Datasets:

Yoxas

/

statistical_literacy

like 0

[ "A growing number of clinical undergraduates are chosen to enter institutions for higher education biotechnology and industry workforce, though most need more laboratory experience training and business practice.", "Innovation and Entrepreneurship Program (I&E Program) can benefit from biological experiment and commercialization training largely absent from standard clinical medical educational curricula.", "Our study investigates the impact and status of the I&E Program in enhancing medical students' research and entrepreneurial abilities and provides recommendations for improving this program.", "A cross-sectional study was applied by delivering a questionnaire to survey medical students from Central South University who participated in the I&E Program.", "The questionnaire consisted of three parts: basic information, the impact of the I&E Program on medical students' research and entrepreneurial abilities, and attitudes and recommendations regarding the I&E Program.", "Many students participating in the I&E Program have received competition awards and improved their academic experience, article writing, and application patents.", "Their research-related abilities have been enhanced, including in-lab techniques, theoretical research skills, data analysis knowledge, clinical research skills, experimental research skills, entrepreneurship, data analysis ability, teamwork, and communication.", "While 73.93% of students express satisfaction with the I&E Program, there are still several areas of improvement, including more robust practical components, increased support, and enhanced teamwork.", "The scale of the I&E Program is rapidly expanding to address scientific research or business skills needed by college students in the new era.", "However, more programs still need to be discontinued during their further study.", "The I&E Program significantly enhances research abilities and fosters confidence in their study.", "This analysis emphasizes the importance of research-oriented and interdisciplinary education for students' holistic development in medical schools compared with formal medical education." ]

[ "A growing number of studies seek to evaluate the impact of school closures during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.", "While most studies reported severe learning losses in students, some studies found positive effects of school closures on academic performance.", "However, it is still unclear which factors contribute to the differential effects observed in these studies.", "In this article, we examine the impact of assignment strategies for problem sets on the academic performance of students (n ≈ 16,000 from grades 4-10 who calculated ≈ 170,000 problem sets) in an online learning environment for mathematics, during the first and second period of pandemic-related school closures in Germany.", "We observed that, if teachers repeatedly assigned single problem sets (i.e., a small chunk of on average eight mathematical problems) to their class, students' performance increased significantly during both periods of school closures compared to the same periods in the previous year (without school closures).", "In contrast, our analyses also indicated that, if teachers assigned bundles of problem sets (i.e., large chunks) or when students self-selected problem sets, students' performance did not increase significantly.", "Moreover, students' performance was generally higher when single problem sets were assigned, compared to the other two assignment types.", "Taken together, our results imply that teachers' way of assigning problem sets in online learning environments can have a positive effect on students' performance in mathematics." ]

[ "A growing number of studies suggest that the frequency of numeracy experiences that parents provide at home may relate to children's mathematical development.", "However, the relation between home numeracy practices and children's numerical skills is complex and might depend upon both the type and difficulty of activities, as well as the type of math skills.", "Studies have also argued that this relation may be driven by factors that are not systematically controlled for in the literature, including socio-economic status (SES), parental math skills and children's IQ.", "Finally, as most prior studies have focused on preschoolers, it remains unclear to what extent there remains a relation between the home numeracy environment and math skills when children are in elementary school.", "In the present study, we tested an extensive range of math skills in 66 8-year-olds, including non-symbolic quantity processing, symbolic number understanding, transcoding, counting, and mental arithmetic.", "We also asked parents to complete a questionnaire about their SES, academic expectations, academic attitudes, and the numeracy practices that they provide at home.", "Finally, we measured their arithmetic fluency as a proxy for parental math skills.", "Over and above differences in socio-economic status, parental arithmetic fluency, child's IQ, and time spent with the child, we found a positive relation between the frequency of formal numeracy practices that were at or above grade level and two separate measures of mental arithmetic.", "We further found that the frequency of these advanced formal numeracy practices was related to parents' academic expectations.", "Therefore, our study shows that home numeracy experiences predict arithmetic skills in elementary school children, but only when those activities are formal and sufficiently challenging for children." ]

[ "A Health and Disabilities Interprofessional Education (IPE) course was implemented to join three healthcare disciplines together to collaboratively plan, implement, and reflect on professional roles and responsibilities.", "The goal and purpose of this course was to create an advancement of interprofessional education and practice within health science professions early in their students' programs utilizing innovative teaching methods working directly with individuals with disabilities.", "72 students were assigned to interprofessional teams of 10-11 people.", "Through asynchronous and synchronous learning activities, student teams worked together to plan and conduct community-based client interviews.", "Quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods were used to explore the impact of interprofessional experiential learning experiences.", "Qualitative data showed a greater awareness and understanding of the different roles and responsibilities in interprofessional teams as well as a greater appreciation for the value of interacting with persons with disabilities (PWD) during their training.", "Quantitative data showed a significant change in students' understanding of their roles and responsibilities as a member of an interprofessional team, their confidence with working with PWD in a future healthcare capacity, as well as their understanding of how the social determinants of health may influence the healthcare experience of a PWD.", "Interprofessional education and experiential learning opportunities are good ways to facilitate \"real\" patient care experiences and team roles and responsibilities.", "This enables healthcare students to practice communication, build relationships, and understand the lived experience of their patients." ]

[ "A healthcare workforce representative of the race/ethnicity composition of the population it serves is central to addressing systemic health inequities.", "The aim of this study was to assess workforce trends of underrepresented minority (URM) nurses using the National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses years 2008 and 2018 and the American Community Survey years 2010 and 2019.", "We examined changes over time in URM composition (Black/African American (B/AA), Latine, American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN), Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (NH/PI)) for registered nurses (RN), nurse practitioners (NPs), educational attainment (diploma/associate, BSN, MS(N)/PhD), job type (patient care, research, administration/supervision, teaching, other), and rural/urban location using descriptive statistics and bivariate regressions.", "While the proportion of the URM RN workforce grew significantly, the only URM group demonstrating proportional gains in the APRN workforce were Latine nurses.", "URM representation in educational attainment grew across all degree types.", "By 2018/2019, Latine nurses have their largest representation in the Dipl./ASN degree group and saw a proportional decline for PhD educated nurses.", "B/AA nurses have their largest representation at the MS(N)/PhD level.", "However, smaller proportions of B/AA nurses were working as APRNs compared to their non-URM colleagues.", "At the PhD level, few B/AA nurses were represented in research and teaching positions.", "A subgroup analysis of unemployed nurses seeking work revealed that B/AA and AI/AN nurses were overrepresented among unemployed nurses.", "While today's nursing workforce is more representative of the nation than ever before, results show unequal representation of URM and non-URM nurses across the ranks of the nursing professions that suggest unequal career and labor market opportunities." ]

[ "A healthy lifestyle from early childhood is a crucial factor that influences bone-related factors in adulthood.", "In this context, physical education or psychomotricity from early childhood is an important opportunity to face this problem.", "The present article aims to systematically summarize school-based interventions, evaluated through randomized controlled trial design, that influence the bones of children from early childhood.", "A systematic review of relevant articles was carried out using four main databases (PubMed, ProQuest Central (including 26 databases), Scopus, and Web of Sciences) until 12 November 2023.", "From a total of 42 studies initially found, 12 were included in the qualitative synthesis.", "In brief terms, from early childhood and during puberty, children's bones are particularly responsive to exercise, making this an ideal time for interventions to maximize bone health.", "Therefore, incorporating physical activity into school curriculums is a strategic approach for enhancing bone health in children.", "Mainly, plyometric exercises can significantly enhance bone density and geometry.", "Nevertheless, collaboration among educators, healthcare professionals, and parents is key for designing and implementing these effective interventions." ]

[ "A high mutation rate of the RNA virus results in the emergence of novel mutants that may escape the immunity activated by the original (wild-type) strain.", "However, many of them go extinct because of the stochasticity due to the small initial number of infected cells.", "In a previous paper, we studied the probability of escaping stochastic extinction when the novel mutant has a faster rate of infection and when it is resistant to a drug that suppresses the wild-type virus.", "In this study, we examine the effect of escaping the immune reaction of the host.", "Based on a continuous-time branching process with time-dependent rates, we conclude the chance for a mutant strain to be established [Formula: see text] decreases with time [Formula: see text] since the wild-type infection when the mutant is produced.", "The number of novel mutants that can escape extinction risk has a peak soon after the wild-type infection.", "The number of novel escape mutations produced per patient in the early phase of host infection is small both for very strong and very weak immune responses, and it attains its maximum value when immune activity is of an intermediate strength." ]

[ "A high quality of nursing care is an important priority of nursing profession and directly associated with increased patient satisfaction.", "Evidence shows that ethical professional issues are challenging with significant influences on the quality of nursing care.", "The aim of this study was to determine how quality of patient care relates to the nurses' ethical reasoning as viewed by patients in medical wards.", "This study used a descriptive correlational design.", "Data collection tools included a Nursing Dilemma Test and Quality Patient Care Scale.", "In total, 180 hospitalized patients and 180 nurses who worked in medical wards of Hospitals in 2017 were enrolled.", "Sample selection was done by the census method.", "Data were analyzed by the SPSS software version 22.", "The means score for nurses' quality care was 91.71 ± 14.81.", "Furthermore, the mean score for ethical reasoning among nurses was at an average level of 45.07 ± 6.12.", "There was no significant relationship between the quality of care and nurse's ethical reasoning (P > 0.05).", "The results revealed that factors other than ethical reasoning of nurses are related to quality of care.", "Furthermore, nurses showed an average ability in ethical reasoning.", "So to improve this situation, healthcare system administrators can offer professional training programs to increase ethical sensitivity and reasoning among the nurses who face daily ethical issues." ]

[ "A high workload may negatively impact the surgical team's performance and jeopardize patient safety.", "The aim of this study was to measure the workload of the surgical team across different surgical roles, specialties, and techniques in several hospitals.", "This cross-sectional multicenter study was performed in the operating rooms of eight teaching hospitals affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran.", "At the conclusion of each surgical procedure, all members of the surgical team completed the Surgery Task Load Index (SURG-TLX) questionnaire to assess workload levels.", "Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson correlations, were performed to compare surgical roles, specialties, techniques, and surgical time on workload overall and by subscale.", "A total of 409 workload questionnaires were obtained from 76 surgical teams or cases, involving 346 surgical team members.", "The total workload among all participants was 32.41 ± 17.21.", "Surgical complexity, physical demands, and mental demands were the highest workload subscales and distraction was the lowest workload subscale.", "Cardiovascular specialty had a higher workload compared to other specialties.", "Open techniques resulted in a higher workload compared to minimally invasive techniques.", "Surgical technologists who act in both the role of circulating and scrub nurse (C&Ss) experienced the highest workload, followed by surgical residents and surgeons.", "The results of the study showed that the workload for some members of the surgical team is disproportionately high and is influenced by factors such as specialty, technique, role, and surgical duration.", "By knowing the distribution of workload among the members of the surgical team, efforts can be made to optimize the team members' workload." ]

[ "A hybrid problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum adopted in 2002 for medical students at China Medical University, Taiwan, was extended to dental students in 2007.", "Before that, PBL workshops were conducted for all students.", "Two PBL cases on basic biomedical issues were used for second-year medical students and second-year dental students to explore the feasibility of adopting PBL as part of the dental curriculum.", "This study compared the medical and dental students' attitudes toward the PBL tutorials and PBL curricula.", "Upon completion of the PBL component, an eighteen-item questionnaire asked students to assess (on a ten-point scale with 10 as the most positive response) their perceptions of the learning process in the PBL tutorials.", "Forty-six dental students from a cohort of fifty (92 percent) and 107 medical students from a cohort of 119 (90 percent) completed the questionnaires (fifty-three females and 100 males).", "The importance of all items was rated above 6.00.", "The medical students' mean score (7.29) was higher than the dental students' mean score (7.10).", "Of the eighteen attributes of the PBL process, the students indicated being generally comfortable with fourteen.", "No statistical significance was found between the dental and medical students' scores, but there was a significant difference (p=0.006) in their perception of PBL curricula.", "Overall, the medical students expressed a more positive outlook toward the PBL learning process than the dental students and were more willing to accept PBL as a pedagogy." ]

[ "A key prerequisite for the successful digital transformation of the healthcare system is a well-developed level of digital health literacy (DHL) among the population.", "DHL is the ability to deal with health-relevant digital information and information options with the aim of promoting and maintaining health and well-being for oneself and one's environment.", "This article examines the discussions about digital health literacy, the existing studies and measurement tools used in them, the data situation in Germany, and current challenges.DHL consists of various sub-competencies that reflect current digital information behavior, opportunities, and risks.", "The data situation is very heterogeneous due to different study designs and instruments, which limits the informative value.", "Two representative studies, HLS-Ger‑2 by Bielefeld University and the study by AOK Rheinland/Hamburg and the Leibniz-WissenschaftsCampus, both indicate a high proportion of people with low DHL despite different methods.", "Both nationally and internationally, DHL is subject to a social gradient and is associated with educational level, social status, financial deprivation, and age.According to the current empirical data, the acquisition of DHL in Germany is still insufficient, so there is a great need for action.", "The necessary legal framework conditions have been established, but there is still a lack of reliable and financial resources, as well as a solid data basis on DHL at population level.", "This is essential to identify vulnerability factors and to prepare and evaluate the implementation of measures.", "In addition, there is a need for an in-depth conceptual discussion on DHL that builds on the established health literacy concept and addresses the emerging health-related infodemic and its consequences for DHL." ]

[ "A key question in early number development is how 4- and 5-year-olds learn the roles that counting and cardinal numbers play when comparing quantities.", "Children who wrongly used length to identify numerosity were assigned to five experimental groups and trained to judge whether a puppet--who sometimes miscounted--created equivalent sets.", "Over three training sessions, children who were asked to compare sets after they were counted learned to base their judgments on cardinal numbers when the puppet counted accurately by being given feedback.", "However, only the groups who were also asked to explain either their own or the experimenter's reasoning made progress in identifying the puppet's miscounts.", "This ability to recognize the importance of counting accuracy for quantitative comparisons predicted whether children would spontaneously count to compare sets on a post-test.", "The importance of asking children to identify miscounts is discussed alongside the social factors that influence children's recognition of the relationship between procedural counting, cardinality and relative number." ]

[ "A key question in the developmental sciences is whether developmental differences are quantitative or qualitative.", "For example, does age increase the speed in processing a task (quantitative differences) or does age affect the way a task is processed (qualitative differences)?", "Until now, findings in the domain of decision making have been based on the assumption that developmental differences are either quantitative or qualitative.", "In the current study, we took a different approach in which we tested whether development is best described as being quantitative or qualitative.", "We administered a judgment version and a choice version of a decision-making task to a developmental sample (njudgment = 109 and nchoice = 137; Mage = 12.5 years, age range = 9-18).", "The task, the so-called Gambling Machine Task, required decisions between two options characterized by constant gains and probabilistic losses; these characteristics were known beforehand and thus did not need to be learned from experience.", "Data were analyzed by comparing the fit of quantitative and qualitative latent variable models, so-called multiple indicator multiple cause (MIMIC) models.", "Results indicated that individual differences in both judgment and choice tasks were quantitative and pertained to individual differences in \"consideration of gains,\" that is, to what extent decisions were guided by gains.", "These differences were affected by age in the judgment version, but not in the choice version, of the task.", "We discuss implications for theories of decision making and discuss potential limitations and extensions.", "We also argue that the MIMIC approach is useful in other domains, for example, to test quantitative versus qualitative development of categorization, reasoning, math, and memory." ]

[ "A lack of racial and ethnic representation in clinical trials may limit the generalizability of the orthopaedic evidence base as it applies to patients in underrepresented minority populations and perpetuate existing disparities in use, complications, or functional outcomes.", "Although some commentators have implied the need for mandatory race or ethnicity reporting across all orthopaedic trials, the usefulness of race or ethnic reporting likely depends on the specific topic, prior evidence of disparities, and individualized study hypotheses.", "In a systematic review, we asked: (1) What proportion of orthopaedic clinical trials report race or ethnicity data, and of studies that do, how many report data regarding social covariates or genomic testing?", "(2) What trends and associations exist for racial and ethnic reporting among these trials between 2000 and 2020?", "(3) What is the racial or ethnic representation of United States trial participants compared with that reported in the United States Census?", "We performed a systematic review of randomized controlled trials with human participants published in three leading general-interest orthopaedic journals that focus on clinical research: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, American Volume; Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research; and Osteoarthritis and Cartilage.", "We searched the PubMed and Embase databases using the following inclusion criteria: English-language studies, human studies, randomized controlled trials, publication date from 2000 to 2020, and published in Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research; The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, American Volume; or Osteoarthritis and Cartilage.", "Primary outcome measures included whether studies reported participant race or ethnicity, other social covariates (insurance status, housing or homelessness, education and literacy, transportation, income and employment, and food security and nutrition), and genomic testing.", "The secondary outcome measure was the racial and ethnic categorical distribution of the trial participants included in the studies reporting race or ethnicity.", "From our search, 1043 randomized controlled trials with 184,643 enrolled patients met the inclusion criteria.", "Among these studies, 21% (223 of 1043) had a small (< 50) sample size, 56% (581 of 1043) had a medium (50 to 200) sample size, and 23% (239 of 1043) had a large (> 200) sample size.", "Fourteen percent (141 of 1043) were based in the Northeast United States, 9.2% (96 of 1043) were in the Midwest, 4.7% (49 of 1043) were in the West, 7.2% (75 of 1043) were in the South, and 65% (682 of 1043) were outside the United States.", "We calculated the overall proportion of studies meeting the inclusion criteria that reported race or ethnicity.", "Then among the subset of studies reporting race or ethnicity, we determined the overall rate and distribution of social covariates and genomic testing reporting.", "We calculated the proportion of studies reporting race or ethnicity that also reported a difference in outcome by race or ethnicity.", "We calculated the proportion of studies reporting race or ethnicity by each year in the study period.", "We also calculated the proportions and 95% CIs of individual patients in each racial or ethnic category of the studies meeting the inclusion criteria.", "During the study period (2000 to 2020), 8.5% (89 of 1043) of studies reported race or ethnicity.", "Of the trials reporting this factor, 4.5% (four of 89) reported insurance status, 15% (13 of 89) reported income, 4.5% (four of 89) reported housing or homelessness, 18% (16 of 89) reported education and literacy, 0% (0 of 89) reported transportation, and 2.2% (two of 89) reported food security or nutrition of trial participants.", "Seventy-eight percent (69 of 89) of trials reported no social covariates, while 22% (20 of 89) reported at least one.", "However, 0% (0 of 89) of trials reported genomic testing.", "Additionally, 5.6% (five of 89) of these trials reported a difference in outcomes by race or ethnicity.", "The proportion of studies reporting race or ethnicity increased, on average, by 0.6% annually (95% CI 0.2% to 1.0%; p = 0.02).", "After controlling for potentially confounding variables such as funding source, we found that studies with an increased sample size were more likely to report data by race or ethnicity; location in North America overall, Europe, Asia, and Australia or New Zealand (compared with the Northeast United States) were less likely to; and specialty-topic studies (compared with general orthopaedics research) were less likely to.", "Our sample of United States trials contained 18.9% more white participants than that reported in the United States Census (95% CI 18.4% to 19.4%; p < 0.001), 5.0% fewer Black participants (95% CI 4.6% to 5.3%; p < 0.001), 17.0% fewer Hispanic participants (95% CI 16.8% to 17.1%; p < 0.001), 5.3% fewer Asian participants (95% CI 5.2% to 5.4%; p < 0.001), and 7.5% more participants from other groups (95% CI 7.2% to 7.9%; p < 0.001).", "Reporting of race or ethnicity data in orthopaedic clinical trials is low compared with other medical fields, although the proportion of diseases warranting this reporting might be lower in orthopaedics.", "Investigators should initiate discussions about race and ethnicity reporting in the early stages of clinical trial development by surveying available published evidence for relevant health disparities, social determinants, and, when warranted, genomic risk factors.", "The decision to include or exclude race and ethnicity data in study protocols should be based on specific hypotheses, necessary statistical power, and an appreciation for unmeasured confounding.", "Future studies should evaluate cost-efficient mechanisms for obtaining baseline social covariate data and investigate researcher perspectives on current administrative workflows and decision-making algorithms for race and ethnicity reporting." ]

[ "A large amount of scientific literature in social and behavioural sciences bases their conclusions on one or more hypothesis tests.", "As such, it is important to obtain more knowledge about how researchers in social and behavioural sciences interpret quantities that result from hypothesis test metrics, such as p-values and Bayes factors.", "In the present study, we explored the relationship between obtained statistical evidence and the degree of belief or confidence that there is a positive effect in the population of interest.", "In particular, we were interested in the existence of a so-called cliff effect: A qualitative drop in the degree of belief that there is a positive effect around certain threshold values of statistical evidence (e.g., at p = 0.05).", "We compared this relationship for p-values to the relationship for corresponding degrees of evidence quantified through Bayes factors, and we examined whether this relationship was affected by two different modes of presentation (in one mode the functional form of the relationship across values was implicit to the participant, whereas in the other mode it was explicit).", "We found evidence for a higher proportion of cliff effects in p-value conditions than in BF conditions (N = 139), but we did not get a clear indication whether presentation mode had an effect on the proportion of cliff effects.", "PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 2 June 2023.", "The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/5CW6P ." ]

[ "A large body of evidence suggests that math learning in children is built upon innate mechanisms for representing numerical quantities in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS).", "Learning math, however, is about more than processing quantitative information.", "It is also about understanding relations between quantities and making inferences based on these relations.", "Consistent with this idea, recent behavioral studies suggest that the ability to process transitive relations (A > B, B > C, therefore A > C) may contribute to math skills in children.", "Here we used fMRI coupled with a longitudinal design to determine whether the neural processing of transitive relations in children could predict their current and future math skills.", "At baseline (T1), children (n = 31) processed transitive relations in an MRI scanner.", "Math skills were measured at T1 and again 1.5 years later (T2).", "Using a machine learning approach with cross-validation, we found that activity associated with the representation of transitive relations in the IPS predicted math calculation skills at both T1 and T2.", "Our study highlights the potential of neurobiological measures of transitive reasoning for forecasting math skills in children, providing additional evidence for a link between this type of reasoning and math learning." ]

[ "A large body of research has established a relation between maternal education and children's neurocognitive functions, such as executive function and language.", "However, most studies have focused on early childhood and relatively few studies have examined associations with changes in maternal education over time.", "Consequently, it remains unclear if early maternal education is longitudinally related to neurocognitive functions in children, adolescents, and young adults.", "In addition, the associations between changes in maternal education across development and more broadly defined neurocognitive outcomes remain relatively untested.", "The current study leveraged a large multicohort sample to examine the longitudinal relations between perinatal maternal education and changes in maternal education during development with children's, adolescents', and young adults' neurocognitive functions (N = 2,688; Mage = 10.32 years; SDage = 4.26; range = 3-20 years).", "Moreover, we examined the differential effects of perinatal maternal education and changes in maternal education across development on executive function and language performance.", "Perinatal maternal education was positively associated with children's later overall neurocognitive function.", "This longitudinal relation was stronger for language than executive function.", "In addition, increases in maternal education were related to improved language performance but were not associated with executive functioning performance.", "Our findings support perinatal maternal education as an important predictor of neurocognitive outcomes later in development.", "Moreover, our results suggest that examining how maternal education changes across development can provide important insights that can help inform policies and interventions designed to foster neurocognitive development.", "(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)." ]

[ "A large number of psychological consequences including sleep health emerged during the 2019 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Sleep patterns in toddlers are vulnerable to negative environmental exposures, however, very few studies on this topic have been published so far.", "In this paper, we aimed to investigate the sleep patterns and associated factors in toddlers from China confined at home in the context of COVID-19 pandemic.", "From April to November 2021, a convenience sample of 493 parents of young children aged (12-35 months) were surveyed from Fuzhou, Sanming, Quanzhou, Nanping, and Longyan cities in the Fujian Province, China.", "A cross-sectional survey was conducted via Electronic questionnaires to collect parent and child social-demographic characteristics.", "The Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ) was used to collect data on sleep practices, sleep duration and patterns, as well as the number of nocturnal awaking .", "The mean age of toddlers was 2.11 years old, and 52.54% (259/493) were males.", "Among the 493 toddlers' sleep patterns, 331(67.1%) initiated sleep accompanied by parents, 67(13.6%) slept independently, 59 (12.0%) were breast fed/bottle fed to initiate sleep, 27 (5.5%) were held and 9 (1.8%) rocked.", "The clear longitudinal association between the duration of night-time sleep, the frequency of nighttime awakenings, and various sleep patterns remains clear (p < 0.05).", "Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that sleep initiation with bottle-feeding/breast-feeding and rocked significantly increased the frequency of nighttime awakenings and reduced the duration of nighttime sleep (p < 0.05), as held was dramatically only for increasing the number of nighttime awakenings (p < 0.05).", "Multi-variate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that toddlers with severe sleep difficulties had a higher probability of being rocked to initiate sleep (p < 0.05).", "Conversely, young children with minor sleep problems were more apt to be in bed alone to initiate sleep (p < 0.05).", "During the COVID-19 pandemic, most infants and toddlers initiated sleep accompanied by parents and tend to have electronic media exposure before bedtime.", "Increased waking at night may be associated with sleep initiation with breast-feeding/bottle-feeding.", "Therefore, pediatric practitioners in primary community hospitals should pay attention to the education and promotion of sleep hygiene and parenting knowledge of young children to avoid the formation of poor sleep hygiene habits." ]

[ "A large number of stroke survivors worldwide suffer from moderate to severe disability.", "In Malaysia, long-term uncontrolled stroke risk factors lead to unforeseen rates of recurrent stroke and a growing incidence of stroke occurrence across ages, predominantly among the elderly population.", "This situation has motivated research efforts focused on tapping into patient education, especially related to patient self-efficacy of understanding and taking medication appropriately.", "Video narratives integrated with health belief model constructs have demonstrated potential impacts as an aide to patient education efforts.", "The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and acceptability of study procedures based on a randomized controlled trial protocol of a video narratives intervention among poststroke patients.", "We also aimed to obtain preliminary findings of video narratives related to medication understanding and use self-efficacy (MUSE) and blood pressure control.", "A parallel group randomized controlled trial including a control group (without video viewing) and an intervention group (with video viewing) was conducted by researchers at a neurology outpatient clinic on poststroke patients (N=54).", "Baseline data included patients' sociodemographic characteristics, medical information, and all outcome measures.", "Measurements of MUSE and blood pressure following the trial were taken during a 3-month follow-up period.", "Feasibility of the trial was assessed based on recruitment and study completion rates along with patients' feedback on the burden of the study procedures and outcome measures.", "Acceptability of the trial was analyzed qualitatively.", "Statistical analysis was applied to ascertain the preliminary results of video narratives.", "The recruitment rate was 60 out of 117 patients (51.3%).", "Nevertheless, the dropout rate of 10% was within the acceptable range.", "Patients were aged between 21 and 74 years.", "Nearly 50 of the patients (>85%) had adequate health literacy and exposure to stroke education.", "Most of the patients (>80%) were diagnosed with ischemic stroke, whereby the majority had primary hypertension.", "The technicalities of randomization and patient approach were carried out with minimal challenge and adequate patient satisfaction.", "The video contents received good responses with respect to comprehension and simplicity.", "Moreover, an in-depth phone interview with 8 patients indicated that the video narratives were considered to be useful and inspiring.", "These findings paralleled the preliminary findings of significant improvement within groups in MUSE (P=.001) and systolic blood pressure control (P=.04).", "The queries and feedback from each phase in this study have been acknowledged and will be taken forward in the full trial.", "Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN 12618000174280; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=373554." ]

[ "A large number of studies have found that the musculoskeletal injury of modern and contemporary dancers has a high incidence.", "Previous publications have indicated that there are many potential factors that are related to dancing injury; however, they have not been proven, and even some data are conflicting in different research.", "The search yielded 18 prospective studies reporting on professional and pre-professional modern or contemporary dancers from companies and schools.", "The prevalence of modern and contemporary dancers was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.74~0.90).", "The injury proportion of trauma, overuse, ankle and foot, lower extremity, joint and ligaments, muscle and tendons, and time-loss were 0.40, 0.26, 0.49, 0.34, 0.33, and 0.29 in the total number of injuries.", "There was no evidence of a significant difference in sex, age, and education program.", "The factors of BMI and injury history achieved statistical significance, and the p-values were less than 0.01.", "Based on the results of this article, BMI and injury history may be risk factors for injury in contemporary and modern dancers.", "Modern and contemporary dancers have a high prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries.", "Lower extremity injuries are the most common in the whole body, with injuries to the foot and ankle being more frequent.", "The mechanism of injury is mostly overuse injury, and the injured tissues are mostly muscle tendons and joint ligaments." ]

[ "A large portion of preschool-age children with developmental delays and disabilities (PCw/DD) do not receive recommended therapeutic services, including legally mandated school-based therapies.", "This study examines the feasibility of a community-clinical linkage using virtual patient navigation and a medical-educational care plan called Preschool and Me (PreM) to connect clinical settings serving historically marginalized communities with early childhood special education (ECSE) services.", "Parents of PCw/DD attending an urban pediatric clinic from January to March 2022 were enrolled to receive PreM which included navigation support for ECSE, overcoming barriers accessing ECSE, and health care provider communication.", "Families completed measures of demographics and indicators of feasibility at baseline and 4-month follow-up.", "Of the 34 families referred, 30 were eligible and enrolled.", "Most parents identified as mothers (97%).", "Most participant children (70% male, 60% Black, 30% Hispanic) were enrolled in public health insurance (93%) and were not receiving any clinic-based therapies (93%).", "Parents overwhelmingly found PreM acceptable with the majority stating it would be a strong reason to continue care at the clinic.", "Among families who received PreM, 26 (96%) completed an individualized education plan (IEP) evaluation (96%).", "Of these, 24 (92%) children were eligible for an IEP.", "Nineteen children enrolled in an ECSE program; two families awaited school assignments and three families did not consent to the assigned school placement due to neighborhood safety concerns.", "Our findings suggest PreM was feasible, acceptable, and demonstrated promise in supporting families to navigate the ECSE process.", "Future studies examining effectiveness are warranted.", "(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)." ]

[ "A large portion of the world's population has asthma.", "This study aimed to ascertain asthma prevalence and related factors in the Tabari cohort study (TCS).", "The TCS included 10,255 35-70-year-olds from urban and mountainous Sari (northern Iran) between June 2015 and November 2017.", "Education, occupation, domicile, socioeconomic position, history of psychiatric disorders, smoking (including hookah smoking), opium usage, and daily physical activity level were determined.", "The final analysis included 9939 individuals.", "The asthma rate was 7.4%.", "Multiple factors increased asthma risk, according to statistical analysis.", "These factors included being female (OR, 1.337; 95% CI, 1.142-1.565), retired (OR, 1.553; 95% CI, 1.205-2.002), living in the city (OR, 1.268; 95% CI, 1.083-1.484), using opioids (OR, 1.689; 95% CI, 1.299-2.197), having lower socioeconomic status (SES) (OR, 0.723; 95% CI, 0.579-0.903), history of psychiatric disorders (OR, 2.313; 95% CI, 1.826-2.930), and aged 60-70 (OR, 2.325; 95% CI, 1.765-3.064), and BMI above 30 kg/m2 (OR, 1.499; 95% CI, 1.220-1.841).", "Several factors increased asthma probability in multivariate regression analysis.", "These factors include being female (OR = 1.389, p = 0.015), ages between 60 and 70 (OR = 2.034, p < 0.001), using opioids (OR = 1.940, p < 0.001), lower SES (OR = 0.738, p = 0.012), history of psychiatric disorders (OR = 2.035, p < 0.001), BMI above 30 kg/m2 (OR = 1.518, p < 0.001), and being a smoker (OR = 1.337, p = 0.056).", "This study has identified that the prevalence of asthma in the Tabari cohort group is high.", "In addition, it was demonstrated that various factors are related to asthma." ]

[ "A large proportion of nursing home (NH) residents suffer from dementia and effects of conventional anti-dementia drugs on their health is poorly known.", "We aimed to investigate the associations between exposure to anti-dementia drugs and mortality among NH residents.", "This retrospective longitudinal observational study involved 329 French NH and the residents admitted in these facilities since 2014 and having major neurocognitive disorder.", "From their electronic health records, we obtained their age, sex, level of dependency, Charlson comorbidity index, and Mini mental examination score at admission.", "Exposure to anti-dementia drugs was determined using their prescription into 4 categories: none, exposure to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) alone, exposure to memantine alone, exposure to AChEI and memantine.", "Survival until the end of 2019 was studied in the entire cohort by Cox proportional hazards.", "To alleviate bias related to prescription of anti-dementia drugs, we formed propensity-score matched cohorts for each type of anti-dementia drug exposure, and studied survival by the same method.", "We studied 25,358 NH residents with major neurocognitive disorder.", "Their age at admission was 87.1 + 7.1 years and 69.8% of them were women.", "Exposure to anti-dementia drugs occurred in 2,550 (10.1%) for AChEI alone, in 2,055 (8.1%) for memantine alone, in 460 (0.2%) for AChEI plus memantine, whereas 20,293 (80.0%) had no exposure to anti-dementia drugs.", "Adjusted hazard ratios for mortality were significantly reduced for these three groups exposed to anti-dementia drugs, as compared to reference group: HR: 0.826, 95%CI 0.769 to 0.888 for AChEI; 0.857, 95%CI 0.795 to 0.923 for memantine; 0.742, 95%CI 0.640 to 0.861 for AChEI plus memantine.", "Results were consistent in propensity-score matched cohorts.", "The use of conventional anti-dementia drugs is associated with a lower mortality in nursing home residents with dementia and should be widely used in this population." ]

[ "A large proportion of young people reports poor mental health, which is a major public health concern.", "Positive mental health is important for young people's development, quality of life, functioning in everyday life, and long-term possibilities.", "Thus, there is a great need to develop and implement mental health-promoting initiatives and activities in young people's lives.", "Participating in organized leisure communities has a positive impact on mental health and wellbeing.", "However, more knowledge is still needed about why and how participating in organized leisure communities targeting young people can promote mental health.", "The aim of this study was to gain knowledge about the mental health-promoting potential of organized leisure communities for young people by exploring the active ingredients that contribute to mental health promotion.", "Given the complexity of the subject, this study implemented a realist review approach to explore the interaction between context, mechanism, and outcome.", "The study follows Pawsons' five key steps for conducting a realist review: (1) clarify scope, (2) search for evidence, (3) study selection criteria, and procedures, (4) data extraction, and (5) data synthesis and analysis.", "The literature was systematically searched in the four databases PsycINFO, Scopus, Embase, and SocIndex.", "In the literature search, a total of 11,249 studies were identified, of which 52 studies met the inclusion criteria.", "Based on the 52 studies, seven different contexts i.e., types of organized leisure communities for young peoples were identified.", "Across the seven different types of organized leisure communities, five active ingredients that promoted the mental health of young people were identified: social connectedness, development of skills, development of self-confidence, pleasure-driven participation, and safety and trust.", "This review contributes important knowledge about how to promote young people's mental health when participating in organized leisure communities.", "Moving forward, an important task consists of establishing and maintaining the five active ingredients in organized leisure communities through e.g., education and training that strengthens the skills and knowledge of those responsible for facilitating the leisure communities, such as sports coaches or music teachers, as these adults play a central role in supporting the active ingredients." ]

[ "A lifelong gluten-free (GF) diet to manage coeliac disease is recognised to be challenging.", "This paper comprises two studies: study one aimed to report the opinions of adults with coeliac disease on review provision and explore factors influencing dietary adherence.", "Study two aimed to report dietetic provision for adults with coeliac disease.", "A cross-sectional online survey was completed by 722 adults with coeliac disease, including validated dietary adherence, health literacy and quality-of-life questionnaires.", "An online and paper survey designed to capture the provision of dietetic services to adults with coeliac disease was completed by 88 dietetic departments within the United Kingdom.", "Only 26% of adults with coeliac disease were offered annual reviews.", "In contrast, 85% considered reviews important, with 62% preferring dietetic provision.", "Those who considered reviews important had lower health literacy, greater dietary burden, poorer GF dietary adherence and lower GF food knowledge (all p < 0.05) compared with those who did not consider reviews important.", "GF dietary adherence was associated with health literacy, self-regulatory behaviours, dietary burden and GF food knowledge; 53% agreed with the 'cost of GF food restricts what I eat'; they had poorer GF dietary adherence compared with those who disagreed (p < 0.001).", "More than 72% of dietetic coeliac review provision provided content on improving access to GF foods and eating out of the home.", "A subpopulation of adults with coeliac disease have a greater need for support and guidance, which supports the viewpoint that limited resources should be targeted towards patients with the most need for support to enable successful disease management." ]

[ "A limited number of studies discuss the changes in patients' self-care skills and needs for assisted self-care after discharge from in-patient treatment due to diabetes foot ulcer-related complications.", "The aim of this study was to examine the ability to perform self-care and needs for assisted nursing interventions at hospital discharge, compared to pre-admission, for people with diabetes admitted and treated for foot ulcer-related complications.", "Retrospective patient record study.", "A retrospective assessment was done on the medical records of a total of 134 patients with diabetes consecutively admitted to a specialist in-patient unit due to foot ulcer complications, between 1 November 2017 and 30 August 2018.", "Data on daily self-care needs and home situations at admission and discharge were recorded.", "The median age was 72 years (38-94), 103 (76.9%) were men and 101 (73.7%) had diabetes type 2.", "The median length of admission was 10 days (2-39).", "Infection was the most common cause of admission (51%), with severe ischaemia in 6%, and a combination of both in 20% of patients.", "Surgical treatment was performed in 22% and vascular intervention in 19% of patients.", "The percentage of patients discharged to their home without assistance was 48.1% compared to 57.5% before admission, discharge to home with assistance was 27.4% versus 22.4% before admission and 9.2% were discharged to short-term nursing accommodation versus 6% before admission.", "Three patients died during their stay in hospital.", "The need for help with medications increased from 14.9% of patients at admission to 26.7% at discharge and for mobility assistance from 23.1% to 35.9%.", "Social services at home were increased in 21.4% of patients at discharge." ]

[ "A link between insomniac symptoms and suicidality has long been suspected and deserves specific attention.", "We examine the current evidence for this relationship from epidemiology and neurobiology in order to propose a targeted management.", "Clinical example and selective Medline-literature research for insomnia symptoms and suicidality.", "Epidemiological data and statistical analysis show that symptoms of insomnia are independent risk factors for suicidality.", "Neurobiological factors associated with combined insomnia symptoms and suicidality are: serotonergic dysfunction and circadian rhythm disorder leading to hypofrontality with reduced problem solving capacity and impaired emotional and impulse-control.", "Social isolation, recurrent rumination, comorbid psychiatric disorders, access to potentially lethal drugs or weapons need urgent evaluation in patients with a combination of suicidality and symptoms of insomnia.", "patients with insomnia and further risk factors for suicide need to be treated resolutely and at an early stage.", "Modern sleep-promoting antidepressants with low toxicity and antipsychotics must be preferred in the treatment of patients with insomniac sleep disorders and suicidality.", "Multimodal anti-insomnia and anti-depressive therapy adapted to the circadian rhythm can exert a favorable influence both on depressive-suicidal and insomnia symptoms and their inherent risks." ]

[ "A long-standing puzzle for moral philosophers and psychologists alike is the concept of psychopathy, a personality disorder marked by tendencies to defy moral norms despite cognitive knowledge about right and wrong.", "Previously, discussions of the moral deficits of psychopathy have focused on willingness to harm and cheat others as well as reasoning about rule-based transgressions.", "Yet recent research in moral psychology has begun to more clearly define the domains of morality, encompassing issues of harm, fairness, loyalty, authority, and spiritual purity.", "Clinical descriptions and theories of psychopathy suggest that deficits may exist primarily in the areas of harm and fairness, although quantitative evidence is scarce.", "Within a broad sample of participants, we found that scores on a measure of psychopathy predicted sharply lower scores on the harm and fairness subscales of a measure of moral concern, but showed no relationship with authority, and very small relationships with in group and purity.", "On a measure of willingness to violate moral standards for money, psychopathy scores predicted greater willingness to violate moral concerns of any type.", "Results are further explored via potential mediators and analyses of the two factors of psychopathy." ]

[ "A low risk of gastrointestinal disorders in the adult population has long been linked to consuming a Mediterranean diet (MD).", "The study aims to evaluate the effects of the Mediterranean diet educational program on employee's knowledge regarding functional gastrointestinal disorders.", "A quasi-experimental study design of two study groups (pre-test and post-test) was carried out at four colleges in the University of Baghdad, Iraq of the period between January 10, 2022 and May 31, 2022.", "A purposive (non-probability) sample was used with a sample size of (160) employees divided into two groups (80 employees each).", "The study group of 80 employees was exposed to the Mediterranean Diet educational program while the control group with was not.", "The results showed a positive effect of the Mediterranean diet educational program on the employees' functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) knowledge in the study group.", "The study results indicated that there are highly significant mean differences between the study and control groups in the pre-test and the post-test in the specific and general knowledge area of employees' functional gastrointestinal disorders (t = 17.002, df = 158; t = 24.19, df = 158; P value ≤ 0.01).", "Findings indicated that there were no significant statistical relationships between the level of knowledge of functional gastrointestinal disorders and demographic characteristics except employees' level of education with a high significant association P value ≤ 0.01).", "The Mediterranean diet educational program effectively improves the employees' knowledge of functional gastrointestinal disorders.", "These results support the benefit of establishing educational programs for adult employees on the Mediterranean diet to improve individuals' knowledge about the gastrointestinal diseases." ]

[ "A low socioeconomic status is associated with a vulnerable health status (VHS) through the accumulation of health-related risk factors, such as poor lifestyle behaviors (eg, inadequate nutrition, chronic stress, and impaired health literacy).", "For pregnant women, a VHS translates into a high incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes and therefore pregnancy-related inequity.", "We hypothesize that stimulating adequate pregnancy preparation, targeting lifestyle behaviors and preconception care (PCC) uptake, can reduce these inequities and improve the pregnancy outcomes of women with a VHS.", "A nudge is a behavioral intervention aimed at making healthy choices easier and more attractive and may therefore be a feasible way to stimulate engagement in pregnancy preparation and PCC uptake, especially in women with a VHS.", "To support adequate pregnancy preparation, we designed a mobile health (mHealth) app, Pregnant Faster, that fits the preferences of women with a VHS and uses nudging to encourage PCC consultation visits and engagement in education on healthy lifestyle behaviors.", "This study aimed to test the feasibility of Pregnant Faster by determining usability and user satisfaction, the number of visited PCC consultations, and the course of practical study conduction.", "Women aged 18-45 years, with low-to-intermediate educational attainment, who were trying to become pregnant within 12 months were included in this open cohort.", "Recruitment took place through social media, health care professionals, and distribution of flyers and posters from September 2021 until June 2022.", "Participants used Pregnant Faster daily for 4 weeks, earning coins by reading blogs on pregnancy preparation, filling out a daily questionnaire on healthy lifestyle choices, and registering for a PCC consultation with a midwife.", "Earned coins could be spent on rewards, such as fruit, mascara, and baby products.", "Evaluation took place through the mHealth App Usability Questionnaire (MAUQ), an additional interview or questionnaire, and assessment of overall study conduction.", "Due to limited inclusions, the inclusion criterion \"living in a deprived neighborhood\" was dropped.", "This resulted in the inclusion of 47 women, of whom 39 (83%) completed the intervention.", "In total, 16 (41%) of 39 participants visited a PCC consultation, with their main motivation being obtaining personalized information.", "The majority of participants agreed with 16 (88.9%) of 18 statements of the MAUQ, indicating high user satisfaction.", "The mean rating was 7.7 (SD 1.0) out of 10.", "Points of improvement included recruitment of the target group, simplification of the log-in system, and automation of manual tasks.", "Nudging women through Pregnant Faster to stimulate pregnancy preparation and PCC uptake has proven feasible, but the inclusion criteria must be revised.", "A substantial number of PCC consultations were conducted, and this study will therefore be continued with an open cohort of 400 women, aiming to establish the (cost-)effectiveness of an updated version, named Pregnant Faster 2.", "RR2-10.2196/45293." ]

[ "A major challenge in health professions education is to equip graduates with essential teamwork skills, addressing cognitive, motivational, and emotional barriers that hinder effective collaboration among students from diverse backgrounds.", "The Teamwork Baseline Assessment Tool (TBAT) was developed as an innovative solution to teach collaboration and teamwork, focusing on growth mindsets, reactions to challenging scenarios, and ideal team player attributes.", "Implemented during the orientation for new first-year students, TBAT facilitated early engagement in teamwork discussions, with students receiving personalised reports to aid in self-reflection and development.", "Key lessons included the importance of initiating teamwork conversations early, the value of personalised feedback in promoting self-awareness and peer understanding, and the effectiveness of TBAT in providing instructors with insights into students' teamwork aptitudes.", "Expanding TBAT across various student populations and integrating it into the curriculum aims to provide continuous opportunities for applying and reinforcing teamwork and collaboration skills.", "This strategy will support the development of targeted instructional approaches, fostering a collaborative learning environment and preparing students for the teamwork challenges in healthcare settings." ]

[ "A major obstacle faced by families with rare diseases is obtaining a genetic diagnosis.", "The average \"diagnostic odyssey\" lasts over five years and causal variants are identified in under 50%, even when capturing variants genome-wide.", "To aid in the interpretation and prioritization of the vast number of variants detected, computational methods are proliferating.", "Knowing which tools are most effective remains unclear.", "To evaluate the performance of computational methods, and to encourage innovation in method development, we designed a Critical Assessment of Genome Interpretation (CAGI) community challenge to place variant prioritization models head-to-head in a real-life clinical diagnostic setting.", "We utilized genome sequencing (GS) data from families sequenced in the Rare Genomes Project (RGP), a direct-to-participant research study on the utility of GS for rare disease diagnosis and gene discovery.", "Challenge predictors were provided with a dataset of variant calls and phenotype terms from 175 RGP individuals (65 families), including 35 solved training set families with causal variants specified, and 30 unlabeled test set families (14 solved, 16 unsolved).", "We tasked teams to identify causal variants in as many families as possible.", "Predictors submitted variant predictions with estimated probability of causal relationship (EPCR) values.", "Model performance was determined by two metrics, a weighted score based on the rank position of causal variants, and the maximum F-measure, based on precision and recall of causal variants across all EPCR values.", "Sixteen teams submitted predictions from 52 models, some with manual review incorporated.", "Top performers recalled causal variants in up to 13 of 14 solved families within the top 5 ranked variants.", "Newly discovered diagnostic variants were returned to two previously unsolved families following confirmatory RNA sequencing, and two novel disease gene candidates were entered into Matchmaker Exchange.", "In one example, RNA sequencing demonstrated aberrant splicing due to a deep intronic indel in ASNS, identified in trans with a frameshift variant in an unsolved proband with phenotypes consistent with asparagine synthetase deficiency.", "Model methodology and performance was highly variable.", "Models weighing call quality, allele frequency, predicted deleteriousness, segregation, and phenotype were effective in identifying causal variants, and models open to phenotype expansion and non-coding variants were able to capture more difficult diagnoses and discover new diagnoses.", "Overall, computational models can significantly aid variant prioritization.", "For use in diagnostics, detailed review and conservative assessment of prioritized variants against established criteria is needed." ]

[ "A manual approach to case investigation and contact tracing can introduce delays in response and challenges for field teams.", "Go.Data, an outbreak response tool developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in collaboration with the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network, streamlines data collection and analysis during outbreaks.", "This study aimed to characterize Go.Data use during COVID-19, elicit shared benefits and challenges, and highlight key opportunities for enhancement.", "This study utilized mixed methods through qualitative interviews and a quantitative survey with Go.Data implementors on their experiences during COVID-19.", "Survey data was analyzed for basic univariate statistics.", "Interview data were coded using deductive and inductive reasoning and thematic analysis of categories.", "Overarching themes were triangulated with survey data to clarify key findings.", "From April to June 2022, the research team conducted 33 interviews and collected 41 survey responses.", "Participants were distributed across all six WHO regions and 28 countries.", "While most implementations represented government actors at national or subnational levels, additional inputs were collected from United Nations agencies and universities.", "Results highlighted WHO endorsement, accessibility, adaptability, and flexible support modalities as main enabling factors.", "Formalization and standardization of data systems and people processes to prepare for future outbreaks were a welcomed byproduct of implementation, as 76% used paper-based reporting prior and benefited from increased coordination around a shared platform.", "Several challenges surfaced, including shortage of the appropriate personnel and skill-mix within teams to ensure smooth implementation.", "Among opportunities for enhancements were improved product documentation and features to improve usability with large data volumes.", "This study was the first to provide a comprehensive picture of Go.Data implementations during COVID-19 and what joint lessons could be learned.", "It ultimately demonstrated that Go.Data was a useful complement to responses across diverse contexts, and helped set a reproducible foundation for future outbreaks.", "Concerted preparedness efforts across the domains of workforce composition, data architecture and political sensitization should be prioritized as key ingredients for future Go.Data implementations.", "While major developments in Go.Data functionality have addressed some key gaps highlighted during the pandemic, continued dialogue between WHO and implementors, including cross-country experience sharing, is needed ensure the tool is reactive to evolving user needs." ]

[ "A mathematical model of the reaction between primary antibody and epitope is described using the Law of Mass Action to define the reaction quantitatively.", "The model explains some of the peculiar properties of immunohistochemical preparations.", "It also predicts that antibody excess over epitope will not increase staining intensity for very avid primary antibodies.", "This property can be exploited to measure the amount of epitope in histological sections.", "The assumptions of the model are not specific to immunohistochemistry, and such reasoning should be widely applicable to tests based on highly avid detection systems with high amplification of the initial signal." ]

[ "A meaningful engagement of learners is critical in the quality teaching and learning of mathematics at school level.", "Learner engagement has been an ongoing issue in mathematics classrooms in Nepal and elsewhere.", "In this context, this study aimed to examine the level of engagement (behavioral, social, emotional, and cognitive activities) and their association with learning mathematics through the virtual mode of instruction during the pandemic.", "The cross-sectional online survey design was employed among 402 secondary-level mathematics teachers in Nepal.", "Descriptive statistics, correlation, and structural equation modeling were the major statistical techniques used in research.", "The findings indicate that the level of behavioral, social, emotional, and cognitive engagement of students was found to be high in the online mode of instruction.", "Additionally, cognitive engagement has significant highest impact on social, behavior, and emotional engagement." ]

[ "A mechanism-based reasoning and case-control study.", "To introduce correction target of clivo-axial angle (CXA) in quantitative surgical reduction of basilar invagination (BI).", "The exact mechanism of BI with or without atlantoaxial dislocation is still unclear.", "Sagittal deformity is a key feature of BI.", "Correction of CXA directly influences subaxial cervical lordosis (increase of CXA equals the decrease of cervical lordosis).", "However, a quantitative reference for correction surgery has not been established.", "CXA was divided by Chamberlain line into clivus tilt (CT) and axial tilt (AT).", "Patients diagnosed with BI were retrospectively included.", "Patients with degenerative cervical spine diseases or vascular diseases (without BI) were included as controls.", "CT, AT, and other common parameters were measured and analyzed with t test and multiple linear regression.", "Demonstration case was presented.", "A total of 42 BI patients and 23 controls were included.", "Normal references for CXA, AT, and CT were 162.3±7.1, 93.8±6.5, and 68.6±3.8 degrees, respectively.", "BI patients had a 30.3-degree smaller CXA, a 15.5-degree smaller AT, and a 14.9-degree smaller CT. Basal angle (P=0.002) independently had a significant influence on extent of BI, while CT and AT did not.", "Demonstration case showed that CT was fixed and correcting AT to an ideal 94 degrees was optimal for an individual patient.", "Proper quantitative correction of CXA needs to be individualized in consideration of CT and AT.", "The difference between actual AT and its ideal value (about 94 degrees) is the optimal target of CXA correction to decompress neural elements ventrally and recover better subaxial cervical lordosis.", "Level IV." ]

[ "A mechanism-based reasoning and retrospective cohort study.", "To establish a quantitative relationship between the change of clivo-axial angle (CXA) and the change of subaxial cervical lordosis (CL) in correction surgery of atlantoaxial dislocation (AAD).", "The evolving understanding of mechanism has dramatically improved the treatment modality of AAD.", "Cervical sagittal alignment is another important aspect of the surgery, in addition to reduction of odontoid process.", "However, a quantitative reference for correction surgery has not been established.", "Frankfort-axial angle (FXA) was introduced.", "Based on two assumptions, (1) sagittal alignment of the spine aims at keeping horizontal gaze and (2) deformities at craniovertebral junction make little impact on slope of T1 vertebra, we deduced that the change of CXA equaled change of CL (ΔCXA = -ΔCL).", "We retrospectively reviewed our case cohort to validate this finding with linear regression analysis.", "Sixteen cases (eight male and eight female, mean age 40.4±12.5 yr old) were included.", "Liner fitting equation for ΔFXA and ΔCXA is y=1.005x (coefficient of determination, R=0.966; significance of the estimated coefficients P<0.001, t-statistics) and that for ΔCL and ΔCXA is y=-1.023x (R=0.976, P<0.001).", "These results support our deduction that ΔCXA = -ΔCL, which can be used as a guidance of quantitative correction of sagittal deformity in AAD.", "Correction of CXA will influence the subaxial cervical lordosis (ΔCXA = -ΔCL) of AAD patients.", "This equation can serve as a quantitative reference for preoperative planning and intraoperative refining of the correction of cervical sagittal deformity in AAD.", "4." ]

[ "A medical student's career choice directly influences the physician workforce shortage and the misdistribution of resources.", "First, individual and contextual factors related to career choice have been evaluated separately, but their interaction over time is unclear.", "Second, actual career choice, reasons for this choice, and the influence of national political strategies are currently unknown in Switzerland.", "The overall objective of this study is to better understand the process of Swiss medical students' career choice and to predict this choice.", "Our specific aims will be to examine the predominately static (ie, sociodemographic and personality traits) and predominately dynamic (ie, learning context perceptions, anxiety state, motivation, and motives for career choice) variables that predict the career choice of Swiss medical school students, as well as their interaction, and to examine the evolution of Swiss medical students' career choice and their ultimate career path, including an international comparison with French medical students.", "The Swiss Medical Career Choice study is a national, multi-institution, and longitudinal study in which all medical students at all medical schools in Switzerland are eligible to participate.", "Data will be collected over 4 years for 4 cohorts of medical students using questionnaires in years 4 and 6.", "We will perform a follow-up during postgraduate training year 2 for medical graduates between 2018 and 2022.", "We will compare the different Swiss medical schools and a French medical school (the University of Strasbourg Faculty of Medicine).", "We will also examine the effect of new medical master's programs in terms of career choice and location of practice.", "For aim 2, in collaboration with the Swiss Institute for Medical Education, we will implement a national career choice tracking system and identify the final career choice of 2 cohorts of medical students who graduated from 4 Swiss medical schools from 2010 to 2012.", "We will also develop a model to predict their final career choice.", "Data analysis will be conducted using inferential statistics, and machine learning approaches will be used to refine the predictive model.", "This study was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation in January 2023.", "Recruitment began in May 2023.", "Data analysis will begin after the completion of the first cohort data collection.", "Our research will inform national stakeholders and medical schools on the prediction of students' future career choice and on key aspects of physician workforce planning.", "We will identify targeted actions that may be implemented during medical school and may ultimately influence career choice and encourage the correct number of physicians in the right specialties to fulfill the needs of currently underserved regions.", "DERR1-10.2196/53138." ]

[ "A methodological approach based on rare earth elements analysis was developed to observe human activities in the stratigraphic sequence of Alagankulam.", "The site was one of the main ancient ports in south-eastern India and one of the transoceanic connecting points between East and West during the Classical Period.", "The sampled sediments where collected from vertical profiles, areas with traces of firing activities and filled deposits.", "Major, minor and trace element concentrations were measured by the means of spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques.", "Data from multielemental analysis were then cross-referenced together with archaeological evidence to map the variability within the site and its association with the detected anthropic activities.", "The matching of the interpretation of the archaeological record and the analytical data has allowed a combined mapping of visible and invisible traces of human activities in the site, giving a deeper insight of the Alagankulam occupational history." ]

[ "A methodology is developed to describe time-dependent phenomena associated with nonlocal transport in complex, two-dimensional geometries.", "It is an extension of the ''iterative method\" introduced previously to solve steady-state transport problems [Maggs and Morales, Phys.", "Rev.", "E 99, 013307 (2019)10.1103/PhysRevE.99.013307], and it is based on the ''jumping particle\" concepts associated with the continuous-time random walk (CTRW) model.", "The method presented explicitly evaluates the time integral contained in the CTRW master equation.", "A modified version of the Mittag-Leffler function is used for the waiting-time probability distributions to incorporate memory effects.", "Calculations of the propagation of ''anomalous transport waves\" in various systems, with and without memory, illustrate the technique." ]

[ "A migraine attack aggregates a range of different symptoms, besides pain, that contribute to attack-related disability.", "Cognitive dysfunction is an unacknowledged part of the migraine attack.", "To provide a profile of the frequency and character of migraine attack-related cognitive symptoms occurring during the headache phase of the attack.", "Cross-sectional survey.", "Clinical-based sample of episodic migraine patients.", "Sequential patients were screened about the occurrence of cognitive symptoms during migraine attacks using an open-ended question followed by a self-fulfilled symptom checklist.", "Of 165 migraine patients (15 men, age average 37.3 ± 10.7 years), 89.7% described cognitive symptoms during the headache phase of the migraine attack.", "On average 2.5 ± 1.6 symptoms were reported per patient, uninfluenced by demographic or disease-related variables.", "The most common spontaneous symptoms related to executive functions, such as poor ability to concentrate (37%), difficulty in reasoning (25%), and thinking (23%).", "The pattern of responses on the symptoms checklist corroborated with those reported spontaneously and quantitative scores of the checklist were higher in patients with spontaneous symptoms.", "Open-ended questions tend to overestimate frequency; data accuracy may be influenced by the population chosen (clinical-based, some using prophylactic treatment).", "This study detailed the frequency and characteristics of migraine attack-related subjective cognitive symptoms and found its frequency to be similar to reports of other migraine defining symptoms (ex.", "nausea, photophobia) in recent clinical series.", "Patients' reports were consistent and dominated by complaints of attention difficulties, diminished cognitive efficiency, and processing speed impairment." ]

[ "A minor difference in college entrance examination scores can result in vastly different educational resources in China, so it has been debated whether it is the difference in the student population or the difference in educational resources that causes the difference in medical graduates.", "We aimed to evaluate the effects of entry grades on students' academic performance under homogeneous educational resources.", "Students in grade 2016 with 13-point difference in the average admission scores of 2 medicine schools in Sun Yat-sen University were educated in mixed classes and were taught with the same educators during the 5 years of undergraduate period.", "The grades, graduation, and postgraduate enrollment rates of the students were compared between the two campuses.", "The average admission scores for Shenzhen Campus (SZC) students are 13 points lower than those of Guangzhou North Campus (GZNC) (613 points vs 626 points).", "After 5 years of homogeneous education, comparing the GZNC students with the SZC students, there were no significant differences in the average total score (80.2 ± 4.6 vs 80.0 ± 5.6, P = 0.691), the average compulsory course (78.9 ± 3.4 vs 78.4 ± 6.1, P = 0.438), the average core course score (78.8 ± 7.4 vs 78.7 ± 5.0, P=0.860) and the average clerkship score (85.1 ± 7.2 vs 84.6 ± 2.7, P=0.275).", "However, the completion rate for SZC was higher than for GZNC (93.94% vs 86.27%, P=0.009).", "There was no statistical difference in postgraduate enrolment between the two institutions (P=0.758).", "Given the same educational resources, more medical students with lower entrance scores completed their studies and achieved the same percentage of postgraduate acceptance.", "This finding suggests that a key component of improving the quality of medical higher education in China may be to further rationalize the allocation of high-quality educational resources, rather than to pursuing students with high entrance examination scores." ]

[ "A minority of European countries have compulsory training in palliative care within all medical schools.", "The aim of the study was to examine palliative care education in Estonia.", "We used the adapted version of the Palliative Education Assessment Tool (PEAT) to evaluate palliative care education at the University of Tartu, the only medical school in Estonia.", "The PEAT comprises of different palliative care domains and allows for assessing the curricula for palliative care education.", "26 hours (h) of palliative care is taught within the basic medical curriculum, which is divided between 14 courses.", "Ethical issues (4 h, lecture and seminar) and basics of palliative care (2.5 h, lecture) are well covered however, pain and symptom management (12.5 h, lecture, seminar, workshop), psychosocial, spiritual aspects (5.5 h, seminar), and communication (1.5 h, lecture) teaching do not reach the recommended number of hours.", "Teamwork and self-reflection are not taught at all.", "Increased time, more diverse teaching strategies and clear learning outcomes are required to enable the development of palliative care education in Estonia.", "The teaching and learning of palliative care is a process that requires constant development and collaboration." ]

[ "A mixed-methods study was performed to investigate the perceived importance and efficacy of teaching clinical reasoning (CR) skills among students and faculty in a university first-opinion veterinary practice, as this has not previously been described.", "Qualitative analysis of interview data, discussing objectives and factors considered important for effective learning and the understanding of CR, was performed alongside quantitative analysis of the Preceptor Thinking-Promotion Scale (PTPS) and the Learner Thinking-Behavior Scale (LTBS) (assessing the level of CR encouraged by clinicians and displayed by students) in peri-consultation discussions.", "Themes that emerged from analysis of the interviews regarding objectives included the desire to develop data acquisition and the need to improve data manipulation and CR.", "Themes associated with effective learning were a positive student-centered learning environment and feedback.", "Type II CR was fairly well described, but recognition of the importance of type I CR was poor among clinicians and students and, in some instances, was deemed to be inappropriate.", "Although many clinicians and students expressed a desire to develop student CR, there was little evidence of this actually occurring in the interactions analyzed, with low PTPS and LTBS scores achieved.", "There was also poor understanding of whether effective teaching of CR had occurred, demonstrated by a lack of correlation between LTBS and the interaction score for development of student CR.", "Further training of clinicians and students of the value of type I CR in first-opinion practice is required, as well as clinician education in how best to support the development of CR in students." ]

[ "A multidisciplinary clinical-psychological-neurophysiological study has been performed in 28 depressive patients (females, aged 18-56) and 50 healthy volunteers (females, aged 18-55) in order to analyze the relationships between the impairments of neurocognitive mechanisms of decision-making based on logics and considerations or on emotional experience (emotional learning) in uncertain situation and clinical and neurophysiological signs of depression.", "The severity of depression was assessed quantitatively using Hamilton's Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17).", "Tests \"10 words\", Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) were used for quantitative assessment of cognitive functions.", "Multichannel resting EEG was recorded in all depressive patients in order to assess the brain functional state.", "Neurocognitive deficit was observed in all the patients; its pronounce correlated positively with the severity of depression.", "The ability to make decisions based on both logic and considerations (in WCST), which is associated with EEG signs of hypofrontality, and on emotional learning (in IGT) was impaired.", "Only in depressive patients reduced ability to make rational decisions based on logics and considerations resulttd in a compensatory shift towards decision-making based on emotions, which led to relatively higher results of emotional learning.", "The data suggests that hypofrontality causes difficulties in making decisions that requires logical reasoning and the disinhibition of subcortical (including hippocampal) brain structures, the activation of which provides better results of emotional learning." ]

[ "A multitude of factors are considered in an infectious disease (ID) training program's meticulous selection process of ID fellows but their correlation to pre and in-fellowship academic success as well as post-fellowship academic success and short-term outcomes is poorly understood.", "Our goal was to investigate factors associated with subsequent academic success in fellowship as well as post-fellowship short-term outcomes.", "In 2022, we retrospectively analyzed deidentified academic records from 39 graduates of the Mayo Clinic Rochester ID Fellowship Program (1 July 2013- 30 June 2022).", "Data abstracted included demographics, degrees, honor society membership, visa/citizenship status, medical school, residency training program, United States Medical Licensure Exam (USMLE) scores, letters of recommendation, in-training examination (ITE) scores, fellowship track, academic rank, career choice, number of honors, awards, and abstracts/publications prior to fellowship, during training, and within 2 years of graduation.", "Younger fellows had higher USMLE step 1 scores, pre and in-fellowship scholarly productivity, and higher ITE performance.", "Female fellows had significantly higher USMLE step 3 scores.", "Prior research experience translated to greater in-fellowship scholarly productivity.", "Higher USMLE scores were associated with higher ID ITE performance during multiple years of fellowship, but USMLE step 2 clinical knowledge and 3 scores were associated with higher pre and in-fellowship scholarly productivity and receiving an award during fellowship.", "The USMLE step 1 score did not correlate with fellowship performance beyond year 1 and 2 ITE scores.", "Multiple aspects of a prospective fellow's application must be considered as part of a holistic review process for fellowship selection.", "USMLE step 2 CK and 3 scores may predict fellowship performance across multiple domains." ]

[ "A multitude of federally and industry-funded efforts are underway to generate and collect human, animal, microbial, and other sources of data on an unprecedented scale; the results are commonly referred to as \"big data.\"", "Often vaguely defined, big data refers to large and complex datasets consisting of myriad datatypes that can be integrated to address complex questions.", "Big data offers a wealth of information that can be accessed only by those who pose the right questions and have sufficient technical knowhow and analytical skills.", "The intersection comprised of the gut-brain axis, the intestinal microbiome and multi-ome, and several other interconnected organ systems poses particular challenges and opportunities for those engaged in gastrointestinal and liver research.", "Unfortunately, there is currently a shortage of clinicians, scientists, and physician-scientists with the training needed to use and analyze big data at the scale necessary for widespread implementation of precision medicine.", "Here, we review the importance of training in the use of big data, the perils of insufficient training, and potential solutions that exist or can be developed to address the dearth of individuals in GI and hepatology research with the necessary level of big data expertise." ]

[ "A new dashboard, the 360ºCHILD-profile, was developed to adopt personalized health care within preventive child health care.", "On this profile, holistic health data are visualized in a single image to provide parents, adolescents, and caregivers direct access to a manageable résumé of a child's medical record.", "Theoretical ordering, conforming to \"International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth\", guides clinical reasoning toward the biopsychosocial concept of health.", "It is yet unknown if and how this promising tool functions in practice, and a variety of feasibility questions must be addressed.", "This paper describes the design and methods of a feasibility randomized controlled trial (RCT), with the aim of evaluating the RCT's feasibility (recruitment, response, measure completion, and intervention allocation) and 360ºCHILD-profile's feasibility (usability and potential effectiveness).", "A pragmatic mixed methods study design was chosen, starting with an RCT to measure feasibility and health literacy in 2 parallel groups (1:1).", "Qualitative research will then be used to understand and explain quantitative findings and to explore the stakeholders' perspectives on the potential of the 360ºCHILD-profile.", "Participants will include child health care professionals (n≥30), parents (n≥30), and caregivers (n≥10) of children who experience developmental problems (age 0-16 years).", "Children will only be able to participate if they are older than 11 years (adolescents, n≥10).", "The 2 groups included in the study will receive standard care.", "The experimental group will additionally receive personalized 360ºCHILD-profiles.", "After an intervention period of 6 months, quantitative outcomes will be measured, analyzed (descriptive feasibility statistics and preliminary between-group differences) and used to purposively sample for semistructured interviews.", "Study results will provide knowledge for building theory on the 360ºCHILD-profile and designing future (effect) studies.", "Netherlands Trial Register NTR6909; https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/6731.", "DERR1-10.2196/21942." ]

[ "A new educational curriculum for the next generation of physical and occupational therapists is urgent in order to manage the recent fast advances in sensors, measurement technologies and related instrumentation.", "This is required by the growing role of STEM in rehabilitation, kinesiology, and sport sciences.", "Surface EMG technology is used in this work as a representative example of similar problems present in movement analysis, exoskeletons, and many other fields.", "A review of the most relevant articles and international projects in the field of interfacing physical therapy with measurement technology for quantitative assessment of outcome is presented.", "It is concluded that a new generation of educators is needed as well as a Ph.D. and/or a clinical doctorate degree in physical therapy, still lacking in many countries.", "It is urgent to consider knowledge translation since it will take many years before any recommended change in teaching will be accepted and show some effect.", "A call for a \"white paper\" on rehabilitation metrology is highly auspicable." ]

[ "A novel purpose of the use of mathematical models in quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is to identify the sources of microbial contamination in a food chain (i.e., biotracing).", "In this article we propose a framework for the construction of a biotracing model, eventually to be used in industrial food production chains where discrete numbers of products are processed that may be contaminated by a multitude of sources.", "The framework consists of steps in which a Monte Carlo model, simulating sequential events in the chain following a modular process risk modeling (MPRM) approach, is converted to a Bayesian belief network (BBN).", "The resulting model provides a probabilistic quantification of concentrations of a pathogen throughout a production chain.", "A BBN allows for updating the parameters of the model based on observational data, and global parameter sensitivity analysis is readily performed in a BBN.", "Moreover, a BBN enables \"backward reasoning\" when downstream data are available and is therefore a natural framework for answering biotracing questions.", "The proposed framework is illustrated with a biotracing model of Salmonella in the pork slaughter chain, based on a recently published Monte Carlo simulation model.", "This model, implemented as a BBN, describes the dynamics of Salmonella in a Dutch slaughterhouse and enables finding the source of contamination of specific carcasses at the end of the chain." ]

[ "A number of children experience difficulties with social communication and this has long-term deleterious effects on their mental health, social development and education.", "The E-PLAYS-2 study will test an intervention ('E-PLAYS') aimed at supporting such children.", "E-PLAYS uses a dyadic computer game to develop collaborative and communication skills.", "Preliminary studies by the authors show that E-PLAYS can produce improvements in children with social communication difficulties on communication test scores and observed collaborative behaviours.", "The study described here is a definitive trial to test the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of E-PLAYS delivered by teaching assistants in schools.", "The aim of the E-PLAYS-2 trial is to establish the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of care as usual plus the E-PLAYS programme, delivered in primary schools, compared to care as usual.", "Cluster-randomisation will take place at school level to avoid contamination.", "The E-PLAYS intervention will be delivered by schools' teaching assistants.", "Teachers will select suitable children (ages 5-7 years old) from their schools using guidelines provided by the research team.", "Assessments will include blinded language measures and observations (conducted by the research team), non-blinded teacher-reported measures of peer relations and classroom behaviour and parent-reported use of resources and quality of life.", "A process evaluation will also include interviews with parents, children and teaching assistants, observations of intervention delivery and a survey of care as usual.", "The primary analysis will compare pragmatic language scores for children who received the E-PLAYS intervention versus those who did not at 40 weeks post-randomisation.", "Secondary analyses will assess cost-effectiveness and a mixed methods process evaluation will provide richer data on the delivery of E-PLAYS.", "The aim of this study is to undertake a final, definitive test of the effectiveness of E-PLAYS when delivered by teaching assistants within schools.", "The use of technology in game form is a novel approach in an area where there are currently few available interventions.", "Should E-PLAYS prove to be effective at the end of this trial, we believe it is likely to be welcomed by schools, parents and children.", "ISRCTN 17561417, registration date 19th December 2022. v1.1 19th June 2023." ]

[ "A number of recent papers have proposed methods to calculate confidence intervals and p values for net benefit used in decision curve analysis.", "These papers are sparse on the rationale for doing so.", "We aim to assess the relation between sampling variability, inference, and decision-analytic concepts.", "We review the underlying theory of decision analysis.", "When we are forced into a decision, we should choose the option with the highest expected utility, irrespective of p values or uncertainty.", "This is in some distinction to traditional hypothesis testing, where a decision such as whether to reject a given hypothesis can be postponed.", "Application of inference for net benefit would generally be harmful.", "In particular, insisting that differences in net benefit be statistically significant would dramatically change the criteria by which we consider a prediction model to be of value.", "We argue instead that uncertainty related to sampling variation for net benefit should be thought of in terms of the value of further research.", "Decision analysis tells us which decision to make for now, but we may also want to know how much confidence we should have in that decision.", "If we are insufficiently confident that we are right, further research is warranted.", "Null hypothesis testing or simple consideration of confidence intervals are of questionable value for decision curve analysis, and methods such as value of information analysis or approaches to assess the probability of benefit should be considered instead." ]

[ "A number of recommendations for the teaching of biostatistics have been published to date, however, student opinion on them has not yet been studied.", "For this reason, the aim of the manuscript was to find out the opinions of medical students at universities in Poland on two forms of teaching biostatistics, namely traditional and practical, as well as to indicate, on the basis of the results obtained, the related educational recommendations.", "The study involved a group of 527 students studying at seven medical faculties in Poland, who were asked to imagine two different courses.", "The traditional form of teaching biostatistics was based on the standard teaching scheme of running a test from memory in a statistical package, while the practical one involved reading an article in which a particular test was applied and then applying it based on the instruction provided.", "Other aspects related to the teaching of the subject were assessed.", "According to the students of each course, the practical form of teaching biostatistics reduces the stress level associated with teaching and the student exam (p < 0.001), as well as contributing to an increased level of elevated knowledge (p < 0.001), while the degree of satisfaction after passing the exam is higher (p < 0.001).", "A greater proportion of students (p < 0.001) believe that credit for the course could be given by doing a statistical review of an article or conducting a survey, followed by the tests learned in class.", "More than 95% also said that the delivery of the courses should be based on the field of study they were taking, during which time they would also like to have the opportunity to take part in optional activities and hear lectures from experts.", "It is recommended that more emphasis be placed on practical teaching the subject of biostatistics." ]

[ "A pandemic poses particular challenges to decision-making because of the need to continuously adapt decisions to rapidly changing evidence and available data.", "For example, which countermeasures are appropriate at a particular stage of the pandemic?", "How can the severity of the pandemic be measured?", "What is the effect of vaccination in the population and which groups should be vaccinated first?", "The process of decision-making starts with data collection and modeling and continues to the dissemination of results and the subsequent decisions taken.", "The goal of this paper is to give an overview of this process and to provide recommendations for the different steps from a statistical perspective.", "In particular, we discuss a range of modeling techniques including mathematical, statistical and decision-analytic models along with their applications in the COVID-19 context.", "With this overview, we aim to foster the understanding of the goals of these modeling approaches and the specific data requirements that are essential for the interpretation of results and for successful interdisciplinary collaborations.", "A special focus is on the role played by data in these different models, and we incorporate into the discussion the importance of statistical literacy and of effective dissemination and communication of findings." ]

[ "A participatory action research project was used to change the design and delivery of continuing professional education in a large Irish academic teaching hospital.", "Participation in continuing professional education, designed as a short course, is often a method to maintain competence for many nurses.", "Structured short education courses are often used to orientate and upskill new staff to specialist clinical areas.", "Traditionally many courses relied on face-to-face delivery over a period of weeks which is challenging for one clinical area to release staff to attend theoretical days in person.", "A six-stage participatory action research cycle over a 3-year period in a large Irish academic teaching hospital.", "Multiple methods were used in the cyclical process of participatory action research.", "Constructive alignment theory and instructional design principles were used to redesign the educational framework.", "Data collection included audits of courses, questionnaires and focus groups with key participants.", "Analysis of the focus group themes included 1) underestimated time 2) the process of change 3) teaching and learning styles and 4) acceptance and integration.", "20 learners completed the evaluation and reported a positive synergy between e-learning and clinical workshops.", "E-learning was reported as time-consuming.", "75 % of learners reported they were motivated to learn.", "90 % of the learners reported they gained new knowledge and skills, 84 % reported the clinical area benefited from the education and 80 % identified a direct improvement in their clinical skills in the specialist area.", "Participatory action research supports organisational change in continuing professional education.", "Constructive alignment theory supports the value of outcomes-based learning.", "In this context it resulted in successfully blending theory and clinical skills for nurses working in specialist areas.", "The redesigned continuing professional education framework was positively evaluated across nurses in the organisation." ]

[ "A patient-centered dialysis treatment option requires an understanding of patient preferences for alternative vascular accesses and nephrologists often face difficulties when recommending vascular access to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients.", "We aimed to quantify the relative importance of various vascular access characteristics to patients, healthcare providers and general population, and how they affect acceptability for patients and healthcare providers.", "In a discrete choice experiment, patients with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD), healthcare providers, and individuals from the general population were invited to respond to a series of hypothetical vascular access scenarios that differed in five attributes: cumulative patency, infection rate, thrombosis rate, cost, and time to maturation.", "We estimated the respondents' preference heterogeneity and relative importance of the attributes with a mixed logit model (MXL) and predicted the willingness to pay (WTP) of respondents via a multinomial logit model (MNL).", "Healthcare providers (n = 316) and the general population (n = 268) exhibited a favorable inclination toward longer cumulative patency, lower access infection rate and lower access thrombosis rate.", "In contrast, the patients (n = 253) showed a preference for a 3-year cumulative patency, 8% access infection rate, 35% access thrombosis rate and 1.5 access maturity time, with only the 3-year cumulative patency reaching statistical significance.", "Among the three respondent groups, the general population found cumulative patency less important than healthcare providers and patients did.", "Patients demonstrated the highest WTP for cumulative patency, indicating a willingness to pay an extra RMB$24,720(US$3,708) for each additional year of patency time.", "Patients and healthcare providers had a strong preference for vascular access with superior patency.", "While the general population preferred vascular access with lower thrombosis rates.", "These results indicate that most patients prefer autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) as an appropriate choice for vascular access due to its superior patency and lower complications than other vascular access types." ]

[ "A patient-reported outcome is directly reported by the patient without interpretation of the patient's response by anyone else.", "It refers to the patient's health (symptoms and feelings), quality of life, or functional status associated with health care or treatment.", "Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are defined as the tools or instruments that are used to measure patient-reported outcomes.", "Health-related quality of life has been the most studied psychosocial PROM in food allergy, using validated questionnaires.", "In drug allergy, PROMs are useful in capturing patients' experiences of potential allergic reactions, including subjective symptoms such as headache, dizziness, or fatigue.", "Patient-reported outcome measures can also help differentiate true allergies from side effects or other nonallergic reactions and inform decisions about drug challenges and de-labeling strategies.", "Ensuring the chosen tool is validated for the specific allergy context is crucial for accurate data collection.", "Integrating patient-reported experiences alongside traditional methods can lead to more accurate assessments and personalized care." ]

[ "A paucity of formal leadership training programs exists for residents, and outcomes of those are limited in reporting.", "Based on a robust needs assessment, our program created a longitudinal cohort curriculum, Future Surgical Leaders, for residents and fellows of all levels to provide training in nontechnical skills.", "Our objective was to evaluate surgical resident short-term outcomes and satisfaction with the Future Surgical Leaders (FSL) curriculum.", "Participants were sent a brief survey after each session of the curriculum from October 2020 to February 2022.", "The data was compiled after seventeen months of delivery.", "Likert Scale responses and text comments were analyzed with a 2-sample t-test and 2-way analysis of variance.", "Academic tertiary institution.", "General surgery residents.", "Survey response rate from 54 sessions among all postgraduate year levels was 73%.", "Overall, 96% of residents/fellows either \"agreed\" or \"strongly agreed\" that the topics of the FSL curriculum were important to learn during surgical training.", "Only 24% of learners knew \"a lot\" or \"a great deal\" about the topics prior to the session which rose to 73% afterwards (p < 0.01).", "Each postgraduate year class showed statistically significant increase in knowledge.", "About 80% of learners wanted to investigate these topics further.", "Open comment questions identified themes requesting delivery of specific sessions earlier in residency training and positive overall attitudes toward the FSL curriculum.", "FSL is a satisfactory means of teaching leadership skills to surgical residents.", "Residents recognize the need to develop leadership skills prior to entering practice and want to learn more.", "The FSL curriculum may be considered for application at other surgical training programs." ]

[ "A person cultivates their creative skills influenced by various types of activities.", "The purpose of the work is to study the peculiarities of the development of students' creative thinking skills, which are interrelated with the development of appropriate stages of team teaching, as well as to determine the impact of creative thinking on the indicators of academic performance and motivation to learn.", "The authors used the methods of sociological survey, which allowed them to determine that the largest number of students had mastered the skills of discipline (27%) and emotionality (21%) to a greater extent at the initial stage of the study.", "The results showed that 11% of the students in creative subjects (painting, digital art) and 7% of students in general disciplines (history, sociology, pedagogy, mathematics, physics, Chinese, cultural studies) had their academic performance at a high level before the start of online learning.", "The process of online teaching to paint was based on teamwork using the technologies of online education through educational online platform in the context of digital art.", "The results of the survey showed that the students had developed their creative skills significantly after training.", "The development of creative manner (29%) and analytical thinking (28%) were most popular.", "The authors determined that 88% of the students had received high grades in creative disciplines and 83% of the students in general academic disciplines after training.", "Most students were characterized by a high level of knowledge.", "The results are valuable for researchers who study the relationship between the development of creative skills and knowledge in general academic subjects, as well as strive to develop new curricula." ]

[ "A pessimistic strain of thought is fomenting in the health studies literature regarding the status of medicine.", "Ioannidis's (2005) now famous finding that \"most published research findings are false\" and Stegenga's (2018) book-length argument for medical nihilism are examples of this.", "In this paper, we argue that these positions are incorrect insofar as they rest on an untenable account of the nature of facts.", "Proper attention to fallibilism and the social organization of knowledge, as well as Bayesian probabilities in medical reasoning, prompt us to ask why the cynics expect the results of quantitative studies to be incontrovertibly true in the first place.", "While we agree with Ioannidis and others' identified flaws in the medical research enterprise, and encourage rectification, we conclude that medical nihilism is not the natural outcome of the current state of research." ]

[ "A physician's role is critical in fostering patient health literacy (HL) and influencing various aspects, including patient-physician communication and treatment effectiveness.", "The purpose of this systematic literature review is to analyze physicians' perspectives, comprehension, and management of HL.", "The focus of this review is on physicians' views, opinions, experiences, and strategies related to HL.", "We conducted comprehensive searches across seven databases, including PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Science Direct, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar.", "Original research articles published between January 1, 2009, and July 31, 2020, were considered for inclusion.", "This literature review incorporates qualitative studies and mixed-methods studies, with a focus on extracting qualitative data.", "Among the 22 articles included in our review, we employed the method of inductive thematic analysis for data analysis.", "A detailed description of the review methodology can be found in a previously published protocol available through PROSPERO (CRD42020212599).", "The themes that emerged from the thematic analysis include: (a) physicians' perception and management of HL; and (b) barriers.", "The results of the systematic review reveal that healthcare professionals exhibit varying perceptions of patients' HL levels and ascribe different meanings to it.", "However, none of them employ a specific measuring tool.", "While there appears to be no uniform approach to managing patients with low HL, some prioritize certain communication strategies, such as repetition, simplified language, and providing written instructions, among others.", "Most physicians cited multiple barriers that impede the development of patients' HL, including dysfunctions within the healthcare system, staff shortages, managing a large number of patients, limited time, work-related stress, cultural and socio-economic barriers, medical jargon, and language barriers.", "Considering the pivotal role of physicians in fostering patient HL, it is crucial to enhance medical education in addressing and managing HL, both within academic curricula and through continuing education seminars.", "Furthermore, there is a pressing need to improve healthcare professionals' working conditions, ensuring that each physician can allocate the necessary time to each patient based on their individual needs, without being hindered by stress-inducing work environments." ]

[ "A plethora of programming platforms purports to teach preschool-aged children computational thinking (CT) and coding skills.", "However, the empirical evidence to support their effectiveness is still in its early stages.", "A three-week didactic intervention using ScratchJr was conducted to investigate its effectiveness in fostering CT and rudimentary coding skills in a cohort of preschool children (N = 34, aged 4-6 years).", "While the initial performance mean of the control group (M = 7.07, SD = 2.58) exhibits a statistically significant elevation t (22.64 = 2.23, p = 0.036) vis-à-vis the experimental group (M = 5.35, SD = 1.58), t (22.64) = 2.23, p = 0.0 the terminal performance means of both groups converge closely.", "However, meticulous data analysis unveils a statistically notable enhancement among preschool participants exposed to the educational intervention involving ScratchJr.", "Notably, both instructional modalities appear commensurate in nurturing elementary computational tenets, namely modularity and control structures.", "The experimental cohort outperforms the control group with statistical significance in comprehending potent ideational constructs encompassing representation, algorithms, and hardware/software interplay.", "Conversely, the control group performs better in grasping the debugging concept than their experimental counterparts.", "The outcomes lend substantive credence to the efficacy of the distinct programming milieu offered by ScratchJr, underscoring its effectiveness in cultivating CT and coding proficiencies within the preschool demographic." ]

[ "A popular hypothesis in developmental psychology is that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have a specific impairment or developmental delay in their ability to reason about other people's mental processes, especially when this reasoning process is of a higher-order, recursive, or nested variety.", "One type of interpersonal interaction that involves this sort of complex reasoning about others' minds is an economic game, and because economic games have been extensively modeled in behavioral economics, they provide a unique testbed for a quantitative and precise analysis of cognitive functioning in ASD.", "This study specifically asked whether ASD is associated with strategic depth in the economic game known as The Beauty Contest, in which all players submit a number from 0 to 100, and the winner is the player who submits the number closest to 2/3 of the mean of all numbers submitted.", "Unexpectedly, the distribution of responses among adult participants with ASD reflected a level of strategic reasoning at least as deep as that of their neurotypical peers, with the same proportion of participants with ASD being characterized as \"higher order\" strategic players.", "Thus, whatever mentalistic reasoning abilities are necessary for typical performance in the context of this economic game appear to be largely intact, and therefore unlikely to be fundamental to persistent social dysfunction in ASD." ]

[ "A preprint is a version of a research manuscript posted to a preprint server prior to peer review.", "Preprints enable authors to quickly and openly share research, afford opportunities for expedient feedback, and enable immediate listing of research on grant and promotion applications.", "In medical education, most journals welcome preprints, which suggests preprints play a role in the field's discourse.", "Yet, little is known about medical education preprints, including author characteristics, preprint use, and ultimate publication status.", "This study provides an overview of preprints in medical education to better understand their role in the field's discourse.", "The authors queried medRxiv, a preprint repository, to identify preprints categorized as \"medical education\" and downloaded related metadata.", "CrossRef was queried to gather information on preprints later published in journals.", "Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.", "Between 2019 and 2022, 204 preprints were classified in medRxiv as \"medical education,\" with most deposited in 2021 (n = 76, 37.3%).", "On average, preprint full-texts were downloaded 1,875.2 times, and all were promoted on social media.", "Preprints were authored, on average, by 5.9 authors.", "Corresponding authors were based in 41 countries, with 45.6% in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada.", "Almost half (n = 101, 49.5%) became published articles in predominantly peer-reviewed journals.", "Preprints appeared in 65 peer-reviewed journals, with BMC Medical Education (n = 9, 8.9%) most represented.", "Medical education research is being deposited as preprints, which are promoted, heavily accessed, and subsequently published in peer-reviewed journals, including medical education journals.", "Considering the benefits of preprints and the slowness of medical education publishing, it is likely that preprint depositing will increase and preprints will be integrated into the field's discourse.", "The authors propose next steps to facilitate responsible and effective creation and use of preprints." ]

[ "A previous study found that in Austria 50.3% physicians (m: 43.2%, f: 58.6%) have not attained their chosen specialty.", "We aimed to explore the policy - and attitude-related reasons for gender disparity in training post allocation.", "This cross-sectional study used a quantitative and a qualitative method.", "A self-administered 12-item questionnaire was sent twice to all 8127 licensed Viennese physicians.", "Physicians' opinions regarding why the chosen medical specialty was not attained were analyzed.", "To estimate the responder bias respondents from the first and second mailing were compared.", "A total of 2736 questionnaires (34%) were returned.", "When a specialty is favored by men, the chance for women to achieve that specialty decreases.", "According to the qualitative results, men were more often ready to accept training in a specialty different from the one originally desired.", "Female physicians were put at a disadvantage by consultants due to organizational considerations and sex-stereotyping.", "According to physicians' self-reported opinions, consultants do not place female candidates at disadvantage as a result of an unconscious process but mainly based on reasoning about organizational aspects and sex-stereotyping.", "Several explanations for the phenomenon that men are more often ready to accept training in a specialty different from the one originally desired were identified." ]

[ "A previous study, published in the Journal of Voice in 2003, revealed that a majority of teachers of Music Theater (MT), a style of Contemporary Commercial Music (CCM), had little professional experience and little formal training in vocal pedagogy for this style.", "Those who did indicate that they had had training did not describe the training nor quantify it in any manner.", "To ascertain what type of training was available for CCM in general and MT, in particular, a follow-up study seemed warranted.", "A new questionnaire was developed which asked for further information from teachers of MT in several areas including performance experience, training methods, teaching philosophy, the use of terminology, knowledge of voice science and medicine, and other parameters.", "Responses were gathered from 145 singing teachers throughout the United States and several foreign countries.", "Statistical analysis obtained from the data may lead to both a better understanding of the kind of training available for teachers of CCM repertoire, and of its content and applicability." ]

[ "A primary challenge in global cleft care lies in the limited opportunities for cleft-specific training and mentorship available to speech practitioners worldwide, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).", "In addition, the limited number of speech therapists with cleft experience in LMICs creates a significant barrier to access to care for individuals with cleft lip and palate globally.", "The inaccessibility of cleft-specific clinical instruction and cleft-trained speech therapists impacts the effectiveness of intervention and, subsequently, the speech-language development of cleft-affected individuals worldwide.", "A structured virtual clinical mentorship program targeting speech practitioners of all skill levels in LMICs was established to address this gap in comprehensive cleft care provision.", "This article will examine the effectiveness of a structured cleft speech mentorship program in expanding practitioner competency in LMIC communities and, as a result, building capacity for cleft speech care globally.", "The authors will outline various aspects of the development and implementation of this cleft speech mentorship program, including rationale, participant recruitment, program requirements, and impact assessment tools utilized.", "An analysis of pre-program and post-program data will be conducted to evaluate the degree to which clinical skills were improved, identify persistent areas of weakness, and examine the effectiveness of the program in expanding speech practitioner competency." ]

[ "A primary objective of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) reasoning is to identify key in vivo drug and system proper¬ties, enabling prediction of the magnitude and time course of drug responses under physiological and pathological conditions in animals and man.", "Since the pharmacological response generated by a drug is highly dependent on the actual system used to study its action, knowledge about its potency and efficacy at a given concentration or dose is insufficient to obtain a proper understanding of its pharmacodynamic profile.", "Hence, the output of PKPD activities extends beyond the provision of quantitative measures (models) of results, to the design of future protocols.", "Furthermore, because PKPD integrates DMPK (e.g.", "clearance) and pharmacology (e.g.", "potency),it provides an anchor point for compound selection, and, as such, should be viewed as an important weapon in medicinal chemistry.", "Here we outline key PK concepts relevant to PD, and then consider real-life experiments to illustrate the importance to the medicinal chemist of data obtained by PKPD.", "Useful assumptions and potential pitfalls are described, providing a holistic view of the plethora of determinants behind in vitro-in vivo correlations.", "By condensing complexity to simplicity, there are not only consequences for experimental design, and for the ranking and design of compounds, but it is also possible to make important predictions such as the impact of changes in drug potency and kinetics.", "In short, by using quantitative methods to tease apart pharmacodynamic complexities such as temporal differences and changes in plasma protein binding, it is possible to target the changes necessary for improving a compound's profile." ]

[ "A quantitative characteristic method was proposed for characterizing the matrix texture of carbon/carbon(C/C) composites, which determined the mechanical and physical properties of C/C composites.", "Based on the cloud theory that was commonly used for uncertain reasoning and the transformation between quantitative and qualitative characterization, so the relationship between the extinction angle and texture types was built by the cloud models for describing the texture of microstructure, moreover, linguistic controllers were established to analyze the matrix texture in accordance with the features of the polarized light microscope (PLM) image.", "On this basis, the extinction angle could be calculated from the PLM image of the C/C composites.", "In contrast to the results of measurement, the errors between calculative values and measured values were maintained 1-2° in basically.", "Meanwhile, the PLM image of C/C composites was segmented by the component, in particular, the matrix with mixed textures was further segmented by the difference of texture.", "It means that the quantitative characterization of C/C composites matrix based on single PLM image has been realized." ]

[ "A quasi-controlled clinical trial included a university-based supervision course for facilitators of an interactive wellness school-based program.", "The study aimed to investigate how students that facilitate prevention programs are personally affected by delivering content related to self-esteem, body-image, and media literacy.", "In total, 66 university students who were either facilitators of preventive programs (intervention group) or non-facilitators (comparison group) completed questionnaires before, after, and three months following the program’s termination.", "All methods were performed following the Declaration of Helsinki regulations and Consort 2010 guidelines.", "Participants in the facilitator group demonstrated statistically significant superiority, with large effect size, regarding improvement in identifying advertisement strategies.", "Weight-related body-esteem, and the reduced impact of media messages’ pressure also had statistically significant superiority, with small effect size.", "The number of participants with pathological EAT-26 scores (>20) decreased from 5 to 2 in the facilitator group compared to an increase from 5 to 6 (no statistical significance) in the comparison group.", "Both groups demonstrated statistically significant decreases in eating disorder perceptions and behaviors from baseline to 3-month follow-up.", "Delivering a prevention program proved beneficial to facilitators, in addition to the target school pupils, and thus may be considered as part of the prevention programs’ effectiveness assessment." ]

[ "A quiet methodological revolution, a modeling revolution, has occurred over the past several decades, almost without discussion.", "In contrast, the 20th century ended with contentious argument over the utility of null hypothesis significance testing (NHST).", "The NHST controversy may have been at least partially irrelevant, because in certain ways the modeling revolution obviated the NHST argument.", "I begin with a history of NHST and modeling and their relation to one another.", "Next, I define and illustrate principles involved in developing and evaluating mathematical models.", "Following, I discuss the difference between using statistical procedures within a rule-based framework and building mathematical models from a scientific epistemology.", "Only the former is treated carefully in most psychology graduate training.", "The pedagogical implications of this imbalance and the revised pedagogy required to account for the modeling revolution are described.", "To conclude, I discuss how attention to modeling implies shifting statistical practice in certain progressive ways.", "The epistemological basis of statistics has moved away from being a set of procedures, applied mechanistically, and moved toward building and evaluating statistical and scientific models." ]

[ "A range of factors including mental disorders, adverse events and history of self-harm are associated with suicide risk.", "Further examination is needed of the characteristics of suicides which occur without established risk factors, using national surveillance systems.", "Data on all suicides in Ireland from 2015 to 2017 were drawn from the Irish Probable Suicide Deaths Study (IPSDS).", "Variables examined included socio-demographics, psychiatric history and precipitant stressors.", "Suicide data were linked with data on prior self-harm from the National Self-Harm Registry Ireland (NSHRI).", "Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to identify sub-groups of suicide cases.", "Of the 1809 individuals who died by suicide, 401 (22.2 %) had a history of hospital-treated self-harm.", "Four distinct profiles of suicides were identified.", "One group was marked by high levels of prior self-harm and mental health conditions.", "Two of the groups included few individuals with a history of self-harm but had notably high levels of mental health conditions.", "These two groups had relatively high levels of reported chronic pain or illness but differed in terms of socio-demographics.", "The final group, predominantly male, had markedly low levels of mental health conditions or self-harm but high levels of personal stressors and substance use.", "The use of coronial data may be limited by bias in the collecting of information from the deceased's family members.", "A sub-group of suicide cases exists without any psychiatric or self-harm history but with salient occupational or health-related proximal stressors.", "Suicide prevention interventions should include occupational settings and should promote mental health literacy." ]

[ "A recent criticism of social epidemiological studies, and multi-level studies in particular has been a paucity of theory.", "We will present here the protocol for a study that aims to build a theory of the social epidemiology of maternal depression.", "We use a critical realist approach which is trans-disciplinary, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative traditions, and that assumes both ontological and hierarchical stratification of reality.", "We describe a critical realist Explanatory Theory Building Method comprising of an: 1) emergent phase, 2) construction phase, and 3) confirmatory phase.", "A concurrent triangulated mixed method multilevel cross-sectional study design is described.", "The Emergent Phase uses: interviews, focus groups, exploratory data analysis, exploratory factor analysis, regression, and multilevel Bayesian spatial data analysis to detect and describe phenomena.", "Abductive and retroductive reasoning will be applied to: categorical principal component analysis, exploratory factor analysis, regression, coding of concepts and categories, constant comparative analysis, drawing of conceptual networks, and situational analysis to generate theoretical concepts.", "The Theory Construction Phase will include: 1) defining stratified levels; 2) analytic resolution; 3) abductive reasoning; 4) comparative analysis (triangulation); 5) retroduction; 6) postulate and proposition development; 7) comparison and assessment of theories; and 8) conceptual frameworks and model development.", "The strength of the critical realist methodology described is the extent to which this paradigm is able to support the epistemological, ontological, axiological, methodological and rhetorical positions of both quantitative and qualitative research in the field of social epidemiology.", "The extensive multilevel Bayesian studies, intensive qualitative studies, latent variable theory, abductive triangulation, and Inference to Best Explanation provide a strong foundation for Theory Construction.", "The study will contribute to defining the role that realism and mixed methods can play in explaining the social determinants and developmental origins of health and disease." ]

[ "A recent national survey of bereaved partners found high levels of complicated grief and psychological distress, with evidence that loneliness and isolation may contribute to these outcomes.", "However, the mechanisms of action for this have not been explored.", "To advance grief theory this paper reports analysis of the survey free-text data to examine the relationship between social support and emotional responses to bereavement.", "Individuals bereaved of a civil partner or spouse 6-10 months previously were identified through death registration data.", "569/1945 (29 %) completed surveys were received.", "Of those, 311 participants (55 %) provided responses to two free-text questions which asked about their 'feelings since the death of their partner or spouse', and 'about the support around' them.", "Data were analysed using corpus-assisted discourse analysis and the discourse dynamics approach for figurative language.", "Participants described diverse emotional responses to the bereavement (e.g.", "sadness, anger, denial, acceptance), and the value of formal and informal bereavement support.", "Although many of the experiences described are accounted for in existing grief theory, some participants described a liminal experience not recognised within these theories.", "They felt trapped, unable to engage with loss or restoration, and unable to move forward as their planned future no longer existed.", "They sought out 'communitas' (solidarity in experiences), but often found support from their social networks had diminished.", "Metaphors were used to describe this liminality, with partner grief expressed as a dark agentic force, a monster, an abyss, and as water.", "The findings of this study offer original insights into experiences and trajectories of bereavement, and our understandings of prolonged or complicated grief.", "A novel model 'Between Loss and Restoration' is presented to include these experiences.", "Recognition of the place for liminality within the spectrum of grief experiences could enhance grief literacy and improve formal and informal bereavement support provision." ]

[ "A recently undertaken multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) \"Treatment Of BOoking Gestational diabetes Mellitus\" (TOBOGM: 2017-2022) found that the diagnosis and treatment of pregnant women with early gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) improved pregnancy outcomes.", "Based on data from the trial, this study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of diagnosis and treatment of early GDM (from <20 weeks') among women with risk factors for hyperglycemia in pregnancy compared with usual care (no treatment until 24-28 weeks') from a healthcare perspective.", "Participants' healthcare resource utilization data were collected from their self-reported questionnaires and hospital records, and valued using the unit costs obtained from standard Australian national sources.", "Costs were reported in US dollars ($) using the purchasing power parity (PPP) estimates to facilitate comparison of costs across countries.", "Intention-to-treat (ITT) principle was followed.", "Missing cost data were replaced using multiple imputations.", "Bootstrapping method was used to estimate the uncertainty around mean cost difference and cost-effectiveness results.", "Bootstrapped cost-effect pairs were used to plot the cost-effectiveness (CE) plane and cost-effectiveness acceptability curve (CEAC).", "Diagnosis and treatment of early GDM was more effective and tended to be less costly, i.e., dominant (cost-saving) [-5.6% composite adverse pregnancy outcome (95% CI: -10.1%, -1.2%), -$1373 (95% CI: -$3,749, $642)] compared with usual care.", "Our findings were confirmed by both the CE plane (88% of the bootstrapped cost-effect pairs fall in the south-west quadrant), and CEAC (the probability of the intervention being cost-effective ranged from 84% at a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold value of $10,000-99% at a WTP threshold value of $100,000 per composite adverse pregnancy outcome prevented).", "Sub-group analyses demonstrated that diagnosis and treatment of early GDM among women in the higher glycemic range (fasting blood glucose 95-109 mg/dl [5.3-6.0 mmol/L], 1-h blood glucose ≥191 mg/dl [10.6 mmol/L] and/or 2-h blood glucose 162-199 mg/dl [9.0-11.0 mmol/L]) was more effective and less costly (dominant) [-7.8% composite adverse pregnancy outcome (95% CI: -14.6%, -0.9%), -$2795 (95% CI: -$6,638, -$533)]; the intervention was more effective and tended to be less costly [-8.9% composite adverse pregnancy outcome (95% CI: -15.1%, -2.6%), -$5548 (95% CI: -$16,740, $1547)] among women diagnosed before 14 weeks' gestation as well.", "Our findings highlight the potential health and economic benefits from the diagnosis and treatment of early GDM among women with risk factors for hyperglycemia in pregnancy and supports its implementation.", "Long-term follow-up studies are recommended as a key future area of research to assess the potential long-term health benefits and economic consequences of the intervention.", "National Health and Medical Research Council (grants 1104231 and 2009326), Region O¨rebro Research Committee (grants Dnr OLL-970566 and OLL-942177), Medical Scientific Fund of the Mayor of Vienna (project 15,205 and project 23,026), South Western Sydney Local Health District Academic Unit (grant 2016), and Western Sydney University Ainsworth Trust Grant (2019)." ]

[ "A remarkable demonstration of the flexibility of mammalian motor systems is primates' ability to learn to control brain-computer interfaces (BCIs).", "This constitutes a completely novel motor behavior, yet primates are capable of learning to control BCIs under a wide range of conditions.", "BCIs with carefully calibrated decoders, for example, can be learned with only minutes to hours of practice.", "With a few weeks of practice, even BCIs with randomly constructed decoders can be learned.", "What are the biological substrates of this learning process?", "Here, we develop a theory based on a re-aiming strategy, whereby learning operates within a low-dimensional subspace of task-relevant inputs driving the local population of recorded neurons.", "Through comprehensive numerical and formal analysis, we demonstrate that this theory can provide a unifying explanation for disparate phenomena previously reported in three different BCI learning tasks, and we derive a novel experimental prediction that we verify with previously published data.", "By explicitly modeling the underlying neural circuitry, the theory reveals an interpretation of these phenomena in terms of biological constraints on neural activity." ]

[ "A resident-led school-based clinic to serve low-income populations was established in 2019 and served as a continuity clinic for pediatric residents at a single university.", "Our aim was to assess the feasibility, clinic outcomes, and resident experience of a resident-led school-based clinic (RLSBC), established in an elementary school that serves an underserved population.", "A retrospective chart review for the first 6 months (October 2019 to March 2020) of clinic operations was conducted.", "Feasibility metrics included the number of patients, visits and planned follow-ups; clinic outcomes included the number and type of presenting complaint, new diagnoses and interventions.", "Residents were also surveyed to assess their satisfaction and perceived learning in training at the school-based clinic.", "Over the first 19 clinic days, 48 children were seen at the school-based clinic.", "Of the clinic users, 60% did not have a primary care physician, 46% received a new diagnosis, 46% received an intervention in the form of medication prescription, laboratory/imaging requisitions or referrals, and 96% received a treatment plan.", "Residents positively rated the experience of staffing the school-based clinic in all aspects, including learning environment, clinic and team environment, teaching obtained, practice management, and overall experience.", "A RLSBC is feasible and our outcomes suggest that such clinics may address health care needs of low-income families and children, while being a positively rated educational experience for pediatric residents." ]

[ "A retrospective observational study was conducted among healthcare workers (HCWs) in a tertiary paediatric hospital.", "The study covered the period before and after implementation of the vaccination programme and evaluated the incidence of new SARS-CoV-2 infections in both periods.", "Risk factors of the new SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness was also assessed in a real-world setting.", "The overall incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections among HCWs in the study period was 19.4% with a high proportion of asymptomatic individuals (45.1%).", "The incidence before vaccination was 16.6% and nurses had a higher risk of infection, while physicians had a reduced risk (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.29-2.52; and OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.30-0.68).", "Within two months of implementation, the programme achieved a high (88.9%) vaccination coverage in our cohort, although some disparities in vaccination rates were observed.", "In particular, older individuals, physicians, those working in clinical settings, and those previously uninfected were more likely to be vaccinated.", "The overall incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination deployment was 6.4% (40.0% in unvaccinated individuals and 3.2% in individuals vaccinated with at least one dose).", "The estimated vaccine efficacy was high (95.0%) in fully vaccinated HCWs and similar to those observed previously in clinical trials and real-world settings." ]

[ "A robust association between young children's early mathematical proficiency and later academic achievement is well established.", "Less is known about the mechanisms through which early mathematics skills may contribute to later mathematics and especially reading achievement.", "Using a parallel multiple mediator model, the current study investigated whether executive function (integration of working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility) can explain the relations between early mathematics skills and elementary school mathematics and reading achievement.", "Data in this longitudinal study were collected from 243 children during the last year of early childhood education and care (kindergarten ages 5 and 6 years), 1 year later in first grade, and 5 years later when the children were in fifth grade.", "Background variables (maternal education, age, sex, and immigrant status), kindergarten baseline skills, and mediating effects of first-grade mathematics, phonological awareness, vocabulary, and possible omitted variables were controlled.", "Results showed that first-grade executive function mediated the effects of kindergarten mathematics on fifth-grade mathematics and on reading achievement.", "These findings suggest that executive function may work as a mechanism that may help to explain the frequently found strong association between children's early mathematics skills and later mathematics and reading achievement." ]

[ "A serious game application was developed to train factual knowledge and for self-assessment.", "The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of a game application (intervention group) or paper scripts (control group) on knowledge acquisition and to evaluate the acceptance of the new application among dental students.", "The 4th semester students of the second preclinical prosthodontics course were randomly assigned to one of the two groups (n = 58/51) for two consecutive years.", "The study was conducted in two phases: First, all participants took a pretest, with the intervention group using the game application and the control group receiving the same set of questions in a paper script.", "In the second phase, all participants took a post-test.", "After the post-test, both groups had access to the application for another three weeks.", "After that, all participants completed standardized questionnaires and a scale to evaluate the usability of the system.", "Usage statistics were also tracked.", "Differences between groups were evaluated together and for both years separately in terms of pretest and posttest scores and learning success.", "There was no significant difference between the groups with regard to the posttest and learning success.", "A significant improvement in knowledge between pretest and posttest (p < 0.05) was demonstrated in both groups.", "Each student played approximately 350 questions.", "Participants rated the application with the German school grade \"good\".", "Participants appreciated the application and rated it positively.", "They stated that the game motivated them to learn and that they spent more time with the learning content.", "Due to the positive perception achieved through the game, this application is able to motivate students to learn.", "The learning effect achieved is similar to learning on paper." ]

[ "A significant proportion of patients with incurable cancer receive systemic anticancer therapy (SACT) within their last 30 days of life (DOL).", "The treatment has questionable benefit, nevertheless is considered a quality indicator of end-of-life (EOL) care.", "This retrospective cohort study aims to investigate the rates and potential predictors of SACT and factors associated with SACT within the last 30 DOL.", "The study also evaluates the scope of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status and the modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS) as decision-making tools for oncologists.", "This review of medical records included 383 patients with non-curable cancer who died between July 2018 and December 2019.", "Descriptive statistics with Chi-squared tests and regression analysis were used to identify factors associated with SACT within the last 30 DOL.", "Fifty-seven (15%) patients received SACT within the last 30 DOL.", "SACT within 30 last DOL was associated with shorter time from diagnosis until death (median 234 days vs. 482, p = 0.008) and ECOG score < 3 30 days prior to death (p = 0.001).", "Patients receiving SACT during the last 30 DOL were more likely to be hospitalised and die in hospital.", "ECOG and mGPS score were stated at start last line of treatment only in 139 (51%) and 135 (49%) respectively.", "Those with short time since diagnosis tended to receive SACT more frequently the last 30 DOL.", "The use of mGPS as a decision-making tool is modest, and there is lack in documentation of performance status." ]

[ "A significant proportion of women in Ethiopia suffer from violence by their intimate partner during pregnancy, which has adverse maternal and newborn outcomes.", "Couple-focused interventions are effective in reducing and/or controlling violence between women and their intimate partners.", "However, interventions addressing intimate partners of the victims are not well studied, particularly in the Ethiopian setting.", "This study aims to assess the effect of couple-based violence prevention education on intimate partner violence during pregnancy.", "We will use a cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of couple-based violence prevention education compared to routine care in reducing intimate partner violence during pregnancy.", "Sixteen kebeles will be randomly assigned to 8 interventions and 8 control groups.", "In the trial, 432 couples whose wife is pregnant will participate.", "Health extension workers (HEWs) will provide health education.", "Data will be collected at baseline and endline.", "All the collected data will be analyzed using Stata version 16.0 or SPSS version 25.0.", "We will use the McNemar test to assess the differences in outcomes of interest in both intervention and control groups before and after the intervention for categorical data.", "A paired t-test will be used to compare continuous outcome of interest in the intervention and the control groups after and before the intervention.", "The GEE (Generalized Estimating Equation), will be used to test the independent effect of the intervention on the outcome of the interest.", "Data analysis will be performed with an intention-to-treat analysis approach.", "During the analysis, the effect size, confidence interval, and p-value will be calculated.", "All tests will be two-sided, and statistical significance will be declared at p < 0.05.", "We expect that the study will generate findings that can illuminate violence prevention strategies and practices in Ethiopia.", "It has been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT05856214 on May 4, 2023." ]

[ "A significant rise in childhood obesity worldwide over the past three decades highlights the urgent need for early interventions, especially in preschools as key settings for child development.", "This study aimed to assess the feasibility and fidelity of a randomised controlled trial of \"I'm an Active Hero\" (IAAH), a theory- and evidence-based multi-component behaviour change intervention targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour amongst preschool-aged children.", "Two preschools in Taif city, Saudi Arabia were randomly assigned to either the intervention (n = 3 classrooms) or the usual curriculum control group (n = 3 classrooms).", "The intervention ran for 10 weeks from February to April 2023 and consisted of teacher-led physical activity and sedentary behaviour sessions in preschools, with an additional interactive home component.", "Primary outcome measures included intervention fidelity, recruitment rates, attrition rates, and compliance with trial procedures.", "Secondary outcomes included body mass index (BMI), objectively measured physical activity, and sedentary time via the ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer.", "Outcomes were measured at baseline and at 10 weeks in both study arms.", "The preschool intervention component had high fidelity (93.3%), but the home component fidelity was lower (74%).", "A cluster-level recruitment rate of 12% (13/112 centres) was attained, whilst the individual-level recruitment rate stood at 36% (52/143 children, mean age of 4.16 years; 23 girls).", "Attrition was 10%.", "Compliance varied with 90% for BMI, 71% for accelerometery, and 45% for questionnaires.", "The intervention group showed small decreases in BMI, slight increases in physical activity, and decreases in sedentary time at follow-up compared to the control group.", "Parents, facilitators, and assistant teachers considered the intervention to be feasible and beneficial.", "The IAAH intervention was feasible to implement in Saudi Arabian preschools.", "Facilitators showed high fidelity in delivering it.", "However, preliminary data did not demonstrate effectiveness.", "A more comprehensive evaluation across a broader population is warranted.", "The intervention could be revised to optimise recruitment, compliance, and fidelity of the home-based component.", "Successful elements from this pilot should be retained whilst adaptations to implementation are made to strengthen key areas.Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05754359." ]

[ "A significant rural-urban disparity in unsafe child stool disposal practices exists in India, yet existing research falls short in identifying the contributing factors to this gap.", "This study addresses the research gap by contextualizing the rural-urban divide in unsafe child stool disposal using data from the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019-21).", "In particular, the study examines the prevalence and predictors of unsafe disposal practices, exploring associated contributing factors to this gap.", "The study involves a sample of 78,074 women aged 15-49 with a living child under 2 years, without any missing data related to the study interest.", "Employing descriptive statistics, the Pearson chi-square test, multilevel logistic regression, and the Fairlie decomposition model, the research aims to fulfill its objectives.", "The rural-urban gap in unsafe child stool disposal practices among the study participants was 22.3 percentage points (pp), with a more pronounced gap among the Scheduled Tribes (ST).", "Notably, the gap was particularly wide in Madhya Pradesh (33.9 pp), Telangana (27.5 pp), Gujarat (26.1 pp), and Rajasthan (25.8 pp).", "Predictors such as mother's education, mass media exposure, household wealth quintile, and sanitation facilities proved significant irrespective of residence.", "However, religion, social group, and water facility on household premises emerged as significant factors in rural areas only.", "The study identified that 67% of the explained gap in unsafe child stool disposal practices was attributed to the rural-urban difference in household wealth.", "Other noteworthy contributors were 'household sanitation facility' (21.3%), 'mother's education level' (3.9%), and 'water facility on household premises' (3.9%).", "These findings underscore the need for population and area-specific policy interventions, especially for individuals from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds, those with lower education levels, and limited exposure to mass media, particularly in states with a high prevalence of unsafe disposal practices.", "Such interventions are crucial to mitigating the existing rural-urban gap in unsafe child stool disposal practices." ]

[ "A simple and transparent example of a nonautonomous flow system with a hyperbolic strange attractor is suggested.", "The system is constructed on the basis of two coupled van der Pol oscillators, the characteristic frequencies differ twice, and the parameters controlling generation in both oscillators undergo a slow periodic counterphase variation in time.", "In terms of stroboscopic Poincaré sections, the respective 4D mapping has a hyperbolic strange attractor of the Smale-Williams type.", "Qualitative reasoning and quantitative data of numerical computations are presented and discussed, e.g., Lyapunov exponents and their parameter dependencies.", "A special test for hyperbolicity based on analysis of distributions of angles between stable and unstable subspaces of a chaotic trajectory is performed." ]

[ "A simple procedure for selecting the correct weighting factors for linear and quadratic calibration curves with least-squares regression algorithm in bioanalytical LC-MS/MS assays is reported.", "The correct weighting factor is determined by the relationship between the standard deviation of instrument responses (σ) and the concentrations (x).", "The weighting factor of 1, 1/x, or 1/x(2) should be selected if, over the entire concentration range, σ is a constant, σ(2) is proportional to x, or σ is proportional to x, respectively.", "For the first time, we demonstrated with detailed scientific reasoning, solid historical data, and convincing justification that 1/x(2) should always be used as the weighting factor for all bioanalytical LC-MS/MS assays.", "The impacts of using incorrect weighting factors on curve stability, data quality, and assay performance were thoroughly investigated.", "It was found that the most stable curve could be obtained when the correct weighting factor was used, whereas other curves using incorrect weighting factors were unstable.", "It was also found that there was a very insignificant impact on the concentrations reported with calibration curves using incorrect weighting factors as the concentrations were always reported with the passing curves which actually overlapped with or were very close to the curves using the correct weighting factor.", "However, the use of incorrect weighting factors did impact the assay performance significantly.", "Finally, the difference between the weighting factors of 1/x(2) and 1/y(2) was discussed.", "All of the findings can be generalized and applied into other quantitative analysis techniques using calibration curves with weighted least-squares regression algorithm." ]

[ "A simulation game is a valuable method for conveying teaching content in a practical way.", "The aim was to design a teaching module for medical sociology on the subject of \"The German health care system\" which would convey the contents and connections to the students in a practical way using a simulation game.", "In addition to the development of scenarios for the simulation game, role cards for various institutions of the health care system were also produced as a result.", "The students were given the opportunity beforehand to work on theoretical content regarding the German health care system online (the \"flipped classroom method\").", "In the 90-minute face-to-face event the simulation game was played, followed by a feedback session.", "The initial impressions of the students were collected.", "In the 2022 summer semester, a total of 185 students from the 4th pre-clinical semester took part in the seminar.", "The students were divided into twelve seminars.", "One scenario was worked on per seminar.", "The simulation game contributed to a better understanding of the health care system.", "The students were generally very satisfied with this type of knowledge transfer and thought that this method might well be integrated into teaching in the future.", "Communicating the health care system through a simulation game is evidently suitable for explaining clearly complex issues and presenting the various interests of the individual institutions.", "In addition, a simulation game stimulates critical debate and can contribute to imparting theoretical content in teaching medical sociology in a practical way." ]

[ "A situation of emergency involving the whole population introduces changes in the dynamics of the health services that are provided.", "The magnitude of these shifts should be also linked to the medical speciality within which the health benefits are delivered.", "The aim of the paper was to identify changes in tendencies in inpatient medical service delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic by medical specialties.", "On the basis of a database extracted for in-patient treatment received from the public payer, a retrospective analysis was carried out.", "Comparing the values of the dynamics of the services provided in each medical speciality, the period before the COVID-19 pandemic was collated to the years of the pandemic (2020-2021).", "In the period before COVID-19, positive patient dynamics were observed in more than half of the specialities.", "Between 2020 and 2021, virtually all specialties reversed the trend and negative dynamics were recorded.", "The dynamics in 2021 indicate a process of return to the values from 2015 to 2019.", "Emergency situation has affected the dynamics of healthcare provision in different specialities to various extent.", "The most resistant to the negative impulses of the state of emergency were the areas that are strictly organisationally and financially defined (e.g.", "the group of \"therapeutic and drug programmes\")." ]

[ "A socioeconomic status (SES)-related achievement gap in mathematics emerges in children from many countries before school entry, persists in primary school, and imposes challenges for education systems worldwide.", "In response, the United Nations' sustainable development goals include universal access to quality preschool education to support universal numeracy.", "A generalizability study of the effectiveness of an early mathematics intervention was conducted for low-SES Turkish preschool children (33 boys, 27 girls; Mage = 4.32).", "Classrooms were randomly assigned to treatment (Pre-K Mathematics) or control conditions.", "Children's early mathematical knowledge was assessed by the Child Math Assessment.", "A statistically significant positive impact was found (ES = 1.32).", "This indicates some generalizability of the intervention and supports the feasibility of using early intervention to achieve UN goals." ]

[ "A solid understanding of fractions is the cornerstone for acquiring proficiency with rational numbers and paves the way for learning advanced mathematical concepts such as algebra.", "Fraction difficulties limit not only students' educational and vocational opportunities but also their ability to solve everyday problems.", "Students who exit sixth grade with inadequate understanding of fractions may experience far-reaching repercussions that lead to lifelong avoidance of mathematics.", "This article presents the results of a randomized controlled trial focusing on the first two cohorts of a larger efficacy investigation aimed at building fraction sense in students with mathematics difficulties.", "Teachers implemented an evidence-informed fraction sense intervention (FSI) within their sixth-grade intervention classrooms.", "The lessons draw from research in cognitive science as well as mathematics education research.", "Employing random assignment at the classroom level, multilevel modeling revealed a significant effect of the intervention on posttest fractions scores after controlling for pretest fractions scores, working memory, vocabulary, proportional reasoning, and classroom attentive behavior.", "Students in the FSI group outperformed their counterparts in the control group, with noteworthy effect sizes on most fraction measures.", "Challenges associated with carrying out school-based intervention research are addressed." ]

[ "A specialty training program is crucial for shaping future specialist doctors, imparting clinical knowledge and skills, and fostering a robust professional identity.", "This study investigates how anesthesiologists develop their professional identity while navigating unique challenges specific to their specialty.", "The formation of professional identity in anesthesiology significantly influences doctors' well-being, teamwork, and ultimately patient care, making it a crucial aspect of anesthesiology education.", "Utilizing a phenomenographic approach, the research explores the learners' personal experiences and perspectives of professional identity formation in their specialty training programs, providing valuable insights for enhancing future anesthetic educational programs.", "The data for this phenomenographic study were collected through semi-structured interviews with anesthesiology trainees and specialists, guided by open-ended questions.", "The interviews were conducted at a Swedish university hospital, and participant selection used purposive sampling, providing rich and diverse data for analysis after 15 interviews.", "Iterative analysis followed the seven-step phenomenographic approach.", "The research team, comprising qualitative research and anesthesiology education experts, ensured result validity through regular review, discussion, and reflective practices.", "The study reveals three fundamental dimensions: 'Knowledge of Subject Matter,' 'Knowledge of Human Relations,' and 'Knowledge of Affect.'", "These dimensions offer insights into how anesthesiologists comprehend anesthesiology as a profession, navigate interactions with colleagues and patients, and interpret emotional experiences in anesthesiology practice - all crucial elements in the formation of professional identity.", "The findings could be synthesized and further described by three conceptions: The Outcome-Driven Learner, the Emerging Collaborator, and the Self-Directed Caregiver.", "The study uncovers differing learner understandings in the development of anesthesiologists' professional identity.", "Varying priorities, values, and role interpretations highlight the shortcomings of a generic, one-size-fits-all educational strategy.", "By acknowledging and integrating these nuanced learner perspectives, as elucidated in detail in this study, the future of anesthesia education can be improved.", "This will necessitate a holistic approach, intertwining both natural sciences and humanities studies, focus on tacit knowledge, and flexible teaching strategies, to guarantee thorough professional development, lifelong learning, and resilience." ]

[ "A standard curriculum for pediatric colonoscopy training has neither been required nor universally implemented in North American fellowship programs.", "This qualitative study assessed the needs of colonoscopy training in pediatric gastroenterology to determine the standardized components of procedural teaching.", "Focus groups with pediatric gastroenterology attendings, fellows, procedural nurses, and interviews with advanced endoscopists, all practicing at a single institution, were conducted between March and June 2018.", "Data were analyzed using thematic analysis principles.", "Four themes emerged: (1) lack of standardization of colonoscopy performance, (2) lack of professional development of procedure teaching skills, (3) need for teaching behaviors that promote learner's performance, and (4) barriers to effective teaching and learning.", "A conceptual framework was created for developing a standardized \"train-the-trainer\" curriculum.", "Our needs assessment supports expansion of efforts to make this comprehensive training available to all pediatric gastroenterologists involved in procedure teaching." ]

[ "A structured transition of adolescents and young adults with chronic autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders from the pediatric to the adult health care system is important.", "To date, data on the time, processes, outcome, resources required for the necessary components of the transition process and the associated costs are lacking.", "Evaluation of resource use and costs in a prospective cohort study of 58 adolescents with chronic autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders, for the key elements of a structured transition pathway including (i) compilation of a summary of patient history, (ii) assessment of patients' disease-related knowledge and needs, (iii) required education and counseling sessions, (iv) and a transfer appointment of the patient with the current pediatric and the future adult rheumatologist.", "Forty-nine of 58 enrolled patients (84.5%) completed the transition pathway and were transferred to adult care.", "The mean time from the decision to start the transition process to the final transfer consultation was 315 ± 147 days.", "Transfer consultations were performed in 49 patients, including 10 patients jointly with the future adult rheumatologist.", "Most consultations were performed by the multidisciplinary team with a median of three team members and lasted 65.5 ± 21.3 min.", "The cumulative cost of all consultation and education sessions performed including the transfer appointment was 283 ± 164 Euro per patient.", "In addition, the cost of coordinating the transition process was 57.3 ± 15.4 Euro.", "A structured transition pathway for patients with chronic autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders is resource and time consuming and should be adequately funded." ]

[ "A student-led mathematics bootcamp has been designed and implemented to help foster community building, improve confidence in mathematical skills, and provide mathematical resources for incoming physical chemistry doctoral students.", "The bootcamp is held immediately before the start of the first semester of graduate school and uses an active learning approach to review and practice undergraduate-level mathematics problems over 5 days in small student groups.", "This work includes the development and presentation of a new, publicly available mathematics curriculum for the bootcamp on select mathematics topics, including calculus, linear algebra, functions, differential equations, statistics, and coding in Python, aiming at improving students' confidence and learning experiences in graduate quantum mechanics and statistical physics courses.", "Surveys before and after the bootcamp showed an increase in students' confidence in problem-solving in key mathematical areas and social aspects of peer-led group learning.", "Qualitative and quantitative analyses demonstrate that the bootcamp reduced prior inequities in students' confidence metrics based on gender and mathematical background." ]

[ "A study of literacy levels of the nurses aide population working in selected acute-care hospitals showed that a literacy deficit existed, described the type and degree of the deficit, and determined its prevalence according to selected demographic factors.", "Implications for staff development educators in roles of orientation, inservice, and continuing education are discussed for this population in regard to current changes in healthcare delivery patterns." ]

[ "A substantial fraction of dizzy patients are assessed by neurologists and ear-nose-throat (ENT) physicians.", "With the differential diagnosis being broad and often different specialties involved, we aimed to assess the interaction with generalists from the specialists' perspective to identify limitations and needs and to define strategies for improvement in patient care and education by the specialist.", "One hundred eleven board-certified neurologists (n = 62) and ENT physicians (n = 49) working in Switzerland participated in an online survey.", "Here, we focused on limitations faced in the diagnostic workup and treatment of the dizzy patient and potential strategies to improve the standard of care and the interaction between generalists and specialists.", "Descriptive statistical analyses were performed.", "We hypothesized that those specialists applying modern concepts in history-taking and bedside examination techniques reach a specific diagnosis more often and request fewer referrals.", "Specialists indicated higher confidence in reaching a specific diagnosis for patients presenting with acute dizziness than episodic/chronic dizziness (80% vs. 60%) at the first consultation.", "Knowledge of the timing-and-trigger concept [odds ratio (OR) = 0.81 (0.67-0.98), p = 0.034], as well as of subtle oculomotor/vestibular signs [OR = 0.80 (0.68-0.94), p = 0.007] was predictive of the self-reported probability of reaching a specific diagnosis in patients with episodic/chronic dizziness, while no such differences were observed in the care of acutely dizzy patients.", "Further referrals of acutely dizzy patients were significantly higher in neurologists than in ENT physicians (17% vs. 10%, p < 0.001) and in specialists located in the Latin part of Switzerland [OR = 2.84 (1.63-4.93), p < 0.001], while this was not the case for patients with episodic/chronic dizziness.", "Identified unmet needs included regular communication between physicians (27%/53%; always/often true) and sufficiently detailed information on the previous workup from the referrals (27%/53%).", "Specialists expressed most interest in hands-on courses/workshops, webinars, and practical guidelines for education.", "In our survey, bedside state-of-the-art assessments were key in reducing the fraction of unclear dizzy cases.", "Several gaps were identified that should be addressed.", "Specifically, referring physicians should provide more comprehensive details regarding urgency, prior diagnostics, and treatment.", "Specifically, when promoting the knowledge of neurologists and ENT physicians, this should be preferentially done by offering a combination of hands-on courses and webinars." ]

[ "A substantial majority of women in India report experiencing stress frequently, with a significant number indicating a lack of time for relaxation.", "Women within a central productive age bracket often report higher stress levels.", "Chronic stress can lead to the development of autoimmune disorders affecting the thyroid gland.", "To evaluate the relationship between perceived stress and thyroid function among apparently normal women of reproductive age.", "The present study was conducted at the Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences (VIMS) after obtaining clearance from the Institutional Ethical Committee and informed written consent from the participants.", "One hundred and fourteen working women aged 20-49 who consented to the study and had no personal or family history of medical illness or thyroid disease were randomly selected.", "Stress levels were measured using a Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and thyroid parameters (total triiodothyronine [T3], total thyroxine [T4], and thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) in blood samples were assessed by the electrochemical luminescence immunoassay method.", "Anthropometric parameters such as age and body mass index (BMI), as well as vital parameters like pulse rate and blood pressure, were measured for all participants.", "A detailed history was also recorded, including marital status, duration of married life, education, number of children, type of family, per capita income, phase of menstrual cycle, and dietary habits.", "The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 22.0 was used for statistical analysis.", "The analysis used Pearson's chi-square test, Student's t-test, and binary logistic regression.", "A positive correlation was observed between PSS and TSH (correlation coefficient \"r\" value = 0.060) without a significant p-value.", "Participants were divided into two groups based on TSH values: those with normal thyroid function (TSH <4.2 international units [IU]) and those with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) (TSH >4.2 IU).", "Both groups had total T3 and T4 levels within the normal reference range.", "A highly significant difference was observed for age, BMI, TSH, marital status, and duration of married life between women with normal thyroid function and those with SCH.", "No significant difference was found between the two groups for PSS.", "Both acute and chronic stress affect thyroid function through the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.", "Psychological and physiological stressors induce immune modulations that can lead to autoimmune thyroid diseases, resulting in hypothyroidism.", "The study examined the link between stress and thyroid health in women of childbearing age, revealing a trend where higher stress levels corresponded with increased TSH levels, though not significantly.", "It also found that older age, higher BMI, and longer duration of marriage were linked to a greater occurrence of SCH.", "These findings underscore the potential influence of lifestyle factors and stress on thyroid function, suggesting that stress management and demographic factors should be considered in managing thyroid health.", "For women of reproductive age under high stress, routine monitoring of thyroid function could be beneficial for overall health maintenance." ]

[ "A substantial number of children in the world are regularly subjected to physical punishment by their parents as a method of upbringing.", "Evidence suggests that it has negative effects on the development of brain function.", "However, evidence regarding its association with verbal communication is limited and heterogeneous.", "It is also unknown whether the effects are the same in both boys and girls; especially in the contexts of developing countries, where the highest rates of physical punishment are found.", "This investigation aimed at analyzing the association between physical punishment administered by both fathers and mothers and effective verbal communication among children aged 9-36 months according to sex.", "A secondary analytical cross-sectional study was conducted based on the 2018-2019 Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey.", "Physical punishment, based on the mother's report of the use of hitting and/or slapping, was considered as a method to correct children by the father and/or mother.", "Effective verbal communication (EVC) was measured using the Battle scale which consists of age-appropriate questions included in the early childhood development module.", "A generalized linear model of the family and Log Poisson link option was used to identify the association between them, using the crude, general adjusted, and sex-stratified models.", "Of all the children, 16.31% received physical punishment from their father and/or mother, wherein 16.65% were boys and 15.97% were girls.", "Moreover, 36.48% exhibited EVC, wherein 32.55% were boys and 40.50% were girls.", "Adjusting for socioeconomic level, witnessing violence, mother's marital status, age, occupation, education level, language, number of children, and moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms, it was found that boys who received physical punishment from their father and/or mother have a 31% lower probability of EVC (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58-0.83, p < 0.001), whereas no association was found in girls who received physical punishment from their father and/or mother and EVC (aPR 0.93, 95% CI 0.81-1.06, p = 0.278).", "An association was found between physical punishment administered by father and/or mother and reduced EVC among boys, whereas no such association was found among girls.", "It is possible that even though a significant impact has not been observed in girls during this early stage, they may experience consequences in later stages of life, further research is needed." ]

[ "A substantial number of valid outcome measures have been developed to measure health in adult musculoskeletal and childhood disability.", "Regrettably, national initiatives have merely resulted in changes in attitude, while utilization remains unacceptably low.", "This study will compare the effectiveness and mediators of two different knowledge transfer (KT) interventions in terms of their impact on changing knowledge and behavior (utilization and clinical reasoning) related to health outcome measures.", "Physical and occupational therapists (n = 144) will be recruited in partnership with the national professional associations to evaluate two different KT interventions with the same curriculum: 1) Stakeholder-Hosted Interactive Problem-Based Seminar (SHIPS), and 2) Online Problem-Based course (e-PBL).", "SHIPS will consist of face-to-face problem-based learning (PBL) for 2 1/2 days with outcome measure developers as facilitators, using six problems generated in consultation with participants.", "The e-PBL will consist of a 6-week web-based course with six generic problems developed by content experts.", "SHIPS will be conducted in three urban centers in Canada.", "Participants will be block-allocated by a minimization procedure to either of the two interventions to minimize any prognostic differences.", "Trained evaluators at each site will conduct chart audits and chart-stimulated recall.", "Trained interviewers will conduct semi-structured interviews focused on identifying critical elements in KT and implementing practice changes.", "Interviews will be transcribed verbatim.", "Baseline predictors including demographics, knowledge, attitudes/barriers regarding outcome measures, and Readiness to Change will be assessed by self-report.", "Immediately post-intervention and 6 months later, these will be re-administered.", "Primary qualitative and quantitative evaluations will be conducted 6-months post-intervention to assess the relative effectiveness of KT interventions and to identify elements that contribute to changing clinical behavior.", "Chart audits will determine the utilization of outcome measures (counts).", "Incorporation of outcome measures into clinical reasoning will be assessed using an innovative technique: chart-stimulated recall.", "A strategy for optimal transfer of health outcome measures into practice will be developed and shared with multiple disciplines involved in primary and specialty management of musculoskeletal and childhood disability." ]

[ "A substantial proportion of the world population is affected by malaria with 241 million malaria cases reported globally.", "Intermittent Preventive Treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) is an effective chemotherapy but its utilisation has not been optimised.", "Few studies focus on young mothers and their experiences regarding the optimal uptake of IPTp-SP.", "The study design was cross-sectional with data derived from six focus group discussions with mothers aged 15-24 years who had a pregnancy and gave birth to a live baby within the last two years in Kisumu and Migori counties, Kenya.", "Inductive analysis was used to identify themes and patterns.", "Young mothers were motivated to take IPTp-SP during pregnancy if they had prior knowledge about SP and its associated benefits and if they were knowledgeable about the consequences of malaria infection during pregnancy.", "Perceived side effects of SP, lack of awareness of SP as a malaria prevention therapy, lack of knowledge on the benefits of SP, dosage and frequency of uptake, poor communication by health providers towards young mothers, and inconsistent supply of SP at health facilities inhibited young mothers from attaining the recommended 3+ doses of IPTp-SP.", "There is a need for health literacy programmes that focus on increasing knowledge of IPTp-SP dosage, timing and benefits for both the young pregnant mother and her foetus.", "Community engagement through dialogue with mentor mothers and male partners will be an important complementary approach in establishing a support system for young women for positive health outcomes including attaining the recommended 3+ doses of IPTp-SP." ]