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{ "title": "The change in intraocular pressure after pupillary dilation in eyes with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, primary open angle glaucoma, and eyes of normal subjects", "abstract": "Abstract To evaluate the change in intraocular pressure (IOP) after pharmacologic dilation in eyes with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG), and eyes of normal subjects. This cross-sectional study was conducted in a university hospital-based setting. Patients with PXG, POAG, and normal subjects were consecutively selected and included in the study. Of the 125 eyes of 125 subjects; 46 (25 female) had PXG, 42 (29 female) had POAG, and 37 (20 female) belonged to the control group. Pharmacologic dilation procedure consisted of instillation of topical phenylephrine HCL 10 % followed 5 min by tropicamide 1 %. Studied variables were pre- and post-dilation IOP and also baseline measurements of anterior chamber angle, central corneal thickness, and pupillary diameter by Pentacam HR (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany). Clinically significant IOP change was defined as a change of ≥2 mmHg from baseline. Randomly selected single eye of each patient was included in the analysis. The mean pre:post-dilation IOP of eyes with PXG and POAG was 17.39 ± 3.89:17.54 ± 3.98 and 15.92 ± 2.37:16.07 ± 2.89 mmHg, respectively. The difference between the pre- and post-dilation IOP of eyes with PXG and POAG was not statistically significant. The eyes of control subjects, however, had a statistically significant reduction of IOP from 14.24 ± 2.88 to 13.54 ± 2.94 mmHg (P = 0.005). 28.3 % (13/46) of eyes with PXG, 16.7 % (7/42) of eyes with POAG, and 2.7 % (1/37) of control eyes showed a clinically significant IOP elevation from baseline after the dilation. In this study, glaucoma patients proportionally experienced a higher rate of clinically significant IOP elevation after pupillary dilation, when compared to normal subjects.", "corpus_id": 1084512 }	{ "title": "Factors associated with intraocular pressure before and during 9 years of treatment in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study.", "abstract": "PURPOSE\nTo evaluate, both at initial glaucoma diagnosis and during treatment, the role of demographic and clinical factors on intraocular pressure (IOP).\n\n\nDESIGN\nCohort study of patients enrolled in a randomized clinical trial.\n\n\nPARTICIPANTS\nSix hundred seven patients with newly diagnosed open-angle glaucoma (OAG) were enrolled at 14 centers in the United States.\n\n\nMETHODS\nAfter randomization to initial surgery or medications, patients were followed at 6-month intervals. Intraocular pressure was measured by Goldmann applanation tonometry. Predictive factors for IOP at baseline and during follow-up were analyzed using linear mixed models.\n\n\nMAIN OUTCOME MEASURE\nIntraocular pressure at baseline and during follow-up.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThe mean baseline IOP was 27.5 mmHg (standard deviation, 5.6 mmHg). Predictive factors for higher baseline IOP included younger age (0.7 mmHg per 10 years), male gender (2.4 mmHg higher than females), pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (5.4 mmHg higher than primary OAG), and pupillary defect (2.2 mmHg higher than those without a defect). During 9 years of follow-up, both surgery and medications dramatically reduced IOP from baseline levels, but the extent of IOP reduction was consistently greater in the surgery group. Over follow-up years 2 through 9, mean IOP was 15.0 versus 17.2 mmHg for surgery versus medicine, respectively. Predictive associations with higher IOP during follow-up included higher baseline IOP (P<0.0001), worse baseline visual field (mean deviation; P<0.0001), and lower level of education (P = 0.0019). Treatment effect was modified by smoking status: nonsmokers treated surgically had lower IOP than smokers treated surgically (14.6 vs. 16.7 mmHg, respectively; P = 0.0013). Clinical center effects were significant (P<0.0001) in both the baseline and follow-up models.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nIn this large cohort of newly diagnosed glaucoma patients, predictors of pretreatment IOP and IOP measurements over 9 years of follow-up were identified. Our findings lend credence to the postulate that sociodemographic, economic, compliance, or other environmental influences play a role in IOP control during treatment.", "corpus_id": 38400697 }	{ "title": "Evaluation of targeted and untargeted effects-based monitoring tools to assess impacts of contaminants of emerging concern on fish in the South Platte River, CO.", "abstract": "Rivers in the arid Western United States face increasing influences from anthropogenic contaminants due to population growth, urbanization, and drought. To better understand and more effectively track the impacts of these contaminants, biologically-based monitoring tools are increasingly being used to complement routine chemical monitoring. This study was initiated to assess the ability of both targeted and untargeted biologically-based monitoring tools to discriminate impacts of two adjacent wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on Colorado's South Platte River. A cell-based estrogen assay (in vitro, targeted) determined that water samples collected downstream of the larger of the two WWTPs displayed considerable estrogenic activity in its two separate effluent streams. Hepatic vitellogenin mRNA expression (in vivo, targeted) and NMR-based metabolomic analyses (in vivo, untargeted) from caged male fathead minnows also suggested estrogenic activity downstream of the larger WWTP, but detected significant differences in responses from its two effluent streams. The metabolomic results suggested that these differences were associated with oxidative stress levels. Finally, partial least squares regression was used to explore linkages between the metabolomics responses and the chemical contaminants that were detected at the sites. This analysis, along with univariate statistical approaches, identified significant covariance between the biological endpoints and estrone concentrations, suggesting the importance of this contaminant and recommending increased focus on its presence in the environment. These results underscore the benefits of a combined targeted and untargeted biologically-based monitoring strategy when used alongside contaminant monitoring to more effectively assess ecological impacts of exposures to complex mixtures in surface waters.", "corpus_id": 19209597, "score": 0 }
{ "title": "Functional Representation of the Ablowitz – Ladik Hierarchy . II", "abstract": "In this paper we continue studies of the functional representation of the Ablowitz– Ladik hierarchy (ALH). Using formal series solutions of the zero-curvature condition we rederive the functional equations for the tau-functions of the ALH and obtain some new equations which provide more straightforward description of the ALH and which were absent in our previous paper. These results are used to establish relations between the ALH and the discrete-time nonlinear Schrödinger equations, to deduce the superposition formulae (Fay’s identities) for the tau-functions of the hierarchy and to obtain some new results related to the Lax representation of the ALH and its conservation laws. Using the previously found connections between the ALH and other integrable systems we derive functional equations which are equivalent to the AKNS, derivative nonlinear Schrödinger and Davey–Stewartson hierarchies.", "corpus_id": 1012547 }	{ "title": "Explicit solutions for a nonlinear model on the honeycomb and triangular lattices", "abstract": "We study a simple nonlinear model deﬁned on the honeycomb and triangular lattices. We propose a bilin-earization scheme for the ﬁeld equations and demonstrate that the resulting system is closely related to the well-studied integrable models, such as the Hirota bilinear difference equation and the Ablowitz-Ladik system. This result is used to derive the two sets of explicit solutions: the N-soliton solutions and ones constructed of the Toeplitz determinants.", "corpus_id": 119305956 }	{ "title": "Integrable hierarchies and dispersionless limit", "abstract": "Analogues of the KP and the Toda lattice hierarchy called dispersionless KP and Toda hierarchy are studied. Dressing operations in the dispersionless hierarchies are introduced as a canonical transformation, quantization of which is dressing operators of the ordinary KP and Toda hierarchy. An alternative construction of general solutions of the ordinary KP and Toda hierarchy is given as twistor construction which is quantization of the similar construction of solutions of dispersionless hierarchies. These results as well as those obtained in previous papers are presented with proofs and necessary technical details.", "corpus_id": 17351327, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "Expression of Maspin and Ezrin Proteins in Periocular Basal Cell Carcinoma", "abstract": "Background. The aim of this study was to investigate maspin and ezrin expression in different subtypes of periocular basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Methods. Tissue samples from 43 patients with periocular BCC. Our cases were comprised of 10 morpheaform, 25 nodular, and 8 adenoid type BCCs. Immunohistochemical staining for maspin and ezrin was performed by Envision detection system. Results. There was no difference between different subtypes of BCC in maspin expression regarding positivity, intensity, and pattern of expression. Ezrin was expressed in all subtypes of BCC but the intensity was significantly higher in morpheaform BCC compared to nodular and adenoid types (P < 0.001 and P = 0.012, resp.); ninety percent of morpheaform samples showed strong ezrin intensity, while this strong intensity was only present in 25% and 12% of adenoid and nodular subtypes, respectively. There was no correlation between age, sex, or tumor margin involvement and expression of neither maspin nor ezrin. There was no correlation between maspin and ezrin expression except in nodular type, in which an inverse correlation was found (P = 0.004). Conclusion. Ezrin is expressed intensely in morpheaform BCC of periocular region. Further studies are needed to show the significance of this finding in prognosis of morpheaform BCC.", "corpus_id": 1345302 }	{ "title": "Maspin nuclear localization is linked to favorable morphological features in pulmonary adenocarcinoma.", "abstract": "Maspin, a mammary homologue of Serine Protease Inhibitors, has been shown to inhibit tumor progression and metastasis. Recently, its biological functions have been linked to its subcellular localization. Specifically, a nuclear, opposed to a combined nuclear and cytoplasmic localization has been associated with increased survival in human malignancies, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, it is not known whether transformation affects maspin expression during lung carcinogenesis, and whether its subcellular localization correlates with the morphological features of NSCLC. To address these questions, we studied maspin expression in a model of transformation of bronchial epithelial cells and in resected NSCLC. We found that decreased maspin accompanied chemical transformation of normal immortalized bronchial epithelial cells BEAS 2B. Immunohistochemistry revealed maspin expression to be virtually universal in NSCLC, occurring in 72/77 Adenocarcinoma (ACa), and 46/46 squamous cell carcinoma (SqCCa). SqCCa showed almost exclusively a combined nuclear-cytosolic stain. In contrast, nuclear maspin, but not combined nuclear-cytoplasmic maspin significantly correlated with low histological grade, lower proliferative rate, absence of invasion, and negative p53 stain in ACa. These data support the hypothesis that nuclear localization of maspin may stratify subtypes of NSCLC with favorable clinical-pathological features.", "corpus_id": 25893034 }	{ "title": "Electron microscopic analysis of the bone-titanium interface.", "abstract": "Ten cylindrical implants, made of polycarbonate and covered with a 120-250-nm-thick layer of pure titanium, were implanted into each tibial metaphysis of five rabbits. Observation time was 12 weeks. The implants were surrounded by mature, living bone. No soft tissue intervened between bone and implant at any point. With TEM microscopy the titanium was shown to be bordered by a 20-nm-thick layer of proteoglycans, showing the characteristics of ground substance, and separating the collagen from the implant surface. Cells at the interface were likewise separated from the titanium by such a layer. Hydroxyapatite crystals were observed within the ground substance layer, occasionally seemingly in direct contact with the titanium. Normal mineralization was present 100-500 nm from the implant surface. While this study aims at defining interface anatomy, it also shows that macroscopically smooth-surfaced titanium can readily heal into bone without a soft tissue envelope. This could be of help for materials' choice and design of permanently fixed implants.", "corpus_id": 21084328, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "Determination of the geographical origin of tropical timber by using and innovative traceability tool \"PCR-DGGE\"", "abstract": "Timber is an important source of income for many tropical countries. The tropical forests are also the lifeblood of local and indigenous people, and contain a unique biodiversity. The advantage of most tropical timber is that it has a good natural durability, it is thus environmental friendly for the outdoor environment by avoiding impregnation with preservatives, etc. In addition, a lot of tropical timber has number of aesthetic qualities and great strength (1). Traceability is defined according to the standard ISO 9000/2005 \"the ability for the retrieval of the history and use or origin of an article or an activity through a registered method\" (2). Their implementation in the timber industry is delayed because of the limits of classical identification systems in regard to the nature of timber and the features of the manufacturing processes. For the first time, a method of fungi ecology, the PCR-DGGE was used as a new traceability analytical tool to identify the geographical origin of tropical timber from four countries (Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Polynesia) by using the diversity of fungal communities present in timber samples.", "corpus_id": 4828424 }	{ "title": "Determination of fruit origin by using 26S rDNA fingerprinting of yeast communities by PCR–DGGE: preliminary application to Physalis fruits from Egypt", "abstract": "The determination of geographical origin is a demand of the traceability system of import–export food products. One hypothesis for tracing the source of a product is by global analysis of the microbial communities of the food and statistical linkage of this analysis to the geographical origin of the food. For this purpose, a molecular technique employing 26S rDNA profiles generated by PCR–DGGE was used to detect the variation in yeast community structures of three species of Physalis fruit (Physalis ixocarpa Brat, Physalis pubescens L, Physalis pruinosa L) from four Egyptian regions (Qalyoubia, Minufiya, Beheira and Alexandria Governments). When the 26S rDNA profiles were analysed by multivariate analysis, distinct microbial communities were detected. The band profiles of Physalis yeasts from different Governments were specific for each location and could be used as a bar code to discriminate the origin of the fruits. This method is a new traceability tool which provides fruit products with a unique biological bar code and makes it possible to trace back the fruits to their original location. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "corpus_id": 22240193 }	{ "title": "BIOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY QUALITY OF PHYSALIS (PHYSALIS PUBESCENS L.) JUICE", "abstract": "ABSTRACT \nGround cherry (Physalis pubescens L.) is one of the most promising exotic fruits and some interesting functional products could be developed from these berries. The fresh juice was yellowish or orangey and had a light, sweet taste with acidic nature (pH 3.5). The titratable acidity was 1.43, polyphenols 76.6 mg/100 mL and vitamin C 38.8 mg/100 mL. Physalis juice was rich in carotenoids (70 µg/mL). The juice had a high level in minerals such as phosphorus (578 mg/100 mL), potassium (1,196 mg/100 mL), zinc (2.4 mg/100 mL) and boron (1 mg/100 mL). The essential amino acids in the juice such as isoleucine, valine and tryptophan (42.97, 39.92 and 39.83 mg/100 mL) were higher than those recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations Union (FAO/WHO/UNU). \n \nPRACTICAL APPLICATIONS \nTropical pulpy juices play an important role in nutrition as an excellent base for low-calorie and dietetic products. Physalis fruit and juice are nutritious, containing particularly high levels of niacin, carotenoids and minerals. There are very little available data in the literature regarding physicochemical and sensory properties. As part of the first steps toward developing Physalis as commercial crop, the present study aimed to evaluate the nutritional and sensorial properties of fresh juice as a new product from Physalis.", "corpus_id": 86373581, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "Electrophoretic Mobility of a Concentrated Suspension of Spherical Particles.", "abstract": "The electrophoretic behavior of concentrated spherical colloidal particles is analyzed theoretically for all levels of scaled surface potential φa, taking the effect of double-layer polarization (DLP) into account. The result of numerical simulation reveals that for a very small kappaa (<0.01), kappa and a being, respectively, the reciprocal Debye length and the particle radius, or a very large kappaa (>100), using a linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE) and neglecting the effect of DLP is reasonable; for an intermediate kappaa, appreciable deviation may result. The deviation is negative if kappaa is small, and positive if kappaa is large. The mobility against kappaa curve may have a local minimum and a local maximum. If φa is low, the mobility increases with the porosity of the system under consideration, and for a fixed porosity, the mobility increases with kappaa. If φa is high and kappaa is small, the effect of φa (i.e., solving a nonlinear PBE) on the mobility of a particle is more significant than that of double-layer polarization, and the reverse is true if kappaa is large. For an intermediate kappaa, the effect of DLP is more significant than that of φa when the porosity is high, and the reverse is true if it is low. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.", "corpus_id": 1547872 }	{ "title": "Electrokinetic Phenomena in a Concentrated Dispersion of Charged Mercury Drops.", "abstract": "Equations are derived which govern the electrokinetic phenomena in a concentrated dispersion of charged spherical mercury drops in an electrolyte solution on the basis of Kuwabara's cell model. Expressions for the electrophoretic mobility and the sedimentation velocity are obtained. For the case in which the overlapping of the electrical double layers of adjacent drops is negligible, expressions for the electrical conductivity and the sedimentation potential are derived. An Onsager relation between electrophoretic mobility and sedimentation potential is also obtained. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.", "corpus_id": 8682361 }	{ "title": "A Measure of Explained Variation for Event History Data", "abstract": "Summary There is no shortage of proposed measures of prognostic value of survival models in the statistical literature. They come under different names, including explained variation, correlation, explained randomness, and information gain, but their goal is common: to define something analogous to the coefficient of determination R2 in linear regression. None however have been uniformly accepted, none have been extended to general event history data, including recurrent events, and many cannot incorporate time‐varying effects or covariates. We present here a measure specifically tailored for use with general dynamic event history regression models. The measure is applicable and interpretable in discrete or continuous time; with tied data or otherwise; with time‐varying, time‐fixed, or dynamic covariates; with time‐varying or time‐constant effects; with single or multiple event times; with parametric or semiparametric models; and under general independent censoring/observation. For single‐event survival data with neither censoring nor time dependency it reduces to the concordance index. We give expressions for its population value and the variance of the estimator and explore its use in simulations and applications. A web link to R software is provided.", "corpus_id": 4446381, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "Connecting Scientific Articles with Research Data: New Directions in Online Scholarly Publishing", "abstract": "Researchers across disciplines are increasingly utilizing electronic tools to collect, analyze, and organize data. However, when it comes to publishing their work, there are no common, well-established standards on how to make that data available to other researchers. Consequently, data are often not stored in a consistent manner, making it hard or impossible to find data sets associated with an article - even though such data might be essential to reproduce results or to perform further analysis. Data repositories can play an important role in improving this situation, offering increased visibility, domain-specific coordination, and expert knowledge on data management. As a leading STM publisher, Elsevier is actively pursuing opportunities to establish links between the online scholarly article and data repositories. This helps to increase usage and visibility for both articles and data sets and also adds valuable context to the data. These data-linking efforts tie in with other initiatives at Elsevier to enhance the online article in order to connect with current researchers’ workflows and to provide an optimal platform for the communication of science in the digital era.", "corpus_id": 2703975 }	{ "title": "Supporting Science through the Interoperability of Data and Articles", "abstract": "Whereas it is established practice to publish relevant findings of a research project in a scientific article, there are no standards yet as to whether and how to make the underlying research data publicly accessible. According to the recent PARSE.Insight study of the EU, over 84% of scientists think it is useful to link underlying digital research data to peer-reviewed literature.[1] This trend is reinforced by funding bodies, who - to an increasing extent - require the grantees to deposit their raw datasets at freely accessible repositories.[2] And also the publishing industry believes that raw datasets should be made freely accessible.[3]. This article presents an overview of how Elsevier as a scientific publisher with over 2,000 journals gives context to articles that are available on their full-text platform SciVerse ScienceDirect, by linking out to externally hosted data at the article level, at the entity level, and in a deeply integrated way. With this overview, Elsevier invites dataset repositories to collaborate with publishers to create an optimal interoperability between the formal scientific literature and the associated research data - improving the scientific workflow and ultimately supporting science.", "corpus_id": 16616226 }	{ "title": "Towards adaptation in e-learning 2.0", "abstract": "This paper presents several essential steps from an overall study on shaping new ways of learning and teaching, by using the synergetic merger of three different fields: Web 2.0, e-learning and adaptation (in particular, personalisation to the learner). These novel teaching and learning ways—the latter focus of this paper—are reflected in and finally adding to various versions of the My Online Teacher 2.0 adaptive system. In particular, this paper focuses on a study of how to more effectively use and combine the recommendation of peers and content adaptation to enhance the learning outcome in e-learning systems based on Web 2.0. In order to better isolate and examine the effects of peer recommendation and adaptive content presentation, we designed experiments inspecting collaboration between individuals based on recommendation of peers who have greater knowledge, and compare this to adaptive content recommendation, as well as to “simple” learning in a system with a minimum of Web 2.0 support. Overall, the results of adding peer recommendation and adaptive content presentation were encouraging, and are further discussed in detail in this paper.", "corpus_id": 6856062, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "CompactDFA: Scalable Pattern Matching Using Longest Prefix Match Solutions", "abstract": "A central component in all contemporary intrusion detection systems (IDSs) is their pattern matching algorithms, which are often based on constructing and traversing a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) that represents the patterns. While this approach ensures deterministic time guarantees, modern IDSs need to deal with hundreds of patterns, thus requiring to store very large DFAs, which usually do not fit in fast memory. This results in a major bottleneck on the throughput of the IDS, as well as its power consumption and cost. We propose a novel method to compress DFAs by observing that the name used by common DFA encoding is meaningless. While regular DFAs store separately each transition between two states, we use this degree of freedom and encode states in such a way that all transitions to a specific state are represented by a single prefix that defines a set of current states. Our technique applies to a large class of automata, which can be categorized by simple properties. Then, the problem of pattern matching is reduced to the well-studied problem of Longest Prefix Match (LPM), which can be solved either in ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM), in commercially available IP-lookup chips, or in software. Specifically, we show that with a TCAM our scheme can reach a throughput of 10 Gb/s with low power consumption.", "corpus_id": 446532 }	{ "title": "Modeling TCAM power for next generation network devices", "abstract": "Applications in computer networks often require high throughput access to large data structures for lookup and classification. Many advanced algorithms exist to speed these search primitives on network processors, general purpose machines, and even custom ASICs. However, supporting these applications with standard memories requires very careful analysis of access patterns, and achieving worst case performance can be quite difficult and complex. A simple solution is often possible if a Ternary CAM (content addressable memory) is used to perform a fully parallel search across the entire data set. Unfortunately, this parallelism means that large portions of the chip are switching during each cycle, causing large amounts of power to be consumed. While researchers have begun to explore new ways of managing the power consumption, quantifying design alternatives is difficult due to a lack of available models. In this paper, we examine the structure inside a modern TCAM and present a simple, yet accurate, power model. We present techniques to estimate the dynamic power consumption of a large TCAM. We validate the model using industrial TCAM datasheets and prior published works. We present an extensive analysis of the model by varying various architectural parameters. We also describe how new network algorithms have the potential to address the growing problem of power management in next-generation network devices.", "corpus_id": 8716100 }	{ "title": "On the regularization of image semantics by modal expansion", "abstract": "Recent research efforts in semantic representations and context modeling are based on the principle of task expansion: that vision problems such as object recognition, scene classification, or retrieval (RCR) cannot be solved in isolation. The extended principle of modality expansion (that RCR problems cannot be solved from visual information alone) is investigated in this work. A semantic image labeling system is augmented with text. Pairs of images and text are mapped to a semantic space, and the text features used to regularize their image counterparts. This is done with a new cross-modal regularizer, which learns the mapping of the image features that maximizes their average similarity to those derived from text. The proposed regularizer is class-sensitive, combining a set of class-specific denoising transformations and nearest neighbor interpolation of text-based class assignments. Regularization of a state-of-the-art approach to image retrieval is then shown to produce substantial gains in retrieval accuracy, outperforming recent image retrieval approaches.", "corpus_id": 15250561, "score": -1 }
{ "title": "Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial", "abstract": "Background and Purpose— We developed a new postdischarge system of care comprising a structured assessment covering longer-term problems experienced by patients with stroke and their carers, linked to evidence-based treatment algorithms and reference guides (the longer-term stroke care system of care) to address the poor longer-term recovery experienced by many patients with stroke. Methods— A pragmatic, multicentre, cluster randomized controlled trial of this system of care. Eligible patients referred to community-based Stroke Care Coordinators were randomized to receive the new system of care or usual practice. The primary outcome was improved patient psychological well-being (General Health Questionnaire-12) at 6 months; secondary outcomes included functional outcomes for patients, carer outcomes, and cost-effectiveness. Follow-up was through self-completed postal questionnaires at 6 and 12 months. Results— Thirty-two stroke services were randomized (29 participated); 800 patients (399 control; 401 intervention) and 208 carers (100 control; 108 intervention) were recruited. In intention to treat analysis, the adjusted difference in patient General Health Questionnaire-12 mean scores at 6 months was −0.6 points (95% confidence interval, −1.8 to 0.7; P=0.394) indicating no evidence of statistically significant difference between the groups. Costs of Stroke Care Coordinator inputs, total health and social care costs, and quality-adjusted life year gains at 6 months, 12 months, and over the year were similar between the groups. Conclusions— This robust trial demonstrated no benefit in clinical or cost-effectiveness outcomes associated with the new system of care compared with usual Stroke Care Coordinator practice. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.controlled-trials.com. Unique identifier: ISRCTN 67932305.", "corpus_id": 1732880 }	{ "title": "Management of Adult Stroke Rehabilitation Care: a clinical practice guideline.", "abstract": "Stroke is a leading cause of disability in the United States.1 The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) estimates that 15 000 veterans are hospitalized for stroke each year (VA HSR&D, 1997).\n\nForty percent of stroke patients are left with moderate functional impairments and 15% to 30% with severe disability.2 Effective rehabilitation interventions initiated early after stroke can enhance the recovery process and minimize functional disability. Improved functional outcomes for patients also contribute to patient satisfaction and reduce potential costly long-term care expenditures.\n\nThere are only 45 rehabilitation bed units (RBUs) in the VA today. Many veterans who have a stroke and are admitted to a VA Medical Center will find themselves in a facility that does not offer comprehensive, integrated, multidisciplinary care. In a VA rehabilitation field survey published in December 2000, more than half of the respondents reported that the “rehabilitative care of stroke patients was incomplete, fragmented, and not well coordinated” at sites lacking a RBU (VA Stroke Medical Rehabilitation Questionnaire Results, 2000).\n\nIn Department of Defense (DoD) medical treatment facilities, approximately 20 000 active-duty personnel and dependents were seen in 2002 for stroke and stroke-related diagnoses according to ICD-9 coding.3 Comprehensive treatment for stroke patients in DoD medical facilities is given primarily at medical centers. Smaller DoD community hospitals may have limited resources to see both inpatients and outpatients, relying more on the TRICARE network for ongoing stroke rehabilitation services.\n\nA growing body of evidence indicates that patients do better with a well-organized, multidisciplinary approach to post-acute rehabilitation after a stroke.4–6 The VA/DoD Stroke Rehabilitation Working Group only focused on the post–acute stroke rehabilitation care.\n\nDuncan and colleagues7 found that greater adherence to post-acute stroke rehabilitation guidelines was associated with improved patient outcomes and concluded “compliance …", "corpus_id": 7629269 }	{ "title": "Efficacy and safety of non-immersive virtual reality exercising in stroke rehabilitation (EVREST): a randomised, multicentre, single-blind, controlled trial", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nNon-immersive virtual reality is an emerging strategy to enhance motor performance for stroke rehabilitation. There has been rapid adoption of non-immersive virtual reality as a rehabilitation strategy despite the limited evidence about its safety and effectiveness. Our aim was to compare the safety and efficacy of virtual reality with recreational therapy on motor recovery in patients after an acute ischaemic stroke.\n\n\nMETHODS\nIn this randomised, controlled, single-blind, parallel-group trial we enrolled adults (aged 18-85 years) who had a first-ever ischaemic stroke and a motor deficit of the upper extremity score of 3 or more (measured with the Chedoke-McMaster scale) within 3 months of randomisation from 14 in-patient stroke rehabilitation units from four countries (Canada [11], Argentina [1], Peru [1], and Thailand [1]). Participants were randomly allocated (1:1) by a computer-generated assignment at enrolment to receive a programme of structured, task-oriented, upper extremity sessions (ten sessions, 60 min each) of either non-immersive virtual reality using the Nintendo Wii gaming system (VRWii) or simple recreational activities (playing cards, bingo, Jenga, or ball game) as add-on therapies to conventional rehabilitation over a 2 week period. All investigators assessing outcomes were masked to treatment assignment. The primary outcome was upper extremity motor performance measured by total time to complete the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) at the end of the 2 week intervention period, analysed in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NTC01406912.\n\n\nFINDINGS\nThe study was done between May 12, 2012, and Oct 1, 2015. We randomly assigned 141 patients: 71 received VRWii therapy and 70 received recreational activity. 121 (86%) patients (59 in the VRWii group and 62 in the recreational activity group) completed the final assessment and were included in the primary analysis. Each group improved WMFT performance time relative to baseline (decrease in median time from 43·7 s [IQR 26·1-68·0] to 29·7 s [21·4-45·2], 32·0% reduction for VRWii vs 38·0 s [IQR 28·0-64·1] to 27·1 s [21·2-45·5], 28·7% reduction for recreational activity). Mean time of conventional rehabilitation during the trial was similar between groups (VRWii, 373 min [SD 322] vs recreational activity, 397 min [345]; p=0·70) as was the total duration of study intervention (VRWii, 528 min [SD 155] vs recreational activity, 541 min [142]; p=0·60). Multivariable analysis adjusted for baseline WMFT score, age, sex, baseline Chedoke-McMaster, and stroke severity revealed no significant difference between groups in the primary outcome (adjusted mean estimate of difference in WMFT: 4·1 s, 95% CI -14·4 to 22·6). There were three serious adverse events during the trial, all deemed to be unrelated to the interventions (seizure after discharge and intracerebral haemorrhage in the recreational activity group and heart attack in the VRWii group). Overall incidences of adverse events and serious adverse events were similar between treatment groups.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION\nIn patients who had a stroke within the 3 months before enrolment and had mild-to-moderate upper extremity motor impairment, non-immersive virtual reality as an add-on therapy to conventional rehabilitation was not superior to a recreational activity intervention in improving motor function, as measured by WMFT. Our study suggests that the type of task used in motor rehabilitation post-stroke might be less relevant, as long as it is intensive enough and task-specific. Simple, low-cost, and widely available recreational activities might be as effective as innovative non-immersive virtual reality technologies.\n\n\nFUNDING\nHeart and Stroke Foundation of Canada and Ontario Ministry of Health.", "corpus_id": 13792474, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "Burden of type 2 diabetes attributed to lower educational levels in Sweden", "abstract": "BackgroundType 2 diabetes is associated with low socioeconomic position (SEP) in high-income countries. Despite the important role of SEP in the development of many diseases, no socioeconomic indicator was included in the Comparative Risk Assessment (CRA) module of the Global Burden of Disease study. We therefore aimed to illustrate an example by estimating the burden of type 2 diabetes in Sweden attributed to lower educational levels as a measure of SEP using the methods applied in the CRA.MethodsTo include lower educational levels as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, we pooled relevant international data from a recent systematic review to measure the association between type 2 diabetes incidence and lower educational levels. We also collected data on the distribution of educational levels in the Swedish population using comparable criteria for educational levels as identified in the international literature. Population attributable fractions (PAF) were estimated and applied to the burden of diabetes estimates from the Swedish burden of disease database for men and women in the separate age groups (30-44, 45-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80+ years).ResultsThe PAF estimates showed that 17.2% of the diabetes burden in men and 20.1% of the burden in women were attributed to lower educational levels in Sweden when combining all age groups. The burden was, however, most pronounced in the older age groups (70-79 and 80+), where lower educational levels contributed to 22.5% to 24.5% of the diabetes burden in men and 27.8% to 32.6% in women.ConclusionsThere is a considerable burden of type 2 diabetes attributed to lower educational levels in Sweden, and socioeconomic indicators should be considered to be incorporated in the CRA.", "corpus_id": 1601704 }	{ "title": "Urban–rural differences in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among 25–74 year-old adults of the Yangon Region, Myanmar: two cross-sectional studies", "abstract": "Objectives To investigate the association between urban–rural location and the occurrence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the Yangon Region, and to estimate the proportion of urban and rural participants already diagnosed with DM, and of those, the proportion under treatment and under control. Design Two cross-sectional studies, using the WHO STEPs methodology. Setting The Yangon Region of Myanmar, urban and rural areas. Participants Men and women, aged 25–74 years, included during the study period from September–November 2013 (urban) and 2014 (rural areas) (n=1372). Institutionalised people, physically and mentally ill person, monks and nuns were excluded. Results The age-standardised prevalence of DM was 12.1% in urban and 7.1% in rural areas (p=0.039). In urban areas, the prevalence of DM was lowest in the highest educational groups (p<0.001). There were no differences in DM prevalence between gender or income levels. In rural areas, those who were physically inactive had a low intake of fruit and vegetable and were overweight/obese had a higher DM prevalence than others. In a logistic regression, the OR for DM in rural compared with urban areas was 0.38 (0.22, 0.65), adjusted for sociodemographic variables and behavioural risk factors. In urban areas, 43.1% of participants had the experience of receiving blood glucose measurements by a doctor or health worker, and 61.5% of all cases of DM were already diagnosed, 78.7% were under treatment and 45.8% were under control. The corresponding proportions in rural areas were 26.4%, 52.4%, 78.1% and 32.0%, respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of DM in the Yangon Region was high, and significantly higher in urban than in rural areas. More health services are needed to serve this population with a large proportion of undiagnosed diabetes. Preventive measures to halt and reduce the prevalence of DM are urgently needed.", "corpus_id": 4656593 }	{ "title": "The police and mental health.", "abstract": "With deinstitutionalization and the influx into the community of persons with severe mental illness, the police have become frontline professionals who manage these persons when they are in crisis. This article examines and comments on the issues raised by this phenomenon as it affects both the law enforcement and mental health systems. Two common-law principles provide the rationale for the police to take responsibility for persons with mental illness: their power and authority to protect the safety and welfare of the community, and their parens patriae obligations to protect individuals with disabilities. The police often fulfill the role of gatekeeper in deciding whether a person with mental illness who has come to their attention should enter the mental health system or the criminal justice system. Criminalization may result if this role is not performed appropriately. The authors describe a variety of mobile crisis teams composed of police, mental health professionals, or both. The need for police officers to have training in recognizing mental illness and knowing how to access mental health resources is emphasized. Collaboration between the law enforcement and mental health systems is crucial, and the very different areas of expertise of each should be recognized and should not be confused.", "corpus_id": 5755875, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "Chronic pericardial constriction with effusion in childhood.", "abstract": "Five cases of children with nontuberculosis pericardial constriction with effusion are reported. The disease is not as rare as has been thought, and the aetiology in these cases was probably a previous virus infection. A previous diagnosis of hepatitis, nephrotic syndrome, or protein-losing enteropathy had been made and the correct diagnosis was delayed for months or even years. Pericardiectomy produced immediate relief from symptoms in 2 patients but in 2 others there was evidence of poor myocardial function postoperatively.", "corpus_id": 2568387 }	{ "title": "CHRONIC constrictive pericarditis.", "abstract": "C H11ONIC constrictive pericarditis, interestingly enough, was one of the very first pathologic conditions to be recognized. This is natural in view of the rather obvious gross lesion found at autopsy. Hence wlhei the custom of postmortem examinations b)egan to be established, pericarditis and its sequelae were quickly identified. Lower,8 in 1669, described the clinical effect of interference of cardiac diastole by a constricting fibrous pericardium. Chevers,4 however, in 1842, was the first to present clearly the clinical picture of chronic constrictive pericarditis. Wilks,1\" in 1870, further emphasized this syndrome. Curiously enough, however, it was Friedel Pick'0 whose name was attached many years later to the disease itself, which fact illustrates the neglect of the writings of our forebears. An extraordinary delay supervened, following these early descriptions of the disease, before it wcas shown that the clinical diagnosis could be readily made and that surgical correction was feasible (White,'2 1935). Although much is now known about chronic constrictive pericaiditis and its treatment, new advances aire likely to lead eventually to its reduction and to its earlier recognition and proper treatinent.", "corpus_id": 378947 }	{ "title": "Pressure Curves from the Right Auricle and the Right Ventricle in Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis", "abstract": "Characteristic patterns of the pressure curves from the right auricle and the right ventricle have been found in chronic constrictive pericarditis by various investigators. It has been uncertain, however, whether or not the findings were pathognomonic, and whether they were reliable pictures of the pressure conditions or artefacts. Consequently the views upon the underlying mechanism have been different too. It is concluded from the studies here presented that the pressure curves are pathognomonic when in their most pronounced form, and that they are not artefacts and thus furnish a proper basis for inferences as to the hemodynamics in chronic constrictive pericarditis.", "corpus_id": 5451991, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "Tumor treating fields therapy device for glioblastoma: physics and clinical practice considerations", "abstract": "Alternating electric fields therapy, as delivered by the tumor treating fields device, is a new modality of cancer treatment that has been approved by the US FDA for recurrent glioblastoma. At a frequency of 200 kHz, these fields emanate from transducer arrays on the surface of the patient’s scalp into the brain and perturb processes necessary for cytokinesis during tumor cell mitosis. In the registration Phase III trial for recurrent glioblastoma patients, the efficacy of the tumor treating fields as monotherapy was equivalent to chemotherapy, while scalp irritation was its major adverse event compared with systemic toxicities that were associated with cytotoxic chemotherapies. Alternating electric fields therapy is, therefore, an essential option for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of the physics, cell biology and clinical data supporting the use of the tumor treating fields therapy.", "corpus_id": 1586499 }	{ "title": "Impact of tumor position, conductivity distribution and tissue homogeneity on the distribution of tumor treating fields in a human brain: A computer modeling study", "abstract": "Background Tumor treating fields (TTFields) are increasingly used in the treatment of glioblastoma. TTFields inhibit cancer growth through induction of alternating electrical fields. To optimize TTFields efficacy, it is necessary to understand the factors determining the strength and distribution of TTFields. In this study, we provide simple guiding principles for clinicians to assess the distribution and the local efficacy of TTFields in various clinical scenarios. Methods We calculated the TTFields distribution using finite element methods applied to a realistic head model. Dielectric property estimates were taken from the literature. Twentyfour tumors were virtually introduced at locations systematically varied relative to the applied field. In addition, we investigated the impact of central tumor necrosis on the induced field. Results Local field “hot spots” occurred at the sulcal fundi and in deep tumors embedded in white matter. The field strength was not higher for tumors close to the active electrode. Left/right field directions were generally superior to anterior/posterior directions. Central necrosis focally enhanced the field near tumor boundaries perpendicular to the applied field and introduced significant field non-uniformity within the tumor. Conclusions The TTFields distribution is largely determined by local conductivity differences. The well conducting tumor tissue creates a preferred pathway for current flow, which increases the field intensity in the tumor boundaries and surrounding regions perpendicular to the applied field. The cerebrospinal fluid plays a significant role in shaping the current pathways and funnels currents through the ventricles and sulci towards deeper regions, which thereby experience higher fields. Clinicians may apply these principles to better understand how TTFields will affect individual patients and possibly predict where local recurrence may occur. Accurate predictions should, however, be based on patient specific models. Future work is needed to assess the robustness of the presented results towards variations in conductivity.", "corpus_id": 28019770 }	{ "title": "Staphylococci in Competition", "abstract": "Foods containing large amounts of carbohydrate have frequently been involved in staphylococcal food poisoning. Custard has been considered to be a highly favorable culture medium for staphylococci; however, it may be a selective medium rather than an ideal one. The influence of dextrose, lactose, and sucrose in varying amounts from 0.25 to 18%, and of starch, on the growth of staphylococci in mixed populations with saprophytes was determined. The inhibitory effect of the sugars was much greater on the saprophyte population than on the staphylococci. Of the three sugars, sucrose was most inhibitory to the saprophytes. It greatly decreased their lag periods as the concentration of sugar increased. Dextrose was the least inhibitory; in fact, 0.5% dextrose gave considerable stimulus to saprophyte growth. This sharply repressed staphylococcal growth. Lactose occupied an intermediate position. Rapid onset of the death phase of the staphylococci was observed in all increased sugar concentrations and seemed to be a pH effect rather than a result of competition. Sucrose exerted an inhibitory effect on the growth of saprophytes at and above room temperature. In the presence of 2.5% corn starch, staphylococcal growth in mixed cultures was slightly inhibited, while the death phase was sharply accelerated. Thus, carbohydrates exert their influence on staphylococcal growth in mixed cultures through their effect on the saprophytes by decreasing or increasing competition.", "corpus_id": 9670407, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "Algebraic Clustering of Affine Subspaces", "abstract": "Subspace clustering is an important problem in machine learning with many applications in computer vision and pattern recognition. Prior work has studied this problem using algebraic, iterative, statistical, low-rank and sparse representation techniques. While these methods have been applied to both linear and affine subspaces, theoretical results have only been established in the case of linear subspaces. For example, algebraic subspace clustering (ASC) is guaranteed to provide the correct clustering when the data points are in general position and the union of subspaces is transversal. In this paper we study in a rigorous fashion the properties of ASC in the case of affine subspaces. Using notions from algebraic geometry, we prove that the homogenization trick, which embeds points in a union of affine subspaces into points in a union of linear subspaces, preserves the general position of the points and the transversality of the union of subspaces in the embedded space, thus establishing the correctness of ASC for affine subpaces.", "corpus_id": 7315973 }	{ "title": "Motion Segmentation in the Presence of Outlying, Incomplete, or Corrupted Trajectories", "abstract": "In this paper, we study the problem of segmenting tracked feature point trajectories of multiple moving objects in an image sequence. Using the affine camera model, this problem can be cast as the problem of segmenting samples drawn from multiple linear subspaces. In practice, due to limitations of the tracker, occlusions, and the presence of nonrigid objects in the scene, the obtained motion trajectories may contain grossly mistracked features, missing entries, or corrupted entries. In this paper, we develop a robust subspace separation scheme that deals with these practical issues in a unified mathematical framework. Our methods draw strong connections between lossy compression, rank minimization, and sparse representation. We test our methods extensively on the Hopkins155 motion segmentation database and other motion sequences with outliers and missing data. We compare the performance of our methods to state-of-the-art motion segmentation methods based on expectation-maximization and spectral clustering. For data without outliers or missing information, the results of our methods are on par with the state-of-the-art results and, in many cases, exceed them. In addition, our methods give surprisingly good performance in the presence of the three types of pathological trajectories mentioned above. All code and results are publicly available at http://perception.csl.uiuc.edu/coding/motion/.", "corpus_id": 344242 }	{ "title": "Calibration Drift of Clinical Prediction Models Across Modeling Methods.", "abstract": null, "corpus_id": 31868563, "score": -1 }
{ "title": "A ratiometric nanoprobe based on silver nanoclusters and carbon dots for the fluorescent detection of biothiols.", "abstract": "Ratiometric fluorescent probes could eliminate the influence from experimental factors and improve the detection accuracy. In this article, a ratiometric nanoprobe was constructed based on silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) with nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) and used for the detection of biothiols. The fluorescence peak of AgNCs was observed at 650nm with excitation wavelength at 370nm. In order to construct the ratiometric fluorescent probe, NCDs with the excitation and emission wavelengths at 370nm and 450nm were selected. After adding AgNCs, the fluorescence of NCDs was quenched. The mechanism of the fluorescence quenching was studied by fluorescence, UV-Vis absorption and the fluorescence lifetime spectra. The results indicated that the quenching could be ascribed to the inner filter effect (IFE). With the addition of biothiols, the fluorescence of AgNCs at 650nm decreased due to the breakdown of AgNCs, and the fluorescence of NCDs at 450nm recovered accordingly. Thus, the relationship between the ratio of the fluorescence intensities (I450/I650) and biothiol concentration was used to establish the determination method for biothiols. Cysteine (Cys) was taken as the model of biothiols, and the working curve for Cys was I450/I650=0.60CCys-1.86 (CCys: μmol/L) with the detection limit of 0.14μmol/L (S/N=3). Then, the method was used for the detection of Cys in human urine and serum samples with satisfactory accuracy and recovery ratios. Furthermore, the probe could be applied for the visual semi-quantitative determination of Cys by naked eyes.", "corpus_id": 3485926 }	{ "title": "Design and applications of carbon dots-based ratiometric fluorescent probes: A review", "abstract": "Ratiometric fluorescence (FL) probes can eliminate the background interference and provide more accurate detection results than single emission intensity-based nanoprobes. Recently, carbon dots (CDs)-based ratiometric FL probes have received extensive research attention due to their excellent biocompatibility, water solubility, and multi-emission capabilities. In this review, we firstly summarize the construction strategies of CDs-based ratiometric FL probes, including physical mixing, nanohybrid, and dual-emitting CDs strategies. Additionally, we classify the sensing types of CDs-based ratiometric FL probes into five categories according to the difference in spectral variation caused by analytes: “single-response-ON”, “single-response-OFF”, “double-responses-ON”, “double-responses-OFF”, and “double-responses-Reverse” types. Finally, a thorough overview of CDs-based ratiometric FL probe applications in ions, molecules, pH, and temperature sensing is provided. We believe this review can show the latest research progress of CDs-based ratiometric FL sensing fields and provide perspectives on future developments for the construction of CDs-based ratiometric FL probes and their potential applications.", "corpus_id": 252114181 }	{ "title": "Highly soluble PEGylated pyrene-gold nanoparticles dyads for sensitive turn-on fluorescent detection of biothiols.", "abstract": "Highly soluble fluorescent pyrene derivative with substantially improved fluorescence intensity in aqueous buffer was obtained via PEGylation strategy. The highly soluble PEGylated pyrene (PEO-Py) non-covalently adsorbed onto the surface of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) to form dyads with quenched fluorescence due to highly efficient energy transfer between PEO-Py and Au NPs. The PEO-Py/Au NPs dyads were used for the sensitive turn-on fluorescent detection of biothiols. The fluorescence of PEO-Py was restored by the addition of cysteine (Cys), indicating that Cys can modulate the energy transfer between PEO-Py and Au NPs. This phenomenon then allowed for the sensitive detection of Cys with a limit of detection (LOD) of 11.4 nM. The linear range of determination of Cys was from 1.25 x 10(-8) to 2.25 x 10(-7) M. None of the other amino acids found in proteins showed obvious interference with the determination. It was important to note that the detection sensitivity of the PEO-Py/Au NPs system was more than 5-fold improved compared with the Py/Au NPs system. In addition, other biothiol molecules, such as glutathione, could also be detected by this sensor system. The method was also successfully applied to the determination of the total content of aminothiols in human plasma. Therefore an easily prepared, inexpensive, high solubility fluorescent probe has been realized and is also expected to detect other biological analytes of interest.", "corpus_id": 22032324, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "Analogies, Explanations, and Practice: Examining How Task Types Affect Second Language Grammar Learning", "abstract": "Self-explanation is an effective instructional strategy for improving problem solving in math and science domains. However, our previous studies, within the domain of second language grammar learning, show self-explanation to be no more effective than simple practice; perhaps the metalinguistic challenges involved in explaining using one's non-native language are hampering the potential benefits. An alternative strategy is tutoring using analogical comparisons, which reduces language difficulties while continuing to encourage feature focusing and deep processing. In this paper, we investigate adult English language learners learning the English article system (e.g. the difference between “a dog” and “the dog”). We present the results of a classroom-based study (N=99) that compares practice-only to two conditions that facilitate deep processing: self-explanation with practice and analogy with practice. Results show that students in all conditions benefit from the instruction. However, students in the practice-only condition complete the instruction in significantly less time leading to greater learning efficiency. Possible explanations regarding the differences between language and science learning are discussed.", "corpus_id": 2170671 }	{ "title": "Learning by explaining: Impacts of explanations on the development of a competence", "abstract": "Abstract Introduction Previous research has mainly studied the impact of activity explanation on performances (e.g., Chi, 2009), but little research has been done to examine its impact on the development of a competence. Objective A model of dynamic analysis of competence (Coulet, 2011) has been used to measure the impact of activity explanation on the development of a technical competence. Method Explanation of tasks of varying complexity has been manipulated in two experimental studies; effects of activity explanation have been measured on objective performance, perceptions related to the task and final explanations. Results Participants who explained their activity not only performed better on the tasks, but also showed more positive perceptions of their relations to the task and a better ability to produce didactic explanations. Conclusion Psychological processes involved in explaining activity and their implications are examined and discussed.", "corpus_id": 146487297 }	{ "title": "The Scalable Adapter Design Pattern: Enabling Interoperability Between Educational Software Tools", "abstract": "For many practical learning scenarios, the integrated use of more than one learning tool is educationally beneficial. In these cases, interoperability between learning tools - getting the pieces to talk to one another in a coherent, well-founded manner - is a crucial requirement that is often hard to achieve. This paper describes a re-usable software design that aims at the integration of independent learning tools into one collaborative learning scenario. We motivate the usefulness and expressiveness of combining several learning tools into one integrated learning experience. Based on this we sketch software design principles that integrate several existing components into a joint technical framework. The feasibility of the approach, which we name the \"Scalable Adapter\" design pattern, is shown with several implementation examples from different educational technology domains, including Intelligent Tutoring Systems and collaborative learning environments.", "corpus_id": 4463173, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcus Immunology", "abstract": "Objective To elucidate specific cytokine and chemokine markers in patients diagnosed with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcus (PANDAS). Study Design Prospective cohort study. Study setting Academic university hospital. Methods Tonsil tissue was collected from 24 patients and organized into 3 groups: experimental PANDAS cohort (12 patients), group A beta hemolytic streptococcus control cohort (6 patients), and obstructive sleep apnea control cohort (6 patients). Each tissue sample was extracted with MSD Tris lysis buffer, and protein lysates were analyzed for human chemokines and cytokines by the Human Cytokine 30-Plex Assay on the Mesoscale System. Results We identified a significant difference in expression regarding the 8 following cytokines when comparing the experimental PANDAS, group A beta hemolytic streptococcus, and obstructive sleep apnea control cohorts: tumor necrosis factor–α and eotaxin-3. In addition, our group also identified a significant reduction in the expression of interleukin (IL)–8, interferon inducible protein–10, IL-17a, interferon-γ, IL-10, and IL-12 across the aforementioned groups. Conclusions Patients diagnosed with PANDAS appear to maintain significantly different concentrations of cytokines when compared with patients afflicted by chronic group A beta hemolytic streptococcus infections and obstructive sleep apnea. As a result, one could potentially use the described characterization of immunologic markers as a basis for future mechanistic and epidemiological studies.", "corpus_id": 41968 }	{ "title": "PANDAS: A systematic review of treatment options.", "abstract": "INTRODUCTION\nPediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcus (PANDAS) is a rare but important condition for pediatric otolaryngologists to recognize. Several treatment options exist including tonsillectomy, antibiotic treatment/prophylaxis, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and psychiatric medications/therapy.\n\n\nMETHODS\nA systematic review of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases was performed searching for articles that focused exclusively on the aforementioned treatment modalities in the PANDAS population. Review articles, single patient case reports, and studies examining the natural history or diagnostic strategies were excluded.\n\n\nRESULTS\nFive articles regarding tonsillectomy treatments with level of evidence (LOE) 4 were found but no clear benefit could be determined. Three articles were selected involving the use of antibiotic therapy. One prospective study and one double-blind randomized control trial (DB RCT) supported the use of antibiotics but a separate DB RCT showed no benefit. Two selected articles described the use of IVIG: one unblinded RCT and one retrospective study. One prospective study on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) showed benefit in PANDAS.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nThere is a paucity of high-level studies regarding this rare disorder and no hard treatment recommendations can be made. Tonsillectomy should only be performed in those who are surgical candidates based on current published guidelines. Antibiotics are an option but provide uncertain benefit. CBT remains a low-risk option. Studies support the use of IVIG, however more investigation is needed prior to widespread adoption of this treatment given its potential risks.", "corpus_id": 8911551 }	{ "title": "T cell-mediated lethal shock triggered in mice by the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B: critical role of tumor necrosis factor", "abstract": "Because mice are more resistant than humans to the pathogenic effects of bacterial toxins, we used D-Galactosamine- (D-Gal) sensitized mice as a model system to evaluate potential toxic shock symptoms triggered by the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). We show that similar to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) [LPS], the exotoxin SEB causes lethal shock within 8 h in D-Gal-sensitized mice, inducing 100% and about 50% lethality with 20 and 2 micrograms SEB, respectively. The lethal shock triggered by the superantigen SEB is mediated by T cells, a conclusion based on the observation that T cell repopulation of SCID mice conferred sensitivity to SEB. Since CSA also conferred protection, the role of T cell-derived lymphokines in mediating lethal shock was evaluated. Within 30-60 min after SEB injection, serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels peaked, followed immediately by interleukin-2 (IL- 2). Serum-borne lymphokines were detected well in advance of signs of T cell activation, as assessed by IL-2 receptor expression of SEB- reactive V beta 8+ T cells. Passive immunization with anti-TNF- alpha/beta-neutralizing monoclonal antibody also conferred protection, indicating that it is TNF which is critical for initiating toxic shock symptoms. Taken together, this study defines basic differences between endotoxin (LPS)- and exotoxin (SEB)-mediated lethal shock, in that the former is mediated by macrophages and the latter by T cells. Yet the pathogenesis distal to the lymphokine/cytokine-producing cells appears surprisingly similar in that TNF represents a key mediator in inducing shock.", "corpus_id": 18091773, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "Cardiac risk factors and metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia admitted to a general hospital psychiatric unit", "abstract": "Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors and metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients with schizophrenia. Materials and Methods: By consecutive sampling, 143 patients (of age ≥ 20 years), out of total 159 patients with schizophrenia admitted to the inpatient unit were evaluated for the coronary heart disease (CHD) risk as per Framingham (10-year all CHD events) function/risk equation and systematic coronary risk evaluation (SCORE) - 10-year cardiovascular mortality risk (CMR). Prevalence of MS was estimated by using the consensus definition. Results: Fifty-two (36.4%) patients fulfilled the criteria for MS. 10-year CHD risk was 1.65%, and 10-year CMR was 1.39%. Compared to females, males had higher Framingham score (1.96 ± 2.74 vs. 1.09 ± 0.41, U value 1987.5*, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Patients of schizophrenia have a high prevalence of MS and CVR factors. Hence, there is a need to screen the patient of schizophrenia for the same and manage the same as early as possible during the course of illness.", "corpus_id": 106078 }	{ "title": "Metabolic syndrome and central obesity in depression: A cross-sectional study", "abstract": "Introduction: The current epidemiological data and meta-analyses indicate a bidirectional association between depression and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Aims: To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and obesity in drug naïve patients (in current episode) having Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Depression. Method: This was a single point cross sectional observational study that involved administration of diagnostic and assessment tools and blood investigations. Recruitment for the study was done from a period of September 2008 to august 2009. Results: The prevalence of MetS was significantly more in the depression group when compared to healthy controls. The Bipolar depression group had 24% prevalence and recurrent depression group had 26% prevalence as opposed to none in the control group. The prevalence of MetS did not differ significantly amongst the both depression groups. Presence of central obesity was significantly more in the recurrent depression (30%) and Bipolar depression (24%) as compared to controls (8%). There was no statistically significant difference between the two depression subgroups. Discussion: Our study adds to the mounting evidence that links the presence of depression and metabolic syndrome. As we had ensured a drug free period of at least 3 months, the findings in our study indicate that the metabolic syndrome observed in our study is independent of drug exposure. Conclusions: This study demonstrated significantly more incidence of metabolic syndrome and central obesity in patients of depression than age and sex matched controls.", "corpus_id": 9491728 }	{ "title": "Prevalence and correlates of suicidal behaviour among adults in Malawi: a nationally representative cross-sectional survey in 2017", "abstract": "Background The study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of suicidal behaviour (SB) among adults in Malawi. Methods Data were analysed from 4187 persons aged 18–69 years (median age: 32 years) that took part in the nationally representative cross-sectional “2017 Malawi STEPS survey.” Results The prevalence of ever suicide attempt was 0.8%, and the prevalence of SB (ideation, plan and/or attempt) in the past year was 7.9% (6.0% among men and 9.6% among women). In adjusted logistic regression analysis, among men, being 30 years and older and having an alcohol family problem were positively and obesity was negatively associated with SB in the past year. Moreover, in univariate analysis, early smoking initiation was positively and not using active transportation was negatively associated with SB in the past year. Among women, having an alcohol family problem, death from suicide of a close family member, having a cardiovascular incident (heart attack, stroke, or angina) and not using active transportation increased the odds of SB in the past year. In addition, in univariate analysis, low systolic blood pressure (< 100 mmHg), not taking antihypertensive medication, and current alcohol use were associated with past year SB. Conclusion Almost one in ten participants engaged in SB in the past year and several associated factors were identified that can inform intervention programmes.", "corpus_id": 235355144, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "Predicting Program Properties from \"Big Code\"", "abstract": "We present a new approach for predicting program properties from massive codebases (aka \"Big Code\"). Our approach first learns a probabilistic model from existing data and then uses this model to predict properties of new, unseen programs. The key idea of our work is to transform the input program into a representation which allows us to phrase the problem of inferring program properties as structured prediction in machine learning. This formulation enables us to leverage powerful probabilistic graphical models such as conditional random fields (CRFs) in order to perform joint prediction of program properties. As an example of our approach, we built a scalable prediction engine called JSNice for solving two kinds of problems in the context of JavaScript: predicting (syntactic) names of identifiers and predicting (semantic) type annotations of variables. Experimentally, JSNice predicts correct names for 63% of name identifiers and its type annotation predictions are correct in 81% of the cases. In the first week since its release, JSNice was used by more than 30,000 developers and in only few months has become a popular tool in the JavaScript developer community. By formulating the problem of inferring program properties as structured prediction and showing how to perform both learning and inference in this context, our work opens up new possibilities for attacking a wide range of difficult problems in the context of \"Big Code\" including invariant generation, decompilation, synthesis and others.", "corpus_id": 14571254 }	{ "title": "code2seq: Generating Sequences from Structured Representations of Code", "abstract": "The ability to generate natural language sequences from source code snippets has a variety of applications such as code summarization, documentation, and retrieval. Sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models, adopted from neural machine translation (NMT), have achieved state-of-the-art performance on these tasks by treating source code as a sequence of tokens. We present ${\\rm {\\scriptsize CODE2SEQ}}$: an alternative approach that leverages the syntactic structure of programming languages to better encode source code. Our model represents a code snippet as the set of compositional paths in its abstract syntax tree (AST) and uses attention to select the relevant paths while decoding. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach for two tasks, two programming languages, and four datasets of up to $16$M examples. Our model significantly outperforms previous models that were specifically designed for programming languages, as well as state-of-the-art NMT models.", "corpus_id": 51926976 }	{ "title": "Question Answering on Knowledge Bases and Text using Universal Schema and Memory Networks", "abstract": "Existing question answering methods infer answers either from a knowledge base or from raw text. While knowledge base (KB) methods are good at answering compositional questions, their performance is often affected by the incompleteness of the KB. Au contraire, web text contains millions of facts that are absent in the KB, however in an unstructured form. {\\it Universal schema} can support reasoning on the union of both structured KBs and unstructured text by aligning them in a common embedded space. In this paper we extend universal schema to natural language question answering, employing \\emph{memory networks} to attend to the large body of facts in the combination of text and KB. Our models can be trained in an end-to-end fashion on question-answer pairs. Evaluation results on \\spades fill-in-the-blank question answering dataset show that exploiting universal schema for question answering is better than using either a KB or text alone. This model also outperforms the current state-of-the-art by 8.5 $F_1$ points.\\footnote{Code and data available in \\url{https://rajarshd.github.io/TextKBQA}}", "corpus_id": 228172, "score": -1 }
{ "title": "Sericin - A Unique Biomaterial", "abstract": "Silk is made up of two types of proteins- silk fibroin and sericin. Silk sericin is the main residue (≈20- 30%) in raw silk fiber. It is composed of 18 amino acids. Solubility, molecular weight, and gelling properties of sericin depends on the methods of isolation i.e. degumming. Sericin has proved itself as a highly potential biomaterial by wide variety of applications in medicine, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, biosorbent and other areas. Sericin has a good capacity for use in biomedical and pharmaceutical areas. Sericin coated fabric showed a high degree of bacteriacidal activity. Sericin might be a valuable ingredient for development of antimicrobial textiles. Various groups are still working to explore some untouched areas of application of sericin.", "corpus_id": 205723 }	{ "title": "Bone regeneration is associated with the concentration of tumour necrosis factor-α induced by sericin released from a silk mat", "abstract": "To understand the osteogenic effect of the middle layer of the silk cocoon, sericin was examined for its cellular effects associated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) signaling in this study. The fragmented sericin proteins in the silk mat were evaluated for the TNF-α expression level in murine macrophages. The concentration of protein released from silk mats was higher in the outermost and the innermost layers than in the middle layers, and the protein released from the silk mat was identified as sericin. The level of TNF-α in murine macrophages was dependent on the applied concentration of sericin, and the expression of genes associated with osteogenesis in osteoblast-like cells was dependent on the applied concentration of TNF-α. In animal experiments, silk mats from the middle layers led to a higher regenerated bone volume than silk mats from the innermost layer or the outermost layer. If TNF-α protein was incorporated into the silk mats from the middle layers, bone regeneration was suppressed compared with unloaded silk mats from the middle layers. Accordingly, silk mats from the silk cocoon can be considered to be a fragmented sericin-secreting carrier, and the level of sericin secretion is associated with TNF-α induction and bone regeneration.", "corpus_id": 10233441 }	{ "title": "Evaluation of effect of coal chemical properties on coal swelling index using artificial neural networks", "abstract": "In this research, the effect of chemical properties of coals on coal free swelling index has been studied by artificial neural network methods. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) method for more than 300 datasets was used for evaluating free swelling index value. In this investigation, some of input parameters (nearly 10) were used. For selecting the best model for this study, outputs of models were compared. A three-layer ANN was found to be optimum with architecture of 12 and 5 neurons in the first and second hidden layer, respectively, and 1 neuron in output layer. In this work, training and test data's square correlation coefficients (R^2) achieved 0.99 and 0.92, respectively. Sensitivity analysis shows that, nitrogen (dry), carbon (dry), hydrogen (dry), Btu (dry), volatile matter (dry) and fixed carbon (dry) have positive effects and moisture, oxygen (dry), ash (dry) and total sulfur (dry) have negative effects on FSI. Finally, the fixed carbon was found to have the lowest effect (0.0425) on FSI.", "corpus_id": 31738885, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "Single Photon Scatter Compensation By Photopeak Energy Distribution Analysis", "abstract": "Scattered photons degrade nuclear medicine image contrast and resolution, and preclude simple attenuation corrections. Current scatter correction methods utilize detected events with energies below pulse height analyzer (PHA) window levels, making attenuation corrections source position dependent. This new scatter rejection technique analyzes only the photon signals occurring within the range of standard PHA windows. In real time, at each image location the PHA window energy distribution is analyzed, a scatter fraction determined, and a scatter corrected number of events are output. The method can be adapted to any imaging system which produces event location and energy signals. Attenuation corrections (u=0.15 cm(-1), 140 keV) are within 6% for 2-10 cm depths.", "corpus_id": 5285454 }	{ "title": "A comparative study of scatter correction methods for scintigraphic images", "abstract": "Phantom studies have demonstrated that factor analysis of medical image sequences using target apex-seeking (FAMIS-TAS) applied to spectral scintigraphic image sequences is an efficient adaptive scatter correction method. We assessed the improvement in quality of clinical images using FAMIS-TAS as compared with two other scatter correction techniques: conventional 20% photopeak window (PW) and scatter window subtraction (SWS). Thirty normal technetium-99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate bone scans were processed. Bone to soft tissue contrasts and signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios were measured. The overall image quality was evaluated using an observer testing questionnaire submitted to four physicians. Quantitative parameters showed that FAMIS-TAS images displayed the best bone to soft tissue contrasts and contrast-tonoise ratios, but the lowest signal-to-noise ratios. PW images presented the lowest contrasts and contrast-tonoise ratios, and the highest signal-to-noise ratios. SWS gave intermediate results. According to the observer testing results, PW images showed the lowest bone to soft tissue contrasts and the highest signal-to-noise ratios. FAMIS-TAS images showed the lowest signal-to-noise ratios. The images processed by the three methods displayed the same anatomical information.", "corpus_id": 24277639 }	{ "title": "On acoustic refraction by duct shear layers", "abstract": "We consider the propagation of sound in a two-dimensional shear layer in a duct. Initially plane sound waves propagate in a subsonic flow whose steady velocity U(y) is in the axial direction and is a function of the normal co-ordinate alone. The initial-value problem in time and space is solved within the framework of a perturbation scheme. Far from the wave front and for large time the refractive effects are considerable. However, the present results indicate that standing wave type patterns lead to a strong dependence on axial location in the duct. The paper also points out the Weakness inherent in theories which attempt to treat the refraction problem without considering the source conditions.", "corpus_id": 122743778, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "THE EFFECT OF THE PORCINE MELANOCORTIN-5 RECEPTOR (MC5R) GENE ASSOCIATED WITH FEED INTAKE, CARCASS AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS", "abstract": "The aim of this paper was to investigate the associations between MC5R gene polymorphism (A303G) and feed intake, carcass and physicochemical traits in Large White x Landrace crossbred pigs. The experiment was conducted on 106 pigs (LW x L). The polymorphism of MC5R gene was analyzed by PCR-RFLP method using the BsaHI restriction enzyme. Two genotypes were identified, AA (72.64%) and AG (27.36%) genotype.In the test group we found clearly observed a higher frequency ofA allele(0.8633) compared with the G allele (0.1367).In this study, significant differences were observed in MC5R (BsaHI) between genotypes for ADG (p ≤ 0.01), feed intake (p ≤ 0.001) and feed conversion (p ≤ 0.001), in favor of the AG genotype.We observed a weak association between the A303G polymorphism system and carcass (MLT p ≤ 0.05) and physicochemical (pH 1 MLT p ≤ 0.05) characteristics. No significant differences were found in other parameters.", "corpus_id": 3618805 }	{ "title": "Distribution of cDNA for melanocortin receptor subtypes in human tissues.", "abstract": "Distribution of cDNA for five individual melanocortin receptor subtypes in 20 different human tissues was determined by PCR using subtype specific primers. PCR products were first visualised by agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining, and specific products were identified for melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) in pituitary and testis, for MC2R in adrenal gland, for MC3R in heart, for MC5R in adrenal gland, fat cells, kidney, leukocytes, lung, lymph node, mammary gland, ovary, pituitary, testis and uterus. The MC4R cDNA could not be detected by ethidium bromide staining. More tissues were revealed as positive when the DNA from PCR were hybridised with subtype specific radioactive probes. All the subtypes except MC4R could be detected in testis. MC4R could only be detected in pituitary. This is the first report describing the comprehensive distribution analysis of melanocortin receptor subtype cDNAs in human tissues, and provides a link between individual receptor subtype and diverse biological activities of melanocortic peptides in the respective target tissues.", "corpus_id": 20942702 }	{ "title": "β-Adrenergic receptor stimulated peroxidase secretion from rat lacrimal gland", "abstract": "Incubation of rat extraorbital lacrimal gland slices with the β-agonist isoproterenol caused peroxidase secretion but no K+ release. The peroxidase secretion was inhibited by propranolol. Addition od dibutyryl cyclic AMP or adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic phosphorothioate to lacrimal slices produced peroxidase secretion at a higher rate than that obtained with optimal concentration of isoproterenol. Methyl isobutylxanthine is also a strong stimulator of peroxidase secretion. Peroxidase activity was determined by a modified sensitive guaiacol method. Membrane fraction of lacrimal cells was shown to contain an isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. It is therefore suggested that there is a β-adrenergic receptor in the rat lacrimal gland and that its stimulation causes activation of an adenylate cyclase which leads to peroxidase secretion.", "corpus_id": 83813408, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "Identification and characterization of microRNAs in tree peony during chilling induced dormancy release by high-throughput sequencing", "abstract": "Tree peony, one of the most valuable horticultural and medicinal plants in the world, has to go through winter to break dormancy. Growing studies from molecular aspects on dormancy release process have been reported, but inadequate study has been done on miRNA-guided regulation in tree peony. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was employed to identify and characterize miRNAs in three libraries (6 d, 18 d and 24 d chilling treatments). There were 7,122, 10,076 and 9,097 unique miRNA sequences belonging to 52, 87 and 68 miRNA families, respectively. A total of 32 conserved miRNAs and 17 putative novel miRNAs were identified during dormancy release. There were 771 unigenes as potential targets of 62 miRNA families. Total 112 known miRNAs were differentially expressed, of which 55 miRNAs were shared among three libraries and 28 miRNAs were only found in 18 d chilling duration library. The expression patterns of 15 conserved miRNAs were validated and classified into four types by RT-qPCR. Combining with our microarray data under same treatments, five miRNAs (miR156k, miR159a, miR167a, miR169a and miR172a) were inversely correlated to those of their target genes. Our results would provide new molecular basis about dormancy release in tree peony.", "corpus_id": 3851702 }	{ "title": "Identification of MicroRNAs and Their Targets Involved in Paeonia rockii Petal Variegation Using High-throughput Sequencing", "abstract": "Tree peony (Paeonia sp.) is a popular traditional ornamental plant in China. Among the nine wild species, Paeonia rockii displays wide-ranging, deep purple variegation at the base of the petals, whereas Paeonia ostii exhibits purely white petals. Overall, the posttranscriptional regulation involved in tree peony flower opening and pigmentation remains unclear. To identify potential microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in flower variegation, six small RNA libraries of P. ostii and P. rockii petals at three different opening stages were constructed and sequenced. Using Illumina-based sequencing, 22 conserved miRNAs and 27 novel miRNAs were identified in P. rockii and P. ostii petals. Seventeen miRNAs were differentially expressed during flower development, and several putative target genes of these miRNAs belonged to transcription factor families, such as Myb domain (MYB), and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors. Furthermore, an integrative analysis of the expression profiles of miRNAs and their corresponding target genes revealed that variegation formation might be regulated by miR159c, miR168, miR396a, and novel_miR_05, which target the MYB transcription factors, chalcone synthase (CHS), and ABC transporter. Our preliminary study is the first report of miRNAs involved in Paeonia flower pigmentation. It provides insight regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of flower pigmentation in tree peony.", "corpus_id": 133505602 }	{ "title": "Inhibition of endothelial cell functions and of angiogenesis by the metastasis inhibitor NAMI-A", "abstract": "NAMI-A is a ruthenium-based compound with selective anti-metastasis activity in experimental models of solid tumours. We studied whether this activity was dependent on anti-angiogenic ability of NAMI-A. We thus investigated its in vitro effects on endothelial cell functions necessary for angiogenesis to develop, as well as its in vivo effects in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model. Endothelial cell proliferation, chemotaxis, and secretion of the matrix-degrading enzyme metalloproteinase-2 were inhibited by NAMI-A in a dose-dependent manner, and without morphologic signs of cell apoptosis or necrosis. Lastly, NAMI-A displayed a dose-dependent in vivo anti-angiogenic activity in the chorioallantoic membrane model. These data suggest that the anti-angiogenic activity of NAMI-A can contribute to its anti-metastatic efficacy in mice bearing malignant solid tumours.", "corpus_id": 1383301, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "Technology innovation, human resources and dysfunctional integration", "abstract": "Purpose – To provide an in‐depth empirical account demonstrating the danger of letting the innovative human resources of the business development function “slide” further out of orbit and thus becoming increasingly isolated from the rest of the organisation can be further reinforced by a lack of serious attention at upper echelon managerial levelsDesign/methodology/approach – This case study is based upon a participative action research methodology (for an overview of this methodology).Findings – The practical innovation analysed in this study seems to have been both a success and a failure. The innovative and creative human resource within the Business Development Department did in fact rock the boat, but they were not so successful in finding a home and owner for the innovation.Research limitations/implications – One of the important findings of this in‐depth study is that there seems to be a lack of trust and mutual understanding about the value of different managerial functions in a company.Practical ...", "corpus_id": 153944765 }	{ "title": "The effect of corporate environmental commitment on green product innovation", "abstract": "This study utilizes structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore the positive effects of corporate environmental commitment on green relationship learning and green human capital which are positively associated with green product innovation in the Taiwanese manufacturing industry. This study selects the external factor, green relationship learning, and the internal factor, green human capital, as two mediators, and discusses their mediation effects on the positive relationship between corporate environmental commitment and green product innovation. The results show that corporate environmental commitment is a driver of green relationship learning and green human capital. This study shows that corporate environmental commitment can positively affect green product innovation performance via the two mediators: green relationship learning and green human capital on the relationship.", "corpus_id": 31025247 }	{ "title": "\"Research Action\": Organizational Feedback, Understanding, and Change", "abstract": "This article focuses on the relationship between \"research\" and \"action\" as contradictory and complementary activities. Recent research and theory indicate the two may be synergistic and difficult to separate. It is suggested that mutual exchange of information between investigator and respondents is critical to both increased understanding (\"research\") and constructive change (\"action\"). The events in a case study of organizational diagnosis in a school and the outcomes of feedback of that diagnosis are examined in this context. The data indicate that information sharing improved the relationships between investigators and respondents, improved the quality of the diagnosis, and increased student involvement in school life. Some implications of the concept of \"research action\" for researchers and practitioners are discussed.", "corpus_id": 145255198, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "DC dielectric properties of thermo-plastic polyolefin materials", "abstract": "Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) has become the primary cable insulation materials for its excellent comprehensive properties since 1960s. As the increasing environmental awareness of public, the lack of recyclability has become a non-negligible problem which limited the further application of XLPE. Thermo-plastic polyolefin shows potentials as an environment-friendly cable insulation material because of low energy consuming in manufacturing process and lack of recyclability after life cycle. In this paper, DC dielectric properties of a binary thermo-plastic polyolefin blend which contains 30wt% high density polyethylene (HDPE) and 70wt% linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) are studied. The tested samples are blended with twin screw extruder and shaped in the specific moulds with press vulcanizer. DC dielectric properties are characterized by conductivity and breakdown tests. The results show that conductivity rises up with both the increments of temperature and electric field. Breakdown strength goes down while temperature rises up. 30HDPE/70LLDPE blend (359.2 kV/mm) shows a much better electric field endurance than XLPE (237.1 kV/mm) at 70°C. Therefore the chosen thermo-plastic polyolefin blend may have a good application prospect in High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) cable insulation materials.", "corpus_id": 1316420 }	{ "title": "Temperature dependence of crystalline structure and DC performance in LLDPE/HDPE blending material", "abstract": "Thermoplastic blending material is considered as a recyclable environmental-friendly potential candidate for future direct current (DC) cable insulation. Although such a non-crosslinking material has been proved to be superior in certain properties compared with cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE), one of the central concerns for the application of this material system lies in its DC performance at high temperature. In this paper, we investigate the DC conductivity and breakdown strength of a thermoplastic linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)/high-density polyethylene (HDPE) blending material under temperature range from 30 to 90°C, the results show that this blend exhibits better temperature-stability in DC performance, and it shows lower conductivity and higher breakdown strength compared with XLPE. The crystalline structure is studied through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that the LLDPE/HDPE blend exhibits a co-crystalline structure with higher crystallinity and larger microcrystal, and when temperature rising, crystallinity and microcrystal size of blend decreases slower compared with XLPE. Such results might enable further application of the LLDPE/HDPE blend on DC cable insulation.", "corpus_id": 52210596 }	{ "title": "Equilibrium Melting Temperature of Isotactic Polypropylene with High Tacticity. 2. Determination by Optical Microscopy", "abstract": "In part 1 of this series, we proposed a new method to determine the correct equilibrium melting temperature (Tm0). Effects of the “melting kinetics” and lamellar thickening were omitted from Tm. The correct Tm0 of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) ([mmmm] = 99.6%, Mn = 64 × 103, and Mw/Mn = 2.4) was observed to be 186.1 °C. In this paper, the rigorous Gibbs−Thomson plot was obtained by using the direct correspondence between maximum melting temperature (Tm,max) and maximum lamellar thickness (lmax). Tm,max and lmax were observed by means of optical microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM), respectively. The validity of the Gibbs−Thomson plot obtained by means of a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) (part 1 of this series) was confirmed by comparing it with the rigorous Gibbs−Thomson plot in this paper. The Hoffman−Weeks plot is widely used as one of the methods to obtain Tm0. It was shown that the Hoffman−Weeks plot is correct only when l ∝ 1/ΔT, where ΔT is the degree of supercooling, is sa...", "corpus_id": 93445574, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "International experience and CEO selection: An empirical study", "abstract": "This paper extends the upper-echelons theory by examining if observable demographic characteristics can be used to predict CEO selections. Based on an empirical analysis of recent successions at USA Fortune 200 companies, it identifies international experience as an important construct associated with accession to the CEO position of large corporations. The study also finds that CEO international experience is higher in firms that are highly international in terms of sales and assets. Firm and individual control variables are discussed and included in the empirical analysis. Managerial implications and suggestions for related future research are provided.", "corpus_id": 153793937 }	{ "title": "Contextual Influences on Executive Selection: Firm Characteristics and CEO Experience", "abstract": "This study examines the relationship between antecedent organizational characteristics and the pre‐succession experience of individuals chosen as chief executive officer (CEO) – relationships that have received limited attention in past research. A sample of 214 CEO selection decisions was used to test hypothesized relationships between the firm characteristics of size, performance, growth, advertising intensity, risk and individual attributes pertaining to the experience of selected CEOs. Results indicate the following relationships: pre‐succession profitability, size and advertising intensity are associated with the chosen executives' organizational tenure levels; pre‐succession firm size and risk are associated with the age of selected CEOs; and, pre‐succession profitability and advertising intensity are associated with type of functional background experience. Findings provide new insights into the relative importance of pre‐succession experience associated with different organizational contexts in CEO selection decisions.", "corpus_id": 154815148 }	{ "title": "Developing Global Business Leaders: Policies, Processes, and Innovations", "abstract": "Preface New Perspectives on Global Leadership Development by Mark Mendenhall Current MNC Global Leadership Development Policies and Practices International Assignments and Careers as Repositories of Knowledge by Allan Bird The Effects of IHRM Strategies on Global Leadership Development by Marion Festing The German Approach to Developing Global Leaders via Expatriation by Torsten Kuhlmann Global Leadership: Women Leaders by Nancy J. Adler Internationalizing Managers: Comparative Strategies of U.S., Japanese, and European MNCs by Gary Oddou, Hal Gregeresen, J. Stewart Black, and J. Brooklyn Derr Processes Critical to Global Leadership A Model of Expatriation Acculturation: Factors Predicting Adjustment and Performance by Zeynep Ayean The Quest for Transformation: The Process of Global Leadership Development by Joyce Osland A Model of Multinational Work Group Processes and Effectiveness by Martha Maznevski and Lena Zander Synergy Effects in Multinational Composed Work Groups: What We Know and What We Don't Know by Siegfried Stumpf and Ulrich Zeutschel Extending Functional Practices in Global Leader Development Using Assessment Centers as Tools for Global Leadership Development: An Exploratory Study by Gunter Stahl International Teambuilding: Issues in Training Multinational Work Groups by Alois Moosmuller, Erika Spieb, and Astrid Podsiadlowski The Role of Intercultural Communication in Effective Global Leadership: Implications for Cross-Cultural Training Programs by Bernd Muller-Jacquier and Ellen Whitener Developing Effective Repatriation Policies and Practices: The Forgotten Function in IHRM by Paula Caligiuri and Mila Lazarova Conclusion Future Issues in Global Leadership Development by Nancy J. Adler, Ed L. Miller, and Mary Ann Von Glinow", "corpus_id": 141729159, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "Improvement in muscle strength with low‐load isotonic training depends on fascicle length but not joint angle", "abstract": "In this study we investigate whether low‐load isotonic training will elicit greater improvement in muscle strength at the same fascicle length, rather than at the same joint angle.", "corpus_id": 1505577 }	{ "title": "Changes in Achilles tendon moment arm from rest to maximum isometric plantarflexion: in vivo observations in man", "abstract": "1 The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of a plantarflexor maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) on Achilles tendon moment arm length. 2 Sagittal magnetic resonance (MR) images of the right ankle were taken in six subjects both at rest and during a plantarflexor MVC in the supine position at a knee angle of 90 deg and at ankle angles of ‐30 deg (dorsiflexed direction), ‐15 deg, 0 deg (neutral ankle position), +15 deg (plantarflexed direction), +30 deg and +45 deg. A system of mechanical stops, support triangles and velcro straps was used to secure the subject in the above positions. Location of a moving centre of rotation was calculated for ankle rotations from ‐30 to 0 deg, ‐15 to +15 deg, 0 to +30 deg and +15 to +45 deg. All instant centres of rotation were calculated both at rest and during MVC. Achilles tendon moment arms were measured at ankle angles of ‐15, 0, +15 and +30 deg. 3 At any given ankle angle, Achilles tendon moment arm length during MVC increased by 1‐1.5 cm (22‐27 %, P < 0.01) compared with rest. This was attributed to a displacement of both Achilles tendon by 0.6‐1.1 cm (P < 0.01) and all instant centres of rotation by about 0.3 cm (P < 0.05) away from their corresponding resting positions. 4 The findings of this study have important implications for estimating loads in the musculoskeletal system. Substantially unrealistic Achilles tendon forces and moments generated around the ankle joint during a plantarflexor MVC would be calculated using resting Achilles tendon moment arm measurements.", "corpus_id": 12779426 }	{ "title": "The Effects of Music Therapy on Vital Signs, Feeding, and Sleep in Premature Infants", "abstract": "OBJECTIVES: Recorded music risks overstimulation in NICUs. The live elements of music such as rhythm, breath, and parent-preferred lullabies may affect physiologic function (eg, heart and respiratory rates, O2 saturation levels, and activity levels) and developmental function (eg, sleep, feeding behavior, and weight gain) in premature infants. METHODS: A randomized clinical multisite trial of 272 premature infants aged ≥32 weeks with respiratory distress syndrome, clinical sepsis, and/or SGA (small for gestational age) served as their own controls in 11 NICUs. Infants received 3 interventions per week within a 2-week period, when data of physiologic and developmental domains were collected before, during, and after the interventions or no interventions and daily during a 2-week period. RESULTS: Three live music interventions showed changes in heart rate interactive with time. Lower heart rates occurred during the lullaby (P < .001) and rhythm intervention (P = .04). Sucking behavior showed differences with rhythm sound interventions (P = .03). Entrained breath sounds rendered lower heart rates after the intervention (P = .04) and differences in sleep patterns (P < .001). Caloric intake (P = .01) and sucking behavior (P = .02) were higher with parent-preferred lullabies. Music decreased parental stress perception (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The informed, intentional therapeutic use of live sound and parent-preferred lullabies applied by a certified music therapist can influence cardiac and respiratory function. Entrained with a premature infant’s observed vital signs, sound and lullaby may improve feeding behaviors and sucking patterns and may increase prolonged periods of quiet–alert states. Parent-preferred lullabies, sung live, can enhance bonding, thus decreasing the stress parents associate with premature infant care.", "corpus_id": 1766200, "score": 0 }
{ "title": "Nonlinear vehicle distance control in longitudinal direction", "abstract": "Autonomous intelligent cruise control design is a very important aspect of automation systems in future traffic patterns. A strategy for automated vehicle tracking is described, which keeps a velocity-dependent distance between the vehicles in order to provide a constant time-headway. As it is based on the principle of feedback linearization, highly structured and organized algorithms can be provided, without using special preferred operating points. Essential nonlinearities are compensated for in a direct way, and an arbitrary linear behaviour can be imposed on the remaining system. In order to provide a fast transient behaviour and insensitivity to disturbances, the control laws include, besides a proportional part, derivative as well as integral terms. Furthermore, the system is prevented from having an overshoot, and comfort parameters can be adjusted. Owing to its high performance, this control system directly contributes to the enhancement of traffic safety.", "corpus_id": 2358881 }	{ "title": "Applications of Automatic Control Concepts to Traffic Flow Modeling and Control", "abstract": "Motivation and scope.- Traffic flow models: A critical survey.- Traffic flow models identification: A case study.- Estimation of traffic flow variables on freeways.- Control problems in traffic dynamics.- The multilevel approach to the solution of optimal control problems.- The multilayer approach to the solution of traffic control problems.- Conclusions and future developments.", "corpus_id": 108141998 }	{ "title": "NUMERICAL AND SYMBOLICAL METHODS COMPUTING THE GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR OF SEVERAL POLYNOMIALS", "abstract": "The computation of the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) of a set of polynomials is an important issue in computational mathematics and it is linked to Control Theory very strong. In this paper we present different matrix-based methods, which are developed for the efficient computation of the GCD of several polynomials. Some of these methods are naturally developed for dealing with numerical inaccuracies in the input data and produce meaningful approximate results. Therefore, we describe and compare numerically and symbolically methods such as the ERES, the Matrix Pencil and other resultant type methods, with respect to their complexity and effectiveness. The combination of numerical and symbolic operations suggests a new approach in software mathematical computations denoted as hybrid computations. This combination offers great advantages, especially when we are interested in finding approximate solutions. Finally the notion of approximate GCD is discussed and a useful criterion estimating the strength of a given approximate GCD is also developed.", "corpus_id": 13509321, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "Using DIRECT to Solve an Aircraft Routing Problem", "abstract": "In this paper we discuss a global optimization problem arising in the calculation of aircraft flight paths. Since gradient information for this problem may not be readily available, a direct-search algorithm (DIRECT), proposed by Jones et al., Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, vol. 79, pp. 157–181, 1993, appears to be a promising solution technique. We describe some numerical experience in which DIRECT is used in several different ways to solve a sample problem.", "corpus_id": 80851 }	{ "title": "Simplicial Lipschitz optimization without the Lipschitz constant", "abstract": "In this paper we propose a new simplicial partition-based deterministic algorithm for global optimization of Lipschitz-continuous functions without requiring any knowledge of the Lipschitz constant. Our algorithm is motivated by the well-known Direct algorithm which evaluates the objective function on a set of points that tries to cover the most promising subregions of the feasible region. Almost all previous modifications of Direct algorithm use hyper-rectangular partitions. However, other types of partitions may be more suitable for some optimization problems. Simplicial partitions may be preferable when the initial feasible region is either already a simplex or may be covered by one or a manageable number of simplices. Therefore in this paper we propose and investigate simplicial versions of the partition-based algorithm. In the case of simplicial partitions, definition of potentially optimal subregion cannot be the same as in the rectangular version. In this paper we propose and investigate two definitions of potentially optimal simplices: one involves function values at the vertices of the simplex and another uses function value at the centroid of the simplex. We use experimental investigation to compare performance of the algorithms with different definitions of potentially optimal partitions. The experimental investigation shows, that proposed simplicial algorithm gives very competitive results to Direct algorithm using standard test problems and performs particularly well when the search space and the numbers of local and global optimizers may be reduced by taking into account symmetries of the objective function.", "corpus_id": 254647657 }	{ "title": "Verification methods for dense and sparse systems of equations", "abstract": "In this paper we describe verification methods for dense and large sparse systems of linear and nonlinear equations. Most of the methods described have been developed by the author. Other methods are mentioned, but it is not intended to give an overview over existing methods. Many of the results are published in similar form in research papers or books. In this monograph we want to give a concise and compact treatment of some fundamental concepts of the subject. Moreover, many new results are included not being published elsewhere. Among them are the following. A new test for regularity of an interval matrix is given. It is shown that it is significantly better for classes of matrices. Inclusion theorems are formulated for continuous functions not necessarily being differentiable. Some extension of a nonlinear function w.r.t. a point x̃ is used which may be a slope, Jacobian or other. More narrow inclusions and a wider range of applicability (significantly wider input tolerances) are achieved by (i) using slopes rather than Jacobians, (ii) improvement of slopes for transcendental functions, (iii) a two-step approach proving existence in a small and uniqueness in a large interval thus allowing for proving uniqueness in much wider domains and significantly improving the speed, (iv) use of an Einzelschrittverfahren, (v) computing an inclusion of the difference w.r.t. an approximate solution. Methods for problems with parameter dependent input intervals are given yielding inner and outer inclusions. An improvement of the quality of inner inclusions is described. Methods for parametrized sparse nonlinear systems are given for expansion matrix being (i) M-matrix, (ii) symmetric positive definite, (iii) symmetric, (iv) general. A fast interval library having been developed at the author’s institute is presented being significantly faster compared to existing libraries.", "corpus_id": 12861730, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "Ground-based full-sky imaging polarimetry of rapidly changing skies and its use for polarimetric cloud detection.", "abstract": "For elimination of the shortcomings of imaging polarimeters that take the necessary three pictures sequentially through linear-polarization filters, a three-lens, three-camera, full-sky imaging polarimeter was designed that takes the required pictures simultaneously. With this polarimeter, celestial polarization patterns can be measured even if rapid temporal changes occur in the sky: under cloudy sky conditions, or immediately after sunrise or prior to sunset. One of the possible applications of our polarimeter is the ground-based detection of clouds. With use of the additional information of the degree and the angle of polarization patterns of cloudy skies measured in the red (650 nm), green (550 nm), and blue (450 nm) spectral ranges, improved algorithms of radiometric cloud detection can be offered. We present a combined radiometric and polarimetric algorithm that performs the detection of clouds more efficiently and reliably as compared with an exclusively radiometric cloud-detection algorithm. The advantages and the limits of three-lens, three-camera, full-sky imaging polarimeters as well as the possibilities of improving our polarimetric cloud detection method are discussed briefly.", "corpus_id": 681756 }	{ "title": "Polarized radiance distribution measurement of skylight. II. Experiment and data.", "abstract": "Measurements of the skylight polarized radiance distribution were performed at different measurement sites, atmospheric conditions, and three wavelengths with our newly developed Polarization Radiance Distribution Camera System (RADS-IIP), an analyzer-type Stokes polarimeter. Three Stokes parameters of skylight (I, Q, U), the degree of polarization, and the plane of polarization are presented in image format. The Arago point and neutral lines have been observed with RADS-IIP. Qualitatively, the dependence of the intensity and polarization data on wavelength, solar zenith angle, and surface albedo is in agreement with the results from computations based on a plane-parallel Rayleigh atmospheric model.", "corpus_id": 19545196 }	{ "title": "Reworkable underfills for flip chip, BGA, and CSP applications", "abstract": "Underfill is a polymeric material used in the flip-chip devices that fills the gap between an IC chip and an organic board, and encapsulates the solder interconnects. This underfill material can dramatically enhance the reliability of the flip-chip devices as compared to the non-underfilled devices. Current underfills are mainly epoxy-based materials that are not reworkable after curing, which places an obstacle in Flip-Chip on Board (FCOB) technology developments. Reworkable underfill is not only the key material to address the non-reworkability of the FCOB packages, but it can also be used to enhance the board-level reliability of BGA, CSP devices without losing their good reworkability feature. The objectives of this study are to determine the process viability, material performance, and reliability of reworkable underfills for advanced area array packaging and assembly technologies. Several reworkable underfills along with standard non-reworkable underfills (baseline materials) are evaluated in the study. Rework processes for BGA, CSP and flip chip devices are developed. Reworkable underfills allow flip chip, BGA, and CSP packages to be reworked using developed rework processes, while standard underfills show no reworkability. Reliability assessment of these reworkable underfills is ongoing.", "corpus_id": 107439877, "score": 0 }
{ "title": "Interfacial Kinetic Engineering: How Far Have We Come Since Kingery's Inaugural Sosman Address?", "abstract": "The manipulation of the rate of atomic transport along and across interfaces (most notably grain boundaries) remains a central theme in the control of the microstructure and properties of inorganic materials. This is known as the field of interfacial kinetic engineering (IKE). In his opening Sosman Memorial lecture in 1973, Professor Kingery proposed a set of plausible concepts that he considered to be necessary and sufficient for the interpretation of ceramic grain-boundary phenomena, which provided a foundation for conducting IKE. This 2008 Sosman Memorial lecture provides both a retrospective assessment and a prospective viewpoint of this persistently challenging field of study. A major focus of this paper, like Kingery's Sosman lecture, is the demonstration of how new techniques of observation have led to conceptual advances. A noteworthy new concept that has emerged is that of grain-boundary complexions. Through control of the complexions, the interface transport rate and the material performance can be engineered toward a given application requirement.", "corpus_id": 1911491 }	{ "title": "Identification of a bilayer grain boundary complexion in Bi-doped Cu", "abstract": "Using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, we have directly observed a bilayer grain boundary complexion in Bi-doped Cu, akin to that observed in Ni–Bi [Science, 333: 1730 (2011)]. In comparison with the Ni–Bi bilayer, the Cu–Bi bilayer appears to exist in a much narrower chemical potential window attributable to the fact that Cu–Bi and Ni–Bi have different pair-interaction potentials. Furthermore, these bilayers often form in conjunction with nanoscale faceting. This study demonstrates that direct imaging of the atom columns provides a more accurate understanding of the structure, chemistry and distribution of the adsorbates in a grain boundary and their role in embrittlement.", "corpus_id": 1546048 }	{ "title": "A model to approximate transient performance of the flowshop", "abstract": "SUMMARY Transient performance of the flowshop is approximated using a model which is based on the assumption that operation start and finish times are related by the multivariate normal distribution. Start times are defined by evaluating the maximum of the finishing times which determine the epoch at which an operation can begin. Fundamental relationships among the correlations of start and finishing times are derived and used in several computational procedures to estimate start times. Examples which demonstrate application of the approach to flowshops with finite and infinite buffer capacities are given. Applications of the approach to more complex queueing networks and assembly systems are described.", "corpus_id": 62160954, "score": 0 }
{ "title": "On the s-Importance of Elements and Prime Implicants of Non-Coherent Systems", "abstract": "This paper extends methods for evaluating the s-importance of elements and cut-sets of s-coherent systems to elements and prime implicants of non-coherent systems. Existing measures of s-importance are redefined to provide general expressions for the system elements and prime implicants when non-coherent systems are encountered. The redefined measures utilize the methodology of I&H and the absolute value of the influence of event i (or prime implicant j) on the top-event occurrence probability (or unavailability). An example illustrates the evaluation of the extended Birnbaum and critically measures of s-importance for a non-coherent system. Further research is required to implement the extended measures in procedures for determining optimum restoration sequences (assuming such sequences exist and are meaningful).", "corpus_id": 1863996 }	{ "title": "Fault trees for diagnosis of system fault conditions", "abstract": "Methods for generating repair checklists on the basis of fault tree logic and probabilistic importance are presented. A one-step-ahead optimization procedure, based on the concept of component criticality, minimizing the expected time to diagnose system failure is outlined. Options available to the operator of a nuclear power plant when system fault conditions occur are addressed. A low-pressure emergency core cooling injection system, a standby safeguard system of a pressurized water reactor power plant, is chosen as an example illustrating the methods presented.", "corpus_id": 118438861 }	{ "title": "Optimal Review Period and Backorder Rate in a Periodic Review Inventory Model with Controllable Lead Time", "abstract": "In this study, we consider a periodic review inventory model involving variable lead time with partial backorders. The objective is simultaneously optimizing the length of review period, the backorder rate, and the lead time to minimize the total expected annual cost. We first assume that the protection interval (i.e., review period plus lead time) demand follows a normal distribution, and then relaxes this assumption to consider the distribution free case where only the mean and the standard deviation of the protection interval demand are known. Two algorithm procedures of finding the optimal solution are developed. Also two numerical examples are given to illustrate the results.", "corpus_id": 17111172, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "Nitrene Metathesis and Catalytic Nitrene Transfer Promoted by Niobium Bis(imido) Complexes.", "abstract": "We report a metathesis reaction in which a nitrene fragment from an isocyanide ligand is exchanged with a nitrene fragment of an imido ligand in a series of niobium bis(imido) complexes. One of these bis(imido) complexes also promotes nitrene transfer to catalytically generate asymmetric dialkylcarbodiimides from azides and isocyanides in a process involving the Nb(V)/Nb(III) redox couple.", "corpus_id": 5328879 }	{ "title": "Olefin-Supported Rhenium(III) Terminal Oxo Complexes Generated by Nucleophilic Addition to a Cyclopentadienyl Ligand.", "abstract": "The reactivity of the oxo ReV β-diketiminate, OReCl2 (BDI), with various cyclopentadienide (Cp) sources has been investigated. As a result, we have developed a route to a new class of terminal oxo complexes of ReIII supported by olefin moieties of substituted cyclopentadienes. The success of this pathway is due to the electrophilic nature of the Cp ligand in the cation, [ORe(η5 -Cp)(BDI)]+ (3+ ), which allows for nucleophilic attack by a variety of reagents under mild conditions. In contrast, t BuNC was found to attack at the oxo moiety to produce isocyanate by oxygen atom transfer.", "corpus_id": 6822854 }	{ "title": "Crystal structure of the zerovalent niobium complex Nb (η-C6H5Me)2", "abstract": "Abstract The crystal structure of Nb(η-C 6 H 5 Me) 2 ( 1 ), prepared by co-condensation of niobium metal atoms with toluene vapor, has been determined. The toluene rings lie parallel to one another on either side of the niobium metal center ( Nb−C = 2.334(5) A av. ), with methyl groups almost perfectly eclipsed. Crystal data for 1 (at −50 °C): orthorhombic, space group Pbcn , a =13.706(3), b =11.977(2), c =13.753(3) A, V=2257.6 A 3 , D calc =1.631 g cm −3 , Z=8, R=0.0421, R w =0.0612 .", "corpus_id": 97541180, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "Proctitis after external-beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer classified by Vienna Rectoscopy Score and correlated with EORTC/RTOG score for late rectal toxicity: results of a prospective multicenter study of 166 patients.", "abstract": "PURPOSE\nTo evaluate the Vienna Rectoscopy Score (VRS) as a feasible and effective tool for detecting and classifying pathologic changes in the rectal mucosa after radiotherapy (RT) for prostate cancer, and, also, to correlate its findings with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) score for late rectal toxicity.\n\n\nMETHODS AND MATERIALS\nA total of 486 patients with localized prostate cancer underwent external-beam RT up to 70 or 74 Gy within an Austrian-German prospective multicenter trial. In 166 patients, voluntary rectal sigmoidoscopy was performed before and at 12 and/or 24 months after RT. Pathologic findings such as telangiectasia, congested mucosa, and ulcers were graded (Grades 0-3) and summarized according to the VRS. Late rectal side effects (EORTC/RTOG) were documented and correlated with the corresponding VRS.\n\n\nRESULTS\nBefore RT, 99% had a VRS score of 0. The median follow-up was 40 months. Overall, a late rectal side effects grade or score 1-3 was detected in 43% by EORTC/RTOG compared with 68% by VRS (p < 0.05). Grades 0, 1, 2, and 3 late rectal side effects were found using EORTC/RTOG in 57%, 11%, 28%, and 3%, respectively; the corresponding percentages were 32%, 22%, 32%, and 14% for a VRS of 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. A significant coherence between the VRS and EORTC/RTOG was found (p < 0.01).\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThe VRS is a feasible and effective tool for describing and classifying pathologic findings in the rectal mucosa after RT within a multicenter trial. The VRS and EORTC/RTOG showed a high coherence. However the VRS was significantly more sensitive.", "corpus_id": 994982 }	{ "title": "Comparison of two different rectal spacers in prostate cancer external beam radiotherapy in terms of rectal sparing and volume consistency.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE\nIn external beam radiation (EBRT) of the prostate, the rectum is the dose-limiting organ at risk, and sparing of the anterior rectal wall is a prerequisite for safe delivery of doses beyond 70 Gy. Spatial sparing of the rectum can be achieved by introducing a spacer material into the retroprostatic space, thus separating the anterior rectal wall from the PTV.\n\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\nTwo spacer technologies, Spacer OAR, a polyethylene glycol gel and ProSpace, a saline inflated balloon, were compared in terms of spacer volume, stability, and dose reduction to the anterior rectum wall in 78 patients.\n\n\nRESULTS\nBoth spacer systems significantly reduced the rectum surface encompassed by the 95% isodose (gel: -35%, p<0.01; balloon -63.4%, p<0.001) compared to a control group. The balloon spacer was superior in reducing rectum dose (-27.7%, p=0.034), but exhibited an average volume loss of >50% during the full course of treatment of 37-40 fractions, while the volume of gel spacers remained fairly constant.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nIn choosing between the two spacer technologies, the advantageous dose reduction of the balloon needs to be weighed up against the better volume consistency of the gel spacer with respect to the duration of hypofractionated vs normofractionated regimens.", "corpus_id": 5053880 }	{ "title": "Optimization of process parameters for sputtering of ceramic ZnO:Al2O3 targets for a-Si:H/μc-Si:H solar cells", "abstract": "Abstract Aluminum doped ZnO layers with a thickness of 800 nm were deposited dynamically by d.c. magnetron sputtering from a ceramic planar ZnO: Al 2 O 3 target (1 wt.%). A wide range of process parameters, namely oxygen partial pressure, total pressure and power, was covered, while temperature was held constant at 300 °C. Visual absorption in the range of 2.3–4.7% and resistivities between 380 and 2150 µΩcm were obtained. In addition static imprints were performed to reveal the dependence of layer properties on target erosion. It was shown, that films deposited from targets with a race track deeper than 1.8 mm had very stable etching morphologies as well as optical and electrical properties in the range of the observed process parameters. In contrast, a new target yields very different etching structures and an increased resistivity.", "corpus_id": 97855828, "score": 0 }
{ "title": "Analysis using national databases reveals a positive association between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids with TV watching and diabetes in European females", "abstract": "In recent years, dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have increased in parallel to sedentary behavior and diabetes across the world. To test any putative association between dietary PUFA and sedentary behavior or diabetes in females, we obtained country-specific, cross-sectional data on sedentary activity and diabetes prevalence from European Cardiovascular Statistics 2012. Age and gender-specific, nutritional data from each country were obtained from nutritional surveys as well. Socioeconomic (GDP), physical environment (urbanization index) and climatic confounders were accounted for each country. Upon analysis, we found a strong, positive association between sedentary lifestyle in 11-yr old girls (> = 2 hours of TV/ weekday) and dietary PUFA across 21 European countries. Further, a weak association of dietary PUFA and a strong relationship of per-capita GDP was established with elevated fasting blood glucose [(> = 7.0 mmol/L; or on medication] among 25+ year old adult females across 23 countries in Europe. In summary, we present novel ecological evidence that dietary PUFA is strongly associated with sedentary behavior among pre-teen girls and weakly associated with diabetes among adult women across Europe. In the latter group, per-capita GDP was a significant predictor for diabetes as well. Therefore, we recommend that prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) be implemented to evaluate if ubiquitous presence of dietary PUFA and low socioeconomic status are possible confounders when intervening to treat/prevent sedentary lifestyle or diabetes in female subjects in Western nations.", "corpus_id": 9955 }	{ "title": "High omega-6 and low omega-3 fatty acids are associated with depressive symptoms and neuroticism.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nTo examine the concentrations of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum obtained from nonpatient community volunteers not selected for hypercholesterolemia. Previously we reported that the relative concentrations of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum covary with depressive symptomatology and neuroticism in hypercholesterolemic adults.\n\n\nMETHODS\nA total of 116 adults without current Axis I psychopathology completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the NEO Personality Inventory--Revised (NEO-PI-R). Fasting serum phospholipid eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosahexaenoic (DHA), and arachidonic acid (AA) were determined (% of total pool).\n\n\nRESULTS\nHigher AA and AA:EPA ratio, adjusted for age, gender, and race, were associated with greater depressive symptomatology (BDI score of >or=10). Lower EPA, and higher AA, AA:EPA ratio and AA:DHA ratio were associated with greater NEO-PI-R Neuroticism. The six Neuroticism subscales were each associated with two or more fatty acid measurements.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nIn conjunction with other reports, these findings suggest that the omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are related to negative affect at both the symptom and trait levels.", "corpus_id": 3229368 }	{ "title": "Seasonality in Children's Pedometer-Measured Physical Activity Levels", "abstract": "(2008). Seasonality in Children's Pedometer-Measured Physical Activity Levels. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 256-260.", "corpus_id": 42338271, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "Functional analysis of the relationship between intestinal microbiota and the expression of hepatic genes and pathways during the course of liver regeneration.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND & AIMS\nThe pathways regulating liver regeneration have been extensively studied within the liver. However, the signaling contribution derived from the gut microbiota to liver regeneration is poorly understood.\n\n\nMETHODS\nMicrobiota and expression of hepatic genes in regenerating livers obtained from mice at 0h to 9days post 2/3 partial hepatectomy were temporally profiled to establish their interactive relationships.\n\n\nRESULTS\nPartial hepatectomy led to rapid changes in gut microbiota that was reflected in an increased abundance of Bacteroidetes S24-7 and Rikenellaceae and decreased abundance of Firmicutes Clostridiales, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) was used to infer biological functional changes of the shifted microbiota. RNA-sequencing data revealed 6125 genes with more than a 2-fold difference in their expression levels during regeneration. By analyzing their expression pattern, six uniquely expressed patterns were observed. In addition, there were significant correlations between hepatic gene expression profiles and shifted bacterial populations during regeneration. Moreover, hepatic metabolism and immune function were closely associated with the abundance of Ruminococcacea, Lachnospiraceae, and S24-7. Bile acid profile was analyzed because bacterial enzymes produce bile acids that significantly impact hepatocyte proliferation. The data revealed that specific bacteria were closely associated with the concentration of certain bile acids and expression of hepatic genes.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThe presented data established, for the first time, an intimate relationship between intestinal microbiota and the expression of hepatic genes in regenerating livers.", "corpus_id": 2032728 }	{ "title": "Analysis of the Gut Microbiota in the Old Order Amish and Its Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome", "abstract": "Obesity has been linked to the human gut microbiota; however, the contribution of gut bacterial species to the obese phenotype remains controversial because of conflicting results from studies in different populations. To explore the possible dysbiosis of gut microbiota in obesity and its metabolic complications, we studied men and women over a range of body mass indices from the Old Order Amish sect, a culturally homogeneous Caucasian population of Central European ancestry. We characterized the gut microbiota in 310 subjects by deep pyrosequencing of bar-coded PCR amplicons from the V1–V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Three communities of interacting bacteria were identified in the gut microbiota, analogous to previously identified gut enterotypes. Neither BMI nor any metabolic syndrome trait was associated with a particular gut community. Network analysis identified twenty-two bacterial species and four OTUs that were either positively or inversely correlated with metabolic syndrome traits, suggesting that certain members of the gut microbiota may play a role in these metabolic derangements.", "corpus_id": 5563256 }	{ "title": "Randomized phase III trial of low-dose isotretinoin for prevention of second primary tumors in stage I and II head and neck cancer patients.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nIsotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid) is a synthetic vitamin A derivative, or retinoid, widely used in the treatment of cystic acne. Preclinical and clinical studies of high-dose isotretinoin in patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) have produced encouraging results. We conducted a phase III randomized trial of low-dose isotretinoin versus placebo in early-stage HNSCC patients to assess its effect on second primary tumor incidence and survival.\n\n\nMETHODS\nWe randomly assigned 1190 patients who had been treated for stage I or II HNSCC to receive either low-dose isotretinoin (30 mg/day) or placebo for 3 years. The patients were monitored for up to 4 more years. Survival was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox proportional hazards models were used for multivariable survival analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided.\n\n\nRESULTS\nIsotretinoin did not statistically significantly reduce the rate of second primary tumors (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.83 to 1.35) or increase survival (HR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.81 to 1.32) compared with placebo in patients with early-stage HNSCC. Current smokers had a higher rate of second primary tumors than that of never (HR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.08 to 2.50) or former (HR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.71) smokers. The hazard ratio of death from any cause for current smokers versus never smokers was 2.51 (95% CI = 1.54 to 4.10) and for current smokers versus former smokers was 1.60 (95% CI = 1.23 to 2.07). Major sites of second primary tumors (n = 261) included lung (31%), oral cavity (17%), larynx (8%), and pharynx (5%).\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nLow-dose isotretinoin was not effective in reducing the rate of second primary tumors or death or smoking-related disease. Smoking statistically significantly increased the rate of second primary tumors and death. Ongoing trials are testing higher doses of isotretinoin as part of combination bioadjuvant therapeutic methods for patients with locally advanced HNSCC.", "corpus_id": 21070672, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "Process Recovery after CaO Addition Due to Granule Formation in a CSTR Co-Digester—A Tool to Influence the Composition of the Microbial Community and Stabilize the Process?", "abstract": "The composition, structure and function of granules formed during process recovery with calcium oxide in a laboratory-scale fermenter fed with sewage sludge and rapeseed oil were studied. In the course of over-acidification and successful process recovery, only minor changes were observed in the bacterial community of the digestate, while granules appeared during recovery. Fluorescence microscopic analysis of the granules showed a close spatial relationship between calcium and oil and/or long chain fatty acids. This finding further substantiated the hypothesis that calcium precipitated with carbon of organic origin and reduced the negative effects of overloading with oil. Furthermore, the enrichment of phosphate minerals in the granules was shown, and molecular biological analyses detected polyphosphate-accumulating organisms as well as methanogenic archaea in the core. Organisms related to Methanoculleus receptaculi were detected in the inner zones of a granule, whereas they were present in the digestate only after process recovery. This finding indicated more favorable microhabitats inside the granules that supported process recovery. Thus, the granule formation triggered by calcium oxide addition served as a tool to influence the composition of the microbial community and to stabilize the process after overloading with oil.", "corpus_id": 926141 }	{ "title": "Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes coding for 16S rRNA", "abstract": "We describe a new molecular approach to analyzing the genetic diversity of complex microbial populations. This technique is based on the separation of polymerase chain reaction-amplified fragments of genes coding for 16S rRNA, all the same length, by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). DGGE analysis of different microbial communities demonstrated the presence of up to 10 distinguishable bands in the separation pattern, which were most likely derived from as many different species constituting these populations, and thereby generated a DGGE profile of the populations. We showed that it is possible to identify constituents which represent only 1% of the total population. With an oligonucleotide probe specific for the V3 region of 16S rRNA of sulfate-reducing bacteria, particular DNA fragments from some of the microbial populations could be identified by hybridization analysis. Analysis of the genomic DNA from a bacterial biofilm grown under aerobic conditions suggests that sulfate-reducing bacteria, despite their anaerobicity, were present in this environment. The results we obtained demonstrate that this technique will contribute to our understanding of the genetic diversity of uncharacterized microbial populations.", "corpus_id": 22163585 }	{ "title": "Ulnar collateral ligament dysfunction increases stress on the humeral capitellum: a finite element analysis", "abstract": "Background Repetitive mechanical stress on the elbow joint during throwing is a cause of ulnar collateral ligament dysfunction that may increase the compressive force on the humeral capitellum. This study aimed to examine the effects of ulnar collateral ligament material properties on the humeral capitellum under valgus stress using the finite element method. Methods Computed tomography data of the dominant elbow of five healthy adults were used to create finite element models. The elbows were kept at 90° of flexion with the forearm in the neutral position, and the ulnar collateral ligament was reproduced using truss elements. The proximal humeral shaft was restrained, and valgus torque of 40 N·m was applied to the forearm. The ulnar collateral ligament condition was changed to simulate ulnar collateral ligament dysfunction. Ulnar collateral ligament stiffness values were changed to 72.3 N/mm, 63.3 N/mm, 54.2 N/mm, 45.2 N/mm, and 36.1 N/mm to simulate ulnar collateral ligament laxity. The ulnar collateral ligament toe region width was changed in increments of 0.5 mm from 0.0 to 2.5 mm to simulate ulnar collateral ligament loosening. We assessed the maximum equivalent stress and stress distribution on the humeral capitellum under these conditions. Results As ulnar collateral ligament stiffness decreased, the maximum equivalent stress on the humeral capitellum gradually increased under elbow valgus stress (P < .001). Regarding the change in the ulnar collateral ligament toe region width, as the toe region elongated, the maximum equivalent stress of the humeral capitellum increased significantly under elbow valgus stress (P < .001). On the capitellum, the equivalent stress on the most lateral part was significantly higher than that on other parts (P < .01 for all). Conclusion Under elbow valgus stress with elbow flexion of 90° and the forearm in the neutral position, ulnar collateral ligament dysfunction increased equivalent stress on the humeral capitellum during the finite element analysis. The highest equivalent stress was noted on the lateral part of the capitellum.", "corpus_id": 230558012, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "Life Cycle Environmental and Cost Impacts of Using an Algal Turf Scrubber to Treat Dairy Wastewater", "abstract": "Using algae to simultaneously treat wastewater and produce energy products has potential environmental and economic benefits. This study evaluates the life cycle energy, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, eutrophication potential, and cost impacts of incorporating an algal turf scrubber (ATS) into a treatment process for dairy wastewater. A life cycle inventory and cost model was developed to simulate an ATS treatment system where harvested algae would be used to generate biogas for process heat and electricity generation.", "corpus_id": 154395814 }	{ "title": "Integrating algaculture into small wastewater treatment plants: process flow options and life cycle impacts.", "abstract": "Algaculture has the potential to be a sustainable option for nutrient removal at wastewater treatment plants. The purpose of this study was to compare the environmental impacts of three likely algaculture integration strategies to a conventional nutrient removal strategy. Process modeling was used to determine life cycle inventory data and a comparative life cycle assessment was used to determine environmental impacts. Treatment scenarios included a base case treatment plant without nutrient removal, a plant with conventional nutrient removal, and three other cases with algal unit processes placed at the head of the plant, in a side stream, and at the end of the plant, respectively. Impact categories included eutrophication, global warming, ecotoxicity, and primary energy demand. Integrating algaculture prior to activated sludge proved to be most beneficial of the scenarios considered for all impact categories; however, this scenario would also require primary sedimentation and impacts of that unit process should be considered for implementation of such a system.", "corpus_id": 1590314 }	{ "title": "Modeling and Active Disturbance Rejection Controller Design for Longitudinal Attitude of a Tail-sitter Aircraft", "abstract": "The active disturbance rejection control scheme is one of the most popular approaches to nonlinear systems and it is known that active disturbance rejection controllers have a better performance than the traditional PID controllers. This paper focuses on the active disturbance rejection controller design of a tail-sitter aircraft which can take off and land vertically as multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicles and can cruise like fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles. A traditional PID controller is also designed to be compared with the active disturbance rejection controller. Numerical simulations are conducted and the fastness and anti-jamming of the active disturbance rejection controller are validated by the results.", "corpus_id": 238414342, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "The attribution of transport user benefits by source using discrete choice models", "abstract": "A major transport project would typically affect the cost of travel of several different alternatives, and give rise to a combination of gains and losses to users of each alternative. The attribution of benefits to each of the travel alternatives needs to recognise that travellers may change their behaviour as a result of the project. These changes in demand arise not only from changes in the cost of each specific alternative but also from cost changes in other competing alternatives. The appropriate treatment of inter-modal effects is central to the determination of the user benefit produced by each alternative.", "corpus_id": 153524073 }	{ "title": "A General and Operational Representation of Generalised Extreme Value Models", "abstract": "Generalised extreme value models provide an interesting theoretical framework to develop closed-form random utility models. Unfortunately, few instances of this family are to be found as operational models in practice. The form of the model, based on a generating function G which must satisfy specific properties, is rather complicated. Fundamentally, it is not an easy task to translate an intuitive perception of the correlation structure by the modeller into a concrete G function. And even if the modeller succeeds in proposing a new G function, the task of proving that it indeed satisfies the properties is cumbersome. In modelling transportation demand, researchers face the problem that many of the choices they wish to model interact in complex ways. One approach to this problem is to use mixed logit models, exploiting the power of simulation-based estimation, to incorporate the interactions required. An alternative approach, however, which is followed in this paper, is to exploit further the GEV model family originally proposed by McFadden [McFadden, D., 1978. Modelling the choice of residential location. In: Karlquist, A. et al. (Eds.), Spatial Interaction Theory and Residential Location. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 75-96]. The main objectives of this paper are (i) to provide a general theoretical foundation, so that the development of new GEV models will be easier in the future, and (ii) to propose an easy way of generating new GEV models without a need for complicated proofs. Our technique requires only a network structure capturing the underlying correlation of the choice situation under consideration. If the network complies with some simple conditions, we show how to build an associated model. We prove that it is indeed a GEV model and, therefore, complies with random utility theory. The multinomial logit, the nested logit and the cross-nested logit models are specific instances of our class of models. So are the recent GenL model, combining choice set generation and choice model and some specialised compound models used in recent transportation work. Probability, expected maximum utility and elasticity formulae for the class of models are provided.", "corpus_id": 121010722 }	{ "title": "BIOGEME: a free package for the estimation of discrete choice models", "abstract": "Reference TRANSP-OR-CONF-2006-048 URL: http://transp-or.epfl.ch/documents/proceedings/Bier03.pdf URL: http://www.strc.ch/Paper/bierlaire.pdf Record created on 2008-02-15, modified on 2017-12-15", "corpus_id": 3133825, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "Slip-aware Model Predictive optimal control for Path following", "abstract": "Traditional control and planning algorithms for wheeled mobile robots (WMR) either totally ignore or make simplifying assumptions about the effects of wheel slip on the motion. While this approach works reasonably well in practice on benign terrain, it fails very quickly when the WMR is deployed in terrain that induces significant wheel slip. We contribute a novel control framework that predictively corrects for the wheel slip to effectively minimize path following errors. Our framework, the Receding Horizon Model Predictive Path Follower (RHMPPF), specifically addresses the problem of path following in challenging environments where the wheel slip substantially affects the vehicle mobility. We formulate the solution to the problem as an optimal controller that utilizes a slip-aware model predictive component to effectively correct the controls generated by a strictly geometric pure-pursuit path follower. We present extensive experimental validation of our approach using a simulated 6-wheel skid-steered robot in a high-fidelity data-driven simulator, and on a real 4-wheel skid-steered robot. Our results show substantial improvement in the path following performance in both simulation and real world experiments.", "corpus_id": 18616038 }	{ "title": "REAL TIME TRACKING OF AN OMNIDIRECTIONAL ROBOT - An Extended Kalman Filter Approach", "abstract": "This paper describes a robust localization system, similar to the used by the teams participating in the Robocup Small size league (SLL). The system, developed in Object Pascal, allows real time localization and control of an autonomous omnidirectional mobile robot. The localization algorithm is done resorting to odometry and global vision data fusion, applying an extended Kalman filter, being this method a standard approach for reducing the error in a least squares sense, using measurements from different sources.", "corpus_id": 14069718 }	{ "title": "Extrinsic calibration between a multi-layer lidar and a camera", "abstract": "In this paper, we present a novel approach for solving the extrinsic calibration between a camera and a multi-layer laser range finder. Our approach is oriented for intelligent vehicle applications, where the separation distance between sensors frames are frequently very important. For this purpose, we use a circle-based calibration object because its geometry allows us to obtain not only an accurate estimation pose by taking advantage of the 3D multi-layer laser range finder perception but also a simultaneous estimation of the pose in the camera frame and the camera intrinsic parameters. These advantages simplify the calibration task in outdoor environments. The method determines the relative position of the sensors by estimating sets of corresponded features and by solving the classical absolute orientation problem. The proposed method is evaluated by using different synthetics environments and real data. An error propagation analysis is made in order to estimate the calibration accuracy and the confidence intervals. Finally, we present a laser data projection into images to validate the consistency of the results.", "corpus_id": 917766, "score": -1 }
{ "title": "Three new long‐acting converting‐enzyme inhibitors: Relationship between plasma converting‐enzyme activity and response to angiotensin I", "abstract": "Three new angiotensin converting‐enzyme inhibitors were given orally to 20 men in single doses ranging from 1.25 to 40 mg. Two of them induced comparable marked inhibition of both the blood pressure response to exogenous angiotensin I and plasma converting‐enzyme activity. Onset of action was relatively slow, but 21 to 24 hr after drug plasma converting‐enzyme activity was still clearly reduced. The third was less active. There was a close correlation between blood pressure response on administration of angiotensin I and plasma converting‐enzyme activity. There were no adverse effects. These new drugs are interesting because of their long duration of action. The measurement of plasma converting‐enzyme activity seems useful for monitoring efficacy of converting‐enzyme blockade and compliance to therapy.", "corpus_id": 1274671 }	{ "title": "The renin‐angiotensin system and angiotensin convertin enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.", "abstract": "Anaesthetists wil encounter increasing numbers of patients who are receivng long‐term treatment with ACE inhibitors for hypertension, congestive heart fealure and prophylactically following myocardial infraction. Our understanding of the physiology and pharamacology of the renin‐angiotensin system has dramatically increased in the last decade, and has led to the discorvery of endogenous renin‐angiotensin systems which may be physiologicaly more important than the better understood circulating system. There are several reports of adverse interactions between anaesthesia and ACE inhibitors, manifestedas hyprotension and bradycardia which maybe delayed until the postoperative period. The mechanism behind them is not understood and, as yet, no published studies have attempted to address this issue. It is possible, however, that dehydration associatied with the pre‐operative fast may may play an important role. ACE inhibitors may, in the future, prove to be useful in the subspecialities of cardiac and vascular anaesthesia, where they might be used in an attempt to preserve cardiac funciton follwing periods of ischaemia and dardiopulmonary bypass, and to aviod renal damage following aortic cross‐clamping. Meanwhile. it would seem prudent to excerse caution when anaesthetishing patients tadking ACE inhibitors and to be fully prepared to treat the hypotension and brodycardia which may occur.", "corpus_id": 2771981 }	{ "title": "Ovarian Teratoma-Related Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes", "abstract": "Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNSs) are a group of neurological disorders triggered by an underlying remote tumor. Ovarian teratoma (OT) is the most common histologic type of germ cell tumor in females. The most common PNSs associated with OT is anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. However, with the increasing number of new antibodies reported over the last decade, the clinical spectrum of OT-related PNSs is also expanding. Our knowledge of OT-related PNSs is still far from complete. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the most recent findings in the field of OT-related PNSs, with a particular focus on their clinical and pathological characteristics. Overall, the description of neuronal antibodies in PNSs associated with OT strongly suggests that antibodies may be responsible for the clinical symptoms in some cases. OT-related PNSs are associated with various clinical manifestations, including anti-NMDAR encephalitis, limbic encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, progressive cerebellar syndrome and opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. The pathological characteristics of the OT suggest that the mechanism of PNSs is probably due to heteromorphic neurons in the tumor tissue, the ectopic expression of the antigens in neural tissue within the teratomas and patients’ unusual immune response. Despite the severity of the neurological syndromes, most patients with OT-related PNSs showed good neurologic response to early tumor resection combined with immunotherapy. To further advance the management of OT-related PNSs, additional studies are needed to explore this complex topic.", "corpus_id": 248800638, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "Celgene launches fictional film , Millefeuille , to shed new light on complex psoriasis challenges Release", "abstract": "Millefeuille tells the story of Élodie, a French woman living a solitary and lonesome existence in London, where she moved after having to give up on her career as a pastry chef due to worsening health issues. Struggling with the effects of psoriasis and psoriat ic arthrit is, Élodie one day meets Holly – the girl next door who, full of life and ambit ion, changes her outlook in life and her sense of belonging to a community.", "corpus_id": 2335173 }	{ "title": "Patient perspectives in the management of psoriasis: results from the population-based Multinational Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Survey.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nAvailable psoriasis surveys offer valuable information about psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), but are limited by methodology or enrollment requirements.\n\n\nOBJECTIVE\nTo further the understanding of the unmet needs of psoriasis and PsA patients.\n\n\nMETHODS\nThis was a large, multinational, population-based survey of psoriasis and/or PsA patients in North America and Europe. Patients were selected by list-assisted random digit dialing and did not have to currently be under the care of a health care provider, a patient organization member, or receiving treatment; 139,948 households were screened and 3426 patients completed the survey.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThe prevalence of psoriasis/PsA ranged from 1.4% to 3.3%; 79% had psoriasis alone and 21% had PsA. When rating disease severity at its worst, 27% (psoriasis) and 53% (PsA ± psoriasis) of patients rated it as severe. Psoriasis patients indicated that their most bothersome signs or symptoms were itching (43%), scales (23%), and flaking (20%). Of psoriasis patients, 45% had not seen a physician in a year; >80% of psoriasis patients with ≥ 4 palms body surface area and 59% of PsA patients were receiving no treatment or topical treatment only. Of patients who had received oral or biologic therapy, 57% and 45%, respectively, discontinued therapy, most often for safety/tolerability reasons and a lack/loss of efficacy.\n\n\nLIMITATIONS\nThe survey lacked a control group, did not account for ethnic and health care system differences across countries, and was limited by factors associated with any patient survey, including accurate recall and interpretation of questions.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nSeveral identified unmet needs warrant additional attention and action, including improved severity assessment, PsA screening, patient awareness, and treatment options.", "corpus_id": 25665329 }	{ "title": "Compatibility of calcipotriene with other topical medications.", "abstract": "Calcipotriene, an analogue of vitamin D3, is a widely prescribed topical treatment for psoriasis. Combinations of different topical treatments are frequently prescribed, and patients occasionally combine these on the skin. In some cases pharmacists or patients combine these in a single container to facilitate application, without regard for the compatibility of the agents. The calcipotriene molecule is relatively unstable and is inactivated by an acid pH.1 The purpose of this study was to determine whether calcipotriene was compatible with several other topical therapies used for psoriasis.", "corpus_id": 6815652, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "A Flexible Architecture for Ray Tracing Terrain Heightfields", "abstract": null, "corpus_id": 5997194 }	{ "title": "Voxel-based global illumination", "abstract": "Computing a global illumination solution in real-time is still an open problem. We introduce Voxel-based Global Illumination (VGI), a scalable technique that ranges from real-time near-field illumination to interactive global illumination solutions. To obtain a voxelized scene representation, we introduce a new atlas-based boundary voxelization algorithm and an extension to a fast ray-voxel intersection test. Similar to screen-space illumination methods, VGI is independent of the scene complexity. Using voxels for indirect visibility enables real-time near-field illumination without the screen-space artifacts of alternative methods. Furthermore, VGI can be extended to interactive, multi-bounce global illumination solutions like path tracing and instant radiosity.", "corpus_id": 207185455 }	{ "title": "Unsupervised 3D object recognition and reconstruction in unordered datasets", "abstract": "This paper presents a system for fully automatic recognition and reconstruction of 3D objects in image databases. We pose the object recognition problem as one of finding consistent matches between all images, subject to the constraint that the images were taken from a perspective camera. We assume that the objects or scenes are rigid. For each image, we associate a camera matrix, which is parameterised by rotation, translation and focal length. We use invariant local features to find matches between all images, and the RANSAC algorithm to find those that are consistent with the fundamental matrix. Objects are recognised as subsets of matching images. We then solve for the structure and motion of each object, using a sparse bundle adjustment algorithm. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to recognise and reconstruct 3D objects from an unordered image database with no user input at all.", "corpus_id": 14196251, "score": -1 }
{ "title": "Tangible Bits: Beyond Pixels", "abstract": "Tangible user interfaces (TUIs) provide physical form to digital information and computation, facilitating the direct manipulation of bits. Our goal in TUI development is to empower collaboration, learning, and design by using digital technology and at the same time taking advantage of human abilities to grasp and manipulate physical objects and materials. This paper discusses a model of TUI, key properties, genres, applications, and summarizes the contributions made by the Tangible Media Group and other researchers since the publication of the first Tangible Bits paper at CHI 1997. http://tangible.media.mit.edu/", "corpus_id": 18166868 }	{ "title": "curlybot: designing a new class of computational toys", "abstract": "We introduce an educational toy, called curlybot, as the basis for a new class of toys aimed at children in their early stages of development — ages four and up. curlybot is an autonomous two-wheeled vehicle with embedded electronics that can record how it has been moved on any flat surface and then play back that motion accurately and repeatedly. Children can use curlybot to develop intuitions for advanced mathematical and computational concepts, like differential geometry, through play away from a traditional computer. In our preliminary studies, we found that children learn to use curlybot quickly. They readily establish an affective and body syntonic connection with curlybot, because of its ability to remember all of the intricacies of their original gesture; every pause, acceleration, and even the shaking in their hand is recorded. Programming by example in this context makes the educational ideas implicit in the design of curlybot accessible to young children.", "corpus_id": 2272137 }	{ "title": "Trans-dimensional Markov chain Monte Carlo", "abstract": "Summary In the context of sample-based computation of Bayesian posterior distributions in complex stochastic systems, this chapter discusses some of the uses for a Markov chain with a prescribed invariant distribution whose support is a union of euclidean spaces of differing dimensions. This leads into a re-formulation of the reversible jump MCMC framework for constructing such ‘trans-dimensional’ Markov chains. This framework is compared to alternative approaches for the same task, including methods that involve separate sampling within different fixed-dimension models. We consider some of the difficulties researchers have encountered with obtaining adequate performance with some of these methods, attributing some of these to misunderstandings, and offer tentative recommendations about algorithm choice for various classes of problem. The chapter concludes with a look towards desirable future developments.", "corpus_id": 17670169, "score": -1 }
{ "title": "A connection between palindromic and factor complexity using return words", "abstract": "In this paper we prove that for any infinite word w whose set of factors is closed under reversal, the following conditions are equivalent:(I)all complete returns to palindromes are palindromes; (II)P(n)+P(n+1)=C(n+1)-C(n)+2 for all n, where P (resp. C) denotes the palindromic complexity (resp. factor complexity) function of w, which counts the number of distinct palindromic factors (resp. factors) of each length in w.", "corpus_id": 1635295 }	{ "title": "On some problems related to palindrome closure", "abstract": "In this paper, we solve some open problems related to (pseudo)palindrome closure operators and to the infinite words generated by their iteration, that is, standard episturmian and pseudostandard words. We show that if ϑ is an involutory antimorphism of A* , then the right and left ϑ -palindromic closures of any factor of a ϑ -standard word are also factors of some ϑ -standard word. We also introduce the class of pseudostandard words with “seed”, obtained by iterated pseudopalindrome closure starting from a nonempty word. We show that pseudostandard words with seed are morphic images of standard episturmian words. Moreover, we prove that for any given pseudostandard word s with seed, all sufficiently long left special factors of s are prefixes of it.", "corpus_id": 15332228 }	{ "title": "Robust H∞ filtering for uncertain impulsive stochastic systems under sampled measurements", "abstract": "This paper is concerned with the problem of robust H\"~ filtering for uncertain impulsive stochastic systems under sampled measurements. The parameter uncertainties are assumed to be time-varying norm-bounded. The aim is to design a stochastically stable filter, using the locally sampled measurements, which ensures both the robust stochastic stability and a prescribed level of H\"~ performance for the filtering error dynamics for all admissible uncertainties. A sufficient condition for the existence of such a filter is proposed in terms of certain linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). When these LMIs are feasible, an explicit expression of a desired filter is given. An example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.", "corpus_id": 6733670, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "Quantifying large effects of framework flexibility on diffusion in MOFs: CH4 and CO2 in ZIF-8.", "abstract": "Breathe in, breathe out: efficient methods are introduced for assessing the role of framework flexibility on molecular diffusion in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that does not require defining a classical forcefield for the MOF. These methods combine ab initio MD of the MOF with classical MD simulation of the diffusing molecules. The effects of flexibility are shown to be large for CH(4), but not for CO(2), in ZIF-8.", "corpus_id": 5885825 }	{ "title": "Finding MOFs for highly selective CO2/N2 adsorption using materials screening based on efficient assignment of atomic point charges.", "abstract": "Electrostatic interactions are a critical factor in the adsorption of quadrupolar species such as CO(2) and N(2) in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and other nanoporous materials. We show how a version of the semiempirical charge equilibration method suitable for periodic materials can be used to efficiently assign charges and allow molecular simulations for a large number of MOFs. This approach is illustrated by simulating CO(2) and N(2) adsorption in ~500 MOFs; this is the largest set of structures for which this information has been reported to date. For materials predicted by our calculations to have promising adsorption selectivities, we performed more detailed calculations in which accurate quantum chemistry methods were used to assign atomic point charges, and molecular simulations were used to assess molecular diffusivities and binary adsorption isotherms. Our results identify two MOFs, experimentally known to be stable upon solvent removal, that are predicted to show no diffusion limitations for adsorbed molecules and extremely high CO(2)/N(2) adsorption selectivities for CO(2) adsorption from dry air and from gas mixtures typical of dry flue gas.", "corpus_id": 19794504 }	{ "title": "A Short Review on Aluminium Smelting and Its Future Prospect in Malaysia Metal Industries", "abstract": "Domestic demand for aluminium had increased during the past several years and expected to grow in the future. Non-ferrous metal like aluminium was important because of desirable properties such as low weight despite the higher cost compared to ferrous metals .The main process in the aluminum industries sector which produce aluminium sheets/foils, aluminium fin stock, aluminium ingots (recycled), aluminium rods and aluminium extruded profiles was come from aluminium smelting process. The non-ferrous metal such as aluminium industries provided linkages mainly in the construction industry, semiconductor industry, transportation industry and packaging industry.", "corpus_id": 54883551, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "Towards the semantic web: Collaborative tag suggestions", "abstract": "Content organization over the Internet went through several interesting phases of evolution: from structured directories to unstructured Web search engines and more recently, to tagging as a way for aggregating information, a step towards the semantic web vision. Tagging allows ranking and data organization to directly utilize inputs from end users, enabling machine processing of Web content. Since tags are created by individual users in a free form, one important problem facing tagging is to identify most appropriate tags, while eliminating noise and spam. For this purpose, we define a set of general criteria for a good tagging system. These criteria include high coverage of multiple facets to ensure good recall, least effort to reduce the cost involved in browsing, and high popularity to ensure tag quality. We propose a collaborative tag suggestion algorithm using these criteria to spot high-quality tags. The proposed algorithm employs a goodness measure for tags derived from collective user authorities to combat spam. The goodness measure is iteratively adjusted by a reward-penalty algorithm, which also incorporates other sources of tags, e.g., content-based auto-generated tags. Our experiments based on My Web 2.0 show that the algorithm is effective.", "corpus_id": 5258544 }	{ "title": "Predicting semantic annotations on the real-time web", "abstract": "The explosion of the real-time web has spurred a growing need for new methods to organize, monitor, and distill relevant information from these large-scale social streams. One especially encouraging development is the self-curation of the real-time web via user-driven linking, in which users annotate their own status updates with lightweight semantic annotations -- or hashtags. Unfortunately, there is evidence that hashtag growth is not keeping pace with the growth of the overall real-time web. In a random sample of 3 million tweets, we find that only 10.2% contain at least one hashtag. Hence, in this paper we explore the possibility of predicting hashtags for un-annotated status updates. Toward this end, we propose and evaluate a graph-based prediction framework. Three of the unique features of the approach are: (i) a path aggregation technique for scoring the closeness of terms and hashtags in the graph; (ii) pivot term selection, for identifying high value terms in status updates; and (iii) a dynamic sliding window for recommending hashtags reflecting the current status of the real-time web. Experimentally we find encouraging results in comparison with Bayesian and data mining-based approaches.", "corpus_id": 514268 }	{ "title": "Daily and Compulsive Internet Use and Well-Being in Adolescence: A Diathesis-Stress Model Based on Big Five Personality Traits", "abstract": "This study examined the associations between adolescents’ daily Internet use and low well-being (i.e., loneliness, low self-esteem, and depressive moods). We hypothesized that (a) linkages between high levels of daily Internet use and low well-being would be mediated by compulsive Internet use (CIU), and (b) that adolescents with low levels of agreeableness and emotional stability, and high levels of introversion would be more likely to develop CIU and lower well-being. Data were used from a sample of 7888 Dutch adolescents (11–21 years). Results from structural equation modeling analyses showed that daily Internet use was indirectly related to low well-being through CIU. In addition, daily Internet use was found to be more strongly related to CIU in introverted, low-agreeable, and emotionally less-stable adolescents. In turn, again, CIU was more strongly linked to loneliness in introverted, emotionally less-stable, and less agreeable adolescents.", "corpus_id": 25095837, "score": -1 }
{ "title": "Patterned Optical Activation of Retinal Ganglion Cells", "abstract": "Neuroprosthetic retinal interfaces depend upon the ability to bypass the damaged photoreceptor layer and directly activate populations of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). To date, the preferred approach to this task largely relies on electrode array implants. We are currently pursuing two alternative methods for light-based direct activation of the RGCs. The first method is based on applying caged glutamate over the retina and uncaging it locally to obtain RGC excitation. The second method is to artificially cause RGCs to express Channelrhodopsin II (ChR2), a light-gated cation channel. In addition to being non-contact, optical techniques lend themselves relatively easily to a variety of technologies for achieving patterned stimulation with high temporal and spatial resolution. Using the Texas Instruments Digital Light Processing (DLP - DMD) technology, we have developed an optical stimulation system capable of controlled, large-scale, flexible stimulation of the retinal tissue with high temporal accuracy. In preliminary studies, we are performing patterned photo-stimulation experiments using samples of caged fluorescent probes and in rat retinas that were virally transfected with ChR2.", "corpus_id": 425937 }	{ "title": "Recent advances in patterned photostimulation for optogenetics", "abstract": "An important technological revolution is underway in the field of neuroscience as we begin the 21st century. The combination of optical methods with genetically encoded photosensitive tools (optogenetics) offers the opportunity to quickly modulate and monitor a large number of neuronal events and the ability to recreate the physiological, spatial, and temporal patterns of brain activity. The use of light instead of electrical stimulation is less invasive, and permits superior spatial and temporal specificity and flexibility. This ongoing revolution has motivated the development of new optical methods for light stimulation. They can be grouped in two main categories: scanning and parallel photostimulation techniques, each with its advantages and limitations. In scanning approaches, a small light spot is displaced in targeted regions of interest (ROIs), using galvanometric mirrors or acousto-optic deflectors, whereas in parallel approaches, the light beam can be spatially shaped to simultaneously cover all ROIs by modulating either the light intensity or the phase of the illumination beam. With amplitude modulation, light patterns are created by selectively blocking light rays that illuminate regions of no interest, while with phase modulation, the wavefront of the light beam is locally modified so that light rays are directed onto the target, thus allowing for higher intensity efficiency. In this review, we will describe the principle of each of these photostimulation techniques and review the use of these approaches in optogenetics experiments by presenting their advantages and drawbacks. Finally, we will review the challenges that need to be faced when photostimulation methods are combined with two-photon imaging approaches to reach an all-optical brain control through optogenetics and functional reporters (Ca2+ and voltage indicators).", "corpus_id": 3915174 }	{ "title": "Biochemistry of microbial polyvinyl alcohol degradation", "abstract": "Effect of minor chemical structures such as 1,2-diol content, ethylene content, tacticity, a degree of polymerization, and a degree of saponification of the main chain on biodegradability of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is summarized. Most PVA-degraders are Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the Pseudomonads and Sphingomonads, but Gram-positive bacteria also have PVA-degrading abilities. Several examples show symbiotic degradation of PVA by different mechanisms. Penicillium sp. is the only reported eukaryotic degrader. A vinyl alcohol oligomer-utilizing fungus, Geotrichum fermentans WF9101, has also been reported. Lignolytic fungi have displayed non-specific degradation of PVA. Extensive published studies have established a two-step process for the biodegradation of PVA. Some bacteria excrete extracellular PVA oxidase to yield oxidized PVA, which is partly under spontaneous depolymerization and is further metabolized by the second step enzyme (hydrolase). On the other hand, PVA (whole and depolymerized to some extent) must be taken up into the periplasmic space of some Gram-negative bacteria, where PVA is oxidized by PVA dehydrogenase, coupled to a respiratory chain. The complete pva operon was identified in Sphingopyxis sp. 113P3. Anaerobic biodegradability of PVA has also been suggested.", "corpus_id": 25068302, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "Grouping and comparison of Indian citrus tristeza virus isolates based on coat protein gene sequences and restriction analysis patterns", "abstract": "Summary. Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is an aphid-transmitted closterovirus, which causes one of the most important citrus diseases worldwide. Isolates of CTV differ widely in their biological properties. CTV-infected samples were collected from four locations in India: Bangalore (CTV-B), Delhi (CTV-D), Nagpur (CTV-N), and Pune (CTV-P), and were maintained by grafting into Kagzi lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm. Swing.). All isolates produced typical vein clearing and flecking symptoms 6–8 weeks after grafting. In addition, CTV-B and CTV-P isolates produced stem-pitting symptoms after 8–10 months. The CTV coat protein gene (CPG) was amplified by RT-PCR using CPG specific primers, yielding an amplicon of 672 bp for all the isolates. Sequence analysis of the CPG amplicon of all the four Indian isolates showed 93–94% nucleotide sequence homology to the Californian CTV severe stem pitting isolate SY568 and 92–93% homology to the Japanese seedling yellows isolate NUagA and Israeli VT p346 isolates. In phylogenetic tree analysis, Indian CTV isolates appeared far different from other isolates as they formed a separate branch. Comparison among the Indian isolates was carried out by restriction analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Specific primers to various genome segments of well-characterized CTV isolates were used to further classify the Indian CTV isolates.", "corpus_id": 6565593 }	{ "title": "Comparison of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates by RFLP analysis of the coat protein nucleotide sequences and by the severity of the symptoms", "abstract": "Plants of Pera sweet orange on Rangpur lime rootstocks, from orchards of the northwest and north of Parana state, Brazil, were evaluated for severity of symptoms and genetic diversity of Citrus tristeza virus. The severity of symptoms was evaluated by the development of tree, fruit size and stem pitting symptoms. Isolates that infect these plants were compared with known mild and severe isolates by analysis of restriction fragments length polymorphism (RFLP) of the coat protein nucleotide sequences (CPNS), amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and undergone digestion with the restriction enzymes Hinf I and Rsa I. The severity of symptoms showed that the analyzed plants from the northwest orchards presented mild to moderate tristeza symptoms, while the plants from the north orchards exhibited moderate to severe symptoms. The RFLP analysis revealed that the CTV isolates are constituted by haplotype mixtures. Rsa I was the enzyme that best discriminated the genetic diversity among the analyzed isolates of CTV. Two main groups were generated by the UPGMA analysis. The isolates from the northwest orchards grouped with most of the mild isolates used as control, and a great part of the isolates from the north orchards, was correlated with the severe isolate Capao Bonito. Correlation between the stem pitting intensity and RFLP patterns, was demonstrated with some exceptions. The failure of protection of some isolates and the contamination of the rootstocks by the severe isolates, in field nursery conditions, before grafting with scions with mild isolates, were the hypotheses considered to explain the occurrence of severe CTV isolates in the North area of Parana State.", "corpus_id": 1302669 }	{ "title": "Response of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of maize to alternate irrigation with fresh- and brackish water", "abstract": "ABSTRACT The scarcity of good-quality water is forcing the use of brackish water for irrigation in many areas around the world. Alternate fresh- and brackish water irrigation is a feasible irrigation method (IM). A pot experiment was carried out with three brackish water IMs and at three levels (1, 3 and 5 g NaCl L−1). The various levels of brackish waters were irrigated at the seedling stage, the jointing and tasseling stage and the after tasseling stage, respectively. The responses of maize (Zea mays L.) to alternate irrigation were investigated through gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence. The results showed that the alternate use of fresh- and brackish water reduced the increasing soil salinity caused by brackish water irrigation. The changes in net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conduction (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and chlorophyll content (SPAD) values revealed that maize was more resistant to brackish water at the after tasseling stage. Moreover, significant reductions in maximum quantum yield (Φpo), effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion (Φ2), photochemical quenching (qp), non-photochemical quenching of variable chlorophyll fluorescence (qN) and non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ) of photosystem II, grain yield and biomass weight of maize subjected to high NaCl level brackish water at the jointing and tasseling stage were observed. This implied that maize plants were extremely sensitive to brackish water irrigation during the jointing and tasseling stage, and freshwater should be applied at this growth period. Our results would be helpful for sustainable maize production using alternate irrigation with fresh- and brackish water in arid and semi-arid areas.", "corpus_id": 90405836, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "Measurement Based Parametric Channel Modeling Considering Diffuse Scattering and Specular Components", "abstract": "Eﬃcient design of MIMO transmission systems requires a thorough understanding of the multi-dimensional structure of the mobile radio channel. Widely accepted for a measurement based channelcharacterisation are parameter estimation algorithm like ESPRIT[1] and SAGE [2]. The idea is to deducea parametric model of the MIMO channel. Hereby the channel is modelled by a number of individualspecular propagation paths that are described by the parameters direction of arrival (DoA),direction of de-parture (DoD), time delay of arrival (TDoA) and the complex polarimetric path weights, which are inde-pendent from the antennas used during the measurement. A ﬁrs t approach to use these estimated param-eters of the specular components (SC) for measurement based parametric channel modelling (MBPCM)was proposed in [3]. It oﬀers the possibility to emulate the MIMO transfer properties of arbitrary an-tenna arrays by reconstructing the hypothetical antenna response from the estimated channel parameters.However, it was observed that with the specular paths only 20% to 50% of the received signal power canbe described. Therefore, the RIMAX algorithm [4] decribes the channel by a superposition of specularcomponents, and dense multipath components (DMC) that mainly result from distributed diﬀuse scat-tering. Nevertheless, so far only the contribution of the SCs are used for the MBPCM. Consequently, itwas observed [5], [6] that the MIMO capacity calculated from the reconstructed channels using only theSCs are lower compared to the ones calculated from the measurements. In this contribution the MBPCMapproach is applied comprising both components the SCs and the DMCs, where measurement data of amacro cell scenario and the corresponding RIMAX parameter estimation results are used. The MIMOcapacities calculated from the measured channel, reconstructed channel based on the SCs, reconstructedchannel based on SCs and DMCs, and the reconstructed channel superposing the SCs, DMCs and anartiﬁcial measurement noise are compared.", "corpus_id": 30720 }	{ "title": "Validation of parameteric directional MIMO channel models from wideband FDTD simulations of a simple indoor environment", "abstract": "Accurate modeling of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless channels is an important research area, since capacity computations and algorithmic assessment depend on accurate channel models. We assess the specularity of the indoor channel through wideband two-dimensional (2D) finite-difference time-domain simulations of a simplified environment. The geometry presents a lower bound on how diffuse the environment is, since the inclusion of furniture, duct work, and rough walls likely reduces channel specularity. These results suggest that parametric models may still be very useful for indoor MIMO modeling, even though diffuse scattering is present.", "corpus_id": 30241960 }	{ "title": "Rolling-ball method and contour marching approach to identifying critical regions for complex surface machining", "abstract": "Abstract This paper presents a surface analysis method that includes a rolling-ball algorithm and a contour marching algorithm for identifying the critical regions that are unfeasible for machining. For a given cutter size, the algorithms automatically identify the regions that are unfeasible for machining and dichotomize the surface into the critical region and the machinable region. A rolling-ball method is used to find the starting points of the critical region boundary. A contour marching method is then used to construct the actual boundary of the critical regions by using the starting points found in the rolling-ball method. Different sets of tool paths can be generated for both the machinable region and the critical region. The proposed method allows manufacturing engineers to use different sizes of cutters to machine complex surface parts. Computer implementation and illustrative examples are presented in this paper.", "corpus_id": 109770758, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "Purely irrotational theories of the effects of viscosity and viscoelasticity on capillary instability of a liquid cylinder", "abstract": "Capillary instability of a liquid cylinder can arise when either the interior or exterior fluid is a gas of negligible density and viscosity. The shear stress must vanish at the gas-liquid interface but it does not vanish in irrotational flows. Joseph and Wang [D.D. Joseph, J. Wang, The dissipation approximation and viscous potential flow, J. Fluid Mech. 505 (2004) 365] derived an additional viscous correction to the irrotational pressure. They argued that this pressure arises in a boundary layer induced by the unphysical discontinuity of the shear stress. Wang et al. [J. W 22 (2005) 3 t solution w ressure to p tability of v l theory, but t isturbances. T rotational t al theory is i ©", "corpus_id": 7116288 }	{ "title": "VISCO-ELASTO-CAPILLARY THINNING AND BREAK-UP OF COMPLEX FLUIDS", "abstract": "The progressive break-up of an initially stable fluid column or thread into a number of smaller droplets is an important dynamical process that impacts many commercial operations from spraying and atomization of fertilizers and pesticides, to paint application, roll-coating of adhesives and food processing operations such as container- and bottle-filling. The progressive thinning of a fluid filament is driven by capillarity and resisted by inertia, viscosity and additional stresses resulting from the extensional deformation of the fluid microstructure within the thread. In many processes of interest the fluid undergoing break-up is non-Newtonian and may contain dissolved polymer, suspended particles, surfactants or other microstructural constituents. In such cases the transient extensional viscosity of the fluid plays an important role in controlling the dynamics of break-up. The intimate connection between the degree of strain-hardening that develops during free extensional flow and the dynamical evolution in the profile of a thin fluid thread is also manifested in heuristic concepts such as ‘spinnability’, ‘tackiness’ and ‘stringiness’. In this review we survey recent experimental and theoretical developments in the field of capillarydriven thinning and break-up with a special focus on how quantitative measurements of the thinning and rupture processes can be used to quantify the material properties of the fluid. As a result of the absence of external forcing, the dynamics of the necking process are often self-similar and observations of this ‘self-thinning’ can be used to extract qualitative, and even quantitative, measures of the transient extensional viscosity of a complex fluid.", "corpus_id": 11068636 }	{ "title": "On the Stability of Equilibria in Incomplete Information Games under Ambiguity", "abstract": "In this paper, we look at the (Kajii and Ui) mixed equilibrium notion, which has been recognized by previous literature as a natural solution concept for incomplete information games in which players have multiple priors on the space of payoff relevant states. We investigate the problem of stability of mixed equilibria with respect to perturbations on the sets of multiple priors. We find out that the (Painleve-Kuratowski) convergence of posteriors ensures that stability holds; whereas, convergence of priors is not enough to obtain stability since it does not always implies convergence of posteriors when we consider updating rules (for multiple priors) based on the classical Bayesian approach.", "corpus_id": 14242317, "score": 0 }
{ "title": "Matrix Cartan Superdomains, Super Toeplitz-Operators, and Quantization", "abstract": "We present a general theory of non-perturbative quantization of a class of hermitian symmetric supermanifolds. The quantization scheme is based on the notion of a super Toeplitz operator on a suitable Z2-graded Hilbert spaces of super-holomorphic functions. The quantized supermanifold arises as the C*-algebra generated by all such operators. We prove that our quantization framework reproduces the invariant super Poisson structure on the classical supermanifold as Planck′s constant tends to zero.", "corpus_id": 2487025 }	{ "title": "Supersymmetry and Fredholm modules over quantized spaces", "abstract": "The purpose of this paper is to apply the framework of non-commutative differential geometry to quantum deformations of a class of Kähler manifolds. For the examples of the Cartan domains of type I and flat space, we construct Fredholm modules over the quantized manifolds using the supercharges which arise in the quantization of supersymmetric generalizations of the manifolds. We compute an explicit formula for the Chern character on generators of the Toeplitz ℂ*-algebra.", "corpus_id": 898400 }	{ "title": "Renal patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria do not need to be treated: results of a pilot observational audit", "abstract": "Abstract Introduction Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria remains a common cause of inappropriate antibiotic use, particularly among patients with multiple comorbidities such as renal disease. Methods A pilot, retrospective, observational audit of 200 renal patients was conducted to evaluate significant differences in readmission and mortality rates between patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria (who were not given antibiotic treatment) and patients with symptomatic urinary tract infections. Results Nineteen (9.5%) patients had bacteriuria: 12 with symptomatic urinary tract infection and 7 with asymptomatic bacteriuria. None of the patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria were treated with effective antibiotics. There was no difference in readmission (42.9% v. 33.3%; P = 1.00) or mortality rates (0% v. 8.3%; P = 1.00) for patients with untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria when compared with patients with symptomatic urinary tract infections. Conclusions This pilot study suggests that it is safe not to treat asymptomatic bacteriuria in renal patients.", "corpus_id": 71491881, "score": 0 }
{ "title": "A new parameter determination method for some double-scroll chaotic systems and its applications to chaotic cryptanalysis", "abstract": "This paper describes a method about how to determine parameters of some double-scroll chaotic systems, including the Lorenz system and the Chua’s circuit, from one of its variables. The geometric properties of the system are exploited firstly to reduce the parameter search space. Then, a synchronization-based approach, with the help of the same geometric properties as coincidence criteria, is implemented to determine the parameter values with the wanted accuracy. The method is not aected by a moderate amount of noise in the waveform. As an example of its eectiveness, the method is applied to cryptanalyze two two-channel chaotic cryptosystems, figuring out how the secret keys can be directly derived from the driving signal z(t).", "corpus_id": 2501435 }	{ "title": "Breaking network security based on synchronized chaos", "abstract": "Very recently, the use of chaos synchronization as a means of masking information data in a network has been proposed. Although it is claimed that the security breach is not possible and that the proposed encryption approach can be used to secure communications over Internet, we prove that these claims are unfounded, breaking the cryptosystem in different ways.", "corpus_id": 5900866 }	{ "title": "Voice2Web: Architecture for Managing Voice-Application Access to Web Resources", "abstract": "Advances in voice-recognition platforms have led to new possibilities in deploying automated voice-interactive engines for Web content. We present Voice2Web, an architecture allowing to manage access to the resources of the World Wide Web using voice interaction. It rests on the VoiceXML standard and enables rapid composition of dynamic services querying the Web resources. We demonstrate its use on practical examples, discuss architecture implications and invite further platform experimentation.", "corpus_id": 3074403, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "중국의 중장기 경제개혁 과제와 전망 (China's Long-Term Economic Reform: Perspectives and Implications)", "abstract": "Korean Abstract: 금융개혁 과제 중국정부는 자유화ㆍ국제화ㆍ민영화를 금융개혁 방향으로 설정하고, 이를 실현하기 위해 다음과 같은 개혁을 추진할 계획이다. 첫째, 중국은 금융시장의 효율적 자원배분 기능이 정상화되도록 할 예정이다. 둘째, 중국정부는 금융의 실물경제 지원체제 강화와 관련하여 중소기업에 대한 대출환경 개선을 추진한다. 셋째, 중국정부는 금리자유화를 단계적으로 추진하려 한다. 넷째, 중국은 환율이 시장에서 결정되도록 자유화하는 동시에 외환규제를 완화할 방침이다. 다섯째, 중국정부는 향후 발생할 금융 리스크에 대응하기 위한 조치들을 추진한다. 마지막으로 금융감독 시스템의 선진화를 추진한다.재정개혁 과제 현재 중국의 재정제도는 1994년 단행된 분세제를 근간으로 하고 있다. 분세제는 중앙정부 재정수입의 안정적인 증가를 도모하고 중앙정부의 거시경제 조절능력의 제고를 위해 실시되었으며, 중앙정부와 지방정부 사이의 행정관리권(事權)과 재정권(財權)의 관계를 명확하게 하기 위해 실시되었다. 이를 위해 세원에 대해 중앙정부에 귀속되는 국세, 지방정부에 귀속되는 지방세, 그리고 중앙정부와 지방정부가 함께 공유하는 공동세(共享稅)로 구분하여 각각 징수하였다. 그러나 재정력이 중앙정부로 집중되고 지방정부의 재정수입이 안정적으로 유지되기 어려운 조세구조로 인해 지방정부의 재정적자가 빠르게 확대되었다. 현재의 지방정부 채무가 지출에 비해 절대적으로 부족한 수입에 기인하는 구조에서 출발하고 있음을 감안할 때, 지방정부의 채무를 해결하기 위해서는 중앙과 지방의 조세분배율 조정이나 부동산세 징수 등의 재정개혁을 통해 지방정부에 자체적인 세원이나 수입원을 제공해 지방정부의 재정 자립능력을 강화해야 한다.세제개혁 과제 현행 중국의 조세제도는 수평적 공평의 달성에는 유리하나 수직적 공평의 실현에는 불리한 구조를 가지고 있다. 그뿐 아니라 내수 소비의 확대를 통한 글로벌 불균형 문제의 해소에도 불리한 것으로 보인다. 따라서 향후 중국의 세제개혁은 수직적 공평의 실현을 통해 중국 국내에서의 소득불균형ㆍ조세부담의 불공평ㆍ글로벌 불균형문제를 해소하고 자원의 최적배분을 통한 정책 목적의 달성(사회주의 국가의 완성)에 방점을 둘 것으로 예상되는바, 향후 중국정부는 구체적으로 세제를 개편해나갈 것으로 전망된다.국유기업 개혁 과제 2013년 11월 제18기 3중전회의 ‘결정’ 내용 가운데 국유기업 개혁과 관련해 크게 두 가지의 두드러진 점이 있다. 하나는 시장 역할의 재정의이고, 다른 하나는 공유제와 비공유 경제의 위상을 대등하게 설정하면서 혼합소유제를 중시한 것이다. 이로써 제5세대 지도부의 국유기업 개혁의 기본원칙은 드러났으나, 구체적인 시행방침이나 세칙 등은 찾아보기 어렵다. 이번 3중전회에서 ‘전면심화개혁영도소조’를 구성한 것은 중국의 점진주의적(gradualistic)인 개혁 스타일의 연속이다. 이것은 아직 구체적인 계획과 조치가 마련되지 않았음을 의미하고, 또 하나는 그것을 마련하기가 쉽지 않음을 드러낸다. 시장개혁 과제 개혁ㆍ개방 이후 중국은 점진적으로 계획경제에서 시장경제로 그 시스템을 이행시켜 왔다. 1990년대 초까지 중국의 시장개혁은 주로 왜곡된 가격제도를 시정하여 공급부족 경제를 탈피하는 것이었으며, 또한 그 후 십 년간은 개방과 경쟁을 통한 효율성 제고를 추구하였다. 2000년도 이후의 개혁은 좀 더 시장경제의 질서를 갖추기 위한 방향으로 조정이 진행되었다. 현재의 중국경제가 계획경제의 모습에서는 벗어났지만, 그렇다고 완전한 시장경제의 모습을 갖추고 있지는 않다. 공정한 시장경쟁을 위한 개혁조치의 하나가 바로 반독점법의 제정이다. 중국에서의 독점은 시장 내 자연발생된 민간기업에 의한 독점과 정부에 의해 인위적으로 만들어진 국유기업에 의한 독점(행정독점)으로 구분할 수 있다. 지금까지의 반독점 규제개혁은 외자기업을 비롯한 민간부분에서 자연적으로 발생한 독점을 어떻게 규제할 것인가에 대한 내용이었다. 그리고 이 과정에서 외자기업이 차별적인 대우를 받지는 않을까 하는 우려도 있었다. 이런 이유로 앞으로의 반독점 개혁은 법 적용에서의 공평성과 일관성이 중요해질 것이다. 가격개혁 과제 중국은 개혁ㆍ개방 이후 정부 주도의 가격통제에 따른 자원배분의 비효율성 문제를 해결하기 위해 시장경제 가격체제로의 전환을 모색하고 있다. 특히 현재의 지도부에서는 지속가능한 성장을 위한 발전방식의 전환을 위해 자원배분에 있어서 시장의 역할을 강조하고 있으며, 자원ㆍ에너지 가격 및 농산물 가격 시장화를 위한 가격결정 메커니즘에 대한 개혁이 진행되고 있다. 노동ㆍ호적 제도 개혁 과제 중국 국무원은 2013년 2월에 발표한 ｢소득분배제도 개혁 심화에 관한 약간의 의견, 이하 ‘약간의 의견’이라고 함)｣을 통해 민생개선과 분배제도 개혁의 청사진을 제시하였다. 본 연구에서는 노동과 호적제도 개혁을 통해 민생정책의 내용과 그 방향을 분석하였다.대외경제 개혁 과제 중국 신지도부의 대외경제정책 추진 방향은 크게 대외무역 발전방식 전환, 주동적 개방전략, 적극적 통상ㆍ지역협력 전략으로 구분할 수 있다. 우선 국내경제 발전방식의 전환에 부응하여 대외경제 발전방식의 전환을 도모하기 위해 수출산업의 고도화 및 수출ㆍ수입의 균형 발전을 추진한다. 또한 개방을 통해 국내경제의 개혁을 유도하는 데 중점을 두고 있는바, 상하이 자유무역시험구는 이러한 주동적 개방전략 추진의 대표적인 예로 평가할 수 있다. 마지막으로 세계경제의 지역주의와 신보호무역화 추세에 대응하기 위해 적극적인 통상 및 FTA 전략을 추구할 것이다. 중국이 이러한 전략을 실현하기 위한 핵심과제로는 외국인투자와 해외투자 관련 개혁, 위안화 국제화를 위한 자본항목의 자유태환과 환율제도 개혁, 중국의 FTA 추진전략을 제시할 수 있다.중국의 중장기 경제개혁 방향과 시사점 본 연구의 분석 결과 향후 중국의 경제개혁 추진 방향은 다음과 같다. 국유기업 및 국유자산에 대한 개혁에서는 다양한 소유제를 발전시킨다는 것이 기본방향이며, 금융 분야 개혁의 주요 내용은 진입제한 완화, 금리 시장화, 자본시장 개혁, 위안화의 국제화를 위한 관련 제도 개혁을 포함하고 있다. 재정 및 세제 개혁에 있어서는 새로운 경제발전 방식의 전환에 부합하는 개혁을 추진해나갈 것이며, 가격결정 과정에서 정부의 개입을 축소하고, 시장에 의한 가격결정 시스템을 구축하기 위한 가격개혁이 추진될 것으로 예상된다. 도시와 농촌의 일체화 발전을 위해 토지제도 개혁, 호적제도 개혁을 추진하고, 개방을 통한 국내 개혁을 촉진하기 위한 다양한 실험이 이루어질 것이다. 그 밖에 노동자에 대한 분배를 강화하고 재분배를 통한 소득불균형 해소를 추진하며, 민생과 사회분야 개혁도 추진될 전망이다.English Abstract: This report examines the content and prospects of Chinese economic reforms in finance, fiscal systems, taxation, SOEs, market, pricing, labor/hukou, and international economy; followed by proposed implications and responses for Korea.According to the analyses of this report, the direction of the Chinese economic reforms is as follows. The main theme in the SOE reform, for example, is diversification of ownership. Financial reforms include abolition of limits to market access, interest rate marketization, capital market reforms, and reforms related to RMB internationalization. For fiscal systems and taxation, an appropriate reform in accordance with the transformation of economic development mode will be adopted; and in order to establish the price mechanism determined by the market, government intervention in the price-decision process will be reduced. In terms of rural-urban integration, land reform and hukou reform will be promoted and a variety of demonstrative actions will be undertaken to expedite domestic reform following opening-up policies. In addition, to improve people's livelihood, social reforms such as increased distribution to laborers and resolution of the income inequality issue will be enacted.China's economic reform have important implications not only for Korean enterprises in China but also for Korea's external trade with China. Foremost, China’s economic growth rate is expected to be slowed due to extensive economic reforms. At this point, Korea is noticing a marked slowdown in the rate of increase of its exports to China. Moreover, Korea should be prepared as the reforms in China may become a double-edged sword in terms of investment and export to China. On one hand, the Chinese market will provide more opportunities in new fields, in case the reform leads to improved investment systems and enhanced level of openness. On the other, increased factor-price could develop into a big threat for Korea. It is necessary for the Korean government to concentrate efforts on creating an institutional framework to improve the environment for economic cooperation with China in order to counteract the effects of extensive economic reform policies of the new Chinese government. In this context, the Korea-China FTA will become key and during the negotiation, Korea should seek ways to take advantage of the progress from China's long-term economic reform and changes in international economic policy.", "corpus_id": 155935154 }	{ "title": "China, World Economy and Korea-China Economic Cooperation", "abstract": "The recent Chinese Communist Party Congress elected a new leadership that will lead China over the next decade. Under the previous, “fourth-generation” Hu Jintao leadership, China’s economy grew at an astounding pace, with China becoming one of the world’s largest economies and also one of the most powerful countries. The process of this rapid economic growth, however, also revealed deep structural contradictions in China and the increasing susceptibility of the Chinese economy to worldwide recession set off by the financial crisis in the West. Students of the Chinese economy argue that, in order for China to ensure sustained development, it must take care not to fall into two traps: that is, the middle-income trap and the system transition trap. Although China is still the world’s most populous country, the size of its workforce for manual labor is now in a steady decline. The traditional manufacturing sector is vulnerable to oversupplying, while other developing countries are industrializing at a pace that may soon threaten the industrial prospects of China. The growth rate of the Chinese economy has accordingly slowed down in recent years. In the meantime, disparities in wealth along regional and class lines continue to increase, while a pervasive culture of corruption adds to widespread social anxiety. As the elite increasingly pursue self-serving policies, popular resentment is growing against the policy of continued economic reform. Under the new leadership, China will fundamentally alter its approach to economic development, seeking to discover and develop new sources of growth. The framework of “development through innovation” will replace the framework of “development through input expansion.” Nurturing domestic consumer industries and markets will take priority over encouraging exports and foreign investments. Development no longer should degrade the environment but will become more eco-friendly, while the overall energy-dependent economic structure will gradually give way to a new and energy-saving economic structure. Industrialization will no longer be led singlehandedly by the manufacturing sector but will depend more and more on the new strategic industries. At the macroeconomic level, China will strengthen its ties to neighboring countries in the region through the expansion of free trade agreements. It will also seek to globalize the Yuan so as to facilitate Chinese investors’ activities overseas. These mid- to long-term changes will exert significant influence not only on the prospects of the Chinese economy for growth, but also the Korea-China economic relations as well as the entire international economy. The shifts in the approach to economic development will inevitably slow down the growth rate of the Chinese economy, ending the age of high-speed growth and ushering in a new era of middle-speed growth. The new approach to development and the accompanying slowdown of the Chinese economy will also affect the prospects of economic partnership between Korea and China. South Korea has been one of the biggest beneficiaries of China’s rapid economic growth over the last two decades. As China grew to become “the world’s factory” and a major export powerhouse, Korea profited handsomely by providing intermediate goods that the Chinese manufacturing sector needed for the processing trade. This has enabled Korea to maintain a stable surplus in its trade balance with China. Korean companies also invested heavily in China, seeking new impetus for growth there. Now that China’s society and economy are expected to undergo radical transformation, no one can say with certainty that this mutually beneficial arrangement will continue to be so between the two countries for the next two decades as well. As China will increasingly seek to promote its domestic industries and reduce its emphasis on export-oriented growth, Chinese demand for Korean exports will concomitantly decrease. Given the fact that Korea specializes in supplying intermediate goods to China for its processing trade, Korea will be left all the more vulnerable to the decreasing demand in China. The effect could be drastic so long as Korea does not increase its access to the Chinese domestic consumer market. Thus it is now urgent to develop a new plan and strategy for an updated partnership between Korea and China to guide the two countries’ relations for the coming two decades. We have come to publish the following collection of essays in order to help the reader contemplate and plan a new model of economic partnership between Korea and China. These essays address four main themes. The first essay examines the relationship between China’s changing approach to development and its demographic issues. As China no longer enjoys the “population bonus” that has been a huge boon to its astonishing growth, its potential for economic development is on steadily waning. The effects of this demographic change on China’s future development strategies are analyzed in detail. The second essay reviews China’s mid- to long-term strategy for industrial transformation and how such a strategy will affect China’s relations to the world economy and Korea. Of particular concern are China’s pursuit of advanced and high-tech industries and the mid- to long-term changes anticipated in its energy policy. The third essay addresses the international implications of China’s changing economic policy. Since joining the World Trade Organization, China has grown at an unbelievable rate by opening its doors to the international market and capital. This phenomenon can be described as “the bonus of openness.” The benefits of this bonus, however, have begun to decline, and China now needs to come up with a solution to handle its international economic relationship better. China has accordingly decided to globalize, expanding the markets for its companies overseas, hoping to enhance the sustainability of its growth potential and strengthen its position in the international community. The third essay therefore discusses the Chinese strategy for the internalization of RMB and plans for foreign investments. The fourth essay looks into the Korea-China economic partnership. It assesses the history of trade between the two countries over the last two decades, details the performance of Korean multinational corporations with operations in China, and identifies the challenges involved in improving and sustaining the partnership. For this project, we invited seven Chinese experts specializing in China’s economic and trade policies. These authoritative experts not only participate directly and indirectly in shaping China’s important policies, but also have deep understanding of Korea-China relations. The studies undertaken for this collection were also extensively supplemented and revised with the help of Korean specialists in Beijing as well as a number of Korean experts on China. Our hope is to see this collection of essays provide important and useful information to help readers understand China’s long-term development strategy better and develop a new strategy for the Korea-China economic partnership accordingly. I would especially like to thank all the writers who have contributed their work to this collection.", "corpus_id": 153441604 }	{ "title": "The Turning Point in the Japanese Economy", "abstract": "I. Statistical findings, 381; changes in the marginal productivity of labor in the subsistence sector, 381; changes in the wage rate in the subsistence sector, 384; relationship between the wage rate and marginal productivity in the subsistence sector, 387; elasticity of labor supply to the capitalist sector, 388; changes in the subsistence sector labor force, 390; concluding remarks, 394. — II. Examination of statistical studies by other writers, 395; comments on Fei-Ranis' conclusions, 395; comments on Jorgenson's conclusions, 398.— Appendix A: cross-sectional test of the marginal productivity theory, 400.— Appendix B: mathematical examinations of the changes in the capital-labor ratio, labor productivity, and the capital-output ratio, 401.", "corpus_id": 154819438, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "Front-to-back ratio improvement of a microstrip patch antenna using an isolated soft surface structure", "abstract": "A microstrip patch antenna fabricated on a substrate, shows significant performance degradation by surface waves. Particularly when the patch antenna is printed on high dielectric substrates or thick substrate, its front-to-back ratio is considerably affected. Various solutions for the surface wave suppression such as photonic bandgap (PBG), electromagnetic bandgap (EBG), micromachining technology and complex artificial soft surfaces, which requires considerable area to form a bandgap structure. In microstrip patch antenna design, the size of ground plane is limited. To solve this problem, we propose new isolated soft surfaces structure which does not share the ground plane of a patch. By removing the ground plane edges of the patch and forming soft surfaces within the bare substrate, the front-to-back ratio of a patch antenna significantly improved. A numerical investigation is presented for a patch antenna surrounded by the proposed new soft surface structure and the effectiveness of the soft surface in terms of front-to back ratio improvement is verified by its implementation. It is shown that the broadside gain of a patch antenna can be decreased by about 1 dBi while the backside level can be increased by about 11 dBi. As a result, the improvement for the front-to-back ratio of a patch antenna can be increased to about 10 dB through the use of the proposed new soft surface structure.", "corpus_id": 251316 }	{ "title": "A Single Layer Semi-Ring Slot Yagi-Like MIMO Antenna System With High Front-to-Back Ratio", "abstract": "A novel two-element single layer semiring slot-based Yagi-like multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system with a compact complementary slot reflector element is presented. This antenna system covers the 3.5 GHz band for WiMAX applications. It has a minimum measured bandwidth of 320 MHz covering from 3.48–3.8 GHz. A simple and compact slot reflector element having the size of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$14\\times 9.5$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm<sup>2</sup> is used to achieve a minimum measured front-to-back ratio of 10 dB without using additional metallic layers, reflector elements, or any complex back-lobe reduction technique. The total board size of the MIMO antenna system is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$80\\times 40\\times 0.8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm<sup>3</sup> while the single antenna element has a size of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$40\\times 40\\times 0.8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm<sup>3</sup>. The antenna system is fabricated and tested. Good agreement is found between simulated and measured results. A measured realized gain of 4.3 dBi, directivity of 6 dB and a minimum measured total radiation efficiency of 73% across the entire band of operation were achieved. This MIMO antenna system has minimum measured isolation of 12 dB, maximum measured envelope correlation value of 0.0385 and diversity gain of 9.81 dB across the entire band of operation.", "corpus_id": 43104970 }	{ "title": "Monte-Carlo-Simulation of receive level fluctuation at leaky waveguide ports", "abstract": "Signals transmitted by a mobile subscriber and coupled into a leaky coaxial cable (LCX) show a strong level fluctuation. Due to multipath- and multi-coupling-effects it's a demanding task to make a definite prediction of the measured levels at the ends of the LCX. In this paper the statistical characteristics of the level difference ΔP of the measured levels at both ends is investigated using a Monte-Carlo-Simulation.", "corpus_id": 21943960, "score": 1 }
{ "title": "Literature Study Groups with At-Risk Readers: Extending the Grand Conversation", "abstract": "As schools heed the ever-widening call to involve students with quality literature, we are forced to confront two questions. The first refers to the grand conversation (Eeds and Wells, 1989) alluded to in the title of this article: How do we enable literature study groups to engage in mutual discussions of ideas (which constitute the “grand conversations” described by Eeds and Wells) rather than teacher-led inquiries about surface meaning (which Eeds and Wells characterize as ”gentle inquisitions”)? The second refers to an issue of equity: How do we provide equal access to quality literature for students with limited reading ability? This article describes the attempts of one school district to extend the grand conversation of literature study groups to students with reading difficulties.", "corpus_id": 153981611 }	{ "title": "Le comportement d’un élève en difficulté dans un cercle de lecture", "abstract": "Cet article analyse les reactions aux textes litteraires manifestees par un eleve en difficulte pendant des discussions a l’interieur d’un cercle de lecture. Neuf discussions d’un sous-groupe comprenant un eleve en difficulte et quatre eleves reguliers ont ete enregistrees et analysees a l’aide de grilles inspirees des travaux de Rosenblatt (1991) et de Langer (1990). Cette analyse a mis en evidence que l’eleve en difficulte est aussi capable que ses pairs d’adopter des reactions personnelles basees sur une certaine forme de pensee critique, analytique et associative.", "corpus_id": 192229309 }	{ "title": "Three Relationships in the Teaching of Literature.", "abstract": "Our conception of literature-what it is and what it does-will determine how we set about teaching it. If it is the cultural heritage, to be preserved and transmitted, then we may teach the literary work as a valued artifact, demanding that students show it respect and acknowledge its place in the literary canon. We may lean toward an historical approach in which we study the work's origin, the cultural context in which it was created, the influences upon its author, and the influences it exerts upon those who follow. If literature is instead the domain in which we", "corpus_id": 141842072, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "Pancreas divisum and stenosis of the major and minor papillae in an 8-year-old girl: treatment by dual sphincteroplasty.", "abstract": "Pancreas divisum is the most common congenital anomaly of the pancreas. Its relationship to the development of pancreatitis is controversial. The authors report on an 8-year-old girl who presented with recurrent bouts of acute pancreatitis and multiple failed attempts at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) who was referred for surgical exploration. She was found to have marked stenoses of both major and minor papillae and an intraoperative pancreaticogram consistent with pancreas divisum. She underwent sphincteroplasty of both major and minor papillae and remains symptom-free after 22 months. It is believed that in a patient with pancreatitis and pancreas divisum, or in a patient with pancreatitis and multiple failed attempts at ERCP, transduodenal exploration and intraoperative pancreaticogram are appropriate next steps in management. If pancreas divisum in association with minor papilla stenosis is found, sphincteroplasty is appropriate therapy. If major papilla stenosis is also present, we recommend sphincteroplasty of both the major and minor papillae.", "corpus_id": 2896418 }	{ "title": "Pancreas and biliary system: imaging of developmental anomalies and diseases unique to children.", "abstract": "The focus of this article is on the development of the pancreas and biliary system, with a review of the most common congenital anomalies affecting the pancreas and biliary tree, including pancreas divisum, annular pancreas, congenital shortening of the pancreas, and choledochal cysts. Additionally, biliary atresia and pancreatoblastoma--both diseases of the pancreas and biliary system that almost exclusively affect children--are considered, with a discussion regarding the clinical presentation and imaging appearances of these disorders.", "corpus_id": 19361435 }	{ "title": "Accessory sphincterotomy (endoscopic and surgical) in patients with pancreas divisum", "abstract": "Sixteen patients with the congenital anomaly of pancreas divisum have been treated by enlarging the orifice of the accessory papilla. Attempts to do this at duodenoscopy succeeded in only 5 of 12 patients, and only one had a good clinical result. Sphincteroplasty was performed surgically in seven patients; five had a good or fair result. Most patients with poor results have undergone pancreatic resection. One patient died post‐operatively; the remaining 15 divide equally as good (5), fair (5) and poor (5) results at follow‐up after periods ranging from 7 months to 5 years. Results appear to be better in patients presenting with recurrent attacks of acute pancreatitis than in those with chronic pain. The preferred management for these patients remains unclear.", "corpus_id": 27907772, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "Intraguild predation and cannibalism between the predatory mites Neoseiulus neobaraki and N. paspalivorus, natural enemies of the coconut mite Aceria guerreronis", "abstract": "Neoseiulus neobaraki and N. paspalivorus are amongst the most common phytoseiid predators of coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis, found in the spatial niche beneath coconut fruit bracts. Both predators may occur on the same coconut palms in Benin and Tanzania and are therefore likely to interact with each other. Here, we assessed cannibalism and intraguild predation (IGP) of the two predators in the absence and presence of their primary prey A. guerreronis. In the absence of the shared extraguild prey, A. guerreronis, N. neobaraki killed 19 larvae of N. paspalivorus per day and produced 0.36 eggs/female/day, while the latter species killed only 7 larvae of the former and produced 0.35 eggs/female/day. Presence of A. guerreronis only slightly decreased IGP by N. neobaraki but strongly decreased IGP by N. paspalivorus, which consumed 4–7 times less IG prey than N. neobaraki. Resulting predator offspring to IG prey ratios were, however, 4–5 times higher in N. paspalivorus than N. neobaraki. Overall, provision of A. guerreronis increased oviposition in both species. In the cannibalism tests, in the absence of A. guerreronis, N. neobaraki and N. paspalivorus consumed 1.8 and 1.2 conspecific larvae and produced almost no eggs. In the presence of abundant herbivorous prey, cannibalism dramatically decreased but oviposition increased in both N. neobaraki and N. paspalivorus. In summary, we conclude that (1) N. neobaraki is a much stronger intraguild predator than N. paspalivorus, (2) cannibalism is very limited in both species, and (3) both IGP and cannibalism are reduced in the presence of the common herbivorous prey with the exception of IGP by N. neobaraki, which remained at high levels despite presence of herbivorous prey. We discuss the implications of cannibalism and IGP on the population dynamics of A. guerreronis and the predators in view of their geographic and within-palm distribution patterns.", "corpus_id": 650455 }	{ "title": "Bio-systematics of predatory mites used for control of the coconut mite", "abstract": "Geografische populaties van de roofmijt N. paspalivorus, een natuurlijke vijand van de kokosnootmijt, zijn morfologisch hetzelfde, maar reproductief onverenigbaar. De vrouwtjes van elke populatie zijn in staat om te paren met mannetjes van andere populaties, maar ze leggen daarna minder eieren die ook nog in meerderheid verschrompelden. Sinds de ontdekking in 1965 dat de kokosnootmijt Aceria guerreronis Keifer de plaag van de kokospalm in Mexico is, is de aanwezigheid ervan eerst in Zuid-Amerika gemeld, daarna in Afrika en ten slotte in Azie. Met als doel de biologische bestrijding van deze plaagmijt, is in verscheidene landen op elk van de drie continenten gezocht naar natuurlijke vijanden (zoals de roofmijten N. paspalivorus en N. Baraki) die samen met deze kokosnootmijt A. guerreronis voorkomen. Nazer Famah Sourassou bepaalde de genetische eenheden (o.a. biotypes, cryptische soorten, ondersoorten, ‘echte’ soorten) die relevant zijn binnen de context van biologische bestrijding van de kokosnootmijt. Hij deed daartoe een biosystematische studie - bestaande uit een combinatie van morfologische metingen, kruisingsproeven en moleculaire analyse - die als basis kan dienen voor toekomstig werk aan biologische bestrijding.", "corpus_id": 62887743 }	{ "title": "Seasonal Activity of Carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Affected by Microbial and Oil Insecticides in an Apple Orchard in California", "abstract": "The objective of this research was to determine if the seasonal activity of carabid ground beetles was affected by microbial or oil insecticides, which were being used to control the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), a major pest of apple. Plots were sprayed with Bacillus thuringiensis plus oil, oil alone, or codling moth granulosis virus at predicted egg hatchout periods in spring and Summer 1991. The results of pitfall trapping indicated that Harpalus pensylvanicus DeGeer adults were significantly more active on the soil surface in plots sprayed with granulosis virus in early July, than in plots sprayed with B. thuringiensis plus oil, or controls (no–spray). Chlaenius sp. (probably C. tricolor Dejean) adults were significantly more active in plots sprayed with oil alone, in early June, than in plots sprayed with granulosis virus, B. thuringiensis plus oil, or controls. The other dominant species, Anisodactylus californicus Dejean, Pterostichus ( Hypherpes ) spp., Agonum punctiforme Say, and Calathus ruficollis Dejean were not significantly more active in any treatment plot at any of the collection dates. The data suggest that the seasonal activity of two species was probably enhanced by granulosis virus or oil insecticides, whereas the activity of the other dominant species was unaffected.", "corpus_id": 84526582, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "Effects of extra feeding during mid-pregnancy on gilts productive and reproductive performance.", "abstract": "The effects of a supplemental feeding strategy during mid-gestation on lean gilts body reserves, productive and reproductive performance were assessed. A total of 90 gilts were allocated into two treatments (Control, C, and Supplemented, S). Control sows (n = 43) were fed according to the level routinely used on farm (2.5-3.0 kg d -1 , 2.9 Mcal metabolizable energy kg -1 feed and 0.6% of lysine) throughout gestation, and S sows (n = 47) received 50% more feed from day 45 to day 85 of gestation. Body weight (BW) and sows body condition [backfat (BF), loin depth and body condition score] were recorded on days 40 and 80 of gestation, at farrowing and at weaning. Litter performance at birth and on day 18 ± 1 of lactation was registered at first and second parities. Although no differences in backfat levels were found at weaning, a higher proportion of S sows stayed within the target backfat interval both at farrowing (17-21 mm) and at weaning (> 14 mm). No differences were found in BW and body reserves losses during lactation between treatment groups. Litter weight at birth tended to be higher in the S group of sows, consistently, in the first and second parities (P < 0.10), compared to the C group. Thus, providing an extra feed allowance during mid-gestation has beneficial effects on gilts’ body fat reserves at weaning (higher proportion of sows in the optimum BF interval) and slight advantages on productive output, although probably not high enough to justify the extra feed wastage. Additional key words: backfat, gilt performance, loin depth, maternal nutrition. Resumen", "corpus_id": 6716244 }	{ "title": "Efectos del nivel de alimentación pre-parto sobre los resultados productivos y la uniformidad de peso de la camada en cerdas de elevada prolificidad", "abstract": "Este trabajo se planteo con la hipotesis de que un aumento de la racion en el ultimo tercio de gestacion de las cerdas daria lugar a un mayor y mas uniforme peso de los lechones. Se utilizaron 96 cerdas gestantes Landrace x Large-White inseminadas con semen Pietrain para estudiar el efecto del nivel de alimentacion (ALTO, 1,2 x mantenimiento (M) vs. BAJO, 1 x M) desde el dia 90 de gestacion hasta el dia del parto en un estudio de campo durante la epoca calida. Se evaluo el consumo de pienso y el espesor de grasa dorsal de las cerdas durante las 3 ultimas semanas de gestacion y 3 semanas de lactacion. Se registraron los parametros productivos de las cerdas y los lechones. La ingesta de pienso de las cerdas en lactacion no dependio del nivel de alimentacion pre-parto y este no afecto a la dinamica de reservas corporales de las cerdas durante el final de gestacion y la lactacion. El porcentaje de cerdas en anestro post-destete (>10 dias) fue superior al haber incrementado el nivel de alimentacion pre-parto. El aumento del nivel de alimentacion no se compenso con un mayor peso de la camada al nacimiento, ni con una mejora de su uniformidad o de la ganancia de peso de los lechones. A pesar de que el porcentaje de lechones muertos durante la lactacion fue similar entre grupos, el incremento del nivel de alimentacion se tradujo en una concentracion de la mortalidad pre-destete en los lechones de menor peso al nacimiento.", "corpus_id": 84215495 }	{ "title": "Central metabolic messengers and the effects of nutrition on gonadotrophin secretion in sheep.", "abstract": "Nutrition influences the reproductive axis via alteration of gonadotrophin secretion. However, a link between nutrition and the secretion of GnRH, which drives the axis, has yet to be established. The aim of the present study was to measure the change in the concentrations of metabolic substances in the cerebrospinal fluid of adult male sheep offered a diet designed to maintain constant gonadotrophin secretion (Group M; n = 6), or a diet known to increase gonadotrophin secretion (Group M + L; n = 6). On days 1, 3 and 10 of the dietary treatments, cerebrospinal fluid and jugular blood were sampled and analysed for metabolic fuels (glucose, amino acids and free fatty acids) and metabolic hormones (insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, GH, prolactin, cortisol and the thyroid hormones). On day 11 of the dietary treatment, LH pulse frequency and mean FSH concentrations in Group M + L had increased relative to Group M and to day 0. Plasma concentrations of prolactin and insulin on days 3 and 10, and glucose and insulin-like growth factor I on day 10, were higher in Group M + L than in Group M, but only cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of insulin, glucose and certain amino acids were affected by the dietary treatments on days 3 and 10. Cerebrospinal fluid, but not plasma, concentrations of aspartate, tyrosine, cystine, phenylalanine and arginine on day 3, and glutamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, threonine, alanine on days 3 and 10, were higher in Group M + L relative to Group M. On day 10, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of arginine, phenylalaine, proline, tyrosine, methionine and phosphoserine, but only the plasma concentrations of linoleic acid, aspartate and serine, were higher in Group M + L than in Group M. Concentrations of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and cortisol in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid were not affected. These results show that the nutritional stimulation of gonadotrophin secretion is accompanied primarily by fluctuations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of insulin and certain amino acids, which suggests that, when nutritional status is improved, insulin, amino acids and possibly glucose interact to modulate GnRH secretion.", "corpus_id": 37687433, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "Increased skin tearing in broilers and reduced collagen synthesis in skin in vivo and in vitro in response to the coccidiostat halofuginone.", "abstract": "In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted in an effort to elucidate the mechanism of suppression by halofuginone of skin strength in broilers. In the in vivo study, halofuginone was included at concentrations of 0, 1.5, 3, and 6 mg/kg of diet, corresponding to 0, 50, 100, and 200%, respectively, of the amount recommended for use as a coccidiostat. Each dietary treatment was given to 260 female broiler day-old chickens. Skin tearing was evaluated at the processing plant. Skin collagen and Kjeldahl-nitrogen were determined chemically. At the age of 7 wk, BW and feed efficiency were affected only in birds consuming the diet containing the highest concentration of the drug. Skin tearing increased but skin collagen concentration decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Fibroblasts were obtained by collagenase digestion from chicken skin and cultured. The cultured cells were incubated with various concentrations of halofuginone, monensin, and nicarbazin, and [3H]proline incorporation was evaluated in collagenase-digestible (representing mostly collagen) and nondigestible proteins exported by the cells into the medium. Halofuginone, at a concentration as low as 10(-11) M, inhibited incorporation of [3H]proline into collagenase-digestible proteins, but did not affect incorporation of [3H]proline into collagenase-nondigestible proteins. Even at concentrations as high as 10(-9) M, neither monensin nor nicarbazin affected collagenase-digestible proteins. The in vitro results suggest that halofuginone specifically inhibits collagen synthesis by skin fibroblasts. Results of both in vivo and in vitro trials suggest that the increase of skin tearing during processing, induced by halofuginone, is caused by direct suppression of skin collagen synthesis.", "corpus_id": 3657384 }	{ "title": "The effect of sex, dietary energy, meat protein, ascorbic acid and iron on broiler skin collagen.", "abstract": "Two studies were conducted to determine if variation of sex, dietary energy, meat protein, ascorbic acid or iron had any effect on collagen metabolism in broilers. In the first experiment day-old broiler type chicks were fed diets which contained 3190 or 3410 kcal. M.E./kg. of diet, 0 or 15% meat and bone meal and 0 or 1 g./kg. ascorbic acid. In the second experiment the day-old broiler chicks were fed diets which had 3190 or 3410 kcal. M.E./kg. of diet and 60 or 260 p.p.m. of iron. At 56 days of age the broilers were weighed, a representative number of birds killed from each group and skin samples collected. The skin samples were analyzed for the degree of collagen cross-linking and the total and insoluble collagen contents. An alteration of energy, meat protein, ascorbic acid or iron in the diet had no effect on collagen formation in the skin of broilers reared in cool environmental temperatures. Female broilers had a significantly higher percentage of insoluble collagen in the skin tissue but the level of total collagen and insoluble collagen was higher in the male birds.", "corpus_id": 3637576 }	{ "title": "Do Deicing Agents Affect the Quality and Quantity of Aliphatic and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Asphalt Pavements", "abstract": "Chemical deicing plays a fundamental role for traffic safety on roads and runways in winter season. Traditional deicing chemicals, such as sodium chloride and urea have, however, undesirable effects on surface and ground waters. For more sustainable road and runway winter maintenance, easily biodegradable organic salts such as acetates and formates, have been proposed and taken into use. Next to environmental impacts, deicing chemicals may also affect asphalt pavements. This paper investigates whether traditional or alternative deicers change the quality or quantity of polyaromatic and aliphatic petroleum hydrocarbons in asphalt pavements. Asphalt core samples were taken from two highways and two airports in Finland and analyzed for polyaromatic and aliphatic petroleum hydrocarbons, residual deicer chemicals, and hydraulic conductivities. Results for similar pavements exposed to different deicers were compared. In addition, heat treatment experiments were conducted for the core samples. The current study shows that deicers change neither the quality nor the quantity of polyaromatic and aliphatic petroleum hydrocarbons. No changes were recorded in samples heated up to 100 o C.", "corpus_id": 15057150, "score": 0 }
{ "title": "Visual and auditory perception in preschool children at risk for dyslexia.", "abstract": "Recently, there has been renewed interest in perceptive problems of dyslexics. A polemic research issue in this area has been the nature of the perception deficit. Another issue is the causal role of this deficit in dyslexia. Most studies have been carried out in adult and child literates; consequently, the observed deficits may be the result rather than the cause of dyslexia. This study addresses these issues by examining visual and auditory perception in children at risk for dyslexia. We compared children from preschool with and without risk for dyslexia in auditory and visual temporal order judgment tasks and same-different discrimination tasks. Identical visual and auditory, linguistic and nonlinguistic stimuli were presented in both tasks. The results revealed that the visual as well as the auditory perception of children at risk for dyslexia is impaired. The comparison between groups in auditory and visual perception shows that the achievement of children at risk was lower than children without risk for dyslexia in the temporal tasks. There were no differences between groups in auditory discrimination tasks. The difficulties of children at risk in visual and auditory perceptive processing affected both linguistic and nonlinguistic stimuli. Our conclusions are that children at risk for dyslexia show auditory and visual perceptive deficits for linguistic and nonlinguistic stimuli. The auditory impairment may be explained by temporal processing problems and these problems are more serious for processing language than for processing other auditory stimuli. These visual and auditory perceptive deficits are not the consequence of failing to learn to read, thus, these findings support the theory of temporal processing deficit.", "corpus_id": 1922057 }	{ "title": "Neurocognitive and Linguistic Deficits in Developmental Dyslexia", "abstract": "Background: It has been suggested that dyslexic individuals manifest difficulties in phonological awareness, rapid naming, morphological awareness, and short-term memory. Nevertheless, the percentage of these difficulties varied among languages. Materials and Methods: A group of children who have developmental dyslexia, aged from 6.5 to 10 years, were investigated to determine the percentage of neurocognitive and linguistic deficits in Arabic speaking dyslexic individuals. Results: Rapid automatized naming was found to be the most common deficit occurring in all participants. Other linguistic, auditory, visual and memory difficulties were noticed. The percent of deficits in their abilities was determined and discussed. Conclusion: The present study suggested that dyslexia is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder rather than a simple disorder related to a phonemegrapheme correspondence disorder. Furthermore, it emphasized the importance of thorough assessment of different neurocognitive and linguistic abilities using different scales and detailed tests for better design of remediation programs for children having developmental dyslexia.", "corpus_id": 32182250 }	{ "title": "What Are We Talking about When We Talk about Privatization? A Qualitative Assessment of Privatized Corrections", "abstract": "Research on privatized corrections focuses primarily on for-profit prisons and tends to conceptualize correctional services as being strictly “private” or “public.” The current study argues that this conceptualization impedes theoretical and empirical assessments of privatization. To advance this argument, an analysis of data from interviews with individuals who work in or alongside correctional agencies is undertaken. The interviews sought insights about the meaning and implementation of privatized corrections, as well as how privatization compares to public corrections. The findings highlight the diverse nature of privatization. For example, governments, through their monitoring and oversight practices, may have an ongoing influence on the private sector’s operations. Taken as a whole, the study’s findings suggest that a more nuanced understanding of what privatization means may advance scholarship and policy about both private and public corrections.", "corpus_id": 214454490, "score": 0 }
{ "title": "A Fast and Stable Incremental Clustering Algorithm", "abstract": "Clustering is a pivotal building block in many data mining applications and in machine learning in general. Most clustering algorithms in the literature pertain to off-line (or batch) processing, in which the clustering process repeatedly sweeps through a set of data samples in an attempt to capture its underlying structure in a compact and efficient way. However, many recent applications require that the clustering algorithm be online, or incremental, in the that there is no a priori set of samples to process but rather samples are provided one iteration at a time. Accordingly, the clustering algorithm is expected to gradually improve its prototype (or centroid) constructs. Several problems emerge in this context, particularly relating to the stability of the process and its speed of convergence. In this paper, we present a fast and stable incremental clustering algorithm, which is computationally modest and imposes minimal memory requirements. Simulation results clearly demonstrate the advantages of the proposed framework in a variety of practical scenarios.", "corpus_id": 18965198 }	{ "title": "Data Stream Clustering Algorithms: A Review", "abstract": "Data stream mining has become a research area of some interest in recent years. The key challenge in data stream mining is extracting valuable knowledge in real time from a massive, continuous, dynamic data stream in only a single scan. Clustering is an efficient tool to overcome this problem. Data stream clustering can be applied in various fields such as financial transactions, telephone records, sensor network monitoring, telecommunications, website analysis, weather monitoring, and e-business. Data stream clustering presents some challenges; it needs to be done in a short time frame with limited memory using a single-scan process. Moreover, because data stream outliers are hidden, clustering algorithms must be able to detect outliers and noise. In addition, the algorithms have to handle concept drift and detect arbitrary shaped clusters. Several algorithms have been proposed to overcome these challenges. This paper presents a review of five types of data stream clustering approaches: partitioning, hierarchical, density-based, grid-based and model-based. The different data stream clustering algorithms in the literature by considering their respective advantages and disadvantages are discussed .", "corpus_id": 20667994 }	{ "title": "Face recognition using PCA and SVM", "abstract": "Automatic recognition of people has received much attention during the recent years due to its many applications in different fields such as law enforcement, security applications or video indexing. Face recognition is an important and very challenging technique to automatic people recognition. Up to date, there is no technique that provides a robust solution to all situations and different applications that face recognition may encounter. In general, we can make sure that performance of a face recognition system is determined by how to extract feature vector exactly and to classify them into a group accurately. It, therefore, is necessary for us to closely look at the feature extractor and classifier. In this paper, Principle Component Analysis (PCA) is used to play a key role in feature extractor and the SVMs are used to tackle the face recognition problem. Support Vector Machines (SVMs) have been recently proposed as a new classifier for pattern recognition. We illustrate the potential of SVMs on the Cambridge ORL Face database, which consists of 400 images of 40 individuals, containing quite a high degree of variability in expression, pose, and facial details. The SVMs that have been used included the Linear (LSVM), Polynomial (PSVM), and Radial Basis Function (RBFSVM) SVMs. We provide experimental evidence which show that Polynomial and Radial Basis Function (RBF) SVMs performs better than Linear SVM on the ORL Face Dataset when both are used with one against all classification. We also compared the SVMs based recognition with the standard eigenface approach using the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) Classification criterion.", "corpus_id": 25507026, "score": -1 }
{ "title": "Correction: Cytotaxonomy of Eurypyga helias (Gruiformes, Eurypygidae): First Karyotypic Description and Phylogenetic Proximity with Rynochetidae", "abstract": "The sunbittern (Eurypyga helias) is a South American Gruiformes, the only member of Family Eurypigidae. In most phylogenetic proposals, it is placed in a more distant position than other families of the so-called “core Gruiformes”. Different studies based on molecular, morphological and biogeographical data suggest that the Eurypigidae is closely related to the kagu (Rhynochetos jubatus), the only species in Rynochetidae, another family not included in the core Gruiformes. Here, the karyotype of the sunbittern is described for the first time, by classical and molecular cytogenetics, using whole chromosome probes derived from Gallus gallus and Leucopternis albicollis. We found a diploid number of 80, with only one pair of biarmed autosomal macrochromosomes, similar to that observed in the kagu. Chromosome painting revealed that most syntenies found in the avian putative ancestral karyotype (PAK) were conserved in the sunbittern. However, PAK1, PAK2, and PAK5 corresponded to two chromosome pairs each. Probes derived from L. albicollis confirm that fissions in PAK1 and PAK2 were centric, whereas in PAK5 the fission is interstitial. In addition, there is fusion of segments homologous to PAK2q and PAK5. From a phylogenetic point of view, comparisons of our results with two other Gruiformes belonging to family Rallidae suggest that the PAK5q fission might be a synapomorphy for Gruiformes. Fissions in PAK1 and PAK2 are found only in Eurypigidae, and might also occur in Rynochetidae, in view of the similar chromosomal morphology between the sunbittern and the kagu. This suggests a close phylogenetic relationship between PLOSONE \| DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0143982 December 1, 2015 1 / 11 OPEN ACCESS Citation: Furo IdO, Monte AA, dos Santos MdS, Tagliarini MM, O ́Brien PCM, Ferguson-Smith MA, et al. (2015) Cytotaxonomy of Eurypyga helias (Gruiformes, Eurypygidae): First Karyotypic Description and Phylogenetic Proximity with Rynochetidae. PLoS ONE 10(12): e0143982. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143982 Editor: Riccardo Castiglia, Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, ITALY Received: August 26, 2015 Accepted: November 11, 2015 Published: December 1, 2015 Copyright: © 2015 Furo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the paper. Funding: This work was supportedby the CNPq (Brazil): grant 307520/2012-9 for EHCO. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Eurypigidae and Rynochetidae, whose common ancestor was separated by the Gondwana vicariancy in South America and New Caledonia, respectively.", "corpus_id": 558712 }	{ "title": "Cytotaxonomy of Eurypyga helias (Gruiformes, Eurypygidae): First Karyotypic Description and Phylogenetic Proximity with Rynochetidae", "abstract": "The sunbittern (Eurypyga helias) is a South American Gruiformes, the only member of Family Eurypigidae. In most phylogenetic proposals, it is placed in a more distant position than other families of the so-called “core Gruiformes”. Different studies based on molecular, morphological and biogeographical data suggest that the Eurypigidae is closely related to the kagu (Rhynochetos jubatus), the only species in Rynochetidae, another family not included in the core Gruiformes. Here, the karyotype of the sunbittern is described for the first time, by classical and molecular cytogenetics, using whole chromosome probes derived from Gallus gallus and Leucopternis albicollis. We found a diploid number of 80, with only one pair of biarmed autosomal macrochromosomes, similar to that observed in the kagu. Chromosome painting revealed that most syntenies found in the avian putative ancestral karyotype (PAK) were conserved in the sunbittern. However, PAK1, PAK2, and PAK5 corresponded to two chromosome pairs each. Probes derived from L. albicollis confirm that fissions in PAK1 and PAK2 were centric, whereas in PAK5 the fission is interstitial. In addition, there is fusion of segments homologous to PAK2q and PAK5. From a phylogenetic point of view, comparisons of our results with two other Gruiformes belonging to family Rallidae suggest that the PAK5q fission might be a synapomorphy for Gruiformes. Fissions in PAK1 and PAK2 are found only in Eurypigidae, and might also occur in Rynochetidae, in view of the similar chromosomal morphology between the sunbittern and the kagu. This suggests a close phylogenetic relationship between Eurypigidae and Rynochetidae, whose common ancestor was separated by the Gondwana vicariancy in South America and New Caledonia, respectively.", "corpus_id": 21759483 }	{ "title": "Calibration of avian molecular clocks.", "abstract": "Molecular clocks can be calibrated using fossils within the group under study (internal calibration) or outside of the group (external calibration). Both types of calibration have their advantages and disadvantages. An internal calibration may reduce extrapolation error but may not be from the best fossil record, raising the issue of nonindependence. An external calibration may be more independent but also may have a greater extrapolation error. Here, we used the advantages of both methods by applying a sequential calibration to avian molecular clocks. We estimated a basal divergence within birds, the split between fowl (Galliformes) and ducks (Anseriformes), to be 89.8 +/- 6.97 MYA using an external calibration and 12 rate-constant nuclear genes. In turn, this time estimate was used as an internal calibration for three species-rich avian molecular data sets: mtDNA, DNA-DNA hybridization, and transferrin immunological distances. The resulting time estimates indicate that many major clades of modern birds had their origins within the Cretaceous. This supports earlier studies that identified large gaps in the avian fossil record and suggests that modern birds may have coexisted with other avian lineages for an extended period during the Cretaceous. The new time estimates are concordant with a continental breakup model for the origin of ratites.", "corpus_id": 14142411, "score": 2 }
{ "title": "Why are nanomaterials different and how can they be appropriately regulated under REACH?", "abstract": "BackgroundFor nanomaterials, not only their chemical composition but also their morphological properties and surface properties determine their characteristics. These properties do not only differ in comparison to the corresponding bulk material but also between different nanoforms of the same substance. Changes in these physico-chemical characteristics can cause changes in chemical properties, reactivity, (photo-) catalytic activities and energetic properties and in turn alter their (eco-) toxicity, fate and behaviour in environmental media and toxico-kinetics. Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) deals with chemical substances in general and although there are no special provisions that explicitly refer to nanomaterials, they are principally covered by REACH. In October 2012, the European Commission published the Second Regulatory Review on Nanomaterials. In February 2013, the REACH Review from the European Commission was published. Both papers address questions about the regulation of nanomaterials in REACH. The Commission proposes to improve the future situation by adaptation of the REACH Regulation. However, the European Commission plans to revise the annexes only and not the main text of the regulation.Results and conclusionsIn this publication, the authors present their considerations and recommendations on how REACH can adequately be adapted to nanomaterials. In the author's view, the bulk form and nanoforms of the same chemical composition should be treated as the same substance in the context of REACH. However, the regulation of nanomaterials under REACH has to meet specific requirements. Taking into account the plurality of physico-chemical characteristics and resulting changes in the hazard profile, an approach must be found to adequately cover nanomaterials under REACH. Accordingly, the REACH information requirements have to be adapted. This includes lower tonnage thresholds for different REACH obligations (e.g. registration, chemical safety report) which are justified by highly dispersed use together with low mass application, linked with the uncertainties regarding (eco-) toxicity, environmental fate and exposure. If the physico-chemical characteristics of different nanoforms of the same substance differ in a relevant manner they have to be considered separately for further test performance and REACH requirements.", "corpus_id": 3927758 }	{ "title": "Use of metal oxide nanoparticle band gap to develop a predictive paradigm for oxidative stress and acute pulmonary inflammation.", "abstract": "We demonstrate for 24 metal oxide (MOx) nanoparticles that it is possible to use conduction band energy levels to delineate their toxicological potential at cellular and whole animal levels. Among the materials, the overlap of conduction band energy (E(c)) levels with the cellular redox potential (-4.12 to -4.84 eV) was strongly correlated to the ability of Co(3)O(4), Cr(2)O(3), Ni(2)O(3), Mn(2)O(3), and CoO nanoparticles to induce oxygen radicals, oxidative stress, and inflammation. This outcome is premised on permissible electron transfers from the biological redox couples that maintain the cellular redox equilibrium to the conduction band of the semiconductor particles. Both single-parameter cytotoxic as well as multi-parameter oxidative stress assays in cells showed excellent correlation to the generation of acute neutrophilic inflammation and cytokine responses in the lungs of C57 BL/6 mice. Co(3)O(4), Ni(2)O(3), Mn(2)O(3), and CoO nanoparticles could also oxidize cytochrome c as a representative redox couple involved in redox homeostasis. While CuO and ZnO generated oxidative stress and acute pulmonary inflammation that is not predicted by E(c) levels, the adverse biological effects of these materials could be explained by their solubility, as demonstrated by ICP-MS analysis. These results demonstrate that it is possible to predict the toxicity of a large series of MOx nanoparticles in the lung premised on semiconductor properties and an integrated in vitro/in vivo hazard ranking model premised on oxidative stress. This establishes a robust platform for modeling of MOx structure-activity relationships based on band gap energy levels and particle dissolution. This predictive toxicological paradigm is also of considerable importance for regulatory decision-making about this important class of engineered nanomaterials.", "corpus_id": 25486319 }	{ "title": "A highly sensitive twist sensor without temperature cross sensitivity based on tapered single-thin-single fiber offset structure", "abstract": "A highly sensitive twist sensor without temperature cross sensitivity based on tapered single mode-thin core-single mode fiber offset structure is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The two parameters mentioned above can be measured simultaneously without cross sensitivity. The twist sensitivity of 0.12dB/° is achieved by tracking power variation of the resonant wavelength, and the wavelength shift of the spectrum is ±0.01nm. The temperature sensitivity of 0.12nm/°C can be achieved by wavelength demodulation, and the power fluctuation of the spectrum is ±0.015dB. Therefore, the twist and temperature can be detected by the power and wavelength demodulation method, respectively.", "corpus_id": 8063233, "score": 0 }
{ "title": "Explosive electron emission from a ferroelectric surface initiated in triple junctions", "abstract": "This paper presents the results of a study of the electron emission from the surface of a ferroelectric (barium titanate or titanium dioxide) in vacuum. It has been shown experimentally that the electron beam source is the plasma generated by the explosion of the metal electrode and ferroelectric at the site of their contact - a triple junction. Explosive electron emission at comparatively low voltages occurs due to the electric field at a triple junction which is high enough to initiate field emission. This field arises because of the small electrode radius resulting in inhomogeneous geometry at the contact and because of the substantially different permittivities of the three media: metal, ferroelectric, and vacuum. The plasma origin of this discharge is unambiguously indicated by the electron and ion emission characteristics.", "corpus_id": 33718 }	{ "title": "Electron emission from ferroelectric materials", "abstract": "Ferroelectric materials are a new class of electron emitters. Electron emission occurs due to the appearance of an unscreened charge and an electrostatic field at the polar surfaces of these crystals under pyroelectric, piezoelectric, and anomalous photovoltaic effects as well as during spontaneous polarization reversal. Small external perturbation (for example, a temperature variation of a few degrees or less) is enough for this emission effect to occur. Emission current density up to 103 A cm−2 and electron energy up to about 105 eV have been reported. It is shown that this phenomenon drastically differs from other kinds of electron emissions. The physical nature of this effect is discussed.", "corpus_id": 119635486 }	{ "title": "Fabrication of Poly-l-lactic Acid/Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate Composite Scaffolds with High Mechanical Strength—Implications for Bone Tissue Engineering", "abstract": "Scaffolds were fabricated from poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA)/dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) composite by indirect casting. Sodium citrate and PLLA were used to improve the mechanical properties of the DCPD scaffolds. The resulting PLLA/DCPD composite scaffold had increased diametral tensile strength and fracture energy when compared to DCPD only scaffolds (1.05 vs. 2.70 MPa and 2.53 vs. 12.67 N-mm, respectively). Sodium citrate alone accelerated the degradation rate by 1.5 times independent of PLLA. Cytocompatibility of all samples were evaluated using proliferation and differentiation parameters of dog-bone marrow stromal cells (dog-BMSCs). The results showed that viable dog-BMSCs attached well on both DCPD and PLLA/DCPD composite surfaces. In both DCPD and PLLA/DCPD conditioned medium, dog-BMSCs proliferated well and expressed alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity indicating cell differentiation. These findings indicate that incorporating both sodium citrate and PLLA could effectively improve mechanical strength and biocompatibility without increasing the degradation time of calcium phosphate cement scaffolds for bone tissue engineering purposes.", "corpus_id": 14652445, "score": 0 }