute the siege with vigour.", "In the meantime another order was received from the imperial court, confirming the reappointment of the Mahárája and appointing Fidá-ud-dín Khán to guard the city with 500 men, directing also that Momín Khán should return to Cambay.", "It was further stated that, as Ratansingh Bhandári had acted oppressively, some other person should be appointed deputy to fill his place, and that in the meantime a Rájput noble, named Abhaikaran, was to carry on the government.", "Shortly before this Muhammad Bákir Khán, son of Muâtamid Khán, joined Momín Khán from Surat, while Sádik Áli Khán and his nephew reinforced him from Junágaḍh.", "When Momín Khán was informed of the purport of the imperial order he agreed to return to Cambay, provided Ratansingh Bhandári would quit the city, hand over charge to Abhaikaran, and admit Fidá-ud-dín Khán and his men into the city.", "Ratansingh Bhandári determined not to leave the city, and prepared to defend himself to the last.", "Dámáji Gáikwár now joined Momín Khán from Songad.", "Momín Khán met Dámáji at Isanpur, three miles from Áhmedábád, and made great show of friendship, calling him his brother.", "When Ratansingh Bhandári heard of the arrangements made between Dámáji and Momín Khán, he sent a message to Dámáji saying, ‘Momín Khán has promised Rangoji half of the revenues of Gujarát excepting the city of Áhmedábád, the lands immediately round it, and Cambay.", "If you will join me, I will give you half of everything not excepting the city nor Cambay, and will send to your camp some of my chief landholders as security if you agree.’ Dámáji showed this to Momín Khán, and asked him what he proposed to do.", "Momín Khán now perforce agreed to do the same; but instead of Cambay offered to make over to the Maráthás the whole district of Víramgám.", "Dámáji, accepting these terms, ceased to negotiate with Ratansingh.", "He then went on pilgrimage to Dudesar, and returning in the same year, 1738, he and Rangoji began active operations against Áhmedábád.", "Their bombardment did so much damage to the city that Momín Khán repented having called them to his aid, and foresaw that if the Maráthás once gained any portion of the city it would be no easy matter to drive them out.", "Momín Khán now sent the writer of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' to Ratansingh Bhandári, in hopes that he might withdraw peaceably, but Ratansingh refused to listen to any terms.", "After some time the people under Kázim Áli Khán and others, and the Maráthás under Báburáv endeavoured to take the city by storm, but after a bloody contest were forced to retire.", "Next day Ratansingh, seeing that he could not long hold the city, entered into a negotiation with Momín Khán, and, on receiving a sum of money for his expenses, and on being allowed to retire with the honours of war, left the city.", ";Momín Khán entered Áhmedábád\nOn the capture of the city, in accordance with Momín Khán’s engagement, half of it was handed to the Maráthás.", "Momín Khán sent news of what had taken place to the emperor, and appointed Fidá-ud-dín Khán his deputy.", "Dámáji, who in the meantime had been to Sorath, now returned and was met by Rangoji, who accompanied him as far as the banks of the Mahi, whence Rangoji proceeded to Dholka.", "After spending a few days at Dholka, Rangoji returned to Áhmedábád and took charge of his share of the city, which comprised the Raikhad, Khánjchán, and Jamalpur quarters as far as the Astoria and Ráipur gates.", "The city was thus equally divided, and the Astodia and Raipur gates were guarded by the Maráthás.", "At that time the inhabitants of Áhmedábád rose against the strangers, and after a severe affray expelled the greater part of them from the city.", "Momín Khán, though secretly pleased, affected ignorance and sent Fidá-ud-dín Khán to reassure Rangoji.", "This with some difficulty he succeeded in doing and Rangoji remained in the city.", "Jawán Mard Khán was sent to Pátan, and, instead of Prántij, the district of Kheralu was granted to Zoráwar Khán Bábi.", "===Momín Khán, Fifth-sixth Viceroy, 1738–1743===\nWith the cessation of Marátha oppression, Áhmedábád began to recover its splendour and opulence.", "The emperor was much pleased with Momín Khán, and, raising his rank, presented him with a dress of honour, a sword, and other articles of value.", "At the close of the rainy season Momín Khán went to levy tribute from the chiefs on the banks of the Sabarmati, and Rangoji was asked to accompany him.", "They marched to Adalaj whence Fidá-ud-dín Khán, the deputy viceroy, returned to the city accompanied by Rámáji as deputy of Rangoji.", "Jawán Mard Khán and Sher Khán Bábi now joined the viceroy’s camp, and, about the same time Hathising, chief of Pethápur, paid a visit to the viceroy and settled his tribute.", "From Adálaj they advanced to Mansa and were met by the Mánsa chief.", "From Mánsa they proceeded to Kadi, and from Kadi to Víjápur.", "After Momín Khán left the people of Áhmedábád were badly treated, and Rangoji, leaving his brother Akoji in camp, returned to the capital, whence he marched towards Víramgám and Sorath.", "Momín Khán went from Víjápur to Ídar, and there levied tribute from the chiefs of Mohanpur and Ranásan.", ";The Viceroy collects Tribute, 1738\nWhen Momín Khán arrived at Ídar, Ánandsingh and Ráisingh, brothers of Mahárája Abheysingh, went to him and paid the tribute of Mohanpur and Ranásan as being within the limits of the Ídar territory.", "The matter was amicably settled, and the two brothers accompanied the viceroy as far as the Ídar frontier, when Ánandsingh returned to Ídar, and Ráisingh, at Momín Khán’s request, remained with him, Momín Khán undertaking to pay the expenses of his men.", "Prathiráj, the chief of Mánsa, agreed to pay Rupees 23,000 and the chief of Varsoda Rupees 10,000 as tribute.", "At this time Sher Muhammad Khán Bábi was appointed to succeed Mír Dost Áli as deputy governor of Sorath.", "The Maráthás, who had attempted to deprive some of the Rasúlábád and Batwa Sayads of their land, were attacked by the Muslim population, and a few men were wounded on either side.", "Momín Khán, receiving tribute from various chiefs, had now reached Palanpur, and Pahár Khán Jhálori, the governor of that place, was introduced to the viceroy by Sher Khán Bábi.", "As news was now received that Deváji Tákpar was advancing through the Baroda districts, Momín Khán marched towards Áhmedábád, dismissing Pahár Khán Jhálori on the Pálanpur frontier.", "Jawán Mard Khán Bábi, appointing his brother Safdar Khán Bábi as his deputy at Pátan, pushed forward in advance for Áhmedábád.", "Mámúr Khán, who had been chosen by Mír Huzabr Áli as his deputy in Sorath, now arrived and complained to Momín Khán regarding Sher Khán Bábi’s appointment.", "Momín Khán said that, as neither had assumed charge of their duties, they should await final orders from the emperor.", "He then advanced to Hájipur, and thence encamped on the side of the city near Bahrámpur and occupied himself in strengthening the city defences.", "From that camp he proceeded to Ísanpur four miles south of Áhmedábád on his way to levy tribute from the Koli chiefs of the banks of the Vátrak.", "After this he proceeded to Kulej on the Vátrak and levied tribute from the Koli chiefs of that neighbourhood.", "Hearing that Dámáji had left Songad, and crossing the Mahi had gone to Arás, Momín Khán struck his camp and returned to the city, while Dámáji going to Dholka marched from that to Sorath.", "Momín Khán now permitted Sher Khán to return to his lands in Ghogha, whence he proceeded to Junágaḍh and took charge of the office of deputy governor.", ";Sher Khán Bábi Deputy Governor of Sorath, 1738\nIn 1738, Mír Huzabr Khán, the governor of Sorath, died, and as Sher Khán had occupied Junágaḍh, and taken into his employ all the troops of Mir Dost Áli, Mámúr Khán was obliged to resign his pretensions and return.", "The emperor now appointed Himmat Áli Khán, nephew of Momín Khán, governor of Sorath, and he wrote to his uncle to choose a fitting deputy.", "Momín Khán, as the Marátha incursions into Sorath increased yearly, and as Sher Khán Bábi was a man able to hold his own with them, suffered him to remain as deputy.", "When Dámáji returned to Víramgám, after levying tribute from the chiefs of Sorath, he was obliged to march against Kánji Koli, the chief of Chhaniár in the Chúnvál.", "As he could not prevail against them he was forced to call on Momín Khán for aid.", "Momín Khán sent Fidá-ud-dín Khán at the head of a well-equipped army.", "On their approach the Kolis fled, and the village was burned, and Fidá-ud-dín Khán returned to the capital.", "Dámáji, leaving Rangoji as his deputy, returned to Songad.", "In 1738, Mughal Empire was invaded by the Persian Emperor Nádir Sháh, Delhi sacked, and the emperor Muhammad Shah made prisoner.", "Except that coin was struck in Nádir’s name, the collapse of Mughal power caused little change in Gujarát.", ";The Deputy Viceroy collects Tribute, 1739\nIn 1739 Fidá-ud-dín Khán was sent to levy tribute from the chiefs on the banks of the Sábarmati, and, accompanied by Jawán Mard Khán Bábi and Rája Ráisingh of Ídar, marched to Charárah.", "As the village of Pánmul under Vijápur had been assigned to the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'', he accompanied Fidá-ud-dín Khán, who marched to Ahmednagar, and demanded tribute from Jítsingh of Mohanpur and Ranásan.", "Jítsingh resisted and a doubtful battle was fought.", "Next day Fidá-ud-dín Khán changed his position and again attacked Jítsingh, who being defeated agreed to pay Rupees 10,000.", "They then went to Ídar, where they were hospitably received by Rája Ráising, who presented the leaders with horses.", "From Ídar they proceeded to Vadnagar, which was under Jawán Mard Khán, who also received them courteously and presented horses.", "The army then marched to Visalnagar.", "On the arrival of the troops at Visalnagar, Jawán Mard Khán requested Fidá-ud-dín Khán to subdue Jámáji the Koli chief of Thara-Jámpur in the Kánkrej, who was then at Balisana under Pátan and who was continually plundering the country.", "Fidá-ud-dín Khán marched to Bálísána, but Jámáji fled to Thara-Jámpur without risking a battle and the Mughal troops plundered Thara-Jámpur.", "From Bálísána Fidá-ud-dín marched to Kadi, and allowing Jawán Mard Khán to return to Pátan proceeded to Áhmedábád.", "At Áhmedábád disputes between Rangoji and Momín Khán regarding the government of the city were frequent.", "In one serious disturbance Momín Khán was worsted and forced to sue for peace and grant Rangoji his half share both in the government and revenue, which, since the affray in 1738, Momín Khán had withheld.", "A formal agreement was drawn up but did not long remain in force.", "About this time Momín Khán’s nephew Muhammad Momín Khán Bakhshi received a patent granting him the title of Nazar Áli Khán.", "In 1739, there was a disastrous flood in the Sábarmati.", ";Capture of Bassein by the Maráthás, 1739\nIn 1739, the Maráthás under Chimnáji Ápa successfully captured the fort of Vasai (Bassein) from the Portuguese following the Battle of Vasai.", "In 1740, on his return from Sorath, Dámáji Gáikwár took Rangoji to the Dakhan and appointed Malhárráv Khúni his deputy at Áhmedábád.", "Fidá-ud-dín Khán met the new deputy at Ísanpur and escorted him to the city.", "Shortly after Fidá-ud-dín Khán and Nazar Áli Khán started to collect tribute, and Jawán Mard Khán sent his brother Zoráwar Khán Bábi to accompany them.", "They advanced against Dabhoda under Bahyal eighteen miles east of Áhmedábád in the Bhíl district and fought with the chief, who agreed to pay tribute.", "Then they went to Atarsumba, where the Kolis after a vain attempt to carry off their cannon agreed to pay tribute.", "The force then proceeded to Mándva and levied a contribution from the Mandva chief.", "They next went to Kapadvanj, and passing through Bálásinor reached Virpur under Lunáváḍa.", "Here, from Sultánsingh, agent of the Lunavada chief, they received two horses and Rupees 3000 as tribute.", "While at Lunáváḍa an order of recall came from Momín Khán, who intimated that Malhárráv Khúni had laid up large stores of grain and contemplated war.", "Fidá-ud-dín Khán at once pushed forward through Bálásinor and Kapadvanj, advancing rapidly towards the capital.", "On the way he received a second despatch from Momín Khán saying that, as the risk of war had for the present passed, they should advance to Petlád, where they would find Malhárráv Khúni and settle with him about the revenue accounts.", "They continued their march, and in two days reached Kaira (Kheda), being joined on the way by Muhammad Kúli Khán, who was charged with messages from Momín Khán.", "At Kaira they found Muhammad Husain, nephew of Fidá-ud-dín Khán who had been sent with a force to Mahudha.", "As Malhárráv Khúni was at Pinj near Kaira, Fidá-ud-dín Khán expressed a wish to meet him, and it was agreed that both sides should go to the Petlád district and there settle the disputed collections.", "Shortly after they met and arrangements were in progress when the Kolis of the Bhíl district rebelled and Abdúl Husain Khán and Vajerám were sent against them.", "After burning two or three villages this detachment rejoined the main body, and not long after all returned to Áhmedábád.", "During 1740, Bájiráv Peshwa died.", "In 1741, Momín Khán went to Cambay, and while residing at Ghiáspur near that city received information that Dámáji had again appointed Rangoji his deputy in place of Malhárráv Khúni, and shortly after Rangoji arrived at Petlád.", "At this time Momín Khán turned his attention to the falling off in the customs revenue of Cambay and appointed Ismáil Muhammad collector of customs.", "As he was anxious to clear some misunderstanding between Rangoji and himself, Momín Khán set out to visit Rangoji and assure him of his good wishes.", "At this time Bhavsingh of Viramgam, who found the Maráthás even more troublesome than the Mughals, as soon as he heard of Malhárráv’s recall, suddenly attacked the fort of Víramgám and with the aid of some Arabs and Rohillas expelled the Marátha garrison and prepared to hold the fort on his own account.", "Shortly after Rangoji demanded that a tower in Áhmedábád, which had been raised a story by Momín Khán so as to command the residence of the Marátha deputy at the Jamálpur gate, should be reduced to its original height.", "At the same time he suggested that Momín Khán and he, uniting their forces, should advance and expel Bhávsingh from Víramgám.", "Momín Khán agreed to both proposals.", "The addition to the tower was pulled down, and Momín Khán and Rangoji, marching against Víramgám, laid siege to the town.", "Bhávsingh made a gallant defence, and Momín Khán, who was not sorry to see the Maráthás in difficulties, after a time left them and marched to Kadi and Vijápur to levy tribute.", "Rangoji continued the siege, and as Bhávsingh saw that even without Momín Khán the Marátha army was sufficient to reduce the place, he agreed to surrender Víramgám, provided the fort of Patdi and its dependent villages were granted to him.", "Rangoji agreed, and thus the Maráthás again obtained possession of Víramgám, while Bhávsingh acquired Pátdi, a property which his descendants hold until independence of India.", "When Momín Khán arrived at Mansa, about twenty-six miles north-west of Áhmedábád, hearing that Dámáji had crossed the Mahi with 10,000 men, he at once returned to the capital.", "Dámáji arrived at Mánsa and besieged it.", "The chiefs and Kolis defended the place bravely for about a month, when it fell into Dámáji’s hands, who not only cleared the prickly-pear stockade which surrounded it, but also burned the town.", "From Mánsa, Dámáji marched to Sorath.", "On his return he laid siege to Bharuch, a fort which, from its natural strength as well as from its favourable position on the Narmada, it had been the constant ambition both of Dámáji and of his father Píláji to capture.", "On the approach of Dámáji, Nek Álam Khán, who held the place in the interests of the Nizám, prepared to defend the fort, and wrote to the Nizám for aid.", "In reply the Nizám warned Dámáji not to attack his possessions.", "On receiving this letter Dámáji raised the siege and returned to Songad.", "It seems probable that concessions were made to tempt Dámáji to retire from Bharuch, and that the Gáikwár’s share in the Bharuch customs dated from this siege.", ";Battle of Dholka (1741)\nIn 1741, in a battle between Káim Kúli Khán, governor of Dholka, and Rangoji’s deputy, the Maráthás were defeated.", "Momín Khán, at the request of Rangoji, made peace between them.", "Fidá-ud-dín Khán, who had recently been raised in rank with the title of Bahádur, starting to collect tribute burned down the refractory Koli village of Dabhoda, and placing a post there, passed to Satumba, Balasinor, and Thásra.", "After the battle at Dholka, the building by Rangoji of the fort of Borsad, caused renewed fighting between the Mughals and Maráthás of Dholka.", "At the request of Muhammad Hádi Khán, governor of Dholka, Fidá-ud-dín Khán, passing through Mahudha to Petlád pushed forward to help him.", "In the meantime a battle was fought, in which the Maráthás under Malhárráv attacked Muhammad Hádi Khán, and after a short contest withdrew.", "Next day the Mughals, strengthened by the arrival of Fidá-ud-dín Khán, besieged Sojitra.", "A letter was written to Rangoji, asking the meaning of the attack, and he replied excusing himself and attributing it to the ignorance of Malhárráv.", "Muhammad Hádi Khán and the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' eventually met Rangoji at Borsad, and settled that he and Fidá-ud-dín Khán should come together and arrange matters.", "But Rangoji in his heart intended to fight and wrote to his deputy Rámáji at Áhmedábád to be ready for war.", "Malhárráv now joined Rangoji at Borsad.", "At this time many misunderstandings and several fights between the Maráthás and the Muhammadans were appeased by Momín Khán and Rangoji, who, in spite of the ill-feeling among their subordinates and a certain distrust of each other’s designs, appear throughout to have maintained a warm mutual regard.", "Dámáji from his stronghold at Songad was too much occupied in Dakhan politics to give much attention to Gujarát.", "Rangoji, on the other hand, gained so much influence with the Gujarát chiefs, that at one time he succeeded in engaging Sajansingh Hazári in his service, and also induced Rája Ráisingh of Ídar to join him.", "But Momín Khán detached Ráisingh from this alliance, by placing him in charge of the post of Amaliara and granting him the districts of Modasa, Meghrej, Ahmednagar (Himatnagar), Prantij, and Harsol.", "Moreover the customary Gujarát sum at first sent daily by Rangoji to Rája Ráisingh for the expenses of his troops had begun to fall into arrears.", "Rája Ráisingh made his peace with Momín Khán through the mediation of Nazar Áli Khán, Momín Khán’s nephew, who appears to have been one of the leading spirits of the time.", "In 1742, in another fight between the Maráthás and Mughals in Áhmedábád, the Mughals gained a slight advantage.", "After this Rangoji left the city, appointing as before Rámáji as his deputy, and joining Jagjíwan Pavár went to Borsad, where he had built a fort.", "At this time one Jívandás came with authority from the Nizám to act as collector of Dholka, part of the lands assigned to the Nizám as a personal grant, but failed to enforce his position.", "Shortly after this Rája Ánandsing of Ídar was killed, and his brother Ráising, taking leave, went to Ídar to settle matters.", "Momín Khán had his patent increased to the personal rank of commander of 6000 with a contingent of 6000 cavalry.", "He received a dress of honour, a jewelled turban, a plume, six pieces of cloth, an elephant, the order of Máhi-marátib, and the title of Najm-ud-daulah Momín Khán Bahádur Diláwar Jang.", "Differences again broke out between Momín Khán and Rangoji, and again matters were settled by a friendly meeting between the two chiefs at Borsad, where Rangoji had taken up his residence.", "Momín Khán now went to Petlád, and from that to Cambay, where he was taken ill, but after six weeks came to Vasu, where Rangoji visited him.", "Here though again unwell he went to Dholka, and shortly afterwards he and Rangoji marched upon Limbdi, which at this time is mentioned as under Víramgám.", "While before Limbḍi, Rangoji was summoned by Dámáji to help him against Bápu Náik, and at once started to his assistance.", "Momín Khán now marched into Gohilwad, and proceeded by Loliana to Ghogha, then under the charge of a resident deputy of Sher Khán Bábi.", "Here he received tribute from the chief of Sihor, and from that, marching into Halar, went against Nawanagar.", "The Jám resisted for twenty days, and eventually, on his agreeing to pay Rupees 50,000 as tribute, Momín Khán returned to Áhmedábád.", "During his absence in spite of stubborn resistance, Nazar Áli Khán and Vajerám had collected tribute from the Koli chiefs.", "Rangoji, who had now left Dámáji, joined battle with Bápu Náik ere he crossed the Mahi, and Bápu Náik turned back.", "Rangoji therefore remained at Borsad, but hearing that Momín Khán’s illness had become serious, he went once or twice to Áhmedábád to visit him.", "In 1743, Momín Khán died.", "===Fidá-ud-dín acts as Viceroy, 1743===\nMomin Khan's wife, fearing lest Fidá-ud-dín Khán and Muftakhir Khán, Momín Khán’s son, would deprive her of her estate, sought the protection of Rangoji.", "In the meantime Fidá-ud-dín Khán and Muftakhir Khán received an imperial order to carry on the government until a new viceroy should be appointed.", "At this time a man named Ánandrám, who had been disgraced by Momín Khán, went over to Rangoji and incited him to murder Fidá-ud-dín Khán and Muftakhir Khán.", "Rangoji with this intention invited them both to his house, but his heart failed him, and shortly afterwards Fidá-ud-dín Khán went to Cambay.", "Rangoji now determined at all hazards to assassinate Muftakhir Khán.", "With this object he took Muftakhir Khán’s associates, Vajerám and Káim Kúli Khán, into his confidence.", "Muftakhir Khán accidentally heard of his designs, and remained on his guard.", "As Rangoji had failed to carry out his promise to raise Sher Khán Bábi to the post of deputy viceroy, Sher Khán advanced to Dholka and began plundering some Cambay villages.", "Rangoji, after another futile attempt to assassinate Muftakhir Khán, sent for his deputy Rámáji, who was then in the neighbourhood, and prepared to fight.", "Muftakhir Khán, on his part, summoned Fidá-ud-dín Khán from Cambay, and in a few days they succeeded in uniting their forces.", "Sher Khán Bábi deserting the cause of Rangoji, the Maráthás were worsted and Rangoji’s house was besieged.", "Rangoji, being hard pressed, agreed to give up Ánandrám and to surrender both Borsad and Víramgám, Sher Khán Bábi becoming his security.", "In this way Fidá-ud-dín Khán became sole master of Gujarát.", "Shortly after Dámáji Gáikwár returned from Satara and came to Cambay.", "In the meantime Rangoji, who had been living with Sher Khán Bábi, his security, contrived, with the connivance of Sher Khán, to escape together with his family.", "Fidá-ud-dín Khán was so greatly enraged with Sher Khán for this treachery, that Sher Khán leaving Áhmedábád on pretence of hunting, escaped to Bálásinor, where his wife joined him.", "Fidá-ud-dín Khán put Ánandrám to death, while Rangoji through the aid of Sher Khán Bábi’s wife, made good his escape to Borsad.", "Fidá-ud-dín Khán had set out to collect tribute, when news arrived that Khanderáv Gáikwár, brother of Dámáji, had crossed the Mahi and joining Rangoji had laid siege to Petlád.", "On hearing this, Fidá-ud-dín at once returned to Áhmedábád, and sent Valabhdás Kotwál to Khanderáv to complain of the misconduct of Rangoji.", "====Abdúl Ázíz Khán of Junnar, Viceroy (by a forged order)====\nAfter the death of Momín Khán, Jawán Mard Khán Bábi was the greatest noble in Gujarát.", "He began to aspire to power, and Fidá-ud-dín, who was not good in the field, had thoughts of appointing him as a deputy.", "While matters were in this state, and Jawán Mard Khán was already laying claim to the revenue of the district round Áhmedábád, an order was received appointing Abdúl Ázíz Khán the commander of Junnar, near Poona, to be viceroy of Gujarát.", "This order was forged by Abdúl Ázíz Khán in Jawán Mard Khán’s interests, whom he appointed his deputy.", "Though Fidá-ud-dín Khán doubted the genuineness of the order, he was not powerful enough to remove Jawán Mard Khán, who accordingly proclaimed himself deputy viceroy.", ";Mutiny of the Troops\nAt this time the troops, clamorous on account of arrears, placed both Fidá-ud-dín Khán and Muftakhir Khán under confinement.", "Jawán Mard Khán assumed charge of the city and stationed his own men on guard.", "While Fidá-ud-dín Khán and Muftakhir Khán were in confinement, Khanderáv Gáikwár sent them a message that if they would cause the fort of Petlád to be surrendered to him, he would help them.", "To this they returned no answer.", "Fidá-ud-dín Khán now entreated Jawán Mard Khán to interfere between him and his troops.", "Jawán Mard Khán accordingly persuaded the mutineers to release Fidá-ud-dín Khán, who eventually escaped from the city and went to Agra.", ";Maráthás Capture Petlád\nMeanwhile Rangoji continued to press the siege of Petlád and the commander, Ágha Muhammad Husain, after in vain appealing for help to Jawán Mard Khán, was forced to surrender.", "Rangoji demolished the fort of Petlád and marched upon Áhmedábád.", "As he approached the city Jawán Mard Khán sent the writer of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' and Ajabsingh to negotiate with Rangoji, who demanded all his former rights and possessions.", "===Muftakhir Khán, Fifty-seventh Viceroy, 1743–44===\nNews had now reached Delhi that a false viceroy was governing Gujarát, and accordingly Muftakhir Khán was chosen fifty-seventh viceroy, the order explaining that Abdúl Ázíz had never been appointed viceroy, and directing Jawán Mard Khán to withdraw from the conduct of affairs.", "Muftakhir Khán was perplexed how to act.", "He succeeded in persuading his troops that he would be able to pay them their arrears, and he sent a copy of the order to Jawán Mard Khán; and, as he dared not displace him, he informed Jawán Mard Khán that he had appointed him as his deputy, and that he himself would shortly leave Áhmedábád.", "Jawán Mard Khán, so far from obeying, ordered Muftakhir Khán’s house to be surrounded.", "Eventually Muftakhir Khán, leaving the city, joined Rangoji, and then retired to Cambay.", ";The Maráthás in Áhmedábád\nKhanderáv Gáikwár returned, and, with the view of enforcing his claims, uniting with Rangoji, marched to Banjar, about five miles south of Áhmedábád.", "Jawán Mard Khán issuing from the city camped near the Kankaria Lake.", "Narhar Pandit and Krishnáji on behalf of the Marátha leaders were sent to Jawán Mard Khán to demand their former rights and possessions.", "Jawán at first refused, but in the end gave way and the Maráthás appointed Dádu Morár deputy of the city.", "Sher Khán Bábi now returned to Bálásinor.", "Khanderáv and Kánáji then went to Dholka, Rangoji to Petlád, and Khanderáv Gáikwár to Sorath.", "Fidá-ud-dín Khán requested Rangoji to help Muftakhir Khán; he replied that he was willing to help him, but had no money.", "Rangoji then accompanied Fidá-ud-dín Khán to Cambay, where Muftakhir Khán was.", "Negotiations were entered into, and the Kháns tried to collect Rupees 1 lákh which Rangoji asked for to enable him to make military preparations to aid them.", "They raised Rupees 80,000 with great difficulty and admitted Rangoji’s Náib to a share in the administration.", "Rangoji withdrew to Borsad with the Rupees 80,000 under the pretext that when the remaining Rupees 20,000 were paid he would take action.", "Fidá-ud-dín Khán, annoyed at Rangoji’s conduct, went to reside at Dhowan, a village belonging to Jálam Jália Koli.", ";Battle of Kím Kathodra and defeat and death of Abdúl Ázíz Khán, 1744\nIn 1744 Jawán Mard Khán, after appointing one of his brothers, Zoráwar Khán, his deputy at Pátan, and keeping his other brother Safdar Khán at Áhmedábád, advanced from the city to Kadi to collect tribute.", "His next step was to invite Abdúl Ázíz Khán, the commander of Junnar, near Poona, to join him in Gujarát.", "Abdul Ázíz accordingly set out from Junnar, taking with him Fatehyáb Khán, commander of the fort of Mulher in Baglan and Rustamráv Marátha.", "Directing his march in the first instance to Surat he was there watched in the interests of Dámáji Gáikwár, by Deváji Tákpar, the lieutenant of that chief, who, seeing that on leaving Surat, Abdúl Ázíz continued to advance to Áhmedábád, pursued him to Kím Kathodra, about fifteen miles north-west of Surat, and there attacked him.", "In the engagement Deváji Tákpar, who had gained over Rustamráv Marátha, one of the leading men in Abdúl Ázíz’s army, was victorious.", "Abdúl Ázíz Khán retired, but was so closely followed by the Maráthás, that at Panoli he was forced to leave his elephant, and, mounting a horse, fled with all speed towards Bharuch.", "On reaching the Narmada, he failed to find any boats, and, as his pursuers were close upon him, putting his horse at the water, he tried to swim the river; but, sticking fast in the mud, he was overtaken and slain by the Maráthás.", "===Fakhr-ud-daulah, Fifty-eighth Viceroy, 1744–1748===\nOn hearing of the death of Abdúl Ázíz, Jawán Mard Khán thought of joining Muftakhir Khán.", "Here he could carry this plan into effect, the emperor receiving, it is said, a present of Rupees 2 lákhs for the nomination, appointed Fakhr-ud-daulah Fakhr-ud-dín Khán Shujáât Jang Bahádur the fifty-eighth viceroy of Gujarát.", "The new viceroy forwarded a blank paper to a banker of his acquaintance named Sitárám, asking him to enter in it the name of a fitting deputy.", "Jawán Mard Khán Bábi, Deputy Viceroy.Sitárám filled in the name of Jawán Mard Khán, and Fakhr-ud-daulah was proclaimed viceroy.", "About this time Safdar Khán Bábi, after levying tribute from the Sábarmati chiefs, returned to Áhmedábád, and Khanderáv Gáikwár, as he passed from Sorath to Songad, appointed Rangoji his deputy.", "On being appointed deputy Rangoji sent Krishnáji instead of Morár Náik as his deputy to Áhmedábád, and himself proceeded to Arhar-Mátar on the Vátrak, and from that moved to Kaira (Kheda) to visit Jawán Mard Khán, with whom he established friendly relations.", "In the same year Áli Muhammad Khán, superintendent of customs, died, and in his place the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' was appointed.", "In this year, too, Pahár Khán Jhálori died, and his uncle, Muhammad Bahádur, was appointed governor of Pálanpur in his stead.", ";Khanderáv Gáikwár called to Sátára\nAbout this time Umábái, widow of Khanderáv Dábháde, summoned Khanderáv Gáikwár to help her in her attempt to lessen the power of the Peshwa.", "As Dámáji Gáikwár could not be spared from the Dakhan, Khanderáv was appointed his deputy in Gujarát, and he chose one Rámchandra to represent him at Áhmedábád.", "When Fakhr-ud-daulah advanced to join his appointment as viceroy he was received at Bálásinor with much respect by Sher Khán Bábi.", "Jawán Mard Khán Bábi, on the other hand, determining to resist Fakhr-ud-daulah to the utmost of his power, summoned Gangádhar with a body of Marátha horse from Petlád, and posting them at Isanpur, about ten miles south-west of the city, himself leaving the fortifications of Áhmedábád, encamped at Asarva, about a mile and a half from the walls.", "During his progress towards the capital the new viceroy was joined by Ráisinghji of Idar at Kapadvanj, and, advancing together, they arrived at Bhílpur, eighteen miles east of Áhmedábád.", "On their approach Jawán Mard Khán sent Safdar Khán and Gangádhar to oppose them, and the two armies met about six miles from the capital.", "After some fighting Fakhr-ud-daulah succeeded in forcing his way to the suburb of Rájpura, and next day continuing to drive back the enemy occupied the suburb of Behrampura and began the actual siege of the city.", "At this point affairs took a turn.", "Fakhr-ud-daulah was wounded and returned to his camp, while Jawán Mard Khán succeeded in winning over to his side Sher Khán Bábi and Ráisinghji of Ídar, two of the viceroy’s chief supporters.", "The ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' especially notes that Rája Ráisingh asked for money to pay his troops but Fakhr-ud-daulah, not knowing that this rule had long been a dead letter, said that as he held a district on service tenure, it was not proper for him to ask for a money aid when on imperial service.", "Next day Fakhr-ud-daulah was surrounded by Safdar Khán Bábi and the Maráthás, and himself one wife and some children were taken prisoners, while another of his wives and his son, who had managed to escape to Sidhpur, were captured and brought back to Áhmedábád.", ";Rangoji Disgraced by Khanderáv Gáikwár\nAfter this Khanderáv Gáikwár returned to Gujarát to receive his share of the spoil taken from Fakhr-ud-daulah.", "Reaching Borsad, he took Rangoji with him as far as Áhmedábád, where he met Jawán Mard Khán, and obtained from Rangoji his share of the tribute.", "Khanderáv was not satisfied with Rangoji’s accounts, and appointing a fresh deputy, he attached Rangoji’s property, and before leaving Áhmedábád for Sorath, put him in confinement at Borsad.", "Meanwhile in consequence of some misunderstanding between Jawán Mard Khán Bábi and his brother Safdar Khán, the latter retired to Udepur, and Jawán Mard Khán went to Visalnagar (Visnagar) then in the hands of his brother Zoráwar Khán.", "From Visalnagar, Jawán Mard Khán proceeded to Radhanpur, and meeting his brother Safdar Khán, they became reconciled, and returned together to Áhmedábád.", "Khanderáv Gáikwár, who had in the meantime returned from Sorath, encamping at Dholka appointed Trimbakráv Pandit as his deputy at Áhmedábád in place of Moro Pandit.", "On hearing that Rangoji had been thrown into confinement, Umábái sent for him, and he along with Khanderáv Gáikwár repaired to the Dakhan.", "Shortly afterwards Punáji Vithal, in concert with Trimbak Pandit, being dissatisfied with Jawán Mard Khán, began to intrigue with Fakhr-ud-daulah.", "In the meantime Umábái had appointed Rangoji as her deputy, and, as he was a staunch friend of Jawán Mard Khán, he expelled Trimbakráv from Áhmedábád, and himself collected the Marátha share of the city revenues.", "Upon this Punáji Vithal sent Gangádhar and Krishnáji with an army, and they, expelling the Mughal officers from the districts from which the Maráthás levied the one-fourth share of the revenue, took the management of them into their own hands.", "Rangoji now asked Sher Khán Bábi to help him.", "Sher Khán agreed; but as he had not funds to pay his troops, he delayed, and afterwards plundered Mahudha and Nadiad.", "As Rangoji failed to join him, Sher Khán proceeded by himself to Kapadvanj, and from Kapadvanj marched against the Marátha camp, with which Fakhr-ud-daulah was then associated.", "On the night after his arrival, the Maráthás made an attack on Sher Khán’s camp, in which many men on both sides were slain.", "Next morning the battle was renewed, but on Sher Khán suggesting certain terms the fighting ceased.", "That very night, hearing that Rangoji had reached Bálásinor, Sher Khán stole off towards Kapadvanj.", "Punáji and Fakhr-ud-daulah followed in pursuit but failed to prevent Rangoji and Sher Khán from joining their forces.", ";Siege of Kapadvanj by Fakhr-ud-daulah, 1746\nIn 1746 a battle was fought in the neighbourhood of the town of Kapadvanj in which Sher Khán was wounded.", "He was forced to take shelter with Rangoji in Kapadvanj, while Fakhr-ud-daulah, Gangádhar, and Krishnáji laid siege to that town.", "At this time the Lunáváḍa chief asked Malhárráv Holkar on his way back from his yearly raid into Malwa, to join him in attacking Virpur.", "Holkar agreed and Virpur was plundered.", "Rangoji, hearing of the arrival of Holkar, begged him to come to his aid, and on promise of receiving a sum of Rupees 2 lákhs and two elephants, Holkar consented.", "Gangádhar, Krishnáji, and Fakhr-ud-daulah, hearing of the approach of Holkar, raised the siege of Kapadvanj, and marching to Dholka expelled the governor of that district.", "Shortly afterwards on a summons from Dámáji and Khanderáv Gáikwár Rangoji retired to Baroda.", "Meanwhile Fakhr-ud-daulah, Krishnáji, and Gangádhar advanced to Jetalpur in the Daskroi sub-division of Áhmedábád and, taking possession of it, expelled Ámbar Habshi, the deputy of Jawán Mard Khán.", "Dámáji and Khanderáv Gáikwár passed from Baroda to Vasu, where they were met by Krishnáji and Gangádhar, whom Dámáji censured for aiding Fakhr-ud-daulah.", "On this occasion Dámáji bestowed the districts of Baroda Naḍiád and Borsad on his brother Khanderáv, an action which for ever removed any ill feeling on the part of Khanderáv.", "Then, proceeding to Goklej, Dámáji had an interview with Jawán Mard Khán.", "From Goklej he sent Kánoji Tákpar with Fakhr-ud-daulah to Sorath, and himself returned to Songaḍ.", "As Borsad had been given to Khanderáv, Rangoji fixed on Umreth as his residence.", "In this year, 1746, Teghbeg Khán, governor of Surat, died, and was succeeded by his brother Safdar Muhammad Khán, who, in acknowledgment of a present of seven horses, received from the emperor the title of Bahádur.", "At this time Tálib Áli Khán died, and the writer of the ''Mirăt-i-Áhmedi'' was appointed minister by the emperor.", "In 1747, Rangoji returned to Áhmedábád, and Jawán Mard Khán had an interview with him a few miles from the city.", "Shortly after this the Kolis of Mehmudabad and Mahudha rebelled, but the revolt was speedily crushed by Sháhbáz Rohilla.", ";Momín Khán II.", "Governor of Cambay, 1748\nDuring this year Najm Khán, governor of Cambay, died.", "Muftakhir Khán, son of Najm-ud-daulah Momín Khán I., who had also received the title of Momín Khán II, informed the emperor of Najm Khán’s death, and himself assumed the office of governor in which in 1748 he was confirmed.", "On hearing of the death of Najm Khán, on pretense of condoling with the family of the late governor, Fidá-ud-dín Khán marched to Cambay, but as he was not allowed to enter the town he retired.", "He afterwards went to Umreth and lived with Rangoji.", "Kánoji Tákpar, who had gone with Fakhr-ud-daulah into Sorath, now laid siege to and took the town of Vanthali.", "As it was nearly time for the Maráthás to return to their country, Kánoji and Fakhr-ud-daulah, retiring to Dholka, expelled Muhammad Jánbáz, the deputy governor.", "Rangoji, who had at this time a dispute with Jawán Mard Khán regarding his share of tribute, now came and joined them, and their combined forces marched upon Sanand, where, after plundering the town, they encamped.", "It was now time for Kánoji to withdraw to the Dakhan (Deccan).", "Rangoji and Fakhr-ud-daulah, remaining behind to collect tribute from the neighbouring districts, marched to Ísanpur, where they were opposed by Jawán Mard Khán.", "On this occasion both Jawán Mard Khán and Fakhr-ud-daulah sought the alliance of Rája Ráisingh of Ídar.", "But, as he offered more favourable terms, Rája Ráisingh determined to join Fakhr-ud-daulah.", "Sher Khán Bábi also joined Fakhr-ud-daulah, who, thus reinforced, laid siege to Áhmedábád.", "While these events were passing at Áhmedábád, Hariba, an adopted son of Khanderáv Gáikwár, at that time in possession of the fort of Borsad, began to plunder Rangoji’s villages under Petlád, and, attacking his deputy, defeated and killed him.", "On this Rangoji withdrew from Áhmedábád, attacked and captured the fort of Borsad, and forced Hariba to leave the country.", "Jawán Mard Khán now sent for Janárdhan Pandit, Khanderáv’s deputy at Naḍiád, and, in place of Rangoji’s representative, appointed him to manage the Marátha share of Áhmedábád.", ";Surat Affairs, 1748\nDuring these years important changes had taken place in the government of Surat.", "In 1734, when Mulla Muhammad Áli, the chief of the merchants and builder of the Athva fort, was killed in prison by Teghbeg Khán, the Nizám sent Sayad Miththan to revenge his death.", "Sayad Miththan was forced to return unsuccessful.", "After Teghbeg Khán’s death, Sayad Miththan again came to Surat and lived there with his brother Sayad Achchan, who held the office of paymaster.", "Sayad Miththan tried to get the government of the town into his hands, but, again failing, committed suicide.", "His brother Sayad Achchan then attacked and took the citadel, expelling the commander; and for several days war was waged between him and the governor Safdar Muhammad Khán with doubtful success.", "At last Sayad Achchan called to his aid Malhárráv, the deputy at Baroda, and their combined forces took possession of the whole city.", "During the sack of the city, Malhárráv was killed and the entire management of affairs fell into the hands of Sayad Achchan.", "Safdar Muhammad Khán, the late governor, though obliged to leave the city, was determined not to give up Surat without a struggle, and raising some men opened fire on the fort.", "Sayad Achchan now begged the Arab, Turk, English, Dutch and Portuguese merchants to aid him.", "A deed addressed to the emperor and the Nizám, begging that Sayad Achchan should be appointed governor, was signed by all the merchants except by Mr. Lamb the English chief, and though he at first refused, he was in the end persuaded by the other merchants to sign.", "The merchants then assisted Sayad Achchan, and Safdar Muhammad Khán retired to Sindh.", ";Mulla Fakhr-ud-din Escapes to Bombay and Cession of Surat Revenue to the Gáikwár, 1747\nSayad Achchan agreed, but on the way Mr. Lamb carried off Mulla Fakhr-ud-dín to the English factory, and afterwards sent him to Bombay (now Mumbai) in disguise.", "In the meantime Kedárji Gáikwár, a cousin of Dámáji’s, whom, with Malhárrav, Sayad Achchan had asked to his help, arrived at Surat, and though Sayad Achchan had been successful without his aid, Kedárji demanded the Rupees 3 lákhs which had been promised him.", "As the Sayad was not in a position to resist Kedárji’s demands, and as he had no ready money to give him, he made over to him a third of the revenues of Surat until the amount should be paid.", "As before this another third of the revenues of Surat had been assigned to Háfiz Masûud Khán, the deputy of Yákut Khán of Janjira, the emoluments of the governor of Surat were reduced to one-third of the entire revenue and this was divided between the Mutasaddi and Bakhshi.", "In 1747 (Samvat 1803), there was a severe shock of earthquake and a great famine which caused many deaths.", "In the following year, Jawán Mard Khán endeavoured to recapture Jetalpur, but failed.", "About the same time Umábái died, and Dámáji’s brother Khanderáv, who was on good terms with Ambiká, wife of Báburáv Senápati, the guardian of Umábái’s son, procured his own appointment as deputy of his brother Dámáji in Gujarát.", "On being appointed deputy, Khanderáv at once marched against Rangoji to recover Borsad, which, as above mentioned, Rangoji had taken from Hariba.", "Their forces were joined by two detachments, one from Momín Khán under the command of Ágha Muhammad Husain, the other from Jawán Mard Khán commanded by Janárdhan Pandit.", "The combined army besieged Borsad.", "After a five months’ siege, Borsad was taken, and Rangoji was imprisoned by Khanderáv.", "On the fall of Borsad Sher Khán Bábi and Rája Ráisingh of Ídar, who were allies of Rangoji, returned to Bálásinor and Ídar; Fakhr-ud-daulah was sent to Petlád and Fidá-ud-dín Khán, leaving Umreth, took shelter with Jetha, the chief of Atarsumba.", "In 1748, the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah died and was succeeded by his son Ahmad Shah Bahadur ().", "* Mahárája Ajítsingh, Forty-ninth Viceroy, 1719–1721 (second time)\n* Haidar Kúli Khán, Fiftieth Viceroy, 1721–1722\n* Nizám-ul-Mulk, Fifty-first Viceroy, 1722\n* Sarbuland Khan, Fifty-second Viceroy, 1723–1730\n* Mahárája Abheysingh, Fifty-third Viceroy, 1730–1733\n** Ratansingh Bhandári, Deputy Viceroy, 1733–1737\n* Momín Khán, Fifty-fourth Viceroy, 1737\n* Mahárája Abheysingh, Fifty-fifth Viceroy, 1737 (second time)\n* Momín Khán, Fifth-sixth Viceroy, 1738–1743 (second time)\n** Fidá-ud-dín acts as Viceroy, 1743\n** Abdúl Ázíz Khán of Junnar, Viceroy (by a forged order)\n* Muftakhir Khán, Fifty-seventh Viceroy, 1743–44\n* Fakhr-ud-daulah, Fifty-eighth Viceroy, 1744–1748", "\n\n===Bibliography===\n\n*" ]

[ "\n'''Shyroke''' (; ) is an urban-type settlement in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast in Ukraine and the administrative center of Shyroke Raion. Population: \n\nShyroke is located on the left bank of the Inhulets River, several kilometers south of the city of Kryvyi Rih.\n", "===Transportation===\nShyroke is connected by a road with Kryvyi Rih. It also has access to the highway connecting Kropyvnytskyi and Zaporizhia via Kryvyi Rih and Nikopol.\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Economy", "References" ]

[ "Population: \n\nShyroke is located on the left bank of the Inhulets River, several kilometers south of the city of Kryvyi Rih." ]

[ "\n'''Shyroke''' (; ) is an urban-type settlement in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast in Ukraine and the administrative center of Shyroke Raion.", "===Transportation===\nShyroke is connected by a road with Kryvyi Rih.", "It also has access to the highway connecting Kropyvnytskyi and Zaporizhia via Kryvyi Rih and Nikopol." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n'''Monarch Place''' is a commercial office tower located in Springfield, Massachusetts.\n", "Monarch Place was built on the site of the Forbes and Wallace Inc. Department Store.\n\n", "As the tallest building in the city and with nearly an entire glass exterior, Monarch Place offers impressive 360 degree views, including the Connecticut River and the Pioneer Valley. The 25 story, architecturally sophisticated, Class A office tower includes 400,000 square feet of easily sub-dividable premier office space. The first and second floor lobbies are finished with Italian marble, attesting to the quality and craftsmanship that defines this superior office building. \n\nWhen entering Monarch Place, guests are greeted by our highly responsive 24-hour security staff that offers personalized service. In order to be conducive to both business and personal necessities, there is direct access to a full-service bank, onsite dry cleaner, gourmet sandwich cafe, coffee shop, an eclectic food court and retail stores.\nThe Monarch Place complex also includes the Sheraton Hotel with 30,000 square feet of flexible meeting space, 325 guest rooms, an upscale restaurant, and a sports lounge.\n", "As of September 2017, here is a list of notable tenants at Monarch Place. \n\n* American Hockey League (AHL)\n* Argo Group\n* Community Legal Aid\n*First American Title Insurance\n*Health New England\n*Kanzaki Specialty Papers\n*Merrill Lynch\n*Robert Half International Inc.\n*Sinclair Insurance Group, Inc.\n*The Travelers Indemnity Company\n*UBS Financial\n", "* Metro Center, Springfield, Massachusetts\n* List of tallest buildings in Springfield, Massachusetts\n\n==References== \n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "History", "Features and designs", "List of tenants", "See also" ]

[ "In order to be conducive to both business and personal necessities, there is direct access to a full-service bank, onsite dry cleaner, gourmet sandwich cafe, coffee shop, an eclectic food court and retail stores." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n'''Monarch Place''' is a commercial office tower located in Springfield, Massachusetts.", "Monarch Place was built on the site of the Forbes and Wallace Inc. Department Store.", "As the tallest building in the city and with nearly an entire glass exterior, Monarch Place offers impressive 360 degree views, including the Connecticut River and the Pioneer Valley.", "The 25 story, architecturally sophisticated, Class A office tower includes 400,000 square feet of easily sub-dividable premier office space.", "The first and second floor lobbies are finished with Italian marble, attesting to the quality and craftsmanship that defines this superior office building.", "When entering Monarch Place, guests are greeted by our highly responsive 24-hour security staff that offers personalized service.", "The Monarch Place complex also includes the Sheraton Hotel with 30,000 square feet of flexible meeting space, 325 guest rooms, an upscale restaurant, and a sports lounge.", "As of September 2017, here is a list of notable tenants at Monarch Place.", "* American Hockey League (AHL)\n* Argo Group\n* Community Legal Aid\n*First American Title Insurance\n*Health New England\n*Kanzaki Specialty Papers\n*Merrill Lynch\n*Robert Half International Inc.\n*Sinclair Insurance Group, Inc.\n*The Travelers Indemnity Company\n*UBS Financial", "* Metro Center, Springfield, Massachusetts\n* List of tallest buildings in Springfield, Massachusetts\n\n==References==" ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\nAlexey Karpenko, 2016\n\n'''Alexey Karpenko''' (born in 1949 in Ukraine) – Ukrainian psychophysiologist and cell transplantologist. MD, PhD, Doctor of Sciences.\n", "\nGraduated from high school in Donetsk, Ukraine (1966) and from Kyiv Medical University, Ukraine (1972) as a medical doctor, PhD (1977), Doctor of Sciences (1989).\n\nWorked at the Institute for Occupational Health of Ukrainian Academy of Medical Science (1972-1995) in scientific field of psychophysiology of mental labor. He created original methods, designed and implemented self-educating adaptive computer-based systems for individual psychophysiological monitoring and optimization of current professional reliability and mental capacity of operators at nuclear and heat power plants, major electric grids and cosmonautics.\n\nIn 1989-1995 he headed the scientific program for psychophysiological grounds of the professional reliability in operative personnel of the Ministry of Energetics of Ukraine. In 2002-2010 he participated in creation of branch legislation for implementation of psychophysiological systems which support professional reliability and high efficiency of operative personnel.\n\nTogether with Dr. Alexander Smikodub Dr. Alexey Karpenko founded the Embryonic Tissue Center “EmCell” (1994) and was General Director (CEO) of “EmCell” during 1994-2001. In 1994, “EmCell” jointly with National Medical University and Administration of the city of Kyiv founded the world’s first clinic totally dedicated to clinical application of fetal stem cell transplantations (Cell Therapy Clinic “EmCell”). \n\nIn 2001, Alexey Karpenko left “EmCell” to create and to lead the Department for Fetal Stem Cell Transplantation at the Coordinating Center for Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine (2001-2003). Starting from 2010, he is the Honorary Scientific Director of the Center “EmCell”. \n\nWhen Dr. Alexey Karpenko was CEO “EmCell” was granted letters of patent for new methods of treatment with the use of Fetal Stem Cell Transplantations by Ukraine, the USA, Netherlands, Greece and Russia and took part in dozens of international congresses and conferences with contributions regarding clinical use of Fetal Stem Cell Transplantations. At this time, Center “EmCell” in cooperation with six leading research institutes and universities of Ukraine developed legal grounds for practical clinical use of Fetal Stem Cell Transplantation, which were duly approved by Ministry of Health and by Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine (1999-2001). “EmCell” is licensed as a tissue bank for human stem cells (since 2011).\n", "\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Biography ", " References " ]

[ "“EmCell” is licensed as a tissue bank for human stem cells (since 2011)." ]

[ "\n\n\n\n\nAlexey Karpenko, 2016\n\n'''Alexey Karpenko''' (born in 1949 in Ukraine) – Ukrainian psychophysiologist and cell transplantologist.", "MD, PhD, Doctor of Sciences.", "\nGraduated from high school in Donetsk, Ukraine (1966) and from Kyiv Medical University, Ukraine (1972) as a medical doctor, PhD (1977), Doctor of Sciences (1989).", "Worked at the Institute for Occupational Health of Ukrainian Academy of Medical Science (1972-1995) in scientific field of psychophysiology of mental labor.", "He created original methods, designed and implemented self-educating adaptive computer-based systems for individual psychophysiological monitoring and optimization of current professional reliability and mental capacity of operators at nuclear and heat power plants, major electric grids and cosmonautics.", "In 1989-1995 he headed the scientific program for psychophysiological grounds of the professional reliability in operative personnel of the Ministry of Energetics of Ukraine.", "In 2002-2010 he participated in creation of branch legislation for implementation of psychophysiological systems which support professional reliability and high efficiency of operative personnel.", "Together with Dr. Alexander Smikodub Dr. Alexey Karpenko founded the Embryonic Tissue Center “EmCell” (1994) and was General Director (CEO) of “EmCell” during 1994-2001.", "In 1994, “EmCell” jointly with National Medical University and Administration of the city of Kyiv founded the world’s first clinic totally dedicated to clinical application of fetal stem cell transplantations (Cell Therapy Clinic “EmCell”).", "In 2001, Alexey Karpenko left “EmCell” to create and to lead the Department for Fetal Stem Cell Transplantation at the Coordinating Center for Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine (2001-2003).", "Starting from 2010, he is the Honorary Scientific Director of the Center “EmCell”.", "When Dr. Alexey Karpenko was CEO “EmCell” was granted letters of patent for new methods of treatment with the use of Fetal Stem Cell Transplantations by Ukraine, the USA, Netherlands, Greece and Russia and took part in dozens of international congresses and conferences with contributions regarding clinical use of Fetal Stem Cell Transplantations.", "At this time, Center “EmCell” in cooperation with six leading research institutes and universities of Ukraine developed legal grounds for practical clinical use of Fetal Stem Cell Transplantation, which were duly approved by Ministry of Health and by Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine (1999-2001)." ]

[ "\n\n\nThe '''2017–18 Stanbic Bank 20 Series''' is an upcoming edition of the Stanbic Bank 20 Series, a Twenty20 cricket tournament in Zimbabwe. The competition is scheduled to start in April 2018 and will include a new team, the Rising Stars, along with the existing four teams.\n", "The following teams will compete in the tournament:\n\n* Mashonaland Eagles\n* Matabeleland Tuskers\n* Mid West Rhinos\n* Mountaineers\n* Rising Stars\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Teams", "References" ]

[ "\n\n\nThe '''2017–18 Stanbic Bank 20 Series''' is an upcoming edition of the Stanbic Bank 20 Series, a Twenty20 cricket tournament in Zimbabwe." ]

[ "The competition is scheduled to start in April 2018 and will include a new team, the Rising Stars, along with the existing four teams.", "The following teams will compete in the tournament:\n\n* Mashonaland Eagles\n* Matabeleland Tuskers\n* Mid West Rhinos\n* Mountaineers\n* Rising Stars" ]

[ "\n\nThe '''Parish Church of Our Lady of the Rosary''' () is an 17th-century Roman Catholic church in Cachoeira, Bahia, Brazil. It was constructed between the late 17th century and completed in the 1750s, likely in 1754. The church was listed as a historic structure by National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) in 1939. The church is dedicated to Our Lady of the Rosary and is constructed in the Baroque style.\n", "\nConstruction of Parish Church of Our Lady of the Rosary began at the end of the late 17th century and continued into the next century. Funding for the church came from the local population and the Portuguese crown. King John V of Portugal donated eight thousand cruzados for the construction of the main chapel, sacristy, and an administrative office, the ''casa de fábrica'' for its administrator, Francisco Amorim da Silva. Tile panels were installed in 1750.\n\nA commission, which consisted of an engineer, bricklayer, and carpenter, surveyed the building in 1754 and found the construction of the church to be satisfactory, but at a cost that exceeded the donation of the crown. Francisco Amorim da Silva's request for reimbursement by the Treasury was granted in the same year, implying that construction of the church was completed per instructions of the Portuguese colonial government.\n\nThe church was the scene of bloody struggles by groups divided over its administration in 1842.\n", "\nThe Mother Church of Our Lady of the Rosary forms a small block between Ana Nery Street and 13 de Maio Square in the lower part of the city. The church is located close to the banks of the Paraguaçu River and has been subject to flooding. Its main façade faces Ana Nery Street to the east and provides a clear view to the interior of the city. The church tower provides a view of the city of Cachoeira and parts of São Felix, which is located on opposite bank of the Paraguaçu River. The church is part of the Historical Center of Cachoeira.\n", "\nThe church has a rectangular plan with a single nave. It has two side aisles superposed by tribunes and a cross sacristy; these are features common to churches of the period. It has walls of mixed masonry of stone and brick. The design of the frontispiece was inspired by two churches: that of the Church of Saint Bartolomeu in neighboring Maragogipe and the Church of Santo Antônio da Barra in Salvador. The portal of the church is of richly carved lioz stone with within three arches.\n\nThe frontispiece is flanked by two towers with pyramidal towers; the are glazed in tile in a distinctive zig-zag pattern, an element common to the Seminary of Belém, also in Cachoeira; the churches of Boa Viagem and Santa Casa de Misericórdia both in Salvador, and the Convent of Saint Antonio in the municipality of São Francisco do Conde.\nThe church interior is richly decorated with numerous azulejos measuring 4 meter high. They are among the most important in Brazil and are typical of those produced in Lisbon in the 1750s.\n\nThe ceiling of the nave is of wood and painted in the Italian trompe-l'oeil illusionist style; they were executed by José Joaquim da Rocha. Medallions are also painted in choir and sacristy areas. Carving work in the church from the 18th century is seen in the sacristy, pulpits, and tribunes. Other carvings date to a 19th century renovation of the church in the Neoclassical style.\n\nCarvings of lioz, a stone imported from Portugal, covers parts of the interior; this is an element common to 18th-century churches in Salvador, notably the churches of Pilar, Conceição da Praia and Lapa. Lioz carvings are found in the baptismal font, two seashell basins, and the stairway of the presbytery, and a lavabo with carvings of dolphins.\n", "\nThe Mother Church of Our Lady of the Rosary was listed as a historic structure by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage in 1939. It was listed in the Book of Historical Works no 198.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "History", "Location", "Structure", "Protected status", "References" ]

[ "The church tower provides a view of the city of Cachoeira and parts of São Felix, which is located on opposite bank of the Paraguaçu River." ]

[ "\n\nThe '''Parish Church of Our Lady of the Rosary''' () is an 17th-century Roman Catholic church in Cachoeira, Bahia, Brazil.", "It was constructed between the late 17th century and completed in the 1750s, likely in 1754.", "The church was listed as a historic structure by National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) in 1939.", "The church is dedicated to Our Lady of the Rosary and is constructed in the Baroque style.", "\nConstruction of Parish Church of Our Lady of the Rosary began at the end of the late 17th century and continued into the next century.", "Funding for the church came from the local population and the Portuguese crown.", "King John V of Portugal donated eight thousand cruzados for the construction of the main chapel, sacristy, and an administrative office, the ''casa de fábrica'' for its administrator, Francisco Amorim da Silva.", "Tile panels were installed in 1750.", "A commission, which consisted of an engineer, bricklayer, and carpenter, surveyed the building in 1754 and found the construction of the church to be satisfactory, but at a cost that exceeded the donation of the crown.", "Francisco Amorim da Silva's request for reimbursement by the Treasury was granted in the same year, implying that construction of the church was completed per instructions of the Portuguese colonial government.", "The church was the scene of bloody struggles by groups divided over its administration in 1842.", "\nThe Mother Church of Our Lady of the Rosary forms a small block between Ana Nery Street and 13 de Maio Square in the lower part of the city.", "The church is located close to the banks of the Paraguaçu River and has been subject to flooding.", "Its main façade faces Ana Nery Street to the east and provides a clear view to the interior of the city.", "The church is part of the Historical Center of Cachoeira.", "\nThe church has a rectangular plan with a single nave.", "It has two side aisles superposed by tribunes and a cross sacristy; these are features common to churches of the period.", "It has walls of mixed masonry of stone and brick.", "The design of the frontispiece was inspired by two churches: that of the Church of Saint Bartolomeu in neighboring Maragogipe and the Church of Santo Antônio da Barra in Salvador.", "The portal of the church is of richly carved lioz stone with within three arches.", "The frontispiece is flanked by two towers with pyramidal towers; the are glazed in tile in a distinctive zig-zag pattern, an element common to the Seminary of Belém, also in Cachoeira; the churches of Boa Viagem and Santa Casa de Misericórdia both in Salvador, and the Convent of Saint Antonio in the municipality of São Francisco do Conde.", "The church interior is richly decorated with numerous azulejos measuring 4 meter high.", "They are among the most important in Brazil and are typical of those produced in Lisbon in the 1750s.", "The ceiling of the nave is of wood and painted in the Italian trompe-l'oeil illusionist style; they were executed by José Joaquim da Rocha.", "Medallions are also painted in choir and sacristy areas.", "Carving work in the church from the 18th century is seen in the sacristy, pulpits, and tribunes.", "Other carvings date to a 19th century renovation of the church in the Neoclassical style.", "Carvings of lioz, a stone imported from Portugal, covers parts of the interior; this is an element common to 18th-century churches in Salvador, notably the churches of Pilar, Conceição da Praia and Lapa.", "Lioz carvings are found in the baptismal font, two seashell basins, and the stairway of the presbytery, and a lavabo with carvings of dolphins.", "\nThe Mother Church of Our Lady of the Rosary was listed as a historic structure by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage in 1939.", "It was listed in the Book of Historical Works no 198." ]

[ "'''Mozart Savings''' or '''Mozart Savings Association''' was an American bank founded in 1892 and based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania..\n\nIt merged 31 October 1981 with Parkvale Savings Bank and ceased to be its own concern. Parkvale merged into First National Bank of Pennsylvania in 2012.\n", "In early establishing shots of its 1957 Pittsburgh setting, ''Fences'' (2016) featured a large Mozart Savings advertisement painted on the side of a brick building.\n", "\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "In popular culture", "References" ]

[ "'''Mozart Savings''' or '''Mozart Savings Association''' was an American bank founded in 1892 and based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania..", "It merged 31 October 1981 with Parkvale Savings Bank and ceased to be its own concern.", "Parkvale merged into First National Bank of Pennsylvania in 2012." ]

[ "In early establishing shots of its 1957 Pittsburgh setting, ''Fences'' (2016) featured a large Mozart Savings advertisement painted on the side of a brick building." ]

[ "\n'''William 'Billy' Ball''' (1795–1852), the '''Shropshire Giant''', was a nineteenth-century iron puddler and giant.\n\nHe was born in June 1795 at Horsehay, Great Dawley, Shropshire where he would live for his whole life. His exact date of birth is unrecorded, but he was baptised on the 8 July. He was the first son of five children born to Thomas and Elizabeth Ball of Horsehay.\n\nAs an adult he was tall and weighed more than forty stones. It was said that his \"waistcoat was so big that three men could be buttoned into it\".\n\nIn September 1819, aged 24, he married Mary Bailey. They had two children, Eliza (1823–1824) and Thomas (1824–1839). In that same year, both his wife and daughter died. Thomas also died young, at fifteen. Next year, 1825, he married Margaret Wood (1790-c.1850), who bore him no children.\n\nHe was known locally as a cheerful man with a very pleasing disposition.\n", "From the age of eight he was employed in the Coalbrookdale Company's Horsehay Ironworks, where he continued for forty years (1843). He worked mostly as a puddler and later as a shingler.\n\nPuddling is a skilled and extremely strenuous job, requiring great physical strength. 'Big Billy Ball' was immensely strong, on one occasion reputedly lifting a piece of iron weighing nearly to place under the forge hammer. In the 1841 census he gave his occupation as a forgeman.\n\nIn 1843 he was accidentally blinded in one eye when it was struck by a piece of molten iron. After this he always wore a pair of glass goggles. He also ceased working in the ironworks.\n", "After he left the ironworks he exhibited himself around county fairs as \"The Largest Man in Britain\", appearing under the pseudonym 'John Bull'.\n\n1850 saw the birth of Alfred Darby II, a descendant of the Darby family, which was to be celebrated by a procession. He was chosen to lead this procession on horseback, along with 'Little Bennie Poole', the smallest man working at the Coalbrookdale Company, riding a pony. Because of his size, he had to be hoisted onto his horse with a block and tackle, with a cry of, \"Dunno yo drop me!\". Afterwards the horse was so injured that it had to be destroyed.\n\nIn the 1851 census of 30th April, he is listed but without specifying an occupation.\n\n=== The Great Exhibition ===\nHe was invited, as both a guest and a celebrity exhibit, to The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London. As no passenger seat on the train to London was big enough for him, he travelled in the guard's van. This was to be his last major public appearance.\n\nSome Birmingham businessmen were said to have teased him about his size: they asked him how much material would be needed and what the cost would be to make him a suit, but after he quipped that if they would take him to a tailor, have him measured and pay for a suit, he would give them the information they wanted, they troubled him no more!\n\nHe did not enjoy his experience of London and was the target of thieves. He left wishing never to return and had no wish to travel from Horsehay again.\n", "He died the year after his appearance at The Great Exhibition, in June 1852, aged 57.\n\nOn his death, he had to be taken from his home in Sandy Bank Row, Horsehay by removing a window and the surrounding brickwork. It took ten strong men to carry the coffin, with straps and poles. It was said to be so large that \"ten lads were able to lie in it\". Although the funeral at St Luke's Church in Doseley was attended by a large crowd, he was buried in an unmarked grave.\n", "* Daniel Lambert (1770–1809)\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", " Ironworker ", " John Bull ", " Death ", " See also ", " References " ]

[ "On his death, he had to be taken from his home in Sandy Bank Row, Horsehay by removing a window and the surrounding brickwork." ]

[ "\n'''William 'Billy' Ball''' (1795–1852), the '''Shropshire Giant''', was a nineteenth-century iron puddler and giant.", "He was born in June 1795 at Horsehay, Great Dawley, Shropshire where he would live for his whole life.", "His exact date of birth is unrecorded, but he was baptised on the 8 July.", "He was the first son of five children born to Thomas and Elizabeth Ball of Horsehay.", "As an adult he was tall and weighed more than forty stones.", "It was said that his \"waistcoat was so big that three men could be buttoned into it\".", "In September 1819, aged 24, he married Mary Bailey.", "They had two children, Eliza (1823–1824) and Thomas (1824–1839).", "In that same year, both his wife and daughter died.", "Thomas also died young, at fifteen.", "Next year, 1825, he married Margaret Wood (1790-c.1850), who bore him no children.", "He was known locally as a cheerful man with a very pleasing disposition.", "From the age of eight he was employed in the Coalbrookdale Company's Horsehay Ironworks, where he continued for forty years (1843).", "He worked mostly as a puddler and later as a shingler.", "Puddling is a skilled and extremely strenuous job, requiring great physical strength.", "'Big Billy Ball' was immensely strong, on one occasion reputedly lifting a piece of iron weighing nearly to place under the forge hammer.", "In the 1841 census he gave his occupation as a forgeman.", "In 1843 he was accidentally blinded in one eye when it was struck by a piece of molten iron.", "After this he always wore a pair of glass goggles.", "He also ceased working in the ironworks.", "After he left the ironworks he exhibited himself around county fairs as \"The Largest Man in Britain\", appearing under the pseudonym 'John Bull'.", "1850 saw the birth of Alfred Darby II, a descendant of the Darby family, which was to be celebrated by a procession.", "He was chosen to lead this procession on horseback, along with 'Little Bennie Poole', the smallest man working at the Coalbrookdale Company, riding a pony.", "Because of his size, he had to be hoisted onto his horse with a block and tackle, with a cry of, \"Dunno yo drop me!\".", "Afterwards the horse was so injured that it had to be destroyed.", "In the 1851 census of 30th April, he is listed but without specifying an occupation.", "=== The Great Exhibition ===\nHe was invited, as both a guest and a celebrity exhibit, to The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London.", "As no passenger seat on the train to London was big enough for him, he travelled in the guard's van.", "This was to be his last major public appearance.", "Some Birmingham businessmen were said to have teased him about his size: they asked him how much material would be needed and what the cost would be to make him a suit, but after he quipped that if they would take him to a tailor, have him measured and pay for a suit, he would give them the information they wanted, they troubled him no more!", "He did not enjoy his experience of London and was the target of thieves.", "He left wishing never to return and had no wish to travel from Horsehay again.", "He died the year after his appearance at The Great Exhibition, in June 1852, aged 57.", "It took ten strong men to carry the coffin, with straps and poles.", "It was said to be so large that \"ten lads were able to lie in it\".", "Although the funeral at St Luke's Church in Doseley was attended by a large crowd, he was buried in an unmarked grave.", "* Daniel Lambert (1770–1809)" ]

[ "\nProfessor '''Jerry Agada''' (born '''Jerry Anthony Agada''' on 11 November 1952) is a Nigerian educationist, scholar, Author, former president of the Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA) and former minister of state for Education of the Federal republic of Nigeria. He is known for writings with the publication of his first book, The Magic year – poetry in prose and rhymes in 1996 and has since followed that book up with another one in 1998, The Secret Deal, which is a collection of stories, Rage and Tears, Orokam: A Roadmap for Socio-Economic & Political Advancement, Holy Land: Encounters and Symbolism and Web of Convictions.\n", "Born on November 11, 1952 at Orokam in Ogbadibo Local Government Area of Benue State, Jerry Agada started his educational journey at Joseph’s Primary School, Orokam, Benue State from 1959 to 1965 and to St. Francis Secondary School, Otukpo Benue State between 1966 and 1970. He proceeded to Kaduna Polytechnic, C.A.B.S Kaduna State in 1971 and after graduating from there in 1973 he attended the National Technical Teachers College, Yaba, Lagos State between 1973 and 1974 for the Technical Teacher’s Certificate in Commerce. He was also at the University of Exeter (MARJONS), Plymouth, United Kingdom between 1979 and 1981 where he obtained a Bachelor of Education (English). He also grabbed a Master of Commerce in Marketing from the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland in 1984 and a Doctor of Philosophy in Public Sector Management from the Post Graduate School, Staton University, Tampa, Florida, United States in 2003. He was also at the University of Birmingham, School of Public Policy in October 2003 for the Certificate in Management Contracting & Partnership for Service Delivery.\n", "He started his career in 1974 as classroom teacher in charge of Business Education subjects in Keffi. He was there until 1977 when he relocated to Government College, Makurdi in 1977 following the creation of Benue State. He served as Commissionaire with the Nigerian High Commission, London between 1982 and 1983. Upon his return to Nigeria, he was posted to Army Day Secondary School, Abakpa, Enugu for the National Youth Service Corps . He returned to Government College, Makurdi in 1985 as Head, Business Studies. By 1987, he had become Vice Principal (Administration) of the college. He also acted as the Principal of the College between 1987 and 1988 when he was formally appointed Principal of the College. He was in that position until 1992 when he was elevated to the position of Guidance Counselor and Principal Special Grade at the Headquarters of the Benue State Teaching Service Board. He was transferred to Government College, Utonkon in 1993 as Principal Special Grade. He held that position until 1996 when he was appointed the Executive Secretary, Benue State Examinations Board.\n\nBy 1999, Jerry Anthony Agada was again elevated to the position of Permanent Secretary, Benue State Ministry of Information, Youth, Sports and Culture. He also served in the same capacity in the Ministry of Education, Benue State Ministry of Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs and the Benue State Bureau of Political Affairs. Upon his retirement from the Civil Service of Benue State, he joined the 0Peoples Democratic Party} (PDP) and sought election to the office of the Governor of Benue State. He lost the bid but later emerged as the Minister of State for Education, Federal Republic of Nigeria in July 2007. He left the Ministerial position in October 2008 but by March 2009, he was appointed as the Chairman, Governing Board of the National Commission for Colleges of Education, (NCCE) Abuja.\n\nProf. Jerry Agada's swearing in as Secretary to the Benue State Government --SSG\nIn 2013, the European American University, Commonwealth of Dominica now an affiliate of the Western Orthodox University, appointed him as a Visiting Professor in Education. He has also been the Chairman, Advisory Board, Presidential Schools Debate, Nigeria since 2013, Vice Chairman, Advisory Board of the Nigeria Prize for Literature of the NLNG since 2009 and Chairman, Governing Council, Eastern Polytechnic, Port Harcourt since August 2015. In 2016 he was appointed Member Governing Council, Fidei Polytechnic Gboko, Benue State. In November 2016, he was appointed Chairman of the Benue State Civil Service Commission.\n\nJerry Anthony Agada is a Fellow, British Society of Commerce, Member, Institute of Marketing and Member, Nigeria Association of Business Educators, Member, Nigeria Association of Educational Administration and Planning. He is also a Fellow, Association of Nigerian Authors, Member, Nigeria Institute of Management and Member, Institute of Industrialist and Corporate Administration. \nIn February 2012, he was selected as one of fifty men of integrity in Nigeria by the editorial board of the Guardian Newspaper of Nigeria. On 17 August 2017, he was honoured with the title of Africa’s Patriotic Personality of the Year by the African Students Union Parliament, (ASUP).\n\nJerry Anthony Agada has held several other positions in government and associations. He was the Chairman of the Benue State Petroleum Monitoring Committee between 1999 and 2000 and Member of the Benue State Reform Team between 2001 and 2006. He was also the Secretary General, National Orokam-Aroji Summit from 1992 to 1999 and Chairman of the Board of Zion Micro-Finance Bank, Makurdi between 2006 and 2008. He is a past National President of the Association of Nigerian Authors, (ANA) and patron of its branch in Benue State. \nIn November 2015, his Orokom Community in Ogbadibo LGA, honoured him with the Chieftaincy title of the Oyalobu 1 of Orokam –meaning “The Pacesetter’’ within the Community. He was also conferred with the title of “Omachi Onu Egume of Egume by the Igala Area Traditional council in 2008.\n", "*The Successors, 2007\n*The Soothsayer, 2003\n*The Secret Deal, 2003\n*The Honourable Chairman, 2003\n*Rage and Tears, 2002\n*The Magic Year: (a Poetry in Prose and Rhymes)\n*The Secret Deal and Other Stories, 1998\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life and education", "Career", "Selected books", "References" ]

[ "He was also the Secretary General, National Orokam-Aroji Summit from 1992 to 1999 and Chairman of the Board of Zion Micro-Finance Bank, Makurdi between 2006 and 2008." ]

[ "\nProfessor '''Jerry Agada''' (born '''Jerry Anthony Agada''' on 11 November 1952) is a Nigerian educationist, scholar, Author, former president of the Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA) and former minister of state for Education of the Federal republic of Nigeria.", "He is known for writings with the publication of his first book, The Magic year – poetry in prose and rhymes in 1996 and has since followed that book up with another one in 1998, The Secret Deal, which is a collection of stories, Rage and Tears, Orokam: A Roadmap for Socio-Economic & Political Advancement, Holy Land: Encounters and Symbolism and Web of Convictions.", "Born on November 11, 1952 at Orokam in Ogbadibo Local Government Area of Benue State, Jerry Agada started his educational journey at Joseph’s Primary School, Orokam, Benue State from 1959 to 1965 and to St. Francis Secondary School, Otukpo Benue State between 1966 and 1970.", "He proceeded to Kaduna Polytechnic, C.A.B.S Kaduna State in 1971 and after graduating from there in 1973 he attended the National Technical Teachers College, Yaba, Lagos State between 1973 and 1974 for the Technical Teacher’s Certificate in Commerce.", "He was also at the University of Exeter (MARJONS), Plymouth, United Kingdom between 1979 and 1981 where he obtained a Bachelor of Education (English).", "He also grabbed a Master of Commerce in Marketing from the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland in 1984 and a Doctor of Philosophy in Public Sector Management from the Post Graduate School, Staton University, Tampa, Florida, United States in 2003.", "He was also at the University of Birmingham, School of Public Policy in October 2003 for the Certificate in Management Contracting & Partnership for Service Delivery.", "He started his career in 1974 as classroom teacher in charge of Business Education subjects in Keffi.", "He was there until 1977 when he relocated to Government College, Makurdi in 1977 following the creation of Benue State.", "He served as Commissionaire with the Nigerian High Commission, London between 1982 and 1983.", "Upon his return to Nigeria, he was posted to Army Day Secondary School, Abakpa, Enugu for the National Youth Service Corps .", "He returned to Government College, Makurdi in 1985 as Head, Business Studies.", "By 1987, he had become Vice Principal (Administration) of the college.", "He also acted as the Principal of the College between 1987 and 1988 when he was formally appointed Principal of the College.", "He was in that position until 1992 when he was elevated to the position of Guidance Counselor and Principal Special Grade at the Headquarters of the Benue State Teaching Service Board.", "He was transferred to Government College, Utonkon in 1993 as Principal Special Grade.", "He held that position until 1996 when he was appointed the Executive Secretary, Benue State Examinations Board.", "By 1999, Jerry Anthony Agada was again elevated to the position of Permanent Secretary, Benue State Ministry of Information, Youth, Sports and Culture.", "He also served in the same capacity in the Ministry of Education, Benue State Ministry of Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs and the Benue State Bureau of Political Affairs.", "Upon his retirement from the Civil Service of Benue State, he joined the 0Peoples Democratic Party} (PDP) and sought election to the office of the Governor of Benue State.", "He lost the bid but later emerged as the Minister of State for Education, Federal Republic of Nigeria in July 2007.", "He left the Ministerial position in October 2008 but by March 2009, he was appointed as the Chairman, Governing Board of the National Commission for Colleges of Education, (NCCE) Abuja.", "Prof. Jerry Agada's swearing in as Secretary to the Benue State Government --SSG\nIn 2013, the European American University, Commonwealth of Dominica now an affiliate of the Western Orthodox University, appointed him as a Visiting Professor in Education.", "He has also been the Chairman, Advisory Board, Presidential Schools Debate, Nigeria since 2013, Vice Chairman, Advisory Board of the Nigeria Prize for Literature of the NLNG since 2009 and Chairman, Governing Council, Eastern Polytechnic, Port Harcourt since August 2015.", "In 2016 he was appointed Member Governing Council, Fidei Polytechnic Gboko, Benue State.", "In November 2016, he was appointed Chairman of the Benue State Civil Service Commission.", "Jerry Anthony Agada is a Fellow, British Society of Commerce, Member, Institute of Marketing and Member, Nigeria Association of Business Educators, Member, Nigeria Association of Educational Administration and Planning.", "He is also a Fellow, Association of Nigerian Authors, Member, Nigeria Institute of Management and Member, Institute of Industrialist and Corporate Administration.", "In February 2012, he was selected as one of fifty men of integrity in Nigeria by the editorial board of the Guardian Newspaper of Nigeria.", "On 17 August 2017, he was honoured with the title of Africa’s Patriotic Personality of the Year by the African Students Union Parliament, (ASUP).", "Jerry Anthony Agada has held several other positions in government and associations.", "He was the Chairman of the Benue State Petroleum Monitoring Committee between 1999 and 2000 and Member of the Benue State Reform Team between 2001 and 2006.", "He is a past National President of the Association of Nigerian Authors, (ANA) and patron of its branch in Benue State.", "In November 2015, his Orokom Community in Ogbadibo LGA, honoured him with the Chieftaincy title of the Oyalobu 1 of Orokam –meaning “The Pacesetter’’ within the Community.", "He was also conferred with the title of “Omachi Onu Egume of Egume by the Igala Area Traditional council in 2008.", "*The Successors, 2007\n*The Soothsayer, 2003\n*The Secret Deal, 2003\n*The Honourable Chairman, 2003\n*Rage and Tears, 2002\n*The Magic Year: (a Poetry in Prose and Rhymes)\n*The Secret Deal and Other Stories, 1998" ]

[ "\n\nThe following is a list of characters from the series ''The Awesomes''.\n", "\n===Professor Dr. Jeremy \"Prock\" Awesome===\n'''Professor Dr. Jeremy \"Prock\" Awesome''' (voiced by Seth Meyers) - The son of Mr. Awesome. Jeremy Awesome is the young new leader of the Awesomes. Known as Prock (a portmanteau of Professor and Doctor, since Prock has a JD and an MD) he has always wanted to be a superhero like his father, Mr. Awesome. Prock disappointingly doesn't have any of his father's impressive physical powers: indeed, he is unimposing and injury-prone. However, he's the smartest on the team and a natural leader: in a crisis he comes up with excellent plans and assigns jobs to everyone on the team. For some reason, Prock has so far chosen to keep his other powers hidden from his teammates, likely because they may want to use it for personal gain: he has low-level chronokinesis i.e. can stop time for ten-second increments (he can stop it for longer, but he revealed in \"Euro-Awesomes\" that doing so really hurts, often in the form of nosebleeds or cranial trauma), and he is also immune to mind control as his father was. Prock lied to his father that he no longer uses his time power, as doctors told him continuing to use it would kill him. His blind spot is that he has a huge crush on Hotwire, which is why she's on the team and it sometimes gets in the way. Prock wears a blue jumpsuit with a black utility belt and has a golden \"A\" on his chest similar to his father.\n\n===Harry \"Muscleman\" Strong===\n'''Harry \"Muscleman\" Strong''' (voiced by Ike Barinholtz) - Prock's best friend from childhood since their fathers were teammates in the original Awesomes. He inherited his superhero name - along with superhuman strength (up to two thousand tons with effort) and invulnerability - from his father and grandfather before him. Muscleman likes to stay on the positive side of everything, which can get a little annoying. He wears a red singlet with black tights and black cuffs and also has an extremely large amount of chest hair. It was revealed in a season 2 episode that he is Jewish. In the first episode of season 3 it is revealed that although he lacks intellect, he has a natural talent for picking up foreign languages. He was able to fluently talk to dolphins just by spending a couple of hours with one.\n\n===Connie \"Concierge\"===\n'''Connie \"Concierge\"''' (voiced by Emily Spivey) - The secretary of the new Awesomes, who helped Prock and Muscleman recruit the others (mostly from an old reject pile). While not seen by the others as a superhero, she is very intelligent and organized. Concierge is present on most missions, often seen with a tablet computer, filling in with needed resources that others often lack. Concierge ended up with the job only because she was the last of the old staff to say \"Not it,\" though now she likes it. In the episode People vs Perfect Man, she officially becomes a superhero and member of the Awesomes.\n\n===Zip \"Frantic\" Danger===\n'''Zip \"Frantic\" Danger''' (voiced by Taran Killam) - His power is superhuman speed. It's said that he's the third fastest in the world and he can run 500 miles an hour. It's currently unknown how he got his powers, but his parents, who run a circus in the southern United States and are verbally and psychologically abusive towards Frantic, think he's a failure since his abilities have little use in their work. He's hyperactive (to the point that he was rejected by the Awesomes during Mr. Awesome's tenure as leader for that reason) and in a hurry to do the right thing. He looks up to Prock. His quirky personality often butts heads with the other members, as he often desires attention and fame. His standardized superpower level is 7. He wears yellow and white tights that resemble lightning. It was also revealed in \"The Awesomes' Awesome Show,\" that he is gay.\n\n===Arlene \"Gadget Gal\"===\n'''Arlene \"Gadget Gal\"''' (voiced by Paula Pell) - The only active original member of The Awesomes. She got old and decided to retire, but Prock convinced her to return when a rejuvenation ray made her 25 again. Her superpower is her reflexes and physical prowess, often with improvised objects from her purse; Gadget Gal can turn anything within her grasp into a weapon. She is also known for her frequent 1940s anachronisms and her unintended racial or sexual slurs. In the Season 3 episode 'Villain-Tine's Day' her first name is revealed to be Arlene.\n\n===Austin \"Impresario\" Sullivan===\n'''Austin \"Impresario\" Sullivan''' (voiced by Kenan Thompson) - A \"mama's boy\" whose power is the conjuring of anything he can imagine using a mysterious jewel he found in the woods. Unfortunately, everything he conjures has his mother's face and voice; this was the reason he was once rejected by the Awesomes. He wears a purple and pink tuxedo and a jeweled turban. In the episode, \"Baby Got Backstory\" his mother reveals that his powers don't come from his gem and that she lied to him to help him realize his potential and that the gem is actually one of her earrings. In the episode \"Made Man\" he became able to create constructs without his mom's face. The removal of this limitation, combined with his standardized superpower level of 8 (superheroes of level 8 and up being scarce), has made him one of the most powerful superheroes in the world. But, at the end of the episode, he catches his mother having sex with Made Man, causing his constructs to have his mother's face and voice again. His credit card, much to his chagrin, is constantly used by other people.\n\n===Tim \"Sumo\"===\n'''Tim \"Sumo\"''' (voiced by Bobby Lee) - Initially known only by his first name, he's only 11 years old but extremely powerful; he was only rejected earlier because of his age. In a manner similar to The Incredible Hulk, he can transform into a sumo wrestler when injured or angered, and in this form he appears to be even stronger than Muscleman. His standardized superpower level is 9, making him even more powerful than Impresario. Tim wears no costume. His Sumo form is the embodiment of his rage, it is established in 'Robo-Therapy' that if he works out his anger issues, the best he can do is a mildly dissatisfied Japanese man. His parents are in hiding from their past conflicts from the villain group, The IT Department, and have entrusted The Awesomes with Tim's care.\n\n===Katherine \"Hotwire\" Malocchio===\n'''Katherine \"Hotwire\" Malocchio''' (voiced by Rashida Jones) - Her power is manipulating electricity. Her background is unknown, but she is Dr. Malocchio's daughter. Concierge doesn't trust her, since she is the only team member who applied to join rather than being recruited. Prock is oblivious to these concerns. Hotwire previously dated Perfect Man and was also aware of Prock's crush on her while dating Perfect Man. After faking her own death at the end of season one, she returned in season two wearing an armored battle suit (similar to Iron Man) powered by her own electrical output and fighting crime under the alias Metal Fella. The name, the design of the suit and a manipulated voice lead everyone to believe that Metal Fella is a man. In \"Euro-Awesomes\" she revealed her true identity and rejoined the Awesomes. In Season 3, she has a different appearance with her hair appearing much shorter and donning pink gauntlets and rocket boots that are similar to the ones on her Metal Fella suit. As of Season 3, Prock and Hotwire are dating and in the episode 'The Dames of Danger' she is revealed to be pregnant. In the season 3 finale, she and Prock are shown holding their infant daughter who bears a resemblance to Hotwire with Prock's eye colour towards the end of the episode.\n\n===Perfect Man Awesome===\n'''Perfect Man Awesome''' (voiced by Josh Meyers) - Arrogant, publicity-seeking but lovable Perfect Man is a former member of the original Awesomes, who has gone solo. At the beginning of the series, he's dating Hotwire although he considers it a casual relationship. Perfect Man can fly and has telescopic vision and x-ray vision. He has awesome hair and an extremely muscular physique. He wears red tights with a gold cape and a cursive \"P\" on his chest. Dr. Malocchio has hypnotized him not to interfere with the Awesomes or Hotwire's involvement with them. His personality is similar to Booster Gold's when he first appeared in the DC Universe. When he is convicted of high treason, he is imprisoned. After being rescued by The Awesomes, he hides in Awesome Mountain for most of the second season until his name is cleared. As of season three, he's officially a member of The Awesomes, first under Prock, then as Mr. Awesomes' reformed team when they retake Awesome Mountain. In \"The Gayfather\", it is revealed that he is in fact Mr. Awesomes illegitimate son, thus making him and Prock half brothers. His mind was wiped of his past by Dr. Turfenpeltz to ensure this information of his father and mother stays secret. In the season 3 finale, he starts dating Silent But Deadly after he found that she is actually a woman. Unlike his father and half-brother, he doesn't have immunity to mind control.\n", "\n===Dr. Giuseppe Malocchio===\n'''Dr. Giuseppe Malocchio''' (voiced by Bill Hader) - Founder of Malocchio Laboratories in the 1940s, he was the first doctor to study superheroes and was the confidante of many of the world's leading heroes in his quest to understand and isolate the super-gene. Among his partnerships were the original 1940s lineup of The Awesomes, and Mr. Awesome soon became his best friend. Together they worked in the laboratory and co-discovered the super-gene. But Malocchio and Mr. Awesome had different ideas as to how best use their new discovery. Malocchio wanted to use it to make ordinary humans super, and injected himself with the serum. Although originally good, the terrible side effects of the formula turned him monstrously evil. He gained the ability to control human or superhero minds at will. He then used the serum to create an evil army of super-villains, who have battled superheroes for decades, each villain identifiable as one of Malocchio's by the characteristic red eyes; Malocchio means 'evil eye' in Italian. Considered the world's most dangerous super-villain, he was imprisoned. Once the original Awesomes disbanded, he easily escaped from prison by using his mind control on the guards, and even forced them to become his minions. His goal is to convince everyone to surrender their superpowers, ostensibly to protect bystanders from collateral damage. He has a passion for gourmet cooking and is Hotwire's father. Dr. Malocchio is believed to be deceased but is actually living in a secret base with Mr. Awesome, who is attempting to find the cure for the evil super-gene formula. In the season two finale, thanks to the blood transfusion from Mr. Awesome he finally becomes good again but a mishap in the lab resulted in his evil-genes entering into Mr. Awesome's bloodstream making him evil as a result. He agreed to return to Earth to warn the Awesomes about what happened, but was locked out of the escape capsule when he stepped outside to urinate and it drifted away. Suffering from oxygen deprivation and severely amnesiac, Malocchio was rescued by a troupe of space hippies in a psychedelically-painted craft. Unable to recall his mission or even his own name, yet still possessing his culinary skills, he agreed to be the band's chef. But thanks to Perfect Man reminding him who he is by telling he used to sleep with his daughter and saying the word awesome jogged his memory and remembered everything and his mission, he decides to return to earth once more to stop Mr. Awesome's diabolical plan to destroy all of Humanity before it is too late. In the episode \"The Gayfather\" he finally returns to Earth and warns the Awesomes about Mr. Awesome being evil and happy also knowing he is going be a grandfather when his daughter is pregnant, much to her and the team's shock to see he is alive.\n\n===Whiskey 'Richard' Dick===\n'''Whiskey 'Richard' Dick''' - Appeared in the episode \"Euro-Awesomes\" to steal high tech parts from 3 different labs (one in America and two in Europe) but was killed shortly after revealing that he had been hired to do so (it turned out to be Prock's old mentor Dr. Turfenpeltz). He has the power to render anyone (even robots) drunk so long as they're within a certain range.\n\n===Dr. Turfenpeltz===\n'''Dr. Turfenpeltz''' (voiced by Bobby Moynihan) - He was formerly the chief scientist for the Awesomes and was Prock's mentor and helped Prock to believe in himself and his intellect, after leaving the Awesomes he went to work at a high tech lab. After it was revealed that he had hired Wiskey Dick to steal a high tech part (including one from his own lab) and had tricked both the Awesomes and Euro-Awesomes into gathering in one place, he used a giant robot to start replicating their powers, when he found out that Prock had another power beside his intellect he replicated it and called Prock a fool for never using it, declaring the power to stop time to be the greatest of them all. He ended up defeating himself by stopping time for too long (not knowing that you shouldn't do it for more than 10 seconds). It is shown from Dr. Turfenpeltz's process of weakening that stopping time can cause what appears to be brain hemorrhaging as blood leaks from his ears and eyes.\n\n===Tomboy===\n'''Tomboy''' (voiced by Rachel Dratch) - Female arch-enemy of Gadget Gal, she has battled her for decades and also uses gadgets. In the first episode shes along with Gadget Gal are affected by a rejuvenation ray that makes them physically much younger. Later during a partially offscreen confrontation, she reveals she is a lesbian and sexually attracted to Gadget Gal but awkwardly fought her as an enemy for decades.\n\n===The Animal Kingdom===\n'''The Animal Kingdom''' - A group of 5 adorable anthropomorphic animals, they're actually violent villains with greater strength than their small size suggests.\n\n===Seaman===\n'''Seaman''' (voiced by Andy Samberg) - An ocean themed superhero turned supervillain who resides in the ocean after leaving the Awesomes due to a conflict with Mr. Awesome. He has a habit of making fish puns, much to the annoyance of Gadget Gal, who pronounces his name as \"Semen.\" He became evil out of frustration that ocean life gets no respect and captured the Awesomes to use them as sideshow attractions similar to that of SeaWorld, dubbed LandWorld.\n\n===Villain-Tine===\n'''Villain-Tine''' (voiced by Jack McBrayer) - A supervillain who usually invades every Valentine's Day to steal the world's roses in order to sell them for high prices.\n\n===The Gay Mafia===\n'''The Gay Mafia''' - The world's first openly gay supervillain mafia team, led by the GayFather, who blackmail closeted homosexual celebrities in order to get money if not counterfeiting antiques. They appear to have no shame in being homosexual as their plan was to release a radioactive substance into the city's water supply to induce every gay person to come out of the closet, until Frantic and the Awesomes managed to prevent it. One of the members, Christopher, despite being a villain, is in a relationship with Frantic. However, Christopher, agreeing that gay men should come out of the closet without force, knocks out his boss and betrays the Gay Mafia.\n", "A villainous super-team on Earth-4, also known as Opposite Earth, and are the evil counterparts of the Awesomes.\n\n===Professor Astounding===\n'''Professor Astounding''' (voiced by Seth Meyers) - Prock's evil counterpart and leader of the Astoundings. He doesn't appear to have any of Prock's powers, but wears a giant exo-suit that gives him super-strength, shoot laser blasts, control and fire electrical blasts, and flight and is just as intelligent as Prock. He also has greased hair with a blonde streak and speaks with 90s slang. He's revealed to be eviller than his father, Mr. Astounding, the evil counterpart of Mr. Awesome and had a loving relationship with him, the opposite of Prock's relationship with his father.\n\n===The Beast===\n'''The Beast''' - Muscle Man's evil counterpart, but is a giant evil bulldog. He has the same hairstyle as Muscle Man, but is a brown-furred bulldog with sharp fangs and wears a black and red spiked collar.\n\n===Infobitch===\n'''Infobitch''' (voiced by Emily Spivey) - Concierge's evil counterpart, who has spiky blond hair and wears big oval-shaped sunglasses, a green fur coat and black high-heeled boots and wields 2 machine guns. According to Concierge, she looks \"whorish,\" but also has style.\n\n===Kid Meth===\n'''Kid Meth''' (voiced by Taran Killam) - Frantic's evil counterpart, who has super-speed as well, but also has green pyrokinetic powers. He has black hair, with a pink streak and wears a spiked collar and a skull T-shirt with the sleeves ripped off. He also wears a silver belt, blue gloves, blue pants, and blue boots. Like Frantic, he's also hyperactive and wears yellow goggles. Unlike Frantic, when he runs, he leaves a purple and green vapor trail, as opposed to Frantic's yellow and white vapor trails.\n\n===Mercenary Moll===\n'''Mercenary Moll''' (voiced by Paula Pell) - Gadget Gal's evil counterpart, who has a spiked hairdo and wears a black jumpsuit with black straps and a yellow and red M emblem, red gloves, red boots, and a yellow utility belt. Unlike Gadget Gal, she wields laser and net guns. Like Gadget Gal, she talks 40s slang.\n\n===The Conjurer===\n'''The Conjurer''' (voiced by Kenan Thompson) - Impresario's evil counterpart, who can also conjure up anything he imagines, but his conjurings are red and don't have his mom's face or voice, unlike the real Impresario. He wears a purple helmet with a purple visor, purple gloves, purple boots, a purple singlet, and a purple cape. Like Impresario, he wears the feather and gem on his helmet.\n\n===Bad Dragon===\n'''Bad Dragon''' (voiced by Bobby Lee) - Sumo's evil counterpart, who has the ability to transform into a sumo dragon with green scales, wings, and a tail. Unlike Sumo, he can breathe fire and can fly. His skin is green with a green dragon symbol on his chest and green horns on his head.\n\n===Other Hotwire===\n'''Other Hotwire''' (voiced by Rashida Jones) - Hotwire's supposedly evil counterpart, who is the most similar to her good counterpart. Other Hotwire was used by Professor Astounding for electrical purposes and had even caused her to become incredibly weak, so he kidnapped Hotwire to replace her. However, Other Hotwire betrayed him and assisted Hotwire in defeating him. She has strawberry blonde hair and wears a blue version of Hotwire's uniform. While the real Hotwire's electricity is blue, Other Hotwire's electricity is pink. Due to constant use of the super weapon, she was drained to the point of death. She uses her last bit of her electricity to help Hotwire before dying.\n", "A super villain team formed by Malocchio Jr and Elliot Levy-Apelstien for the sole purpose of destroying the Awesomes during the episode 'Tim Goes to School' and since then they have been getting a new member every episode i.e. the main villain of that episode. The acronym stands for Primates Really Into Crime and Killing Sprees.\n\n===Giuseppe Malocchio Jr.===\n'''Giuseppe Malocchio Jr.''' (voiced by Will Forte) - The son of renowned supervillain Dr. Malocchio, Jr. was just an accountant. However, after his father \"dies\", he inherits a vial of the very serum that turned his father evil. He decides to use the serum on himself, giving him the power of supersonic screams. After this, he decides to commit his life to destroy the Awesomes. In the season 3 finale, he was released from prison thanks to Prock and his family. He is happy knowing his father is alive and became good for while, even though the serum kicked back in and became evil again; he still loves his family and they are enjoying their new lives in Italy since he and his father have been banned from the United States for their crimes.\n\n===Elliot \"Jeff Apelstein\" Levy-Apelstein===\n'''Elliot \"Jeff Apelstein\" Levy-Apelstein''' (voiced by Colin Quinn) - A talking ape-man from Apesylvania and an acquaintance of Malocchio Jr.; the use of the word \"Primates\" in the team's name is presumably due to his membership. Apelstein has an intense hatred for humans and plotted to kill his nephew and his fiance Abby Strong, Muscleman's sister, to prevent them from getting married as well as kill the Awesomes, guests at the wedding, as part of a deal he made with Malocchio Jr. After the plot is foiled by the Awesomes, Jr. injects him with his father's serum and he gains elastic powers.\n\n===Pablo===\n'''Pablo''' (voiced by Bobby Moynihan) - A bully from Tim/Sumo's school who became a member of the P.R.I.C.K.S. after he impressed them by driving Sumo into such a rage that he destroyed the local school and turned against his own team. His powers are geokinesis.\n\n===Lola \"The Agravator\" Gold===\n'''Lola \"The Agravator\" Gold''' (voiced by Kate McKinnon) - A supervillain with the power to turn people against each other. She used to drive bank tellers crazy so she could rob their banks while they were arguing. That is until she realized there was more money in reality TV, sometime after this she talked the Awesomes into letting her produce their own show and after a while turned them against each other purely for ratings. When she uses her superpowers, she removes her sunglasses revealing she has black and grey eyes and her brain becomes quite visible. She is defeated when Prock convinces a group of actors known as \"The Fishsticks\" who wanted their own show to kidnap her, after she is saved by the P.R.I.C.K.S. she joins them.\n\n===Impresario Clone===\n'''Impresario Clone''' (also voiced by Kenan Thompson) - An exact construct copy of Impresario except for a small lump of Impresario's mom and Made Man having sex on his shoulder that he covers with a scarf. Was originally one of many Impresario clones until the original saw his mom and Made Man having sex which triggered a psychological reaction that made the image appear on all of Impresario's constructs which all of the clones saw appear on them which made all but one commit suicide from sheer horror, the last one is determined to destroy Impresario and the rest of the Awesomes for trying to destroy him and forever leaving the lump on his shoulder and thus joined the P.R.I.C.K.S.\n\n===Fake Santa Claus/Animal Control===\n'''Fake Santa Claus/Animal Control''' (voiced by Bobby Moynihan) - Not the real Santa Claus but has the power to mind control animals and humans. He locked up the real Santa Claus and forced everyone at the North Pole to work for him then he used his small amount of control over humans to make parents tell their kids that their Christmas presents came from him and waited 80 years until kids all over the world admired him and would give him their complete loyalty then tried to take over the world. He was then betrayed by Rudolph (whom everyone regards as a total dick) and was \"killed\" by the Awesomes. He woke up in a hospital where Malocchio Jr. has fixed him up and made him a new robotic body (which he resents). Fake Santa Claus later joined the P.R.I.C.K.S so he can take revenge on the Awesomes for destroying his body and ruining his plan of taking over the world with kids. Although he was soundly defeated in their final battle, Prock didn't wish to \"kill\" Santa twice, so he used his medical know-how to graft Animal Control's head onto the body of a giant slug-like alien.\n\n===The Replacement Awesomes===\nAfter Prock's team is kicked off the Awesomes after the city is in ruins, Mr. Awesome (who has turned evil and caused the carnage in secret) takes over with Perfect Man and enlists a new team. They are apparently older members of the Awesomes, but all is not what it seems.\n\n===Frank \"Mr. Awesome\" Awesome===\n'''Frank \"Mr. Awesome\" Awesome''' (voiced by Steve Higgins) - The founder of the original Awesomes and its leader for the past 60 years, and Prock and Perfect Man's father. Although his powers slow his aging, he announced on his 90th birthday that he was retiring (to outer space, so that he wouldn't be bothered). He wanted Perfect Man to take over - \"the son I never had\" - but his actual son Prock volunteered when Perfect Man turned down the offer. Mr. Awesome thinks Prock will never be a superhero because he doesn't have any powers (Prock told his dad that he doesn't use his Time ability anymore). Mr. Awesome's powers are similar to Superman's: superhuman strength, speed, flight, super breath, laser vision, and invulnerability. He wears a red, white, and blue outfit with a red cape and a 100-ton metal \"A\" on his crest. In the season two finale, a mishap during a transfusion of his blood into Giuseppe Malocchio caused him to be accidentally exposed to the evil super-gene, radically altering his personality. In season 3, he had disbanded Prock's team of Awesomes and is currently running for President of the U.S. as a part of his evil plan to destroy all of humanity. He was well ahead in the polls but that fell apart after a disastrous debate at the town hall for insulting the general public so he made Prock his campaign manager to help him get back in the lead and retrieve evidence that may end his candidacy which reveals he has an illegitimate son who was revealed to be Perfect Man. In the season 3 finale, he finally returns to being good again after Prock injected the antidote in him after he thought he killed Perfect Man.\n\n===Pharaoh===\n'''Pharaoh''' (voiced by David Herman) - An Egyptian themed hero that wears a mask similar to King Tut. Perfect Man incorrectly calls him the Mummy. He wields a staff that can create snakes out of energy.\n\n===Hotwings===\n'''Hotwings''' (voiced by Bobby Moynihan) - A rooster themed hero with buck teeth and a Southern Accent, Perfect Man constantly gets his name wrong (including calling him Pigeon Something and Pigeon Guy). Has the ability to breathe fire.\n\n===Silent But Deadly===\n'''Silent But Deadly''' (voiced by Leslie Jones) - A mute ninja hero in all black with teleportation powers. Despite Perfect Man's concerns that Silent But Deadly watches him in his sleep, she's the only seen member of this team who Perfect Man can relate to and doesn't act like a jerk. Nicknamed '''SBD''' by Perfect Man. She may not be loyal to Mr. Awesome, as she saved Hotwire's life when the team was ordered to kill her. In season 3 finale, he is revealed to a 47 year old black woman and starts dating Perfect Man.\n\n===Rocket Boobs===\n'''Rocket Boobs''' (voiced by Michelle Wolf) - An African-American woman who looks very similar to RoboCop (metallic body) and Anton Zeck (tech bodysuit with mohawk and visor). Speaks with a valley girl accent and has cybernetic tentacles in her boobs. In the episode \"Super(hero) Tuesday\" she mentions that Perfect Man referred to her as Rocket Boobs but he may have only been describing what he was seeing, implying that \"Rocket Boobs\" may be her actual name but Perfect man only guessed it by accident.\n\n===Centaur===\n'''Centaur''' (voiced by Fred Armisen) - A centaur who make horse puns and gets slapped on the butt by Mr. Awesome to get rid of him. Wields a sword. He is not very bright and self-conscious about his body.\n\n===Codebraker===\n'''Codebraker''' (voiced by Charlie Adler) - The team's computer expert and hacker.\n\n===Unnamed Member===\n'''Unnamed Member''' - Perfect Man mentions a hero who can make ice cubes (perfect for margaritas) who has never been seen.\n", "A female black ops team made up of solely superheroines who teamed up with Gadget Gal, Concierge and Hotwire against Backstory. Their base is any female bathroom and they receive their instruction from '''Mr. Danger''' (who is later fired, then arrested for taking secret pictures of the Dames in the bathroom using his hidden cameras (the disturbing implications of which are often brought up), later replaced with an African-American man named '''Calvin Anderson'''.\n\n===Joyce \"Fireplug\" Mandrake===\n'''Joyce \"Fireplug\" Mandrake''' (voiced by Rachel Dratch) - She's from the G.O.O.S.A. (Government Office of Superhero Affairs) and she handles the funding for the Awesomes. Since the original team disbanded, the government has been threatening to pull the Awesomes' funding. Prock is constantly trying to get it permanently restored, but Joyce won't make it easy on him. Joyce often walks into Awesome mountain unannounced due to the fact that they don't lock the tower She has also been shown to be rather incompetent, such as when Dr. Malocchio escaped prison she seemed more concerned with shutting down the Awesomes than catching Malocchio, showed no signs of trying to arrest him or prove that he was lying to the public and when he broke into her office she failed to call security. In episode 6 of season 3 (Dames of Danger) she is revealed to have the power to become an unstoppable human battering ram and is also highly sexually aggressive. In \"The Gayfather\", it is revealed that she knew Perfect Man was Mr. Awesome's son and Prock's half brother since he was a child. In the season 3 finale, she became the first female president of the United States after the old one resigned.\n\n===Glinda \"Lady Malocchio\" Malocchio===\n'''Glinda \"Lady Malocchio\" Malocchio''' (voiced by Maya Rudolph) - The supportive, carefree, slightly absent minded wife of Dr. Malocchio and mother of Malocchio Jr. and Hotwire. Despite her son becoming a supervillain, she gives him her messenger bag, that allow its wearer to fly, and remains supportive and caring. After Malocchio Jr's incarciration, she got her messenger bag back and joins the Dames of Danger, though she has a hard time keeping her membership a secret. She also has telekinetic powers.\n\n===Jaclyn Stone===\n'''Jaclyn Stone''' (voiced by Amy Poehler) - Was originally Prock's girlfriend whom he started dating in \"The People vs Perfect Man\". When Malocchio Jr. needed someone passionate to motivate the rest of the P.R.I.C.K.S. in \"Euro-Awesomes\", he slid an envelope containing photos of Prock being kissed by two different women on different occasions under her door. When seeing the photos, she went into a psychotic rage, trashed her office, broke up with Prock and accepted the offer to join the P.R.I.C.K.S. After joining the P.R.I.C.K.S. she demonstrated enough strength to pick up a large metal table and throw it through a wall despite not being given any of Malocchio's super serum. She admits she can be very focused when angry. Prock calmed Jaclyn with a long, boring story, defusing her jealous rage and turning her righteous anger on Malocchio Jr. She is the only person to join the P.R.I.C.K.S. to not be the main villain of an episode. She later joins the Dames of Danger, using her anger-fueled super strength in combat.\n\n===Abby \"Musclegirl\" Strong-Apelstein===\n'''Abby \"Musclegirl\" Strong-Apelstein''' (voiced by Jill Benjamin) - Muscleman's sister who was first introduced in the season 2 episode 'Destination Deading', where she got married to an ape. Like the rest of her family, she has super strength. Also, despite being happily married, she has an obsessive stalker-like crush on Prock.\n", "\n===Dine and Dash===\n'''Dine and Dash''' (voiced by Cecily Strong and Mike O'Gorman) - Sumo's parents, two former mercenaries who formed their own criminal duo after meeting in combat and falling in love. After Tim was conceived, they settled down to a quiet life as a real estate agent and a CPA, posing as Japanese immigrants with heavy accents. (In fact, Tim's father is 3rd-generation Japanese-American and his mother is Korean-American.) When the time comes for them to change their identities again, they try to take Tim with them, but he manages to stay with The Awesomes.\n\n===Kid Crab===\n'''Kid Crab''' (voiced by Andy Samberg) - One of the heroes who auditioned for the Awesomes. He has the ability to regenerate limbs, which he demonstrated by slicing his arm off, much to the horror of the Awesomes. \n\n===The Advocate===\n'''The Advocate''' (voiced by Tina Fey) - One of the heroes who auditioned for the Awesome stuff. She has the ability to turn anyone temporarily gay and wears a costume with LGBQT colors. Concierge found her interesting, but Prock, in a flamboyant and melodramatic way, turned her down. \n\n===Toolbox===\n'''Toolbox''' (voiced by Bobby Moynihan) - One of the heroes who auditioned for the Awesomes. He wears a Toolbox as a costume and a hammer helmet and has several different screwdrivers for fingers, but was turned down for being bored.\n\n===The Snotzi===\n'''The Snotzi''' - One of the heroes who auditioned for the Awesomes. He speaks with a heavy German accent and dresses as a Nazi. He has the ability to shoot acid snot. Prock though immediately rejected him because of his name, but Muscleman thought he would be fun to hang out with. \n\n===Teleportation Larry===\n'''Teleportation Larry''' (voiced by Bobby Moynihan) - When Muscleman quits the team, Teleportation Larry joins The Awesomes in his place. He has the power to teleport himself and others as long as he can see them. He is an active alcoholic but saves the day at the end of season one when he teleports the team away from Malocchio's control. He also saves Hotwire before the big explosion in the White House, although Prock and the team think she is dead.\n\n===Black Irish===\n'''Black Irish''' (voiced by Taran Killam) - A former member of The Awesomes in the glory days of the team, Black Irish is masked crime fighter and the world's greatest detective. He helps Prock deduce who the traitor on the team is. He speaks with a gruff voice until it annoys Impresario so much that he gives him a lozenge.\n\n===California Man===\n'''California Man''' - A former superhero who was responsible for the deaths of 600 people when he flew to San Francisco instead of Sacramento, due to the fact that he did not know the capital of California. In response to this, the President signed into law the Underage Superhero Education Act, declaring that \"any superhero of school age must be enrolled in school and maintain a B average\".\n\n===Cait Walker===\n'''Cait Walker''' (voiced by Noël Wells) - Tim's classmate at Spiro Agnew Middle School who was the first to befriend him and showed him around. She also is a superhero with the powers to blow pink bubbles and entrapping object they touch. She kept her powers a secret until Tim was humiliated by some school bullies causing him to rage out of control and attack everyone in sight as Sumo. She prevented the police from shooting him and calmed him down.\n\n===Made Man===\n'''Made Man''' (voiced by Bobby Moynihan) - A former superhero from the 70s who can perform gang-like punishments, such as kneecapping people or tying them to a chain connected to a cement block. In the present day, he is shown as a good friend of Gadget Gal, as they are shown among their other friends playing poker. He eventually enters a sexual relationship with Impresario's mother, which caused one of Imp's constructs of himself to have both Made Man and Ms. Sullivan having sex on his shoulder. Made Man also tried to get Perfect Man a new identity in Italy, which failed when Perfect Man returned thinking that Made Man would give him another identity somewhere else exotic.\n", "A European version of the Awesomes. They have the name because when Mr. Awesome founded the team he forgot to secure international naming rights. Each member represent a different European country. They first appear in the episode \"Euro-Awesomes\".\n\n===Knight Light===\n'''Knight Light''' - (voiced by Noël Wells) Represents England. Has a lot in common with Prock, both being the team lead and falling a bit short in the powers department. Her powers (if she has any) are unknown, though her name indicate that they might be low level light powers, possibly the power to glow.\n\n===Flying Dutchman===\n'''Flying Dutchman''' - (voiced by Josh Meyers) Represents the Netherlands. He has windmill fans on his back that allow him to fly, it is unknown if these are actually part of him or just a mechanism. Shares his name with a train, and a legendary ghost ship.\n\n===Crotch Puncher===\n'''Crotch Puncher''' - Represents Spain. He is dressed like a bullfighter and has a giant left hand. Like his name suggests, he only punches people in the groin because, according to him, any animal can punch in the face or body, but it takes skill and precision to punch in the groin every single time.\n\n===Hooligan===\n'''Hooligan''' - Represents Ireland. Is both strong and rude. Muscleman considers him to be the European version of himself. His superpower has been shown to have some association with spitting acid and somewhat superhuman strength.\n\n===Mademoiselle Hunchback===\n'''Mademoiselle Hunchback''' (voiced by Kate McKinnon) - Represent France. Can transform from a beautiful women into a hideous hunchback (though it is unknown if this grants any extra strength or durability) and fights with a Gatling gun. Impresario had a crush on her and gave her gifts of affection. She claimed to despise him (though she admitted she like the shoes she got from him) but at the end of the episode she admitted she liked him too and agreed to have sex four times with him and have one awkward phone call. Hunchback can be shown to be relatively selfish and constantly has Impresario spend tons of money for her. After her home country France is destroyed, she is currently living in Awesome Mountain. But in season 3, she moves back to Paris after Perfect Man rebuilt it.\n\n===Invisi-Pope===\n'''Invisi-Pope''' - Represents both Italy and the Catholic church. Despite his power being invisibility, he wears visible clothes rendering his power useless.\n\n===Czechmate'===\n'''Czechmate''' (voiced by Ike Barinholtz) - Represents the Czech Republic. Name is pronounced Checkmate. Can change between any chess piece (though only the castle and knight have been seen so far) and fights with a sword. May be a robot.\n", "\n===Annabelle Sullivan===\n'''Annabelle Sullivan''' (also voiced by Kenan Thompson) - Impresario's mother who smothered him and prevented him from pursuing any sports or hobbies as a child. She now is living with and dating Made Man.\n\n===Dr. Jill Stein-Awesome-Kaplan===\n'''Dr. Jill Stein-Awesome-Kaplan''' (voiced by Vanessa Bayer) - Prock's mother, Mr. Awesome's ex-wife and one of the world's foremost anti-superhero activists. Despite having helped to pass the superhero regulation act in 1972 and repeatedly insulting or discrediting anyone who is or wants to be a superhero, she loves her son, gives the Awesomes a place to live after they are kicked out of Awesome Mountain, and still holds a flame for Mr. Awesome.\n\n===Dr. Jeffry Kaplan===\n'''Dr. Jeffry Kaplan''' (voiced by Fred Armisen) - Jill's current husband and Prock's stepfather who is an accredited therapist. An overly optimistic and friendly person, he is a pushover who won't talk after his wife (or anyone) says \"Jeffry enough\".\n\n===Steven===\n'''Steven''' (voiced by Dan Mintz) - Frantic's ex-boyfriend, who only appears in \"The Awesomes' Awesome Show.\" Not much was known about him, but as of \"The GayFather,\" he has broken up with Frantic, much to the latter's sadness.\n", "" ]

[ "Introduction", "The Awesomes", "Supervillains", "The Astoundings", "The P.R.I.C.K.S.", "Dames of Danger", "Others with superpowers", "Euro-Awesomes", "Non-Powered Humans", "External links" ]

[ "She used to drive bank tellers crazy so she could rob their banks while they were arguing." ]

[ "\n\nThe following is a list of characters from the series ''The Awesomes''.", "\n===Professor Dr. Jeremy \"Prock\" Awesome===\n'''Professor Dr. Jeremy \"Prock\" Awesome''' (voiced by Seth Meyers) - The son of Mr.", "Awesome.", "Jeremy Awesome is the young new leader of the Awesomes.", "Known as Prock (a portmanteau of Professor and Doctor, since Prock has a JD and an MD) he has always wanted to be a superhero like his father, Mr.", "Awesome.", "Prock disappointingly doesn't have any of his father's impressive physical powers: indeed, he is unimposing and injury-prone.", "However, he's the smartest on the team and a natural leader: in a crisis he comes up with excellent plans and assigns jobs to everyone on the team.", "For some reason, Prock has so far chosen to keep his other powers hidden from his teammates, likely because they may want to use it for personal gain: he has low-level chronokinesis i.e.", "can stop time for ten-second increments (he can stop it for longer, but he revealed in \"Euro-Awesomes\" that doing so really hurts, often in the form of nosebleeds or cranial trauma), and he is also immune to mind control as his father was.", "Prock lied to his father that he no longer uses his time power, as doctors told him continuing to use it would kill him.", "His blind spot is that he has a huge crush on Hotwire, which is why she's on the team and it sometimes gets in the way.", "Prock wears a blue jumpsuit with a black utility belt and has a golden \"A\" on his chest similar to his father.", "===Harry \"Muscleman\" Strong===\n'''Harry \"Muscleman\" Strong''' (voiced by Ike Barinholtz) - Prock's best friend from childhood since their fathers were teammates in the original Awesomes.", "He inherited his superhero name - along with superhuman strength (up to two thousand tons with effort) and invulnerability - from his father and grandfather before him.", "Muscleman likes to stay on the positive side of everything, which can get a little annoying.", "He wears a red singlet with black tights and black cuffs and also has an extremely large amount of chest hair.", "It was revealed in a season 2 episode that he is Jewish.", "In the first episode of season 3 it is revealed that although he lacks intellect, he has a natural talent for picking up foreign languages.", "He was able to fluently talk to dolphins just by spending a couple of hours with one.", "===Connie \"Concierge\"===\n'''Connie \"Concierge\"''' (voiced by Emily Spivey) - The secretary of the new Awesomes, who helped Prock and Muscleman recruit the others (mostly from an old reject pile).", "While not seen by the others as a superhero, she is very intelligent and organized.", "Concierge is present on most missions, often seen with a tablet computer, filling in with needed resources that others often lack.", "Concierge ended up with the job only because she was the last of the old staff to say \"Not it,\" though now she likes it.", "In the episode People vs Perfect Man, she officially becomes a superhero and member of the Awesomes.", "===Zip \"Frantic\" Danger===\n'''Zip \"Frantic\" Danger''' (voiced by Taran Killam) - His power is superhuman speed.", "It's said that he's the third fastest in the world and he can run 500 miles an hour.", "It's currently unknown how he got his powers, but his parents, who run a circus in the southern United States and are verbally and psychologically abusive towards Frantic, think he's a failure since his abilities have little use in their work.", "He's hyperactive (to the point that he was rejected by the Awesomes during Mr.", "Awesome's tenure as leader for that reason) and in a hurry to do the right thing.", "He looks up to Prock.", "His quirky personality often butts heads with the other members, as he often desires attention and fame.", "His standardized superpower level is 7.", "He wears yellow and white tights that resemble lightning.", "It was also revealed in \"The Awesomes' Awesome Show,\" that he is gay.", "===Arlene \"Gadget Gal\"===\n'''Arlene \"Gadget Gal\"''' (voiced by Paula Pell) - The only active original member of The Awesomes.", "She got old and decided to retire, but Prock convinced her to return when a rejuvenation ray made her 25 again.", "Her superpower is her reflexes and physical prowess, often with improvised objects from her purse; Gadget Gal can turn anything within her grasp into a weapon.", "She is also known for her frequent 1940s anachronisms and her unintended racial or sexual slurs.", "In the Season 3 episode 'Villain-Tine's Day' her first name is revealed to be Arlene.", "===Austin \"Impresario\" Sullivan===\n'''Austin \"Impresario\" Sullivan''' (voiced by Kenan Thompson) - A \"mama's boy\" whose power is the conjuring of anything he can imagine using a mysterious jewel he found in the woods.", "Unfortunately, everything he conjures has his mother's face and voice; this was the reason he was once rejected by the Awesomes.", "He wears a purple and pink tuxedo and a jeweled turban.", "In the episode, \"Baby Got Backstory\" his mother reveals that his powers don't come from his gem and that she lied to him to help him realize his potential and that the gem is actually one of her earrings.", "In the episode \"Made Man\" he became able to create constructs without his mom's face.", "The removal of this limitation, combined with his standardized superpower level of 8 (superheroes of level 8 and up being scarce), has made him one of the most powerful superheroes in the world.", "But, at the end of the episode, he catches his mother having sex with Made Man, causing his constructs to have his mother's face and voice again.", "His credit card, much to his chagrin, is constantly used by other people.", "===Tim \"Sumo\"===\n'''Tim \"Sumo\"''' (voiced by Bobby Lee) - Initially known only by his first name, he's only 11 years old but extremely powerful; he was only rejected earlier because of his age.", "In a manner similar to The Incredible Hulk, he can transform into a sumo wrestler when injured or angered, and in this form he appears to be even stronger than Muscleman.", "His standardized superpower level is 9, making him even more powerful than Impresario.", "Tim wears no costume.", "His Sumo form is the embodiment of his rage, it is established in 'Robo-Therapy' that if he works out his anger issues, the best he can do is a mildly dissatisfied Japanese man.", "His parents are in hiding from their past conflicts from the villain group, The IT Department, and have entrusted The Awesomes with Tim's care.", "===Katherine \"Hotwire\" Malocchio===\n'''Katherine \"Hotwire\" Malocchio''' (voiced by Rashida Jones) - Her power is manipulating electricity.", "Her background is unknown, but she is Dr. Malocchio's daughter.", "Concierge doesn't trust her, since she is the only team member who applied to join rather than being recruited.", "Prock is oblivious to these concerns.", "Hotwire previously dated Perfect Man and was also aware of Prock's crush on her while dating Perfect Man.", "After faking her own death at the end of season one, she returned in season two wearing an armored battle suit (similar to Iron Man) powered by her own electrical output and fighting crime under the alias Metal Fella.", "The name, the design of the suit and a manipulated voice lead everyone to believe that Metal Fella is a man.", "In \"Euro-Awesomes\" she revealed her true identity and rejoined the Awesomes.", "In Season 3, she has a different appearance with her hair appearing much shorter and donning pink gauntlets and rocket boots that are similar to the ones on her Metal Fella suit.", "As of Season 3, Prock and Hotwire are dating and in the episode 'The Dames of Danger' she is revealed to be pregnant.", "In the season 3 finale, she and Prock are shown holding their infant daughter who bears a resemblance to Hotwire with Prock's eye colour towards the end of the episode.", "===Perfect Man Awesome===\n'''Perfect Man Awesome''' (voiced by Josh Meyers) - Arrogant, publicity-seeking but lovable Perfect Man is a former member of the original Awesomes, who has gone solo.", "At the beginning of the series, he's dating Hotwire although he considers it a casual relationship.", "Perfect Man can fly and has telescopic vision and x-ray vision.", "He has awesome hair and an extremely muscular physique.", "He wears red tights with a gold cape and a cursive \"P\" on his chest.", "Dr. Malocchio has hypnotized him not to interfere with the Awesomes or Hotwire's involvement with them.", "His personality is similar to Booster Gold's when he first appeared in the DC Universe.", "When he is convicted of high treason, he is imprisoned.", "After being rescued by The Awesomes, he hides in Awesome Mountain for most of the second season until his name is cleared.", "As of season three, he's officially a member of The Awesomes, first under Prock, then as Mr. Awesomes' reformed team when they retake Awesome Mountain.", "In \"The Gayfather\", it is revealed that he is in fact Mr. Awesomes illegitimate son, thus making him and Prock half brothers.", "His mind was wiped of his past by Dr. Turfenpeltz to ensure this information of his father and mother stays secret.", "In the season 3 finale, he starts dating Silent But Deadly after he found that she is actually a woman.", "Unlike his father and half-brother, he doesn't have immunity to mind control.", "\n===Dr.", "Giuseppe Malocchio===\n'''Dr.", "Giuseppe Malocchio''' (voiced by Bill Hader) - Founder of Malocchio Laboratories in the 1940s, he was the first doctor to study superheroes and was the confidante of many of the world's leading heroes in his quest to understand and isolate the super-gene.", "Among his partnerships were the original 1940s lineup of The Awesomes, and Mr.", "Awesome soon became his best friend.", "Together they worked in the laboratory and co-discovered the super-gene.", "But Malocchio and Mr.", "Awesome had different ideas as to how best use their new discovery.", "Malocchio wanted to use it to make ordinary humans super, and injected himself with the serum.", "Although originally good, the terrible side effects of the formula turned him monstrously evil.", "He gained the ability to control human or superhero minds at will.", "He then used the serum to create an evil army of super-villains, who have battled superheroes for decades, each villain identifiable as one of Malocchio's by the characteristic red eyes; Malocchio means 'evil eye' in Italian.", "Considered the world's most dangerous super-villain, he was imprisoned.", "Once the original Awesomes disbanded, he easily escaped from prison by using his mind control on the guards, and even forced them to become his minions.", "His goal is to convince everyone to surrender their superpowers, ostensibly to protect bystanders from collateral damage.", "He has a passion for gourmet cooking and is Hotwire's father.", "Dr. Malocchio is believed to be deceased but is actually living in a secret base with Mr.", "Awesome, who is attempting to find the cure for the evil super-gene formula.", "In the season two finale, thanks to the blood transfusion from Mr.", "Awesome he finally becomes good again but a mishap in the lab resulted in his evil-genes entering into Mr.", "Awesome's bloodstream making him evil as a result.", "He agreed to return to Earth to warn the Awesomes about what happened, but was locked out of the escape capsule when he stepped outside to urinate and it drifted away.", "Suffering from oxygen deprivation and severely amnesiac, Malocchio was rescued by a troupe of space hippies in a psychedelically-painted craft.", "Unable to recall his mission or even his own name, yet still possessing his culinary skills, he agreed to be the band's chef.", "But thanks to Perfect Man reminding him who he is by telling he used to sleep with his daughter and saying the word awesome jogged his memory and remembered everything and his mission, he decides to return to earth once more to stop Mr.", "Awesome's diabolical plan to destroy all of Humanity before it is too late.", "In the episode \"The Gayfather\" he finally returns to Earth and warns the Awesomes about Mr.", "Awesome being evil and happy also knowing he is going be a grandfather when his daughter is pregnant, much to her and the team's shock to see he is alive.", "===Whiskey 'Richard' Dick===\n'''Whiskey 'Richard' Dick''' - Appeared in the episode \"Euro-Awesomes\" to steal high tech parts from 3 different labs (one in America and two in Europe) but was killed shortly after revealing that he had been hired to do so (it turned out to be Prock's old mentor Dr. Turfenpeltz).", "He has the power to render anyone (even robots) drunk so long as they're within a certain range.", "===Dr.", "Turfenpeltz===\n'''Dr.", "Turfenpeltz''' (voiced by Bobby Moynihan) - He was formerly the chief scientist for the Awesomes and was Prock's mentor and helped Prock to believe in himself and his intellect, after leaving the Awesomes he went to work at a high tech lab.", "After it was revealed that he had hired Wiskey Dick to steal a high tech part (including one from his own lab) and had tricked both the Awesomes and Euro-Awesomes into gathering in one place, he used a giant robot to start replicating their powers, when he found out that Prock had another power beside his intellect he replicated it and called Prock a fool for never using it, declaring the power to stop time to be the greatest of them all.", "He ended up defeating himself by stopping time for too long (not knowing that you shouldn't do it for more than 10 seconds).", "It is shown from Dr. Turfenpeltz's process of weakening that stopping time can cause what appears to be brain hemorrhaging as blood leaks from his ears and eyes.", "===Tomboy===\n'''Tomboy''' (voiced by Rachel Dratch) - Female arch-enemy of Gadget Gal, she has battled her for decades and also uses gadgets.", "In the first episode shes along with Gadget Gal are affected by a rejuvenation ray that makes them physically much younger.", "Later during a partially offscreen confrontation, she reveals she is a lesbian and sexually attracted to Gadget Gal but awkwardly fought her as an enemy for decades.", "===The Animal Kingdom===\n'''The Animal Kingdom''' - A group of 5 adorable anthropomorphic animals, they're actually violent villains with greater strength than their small size suggests.", "===Seaman===\n'''Seaman''' (voiced by Andy Samberg) - An ocean themed superhero turned supervillain who resides in the ocean after leaving the Awesomes due to a conflict with Mr.", "Awesome.", "He has a habit of making fish puns, much to the annoyance of Gadget Gal, who pronounces his name as \"Semen.\"", "He became evil out of frustration that ocean life gets no respect and captured the Awesomes to use them as sideshow attractions similar to that of SeaWorld, dubbed LandWorld.", "===Villain-Tine===\n'''Villain-Tine''' (voiced by Jack McBrayer) - A supervillain who usually invades every Valentine's Day to steal the world's roses in order to sell them for high prices.", "===The Gay Mafia===\n'''The Gay Mafia''' - The world's first openly gay supervillain mafia team, led by the GayFather, who blackmail closeted homosexual celebrities in order to get money if not counterfeiting antiques.", "They appear to have no shame in being homosexual as their plan was to release a radioactive substance into the city's water supply to induce every gay person to come out of the closet, until Frantic and the Awesomes managed to prevent it.", "One of the members, Christopher, despite being a villain, is in a relationship with Frantic.", "However, Christopher, agreeing that gay men should come out of the closet without force, knocks out his boss and betrays the Gay Mafia.", "A villainous super-team on Earth-4, also known as Opposite Earth, and are the evil counterparts of the Awesomes.", "===Professor Astounding===\n'''Professor Astounding''' (voiced by Seth Meyers) - Prock's evil counterpart and leader of the Astoundings.", "He doesn't appear to have any of Prock's powers, but wears a giant exo-suit that gives him super-strength, shoot laser blasts, control and fire electrical blasts, and flight and is just as intelligent as Prock.", "He also has greased hair with a blonde streak and speaks with 90s slang.", "He's revealed to be eviller than his father, Mr. Astounding, the evil counterpart of Mr.", "Awesome and had a loving relationship with him, the opposite of Prock's relationship with his father.", "===The Beast===\n'''The Beast''' - Muscle Man's evil counterpart, but is a giant evil bulldog.", "He has the same hairstyle as Muscle Man, but is a brown-furred bulldog with sharp fangs and wears a black and red spiked collar.", "===Infobitch===\n'''Infobitch''' (voiced by Emily Spivey) - Concierge's evil counterpart, who has spiky blond hair and wears big oval-shaped sunglasses, a green fur coat and black high-heeled boots and wields 2 machine guns.", "According to Concierge, she looks \"whorish,\" but also has style.", "===Kid Meth===\n'''Kid Meth''' (voiced by Taran Killam) - Frantic's evil counterpart, who has super-speed as well, but also has green pyrokinetic powers.", "He has black hair, with a pink streak and wears a spiked collar and a skull T-shirt with the sleeves ripped off.", "He also wears a silver belt, blue gloves, blue pants, and blue boots.", "Like Frantic, he's also hyperactive and wears yellow goggles.", "Unlike Frantic, when he runs, he leaves a purple and green vapor trail, as opposed to Frantic's yellow and white vapor trails.", "===Mercenary Moll===\n'''Mercenary Moll''' (voiced by Paula Pell) - Gadget Gal's evil counterpart, who has a spiked hairdo and wears a black jumpsuit with black straps and a yellow and red M emblem, red gloves, red boots, and a yellow utility belt.", "Unlike Gadget Gal, she wields laser and net guns.", "Like Gadget Gal, she talks 40s slang.", "===The Conjurer===\n'''The Conjurer''' (voiced by Kenan Thompson) - Impresario's evil counterpart, who can also conjure up anything he imagines, but his conjurings are red and don't have his mom's face or voice, unlike the real Impresario.", "He wears a purple helmet with a purple visor, purple gloves, purple boots, a purple singlet, and a purple cape.", "Like Impresario, he wears the feather and gem on his helmet.", "===Bad Dragon===\n'''Bad Dragon''' (voiced by Bobby Lee) - Sumo's evil counterpart, who has the ability to transform into a sumo dragon with green scales, wings, and a tail.", "Unlike Sumo, he can breathe fire and can fly.", "His skin is green with a green dragon symbol on his chest and green horns on his head.", "===Other Hotwire===\n'''Other Hotwire''' (voiced by Rashida Jones) - Hotwire's supposedly evil counterpart, who is the most similar to her good counterpart.", "Other Hotwire was used by Professor Astounding for electrical purposes and had even caused her to become incredibly weak, so he kidnapped Hotwire to replace her.", "However, Other Hotwire betrayed him and assisted Hotwire in defeating him.", "She has strawberry blonde hair and wears a blue version of Hotwire's uniform.", "While the real Hotwire's electricity is blue, Other Hotwire's electricity is pink.", "Due to constant use of the super weapon, she was drained to the point of death.", "She uses her last bit of her electricity to help Hotwire before dying.", "A super villain team formed by Malocchio Jr and Elliot Levy-Apelstien for the sole purpose of destroying the Awesomes during the episode 'Tim Goes to School' and since then they have been getting a new member every episode i.e.", "the main villain of that episode.", "The acronym stands for Primates Really Into Crime and Killing Sprees.", "===Giuseppe Malocchio Jr.===\n'''Giuseppe Malocchio Jr.''' (voiced by Will Forte) - The son of renowned supervillain Dr. Malocchio, Jr. was just an accountant.", "However, after his father \"dies\", he inherits a vial of the very serum that turned his father evil.", "He decides to use the serum on himself, giving him the power of supersonic screams.", "After this, he decides to commit his life to destroy the Awesomes.", "In the season 3 finale, he was released from prison thanks to Prock and his family.", "He is happy knowing his father is alive and became good for while, even though the serum kicked back in and became evil again; he still loves his family and they are enjoying their new lives in Italy since he and his father have been banned from the United States for their crimes.", "===Elliot \"Jeff Apelstein\" Levy-Apelstein===\n'''Elliot \"Jeff Apelstein\" Levy-Apelstein''' (voiced by Colin Quinn) - A talking ape-man from Apesylvania and an acquaintance of Malocchio Jr.; the use of the word \"Primates\" in the team's name is presumably due to his membership.", "Apelstein has an intense hatred for humans and plotted to kill his nephew and his fiance Abby Strong, Muscleman's sister, to prevent them from getting married as well as kill the Awesomes, guests at the wedding, as part of a deal he made with Malocchio Jr. After the plot is foiled by the Awesomes, Jr. injects him with his father's serum and he gains elastic powers.", "===Pablo===\n'''Pablo''' (voiced by Bobby Moynihan) - A bully from Tim/Sumo's school who became a member of the P.R.I.C.K.S.", "after he impressed them by driving Sumo into such a rage that he destroyed the local school and turned against his own team.", "His powers are geokinesis.", "===Lola \"The Agravator\" Gold===\n'''Lola \"The Agravator\" Gold''' (voiced by Kate McKinnon) - A supervillain with the power to turn people against each other.", "That is until she realized there was more money in reality TV, sometime after this she talked the Awesomes into letting her produce their own show and after a while turned them against each other purely for ratings.", "When she uses her superpowers, she removes her sunglasses revealing she has black and grey eyes and her brain becomes quite visible.", "She is defeated when Prock convinces a group of actors known as \"The Fishsticks\" who wanted their own show to kidnap her, after she is saved by the P.R.I.C.K.S.", "she joins them.", "===Impresario Clone===\n'''Impresario Clone''' (also voiced by Kenan Thompson) - An exact construct copy of Impresario except for a small lump of Impresario's mom and Made Man having sex on his shoulder that he covers with a scarf.", "Was originally one of many Impresario clones until the original saw his mom and Made Man having sex which triggered a psychological reaction that made the image appear on all of Impresario's constructs which all of the clones saw appear on them which made all but one commit suicide from sheer horror, the last one is determined to destroy Impresario and the rest of the Awesomes for trying to destroy him and forever leaving the lump on his shoulder and thus joined the P.R.I.C.K.S.", "===Fake Santa Claus/Animal Control===\n'''Fake Santa Claus/Animal Control''' (voiced by Bobby Moynihan) - Not the real Santa Claus but has the power to mind control animals and humans.", "He locked up the real Santa Claus and forced everyone at the North Pole to work for him then he used his small amount of control over humans to make parents tell their kids that their Christmas presents came from him and waited 80 years until kids all over the world admired him and would give him their complete loyalty then tried to take over the world.", "He was then betrayed by Rudolph (whom everyone regards as a total dick) and was \"killed\" by the Awesomes.", "He woke up in a hospital where Malocchio Jr. has fixed him up and made him a new robotic body (which he resents).", "Fake Santa Claus later joined the P.R.I.C.K.S so he can take revenge on the Awesomes for destroying his body and ruining his plan of taking over the world with kids.", "Although he was soundly defeated in their final battle, Prock didn't wish to \"kill\" Santa twice, so he used his medical know-how to graft Animal Control's head onto the body of a giant slug-like alien.", "===The Replacement Awesomes===\nAfter Prock's team is kicked off the Awesomes after the city is in ruins, Mr.", "Awesome (who has turned evil and caused the carnage in secret) takes over with Perfect Man and enlists a new team.", "They are apparently older members of the Awesomes, but all is not what it seems.", "===Frank \"Mr.", "Awesome\" Awesome===\n'''Frank \"Mr.", "Awesome\" Awesome''' (voiced by Steve Higgins) - The founder of the original Awesomes and its leader for the past 60 years, and Prock and Perfect Man's father.", "Although his powers slow his aging, he announced on his 90th birthday that he was retiring (to outer space, so that he wouldn't be bothered).", "He wanted Perfect Man to take over - \"the son I never had\" - but his actual son Prock volunteered when Perfect Man turned down the offer.", "Mr.", "Awesome thinks Prock will never be a superhero because he doesn't have any powers (Prock told his dad that he doesn't use his Time ability anymore).", "Mr.", "Awesome's powers are similar to Superman's: superhuman strength, speed, flight, super breath, laser vision, and invulnerability.", "He wears a red, white, and blue outfit with a red cape and a 100-ton metal \"A\" on his crest.", "In the season two finale, a mishap during a transfusion of his blood into Giuseppe Malocchio caused him to be accidentally exposed to the evil super-gene, radically altering his personality.", "In season 3, he had disbanded Prock's team of Awesomes and is currently running for President of the U.S. as a part of his evil plan to destroy all of humanity.", "He was well ahead in the polls but that fell apart after a disastrous debate at the town hall for insulting the general public so he made Prock his campaign manager to help him get back in the lead and retrieve evidence that may end his candidacy which reveals he has an illegitimate son who was revealed to be Perfect Man.", "In the season 3 finale, he finally returns to being good again after Prock injected the antidote in him after he thought he killed Perfect Man.", "===Pharaoh===\n'''Pharaoh''' (voiced by David Herman) - An Egyptian themed hero that wears a mask similar to King Tut.", "Perfect Man incorrectly calls him the Mummy.", "He wields a staff that can create snakes out of energy.", "===Hotwings===\n'''Hotwings''' (voiced by Bobby Moynihan) - A rooster themed hero with buck teeth and a Southern Accent, Perfect Man constantly gets his name wrong (including calling him Pigeon Something and Pigeon Guy).", "Has the ability to breathe fire.", "===Silent But Deadly===\n'''Silent But Deadly''' (voiced by Leslie Jones) - A mute ninja hero in all black with teleportation powers.", "Despite Perfect Man's concerns that Silent But Deadly watches him in his sleep, she's the only seen member of this team who Perfect Man can relate to and doesn't act like a jerk.", "Nicknamed '''SBD''' by Perfect Man.", "She may not be loyal to Mr.", "Awesome, as she saved Hotwire's life when the team was ordered to kill her.", "In season 3 finale, he is revealed to a 47 year old black woman and starts dating Perfect Man.", "===Rocket Boobs===\n'''Rocket Boobs''' (voiced by Michelle Wolf) - An African-American woman who looks very similar to RoboCop (metallic body) and Anton Zeck (tech bodysuit with mohawk and visor).", "Speaks with a valley girl accent and has cybernetic tentacles in her boobs.", "In the episode \"Super(hero) Tuesday\" she mentions that Perfect Man referred to her as Rocket Boobs but he may have only been describing what he was seeing, implying that \"Rocket Boobs\" may be her actual name but Perfect man only guessed it by accident.", "===Centaur===\n'''Centaur''' (voiced by Fred Armisen) - A centaur who make horse puns and gets slapped on the butt by Mr.", "Awesome to get rid of him.", "Wields a sword.", "He is not very bright and self-conscious about his body.", "===Codebraker===\n'''Codebraker''' (voiced by Charlie Adler) - The team's computer expert and hacker.", "===Unnamed Member===\n'''Unnamed Member''' - Perfect Man mentions a hero who can make ice cubes (perfect for margaritas) who has never been seen.", "A female black ops team made up of solely superheroines who teamed up with Gadget Gal, Concierge and Hotwire against Backstory.", "Their base is any female bathroom and they receive their instruction from '''Mr.", "Danger''' (who is later fired, then arrested for taking secret pictures of the Dames in the bathroom using his hidden cameras (the disturbing implications of which are often brought up), later replaced with an African-American man named '''Calvin Anderson'''.", "===Joyce \"Fireplug\" Mandrake===\n'''Joyce \"Fireplug\" Mandrake''' (voiced by Rachel Dratch) - She's from the G.O.O.S.A.", "(Government Office of Superhero Affairs) and she handles the funding for the Awesomes.", "Since the original team disbanded, the government has been threatening to pull the Awesomes' funding.", "Prock is constantly trying to get it permanently restored, but Joyce won't make it easy on him.", "Joyce often walks into Awesome mountain unannounced due to the fact that they don't lock the tower She has also been shown to be rather incompetent, such as when Dr. Malocchio escaped prison she seemed more concerned with shutting down the Awesomes than catching Malocchio, showed no signs of trying to arrest him or prove that he was lying to the public and when he broke into her office she failed to call security.", "In episode 6 of season 3 (Dames of Danger) she is revealed to have the power to become an unstoppable human battering ram and is also highly sexually aggressive.", "In \"The Gayfather\", it is revealed that she knew Perfect Man was Mr.", "Awesome's son and Prock's half brother since he was a child.", "In the season 3 finale, she became the first female president of the United States after the old one resigned.", "===Glinda \"Lady Malocchio\" Malocchio===\n'''Glinda \"Lady Malocchio\" Malocchio''' (voiced by Maya Rudolph) - The supportive, carefree, slightly absent minded wife of Dr. Malocchio and mother of Malocchio Jr. and Hotwire.", "Despite her son becoming a supervillain, she gives him her messenger bag, that allow its wearer to fly, and remains supportive and caring.", "After Malocchio Jr's incarciration, she got her messenger bag back and joins the Dames of Danger, though she has a hard time keeping her membership a secret.", "She also has telekinetic powers.", "===Jaclyn Stone===\n'''Jaclyn Stone''' (voiced by Amy Poehler) - Was originally Prock's girlfriend whom he started dating in \"The People vs Perfect Man\".", "When Malocchio Jr. needed someone passionate to motivate the rest of the P.R.I.C.K.S.", "in \"Euro-Awesomes\", he slid an envelope containing photos of Prock being kissed by two different women on different occasions under her door.", "When seeing the photos, she went into a psychotic rage, trashed her office, broke up with Prock and accepted the offer to join the P.R.I.C.K.S.", "After joining the P.R.I.C.K.S.", "she demonstrated enough strength to pick up a large metal table and throw it through a wall despite not being given any of Malocchio's super serum.", "She admits she can be very focused when angry.", "Prock calmed Jaclyn with a long, boring story, defusing her jealous rage and turning her righteous anger on Malocchio Jr. She is the only person to join the P.R.I.C.K.S.", "to not be the main villain of an episode.", "She later joins the Dames of Danger, using her anger-fueled super strength in combat.", "===Abby \"Musclegirl\" Strong-Apelstein===\n'''Abby \"Musclegirl\" Strong-Apelstein''' (voiced by Jill Benjamin) - Muscleman's sister who was first introduced in the season 2 episode 'Destination Deading', where she got married to an ape.", "Like the rest of her family, she has super strength.", "Also, despite being happily married, she has an obsessive stalker-like crush on Prock.", "\n===Dine and Dash===\n'''Dine and Dash''' (voiced by Cecily Strong and Mike O'Gorman) - Sumo's parents, two former mercenaries who formed their own criminal duo after meeting in combat and falling in love.", "After Tim was conceived, they settled down to a quiet life as a real estate agent and a CPA, posing as Japanese immigrants with heavy accents.", "(In fact, Tim's father is 3rd-generation Japanese-American and his mother is Korean-American.)", "When the time comes for them to change their identities again, they try to take Tim with them, but he manages to stay with The Awesomes.", "===Kid Crab===\n'''Kid Crab''' (voiced by Andy Samberg) - One of the heroes who auditioned for the Awesomes.", "He has the ability to regenerate limbs, which he demonstrated by slicing his arm off, much to the horror of the Awesomes.", "===The Advocate===\n'''The Advocate''' (voiced by Tina Fey) - One of the heroes who auditioned for the Awesome stuff.", "She has the ability to turn anyone temporarily gay and wears a costume with LGBQT colors.", "Concierge found her interesting, but Prock, in a flamboyant and melodramatic way, turned her down.", "===Toolbox===\n'''Toolbox''' (voiced by Bobby Moynihan) - One of the heroes who auditioned for the Awesomes.", "He wears a Toolbox as a costume and a hammer helmet and has several different screwdrivers for fingers, but was turned down for being bored.", "===The Snotzi===\n'''The Snotzi''' - One of the heroes who auditioned for the Awesomes.", "He speaks with a heavy German accent and dresses as a Nazi.", "He has the ability to shoot acid snot.", "Prock though immediately rejected him because of his name, but Muscleman thought he would be fun to hang out with.", "===Teleportation Larry===\n'''Teleportation Larry''' (voiced by Bobby Moynihan) - When Muscleman quits the team, Teleportation Larry joins The Awesomes in his place.", "He has the power to teleport himself and others as long as he can see them.", "He is an active alcoholic but saves the day at the end of season one when he teleports the team away from Malocchio's control.", "He also saves Hotwire before the big explosion in the White House, although Prock and the team think she is dead.", "===Black Irish===\n'''Black Irish''' (voiced by Taran Killam) - A former member of The Awesomes in the glory days of the team, Black Irish is masked crime fighter and the world's greatest detective.", "He helps Prock deduce who the traitor on the team is.", "He speaks with a gruff voice until it annoys Impresario so much that he gives him a lozenge.", "===California Man===\n'''California Man''' - A former superhero who was responsible for the deaths of 600 people when he flew to San Francisco instead of Sacramento, due to the fact that he did not know the capital of California.", "In response to this, the President signed into law the Underage Superhero Education Act, declaring that \"any superhero of school age must be enrolled in school and maintain a B average\".", "===Cait Walker===\n'''Cait Walker''' (voiced by Noël Wells) - Tim's classmate at Spiro Agnew Middle School who was the first to befriend him and showed him around.", "She also is a superhero with the powers to blow pink bubbles and entrapping object they touch.", "She kept her powers a secret until Tim was humiliated by some school bullies causing him to rage out of control and attack everyone in sight as Sumo.", "She prevented the police from shooting him and calmed him down.", "===Made Man===\n'''Made Man''' (voiced by Bobby Moynihan) - A former superhero from the 70s who can perform gang-like punishments, such as kneecapping people or tying them to a chain connected to a cement block.", "In the present day, he is shown as a good friend of Gadget Gal, as they are shown among their other friends playing poker.", "He eventually enters a sexual relationship with Impresario's mother, which caused one of Imp's constructs of himself to have both Made Man and Ms. Sullivan having sex on his shoulder.", "Made Man also tried to get Perfect Man a new identity in Italy, which failed when Perfect Man returned thinking that Made Man would give him another identity somewhere else exotic.", "A European version of the Awesomes.", "They have the name because when Mr.", "Awesome founded the team he forgot to secure international naming rights.", "Each member represent a different European country.", "They first appear in the episode \"Euro-Awesomes\".", "===Knight Light===\n'''Knight Light''' - (voiced by Noël Wells) Represents England.", "Has a lot in common with Prock, both being the team lead and falling a bit short in the powers department.", "Her powers (if she has any) are unknown, though her name indicate that they might be low level light powers, possibly the power to glow.", "===Flying Dutchman===\n'''Flying Dutchman''' - (voiced by Josh Meyers) Represents the Netherlands.", "He has windmill fans on his back that allow him to fly, it is unknown if these are actually part of him or just a mechanism.", "Shares his name with a train, and a legendary ghost ship.", "===Crotch Puncher===\n'''Crotch Puncher''' - Represents Spain.", "He is dressed like a bullfighter and has a giant left hand.", "Like his name suggests, he only punches people in the groin because, according to him, any animal can punch in the face or body, but it takes skill and precision to punch in the groin every single time.", "===Hooligan===\n'''Hooligan''' - Represents Ireland.", "Is both strong and rude.", "Muscleman considers him to be the European version of himself.", "His superpower has been shown to have some association with spitting acid and somewhat superhuman strength.", "===Mademoiselle Hunchback===\n'''Mademoiselle Hunchback''' (voiced by Kate McKinnon) - Represent France.", "Can transform from a beautiful women into a hideous hunchback (though it is unknown if this grants any extra strength or durability) and fights with a Gatling gun.", "Impresario had a crush on her and gave her gifts of affection.", "She claimed to despise him (though she admitted she like the shoes she got from him) but at the end of the episode she admitted she liked him too and agreed to have sex four times with him and have one awkward phone call.", "Hunchback can be shown to be relatively selfish and constantly has Impresario spend tons of money for her.", "After her home country France is destroyed, she is currently living in Awesome Mountain.", "But in season 3, she moves back to Paris after Perfect Man rebuilt it.", "===Invisi-Pope===\n'''Invisi-Pope''' - Represents both Italy and the Catholic church.", "Despite his power being invisibility, he wears visible clothes rendering his power useless.", "===Czechmate'===\n'''Czechmate''' (voiced by Ike Barinholtz) - Represents the Czech Republic.", "Name is pronounced Checkmate.", "Can change between any chess piece (though only the castle and knight have been seen so far) and fights with a sword.", "May be a robot.", "\n===Annabelle Sullivan===\n'''Annabelle Sullivan''' (also voiced by Kenan Thompson) - Impresario's mother who smothered him and prevented him from pursuing any sports or hobbies as a child.", "She now is living with and dating Made Man.", "===Dr.", "Jill Stein-Awesome-Kaplan===\n'''Dr.", "Jill Stein-Awesome-Kaplan''' (voiced by Vanessa Bayer) - Prock's mother, Mr.", "Awesome's ex-wife and one of the world's foremost anti-superhero activists.", "Despite having helped to pass the superhero regulation act in 1972 and repeatedly insulting or discrediting anyone who is or wants to be a superhero, she loves her son, gives the Awesomes a place to live after they are kicked out of Awesome Mountain, and still holds a flame for Mr.", "Awesome.", "===Dr.", "Jeffry Kaplan===\n'''Dr.", "Jeffry Kaplan''' (voiced by Fred Armisen) - Jill's current husband and Prock's stepfather who is an accredited therapist.", "An overly optimistic and friendly person, he is a pushover who won't talk after his wife (or anyone) says \"Jeffry enough\".", "===Steven===\n'''Steven''' (voiced by Dan Mintz) - Frantic's ex-boyfriend, who only appears in \"The Awesomes' Awesome Show.\"", "Not much was known about him, but as of \"The GayFather,\" he has broken up with Frantic, much to the latter's sadness." ]

[ "\n'''Henry Chisholm''' (April 22, 1822 - May 9, 1881) was a Scottish American businessman and steel industry executive during the Gilded Age in the United States. A resident of Cleveland, Ohio, he purchased a small, struggling iron foundry which became the Cleveland Rolling Mill, one of the largest steel firms in the nation. He is known as the \"father of the Cleveland steel trade\", and has been called one of the most important Scottish immigrants in American history.\n", "Henry Chisholm was born in Lochgelly, Fife, Scotland, on April 22, 1822. His father, Stewart Chisholm, was a mining engineer. The Chisholms were a respectable, lower middle class family, and Henry was educated in the local public schools. His father died when he was ten years old, and he left school at the age of 12 to take a position as an apprentice carpenter. He was elevated to journeyman carpenter at the age of 17, and moved to Glasgow.\n\nWhen he was 20 years old, Chisholm emigrated to Montréal, Québec, Canada. He arrived in the city practically penniless. He worked in Montréal as a carpenter and construction contractor until 1849, constructing various buildings and other works up and down the St. Lawrence River. He established his own construction business, which in time became one of the largest in the city.\n", "In 1850, Chisholm won a contract to build a breakwater for docks of the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad, which was in the process of completing its line into Cleveland and through the city to its rail yard on the shores of Lake Erie. The breakwater was completed in 1853, and Chisholm won several more contracts to build docks and piers in the city. By 1857, he had amassed a fortune worth $25,000 ($ in dollars).\n\n===Cleveland Rolling Mill===\nDrawing depicting the Cleveland Rolling Mill's Newburgh Works in 1885.\nWhat would, in time, become the Cleveland Rolling Mill was established by brothers and Welsh immigrants David and John Jones in 1856 to manufacture flat bottomed railway rails. The brothers ran out of money that same year, and shut down. Henry Chisholm and his brother, William, made a major investment in the Jones plant in 1857, and the company was renamed Chisholm, Jones and Co. The plant was expanded and began rerolling iron flanged railway rails into flat bottomed rails. In 1860, Amasa Stone and his brother, Andros, made a further investment in the company, which took the name Stone, Chisholm & Jones. The new capital enabled to firm to add a blast furnace and puddling plant, which opened in 1859. A second blast furnace was added in 1860. It was the first blast furnace to operate in the Cleveland region.\n\nOn November 9, 1862, Stone, Chisholm & Jones reorganized and became the Cleveland Rolling Mill after receiving investments from Henry B. Payne, Jeptha Wade, and Stillman Witt. The company built a high, wide blast furnace in 1864 near the west end of what is now Saxe Avenue, and the following year erected its first Bessemer converter. This made the Cleveland Rolling Mill only the second Bessemer steel works in the United States.\n\nCleveland Rolling Mill expanded its presence in 1868 with the construction of the Newburgh Steel Works next to its existing plant. The new works included an open hearth Bessemer furnace; it was the first continuous open hearth Bessemer furnace west of the Allegheny Mountains and only the fifth such furnace in the nation. By the end of 1872, the combined Cleveland plants had two puddling mills; two blast furnaces; two Bessemer converters; a boiler plate mill; two rail and rod mills; a wire mill; and a bolt, nut, and spike manufacturing shop. The Newburgh plants were producing so much pig iron, cast iron, and steel that Cleveland Rolling Mill became one of the principal metalworks in the state.\n\nCleveland Rolling Mill continued to expand in the last two decades of the century. In April 1880, the firm issued new stock to double its capitalization, purchased the \"Canal Tract\" from John D. Rockefeller, built the Central Furnaces on the site from 1881 to 1882 In 1882, the firm erected a Garrett rod mill, the first of its kind anywhere in the world.\n\n===Other steel interests===\nIn 1864, Chisholm purchased the Lake Shore Rolling Mill, an iron and steel works which had been constructed on the shore of Lake Erie at Wason Street (now E. 38th Street). \n\nIn 1871, Chisholm, Charles Crumb Jr., and five other investors, co-founded the King Iron Bridge Company. That same year, Chisholm founded the Union Rolling Mill of Chicago, and put his son, William, in charge of the plant. He also erected a rolling mill at Decatur, Illinois, which included two blast furnaces to furnish the Chicago plant with pig iron. Chisholm sold his interest in the Chicago firm in 1879.\n\nTo supply his mills with iron ore, Chisholm also invested in iron mines in Michigan, which in time employed more than 300 workers. His companies eventually controlled much of the raw material the mills used.\n\n===Steel legacy===\nThe Chisholm mausoleum at Lake View Cemetery.\nUnlike fellow Scottish American immigrant and steel magnate Andrew Carnegie, whose career and Chisholm's mirrored one another, Henry Chisholm focused on eliminating waste in iron and steel manufacturing rather than lowering the cost of production. Chisholm pioneered the reuse of scrap in steel production. His plants were the first to successfully roll rods and wire from steel, and in 1871 his plants produced the first steel screws.\n\nAt the time of his death, Chisholm's companies employed more than 8,000 people and were generating about $25 million ($ in dollars) a year in revenue.\n\nDuring his life and since, Chisholm was called the \"father of the Cleveland steel trade\", and historians consider him the most prominent person in the history of the Cleveland iron and steel industry. Historian William E. Van Vugt has called Chisholm one of the most \"outstanding\" Scottish immigrants in American history both for his \"historical significance\" and for being one of the most successful at business.\n\n===Other interests===\nHenry Chisholm also invested heavily in bank and manufacturing stocks. He was elected a director at three of Cleveland's largest banks, including the Second National Bank.\n\nChisholm was active in both religious and charitable affairs, and was a director of four charitable institutions in Cleveland.\n", "Chilsholm married Jean Allen of Dumferlein, Scotland, when he was about 17 years old. The couple had several children: William (born May 22, 1843); Catharine Arnot (born June 30, 1845); Stewart H. \n(born December 21, 1846); Wilson B. (born July 26, 1848); and Janet (born January 1, 1851). Two sons, Henry and Stewart, died in infancy; a daughter, Christina, died at the age of four.\n\nChisholm was a lifelong Baptist. He was a member of the Second Baptist Church of Cleveland (later known as the Euclid Avenue Baptist Church). He and his friend and fellow church member, John D. Rockefeller, made the largest contributions when the church erected its new building in 1871.\n", "Henry Chisholm memorial at Lake View Cemetery.\nAfter a three week long unspecified illness, Henry Chisholm died at his home in Cleveland on May 9, 1881. Several hundred of the city's most important citizens attended the funeral, which was held at Chisholm's home. More than 4,000 employees of the Cleveland Rolling Mill filed past the home during the funeral.\n\nChisholm was temporarily interred at Woodland Cemetery in Cleveland. A family mausoleum was constructed at Cleveland's Lake View Cemetery. The Chisholm family vault, which has 45 crypts, was (as of 2016) the largest mausoleum at the cemetery.\n", "Henry Chisholm erected a Tuscan Villa style mansion at 408 Euclid Avenue in Cleveland. The mansion ranked among the city's finest homes. His neighbors included Samuel Livingston Mather Sr., John D. Rockefeller, Amasa Stone, and Jeptha Wade. This and other magnificent homes helped Euclid Avenue earn the nicknames \"Prosperity Row\" and \"Millionaires' Row\" for the large number of extremely wealthy people who lived on the street.\n\nIn 1880, Alva Bradley commissioned a wooden, screw-driven freighter, which was named the SS ''Henry Chisholm'' in Chisholm's honor. The ship was lost on October 20, 1898, after hitting a reef near Rock of Ages Light off Isle Royale in Lake Superior. The wreck was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.\n\nIn November 1881, workers at the Cleveland Rolling Mill and citizens of Cleveland's 18th Ward (in which the mill was located) began an effort to erect a statue in Chisholm's honor. A fundraising committee, led by local industiralists Jeptha Wade, John Walker, Joseph Perkins, William F. Thompson, and W.E. Way, raised more than $8,800 ($ in dollars) from 5,000 workers and citizens to build the monument. Cincinnati sculptor Charles Henry Niehaus was selected to design and sculpt the piece. Niehaus completed his work fairly swiftly, and exhibited a model in Cleveland in May 1882. The statue and bas-relief panels were cast by a Cincinnati foundry. The work was erected just inside the Euclid Avenue entrance of Lake View Cemetery on December 6, 1884. Senator Henry B. Payne and Ohio railroad executive John H. Devereux spoke at the unveiling. The memorial depicts a larger-than-life size statue of Henry Chisholm, his left hand resting on a small-scale model of a steel rolling mechanism. Bas-relief panels on three sides of the pedestal depict the conversion of iron ore into steel.\n\n", ";Notes\n\n\n;Citations\n\n", "\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life", "Cleveland and the steel industry", "Personal life", "Death", "Legacy", "References", "Bibliography" ]

[ "===Other interests===\nHenry Chisholm also invested heavily in bank and manufacturing stocks.", "He was elected a director at three of Cleveland's largest banks, including the Second National Bank." ]

[ "\n'''Henry Chisholm''' (April 22, 1822 - May 9, 1881) was a Scottish American businessman and steel industry executive during the Gilded Age in the United States.", "A resident of Cleveland, Ohio, he purchased a small, struggling iron foundry which became the Cleveland Rolling Mill, one of the largest steel firms in the nation.", "He is known as the \"father of the Cleveland steel trade\", and has been called one of the most important Scottish immigrants in American history.", "Henry Chisholm was born in Lochgelly, Fife, Scotland, on April 22, 1822.", "His father, Stewart Chisholm, was a mining engineer.", "The Chisholms were a respectable, lower middle class family, and Henry was educated in the local public schools.", "His father died when he was ten years old, and he left school at the age of 12 to take a position as an apprentice carpenter.", "He was elevated to journeyman carpenter at the age of 17, and moved to Glasgow.", "When he was 20 years old, Chisholm emigrated to Montréal, Québec, Canada.", "He arrived in the city practically penniless.", "He worked in Montréal as a carpenter and construction contractor until 1849, constructing various buildings and other works up and down the St. Lawrence River.", "He established his own construction business, which in time became one of the largest in the city.", "In 1850, Chisholm won a contract to build a breakwater for docks of the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad, which was in the process of completing its line into Cleveland and through the city to its rail yard on the shores of Lake Erie.", "The breakwater was completed in 1853, and Chisholm won several more contracts to build docks and piers in the city.", "By 1857, he had amassed a fortune worth $25,000 ($ in dollars).", "===Cleveland Rolling Mill===\nDrawing depicting the Cleveland Rolling Mill's Newburgh Works in 1885.", "What would, in time, become the Cleveland Rolling Mill was established by brothers and Welsh immigrants David and John Jones in 1856 to manufacture flat bottomed railway rails.", "The brothers ran out of money that same year, and shut down.", "Henry Chisholm and his brother, William, made a major investment in the Jones plant in 1857, and the company was renamed Chisholm, Jones and Co.", "The plant was expanded and began rerolling iron flanged railway rails into flat bottomed rails.", "In 1860, Amasa Stone and his brother, Andros, made a further investment in the company, which took the name Stone, Chisholm & Jones.", "The new capital enabled to firm to add a blast furnace and puddling plant, which opened in 1859.", "A second blast furnace was added in 1860.", "It was the first blast furnace to operate in the Cleveland region.", "On November 9, 1862, Stone, Chisholm & Jones reorganized and became the Cleveland Rolling Mill after receiving investments from Henry B. Payne, Jeptha Wade, and Stillman Witt.", "The company built a high, wide blast furnace in 1864 near the west end of what is now Saxe Avenue, and the following year erected its first Bessemer converter.", "This made the Cleveland Rolling Mill only the second Bessemer steel works in the United States.", "Cleveland Rolling Mill expanded its presence in 1868 with the construction of the Newburgh Steel Works next to its existing plant.", "The new works included an open hearth Bessemer furnace; it was the first continuous open hearth Bessemer furnace west of the Allegheny Mountains and only the fifth such furnace in the nation.", "By the end of 1872, the combined Cleveland plants had two puddling mills; two blast furnaces; two Bessemer converters; a boiler plate mill; two rail and rod mills; a wire mill; and a bolt, nut, and spike manufacturing shop.", "The Newburgh plants were producing so much pig iron, cast iron, and steel that Cleveland Rolling Mill became one of the principal metalworks in the state.", "Cleveland Rolling Mill continued to expand in the last two decades of the century.", "In April 1880, the firm issued new stock to double its capitalization, purchased the \"Canal Tract\" from John D. Rockefeller, built the Central Furnaces on the site from 1881 to 1882 In 1882, the firm erected a Garrett rod mill, the first of its kind anywhere in the world.", "===Other steel interests===\nIn 1864, Chisholm purchased the Lake Shore Rolling Mill, an iron and steel works which had been constructed on the shore of Lake Erie at Wason Street (now E. 38th Street).", "In 1871, Chisholm, Charles Crumb Jr., and five other investors, co-founded the King Iron Bridge Company.", "That same year, Chisholm founded the Union Rolling Mill of Chicago, and put his son, William, in charge of the plant.", "He also erected a rolling mill at Decatur, Illinois, which included two blast furnaces to furnish the Chicago plant with pig iron.", "Chisholm sold his interest in the Chicago firm in 1879.", "To supply his mills with iron ore, Chisholm also invested in iron mines in Michigan, which in time employed more than 300 workers.", "His companies eventually controlled much of the raw material the mills used.", "===Steel legacy===\nThe Chisholm mausoleum at Lake View Cemetery.", "Unlike fellow Scottish American immigrant and steel magnate Andrew Carnegie, whose career and Chisholm's mirrored one another, Henry Chisholm focused on eliminating waste in iron and steel manufacturing rather than lowering the cost of production.", "Chisholm pioneered the reuse of scrap in steel production.", "His plants were the first to successfully roll rods and wire from steel, and in 1871 his plants produced the first steel screws.", "At the time of his death, Chisholm's companies employed more than 8,000 people and were generating about $25 million ($ in dollars) a year in revenue.", "During his life and since, Chisholm was called the \"father of the Cleveland steel trade\", and historians consider him the most prominent person in the history of the Cleveland iron and steel industry.", "Historian William E. Van Vugt has called Chisholm one of the most \"outstanding\" Scottish immigrants in American history both for his \"historical significance\" and for being one of the most successful at business.", "Chisholm was active in both religious and charitable affairs, and was a director of four charitable institutions in Cleveland.", "Chilsholm married Jean Allen of Dumferlein, Scotland, when he was about 17 years old.", "The couple had several children: William (born May 22, 1843); Catharine Arnot (born June 30, 1845); Stewart H. \n(born December 21, 1846); Wilson B.", "(born July 26, 1848); and Janet (born January 1, 1851).", "Two sons, Henry and Stewart, died in infancy; a daughter, Christina, died at the age of four.", "Chisholm was a lifelong Baptist.", "He was a member of the Second Baptist Church of Cleveland (later known as the Euclid Avenue Baptist Church).", "He and his friend and fellow church member, John D. Rockefeller, made the largest contributions when the church erected its new building in 1871.", "Henry Chisholm memorial at Lake View Cemetery.", "After a three week long unspecified illness, Henry Chisholm died at his home in Cleveland on May 9, 1881.", "Several hundred of the city's most important citizens attended the funeral, which was held at Chisholm's home.", "More than 4,000 employees of the Cleveland Rolling Mill filed past the home during the funeral.", "Chisholm was temporarily interred at Woodland Cemetery in Cleveland.", "A family mausoleum was constructed at Cleveland's Lake View Cemetery.", "The Chisholm family vault, which has 45 crypts, was (as of 2016) the largest mausoleum at the cemetery.", "Henry Chisholm erected a Tuscan Villa style mansion at 408 Euclid Avenue in Cleveland.", "The mansion ranked among the city's finest homes.", "His neighbors included Samuel Livingston Mather Sr., John D. Rockefeller, Amasa Stone, and Jeptha Wade.", "This and other magnificent homes helped Euclid Avenue earn the nicknames \"Prosperity Row\" and \"Millionaires' Row\" for the large number of extremely wealthy people who lived on the street.", "In 1880, Alva Bradley commissioned a wooden, screw-driven freighter, which was named the SS ''Henry Chisholm'' in Chisholm's honor.", "The ship was lost on October 20, 1898, after hitting a reef near Rock of Ages Light off Isle Royale in Lake Superior.", "The wreck was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.", "In November 1881, workers at the Cleveland Rolling Mill and citizens of Cleveland's 18th Ward (in which the mill was located) began an effort to erect a statue in Chisholm's honor.", "A fundraising committee, led by local industiralists Jeptha Wade, John Walker, Joseph Perkins, William F. Thompson, and W.E.", "Way, raised more than $8,800 ($ in dollars) from 5,000 workers and citizens to build the monument.", "Cincinnati sculptor Charles Henry Niehaus was selected to design and sculpt the piece.", "Niehaus completed his work fairly swiftly, and exhibited a model in Cleveland in May 1882.", "The statue and bas-relief panels were cast by a Cincinnati foundry.", "The work was erected just inside the Euclid Avenue entrance of Lake View Cemetery on December 6, 1884.", "Senator Henry B. Payne and Ohio railroad executive John H. Devereux spoke at the unveiling.", "The memorial depicts a larger-than-life size statue of Henry Chisholm, his left hand resting on a small-scale model of a steel rolling mechanism.", "Bas-relief panels on three sides of the pedestal depict the conversion of iron ore into steel.", ";Notes\n\n\n;Citations", "\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*" ]

[ "\n\n'''Lucy Hodgson''' (born in Damariscotta, Maine) is an American sculptor and printmaker based in the New England and New York City.\n", "Hodgson earned a B.A. in Liberal Studies at Oberlin College and an M.A. in Anthropology at New York University. She describes her background in anthropology as highly influential in her art, particularly the early work. Hodgson was fascinated by the impermanent materials used to create artifacts in pre-literate societies, and by how much care went into the creation of such ephemeral art objects. She is similarly unconcerned with the impermanence of many of her works; they are intended to weather and rot, and remind the viewer of the brevity of life. Early in her career, Hodgson taught printmaking and drawing at Franklin and Marshall College, and at the PrintMaking Workshop in New York City. She is affiliated with SOHO 20, has had fourteen solo exhibitions, and participated in numerous group exhibitions in New England and around the world. Her work is in a number of public and private collections, including the Neuberger Museum of Art, Biblioteque Nationale, and the New York University Print Collection, as well as AT&T, Long Lines, Seiko, the Manufacturers Hanover Bank, Citicorp, Atlantic Richfield Co. and Chase Manhattan Bank.\n", "Lucy Hodgson's work is heavily influenced by nature. From 2002 to 2005, her work sought to celebrate the emotive power of land and seascapes; however, it currently focuses on her anger and disapproval of the destruction of the environment, particularly by the oil and gas industry and the recent controversy surrounding fracking and the Keystone Pipeline. Printmaking has also influenced Hodgson's approach to sculpture through her use of texture and line, and she derives the concept of each work from the materials that she uses in its construction. She often uses found materials and reconstituted building materials (shingles, vinyl roofing, etc.), in addition to natural materials such a wooden stumps, twigs, and reeds. These are combined to address the \"conversion of natural elements into ones that will destroy the world as we know it,\" through the juxtaposition dying trees that are laden with industrial steel pipes and other man made material. The tension between human intention and natural forces is a repeated motif in her body of work. Her prints are limited to small editions, as she is opposed to mass production; they are then edited by the artist, who cuts out what she considers to be the important parts of the plates and mounts them or welds them onto standing steel forms, as she did for an exhibition entitled ''Long Shots'' at SOHO 20 in New York.\n\nFor ''Standing Remains: Remains Standing'' (1992), a site-specific work in West Kingston, Rhode Island at the South County Center for the Arts, Hodgson utilized a thirteen-foot-high maple tree trunk that was damaged by a hurricane. The piece was abstract, and she worked organically while carving into it with only hand tools, following the tree's natural shape, as opposed to having a fixed form in her mind. The trunk was still rooted and alive, which provided extra challenges in the work, but was characteristic of her interest in organic forms and natural forces. She acknowledged that the trunk was impermanent, and certainly subject to change through the passage of time, but rejected the idea that art must be permanent. Hodgson has remarked that she is interested in trees \"for their very anthropomorphic qualities.\"\n\n''River's Revenge'' (2004) was part of the ''Sculpture In & By the River'' exhibition on the banks of the Housatonic River in Massachusetts on the grounds of the Norman Rockwell Museum. The exhibition drew attention to the endangered river, historically and environmentally; thus, Hodgson's work was a natural fit, with her interest in the history of the region and environmental issues. Hodgson's \"snaking, writhing form made of New England house shingles, a testimony to the destructive power of floods,\" of which the Housatonic has a long history. She initially used shingles as bases for sculptures but became \"interested in them for their own qualities.\" ''Bore'' (2005), exhibited in ''Sculpture in the Public Arena'' in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, is another lengthy structure composed of wood and shingles in a wave pattern, resembling and \"undulating snake.\" 6 It portrays a tidal bore, in which the incoming tide forms waves that travel up a river or inlet against the current. Hodgson's wood and shingle sculpture, ''All Fall Down'' (2009), which was exhibited in ''Contemporary Sculpture at Chesterwood 2013'', likewise alludes to an \"uncontrollable body of water that is open-mouthed and ready to consume and inundate anything that comes across its path.\" Another undulating sculpture entitled ''Surge'' (2003–13) was among the works in the Flux Art Fair (2016), in which art was positioned throughout the neighborhood in Harlem.\n\n''Rhyming the River'' (2006), an assemblage exhibited in ''Summer Show at the Tamarack Gallery'', is a wall-mounted, horizontal triptych of cutout, interlocking wooden designs. As described by one reviewer, \"While the negative spaces of the cutouts, and their overlapping shadows, create three-dimensional rhythms, the short, straight wood-grain lines offer a two-dimensional counterpoint.\"\n\nHer recent work, ''Pipelines and Power Stations'' (2013) concerns the destruction of the natural environment, specifically caused byhydraulic fracturing, through a series of pump-like forms made of twisting welded pipes. Her more playful series, ''Last Stand'' (2017), consists of similar constructions but are made of boxes, cages, poured concrete, pipes, animal skulls, antlers, and other objects found in nature, which are intended to prompt the viewer to question \"whether they are an industrial imitation of nature, or, through the evolution of the anthropocene, if this is what nature has become.\"\n", "Hodgson has been awarded residencies in South Korea and Hungary, as well as funding from The Netherlands America Foundation (2003). In 2004, she was a fellow at the MacDowell Colony.\n", "\n", "* Official website\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Early life and career", "Work", "Awards and honors", "References", "External links" ]

[ "Her work is in a number of public and private collections, including the Neuberger Museum of Art, Biblioteque Nationale, and the New York University Print Collection, as well as AT&T, Long Lines, Seiko, the Manufacturers Hanover Bank, Citicorp, Atlantic Richfield Co. and Chase Manhattan Bank." ]

[ "\n\n'''Lucy Hodgson''' (born in Damariscotta, Maine) is an American sculptor and printmaker based in the New England and New York City.", "Hodgson earned a B.A.", "in Liberal Studies at Oberlin College and an M.A.", "in Anthropology at New York University.", "She describes her background in anthropology as highly influential in her art, particularly the early work.", "Hodgson was fascinated by the impermanent materials used to create artifacts in pre-literate societies, and by how much care went into the creation of such ephemeral art objects.", "She is similarly unconcerned with the impermanence of many of her works; they are intended to weather and rot, and remind the viewer of the brevity of life.", "Early in her career, Hodgson taught printmaking and drawing at Franklin and Marshall College, and at the PrintMaking Workshop in New York City.", "She is affiliated with SOHO 20, has had fourteen solo exhibitions, and participated in numerous group exhibitions in New England and around the world.", "Lucy Hodgson's work is heavily influenced by nature.", "From 2002 to 2005, her work sought to celebrate the emotive power of land and seascapes; however, it currently focuses on her anger and disapproval of the destruction of the environment, particularly by the oil and gas industry and the recent controversy surrounding fracking and the Keystone Pipeline.", "Printmaking has also influenced Hodgson's approach to sculpture through her use of texture and line, and she derives the concept of each work from the materials that she uses in its construction.", "She often uses found materials and reconstituted building materials (shingles, vinyl roofing, etc.", "), in addition to natural materials such a wooden stumps, twigs, and reeds.", "These are combined to address the \"conversion of natural elements into ones that will destroy the world as we know it,\" through the juxtaposition dying trees that are laden with industrial steel pipes and other man made material.", "The tension between human intention and natural forces is a repeated motif in her body of work.", "Her prints are limited to small editions, as she is opposed to mass production; they are then edited by the artist, who cuts out what she considers to be the important parts of the plates and mounts them or welds them onto standing steel forms, as she did for an exhibition entitled ''Long Shots'' at SOHO 20 in New York.", "For ''Standing Remains: Remains Standing'' (1992), a site-specific work in West Kingston, Rhode Island at the South County Center for the Arts, Hodgson utilized a thirteen-foot-high maple tree trunk that was damaged by a hurricane.", "The piece was abstract, and she worked organically while carving into it with only hand tools, following the tree's natural shape, as opposed to having a fixed form in her mind.", "The trunk was still rooted and alive, which provided extra challenges in the work, but was characteristic of her interest in organic forms and natural forces.", "She acknowledged that the trunk was impermanent, and certainly subject to change through the passage of time, but rejected the idea that art must be permanent.", "Hodgson has remarked that she is interested in trees \"for their very anthropomorphic qualities.\"", "''River's Revenge'' (2004) was part of the ''Sculpture In & By the River'' exhibition on the banks of the Housatonic River in Massachusetts on the grounds of the Norman Rockwell Museum.", "The exhibition drew attention to the endangered river, historically and environmentally; thus, Hodgson's work was a natural fit, with her interest in the history of the region and environmental issues.", "Hodgson's \"snaking, writhing form made of New England house shingles, a testimony to the destructive power of floods,\" of which the Housatonic has a long history.", "She initially used shingles as bases for sculptures but became \"interested in them for their own qualities.\"", "''Bore'' (2005), exhibited in ''Sculpture in the Public Arena'' in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, is another lengthy structure composed of wood and shingles in a wave pattern, resembling and \"undulating snake.\"", "6 It portrays a tidal bore, in which the incoming tide forms waves that travel up a river or inlet against the current.", "Hodgson's wood and shingle sculpture, ''All Fall Down'' (2009), which was exhibited in ''Contemporary Sculpture at Chesterwood 2013'', likewise alludes to an \"uncontrollable body of water that is open-mouthed and ready to consume and inundate anything that comes across its path.\"", "Another undulating sculpture entitled ''Surge'' (2003–13) was among the works in the Flux Art Fair (2016), in which art was positioned throughout the neighborhood in Harlem.", "''Rhyming the River'' (2006), an assemblage exhibited in ''Summer Show at the Tamarack Gallery'', is a wall-mounted, horizontal triptych of cutout, interlocking wooden designs.", "As described by one reviewer, \"While the negative spaces of the cutouts, and their overlapping shadows, create three-dimensional rhythms, the short, straight wood-grain lines offer a two-dimensional counterpoint.\"", "Her recent work, ''Pipelines and Power Stations'' (2013) concerns the destruction of the natural environment, specifically caused byhydraulic fracturing, through a series of pump-like forms made of twisting welded pipes.", "Her more playful series, ''Last Stand'' (2017), consists of similar constructions but are made of boxes, cages, poured concrete, pipes, animal skulls, antlers, and other objects found in nature, which are intended to prompt the viewer to question \"whether they are an industrial imitation of nature, or, through the evolution of the anthropocene, if this is what nature has become.\"", "Hodgson has been awarded residencies in South Korea and Hungary, as well as funding from The Netherlands America Foundation (2003).", "In 2004, she was a fellow at the MacDowell Colony.", "* Official website" ]

[ "This article shows the rosters of all participating teams at the Women's European Championship 2017 in Baku and Ganja, Azerbaijan and Tbilisi, Georgia.\n", "Each of the 16 teams submitted a preliminary 'long list' with a maximum of 22 players, for the final tournament a maximum of 14 players from the 'long list' were eligible to compete.\n", ";Player positions:\n* '''LB''' – Libero\n* '''MB''' – Middle Blocker\n* '''OP''' – Opposite\n* '''OS''' – Outside Hitter / Spiker\n* '''ST''' – Setter\n", "======\nThe following is the Azerbaijan roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship. Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).\n\nHead coach: Faig Garayev\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Beşiktaş Istanbul\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 5 \n ()\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Il Bisonte Firenze\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Telekom Baku\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Telekom Baku\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Voléro Zürich\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Çanakkale BK\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Lokomotiv Baku\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Toyota Auto Body Queenseis\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Bakı Baku\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.\n\n======\nThe following is the German roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship. Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).\n\nHead coach: Felix Koslowski\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2017–2018 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n CSM Târgoviște\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n VC Wiesbaden\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n SSC Palmberg Schwerin\n\n 4 \n ()\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Çanakkale BK\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Olympiacos Piraeus\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n SSC Palmberg Schwerin\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Rote Raben Vilsbiburg\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Nantes VB\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n VC Wiesbaden\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Rote Raben Vilsbiburg\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n SSC Palmberg Schwerin\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Ladies in Black Aachen\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n CS Volei Alba-Blaj\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n SSC Palmberg Schwerin\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n CS Volei Alba-Blaj\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n USC Münster\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Sm'Aesch Pfeffingen\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VC Wiesbaden\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VC Wiesbaden\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Rote Raben Vilsbiburg\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Dresdner SC\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n SC Potsdam\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.\n\n======\nThe following is the Hungarian roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship. Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).\n\nHead coach: Alberto Salomoni\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Linamar-Békéscsabai RSE\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Fatum-Nyíregyháza\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Linamar-Békéscsabai RSE\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n MTK Budapest\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Penta Gödöllői\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Vasas SC\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Linamar-Békéscsabai RSE\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Linamar-Békéscsabai RSE\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n CSM București\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Allianz MTV Stuttgart\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Linamar-Békéscsabai RSE\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Újpesti TE Busapest\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Fatum-Nyíregyháza\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 15 \n ()\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Béziers VB\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n VC Wiesbaden\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Jászberényi RK\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Linamar-Békéscsabai RSE\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Újpesti TE Busapest\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Penta Gödöllői\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Vasas SC\n\n 23 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Vasas SC\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.\n\n======\nThe following is the Polish roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship. Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).\n\nHead coach: Jacek Nawrocki\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Hisamitsu Springs\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Grot Budowlani Łódź\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Legionovia Legionowo\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Giacomini Budowlani Toruń\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Impel Wrocław\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Legionovia Legionowo\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Pałac Bydgoszcz (Junior)\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n UKS ZSMS Poznań\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Chemik Police\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Metalleghe Montichiari\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Tauron MKS Dąbrowa Górnicza\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Legionovia Legionowo\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Yamamay Busto Arsizio\n\n 14 \n ()\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Chemik Police\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Grot Budowlani Łódź\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n AZS-AWF Warszawa\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Chemik Police\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Grot Budowlani Łódź\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Atom Trefl Sopot\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Pałac Bydgoszcz\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n SMS PZPS Szczyrk\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n KSZO Ostrowiec\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.\n", "======\nThe following is the Belarusian roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship. Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).\n\nHead coach: Piotr Khilko\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \n ()\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Minchanka Minsk\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Atlant Baranovichi\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Olympiacos Piraeus\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Ladies in Black Aachen\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n LP Salo\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Yenisey Krasnoyarsk\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Minchanka Minsk\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Giacomini Budowlani Toruń\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Minchanka Minsk\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n KSZO Ostrowiec\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Minchanka Minsk\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Zhemchuzhina Polesia Mazyr\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Zhemchuzhina Polesia Mazyr\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Minchanka Minsk\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n CS Volei Alba-Blaj\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Neman Grodno\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Uralochka-NTMK\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Minchanka Minsk\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Pribuzhie Brest\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Trabzon İdmanocağı\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Minchanka Minsk\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Pribuzhie Brest\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.\n\n======\nThe following is the Croatian roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship. Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).\n\nHead coach: Miroslav Aksentijević / Igor Lovrinov\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n VK UP Olomouc\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n CS Volei Alba-Blaj\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Marina Kaštela\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Mladost Zagreb\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n CSM Târgoviște\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n ŽOK Osijek\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Mladost Zagreb\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Quimper Volley\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Dauphines Charleroi\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Bursa BBSK\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Igor Gorgonzola Novara\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Enea PTPS Piła\n\n 13 \n ()\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Pomì Casalmaggiore\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n OK Kaštela DC\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Nantes VB\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Marina Kaštela\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VK UP Olomouc\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Marina Kaštela\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Dauphines Charleroi\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Mladost Zagreb\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Mladost Zagreb\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Mladost Zagreb\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.\n\n======\nThe following is the Georgian roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship. Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).\n\nHead coach: Paata Ulumbelashvili\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Politechniki Śląskiej Gliwice\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n VC Tbilisi\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VC Tbilisi\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n VC Tbilisi\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n VC Tbilisi\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n VC Tbilisi\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n ŁKS Łódź\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VC Jiko\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VC Jiko\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VC Jiko\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n VC Tbilisi\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n VC Tbilisi\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Numune DSİ Ankara\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n ŁKS Łódź\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Sports school (Didi Gikhaishi)\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n VC Bolnisi\n\n 17 \n ()\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n VC Tbilisi\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n VC Batumi\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n VC Jiko\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n VC Tbilisi\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.\n\n======\nThe following is the Italian roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship. Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).\n\nHead coach: Davide Mazzanti\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Il Bisonte Firenze\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Imoco Volley Conegliano\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Savino Del Bene Scandicci\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Igor Gorgonzola Novara\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Imoco Volley Conegliano\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Imoco Volley Conegliano\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Imoco Volley Conegliano\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Club Italia\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Liu Jo Nordmeccanica Modena\n\n 10 \n ()\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Igor Gorgonzola Novara\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Imoco Volley Conegliano\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Pomì Casalmaggiore\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Foppapedretti Bergamo\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Pomì Casalmaggiore\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Yamamay Busto Arsizio\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Pomì Casalmaggiore\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Yamamay Busto Arsizio\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Club Italia\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Yamamay Busto Arsizio\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Il Bisonte Firenze\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Igor Gorgonzola Novara\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Club Italia\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.\n", "======\nThe following is the Bulgarian roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship. Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).\n\nHead coach: Ivan Dimitrov\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n CSKA Sofia\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Calcit Ljubljana\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Vandoeuvre Nancy\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Maritza Plovdiv\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Voléro Zürich\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Levski Sofia\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Proton Balakovo\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Sarıyer BSK Istanbul\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Le Cannet-Rocheville\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n RC Cannes\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Galatasaray Istanbul\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Maritza Plovdiv\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Telekom Baku\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n NEC Red Rockets\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Maritza Plovdiv\n\n 16 \n ()\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Kazan\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Slavia Sofia\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Levski Sofia\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Maritza Plovdiv\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Volley Köniz\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n CSKA Sofia\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Kazanlak Volley\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.\n\n======\nThe following is the Russian roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship. Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).\n\nHead coach: Vladimir Kuzyutkin / Konstantin Ushakov\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Moscow\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Yenisey Krasnoyarsk\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Kazan\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Yenisey Krasnoyarsk\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Leningradka Saint Petersburg\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Kazan\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Yenisey Krasnoyarsk\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Moscow\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Uralochka-NTMK\n\n \n ()\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Moscow\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Krasnodar\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Yenisey Krasnoyarsk\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Kazan\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Moscow\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Eczacibasi VitrA Istanbul\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Kazan\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Leningradka Saint Petersburg\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Uralochka-NTMK\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Uralochka-NTMK\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Zarechie Odintsovo\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Yenisey Krasnoyarsk\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Zarechie Odintsovo\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.\n\n======\nThe following is the Turkish roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship. Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).\n\nHead coach: Giovanni Guidetti\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Vakıfbank Istanbul\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Vakıfbank Istanbul\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Vakıfbank Istanbul\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Beşiktaş Istanbul\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Vakıfbank Istanbul\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Eczacıbaşı VitrA Istanbul\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Beşiktaş Istanbul\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Fenerbahçe Istanbul\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Fenerbahçe Istanbul\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Galatasaray Istanbul\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Vakıfbank Istanbul\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Fenerbahçe Istanbul\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Liu Jo Nordmeccanica Modena\n\n 14 \n ()\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Fenerbahçe Istanbul\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Eczacıbaşı VitrA Istanbul\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Fenerbahçe Istanbul\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Galatasaray Istanbul\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Galatasaray Istanbul\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Fenerbahçe Istanbul\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Vakıfbank Istanbul\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Seramiksan Turgutlu\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Çanakkale BK\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.\n\n======\nThe following is the Ukrainan roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship. Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).\n\nHead coach: Gariy Yegiazarov\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Khimik Yuzhny\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Maccabi Ironi Hadera\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Nilüfer Bursa\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Nilüfer Bursa\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Severodonchanka Severodonetsk\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Le Cannet-Rocheville\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Khimik Yuzhny\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Khimik Yuzhny\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n TED Kolejliler Ankara\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Maccabi XT Haifa\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Jakarta Pertamina Energi\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Khimik Yuzhny\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Wisła Warszawa\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Khimik Yuzhny\n\n 16 \n ()\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n RC Cannes\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Azeryol Baku\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Yenisey Krasnoyarsk\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Khimik Yuzhny\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Voléro Zürich\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Khimik Yuzhny\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.\n", "======\nThe following is the Belgian roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship. Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).\n\nHead coach: Gert Vande Broek\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VDK Gent Dames\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Asterix Avo Beveren\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Asterix Avo Beveren\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Dresdner SC\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Liu Jo Nordmeccanica Modena\n\n 6 \n ()\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Galatasaray Istanbul\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Asterix Avo Beveren\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Grot Budowlani Łódź\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Saugella Team Monza\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Beşiktaş Istanbul\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Nantes VB\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Dresdner SC\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n VC Oudegem\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Beşiktaş Istanbul\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n VC Oudegem\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n VC Oudegem\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Calcit Ljubljana\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n VDK Gent Dames\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Asterix Avo Beveren\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VC Oudegem\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Asterix Avo Beveren\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n VDK Gent Dames\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.\n\n======\nThe following is the Czech roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship. Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).\n\nHead coach: Zdeněk Pommer\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Impel Wrocław\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n TS Volley Düdingen\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Volejbal Přerov\n\n 4 \n ()\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Savino Del Bene Scandicci\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Agel Prostějov\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Dresdner SC\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n TJ Ostrava\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Dresdner SC\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Královo Pole Brno\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n TJ Ostrava\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Olymp Prague\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Allianz MTV Stuttgart\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VC Wiesbaden\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Olymp Prague\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n VK UP Olomouc\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Shanghai Guohua Life\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Královo Pole Brno\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Grot Budowlani Łódź\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n TJ Ostrava\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n TJ Ostrava\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Agel Prostějov\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Agel Prostějov\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.\n\n======\nThe following is the Dutch roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship. Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).\n\nHead coach: Jamie Morrison\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Ladies in Black Aachen\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Ladies in Black Aachen\n\n \n \nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Liu Jo Nordmeccanica Modena\n\n \n \nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Igor Gorgonzola Novara\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Imoco Volley Conegliano\n\n \n ()\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Fenerbahçe Istanbul\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Igor Gorgonzola Novara\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Dresdner SC\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Vakıfbank Istanbul\n\n \n \nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Rexona-Sesc\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n USC Münster\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n TT Papendal-Arnhem\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Igor Gorgonzola Novara\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\nunattached\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Ladies in Black Aachen\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VfB Suhl\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Ladies in Black Aachen\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Ladies in Black Aachen\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n TT Papendal-Arnhem\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n CSM București\n\n 23 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Rote Raben Vilsbiburg\n\n 26 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n TT Papendal-Arnhem\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.\n\n======\nThe following is the Serbian roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship. Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).\n\nHead coach: Zoran Terzić\n\n\nNo.\nName\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Metalleghe Montichiari\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Vizura Belgrade\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Metalleghe Montichiari\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Voléro Zürich\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Foppapedretti Bergamo\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Vôlei Nestlé Osasco\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n CS Volei Alba-Blaj\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Bohai Bank Tianjin\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Telekom Baku\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Chemik Police\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Vizura Belgrade\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Vôlei Nestlé Osasco\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Vizura Belgrade\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Pomì Casalmaggiore\n\n 16 \n ()\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Vakıfbank Istanbul\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Voléro Zürich\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Eczacıbaşı VitrA Istanbul\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Red Star Belgrade\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Chemik Police\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Olympiacos Piraeus\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Vizura Belgrade\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.\n", "* 2017 Men's European Volleyball Championship squads\n", "\n", "* Official website\n* 2017 CEV Volleyball European Championship - Women at CEV\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Overview", "Key", "Pool A", "Pool B", "Pool C", "Pool D", "See also", "References", " External links " ]

[ "Name\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Metalleghe Montichiari\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Vizura Belgrade\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Metalleghe Montichiari\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Voléro Zürich\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Foppapedretti Bergamo\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Vôlei Nestlé Osasco\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n CS Volei Alba-Blaj\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Bohai Bank Tianjin\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Telekom Baku\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Chemik Police\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Vizura Belgrade\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Vôlei Nestlé Osasco\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Vizura Belgrade\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Pomì Casalmaggiore\n\n 16 \n ()\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Vakıfbank Istanbul\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Voléro Zürich\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Eczacıbaşı VitrA Istanbul\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Red Star Belgrade\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Chemik Police\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Olympiacos Piraeus\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Vizura Belgrade\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section." ]

[ "This article shows the rosters of all participating teams at the Women's European Championship 2017 in Baku and Ganja, Azerbaijan and Tbilisi, Georgia.", "Each of the 16 teams submitted a preliminary 'long list' with a maximum of 22 players, for the final tournament a maximum of 14 players from the 'long list' were eligible to compete.", ";Player positions:\n* '''LB''' – Libero\n* '''MB''' – Middle Blocker\n* '''OP''' – Opposite\n* '''OS''' – Outside Hitter / Spiker\n* '''ST''' – Setter", "======\nThe following is the Azerbaijan roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship.", "Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).", "Head coach: Faig Garayev\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Beşiktaş Istanbul\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 5 \n ()\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Il Bisonte Firenze\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Telekom Baku\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Telekom Baku\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Voléro Zürich\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Çanakkale BK\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Lokomotiv Baku\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Toyota Auto Body Queenseis\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Bakı Baku\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.", "======\nThe following is the German roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship.", "Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).", "Head coach: Felix Koslowski\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2017–2018 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n CSM Târgoviște\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n VC Wiesbaden\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n SSC Palmberg Schwerin\n\n 4 \n ()\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Çanakkale BK\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Olympiacos Piraeus\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n SSC Palmberg Schwerin\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Rote Raben Vilsbiburg\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Nantes VB\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n VC Wiesbaden\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Rote Raben Vilsbiburg\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n SSC Palmberg Schwerin\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Ladies in Black Aachen\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n CS Volei Alba-Blaj\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n SSC Palmberg Schwerin\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n CS Volei Alba-Blaj\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n USC Münster\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Sm'Aesch Pfeffingen\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VC Wiesbaden\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VC Wiesbaden\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Rote Raben Vilsbiburg\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Dresdner SC\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n SC Potsdam\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.", "======\nThe following is the Hungarian roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship.", "Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).", "Head coach: Alberto Salomoni\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Linamar-Békéscsabai RSE\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Fatum-Nyíregyháza\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Linamar-Békéscsabai RSE\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n MTK Budapest\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Penta Gödöllői\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Vasas SC\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Linamar-Békéscsabai RSE\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Linamar-Békéscsabai RSE\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n CSM București\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Allianz MTV Stuttgart\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Linamar-Békéscsabai RSE\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Újpesti TE Busapest\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Fatum-Nyíregyháza\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Azerrail Baku\n\n 15 \n ()\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Béziers VB\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n VC Wiesbaden\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Jászberényi RK\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Linamar-Békéscsabai RSE\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Újpesti TE Busapest\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Penta Gödöllői\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Vasas SC\n\n 23 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Vasas SC\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.", "======\nThe following is the Polish roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship.", "Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).", "Head coach: Jacek Nawrocki\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Hisamitsu Springs\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Grot Budowlani Łódź\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Legionovia Legionowo\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Giacomini Budowlani Toruń\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Impel Wrocław\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Legionovia Legionowo\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Pałac Bydgoszcz (Junior)\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n UKS ZSMS Poznań\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Chemik Police\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Metalleghe Montichiari\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Tauron MKS Dąbrowa Górnicza\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Legionovia Legionowo\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Yamamay Busto Arsizio\n\n 14 \n ()\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Chemik Police\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Grot Budowlani Łódź\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n AZS-AWF Warszawa\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Chemik Police\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Grot Budowlani Łódź\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Atom Trefl Sopot\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Pałac Bydgoszcz\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n SMS PZPS Szczyrk\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n KSZO Ostrowiec\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.", "======\nThe following is the Belarusian roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship.", "Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).", "Head coach: Piotr Khilko\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \n ()\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Minchanka Minsk\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Atlant Baranovichi\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Olympiacos Piraeus\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Ladies in Black Aachen\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n LP Salo\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Yenisey Krasnoyarsk\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Minchanka Minsk\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Giacomini Budowlani Toruń\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Minchanka Minsk\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n KSZO Ostrowiec\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Minchanka Minsk\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Zhemchuzhina Polesia Mazyr\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Zhemchuzhina Polesia Mazyr\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Minchanka Minsk\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n CS Volei Alba-Blaj\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Neman Grodno\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Uralochka-NTMK\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Minchanka Minsk\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Pribuzhie Brest\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Trabzon İdmanocağı\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Minchanka Minsk\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Pribuzhie Brest\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.", "======\nThe following is the Croatian roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship.", "Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).", "Head coach: Miroslav Aksentijević / Igor Lovrinov\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n VK UP Olomouc\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n CS Volei Alba-Blaj\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Marina Kaštela\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Mladost Zagreb\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n CSM Târgoviște\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n ŽOK Osijek\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Mladost Zagreb\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Quimper Volley\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Dauphines Charleroi\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Bursa BBSK\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Igor Gorgonzola Novara\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Enea PTPS Piła\n\n 13 \n ()\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Pomì Casalmaggiore\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n OK Kaštela DC\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Nantes VB\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Marina Kaštela\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VK UP Olomouc\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Marina Kaštela\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Dauphines Charleroi\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Mladost Zagreb\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Mladost Zagreb\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Mladost Zagreb\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.", "======\nThe following is the Georgian roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship.", "Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).", "Head coach: Paata Ulumbelashvili\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Politechniki Śląskiej Gliwice\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n VC Tbilisi\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VC Tbilisi\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n VC Tbilisi\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n VC Tbilisi\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n VC Tbilisi\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n ŁKS Łódź\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VC Jiko\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VC Jiko\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VC Jiko\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n VC Tbilisi\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n VC Tbilisi\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Numune DSİ Ankara\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n ŁKS Łódź\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Sports school (Didi Gikhaishi)\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n VC Bolnisi\n\n 17 \n ()\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n VC Tbilisi\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n VC Batumi\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n VC Jiko\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n VC Tbilisi\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.", "======\nThe following is the Italian roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship.", "Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).", "Head coach: Davide Mazzanti\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Il Bisonte Firenze\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Imoco Volley Conegliano\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Savino Del Bene Scandicci\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Igor Gorgonzola Novara\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Imoco Volley Conegliano\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Imoco Volley Conegliano\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Imoco Volley Conegliano\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Club Italia\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Liu Jo Nordmeccanica Modena\n\n 10 \n ()\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Igor Gorgonzola Novara\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Imoco Volley Conegliano\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Pomì Casalmaggiore\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Foppapedretti Bergamo\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Pomì Casalmaggiore\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Yamamay Busto Arsizio\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Pomì Casalmaggiore\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Yamamay Busto Arsizio\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Club Italia\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Yamamay Busto Arsizio\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Il Bisonte Firenze\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Igor Gorgonzola Novara\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Club Italia\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.", "======\nThe following is the Bulgarian roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship.", "Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).", "Head coach: Ivan Dimitrov\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n CSKA Sofia\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Calcit Ljubljana\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Vandoeuvre Nancy\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Maritza Plovdiv\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Voléro Zürich\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Levski Sofia\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Proton Balakovo\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Sarıyer BSK Istanbul\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Le Cannet-Rocheville\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n RC Cannes\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Galatasaray Istanbul\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Maritza Plovdiv\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Telekom Baku\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n NEC Red Rockets\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Maritza Plovdiv\n\n 16 \n ()\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Kazan\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Slavia Sofia\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Levski Sofia\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Maritza Plovdiv\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Volley Köniz\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n CSKA Sofia\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Kazanlak Volley\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.", "======\nThe following is the Russian roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship.", "Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).", "Head coach: Vladimir Kuzyutkin / Konstantin Ushakov\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Moscow\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Yenisey Krasnoyarsk\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Kazan\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Yenisey Krasnoyarsk\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Leningradka Saint Petersburg\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Kazan\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Yenisey Krasnoyarsk\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Moscow\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Uralochka-NTMK\n\n \n ()\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Moscow\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Krasnodar\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Yenisey Krasnoyarsk\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Kazan\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Moscow\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Eczacibasi VitrA Istanbul\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Dinamo Kazan\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Leningradka Saint Petersburg\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Uralochka-NTMK\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Uralochka-NTMK\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Zarechie Odintsovo\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Yenisey Krasnoyarsk\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Zarechie Odintsovo\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.", "======\nThe following is the Turkish roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship.", "Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).", "Head coach: Giovanni Guidetti\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Vakıfbank Istanbul\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Vakıfbank Istanbul\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Vakıfbank Istanbul\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Beşiktaş Istanbul\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Vakıfbank Istanbul\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Eczacıbaşı VitrA Istanbul\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Beşiktaş Istanbul\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Fenerbahçe Istanbul\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Fenerbahçe Istanbul\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Galatasaray Istanbul\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Vakıfbank Istanbul\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Fenerbahçe Istanbul\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Liu Jo Nordmeccanica Modena\n\n 14 \n ()\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Fenerbahçe Istanbul\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Eczacıbaşı VitrA Istanbul\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Fenerbahçe Istanbul\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Galatasaray Istanbul\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Galatasaray Istanbul\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Fenerbahçe Istanbul\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Vakıfbank Istanbul\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Seramiksan Turgutlu\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Çanakkale BK\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.", "======\nThe following is the Ukrainan roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship.", "Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).", "Head coach: Gariy Yegiazarov\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Khimik Yuzhny\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Maccabi Ironi Hadera\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Nilüfer Bursa\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Nilüfer Bursa\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Severodonchanka Severodonetsk\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Le Cannet-Rocheville\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Khimik Yuzhny\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Khimik Yuzhny\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n TED Kolejliler Ankara\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Maccabi XT Haifa\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Jakarta Pertamina Energi\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Khimik Yuzhny\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Wisła Warszawa\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Khimik Yuzhny\n\n 16 \n ()\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n RC Cannes\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Azeryol Baku\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Yenisey Krasnoyarsk\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Khimik Yuzhny\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Voléro Zürich\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Khimik Yuzhny\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.", "======\nThe following is the Belgian roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship.", "Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).", "Head coach: Gert Vande Broek\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VDK Gent Dames\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Asterix Avo Beveren\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Asterix Avo Beveren\n\n 4 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Dresdner SC\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Liu Jo Nordmeccanica Modena\n\n 6 \n ()\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Galatasaray Istanbul\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Asterix Avo Beveren\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Grot Budowlani Łódź\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Saugella Team Monza\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Beşiktaş Istanbul\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Nantes VB\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Dresdner SC\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n VC Oudegem\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Beşiktaş Istanbul\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n VC Oudegem\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n VC Oudegem\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Calcit Ljubljana\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n VDK Gent Dames\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Asterix Avo Beveren\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VC Oudegem\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Asterix Avo Beveren\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n VDK Gent Dames\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.", "======\nThe following is the Czech roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship.", "Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).", "Head coach: Zdeněk Pommer\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n 1 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Impel Wrocław\n\n 2 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n TS Volley Düdingen\n\n 3 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Volejbal Přerov\n\n 4 \n ()\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Savino Del Bene Scandicci\n\n 5 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Agel Prostějov\n\n 6 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Dresdner SC\n\n 7 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n TJ Ostrava\n\n 8 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Dresdner SC\n\n 9 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Královo Pole Brno\n\n 10 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n TJ Ostrava\n\n 11 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Olymp Prague\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Allianz MTV Stuttgart\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VC Wiesbaden\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Olymp Prague\n\n 15 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n VK UP Olomouc\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Shanghai Guohua Life\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Královo Pole Brno\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Grot Budowlani Łódź\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n TJ Ostrava\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n TJ Ostrava\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Agel Prostějov\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Agel Prostějov\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.", "======\nThe following is the Dutch roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship.", "Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).", "Head coach: Jamie Morrison\n\n\nNo.", "Name\nDate of birth\n\nHeight\nWeight\nSpike\nBlock\n2016–2017 club\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Ladies in Black Aachen\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Ladies in Black Aachen\n\n \n \nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Liu Jo Nordmeccanica Modena\n\n \n \nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Igor Gorgonzola Novara\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Imoco Volley Conegliano\n\n \n ()\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Fenerbahçe Istanbul\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Igor Gorgonzola Novara\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n Dresdner SC\n\n \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOP\n\n\n\n\n Vakıfbank Istanbul\n\n \n \nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Rexona-Sesc\n\n 12 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n USC Münster\n\n 13 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n TT Papendal-Arnhem\n\n 14 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nST\n\n\n\n\n Igor Gorgonzola Novara\n\n 16 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\nunattached\n\n 17 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Ladies in Black Aachen\n\n 18 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n VfB Suhl\n\n 19 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nOS\n\n\n\n\n Ladies in Black Aachen\n\n 20 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Ladies in Black Aachen\n\n 21 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n TT Papendal-Arnhem\n\n 22 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n CSM București\n\n 23 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nMB\n\n\n\n\n Rote Raben Vilsbiburg\n\n 26 \nalign=left\nalign=right\nLB\n\n\n\n\n TT Papendal-Arnhem\n\n* For players positions, see 'Key' section.", "======\nThe following is the Serbian roster in the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship.", "Only the players in '''bold''' took part in the final tournament (see 'Overview' section).", "Head coach: Zoran Terzić\n\n\nNo.", "* 2017 Men's European Volleyball Championship squads", "* Official website\n* 2017 CEV Volleyball European Championship - Women at CEV" ]

[ "\n\n\n'''2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive''' is a military offensive by the Syrian Arab Army against members of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate, following the breaking of the three-year siege of the city of Deir ez-Zor. The Euphrates Crossing, conducted by government troops, was done with the aim of denying US-backed forces and the US itself leverage over the Syrian government.\n\nThe offensive is concurrent with the two SDF offensives, the Raqqa campaign and the Deir ez-Zor offensive, as well the Battle of Hawija in Iraq.\n", "===2011-14===\n\nProtests against the Syrian government and violence in the Syrian city Deir ez-Zor took place since March 2011, but large-scale fighting began in late November 2011, in order for the rebels to take control of the eastern part of Syria. By the end of 2013, rebels took over most of the province, leaving only a small pocket of government control in and around the city of Deir ez-Zor.\n\n===2014-17===\n\nFollowing the expansion of the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant in late 2013 and early 2014, ISIL forces launched a major offensive against the rebels in the province and the city of Deir Ez-Zor, pushing out rebel forces and besieging government troops in Deir ez-Zory city. For more than three years, the Syrian Arab Army managed to keep control of the western half of the city, while ISIL was in control of the entire eastern side of the city. During this time ISIL launched several offensives to capture the remaining parts of the city with limited gains.\n\n===Summer 2017===\n\nOn 27 August, as part of a wider campaign in central Syria against ISIL, the Syrian Arab Army, launched a major offensive against the city of Deir ez-Zor in an attempt to break the siege. On 3 September, pro-government forces broke through to the city's first lines of defense around 10 pm. Two days later, the siege was broken. Soon after, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) launched an offensive on ISIL positions east of the Euphrates River on 8 September, with US and Kurd officials announcing they would not allow the Syrian Arab Army to descend across the Euphrates. Meanwhile, on 10 September, the Syrian Arab Army broke the siege of the Deir ez-Zor military airport, after which they pushed to the south. Concurrently the SDF broke through to the outskirts of the city on the other side of the Euphrates and occupied the industrial zone and the main road. On 11 September, the Syrian Arab Army and the pro-government media announced the beginning of an offensive and and amphibious landing over the Euphrates River, beginning with the installation of pontoon bridges and amphibians. The announcement in the pro-government media was that the military operation would be called the '''Assad's jump''' on the occasion of the birthday of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. On 15 September, Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova announced the beginning of an army offensive across the Euphrates River, and a day later the Russian air force bombed the positions of the SDF northeast of Deir ez-Zor. Elsewhere, pro-government forces, with the support of Russian air strikes, launched operations against Deir ez-Zor city's northwestern district. The same day, the Syrian government announced the start of an offensive on Al-Bukamal and the complete closure of the border with Iraq.\n", "\nOn 18 September, pro-government forces crossed the Euphrates River using makeshift bridges, and launched an offensive on the east bank of the city of Deir ez-Zor, advancing within 3 miles (5km) of positions held by the SDF. The next day, the SAA said that pro-government forces continued to advance on the east bank of the Euphrates, including an assault against al-Sabah village. \n\nOn 20 September, the Russian Defense Ministry accused the US-backed SDF of assisting ISIL in East Deir Ez-Zor in various ways in an attempt to prevent the Syrian army and its paramilitaries from capturing the region. Russian General Igor Konashenkov, spokesman for the Ministry, noted that the strongest ISIL counter-attacks and artillery shelling on the Syrian Army bridge on the eastern bank of the Euphrates River came from the north where the US and Kurdish forces hold positions, not from the south where most ISIL forces were. The Russian general accused the US Coalition of other acts of sabotage against the forces of the Syrian army. US denied complicity with ISIS.\n\nOn September 21, ISIS released video appearing to show it was deploying armed drones to prevent the SAA from expanding its positions on the east coast of Deir ez-Zor. ISIS opened fire on the Syrian army, but the army did not report any losses. Meanwhile, the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) continued its march along the east coast of the Euphrates River, capturing a new town located near the strategic Al-'Omar's oil fields after fierce clashes with ISIS members. With the support of heavy artillery from the 113th and 137th Brigades of the 17th Division, the 5th Legion of the Syrian Arab Army reported it had overcome the positions of the ISIS east of the recently captured al-Marat in order to advance to Mazloum. The 4th Mechanized Division and the 5th Legion began an advance south of Mazloum towards Hasam.\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Background", "The Offensive", "References" ]

[ "\nOn 18 September, pro-government forces crossed the Euphrates River using makeshift bridges, and launched an offensive on the east bank of the city of Deir ez-Zor, advancing within 3 miles (5km) of positions held by the SDF.", "The next day, the SAA said that pro-government forces continued to advance on the east bank of the Euphrates, including an assault against al-Sabah village.", "Russian General Igor Konashenkov, spokesman for the Ministry, noted that the strongest ISIL counter-attacks and artillery shelling on the Syrian Army bridge on the eastern bank of the Euphrates River came from the north where the US and Kurdish forces hold positions, not from the south where most ISIL forces were." ]

[ "\n\n\n'''2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive''' is a military offensive by the Syrian Arab Army against members of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate, following the breaking of the three-year siege of the city of Deir ez-Zor.", "The Euphrates Crossing, conducted by government troops, was done with the aim of denying US-backed forces and the US itself leverage over the Syrian government.", "The offensive is concurrent with the two SDF offensives, the Raqqa campaign and the Deir ez-Zor offensive, as well the Battle of Hawija in Iraq.", "===2011-14===\n\nProtests against the Syrian government and violence in the Syrian city Deir ez-Zor took place since March 2011, but large-scale fighting began in late November 2011, in order for the rebels to take control of the eastern part of Syria.", "By the end of 2013, rebels took over most of the province, leaving only a small pocket of government control in and around the city of Deir ez-Zor.", "===2014-17===\n\nFollowing the expansion of the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant in late 2013 and early 2014, ISIL forces launched a major offensive against the rebels in the province and the city of Deir Ez-Zor, pushing out rebel forces and besieging government troops in Deir ez-Zory city.", "For more than three years, the Syrian Arab Army managed to keep control of the western half of the city, while ISIL was in control of the entire eastern side of the city.", "During this time ISIL launched several offensives to capture the remaining parts of the city with limited gains.", "===Summer 2017===\n\nOn 27 August, as part of a wider campaign in central Syria against ISIL, the Syrian Arab Army, launched a major offensive against the city of Deir ez-Zor in an attempt to break the siege.", "On 3 September, pro-government forces broke through to the city's first lines of defense around 10 pm.", "Two days later, the siege was broken.", "Soon after, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) launched an offensive on ISIL positions east of the Euphrates River on 8 September, with US and Kurd officials announcing they would not allow the Syrian Arab Army to descend across the Euphrates.", "Meanwhile, on 10 September, the Syrian Arab Army broke the siege of the Deir ez-Zor military airport, after which they pushed to the south.", "Concurrently the SDF broke through to the outskirts of the city on the other side of the Euphrates and occupied the industrial zone and the main road.", "On 11 September, the Syrian Arab Army and the pro-government media announced the beginning of an offensive and and amphibious landing over the Euphrates River, beginning with the installation of pontoon bridges and amphibians.", "The announcement in the pro-government media was that the military operation would be called the '''Assad's jump''' on the occasion of the birthday of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.", "On 15 September, Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova announced the beginning of an army offensive across the Euphrates River, and a day later the Russian air force bombed the positions of the SDF northeast of Deir ez-Zor.", "Elsewhere, pro-government forces, with the support of Russian air strikes, launched operations against Deir ez-Zor city's northwestern district.", "The same day, the Syrian government announced the start of an offensive on Al-Bukamal and the complete closure of the border with Iraq.", "On 20 September, the Russian Defense Ministry accused the US-backed SDF of assisting ISIL in East Deir Ez-Zor in various ways in an attempt to prevent the Syrian army and its paramilitaries from capturing the region.", "The Russian general accused the US Coalition of other acts of sabotage against the forces of the Syrian army.", "US denied complicity with ISIS.", "On September 21, ISIS released video appearing to show it was deploying armed drones to prevent the SAA from expanding its positions on the east coast of Deir ez-Zor.", "ISIS opened fire on the Syrian army, but the army did not report any losses.", "Meanwhile, the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) continued its march along the east coast of the Euphrates River, capturing a new town located near the strategic Al-'Omar's oil fields after fierce clashes with ISIS members.", "With the support of heavy artillery from the 113th and 137th Brigades of the 17th Division, the 5th Legion of the Syrian Arab Army reported it had overcome the positions of the ISIS east of the recently captured al-Marat in order to advance to Mazloum.", "The 4th Mechanized Division and the 5th Legion began an advance south of Mazloum towards Hasam." ]

[ "\n\nThe '''Yukul''', also written ''Jukul,'' were an indigenous Australian people of the Northern Territory.\n", "Little has been salvaged of the Yukul language, since it was never studied: no examples of their speech that would allow grammatical analysis exist, and only a few words were taken down. Though believed to be similar to Alawa and Marra, there is no evidence for such an inference. Most of the younger generation now speak a variety of kriol.\n", "Yukul lands covered an estimated 600 sq.miles. on the southern bank of the Roper River at the mouth of the Hogson River and around Leichhardt Bar (''Urapunga''). Their northern boundary lay around Mount Favenc.\n", "A brief description of their class divisions was given by R. H. Mathews in 1900.\n", "A massive land seizure in the densely populated Gulf Country started in 1881, with 14 colonial landholders taking up stations that averaged some 16,000 sq.kilometres each. Within the following 3 decades an estimated 600 indigenous people were shot down to make way for the cattle and sheep pastured on these runs. A Church Mission was established at Ngukurr in 1908 to take in the remnants of decimated tribes.\n", "Many Yukul now live at Ngukurr.\n", "* ''Yukul.''\n* ''Jokul.''\n* ''Yikil, Yookil, Yookull.''\n* ''Yookala.''\n* ''Yikul.''\n", "\n\n===Citations===\n\n", "\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Language", "Country", "Social organization", "History", "Recent times", "Alternative names", "Notes", "Sources" ]

[ "on the southern bank of the Roper River at the mouth of the Hogson River and around Leichhardt Bar (''Urapunga'')." ]

[ "\n\nThe '''Yukul''', also written ''Jukul,'' were an indigenous Australian people of the Northern Territory.", "Little has been salvaged of the Yukul language, since it was never studied: no examples of their speech that would allow grammatical analysis exist, and only a few words were taken down.", "Though believed to be similar to Alawa and Marra, there is no evidence for such an inference.", "Most of the younger generation now speak a variety of kriol.", "Yukul lands covered an estimated 600 sq.miles.", "Their northern boundary lay around Mount Favenc.", "A brief description of their class divisions was given by R. H. Mathews in 1900.", "A massive land seizure in the densely populated Gulf Country started in 1881, with 14 colonial landholders taking up stations that averaged some 16,000 sq.kilometres each.", "Within the following 3 decades an estimated 600 indigenous people were shot down to make way for the cattle and sheep pastured on these runs.", "A Church Mission was established at Ngukurr in 1908 to take in the remnants of decimated tribes.", "Many Yukul now live at Ngukurr.", "* ''Yukul.''", "* ''Jokul.''", "* ''Yikil, Yookil, Yookull.''", "* ''Yookala.''", "* ''Yikul.''", "\n\n===Citations===", "\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*" ]

[ "'''Sir Gabriello Cecchi''' (1914 - 2000). \nA Partisan Commander, a Commander Emeritus and knight of the Order of Merit for Labour of the Italian Republic, he was one of the most important Italian entrepreneurs in the gelato industry. He learned the pioneering trade of gelato making from his father and perfected it in France.\nHe created the Gelati Cecchi brand in 1936 and founded Cecchi Industries after the war, of which he is still considered the great patriarch, successfully managing them up until 1973 when he sold the company to the Italgel Group-Barilla.\nAfter its sale, he remained Honorary Chairman and Director of the Italgel Group and Motta-Nestlé up until the 1990s. \nToday, the brand has once again become property of the family and has been relaunched by his grandson, Stefano Cecchi.\nAn idealist and philanthropist, Gabriello Cecchi was also the patron of the A-series Pallacanestro Biella team and a co-founder of a Turin Bank.\nHe was a member of the International Brigades that fought Francisco Franco’s Fascist army in Spain and later, having returned to Italy, became a member of the Garibaldi 77th assault brigade fighting in the Italian Resistance.\n", " \nDuring his life, he was awarded the following titles:\n \n \n• Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic\n\n• Knight of the Order of Merit for Labour \n \n• Commander of Merit of the Military Order of St. Bridget of Sweden \n \n \nHe was also bestowed:\n\n \n• The Cross of Commander de Premiere Classe du Merite of the Belgian Order of the Crown for philanthropy and meritorious acts\n\n• The Italian War Merit Cross following his role as a partisan in the liberation of the city of Turin.\n\n\n" ]

[ "Introduction", "Honours" ]

[ "An idealist and philanthropist, Gabriello Cecchi was also the patron of the A-series Pallacanestro Biella team and a co-founder of a Turin Bank." ]

[ "'''Sir Gabriello Cecchi''' (1914 - 2000).", "A Partisan Commander, a Commander Emeritus and knight of the Order of Merit for Labour of the Italian Republic, he was one of the most important Italian entrepreneurs in the gelato industry.", "He learned the pioneering trade of gelato making from his father and perfected it in France.", "He created the Gelati Cecchi brand in 1936 and founded Cecchi Industries after the war, of which he is still considered the great patriarch, successfully managing them up until 1973 when he sold the company to the Italgel Group-Barilla.", "After its sale, he remained Honorary Chairman and Director of the Italgel Group and Motta-Nestlé up until the 1990s.", "Today, the brand has once again become property of the family and has been relaunched by his grandson, Stefano Cecchi.", "He was a member of the International Brigades that fought Francisco Franco’s Fascist army in Spain and later, having returned to Italy, became a member of the Garibaldi 77th assault brigade fighting in the Italian Resistance.", " \nDuring his life, he was awarded the following titles:\n \n \n• Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic\n\n• Knight of the Order of Merit for Labour \n \n• Commander of Merit of the Military Order of St. Bridget of Sweden \n \n \nHe was also bestowed:\n\n \n• The Cross of Commander de Premiere Classe du Merite of the Belgian Order of the Crown for philanthropy and meritorious acts\n\n• The Italian War Merit Cross following his role as a partisan in the liberation of the city of Turin." ]