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{ "title": "Bonding modes, structures and fluxionality in rhodium and iridium tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)methane diene complexes.", "abstract": "The structures adopted by a range of hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)methane complexes [ML(2){HC(pz')(3)}](+) (M = Rh, Ir; L(2) = diene) have been investigated. There is low steric hindrance between ligands in [Rh(eta-nbd){HC(pz')(3)}](+) (nbd = norbornadiene) and [Rh(eta-dmbd){HC(pz')(3)}](+) (dmbd = 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene) resulting in kappa(3) co-ordination of the pyrazolylmethane. The complexes [M(eta-cod){HC(pz')(3)}](+) (cod = cycloocta-1,5-diene) (M = Rh, Ir) are kappa(2) co-ordinated with the free pyrazolyl ring positioned above and approximately parallel to the square plane about rhodium or iridium. The HC(pz')(3) complexes undergo fast exchange of the co-ordinated and unco-ordinated pyrazolyl rings on the NMR spectroscopic timescale. However, for [Rh(eta-dmbd){HC(pz')(3)}](+), the fluxional process is slowed at low temperatures, so that inequivalent pyrazolyl rings may be observed. A mechanism for the fluxional process is proposed involving dynamic interconversion between isomeric forms in solution. The bonding mode of the HC(pz')(3) ligand can be determined by (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The (13)C chemical shifts (for the sp(3) hybridised carbon of the ligand) show the general pattern, kappa(3) < 71.5 ppm < kappa(2). The electrochemical behaviour of the pyrazolylmethane complexes is related to the degree of structural change, which occurs on electron transfer and is compared with that of the pyrazolylborate analogues.", "corpus_id": 6161164 }

{ "title": "The organic chemistry of poly(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methanes", "abstract": "Abstract Since their first synthesis by Huckel (1937) and the first systematic exploration by Trofimenko (1970), interest in poly(1 H -pyrazol-1-yl)methanes (bis, tris and tetrakis) has increased dramatically. This review focuses on the synthesis and reactivity of these ligands and contains 541 different structures and 269 references. After a brief historical introduction, the synthesis, reactivity, and nature of the coordinated metals are described along with some properties of these compounds, particularly the complete set of X-ray molecular structures. All of the formulae are represented to show the extraordinary richness of poly(1 H -pyrazol-1-yl)methanes and to promote the use of the already known poly(1 H -pyrazol-1-yl)methanes in coordination chemistry and the design of new ligands with the reported procedures.", "corpus_id": 102474871 }

{ "title": "A high-pressure iron K-edge x-ray absorption spectral study of the spin-state crossover in (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))I(2) and (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))(BF(4))(2).", "abstract": "The room temperature iron K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra of (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))I(2) and (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))(BF(4))(2) have been measured between ambient and 88 and 94 kbar, respectively, in an opposed diamond anvil cell. The iron(II) in (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))I(2)undergoes the expected gradual spin-state crossover from the high-spin state to the low-spin state with increasing pressure. In contrast, the iron(II) in (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))(BF(4))(2) remains high-spin between ambient and 78 kbar and is only transformed to the low-spin state at an applied pressure of between 78 and 94 kbar. No visible change is observed in the preedge peak in the spectra of (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))I(2) with increasing pressure, whereas the preedge peak in the spectra of ((e[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))(BF(4))(2) changes as expected for a high-spin to low-spin crossover with increasing pressure. The difference in the spin-state crossover behavior of these two complexes is likely related to the unusual behavior of (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))(BF(4))(2) upon cooling.", "corpus_id": 34996957, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Women in Management in the New Economic Environment: The Case of India", "abstract": "Liberalization of the Indian economy has created considerable employment opportunities for those, including women, who possess marketable  skills and talent. Historically, women in India have not enjoyed a good status in workplace settings whether in managerial or operative roles. This traditional positioning of women has restricted the intensity of their efforts towards realizing the benefits of the globalisation process. An attempt has been made in this contribution to highlight the important issues relating to women in management in the Indian context. The messages from a review of the literature are analysed. Research evidence from various sources is presented to highlight the dynamics of developments in the status of Indian women managers. The contribution discusses the main aspects of the historical, socio-cultural and economic factors influencing women managers: issues concerning gender-based stereotypes; the main barriers to women's movement to top managerial positions; the impact of developments in information technology (IT) on women managers; and the way forward. Results from two research projects are also presented. The analysis has important messages for practitioners and contributes to women's studies and management in the Indian context.", "corpus_id": 153999008 }

{ "title": "Respectable Femininity and Career Agency: Exploring Paradoxical Imperatives", "abstract": "This paper places respectable femininity at the very centre of career enactment. In the accounts of 24 Sri Lankan women, notions of being a ‘respectable’ woman recurred as respondents described how important it was to adhere to the powerful behavioural norms for women in their organizations and society. However while such respectability was vital for women's career progression, it ultimately restricted their agency and conflicted with other requirements for advancement. Based on our empirical findings, we propose that being a respectable woman was experienced as paradox, where at times it was seen as impossible to be both a good woman and a successful careerist. We highlight the implications of our findings for women's careers in South Asia and more widely.", "corpus_id": 8380040 }

{ "title": "Going to Haven? Corporate Social Responsibility and Tax Avoidance", "abstract": "This study examines the endogenous relation between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and tax avoidance by focusing on a common strategy of corporate tax avoidance, i.e., establishing entities in offshore tax havens. Using hand-collected data on a sample of U.S. firms, we find that firms’ CSR ratings increase substantially in the two years after they first open tax haven affiliates. We provide evidence by using the controlled foreign corporations (CFC) look-through rule enacted by Congress in 2006 that facilitates offshore profit shifting. We find that firms that are affected by the CFC legislation increase their CSR practices in response. Overall, our results are consistent with the risk management theory, which argues that firms hedge against the potential negative consequences of aggressive tax avoidance practices through an increase in positive CSR activities.", "corpus_id": 254385543, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Selective Expansion of Influenza A Virus–Specific T Cells in Symptomatic Human Carotid Artery Atherosclerotic Plaques", "abstract": "Background and Purpose— Evidence is accumulating that infection with influenza A virus contributes to atherothrombotic disease. Vaccination against influenza decreases the risk of atherosclerotic syndromes, indicating that inflammatory mechanisms may be involved. We tested the hypothesis that influenza A virus–specific T cells contribute to atherosclerotic plaque inflammation, which mediates the onset of plaque rupture. Methods— T-cell cultures were generated from atherosclerotic segments and peripheral blood of 30 patients with symptomatic carotid artery disease. The response of plaque and peripheral blood T cells to influenza A virus was analyzed and expressed as a stimulation index (SI). Selective outgrowth of intraplaque influenza A–specific T cells was calculated by the ratio of plaque T cell SI and peripheral blood T cell SI for each patient. Accordingly, the patients were categorized as high- (SI ratio ≥5), intermediate- (5 <SI ratio ≤2), and non- (SI ratio <2) responders. The presence of influenza A virus in the vessel fragments was evaluated by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Results— High proliferative responses of plaque-derived T cells to influenza A virus were frequently observed. Among the 30 patients, 5 were categorized as high responders, 10 were intermediate responders, and 15 were nonresponders. Live influenza A virus could not be detected in the atherosclerotic plaques by polymerase chain reaction. Conclusions— Selective outgrowth of influenza A virus–specific T cells occurs within the microenvironment of human atherosclerotic plaques. Influenza virus–derived antigens or alternatively, mimicry antigens, appear to be potential candidates for triggering or sustaining plaque inflammation, which eventually leads to symptomatic plaque complications.", "corpus_id": 318572 }

{ "title": "Requirements for CD8 T-cell migration into the human arterial wall.", "abstract": "Atherosclerotic lesions develop in the arterial intima. Among the leukocytes that accumulate in advanced atherosclerotic plaques, CD8 T cells play a quantitatively important role. They may be involved in disease progression and plaque destabilization, leading to plaque rupture or erosion. These events finally precipitate cardiovascular events. Therefore, we wished to determine the accessibility of the human arterial wall, particularly the arterial intima, for CD8-positive, cytotoxic T lymphocytes. We quantified the number of CD8-positive T cells in the arterial wall using human arterial tissue microarrays. The conditions for efficient cytotoxic T-lymphocyte migration into the arterial wall were determined in an in vitro tissue invasion assay. The invasion pattern of resting or activated cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clones was morphometrically analyzed by confocal microscopy. CD8 T cells represented up to 50% of the lymphocytes in advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Resting CD8-positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes were able to migrate into the arterial intima when it was affected by advanced lesions but not at the earliest stages of the disease. After T-cell receptor and/or proinflammatory cytokine activation, cytotoxic T lymphocytes migrated efficiently into the arterial intima, even in the healthy or mildly affected sites. This in vitro tissue invasion assay mimics conditions under which effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes migrate into the arterial wall to reach similar cell densities as observed in arterial tissue sections from autopsies. Interference with T-cell activation may be important to inhibit cytotoxic T-lymphocyte invasion into the unaffected, healthy artery but may not prevent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte invasion into arteries that are severely affected by atherosclerotic lesions.", "corpus_id": 5299225 }

{ "title": "Interaction of influenza virus with blood platelets.", "abstract": "The interaction of human blood platelets with influenza virus (PR-8) was studied in vitro and in vivo. It was found that \"live\" influenza virus was rapidly adsorbed onto human blood platelets at 4 C. and completely eluted at 37 C. \"Dead\" virus was adsorbed at 4 C. but not eluted at 37 C. unless the platelets were treated with RDE (receptor destroying enzyme). Adorption of virus also occurred at tem peratures above 4 C. (from 20 to 37 C.). However, while adsorption was maintained throughout incubation at 4 C., slow elution occurred after 30 to 90 minutes incubation at 26 to 37 C. Storage of the platelets for lengthy intervals at 4 C. or coating of the platelets with macromolecules did not interfere with virus adsorption. After one cycle of adsorption-elution, blood platelets could not adsorb virus again. Treatment with RDE greatly reduced virus adsorption. During the process of virus adsorption, prominent platelet clumping occurred. During elution, clumping remained unchanged, and gross alterations in morphology of the platelets were observed. In the process of virus adsorption-elution, large numbers of platelets were lysed. Comparative experiments were performed simultaneously with human red blood cells (RBC) and identical results were obtained as with blood platelets. However, the extent of adsorption of live virus was equal for platelets and RBC only when the relationship between platelet number and RBC number in the preparations used was 6:1. This suggested a direct proportion between the surface area of both platelet and RBC and the number of available virus receptors. Virus suspensions infused into rabbits produced a sharp and sustained drop of the platelet count. Survival of radioactively labeled platelets treated with virus prior to infusion was markedly shortened with live virus and was only slightly reduced with dead virus. It is suggested from these experiments that blood platelets, as other blood cells, may serve as carriers of viruses in the circulation and that in this process the platelets are damaged and partially destroyed.", "corpus_id": 21951034, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Long-distance spore transport: vertical sections of spore clouds over the sea.", "abstract": "SUMMARY: To measure the rate at which spore clouds were depleted over the sea, spores were collected with isokinetic suction impactors mounted in aircraft of the Meteorological Research Flight, Farnborough. Remote from sources able to replenish spore clouds, preferential deposition from the lower layers caused ‘erosion’ of the base of vertical profiles of spore concentration leaving maxima at heights between 500 and 1500 m. To determine vertical spore distributions throughout the largest possible distance downwind of the English coast, a saw-tooth flight plan of alternating ascent and descent was used. Of four flights, two encountered favourable weather, rain interfered with sampling on one and unexpected winds across the track converted another into an unintended but interesting cross-wind section of spore distribution. Pollens and Cladosporium spores were counted as examples of large and small spores liberated typically by day, and a composite group of spores liberated in damp air was chosen as an indicator of spores liberated mostly at night. In two flights in fine weather maximum spore concentrations occurred hundreds of miles off-shore. Diagrams showing height, distance from the coast and lines of equal spore concentration (‘isospores’) demonstrated discrete clouds of each marker spore type. Pollen and Cladosporium clouds were centred at approximately the same distances from the coast but with the pollen about 500 m. lower, probably because the pollen grains sedimented faster. Maximum concentrations of the damp-air group sometimes coincided and sometimes alternated with the day-liberated groups. Known periodicities of these spores over land, surface air trajectories and previous weather, suggested that the spore clouds which the aircraft overtook over the North Sea, were the residue of those produced from the British Isles on previous days or nights. Interpretation of the results was limited by meteorological uncertainties, the geographical complexity of probable source areas, and perhaps most by changes in the number of spores crossing the coast at different times of day, which prevented accurate measurement of rates of spore deposition. Spores of many species were recognized over the North Sea. The plant pathogens included established distant migrants such as uredospores of Puccinia graminis, which apparently originated east of the Baltic. The viability of the spores was not tested, but it seems safe to assume that distant transport is both frequent and extensive and probably important in temperate latitudes in summer.", "corpus_id": 956469 }

{ "title": "Epidemiology: A Science of Patterns.", "abstract": "During the twentieth century disease detectives progressed by jagged leaps in understanding patterns of plant disease. With ladders, airplanes, and automatic traps they observed airborne spores, and with meteorological theory they explained takeoff, flight, and landing. They analyzed the grand, logistic rise of epidemics and the roles of horizontal versus vertical resistance. From early experiments on the details of life cycles and weather, they simulated epidemics with new computers. Early in the century they revealed genetic diversity with differential varieties and late in the century with differential fungicides and DNA. They learned the interplay of pest, photosynthesis, and supply and demand to reckon loss. Integrating observations of pest, host, losses, and weather, they placed winning short-term bets for farmer and environment on whether to spray. In the twenty-first century, their goal can be analyses so sound that the world can securely place winning long-term bets.", "corpus_id": 4856425 }

{ "title": "Palaeothermal and compaction studies in the Mochras borehole (NW Wales) reveal early Cretaceous and Neogene exhumation and argue against regional Palaeogene uplift in the southern Irish Sea", "abstract": "The North Atlantic continental margins have been subject to widespread exhumation, although the timing, magnitude and causes of this uplift and erosion are debated. Exhumation is thought to be most severe across the Irish Sea basin system (Western UK), and recent years have seen an increasing emphasis on the role of Palaeogene underplating as the primary mechanism of uplift. We present a study of palaeothermal and compaction data from the Mochras borehole (NW Wales). Located near the presumed locus of exhumation, Mochras penetrated thick successions of Lower Jurassic and Oligo-Miocene sediments. Our results indicate that both these successions experienced considerably deeper burial prior to early Cretaceous and Neogene exhumation, respectively. Apatite fission-track analysis (AFTA) and vitrinite reflectance data from the borehole reveal evidence for exhumation-related cooling episodes beginning during the Cretaceous (150–80 Ma) and Cenozoic (50–0 Ma). Regional AFTA results and stratigraphic constraints refine the timing estimates to the early Cretaceous (120–115 Ma) and Neogene (20–0 Ma). Estimates of exhumation magnitudes during these episodes based on palaeothermal and compaction data are c. 2.5 km and c. 1.5 km, respectively. Palaeothermal data provide no evidence for elevated Palaeogene palaeotemperatures indicative of deeper burial, and thus question the basis of Palaeogene exhumation.", "corpus_id": 73699773, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Bankruptcy Prediction for Chilean Companies", "abstract": "This paper compares statistical and option-based models of financial instability for the group of listed Chilean companies. Statistical models have the proper fit, although the peculiar history of bankruptcies in the period of analysis, namely their concentration in the early period, questions their usefulness as a predictive tool. In models based on option theory, on the other hand, average bankruptcy probabilities appear to be highly correlated with bank risk indicators, and precedes them by up to three quarters. Overall, this first measuring effort is moderately successful, but reveals a number of paths worth exploring.", "corpus_id": 153554265 }

{ "title": "Multi-Period Corporate Failure Prediction with Stochastic Covariates", "abstract": "We provide maximum likelihood estimators of term structures of conditional probabilities of bankruptcy over relatively long time horizons, incorporating the dynamics of firm-specific and macroeconomic covariates. We find evidence in the U.S. industrial machinery and instruments sector, based on over 28,000 firm-quarters of data spanning 1971 to 2001, of significant dependence of the level and shape of the term structure of conditional future bankruptcy probabilities on a firm's distance to default (a volatility-adjusted measure of leverage) and on U.S. personal income growth, among other covariates. Variation in a firm's distance to default has a greater relative effect on the term structure of future failure hazard rates than does a comparatively sized change in U.S. personal income growth, especially at dates more than a year into the future.", "corpus_id": 3956036 }

{ "title": "Country of origin and willingness to pay for pistachios: a chinese case", "abstract": "Using 360 questionnaire data collected in Beijing, China, this study examines consumers' acceptance and willingness to pay (WTP) for pistachios produced in China, California and Turkey. The impact of country of origin (COO), price, flavor, package size and package type was analyzed. A conditional logit model shows that consumers are willing to pay a statistically significant premium for California and Chinese pistachio, but the Turkish pistachio is less preferred. Using a mixed logit model to estimate the income effect, this study shows that wealthier consumers tend to purchase California pistachio. The marginal effect shows that every 1% increase in income will result in a 1.2% increase in the probability of purchasing California pistachio. However, the purchase of Chinese pistachio does not depend on income.Price and COO are the two most influential attributes and package size and type are the two least important attributes to change derived utility.", "corpus_id": 55188913, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Observed variability and trends in extreme climate events: A brief review", "abstract": "Variations and trends in extreme climate events have only recently received much attention. Exponentially increasing economic losses, coupled with an increase in deaths due to these events, have focused attention on the possibility that these events are increasing in frequency. One of the major problems in examining the climate record for changes in extremes is a lack of high-quality, long-term data. In some areas of the world increases in extreme events are apparent, while in others there appears to be a decline. Based on this information increased ability to monitor and detect multidecadal variations and trends is critical to begin to detect any observed changes and understand their origins.", "corpus_id": 168836 }

{ "title": "Increased summertime heat stress in the US", "abstract": "In the past half century, the mean summertime temperature in the United States has increased,, with nights warming more than days,. When humidity is high, hot weather can cause heat stress in humans. Here we show that the frequency of extreme heat-stress events in the United States, caused by extremely hot and humid days as well as by heatwaves lasting for several days, has increased over the period from 1949 to 1995.", "corpus_id": 4432235 }

{ "title": "CXCR 4 Is a Novel Target of Cancer Chemopreventative Isothiocyanates in Prostate Cancer Cells", "abstract": "Isothiocyanates (ITCs) derived from cruciferous vegetables, including phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and sulforaphane (SFN), exhibit in vivo activity against prostate cancer in a xenograft and transgenic mouse model, and thus are appealing for chemoprevention of this disease.Watercress constituent PEITC and SFNrich broccoli sprout extract are under clinical investigations but themolecularmechanisms underlying their cancer chemopreventive effects are not fully understood. The present study demonstrates that chemokine receptor CXCR4 is a novel target of ITCs in prostate cancer cells. Exposure of prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, 22Rv1, C4-2, and PC-3) to pharmacologically applicable concentrations of PEITC, benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), and SFN (2.5 and 5 mmol/L) resulted in downregulation of CXCR4 expression. None of the ITCs affected secretion of CXCR4 ligand (stromalderived factor-1). In vivo inhibition of PC-3 xenograft growth upon PEITC treatment was associated with a significant decrease in CXCR4 protein level. A similar trend was discernible in the tumors from SFN-treated TRAMP mice compared with those of control mice, but the difference was not significant. Stable overexpression of CXCR4 in PC-3 cells conferred significant protection against wound healing, cell migration, and cell viability inhibition by ITCs. Inhibition of cell migration resulting from PEITC and BITC exposure was significantly augmented by RNAi of CXCR4. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that cancer chemopreventive ITCs suppress CXCR4 expression in prostate cancer cells in vitro as well as in vivo. These results suggest that CXCR4 downregulation may be an important pharmacodynamic biomarker of cancer chemopreventative ITCs in prostate adenocarcinoma. Cancer Prev Res; 8(5); 365–74.", "corpus_id": 2110185, "score": 0 }

{ "title": "Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Stent Placement by a Videoscopic Ultrasound-guided Technique: Evaluation in a Porcine Model", "abstract": "Purpose To evaluate videoscopic ultrasonography (VUS) as a guiding method for endovascular aortic stent placement. Methods Eight pigs were prepared for a videoscopic approach to the abdominal aorta. Through the trocarts, a VUS probe was placed in contact with the infrarenal aorta and iliacs. In the first 4 animals, a standard surgical approach was used to gain access to the right femoral artery. In the last 4 animals, 1 extra 5-mm port was positioned to provide a right arterial iliac access; thus, the approach for the endovascular procedure and for perioperative VUS guidance were therefore, totally videoscopic. In both approaches, under continuous perioperative VUS guidance, a guidewire was positioned upstream to the renal arteries. Then, a balloon expandable stent was deployed just below the lowest renal artery. All the VUS dynamic images were recorded on video. The pigs were euthanized and the infrarenal aorta was harvested to check that the stent had been positioned correctly. Results The endovascular procedures were completed successfully in all animals. There were no bleeding complications in the 2 groups of animals and no mismatch between the aortic diameters and the selected balloon/stent sizes. All the stents were deployed 1 to 3 mm below the lowest renal artery. Conclusions VUS proved an excellent imaging technique for guiding abdominal endovascular procedures on pigs. After further evaluation, this method could be applied in human beings during videoscopic vascular interventions or as a specific imaging method in the future with the development of endovascular procedures by videoscopic approaches.", "corpus_id": 770071 }

{ "title": "The value of laparoscopic staging for patients with colorectal metastases.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nResection offers the only chance of cure for hepatic colorectal metastases. However, preoperative staging does not always reliably detect unresectable disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the role that laparoscopy with ultrasound may have in detecting unresectable disease, thus sparing patients from unnecessary laparotomy with the associated morbidity and cost.\n\n\nMETHODS\nA retrospective review of all patients considered for liver resection of colorectal metastases during a 3-year period was performed, analyzing factors likely to predict resectable disease, rates of resectability, and success of laparoscopic staging at detecting unresectable disease.\n\n\nRESULTS\nOf 73 patients with resectable disease on computed tomography, 24 were deemed to need laparoscopy, and 49 proceeded directly to laparotomy. Those first undergoing laparoscopy had shorter disease-free intervals between diagnosis of colorectal cancer and detection of hepatic recurrence and greater numbers of hepatic metastases. Twelve of the 24 patients who underwent laparoscopy had unresectable disease, and 8 of these were detected at laparoscopy. Forty-six of the 49 patients proceeding to laparotomy directly had resectable disease.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nLaparoscopic staging of hepatic colorectal metastatic disease detects most unresectable disease, preventing unnecessary laparotomy. The likelihood of disease being unresectable is in part predicted by the disease-free interval and the number of hepatic metastases.", "corpus_id": 2054089 }

{ "title": "Preoperative localization of focal liver lesions to specific liver segments: utility of CT during arterial portography.", "abstract": "The authors retrospectively studied 36 hepatic masses in 20 patients who underwent computed tomography during arterial portography (CTAP) and subsequent hepatic tumor resection. The authors used the right main and left main portal veins as landmarks for the transverse scissura, along with the hepatic veins, the gallbladder fossa, and the umbilical fissure to blindly predict the segmental location of each tumor confirmed at surgery. The right main and left main portal veins were found to be consistently near the middle sections through the liver. CTAP findings and surgical descriptions agreed on the primary segmental location of 33 of 36 focal lesions (92%) but disagreed on the extent of 11 of 36 lesions (31%). Further review of the CTAP scans of the 11 lesions revealed that the extent of the lesion was more correctly described at surgery in six masses and at CTAP in four masses; in one lesion, opposite margins of the same mass were correctly described at both surgery and CTAP. Since it may be difficult or impossible to localize deep hepatic lesions intraoperatively by means of palpation or inspection, CTAP is a helpful preoperative tool for determining the segmental location of lesions and for planning the surgical approach.", "corpus_id": 2014432, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "DO ARTISTS SUFFER FROM A COST-DISEASE?", "abstract": "We consider the Baumol-Bowen cost-disease argument from the perspective of an artist's occupational choice. Both theory and evidence suggest that the incentives to create art do not diminish and probably increase in a growing market economy. First, countervailing factors may check or limit the operation of the cost-disease. Second, artists can increase their productivity by generating new ideas. New ideas provide the base for all productivity improvements, whether in the arts or in industry. Third, the arts are not necessarily labor-intensive, as cost-disease proponents allege. Fourth, the available statistical evidence implies that economic growth has favorable effects on artistic production.", "corpus_id": 153392382 }

{ "title": "The Production and Consumption of the Arts: A View of Cultural Economics", "abstract": "BY MOST CRITERIA the arts comprise a significant area of economic activity. In 1990, American consumers spent $5 billion on admissions to theater, opera, galleries, and other nonprofit arts events (more than on admissions to spectator sports), $4.1 billion on movie admissions, and $17.6 billion on books. Because of difficulties in defining boundaries around the arts industry, statistics on its contribution to GDP are problematical, but available data suggest that the arts (theater, music, opera, dance, visual arts, crafts, literature, community, and folk arts) account for a little under one percent of the United States GDP and a little over one percent of the civilian labor force. If the net is cast somewhat wider, defining the \"cultural industries\" as including the arts, motion pictures, radio and television, and printing and publishing, an aggregate value of output can be measured for 1988 of about $130 billion or 2.5 percent of GDP (National Endowment for the Arts 1992). Likewise, support for the arts and culture in the U. S. through government and voluntary contributions amounts to a significant annual commitment of funds. Combined federal, state, and local government expenditure on the arts and museums in 1987 amounted to about $0.8 billion, and in 1990, 6.4 percent of charitable giving was channeled to arts, culture, and the humanities, yielding a total level of voluntary contributions in these areas of $7.9 billion in that year. Private markets in the arts, too, are of significant size. Looking at the international art trade, for example, we can note that the worldwide net sales of the two major art auction houses (Christie's and Sotheby's) amounted to $6.6 billion in 1989-90.1 Yet, despite the fact that production and consumption of art have been elements of human activity for longer than most of the phenomena that have en-", "corpus_id": 153365332 }

{ "title": "A Unifying Modelling Framework to Simulate the Spatial Economic Transport Interaction Process at Urban and National Scales", "abstract": "Abstract Much effort has been expended in the last decades in developing modelling frameworks to simulate the so-called Spatial Economic Transport Interaction (SETI) process. Models have been originated according to autonomous bodies of knowledge connected to the analysis and interpretation of each reference spatial scale: urban and national. However, there have been few exchanges of knowledge flowing from one scale to another. This paper proposes a unifying modelling framework able to capture the two-way relationship between spatial economic and transport systems at both the national and urban scales. Four main elements are presented: (i) a literature review of Spatial Economic (SE) models at national and urban scales; (ii) a description of the theoretical evolution involving a class of SE models from the theoretical backgrounds to the current formulations; (iii) the proposition of a SETI model which has two modelling components: a transport macro-model and a spatial economic macro-model; (iv) a model specification for national and urban scales.", "corpus_id": 154683705, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Point-particle method to compute diffusion-limited cellular uptake.", "abstract": "We present an efficient point-particle approach to simulate reaction-diffusion processes of spherical absorbing particles in the diffusion-limited regime, as simple models of cellular uptake. The exact solution for a single absorber is used to calibrate the method, linking the numerical parameters to the physical particle radius and uptake rate. We study the configurations of multiple absorbers of increasing complexity to examine the performance of the method by comparing our simulations with available exact analytical or numerical results. We demonstrate the potential of the method to resolve the complex diffusive interactions, here quantified by the Sherwood number, measuring the uptake rate in terms of that of isolated absorbers. We implement the method in a pseudospectral solver that can be generalized to include fluid motion and fluid-particle interactions. As a test case of the presence of a flow, we consider the uptake rate by a particle in a linear shear flow. Overall, our method represents a powerful and flexible computational tool that can be employed to investigate many complex situations in biology, chemistry, and related sciences.", "corpus_id": 3950387 }

{ "title": "Diffusion-influenced reactions on non-spherical partially absorbing axisymmetric surfaces.", "abstract": "The calculation of the diffusion-controlled reaction rate for partially absorbing, non-spherical boundaries presents a formidable problem of broad relevance. In this paper we take the reference case of a spherical boundary and work out a perturbative approach to get a simple analytical formula for the first-order correction to the diffusive flux onto a non-spherical partially absorbing surface of revolution. To assess the range of validity of this formula, we derive exact and approximate expressions for the reaction rate in the case of partially absorbing prolate and oblate spheroids. We also present numerical solutions by a finite-element method that extend the validity analysis beyond spheroidal shapes. Our perturbative solution provides a handy way to quantify the effect of non-sphericity on the rate of capture in the general case of partial surface reactivity.", "corpus_id": 195750654 }

{ "title": "Spatiotemporal regulation of chemical reactions by active cytoskeletal remodeling", "abstract": "Efficient and reproducible construction of signaling and sorting complexes, both on the surface and within the living cell, is contingent on local regulation of biochemical reactions by the cellular milieu. We propose that in many cases this spatiotemporal regulation can be mediated by interaction with components of the dynamic cytoskeleton. We show how the interplay between active contractility and remodeling of the cytoskeleton can result in transient focusing of passive molecules to form clusters, leading to a dramatic increase in the reaction efficiency and output levels. The dynamic cytoskeletal elements that drive focusing behave as quasienzymes catalyzing the chemical reaction. These ideas are directly applicable to the cortical actin-dependent clustering of cell surface proteins such as lipid-tethered GPI-anchored proteins, Ras proteins, as well as many proteins that have domains that confer the ability to interact with the actin cytoskeleton. In general such cytoskeletal driven clustering of proteins could be a cellular mechanism to spatiotemporally regulate and amplify local chemical reaction rates in a variety of contexts such as signaling, transcription, sorting, and endocytosis.", "corpus_id": 10117457, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Clinical Reasoning: A young woman with progressive headache and pancytopenia", "abstract": "A 33-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for treatment of pancytopenia and rash. Her history was notable for systemic lupus erythematosus as well as antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) manifested by prior deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and elevated anticardiolipin antibody (95 G phospholipids), β2 glycoprotein immunoglobulin G (IgG) (81 units/mL), and dilute Russell viper venom time (ratio 1.8). She was treated with enoxaparin 1 mg/kg twice daily for her APS. She also had a history of mild bilateral diffuse throbbing headaches occurring every couple of months beginning in her early 20s. Two weeks prior to admission, while vacationing in the Southeastern United States (without exposure to a forest), she developed chills, fatigue, and throbbing headache radiating to the right side of her face, accompanied by a whooshing sound in her right ear. Several days after headache onset, she presented to an outside hospital, where she reportedly had a normal head CT scan and brain MRI scan, but was noted to be pancytopenic (leukocyte count 0.5 × 103/μL, hemoglobin 7.7 mg/dL, and platelets 9 × 103/μL). She underwent a bone marrow biopsy, the results of which were unremarkable. She was discharged with a prednisone taper for suspected lupus flare. Her headache resolved but 2 days later she developed a new erythematous maculopapular rash involving the palms and soles for which she presented to our emergency room. Her complete blood count on admission was again notable for pancytopenia, with a leukocyte count 0.6 × 103/μL (absolute neutrophil count 900/μL), hemoglobin 8.0 mg/dL, and platelets 13 × 103/μL. Her enoxaparin was held given severe thrombocytopenia. The day after her admission, she developed a progressive return of similar quality right-sided headache again accompanied by a whooshing sound. Her headache was made worse by crying, coughing, and physical exertion. She denied any neurologic deficits and her vital signs were normal.", "corpus_id": 512373 }

{ "title": "Thunderclap headache", "abstract": "Headache affects about 90% of the general population. The most common causes are migraine and episodic tension-type headache. A small proportion of patients present acutely to a primary care doctor, and the main objective is to identify those who require urgent investigations. The term thunderclap headache is used to decribe a severe headache of instantaneous onset—one minute at the most. Estimated incidence is about 43 per 100 000 adults per year in the developed world. In our emergency headache centre, out of a total of 8000 patients each year, about 120 present with thunderclap headache. Any thunderclap headache, even in a patient with a history of recurrent headache, such as migraine, must be considered as secondary to a variety of causes, the foremost of which is subarachnoid haemorrhage. 4 Making a diagnosis can be challenging. Even when brain computed tomography (CT) and lumbar puncture results are normal, the underlying cause can be serious—for example, cervical artery dissection, cerebral venous thrombosis, and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). 5 This review aims to describe the various causes of thunderclap headache and the role of investigations when CT and lumbar puncture investigations are normal. What is a thunderclap headache?", "corpus_id": 2537784 }

{ "title": "Strategies for telecommunications and navigation in support of Mars exploration", "abstract": "Abstract The planned exploration of Mars will pose new and unique telecommunications and navigation challenges. The full range of orbital, atmospheric, and surface exploration will drive requirements on data return, energy-efficient communications, connectivity, and positioning. In this paper we will summarize the needs of the currently planned Mars exploration mission set, outline design trades and options for meeting these needs, and quantify the specific telecommunications and navigation capabilities of an evolving infrastructure.", "corpus_id": 110674795, "score": 0 }

{ "title": "Cortisol in the Evaluation of Adrenal Insufficiency.", "abstract": "A 32-year-old woman with hypothyroidism presented for evaluation of chronic fatigue and weight loss of 9 kg. She had no history of infections or recent travel. Physical examination revealed a body mass index of 20 (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), normal vital signs, and darkening of the palmar creases and buccal mucosa. Morning laboratory tests were performed and are reported in the Table.", "corpus_id": 1810599 }

{ "title": "ACTH Stimulation Tests for the Diagnosis of Adrenal Insufficiency: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.", "abstract": "CONTEXT\nThe diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency is clinically challenging and often requires ACTH stimulation tests.\n\n\nOBJECTIVE\nTo determine the diagnostic accuracy of the high- (250 mcg) and low- (1 mcg) dose ACTH stimulation tests in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.\n\n\nMETHODS\nWe searched six databases through February 2014. Pairs of independent reviewers selected studies and appraised the risk of bias. Diagnostic association measures were pooled across studies using a bivariate model.\n\n\nDATA SYNTHESIS\nFor secondary adrenal insufficiency, we included 30 studies enrolling 1209 adults and 228 children. High- and low-dose ACTH stimulation tests had similar diagnostic accuracy in adults and children using different peak serum cortisol cutoffs. In general, both tests had low sensitivity and high specificity resulting in reasonable likelihood ratios for a positive test (adults: high dose, 9.1; low dose, 5.9; children: high dose, 43.5; low dose, 7.7), but a fairly suboptimal likelihood ratio for a negative test (adults: high dose, 0.39; low dose, 0.19; children: high dose, 0.65; low dose, 0.34). For primary adrenal insufficiency, we included five studies enrolling 100 patients. Data were only available to estimate the sensitivity of high dose ACTH stimulation test (92%; 95% confidence interval, 81-97%).\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nBoth high- and low-dose ACTH stimulation tests had similar diagnostic accuracy. Both tests are adequate to rule in, but not rule out, secondary adrenal insufficiency. Our confidence in these estimates is low to moderate because of the likely risk of bias, heterogeneity, and imprecision.", "corpus_id": 11625566 }

{ "title": "[Conflict of interest in continuing medical education - Studies on certified CME courses].", "abstract": "OBJECTIVES\nAlthough the problem of conflict of interest in medical education is discussed intensively, few valid data have been published on how to deal with the form, content, funding, sponsorship, and the influence of economic interests in continuing medical education (CME). Against this background, we carried out an analysis of data which had been documented for the purpose of certification by a German Medical Association. A central aim of the study was to obtain evidence of possible influences of economic interests on continuing medical education. Furthermore, strategies for quality assurance of CME contents and their implementation were to be examined.\n\n\nMETHODS\nWe analyzed all registration data for courses certified in the category D (\"structured interactive CME via print media, online media and audiovisual media\") by the Bavarian Chamber of Physicians in 2012. To measure the effects of conflict of interest, relationships between topics of training and variables relating to the alleged self-interest of the organizer/sponsor (for example, drug sales in a group of physicians) were statistically verified. These data were taken from the Bavarian Medical Statistics 2012 and the GKV-Arzneimittelschnellinformation.\n\n\nRESULTS\nIn 2012, a total of 734 CME course offerings have been submitted for 51 medical specialties by 30 course suppliers in the Bavarian Medical Association. To ensure the neutrality of interests of the CME courses the course suppliers signed a cooperation treaty ensuring their compliance with defined behavior towards the Bavarian Medical Association concerning sponsorship. The correlation between course topics and drug data suggests that course suppliers tend to submit topics that are economically attractive to them. There was a significant correlation between the number of CME courses in a specific field and the sales from drug prescriptions issued by physicians in the respective field.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThe results show that neutrality of interests regarding continuing medical education is difficult to achieve under the current framework for the organization, certification, and especially the funding of CME events in Germany. The cooperation agreement between the Bavarian Medical Association and training applicants is taken as an example of how legal certainty can be ensured. Based on the findings described below, suggestions and strategies to strengthen assessment expertise of course participants have been developed and elaborated.", "corpus_id": 8971453, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Pharmacologic characterizations of a P2X7 receptor-specific radioligand, [11C]GSK1482160 for neuroinflammatory response", "abstract": "Objective The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a key regulatory element in the neuroinflammatory cascade that provides a promising target for imaging neuroinflammation. GSK1482160, a P2X7R modulator with nanomolar binding affinity and high selectivity, has been successfully radiolabeled and utilized for imaging P2X7 levels in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation. In the current study, we further characterized its binding profile and determined whether [11C]GSK1482160 can detect changes in P2X7R expression in a rodent model of multiple sclerosis. Methods [11C]GSK1482160 was synthesized with high specific activity and high radiochemical purity. Radioligand saturation and competition binding assays were performed for [11C]GSK1482160 using HEK293-hP2X7R living cells. Micro-PET studies were carried out in nonhuman primates. In vitro autoradiography and immunohistochemistry studies were then carried out to evaluate tracer uptake and P2X7 expression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rat lumbar spinal cord at EAE-peak and EAE-remitting stages compared with sham rats. Results [11C]GSK1482160 binds to HEK293-hP2X7R living cells with high binding affinity (Kd=5.09±0.98 nmol/l, Ki=2.63±0.6 nmol/l). Micro-PET studies showed high tracer retention and a homogeneous distribution in the brain of nonhuman primates. In the EAE rat model, tracer uptake of [11C]GSK1482160 in rat lumbar spinal cord was the highest at the EAE-peak stage (277.74±79.74 PSL/mm2), followed by the EAE-remitting stage(149.00±54.14 PSL/mm2) and sham (66.37±1.48 PSL/mm2). The tracer uptake correlated strongly with P2X7-positive cell counts, activated microglia numbers, and disease severity. Conclusion We conclude that [11C]GSK1482160 has the potential for application in monitoring neuroinflammation.", "corpus_id": 3449624 }

{ "title": "Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of a novel P2X7R radioligand [18F]IUR-1601.", "abstract": "The reference standard IUR-1601 ((S)-N-(2-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1-(2-fluoroethyl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxamide) was synthesized from tert-butyl (S)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylate, fluoroethylbromide, and 2-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzylamine with overall chemical yield 12% in three steps. The target tracer [18F]IUR-1601 ((S)-N-(2-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxamide) was synthesized from desmethyl-GSK1482160 with 2-[18F]fluoroethyl tosylate, prepared from 1,2-ethylene glycol-bis-tosylate and K[18F]F/Kryptofix2.2.2, in two steps and isolated by HPLC combined with SPE in 1-3% decay corrected radiochemical yield. The radiochemical purity was >99%, and the molar activity at end of bombardment (EOB) was 74-370 GBq/μmol. The potency of IUR-1601 in comparison with GSK1482160 was determined by a radioligand competitive binding assay using [11C]GSK1482160, and the binding affinity Ki values for IUR-1601 and GSK1482160 are 4.31 and 5.14 nM, respectively.", "corpus_id": 4714002 }

{ "title": "Intrapulmonary receptors in the garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis).", "abstract": "Receptors in the respiratory system of anesthetized, unidirectionally ventilated garter snakes were analyzed from single-unit vagal recordings. Three types of receptors were found: rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors (RARs), slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (SARs) and intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (IPCs). RARs gave a burst of activity when the lung was inflated or deflated. Discharge frequency of SARs increased during a sustained elevation of intrapulmonary pressure (PIP); a step increase in PIP usually caused an overshoot in receptor activity that slowly adapted to a new tonic level during the sustained inflation. The activity of intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (IPCs) decreased when airway CO2 was raised. A sudden removal of CO2 caused a striking overshoot in activity which slowly adapted. Receptor discharge of SARs and IPCs was studied at 20, 25 and 30 degrees C. Discharge frequency increased with increasing temperature. The Q10 of discharge frequency averaged 3.0 for IPCs and 1.5 for SARs. Temperature clearly had a profound effect on pulmonary receptor activity; however, the relative change of activity of IPCs or SARs to a given stimulus was similar regardless of body temperature, and since the body temperature of snakes varies considerably, this may have important implications regarding the control of breathing in these animals.", "corpus_id": 38943150, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Reduced hippocampal MT 2 melatonin receptor expression in Alzheimer ’ s disease", "abstract": "The pineal secretory product melatonin provides a circadian and seasonal signal in vertebrates regulating responses to changes in day length [1–3]. The biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), entrained by the light-dark cycle, controls the rhythm of melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland with the highest levels of melatonin production occurring during the night [1–5]. Melatonin provides a hormonal signal of darkness. The physiological effects of melatonin include retinal [6], antioxidative [7], neuroprotective [8, 9], vasoactive [10–12], immunological [13] and oncostatic [14] properties. In mammals melatonin acts through two specific highaffinity membrane receptors, MT1 (previously termed Mel1a) and MT2 (previously termed Mel1b), which have been cloned and characterized [15–18]. They share a common seven-transmembrane structure and transduce signals via G protein-coupling. Whereas MT1 is coupled to different G proteins that mediate adenylyl cyclase inhibition and phospholipase Cb activation, MT2 is also coupled to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and additionally inhibits cyclic GMP levels via the soluble guanylyl cyclase pathway [5, 19]. A third melatonin receptor, Mel1c, was cloned from Xenopus [20] and birds [21] but is not found in mammals, so that of the family of three melatonin receptor subtypes in vertebrates, only two are present in mammals [5]. MT1 mRNA distribution has been studied in different mammalian brains including rodents [22] and humans [23, 24]. In human central nervous system (CNS) MT1 mRNA is expressed in SCN [23], cerebellum, occipital, parietal, frontal and temporal cortex, thalamus and hippocampus [24]. There is also immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of MT1 in human hippocampus [24], cerebrovascular tissue [11] and retina [25]. The presence of MT2 mRNA in CNS, on the other hand, has been shown in rodent SCN using in situ hybridization [26] and quantitative receptor autoradiography [27]. Thus far, in the human CNS, MT2 mRNA has been found in the cerebellum [28], and RT-PCR revealed MT2 expression in the hippocampus [15]. However, the exact cellular distribution of MT2 in human CNS is still not known. As specific antibodies against MT2 have been developed recently [29], we studied MT2 distribution in human hippocampus using immunohistochemistry. The results were compared with findings in the hippocampus of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, because melatonin alterations may contribute to AD symptomatology and pathology, and hippocampus is a brain region highly implicated in AD-related neurodegeneration [3, 8, 9]. This study provides the first immunohistochemical description of MT2 distribution in human hippocampus and provides evidence for altered expression of MT2 in patients affected with AD.", "corpus_id": 1002695 }

{ "title": "Melatonin in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders", "abstract": "Increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been identified as common pathophysiological phenomena associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). As the age-related decline in the production of melatonin may contribute to increased levels of oxidative stress in the elderly, the role of this neuroprotective agent is attracting increasing attention. Melatonin has multiple actions as a regulator of antioxidant and prooxidant enzymes, radical scavenger and antagonist of mitochondrial radical formation. The ability of melatonin and its kynuramine metabolites to interact directly with the electron transport chain by increasing the electron flow and reducing electron leakage are unique features by which melatonin is able to increase the survival of neurons under enhanced oxidative stress. Moreover, antifibrillogenic actions have been demonstrated in vitro, also in the presence of profibrillogenic apoE4 or apoE3, and in vivo, in a transgenic mouse model. Amyloid-β toxicity is antagonized by melatonin and one of its kynuramine metabolites. Cytoskeletal disorganization and protein hyperphosphorylation, as induced in several cell-line models, have been attenuated by melatonin, effects comprising stress kinase downregulation and extending to neurotrophin expression. Various experimental models of AD, PD and HD indicate the usefulness of melatonin in antagonizing disease progression and/or mitigating some of the symptoms. Melatonin secretion has been found to be altered in AD and PD. Attempts to compensate for age- and disease-dependent melatonin deficiency have shown that administration of this compound can improve sleep efficiency in AD and PD and, to some extent, cognitive function in AD patients. Exogenous melatonin has also been reported to alleviate behavioral symptoms such as sundowning. Taken together, these findings suggest that melatonin, its analogues and kynuric metabolites may have potential value in prevention and treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders.", "corpus_id": 1277166 }

{ "title": "Interaction of Shigella flexneri IpaC with Model Membranes Correlates with Effects on Cultured Cells", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Invasion of enterocytes by Shigella flexneri requires the properly timed release of IpaB and IpaC at the host-pathogen interface; however, only IpaC has been found to possess quantifiable activities in vitro. We demonstrate here that when added to cultured cells, purified IpaC elicits cytoskeletal changes similar to those that occur during Shigella invasion. This IpaC effect may correlate with its ability to interact with model membranes at physiological pH and to promote entry by an ipaC mutant ofS. flexneri.", "corpus_id": 6976631, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Changes in Markers of T-Cell Senescence and Exhaustion With Atazanavir-, Raltegravir-, and Darunavir-Based Initial Antiviral Therapy: ACTG 5260s.", "abstract": "It is unclear whether differential roles of CD4(+) versus CD8(+) T-cell senescence/exhaustion and effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on these processes may contribute to morbidity in treated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection. In a prospective 96-week trial, 328 HIV-infected ART-naive participants were randomly assigned to receive tenofovir-emtricitabine plus either atazanavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ritonavir, or raltegravir. Markers of CD4(+) T-cell senescence (ie, the percentage of CD28(-)CD57(+) cells among CD4(+) T cells ) and CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cell exhaustion (ie, the percentage of PD-1(+) cells among CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells) decreased after ART. There were no changes in markers of CD8(+) T-cell senescence after ART and no differential changes in all markers in ART groups. Senescent CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells may have differential roles in HIV pathogenesis.", "corpus_id": 479151 }

{ "title": "CD28-negative CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-infected adults enrolled in adult clinical trials group studies.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nIndividuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have higher risk than HIV-negative individuals for diseases associated with aging. T-cell senescence, characterized by expansion of cells lacking the costimulatory molecule CD28, has been hypothesized to mediate these risks.\n\n\nMETHODS\nWe measured the percentage of CD28(-)CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from HIV-infected treatment-naive adults from 5 Adult Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) antiretroviral therapy (ART) studies and the ALLRT (ACTG Longitudinal Linked Randomized Trials) cohort, and from 48 HIV-negative adults. Pretreatment and 96-week posttreatment %CD28(-) cells were assessed using linear regression for associations with age, sex, race/ethnicity, CD4 count, HIV RNA, ART regimen, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.\n\n\nRESULTS\nIn total, 1291 chronically HIV-infected adults were studied. Pretreatment, lower CD4 count was associated with higher %CD28(-)CD4(+) and %CD28(-)CD8(+) cells. For CD8(+) cells, younger age and HCV infection were associated with a lower %CD28(-). ART reduced %CD28(-) levels at week 96 among virally suppressed individuals. Older age was strongly predictive of higher %CD28(-)CD8(+). Compared to HIV-uninfected individuals, HIV-infected individuals maintained significantly higher %CD28(-).\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nEffective ART reduced the proportion of CD28(-) T cells. However, levels remained abnormally high and closer to levels in older HIV-uninfected individuals. This finding may inform future research of increased rates of age-associated disease in HIV-infected adults.", "corpus_id": 8616925 }

{ "title": "Overall Decrease in the Susceptibility of Mycoplasma bovis to Antimicrobials over the Past 30 Years in France", "abstract": "Mycoplasma (M.) bovis is frequently implicated in respiratory diseases of young cattle worldwide. Today, to combat M. bovis in Europe, only antimicrobial therapy is available, but often fails, leading to important economical losses. The antimicrobial susceptibility of M. bovis is not covered by antimicrobial resistance surveillance networks. The objectives of this study were to identify resistances that were acquired over the last 30 years in France and to determine their prevalence within comtemporary strains. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of 12 antimicrobials, considered active on M. bovis, were compared, using an agar dilution method, between 27 and 46 M. bovis isolates respectively obtained in 1978–1979 and in 2010–2012 from 73 distinct respiratory disease outbreaks in young cattle all over France. For eight antimicrobials, resistances were proven to be acquired over the period and expressed by all contemporary strains. The increase of the MIC value that inhibited 50% of the isolates (MIC50) was: i) substantial for tylosin, tilmicosin, tulathromycin and spectinomycin, from 2 to >64, 2 to >128, 16 to 128 and 4 to >64 µg/mL, respectively, ii) moderate for enrofloxacin, danofloxacin, marbofloxacin and oxytetracycline, from 0.25 to 0.5, 0.25 to 0.5, 0.5 to 1, 32 to >32 µg/mL, respectively. No differences were observed for gamithromycin, tildipirosin, florfenicol and valnemulin with MIC50 of 128, 128, 8, <0.03 µg/mL, respectively. If referring to breakpoint MIC values published for respiratory bovine pathogens, all contemporary isolates would be intermediate in vivo for fluoroquinolones and resistant to macrolides, oxytetracycline, spectinomycin and florfenicol.", "corpus_id": 4635736, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Ensemble learning for data stream analysis", "abstract": "A comprehensive survey of ensemble approaches for data stream analysis.Taxonomy of ensemble algorithms for various data stream mining tasks.Discussion of open research problems and lines of future research. In many applications of information systems learning algorithms have to act in dynamic environments where data are collected in the form of transient data streams. Compared to static data mining, processing streams imposes new computational requirements for algorithms to incrementally process incoming examples while using limited memory and time. Furthermore, due to the non-stationary characteristics of streaming data, prediction models are often also required to adapt to concept drifts. Out of several new proposed stream algorithms, ensembles play an important role, in particular for non-stationary environments. This paper surveys research on ensembles for data stream classification as well as regression tasks. Besides presenting a comprehensive spectrum of ensemble approaches for data streams, we also discuss advanced learning concepts such as imbalanced data streams, novelty detection, active and semi-supervised learning, complex data representations and structured outputs. The paper concludes with a discussion of open research problems and lines of future research.", "corpus_id": 1372281 }

{ "title": "Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction", "abstract": "Reinforcement learning, one of the most active research areas in artificial intelligence, is a computational approach to learning whereby an agent tries to maximize the total amount of reward it receives when interacting with a complex, uncertain environment. In Reinforcement Learning, Richard Sutton and Andrew Barto provide a clear and simple account of the key ideas and algorithms of reinforcement learning. Their discussion ranges from the history of the field's intellectual foundations to the most recent developments and applications. The only necessary mathematical background is familiarity with elementary concepts of probability. The book is divided into three parts. Part I defines the reinforcement learning problem in terms of Markov decision processes. Part II provides basic solution methods: dynamic programming, Monte Carlo methods, and temporal-difference learning. Part III presents a unified view of the solution methods and incorporates artificial neural networks, eligibility traces, and planning; the two final chapters present case studies and consider the future of reinforcement learning.", "corpus_id": 9166388 }

{ "title": "The Origin of Biases in Face Perception", "abstract": "Experience with certain types of faces during the first year of development defines which types of faces are more efficiently recognized later in life. In work described here, we found that infants who learned to recognize six monkey faces individually (i.e., each face was individually labeled) over a 3-month period maintained the ability to discriminate monkey faces. However, infants who learned these same six faces categorically (i.e., all faces were labeled “monkey”) or were simply exposed to these faces (i.e., faces were not labeled) showed a decline in the ability to discriminate monkey faces. These results suggest that experience individuating faces from 6 to 9 months of age, via labeling, critically shapes the perceptual representation that is responsible for later recognition and discrimination of faces.", "corpus_id": 4504344, "score": -1 }

{ "title": "A multi-surface model to predict Cd phytoavailability to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).", "abstract": "The prediction of metal bioavailability in soils is critical to metal risk assessments and the amount of dissolved metal in soils is a key factor determining bioavailability. Because the recently developed geochemical multi-surface models (MSMs) offer a promising tool for the determination of metal partitioning in soils, in this study, a MSM based on generic parameters was used to assess the bioavailability of Cd in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growing in 12 soils with a wide range of properties. The amount of MSM-calculated dissolved Cd correlated strongly with the amount of Cd uptake by wheat (R2=0.873 for roots and R2=0.837 for shoots), and the model's performance was better than that of chemical extraction methods (0.01M CaCl2, 0.43M HNO3 and soil total Cd). The reactive fraction of soil organic matter, the soil/solution ratio, and the inclusion/exclusion of background cations influenced the calculation results. The best calculation condition was optimized. The application of the MSM was also examined in 84 wheat-soil samples from the field. The amount of Cd in wheat seeds had a stronger correlation with the amount of MSM-predicted Cd than with the amount of Cd obtained using chemical extraction methods. Our results suggested that MSM-calculated Cd is an effective indicator of the bioavailability of Cd in soils and demonstrated the utility of the method as a tool to assess the risk of Cd contamination in soils.", "corpus_id": 4055567 }

{ "title": "Cadmium (Cd) concentration in wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown in Cd-spiked soil varies with the doses and biochar feedstock", "abstract": "Biochar is considered a promising amendment for the reduction of metal concentration in plants; however, the effects of biochar in terms of dose and feedstock on metal uptake by plants remain widely unclear. In the current study, three individual biochars were prepared at 450 °C from different feedstocks (wheat straw, sukh chain (Pongamia pinnata), and cotton sticks). The main aim was to evaluate their ability to remediate cadmium (Cd)-spiked soil in terms of growth response and Cd uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum) tissues. Biochars were separately applied at 0, 1, and 2% (w/w) in Cd-spiked soil and wheat was grown until maturity in pots and then morphological and physiological parameters and Cd concentrations in grains, roots, and shoots were determined. The post-harvest soil was analyzed for extractable Cd concentrations. Plants grown in Cd-spiked soil treated with biochars had higher seed germination, lengths of roots, shoots, and spikes, grains per spike and leaf relative water contents, chlorophyll contents, and dry weight of roots, shoots, and grains as compared to the untreated control. Biochar treatments significantly decreased the Cd concentrations in shoots, roots, and grains as well as total Cd uptake by grains. Soil extractable Cd concentrations were significantly decreased with biochar treatments. The application of 2.0% wheat straw biochar was the most efficient treatment in increasing grain yield and decreasing Cd in grains as well as soil extractable Cd than the other two biochars and doses applied.", "corpus_id": 134675982 }

{ "title": "Enhanced Bandwidth of Band Pass Filter Using a Defected Microstrip Structure for Wideband Applications", "abstract": "In this paper, the bandwidth enhancement of bandpass filter (BPF) is proposed by utilizing defected microstrip structure (DMS). The initial micro strip BPF which is designed to have the bandwidth 1GHz with the center frequency of 3.5GHz is deployed on FR4 Epoxy dielectric substrate with overall size and thickness of 14mm x 24mm and 1.6mm, respectively. The proposed filter consists of two parallel coupled lines centred by ring-shaped, to enhance the bandwidth response, an attempt is carried out by applying DMS on the ligne center with a ring-shaped of initial filter. Here, the proposed DMS is constructed of the arrowhead dumbbell. Some parametrical studies to the DMS such as changing to obtain the optimum geometry of DMS with the desired bandwidth response. From the characterization result, it shows that the utilization of DMS on to the microstrip ligne of filter has widened 3dB bandwidth response up to 1.8GHz ranges from 2.55GHz to 4.35GHz yielding an enhanced wideband response for various wideband wireless applications.", "corpus_id": 139452815, "score": 0 }

{ "title": "Transcranial current stimulation focality using disc and ring electrode configurations: FEM analysis", "abstract": "We calculated the electric fields induced in the brain during transcranial current stimulation (TCS) using a finite-element concentric spheres human head model. A range of disc electrode configurations were simulated: (1) distant-bipolar; (2) adjacent-bipolar; (3) tripolar; and three ring designs, (4) belt, (5) concentric ring, and (6) double concentric ring. We compared the focality of each configuration targeting cortical structures oriented normal to the surface (‘surface-radial’ and ‘cross-section radial’), cortical structures oriented along the brain surface (‘surface-tangential’ and ‘cross-section tangential’) and non-oriented cortical surface structures (‘surface-magnitude’ and ‘cross-section magnitude’). For surface-radial fields, we further considered the ‘polarity’ of modulation (e.g. superficial cortical neuron soma hyper/depolarizing). The distant-bipolar configuration, which is comparable with commonly used TCS protocols, resulted in diffuse (un-focal) modulation with bi-directional radial modulation under each electrode and tangential modulation between electrodes. Increasing the proximity of the two electrodes (adjacent-bipolar electrode configuration) increased focality, at the cost of more surface current. At similar electrode distances, the tripolar-electrodes configuration produced comparable peak focality, but reduced radial bi-directionality. The concentric-ring configuration resulted in the highest spatial focality and uni-directional radial modulation, at the expense of increased total surface current. Changing ring dimensions, or use of two concentric rings, allow titration of this balance. The concentric-ring design may thus provide an optimized configuration for targeted modulation of superficial cortical neurons.", "corpus_id": 1020272 }

{ "title": "On the importance of electrode parameters for shaping electric field patterns generated by tDCS", "abstract": "Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) uses electrode pads placed on the head to deliver weak direct current to the brain and modulate neuronal excitability. The effects depend on the intensity and spatial distribution of the electric field. This in turn depends on the geometry and electric properties of the head tissues and electrode pads. Previous numerical studies focused on providing a reasonable level of detail of the head anatomy, often using simplified electrode models. Here, we explore via finite element method (FEM) simulations based on a high-resolution head model how detailed electrode modeling influences the calculated electric field in the brain. We take into account electrode shape, size, connector position and conductivities of different electrode materials (including saline solutions and electrode gels). These factors are systematically characterized to demonstrate their impact on the field distribution in the brain. The goals are to assess the effect of simplified electrode models; and to develop practical rules-of-thumb to achieve a stronger stimulation of the targeted brain regions underneath the electrode pads. We show that for standard rectangular electrode pads, lower saline and gel conductivities result in more homogeneous fields in the region of interest (ROI). Placing the connector at the center of the electrode pad or farthest from the second electrode substantially increases the field strength in the ROI. Our results highlight the importance of detailed electrode modeling and of having an adequate selection of electrode pads/gels in experiments. We also advise for a more detailed reporting of the electrode montages when conducting tDCS experiments, as different configurations significantly affect the results.", "corpus_id": 1731836 }

{ "title": "A model of the stimulation of a nerve fiber by electromagnetic induction", "abstract": "A model is presented to explain the physics of nerve stimulations by electromagnetic induction. Maxwell's equations predict the induced electric field distribution that is produced when a capacitor is discharged through a stimulating coil. A nonlinear Hodgkin-Huxley cable model describes the response of the nerve fiber to this induced electric field. Once the coil's position, orientation, and shape are given and the resistance, capacitance, and initial voltage of the stimulating circuit are specified, this model predicts the resulting transmembrane potential of the fiber as a function of distance and time. It is shown that the nerve fiber is stimulated by the gradient of the component of the induced electric field that is parallel to the fiber, which hyperpolarizes or depolarizes the membrane and may stimulate an action potential. The model predicts complicated dynamics such as action potential annihilation and dispersion.<<ETX>>", "corpus_id": 2584523, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "A rapid spectroscopic technique for determining the potential alpha-energy concentration of radon decay products.", "abstract": "We consider the application of alpha-spectroscopy to the rapid determination of the potential alpha-energy concentration (PAEC) of radon decay products indoors. Two count totals are obtained after a single counting period. The PAEC is then estimated by a linear combination of the count totals, the two coefficients being determined by analysis of the dependence of the statistical and procedural errors on the equilibrium conditions and the sampling, delay and counting times. For a total measurement time of 11 min, the procedural error is unlikely to exceed 20% for equilibrium conditions commonly found indoors; the statistical error is less than 20% at a PAEC of 0.005 WL, assuming a product of detector efficiency and flow rate of at least 1.0 l./min. An analysis is made of techniques based on a total alpha count, and the results are compared with those obtained with the rapid spectroscopic technique; the latter is clearly preferable when the measurement time does not exceed 15 min.", "corpus_id": 4497132 }

{ "title": "Rapid working level monitoring.", "abstract": "Aspects of efficient Working Level monitoring are considered in recommending procedures and instrumentation for different specifications for the total monitoring error. A flexible procedure of high sensitivity requiring only a single gross-alpha measurement and based on completely general limits of radon-daughter ratios in air, is presented. It is suggested that optimisation of the single gross-alpha measurement procedure to minimise the total monitoring error in this fashion leads to methods which could supplant both existing single measurement methods and those multiple measurement methods in which the overall error exceeds 25% of the Working Level.", "corpus_id": 7019427 }

{ "title": "Die Anlagerung radioaktiver Atome an Aerosole (Schwebstoffe)", "abstract": "The attachment of the decay products of thorium emanation to aerosol particles has been studied. The dependence of the attached activity on the particle size was determined for spherical particles with radiiR ranging from 0·04 to 0·6 microns. The particles used were homogeneous dioctylphthalate droplets and polystyrene micro-spheres. It is found that the attached activity is proportional toR2/(1+hR).This dependence can be derived theoretically by considering the deposition to be solely governed by the diffusion process (not by electrostatic forces) and assuming a quasi-stationary density distribution for the diffusing atoms. The constanth is uniquely determined by the average gaskinetic velocity and the diffusion constant of the diffusing atoms. For the decay products of thorium and radium emanation (atomic weight ≈210)h ≈ 7 · 104 cm−1.The derived equation holds for a wide range of particle sizes: For the particles with radii larger than about 10−4 cm this means that the attachment is proportional to the radius; for particle radii below about 10−6 cm it is proportional to the surface (R2) of the particles. It is also possible to derive an expression for the time-dependence of the attachment process from the theoretical considerations. The rate at which the average concentration of the radioactive atoms decreases is proportional to exp −t/τ where τ=1+hR/πR2N¯ v (¯ v=average gaskinetic velocity of the diffusing atoms;N=aerosol concentration).", "corpus_id": 119549318, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "When Can We Simplify Data Processing: An Algorithmic Answer", "abstract": "In many real-life situations, we are interested in the values of physical quantities x1;:::;xn which are dicult (or even impossible) to measure directly. To estimate these values, we measure easier-tomeasure quantities y1;:::;ym which are related to the desired quantities by a known relation, and use these measurement results to estimate xi. The corresponding data processing algorithms are sometimes very complex and time-consuming, so a natural question is: are simpler (and, thus, faster) algorithms possible for solving this data processing problem? In this paper, we show that by using the known TarskiSeidenberg algorithm, we can check whether such a simplication exists and, if it exists, produce this simplication.", "corpus_id": 1820958 }

{ "title": "Computational Complexity and Feasibility of Data Processing and Interval Computations", "abstract": "Preface. 1. Informal Introduction: Data Processing, Interval Computations, and Computational Complexity. 2. The Notions of Feasibility and NP-Hardness: Brief Introduction. 3. In the General Case, The Basic Problem of Interval Computations is Intractable. 4. Basic Problem of Interval Computations for Polynomials of a Fixed Number of Variables. 5. Basic Problem of Interval Computations for Polynomials of Fixed Order. 6. Basic Problem of Interval Computations for Polynomials with Bounded Coefficients. 7. Fixed Data Processing Algorithms, Varying Data: Still NP-Hard. 8. Fixed Data, Varying Data Processing Algorithms: Still Intractable. 9. What if we Only Allow Some Arithmetic Operations in Data Processing? 10. For Fractionally-Linear Functions, A Feasible Algorithm Solves the Basic Problem of Interval Computations. 11. Solving Interval Linear Systems is NP-Hard. 12. Interval Linear Systems: Search for Feasible Classes. 13. Physical Corollary: Prediction is Not Always Possible, Even for Linear Systems with Known Dynamics. 14. Engineering Corollary: Signal Processing is NP-Hard. 15. Bright Sides of NP-Hardness of Interval Computations I: NP-Hard Means that Good Interval Heuristics Can Solve Other Hard Problems. 16. If Input Intervals are Narrow Enough, then Interval Computations are Almost Always Easy. 17. Optimization - A First Example of a Numerical Problem in Which Interval Methods are Used: Computational Complexity and Feasibility. 18. Solving Systems of Equations. 19. Approximation of Interval Functions. 20. Solving Differential Equations. 21. Properties of Interval Matrices I: Main Results.22. Properties of Interval Matrices II: Proofs and Auxiliary Results. 23. Non-Interval Uncertainty I: Ellipsoid Uncertainty And its Generalizations. 24. Non-Interval Uncertainty II: Multi-Intervals and Their Generalizations. 25. What if Quantities are Discrete? 26. Error Estimation for Indirect Measurements: Interval Computation Problem is (Slightly) Harder than a Similar Probabilistic Computational Problem. A: In Case of Interval (or More General) Uncertainty, No Algorithm can Choose the Simplest Representative. B: Error Estimation for Indirect Measurements: Case of Approximately Known Functions. C: From Interval Computations to Modal Mathematics. D: Beyond NP: Two Roots Good, One Root Better. E: Does 'NP-Hard' Really Mean 'Intractable'? F: Bright Sides of NP-Hardness of Interval Computations II: Freedom of Will? G: The Worse, the Better: Paradoxical Computational Complexity of Interval Computations and Data Processing. References. Index.", "corpus_id": 118315038 }

{ "title": "A ground level radio propagation model for road-based wireless sensor networks", "abstract": "This paper investigates the use of a wireless sensor network (WSN) for communicating between road-based nodes. These nodes are situated at ground level and two-way wireless communication is required between the nodes and from the nodes to a roadside control unit. Measurements have been carried out to examine the propagation close to the ground to determine the maximum distance between road-based nodes as a function of the antenna height. The results show that for a frequency of 2.4 GHz, a range of up to 8m is achievable with 2mW EIRP. An empirical near-ground level radio propagation model is derived and the predicted results from this model are shown to match closely to the measured results.", "corpus_id": 17274142, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "A Comparative Performance Study of Ad Hoc Routing Protocols to Improve the Route Discovery Process of AODV", "abstract": "A Mobile Adhoc Network is a multihop self-configuring network without any fixed infrastructure of wirelessly connected devices. Due to node mobility and, dynamic topology, designing and implementing reliable routing in MANET is a major challenge. This paper provides the comparative performance analysis of DSR, AODV and DSDV. Different types of test scenarios have been designed with fixed number of nodes and varying mobility. The experimental results have been analyzed and recommendations based on the obtained results have been proposed about the significance of each protocol in different scenarios and situations which will help the researcher in the field to select best protocol under predefined conditions with varied mobility. Furthermore, based on the learning from comparative performance analysis, some modification to AODV route discovery process has been proposed and evaluated. The proposed changes have made significant improvement both in throughput and packet delivery fraction.", "corpus_id": 741196 }

{ "title": "New Hybrid Discrete PSO for Solving Non Convex Trim Loss Problem", "abstract": "Trim loss minimization is the most common problem that arises during the cutting process, when products with variable width or length are to be produced in bulk to satisfy customer demands from limited available/stocked materials. The aim is to minimize inevitable waste material. Under various environmental and physical constraints, the trim loss problem is highly constrained, non convex, nonlinear, and with integer restriction on all variables. Due to the highly complex nature of trim loss problem, it is not easy for manufacturers to select an appropriate method that provides a global optimal solution, satisfying all restrictions. This paper proposes a discrete variant of PSO, which embeds a mutation operator, namely power mutation during the position update stage. The proposed variant is named as Hybrid Discrete PSO HDPSO. Binary variables in HDPSO are generated using sigmoid function with its domain derived from position update equation. Four examples with different levels of complexity are solved and results are compared with two recently developed GA and PSO variants. The computational studies indicate the competitiveness of proposed variant over other considered methods.", "corpus_id": 17183219 }

{ "title": "Using Eye Gaze Patterns to Identify User Tasks", "abstract": "Users of today’s desktop interface often suffer from interruption overload. Our research seeks to develop an attention manager that mitigates the disruptive effects of interruptions by identifying moments of low mental workload in a user’s task sequence. To develop such a system, however, we need effective mechanisms to identify user tasks in real-time. In this paper, we show how eye gaze patterns may be used to identify user tasks. We also show that gaze patterns can indicate usability issues of an interface as well as the mental workload that the interface induces on a user. Our results can help inform the design of an attention manager and may lead to new methods to evaluate user interfaces.", "corpus_id": 14932677, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Microsatellite instability in ovarian neoplasms.", "abstract": "Microsatellite instability has been observed in a variety of sporadic malignancies, but its existence in sporadic ovarian cancer has been the subject of conflicting reports. We have performed a polymerase chain reaction-based microsatellite analysis of DNAs extracted from the neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues of 41 ovarian cancer patients. Tumour-associated alterations were observed in seven (17%) of these cases. Clinicopathological correlations revealed that: (1) alterations among tumours classified as serous adenocarcinomas occurred with relatively low frequency (2/24 or 8%); (2) most of the tumours with microsatellite alterations (5/7 or 71%) were of less common histopathological types (epithelial subtypes such as endometrioid and mixed serous and mucinous, or non-epithelial types such as malignant mixed Müllerian or germ cell tumours); (3) tumour-associated alterations were observed in 3/4 (75%) of the patients with stage I tumours vs 4/37 (11%) of the patients with stage II, III and IV tumours (P = 0.01); (4) tumour-associated microsatellite instability was found to occur with similar frequencies among patients with and without clinical features suggestive of familial disease, including positive family history, early onset, or multiple primary tumours. In summary, we have observed microsatellite alterations in the neoplastic tissues of ovarian cancer patients with diverse genetic backgrounds and clinicopathological features. The pattern of alterations is consistent with the possibility that multiple mechanisms may be responsible for microsatellite instability in ovarian neoplasms.", "corpus_id": 2335393 }

{ "title": "Dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms at the D5S107, D5S108, D5S111, D5S117 and D5S118 loci", "abstract": "Frequency: Mfd27: Estimated from 120 chromosomes of unrelated CEPH family grandparents (Caucasians). PIC = 0.78. Allele (bp) 155 153 151 149 147 Frequency 0.01 0.07 0.12 0.31 0.25 Allele (bp) 143 141 139 135 133 Frequency 0.10 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.07 Mfd34: Estimated from 122 chromosomes of unrelated CEPH family grandparents (Caucasians). PIC = 0.45. Allele (bp) Frequency Allele (bp) Frequency 93 0.01 87 0.02 91 0.34 83 0.04 89 0.59 Mfd40: Estimated from 102 chromosomes of unrelated CEPH family grandparents (Caucasians). PIC =0 .51 Allele (bp) Frequency Allele (bp) Frequency 171 0.59 167 0.22 169 0.20 Mfd48: Estimated from 112 chromosomes of unrelated CEPH family grandparents (Caucasians). PIC = 0.62. Allele (bp) Frequency Allele (bp) Frequency 163 0.05 155 0.05 161 0.01 153 0.33 159 0.08 151 0.02 157 0.45 147 0.01 Mfd63: Estimated from 122 chromosomes of unrelated CEPH family grandparents (Caucasians). PIC = 0.48. Allele (bp) Frequency Allele (bp) Frequency 92 0.02 84 0.02 90 0.08 82 0.01 88 0.05 80 0.04 86 0.70 78 0.08", "corpus_id": 205222600 }

{ "title": "A Feasibility Study on the Use of TomoTherapy Megavoltage Computed Tomography Images for Palliative Patient Treatment Planning", "abstract": "Dedicated rapid access palliative radiation therapy improves patients' access to care, allowing more timely treatment which would positively impact on quality of life. The TomoTherapy (Accuray, Sunnyvale, CA) system provides megavoltage (MV) fan-beam computed tomography (FBCT) as the image guidance technique, and a module called “statRT” that allows the use of these MV FBCT images for direct planning. The possibility of using this imaging modality for palliative radiotherapy treatment planning is assessed against accepted planning CT standards by performing tests following AAPM TG 66 and an end-to-end measurement. Results have shown that MV FBCT images acquired by TomoTherapy are of sufficient quality for the purpose of target delineation and dose calculation for palliative treatments. Large image noise and extended scan acquisition time are the two main drawbacks, so this imaging modality should only be used for palliative treatments at areas with well-known, easily distinguishable, and relatively immobile targets such as spine and whole brain.", "corpus_id": 20490284, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Extreme superomniphobicity of multiwalled 8 nm TiO2 nanotubes.", "abstract": "We report unprecedented superomniphobic characteristics of nanotube-structured TiO(2) surface fabricated by electrochemical etching and hydrothermal synthesis process, with the wettability contact angles for water and oil both being ∼174° or higher. A tangled forest of ∼8-nm-diameter, multiwalled nanotubes of TiO(2) was produced on the microtextured Ti surface, with the overall nanotube length controlled to 150 nm by adjusting the processing time. Wettability measurements indicate that the nanotube surface is extremely nonwettable to both water and oil. The contact angle of the 8 nm TiO(2) nanotube surface after perfluorosilane coating is extremely high (178°) for water droplets indicating superhydrophobic properties. The contact angle for oil, measured using a glycerol droplet, is also very high, about 174°, indicating superoleophobic characteristics. These dual nonwetting properties, superomniphobic characteristics, are in sharp contrast to the as-made TiO(2) nanotubes which exhibit superhydrophilic properties with a contact angle of essentially ∼0°. Such an extreme superomniphobic material made by a simple and versatile method can be useful for a variety of technical applications. It is interesting to note that all three properties can be obtained with identical nanotube structures. A nanometer-scaled structure introduced by hydrothermally grown TiO(2) nanotubes is an effective air trapping nanostructure in enhancing the amphiphobic (superomniphobic) wettability.", "corpus_id": 4247174 }

{ "title": "Fabrication and superhydrophobicity of fluorinated titanium dioxide nanocoatings.", "abstract": "This study demonstrates the fabrication of a stable superhydrophobic surface with low contact angle hysteresis (CAH) using an arrangement of nanoscale TiO(2) spheres. The control of precursor quantity is selected as the key factor in determining surface roughness that significantly intensifies water contact angle (CA) of TiO(2) films. After surface fluorination treatment, the anatase-type crystalline surfaces exhibit good water repellency (CA approximately 166.1 degrees ), low CAH ( approximately 6 degrees ), and superhydrophobic stability (>60min). Enhanced water repellency is attributed to the fact that the higher density of TiO(2) spheres results in more tortuous three-phase contact line, leading to the self-cleaning effect. Such a unique textured surface imparts many promising potentials for engineering and the development of optics devices with robust superhydrophobic materials.", "corpus_id": 25253120 }

{ "title": "Synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of oligometallic systems derived from di- and trinuclear copper(II) amido-oximate complexes.", "abstract": "Three heterometallic complexes [M(H(2)O)(n)][Cu(3)L(2)(H(2)O)] (M = Mn(2+), Co(2+) or Ba(2+)) and one dinuclear compound (CuDien)(CuL{H(2)O}) were prepared by interaction of anionic compounds Cu(3)L(2)(2-) or CuL(2-) with the corresponding cations (H(4)L = 1,9-dicyano-1,9-bis(hydroximino)-3,7-diazanonane-2,8-dione; Dien = 1,5-diamino-3-azapentane). The complexes [M(H(2)O)(n)][Cu(3)L(2)(H(2)O)] have a polymeric structure, formed via oligomerization of Cu(3)L(2)(2-) units and additionally, in the case of the Ba-salt, by binding of Cu(3)L(2)(2-) units through Ba(2+). Antiferromagnetic interactions occur in all the complexes, while for [Co(H(2)O)(6)][Cu(3)L(2)(H(2)O)] there is evidence of some ferromagnetic ordering at low temperatures. The values of J are lower in magnitude than for similar, previously reported systems, which is attributed to the electron-withdrawing effect of the ligand cyano groups.", "corpus_id": 7391301, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Death due to a rare complication of colonoscopy and the potential medicolegal implications", "abstract": "A 64‐year‐old woman was found dead at home after undergoing a screening colonoscopy. At autopsy, 1.9 L of blood was discovered within her abdominal cavity. The only major abnormality was nontraumatic avulsion of the splenic capsule. This was the only identifiable abnormality capable of causing the severe hemoperitoneum and demise of the patient. Although rare, splenic capsule avulsion is a recognized complication of colonoscopy. Many have theorized that it results from excessive traction on the splenocolic ligament resulting in a tear of the splenic capsule. Most patients present within the first 24 hours after the procedure with nonspecific symptoms, and many patients may not seek medical attention. The paucity of the literature in the area of splenic capsular avulsion after colonoscopy reinforces the importance of reporting known cases, and by doing so raise awareness of this rare but devastating complication of an otherwise beneficial screening procedure.", "corpus_id": 3670919 }

{ "title": "Syncope as the Presenting Feature of Splenic Rupture after Colonoscopy", "abstract": "Splenic rupture is a rare, catastrophic complication of colonoscopy and an exceptional cause of syncope. This injury is believed to be from direct trauma or tension on the splenocolic ligament with subsequent capsule avulsion or else from direct instrument-induced splenic injury. Diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion that may be absent because presentation can be subtle, nonspecific, and delayed anywhere from hours to days and therefore not easily attributed to a recent endoscopy. We describe a case of syncope as the initial manifestation of splenic rupture after colonoscopy. Our patient's pain was delayed; his discomfort was mild and not localized to the left upper quadrant. Clinicians should consider syncope, lightheadedness, and drop in hemoglobin in absence of rectal bleeding following a colonoscopy as possible warning signs of imminent or emergent splenic injury.", "corpus_id": 16439964 }

{ "title": "Infrasound at Long Range from Saturn V, 1967", "abstract": "Two distinct groups of infrasonic waves from Saturn V, 1967, were recorded at Palisades, New York, 1485 kilometers from the launch site. The first group, of 10-minute duration, began about 70 minutes after launch time; the second, having more than twice the amplitude and a duration of 9 minutes, commenced 81 minutes after launch time. From information on the Saturn V trajectory and analysis of recorded data, it is established that the first group represents sound emitted either by the first stage reentry or by the second stage when its elevation was above 120 kilometers. The second, more intense wave group represents the sound from the powered first stage. A reversal of signal occurs because the rocket outran its own sound. Fourier analyses indicate that the energy extends to relatively long periods—10 seconds for the first stage and 7 seconds for the second. Trapping of sound in the upper atmospheric sound channel can be the cause of the separation of the signal into two distinct groups.", "corpus_id": 20010439, "score": 0 }

{ "title": "Multilinear Dynamical Systems for Tensor Time Series", "abstract": "Data in the sciences frequently occur as sequences of multidimensional arrays called tensors. How can hidden, evolving trends in such data be extracted while preserving the tensor structure? The model that is traditionally used is the linear dynamical system (LDS) with Gaussian noise, which treats the latent state and observation at each time slice as a vector. We present the multilinear dynamical system (MLDS) for modeling tensor time series and an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate the parameters. The MLDS models each tensor observation in the time series as the multilinear projection of the corresponding member of a sequence of latent tensors. The latent tensors are again evolving with respect to a multilinear projection. Compared to the LDS with an equal number of parameters, the MLDS achieves higher prediction accuracy and marginal likelihood for both artificial and real datasets.", "corpus_id": 5957147 }

{ "title": "BICP: Block-Incremental CP Decomposition with Update Sensitive Refinement", "abstract": "With many applications relying on multi-dimensional datasets for decision making, tensors (or multi-dimensional arrays) are emerging as a popular data representation to support diverse types of data, such as sensor streams and social networks. Consequently, tensor decomposition forms the basis for many data analysis and knowledge discovery tasks, from clustering, trend detection, anomaly detection, to correlation analysis. In applications where data evolves over time and the tensor-based analysis results need to be continuously maintained, re-computation of the whole tensor decomposition with each update will cause high computational costs and incur large memory overheads. In this paper, we propose a two-phase block-incremental CP-based tensor decomposition technique, BICP, that efficiently and effectively maintains tensor decomposition results in the presence of dynamically evolving tensor data. In its first phase, instead of repeatedly conducting ALS on each sub-tensor, BICP only revises the decompositions of the tensors that contain updated data. Moreover, when updates are relatively small with respect to the block size, BICP relies on a incremental factor tracking to avoid re-decomposition the updated sub-tensor. In its second phase, BICP limits the block-centric refinement process to only those blocks that are critical given the update. Experiment results show that the proposed method significantly reduces the execution time while assuring high accuracy.", "corpus_id": 18056436 }

{ "title": "Representation Learning of Temporal Dynamics for Skeleton-Based Action Recognition", "abstract": "Motion characteristics of human actions can be represented by the position variation of skeleton joints. Traditional approaches generally extract the spatial-temporal representation of the skeleton sequences with well-designed hand-crafted features. In this paper, in order to recognize actions according to the relative motion between the limbs and the trunk, we propose an end-to-end hierarchical RNN for skeleton-based action recognition. We divide human skeleton into five main parts in terms of the human physical structure, and then feed them to five independent subnets for local feature extraction. After the following hierarchical feature fusion and extraction from local to global, dimensions of the final temporal dynamics representations are reduced to the same number of action categories in the corresponding data set through a single-layer perceptron. In addition, the output of the perceptron is temporally accumulated as the input of a softmax layer for classification. Random scale and rotation transformations are employed to improve the robustness during training. We compare with five other deep RNN variants derived from our model in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed network. In addition, we compare with several other methods on motion capture and Kinect data sets. Furthermore, we evaluate the robustness of our model trained with random scale and rotation transformations for a multiview problem. Experimental results demonstrate that our model achieves the state-of-the-art performance with high computational efficiency.", "corpus_id": 17938825, "score": -1 }

{ "title": "Rhythmic Ganglion Cell Activity in Bleached and Blind Adult Mouse Retinas", "abstract": "In retinitis pigmentosa – a degenerative disease which often leads to incurable blindness- the loss of photoreceptors deprives the retina from a continuous excitatory input, the so-called dark current. In rodent models of this disease this deprivation leads to oscillatory electrical activity in the remaining circuitry, which is reflected in the rhythmic spiking of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). It remained unclear, however, if the rhythmic RGC activity is attributed to circuit alterations occurring during photoreceptor degeneration or if rhythmic activity is an intrinsic property of healthy retinal circuitry which is masked by the photoreceptor’s dark current. Here we tested these hypotheses by inducing and analysing oscillatory activity in adult healthy (C57/Bl6) and blind mouse retinas (rd10 and rd1). Rhythmic RGC activity in healthy retinas was detected upon partial photoreceptor bleaching using an extracellular high-density multi-transistor-array. The mean fundamental spiking frequency in bleached retinas was 4.3 Hz; close to the RGC rhythm detected in blind rd10 mouse retinas (6.5 Hz). Crosscorrelation analysis of neighbouring wild-type and rd10 RGCs (separation distance <200 µm) reveals synchrony among homologous RGC types and a constant phase shift (∼70 msec) among heterologous cell types (ON versus OFF). The rhythmic RGC spiking in these retinas is driven by a network of presynaptic neurons. The inhibition of glutamatergic ganglion cell input or the inhibition of gap junctional coupling abolished the rhythmic pattern. In rd10 and rd1 retinas the presynaptic network leads to local field potentials, whereas in bleached retinas additional pharmacological disinhibition is required to achieve detectable field potentials. Our results demonstrate that photoreceptor bleaching unmasks oscillatory activity in healthy retinas which shares many features with the functional phenotype detected in rd10 retinas. The quantitative physiological differences advance the understanding of the degeneration process and may guide future rescue strategies.", "corpus_id": 693975 }

{ "title": "Emergence of sustained spontaneous hyperactivity and temporary preservation of OFF responses in ganglion cells of the retinal degeneration (rd1) mouse.", "abstract": "Complex alterations in the anatomy of outer retinal pathways accompany photoreceptor degeneration in the rd1 mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa, whereas inner retinal neurons appear relatively preserved. However, the progressive loss of photoreceptor input likely alters the neural circuitry of the inner retina. This study investigated resulting changes in the activity of surviving ganglion cells. Multielectrode recording monitored spontaneous and light-evoked extracellular action potentials simultaneously from 30 to 90 retinal ganglion cells of wild-type (wt) or rd1 mice. In rd1 mice, this activity evolves through three phases. First, normal spontaneous \"waves\" of correlated firing are seen at postnatal day 7 (P7) and last until shortly after eye opening. Second, at P14, full-field light flashes evoke reliable responses in many cells, with preferential preservation of off responses. These diminish as photoreceptor degeneration progresses. Third, once light-evoked responses have disappeared in early adulthood, surviving rd1 ganglion cells fire at a much higher spontaneous frequency than normal, sometimes in rhythmic bursts that are distinct from the developmental \"waves.\" This hyperactivity is sustained well into adulthood, for weeks after photoreceptors have disappeared. Thus striking alterations occur in inner retinal physiology as retinal degeneration progresses in the rd1 mouse. Blindness occurs in the face of sustained hyperactivity among ganglion cells, which remain viable for months despite this activity. On and off responses are differentially affected in early stages of degeneration. While the source of these changes remains to be learned, such features should be considered in designing more effective treatments for these disorders.", "corpus_id": 719625 }

{ "title": "Vesicular glutamate transporter 3 expression identifies glutamatergic amacrine cells in the rodent retina", "abstract": "Synaptic transmission from glutamatergic neurons requires vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) to concentrate cytosolic glutamate in synaptic vesicles. In retina, glutamatergic photoreceptors and bipolar cells exclusively express the VGLUT1 isoform, whereas ganglion cells express VGLUT2. Surprisingly, the recently identified VGLUT3 isoform was found in presumed amacrine cells, generally considered to be inhibitory interneurons. To investigate the synaptic machinery and conceivable secondary neurotransmitter composition of VGLUT3 cells, and to determine a potential functional role, we further investigated these putative glutamatergic amacrine cells in adult and developing rodent retina. Reverse transcriptase‐PCR substantiated VGLUT3 expression in mouse retina. VGLUT3 cells did not immunostain for ganglion or bipolar cell markers, providing evidence that they are amacrine cells. VGLUT3 colocalized with synaptic vesicle markers, and electron microscopy showed that VGLUT3 immunostained synaptic vesicles. VGLUT3 cells were not immunoreactive for amacrine cell markers γ‐aminobutyric acid, choline acetyltransferase, calretinin, or tyrosine hydroxylase, although they immunostain for glycine. VGLUT3 processes made synaptic contact with ganglion cell dendrites, suggesting input onto these cells. VGLUT3 immunostaining was closely associated with the metabotropic glutamate receptor 4, which is consistent with glutamatergic synaptic exocytosis by these cells. In the maturing mouse retina, Western blots showed VGLUT3 expression at postnatal day 7/8 (P7/8). VGLUT3 immunostaining in retinal sections was first observed at P8, achieving an adult pattern at P12. Thus, VGLUT3 function commences around the same time as VGLUT1‐mediated glutamatergic transmission from bipolar cells. Furthermore, a subset of VGLUT3 cells expressed the circadian clock gene period 1, implicating VGLUT3 cells as part of the light‐entrainable retina‐based circadian system. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:386–398, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.", "corpus_id": 1978591, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Notes on the Components for Intelligent Tutoring Systems", "abstract": "The aim of this contribution is to present briefly several views on the components for the intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) and to analyze the concepts behind them. We will briefly analyze the concepts provided by the classical machine learning (ML) approaches and then we discuss the role of the components in distributed environment. Finally we synthesize the converging trends of the ITSs technologies and try to outline further possible research directions in building ITS from components.", "corpus_id": 15941 }

{ "title": "The defining characteristics of intelligent tutoring systems research: ITSs care, precisely", "abstract": "his paper argues that, despite the changes in philosophies and techniques that have occurred since ITS research began, there are continuous threads running through this research which define its essential and distinctive nature. In particular, ITSs are computer-based learning systems which attempt to adapt to the needs of learners and are therefore the only such systems which attempt to 'care' about learners in that sense. Also, ITS research is the only part of the general IT and education field which has as its scientific goal to make computationally precise and explicit forms of educational, psychological and social knowledge which are often left implicit. (http://aied.inf.ed.ac.uk/members99/archive/vol_10/self_paper/full.html)", "corpus_id": 3043090 }

{ "title": "ON THE SYNTHESIS OF FINITE-STATE ACCEPTORS", "abstract": "THE SYNTHESIS OF FINITE-STATE ACCEPTORSbyA. W. Biermann and J. A. FeldmanComputer Science DepartmentStanford UniversityABSTRACT: Two algorithms are presented for solving the followingproblem: Given a finite-set S of strings of symbols,find a finite-state machine which will accept the stringsof S and possibly some additional strings which\"resemble\" those of S . The approach used is todirectly construct the states and transitions of theacceptor machine from the string information. Thealgorithms include a parameter which enable one toincrease the exactness of the resulting machine'sbehavior as much as desired by increasing the number ofstates in the machine. The properties of the algorithmsare presented and illustrated with a number of examples.The paper gives a method for identifying a finite-statelanguage from a randomly chosen finite subset of thelanguage if the subset is large enough and if a boundis known on the number of states required to recognizethe language. Finally, we discuss some of the uses of thealgorithms and their relationship to the problem ofgranmatical inference.The research reported here was supported in part by the Advanced ResearchProjects Agency of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (SD-183).Reproduced in the USA. Available from the Clearinghouse for FederalScientific and Technical Information, Springfield. Vi-", "corpus_id": 60287452, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Low cost low loss waveguide-fed patch antenna array for automotive radar system", "abstract": "This paper presents a low cost high gain patch antenna array for automotive radar applications. A compact wide band (9.6GHz) low loss (0.5dB at 79GHz) micro-strip line to waveguide transition is also proposed for the antenna testing. The proposed antenna has a measured gain of 14.5dBi at 79GHz. The proposed antenna (including the transition) has been fabricated using a single dielectric layer PCB process with a total length of 35mm.", "corpus_id": 27357328 }

{ "title": "Millimeter-Wave Microstrip Comb-Line Antenna Using Reflection-Canceling Slit Structure", "abstract": "A microstrip comb-line antenna is developed in the millimeter-wave band. When the element spacing is one guide wavelength for the broadside beam in the traveling-wave excitation, reflections from all the radiating elements are synthesized in phase. Therefore, the return loss increases significantly. Furthermore, re-radiation from elements due to the reflection wave degrades the design accuracy for the required radiation pattern. We propose the way to improve the reflection characteristic of the antenna with arbitrary beam directions including strictly a broadside direction. To suppress the reflection, we propose a reflection-canceling slit structure installed on the feeding line around each radiating element. A 27-element linear array antenna with a broadside beam is developed at 76.5 GHz. To confirm the feasibility of the simple design procedure, the performance is evaluated through the measurement in the millimeter-wave band.", "corpus_id": 23895626 }

{ "title": "Miniaturized Balanced Antenna with Integrated Balun for Practical LTE Applications", "abstract": "A design of dual-band balanced antenna structure operating in the 700 and 2600MHz LTE bands is studied and investigated. The overall dimensions of the radiator are 50 × 18 × 7 mm^3 allowing it to be easily concealed within mobile handsets. A broad-band balun is designed and integrated with the antenna handset in order to provide the feeding network and perform the measurements of the antenna radiation performance. Prototypes of proposed antenna with and without balun are fabricated and verified. The simulated and practical results with and without the handheld effects in terms of reflection coefficient, power gain and radiation pattern, are studied and shown reasonable agreement.", "corpus_id": 44009227, "score": -1 }

{ "title": "Valid Time and Transaction Time Proposals: Language Design Aspects", "abstract": "Several proposals (such as [5], [6]) have been presented to ISO for consideration as temporal extensions to SQL. These proposals are based on approaches to valid time and transaction time, wherein the regular syntax for invocation of SQL operators on tables is interpreted in a special manner, based on the existence of \"hidden\" timestamps. Concerns about such an approach, with reference to these specific proposals, have been expressed ([8]). Those concerns have been responded to ([4]). We further clarify our concerns and align them with stated language design principles that we believe to be generally agreed upon. We respond to [4] in the context of these principles. Although this discussion is taking place in the specific context of proposals for international standardization, we believe its import is of wider concern than that, meriting the attention of the temporal database community in general. Furthermore, [5] and [6] appear to be the most precise specifications to date to be based on the approach in question; for that reason, we invite people who are not interested in standardization to examine the wider issues that might be emerging from discussions based on those proposals.", "corpus_id": 1207643 }

{ "title": "Adding Transaction Time to SQL/Temporal", "abstract": "Transaction time identifies when data was asserted in the database. If transaction time is supported, the states of the database at all previous points of time are retained. This change proposal specifies the addition of transaction time, in a fashion consistent with that already proposed for valid time. In particular, constructs to create tables with valid-time and transaction-time support and query such tables with temporal upward compatibility, sequenced semantics, and nonsequenced semantics, orthogonally for valid and transaction time, is defined. These constructs also can be used in modifications, assertions, cursors, and views.", "corpus_id": 59758788 }

{ "title": "Hardware technology and architecture of the NEC SX-3/SX-X supercomputer system", "abstract": "The NEC SX-3/SX-X Supercomputer has been developed to meet the growing demands for large, high speed computational engines. The SX-3/SX-X Supercomputer is an evolutionary extension of the successful SX-2, which was announced in 1983. The SX-2 was the first supercomputer to break the 1 GFLOPS performance barrier; the SX-3/SX-X is the first supercomputer to offer a maximum performance of 22 GFLOPS. The SX-3/SX-X system consists of seven models. The models are based on the number of processors, and the number of vector pipelines installed per processor. The models range from a 1.4 GFLOPS uniprocessor entry model to the 22 GFLOPS quad processor top end. SX-3/SXX processors are called Arithmetic Processors (AP).", "corpus_id": 5688505, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Science's neglected legacy", "abstract": "Large, sophisticated databases cannot be left to chance and improvisation.", "corpus_id": 5488929 }

{ "title": "Statistical and Visual Morph Movie Analysis of Crystallographic Mutant Selection Bias in Protein Mutation Resource Data", "abstract": "The relationship between protein mutations and conformational change can potentially decipher the language relating sequence to structure. Elsewhere, we presented the Protein Mutant Resource (PMR), an online tool that systematically identified related mutants in the Protein DataBank (PDB), inferred mutant Gene Ontology classifications using data-mining, and allowed intuitive exploration of relationships between mutant structures. Here, we perform a comprehensive statistical analysis of PMR mutants. Although the PMR contains spectacular conformational changes, generally there is a counter-intuitive inverse relationship between conformational change and the number of mutations. That is, PDB mutations contrast naturally evolved mutations. We compare the frequencies of mutations in the PMR/PDB datasets against the PAM250 natural mutation frequencies to confirm this. We make available morph movies from PMR structure pairs, allowing visual analysis of conformational change and the ability to distinguish visually between conformational change due to motions (e.g., ligand binding)and mutations. The PMR is at http://pmr.sdsc.edu.", "corpus_id": 463480 }

{ "title": "Particle-In-Cell Simulation Analysis of a Multicavity W-Band Sheet Beam Klystron", "abstract": "A W-band sheet beam klystron is being developed as a portable coherent radiation source for active denial system application. The interaction circuit design employs eight stagger-tuned cavities (multigap structure) and a 12:1-aspect-ratio sheet electron beam (74 kV and 3.6 A) to produce 50-kW peak power (2.5 kW average) and 40-dB gain with 200-MHz instantaneous bandwidth. The output cavity is designed to have a quasi-optical (QO) external coupler utilizing optical wave superposition. The circuit design has been optimized by using a 1-D disk-model code and a 3-D particle-in-cell (PIC) solver. The iterative simulation analysis predicts that a five-gap configuration is the optimum structure for a QO-output cavity because it provides sufficient output power and stable single frequency operation without mode competition. The 3-D PIC simulation predicts that the designed circuit produces stable 50-kW output power from a 4-W input driving signal, with 40-dB gain, at 94.5 GHz. The frequency sweep predicts a 3-dB bandwidth of 150 MHz in 2π-mode operation. The numerical simulation results agree well with the small-signal analysis, thereby providing confidence in the predicted output performance of the QO klystron amplifier module.", "corpus_id": 25087289, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Ischemia Modified Albumin in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia", "abstract": "Objective. Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) has emerged as a new biomarker of myocardial ischemia. Currently, no information is available on maternal IMA levels during normal and complicated pregnancy. Preeclampsia is associated with ischemia and increased formation of free radicals in the placenta. We therefore hypothesized that production of IMA may occur in women with preeclampsia. Methods. Serum IMA and albumin concentrations were assessed in 12 patients with preeclampsia, 12 normal pregnant controls, and 12 nonpregnant controls. IMA levels were compared between groups and corrected for albumin by multivariate regression analysis. Results. Mean IMA levels were elevated in normal pregnant controls (107.3 U/mL; 95% CI, 102.5 to 112.01), compared with nonpregnant controls (94.5 U/mL; CI, 89.4 to 99.6; p = 0.015). In patients with preeclampsia, IMA levels were similar to those in normal pregnant controls (109.7 U/mL; CI, 102.2 to 117.2; p = 0.65). Also, no difference in IMA levels was observed between women with preeclampsia who delivered small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants (99.0 U/mL; CI, 87.9 to 110.1; p = 0.13) and women with preeclampsia but without SGA. Conclusion. Serum IMA, which has been advocated as a clinical marker of cardiac ischemia, appears to be elevated during normal pregnancy. We found no significant relationship between IMA levels and preeclampsia, in women with or without SGA infants.", "corpus_id": 1869488 }

{ "title": "Ischemia‐modified albumin in preterm infants born to mothers with pre‐eclampsia", "abstract": "Pre‐eclampsia (PE) carries an increased risk for maternal and/or fetal mortality or serious morbidity. PE is associated with ischemia and increased oxidative stress in the placenta, which may lead to modification of plasma albumin to ischemia‐modified albumin (IMA). The aim of this study was to investigate IMA and hematological parameters in mothers and in premature infants in normal and in pre‐eclamptic pregnancies.", "corpus_id": 4256456 }

{ "title": "Tormopsolus orientalis Yamaguti, 1934 (Digenea: Acanthocolpidae) from Seriola dumerili (Risso) (Perciformes: Carangidae) in the western Mediterranean Sea", "abstract": "Tormopsolus orientalis Yamaguti, 1934, is redescribed from Seriola dumerili from off Corsica, Majorca and Águilas, SE Spain. The vitellarium is interrupted at the level of the ovary and both testes, and a bipartite seminal vesicle is found in many specimens. Oral sucker papillae are always seen. Type-specimens and voucher specimens from off Japan, Bermuda, Panama, Curaçao and the Great Barrier Reef have been compared with the Mediterranean species. Specimens of T. medius Reimer, 1983, from Mozambique have been studied and this species is synonymised with T. orientalis.", "corpus_id": 22750380, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Volt Pulse-Driven Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer", "abstract": "We created a Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer (JAWS) with a root-mean-square (rms) output magnitude of 2 V. This system is composed of two 1 V chips operating on a cryocooler. By controlling the relative phase of the two chips’ output voltage, we add the voltages in quadrature and create rms output voltages between (1+1) V=2 V and (1-1) V=0 V. We use this control to compare the two halves of the system as a function of the relative phase, and measure a difference of 8 parts in 10 at a nominal rms amplitude of 1 V and 1 kHz. Index Terms —Digital-analog conversion, Josephson junction arrays, Measurement standards, Signal synthesis, Superconducting integrated circuits, Voltage measurement.", "corpus_id": 736880 }

{ "title": "Performance Improvements for the NIST 1 V Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer", "abstract": "The performance of the NIST Josephson arbitrary waveform synthesizer has been improved such that it generates a root-mean-square (rms) output voltage of 1 V with an operating current range greater than 2 mA. Our previous 1 V JAWS circuit achieved this same maximum voltage over a current range of 0.4 mA by operating every Josephson junction in its second quantum state. The newest circuit synthesizes 1 V waveforms with the junctions operating in the first quantum state. The voltage per array is doubled because the number of junctions in each array was doubled through the use of improved microwave circuit designs that increased the bias uniformity to the junctions. We describe the circuit improvements and device operation, and we demonstrate the system capabilities by showing measured spectra of a 1 Hz sine wave and a dual-tone waveform. With only two arrays of the new circuit, we also synthesized a 128 mV sine wave without a compensation bias signal, which is one of the bias signals required for achieving 1 V. This is the same rms output voltage achieved with the previous circuit using four arrays.", "corpus_id": 25753917 }

{ "title": "Accelerators with vacuum insulated Marx generators", "abstract": "The module type Marx generatore developed to drive high current diodes are desoribed. Their special feature is the air proof sectioned body. The design and parameters of the e-beam accelerators for eximer lasers based on such Marx generators will be given.", "corpus_id": 43695148, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "A Chance-Constrained Approach to Urban Renewal Decisions", "abstract": "If all urban renewal projects were perfectly divisible and completely independent of one another, and if the urban renewal authority had perfect foresight as well as unlimited funds, the investment decision would be ideally simplified. There would be no need to choose between competing projects, and the urban renewal authority could evaluate each project on its own merits, without reference to any other project. Its decisions would be merely decisions to accept or reject single projects, uncomplicated by portfolio considerations.", "corpus_id": 153934870 }

{ "title": "A Research Bibliography in Stochastic Programming, 1955-1975", "abstract": "About 800 publications, reports, and articles dealing with stochastic programming are included in this bibliography. The references are classified in terms of their contents: formulation, applications, theory and computation, books and surveys.", "corpus_id": 34688255 }

{ "title": "The Theory of Search: Optimum Distribution of Search Effort", "abstract": "This paper will be concerned with formulating the optimum allocation of search effort as a problem in convex programming so that their solutions may be made amenable to treatment by the adjacent extreme point methods of linear programming. Attention will be concentrated on discrete (statistical) distributions because this class of cases admits of the easiest and most straight-forward treatment. A sketch will then be given of how extensions may also be effected to continuous distributions.", "corpus_id": 122913582, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase: A Novel Therapeutic Target in Stroke", "abstract": "The P450 eicosanoids epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are produced in brain and perform important biological functions, including protection from ischemic injury. The beneficial effect of EETs, however, is limited by their metabolism via soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). We tested the hypothesis that sEH inhibition is protective against ischemic brain damage in vivo by a mechanism linked to enhanced cerebral blood flow (CBF). We determined expression and distribution of sEH immunoreactivity (IR) in brain, and examined the effect of sEH inhibitor 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid butyl ester (AUDA-BE) on CBF and infarct size after experimental stroke in mice. Mice were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of AUDA-BE (10 mg/kg) or vehicle at 30 mins before 2-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or at reperfusion, in the presence and absence of P450 epoxygenase inhibitor N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl) hexanamide (MS-PPOH). Immunoreactivity for sEH was detected in vascular and non-vascular brain compartments, with predominant expression in neuronal cell bodies and processes. 12-(3-Adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid butyl ester was detected in plasma and brain for up to 24 h after intraperitoneal injection, which was associated with inhibition of sEH activity in brain tissue. Finally, AUDA-BE significantly reduced infarct size at 24 h after MCAO, which was prevented by MS-PPOH. However, regional CBF rates measured by iodoantipyrine (IAP) autoradiography at end ischemia revealed no differences between AUDA-BE- and vehicle-treated mice. The findings suggest that sEH inhibition is protective against ischemic injury by non-vascular mechanisms, and that sEH may serve as a therapeutic target in stroke.", "corpus_id": 1039778 }

{ "title": "GPR39 Knockout Worsens Microcirculatory Response to Experimental Stroke in a Sex-Dependent Manner.", "abstract": "No current treatments target microvascular reperfusion after stroke, which can contribute to poor outcomes even after successful clot retrieval. The G protein-coupled receptor GPR39 is expressed in brain peri-capillary pericytes, and has been implicated in microvascular regulation, but its role in stroke is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that GPR39 plays a protective role after stroke, in part due to preservation of microvascular perfusion. We generated GPR39 knockout (KO) mice and tested whether GPR39 gene deletion worsens capillary blood flow and exacerbates brain injury and functional deficit after focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke was induced in male and female GPR39 KO and WT littermates by 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Microvascular perfusion was assessed via capillary red blood cell (RBC) flux in deep cortical layers in vivo using optical microangiography (OMAG). Brain injury was assessed by measuring infarct size by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining at 24 h or brain atrophy at 3 weeks after ischemia. Pole and cylinder behavior tests were conducted to assess neurological function deficit at 1 and 3 weeks post-stroke. Male but not female GPR39 KO mice exhibited larger infarcts and lower capillary RBC flux than WT controls after stroke. Male GPR39 KO mice also exhibited worse neurologic deficit at 1 week post-stroke, though functional deficit disappeared in both groups by 3 weeks. GPR39 deletion worsens brain injury, microvascular perfusion, and neurological function after experimental stroke. Results indicate that GPR39 plays a sex-dependent role in re-establishing microvascular flow and limiting ischemic brain damage after stroke.", "corpus_id": 252646103 }

{ "title": "Coherent structures in an energy-enstrophy theory for axisymmetric flows", "abstract": "The equilibrium statistical mechanics of a version of an energy-enstrophy theory for the axisymmetric Euler equations is solved exactly in the sense that a configurational integral is calculated in closed form. Under the assumption that the energy and the enstrophy (mean squared azimuthal vorticity) are conserved, a long range version of Kac’s spherical model with logarithmic interaction is derived and solved exactly in the zero total circulation case in the standard thermodynamic limit. The spherical model formulation is based on the fundamental observation that the conservation of enstrophy expressed microcanonically is mathematically equivalent to Kac’s spherical constraint. Two-point vorticity correlations are calculated exactly in two qualitatively different phases separated by β*=0. Physical interpretations of the results in this paper are obtained and applied to the relaxed end-states of turbulent high Reynolds number round jets. The negative temperature phase is a very high energy (flow rate) and...", "corpus_id": 5387634, "score": 0 }

{ "title": "Sliding controller for damping inter-area power oscillations", "abstract": "Abstract In this paper, a sliding control algorithm design is considered for damping the inter-area power transmission oscillations. The control algorithm is intended for the static Var compensators (SVC) to supply reactive power to the power transmission system, in order to stabilize the system in the event of faults. The controller is capable of achieving full utilization of the SVC and is insensitive to parameter variations and modeling errors. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the sliding controller in damping the inter-area power oscillations, and in enhancing the stability as well as loadability of the transmission systems.", "corpus_id": 1039429 }

{ "title": "Reactive Power Control In Electric Systems", "abstract": "Theory of Load Compensation. Theory of Steady--State Reactive Power Control in Electric Transmission Systems. Reactive Power Compensation and the Dynamic Performance of Transmission Systems. Principles of Static Compensators. Design of Thyristor Controllers. An Example of a Modern Static Compensator. Series Capacitors. Synchronous Condensers. Reactive Compensation and the Electric Arc Furnace. Harmonics. Reactive Power Coordination. Selected Bibliography. Index.", "corpus_id": 106872399 }

{ "title": "Robust damping controls for large power systems", "abstract": "A perspective on the need for robust damping controls in the extensive power system that serves western North America is offered. Key issues include the dynamics of the power system, known threats to controller robustness, and the information-poor environment in which major damping controllers must be designed and operated. The discussion covers power system stability control, reactive-power modulation in the main area, small-signal response during system disturbances, system dynamics tests at the Celilo HVDC terminal, and HVDC modulation and interactions.<<ETX>>", "corpus_id": 18331958, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Two-neurons network", "abstract": "The behavior of two pacemakers simulated by integrate and fire oscillators reciprocally connected by synapses is studied. The activation of each synapse produces a sudden potential shift in the post-synaptic neuron. Two sorts of behaviour may occur when at least one synapse is excitatory. Phase-locking occurs for almost every set of parameters, and given certain initial conditions. Repetitive patterns in indifferent equilibrium appear in the presence of a given set of parameters and certain other initial conditions. Quasi-periodic behaviour corresponds to almost every set of parameters when both synapses are inhibitory, although repetitive patterns of firing in indifferent equilibrium occassionally occur.", "corpus_id": 2512210 }

{ "title": "Chaos and Stability in a Model of Inhibitory Neuronal Network", "abstract": "We analyze the dynamics of a deterministic model of inhibitory neuronal networks proving that the discontinuities of the Poincare map produce a never empty chaotic set, while its continuity pieces produce stable orbits. We classify the systems in three types: the almost everywhere (a.e.) chaotic, the a.e. stable, and the combined systems. The a.e. stable are periodic and chaos appears as bifurcations. We prove that a.e. stable systems exhibit limit cycles, attracting a.e. the orbits.", "corpus_id": 17721268 }

{ "title": "Systems analysis of biological receptors", "abstract": "ZusammenfassungZur Erfassung der Übertragungseigenschaften der Froschmuskelspindel wurden die wichtigsten Systemparameter — Länge und Kraft der intrafusalen Muskelfasern, das Verhalten des Receptorpotentials, und die Impulsdichte — bestimmt. Hierbei wurden rampen- und sinusförmige Längen- bzw. Kraftänderungen auf den Muskel aufgebracht und die Veränderungen im Receptorpotential und der Impulsantwort analysiert. Die experimentellen Befunde lassen den Schluß zu, daß der mechano-elektrische Transduktionsprozeß einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Dynamik liefert, wobei Längenänderungen des Muskels den unmittelbaren Eingang für den Spindel-Transducer darstellen. Abhängig davon, ob die intrafusalen Muskelfasern gedehnt werden oder sich verkürzen können, zeigen die Receptorpotentialänderungen ein PDT1- bzw. ein Verzögerungs-Verhalten. Mögliche molekulare Mechanismen des lonentransportes durch die Receptormembran werden zur Erklärung dieser Änderungen in den Transducereigenschaften herangezogen. Die Formulierung eines linearen Modells gestattet eine hinreichend genaue Beschreibung der einzelnen Teilsysteme: Muskel, Transducer und Encoder sowie der komplexen Receptordynamik. Nur im Bereich großer Längenänderungen, wo der sog. overstretch auftritt, reicht die lineare Approximation nicht mehr aus.", "corpus_id": 26005516, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Appearance concerns in ophthalmic patients", "abstract": "AimsThis study aimed to determine the psychosocial and appearance-related concerns of a sample of ophthalmic patients by measuring a range of psychological, social, and demographic factors.MethodsStandardized psychological measures including anxiety, depression, appearance-related distress, self-discrepancy, appearance salience and valence were administered to 98 participants attending ophthalmic outpatient clinics in either London, Bristol, Sheffield or Bradford. Differences between groups were explored using t-tests and ANOVA, relationships between all variables were investigated using Pearson's correlation coefficient.ResultsAlthough mean scores for psychological adjustment were within the normal range, some participants were experiencing considerable levels of generalized anxiety. Being older, male, and married or living with a partner was related to significantly better adjustment. Better adjustment was also related to a less visible area of concern, greater disguisability of the affected area, a more positive evaluation of their own appearance, less engagement in comparing themselves with others, greater feelings of being accepted by others, appearance being less important to their self-concept, and a smaller discrepancy between the persons ideal and actual appearance.ConclusionsA majority of ophthalmic patients adjust positively to the demands placed on them. By identifying the variables that are associated with successful adaptation, the specific psychological interventions and appropriate systems of support can be put in place to help those who are adversely affected.", "corpus_id": 3033002 }

{ "title": "The psychosocial effects of adult strabismus: a review", "abstract": "Correction of adult strabismus is not a cosmetic procedure but one that restores normality to an individual's appearance that has been altered by a disease process. Two fundamental principles underpinning facial attractiveness are symmetry and averageness—manifest strabismus affects both of these giving an unconscious signal of poor genetic history. The presence of manifest strabismus adversely affects many aspects of patients' lives including finding a partner, job prospects and interaction with peers, and may manifest more seriously as psychiatric disorders. Surgical correction has been shown to be safe and effective for the functional problems of strabismus in adults but the hugely positive effects on the psychosocial aspects are only now becoming apparent. The advent of a new adult strabismus specific quality-of-life questionnaire and its subsequent validation will make this quantification of improvement easier. The wider medical community and the public at large should be made aware of the benefits of corrective strabismus surgery in adults.", "corpus_id": 206870079 }

{ "title": "A randomised trial of an internet weight control resource: The UK Weight Control Trial [ISRCTN58621669]", "abstract": "BackgroundObesity treatment is notoriously unsuccessful and one of the barriers to successful weight loss reported by patients is a lack of social support. The Internet offers a novel and fast approach to the delivery of health information, enabling 24-hour access to help and advice. However, much of the health information available on the Internet is unregulated or not written by qualified health professionals to provide unbiased information. The proposed study aims to compare a web-based weight loss package with traditional dietary treatment of obesity in participants. The project aims to deliver high quality information to the patient and to evaluate the effectiveness of this information, both in terms of weight loss outcomes and cost-effectiveness.MethodsThis study is a randomised controlled trial of a weight loss package against usual care provided within General Practice (GP) surgeries in Leeds, UK. Participants will be recruited via posters placed in participating practices. A target recruitment figure of 220 will enable 180 people to be recruited (allowing for 22% dropout). Participants agreeing to take part in the study will be randomly allocated using minimisation to either the intervention group, receiving access to the Internet site, or the usual care group. The primary outcome of the study will be the ability of the package to promote change in BMI over 6 and 12 months compared with traditional treatment. Secondary outcomes will be the ability of the Internet package to promote change in reported lifestyle behaviours. Data will be collected on participant preferences, adherence to treatment, health care use and time off work. Difference in cost between groups in provision of the intervention and the cost of the primary outcome will also be estimated.ConclusionA positive result from this study would enhance the repertoire of treatment approaches available for the management of obesity. A negative result would be used to inform the research agenda and contribute to redefining future strategies for tackling obesity.", "corpus_id": 7601823, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "ICI Reduction in Multicarrier Systems", "abstract": "Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) is a major contribution to performance degradation in multicarrier systems. The main reason of the ICI is the Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO). Some researchers reduced the effect of this ICI by estimating the CFO value then compensating for it. The CFO estimation accuracy affects in turn the multicarrier system performance. The Repeated Prefix (RP) is a new technique that is recently proposed to reduce the ICI effect by estimating the CFO value without producing mathematical derivations. The drawback of this technique is its low performance at low guard interval values. This paper enhances the performance of this method at low guard interval values, giving the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) derivation for this process in addition to a derivation of the relative Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB). The proposed technique (RP-combined) reduces the effect of the residual ICI and can be used once in the transmitted frame with less data rate losses.Simulations show comparable results between both theoretical and simulated cases. Simulations also show the system performance with/without using channel estimation stage to show that, the channel estimator increases the immunity of the system performance to ICI for small offset values.", "corpus_id": 697928 }

{ "title": "C15. CFO mitigation in OFDM systems with a comparative analysis to CP-based estimator technique", "abstract": "The sensitivity of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems to Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) is a major disadvantage. Researchers have proposed various CFO compensation techniques. One method is to use the inherent construction of the OFDM symbol by estimating the value of CFO using the cyclic prefix (CP) part then compensate for it. The estimated CFO range of this method does not exceed half the value of the subcarrier spacing. One of the major competitions between researchers is to enlarge the estimation range. Our proposed scheme enlarges this range by four times at least compared to the CP-based technique keeping low complexity. This is done at the expense of reducing, slightly, the transmitted data rate. This paper discusses the proposed scheme in both cyclic-prefix and zero-padding systems with a comparative analysis to the CP-based estimator technique. The simulations are done for Rayleigh multipath fading channels using MATLAB.", "corpus_id": 24081832 }

{ "title": "Practice variations and health care reform: connecting the dots.", "abstract": "Unwarranted variation is a ubiquitous feature of U.S. health care. Remedies for variations exist, and several are described in the current collection of Health Affairs papers. Several obstacles stand in the way of widespread adoption of these remedies: (1) a quality agenda that has yet to focus on improving the quality of patient decision making; (2) economic incentives that do not reward exemplary practice; and (3) the poor state of clinical science. Medicare reform legislation creates the opportunity for a demonstration project to redesign health care to address these barriers. We also must grapple with the cultural bias that more care is better and that physicians must know best.", "corpus_id": 35124048, "score": 0 }

{ "title": "70 kHz, 15 kW silicon-carbide MOSFET inverter for industrial induction heating systems", "abstract": "This paper discusses the applicability of SiC MOSFET to high-frequency induction heating applications. In this paper, a 15-kW, 70-kHz SiC MOSFET inverter prototype is constructed to evaluate the performance of the SiC MOSFETs. Power loss breakdown is also conducted from the experimental results. As a results, the inverter prototype has exhibited a power conversion efficiency as high as 98.5% at the rated power operation, and demonstrated the possibility of applications of SiC MOSFETs to high-frequency induction heating systems.", "corpus_id": 34480474 }

{ "title": "Dynamic analysis and control of a zone-control induction heating system", "abstract": "This paper presents a quick and accurate power control method for a zone-control induction heating (ZCIH) system. The ZCIH system consists of multiple working coils connected to multiple H-bridge inverters. The system controls the amplitude and phase angle of each coil current to make the temperature distribution on the workpiece uniform. This paper proposes a new control method for the coil currents based on a circuit model using real and imaginary (Re-Im) current/voltage components. The method detects and controls the Re-Im components of the coil current instead of the current amplitude and phase angle. As a result, the proposed method enables decoupling control for the system, making the control for each working coil independent from the others. Experiments on a 6-zone ZCIH laboratory setup are conducted to verify the validity of the proposed method. It is clarified that the proposed method has a stable operation both in transient and steady states. The proposed system and control method enable system complexity reduction and control stability improvements.", "corpus_id": 32295585 }

{ "title": "A tailored exercise program versus general exercise for a subgroup of patients with low back pain and movement control impairment: Short-term results of a randomised controlled trial", "abstract": "BACKGROUND ::: Exercise is an effective treatment for patients with sub-acute and chronic low back pain (LBP). Patients with a movement control impairment (MCI) can be diagnosed as a subgroup of patients with LBP. Unknown is which exercise intervention is most beneficial for this subgroup. This study assessed the short-term effect of a specific exercise program targeting movement control impairment versus general exercise treatment on disability in patients with LBP and MCI. ::: ::: ::: METHODS ::: In a multicentre parallel group randomised controlled pragmatic trial, patients with sub-acute and chronic LBP were included. Further inclusion criteria were disability of ≥5 points on the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and ≥2 positive tests out of a set of 6 movement control impairment tests. A total of 106 patients were randomly assigned to either tailored movement control exercise intervention (MC, n = 52) or a general exercise intervention (GE, n = 54); both 9-18 individual treatment sessions, over a maximum of 12 weeks. The primary outcome was disability measured with the Patient Specific Functional scale (PSFS). Secondary outcome was the Roland-Morris disability scale (RMDQ). Measurements were taken pre- and posttreatment. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: No significant difference was found following the treatment period. Baseline-adjusted between-group mean difference for the PSFS was 0.5 (SD = 0.5; p = 0.32) in favour of MC exercises. The Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire revealed a significant, but not clinically relevant, between-group difference of 2.0 points (SD = 0.8; p = 0.01). ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSION ::: Disability in LBP patients was reduced considerably by both interventions. However, the limited contrast between the two exercise programs may have influenced outcomes.", "corpus_id": 26970668, "score": -1 }

{ "title": "SPONTANEOUS IGNITION PROCESSES DUE TO HIGH-PRESSURE HYDROGEN RELEASE IN AIR", "abstract": "Spontaneous ignition processes due to the high-pressure hydrogen releases into air were investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Such processes reproduce accident scenarios of sudden expansion of pressurized hydrogen into the ambient atmosphere in cases of tube or valve rupture. High-pressure hydrogen releases in the range of initial pressures from 20 to 275 bar and with nozzle diameters of 0.5 – 4 mm have been investigated. Glass tubes and high-speed CCD camera were used for experimental study of self-ignition process. The problem was theoretically considered in terms of contact discontinuity for the case when spontaneous ignition of pressurized hydrogen due to the contact with hot pressurized air occurs. The effects of boundary layer and material properties are discussed in order to explain the minimum initial pressure of 25 bar leading to the self-ignition of hydrogen with air. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Hydrogen is successfully used as energy carrier in many different applications. Accidental hydrogen release from pipe systems are one of the main hazards that occur in the handling of pressurised hydrogen. The accidental H2 release from the system should be detected fast and as safety consequence the main supply tank should be closed. So the released amount of hydrogen is limited and the release conditions are unsteady. But the generated hydrogen cloud can be ignited subsequently by an external ignition source. For low initial storage pressure, up to 16 bar, it was showed experimentally [1] that for a given amount of hydrogen a distinct ignition time and ignition position exists for the generation of a maximum pressure wave due to a \"local explosion\" in the free jet. In case of a sudden hydrogen release from a high pressure initial state the possibility of a self ignited jet fire is present [2] [3] [4]. Currently no systematic studies are available on the hazard potential of transient releases of hydrogen from high pressures with a spontaneous or forced subsequent ignition. In this study, the free hydrogen jet release from pipes with residual overpressure is experimentally simulated by using two different start up release conditions. The first procedure is a fast valve opening to produce a hydrogen free jet. The parameters in these experiments with a forced spark ignition are: circular release opening with inner diameters of 3 mm, 4 mm and 10 mm, initial reservoir pressures of up to 200 bar, and a reservoir volume of 0.37 dm3. In the second release configuration an additional rupture disc is installed in the exhaust pipe, which leads to a sudden hydrogen release in combination with shock wave generation from the ruptured disc [5]. The parameters in the experiments with self ignited jet fire are: circular release opening with an inner diameter of 4 mm with different extension pipe lengths after the rupture disc, different break points of the disc, initial reservoir pressures of up to 200 bar, and a reservoir volume of 0.37 dm3. The ignited hydrogen jets were recorded with a high speed camera, and the resulting pressure and thermal loads to the environment were investigated under variation of ignition position, ignition point in time and initial vessel pressure. Goal of this work is to quantify the possible hazards arising from external ignited or auto ignited free transient hydrogen jets. 2. Experimental set-up The facility for the generation of a defined and transient horizontal hydrogen jet from a high pressure reservoir is shown in Figure 1. Via a feed line valve (a) the cylindrical storage vessel (d) with a volume of 0.37 dm is filled with highly pressurized H2. A helium driven needle valve DN 4 mm (c) with a valve opening time < 2 ms works as leak opening tool in all experiments. The initiation time of this valve is 16 +/0.3 ms. Cylindrical tubes connected to the valve were used as release nozzle (d). Optionally cylindrical tubes with a rupture disc (aluminum foil) inside were installed in the experiments with auto ignition initiation, see inserted picture of the rupture disc holder in Figure 1 right. The H2-jets released into the free environment were ignited after a distinct time in different positions along the jet axis via a high frequency electric arc (20 kHz, ~ 60 kV, ~ 10 W) (f). The dynamic overpressure resulting from the combustion of the released hydrogen was detected by five dynamic pressure sensors (PCB Type 113A31) in special adapters that were positioned in a line with a distance of 40 cm to each other. The pressure sensor line (e) is placed parallel in a distance of 50 cm to the jet axis (h). Two heat flux sensors (g) were positioned via lances along the jet axis (h). The hydrogen flow and combustion were observed by high speed shadow-schlierenmethods in different scales and techniques. The experiments were performed in a specific test chamber with a volume of approx. 160 m. The experimental facility was mounted on a rack in a way that the axis of the H2-jet (h) had an unobstructed length in space of 4 m and a distance to the floor and the nearest wall of 1.6 m.", "corpus_id": 164212195 }

{ "title": "Badania eksperymentalne samozapłonu wodoru podczas jego uwolnienia do powietrza", "abstract": "Streszczenie: Ze względu na swoje unikalne właściwości, wodór jest postrzegany jako paliwo przyszłości. Szeroki zakres palności, (4 ÷ 75)% obj., wysoka wartość opałowa (120 MJ kg-1) i niska energia zapłonu (0,02 mJ) to właściwości, które wskazują na jego szerokie zastosowanie w energetyce i motoryzacji. Niestety właściwości wodoru nastręczają również problemy natury bezpieczeństwa. Zaobserwowano, że wodór jest w stanie zapalić się podczas jego nagłego uwolnienia bez wyraźnej obecności zewn. źródła zapłonu i w temperaturach poniżej temperatury samozapłonu. Po raz pierwszy zjawisko to zaobserwowano w latach 20-tych XX wieku, natomiast w latach 70-tych XX w. opisano proces „dyfuzyjnego zapłonu” wodoru podczas jego uwolnienia do utleniającej atmosfery. Niniejsza praca poświęcona jest badaniom eksperymentalnym nad samozapłonem wodoru podczas jego wysokociśnieniowego, P = (2 ÷ 17) MPa, uwolnienia do powietrza. Podczas badań wykorzystano szybki układ akwizycji danych (częstotliwość próbkowania 200 kHz), czujniki ciśnienia, fotodiody oraz czujniki płomieni – sondy jonizacyjne. Wodór uwalniany był przez kanały o różnych średnicach d = (6, 10 i 14) mm i długościach L = (10, 25, 40, 50, 75, 100) mm. Wyniki badań wykazały, że zwiększając dwukrotnie długość kanału (z 50 mm do 100 mm) możliwe jest nawet 2-krotne zmniejszenie ciśnienia początkowego wodoru (odpowiednio z 8 MPa do 3,2 MPa) wymaganego do wystąpienia zapłonu. Ponadto wykazano, że w zakresie przebadanych ciśnień początkowych, poniżej pewnych długości kanału (L ≤ 25 mm) nie jest możliwe wystąpienie zapłonu.", "corpus_id": 178363778 }

{ "title": "Shock-induced ignition of hydrogen gas during accidental or technical opening of high-pressure tanks", "abstract": "Abstract This paper is devoted to the numerical and experimental investigation of hydrogen self-ignition as a result of the formation of a primary shock wave in front of a cold expanding hydrogen gas jet. Temperature increase, as a result of this shock wave, leads to the ignition of the hydrogen–air mixture formed on the contact surface. The required condition for hydrogen self-ignition is to maintain the high temperature in the area for a time long enough for hydrogen and air to mix and inflammation to take place. Calculations of the self-ignition of a hydrogen jet are based on a physicochemical model involving the gas-dynamic transport of a viscous gas, the kinetics of hydrogen oxidation, the multi-component diffusion, and the heat exchange. We found that the reservoir pressure range, when a shock wave formed in the air during depressurization, has sufficient intensity to produce self-ignition of the hydrogen–air mixture formed at the front of a jet of compressed hydrogen. We present an analysis of the initial conditions (the hydrogen pressure inside the vessel, the temperature of the compressed hydrogen and the surrounding air, and the diameter of the hole through which the jet was emitted), which leads to combustion.", "corpus_id": 96330306, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Warped cones and property A", "abstract": "We describe a construction (the 'warped cone construction') which produces examples of coarse spaces with large groups of translations. We show that by this construction we can obtain many examples of coarse spaces which do not have property A or which are not uniformly embeddable into Hilbert space.", "corpus_id": 491932 }

{ "title": "Remarks on YU's 'property a' for discrete metric spaces and groups", "abstract": "discrets) Guoliang Yu a introduit une propriete sur les espaces metriques et les groupes discrets, qui est une forme faible de moyennabilite et qui a d'importantes applications a la conjecture de Novikov et la conjecture de Baum-Connes coarse. Le but de cet article est de demontrer cette propriete dans des cas particuliers, tels que les espaces a croissance sous-exponentielle, les produits libres amalgames de groupes discrets ayant la propriete A et les extensions HNN de groupes discrets ayant la propriete A.", "corpus_id": 41940837 }

{ "title": "The coarse Baum–Connes conjecture and groupoids", "abstract": "Given a (not necessarily discrete) proper metric space M with bounded geometry, we dene a groupoid G(M). We show that the coarse Baum{Connes conjecture with coecients, which states that the assembly map with coecients for G(M) is an isomorphism, is heredi- tary by taking closed subspaces.", "corpus_id": 124721953, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "On the Unreliability of Golf Scores for Professional Golfers: A Case for Restriction of Range", "abstract": "This study investigated whether the unreliability of golf scores for professional golfers can be accounted for by restriction of range. Reliability estimates for hole-to-hole scores were calculated from data from 2,679 players on the PGA Tour, 32 senior club professionals, and 62 men and 49 women amateurs who had won either their club or course championship. Reliability estimates were small and negative for the PGA Tour (Cronbach alphas ranging from −.31 to −.15) but mostly positive and substantially higher for senior club professionals and amateurs (Cronbach alphas ranging from −.46 to .76). It was concluded that the greater reliability of performance for senior club pros and amateurs than for PGA Tour players was due to the greater variability in skills and performance of the club professionals and amateurs.", "corpus_id": 881855 }

{ "title": "Deliberate Practice and Proposed Limits on the Effects of Practice on the Acquisition of Expert Performance: Why the Original Definition Matters and Recommendations for Future Research", "abstract": "Over 25 years ago Ericsson et al. (1993) published the results of their search for the most effective forms of training in music, a domain where knowledge of effective training has been accumulated over centuries. At music academies master teachers provide students individualized instruction and help them identify goals and methods for their practice sessions between meetings – this form of solitary practice was named deliberate practice, and its accumulated duration during development was found to distinguish groups with differing levels of attained music performance. In an influential meta-analysis Macnamara et al. (2014) identified studies that had collected estimates of practice accumulated during development and attained performance and reported that individual differences in deliberate practice accounted for only 14% of variance in performance. Their definition of “deliberate practice” differs significantly from the original definition of deliberate practice and will henceforth be referred to as structured practice. We explicate three criteria for reproducible performance and purposeful/deliberate practice and exclude all effect sizes considered by Macnamara et al. (2014) that were based on data not meeting these criteria. A reanalysis of the remaining effects estimated that accumulated duration of practice explained considerably more variance in performance (29 and 61% after attenuation correction). We also address the argument that the limited amount of variance explained by the duration of practice necessarily implies an important role of genetic factors, and we report that genetic effects have so far accounted for remarkably small amounts of variance – with exception of genetic influences of height and body size. The paper concludes with recommendations for how future research on purposeful and deliberate practice can go beyond recording only the duration of practice to measuring the quality of practice involving concentration, analysis, and problem solving to identify conditions for the most effective forms of training.", "corpus_id": 204881570 }

{ "title": "THE CREATIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL GENOMIC HEALING EXPERIENCE (CPGHE) AND GENE EXPRESSION IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS: A FEASIBILITY STUDY.", "abstract": "Background\nBiomarkers associated with inflammation and immune function are increasingly being used to examine mechanisms of the effects of mind-body therapies. Less researched are biomarkers associated with cognitive and executive functioning in the study of mind-body therapy mechanisms and effects. This study explored the feasibility of recruiting breast cancer patients (BCPs) and implementation fidelity of participation in a research project utilizing the 4-stage Creative Psychosocial Genomic Healing Experience (CPGHE), a mind-body protocol that is theorized to create epigenetic effects via targeted psychological change in emotional triggers in coping with cancer.\n\n\nMethods\nEight BCPs were identified as eligible (stages I, II, III, early phases of treatment) and five consented to one of two intervention groups (allocated to a single session or two sessions of CPGHE). Blood draws were examined pre- and post- intervention for a stress/inflammation gene expression marker, Nuclear Factor kappa-B (NF-kB), and three markers associated with synaptic plasticity undergirding cognitive and executive functioning: Early Growth Response 1 (EGR1), activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).\n\n\nResults\nOne consented BCP dropped out due to illness. The remaining four adhered to the 4-stage CPGHE protocol and found the CPGHE experience beneficial. Blood samples for the gene expression results were collected and processed according to planned protocol without incident.\n\n\nConclusion\nImplementing the CPGHE and achieving good adherence among a sample of BCPs is feasible. Processing of blood samples collected from BCPs for gene expression data is also feasible.", "corpus_id": 52894457, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Drivers of the accumulation of mercury and organochlorine pollutants in Mediterranean lean fish and dietary significance.", "abstract": "An integrated assessment of lean fish of commercial value as Hg and organochlorine compound source into the population of the Balearic Islands were reported. Dependences between pollutant concentrations, trophic level, fish species, specimen weight and physical-chemical properties were evaluated. Hg and total DDTs showed highest variability between fish species whereas PCBs and HCB displayed more constant median values. The organochlorine compounds found in highest concentrations were those with highest hydrophobicity, consistently with their higher bioaccumulation potential. These pollutant concentrations were higher in Mediterranean than Atlantic fish. Higher median total DDT and PCBs concentrations were also observed in the third than the second trophic level species. The observed concentrations were below the threshold recommended by the EU for human consumption (75ng/g wet weight). The Hg concentrations were higher in Mediterranean than Atlantic fish, with average values of 1.5μg/g ww and 0.43μg/g ww, respectively. Forty-one percent of the specimens from the Mediterranean and 25% of dusky grouper specimens from the Atlantic Ocean showed Hg concentrations above the EU recommended limits for human consumption, either 0.5μg/g ww or 1μg/g ww. In the third trophic level, a significant dependence between median Hg concentrations and weight of each studied species was observed, which remained significant in specimen weight correlations. Independent species correlations of Hg concentrations vs individual weight generally showed higher concentrations at higher weight. Weight/size of the individuals was therefore an important factor for Hg accumulation but the trend was modulated by a species effect. Extrapolation of the observed Hg concentrations in Mediterranean fish to Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes (PTWIs) showed higher intakes than the thresholds recommended by EFSA for adults and children, 110% and 140%, respectively. The estimated PTWIs for MeHg corresponded to 310% and 400% of the recommended threshold values. The PTWI values for organochlorine compounds were lower than those recommended.", "corpus_id": 4710499 }

{ "title": "Mercury in organisms from the Northwestern Mediterranean slope: importance of food sources.", "abstract": "Mercury (Hg) is a global threat for marine ecosystems, especially within the Mediterranean Sea. The concern is higher for deep-sea organisms, as the Hg concentration in their tissues is commonly high. To assess the influence of food supply at two trophic levels, total Hg concentrations and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios were determined in 7 species (4 teleosts, 2 sharks, and 1 crustacean) sampled on the upper part of the continental slope of the Gulf of Lions (Northwestern Mediterranean Sea), at depths between 284 and 816 m. Mean Hg concentrations ranged from 1.30±0.61 to 7.13±7.09 μg g(-1) dry mass, with maximum values observed for small-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula. For all species except blue whiting Micromesistius poutassou, Hg concentrations were above the health safety limits for human consumption defined by the European Commission, with a variable proportion of the individuals exceeding limits (from 23% for the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus to 82% for the blackbelly rosefish Helicolenus dactylopterus). Measured concentrations increased with increasing trophic levels. Carbon isotopic ratios measured for these organisms demonstrated that settling phytoplanktonic organic matter is not only the main source fueling trophic webs but also the carrier of Hg to this habitat. Inter- and intraspecific variations of Hg concentrations revealed the importance of feeding patterns in Hg bioaccumulation. In addition, biological parameters, such as growth rate or bathymetric range explain the observed contamination trends.", "corpus_id": 17810260 }

{ "title": "Propagation of electromagnetic waves in Kolmogorov and non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence: three-layer altitude model.", "abstract": "Turbulence properties of communication links (optical and microwave) in terms of log-amplitude variance are studied on the basis of a three-layer model of refractive index fluctuation spectrum in the free atmosphere. We suggest a model of turbulence spectra (Kolmogorov and non-Kolmogorov) changing with altitude on the basis of obtained experimental and theoretical data for turbulence profile in the troposphere and lower stratosphere.", "corpus_id": 35895131, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Use of smokeless tobacco: blood pressure elevation and other health hazards found in a large‐scale population survey", "abstract": "Health hazards associated with the use of smokeless tobacco were evaluated in a cross‐sectional study of 97 586 Swedish construction workers undergoing health examinations in 1971–74. All users of smokeless tobacco only (5014 subjects) and all exclusive smokers of ≥ 15 cigarettes daily (8823 subjects) were compared with all non‐users of any tobacco (23 885). Both smokeless tobacco users and smokers showed higher prevalences of circulatory and respiratory disorders. Hypertension was most common in smokeless tobacco users. In the 45‐ to 56‐years age group, the odds ratio for a diastolic blood pressure of > 90 mmHg was 1.8 (95% CI, 1.5–2.1), and for a systolic blood pressure > 160 mmHg, 1.7 (95% CI, 1.3–2.1). Smokers showed the lowest prevalence of hypertension. Disability pensions due to cardiovascular disease were nearly 50% more frequent in both smokeless tobacco users and smokers. These findings indicate that an increased cardiovascular risk is also associated with the use of smokeless tobacco.", "corpus_id": 356439 }

{ "title": "Hemodynamic effects of oral smokeless tobacco in dogs and young adults.", "abstract": "Oral smokeless tobacco (snuff) is increasingly used among the young male population. To determine cardiovascular effects of an oral smokeless tobacco product, 10 anesthetized dogs were instrumented to measure blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, and circumflex coronary, renal, and femoral flows. After a 5-min baseline, a 2.5-g, approximately 1.2% nicotine bolus dose was placed in the buccal space, and measurements were made for 20 min. Significant increases were seen in heart rate, blood pressure, left ventricular pressure, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, and left ventricular dP/dt. Significant decreases in flow were noted in the coronary circumflex, renal, and femoral arteries. The flow reduction was thought to have been mediated by an alpha-adrenergic mechanism. Additionally, 20 human males, mean age 20 years, without nicotine exposure for 72 hr, were given a 2.5-g dose of the same oral smokeless product. From baseline to 20 min, heart rate increased from 69 to 88 beats/min (P less than 0.05), blood pressure from 118/72 to 126/78 mm Hg (P less than 0.05). Thus, oral smokeless tobacco use can produce significant hemodynamic changes in both dogs and normal humans.", "corpus_id": 41497031 }

{ "title": "Changes associated with quitting cigarette smoking: the Framingham Study.", "abstract": "During the first 18 years of the Framingham Study there was a substantial decrease (39 per cent ) in the number of men smoking cigarettes and a moderate decrease (22 per cent) in the number of women smoking cigarettes. Except for a greater tendency of diabetic patients to quit smoking, there were no significant differences at baseline between smokers who quit and smokers who continued smoking. After quitting there was a short-term rise in weight for men. This rise led only to trivial changes in blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels. There was a beneficial impact on long-term vital capacity trends from quitting smoking.", "corpus_id": 40466663, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Mapping QTLs for resistance against Globodera pallida (Stone) Pa2/3 in a diploid potato progeny originating from Solanum spegazzinii", "abstract": "Abstract\nA \"F1\" diploid population between Solanum tuberosum 2x and the wild Solanum spegazzinii was studied. It segregated for resistance against the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida derived from the wild species. The inheritance had a quantitative nature. Linkage maps of AFLP and RFLP markers were constructed for both parents. Three QTLs were identified on the map of the resistant parent on chromosomes V, VI and XII, respectively. The first one had a major effect and explained more than 50% of the total variance of resistance. It is located in a cluster of resistance genes and may be the same locus as Gpa which has been described formerly. The two others explained about 20% of the total variance each. The QTL on chromosome XII is also in a cluster of resistance genes, and in an orthologous position with resistance genes against nematodes in tomato and pepper.", "corpus_id": 360040 }

{ "title": "Mapping of intra-locus duplications and introgressed DNA: aids to map-based cloning of genes from complex genomes illustrated by physical analysis of the Rx locus in tetraploid potato", "abstract": "Abstract We describe here novel approaches to high-resolution mapping of repeated and introgressed DNA which may prove generally useful in map-based cloning from complex genomes. These approaches were developed in order to clone the Rx locus in potato. First, we prepared a BAC library from a tetraploid plant carrying Rx in the duplex condition (Rx, Rx, rx, rx). BAC clones were then isolated with close markers on either side of Rx. However these clones did not extend across Rx: in the cloned DNA the closest markers to Rx were separated by single recombination events on either side of Rx. To bridge the gap we exploited the finding that the BAC clones on the right side of Rx contained resistance-gene homologues. Anticipating that there would be duplicated copies of these resistance gene homologues in the vicinity of Rx, we used low-stringency PCR conditions to identify additional markers. One of these markers was completely linked to Rx in our mapping population and was used to isolate a BAC (BAC77) that had not been previously identified by screening with Rx-flanking markers. Based on two criteria it was concluded that BAC77 spans Rx. There was a chromosomal recombination in one plant of our mapping population that separated the BAC77 right end from Rx. On the other side of Rx it was found that the BAC77 left end was outside the region of DNA carrying Rx that had been introgressed into potato cv Amaryl from a Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena accession CPC1673.", "corpus_id": 25530858 }

{ "title": "Identification and characterization of 14 transposon-like elements in the noncoding regions of members of the Xa21 family of disease resistance genes in rice", "abstract": "Abstract The rice disease resistance gene Xa21, which encodes a receptor-like kinase, is a member of a multigene family. Based on comparisons of genomic␣sequences of seven family members, seventeen transposon-like elements were identified in the 5′ and 3′ flanking regions and introns of these genes. Sequence characterization revealed that these elements are diverse, showing similarity to maize Ds, CACTA and miniature inverted repeat-like elements, as well as novel elements. Only two elements were located in presumed coding regions, indicating that integration of transposable elements at the Xa21 disease resistance locus occurred preferentially in noncoding regions.", "corpus_id": 15743551, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Business history, global networks and the future of mobility", "abstract": "Globalisation raises serious concerns about ecological sustainability and social equality. This article proposes that business historians should write a usable past that is framed by the imperative of addressing these issues. The transport and communication networks that underpin global trade and travel offer an opportunity to narrate such a past. In particular business enterprises have historically helped to shape the ways consumers think about and realise bodily movement. By contributing to a genealogy of these mobility cultures, business historians can help to uncover the mythic traces that continued to shape contemporary public and policy understandings of global mobility.", "corpus_id": 154070753 }

{ "title": "Business Travels and Cold War mobilities", "abstract": "In the last two decades, the humanities and social sciences have confronted themselves with the need to account for the increasing mobility of people and goods. In 2017, following a debate that Gijs Mom had initiated more than a decade before, Massimo Moraglio, as the new editor of The Journal of Transport History, voiced the need for a new ontology for transport history to enable it to adopt mobilities as analytical lenses linking historical research on transport, which had long focused on the development of technologies and the economic function of transport, with a new awareness of the multiple experiences of traveling and the social and cultural nature of movement. The articles in this special issue, focusing on business travels, are situated at the crossroads of the disciplines and approaches that have characterized historical research on transportation and mobility to this day, and contribute to the ongoing debate about the future of transport history.", "corpus_id": 239862733 }

{ "title": "Gendering War Talk", "abstract": "In a century torn by violent civil uprisings, civilian bombings, and genocides, war has been an immediate experience for both soldiers and civilians, for both women and men. But has this reality changed our long-held images of the roles women and men play in war, or the emotions we attach to violence, or what we think war can accomplish? This provocative collection addresses such questions in exploring male and female experiences of war--from World War I, to Vietnam, to wars in Latin America and the Middle East--and how this experience has been articulated in literature, film and drama, history, psychology, and philosophy. Together these essays reveal a myth of war that has been upheld throughout history and that depends on the exclusion of \"the feminine\" in order to survive.The discussions reconsider various existing gender images: Do women really tend to be either pacifists or Patriotic Mothers? Are men essentially aggressive or are they threatened by their lack of aggression?Essays explore how cultural conceptions of gender as well as discursive and iconographic representation reshape the experience and meaning of war. The volume shows war as a terrain in which gender is negotiated. As to whether war produces change for women, some contributors contend that the fluidity of war allows for linguistic and social renegotiations; others find no lasting, positive changes. In an interpretive essay Klaus Theweleit suggests that the only good war is the lost war that is embraced as a lost war.", "corpus_id": 143807700, "score": 0 }

{ "title": "Simultaneous decomplexation in blended Cu(II)/Ni(II)-EDTA systems by electro-Fenton process using iron sacrificing electrodes.", "abstract": "This research explored the application of electro-Fenton (E-Fenton) technique for the simultaneous decomplexation in blended Cu(II)/Ni(II)-EDTA systems by using iron sacrificing electrodes. Standard discharge (0.3 mg L-1 for Cu and 0.1 mg L-1 for Ni in China) could be achieved after 30 min reaction under the optimum conditions (i.e. initial solution pH of 2.0, H2O2 dosage of 6 mL L-1 h-1, current density of 20 mA/cm2, inter-electrode distance of 2 cm, and sulfate electrolyte concentration of 2000 mg L-1). The distinct differences in apparent kinetic rate constants (kapp) and intermediate removal efficiencies corresponding to mere and blended systems indicated the mutual promotion effect toward the decomplexation between Cu(II) and Ni(II). Massive accumulation of Fe(Ⅲ) favored the further removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) by metal ion substitution. Species distribution results demonstrated that the decomplexation of metal-EDTA in E-Fenton process was mainly contributed to the combination of various reactions, including Fenton reaction together with the anodic oxidation, electro-coagulation (E-coagulation) and electrodeposition. Unlike hypophosphite and citrate, the presence of chlorine ion displayed favorable effects on the removal efficiencies of Cu(II) and Ni(II) at low dosage, but facilitated the ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) removal only at high dosage.", "corpus_id": 3954174 }

{ "title": "FeNiCeOx ternary catalyst prepared by ultrasonic impregnation method for diclofenac removal in Fenton-like system.", "abstract": "FeNiCeOx was firstly prepared by ultrasonic impregnation method and used to remove diclofenac in a Fenton-like system. The catalytic activity was improved successfully by doping Ni into FeCeOx. The diclofenac removal efficiency reached 97.9% after 30 min reaction. The surface morphology and properties of FeNiCeOx were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. FeNiCeOx in this paper had larger specific surface area than those prepared by other methods, which was attributed to the cavitation effect and hot-spot effect during the ultrasonic synthesis process. Low crystallinity of Fe2O3 and NiO showed by characterization could lead to high interaction of Fe and Ni ions with support of CeO2. They substituted Ce in CeO2, caused lattice contraction and formed more oxygen vacancies, which favoured the catalytic reaction. Meanwhile, Fe and Ce ions both had redox cycles of Fe3+/Fe2+ and Ce4+/Ce3+, which facilitated the electron transfer in the reaction. The synergistic effect among Fe, Ni and Ce might lead to better catalytic performance of FeNiCeOx than any binary metal oxides constituted from the above three elements. Finally, the potential mechanism of diclofenac removal in FeNiCeOx-H2O2 system is proposed.", "corpus_id": 164752867 }

{ "title": "Treatment of wastewater containing EDTA-Cu(II) using the combined process of interior microelectrolysis and Fenton oxidation–coagulation", "abstract": "Abstract Wastewater containing EDTA-Cu(II) originating from the electroless copper-plating process was treated in a combined system of interior microelectrolysis (IM) and Fenton oxidation and coagulation (FOC). The intermittent operation of an IM reactor showed that the treatment efficiencies and Fe(II) yields were much higher under lower initial pH of the wastewater, and when the raw wastewater was treated by IM for 20 min, the Fe(II) yields and pH of the IM effluent were 336.1 mg/L and 4.6, respectively. The proper reaction conditions for the treatment of IM effluent by the FOC process were a [H 2 O 2 ]/[COD] ratio of 2.0, [Fe(II)]/[H 2 O 2 ] ratio of 0.2–0.3, initial pH of 2.0–5.0, and reaction time of 60–80 min; thus, the Fe(II)-rich effluent of IM was suitable for treatment during a subsequent Fenton oxidation (FO) process without Fe(II) addition or pH adjustment. Under the optimal operating parameters, 100% Cu(II) and 87.0% COD were removed by the IM–FOC process. The contributions of IM, FO and coagulation to Cu(II) removal were 97.5%, 0%, and 2.5%, respectively, and those to COD removal were 22.3%, 47.8%, and 10.9%, respectively. After treatment, the BOD 5 /COD ratio of wastewater was enhanced from 0 to 0.42, indicating that EDTA was effectively oxidized in the combined system.", "corpus_id": 97540458, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Flexible Server Architecture for Optimal Presentation of Internet Multimedia Streams at the Client", "abstract": "The transfer of live media streams such as video and audio over the Internet is subject to several problems, static and dynamic by nature. Important quality of service (QoS) parameters do not only differ between various receivers depending on their network access, their service provider, and their nationality, the QoS is also variable in time. Moreover the installed receiver base is heterogeneous with respect to operating system, browser or client software, and browser version. We present a new concept for serving live media streams. It is no longer based on the current one-size-fits all paradigm, where the server offers just one stream. Our compresslet system takes the opposite approach: it builds media streams ‘to order’ and ‘just in time’. Every client subscribing to a media stream uses a servlet loaded into the media server to generate a tailored data stream for his resources and constraints. The server is designed such that commonly used components for media streams are computed once. The compresslets use these prefabricated components, code additional data if necessary, and construct the data stream based on the dynamical available QoS and other client constraints.", "corpus_id": 269531 }

{ "title": "Mitra: A Scalable Continuous Media Server", "abstract": "Mitra is a scalable storage manager that supports the display of continuous media data types, e.g., audio and video clips. It is a software based system that employs off-the-shelf hardware components. Its present hardware platform is a cluster of multi-disk workstations, connected using an ATM switch. Mitra supports the display of a mix of media types. To reduce the cost of storage, it supports a hierarchical organization of storage devices and stages the frequently accessed objects on the magnetic disks. For the number of displays to scale as a function of additional disks, Mitra employs staggered striping. It implements three strategies to maximize the number of simultaneous displays supported by each disk. First, the EVEREST file system allows different files (corresponding to objects of different media types) to be retrieved at different block size granularities. Second, the FIXB algorithm recognizes the different zones of a disk and guarantees a continuous display while harnessing the average disk transfer rate. Third, Mitra implements the Grouped Sweeping Scheme (GSS) to minimize the impact of disk seeks on the available disk bandwidth.In addition to reporting on implementation details of Mitra, we present performance results that demonstrate the scalability characteristics of the system. We compare the obtained results with theoretical expectations based on the bandwidth of participating disks. Mitra attains between 65% to 100% of the theoretical expectations.", "corpus_id": 6709813 }

{ "title": "Striping in multidisk video servers", "abstract": "A challenging task when designing a video server is to support the performance criteria of its target application, i.e., both its desired number of simultaneous displays and the waiting tolerance of a display. With a multi-disk video server, the placement of data has a significant impact on the overall performance of a system. This study quantifies the tradeoffs associated with alternative organization of data across multiple disks. We describe a planner that configures a system to: (1) support the performance criteria of an application, and (2) minimize the cost of a system. The experimental results demonstrate the superiority and flexibility of using the planner to configure a system.", "corpus_id": 62701462, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "The glucose repressor genecre1 ofTrichoderma: Isolation and expression of a full-length and a truncated mutant form", "abstract": "Thecre1 genes of the filamentous fungiTrichoderma reesei andT. harzianum were isolated and characterized. The deduced CREI proteins are 46% identical to the product of the glucose repressor genecreA ofAspergillus nidulans, encoding a DNA-binding protein with zinc fingers of the C2H2 type. Thecre1 promoters contain several sequence elements that are identical to the previously identified binding sites forA. nidulans CREA. Steady-state mRNA levels forcre1 of theT. reesei strain QM9414 varied depending on the carbon source, being low on glucose-containing media. These observations suggest thatcre1 expression may be autoregulated. TheT. reesei strain Rut-C30, a hyperproducer of cellulolytic enzymes, was found to express a truncated form of thecre1 gene (cre1-1) with an ORF corresponding to a protein of 95 amino acids with only one zinc finger. Unlike QM9414 the strain Rut-C30 produced cellulase mRNAs on glucose-containing medium and transformation of the full-lengthcre1 gene into this strain caused glucose repression ofcbh1 expression, demonstrating thatcre1 regulates cellulase expression.", "corpus_id": 1537139 }

{ "title": "Towards a molecular understanding of symbiont function: Identification of a fungal gene for the degradation of xylan in the fungus gardens of leaf-cutting ants", "abstract": "BackgroundLeaf-cutting ants live in symbiosis with a fungus that they rear for food by providing it with live plant material. Until recently the fungus' main inferred function was to make otherwise inaccessible cell wall degradation products available to the ants, but new studies have shed doubt on this idea. To provide evidence for the cell wall degrading capacity of the attine ant symbiont, we designed PCR primers from conserved regions of known xylanase genes, to be used in PCR with genomic DNA from the symbiont as template. We also measured xylanase, cellulase and proteinase activities in the fungus gardens in order to investigate the dynamics of degradation activities.ResultsWe cloned a xylanase gene from the mutualistic fungus of Acromyrmex echinatior, determined its protein sequence, and inserted it in a yeast expression vector to confirm its substrate specificity. Our results show that the fungus has a functional xylanase gene. We also show by lab experiments in vivo that the activity of fungal xylanase and cellulase is not evenly distributed, but concentrated in the lower layer of fungus gardens, with only modest activity in the middle layer where gongylidia are produced and intermediate activity in the newly established top layer. This vertical distribution appears to be negatively correlated with the concentration of glucose, which indicates a directly regulating role of glucose, as has been found in other fungi and has been previously suggested for the ant fungal symbiont.ConclusionThe mutualistic fungus of Acromyrmex echinatior has a functional xylanase gene and is thus presumably able to at least partially degrade the cell walls of leaves. This finding supports a saprotrophic origin of the fungal symbiont. The observed distribution of enzyme activity leads us to propose that leaf-substrate degradation in fungus gardens is a multi-step process comparable to normal biodegradation of organic matter in soil ecosystems, but with the crucial difference that a single fungal symbiont realizes most of the steps that are normally provided by a series of microorganisms that colonize fallen leaves in a distinct succession.", "corpus_id": 850518 }

{ "title": "Magnetic Bearings and Bearingless Drives", "abstract": "The application of bearingless drives is emerging as an important technique in the areas of high-speed machinery and motion-control, and this book aims to provide a thorough grounding in the principles behind this cutting-edge technology. Basic principles are described in detail with practical examples to aid understanding, and the different types of bearingless drives are introduced, along with coverage of test machines and applications.Aimed at practising electrical and mechanical engineers and advanced students, Magnetic Bearings and Bearingless Drives provides an essential guide to an area of engineering previously only fully covered by large numbers of academic papers. Key Features : \n \n Unique and comprehensive coverage of a cutting-edge subject for electrical and mechanical engineers \n A reference text and survey for designers, manufacturers and users of high-speed motors, generators and electrical drive systems \n Examines the basic principles behind magnetic bearings, with key technologies and applications illustrated through examples and case studies", "corpus_id": 109158568, "score": 0 }

{ "title": "Methodological Issues in Child Welfare and Children’s Mental Health Implementation Research", "abstract": "Implementation research has been characterized as an emerging science with conceptual, methodological and educational challenges (Proctor et al. 2009). It has the potential to close the research to practice gap for evidence-based treatments, a key translational issue in the NIH Roadmap Initiative. However, given the recency of attention to implementation science, numerous conceptual and methodological issues must be addressed for this area to fulfill its promise. The five papers comprising this issue are intended to move implementation science forward by presenting an overarching implementation conceptual model clearly linked to implementation stages, identifying measurement and design challenges based on aspects of the model and offering suggestions for addressing these challenges. \n \nThe intellectual work for these papers is supported by a multidisciplinary NIMH-funded advanced center focusing on implementation methods research. The teams of investigators embrace the NIH Roadmap philosophy of strength and innovation through intellectual diversity and hail from the fields of mental health services research, treatment development research, design and statistics, and experience in the dissemination and implementation of evidence-based interventions. The investigators work within a virtual center framework with two organizational anchors: the Child and Adolescent Services Research Center (CASRC, http://www.casrc.org) at Rady Children's Hospital—San Diego, and the Center for Research to Practice (CR2P, http://www.cr2p.org) in Eugene, Oregon. \n \nThe focus for the five papers is on implementation research specific to two child service sectors; child welfare and child mental health. The focus on these sectors is historically and conceptually based. CASRC began over 20 years ago by conducting epidemiologic and services research on the need for and use of services, especially mental health services for children involved in the child welfare system and provided mental health care by the public child mental health system. The first decade of studies were observational in design and did not speak to issues related to effective approaches to implementing evidence-based practices in usual care settings. \n \nIn 2000, CASRC researchers began to develop intervention studies in collaboration with treatment developers at the Oregon Social Learning Center, the parent organization for CR2P. Subsequent partnerships have led to studies designed to test effective treatment models in community service settings and the current focus on implementation research including the development of the NIMH-funded Advanced Center for Implementation and Services Research. \n \nConceptually, the focus on both child welfare and child mental health has a clear rationale. First, studies have demonstrated that most mental health care for children involved in child welfare is delivered by the public child mental health system under Medicaid funding and that child welfare serves as a strong gateway into mental health care. \n \nSecond, the child welfare system can be characterized as a public health platform with a surveillance system, child protective services (CPS), and post-investigation services that identify a substantial portion of children at very high risk to develop behavior and emotional symptoms that require mental health interventions. Given that CPS is mandated to insure safety, promote stability and support child well being, the system can serve not only as a gateway into the child mental health system for addressing clinical problems, but also as a platform on which to deliver services that may prevent the development of behavioral and emotional disorders. \n \nThe first paper in the series, “Advancing a conceptual model of evidence-based practice implementation in public service sectors’ (Aarons et al. 2011) presents a comprehensive, multi-level implementation model that highlights elements hypothesized or empirically supported for each of four phases of the implementation process (Exploration, Adoption/Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment). The rationale for developing a conceptual model specifically for public service sectors includes the observations that no consensus has yet coalesced around a single conceptual model among implementation scientists and that much of implementation science has its major roots in the business and medicine quality improvement literatures with no assurance that a model developed from these sectors can be readily applied to public mental health, social services, and alcohol/drug settings, especially for children. The framework proposed is based on a clear assumption “that implementation models arise through a lens that is shaped by the service contexts chosen for emphasis,” underscoring the potential utility of explicitly using specific service contexts as the primary driver for a framework. In addition, this framework argues that “different variables may play crucial roles at different phases of the implementation process”, and also provides a rich set of examples from the child welfare system for the first time in a conceptual discussion of implementation. \n \nThe next two papers address very different methods challenges in implementation research measurement, one dealing with the measurement of service delivery costs in the child welfare system, and the other addressing the vexing problem of fidelity measurement as systems and investigators move from efficacy studies to implementation research. \n \nThe paper on “A Strategy for assessing costs of implementing new practises in the child welfare system: Adapting the English Cost Calculator in the United States” (Chamberlain et al. 2011) reports on a research study designed to examine how well an innovative computerized unit cost calculator developed in England for use in child welfare systems fits with child welfare systems in the United States. This is the first article on the Cost Calculator published in a United States journal. This paper demonstrates the utility of looking at implementation processes and research from a service sector framework but underscores a marked distinction between measurement of service costs in child welfare as compared to the measurement of service costs in health care (including public child mental health). In general, services costs in health care have a well-developed measurement system for assigning monetary value to service activities while child welfare systems do not. \n \nThis paper also reports published data from England on how the Cost Calculator has been used to show the considerable difference in case worker service costs based on whether a placement is the first or second/later, especially for children who have behavioral and emotional problems. The example shows the importance of a tool that can assign costs to placement disruptions, and therefore, can provide cost comparisons between usual care practice and evidence-based practice interventions designed to impact placement disruptions. \n \nThe second measurement paper “Toward the effective and efficient measurement of implementation fidelity” (Schoenwald et al. 2011) tackles the enormous challenge of translating fidelity measurement, the hallmark of efficacy research, into fidelity measures suitable for use in non-research clinical settings where evidence-based interventions have been implemented. Following a review of the theory and practice of fidelity measurement, the authors use the important distinction between effective and efficient instruments to characterize the marked differences between the context of efficacy and the context of implementation research. Perhaps most helpful is a review of the approaches being used by practitioners of implementation research to address the fidelity measurement challenges. This paper is the first in a program of research that is being supported by the Advanced Center cooperatively with the NIMH-funded Developing Center led by Mark Atkins. \n \nThe final two papers discuss the unique challenges of implementation research from a study design perspective by presenting structured reviews of designs that have been used in implementation studies. The first of the design papers, “Mixed method designs in implementation research” (Palinkas et al. 2011), provides an introduction to designs that have become characterized as mixed method, those comprised of both qualitative and quantitative methods. Through the structured review of 22 mental health services research studies that employed mixed method designs, this paper explores the range of designs and serves as the first step in moving toward explicit standards in the methodological innovation. \n \nThe second design paper, “Design features in implementation research: A structured review of recent literature” (Landsverk et al. 2011), discusses current controversies in design choices such as number and type of levels, the use of randomization in usual service settings and alternatives to randomization. In addition, the paper presents a structured literature review of empirical studies of dissemination and implementation research since 1995. \n \nThe series is not meant to be a comprehensive examination of all methodological issues that challenge the field of implementation research. Rather, it provides an in-depth discussion of a number of critical methodological issues that must be addressed in the emerging scientific study of the dissemination and implementation processes. Each of these papers represents a program of research designed to generate solutions to the challenges identified.", "corpus_id": 2189939 }

{ "title": "Mixed Method Designs in Implementation Research", "abstract": "This paper describes the application of mixed method designs in implementation research in 22 mental health services research studies published in peer-reviewed journals over the last 5 years. Our analyses revealed 7 different structural arrangements of qualitative and quantitative methods, 5 different functions of mixed methods, and 3 different ways of linking quantitative and qualitative data together. Complexity of design was associated with number of aims or objectives, study context, and phase of implementation examined. The findings provide suggestions for the use of mixed method designs in implementation research.", "corpus_id": 18460036 }

{ "title": "Sexual and social concerns of the disabled: A group counseling approach", "abstract": "This paper describes a group designed to offer an opportunity for discussion of sexual and social adjustment for individuals with a variety of chronic physical disabilities. Group organization and topics discussed by the participants are described. Guidelines are provided for facilitation of sexual and social discussion groups for individuals with chronic physical disabilities.", "corpus_id": 143460614, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Spindle pole organization in Drosophila S2 cells by dynein, abnormal spindle protein (Asp), and KLP10A.", "abstract": "Dynein is a critical mitotic motor whose inhibition causes defects in spindle pole organization and separation, chromosome congression or segregation, and anaphase spindle elongation, but results differ in different systems. We evaluated the functions of the dynein-dynactin complex by using RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated depletion of distinct subunits in Drosophila S2 cells. We observed a striking detachment of centrosomes from spindles, an increase in spindle length, and a loss of spindle pole focus. RNAi depletion of Ncd, another minus-end motor, produced disorganized spindles consisting of multiple disconnected mini-spindles, a different phenotype consistent with distinct pathways of spindle pole organization. Two candidate dynein-dependent spindle pole organizers also were investigated. RNAi depletion of the abnormal spindle protein, Asp, which localizes to focused poles of control spindles, produced a severe loss of spindle pole focus, whereas depletion of the pole-associated microtubule depolymerase KLP10A increased spindle microtubule density. Depletion of either protein produced long spindles. After RNAi depletion of dynein-dynactin, we observed subtle but significant mislocalization of KLP10A and Asp, suggesting that dynein-dynactin, Asp, and KLP10A have complex interdependent functions in spindle pole focusing and centrosome attachment. These results extend recent findings from Xenopus extracts to Drosophila cultured cells and suggest that common pathways contribute to spindle pole organization and length determination.", "corpus_id": 1788927 }

{ "title": "The Drosophila Gene abnormal spindle Encodes a Novel Microtubule-associated Protein That Associates with the Polar Regions of the Mitotic Spindle", "abstract": "abnormal spindle, a gene required for normal spindle structure and function in Drosophila melanogaster, lies immediately adjacent the gene tolloid at 96A/B. It encodes a 220-kD polypeptide with a predicted pI of 10.8. The recessive mutant allele asp1 directs the synthesis of a COOH terminally truncated or internally deleted peptide of ∼124 kD. Wild-type Asp protein copurifies with microtubules and is not released by salt concentrations known to dissociate most other microtubule-associated proteins. The bacterially expressed NH2-terminal 512-amino acid peptide, which has a number of potential phosphorylation sites for p34cdc2 and MAP kinases, strongly binds to microtubules. The central 579-amino acid segment of the molecule contains one short motif homologous to sequences in a number of actin bundling proteins and a second motif present at the calmodulin binding sites of several proteins. Immunofluorescence studies show that the wild-type Asp protein is localized to the polar regions of the spindle immediately surrounding the centrosome. These findings are discussed in relation to the known spindle abnormalities in asp mutants.", "corpus_id": 15271084 }

{ "title": "Quest for Conception: Gender, Infertility and Egyptian Medical Traditions", "abstract": "In Quest for Conception, Marcia C. Inhorn portrays the poignant struggles of poor, urban Egyptian women and their attempts to overcome infertility. The author draws upon fifteen months of fieldwork in urban Egypt to present moving stories of infertile Muslim women whose tumultuous medical pilgrimages have yet to produce the desired pregnancies. Inhorn examines the devastating impact of infertility on the lives of these women, who are threatened with divorce by their husbands, harassed by their husbands' families, and ostracized by neighbors.", "corpus_id": 197765417, "score": 0 }

{ "title": "Virtual Equipment for benchmarking Predictive Maintenance algorithms", "abstract": "This paper presents a comparison of three algorithm types (Bayesian Networks, Random Forest and Linear Regression) for Predictive Maintenance on an implanter system in semiconductor manufacturing. The comparison studies are executed using a Virtual Equipment which serves as a testing environment for prediction algorithms prior to their implementation in a semiconductor manufacturing plant (fab). The Virtual Equipment uses input data that is based on historical fab data collected during multiple filament failure cycles. In an automated study, the input data is altered systematically, e.g. by adding noise, drift or maintenance effects, and used for predictions utilizing the created Predictive Maintenance models. The resulting predictions are compared to the actual time-to-failure and to each other. Multiple analysis methods are applied, resulting in a performance table.", "corpus_id": 699165 }

{ "title": "An adaptive machine learning decision system for flexible predictive maintenance", "abstract": "Process monitoring and Predictive Maintenance (PdM) are gaining increasing attention in most manufacturing environments as a means of reducing maintenance related costs and downtime. This is especially true in industries that are data intensive such as semiconductor manufacturing. In this paper an adaptive PdM based flexible maintenance scheduling decision support system, which pays particular attention to associated opportunity and risk costs, is presented. The proposed system, which employs Machine Learning and regularized regression methods, exploits new information as it becomes available from newly processed components to refine remaining useful life estimates and associated costs and risks. The system has been validated on a real industrial dataset related to an Ion Beam Etching process for semiconductor manufacturing.", "corpus_id": 1805813 }

{ "title": "A combined nonparametric approach to feature selection and binary decision tree design", "abstract": "Abstract An efficient procedure which integrates feature selection and binary decision tree construction is presented. The nonparametric approach is based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion which yields an optimal classification decision at each node. By combining the feature selection with the design of the classifier, only the most informative features are retained for classification.", "corpus_id": 11059508, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Genetic markers of white matter integrity in schizophrenia revealed by parallel ICA", "abstract": "It is becoming a consensus that white matter integrity is compromised in schizophrenia (SZ), however the underlying genetics remains elusive. Evidence suggests a polygenic basis of the disorder, which involves various genetic variants with modest individual effect sizes. In this work, we used a multivariate approach, parallel independent component analysis (P-ICA), to explore the genetic underpinnings of white matter abnormalities in SZ. A pre-filtering step was first applied to locate 6527 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) discriminating patients from controls with a nominal uncorrected p-value of 0.01. These potential susceptibility loci were then investigated for associations with fractional anisotropy (FA) images in a cohort consisting of 73 SZ patients and 87 healthy controls (HC). A significant correlation (r = −0.37, p = 1.25 × 10−6) was identified between one genetic factor and one FA component after controlling for scanning site, ethnicity, age, and sex. The identified FA-SNP association remained stable in a 10-fold validation. A 5000-run permutation test yielded a p-value of 2.00 × 10−4. The FA component reflected decreased white matter integrity in the forceps major for SZ patients. The SNP component was overrepresented in genes whose products are involved in corpus callosum morphology (e.g., CNTNAP2, NPAS3, and NFIB) as well as canonical pathways of synaptic long term depression and protein kinase A signaling. Taken together, our finding delineates a part of genetic architecture underlying SZ-related FA reduction, emphasizing the important role of genetic variants involved in neural development.", "corpus_id": 1650071 }

{ "title": "Polymorphisms in MIR137HG and microRNA-137-regulated genes influence gray matter structure in schizophrenia", "abstract": "Evidence suggests that microRNA-137 (miR-137) is involved in the genetic basis of schizophrenia. Risk variants within the miR-137 host gene (MIR137HG) influence structural and functional brain-imaging measures, and miR-137 itself is predicted to regulate hundreds of genes. We evaluated the influence of a MIR137HG risk variant (rs1625579) in combination with variants in miR-137-regulated genes TCF4, PTGS2, MAPK1 and MAPK3 on gray matter concentration (GMC). These genes were selected based on our previous work assessing schizophrenia risk within possible miR-137-regulated gene sets using the same cohort of subjects. A genetic risk score (GRS) was determined based on genotypes of these four schizophrenia risk-associated genes in 221 Caucasian subjects (89 schizophrenia patients and 132 controls). The effects of the rs1625579 genotype with the GRS of miR-137-regulated genes in a three-way interaction with diagnosis on GMC patterns were assessed using a multivariate analysis. We found that schizophrenia subjects homozygous for the MIR137HG risk allele show significant decreases in occipital, parietal and temporal lobe GMC with increasing miR-137-regulated GRS, whereas those carrying the protective minor allele show significant increases in GMC with GRS. No correlations of GMC and GRS were found in control subjects. Variants within or upstream of genes regulated by miR-137 in combination with the MIR137HG risk variant may influence GMC in schizophrenia-related regions in patients. Given that the genes evaluated here are involved in protein kinase A signaling, dysregulation of this pathway through alterations in miR-137 biogenesis may underlie the gray matter loss seen in the disease.", "corpus_id": 24598521 }

{ "title": "Current issues and new direction in Psychology and Health : Advancing the science of behavior change", "abstract": "Theories provide an explanatory framework for understanding the relation between constructs – whether they be features of the environment, psychological states, or biological markers – and in doing so inform the work conducted by all health psychologists. To this end, there is no shortage of articles that extol the virtue and value of theories. There are repeated calls for research and practice to be theoretically informed (e.g., Marteau, Dieppe, Foy, Kinmonth, & Schneiderman, 2006) and the creation of the new journal, Health Psychology Review, is motivated, in part, to enrich the role of theory in health psychology. But how do we treat this object of our affection? Despite a shared commitment to theory, there is a growing concern that we are not tending to our theories as well as we ought (Noar & Zimmerman, 2005; Rothman, 2004; Weinstein & Rothman, 2005). As Kurt Lewin once said, ‘‘There is nothing so practical as a good theory’’ (1951, p. 169). Although we share Lewin’s faith in the value of theory, it is essential that we recognize that it is predicated on the availability of good theories. Theories need to be nurtured by the community of researchers and practitioners. Over time, theoretical models should evolve, based on a series of activities in which formal predictions are derived from the theory and tested, with the results feeding back into our understanding of the theory. Through this process, our theories should be able to specify more precisely when findings will be obtained as well as the underlying processes that regulate those effects. For example, empirical work should allow investigators to transform the initial thesis that satisfaction is a critical determinant of sustained behavior change (Rothman,", "corpus_id": 16509102, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Optimal Forwarding in Delay-Tolerant Networks With Multiple Destinations", "abstract": "We study the tradeoff between delivery delay and energy consumption in a delay-tolerant network in which a message (or a file) has to be delivered to each of several destinations by epidemic relaying. In addition to the destinations, there are several other nodes in the network that can assist in relaying the message. We first assume that, at every instant, all the nodes know the number of relays carrying the message and the number of destinations that have received the message. We formulate the problem as a controlled continuous-time Markov chain and derive the optimal closed-loop control (i.e., forwarding policy). However, in practice, the intermittent connectivity in the network implies that the nodes may not have the required perfect knowledge of the system state. To address this issue, we obtain an ordinary differential equation (ODE) (i.e., a deterministic fluid) approximation for the optimally controlled Markov chain. This fluid approximation also yields an asymptotically optimal open-loop policy. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the deterministic policy over finite networks. Numerical results show that this policy performs close to the optimal closed-loop policy.", "corpus_id": 909296 }

{ "title": "Optimal control of information epidemics", "abstract": "In this work we address two problems concerning information propagation in a population: a) how to maximize the spread of a given message in the population within the stipulated time and b) how to create a given level of buzz- measured by the fraction of the population engaged in conversation on a topic of interest- at a specified time horizon. Arising in the context of two rather disparate networks- social and wireless vehicular networks, their importance in campaigning on social networks and security in vehicular networks can only be understated. Taking a mean-field route, we pose the two problems as continuous-time deterministic optimal control problems. We characterize optimal controls, present some numerical results and provide practical insights. Interestingly, the problems we address are antithesis to those in disease epidemics, which need to be contained rather than actively spread.", "corpus_id": 15301774 }

{ "title": "Improve Neighborhood Map Design by Using Kano's Model", "abstract": "Objective: Based on the result of users’ satisfaction survey of the neighborhood map, the classification of neighborhood information was studied.", "corpus_id": 32373903, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Phase function of a spherical particle when scattering an inhomogeneous electromagnetic plane wave.", "abstract": "In absorbing media, electromagnetic plane waves are most often inhomogeneous. Existing solutions for the scattering of an inhomogeneous plane wave by a spherical particle provide no explicit expressions for the scattering components. In addition, current analytical solutions require evaluation of the complex hypergeometric function F12 for every term of a series expansion. In this work, I develop a simpler solution based on associated Legendre functions with argument zero. It is similar to the solution for homogeneous plane waves but with new explicit expressions for the angular dependency of the far-field scattering components, that is, the phase function. I include recurrence formulas for practical evaluation and provide numerical examples to evaluate how well the new expressions match previous work in some limiting cases. The predicted difference in the scattering phase function due to inhomogeneity is not negligible for light entering an absorbing medium at an oblique angle. The presented theory could thus be useful for predicting scattering behavior in dye-based random lasing and in solar cell absorption enhancement.", "corpus_id": 4590480 }

{ "title": "Scattering of a damped inhomogeneous plane wave by a particle in a weakly absorbing medium", "abstract": "We use the volume integral equation formulation to consider frequency-domain electromagnetic scattering of a damped inhomogeneous plane wave by a particle immersed in an absorbing medium. We show that if absorption in the host medium is sufficiently weak and the particle size parameter is sufficiently small, then (i) the resulting formalism (including the far-field and radiative-transfer regimes) is largely the same as in the case of a nonabsorbing host medium, and (ii) one can bypass explicit use of sophisticated general solvers of the Maxwell equations applicable to inhomogeneous-wave illumination. These results offer dramatic simplifications for solving the scattering problem in a wide range of practical applications involving absorbing host media. © 2019 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement", "corpus_id": 199529383 }

{ "title": "N ov 2 01 1 Differential K-theory . A survey", "abstract": "Generalized differential cohomology theories, in particular differential K-theory (often called “smooth K-theory”), are becoming an important tool in differential geometry and in mathematical physics. In this survey, we describe the developments of the recent decades in this area. In particular, we discuss axiomatic characterizations of differential K-theory (and that these uniquely characterize differential K-theory). We describe several explicit constructions, based on vector bundles, on families of differential operators, or using homotopy theory and classifying spaces. We explain the most important properties, in particular about the multiplicative structure and push-forward maps and will state versions of the Riemann-Roch theorem and of Atiyah-Singer family index theorem for differential K-theory.", "corpus_id": 249371046, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "The uncertainty principle of cross-validation", "abstract": "Data miners have often to deal with data sets of limited size due to economic, timing and other constraints. Usually their task is twofold: to induce the most accurate model from a given dataset and to estimate the model's accuracy on future (unseen) examples. Cross-validation is the most common approach to estimating the true accuracy of a given model and it is based on splitting the available sample between a training set and a validation set. The practical experience shows that any cross-validation method suffers from either an optimistic or a pessimistic bias in some domains. In this paper, we present a series of large-scale experiments on artificial and real-world datasets, where we study the relationship between the model's true accuracy and its cross-validation estimator. Two stable classification algorithms (ID3 and info-fuzzy network) are used for inducing each model. The results of our experiments have a striking resemblance to the well-known Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: the more accurate is a model induced from a small amount of real-world data, the less reliable are the values of simultaneously measured cross-validation estimates. We suggest calling this phenomenon \"the uncertainty principle of cross-validation\".", "corpus_id": 1694309 }

{ "title": "Improving Stability of Decision Trees", "abstract": "Decision-tree algorithms are known to be unstable: small variations in the training set can result in different trees and different predictions for the same validation examples. Both accuracy and stability can be improved by learning multiple models from bootstrap samples of training data, but the \"meta-learner\" approach makes the extracted knowledge hardly interpretable. In the following paper, we present the Info-Fuzzy Network (IFN), a novel information-theoretic method for building stable and comprehensible decision-tree models. The stability of the IFN algorithm is ensured by restricting the tree structure to using the same feature for all nodes of the same tree level and by the built-in statistical significance tests. The IFN method is shown empirically to produce more compact and stable models than the \"meta-learner\" techniques, while preserving a reasonable level of predictive accuracy.", "corpus_id": 9849494 }

{ "title": "Concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting and subclavian revascularization.", "abstract": "The optimal revascularization strategy for patients with subclavian and coronary artery disease has not yet been established. A few reports exist regarding the management of patients who have both occlusive disease of the subclavian arteries and coronary artery disease. We present a case simultaneously treated with CABG and subclavian artery revascularization. The prosthetic graft was brought to the distal segment of the subclavian artery through the clavicle while keeping the pleura intact and anastomosed to the superior surface of the artery. Aortosubclavian bypass with coronary artery bypass may be an effective option for patients with coexisting subclavian and coronary artery disease.", "corpus_id": 1977457, "score": 0 }

{ "title": "A conditional model of deduplication for multi-type relational data", "abstract": "Abstract : Record deduplication is the task of merging database records that refer to the same underlying entity. In relational databases, accurate deduplication for records of one type is often dependent on the merge decisions made for records of other types. Whereas nearly all previous approaches have merged records of different types independently, this work models these inter-dependencies explicitly to collectively deduplicate records of multiple types. We construct a conditional random field model of deduplication that captures these relational dependencies, and then employ a novel relational partitioning algorithm to jointly deduplicate records. We evaluate the system on two citation matching datasets, for which we deduplicate both papers and venues. We show that by collectively deduplicating paper and venue deduplication, and up to a 20% error reduction in paper deduplication over competing methods.", "corpus_id": 9874024 }

{ "title": "Holistic Query Evaluation over Information Extraction Pipelines", "abstract": null, "corpus_id": 9512778 }

{ "title": "A Gait Analysis Approach to Track Parkinson's Disease Evolution Using Principal Component Analysis", "abstract": "A research work is reproducible when all research artifacts such as as text, data, figure and code are available for independent researchers reproduce the results. In this paper, we present a reproducible gait analysis to track Parkinson's Disease evolution by monitoring walking abnormalities. Weapplied Principal Component Analysis into gait data to detect user's abnormalities that may indicate the progression of Parkinson's Disease. We validated our approach with a public database of foot sensor data, which includes vertical ground reaction force records of subjects with healthy gait and Parkinson's Disease patients. We used the euclidean distance asdata classifier. We reached a classification accuracy of 81.00% with leave-one-out cross-validation, which demonstrates the feasibility of our approach for tracking PD's symptoms based on user gait. All relevant data to reproduce our results are available in a public web page.", "corpus_id": 9623923, "score": -1 }

{ "title": "Trustworthiness Assessment of Wireless Sensor Data for Business Applications", "abstract": "Nowadays, Wireless Sensor Networks appear to be mature enough to be used by Business Applications. These applications rely on trustworthy sensor data to control business processes. In this paper, we propose an approach to assess the trustworthiness of sensor data during their lifecycle, from acquisition at the nodes, through processing, to delivery to Business Applications. We rely on the subjective logic framework [10] to compute the probability that sensor data are trustworthy enough to be used by applications. With the definition of new operators for subjective logic, we develop a trust model, that allows to detect erroneous sensor data which are originated either unintentionally due to defective sensor nodes or intentionally by attackers.", "corpus_id": 267344 }

{ "title": "Provenance-Based Information Trustworthiness Evaluation in Multi-Hop Networks", "abstract": "In this paper, we present a trust model to evaluate the trustworthiness of information as well as the information publishing nodes based on the information provenance. We consider two factors in evaluating the provenance-based information trust: Path Similarity and Information Similarity. In multihop networks, information can flow through multiple hops from multiple paths. We model the similarity between different paths which deliver information about the same event and the similarity between two information items about the same event which are delivered through different paths. Both path and information similarity factors are considered in determining the trust of the information. This information trust is indeed used as a feedback factor to adaptively adjust trust of the nodes in the network. Detailed analysis of the proposed approach is presented along with simulation results for validation.", "corpus_id": 3420287 }

{ "title": "Core: a collaborative reputation mechanism to enforce node cooperation in mobile ad hoc networks", "abstract": "Countermeasures for node misbehavior and selfishness are mandatory requirements in MANET. Selfishness that causes lack of node activity cannot be solved by classical security means that aim at verifying the correctness and integrity of an operation. We suggest a generic mechanism based on reputation to enforce cooperation among the nodes of a MANET to prevent selfish behavior. Each network entity keeps track of other entities’ collaboration using a technique called reputation. The reputation is calculated based on various types of information on each entity’s rate of collaboration. Since there is no incentive for a node to maliciously spread negative information about other nodes, simple denial of service attacks using the collaboration technique itself are prevented. The generic mechanism can be smoothly extended to basic network functions with little impact on existing protocols.", "corpus_id": 7925947, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Electrospun CeO 2 -ZnO Nanofibers Analyzed by Electron Probe Microanalyzer", "abstract": "Nanofibers have gained much interest due to their wide range of applications as gas sensors, filters, super-capacitors, solid-oxide fuel cells, and catalysts. Preparation of one dimensional (1D) nanofibers and nanocomposites via electrospinning is a simple technique, which does not require any chemical precursors in the reactions. It is known that ceria (cerium dioxide, CeO2) possesses a fluorite-type facecentered cubic structure. Such an isotropic structure makes it hard to synthesize 1D material through conventional chemical reactions [1], and thus most of the research on ceria involved nanoparticles. Recently, ceria nanobelts were synthesized by electrodeposition [1], and nanorods by a hydrothermal reaction [2]. However, the nanobelts or nanorods showed limited aspect ratios. Using electrospinning, instead, long ceria nanofibers could be prepared [3]. In this work, we use an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) to analyze the ceria nanofibers with chemical dopants.", "corpus_id": 4824064 }

{ "title": "Progress in Research and Application of Micro-Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy", "abstract": "Abstract The technique of micro-laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (μLIBS) usually refers to analyzing the surface of the sample using a compact focused laser beam in the optical microscope range. Compared to conventional laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), it can provide more abundant form, structure, and content information on a smaller, less sample condition. Hence, the application field is very wide. In this paper, the basic status of μLIBS in the selection of laser source and the structure of optical path system is introduced, and its application in metal, semiconductor, animal and plant fields is reviewed. The existing problems and potential development direction is pointed out.", "corpus_id": 105027928 }

{ "title": "Broadband dye-sensitized upconversion of near-infrared light", "abstract": "Photon upconversion of near-infrared photons is a promising way to overcome the Shockley–Queisser efficiency limit of 32% of a single-junction solar cell. However, the practical applicability of the most efficient known upconversion materials at moderate light intensities is limited by their extremely weak and narrowband near-infrared absorption. Here, we introduce the concept of an upconversion material where an organic near-infrared dye is used as an antenna for the b-NaYF4:Yb,Er nanoparticles in which the upconversion occurs. The overall upconversion by the dye-sensitized nanoparticles is dramatically enhanced (by a factor of ∼3,300) as a result of increased absorptivity and overall broadening of the absorption spectrum of the upconverter. The proposed concept can be extended to cover any part of the solar spectrum by using a set of dye molecules with overlapping absorption spectra acting as an extremely broadband antenna system, connected to suitable upconverters.", "corpus_id": 18445668, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Iraqi and Kurdish Cultural Values in the Semi-Autonomous State of Kurdistan", "abstract": "This paper explores the cultural values of Kurdistan, a semi-autonomous region of Northern Iraq. An assessment of individuals from both Arab and Kurdish ethnicities was conducted using Hofstede’s 5-D model of cultural values. Some significant differences were found between the two groups. The results of this study indicate that both ethnic groups in Kurdistan possess a low power distance and shortterm orientation. Both ethnic groups rate relatively high on measures of individualism. However, the data revealed that there are significant differences between the two groups in terms of masculinity and uncertainty avoidance. Implications of Kurdistan’s cultural composite relative to economic development, political progress, and management practice are discussed.", "corpus_id": 153795839 }

{ "title": "Reclaiming the heterogeneity of the Arab states", "abstract": "Purpose: This paper addresses the clustering of seven Arab States within Hofstede’s national culture dimensions, and its implications for international firms targeting the MENA region. We argue that reexamining the Arab States’ national cultures can provide interested firms with a better understanding of the differences and similarities between them. Design/methodology/approach: The paper utilized Hofstede’s VSM 13 questionnaire to measure the seven Arab States on all six dimensions. The research’s translation and methods were overseen by Hofstede and approved before subsequent analysis. In total, 1400 surveys were disseminated to the Arab States, 200 for each country. Findings: We found evidence that national cultural differences do exist across the Arab States, and discuss implications for international firms wishing to enter or expand in the region. Research limitations/implications: Because of the chosen research approach, the research results may lack generalisability. As such, the present study can be extended to include more countries to provide a better comparison of different national cultures. Practical implications: The present study also provides international firms with updated figures for comparison and a better understanding of the region’s national culture and its implications and potential for international firms. Originality/value: The present study is the first attempt to empirically un-cluster Hofstede’s original Arab States’ sample using both Hofstede’s own methodology, thereby negating assumptions of a homogenous Arab national culture and region.", "corpus_id": 225252642 }

{ "title": "Are Hofstede's and Schwartz's value frameworks congruent?", "abstract": "Purpose – The purpose of this study is to propose an alternative basis for calculating cultural distance scores using Schwartz's cultural values.Design/methodology/approach – Cultural distance scores were calculated for 23 countries, based on the two most common measures of cultural difference (four cultural dimensions and Schwartz's 1994 culture level values), following Kogut and Singh's formula. Correlation analysis was used to assess the congruency between these two bases of cultural distance. In addition, their relationship with international trade figures was assessed, to understand how well each framework predicts the amount of trade between countries.Findings – Inter‐country distances between 23 countries suggest that the two bases of cultural distance were not congruent. While the correlation between both cultural distance measures and international trade suggested a negative relationship, as expected, only cultural distance based on Schwartz's values was significantly related to international tra...", "corpus_id": 143452479, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Body mass index in blunt trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock: opposite ends of the body mass index spectrum portend poor outcome.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nThere are controversial data on the relationship between trauma and body mass index. We investigated this relationship in traumatic hemorrhagic shock.\n\n\nMETHODS\nThe \"Glue Grant\" database was analyzed, stratifying patients into underweight, normal weight (NW), overweight, Class I obesity, Class II obesity, and Class III obesity. Predictors of mortality and surgical interventions were statistically determined.\n\n\nRESULTS\nOne thousand nine hundred seventy-six patients were included with no difference in injury severity between groups. Marshall's score was elevated in overweight (5.3 ± 2.7, P = .016), Class I obesity (5.8 ± 2.7, P < .001), Class II obesity (5.9 ± 2.8, P < .001), and Class III obesity (6.3 ± 3.0, P < .001) compared with NW (4.8 ± 2.6). Underweight had higher lactate (4.8 ± 4.2 vs 3.3 ± 2.5, P = .04), were 4 times more likely to die (odds ratio 3.87, confidence interval 2.22 to 6.72), and were more likely to undergo a laparotomy (odds ratio 2.06, confidence interval 1.31 to 3.26) than NW.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nEarly assessment of body mass index, with active management of complications in each class, may reduce mortality in traumatic hemorrhagic shock.", "corpus_id": 760450 }

{ "title": "Risk factors for intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome among adult intensive care unit patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "abstract": "IntroductionAlthough intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality among critically ill adults, it remains unknown if prevention or treatment of these conditions improves patient outcomes. We sought to identify evidence-based risk factors for IAH and ACS in order to guide identification of the source population for future IAH/ACS treatment trials and to stratify patients into risk groups based on prognosis.MethodsWe searched electronic bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Database from 1950 until January 21, 2013) and reference lists of included articles for observational studies reporting risk factors for IAH or ACS among adult ICU patients. Identified risk factors were summarized using formal narrative synthesis techniques alongside a random effects meta-analysis.ResultsAmong 1,224 citations identified, 14 studies enrolling 2,500 patients were included. The 38 identified risk factors for IAH and 24 for ACS could be clustered into three themes and eight subthemes. Large volume crystalloid resuscitation, the respiratory status of the patient, and shock/hypotension were common risk factors for IAH and ACS that transcended across presenting patient populations. Risk factors with pooled evidence supporting an increased risk for IAH among mixed ICU patients included obesity (four studies; odds ratio (OR) 5.10; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.92 to 13.58), sepsis (two studies; OR 2.38; 95% CI, 1.34 to 4.23), abdominal surgery (four studies; OR 1.93; 95% CI, 1.30 to 2.85), ileus (two studies; OR 2.05; 95% CI, 1.40 to 2.98), and large volume fluid resuscitation (two studies; OR 2.17; 95% CI, 1.30 to 3.63). Among trauma and surgical patients, large volume crystalloid resuscitation and markers of shock/hypotension and metabolic derangement/organ failure were risk factors for IAH and ACS while increased disease severity scores and elevated creatinine were risk factors for ACS in severe acute pancreatitis patients.ConclusionsAlthough several IAH/ACS risk factors transcend across presenting patient diagnoses, some appear specific to the population under study. As our findings were somewhat limited by included study methodology, the risk factors reported in this study should be considered candidate risk factors until confirmed by a large prospective multi-centre observational study.", "corpus_id": 2646849 }

{ "title": "Excess Body Weight Is Not Independently Associated with Outcome in Mechanically Ventilated Patients with Acute Lung Injury", "abstract": "Context Although obesity poses many health risks, clinicians have been uncertain whether excess body weight adversely affects the outcomes of severe illnesses such as acute lung injury requiring mechanical ventilation. Contribution Among patients in a trial of mechanical ventilation strategies, obese patients and lean patients had similar mortality and ventilation outcomes. Implications Physicians should not assume that intubated obese patients fare worse than those who are of normal weight. Whether excess body weight puts patients at risk for poor outcomes in other types of critical illness is a subject for future study. The Editors Sixty-four percent of U.S. adults are overweight or obese, and this trend is accelerating (1, 2). Despite the well-described chronic health consequences of excess weight (3), we know little about the effect of obesity on outcomes from acute illnesses, particularly those requiring admission to the intensive care unit. Obese patients have a greater prevalence of comorbid conditions that may affect outcome (3), and they experience physiologic changes (4, 5) that may impair their ability to compensate for the stresses of critical illness. Because of these findings, conventional wisdom holds that obesity increases mortality and morbidity for patients in the intensive care unit. However, an independent effect of obesity on outcome from critical illness has never been conclusively demonstrated. If, in fact, obese persons are at risk, investigators should determine the mechanism of this increased risk and target interventions to this group. Acute lung injury is an inflammatory pulmonary condition associated with a variety of initiating insults. Acute lung injury is a frequent cause of respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation and a common indication for admission to the intensive care unit. The reported mortality rate is 40% to 60% (6). We performed a secondary analysis of a randomized trial of ventilator management in patients with acute lung injury (7) to better describe the influence of excess body weight on the outcome of critical illness. In that trial, patients randomly assigned to low tidal volume had better outcomes than patients assigned to high tidal volume. The experimental protocols for this trial required measurement of height to determine assigned tidal volume. This measurement also allowed calculation of body mass index (BMI) for each patient, a variable not often recorded for critically ill patients. Some argue that larger tidal volumes are beneficial for obese patients requiring mechanical ventilation (8). This raises concern that patients with different BMIs may require different ventilator strategies. By evaluating the interaction between the assigned ventilator protocol and BMI, we were able to determine whether the beneficial effect of lower tidal volume extends to obese patients with acute lung injury. Methods Setting and Sample We examined data on patients who participated in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's multicenter, randomized trials of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network (7, 9, 10). Of the 902 patients in these studies, the first 861 participated in a randomized trial of mechanical ventilation that compared lower tidal volume with higher tidal volume (6 mL/kg of predicted body weight vs. 12 mL/kg, respectively). In a factorial design, 2 other trials evaluated ketoconazole versus placebo (234 patients) or lisofylline versus placebo (194 patients). After the ventilator trial ended because it showed a significant benefit associated with lower tidal volumes, an additional 41 patients received lisofylline or placebo plus the lower tidal volume strategy. Neither lisofylline (9) nor ketoconazole (10) affected outcomes of acute lung injury. Details of these studies and inclusion and exclusion criteria are described elsewhere (7, 9, 10). In brief, patients were eligible if they required mechanical ventilation and met diagnostic criteria for acute lung injury. Patients with a weight-to-height ratio (kilograms divided by centimeters) of 1.0 or greater were excluded. Analysis was done on an intention-to-treat basis. Measures of Excess Body Weight We used BMI as a measure of the degree of excess body weight. We calculated BMI from data in enrollment documents by dividing the patient's body weight in kilograms by the square of his or her height in meters. Ventilator and Weaning Protocols The protocol for mechanical ventilator management is described elsewhere (7). The major difference between the two study groups was the selected tidal volume. Investigators calculated predicted body weight from the patient's height and sex and used this predicted weight to determine the initial tidal volume for each patient. In the group assigned to higher tidal volumes, the initial tidal volume was 12 mL/kg of predicted body weight. In the group treated with lower tidal volumes, the initial tidal volume was 6 mL/kg. Investigators performed a daily weaning screen on every patient in an attempt to standardize the process of liberation from mechanical ventilation. Outcome Measures The primary outcome measure was survival to 28 days after study enrollment. Secondary dependent variables included achievement of unassisted ventilation by day 28, survival to discharge to home or to 180 days (the duration of follow-up in the primary studies), and the number of ventilator-free days. Unassisted ventilation was defined as liberation from mechanical ventilation for 48 or more consecutive hours. The number of ventilator-free days is the number of days of unassisted ventilation from day 1 to day 28. Statistical Analysis We performed unadjusted analyses by comparing values for patients across the 3 BMI categories (normal vs. overweight vs. obese) for outcome variables of interest and for other predictors. Unadjusted associations between other predictors and the outcomes were also explored. We used a 2-sided Fisher exact test for dichotomous variables; a 2-sided likelihood ratio chi-square test for nondichotomous categorical variables; and a KruskalWallis test, analysis of variance, or Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables, as appropriate. We constructed correlation matrices to guide regression estimation. We used logistic regression for the dichotomous outcome variables and linear regression for the continuous outcome variables. To estimate the base regressions, we selected variables for inclusion on the basis of several considerations, including significant differences in unadjusted analyses and clinical relevance. Among variables with a correlation greater than 0.50, only 1 was considered for inclusion to minimize multicollinearity. Variables that were thought to be strongly clinically relevant to the outcome and those found to have a statistically significant unadjusted effect (P < 0.05) were ultimately included in the base model. Variables in addition to those in Table 1 that were evaluated for inclusion were study site, ethnicity, diagnosis of diabetes, peak glucose level within 24 hours of enrollment, nonpulmonary organ failures, use of vasopressors, fluid balance in the 24 hours before study entry, and pneumonia as primary cause of lung injury. Unless otherwise stated, variables reflected the patient's clinical state at the time of study enrollment. Table 1. Characteristics of the Sample After estimation of the base regressions, we forced the indicators of excess body weight into the model and determined their predictive values. We performed analyses in several different ways. We used the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute divisions of BMI to categorize patients as normal weight (BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2), or obese (BMI 30 kg/m2). To test any effect across BMI category, we used a categorical variable with 2 degrees of freedom in the regression. Because of concern that we would not be able to detect an effect that was nonincremental, we compared the overweight BMI group with the normal BMI group and the obese BMI group with the normal BMI group. To examine whether the efficacy of lower tidal volume ventilation varied by degree of excess body weight, we estimated the interaction effects between BMI group and assignment to the higher tidal volume protocol. Because the interaction effects between BMI category and treatment assignment were not significant (as tested by using a likelihood ratio test with 2 degrees of freedom), a main effects model was fit. This likelihood-ratio test was also used to test the significance of the 3-category BMI variable. To examine the patients with extreme excess body weight, patients were divided into 4 BMI categories (normal, overweight, obese [BMI of 30 to 39.9 kg/m2], and severely obese [BMI 40 kg/m2]). This categorical variable with 3 degrees of freedom was also tested in the regression. In addition to these analyses, we also used BMI as a continuous variable. Because critically ill patients often receive fluid resuscitation or diuresis, we recalculated BMI as adjusted for the net fluid balance for each patient over the 24 hours before study entry (fluid-adjusted BMI). Negative fluid balances were added to the patient's body weight and positive fluid balances were subtracted from his or her weight to calculate BMI. We substituted the median fluid balance for the patient's study site if the individual fluid balance was unavailable (51 records). We used a MantelHaenszel chi-square test for the ordinally categorical variables and a Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables. Pearson chi-square test produced results similar (P > 0.2) to those of the MantelHaenszel test. We used SAS software, version 8.02 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina), for all analyses. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Protection of Human Subjects The institutional review boards of each participating center approved the primary studies. Patients or their sur", "corpus_id": 29522658, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Mobile authentication over hand-waving", "abstract": "This article contains information about the ability to authenticate a user on the movements of the smartphone in his hand during user interaction with the screen. Currently, user authentication based on their individual characteristics is very popular. The article considers one of the methods of authentication based on behavioral biometrics. Using the proposed model of the application The possibility of recognizing the user on the movement of the hand with the smartphone was evaluated. An application model for continuous user authentication is proposed, which uses hand-waving as an authentication tool.", "corpus_id": 10107740 }

{ "title": "Cell phone-based biometric identification", "abstract": "Mobile devices are becoming increasingly sophisticated and now incorporate many diverse and powerful sensors. The latest generation of smart phones is especially laden with sensors, including GPS sensors, vision sensors (cameras), audio sensors (microphones), light sensors, temperature sensors, direction sensors (compasses), and acceleration sensors. In this paper we describe and evaluate a system that uses phone-based acceleration sensors, called accelerometers, to identify and authenticate cell phone users. This form of behavioral biometrie identification is possible because a person's movements form a unique signature and this is reflected in the accelerometer data that they generate. To implement our system we collected accelerometer data from thirty-six users as they performed normal daily activities such as walking, jogging, and climbing stairs, aggregated this time series data into examples, and then applied standard classification algorithms to the resulting data to generate predictive models. These models either predict the identity of the individual from the set of thirty-six users, a task we call user identification, or predict whether (or not) the user is a specific user, a task we call user authentication. This work is notable because it enables identification and authentication to occur unobtrusively, without the users taking any extra actions-all they need to do is carry their cell phones. There are many uses for this work. For example, in environments where sharing may take place, our work can be used to automatically customize a mobile device to a user. It can also be used to provide device security by enabling usage for only specific users and can provide an extra level of identity verification.", "corpus_id": 3189450 }

{ "title": "Estimation of Safe Sensor Measurements of Autonomous System Under Attack", "abstract": "The introduction of automation in cyber-physical systems (CPS) has raised major safety and security concerns. One attack vector is the sensing unit whose measurements can be manipulated by an adversary through attacks such as denial of service and delay injection. To secure an autonomous CPS from such attacks, we use a challenge response authentication (CRA) technique for detection of attack in active sensors data and estimate safe measurements using the recursive least square algorithm. For demonstrating effectiveness of our proposed approach, a car-follower model is considered where the follower vehicle's radar sensor measurements are manipulated in an attempt to cause a collision.", "corpus_id": 13797632, "score": -1 }

{ "title": "Early histology in ankylosing spondylitis related spondylodiscitis supports its inflammatory origin", "abstract": "It is unclear whether the destructive lesions of the vertebral bodies in the spondylodiscitis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are related to mechanical stress or inflammation. We describe early immunohistopathological findings in an AS patient with severe symptomatic spondylodiscitis that support an inflammatory origin.", "corpus_id": 2524188 }

{ "title": "Variable histopathology of discovertebral lesion (spondylodiscitis) of ankylosing spondylitis.", "abstract": "Extensive discovertebral lesion is an infrequent complication of long-standing ankylosing spondylitis. Reported histopathological descriptions vary from predominantly inflammatory to fibrous granulation with reactive bone formation. We report variable histological findings in four symptomatic patients with extensive discovertebral lesions who required spinal fusion.", "corpus_id": 34133539 }

{ "title": "Asymptomatic spondylodiscitis. An unusual feature of ankylosing spondylitis.", "abstract": "Six patients with ankylosing spondylitis were found to have asymptomatic spondylodiscitis. They have been followed for a mean of 17 years and have been free of symptoms or complications from this lesion. This benign asymptomatic course has not been stressed by previous authors.", "corpus_id": 5540000, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Nutritional risk in allogeneic stem cell transplantation: rationale for a tailored nutritional pathway", "abstract": "Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation carries nutrition-related risks. Therefore, nutritional therapy needs to be initiated before transplantation even takes place. We assessed nutritional risk among patients who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation. We assessed nutrient supply (calorie supply and protein supply) by chart review. Assessments were made from the pretreatment phase of transplantation to after the end of parenteral nutrition in 51 patients who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation at Shizuoka Cancer Center between 2007 and 2012. We compared nutrition-related adverse events and parameters between two groups: those in whom % loss of body weight was ≥7.5 and those in whom % loss of body weight was <7.5. A correlation was observed between changes in weight and skeletal muscle mass (r = 0.89; P < 0.0001). A weak correlation was observed between % loss of body weight and nutrient supply of calories (r = 0.517; P = 0.0001). There were significant differences between the % loss of body weight ≥7.5 group and the % loss of body weight <7.5 group in the following variables: % loss of body weight, nutrient supply from calories and protein; orally ingested nutrient supply from calories and protein; start day of oral intake; and acute graft-versus-host disease. Orally ingested calories were negatively correlated with nutrition-related adverse events in both groups. Early and customized nutritional intervention may be optimal for all patients who undergo allogeneic stem cell transplantation to ameliorate body weight loss associated with nutrition-related adverse events.", "corpus_id": 544122 }

{ "title": "Body composition as a determinant of energy expenditure: a synthetic review and a proposed general prediction equation.", "abstract": "Differences in body composition have often been examined in conjunction with measurements of energy expenditure in men and women. Numerous studies during the past decade examined the relationship between resting energy expenditure (REE) and the components of a two-compartment model of composition, namely the fat-free mass (FFM) and the fat mass (FM). A synthetic review of these studies confirms a primary correlation between REE and FFM in adults over a broad range of body weights. A generalized prediction equation is proposed as REE = 370 +/- 21.6 x FFM. This equation explains 65-90% of the variation in REE. Several studies suggest, further, that FFM predicts total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) equally well. An independent contribution by FM to the prediction of either REE or TDEE is not supported for the general population, perhaps reflecting the relative constancy of the absolute FM in nonobese individuals. In the subset of obese women, FM may be a significant predictor.", "corpus_id": 4512576 }

{ "title": "Chromosome 15 abnormalities and the Prader-Willi syndrome: a follow-up report of 40 cases.", "abstract": "High-resolution chromosome analysis and multiple banding techniques were performed on blood samples from 40 patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) as a follow-up to our recent report in which we found interstitial deletions of 15q in four of five patients with this syndrome. Of the 40 new patients, 19 had interstitial del(15q), one had an apparently balanced 15;15 translocation, and one was mos46,XX/47,XX+idic(15) (pter leads to q11::q11 leads to pter). These data confirm our previous report and demonstrate that half of all patients with the clinical diagnosis of PWS have chromosome abnormalities involving chromosome 15 detectable by high-resolution methods. Although the majority of these involve a specific deletion of bands 15q11-q12, other alterations of chromosome 15 may be present.", "corpus_id": 46241819, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Complement-protected amphotropic retroviruses from murine packaging cells.", "abstract": "The application of retroviruses generated from murine cells for in vivo gene therapy is restricted primarily because of the rapid inactivation of these viruses by the human complement system. To circumvent this disadvantageous property of murine retroviruses we have generated infectious amphotropic retroviruses that exhibit strong protection against human complement attack. The membrane of these viruses contains a fusion protein, DAFF2A, that is composed of the catalytic domain of the human complement regulatory protein (CRP) decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and the envelope protein of the amphotropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV) 4070A (EnvA). The fusion of two other CRPs, MCP and CD59, to the same amphotropic Env moiety did not lead to equivalent results. The fusion protein DAFF2A was stably expressed in mouse NIH 3T3-based helper cells and independently identified with either alpha-DAF MAb or alpha-Env PAb on the cell membrane. Western blot analysis confirmed the expected molecular weight of the fusion protein. Viral titers obtained from NIH 3T3 helper cell pools were 5 x 10(5) CFU for wild-type amphotropic EnvA virus and 1 x 10(5) CFU for DAFF2A virus, respectively. By blocking the catalytic domain of DAF by pretreatment with alpha-DAF MAb DAFF2A, recombinant virions could be converted to wild-type with respect to sensitivity against human serum. Since the method for producing virions that are protected against human serum should be applicable to any cell type it offers a novel tool for human in vivo gene therapy.", "corpus_id": 426609 }

{ "title": "Transcriptional control of SV40 T-antigen expression allows a complete reversion of immortalization.", "abstract": "Conditional proliferation of mouse embryo fibroblasts was achieved with a novel autoregulatory vector for Tet-dependent expression of the SV40 T-antigen. The majority of cell clones that were isolated under induced conditions showed strict regulation of cell growth. Status switches were found to be fully reversible and highly reproducible with respect to gene expression characteristics. A consequence of T-antigen expression is a significant deregulation of >400 genes. Deinduced cells turn to rest in G0/G1 phase and exhibit a senescent phenotype. The cells are not oncogenic and no evidence for transformation was found after several months of cultivation. Conditional immortalization allows diverse studies including those on cellular activities without the influence of the immortalizing gene(s), senescence as well as secondary effects from T-antigen expression.", "corpus_id": 7489537 }

{ "title": "Highly Uneven Distribution of Tenofovir-Selected Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Different Anatomical Sites of Rhesus Macaques", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Antiviral tenofovir monotherapy was used to determine whether drug-selected simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) variants replaced their wild-type progenitors at the same rate in different tissues of six rhesus macaques. The relative frequencies of drug-resistant and wild-type genotypes were measured longitudinally in blood and in 23 lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues collected at necropsy. The mutant/wild-type genotype ratio was measured using a heteroduplex tracking assay targeting tenofovir-selected SIV reverse transcriptase codons. After the initiation of tenofovir treatment in animals with high steady-state viremia levels, resistant genotypes emerged in the plasma within 1 to 8 weeks and in five of six cases reached frequencies of nearly 100% within 4 to 25 weeks. The appearance of tenofovir-resistant genotypes in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) DNA was generally delayed by 1 to 2 weeks and in one case was completely absent. Necropsies performed 8 to 55 weeks after the initiation of tenofovir treatment showed the frequency of resistant SIV genotypes to be generally higher in tissue RNA than DNA fractions. The frequency of drug-resistant genotypes varied widely between anatomical sites, including different lymph nodes of the same animal. Except for the epidydimis, the tissues with the lowest rates of proviral replacement by tenofovir-resistant genotypes differed between animals. The highly uneven distribution of tenofovir-resistant genotypes in different tissues seen shortly after the initiation of tenofovir monotherapy may reflect differences in local antiviral drug selection pressures and/or the stochastic effect of small effective populations of drug-resistant variants randomly seeding different anatomical sites early in therapy.", "corpus_id": 22634548, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Transmultiplexer integer-to-integer filter banks", "abstract": "Transmultiplexers equipped with integer-to-integer filters can be applied for transmitting coded signals or computer data. The new method of transmultiplexer filter design is presented.", "corpus_id": 7769264 }

{ "title": "Orthogonal transmultiplexers in communication: a review", "abstract": "This paper presents conventional and emerging applications of orthogonal synthesis/analysis transform configurations (transmultiplexer) in communications. It emphasizes that orthogonality is the underlying concept in the design of many communication systems. It is shown that orthogonal filter banks (subband transforms) with proper time-frequency features can play a more important role in the design of new systems. The general concepts of filter bank theory are tied together with the application-specific requirements of several different communication systems. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to increase the visibility of emerging communication applications of orthogonal filter banks and to generate more research activity in the signal processing community on these topics.", "corpus_id": 14776754 }

{ "title": "A new application of adaptive noise cancellation", "abstract": "A new application of Widrow's adaptive noise cancellation (ANC) is presented in this paper. Specifically, the method is applied to the case where an acoustic barrier exists between the primary and reference microphones. By updating the coefficients of the noise estimation filter only during silence, it is shown that ANC can provide substantial noise reduction with little speech distortion even when the acoustic barrier provides only moderate attenuation of acoustic signals. The use of the modified ANC method is evaluated using an oxygen facemask worn by fighter aircraft pilots. Experiments demonstrate that if a noise field is created using a single source, 11 dB signal-to-noise ratio improvements can be achieved by attaching a reference microphone to the exterior of the facemask. The length of the ANC filter required for this particular environment is only 50 points.", "corpus_id": 35872152, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Face sketch recognition by Local Radon Binary Pattern: LRBP", "abstract": "In this paper, we propose a new face descriptor to directly match face photos and sketches of different modalities, called Local Radon Binary Pattern (LRBP). LRBP is inspired by the fact that the shape of a face photo and its corresponding sketch is similar, even when the sketch is exaggerated by an artist. Therefore, the shape of face can be exploited to compute features which are robust against modality differences between face photo and sketch. In LRBP framework, the characteristics of face shape are captured by transforming face image into Radon space. Then, micro-information of face shape in new space is encoded by Local Binary Pattern (LBP). Finally, LRBP is computed by concatenating histograms of local LBPs. In order to capture both local and global characteristics of face shape, LRBP is extracted in a spatial pyramid fashion. Experiments on CUFS and CUFSF datasets indicate the efficiency of LRBP for face sketch recognition.", "corpus_id": 1529460 }

{ "title": "Face Sketch Recognition from Local Features", "abstract": "Systems for face sketch recognition are very important for law enforcement agencies. These systems can help to locate or narrow down potential suspects. Recently, various methods were proposed to address this problem, but there is no clear comparison of their performance. In this paper is proposed a new approach for photo/sketch recognition based on the Local Feature-based Discriminant Analysis (LFDA) method. This new approach was tested and compared with its predecessors using three differents datasets and also adding an extra gallery of 10,000 photos to extend the gallery. Experiments using the CUFS and CUFSF databases show that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches. Our approach also shows good results with forensic sketches. The limitation with this dataset is its very small size. By increasing the training dataset, the accuracy of our approach increases, as it was demonstrated by our experiments.", "corpus_id": 8298659 }

{ "title": "Characteristics of the chemostat culture of murine leukemia L 1210 cells.", "abstract": "Abstract Mouse leukemia L 1210 cells were cultivated under glucose limitation in a chemostat. More than 20 steady-states were established over 9 different dilution rates ranging from 0.20 day −1 (cell doubling time 83 h) to 2.0 days −1 (cell doubling time 8.3 h). The steady-states were characterized by: a constant cell number, constant cell volume, constant concentrations of DNA, RNA, and L-lactate (in the culture supernatant), a constant percentage of cells labelled by autoradiography, and constant rate of incorporation of [ 3 H]TdR, [ 3 H]uridine, and 14 C-labelled amino acids into cellular acid-precipitable material. Individual steady-states were maintained for periods up to 600 h continuous operation of the chemostat. A maximum output of 66.4 × 10 6 cells/h was obtained at a dilution rate of 1.3 day −1 . The glucose substrate constant was determined as 0.0063 mg/ml. The relationships between dilution rate and the steady-state cell concentration, glucose concentration, and output of L 1210 cells from the chemostat, were in general agreement with the theoretical curves. It was found that the principles of continuous culture derived from the study of microorganisms are to a large extent applicable to the cultivation of animal cells.", "corpus_id": 13336318, "score": 0 }

{ "title": "Efficient per-flow queueing in DRAM at OC-192 line rate using out-of-order execution techniques", "abstract": "Modern switches and routers often use dynamic RAM (DRAM) in order to provide large buffer space. For advanced quality of service (QoS), per-flow queueing is desirable. We study the architecture of a queue manager for many thousands of queues at OC-192 (10 Gbps) line rate. It forms the core of the \"datapath\" chip in an efficient chip partitioning for the line cards of switches and routers that we propose. To effectively deal with bank conflicts in the DRAM buffer, we use pipelining and out-of-order execution techniques, like the ones originating in the supercomputers of the 60s. To avoid off-chip SRAM, we maintain the pointers in the DRAM, using free buffer preallocation and free list bypassing. We have described our architecture using behavioral Verilog (a hardware description language), at the clock-cycle accuracy level, assuming Rambus DRAM. We estimate the complexity of the queue manager at roughly 60 thousand gates, 80 thousand flip-flops, and 4180 Kbits of on-chip SRAM, for 64 K flows.", "corpus_id": 1543275 }

{ "title": "An innovative scheduling scheme for high-speed network processors", "abstract": "In this paper, we describe the architecture of the scheduling components integrated in a novel programmable processor architecture. The paper explores the requirements for scheduling in the environment of a network processor, designed for efficient protocol processing in high-speed networking. We focus on the implementation of services with weighted priorities and shaping of traffic on the transmission path as a means to support QoS for real time applications. Taking into account that one of the main problems when designing hardware devices for network processing is the relatively low throughput and capacity of the memories (mainly off-chip) we describe design alternatives and analyze the performance vs. cost trade-offs. The architecture of a novel processor architecture developed by the Protocol Processor Project (PRO3) is described and is used as reference to explore the intricacies of the scheduler components and identify parameters that affect the components design and performance.", "corpus_id": 1243611 }

{ "title": "Autonomous mission management for an unmanned underwater vehicle", "abstract": "With the development of autonomous underwater vehicle technology, there is an increasing demand of its autonomy. The paper presents a distributed hierarchical Petri net model of mission control procedure to describe logical relations among mission level, task level and behavior level. The mission level takes on the genetic algorithm to plan, replanning the global path according to speed, energy and mission constraints in unstructured, partially unknown or hostile environments. The task coordination Petri net implements task schedules and discrete events handling strategies. The task coordination algorithm based on the RW discrete event supervisory system theory has been proposed to coordinate the pre-programmed tasks and the newly fired tasks according to internal and external events. The task coordination level may trigger mission replanning events to the mission level when it fails to coordinate tasks. Details are given of semi-physical virtual system applying to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the architecture design. The simulation results show that the architecture makes it possible to make on-line mission replanning according to the new mission and task coordination in the terrain scanning mission by AUV.", "corpus_id": 26173674, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Optimized MIH designfor Handover over Next Generation Wireless Networks", "abstract": "Next Generation Wireless Networks (NGWNs) are expected to be heterogeneous networks which integrate different Radio Access Technologies (RATs) such as 3GPP’s Long Term Evolution (LTE) and IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN). The integration of heterogeneous wireless networks poses several challenges. One of the major challenges is vertical handover management. Vertical handover occurs when a Mobile Node (MN) decides to switch between networks of diverse technologies. In this paper, we present a new scheme for vertical handover management in NGWNs. We consider the Media Independent Handover architecture (MIH), proposed by the IEEE 802.21 working group in order to provide the required information for handover and mobility management entities. The performance analysis shows that the proposed approach efficiently uses the network resources by switching between LTE and WLAN to offer best connectivity to the users.It is observed that resource utilization ratio increases to (99%) and the integration of LTE with WLAN using the proposed algorithm reduces the call dropping probability (less than 0.15 for Voice over IP service when switching to LTE network) and call blocking probability for data service (less than 0.24).", "corpus_id": 859222 }

{ "title": "Media-independent handover for seamless service provision in heterogeneous networks", "abstract": "The performance of current Internet applications is based mainly on the capabilities of the underlying network technologies. Modern access systems usually can satisfy delay, loss, or bandwidth requirements; however, design inconsistencies can lead to service degradation as the terminals move across different systems. In this article, the focal point is the satisfaction of service requirements during mobility and more specifically, how the emerging IEEE 802.21 standard enables seamless, inter-technology handover. Based on prior work and a well-known example of seamless mobility, the main seamless mobility principles are identified and used as the basis for further evaluating the potential of the IEEE 802.21 standard to meet the requirements of applications for minimum disruption during an inter-technology handover.", "corpus_id": 5176735 }

{ "title": "Repeated-root constacyclic codes of length nlps", "abstract": "Abstract In this paper, we explicitly determine the generator polynomials of all repeated-root constacyclic codes of length n l p s over F q and their dual codes, where l is an odd prime different from p , and n is an odd prime different from both l and p such that n = 2 h + 1 for some prime h or h = 1 . Moreover, we give all self-dual cyclic codes of length n l p s over F q and their enumeration. All linear complementary dual (LCD) cyclic codes of length n l p s over F q and their enumeration are also obtained.", "corpus_id": 23944607, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Study on the Quantitative Analysis of Turbo-Unit Fault Based on Lyapunov Exponent-Correlation Dimension", "abstract": "The time series of turbo-unit rotor are tested under 3 different working conditions in this paper, which respectively calculates the largest Lyapunov exponent and correlation dimension, and analyzes and studies these two characteristic quantities. The study results show that: the Lyapunov exponent and correlation dimension of the time series for the generator rotor under different working conditions are obviously different. Therefore, \"Lyapunov exponent correlation dimension\" is proposed to act as the quantitative characterization of the fault diagnosis for the generator rotor, which can diagnose and monitor the mechanical faults of the generator rotor. The study also opens up an effective way for diagnosis and prediction over other complex mechanical faults", "corpus_id": 1526886 }

{ "title": "Computing the Lyapunov spectrum of a dynamical system from an observed time series.", "abstract": "The paper examines the problem of accurately determining, from an observed time series, the Liapunov exponents for the dynamical system generating the data. It is shown that, even with very large data sets, it is clearly advantageous to utilize local neighborhood-to-neighborhood mappings with higher-order Taylor series rather than just local linear maps. This procedure is demonstrated on the Henon and Ikeda maps of the plane itself, the Lorenz system of three ordinary differential equations, and the Mackey-Glass delay differential equation.", "corpus_id": 23163670 }

{ "title": "Dual stack filters and the modified difference of estimates approach to edge detection", "abstract": "The theory of optimal stack filtering has been used in the difference of estimates (DoE) approach to the detection of intensity edges in noisy images. The DoE approach is modified by imposing a symmetry condition on the data used to train the two stack filters. Under this condition, the stack filters obtained are duals of each other. Only one filter must therefore be trained; the other is simply its dual. This new technique is called the symmetric difference of estimates (SDoE) approach. The dual stack filters obtained under the SDoE approach are shown to be comparable. This allows the difference of these two filters to be represented by a single equivalent edge operator. This latter result suggests that an edge operator can be found by directly training a (possibly nonpositive) Boolean function to be used on each level of the threshold decomposition architecture. This approach, which is called the threshold Boolean filter (TBF) approach, requires less training time but produces operators that are less robust than those produced by the SDoE approach. This is demonstrated and interpreted via comparisons of results for natural images.", "corpus_id": 5618845, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Screening for candidate genes related with histological microstructure, meat quality and carcass characteristic in pig based on RNA-seq data", "abstract": "Objective The aim of the present study was to identify genetic variants based on RNA-seq data, obtained via transcriptome sequencing of muscle tissue of pigs differing in muscle histological structure, and to verify the variants’ effect on histological microstructure and production traits in a larger pig population. Methods RNA-seq data was used to identify the panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly related with percentage and diameter of each fiber type (I, IIA, IIB). Detected polymorphisms were mapped to quantitative trait loci (QTLs) regions. Next, the association study was performed on 944 animals representing five breeds (Landrace, Large White, Pietrain, Duroc, and native Puławska breed) in order to evaluate the relationship of selected SNPs and histological characteristics, meat quality and carcasses traits. Results Mapping of detected genetic variants to QTL regions showed that chromosome 14 was the most overrepresented with the identification of four QTLs related to percentage of fiber types I and IIA. The association study performed on a 293 longissimus muscle samples confirmed a significant positive effect of transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 2 (TACC2) polymorphisms on fiber diameter, while SNP within forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) locus was associated with decrease of diameter of fiber types IIA and IIB. Moreover, subsequent general linear model analysis showed significant relationship of FOXO1, delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 1 (DEGS1), and troponin T2 (TNNT2) genes with loin ‘eye’ area, FOXO1 with loin weight, as well as FOXO1 and TACC2 with lean meat percentage. Furthermore, the intramuscular fat content was positively associated (p<0.01) with occurrence of polymorphisms within DEGS1, TNNT2 genes and negatively with occurrence of TACC2 polymorphism. Conclusion This study’s results indicate that the SNP calling analysis based on RNA-seq data can be used to search candidate genes and establish the genetic basis of phenotypic traits. The presented results can be used for future studies evaluating the use of selected SNPs as genetic markers related to muscle histological profile and production traits in pig breeding.", "corpus_id": 3876726 }

{ "title": "Longissimus Dorsi Muscle Transcriptomic Analysis of Simmental and Chinese Native Cattle Differing in Meat Quality", "abstract": "With the rapid development of economy, the demand for beef, with regard to quantity and quality, by consumers has been increasing in China. Chinese native cattle are characterized by their abundant genetic resources, unique origins, large breeding stocks, and robust environmental adaptability. Thus, to explore the genetic mechanisms on regulating meat quality in Chinese native cattle is of great importance to satisfy increased requirements for beef production. In this study, we investigated three breeds of cattle, namely Yunling, Wenshan, and Simmental, at the age of 12 months. Animals were classified into three groups (n = 5/breed). Growth traits including body weight and body size and plasma hormone levels were measured. Body weight of Wenshan cattle was significantly lower than that of Yunling and Simmental cattle (P < 0.05). Again, body size indexes, such as withers height, body slanting length, chest circumference, and hip and rump length, were significantly lower in Wenshan cattle than those in Yunling and Simmental cattle (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in those indexes between Yunling and Simmental cattle (P > 0.05). Cattle were slaughtered at the age of 18 months and then meat color, pH, pressing losses, muscle tenderness, and cooking losses were measured at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days. Data revealed differences in meat quality among the three breeds analyzed. Based on transcriptomic sequencing and bioinformatic analysis, we observed 3,198 differentially expressed genes related to meat quality, of which 1,750 genes were upregulated. Moreover, we found two important signaling pathways closely linked to meat quality, namely adipocytokine signaling pathway [e.g., Leptin receptor (LEPR)] and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum [e.g., signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), heat shock protein (HSPA12A), and calpain 1 (CAPN1)]. The results of transcripts were further verified by qRT-PCR. Using correlation analysis between gene expression levels and shear force, we also identified two functional genes (e.g., HSPA12A and CAPN1) associated with meat quality. Overall, this study provides new sights into novel targets and underlying mechanisms to modulate meat quality in Chinese native cattle.", "corpus_id": 229163085 }

{ "title": "Magnetic molecular conductors.", "abstract": "2.2. BETS Salts with Halometalate Anions 5424 3. Magnetic Metals and Semiconductors 5426 3.1. Mononuclear Metal Complexes 5427 3.1.1. Tetrahalometalates 5427 3.1.2. Hexahalo Anions 5431 3.1.3. Pseudohalide-Containing Anions 5431 3.2. Polynuclear Metal Complexes 5433 3.2.1. Dimeric Anions 5433 3.2.2. Polyoxometalate Clusters 5434 3.3. Chain Anions: Maleonitriledithiolates 5439 4. Ferromagnetic Conductors 5441 5. Ferrimagnetic Insulators 5443 6. Conclusions 5445 7. Acknowledgment 5446 8. References 5446", "corpus_id": 206892406, "score": 0 }

{ "title": "Economic scheduling of a hybrid microgrid based on weather forecasts", "abstract": "Intermittency of renewable resources represents a major impediment that restricts their integration in microgrids. This paper presents an approach that can contribute to solve this issue by the prediction of near-term future renewable power production, mainly wind power and photovoltaic power, based on weather forecasts. After knowing the future renewable power production, the electric grid manager needs to find the optimal operating plan in order to efficiently integrate the predicted renewable production and to optimally operate other controllable components of the microgrid such as fuel-based generators, energy storage units and connectors to the commercial electric grid. We formulate this optimization problem as an integer linear program and exercise the model to study a number of practical issues surrounding microgrids.", "corpus_id": 6689877 }

{ "title": "Optimal economic and pollution-constrained management of a hybrid DC shipboard power system", "abstract": "The integrated topology of shipboard power system has been more and more adopted in All Electric Ship design to benefit from the economic, technical and environmental advantages that it offers. Though, the resulting integrated shipboard power system becomes more heterogeneous and complex; making power system management a challenging task. This study presents an innovative approach for shipboard power system management of a cruiseferry. The power management combines both power production minimization and air-pollution limitation. The study focuses on the determination of the optimal operating plan of controllable power sources in addition to an adaptive ship speed control to adjust total power load. The optimization problem was formulated and implemented in the General Algebraic Modeling System and it was solved using the Mixed Integer Non Linear Programming Solver.", "corpus_id": 49191477 }

{ "title": "Metamorphic and Lattice-Matched Solar Cells Under Concentration", "abstract": "Metamorphic III-V semiconductor materials offer access to bandgaps that span key portions of the solar spectrum, enabling new bandgap combinations in multijunction solar cells, and increasing both theoretical and practical efficiency limits for terrestrial concentrator cells. Experimental results are given for the quantum efficiency of metamorphic GaInAs solar cells with bandgap from 1.1 to 1.4 eV, and for metamorphic GaInP with both ordered and disordered group-III sublattices. Variable intensity Jsc vs. Voc measurements are used to compare recombination components due to n=1 and n=2 mechanisms in metamorphic and lattice-matched GaInAs, GaInP, and 3-junction solar cells. A record efficiency metamorphic GaInP/GaInAs/Ge 3-junction solar cell has been produced with 38.8% efficiency independently confirmed (241 suns, AM1.5D, low-AOD, 25degC), essentially equaling the performance of a lattice-matched 3-junction cell with 39.0% efficiency, the highest efficiency yet demonstrated and verified for a solar photovoltaic conversion device. With the combination of high-quality metamorphic materials that are increasingly less controlled by recombination at dislocations, and the higher efficiency limits afforded by freedom of lattice constant selection, practical terrestrial concentrator cell efficiencies well over 40% are expected in the near future", "corpus_id": 21397293, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Classification of Human Brain Waves Using Self-Organizing Maps", "abstract": "This chapter presents a method for the classification of EEG spectra by means of Kohonen’s self-organizing map. We use EEG data recorded by 19 electrodes (channels), sampled at 128 Hz. Data vectors are extracted at intervals of half a second with a duration of one second each, resulting in vectors overlapping half a second. Before the training of the map, the sample vectors were compressed by either the Fast-Fourier-Transform or the Wavelet-Transform. Data preprocessed by the Fourier-Transform result in short-time power spectra. These spectra are filtered by butterworth filters that meet the EEG frequency bands of the delta-, theta-, alpha-, beta- and gamma-rhythms. Data preprocessed by the Wavelet-Transform result in wavelet coefficients that are combined and averaged. The preprocessed vectors form “clusters” on the trained self-organizing map that are related to specific EEG patterns.", "corpus_id": 118941877 }

{ "title": "Execution Anomaly Detection in Distributed Systems through Unstructured Log Analysis", "abstract": "Detection of execution anomalies is very important for the maintenance, development, and performance refinement of large scale distributed systems. Execution anomalies include both work flow errors and low performance problems. People often use system logs produced by distributed systems for troubleshooting and problem diagnosis. However, manually inspecting system logs to detect anomalies is unfeasible due to the increasing scale and complexity of distributed systems. Therefore, there is a great demand for automatic anomalies detection techniques based on log analysis. In this paper, we propose an unstructured log analysis technique for anomalies detection. In the technique, we propose a novel algorithm to convert free form text messages in log files to log keys without heavily relying on application specific knowledge. The log keys correspond to the log-print statements in the source code which can provide cues of system execution behavior. After converting log messages to log keys, we learn a Finite State Automaton (FSA) from training log sequences to present the normal work flow for each system component. At the same time, a performance measurement model is learned to characterize the normal execution performance based on the log mes-sages’ timing information. With these learned models, we can automatically detect anomalies in newly input log files. Experiments on Hadoop and SILK show that the technique can effectively detect running anomalies.", "corpus_id": 16707374 }

{ "title": "Formal worst-case performance analysis of time-sensitive Ethernet with frame preemption", "abstract": "One of the key challenges in future Ethernet-based automotive and industrial networks is the low-latency transport of time-critical data. To date, Ethernet frames are sent non-preemptively. This introduces a major source of delay, as, in the worst-case, a latency-critical frame might be blocked by a frame of lower priority, which started transmission just before the latency-critical frame. The upcoming IEEE 802.3br standard will introduce Ethernet frame preemption to address this problem. While high-priority traffic benefits from preemption, lower-priority (yet still latency-sensitive) traffic experiences a certain overhead, impacting its timing behavior. In this paper, we present a formal timing analysis for Ethernet to derive worst-case latency bounds under preemption. We use a realistic automotive Ethernet setup to analyze the worst-case performance of standard Ethernet and Ethernet TSN under preemption and also compare our results to non-preemptive implementations of these standards.", "corpus_id": 17408231, "score": -1 }

{ "title": "Data decomposition of Monte Carlo particle transport simulations via tally servers", "abstract": "United States. Dept. of Energy. Naval Reactors Division. Rickover Fellowship Program in Nuclear Engineering", "corpus_id": 699918 }

{ "title": "Domain decomposition for Monte Carlo particle transport simulations of nuclear reactors", "abstract": "Monte Carlo (MC) neutral particle transport methods have long been considered the gold-standard for nuclear simulations, but high computational cost has limited their use significantly. However, as we move towards higher-fidelity nuclear reactor analyses the method has become competitive with traditional deterministic transport algorithms for the same level of accuracy, especially considering the inherent parallelism of the method and the ever-increasing concurrency of modern high performance computers. Yet before such analysis can be practical, several algorithmic challenges must be addressed, particularly in regards to the memory requirements of the method. In this thesis, a robust domain decomposition algorithm is proposed to alleviate this, along with models and analysis to support its use for full-scale reactor analysis. Algorithms were implemented in the full-physics Monte Carlo code OpenMC, and tested for a highly-detailed PWR benchmark: BEAVRS. The proposed domain decomposition implementation incorporates efficient algorithms for scalable inter-domain particle communication in a manner that is reproducible with any pseudo-random number seed. Algorithms are also proposed to scalably manage material and tally data with on-the-fly allocation during simulation, along with numerous optimizations required for scalability as the domain mesh is refined and divided among thousands of compute processes. The algorithms were tested on two supercomputers, namely the Mira Blue Gene/Q and the Titan XK7, demonstrating good performance with realistic tallies and materials requiring over a terabyte of aggregate memory. Performance models were also developed to more accurately predict the network and load imbalance penalties that arise from communicating particles between distributed compute nodes tracking different spatial domains. These were evaluated using machine properties and tallied particle movement characteristics, and empirically validated with observed timing results from the new implementation. Network penalties were shown to be almost negligible with per-process particle counts as low as 1000, and load imbalance penalties higher than a factor of four were not observed or predicted for finer domain 3 meshes relevant to reactor analysis. Load balancing strategies were also explored, and intra-domain replication was shown to be very effective at improving parallel efficiencies without adding significant complexity to the algorithm or burden to the user. Performance of the strategy was quantified with a performance model, and shown to agree well with observed timings. Imbalances were shown to be almost completely removed for the finest domain meshes. Finally, full-core studies were carried out to demonstrate the efficacy of domain-decomposed Monte Carlo in tackling the full scope of the problem. A …", "corpus_id": 14864022 }

{ "title": "Computational Study of the Risø-B1-18 Airfoil with a Hinged Flap Providing Variable Trailing Edge Geometry", "abstract": "A comprehensive computational study, in both steady and unsteady flow conditions, has been carried out to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of the Risø-B1-18 airfoil equipped with variable trailing edge geometry as produced by a hinged flap. The function of such flaps should be to decrease fatigue-inducing oscillations on the blades. The computations were conducted using a 2D incompressible RANS solver with a k-w turbulence model under the assumption of a fully developed turbulent flow. The investigations were conducted at a Reynolds number of Re = 1.6 · 106. Calculations conducted on the baseline airfoil showed excellent agreement with measurements on the same airfoil with the same specified conditions. Furthermore, a more widespread comparison with an advanced potential theory code is presented. The influence of various key parameters, such as flap shape, flap size and oscillating frequencies, was investigated so that an optimum design can be suggested for application with wind turbine blades. It is concluded that a moderately curved flap with flap chord to airfoil curve ratio between 0.05 and 0.10 would be an optimum choice.", "corpus_id": 111080693, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Error Estimates for Orthogonal Matching Pursuit and Random Dictionaries", "abstract": "In this paper we investigate the efficiency of the Orthogonal Matching Pursuit algorithm (OMP) for random dictionaries. We concentrate on dictionaries satisfying the Restricted Isometry Property. We also introduce a stronger Homogenous Restricted Isometry Property which we show is satisfied with overwhelming probability for random dictionaries used in compressed sensing. For these dictionaries we obtain upper estimates for the error of approximation by OMP in terms of the error of the best n-term approximation (Lebesgue-type inequalities). We also present and discuss some open problems about OMP. This is a development of recent results obtained by D.L. Donoho, M. Elad and V.N. Temlyakov.", "corpus_id": 1942772 }

{ "title": "The high order block RIP condition for signal recovery", "abstract": "In this paper, we consider the recovery of block sparse signals, whose nonzero entries appear in blocks (or clusters) rather than spread arbitrarily throughout the signal, from incomplete linear measurement. A high order sufficient condition based on block RIP is obtained to guarantee the stable recovery of all block sparse signals in the presence of noise, and robust recovery when signals are not exactly block sparse via mixed $l_{2}/l_{1}$ minimization. Moreover, a concrete example is established to ensure the condition is sharp. The significance of the results presented in this paper lies in the fact that recovery may be possible under more general conditions by exploiting the block structure of the sparsity pattern instead of the conventional sparsity pattern.", "corpus_id": 53178 }

{ "title": "High-resolution mapping of nucleoprotein complexes by site-specific protein-DNA photocrosslinking: organization of the human TBP-TFIIA-TFIIB-DNA quaternary complex.", "abstract": "We have used a novel site-specific protein-DNA photocrosslinking procedure to define the positions of polypeptide chains relative to promoter DNA in binary, ternary, and quaternary complexes containing human TATA-binding protein, human or yeast transcription factor IIA (TFIIA), human transcription factor IIB (TFIIB), and promoter DNA. The results indicate that TFIIA and TFIIB make more extensive interactions with promoter DNA than previously anticipated. TATA-binding protein, TFIIA, and TFIIB surround promoter DNA for two turns of DNA helix and thus may form a \"cylindrical clamp\" effectively topologically linked to promoter DNA. Our results have implications for the energetics, DNA-sequence-specificity, and pathway of assembly of eukaryotic transcription complexes.", "corpus_id": 42787568, "score": 0 }

{ "title": "The Infection Algorithm: An Artificial Epidemic Approach for Dense Stereo Matching", "abstract": "We present a new bio-inspired approach applied to a problem of stereo images matching. This approach is based on an artifical epidemic process, that we call “the infection algorithm.” The problem at hand is a basic one in computer vision for 3D scene reconstruction. It has many complex aspects and is known as an extremely difficult one. The aim is to match the contents of two images in order to obtain 3D informations which allow the generation of simulated projections from a viewpoint that is different from the ones of the initial photographs. This process is known as view synthesis. The algorithm we propose exploits the image contents in order to only produce the necessary 3D depth information, while saving computational time. It is based on a set of distributed rules, that propagate like an artificial epidemy over the images. Experiments on a pair of real images are presented, and realistic reprojected images have been generated.", "corpus_id": 1294650 }

{ "title": "An artificial life approach to dense stereo disparity", "abstract": "This article presents an adaptive approach to improving the infection algorithm that we have used to solve the dense stereo matching problem. The algorithm presented here incorporates two different epidemic automata along a single execution of the infection algorithm. The new algorithm attempts to provide a general behavior of guessing the best correspondence between a pair of images. Our aim is to provide a new strategy inspired by evolutionary computation, which combines the behaviors of both automata into a single correspondence problem. The new algorithm will decide which automata will be used based on the transmission of information and mutation, as well as the attributes, texture, and geometry, of the input images. This article gives details about how the rules used in the infection algorithm are coded. Finally, we show experiments with a real stereo pair, as well as with a standard test bed, to show how the infection algorithm works.", "corpus_id": 7323179 }

{ "title": "Piecewise linear two-dimensional warping", "abstract": "An efficient dynamic programming (DP) algorithm for 2D elastic matching is proposed. The present DP algorithm requires far less complexity than previous DP-based elastic matching algorithms. This complexity reduction results from piecewise linearization of a 2D-2D mapping which specifies an elastic matching between two given images. Since this linearization can be guided by a priori knowledge related to image patterns to be matched, the present DP algorithm often provides sufficient matching as is shown by experimental results.", "corpus_id": 6023409, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Communication: non-adiabatic coupling and resonances in the F + H2 reaction at low energies.", "abstract": "Quantum reactive scattering calculations on accurate potential energy surfaces predict that at energies below ∼5 meV, the reaction of F atoms with H(2) is dominated by the Born-Oppenheimer (BO) forbidden reaction of the spin-orbit excited F((2)P(1∕2)) atom. This non-BO dominance is amplified by low-energy resonances corresponding to quasi-bound states of the HF(v = 3, j = 3) + H product channel. Neglect of non-adiabatic coupling between the electronic states of the F atom leads to a qualitatively incorrect picture of the reaction dynamics at low energy.", "corpus_id": 974529 }

{ "title": "The case for a reactive resonance in F+H2", "abstract": "We have investigated the F+H2 reaction on the Stark–Werner potential energy surface using quantum scattering theory, adiabatic theory, and spectral quantization. Clear evidence is found for a transition state resonance on this potential surface. Comparison to experimental results suggests that a resonance is also present in the true reaction.", "corpus_id": 94360627 }

{ "title": "Silicon-on-Glass Dielectric Waveguide—Part II: For THz Applications", "abstract": "A low-loss sub-millimeter-wave/THz integrated dielectric waveguide is presented. The proposed waveguide consists of a highly resistive Silicon (Si) guiding channel bonded to a glass substrate. To reduce the waveguide insertion loss due to the glass substrate, part of the substrate below the Si guiding channel is etched. A periodic configuration of supporting beams is used to hold the Si guiding channel over the glass substrate. A low-cost and high-precision fabrication process, which is fully compatible with current Si-based fabrication technologies, is developed for the proposed waveguide. Numerical simulations and experiments are conducted to investigate the performance of the proposed waveguide. Measured attenuation constant of the proposed waveguide is 0.0346 dB/ λo (average value) over the 440-500 GHz band.", "corpus_id": 28592313, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "ABCG2 gene amplification and expression in esophageal cancer cells with acquired adriamycin resistance.", "abstract": "Resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is the main reason for treatment failure in patients with cancer. The primary mechanism of multidrug resistance (MDR) is the overexpression of drug efflux transporters, including ATP‑binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2). To the best of our knowledge, the MDR mechanisms of esophageal cancer have not been described. An adriamycin (ADM)-resistant subline, Eca109/ADM, was generated from the Eca109 esophageal cancer cell line by a stepwise selection in ADM from 0.002 to 0.02 ng/µl. The resulting subline, designated Eca109/ADM, revealed a 3.29-fold resistance against ADM compared with the Eca109 cell line. The ABCG2 gene expression in the Eca109/ADM cells was increased compared with that of the Eca109 cells. The cellular properties of the Eca109/ADM cells were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), flow cytometry and western blotting. The ABCG2 expression levels were detected by RT-PCR and flow cytometry, and the drug efflux effect was detected by flow cytometry. The present study detected the correlation between ABCG2 and the multidrug resistance of esophageal cancer. ABCG2 gene expression and the drug efflux effect of the Eca109/ADM cells were increased compared with those of the Eca109 cells. Collectively, the results of this study indicated that the overexpression of ABCG2 in the Eca109/ADM cells resulted in drug efflux, which may be responsible for the development of esophageal cancer MDR.", "corpus_id": 679031 }

{ "title": "GW583340 and GW2974, human EGFR and HER-2 inhibitors, reverse ABCG2- and ABCB1-mediated drug resistance.", "abstract": "The overexpression of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters often leads to the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) and results in a suboptimal response to chemotherapy. Previously, we reported that lapatinib (GW572016), a human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), significantly reverses MDR in cancer cells by blocking the efflux function of ABC subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) and ABC subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2). In the present study, we conducted in vitro experiments to evaluate if GW583340 and GW2974, structural analogues of lapatinib, could reverse ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated MDR. Our results showed that GW583340 and GW2974 significantly sensitized ABCB1 and ABCG2 overexpressing MDR cells to their anticancer substrates. GW583340 and GW2974 significantly increased the intracellular accumulation of [(3)H]-paclitaxel in ABCB1 overexpressing cells and [(3)H]-mitoxantrone in ABCG2 overexpressing cells respectively. In addition, GW583340 and GW2974 significantly inhibited ABCG2-mediated transport of methotrexate in ABCG2 overexpressing membrane vesicles. There was no significant change in the expression levels of ABCB1 and ABCG2 in the cell lines exposed to 5μM of either GW583340 or GW2974 for 3 days. In addition, a docking model predicted the binding conformation of GW583340 and GW2974 to be within the transmembrane region of homology modeled human ABCB1 and ABCG2. We conclude that GW583340 and GW2974, at clinically achievable plasma concentrations, reverse ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated MDR by blocking the drug efflux function of these transporters. These findings may be useful in developing combination therapy for cancer treatment with EGFR TKIs.", "corpus_id": 24777472 }

{ "title": "The Origins of the General Eyre in the Reign of Henry I", "abstract": "BY WILLIAM T. REEDY, JR RECENT books by H. G. Richardson and G. O. Sayles, and Lady Doris M. Stenton, have stressed the role of the justices in eyre of Henry I who were the first men to begin to forge a law common to all England.' Since the conclusions of these books are somewhat different, and since so little has been written on the personnel and significance of Henry I's itinerant judicature, it seems timely to summarize the state of present knowledge and to expand and emend these two most recent commentaries. Richardson and Sayles are at great pains to stress the importance of the reign of Henry I in English constitutional history, and as part of their argument they postulate the virtual identity of Henry I's eyres with the general eyres of Henry II.2 Their evidence is from both civil and criminal cases, but they are especially emphatic about serious crime, the so-called pleas of the crown. In regard to pleas of the crown in the reigns of Henry I and Henry II, they write: \"It is hard to believe that there was any substantial difference in the presentment and trial of criminals over the thirty or forty years that intervene.\"3 This statement can only mean that, in their view, most serious crime temp. Henry I was uncovered by presenting juries, that the presentments were usually reported to royal itinerant justices, and that the itinerant justices then tried the indicted persons. Therefore, according to Richardson and Sayles, the major role in the trial of serious crime during the reign was not played by the locally resident royal shire justiciars (or by the sheriffs), but by the itinerant justices. Richardson and Sayles do not generalize so explicitly in regard to civil actions. There were, of course, civil cases which could come before the curia regis as well as the pleas of the", "corpus_id": 162292516, "score": 0 }

{ "title": "Record Values from Size-Biased Pareto Distribution and a Characterization", "abstract": "In this paper upper record values from the size-biased Pareto distribution(S-BPD) are studied. Several distributional properties of upper record values from the size-biased Pareto distribution, including probability density function(pdf), cumulative distribution function(cdf), moments, entropy, inverse/negative moments, relations between negative and positive moments, median, mode, joint and conditional pdfs, conditional mean and variance, have been derived. The reliability measures of the upper record values from the S-BPD such as survival function, hazard rate function, cumulative hazard rate function and reversed hazard rate are also discussed. A characterization of the S-BPD based on the conditional expectation of record values is given.", "corpus_id": 1956310 }

{ "title": "The Weighted Exponentiated Inverted Weibull Distribution: Properties and Application", "abstract": "The weighted distributions are widely utilized in numerous real life fields such as medicine, ecology, reliability, etc., for the assibilation of proper statistical model. This paper innovates and studies a new three parameter Weighted Exponentiated Inverted Weibull Distribution (WEIWD). The mathematical properties of the suggested distribution including the cumulative distribution function, the moment generating function and the survival function are studied. The maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method is implemented to estimate the proposed distribution parameters. Various candidate distributions are fitted on a data set of distance between crakes in a pipe. The result indicates that the WEIWD is the best fitted model for modeling of the real data set among the compared models.", "corpus_id": 55919835 }

{ "title": "The role of weighted distributions in stochastic modeling", "abstract": "C. R. Rao pointed out that “The role of statistical methodology is to extract the relevant information from a given sample to answer specific questions about the parent population” and raised the question “What population does a sample represent”? Wrong specification can lead to invalid inference giving rise to a third kind of error. Rao introduced the concept of weighted distributions as a method of adjustment applicable to many situations. In this paper, we study the relationship between the weighted distributions and the parent distributions in the context of reliability and life testing. These relationships depend on the nature of the weight function and give rise to interesting connections between the different ageing criteria of the two distributions. As special cases, the length biased distribution, the equilibrium distribution of the backward and forward recurrence times and the residual life distribution, which frequently arise in practice, are studied and their relationships with the original di...", "corpus_id": 122391446, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "A reduced order systems approach to prediction of emergent behaviors of cellular systems", "abstract": "Populations of cells interacting within an extracellular matrix (ECM) exhibit spatiotemporal behaviors that are usually described through complex and extensive mechanisms. However, mechanistic computational models become intractable as the cell population increases. Here, we develop a reduced order agent-based framework derived from the empirical treatment of simulation data obtained from detailed single-cell mechanistic computational models. The key construct within this approach is the linearization and subsequent superposition of single-cell agent models to explain the emergent behavior among multiple cells. First, simulation data is obtained from a detailed single-cell mechanistic computational model. In order to increase linear variation, nonlinear force terms are considered within the data. Then, the technique of Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) is used to linearly approximate the simulation data. A linear state transition equation representing a single-cell agent is formulated in latent variable space using the results from the PLSR approximation. Finally, an algorithm is developed were linearized agents are superposed to predict multi-cellular interactions. Using this method, computational expense and time are decreased significantly and sufficient mechanistic detail is retained in the simulation. The method is applied to cell-ECM interactions, and ECM remodeling during cell migration.", "corpus_id": 2190891 }

{ "title": "Combining experiments with multi-cell agent-based modeling to study biological tissue patterning", "abstract": "Agent-based modeling (ABM), also termed 'Individual-based modeling (IBM)', is a computational approach that simulates the interactions of autonomous entities (agents, or individual cells) with each other and their local environment to predict higher level emergent patterns. A literature-derived rule set governs the actions of each individual agent. While this technique has been widely used in the ecological and social sciences, it has only recently been applied in biomedical research. The purpose of this review is to provide an introduction to ABM as it has been used to study complex multi-cell biological phenomena, underscore the importance of coupling models with experimental work, and outline future challenges for the ABM field and its application to biomedical research. We highlight a number of published examples of ABM, focusing on work that has combined experimental with ABM analyses and how this pairing produces new understanding. We conclude with suggestions for moving forward with this parallel approach.", "corpus_id": 8766763 }

{ "title": "Absorption, distribution, and excretion of DJ-927, a novel orally effective taxane, in mice, dogs, and monkeys.", "abstract": "DJ-927, currently undergoing Phase I clinical trial, is a new orally effective taxane with potent antitumor effects. The absorption, tissue distribution, and excretion of DJ-927 were investigated in mice, dogs, and monkeys after a single oral administration. After oral administration of [14C]DJ-927, radioactivity was rapidly absorbed, with the Cmax occurring within 1-2 h in all species. The blood and plasma radioactivity elimination was biphasic and species-dependent. Elimination half-life of plasma in dogs was much longer than those in monkeys or mice. In mice, radioactivity was rapidly distributed to all tissues except for the central nervous system, especially to adrenal glands, liver, pituitary glands, kidneys, lungs, and spleen. In all species, radioactivity was mainly excreted in feces. Following a single oral administration to mice, more than 80% of the radioactivity was excreted within 48 h; in dogs and monkeys, 80% of the radioactivity was excreted within 168 h. Urinary excretion was less than 7% of radioactive dose in all species. In vitro plasma protein binding of [14C]DJ-927 in the mouse, dog, and monkey plasma ranged from 92-98%. These studies showed that, the novel oral taxane DJ-927 was rapidly absorbed in all three species when administered by the oral route. The long biological half-life and slow elimination of radioactivity were distinctive in particular, compared with commercial taxanes. DJ-927 (as parent compound and its metabolites) is widely distributed to tissues except the brain. These preclinical data are useful for the design of clinical trials of DJ-927 and also for their interpretation.", "corpus_id": 2285557, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Observations of a curving molecular outflow from V380 Ori-NE: further support for prompt entrainment in protostellar outflows", "abstract": "CO J=3–2 and 4–3 observations of V380 Ori-NE reveal a highly collimated bipolar molecular outflow associated with a jet traced here in H2 1–0 S(1) line emission. The source of the flow is also detected at 450 and 850 μm with SCUBA. The combined CO and near-IR observations offer compelling support for the prompt entrainment model of jet-driven molecular outflows. Not only are the H2 shock fronts spatially coincident with peaks in the CO outflow lobes, but the slope of the mass–velocity distribution in the flow, measured here at intervals along both flow lobes, also clearly decreases just behind the advancing shock fronts (and towards the ends of the flow lobes), as one would expect if the high-to-low velocity mass fraction was enhanced by the entraining shocks. \n \n \n \nWe also find that both lobes of the CO outflow clearly deviate, by some 20°, from the H2 jet direction near the source. Both lobes may be being deflected at the locations of the observed H2 shock fronts, where they impact dense, ambient material. Alternatively, the almost point-symmetric CO flow pattern could be caused by precession at the source. \n \n \n \nThe submillimetre (submm) data reveal the source of the outflow, V380 Ori-NE. The 450- and 850-μm maps show an elongated peak superimposed on to an extensive pedestal of weaker emission. The major axis of the source is oriented parallel with the inner flow axis. Indeed, weak 850-μm emission is detected along much of the bipolar outflow, particularly in the southern lobe and towards the southernmost CO intensity peak. The submm ‘continuum’ data therefore probably trace warm dust and CO associated with the outflow. These data also confirm the status of V380 Ori-NE as a Class I protostar. \n \n \n \nOverall, the orientation, simplicity and symmetry of this outflow, combined with the remarkable strength of the high-velocity line-wing emission in comparison to the ambient emission, make this system a perfect laboratory for future detailed studies of bipolar molecular outflows and their association with collimated jets from young, deeply embedded protostars.", "corpus_id": 693071 }

{ "title": "Molecular outflows associated with young stellar objects in the L1641 region of Orion", "abstract": "The results of a follow-up survey of a flux-limited sample of IRAS sources located in the L1641 region south of the Orion Nebula are presented. The molecular outflow sources identified include all previously known molecular outflows and, reported for the first time, three additional molecular outflows. None of the observed molecular outflows appear to be oriented along a preferred direction, and they are also distributed nonuniformly throughout the L1641 region. Maps of the molecular outflows suggest that the direction of the molecular outflow may be shaped by the ambient molecular cloud. The estimated momentum of the observed molecular outflows is found to be sufficient to support the molecular cloud over the dissipation time scale against gravitational collapse. 31 refs.", "corpus_id": 122340668 }

{ "title": "Toward the large-eddy simulation over a hypersonic elliptical cross-section cone", "abstract": "A formulation of mixed subgrid-scale (SGS) models (i.e. models combining scale-similar and eddy viscosity contributions) for compressible flows in generalized curvilinear coordinates is presented and validated against a direct numerical simulation (DNS) database of a supersonic, zero-pressure gradient boundary layer. Also, the computational setup for the large-eddy simulation (LES) of a hypersonic elliptical cross-section cone is discussed in detail.", "corpus_id": 123661341, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Equivalent Sets of Histories and Multiple Quasiclassical Realms", "abstract": "We consider notions of physical equivalence of sets of histories in the quantum mechanics of a closed system such as the universe. We show first how the same set of histories can be relabeled in various ways, including the use of the Heisenberg equations of motion and of alias (passive) transformations of field variables. In the contrasting case of the usual approximate quantum mechanics of a measured subsystem of the universe, two observables represented by different Hermitian operators (as opposed to the same operator relabeled) are physically distinguished by the different pieces of apparatus used to measure them. That is true even if they are related by a unitary transformation and the state of the system is such that the probabilities of ranges of values of the observables are the same. In the quantum mechanics of a closed system, how-ever, any apparatus is part of the system and the notion of physically distinct situations has a different character. Making our previous suggestions more precise, we show that a triple consisting of an initial condition, a Hamiltonian, and a set of histories is physically equivalent to another triple if the operators representing these initial conditions, Hamiltonians, and histories are related by any fixed unitary transformation. We apply this result to the question of whether the universe might exhibit physically inequivalent quasiclassical realms (which we earlier called quasiclassical domains), not just the one that", "corpus_id": 259758 }

{ "title": "Symmetries and conservation laws in histories based theories", "abstract": "Abstract Symmetries are defined in histories-based theories, paying special attention to the class of history theories admitting quasi-temporal structure (a generalization of the concept of “temporal sequences” of “events” using partial semigroups) and logic structure for “single-time histories.” Symmetries are classified into orthochronous (those preserving the “temporal order” of events) and nonorthochronous. A straightforward criterion for the physical equivalence of histories is formulated in terms of orthochronous symmetries; this criterion covers various notions of physical equivalence of histories considered by Gell-Mann and Hartle (1990, in “Complexity, Entropy, and the Physics of Information” (W. Zurek, Ed.), SFI Studies in the Science of Complexity, Vol. 8, p. 425, Addison–Wesley, Reading, MA) as special cases. In familiar situations, a reciprocal relationship between traditional symmetries (Wigner symmetries in quantum mechanics and Borel-measurable transformations of phase space in classical mechanics) and symmetries defined in this work is established. In a restricted class of theories, definition of a conservation law is given in the history language which agrees with the standard ones in familiar situations; in a smaller subclass of theories, a Noether-type theorem (implying a connection between continuous symmetries of dynamics and conservation laws) is proved. The formalism evolved is applied to histories (of particles, fields, or more general objects) in general curved spacetimes. Sharpening the definition of symmetry so as to include a continuity requirement, it is shown that a symmetry in our formalism implies a conformal isometry of the spacetime metric.", "corpus_id": 7761479 }

{ "title": "A Robust and Simple Measure for Quality-Guided 2D Phase Unwrapping Algorithms", "abstract": "Quality-based 2D phase unwrapping algorithms provide one of the best tradeoffs between speed and quality of results. Their robustness depends on a quality map, which is used to build a path that visits the most reliable pixels first. Unwrapping then proceeds along this path, delaying unwrapping of noisy and inconsistent areas until the end, so that the unwrapping errors remain local. We propose a novel quality measure that is consistent, technically sound, effective, fast to compute, and immune to the presence of a carrier signal. The new measure combines the benefits of both the quality-guided and the residue-based phase unwrapping approaches. The quality map is justified from the two different theoretical points of view. Exhaustive tests on a variety of artificially generated and real 2D wrapped phase signals illustrate its potential usefulness in the field of fringe projection profilometry.", "corpus_id": 695301, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Morphogenesis and structure of caprine respiratory syncytial virus", "abstract": "SummaryCell cultures inoculated with caprine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were studied with light, fluorescent, and electron microscopy to determine the morphogenesis and structure of the virus.Small syncytia were seen after 36 hours in culture. After 48 hours in culture, syncytia were large and numerous and pleomorphic cytoplasmic inclusions were seen. These inclusions were more pronounced and numerous later in the infection cycle.Indirect immunofluorescence revealed a diffuse to granular cytoplasmic fluorescence with fluorescing fibrils on the cell surface.With the electron microscope, filamentous (100–160 nm) and spherical (90–160 nm) particles were seen budding off the cell membrane. The number of virus buds diminished with increased size of syncytia. Granular pleomorphic cytoplasmic inclusions were seen near the nucleus, and electron dense masses were seen just beneath the cytoplasmic membrane where large quantities of virus were budding from the cell surface. The first type of inclusion had distinct borders; the second diffuse borders and appeared to contain viral nucleoprotein.Negative staining revealed spherical, pleomorphic, and filamentous forms of the virus; the last form predominated. The virions were covered with club-shaped projections, and the nucleocapsids were seen as fragile strands frequently broken into fragments or as isolated rings.Morphogenesis and structure of the caprine RSV places this virus with the Pneumovirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family.", "corpus_id": 2580865 }

{ "title": "Detection of Canine Pneumovirus in Dogs with Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Canine pneumovirus (CnPnV) was recently identified during a retrospective survey of kenneled dogs in the United States. In this study, archived samples from pet and kenneled dogs in the United Kingdom were screened for CnPnV to explore the relationship between exposure to CnPnV and the development of canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD). Within the pet dog population, CnPnV-seropositive dogs were detected throughout the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, with an overall estimated seroprevalence of 50% (n = 314/625 dogs). In the kennel population, there was a significant increase in seroprevalence, from 26% (n = 56/215 dogs) on the day of entry to 93.5% (n = 201/215 dogs) after 21 days (P <0001). Dogs that were seronegative on entry but seroconverted while in the kennel were 4 times more likely to develop severe respiratory disease than those that did not seroconvert (P < 0.001), and dogs with preexisting antibodies to CnPnV on the day of entry were significantly less likely to develop respiratory disease than immunologically naive dogs (P < 0.001). CnPnV was detected in the tracheal tissues of 29/205 kenneled dogs. Detection was most frequent in dogs with mild to moderate respiratory signs and histopathological changes and in dogs housed for 8 to 14 days, which coincided with a significant increase in the risk of developing respiratory disease compared to the risk of those housed 1 to 7 days (P < 0.001). These findings demonstrate that CnPnV is present in the United Kingdom dog population; there is a strong association between exposure to CnPnV and CIRD in the kennel studied and a potential benefit in vaccinating against CnPnV as part of a wider disease prevention strategy.", "corpus_id": 999927 }

{ "title": "Fluorescent Antibody and Complement-Fixation Tests of Agents Isolated In Tissue Culture from Measles Patients.∗", "abstract": "Summary Agents isolated in monkey kidney tissue cultures from 3 cases of measles were identified by immunologic tests with convalescent-phase measles serum. Measles antigen was detected in infected cells by the indirect fluorescein-labeled antibody technic before specific complement-fixation antigen appeared in the fluid phase. Specific fluorescence due to the presence of measles antigen was noted in the nuclei as well as in the cytoplasm of some cells from infected cultures.", "corpus_id": 33864141, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Exploring the Economic Rationale for Protecting Geographical Indicators in Agriculture", "abstract": "“The enduring competitive advantages in a global economy lie increasingly in local things—knowledge, relationships, motivation—that distant rivals cannot match” (Porter, 1998) Abstract The misappropriation of the names of geographical regions such as Parma, Roquefort and Champagne is protected in the European Union by a system of Geographical Indications, and is acknowledged by the World Trade Organization as an important intellectual property right. This article addresses whether there is a case for similar protection in South Africa. The article explores the economic rationale for implementing a system of Geographical Indications by addressing issues such as information asymmetry and the role of reputation; formation of niche markets; monopoly formation, value added and rural development. The economic rationale for protecting Geographical Indications derives mainly from the fact that place of origin may be used as a quality signal, or alternatively, that the resources of the region may be captured as quality attributes. In the first instance the meaning of the geographical name is emphasized in order to reduce information asymmetries. Where place of origin is used as an attribute, resources of the region are used to increase the value of the product. This includes specific resources such as production techniques, varieties and species, but also resources that are general to the region such as landscape, environment and culture. Economic arguments present a strong justification for the introduction of geographical indications in South Africa. At the same time it will afford greater protection to indigenous resources and geographical names which could, through the collective and inclusive nature of the system, directly contribute to rural development.", "corpus_id": 604364 }

{ "title": "Geographical Indications: A Review of Proposals at the TRIPS Council", "abstract": "The Project is implemented by the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and the secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (Project Number INT/OT/1BH). The broad aim is to improve the understanding of intellectual property rights-related issues among developing countries and to assist them in building their capacity for ongoing as well as future negotiations on intellectual property rights (IPRs). document has been produced under the UNCTAD-ICTSD Project on IPRs and Sustainable Development. Readers are encouraged to quote and reproduce this material for educational, non-profit purposes, provided the source is acknowledged. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of ICTSD, UNCTAD or the funding institutions.", "corpus_id": 154518248 }

{ "title": "Dynamic Effects of Subsidizing the Tourism Sector", "abstract": "This paper studies the short-run and long-run effects of a production subsidy to the tourism sector of a small open economy, which can also be thought of as a region within a country. The authors introduce a two-sector dynamic general equilibrium model in which the tourism sector is considered to be labour-intensive and produces traded services. The other sector is capital-intensive and produces a non-traded good, which is also used for capital accumulation. Labour and capital can move freely between sectors. Economic decisions are made by forward-looking representative agents which optimize their intertemporal welfare by choosing consumption of both the non-traded good and tourism services, the sectoral allocation of labour and the rate of wealth accumulation. The authors discuss the short-run, dynamic and long-run effects of a production subsidy to the tourism sector. In the short run, the introduction of a subsidy to tourism production leads to a boom in that sector. As time passes, the economy-wide capital stock is decumulated and production of tourism falls. In the long run, compared to the situation before the subsidy was implemented, tourism production remains on a higher level, whereas output of the non-traded good drops.", "corpus_id": 15611940, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Bread‐and‐Butter Agreement and High Politics Disagreement Some Reflections on the Contextual Impact on Agricultural Interests in EC Policy‐Making*", "abstract": "In public policy literature a classical argument is that the scope and content of decisions shape both the structure of the policy-making process and the configuration of actors involved. Recent studies have strongly emphasized that the patterns of segmentation and specialization found in national policy-making are also found in EC policy-making. Against this background, the present article discusses the conditions and impact of agricultural interests in EC policy-making in light of the economic crisis of recent years and the increasing budgetary problems faced by the EC. The article illustrates, especially with reference to the Danish case, the special importance of the national interest organization-government relationship for the strategies pursued by national agricultural interest organizations in influencing EC/CAP policy-making. Furthermore, the article indicates how policy-making concerning the CAP has become more complicated as a consequence of the general economic crisis and recent sharp fall in farmers' incomes. National governments are the central actors in the Community policy-making process, and their impulse to promote exclusive national interests in the Community policy-making process has increased. In addition, agriculture has been integrated in the overall Community ‘crisis’ policy, and this development has weakened the segmentation in relation to the CAP. However, because of the general problems of the EC, the national agricultural organizations of the various member states have a growing interest in emphasizing joint activities and mutual agreement with regard to fundamental agricultural issues on Community level. This may affect the role of COPA leaving it primarily as a coordinator and mediator among the various national agricultural organizations, because pressures are more likely to succeed at the national level than at the EC level. This is where ‘bread-and-butter’ agreement really counts in the future. The alternative is that COPA will lose its credibility in EC policy-making.", "corpus_id": 153545372 }

{ "title": "Corporate Pluralism in Danish Law-Making*", "abstract": "This article investigates the pattern of corporate political representation in Danish law-making. The most important finding is a large intra-system variation in scope, level, and structure of outside involvement. There is no evidence of an emerging ‘total’ system of corporate political representation. The dominant pattern is still one of a diversified use of several channels of access by a large variety of groups, organizations, and institutions. While the importance of organized interests is well documented, it is questionable to what extent this indicates a pattern of societal corporatism in the political system. Interest organizations play an important role in pluralist societies as well, and Philippe Schmitter's main point about representational monopoly does not gain support. Generally, the analysis tends to support a model of pluralist corporate representation.", "corpus_id": 154628416 }

{ "title": "Pressure groups and the European Economic Community", "abstract": "The development of the power of the European Economic Community has given rise to a reaction from those interests which are most directly affected. In order to make sure both that they are informed and that their interests are represented and defended, the various groups concerned have been led to create for themselves new structures at the level of EEC. A parallel relation has thus emerged between the official powers of EEC and the private powers affected by it. These groups, formed on the European level, naturally have neither the solidity nor the effectiveness of professional representation on the national level. Moreover, since such groups are themselves a part of the process of evolution of the political structure, they adapt themselves readily to new political circumstances. But if these European professional organs are not comparable to the national groupings, they cannot be seen as similar to the international associations. They are more numerous – three hundred and fifty to four hundred gravitate towards the European Community. Their action is both more intense and more concrete than that of the international associations, and corresponds to questions with which the community is concerned.", "corpus_id": 146342436, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "Is mobile email addiction overlooked?", "abstract": "Studying the prevalence of mobile email addiction and the associated possible implications for organizations.", "corpus_id": 1287466 }

{ "title": "Internet Addiction Disorder: An Italian Study", "abstract": "The Italian version of the Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) was administered online to a sample of Italian chatters (n = 236) who were different in terms of gender, age, and occupation. Results revealed that young users are more at-risk subjects for Internet addiction than adults, perceiving a compromised social and individual quality of their life that led them to make a compensatory usage of the Internet. Similarly, employed users perceive their social and individual quality of life as more compromised by the Internet than students. Moreover, subjects who declared spending much time online obtained IAT scores higher than others in all the IAT subscales. Finally, nightly users are more at-risk subjects for developing an Internet addiction disorder, diminishing their individual quality of life and disabling their time control.", "corpus_id": 9104933 }

{ "title": "Iron retention in iron-fortified rice and use of iron-fortified rice to treat women with iron deficiency: A pilot study", "abstract": "Objectives 1. Evaluate the effect of washing and cooking iron-fortified rice on iron retention and bioavailability. 2. Evaluate the effect of iron-fortified rice on women with iron deficiency anemia Methods 1. Iron-fortified rice (18 mg/100 g as FeSO4) was cooked in Baton Rouge, Louisiana (C), rinsed and cooked (RC), fried and cooked (FC), cooked with extra water (CW), or soaked and cooked with extra water (SCW), and iron retention was determined. 2. Rice samples were cooked in Kampala, Uganda in a lab (C-Uganda) and households using traditional cooking method (TC-Uganda) and iron retention were determined. 3. Seventeen women with iron deficiency (low iron and/or low ferritin) anemia were randomized to 100 g/d of rice (two cooked 0.75 cup servings) for two weeks containing 18 mg/d iron (supplemented) or 0.5 mg/d iron (un-supplemented). Hemoglobin and hematocrit were evaluated at baseline and 2 weeks with other measures of iron metabolism. Results 1. Iron retention, from highest to lowest, was (C), (RC), (FC), (C-Uganda), (CW), (SCW) and (TC-Uganda). 2. Seventeen women were randomized and 15 completed the study (hemoglobin 10.6 ± 1.6 g, hematocrit 33.7 ± 4.1%), 9 in the iron-fortified rice group and 6 in the un-fortified rice group. The iron-fortified group had a greater increase in hemoglobin (0.82 g, p = 0.0035) and Hematocrit (1.83%, p = 0.0248) with directional differences in other measures of iron metabolism favoring the iron-fortified group. Conclusions Iron-fortified rice increased hemoglobin and hematocrit in women with iron-deficient anemia. Iron deficiency and anemia are widespread in Southeast Asia and Africa and undermine development in these regions.", "corpus_id": 759267, "score": 0 }

{ "title": "Validity, Accuracy, and Predictive Value of Urinary Tract Infection Signs and Symptoms in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury on Intermittent Catheterization", "abstract": "Abstract Background/Objective: To determine the validity, accuracy, and predictive value of the signs and symptoms of urinary tract infection (UTI) for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) using intermittent catheterization (IC) and the accuracy of individuals with SCI on IC at predicting their own UTI. Design: Prospective cohort based on data from the first 3 months of a 1 -year randomized controlled trial to evaluate UTI prevention effectiveness of hydrophilic and standard catheters. Participants: Fifty-six community-based individuals on IC. Main Outcome Measures: Presence of UTI as defined as bacteriuria with a colony count of at least 105 colony-forming units/mL and at least 1 sign or symptom of UTI. Methods: Analysis of monthly urine culture and urinalysis data combined with analysis of monthly data collected using a questionnaire that asked subjects to self-report on UTI signs and symptoms and whether or not they felt they had a UTI. Results: Overall, \"cloudy urine\" had the highest accuracy (83.1%), and \"leukocytes in the urine\" had the highest sensitivity (82.8%). The highest specificity was for \"fever\" (99.0%); however, it had a very low sensitivity (6.9%). Subjects were able to predict their own UTI with an accuracy of 66.2%, and the negative predictive value (82.8%) was substantially higher than the positive predictive value (32.6%). Conclusions: The UTI signs and symptoms can predict a UTI more accurately than individual subjects can by using subjective impressions of their own signs and symptoms. Subjects were better at predicting when they did not have a UTI than when they did have a UTI.", "corpus_id": 2543149 }

{ "title": "Predicting complicated outcomes in spinal cord injury patients with urinary tract infection: Development and internal validation of a risk model", "abstract": "Context/objective: Patients with chronic SCI hospitalized for UTI can have significant morbidity. It is unclear whether SIRS criteria, SOFA score, or quick SOFA score can be used to predict complicated outcome. Design: Retrospective cohort study. A risk prediction model was developed and internally validated using bootstrapping methodology. Setting: Urban, academic hospital in St. Louis, Missouri. Participants: 402 hospitalizations for UTI between October 1, 2010 and September 30, 2015, arising from 164 patients with chronic SCI, were included in the final analysis. Outcome/measures: An a priori composite complicated outcome defined as: 30-day hospital mortality, length of hospital stay >4 days, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and hospital revisit within 30 days of discharge. Results: Mean age of patients was 46.4 ± 12.3 years; 83.6% of patient-visits involved males. The primary outcome occurred in 278 (69.2%) hospitalizations. In multivariate analysis, male sex was protective (odds ratio [OR], 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18-0.99; P = 0.048) while Gram-positive urine culture (OR 3.07; 95% CI, 1.05-9.01; P = 0.041), urine culture with no growth (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.02-2.80; P = 0.041), and greater SOFA score (for one-point increments, OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.18-1.69; P < 0.001) were predictive for complicated outcome. SIRS criteria and qSOFA score were not associated with complicated outcome. Our risk prediction model demonstrated good overall performance (Brier score, 0.19), fair discriminatory power (c-index, 0.72), and good calibration during internal validation. Conclusion: Clinical variables present on hospital admission with UTI may help identify SCI patients at risk for complicated outcomes and inform future clinical decision-making.", "corpus_id": 3410516 }

{ "title": "Improved adhesion of a glass ionomer cement to dentin and enamel.", "abstract": "A study has been made on improving the adhesion of a glass ionomer cement by the chemical treatment of dentin and enamel surfaces. The most effective surface conditioners were high molecular weight substances containing a multiplicity of functional groups capable of hydrogen bonding. Low molecular weight chelating agents which dissolve calciferous material and dramatically alter the surfaces of enamel and dentin are less effective.", "corpus_id": 46633446, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Deep Scattering Spectrum", "abstract": "A scattering transform defines a locally translation invariant representation which is stable to time-warping deformation. It extends MFCC representations by computing modulation spectrum coefficients of multiple orders, through cascades of wavelet convolutions and modulus operators. Second-order scattering coefficients characterize transient phenomena such as attacks and amplitude modulation. A frequency transposition invariant representation is obtained by applying a scattering transform along log-frequency. State-the-of-art classification results are obtained for musical genre and phone classification on GTZAN and TIMIT databases, respectively.", "corpus_id": 17015443 }

{ "title": "Robust sound event classification using deep neural networks", "abstract": "The automatic recognition of sound events by computers is an important aspect of emerging applications such as automated surveillance, machine hearing and auditory scene understanding. Recent advances in machine learning, as well as in computational models of the human auditory system, have contributed to advances in this increasingly popular research field. Robust sound event classification, the ability to recognise sounds under real-world noisy conditions, is an especially challenging task. Classification methods translated from the speech recognition domain, using features such as mel-frequency cepstral coefficients, have been shown to perform reasonably well for the sound event classification task, although spectrogram-based or auditory image analysis techniques reportedly achieve superior performance in noise. This paper outlines a sound event classification framework that compares auditory image front end features with spectrogram image-based front end features, using support vector machine and deep neural network classifiers. Performance is evaluated on a standard robust classification task in different levels of corrupting noise, and with several system enhancements, and shown to compare very well with current state-of-the-art classification techniques.", "corpus_id": 12459392 }

{ "title": "Overlapping Community Detection in Social Network Using Disjoint Community Detection", "abstract": "With increasing popularity and complexity of social networks, community detection in these networks has become an important research area. Several algorithms are available to detect overlapping community structures based on different approaches. Here we propose a two step genetic algorithm to detect overlapping communities based on node representation. First, we find disjoint communities and these disjoint communities are used to find overlapping communities. We use modularity as our optimization function. Experiments are performed on both artificial and real networks to verify efficiency and scalability of our algorithm.", "corpus_id": 15666599, "score": -1 }

{ "title": "Sarcasm Detection Using Grice ’ s Maxims", "abstract": null, "corpus_id": 11816321 }

{ "title": "Metarepresentation in linguistic communication", "abstract": "© Deirdre Wilson and Dan Sperber 2012. Introduction Several strands of research on metarepresentation have a bearing on the study of linguistic communication. On the whole, there has been little interaction among them, and the possibility of integrating them with an empirically plausible pragmatic theory has not been much explored. This chapter has two main aims: to illustrate the depth and variety of metarepresentational abilities deployed in linguistic communication, and to argue that a pragmatic account of these abilities can both benefit from and provide useful evidence for the study of more general metarepresentational abilities. A metarepresentation is a representation of a representation: a higher-order representation with a lower-order representation embedded within it. The different strands of research on metarepresentation that have a bearing on the study of linguistic communication vary in the type of metarepresentations involved and the use to which they are put. First, there is the philosophical and psychological literature on mindreading (or ‘theory of mind’), which deals with the ability to form thoughts about attributed thoughts (Whiten 1991; Davies and Stone 1995a, 1995b; Carruthers and Smith 1996). Suppose a child sees a ball being put into a box. Having formed the thought in (1), he might go on, by observing his companions, to form thoughts of the type in (2): The ball is in the box. There is a now a substantial body of work on how this metapsychological ability develops and how it can break down. It may be present to varying degrees. People may differ, for example, in their ability to attribute to others beliefs incompatible with their own. A child who believes (1) and lacks this ability would be limited to the metarepresentations in (2a) and (2c). A child with first-order ‘theory of mind’ could attribute to others beliefs that differ from his own (as in (2b)); and one with second-order ‘theory of mind’ could attribute to others beliefs about the beliefs of others which differ from his own (as in (2d)) (Leslie 1987; Astington, Harris and Olson 1988; Frye and Moore 1991; Fodor 1992; Gopnik and Wellman 1992; Lewis and Mitchell 1994; Smith and Tsimpli 1995; Scholl and Leslie 1999). People with autism are typically said to be lacking in first- or second-order metapsychological abilities of this type (Baron-Cohen, Leslie and Frith 1985; Leslie 1991; Baron-Cohen, Tager-Flusberg and Cohen 1993; Happe 1993, 1994; Baron-Cohen 1995).", "corpus_id": 13615324 }

{ "title": "Opinion mining in legal blogs", "abstract": "We perform a survey into the scope and utility of opinion mining in legal Weblogs (a.k.a. blawgs). The number of 'blogs' in the legal domain is growing at a rapid pace and many potential applications for opinion detection and monitoring are arising as a result. We summarize current approaches to opinion mining before describing different categories of blawgs and their potential impact on the law and the legal profession. In addition to educating the community on recent developments in the legal blog space, we also conduct some introductory opinion mining trials. We first construct a Weblog test collection containing blog entries that discuss legal search tools. We subsequently examine the performance of a language modeling approach deployed for both subjectivity analysis (i.e., is the text subjective or objective?) and polarity analysis (i.e., is the text affirmative or negative towards its subject?). This work may thus help establish early baselines for these core opinion mining tasks.", "corpus_id": 2960901, "score": -1 }

{ "title": "Strategies to optimize analgesia and sedation", "abstract": "Achieving adequate but not excessive sedation in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients is a complex process. Analgesics and sedatives employed in this context are extremely potent, and drug requirements and metabolism are unpredictable. Clinicians must have heightened awareness of the potential for enduring effects and are encouraged to employ strategies that maximize benefit while minimizing risk. Successful sedation protocols have three basic components: frequent assessments for pain, anxiety, and agitation using a reproducible scale; combination therapy coupling opioids and sedatives; and, most importantly, careful communication between team members, with a particular recognition that the bedside nurse must be empowered to pair assessments with drug manipulation. In recent years, two broad categories of sedation protocols have achieved clinical success in terms of decreasing duration of mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit length of stay by minimizing drug accumulation. Patient-targeted sedation protocols (the first category) rely on structured assessments to guide a careful schema of titrated drug escalation and withdrawal. Variation exists in the assessment tool utilized, but the optimal goal in all strategies is a patient who is awake and can be readily examined. Alternatively, daily interruption of continuous sedative infusions (the second category) may be employed to focus care providers on the goal of achieving a period of awakening in the earliest phases of critical illness possible. Newer literature has focused on the safety of this strategy and its comparison with intermittent drug administration. Ongoing investigations are evaluating the broad applicability of these types of protocols, and currently one may only speculate on whether one strategy is superior to another.", "corpus_id": 1246024 }

{ "title": "Current Use of Pain Scores in Dutch Intensive Care Units: A Postal Survey in the Netherlands", "abstract": "BACKGROUND:Pain is a common problem for critically ill patients treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) and can have serious consequences. For this reason, the appropriate recognition and treatment of pain is of extreme importance. However, pain assessment in critically ill patients can be challenging because these patients are often unable to self-report. To identify attitudes and practices regarding the assessment and management of pain in ICU patients unable to self-report, we surveyed all adult ICUs in the Netherlands. METHODS:A multicenter, exploratory survey was sent by mail to all adult ICUs in the Netherlands. RESULTS:Eighty-four of 107 ICUs returned the questionnaire for a response rate of 79%. In patients able to self-report, 94% (n = 79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 86.7%–98%) of the ICUs used a standardized pain score. Visual Analog Scale and Numerical Rating Scale were used in 57% (n = 48; 99.3% CI, 41%–72%) and 48% (n = 40; 99.3% CI, 33%–64%), respectively. Nonteaching hospitals used pain assessment tools more often than teaching hospitals (P = 0.012). In patients not able to self-report, pain assessment tools were used in 19% (n = 16) of the ICUs. In the ICUs that used behaviorally based scoring systems, the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool and Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS) were used in 6% (n = 5; 99.5% CI, 1.1%–17%) and 5% (n = 4; 99.5% CI, 0.1%–15%), respectively. Among Dutch nurses, nursing opinion was considered the gold standard assessment in 36% (n = 30; 98.8% CI, 23%–50%) of the respondents, even when a patient was able to self-report and pain scales were used. In patients unable to self-report, nurses judged themselves to be more accurate than a behavioral pain assessment tool in 98% (n = 82; 98.8% CI, 89.7%–99.9%) of the patients. CONCLUSIONS:In the Netherlands, most ICUs used a standardized pain score in patients able to self-report. Nonteaching hospitals used pain assessment tools more often than teaching hospitals. In patients unable to self-report, pain is not routinely measured with a validated behavioral pain assessment tool. Almost all nurses in our survey felt that their assessment of patient pain was more accurate than behavioral pain assessment tools in patients unable to self-report. More research is needed to identify factors preventing more widespread acceptance of validated behavioral pain scores in patients unable to self-report.", "corpus_id": 445421 }

{ "title": "Long-term outcome of patients with right atrial isomerism after common atrioventricular valve plasty†", "abstract": "OBJECTIVES\nTo review long-term outcomes of patients with right atrial (RA) isomerism who underwent common atrioventricular valve (CAVV) plasty.\n\n\nMETHODS\nWe retrospectively analysed 59 patients with RA isomerism operated on between January 2004 and April 2016. We divided patients into those with CAVV plasty (CAVV plasty (+), 29 patients) and without CAVV plasty (CAVV plasty (-), 30), and we compared the outcome between the groups. We further divided patients into those with CAVV plasty before bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt (BCPS) operation (group before BCPS, 13 patients) or CAVV plasty with or after BCPS (group with or after BCPS, 16), and we compared the outcome between these groups. We reviewed the outcomes of 7 neonatal patients who underwent CAVV plasty.\n\n\nRESULTS\nKaplan-Meier estimated survival rates at 10 years were 70 ± 10% and 69 ± 9% in the CAVV plasty (+) and CAVV plasty (-) groups, respectively ( P  = 0.45). Kaplan-Meier estimated survival rates at 10 years were 47 ± 17% and 85 ± 10% in the group before BCPS and group with or after BCPS, respectively ( P  = 0.01). Among 7 neonates in the group before BCPS, 4 are alive; Kaplan-Meier estimated survival rates at 1 year and 5 years were 60 ± 20% and 30 ± 24%, respectively.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nPatients who underwent CAVV plasty with or after BCPS had good outcomes; the outcome of patients with CAVV plasty was the same as that of those without CAVV plasty. Treatment for patients who require CAVV plasty before BCPS, especially neonates, is challenging.", "corpus_id": 3481722, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "The Stanford Hypnotic Clinical Scale for children.", "abstract": "Abstract A scale for the measurement of hypnotic responsiveness in children was constructed with norms provided by testing normal children ages 3 to 16. The test as constructed correlated .67 with SHSS:A, slightly modified in wording to be appropriate for use with children. Because it was designed for clinical use, items were selected such as visual and auditory TV hallucinations, a dream within hypnosis, age regression, and a posthypnotic suggestion to reenter hypnosis — all items later useful in therapy if the child was responsive to them. In the very young child an induction technique using the imagination of familiar experience, with eye closure permitted but not required, proved more satisfactory than the usual eye closure/relaxation induction.", "corpus_id": 1709472 }

{ "title": "A short, unobtrusive hypnotic-assessment procedure for assessing hypnotizability level: I. Development and research.", "abstract": "In the present study we assessed a short-form hypnotic-induction procedure for determining hypnotic susceptibility. Eighty-four subjects completed a short hypnotic-induction procedure and afterwards completed two self-report phenomenological state instruments (the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory, PCI, Pekala, 1982, 1991c and the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory: Short Form, PCI:SF, Pekala, 1988) in reference to a sitting-quietly period embedded within the hypnotic-induction procedure. A week later the same subjects completed the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (Shor & Orne, 1962) and the PCI in reference to a short, sitting-quietly interval embedded in the Harvard. Using a regression equation obtained from prior research (Pekala & Kumar, 1987), a Pearson r correlation of .51 was obtained between a predicted Harvard Group Scale (pHGS) score from subjects' subjective experiences of the first hypnotic-induction procedure and subjects' actual performances on the Harvard Scale. These results suggest the usefulness of using a 20-minute hypnotic-assessment procedure with a self-report instrument like the PCI to measure a client's hypnotic susceptibility.", "corpus_id": 2005641 }

{ "title": "Pragmatics and adult language disorders: past achievements and future directions.", "abstract": "In this article, the current state of our knowledge of pragmatic disorders in adults with language impairment is assessed. A brief historical background of clinical pragmatics is presented, and the place of adult language pathology within the development of this field is discussed. A comprehensive review is undertaken of pragmatic deficits in adults with language impairments of diverse etiologies. Specifically, pragmatic deficits are examined in adults with left-hemisphere damage, often resulting in aphasia, and in adults with right-hemisphere damage, traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and neurodegenerative disorders (principally, Alzheimer's disease). Although many pragmatic phenomena have been examined in these clinical populations, studies have also tended to neglect important areas of pragmatic functioning in adults with these disorders. Several such areas are identified within a wider discussion of how researchers and clinicians can best pursue future investigations of pragmatics in adults with language impairment.", "corpus_id": 15056144, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "Strong electronic coupling between single C60 molecules and gold electrodes prepared by quench condensation at 4 K. A single molecule three terminal device study.", "abstract": "We report the first measurements of single C60 molecules trapped in three terminal devices prepared by quench condensation of a gold source and drain electrode on top of an aluminium gate electrode covered with a thin oxide. Our experimental platform allows source and drain electrodes to be fabricated on the gate oxide at low temperatures and high vacuum. In a subsequent step, single molecules are evaporated in situ onto the surface and caught in the gap between a source and a drain electrode. This fabrication method ensures a clean contact between the molecule and the gold electrode due to the unbroken vacuum. Our measurements reveal a strong interaction between the C60 molecule and the gold electrodes resulting in the absence of the Coulomb blockade effects observed by others. In addition, we observe an insignificant gate dependence but a pronounced negative differential resistance (NDR) at bias voltages from 20-50 meV. The position of the peak in the NDR shows a pronounced and universal temperature dependence for all six devices included in the study. The results are related to previous measurements in such devices which focus on the detailed nature of the contact region between the molecule the gold electrode.", "corpus_id": 89672 }

{ "title": "Mechanically controllable break-junctions for use as electrodes for molecular electronics", "abstract": "We discuss the use of mechanically controllable break-junctions (MCBs) as electrodes for contacting individual objects such as clusters or molecules. A big advantage of MCB electrodes is the possibility of varying the contact geometry and, accordingly, the contact resistances and the quantum coherent transport properties between the object under study and the electrodes. We compare the suitability of single-atom contacts of different elements as electrode material. Finally, we present preliminary results on electronic transport through individual (or a few) fullerene molecules contacted by gold MCB electrodes. The typical resistances are in the order of the quantum of conductance. The circuits sustain voltages of the order of 1 V and are mechanically more stable than single-atom contacts between the gold electrodes alone.", "corpus_id": 17999127 }

{ "title": "Carbon nanotubes as molecular quantum wires", "abstract": "Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical molecules with a diameter of as little as 1 nanometer and a length up to many micrometers. They consist of only carbon atoms, and can essentially be thought of as a single layer of graphite that has been wrapped into a cylinder, (See figure 1 and the article by Thomas Ebbesen in PHYSICS TODAY, June 1996, page 26).", "corpus_id": 178597206, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "AnomBench: A Benchmark for Volume-Based Internet Anomaly Detection", "abstract": "Developing algorithms to detect anomalies in network traffic is an important goal to achieve secure and efficient operation of the Internet. To evaluate different algorithms, it is crucial to have a set of standardized test cases. We propose a benchmark suite called \"AnomBench\" that consists of sixteen different traffic scenarios that contain various different traffic anomalies. We describe why these scenarios are representative and show the results of a prototype implementation on DETER-lab.", "corpus_id": 511006 }

{ "title": "GPEP: Graphics Processing Enhanced Pattern-Matching for High-Performance Deep Packet Inspection", "abstract": "Graphics processing units (GPU) can be used to accelerate deep packet inspection. However, the state transition tables used to implement deterministic finite automata are very large and must be stored in DRAM, which inhibits performance and may cause non-deterministic scanning rates. In this work we present GPEP, a GPU-based deep packet inspection engine. GPEP uses an optimized version of our pattern matching algorithm called P3FSM, which has low operational complexity, but reduces the memory requirement such that the state tables can fit into the small on chip memories of a GPU. This allows GPEP to scan quickly and deterministically with no global memory accesses to state tables. We optimize our P3FSM(Portable Predictive Pattern Matching Finite State Machine)algorithm for execution on SIMD devices and to exploit the parallelism of the VLIW arrangement of the GPU processing cores. We show that GPEP consistently achieves over 30 Gb/sdeep packet inspection.", "corpus_id": 14816174 }

{ "title": "The distribution of (word-initial) glottal stop in Dutch", "abstract": "A glottal stop can be defined as the loud and sudden Start of a vowel. Immediately prior to the onset of a vowel, the vocal cords are adducted and kept in closed position for, say, 40 to 50 ms. During the closure phase, subglottal air pressure builds up rapidly. On releasing the closure, the vocal cords abruptly Start vibrating for the production of the vowel, which results in a rapid increase of the vowel's intensity, especially in the second and third formants (cf. Malecot, 1975). Figure l shows an oscillogram of the utterance ... dat een [?]aantal ('... that a number'; [?J is our phonetic syrabol for glottal stop), which was included in our speech database (see below).", "corpus_id": 53131844, "score": 0 }

{ "title": "Detecting topic evolution in scientific literature: how can citations help?", "abstract": "Understanding how topics in scientific literature evolve is an interesting and important problem. Previous work simply models each paper as a bag of words and also considers the impact of authors. However, the impact of one document on another as captured by citations, one important inherent element in scientific literature, has not been considered. In this paper, we address the problem of understanding topic evolution by leveraging citations, and develop citation-aware approaches. We propose an iterative topic evolution learning framework by adapting the Latent Dirichlet Allocation model to the citation network and develop a novel inheritance topic model. We evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approaches and compare with the state of the art approaches on a large collection of more than 650,000 research papers in the last 16 years and the citation network enabled by CiteSeerX. The results clearly show that citations can help to understand topic evolution better.", "corpus_id": 3179842 }

{ "title": "Learning author-topic models from text corpora", "abstract": "We propose an unsupervised learning technique for extracting information about authors and topics from large text collections. We model documents as if they were generated by a two-stage stochastic process. An author is represented by a probability distribution over topics, and each topic is represented as a probability distribution over words. The probability distribution over topics in a multi-author paper is a mixture of the distributions associated with the authors. The topic-word and author-topic distributions are learned from data in an unsupervised manner using a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. We apply the methodology to three large text corpora: 150,000 abstracts from the CiteSeer digital library, 1740 papers from the Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) Conferences, and 121,000 emails from the Enron corporation. We discuss in detail the interpretation of the results discovered by the system including specific topic and author models, ranking of authors by topic and topics by author, parsing of abstracts by topics and authors, and detection of unusual papers by specific authors. Experiments based on perplexity scores for test documents and precision-recall for document retrieval are used to illustrate systematic differences between the proposed author-topic model and a number of alternatives. Extensions to the model, allowing for example, generalizations of the notion of an author, are also briefly discussed.", "corpus_id": 7386383 }

{ "title": "Emotion Detection on Twitter Data using Knowledge Base Approach", "abstract": null, "corpus_id": 35141021, "score": -1 }

{ "title": "Osteosclerosis in a Thirty-Four-Year-Old Woman With Primary Hyperparathyroidism", "abstract": "Hyperparathyroidism is an endocrine abnormality that frequently causes diffuse osteopenia in the bones. Osteosclerosis is a rare phenomenon in adults with primary hyperparathyroidism since the usual skeletal manifestation is generalized osteopenia. We describe a patient with generalized osteosclerosis in the jaws and skull in association with primary hyperparathyroidism, while the other skeletal bones had normal or decreased density.", "corpus_id": 1143770 }

{ "title": "Differential Diagnosis of Oral and Maxillofacial Lesions", "abstract": "This text provides students and practitioners with the essential diagnostic information for clinical problems as well as a system for differentiation of diseases that have similar signs, symptoms, and radiographic appearance. Pathogenesis, clinical, radiographic, laboratory, and histopathological features are presented with discussion developed especially to highlight distinguishing features and helpful hints in generating a differential diagnosis for each lesion.", "corpus_id": 53833243 }

{ "title": "Reactivity of anti-CD15 monoclonal antibody PM-81 with breast cancer and elimination of breast cancer cells from human bone marrow by PM-81 and immunomagnetic beads.", "abstract": "The CD15 carbohydrate antigen, lacto-N-fucopentaose III is expressed on a variety of human cancer cells including acute myeloid leukemia, small cell carcinoma of the lung, and colorectal carcinomas. We have found that cells from breast cancer cell lines and patient-derived tissue are strongly CD15 positive, as seen by binding to the PM-81 monoclonal antibody. In this report we show that monoclonal antibody PM-81 and immunomagnetic beads can remove breast cancer cells from bone marrow and thus be used as \"purging\" agents for autologous bone marrow transplantation. PM-81 and immunomagnetic beads removed up to 3 log of SK-BR-3 and MCF7 breast carcinoma cell line cells while minimally affecting normal hematopoietic progenitor cells. This technique may be useful for purging marrow for autologous bone marrow transplantation in breast cancer.", "corpus_id": 9935547, "score": 0 }

{ "title": "Automatically Labeling the Inputs and Outputs of Web Services", "abstract": "Information integration systems combine data from multiple heterogeneous Web services to answer complex user queries, provided a user has semantically modeled the service first. To model a service, the user has to specify semantic types of the input and output data it uses and its functionality. As large number of new services come online, it is impractical to require the user to come up with a semantic model of the service or rely on the service providers to conform to a standard. Instead, we would like to automatically learn the semantic model of a new service. This paper addresses one part of the problem: namely, automatically recognizing semantic types of the data used by Web services. We describe a metadata-based classification method for recognizing input data types using only the terms extracted from a Web Service Definition file. We then verify the classifier's predictions by invoking the service with some sample data of that type. Once we discover correct classification, we invoke the service to produce output data samples. We then use content-based classifiers to recognize semantic types of the output data. We provide performance results of both classification methods and validate our approach on several live Web services.", "corpus_id": 524491 }

{ "title": "Automatic annotation of Web services based on workflow definitions", "abstract": "Semantic annotations of web services can support the effective and efficient discovery of services, and guide their composition into workflows. At present, however, the practical utility of such annotations is limited by the small number of service annotations available for general use. Manual annotation of services is a time consuming and thus expensive task, so some means are required by which services can be automatically (or semi-automatically) annotated. In this paper, we show how information can be inferred about the semantics of operation parameters based on their connections to other (annotated) operation parameters within tried-and-tested workflows. Because the data links in the workflows do not necessarily contain every possible connection of compatible parameters, we can infer only constraints on the semantics of parameters. We show that despite their imprecise nature these so-called loose annotations are still of value in supporting the manual annotation task, inspecting workflows and discovering services. We also show that derived annotations for already annotated parameters are useful. By comparing existing and newly derived annotations of operation parameters, we can support the detection of errors in existing annotations, the ontology used for annotation and in workflows. The derivation mechanism has been implemented, and its practical applicability for inferring new annotations has been established through an experimental evaluation. The usefulness of the derived annotations is also demonstrated.", "corpus_id": 801456 }

{ "title": "Some Accurately Measured Infrared Wavelengths for Calibration of Grating Spectrometers1", "abstract": "The measured values of the wavelengths of 60 lines in the 1.1- to 2.3-micron spectral region are reported. The absorption lines of the bands of methane and water vapor were used in the calibration. The methods of measurement are discussed. Also discussed are the methods of superimposing the well-known emission lines of several sources on the absorption lines that were measured. The values obtained for some lines are compared with values reported by other workers. 1- Introduction The infrared spectra of many substances have been recorded and measured, the results being used to calculate various molecular constants. The equipment used and the techniques of measurement have varied from one laboratory to another, and in many cases the values reported for the same quantity have differed. In addition, the modern infrared detectors have permitted the construction of grating spectrometers of much higher resolution than was previously possible. It now seems desirable to reevaluate the methods of measurement so that the greater resolving power available may be best utilized. The simplest method of calibrating a spectrometer is to use one known wavelength and assume a sinusoidal dispersion. This method, of course, is the least accurate ^)f those currently used. The next best method is to use two known wavelengths and assume linear dispersion between them. The closer together the two known wavelengths lie, the better the resulting measurements will be. This method is often extended to three or more known lines fitting a parabola or a cubic to them, thus establishing a scale to be used in that region. Experience in the radiometry laboratory of the Bureau indicates that this method often fails to yield wavelengths to the desired accuracy because of certain errors. Errors 'in measurement obtained from a grating", "corpus_id": 36457451, "score": 0 }

{ "title": "Optimal sizing of distributed energy storage with consideration of demand response in distribution systems", "abstract": "In future smart grids, energy storage systems (EESs) and demand response (DR) are expected to have an important role in balancing load changes arising from life-style of consumers and varying output of some renewable energy resources. However, activating DR and installing ESSs need huge investment forcing system owner to justify their effectiveness prior to any implementation. This paper presents a model to find the optimal capacity of EESs in distribution systems with demand responding to electricity price changes. The model aims at maximizing system owner profit by lessening total electricity provision costs. The model is formulated as a mixed integer non-linear programming problem. Due to the intricacy and big size of the problem, a decouple-based procedure is proposed wherein optimal charge/discharge pattern of EESs is found by means of a quadratic programming (QP) model. The method is applied to the IEEE 33-bus network and simulation results are thoroughly discussed.", "corpus_id": 9368837 }

{ "title": "Energy storage systems in distribution grids: New assets to upgrade distribution network abilities", "abstract": "This paper deals with distributed energy storage systems and reviews the services such devices can provide to the stakeholders of the electricity value chain. The combination of these applications to increase the overall value of energy storage is then studied using a new method.", "corpus_id": 166413399 }

{ "title": "An Optimization Model for Long-Range Transmission Expansion Planning", "abstract": "A static network synthesis method for transmission expansion planning is presented. The static synthesis problem is formulated as a mixed-integer network flow model that is solved by an implicit enumeration algorithm. This model considers as the objective function the most productive trade-off, i.e. the one resulting in low investment costs and good electrical performance. The load and generation nodal equations are considered in the constraints of the model. The power transmission law of DC load flow is implicit in the optimization model. Results of computational tests are presented, showing the advantage of this method compared with a heuristic procedure. The case studies provide a comparison of computation times and costs of solutions obtained for the Brazilian North-Northeast transmission system. >", "corpus_id": 29422914, "score": 2 }

{ "title": "A 0.6 volt class-AB CMOS voltage follower with bulk-driven quasi-floating gate super source follower", "abstract": "This paper presents a design of 0.6 V class-AB voltage follower (VF) using 0.13 µm CMOS technology. The follower is developed based on the super source follower (SSF) using bulk-driven and quasi-floating gate (QFG) techniques. The proposed VF can operate at low voltage without DC level shift between the input and output terminals. The simulation results show the total harmonic of 0.3 % for an input/output voltage of 0.18 V pp at 100 kHz (R L //C L =5 kΩ//100 pF). The power dissipation is found to be 38 µW.", "corpus_id": 16885281 }

{ "title": "A self-biased high performance folded cascode CMOS op-amp", "abstract": "Cascode CMOS op-amps use a large number of external bias voltages. This results in numerous drawbacks, namely, an area and power overhead, susceptibility of the bias lines to noise and cross-talk and high sensitivity of the bias point to process variations. In this paper we present a self-biasing technique for folded cascode CMOS op-amps that uses no additional devices and no bias voltages other than the two supply rails. The resulting self-biased op-amps are free from the above mentioned drawbacks and exhibit the same performance as existing folded casode op amps, except for a small reduction in slew rate. This is achieved by following transistor sizing constraints derived through detailed circuit analysis. The technique is applied to an existing high performance op amp. Simulation results show that the high performance is maintained while nine bias voltages are eliminated.", "corpus_id": 14963115 }

{ "title": "3-D low-loss coplanar waveguide transmission lines in multilayer MMICs", "abstract": "Newly developed transmission-line structures using the great flexibility of three-dimensional multilayer technology have been designed and fabricated. In this paper, we demonstrate that monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) coplanar waveguide transmission lines with a wide range of characteristic impedances can easily be designed using the multilayer technique. Furthermore, this implementation can avoid the well-known current crowding effects on the conductor edges minimizing dissipation loss. The system of three layers of metals and two layers of sandwich polyimide as dielectrics was employed. The fabricated transmission lines have been characterized providing a wide range of impedances from 10 to 70 Ω. In addition, the effects of unintentional horizontal and vertical coupling in multilayer MMICs have been investigated. The results indicated that an optimum separation of 75 μm is necessary for negligible coupling (∼-30 dB).", "corpus_id": 8740459, "score": -1 }

{ "title": "Fully static multiprocessor array realizability criteria for real-time recurrent DSP applications", "abstract": "The paper considers real time implementation of recurrent digital signal processing algorithms on an application-specific multiprocessor system. The objective is to devise a periodic, fully static task assignment for a DSP algorithm under the constraint of data sampling period by assuming interprocessor communication delay is negligible. Toward this goal, the authors propose a novel algorithm unfolding technique called the generalized perfect rate graph (GPRG). They prove that a recurrent algorithm will admit a fully static multiprocessor implementation for a given initiation interval if and only if the corresponding iterative computational dependence graph of this algorithm is a GPRG. Compared with previous results, GPRG often leads to a smaller unfolding factor /spl alpha//sub GPRG/. >", "corpus_id": 166976 }

{ "title": "Range-chart-guided iterative data-flow graph scheduling", "abstract": "An alternative method for the scheduling of iterative data-flow graphs is described. The method is based on the scheduling-range chart, which contains the information on the range within which each operation in the graph can be scheduled. The scheduling range is determined by considering the intraiteration and interiteration precedence relations. The goal is to find an optimal position within the scheduling range of each operation in such a way that some quality criteria (number of hardware resources, iteration period, latency, register lifetime) are optimized. A formal proof of the NP-completeness of the problem is given and two polynomial-time heuristics are introduced: fixed-rate (rate-optimal as a special case) scheduling where the number of hardware resources is optimized at the same time that a specific iteration period is guaranteed, and maximum-throughput scheduling with limited resources where the iteration period is optimized for a fixed number of processors. The algorithms are able to find optimal solutions for well-known benchmark examples. >", "corpus_id": 61370475 }

{ "title": "Simultaneous Abstraction and Equilibrium Finding in Games", "abstract": "A key challenge in solving extensive-form games is dealing with large, or even infinite, action spaces. In games of imperfect information, the leading approach is to find a Nash equilibrium in a smaller abstract version of the game that includes only a few actions at each decision point, and then map the solution back to the original game. However, it is difficult to know which actions should be included in the abstraction without first solving the game, and it is infeasible to solve the game without first abstracting it. \n \nWe introduce a method that combines abstraction with equilibrium finding by enabling actions to be added to the abstraction at run time. This allows an agent to begin learning with a coarse abstraction, and then to strategically insert actions at points that the strategy computed in the current abstraction deems important. The algorithm can quickly add actions to the abstraction while provably not having to restart the equilibrium finding. It enables anytime convergence to a Nash equilibrium of the full game even in infinite games. Experiments show it can outperform fixed abstractions at every stage of the run: early on it improves as quickly as equilibrium finding in coarse abstractions, and later it converges to a better solution than does equilibrium finding in fine-grained abstractions.", "corpus_id": 12321994, "score": 1 }

{ "title": "H∞ filtering for markovian jump linear systems with mode partial information", "abstract": "The goal of this paper is to present new results for H∞ filtering for continuous-time Markov jump linear systems with partial information on the jumping parameter. The central hypothesis considered here is the existence of a suitable detector which provides measurements of the Markov chain. This detector-based approach allows us to treat the case with complete observations, no information and cluster observations of the jumping process. The main result comprises a method for designing a mean square stable linear H∞ filter by using the information given by the detector. The proposed filter design is given in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Furthermore, the result is applied to the state estimation of an unmanned aerial vehicle model.", "corpus_id": 2313045 }

{ "title": "Fault-tolerant Flight Control and Guidance Systems: Practical Methods for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles", "abstract": "Review.- Nonlinear Aircraft Model.- Nonlinear Fault Detection and Isolation System.- Control Allocation.- Nonlinear Control Design.- Autopilot for the Longitudinal Motion.- Autopilot for the Lateral Motion.- Reconfigurable Guidance System.- Evaluation of the Reduction in the Performance of a UAV.- Conclusions and Outlook.", "corpus_id": 107994298 }

{ "title": "Nanoscale engineered surfaces for cooling in electronic devices", "abstract": "Nanoscale engineered surfaces can be used as cooling structures (heat sinks) in the integrated circuits. These advanced materials are studied for their performance compared to standard materials to...", "corpus_id": 202940884, "score": 0 }

{ "title": "An Economic Evaluation of the Footrot Eradication Program in the New England Region of New South Wales", "abstract": "An assessment is presented of the costs and benefits of a scheme in the New England region of New South Wales for the control of footrot in sheep. An ex post evaluation is presented of the operation of the scheme since its inception in 1960 to the present, and also an ex ante appraisal is made of the proposed continuation of the scheme in the future. Data were collected from the implementing agencies and from samples of sheep farmers in the target area and in another area where the disease is endemic. Some coefficients not otherwise available were estimated by a panel of experts by use of a Delphi procedure. Net benefits from the scheme were estimated directly as producers' surpluses less administrative costs, assuming no effects on output prices. Relatively large positive net present values and benefit-cost ratios were obtained for both the past and future operation of the scheme. The findings are shown to be robust under sensitivity analysis. It is argued that any reduction in the price of wool caused by the supply shift would not offset the advantages to producers in the region of the scheme. Producers in other regions, however, would suffer losses from a price fall, although the net benefit to Australia as a whole is likely to be positive.", "corpus_id": 153195350 }

{ "title": "The Delphi method: Substance, context, a critique and an annotated bibliography", "abstract": "Abstract This paper is concerned with a methodology for efficiently obtaining concensus from a panel of evaluators on questions which are shrouded in uncertainty and can not be measured or evaluated in the classical sense. The methodology and its historical development are described, it is placed in context vis-a-vis other methods of subjective scaling, and a critique is provided. An extensive and current annotated bibliography is presented.", "corpus_id": 61006902 }

{ "title": "Analysis of the Exploratory Development Project Evaluation Experiment.", "abstract": "Abstract : The paper contains a description of the methods used and results obtained in an exploratory development project evaluation experiment. The paper consists of five major sections. These are the introduction, the design of the experiment, the conduct of the experiment, analysis of the data obtained, and a summary of conclusions. The experiment is basically a modification of the DELPHI Method. Several rounds of judgments by a panel are used to obtain a consensus on factors, weights and project values. Results indicate that a small number of factors, obtained in a few rounds, are sufficient to derive a linear model which appears to yield unbiased estimates of project values. (Author)", "corpus_id": 60724766, "score": 2 }