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13638

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20Hajar%20al-Asqalani

Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani

Dan Hajar al-'Asqalani, ko Ibn Hajar Arabic cikakken suna: Shihāb al-Dīn Abū 'l-Faḍl Aḥmad dan Nūr al-Dīn Alī dan Muḥammad dan Ḥajar Asqalānī (18 Fabrairu 1372 2 Fabrairu 1449 [852 AH]), ya kasance masanin ilimin Musulunci na zamani. "wanda aikinsa ya kasance shine hadaddin karshe na kimiyyar Hadith Ya wallafa wasu ayyuka 150 a cikin hadisi, tarihi, tarihin, tafsiri, waƙoƙi, da kuma hukunce-hukuncen Shafi'ite, wadanda suka fi daraja wadanda kasancewarsa sharhin Sahih Bukhari ne, mai taken Fath al-Bari Farkon rayuwa An haife shi a Alkahira a 1372, ɗan malamin Shafi'i kuma mawaƙi Nur al-Din 'Ali. Iyayensa biyu sun mutu tun yana karami, kuma shi da 'yar uwarsa, Sitt al-Rakb, sun zama sanannun mahaifin matar mahaifinsa na farko, Zaki al-Din al-Kharrubi, wanda ya yi wa Ibn Hajar karatun Alqurani tun yana dan shekara biyar. A nan ne ya yi fice, yana koyon karatun Suratul Maryam a rana guda tare da haddace Alqur’ani gab da shekara 9. Ya sami ci gaba cikin haddace ayoyin kamar fasalin ɗaukar hoto na aikin Ibn al-Hajib akan tushe na fiqh Ilimi A lokacin da ya raka al-Kharrubi zuwa Makka tun yana dan shekara 12, an dauke shi wanda ya cancanci ya jagoranci sallar Tarawih a lokacin Ramadan Lokacin da mai kula da shi ya mutu a shekara ta 1386, Ibn Hajar ya yi karatu a Misra wanda aka danƙa wa malamin hadisi Shams al-Din ibn al-Qatta, wanda ya shigar da shi cikin darussan da Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (d. 1404) da Ibn al- Mulaqqin (d. 1402) a cikin Shafi'i fiqh da Abd al-Rahim bn al-Husain al-'Iraqi (d. 1404) a hadisi, bayan haka ya tafi Damascus da Kudus, don yin karatu a karkashin Shams al-Din al -Qalqashandi (d. 1407), Badr al-Din al-Balisi (d. 1401), da Fatima bint al-Manja al-Tanukhiyya (d. 1401). Bayan kara ziyartar Makka da Madina da Yemen, ya koma Masar Al-Suyuti ya ce: "An ce ya sha ruwan Zamzam ne domin ya kai matsayin al-Dhahabi cikin haddace wanda ya yi nasarar aiwatar da shi, har ma ya zarce shi." Rayuwarsa A 1397, yana da shekaru ashirin da biyar, Al-'Asqalani ya aure shahararriya gwanar hadisai Uns Khatun, wanda aka gudanar ijazas daga Hafiz al-Iraqi, kuma ya ba jama'a da laccoci ga taro masu yawa na Malamai, ciki har da al-Sakhawi Matsayi Ibn Hajar ya cigaba har zuwa ga nada shi matsayin babban alkalin Masar Qadi a lokuta sau da yawa a rayuwarsa. Mutuwa Ibnu Hajar ya mutu bayan Isha (sallar dare) a ranar 8 ga Dhul Hijja 852 (2 Fabrairu 1449), yana da shekara 79. Kimanin mutane dubu 50 ne suka halarci jana'izar sa a Alkahira, wadanda suka hada da Sultan Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq (1373-1453 AZ) da Halifa na Alkaimak-Mustakfi II (r. 1441-1451 AZ). Ayyuka Ibn Hajar ya rubuta kamar 150 ayyukansu a kan hadisi, hadisi terminology, sada kimantawa, tarihi, Kur'ani mai tafsirin, shayari kuma Shafi'i fikihu Fath al-Bari Sharhin Ibn Hajar na Sahih Bukhari Jami` al-Sahih (817/1414), ya kammala wani aikin da ba a kammala ba wanda Ibn Rajab ya fara a shekara ta 1390. Ya zama mafi shahararren aikin da aka fi girmamawa akan marubucin. Masanin tarihi Ibn Iyaas (d.930 AH) ya ba da labarin "Cerebra" kusa da Alkahira a littafinsa (Rajab 842 Disamba 1428). Yawancin manyan mashahuran Masar suna cikin taron, Ibn Hajar da kansa ya ba da karatu, mawaƙan sun ba da halayen ilimi kuma an rarraba zinari. al-Isaba fi tamyiz al-Sahaba ingataccen kamus na Sahabbai al-Durar al-Kamina ƙamus ɗin tarihin rayuwa na manyan mutane na ƙarni na takwas. Tahdhib al-Tahdhib raguwa da Tahdhib al-Kamal, kundin tarihi na hadisi daga Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi Taqrib al-Tahdhib warwarewar Tahthib al-Tahthib. Ta'jil al-Manfa'ah tarihin rayuwar masu riwayar <i id="mwcA">Musnads</i> na imamai huɗu, ba a sami cikin al-Tahthib ba. Bulugh al-Maram min adillat al-ahkam akan hadisi da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Shafi'i fiqh. Nata'ij al-Afkar fi Takhrij Ahadith al-Adhkar Lisan al-Mizan sake duba littafin Mizan al-'Itidal ne daga al-Dhahabi Talkhis al-Habir fi Takhrij al-Rafi`i al-Kabir al-Diraya fi Takhrij Ahadith al-Hidaya Taghliq al-Ta`liq `ala Sahih al-Bukhari Risala Tadhkirat al-Athar al-Matalib al-`Aliya bi Zawa'id al-Masanid al-Thamaniya Nukhbat al-Fikar tare da bayanin sa mai taken Nuzhah al-Nathr a cikin ilimin ilimin hadisi al-Nukat ala Kitab bn al-Salah sharhin <i id="mwjg">Muqaddimah</i> na Ibn al-Salah al-Qawl al-Musaddad fi Musnad Ahmad tattaunawar hadisi na ingantacce a cikin <i id="mwlA">Musnad</i> Ahmad Silsilat al-Dhahab Ta`rif Ahl al-Taqdis bi Maratib al-Mawsufin bi al-Tadlis Duba kuma Jerin Ash'aris da Maturidis Manazarta Haɗin waje Biodata a MuslimScholars.info Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani da Sharhinsa Littattafan Ibn Hajar

30358

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan%20wasan%20Upera%20na%20kasar%20Ukraine

Gidan wasan Upera na kasar Ukraine

An kafa kungiyar Kyiv Opera bisa ka'ida a lokacin ranin shekarar 1867, kuma ita ce opera ta uku a tsufa a Ukraine, bayan Odessa Opera da Lviv Opera. A yau, Kamfanin Kyiv Opera yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a National Opera House na Ukraine mai suna Taras Shevchenko a Kyiv Tarihi Tarihin farko: 1867 20th karni An kafa shi a lokacin rani na 1867 wanda Ferdinand Berger 1875) ya jagoranta kafawar. Berger ya yi nasarar gayyato hazikan mawaƙa, da masu gudanarwa, kuma majalisar birnin (duma) ta ba da sabuwar ƙungiyar da aka ƙirƙira don yin amfani da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birni (wanda aka gina a 1856, architect I. Shtrom) don wasan kwaikwayo. A hukumance, ana kiran gidan wasan kwaikwayon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birni amma an fi kiransa da Opera na Rasha. Ranar wasan farko, Nuwamba 8 (Oktoba 27 tsohon salon), 1867 an sanya shi hutun birni. Ayyukan opera Askold's Tomb na Alexey Verstovsky shine farkon farkon ƙungiyar. Nasarar farko tana da nasaba da basirar murya na wancan lokacin O. Satagano-Garchakova, F. L'vov, M. Agramov amma kuma makircin da ya ɗauka daga wasu manyan shafuka na tsohon tarihin birnin. Wasannin kwaikwayo na farko sun kasance mafi yawan wasannin opera na Russia ne, ciki har da Ruslan da Ludmila na Mikhail Glinka, Rusalka na Alexander Dargomyzhsky, Maccabees na Anton Rubinstein da The Power of the Fiend ta A. Serov, da kuma fassarar Turai operas ciki har da Barber na Seville ta Rossini, The Barber of Seville ta Rossini Auren Figaro na Mozart, Der Freischütz na Weber, Lucia di Lammermoor na Donizetti, da operas ta Giuseppe Verdi, wanda ya zama mafi so na Kyivites. Ranar Fabrairu 4, 1896, bayan wasan kwaikwayo na safe na Eugene Onegin ta Tchaikovsky, wuta ta tashi daga kyandir da ba a kashe a gidan wasan kwaikwayon ba. Gobarar ta cinye ginin gaba daya cikin sa'o'i da dama. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗakunan karatu na kiɗa a Turai tare da kayayyaki masu yawa da kayan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo da yawa sun ɓace yayin gobara. Bayan gobarar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birnin, ƙungiyar ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a wasu matakai na shekaru da yawa, ciki har da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bergonie (yanzu gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Rasha mai suna Lesya Ukrainka Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Solovtsov (yanzu Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa mai suna Ivan Franko har ma a kan. filin wasa na sanannen Circus na Krutikov. Farkon karni na 20 Bayan gobarar, majalisar birnin ta sanar da gasar kasa da kasa don tsara wani sabon gini ga gidan wasan kwaikwayon na Opera a Kyiv. Victor Schröter ya bada shawaran hakan. An tsara na waje a cikin salon Neo-Renaissance kuma ya ba da lissafin bukatun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da masu kallo. An sake fasalin ciki a cikin salon gargajiya kuma ana kiransa Viennese Modern Duk da haka, ana daukar babban nasararsa a matsayin mataki daya daga cikin mafi girma a Turai da aka tsara zuwa sababbin matakan injiniya. A ranar 29 ga Satumba, an gudanar da bikin buɗe sabon filin wasan kwaikwayo tare da wasan kwaikwayo na cantata Kyiv na mawaki Wilhelm Hartweld (1859 1927) da kuma gabatar da wasan opera Life for the Tsar na M. Glinka. A ranar 14 September O.S, akwai wasan kwaikwayo na Rimsky-Korsakov 's <i id="mwTA">The Tale of Tsar Saltan</i> a Kyiv Opera House a gaban Tsar da 'ya'yansa maza biyu, Grand Duchesses Olga da Tatiana Maza 90 ne suka mamaye gidan wasan kwaikwayon. A lokacin da ake tsaka da aikin an kashe Firayim Minista Pyotr Stolypin A cewar Alexander Spiridovich, bayan aiki na biyu "Stolypin yana tsaye a gaban ramp yana raba parterre daga ƙungiyar makaɗa, baya zuwa mataki. A gefen damansa akwai Baron Freedericks da Gen. Suhkomlinov Mai tsaron lafiyarsa ya tafi shan taba. An harbe Stolypin sau biyu, sau ɗaya a hannu kuma sau ɗaya a cikin kirji Dmitry Bogrov, wani juyin juya hali na hagu, yana ƙoƙari ya gyara kansa. Bogrov ya gudu zuwa ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka shigar kuma aka kama shi. "Ya [Stolypin] ya juya wajen Akwatin Imperial, sannan ya ga Tsar da ya shiga akwatin, sai ya yi nuni da hannaye biyu ya ce wa Tsar ya koma." Mawakan sun fara wasa "Allah Ya Tsare Tsar." Likitocin sun yi fatan Stolypin zai murmure, amma duk da cewa bai haihu ba, yanayinsa ya tabarbare. Washegari, Tsar da ke cikin damuwa ya durƙusa a gefen gadon asibitin Stolypin ya ci gaba da maimaita kalmar "Ka gafarta mini". Stolypin ya mutu bayan kwana uku. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 20, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kyiv Opera ya jawo hankalin hazikan mawaƙa na Ukrainian da Rasha, ciki har da O. Petlyash, P. Tsevich, K. Voronets, M. Medvedev, K. Brun, O. Mosin da O. Kamionsky. kuma shahararrun taurarin opera daga Yamma sukan zo yawon bude ido. Da yawa sabon abu don wasan kwaikwayo na lokaci ya faru a kan mataki: Die Walkure ta Wagner, Sadko ta Rimsky-Korsakov da Mefistofele ta Arrigo Boito Jihar Ukraine A cikin shekarar 1917, an yi amfani da gidan wasan opera ba kawai don fasaha ba har ma da majalisa. Musamman ma, a cikin 1917, an gudanar da taron Soja na Biyu na Sojoji na Biyu a cikin Opera House wanda aka fi sani da shela ta farko na Majalisar Tsakiyar Ukraine A lokacin Jihar Ukraine, Kyiv Opera ake kira Ukrainian Drama da Opera gidan wasan kwaikwayo An gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fassarar Yukren, musamman a cikin 1918: "Faust", "La Traviata", "Bohemia", "Madame Butterfly" da sauransu. An rubuta a cikin 'yan jaridu na Ukrainian cewa Opera na Jihar Ukrainian yana da kowane dalili da kuma yiwuwar zama daya daga cikin mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na lokacinsa, yayin da yake gargadin cewa "Opera na Ukraine kada ya sake maimaita tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Petrograd, wanda ya ba da al'adun kasashen waje da al'adun 'yan kasa. da kuma jaddada cewa wajibi ne a "tsara aikin opera mai karfi, kasa da al'adu". lokacin Soviet Bayan da Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye Ukraine, gidan wasan kwaikwayon ya zama ƙasa kuma an sanya masa suna K. Liebknecht Opera House. A 1926 an sake masa suna Kyiv State Academic Ukrainian Opera, kuma a 1934, lokacin da Kyiv aka mayar da babban birnin kasar matsayi Academic Opera da Ballet gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tarayyar Soviet A 1936 gidan wasan kwaikwayo aka bayar da Order of Lenin, kuma a 1939 aka mai suna bayan Taras Shevchenko Bisa ga Dokar Kwamishinonin Jama'a na 1926, an yi duk wasan operas a harshen Ukraine. Wannan wahayi zuwa ga kafa cikakken darajar Ukrainian al'adu da Ukrainian harshe. Al'adar yin wasan opera a cikin fassarorin Ukrainian ta yi nasara har zuwa farkon 1990s. A shekara ta 1981, an yi bikin ballet na duniya a kan rayuwar Olga na Kiev don tunawa da ranar 1500th na birnin. 1990-2010 A tsakanin shekarun 1991-1999, Anatoliy Mokrenko ya jagoranci Opera ta kasa. A wannan lokacin, gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya fara watsar da fassarori na yaren Ukrainian a hankali, wanda matsalolin tattalin arziki ya bayyana da kuma buƙatar ayyukan yawon shakatawa don tsira ga masu fasaha. Manazarta Bayanan kula Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kyiv.ua: Ziyarar gani da ido na Gidan Opera na Kasa Worldwalk.info: Shevchenko National Opera House na Ukraine (Kyiv) Gidajen wasan kwakwayo da aka kammala a 1901 Wakar Ukraine Gine-ginen karni na 19 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

15640

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simisola%20Kosoko

Simisola Kosoko

Simisola Kosoko née Ogunleye an haife tane a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1988), wacce aka fi sani da suna Simi, ta kasan ce yar wasan kwaikwayo ce, kuma mawaƙiya ce a Nijeriya, marubuciya kuma ’yar fim. Ta fara sana'ar ta ne a matsayin mawakiyar bishara, inda ta fitar da faifan fim dinta na farko a shekarar 2008, mai taken Ogaju Ta sami daukaka a shekarar 2014 bayan ta saki Tiff waƙar da aka zaba don Mafi Kyawun Waƙoƙi a Headies 2015 Simi ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodin tare da X3M Music a cikin 2014, amma ta bar alamar a cikin Mayu 2019 bayan karewar kwangilarta. Ta fitar da faifan studio na biyu mai suna Simisola a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2017. album din ta na uku Omo Charlie Champagne, Vol. An saki 1 don dacewa da ranar haihuwar ta talatin da ɗaya a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2019. Ta ƙaddamar da lakabin rikodin ta Studio Brat a cikin Yunin 2019. simi anyi rubuce rubuce akan ta da yawa, musamman ma a cikin litattatafan koyon wasan kwaikwayo dana adabi. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Simi an haife ta ne a Ojuelegba, wani yanki na Surulere, a matsayin ɗa na ƙarshe a cikin yara huɗu. A wata hira da tayi da Juliet Ebirim na jaridar Vanguard, Simi ta bayyana cewa iyayenta sun rabu ne lokacin tana ‘yar shekara 9. Ta kuma bayyana cewa ta girma ne a matsayin ɗan marainiya Simi ta halarci makarantar International Stars, makarantar sakandare a Ikorodu, Jihar Legas. Ita tsohuwar dalibar Jami'ar Alkawari ce, inda ta karanci sadarwa Kariyan sana'ar ta 2006–13: Farkon aiki da Ogaju Simi ta girma tana rawa da waka a matsayinta na memba a kungiyar mawaka na cocin da ke yankin. Ta rubuta wakarta ta farko tun tana shekara 10. Kwararriyar sana’arta ta waka ta fara ne a shekarar 2008 biyo bayan fitowar kundin wakokinta na farko mai suna Ogaju, wanda ya kunshi wakoki iri-iri kamar su “Iya Temi” da “Ara Ile”. Samklef ne ya samar da faifan gabaɗaya. 2014-2018: m, Chemistry da Simisola A watan Janairun 2014, Simi ta fitar da waƙoƙi 5 mai suna EP Restless, wanda a ƙarshe ya samar mata da rikodin rikodin tare da X3M Music. EP an tsara shi mafi yawa daga murfin da aka yi rikodin ta hanyar shahararrun abubuwa, gami da Rihanna 's Man Down da Adele 's Set Fire to the Rain A ranar 9 ga Janairun 2014, Simi ta fitar da waƙoƙi guda biyu "Tiff" da "E No Go Funny". Duk waƙoƙin suna karɓar iska sau da yawa kuma an sadu da su tare da kyakkyawan ra'ayi daga masu sukar. Bidiyon "Tiff" Josh Clarke ne ya jagoranta kuma aka sake shi a ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2015. An zaɓi waƙar don Mafi Kyawun Waƙoƙi a cikin fitowar 2015 ta Headies Daga baya a cikin 2015, Simi ta ci nasarar Dokar Mai Kyau don Kallon kallo a Gasar Nishaɗin Nishaɗin Najeriyar ta 2015 A wata hira da tayi da jaridar Leadership, Simi ta bayyana cewa ta fara aiki a faifan faifan ta na biyu, wanda aka shirya za a fitar a shekarar 2016. Bayan fitowar "Jamb Tambaya", Simi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu zane-zane don kulawa a cikin 2016 ta NotJustOk Remix na "Jamb Tambaya" yana dauke da rapper dan Najeriya Falz A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2016, Simi ta fitar da fim din kauna mai suna "Don'tauna Kada Kulawa". An karɓi iska ta rediyo akai-akai kuma an sadu da kyakkyawan nazari. "Don'tauna Kada ku damu" ta yadda ya magance ƙabilanci da wariya a Najeriya. Bidiyon wakar Clarence Peters ne ya jagoranta. A watan Oktoban 2016, an zabi Simi don Kyautar Kyakkyawar Kwarewa a MTV Africa Music Awards A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, Simi ta yi aiki tare da Falz don sake fadada aikin Chemistry Oghene Michael na Nobs 360 ya bayyana EP a matsayin "gwaji na kalmar fasaha". A watan Disambar 2016, an zabi Simi a fannoni uku a The Headies 2016, ta ci daya. A cikin jiran albam dinta mai ɗauke da waƙoƙi na biyu karo 12 Simisola, Simi ta saki marasa aure guda biyu; "Murmushi gare Ni" da "Joromi". Duk waƙoƙin suna tare da bidiyo na kiɗa wanda Clarence Peters da Aje Films suka tsara. Bidiyoyin kiɗa na "O Wa Nbe", "Kammala Ni", "Gone for Good" da "Aimasiko" suma an sake su don ƙara inganta kundin. Simi ta gabatar da jerin waƙoƙin ne a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2017. Simisola an sake ta kwana bakwai bayan haka kuma an gabatar da ita a lamba 5 a kan ginshiƙin Duniyar Aljihun Duniya. 2019: Omo Charlie Champagne, kundi na 1 da Studio Brat A watan Maris na shekarar 2019, Simi ta bayyana cewa za ta fitar da faifan fim dinta na uku Omo Charlie Champagne, Vol. 1 don dacewa da ranar haihuwarta a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2019. Ta bayyana wannan bayanin ne a cikin wasu sakonnin kafofin sada zumunta. Kundin ya ɗan tashi ne daga ɗan abin da ya faru na Simisola (2017). Cakuda ne na ballad na motsin rai, Afropop, Afro-fusion, Afro-soul, R&amp;B, EDM da moombahton Kundin wakoki mai dauke da waƙoƙi 13 ya ƙunshi baƙo daga Patoranking, Maleek Berry, Falz, da mijinta Adekunle Gold Oscar ne ya jagoranci sarrafa shi da farko, tare da ƙarin kayan aiki daga Vtek, Legendury Beatz, da Sess. Simi ta sadaukar da kundin ne ga mahaifinta Charles Oladele Ogunleye, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 2014. Omo Charlie Champagne, Vol. 1 ya riga ya kasance da marayu guda uku: "I Dun Care", "Lovin" da "Ayo". A watan Mayu 2019, X3M Music ya sanar da tafiyar Simi biyo bayan karewar kwantiragin nata. Duk bangarorin biyu ba su sabunta kwangilar ba kuma sun amince su raba hanya. A watan Yunin 2019, Simi ta ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da lakabin ta mai zaman kanta, Studio Brat. Kirkira Baya ga kasancewarta mawaƙa da waƙoƙi, Simi kuma injiniyan sauti ne Ta aka yaba da hadawa da Mastering Adekunle Gold 's halarta a karon studio album Gold, wadda aka saki a watan Yuli 2016. Salon waƙarta yana daɗaɗa a cikin ruduwa da blues, rai da nau'ikan kiɗan hip-hop Rayuwar tam Simi ta auri mawaƙi Adekunle Gold a wani bikin aure mai zaman kansa a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2019. Daga baya aka bayyana cewa sun kasance suna soyayya tsawon shekaru biyar. Simi ta zama uwa a karon farko a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2020 lokacin da ta haifi 'yarta Adejare. Fina fiani Ta fara wasan kwaikwayo ne a cikin babban daraktan Kunle Afolayan Mokalik Fina-finai Mokalik (2019) Wakoki 6Kundin faifai na Studio Ogaju (2008) Chemistry (tare da Falz (2016) Simisola (2017) Omo Charlie Champagne, Vol. 1 (2019) EP Huta II (2020) Kyauta da gabatarwa Rubutattun ilimi game da Simi Adebayo, Abidemi Olufemi. "Shiftar Al'adu da Fahimtar Simisola Ogunleye (Simi) na Matar Afirka ta lenarni na inauna Kada ku damu da Joromi." Jaridar Ibadan na Nazarin Ingilishi 7 (2018): 173-184. Duba nan kasaa Jerin mawakan Najeriya Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Official website Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1988 Mata Mutane Ƴan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed translations Mawakan Najeriya

21129

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Za%C9%93e%20mai%20zaman%20kanta%20ta%20%C6%99asa

Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa

Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC), wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1998, ita ce hukumar zaɓen da ke lura da zaɓe a Najeriya. Dukkan wasu abubuwan da suka shafi Zaɓe a ƙarƙashin ta suke. Kuma kamar yadda sunan ta yake ita hukuma ce mai zaman kanta Tarihi Dokoki da gudanar da zabe Gudanar da zabubbukan dimokiraɗiyya a Najeriya ya samo asali ne tun daga lokacin samun 'Yancin kai lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da Hukumar Zaɓe ta Najeriya (ECN) a shekarar 1958 don gudanar da zaben tarayya na 1959. Kafin 1958, dokokin yanki da gwamnati suna tsarawa da gudanar da zaɓe. ECN ya kasance karkashin jagorancin wani bature, Ronald Edward Wraith da mambobin Najeriya huɗu dake wakiltar kowane yanki da Babban Birnin Tarayya na Legas. Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayya (FEC), wacce aka kafa a 1960 ta gudanar da zaɓukan tarayya da na yankuna kai tsaye bayan samun ‘yanci na 1964 da 1965. Kafin gudanar da zaben na 1964, Babban Jami’in Zaɓe, Kofo Abayomi ya yi murabus kuma wasu jami’an jam’iyyar daga NCNC da AC (Action Group) sun nuna shakku kan sahihancin zaben na gaskiya da adalci. An rusa hukumar zaben bayan juyin mulkin soja na 1966. A shekarar 1978, gwamnatin Janar Olusegun Obasanjo ta kafa Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayya (FEDECO), inda ta shirya zabukan shekarar 1979 wanda ya kawo Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta Nijeriya karkashin jagorancin Alhaji Shehu Shagari Hakanan ta gudanar da babban zaben 1983. A watan Disambar 1995, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta kafa Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ƙasa ta Najeriya wacce ta sake gudanar da wani zaben. Ba a ƙaddamar da waɗannan zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin ba kafin mutuwar Janar Abacha kwatsam a watan Yunin 1998 ya soke aikin. A 1998, Gwamnatin Janar Abdulsalam Abubakar ta rusa NECON ta kuma kafa Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC). INEC ta shirya zabukan rikon-kwarya da suka haifar da Jamhuriya ta Hudu ta Nijeriya a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, 1999. A watan Janairun 2015, kungiyar #BringBackOurGirls ta yi kara game da shirin da Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC) ke yi don ware Chibok da wasu al'ummomin da ke karkashin ikon Boko Haram a yanzu daga karbar katunan zaɓe na dindindin (PVCs) don zaben na watan Fabrairu." Shugabanci Shugaban Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayyar Najeriya ta farko shi ne Cif Eyo Esua (1964-1966) a Jamhuriya ta Farko. Lokacin da Janar Olusegun Obasanjo ya shirya domin komawa kan mulkin farar hula a Jamhuriya ta Biyu, ya kafa sabuwar Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayya karkashin jagorancin Cif Michael Ani don lura da zaɓen 1979. Mai shari’a Victor Ovie Whiskey ne ya maye gurbin Ani. A lokacin gwamnatocin Ibrahim Babangida da na Sani Abacha, waɗanda suka yi yunkurin komawa kan turbar dimokuraɗiyya, Hukumar Zaɓe ta kasa a karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Eme Awa (1987-1989), Farfesa Humphrey Nwosu (1989–1993), Farfesa Okon Uya da Cif Sumner Dagogo- Jack (1994–1998). INEC Janar Abdulsalami Abubakar ne ya kafa INEC ta yanzu, tare da Mai Shari’a Ephraim Akpata a matsayin shugaba. Akpata ya yi mu'amala da kungiyoyin siyasa 26, inda ya ba da rajista na wucin-gadi a matsayin jam'iyyun siyasa na zaɓen 1998/1999, daga karshe ya koma karkashin jam'iyyun uku. Duk da kokarin da aka yi na tabbatar da zaɓe cikin gaskiya da adalci, aikin ya jawo kakkausar suka daga masu sa ido na kasashen duniya. Bayan Akpata ya mutu a watan Janairun 2000, gwamnatin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ta naɗa Abel Guobadia Babban Jami’in Zaɓe na Najeriya, matsayin da Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya ta tabbatar a watan Mayun 2000. Guobadia ce ke da alhakin zaɓen 2003, wanda rikice-rikice da yawa da wasu ɓarnatar suka yi lahani. A watan Yunin 2005, Guobadia ya yi ritaya kuma Farfesa Maurice Iwu ya gaje shi. Jim kadan da nada shi, Iwu ya ba da sanarwar cewa ba za a bar masu sa ido na kasashen waje ba yayin zabuka, amma masu sa ido kan zaben na kasashen waje ne kawai. 'Yan siyasa da kungiyoyin farar hula sun yi Allah wadai da wannan shawarar wadanda suka yi kira da a cire shi nan take daga mukaminsa. Yadda aka gudanar da zaɓen 2007 an sake sukar shi da cewa ya faɗi ƙasa da ƙa'idodin dimokuraɗiyya. A ranar 8 ga watan Yunin 2010, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya zabi Farfesa Attahiru Muhammadu Jega a matsayin sabon Shugaban INEC, idan har Majalisar Dattawa ta tabbatar, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Iwu, wanda ya bar mukamin a ranar 28 ga Afrilun 2010. Naɗin Jega a matsayin shugaban INEC ya biyo bayan amincewa da taron Majalisar kasa da Shugaba Jonathan ya kira wanda ya samu halartar tsoffin shugabannin kasa Yakubu Gowon, Muhammadu Buhari, Ibrahim Babangida, Abdulsalami Abubakar, Ernest Shonekan, Olusegun Obasanjo da Shehu Shagari. Shugaban majalisar dattijai David Mark, kakakin majalisar wakilai Oladimeji Bankole, da mafi yawan gwamnonin jihohi suma sun halarci taron. Amincewar da majalissar da aka zaba ta yi wa wannan nadin ya kauce ma cece-kuce game da ko shugaban kasa ya kamata ya nada shugaban INEC. Martani game da sanarwar daga dimbin bangarorin shugabannin siyasa da kungiyoyi sun kasance masu kyau, kodayake wasu sun nuna damuwa cewa za a iya lattin aiwatar da gyare-gyare na ainihi kafin zaben 2011. A lokacin yakin neman zaben babban zaɓen Najeriya na shekarar 2015, Attahiru Jega "ya fuskanci kakkausar suka daga bangaren adawa da jam'iyya mai mulki." Wa'adin mulkinsa na Attahiru Jega na shekaru biyar ya zo karshe ne a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, 2015, kuma duk da cewa ya cancanci sake nadin, damar hakan ta yi nisa ganin yadda jami'an kamfen din Shugaba Goodluck suka nuna masa son kai. Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya naɗa Farfesa Mahmood Yakubu a matsayin Shugaban INEC, Farfesa Yakubu ya karbi aiki daga hannun Amina Bala-Zakari, wacce ke rikon mukamin shugaban bayan Jega ya tafi. Rigingimu Hukumar Zaɓe ta INEC ta gamu da rikice-rikice da dama a yayin da ake tunkarar zabuka a kasar, musamman zaɓen watan Afrilun 2007, gami da sukar yadda ta shirya daga Sada Abubakar, Sarkin Musulmi da kuma takaddama kan “rashin cancantar” Mataimakin. takarar shugaban kasa Atiku Abubakar. Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa INEC ba za ta iya dakatar da ‘yan takara ba, don haka aka kara sunan Abubakar a kuri’un a mintin karshe. Dangane da batun magudin zabe, kakakin hukumar INEC, Philip Umeadi ya ce a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu cewa "Ba mu zauna kan wani rikici a Najeriya ba." Manufar INEC ita ce ta kasance a matsayin EMB mai zaman kanta kuma mai tasiri wajen gudanar da zabe na gaskiya, kuma amintacce don dorewar dimokiradiyya a Najeriya. Hangen nesan INEC shine ya zama daya daga cikin ingantattun Hukumomin Gudanar da Zabe (EMB) a duniya wanda zai cika burin jama'ar Najeriya. A cikin shirye-shiryen babban zaben 2015, INEC a karkashin Jega ta gabatar da na'urar tantance masu kada kuri'a domin tantance masu jefa kuri'a da katunan zabensu don rage aukuwar magudi da ƴan siyasa keyi. Gabatar na'urar zaɓe (card reader) yasa shugaban hukumar zaɓe (INEC) ya samu yabo daga ‘yan Najeriya da dama amma gungun wasu kananan jam’iyyun siyasa hudu wadanda suka yi ikirarin suna wakiltar jam’iyyun siyasa 15 sun yi tir da hakan kuma sun bukaci INEC da ta dakatar da amfani da na’urar tantance katin a zaben 2015. An yi babban zaben shekarar 2015 a matsayin mafi inganci, sahihi da adalci tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokuraɗiyya a shekarar 1999. An zargi INEC da yawan kura-kuran zaɓe a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2019 da suka hada da karar takardun kada kuri’a, da kuma na'urar tantance masu zaɓe (card reader) cewa an saita aikinsu don yin maguɗin zaɓe da kuma soke kuri’u masu inganci. Babbar jam'iyyar adawa ta People's Democratic Party da dan takararta na shugaban kasa sun kalubalanci sakamakon zaben a kotu. Duba kuma Jerin kauyuka a Najeriya Manazarta 1. http://www.inecnigeria.org/ 2. https://www.inecnigeria.org/home/inec-history/ 3. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/965355951 4. https://repository.law.miami.edu/umiclr/vol10/iss2/10 5. http://inecnigeria.org/index.php?cateid=9&contid=6 6. http://allafrica.com/stories/201501081376.html 7. http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/?p=9541 8. http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvnews/26106/1/electoral-commission-through-the-years.html 9. http://allafrica.com/stories/200906020075.html 10. http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/1152.pdf 11. https://web.archive.org/web/20081128123048/http://www.ifes.org/publication/d5cdd8094465e31baf096f4eba5d457c/Et9_1.pdf 12. https://www.hrw.org/node/12130 13. http://allafrica.com/stories/200903310118.html 14. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9766502 15. http://allafrica.com/stories/201006090599.html 16. http://allafrica.com/stories/201006090006.html 17. http://allafrica.com/stories/201006100204.html?viewall=1 18. http://allafrica.com/stories/201503240735.html 19. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/03/tension-mounts-on-presidency-over-jega/ 20. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/10/breaking-buhari-appoints-mahmood-yakubu-as-inec-chairman/ 21. https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133625/http://www.angolapress-angop.ao/noticia-e.asp?ID=517493 22. http://www.independentngonline.com/?c=181&a=22921 23. http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20070417132554618C925706 24. https://silverbirdtv.com/uncategorized/18312/4-political-parties-want-jega-fired-threaten-to-boycott-elections-over-card-readers/ 25. https://dailypost.ng/2015/06/21/the-use-of-card-readers-in-elections-has-come-to-stay-jega/ Hanyoyin haɗin waje Yanar gizo na INEC Pages with unreviewed

57551

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20Brio

Honda Brio

Honda Brio mota ce ta gari da Honda ke samarwa tun 2011. Ana siyar dashi galibi a kudu maso gabashin Asiya da kuma a wasu yankuna, an sanya shi azaman ƙirar hatchback matakin-shiga wanda aka rataye a ƙasa da Fit/Jazz da Birni Tare da ƙarin Amaze sedan, ita ce mafi ƙarancin mota a cikin layin duniya na Honda ban da motocin kei na kasuwar Japan. Sunan Brio shine Italiyanci don 'vivacity' ko 'verve'. A watan Agustan 2013 a Indonesia, bambance-bambancen matakan shigarwa da yawa na Brio sun sami ƙarin suna da aka yi wa Indonesiya don biyan shirin LCGC (Ƙasashen Green Car) na ƙasar. Sunan Satya Sanskrit 'gaskiya', 'na gaske', 'masu gaskiya' ko 'aminci') ana amfani dashi azaman kari. ƙarni na farko (DD1/2; 2011) Honda ya ƙaddamar da Brio a cikin 2011 a matsayin hatchback slotted a cikin aji a ƙarƙashin Fit Jazz An kera motar ne musamman don kasuwanni masu tasowa kamar Thailand da Indiya, kasashe biyu da aka kera Brio da farko. Motar da aka samfoti a matsayin Sabuwar Ƙananan Ra'ayi An fara nuna motar ra'ayi a 2010 Thailand International Motor Expo. Jirgin wutar lantarki Brio na ƙarni na farko yana da ƙarfi ta ko dai 1.2-lita L12B3 SOHC i-VTEC injin mai silinda huɗu yana samar da a 6,000 rpm da na karfin juyi a 4,500–4,800 rpm, ko 1.3-lita L13Z1 SOHC i-VTEC injin mai silinda hudu yana samar da a 6,000 rpm da na karfin juyi a 4,800 rpm. Akwai shi tare da ko dai jagorar mai sauri 5, mai jujjuyawar juzu'i mai sauri 5 ta atomatik ko mai ci gaba mai canzawa (CVT). Motar tana da bokan don isar da haɗin nisan mil da kuma tare da jagora da watsawa ta atomatik akan zagayowar Indiya., injin mai lita 1.2 ya dace da man E20 Kasuwanni Tailandia A Tailandia, an ƙaddamar da Brio a ranar 17 ga Maris 2011 a matsayin martani ga shirin Eco Car da gwamnati ta amince da shi. An fara samuwa a cikin S grade tare da watsawar hannu da darajar V tare da ko dai watsawar hannu ko CVT. Dukansu nau'ikan S da V suna amfani da injin L12B3 mai lita 1.2 wanda zai iya amfani da man E20, kuma yana ba da tattalin arzikin mai na Koyaya, Honda Thailand ita ma ta samar da Brio tare da injin L13Z1 mai nauyin lita 1.3 don kasuwannin fitarwa. Bayan da aka ɗaga motar a fuska a watan Mayu 2016, wanda ya haɗa da sabuntar fastoci na gaba, fitulun wutsiya, da ƙirar dashboard, zaɓin watsawa na hannu ya ƙare, ya bar darajar V kawai tare da CVT. A yayin kaddamarwar, Honda ya sa ran sayar da Brios 40,000 a kowace shekara a kasuwar Thai. Duk da haka, a tsawon rayuwarsa Honda kawai ya sami damar siyar da ƙasa da kusan 32,000 Brio hatchbacks a cikin ƙasar. Indiya An jinkirta ƙaddamar da shirin na Brio a Indiya a farkon 2011 saboda girgizar ƙasa ta Thohoku da tsunami a Japan na 2011 An ƙaddamar da shi daga baya a cikin Satumba 2011. Kasuwar Indiya Brio wani reshen kamfanin ne, Honda Cars India Ltd (HCIL) ne ya samar da shi a wuraren samar da shi a Greater Noida Sama da kashi 80% na sassan sa an samo su ne daga masu samar da kayayyaki na Indiya. Masana'antar Rajasthan kuma tana fitar da sassan Brio zuwa Thailand. An ba da Brio a Indiya a maki V, VX da VX BL. An ƙaddamar da samfurin gyaran fuska a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2016. Brio ya dakatar da samarwa a Indiya a cikin Nuwamba 2018 kuma an cire shi daga jeri a cikin Fabrairu 2019 saboda jinkirin tallace-tallace, yana barin Amaze azaman ƙaddamar da matakin shigar Honda don kasuwar Indiya. Indonesia An ƙaddamar da Brio a Indonesia a ranar 2 ga Agusta 2012. Da farko CBU aka shigo da shi daga Thailand, an fara ba da shi a maki S da E. Ya yi amfani da injin L13Z1 mai lita 1.3 maimakon naúrar L12B3 mai nauyin lita 1.2 da aka gani a baya a kasuwannin Thai da Indiya, wanda aka fara haɗa shi da ko dai na'urar mai sauri 5 ko kuma mai jujjuyawar juzu'i 5 ta atomatik watsa. Motar Honda Prospect ya fara samar da Brio mai lita 1.2 a Indonesia a cikin watan Agusta 2013 don biyan bukatun gida da kuma tabbatar da Brio a karkashin shirin Low Cost Green Car (LCGC) da gwamnati ke daukar nauyin. An bai wa ƙwararrun bambance-bambancen maƙasudin "Satya" don biyan buƙatun shirin. Ƙananan maki (A, S, da E, duk tare da watsawa da hannu) an fara cancanta a matsayin LCGC saboda iyakokin farashin da gwamnati ta sanya. Samfurin lita 1.2 na atomatik (na maki S da E) an yi zargin gaza cancantar ƙa'idodin LCGC waɗanda ke buƙatar cin mai na ƙarƙashin wasu takamaiman sharuɗɗa, wanda ya sanya shi alhakin ƙarin harajin kayan alatu. Samfurin mai lita 1.3 da aka shigo da shi daga Thailand, wanda aka sake masa suna zuwa "Brio Sports", ya ci gaba da sayarwa a matsayin babban darajar har zuwa Disamba 2013, lokacin da aka samar da dukkan samfuran a cikin gida. Kasuwar Indonesiya Brio ta sami gyaran fuska a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2016 a Nunin Motoci na Duniya na Indonesia na 24th Ya gabatar da darajar RS (ba wani ɓangare na shirin LCGC ba) tare da injin lita 1.2 wanda ya maye gurbin Matsayin Wasanni a matsayin babban bambance-bambancen-layi. An yi watsi da maki A da S ta atomatik. Zaɓin CVT ya maye gurbin naúrar atomatik mai juyi, wanda ya sanya ƙirar atomatik (ban da darajar RS) ta cancanta ƙarƙashin shirin LCGC. An fara tallace-tallace a ranar 2 ga Yuni

29771

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei%20Parajanov

Sergei Parajanov

Articles with hCards Serhii Parajanov Armenian ;dan Georgian dan Ukraine wani lokacin rubuta Paradzhanov ko Paradjanov Janairu 9, 1924 Yuli 20, 1990) darektan fina-finai ne na Soviet Armenia, marubucin fina-finai kuma mai zane wanda ya ba da gudummawar seminal ga cinema na duniya tare da fina-finansa Inuwar Magabata da Launin Ruman. Parajanov yana daga cikin masu sharhin fina-finai, masana tarihin fina-finai, da masu shirya fina-finai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finai da suka fi tasiri a tarihin sinima. Ya ƙirƙiro salon silima nasa, wanda ba shi da tsari tare da ka'idodin jagora na hakikar gurguzu; kawai salon fasaha da aka ba da izini a cikin USSR. Wannan, haɗe da salon rayuwarsa da halayensa, ya sa hukumomin Soviet suka ci gaba da tsananta masa da ɗaure shi, da kuma danne fina-finansa. Duk da haka, an nada Parajanov ɗaya daga cikin 20 Direktocin Fina-Finai na Gaba ta Rotterdam International Film Festival, kuma fina-finansa sun kasance cikin manyan fina-finai na kowane lokaci ta mujallar Cibiyar Fina-Fina ta Burtaniya ta Sight &amp; Sound. Ko da yake ya fara sana'ar shirya fina-finai a shekarar 1954, daga baya Parajanov ya musanta dukkan fina-finan da ya yi kafin 1965 a matsayin "bola". Bayan jagorancin Shadows of Forgotten magabata (wanda aka sake masa suna Wild Horses of Fire don yawancin rarrabawar kasashen waje) Parajanov ya zama wani abu na mashahuriyar duniya kuma a lokaci guda hari na USSR. Kusan duk ayyukansa na fina-finai da tsare-tsare daga 1965 zuwa 1973 gwamnatocin fina-finan Soviet ne suka haramta, kora ko rufe su, na gida (a Kyiv da Yerevan da na tarayya Goskino kusan ba tare da tattaunawa ba, har sai da aka kama shi a ƙarshen 1973. akan tuhumar karya da laifin fyade, luwadi da cin hanci An daure shi har zuwa 1977, duk da neman afuwar da wasu masu fasaha suka yi. Ko da bayan an sake shi (an kama shi a karo na uku da na ƙarshe a cikin 1982) ya kasance mutumin da ba grata ba ne a fim ɗin Soviet. Sai a tsakiyar shekarun 1980, lokacin da yanayin siyasa ya fara shakatawa, zai iya ci gaba da jagoranci. Duk da haka, yana buƙatar taimakon ƙwararren ɗan wasan Jojiya Dodo Abashidze da sauran abokansa don ganin fina-finansa na ƙarshe sun haskaka. Lafiyarsa ta yi rauni sosai bayan shekaru hudu a sansanonin aiki da watanni tara a kurkuku a Tbilisi. Parajanov ya mutu ne sakamakon cutar kansar huhu a shekarar 1990, a daidai lokacin da, bayan kusan shekaru 20 na danne fina-finansa, ana nuna fina-finansa a bukukuwan fina-finai na kasashen waje. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a 1988 ya bayyana cewa, "Kowa ya san cewa ina da Motherland guda uku. An haife ni a Jojiya, na yi aiki a Ukraine kuma zan mutu a Armeniya." An binne Parajanov a Komitas Pantheon a Yerevan. Fina-finan Parajanov sun sami kyaututtuka a bikin fina-finai na Mar del Plata, bikin fina-finai na Istanbul International, kyautar Nika Awards, Rotterdam International Film Festival, Sitges Catalan International Film Festival, São Paulo International Film Festival da sauransu. Cikakken bita a cikin Burtaniya ya faru a cikin 2010 a BFI Southbank Layla Alexander-Garrett da kwararre na Parajanov Elisabetta Fabrizi ne suka yi la'akari da abin da ya biyo baya wanda ya ba da izini ga sabon hukumar Parajanov da aka yi wahayi a cikin BFI Gallery ta mai zane na zamani Matt Collishaw ('Retrospectre'). An sadaukar da wani taron karawa juna sani ga aikin Paradjanov wanda ya hada masana don tattaunawa da kuma nuna farin ciki da gudummawar da darektan ya bayar ga cinema da fasaha. Kuruciya da fina-finai An haifi Parajanov Sarkis Hovsepi Parajaniants ga iyayen Armeniya mawaka, Iosif Paradjanov da Siranush Bejanova, a Tbilisi, Jojiya duk da haka, sunan iyali na Parajaniants an tabbatar da shi ta wani takardun tarihi mai rai a Serhii Parajanov Museum da ke Yerevan. Ya sami damar yin fasaha tun yana karami. A 1945, ya yi tafiya zuwa Moscow, ya shiga cikin sashen bayar da umarni a VGIK, daya daga cikin tsofaffi kuma mafi girma a makarantun fina-finai a Turai, kuma ya yi karatu a karkashin jagorancin darektoci Igor Savchenko da Oleksandr Dovzhenko A cikin 1948 an same shi da laifin yin luwadi (wanda ba bisa ka'ida ba a lokacin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet) tare da wani jami'in MGB mai suna Nikolai Mikava a Tbilisi. Daga baya an tabbatar da wadannan tuhume-tuhumen cewa karya ne. An yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari, amma an sake shi bisa afuwar bayan watanni uku. A cikin hirar bidiyo, abokai da dangi suna adawa da gaskiyar duk wani abu da aka tuhume shi da shi. Suna kyautata zaton hukuncin zai kasance wani nau'i ne na ramuwar gayya na siyasa don ra'ayinsa na tawaye. A 1950 Parajanov ya auri matarsa ta farko, Nigyar Kerimova, a kasar Moscow. Ta fito daga dangin Tatar Musulma kuma ta koma Kiristanci ta Gabas don ta auri Parajanov. Daga baya ‘yan uwanta ne suka kashe ta saboda musuluntarta. Bayan kisan kai Parajanov ya bar Rasha zuwa Kyiv, Ukraine, inda ya samar da wasu takardun shaida Dumka, Golden Hands, Natalia Uzhvy da kuma wasu fina-finai masu ban sha'awa: Andriesh (dangane da tatsuniya na marubucin Moldovan Emilian Bukov The Top Guy (mai kida kolkhoz Ukrainian Rhapsody (wani melodrama na yaƙi), da Flower on the Stone (game da wata ƙungiyar addini da ke kutsawa cikin garin hakar ma'adinai a cikin Donets Basin Ya zama ƙwararren harshen Ukrainian kuma ya auri matarsa ta biyu, Svitlana Ivanivna Shcherbatiuk (1938-2020 wanda kuma aka sani da Svetlana Sherbatiuk ko Svetlana Parajanova, a cikin 1956. Shcherbatiuk ta haifi ɗa, Suren, a cikin 1958. A ƙarshe ma'auratan sun rabu kuma ita da Suren suka ƙaura zuwa Kyiv, Ukraine. Fita daga Soviet Fim ɗin farko na Andrey Tarkovsky na Ivan's Childhood ya yi tasiri sosai a kan gano kansa na Parajanov a matsayin ɗan fim. Daga baya tasirin ya zama juna, kuma shi da Tarkovsky sun zama abokai na kusa. Wani tasiri shi ne dan wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci Pier Paolo Pasolini, wanda Parajanov zai bayyana a matsayin "kamar Allah" a gare shi da kuma darektan "style majestic". A cikin 1965 Parajanov ya watsar da gaskiyar gurguzanci kuma ya jagoranci mawaƙan Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors, fim ɗinsa na farko wanda yake da cikakken ikon sarrafawa. Ya lashe lambobin yabo na kasa da kasa da yawa kuma, ba kamar launi na Ruman na gaba ba, hukumomin Soviet sun sami karbuwa sosai. Kwamitin Edita na Rubutun a Goskino na Ukraine ya yaba wa fim ɗin don "ba da ingancin shayari da zurfin falsafa na labarin M. Kotsiubynsky ta hanyar harshen sinima," kuma ya kira shi "kyakkyawan nasarar ƙirƙirar ɗakin studio Dovzhenko." Har ila yau, Moscow ta amince da bukatar Goskino na Ukraine na sakin fim ɗin tare da ainihin sauti na Ukraine, maimakon rage tattaunawar zuwa Rasha don sakin Tarayyar Soviet, don kiyaye dandano na Ukrain. (Rubutun Rashanci ya kasance daidaitaccen aiki a wancan lokacin don fina-finai na Soviet wadanda ba na Rasha ba lokacin da aka rarraba su a wajen jamhuriyar asali. Parajanov ya bar Kyiv jim kaɗan zuwa ƙasar kakannin sa, Armeniya. A cikin 1969, ya shiga Sayat Nova, fim ɗin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin nasarar da ya samu, ko da yake an harbe shi a cikin ƙananan yanayi kuma yana da ƙananan kasafin kuɗi da aka tanada. Masu binciken Soviet sun shiga tsakani kuma sun haramta Sayat Nova saboda abubuwan da ake zargin sa na tayar da hankali. Parajanov ya sake gyara hotunansa kuma ya sake suna fim din Launi na Ruman Actor Alexei Korotyukov ya ce: "Pradjanov ya yi fina-finai ba game da yadda abubuwa suke ba, amma yadda za su kasance da ya kasance ubangiji." Mikhail Vartanov ya rubuta a cikin 1969 cewa "Baya ga yaren fina-finai da Griffith da Eisenstein suka ba da shawara, sinimar duniya ba ta gano wani sabon juyin yanayi ba sai lokacinda ya saki fim dinsa naThe Color of Pomegranates Daurin yari kuma daga baya aiki A watan Disamba na 1973, hukumomin Soviet sun kara tsananta shakku game da ayyukan da Parajanov ya dauka, musamman ma na sha'awar jinsi maza da mata, kuma sun yanke masa hukuncin shekaru biyar a wani da horo mai tsanani saboda "fyade ga memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, da yada fina-finan batsa." Kwanaki uku kafin a yanke wa Parajanov hukunci, Andrei Tarkovsky ya rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Ukraine, yana mai cewa "A cikin shekaru goma da suka wuce Sergei Paradjanov ya yi fina-finai biyu kawai: Shadows na kakanninmu da aka manta da kuma launi na Ruman. Sun yi tasiri a cinema na farko a Ukraine, na biyu a wannan ƙasa gaba ɗaya, kuma na uku a duniya gabaɗaya. A fasaha, akwai 'yan mutane a duk duniya, wanda zai iya maye gurbin Paradjanov. Yana da laifi laifin kadaici. Muna da laifin rashin tunaninsa kullum da kuma kasa gano ma'anar ubangida." Wata ƙungiyar masu fasaha, ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, masu shirya fina-finai da masu fafutuka sun yi zanga-zanga a madadin Parajanov, suna masu kira da a sake shi cikin gaggawa. Daga cikinsu akwai Robert De Niro, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, Leonid Gaidai, Eldar Ryazanov, Yves Saint Laurent, Marcello Mastroianni, Françoise Sagan, Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Luis Buñuel, Federico Fellini ovsky da Andrei Michel ovsky Mikhail Vartanov Parajanov ya yi shekaru hudu daga cikin hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar, kuma daga baya ya ba da labarin sakinsa na farko ga kokarin mawallafin Faransanci na Surrealist Louis Aragon, da Rasha Elsa Triolet (matar Aragon), da marubucin Amurka John Updike. Leonid Brezhnev, Babban Sakatare na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet ne ya ba da izinin sakinsa da wuri, mai yiwuwa sakamakon samun damar ganawa da Brezhnev da Aragon da Triolet a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi a Moscow. Lokacin da Brezhnev ya tambaye shi ko zai iya taimakawa, Aragon ya bukaci a saki Parajanov, wanda aka yi a watan Disamba 1977. Yayin da yake tsare, Parajanov ya samar da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan sassake-sassake (wasu daga cikinsu sun ɓace) da kuma wasu zane-zane 800 da haɗin gwiwar, yawancin su daga baya an nuna su a Yerevan, inda Serhii Parajanov Museum yanzu ya kasance na dindindin. (Gidan gidan kayan gargajiya, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1991, shekara guda bayan mutuwar Parajanov, yana ɗaukar ayyuka sama da 200 da kayan masarufi daga gidansa a Tbilisi Ƙoƙarin da ya yi a cikin sansanin ya sha wahala daga masu gadin kurkuku, waɗanda suka hana shi kayan aiki kuma suka kira shi mahaukaci, zaluncinsu ya ragu ne kawai bayan wata sanarwa daga Moscow ta yarda cewa "darektan yana da basira sosai." Bayan da ya dawo daga kurkuku zuwa Tbilisi, sa idon na Soviet censors ya hana Parajanov ci gaba da ayyukansa na cinematic kuma ya kai shi ga wuraren fasahar da ya reno a lokacin da yake kurkuku. Ya ƙera manyan ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙira, ya ƙirƙiri tarin zane-zane masu tarin yawa kuma ya bi wasu hanyoyi masu yawa na fasaha da ba na cinema ba, ɗinkin ƴan tsana da wasu kaya masu ban sha'awa. A cikin Fabrairu 1982 an sake daure Parajanov a kurkuku, a kan zargin cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ya faru daidai da komawarsa Moscow don fara wasan kwaikwayo na tunawa da Vladimir Vysotsky a Taganka Theater, kuma an yi shi da wani mataki na yaudara. Duk da hukuncin daurin rai da rai, an sake shi cikin kasa da shekara guda, inda lafiyarsa ta yi rauni sosai. A cikin 1985, fara rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet ya sa Parajanov ya ci gaba da sha'awar cinema. Tare da ƙarfafawar ƙwararrun masu ilimin Georgian daban-daban, ya kirkiro fim ɗin da aka ba da lambar yabo da yawa The Legend of Suram Fortress, bisa ga wani labari na Daniel Chonkadze, komawar sa na farko zuwa cinema tun Sayat Nova shekaru goma sha biyar da suka wuce. A cikin 1988, Parajanov ya yi wani fim ɗin da ya sami lambar yabo da yawa, Ashik Kerib, bisa labarin da Mikhail Lermontov ya yi. Labari ne na mawaƙa mai yawo, wanda aka kafa a cikin al'adun Azerbaijan Parajanov ya sadaukar da fim din ga abokinsa Andrei Tarkovsky da "ga dukan 'ya'yan duniya". Mutuwa Parajanov sai yayi ƙoƙari ya kammala aikinsa na ƙarshe. Ya mutu da ciwon daji a Yerevan, Armeniya a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1990, yana da shekaru 66, ya bar wannan aikin na ƙarshe, The Confession, bai gama ba. Abokinsa na kusa ya karasa aikin a matsayin Parajanov: The Last Spring, wanda abokinsa Mikhail Vartanov ya tattara a 1992. Federico Fellini, Tonino Guerra, Francesco Rosi, Alberto Moravia, Giulietta Masina, Marcello Mastroianni da Bernardo Bertolucci na daga cikin wadanda suka fito fili suka yi alhinin mutuwarsa. Sun aika da telegram zuwa Rasha tare da wannan sanarwa: "Duniyar cinema ta rasa mai sihiri". Tasiri da manufofin da ya bari Duk da karatun fim da yayi a VGIK, Parajanov ya gano hanyarsa ta fasaha ne kawai bayan ya ga fim din farko mai kama da mafarki na darektan Soviet Andrei Tarkovsky Ivan's Childhood Parajanov ya kasance mai matukar godiya ga Tarkovsky da kansa a cikin fim din tarihin rayuwarsa Voyage in Time ("Koyaushe tare da babbar godiya da jin daɗi na tuna da fina-finai na Serhii Parajanov wanda nake so sosai. Hanyar tunaninsa, abin ban mamaki, waƙarsa ikon son kyan gani da ikon samun cikakkiyar 'yanci a cikin hangen nesansa"). A cikin wannan fim din Tarkovsky ya bayyana cewa Parajanov yana daya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da ya fi so. Mai shirya fina-finai na Italiya Michelangelo Antonioni ya bayyana cewa ("Launi na Ruman ta Parajanov, a ganina yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun daraktocin fina-finai na zamani, ya buga da kamalar kyawunsa." Parajanov kuma ya sami sha'awar ɗan fim ɗan Amurka Francis Ford Coppola Daraktan fina-finan Faransa Jean-Luc Godard kuma ya bayyana cewa ("A cikin haikalin cinema, akwai hotuna, haske, da gaskiya. Sergei Parajanov shi ne shugaban wannan haikalin"). Mai shirya fina-finai na Soviet Mikhail Vartanov ya ce ("Wataƙila, ban da yaren fim ɗin da Griffith da Eisenstein suka ba da shawara, sinimar duniya ba ta gano wani sabon juyin juya hali ba har sai Paradjanov's The Color of Ruman." Bayan mutuwar Parjanov, Federico Fellini, Tonino Guerra, Giulietta Masina, Francesco Rosi, Alberto Moravia, Bernardo Bertolucci, da Marcello Mastroianni tare sun aika da wasiƙar zuwa Tarayyar Soviet suna cewa ("Tare da mutuwar Parajanov, cinema ya rasa daya daga cikin masu sihiri. Fantasy Parajanov zai kasance mai ban sha'awa har abada kuma ya kawo farin ciki ga mutanen duniya Duk da cewa yana da masu sha'awar fasaharsa da yawa, hangen nesansa bai jawo masa mabiya da yawa ba. "Duk wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi koyi da ni ya ɓace," in ji shi. Duk da haka, masu gudanarwa irin su Theo Angelopoulos, Béla Tarr da Mohsen Makhmalbaf sun raba hanyar Parajanov zuwa fim a matsayin mai mahimmanci na gani maimakon a matsayin kayan aiki na labari. An kafa Cibiyar Parajanov-Vartanov a Hollywood a shekara ta 2010 don yin nazari, adanawa da inganta abubuwan fasaha na Sergei Parajanov da Mikhail Vartanov. Fina-finai Wasan kwaikwayo Ƙirƙirar wasan kwaikwayo da kuma wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors 1965, wanda aka rubuta tare da Ivan Chendei, bisa ga littafin Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky Kyiv Frescoes 1965) Sayat Nova 1969, samar da wasan kwaikwayo na Launi na Ruman Furuci 1969–1989) Nazarin Game da Vrubel tydy bele, 1989, nunin lokacin Mikhail Vrubel 's Kyiv, wanda Leonid Osyka ya rubuta kuma ya jagoranci) Lake Swan: Yankin 1989, wanda aka yi fim a 1990, wanda Yuriy Illienko ya jagoranta, mai cinematographer na Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors Wasan kwaikwayo da ayyukan da ba a samar da su ba Fadar Dormant 1969, bisa ga waƙar Pushkin The Fountain of Bakhchisaray Intermezzo (1972, bisa ga gajeriyar labarin Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky) Icarus 1972) The Golden Edge 1972) Ara the Beautiful 1972, bisa ga waƙar na karni na 20 mawaƙin Armeniya Nairi Zaryan game da Ara the Beautiful Demon 1972, bisa ga waka mai suna Lermontov The Miracle of Odense 1973, sako-sako da bisa ga rayuwa da ayyukan Hans Christian Andersen Dauda na Sasun tsakiyar 1980s, bisa ga waƙar Armeniya David na Sasun Shahadar Shushanik 1987, bisa ga tarihin Jojiya na Iakob Tsurtaveli Taskar Dutsen Ararat Daga cikin ayyukansa, akwai kuma shirye-shiryen daidaitawa Longfellow 's The Song of Hiawatha, Shakespeare 's Hamlet, Goethe 's Faust, Tsohon Gabas Slavic waka The Tale of Igor's Campaign, amma ba'a taba kammala rubutunsu ba Nassoshi a cikin shahararrun al'adu Labarin rayuwar Parajanov yana ba da (sauƙi) tushen tushen littafin Stet na 2006 na marubucin Amurka James Chapman. Bidiyon Lady Gaga 911 yayi nuni ga shirin The Color of Pomegranates na akasarin sassan bidiyon. Hoton fim ɗin kuma ya bayyana a kan titi a ƙarshen bidiyon. Bidiyon Gaga yana gabatar da alamun fim ɗin a cikin kwatancenta na tsananin rayuwa. Bidiyon waƙar Madonna na 1995 Labarin Kwanciya ya sake dawo da wasu abubuwan da ke cikin fim ɗin (kamar wurin wani ƙaramin yaro yana kwance a wuri tayi a kan pentagram a ƙasa yayin da babba ya lulluɓe shi da bargo, wani kuma inda ƙafar tsirara ta murkushe shi. gungun inabi suna kwance akan kwamfutar hannu da aka rubuta), a tsakanin sauran ƙwaƙƙwaran fasaha waɗanda ke nuna mafarkai da zane-zane na zahiri a cikin bidiyon. Nicolas Jaar ya fito, a cikin album na Pomegranates a shekara ta 2015, na Ruman, wanda aka yi nufi a matsayin madadin sauti na fim din. Hakanan ya haifar da madadin bidiyon kiɗan REM na rukunin rock don Rasa Addinina Kyaututtuka da karramawa Akwai wani karamin mutum-mutumi na Parajanov a Tbilisi Akwai plaque a bangon gidan yara na Parajanov Titin Parajanov ya girma, titin Kote Meskhi, an sake masa suna Parajanov Street a cikin 2021. Akwai gidan kayan gargajiya da aka keɓe ga Parajanov a Yerevan, Armenia Duba kuma Fim ɗin fasaha Asteroid 3963 Paradzhanov Cinema na Armenia Cinema na Jojiya Cinema na Tarayyar Soviet Cinema na Ukraine Serhii Parajanov Museum Jerin daraktoci masu alaƙa da fim ɗin fasaha Manazarta Nassoshi Zaɓaɓɓen nassi na littattafai da kuma masana articles game da Sergei Parajanov. Hakaitowa daga harshen Turanci Dixon, Wheeler Foster, Gwendolyn. "Gajeren Tarihin Fim". New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008. ISBN 9780813542690 Cook, David A. Shadows of Forgotten magabata Fim a matsayin Art Art." Buga Rubutun 3, a'a. 3 (1984): 16–23. Nebesio, Bohdan. Shadows of Forgotten magabata Labari a cikin Novel da Fim." Adabi/Fim na Kwata na 22, No. 1 (1994): 42–49. Oeler, Karla. "Ƙararren Ƙwararren Cikin Gida: Sergei Parajanov da Eisenstein's Joyce-Inspired Vision of Cinema." Sharhin Harshen Zamani 101, No. 2 (Afrilu 2006): 472-487. Oeler, Karla. Nran guyne/Launi na Ruman Sergo Parajanov, USSR, 1969." A cikin Cinema na Rasha da tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, 139-148. London, Ingila: Wallflower, 2006. [Babin Littafi] Papazian, Elizabeth A. "Tsarin Tarihi, Tarihi da kuma 'Motsi na dindindin' a cikin Sergei Paradjanov's Ashik- Kerib Adabi/Fim Kwata na 34, No. 4 (2006): 303–12. Paradjanov, Sergei. Hanyoyi bakwai. Galia Ackerman ne ya gyara shi. Guy Bennett ne ya fassara. Los Angeles: Green Integer, 1998. ISBN 1892295040 Parajanov, Sergei, Zaven Sarkisian. Parajanov Kaleidoscope: zane, Collages, Taro. Yerevan: Gidan Tarihi na Sergei Parajanov, 2008. ISBN 9789994121434 Steffen, James. Cinema na Sergei Parajanov. Madison: Jami'ar Wisconsin Press, 2013. ISBN 9780299296544 Steffen, James, ed. Sergei Parajanov batu na musamman. Binciken Armeniya 47/48, no. 3–4/1–2 (2001/2002). Batu biyu; gidan yanar gizo mai wallafa Steffen, James. Kyiv Frescoes Sergei Parajanov's Film Project wanda ba a gane ba." Fito na Musamman na KinoKultura 9: Cinema na Yukren (Disamba 2009), kan layi. URL: KinoKultura Schneider, Steven Jay. "Masu Daraktocin Fina-Finai 501." London: Hachette/Cassell, 2007. ISBN 9781844035731 Mabubbugar harsunan waje Bullot, Érik. Sayat Nova de Serguei Paradjanov: La face et le Profil. Crisnée, Belgium: Editions Yellow Yanzu, 2007. (harshen Faransanci) Kasal, Patrick. Serguei Paradjanov. Paris: Cahiers du cinema, 1993. (harshen Faransanci) Chernenko, Miron. Sergei Paradzhanov: Tvorcheskii hoto. Moscow: "Soiuzinformkino" Goskino SSSR, 1989. (harshen Rasha) Sigar kan layi Grigorian, Levon. Paradzhanov. Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2011. (harshen Rasha) Grigorian, Levon. Tri tsveta odnoi strasti: Triptikh Sergeia Paradzhanova. Moscow: Kinotsentr, 1991. (harshen Rasha) Kalantar, Karen. Ocherki ko Paradzhanove. Yerevan: Gitutiun NAN RA, 1998. (harshen Rasha) Katanian, Vasilii Vasil'evich. Paradzhanov: Tsena vechnogo prazdnika. Nizhnii Novgorod: Dekom, 2001. (harshen Rasha) Liehm, Antonín J., ed. Serghiej Paradjanov: Shaida e documenti su l'opera e la vita. Venice: La Biennale di Venezia/Marsilio, 1977. (harshen Italiyanci) Mechitov, Yuri. Sergei Paradzhanov: Khronika tattaunawa. Tbilisi: GAMS- bugu, 2009. (harshen Rasha) Paradzhanov, Sergei. An samu'. Kora Tsereteli ya gyara. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2001. (harshen Rasha) Paradzhanov, Sergei, Garegin Zakoian. Abin farin ciki. Yerevan: Fil'madaran, 2000. (harshen Rasha) Simyan, Tigran Sergei Parajanov a matsayin Rubutu: Mutum, Habitus, da Ciki (akan kayan rubutun gani) Jaridar Visual Semiotics 2019, N 3, shafi. 197-215 Schneider, Steven Jay. "501 Directores de Cine." Barcelona, Spain: Grijalbo, 2008. ISBN 9788425342646 Tsareteli, Kora, ed. Kollazh na fone avtoportreta: Zhizn'–igra. 2nd ed. Nizhnii Novgorod: Dekom, 2008. (harshen Rasha) Vartanov, Mikhail. "Sergej Paradzanov." A cikin "Il Cinema Delle Repubbliche Transcaucasiche Sovietiche." Venice, Italiya: Marsilio Editori, 1986. (harshen Italiyanci) Vartanov, Mikhail. "Les Cimes du Monde." Cahiers du Cinéma" no. 381, 1986 (harshen Faransanci) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizo (Parajanov.com) Sergej Parajanov Museum Hollywood Reporter Ranar ƙarshe na Hollywood The Moscow Times ENCI.com Shari'ar Parajanov, Maris 1982 Sergei Parajanov shekaru 75 Cinemaseekers Honor Roll Gidan kayan gargajiya na Sergei Parajanov akan GoYerevan.com Hira da Ron Holloway Jaruma Sofiko Chiaureli da wasu da yawa game da shi Arts: Armenian Rhapsody An cire shi daga "Fina-finan Paradjanov akan tarihin Soviet" na Jonathan Rosenbaum Ga wadanda suke so su sani game da Parajanov Maraice na Moscow Newspaper Ma'aurata na Sergei Parajanov da Mikhail Vartanov sun sami kyaututtuka a Hollywood Sergey Parajanov. Ƙungiyoyin. Zane-zane. Ayyukan Ado Art. Kyiv, 2008. Darektocin fim na Soviet Haihuwan 1924 Mutuwar 1990 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge%20House%20College

Bridge House College

Kwalejin Bridge House wacce ake wa lakabi da BHC, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwalejojin hadin gwiwa na majagaba masu zaman kansu a Najeriya da ke Ikoyi, Legas, Najeriya. An kafa ta ne a shekara ta 2004 don gudanar da shirye-shiryen share fagen shiga jami'a ga wadanda suka kammala karatun sakandare shekaru 15-19 la'akari da Ilimin Jami'a a Najeriya da kasashen waje. Kwalejin wata cibiya ce da aka amince da ita don gwajin matakin Cambridge A da kuma horar da malamai ido-da-ido a Cambridge a Najeriya. Tarihi An fara kwalejin ne a lamba 1, olagunsoye Oyinlola, 2nd Avenue, Ikoyi tare da ɗalibai 8 masu sha’awar karatu a kasar Birtaniya har zuwa shekarar 2007 inda ta bullo da wasu wurare da suka hada da US, Canada, UAE, Ireland, Ghana, Nigeria da dai sauransu. Jami'ar ta koma harabarta ta dindindin a cikin shekarar 2014. Tun da aka kafa, Bridge House ta ilmantar da ɗalibai 'yan Najeriya sama da 2,500 da yaran yan ƙasashen waje da ke zaune a Najeriya. Curriculum da kuma hanyoyi Bridge House tana ba da tsarin karatu mai zuwa: Cambridge A Level (AS Level 1 shekara) Cambridge A Level (A2 Level shekaru 2) Cambridge A Level (Ƙaramar Matakan Shekara 1) Hanyar Gidauniyar Amurka SAT (shekara 1) University Foundation Programme Shirin Gidauniyar Kiwon Lafiya Matsayi Da Sakamako Kwalejin Bridge House ta kasance a cikin manyan makarantu na shirin Cambridge A Level a Najeriya kamar yadda Edusko, Infoguidenigeria da LegitNG suka buga. A cikin shekarar 2019, sama da kashi 70% na ɗaliban da suka yi rajista sun sami maki A*-B a cikin Mayu/Yuni 2019 sakamakon matakin Cambridge A. Tare da shirin matakin Cambridge A, ɗalibai za su iya shiga cikin shekara ta biyu a duk jami'o'in Najeriya. Kyautar Masu Karatun Cambridge Na Najeriya A taron karramawa na British Council recognition da fitattun lambobin yabo na Cambridge Learners, Nigeria wanda aka gudanar a Legas a shekarar 2017, ɗaliban Bridge House hudu ne suka yi fice a Najeriya a fannoni 4; kimiyyar lissafi (International AS Level kasuwanci (International A Level Tattalin Arziki (International A Level da physics (International A Level Babban lambobin yabo na Cambridge shine taron na shekara-shekara wanda majalisar Birtaniyar Burtaniya ke aiwatar da fitattun abubuwan da ke cikin kasashe sama da 40 a duniya. Damar Karatu A cikin shekarar 2018, kwalejin ta ba da cikakken tallafin karatu na shekaru biyu wanda ya kai N9 miliyan ga ɗalibi mafi kwazo a Najeriya a watan Mayu/Yuni 2018 2018 Senior School Certificate Examination Council WAEC ta yammacin Afrika (WAEC). Wanda ya ci gajiyar shirin, David Okorogheye, ya samu maki A1 a layi ɗaya a dukkan darussan da ya karanta kuma ya samu maki 332 a jarrabawar sa ta haɗin gwiwa da hukumar JAMB. Jami'ar Birmingham kwanan nan ta sanar da cewa ɗaliban Bridge House za su ci gajiyar sabon nau'in tallafin karatu na musamman ga ɗaliban Najeriya waɗanda ke neman shirye-shiryen karatun digiri a Jami'ar Birmingham farawa daga Satumba 2020. Aikin karatun yana da daraja 2,500 da za a ba shi ga mafi girman ƙwararren ɗalibin Bridge House don zaman 2019/2020. BHC Alumni Kwalejin Bridge House ta kafa Tsoffin Ɗaliban BHC a matsayin hanyar haɓaka dangantaka tsakanin ɗaliban kwalejin na yanzu da na yanzu. Tsofaffin ɗalibai suna ba da gudummawar jagoranci ga ɗalibai a kwalejin. Tsohuwar kwalejin, Serena Omolamai ta sami shiga cikin fiye da Jami'o'in Amurka 8 a cikin shekarar 2016 kuma ta sami guraben karatu na 1870 a Jami'ar Syracuse, New York darajar $53,000-mafi girman karramawa da Ofishin Shiga. An naɗa ta Class of 2020 Senior Marshal a lokacin bikin 166th na Jami'ar Syracuse. A cikin shekarar 2018, tsohon dalibin Kwalejin, Benjamin Inemughha ya karya rikodin Guinness World Record. Benjamin ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Gidauniyar Gidauniyar Gidauniya ta Shekara daya a cikin 2015 kafin ya wuce Jami'ar Birmingham don yin karatun Injiniyan Lantarki da Lantarki. Baje kolin Jami'o'i na shekara Kowace shekara, Kwalejin Bridge House tana shirya bikin baje kolin jami'o'i na shekara-shekara inda wakilai daga jami'o'i sama da 30 daga Burtaniya, Amurka da Kanada ke ganawa da iyaye da ɗaliban kwalejin don tattauna batun sauyin ɗalibai. Wadanda suka halarta sun haɗa da wakilai daga Jami'ar Leeds, Jami'ar Birmingham, Jami'ar Leicester, Jami'ar Essex, Jami'ar Brock, Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana da sauransu. Bikin Karatu da Karatun Shekara-shekara Taron yaye ɗalibai na shekara-shekara na Bridge House yana karbar bakuncin fitattun jawabai da masu sha'awar ilimi a Najeriya kowace shekara. Wadanda suka yi jawabi a baya sun haɗa da Shugaban First Bank plc, Mrs Ibukun Awosika, Founder, Zinox Technologies, Leo Stan Ekeh, Founder/CEO of Rise Network, Toyosi Akerele-Ogunsiji, CEO, Alpha Reach, Japhet Omojuwa, matar tsohon gwamnan jihar Legas., Dame Abimbola Fashola, Tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar Legas, Sarah Adebisi Sosan, Mataimakiyar Babban Kwamishina ta Burtaniya, Ray Kyles da sauransu. A shekara ta 2018, Alh. Abdul Samad Rabiu, tsohon uban makarantar ne ya jagoranci taron kuma ya bayar da tallafin Naira Miliyan 50 ga kwalejin Bridge House da ke karkashin gidauniyar BUA. Alaka Kwalejin Bridge House yana da alaƙa da jami'o'i sama da 50 a ƙasashe daban-daban ciki har da UK, Amurka, Kanada, UAE, Ireland, Afirka ta Kudu, Ghana, Najeriya da sauransu. Kwalejin memba ce na Council of British International Schools (COBIS), Association of International School Educators of Nigeria (AISEN), Associations of Private Educators in Nigeria (APEN) kuma suna da dangantakar aiki tare da British Council Nigeria, Institute of Education Dublin., Ireland. Cibiyar Gidauniyar Jami'ar Bridge House ta sami karbuwa daga Kwalejin Brooke House, UK Jami'ar Gudanarwa Shugabanni Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon hukuma Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

34889

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Kan-Dapaah

Albert Kan-Dapaah

Albert Kan-Dapaah (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Maris, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da uku1953A.C) ɗan ƙasar Ghana ne da aka hayar akawu kuma ɗan siyasa. A halin yanzu shi ne ministan tsaro na kasa. Shugaba Nana Addo Danquah Akufo-Addo ne ya nada shi a ranar 10 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2017. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Kan-Dapaah a ranar 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta 1953. Shi dan Ashanti ne kuma ya fito daga Maase-Boaman a yankin Ashanti na Ghana. Albert Kan-Dapaah ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Acherensua daga shekara ta 1964 zuwa 1969. Sannan ya karanci Accountancy a Jami'ar Professional Studies (UPS), Accra Legon. Ya kara da kwasa-kwasan Accountancy a North East London Polytechnic, London da Emile Woolf College of Accountancy. Aiki Kan-Dapaah ya yi aiki tare da Pannel Kerr Forster, wani kamfani na lissafin kuɗi a matsayin Babban Audit. Ya yi aiki a ofisoshinsu a Monrovia, Laberiya da London, UK tsakanin shekarar 1978 zuwa 1986. Ya koma Ghana, ya kasance shugaban Audit a Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT) daga watan Janairu shekarar 1987. A watan Satumban shekarar 1987, ya shiga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki ta Ghana inda ya tashi daga daraktan binciken kudi har ya zama darakta mai kula da kudi, inda ya rike shekaru shida. Kan-Dapaah abokin tarayya ne a Kwesie, Kan-Dapaah da Baah Co., wani kamfani na Chartered Accountants a Accra. Hakanan yana kula da mai ba da shawara na Kan-Dapaah da Associates, ƙungiyar masu ba da shawara ta kayan aiki. Ya kuma karantar da Auditing na ɗan lokaci a Makarantar Gudanar da Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Ghana da Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙwararru. Siyasa Albert Kan-Dapaah shi ne wakilin yankin Ashanti a majalisar New Patriotic Party (NPP) ta kasa tsakanin shekarar 1992 zuwa 1996. Ya kuma kasance mamba a kwamitin kudi da tattalin arziki na jam’iyyar NPP. Ya lashe kujerar Afigya-Sekyere a zaben majalisar dokoki na shekarar 1996. Ya hau kujerarsa a watan Janairun shekarar 1997 a jam'iyyar adawa kuma ya rike kujerarsa a zabukan 'yan majalisar dokoki guda biyu da suka biyo baya a shekara ta 2000 da 2004. Ya zama ministan makamashi a gwamnatin Kufuor bayan jam'iyyar NPP ta lashe madafun iko a zaben shekarar 2000. A lokacin da aka yi wa majalisar ministocin garambawul a watan Afrilun shekarar 2003, ya zama ministan sadarwa da fasaha. Ya zama ministan harkokin cikin gida a wa'adi na biyu na Kufuor. Zabe A shekara ta 2000, Kan-Dapaah ya lashe babban zaben a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Afigya Sekyere ta Yamma a yankin Ashanti na Ghana. Ya yi nasara akan tikitin New Patriotic Party. Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujeru 31 na majalisar dokoki daga cikin kujeru 33 da New Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. New Patriotic Party ta samu rinjayen kujeru 99 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 200. An zabe shi da kuri'u 10,605 daga cikin 14,878 da aka kada. Wannan yayi daidai da kashi 72.2% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Beatrice Aboagye ta National Democratic Congress, S.Osei Yaw na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party, Agyem Vincent na People's National Convention da Tawiah Joseph na New Reformed Party. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 3,806, 129, 82 da 62 daga cikin jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 25.9%, 0.9%, 0.6%, da 0.4% bi da bi na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabi Kan-Dapaah a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Afigya-Sekyere ta yamma na yankin Ashanti ta Ghana a karo na uku a babban zaben kasar Ghana na shekara ta 2004. Ya yi nasara akan tikitin New Patriotic Party. Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujeru 36 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da New Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. New Patriotic Party ta samu rinjayen kujeru 128 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230. An zabe shi da kuri'u 13,936 daga cikin 17,863 masu inganci da aka jefa kwatankwacin kashi 78% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe shi a kan Ampofo Stephen na Peoples’ National Convention, Joseph Baah na National Democratic Congress da A.S. Osei Yaw na Convention People's Party. Waɗannan sun sami 0.8%, 20.1% da 1% bi da bi na jimlar ƙuri'un da aka jefa. A shekarar 2008, ya lashe zaben gama gari a kan tikitin New Patriotic Party na wannan mazaba. Mazabarsa tana cikin kujeru 34 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da New Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. New Patriotic Party ta lashe kujerun 'yan majalisa 109 daga cikin kujeru 230. An zabe shi da kuri'u 13,824 daga cikin 18,747 masu inganci da aka jefa kwatankwacin kashi 73.74% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe shi a kan Joyce Oduro ta jam'iyyar Peoples' National Congress, Joseph Baah na National Democratic Congress da James Gyimah Dabo na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party. Wadannan sun samu kashi 1.28%, 23.07% da 1.91% bi da bi na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Rayuwa ta sirri Kan-Dapaah tana da aure da ‘ya’ya hudu. Kawun Collins Adomako-Mensah ne. Rigima A ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2020, wani bidiyo na kiran wayan bidiyo na kwarkwasa a WhatsApp tsakanin Albert Kan-Dapaah da wata budurwa ya bayyana a shafukan sada zumunta wanda ya haifar da kiraye-kirayen yin murabus daga mukaminsa na Ministan Tsaro na kasa. Sauran mukaman da aka gudanar 1996 Shugaban Cibiyar Akawu na Chartered, Ghana 1996 Mataimakin shugaban kasa, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Lissafi a Yammacin Afirka Manazarta Rayayyun

6172

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna

Kaduna

Kaduna babban birnin jihar Kaduna ce, kuma tsohuwar hedikwatar siyasar Arewacin Najeriya Tana nan a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya, akan kogin Kaduna Cibiyar kasuwanci ce kuma babbar cibiyar sufuri a matsayin hanyar shiga jihohin arewacin Najeriya, tare da layin dogo da muhimman hanyoyin sadarwa. Yawan mutanen Kaduna ya kai 760,084 a kidayar 2006 a Najeriya. Gaggawa cikin sauri tun daga 2005 ya haifar da karuwar yawan jama'a, kamar yadda a 2023, kiyasin yawan jama'a ya kai miliyan 1.1. Yawan al'ummar jihar Kaduna a shekarar 2021 ya kai mutane miliyan 8.9. Yanayi: Kaduna State experiences a typical tropical continental climate with distinct seasonal regimes, oscillating between cool to hot dry and humid to wel. These two seasons reflect the influ- ences of tropical continental and equatorial mar itime airmasses which sweep over the entire coun try. However, in Kaduna State, the seasonality is pronounced with the cool to hot dry season being longer than the rainy season. Again, the spatial and temporal distribution of the rain varies. decreasing from an average of about 1530mm in Kafanchan-Kagoro areas in the Southeast to about 1015mm in Ikara-Makarfi districts in the northeast. High storm intensities (ranging from 60mm hr-1 to 99mm hr-1) plus the nature of surface runoff build up the good network of medium sized river sys- temps High evaporation during the dry season ton however, creates water shortage problems espe cinity in Igabi, Giwa, Soba, Makarfi)and Ikara LGA. Gudanar da jihar ya fara ne da manufar Gudanar da Lardi da Tsarin Mulki na Ƙasa/Ƙananan Hukumomi. Duk da haka, a cikin 1976 Gwamnatin Mohammed ta gabatar da tsarin Karamar Hukumar wanda ya ba da wasu ayyuka ga zababbun kansilolin da aka nada. Da kowace gwamnatin tarayya ta samu nasarar gudanar da mulkin soja guda shida, adadin kananan hukumomin jihar Kaduna ya karu daga goma sha hudu a farkon shekarun 1980 zuwa ashirin da uku a shekarar 1998. Table 18.1 yana ba da jerin sunayensu da kuma wuraren da suka dace. A kowace LGA, ana san ƙananan raka'a kamar gundumomi da gundumomi. Etymology Asalin kalmar kaduna ance gurbacewa ce ta kalmar Hausa ta “crocodiles”, Kaddani a harshen Hausa kaduna itace jam’i). Wani sigar sunan yana ba da hanyar haɗi zuwa kalmar Gbagyi sunan 'Odna', ma'ana 'kogi'. Turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila ne suka kafa Kaduna a shekarar 1900. Gwamnan Burtaniya na farko a Arewacin Najeriya, Sir Frederick Lugard, ya zabi wurin da ake yanzu don ci gaba saboda kusancinsa da layin dogo daga Legas zuwa Kano Ta zama hedkwatar tsohon yankin Arewacin Najeriya a 1917, kuma ta ci gaba da rike wannan matsayi har zuwa 1967. Har yanzu birnin yana da tasiri a matsayin hedkwatar kungiyoyin siyasa da sojoji da al'adu daban-daban musamman a Arewacin Najeriya.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> Kaduna babbar cibiyar masana'antu ce a Arewacin Najeriya, masana'anta kamar su masaku, injina, karafa, aluminum, man fetur da berans Sai dai masana'antar masaka ta ragu sakamakon shigo da kayayyaki da masana'antu da China suka yi a baya-bayan nan sakamakon rashin kula da su na tsawon shekaru a lokacin mulkin soja a Najeriya Sauran ƙera haske sun haɗa da: robobi, magunguna, kayan fata, kayan daki, da talabijin. Har ila yau, harkar noma babbar sana’a ce a Kaduna, don haka bankin noma na da hedkwatarsa a birnin. Wasu manyan kayayyakin noma da ake fitarwa sun haɗa da: auduga, gyada, dawa, da ginger. Haka kuma Kaduna tana da reshen kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya Kera motoci ma ya kasance wani muhimmin bangare na tattalin arzikin Kaduna. Kamfanin Peugeot Automobiles Nigeria yana da wurin hada hada a Kaduna. Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC), daya daga cikin manyan matatun mai na Najeriya guda hudu yana Kaduna. Ana kawo shi ne ta hanyar bututun mai daga rijiyoyin mai na Neja Delta Wani bincike da Bankin Duniya ya gudanar a shekarar 2009, ya nuna cewa Kaduna na daya daga cikin manyan birane shida da suka fi fama da rashin aikin yi An kiyasta kashi 20% na mutanen ba su da aikin yi. <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">ed</span>] Biranen

42190

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Lewandowski

Robert Lewandowski

Robert Lewandowski (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta shekara ta alif 1988). ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Poland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar La Liga ta Barcelona kuma kyaftin ɗin tawagar ƙasar Poland An san Lewandowski saboda matsayinsa, fasaha da kuma kammala wasansa, ana ɗaukar Lewandowski ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun 'yan wasan gaba a kowane lokaci, da kuma ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka yi nasara a tarihin Bundesliga Ya zira kwallaye sama da 500 na manyan raga a kungiyoyi da kuma kasa. Bayan kasancewa babban dan wasa a mataki na uku da na biyu na kwallon kafa ta Poland tare da Znicz Pruszków, Lewandowski ya koma saman Lech Poznań, wajen taimaka wa tawagar lashe a shekarar 2009 zuwa 2010 Ekstraklasa A cikin shekarar 2010, ya koma Borussia Dortmund, inda ya lashe lambobin yabo da suka hada da taken Bundesliga guda biyu a jere da lambar yabo ta dan wasan da yafi kowane wajen saka kwallaye a gasar A shekarar 2013, ya kuma fito tare da Dortmund a cikin shekarar 2013 UEFA Champions League Final Kafin farkon kakar 2014 zuwa 2015, Lewandowski ya amince ya shiga cikin gidan abokan hammayar Dortmund,wato Bayern Munich, a kan canjin wurin na kyauta A Munich, ya lashe gasar Bundesliga a kowane kakar wasanni takwas. Lewandowski ya kasance mai mahimmanci a nasarar Bayern ta UEFA Champions League a shekarar 2019 zuwa 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na treble Shi ne daya daga cikin 'yan wasa biyu kawai, tare da Johan Cruyff, don samun nasarar cin kofin Turai yayin da yake zama mafi yawan kwallaye a cikin dukkanin gasa uku, kuma na farko da ya yi shi a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallaye. Cikakken kasa da kasa don Poland tun shekarar 2008, Lewandowski ya sami wasanni sama da 130 kuma ya kasance memba a kungiyarsu a gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA a shekarar 2012, 2016, da 2020, da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a 2018 da 2022 Tare da kwallaye 78 na kasa da kasa, Lewandowski shine wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallo a raga a Poland kuma shi ne na uku a gaba daya wanda ya zura kwallaye a duniya a Turai, bayan Ferenc Puskás (84) da Cristiano Ronaldo (118). Ya lashe lambar yabo ta IFFHS na Duniya Mafi kyawun Kyauta ta Duniya a cikin shekarar, 2015 da 2021, IFFHS Kyautar Mafi Girman Kwallon Kafa ta Duniya a cikin shekarar, 2020 da 2021, da lambar yabo ta IFFHS na Mafi kyawun Babban Makin Saka Maƙala a Duniya a shekarar, 2021. Ya kuma lashe kyautar Gwarzon Dan wasan Duniya na IFFHS a cikin shekarar, 2020 da 2021 da Takalmin Zinare na Turai na lokutan shekaru, 2020 da 2021 da 2021 zuwa 2022. Haka kuma, Lewandowski an nada shi a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Poland sau goma da kuma gwarzon dan wasan kasar Poland sau uku. A cikin shekarar 2020, Lewandowski ya lashe kyautar Gwarzon Dan Wasan Maza na FIFA (wanda aka riƙe a cikin shekara ta 2021) da kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan UEFA maza na shekarar An nada shi a cikin Gwarzon Hukumar UEFA sau biyu. Shi ne dan wasa na uku mafi yawan kwallaye a tarihin gasar zakarun Turai An nada Lewandowski a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga na VDV a kakar wasa sau biyar. Ya zura kwallaye sama da 300 a gasar Bundesliga dan wasan da ya fi kowa zura kwallaye a raga a gasar Bundesliga, bayan Gerd Müller ya ci kwallaye 365 a Bundesliga), bayan da ya kai karnin da ya fi kowane dan wasa na waje, kuma shi ne dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar. babban mai zura kwallo a raga A cikin shekarar 2015, yayin da yake taka leda a Bayern, ya zira kwallaye biyar a cikin kasa da minti tara a kan VfL Wolfsburg, mafi sauri da kowane dan wasa a tarihin Bundesliga da kuma duk wani babban gasar kwallon kafa ta Turai wanda aka ba shi kyautar Guinness World Records guda hudu. Haka kuma, ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga a cikin yanayi bakwai, mafi shahara a cikin shekara ta 2020 zuwa 2021 Bundesliga inda ya zira kwallaye 41 a cikin kamfen guda daya, ya karya tarihin Gerd Müller na baya na Bundesliga na kwallaye 40, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1971zuwa 1972 A ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2021, ya gama na biyu a Ballon d'Or, maki 33 kacal a bayan wanda ya ci Lionel Messi An haifi Lewandowski a Warsaw kuma ya girma a Leszno, Warsaw West County Ya ɗauki matakansa na farko a ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin ɗan wasa mara rijista na ƙungiyar gida, Partyzant Leszno. A shekarar 1997, ya shiga MKS Varsovia Warsaw, inda a lokacin da yake matashi ya yi wasa na tsawon shekaru bakwai. A shekarar da ta biyo baya ya koma kungiyar Delta Warsaw ta 4, inda a karshe ya yi nasarar taka leda a kungiyar ta farko, inda ya ci kwallaye hudu a karshen kakar gaba daa. A cikin Lewandowski shi ne dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallaye a cikin rukuni na uku na Poland tare da kwallaye 15, inda ya taimaka wa Znicz Pruszków wajen samun gurbin haurowa. Na gaba a kakar. Sannan shi ne sama ajerin cin kwallaye na rukuni na biyu da kwallaye 21. A cikin watan Yuni shekarata Lech Poznan ya sanya hannu kan Lewandowski daga Znicz don 1.5 miliyan PLN A farkon wannan watan, wakilin Lewandowski Cezary Kucharski ya miƙa shi ga tsohon tawagarsa Sporting Gijón, wanda aka ciyar da shi zuwa La Liga, rukuni na farko na Spain, bayan shekaru goma a cikin Segunda División Duk da haka, Gijón ya ƙi shi. Ya buga wasansa na farko agaech a ranar 17 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 2008 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin a wasan farko na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Uefa da Khazar Lankaran daga Azerbaijan, inda ya zira kwallo daya tilo na maraice a minti na 75 a filin wasa na Tofiq Bahramov na Republican A lokacin Ekstraklasa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa, a wasan da suka yi da GKS Bełchatów, ya zura kwallo a ragar diddige minti hudu kacal bayan ya shigo wasan a karshen rabin na biyu. A kakar wasansa ta farko a babban rukuni na Poland, ya kasance na biyu a jadawalin zura kwallo a raga. Lewandowski ya kammala kakar bana da kwallaye 18 a wasanni 42 da ya buga. Ya kuma zura kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a waje da Wisła Kraków a gasar Super Cup na Poland na shekarar, 2009 a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, kuma ya sauya yunkurinsa a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. A kakar wasa ta gaba, ya zama babban dan wasa da kwallaye 18 kuma ya taimaka wa tawagarsa lashe gasar zakarun Turai na shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2010 Kocin Ingila, Sam Allardyce, ya ce Lewandowski na gab da shiga kulob din Blackburn Rovers a gasar Premier a shekara ta 2010, amma gajimaren toka mai aman wuta da ya haifar sakamakon fashewar Eyjafjallajökull a shekara ta 2010 wanda ya dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a ciki da wajen Birtaniya, baya ga wasu matsalolin kudi., ya hana yiwuwar canja wuri. Bugu da ƙari, Lewandowski yana gab da shiga kulob din Italiyanci Genoa, kafin shugaban kasar Enrico Preziosi ya yanke shawarar soke canja wuri. Borussia Dortmund 2010-2012: League da kofin sau biyu Bayan rade-radin da manema labarai suka yi cewa Lewandowski na iya komawa daya daga cikin kungiyoyi da dama, ya koma kungiyar Bundesliga ta Borussia Dortmund a watan Yunin shekarar 2010, inda ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da kulob din na Jamus kan kudi da aka ruwaito. wadanda suka kai 4.5 miliyan. A ranar 19 ga watan Satumba, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Bundesliga inda yaciwa kungiyar tasa kwallo 3-0 a Revierderby da Schalke 04 wasan ya kare da ci 3–1. A cikin shekarar 2011 zuwa 2012 Bundesliga yaƙin neman zaɓe, Lewandowski ya amfana daga rauni ga Lucas Barrios kuma an ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayi na yau da kullun a cikin farawa XI har zuwa hutun hunturu. Dan wasan ya amsa ta hanyar gano raga sau biyu a cikin Dortmund ta 3-0 DFB-Pokal nasara zagaye na farko a kan Sandhausen Lewandowski ya buɗe asusun gasarsa a cikin nasara 2-0 akan Nürnberg akan 20 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2011 ta hanyar samar da ƙarshen ƙarewa daga giciye Mario Götze A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, Lewandowski ya ci hat-trick kuma ya ba da taimako a wasan da kulob din ya yi nasara da Augsburg da ci 4-0, bayan rashin nasara da Marseille ta yi da ci 0-3 a gasar zakarun Turai Daga baya ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a wasan da suka doke Olympiacos da ci 1-3 a waje a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba. Dortmund ta hau matsayi na biyu a gasar Bundesliga da nasara da ci 5-0 a kan Köln ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba, inda Lewandowski ya zura kwallo a ragar kowane bangare na hutun rabin lokaci. Dortmund ta yi tattaki zuwa Freiburg a ranar 17 ga Disamba kuma Lewandowski ya buge sau biyu kuma ya ba da taimako ga Kevin Großkreutz, yayin da Dortmund ta samu sauki da ci 4-1, inda ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko a Bundesliga. Saboda rawar da ya taka, an kira shi dan wasan kwallon kafa na shekara land Bayan hutun hunturu, a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 2012, Dortmund ta lallasa Hamburg da ci 5-1 don matsawa matakin kan maki tare da shugabannin Bayern Munich Lewandowski ya zura kwallaye biyu sannan ya kara taimakawa Jakub Błaszczykowski a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Ya zura kwallo a ragar Bayern Munich a gida da ci 1-0 a ranar 11 ga Afrilu. Sakamakon ya bai wa Dortmund maki shida a kan abokan hamayyarta a gasar yayin da ya rage saura wasanni hudu a buga. A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, Lewandowski ya ba da taimako ga Shinji Kagawa a minti na 59 a minti na 59, yayin da Dortmund ta ci Borussia Mönchengladbach 2-0 a gasar ta biyu a jere. A wasan karshe na Bundesliga na kamfen, Lewandowski ya zura kwallaye biyu a farkon rabin lokacin da Dortmund ta doke Freiburg da ci 4-0 kuma ta yi murnar daukaka gasar. Lewandowski ya kammala wannan ne a matsayin dan wasa na uku da ya fi zura kwallo a raga da kwallaye 22, babu ko daya daga bugun fanareti, sannan ya taimaka aka zura kwallaye shida. A ranar 12 ga watan Mayu, a wasan karshe na kakar wasa na Dortmund, ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na DFB-Pokal, nasara da 5-2 a kan Bayern Munich, don samun kulob din na farko na gida biyu Lewandowski ya kammala a matsayin babban dan wasan DFB-Pokal, da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni shida. 2012–2014: Zakarun Turai ya zo na biyu kuma wanda ya fi zira kwallaye a gasar A ranar 12 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2012, Lewandowski ya fara kakar 2012 zuwa 2013 ta hanyar zira kwallaye a cikin 1–2 a shekara ta 2012 DFL-Supercup da aka doke Bayern Munich. Ya yi bayyanarsa ta farko a gasar Bundesliga ta shekara ta 2012 zuwa 2013 a wasan da Dortmund ta doke Werder Bremen da ci 2-1 a ranar bude gasar. He netted his first goal in a 3–0 victory over Bayer Leverkusen on 15 September 2012, extending Dortmund's run to 31 games unbeaten and moved the club into third in the Bundesliga. Three days later, in the club's first Champions League game of the season, Lewandowski scored an 87th-minute winner to defeat Ajax, 1–0. He set club's new record of the longest scoring streak, having scored in 12 consecutive league games, surpassing Friedhelm Konietzka's record from 1964–65 season. On 9 February 2013, he opened the scoring in a home match against Hamburg, but was sent off in the 31st minute for a foul on Per Ciljan Skjelbred and Dortmund lost GB According to Borussia Dortmund director Michael Zorc, speaking in February 2013, Lewandowski would not be renewing his contract with the club, and would leave either in the summer of 2013 or after the 2013–14 season. He finished season with 24 league goals, one goal short of the Bundesliga's top scorer, Bayer Leverkusen's Stefan Kießling. Kaka na biyu na Lewandowski ya fara ne da shekarar, 2015 DFL-Supercup a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, inda Bayern ta sha kashi a bugun fenareti a wajen VfL Wolfsburg; An canza shi ne a minti na 72 da Rafinha Bayan kwana takwas a wasan zagaye na farko na DFB-Pokal, ya zira kwallaye na karshe a ragar kungiyar Oberliga Baden-Württemberg Nöttingen da ci 3-1 A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, a wasan farko na sabon kakar Bundesliga, ya zura kwallo ta biyu a ragar Hamburg da ci 5-0. Bayern Munich Pre-season ya fara a ranar 9 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 2014 a lokacin da aka gabatar da shi. Ya buga wasansa na farko kafin kakar wasa da MSV Duisburg a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli, inda ya zura kwallo a raga. A ranar 6 ga Agusta, ya buɗe zira kwallaye yayin da Bayern ta fafata a shekara ta 2014 MLS All-Star Game a Providence Park a Portland, Oregon, a ƙarshe ta yi rashin nasara 1–2. Ya buga wasansa na farko na gasa don sabon kulob dinsa a rashin nasara da ci 0–2 a hannun Borussia Dortmund a shekara ta 2014 DFL-Supercup a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 2014, kuma ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Schalke 04 a gasar cin kofinsa ta biyu. wasa a ranar 30 ga Agusta. A ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba, Lewandowski ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a Bayern Munich a wasan da suka doke Roma da ci 7-1 A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, a wasansa na farko a gasar lig da Dortmund, Lewandowski ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka doke Bayern da ci 2-1 wanda hakan ya sa Bayern ta zama tazarar maki hudu a saman tebur yayin da ya bar tsohuwar kungiyarsa a matakin fa-da-fadi. A wasansa na uku na kakar wasa da Dortmund a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta, 2015, Lewandowski ya zura kwallo a minti na 36 da ci 1-0, bayan da golan Dortmund Roman Weidenfeller ya “barbare” kwallon da Thomas Müller ya yi. A ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 2015, Lewandowski ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da Bayern ta doke Paderborn da ci 6–0, burinsa na biyu a wasan shi ne na 10th na kakar gasar. Ya zira kwallaye biyu a farkon rabin ranar 21 ga Afrilu yayin da Bayern ta yi watsi da gibin da ta samu a wasan farko da suka doke Porto da ci 7-4 a jimillar wasan da suka wuce zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai Bayan kwana biyar, bayan VfL Wolfsburg ta sha kashi a hannun Borussia Mönchengladbach, Bayern ta lashe kofin Bundesliga. Ya sake zura kwallo a raga a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu, inda aka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a wasan kusa da na karshe na DFB-Pokal da Dortmund, amma daga baya ya shiga tsakani a karon iska da Mitchell Langerak a cikin minti na 116 na karin lokaci Wasan dai ya kare ne a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida (0–2), kuma ba a saba gani ba, babu ko daya daga cikin yunkurin da Munich din ta yi a filin wasan nasu. Ko da yake Lewandowski ya tsaya har zuwa karshen wasan, bai shiga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida ba; Kuma gwaje-gwaje daga baya sun tabbatar da cewa ya karaya a muƙamuƙi da kashi na hanci, kuma ya sami rauni, wanda ya kawar da shi kusan mako guda. A ranar 12 ga watan Mayu, yana wasa cikin abin rufe fuska, ya zura kwallo a minti na 59 a wasan da kungiyarsa ta yi nasara a gida da ci 3-2 da Barcelona wadda ta yi nasara a gasar zakarun Turai a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai, duk da cewa an fitar da su da jimillar maki 3–5. Tare da kwallaye 17 a wasanni 31, Lewandowski ya kasance na biyu mafi yawan kwallaye a gasar Bundesliga tare da abokin wasan Arjen Robben, a bayan Eintracht Frankfurt 's Alexander Meier .Ya kammala kakar bana da kwallaye 25 a wasanni 49 da ya buga. 2015–2017: Nasarar cikin gida, Torjägerkanone, da kwallaye 100 na Bayern Kaka na biyu na Lewandowski ya fara ne da ga shekarar, 2015 DFL-Supercup a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, inda Bayern ta sha kashi a bugun fenareti a wajen VfL Wolfsburg; An canza shi ne a minti na 72 da Rafinha Bayan kwana takwas a wasan zagaye na farko na DFB-Pokal, ya zira kwallaye na karshe a ragar kungiyar Oberliga Baden-Württemberg Nöttingen da ci 3-1 A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, a wasan farko na sabon kakar Bundesliga, ya zura kwallo ta biyu a ragar Hamburg da ci 5-0. A ranar 22 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta, 2015, Lewandowski ya kafa tarihin Bundesliga ta hanyar maye gurbinsa tare da Bayern ta bi Wolfsburg 0-1 kuma ya zira kwallaye biyar a cikin mintuna 8 da dakika 59, mafi sauri da kowane dan wasa a tarihin Bundesliga, ya dauki 5-1. jagora. Ya kuma kafa tarihin Bundesliga mafi sauri hat-tric kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna hudu), kuma mafi yawan kwallayen da aka zura a madadin (biyar). Kwallaye biyar da Lewandowski ya ci a cikin mintuna tara kuma shi ne mafi sauri a duk wata babbar gasar kwallon kafa ta Turai tun bayan da Opta ta fara ajiye tarihi, kuma ta kawo karshen wasan Wolfsburg na wasanni 14 ba tare da an doke ta ba. Guinness World Records ya ba shi takaddun shaida guda huɗu don wannan rawar. Kwanaki hudu bayan haka, ya zira kwallaye biyu a nasarar 3-0 a Mainz, burin farko shine burinsa na 100 na Bundesliga akan bayyanarsa na 168th, rikodin gasar ga dan wasan waje. Ya kuma kai 10 a raga a bude 7 ashana tare da wannan takalmin gyare-gyaren takalmin gyaran kafa, nanda Gerd Müller ya samu a baya. A ranar 29 ga watan Satumba, ya zira kwallaye hat-trick a gasar zakarun Turai a 5-0 nasara akan Dinamo Zagreb, ya sanya shi a raga goma a wasanni uku a cikin mako guda. Ya kara biyu a wasan da suka doke Dortmund da ci 5-1 kwanaki biyar bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallaye 12 a wasanni hudu da ya buga. A ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba, Lewandowski ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 4-0 a gida. FC Köln, sakamakon da ya sa Bayern ta zama ta farko a gasar Bundesliga da ta taba lashe dukkan wasanni 10 na farko a kakar wasa ta bana. Nasarar da aka yi a Cologne kuma ita ce nasara ta 1,000 da Bayern ta samu a gasar Bundesliga. A ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2016, ya sami matsayi na hudu a kyautar Ballon d'Or ta shekarar 2015 A ranar 19 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2016, Lewandowski ya zira kwallo daya tilo a wasan da suka yi nasara da Köln da ci 1-0 don kawo jimillar gasarsa har zuwa kwallaye 25; sabon sirri mafi kyau. Ya ci wa Borussia Dortmund kwallaye 24 a kakar shekara ta 2012 zuwa 2013. Ya kuma fara dawowar Bayern da bugun kai da kai a minti na 73 a wasa na biyu na zagaye na 16 a ranar 16 ga Maris, bayan da suka tashi 0-2 da Juventus, wanda a karshe Munich ta ci 4-2 bayan karin lokaci, da jimillar 6-4. Kwallon da ya ci Atlético Madrid a ranar 3 ga watan Mayu a wasa na biyu na fitar da Bayern a wasan kusa da na karshe a gasar zakarun Turai ta sa ya kawo karshen gasar kakar bana da kwallaye tara. Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1988 Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98wallon%20%C6%99afa%20a%20Cape%20Verde

Ƙwallon ƙafa a Cape Verde

Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa shi ne mafi shaharar wasanni a Cape Verde An raba gasar zuwa rukuni goma sha ɗaya, wanda bakwai daga cikinsu ba su da kuma aure da tsibirai biyu, Santiago da Santo Antão suna da yankuna biyu tun shekarar 2000. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta tarayya ce wadda aka fi sani da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Cape Verde, ta kasance mai alaƙa da CAF a shekarar 1986 kuma daga baya tare da FIFA a shekarar 2001. Rabe-rabe Ƙungiyoyin suna lamba goma sha ɗaya a tsibirai tara, bakwai suna da gasar tsibirin kuma biyu sun ƙunshi yankuna biyu kowanne tare da kofin, Super Cup da gasar buɗe gasar. Gasar wasannin tsibiri Launin shuɗi mai haske yana nuna gasar da ke da rukuni na farko da na biyu. Kofuna na yanki Super kofuna na yanki Gasar bude gasar yanki Kodayake ya yi daidai da gasar cin kofin League da ake amfani da shi a wasu ƙasashe, Cape Verde na ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ƙasashen da ake yiwa laƙabi da ƙalubalen "gasar buɗe ido". Wasu an san su da Kofin Ƙungiya a Boa Vista da São Vicente. Launi mai haske yana nuna gasar da ke da rukuni na farko da na biyu, kungiyoyi a sassa daban-daban suna fafatawa a gasar rukuni-rukuni guda (misali lokacin da kulob yake a matakin farko/Premier, ya shiga gasar bude gasar cin kofin farko/Premier Division/Premier Division) Rubutun ya nuna cewa ba a gudanar da gasar ba. Gasar Zakarun Yanki Cape Verde dai na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka yi gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai da aka yiwa laƙabi da gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. An fara gudanar da su ne a cikin shekarar 2016, Fogo, Maio da São Vicente su ne kawai yankunan da ke da gasar. Tarihi An fara gabatar da kwallon kafa ne a cikin shekarun 1910, yankin farko da aka fara gabatar da shi shine tsibirin São Vicente, daga baya aka gabatar da shi zuwa tsibirin Santiago, sannan Sal. CS Mindelense da ke tsibirin São Vicente ita ce kulob mafi tsufa a Cape Verde da aka kafa a shekara ta 1919 kuma ya zama memba a hukumance a ranar 25 ga Mayun 1922, an fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, na biyu mafi tsufa shi ne ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko ta tsibirin Santiago mai suna Sporting Clube da Praia daga baya FC Derby da aka kafa a ranar 5 ga watan Agustan 1929, an kafa shi, bayan shekaru biyu a wannan birni, Vitória FC aka kafa, biyu daga cikin kulake ne aka fara sanyawa sunan wani kulob na Portugal. Ba a fara gasar a hukumance ba sai a shekarar 1938 kuma Mindelense ita ce kungiya ta farko da ta lashe taken yanki, taken mulkin mallaka a lokacin yana aiki. Har ila yau, a lokaci guda, tsibirin na uku don samun kulob din kwallon kafa shine Sal inda aka kafa SC Santa Maria a babban birnin tsibirin, daga baya a cikin shekarar 1952, tsibirin na hudu don samun kulob din zai kasance Boa Vista tare da Sport Sal Rei Club Gasar cin kofin kasa Gasar kwallon kafa ta tsibiri na farko ta fara ne a farkon shekarun 1950 kuma CS Mindelense ta lashe kambun farko a shekarar 1953, to, waɗannan gasa sun kasance yankuna tun lokacin da ta kasance lardin ketare na Portugal har zuwa lokacin da ta samu 'yancin kai a watan Yulin 1975. Kafin haka, gasar São Vicente kawai ta kasance wacce ta fara a cikin shekarar 1937 kuma ta kasance har zuwa shekarar 1953. Klub daga tsibiran São Vicente da Santiago su ne kaɗai suka shiga. An soke gasa da yawa ciki har da a cikin shekarar 1954 da tsakanin shekarar 1956 da 1957. Wani sokewar ya faru ne lokacin da wasan karshe kafin samun 'yancin kai ya buga kuma suka lashe kambunsu na karshe. Ba kamar sauran lardin Portuguese na ketare a lokacin ba, Mindelense ita ce kulob daya tilo da ya taba shiga gasar cin kofin Portuguese kuma ya halarci sau biyu a shekarar 1966 a cikin shekarar 1971, mafi ƙanƙanta na kowane lardi na ketare (daga baya larduna masu cin gashin kansu) a cikin Daular Portuguese. Wasan farko bayan samun 'yancin kai shine a cikin 1975 kuma CS Mindelense ya yi ikirarin takensu na farko a 1976. Sokewar biyu na ƙarshe sun faru a cikin 1979, 1982 da 1986. Daga 1976, kulob daga kowane tsibirin zai iya shiga. A farkon shekarun 1980, samar da karin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa ya haifar da samar da wani sabon bangare a cikin shekarar 1990s wanda ya zama tushen tsibirin sai daya daga cikinsu a lokacin ya kasance shida ne kawai kuma daga baya bakwai, wanda daya daga cikinsu ya cancanci shiga biyu. ƙungiyoyi. A tsakiyar shekarun 1990, an raba rukuni zuwa tara waɗanda suka cancanci zuwa rukuni uku, A, B da C, kuma yanzu an ƙara sabbin yankuna goma sha ɗaya don Santiago da Santo Antão kuma an kawar da rukunin C zuwa tsarin rukuni biyu. Domin sau da yawa, zakara za a yanke shawarar a kan mafi yawan maki da kwallaye a shekarar 2001 da kuma 2002, mafi yawan maki taba shi ne 19, tara kulake sun halarci gasar kasa da kasa har zuwa shekarar 2003. Sporting Praia ce ke rike da mafi girman yawan kwallayen da aka ci a kakar wasa ta yau da kullun da jimlar adadin 35 a 2005. Hakanan a kakar wasa ta bana, Sporting Praia ta ci Desportivo Estância Baixo 13-0 wanda ya zama wasan da ya fi zira kwallaye a gasar zakarun kasar kuma har yanzu yana nan a yau. Zé di Tchétcha ya zura kwallaye mafi girma a gasar zakarun Turai mai lamba 14. Zakaran na bana zai kammala a gasar kasa ta shekara mai zuwa wanda aka fara a shekara ta 2005 kuma ya kai jimlar kungiyoyin gasar ta kasa zuwa goma sha biyu, adadin ya tsaya a yau. Lokacin shekarar 2009 zai zama gasar karshe ta farko wacce ta kunshi kungiyoyi biyu daga tsibiri daya (Santiago) ko birni (Praia), za a sake gudanar da ita a cikin shekarar 2010 kuma kwanan nan a cikin shekarar 2015 (Derby da Mindelense daga Mindelo a tsibirin São Vicente), Mafi kyawun wasan wasan karshe tare da kungiyoyin biyu sun kasance tare da Sporting Praia da Mindelense sau hudu (a cikin 1977, 1988, na gaba shine Mindelense da Botafogo (a cikin 1976, 1980 da 1981) sau uku da Mindelense da Académica do Porto Novo (a cikin 2012) kuma 2016). Sporting Praia da CS Mindelense kowanne ya lashe kambu hudu a jere, na farko Sporting Praia tsakanin 2006 da 2009 da Mindelense tun 2013. A cikin kakar 2017 da ke farawa a tsakiyar watan Mayu, za a dawo da tsarin triangular kuma zai ƙunshi kungiyoyi hudu a cikin kowane rukuni uku, saura kowane zakara na ƙungiyar yanki (wasu daga cikinsu suna da nasu Premier First Division) da kuma za a yi matakin karshe, zakaran wasan da ya gabata ya cancanta kuma Mindelense za a sanya shi a rukunin A. CS Mindelense ita ce ke rike da mafi yawan taken kasa da aka samu lamba goma sha biyu. Gasar tsibiri/Yanki A cikin kusan 1995, yankin Kudancin Santiago ya zama yanki na farko da ya kasance yanki na farko da na biyu, sai Fogo da São Vicente a 2008, Arewacin Santo Antão a 2013, Sal a 2014 da Maio, mafi kwanan nan a cikin 2015. Kungiyar ta Northern Santiago league ce kadai da aka yi gasar matakin farko da na karshe, kungiyoyin arewa da arewa sun wanzu tun a farkon shekarun nan kuma a wajajen shekara ta 2010 aka kawar da tsarin rukunin kuma har zuwa 2015, dukkanin kungiyoyi 13 sun fafata a matakin farko da kuma hudu na sama sun haɓaka zuwa mataki na biyu kuma an yanke shawarar wanda ya yi nasara akan mafi yawan maki da burin. Garridos shi ne kulob daya tilo da ya canza rabe-raben yanki daga Arewa zuwa Kudancin Santiago a 2011 kamar yadda wurin yake a kudancin tsibirin. A farkon 2010s, maimakon ƙungiyoyi biyu da za su faɗo kai tsaye, an gabatar da wasannin talla ba a haɓaka ba kuma ana nuna tsarin wasanni biyu a gasar zakarun yanki na Fogo, Santiago North da South (ba a cikin 2016) Zones da São Vicente, kulob din. tare da mafi yawan maki ko dai ya tsaya ko a ci gaba, kulob din da ke da mafi ƙanƙanci ko dai ya ci gaba ko ba za a ci gaba ba a kakar wasa mai zuwa. Mafi yawan kulake na kowane tsibiri yanki shine Kudancin Santiago, mafi ƙarancin shine Brava, Maio ya taɓa riƙe shi har zuwa 2015. A farkon 2010s, Cape Verde za ta ƙunshi kusan kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa ɗari a cikin gasa 11 na yanki, wasu daga cikinsu suna da rukuni biyu. A cikin 2014, an kara sabbin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa shida a cikin Sal Island League kuma an kafa rukuni na biyu., bayan shekara guda a 2015, kusan dukkanin kungiyoyin (an dakatar da daya daga cikinsu) sun dawo gasar a yankin Santiago North. an kara wasu sabbin kungiyoyi sannan aka kafa tsarin rukuni biyu, gasar lig ta yankin ta nuna wasannin kakar wasanni 26 kuma an ga wasu tarihin kwallaye da nasara da maki da wasu kungiyoyin suka samu, kakar 2015-16 Santiago North shi ne kakar yankin mafi tsawo. Ko wanne daga cikin wasannin lig-lig na yanki a kasar, Varandinha shi ne wanda ya lashe gasar 2015/16 tare da yawan maki 63 da ya gaji gasar Sporting Praia ta Kudu ta 49 wadda ta kasance a shekarar 2005, yankin Kudancin Santiago shi ne na biyu mafi tsawo kuma na uku. mafi tsawo shine Fogo. Har zuwa 2015, Maio yana da mafi ƙarancin lokacin yanki na kowane ɗayan wasannin yanki na ƙasar, Brava shine mafi guntu tun lokacin. Tsawon yanayi na shiyyar Arewa ta Santiago yanzu ya zama daidai da yankin Santiago ta Kudu. Wasu daga cikin wasannin rukuni na biyu suna gudana a watan Mayu da kuma har zuwa Yuni musamman Santiago ta Arewa. A ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun 2017, bisa albashin da wasu alkalan wasa ke bukata na zagaye na 17 da 26 na kakar wasannin da ta gabata da kuma zagayen kakar bana, an dage kakar shiyyar Santiago ta Arewa na tsawon mako biyu, an koma gasar yankin a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu kamar yadda An biya alkalan wasan ne kwanaki hudu da suka gabata ta hanyar daukar nauyin kamfanonin sadarwa guda biyu, daya daga cikinsu shi ne Cabo Verde Telecom da kuma kananan hukumomin da kungiyoyin suke. Sauran bayanan sun haɗa da mafi kyawun lokacin da Académica Porto Novo ta samu a cikin 2012 waɗanda duk sun yi nasara. Mafi dadewa a jere ba tare da an doke shi ba na ko wanne daga cikin wasannin na tsibirin shine Académica Porto Novo wanda ya dade a kusan wasanni 50 zuwa 60 ba tare da rashin nasara ba tsakanin 2012 da 23 ga Afrilu 2016, rikodin ya kuma kare a wasannin waje da kulob din ya yi rashin nasara a hannun CS Marítimo 2–1., rikodin ya ci gaba a kan wasannin gida. Har ila yau, Académica yana da rikodin haɗe tare da wasannin Kofin Kofin Super Cup amma ba Gasar Cin Kofin Santo Antão ba wanda shine asarar kofin farko da Académica Porto Novo ya yi/. Na biyu shine Mindelense wanda ya dade daga 29 Maris 2014 zuwa 16 Afrilu 2016 tare da asarar zuwa Amarante, tare da gida (wanda aka fara daga 12 Janairu) da kuma tafiya zuwa matches (har zuwa 24 Afrilu 2016 tare da asarar zuwa Derby Yawancin yanayi suna da kulob ko biyu da aka fitar da 'yan wasan da ba su cancanta ba na wani bangare ko duk kakar wasa, irin su FC Ultramarina da SC Atlético a cikin 2005 São Nicolau kakar da kwanan nan Académica do Mindelo don wasanni biyar tare da golan karya na kakar 2016-17 Ga wasu yanayi, akwai rikice-rikice na gasar zakarun Turai a daya daga cikin yankin, São Nicolau a cikin 2005 da kakar wasa daya, da Santiago North Premier Division ciki har da Scorpion Vermelho da Varandinha a 2016 da AJAC da Calheta da Benfica Santa Cruz a 2017. Duba kuma Jerin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa a Cape Verde Rikodin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Cape Verde jerin rikodin wasannin lig na ƙasa da na yanki a ƙasar Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

35241

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton%20Park%2C%20Chicago

Brighton Park, Chicago

Brighton Park yanki ne na al'umma da ke kudu maso yamma na Chicago, Illinois Yana da lamba 58 daga cikin yankunan al'umma 77 na Chicago Brighton Park yana da iyaka a arewa ta hanyar tsohon Illinois &amp; Michigan Canal da na yanzu Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, a gabas ta hanyar Western Avenue, a kudu ta titin 49th, kuma a yamma ta Drake Ave. Ƙungiya ta haɗu da wuraren zama, yankunan kasuwanci, ayyukan masana'antu da sufuri (musamman layin dogo da manyan motoci Yana da ɗan kwanciyar hankali, bisa ga kididdigar Sashen 'yan sanda na Chicago (Rahoton Shekara-shekara na CPD na 2004). Tarihi Bayan korar Potawatomi, ƙasar da ke cikin yanzu Brighton Park ta zama platted kuma an raba shi da tsammanin buɗewar Canal na Illinois-Michigan A cikin 1850s, masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu, musamman John McCaffrey sun saya tare da fatan mayar da shi cibiyar kasuwanci. A cikin 1851, an haɗa yankin a matsayin gunduma. Mai suna Brighton don yin kira ga kasuwannin dabbobi a, a tsakanin sauran wurare, unguwar Brighton na Boston da kasuwannin dabbobinta. Brighton Park yana da kasuwar kiwo mai aiki a ƙarshen 1850s, amma Union Stock Yards ya mamaye ta a cikin 1860s. A cikin 1855, magajin garin Chicago "Long" John Wentworth ya gina tseren tseren doki na Brighton Park (wanda sunansa ya dace ya yi ishara da fitaccen filin wasan Brighton Racecourse a Ingila) kai tsaye gabas da ƙauyen, a cikin abin da yanzu ke gundumar McKinley Park na Chicago Chicago ta kare Brighton Park. A cikin 1889, bayan Lake Township ya zaɓe don ba da izinin haɗawa, Brighton Park ya zama wani ɓangare na Birnin Chicago. A shekara ta 1871, shekarar Babban Wuta ta Chicago, Brighton Park ta kasance ta hanyar doki na Archer Avenue da Alton Railroad (Gobarar ba ta shafa ba a filin shakatawa na Brighton). Titin jirgin kasa ya gina gidan zagayawa a unguwar, kuma an gina masana'antu daban-daban. Daga baya motar titin ta sami wutar lantarki kuma ta tsawaita kuma an samar da sabis na layin dogo na lantarki ta hanyar Chicago da Joliet Electric Railway har zuwa 1934. Yawancin gine-ginen mazaunin yanzu a cikin Brighton Park an gina su ne a farkon karni na 20, tsakanin 1905 zuwa 1925, bayan ƙarin layukan motocin lantarki (kan Western Ave, Kedzie Ave, 35th St da 47th St) an ƙara su cikin unguwar., samar da arha sufuri mai sauri zuwa aiki. A farkon karni, Brighton Park ta zama makoma ga yawancin baƙi na Turai, musamman waɗanda suka zo daga Italiya, Poland da Lithuania. An tabbatar da asalin ƙasar Poland a kusa da Archer Avenue, wanda ya zama babban titin unguwar don kasuwancin Poland. Sufuri Matsayin Chicago a matsayin ƙofa na sufuri ya kasance koyaushe babban tasiri akan alƙaluma da tattalin arziƙin Brighton Park. Manyan alamun layin dogo guda biyu akwai a Brighton Park. Kayan aikin jigilar kayayyaki na Corwith Intermodal, da aka sani da Corwith Yards, wanda ke rufe kusan mil murabba'i, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan masana'antu na Brighton Park. Ketarewar Brighton Park, kusa da Western Avenue da Archer Avenue, babbar hanyar layin dogo ce ta Chicago kuma tsohon wurin tashar jirgin ƙasa na Brighton Park. Samun dama ga, ƙimar dukiya, da haɓakar tattalin arziki a cikin unguwa an inganta ta hanyar 1964 na buɗe hanyar Stevenson Expressway, Interstate 55, buɗe 1993 na layin Orange Line cikin sauri, da farfado da filin jirgin sama na Midway International na kusa. Gwamnati da kayayyakin more rayuwa Sabis ɗin Wasiƙa na Amurka yana aiki da Ofishin gidan waya na Elsdon a 3124 West 47th Street. An rufe ofishin gidan waya tun daga watan Yuni 2010. Reshen yanki na ɗakin karatu na Jama'a na Chicago yana a 4314 South Archer Avenue. Siyasa Al'ummar Brighton Park sun goyi bayan jam'iyyar Democrat a zabukan shugaban kasa da suka gabata. A zaben shugaban kasa na 2016, Brighton Park ta jefa wa Hillary Clinton kuri'u 6,930 sannan ta jefa wa Donald Trump kuri'u 842 (85.63% zuwa 10.40%). A zaben shugaban kasa na 2012 Brighton Park ta jefa wa Barack Obama kuri'u 5,699 sannan ta jefa wa Mitt Romney kuri'u 874 (85.47% zuwa 13.11%). Yankunan Brighton Park suna cikin gundumomi na 12th, 14th, da 15th wanda George Cardenas, Ed Burke, da Ray Lopez ke wakilta a Majalisar Birnin Chicago Cardenas da Lopez suna aiki a matsayin ƴan kwamitocin Demokraɗiyya na gundumominsu yayin da Wakilin Jiha Aaron Ortiz ke aiki a matsayin ɗan Kwamitin Demokraɗiyya na gundumar 14th. Rosa Pritchett ita ce takwarar Lopez ta Republican a shiyya ta 15 yayin da shiyya ta 12 da ta 14 ba ta da wani dan kwamitin Republican. Ilimi Makarantun Jama'a na Chicago suna gudanar da makarantun jama'a masu zuwa: Makarantar Burroughs, Makarantar Brighton Park ta CPS, Makarantar Calmeca, Makarantar Binciken Columbia, Makarantar N. Davis, Kwalejin Ilimin Gunsaulus, Makarantar Firamare na Garkuwa, da Makarantar Tsakiyar Garkuwa. Cibiyar Sadarwar Makarantar Acero Charter tana aiki da Makarantar Sandra Cisneros, Makarantar Acero Brighton Park da Makarantar Jami'in Donald J. Marquez a Brighton Park. Fitattun mutane Edward J. Moskala (1921–1945), wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta girmamawa saboda ayyukansa a lokacin yakin Okinawa a yakin duniya na biyu Ya zauna a 3120 West 38th Street a lokacin da ya shiga. Duba kuma Magana Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Taswirar Al'umma ta Birnin Chicago Brighton Park Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

22387

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daidaiton%20Albashi%20Don%20Aikin%20Dai-Dai

Daidaiton Albashi Don Aikin Dai-Dai

Daidaiton albashi don aikin daidai shine batun haƙƙin ma'aikata wanda za'a baiwa mutane a wurin aiki guda albashi ɗaya.Kuma an fi amfani da shi a cikin yanayin nuna wariyar jinsi, dan gane da bambancin biyan jinsi Daidaita albashi ya shafi cikakken adadin biyan da fa'idodi, gami da biyan kuɗi na yau da kullun, biyan bashin albashi, kari da alawus. Wasu ƙasashe sun yi ƙaura fiye da na wasu don magance daidaiton albashi. Tarihin farko Yayin da aikin kwadago ya zama gama-gari a lokacin juyin juya halin Masana'antu, galibi ana biyan mata kasa da takwarorinsu na maza don wannan aiki, ko don wani dalili bayyanan ne cewa su mata ne ko kuma a karkashin wani dalili. Ka'idar daidaiton albashi don aiki iri daya ya taso ne a sames bangaren farko na mata, tare da kokarin farko na samun albashi daidai yana da nasaba da gwagwarmayar kungiyar kwadago a karni na goma sha tara a kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu: misali, jerin yajin aiki da mata masu hadin kai a cikin Birtaniya a cikin shekara ta 1830s. Matsin lamba daga Kungiyoyin Kwadago na da tasiri iri daban-daban, inda a wasu lokuta kungiyoyin kwadago ke karfafa ra'ayin mazan jiya. Carrie Ashton Johnson yar asalin Amurka ce wacce ta danganci albashi daidai da na mata a cikin ma'aikatun masana'antu game da batun zaben mata A cikin shekarar 1895, jaridar Chicago Tribune ta nakalto tana cewa, "Idan aka ba wa mata kuri'a, za a samu albashi daidai wa daida." Koyaya, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da majalisun dokoki na ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu kamfanoni, guraren aiki, a hankali suka rungumi ƙa'idar daidaita biyan albashi don aikin daidai; Misali ɗaya na wannan tsari shi ne gabatarwar Ingilishi na Dokar Daidaita Doka ta 1970 don amsa duka ga Yarjejeniyar Rome da yajin aikin mashin ɗin Ford na shekarata 1968 A cikin recentan shekarun nan unungiyoyin kwadagon Turai gaba ɗaya suna matsa lamba ga jihohi da masu ba da aiki don ci gaba ta wannan hanyar. Dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya A dokar kare hakkin bil adama ta kasa da kasa, sanarwa kan biyan daya daidai ita ce Yarjejeniyar Hakkin Daidaita ta 1951, Yarjejeniyar 100 ta Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya, kungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana cewa Kowane Memba zai, ta hanyar dacewa da hanyoyin aiki don kayyade adadin albashi sa ba ka dai, zai inganta kuma, gwargwadon yadda ya dace da irin wadannan hanyoyin, tabbatar da aikace-aikacen ga dukkan ma'aikata ka'idar samun lada daidai ga maza da mata ma'aikata don aiki na daidai darajar. Haka kuma an biya albashi daidai don aiki daidai da Mataki na 7 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu, Mataki na 4 na Yarjejeniyar Zamantakewa ta Turai, da Mataki na 15 na Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Hakkokin' Yan Adam da na Jama'a Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ya kuma yi shelar "ka'idojin samun daidaiton albashi don daidai wa daida". Ka'idodin kariya huɗu na EEOC suna ba da izini ba daidai ba don aiki daidai lokacin da aka saita albashi "bisa ga (i) tsarin manya; (ii) tsarin cancanta; (iii) tsarin da ke auna yawan kuɗi ta hanyar amfani da su na yau da kullum; ko iv) duk wani abu banda jima'i. Bambancin albashi saboda ɗayan waɗannan abubuwan ba ya keta yarjejeniyar. Halin doka ta hanyar iko Tarayyar Turai Yankin Tattalin Arzikin Turai Bayan Yakin Turai ya ga daidaitaccen tsari game da shigar mata cikin kasuwar kwadago da dokoki don inganta albashi daidai na aiki iri daya a duk kasashen Gabas da Yamma. Wasu ƙasashe da ke cikin EU yanzu, gami da Faransa, Jamus, da Poland, sun riga sun tsara ƙa'idar biyan kuɗi daidai don aiki daidai a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su kafin kafuwar EU (duba jadawalin da ke ƙasa). Lokacin da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Turai, daga baya Tarayyar Turai (EU), aka kafa a cikin 1957, maƙasudin biyan kuɗi daidai don aiki iri ɗaya an laƙaba shi a matsayin babbar mahimmanci daga cikin abubuwan da ake da su. Mataki na 141 na Yarjejeniyar Rome ta ce 'kowace Memberungiyar Memberasa za ta tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da ƙa'idar biyan kuɗi daidai ga mata da mata don aiki iri ɗaya ko aiki iri ɗaya.' Yayin da yake ci gaba da zamantakewar al'umma, wannan shawarar ba lallai ba ce ta nuna ɗabi'un ci gaba da yawa a tsakanin waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar: Duk da yake ana yawan kallon wannan a matsayin misali na ci gaban al'ummomin Turai, wasu suna jayayya cewa Mataki na 141 (a baya 119) an haɗa shi da yawa a matsayin sassauci ga Farantawa da suka riga suna da dokar biyan kuɗi daidai kuma suna tsoron za su kasance a kwatankwacin hasara. An fayyace dokar EEC a cikin 1975 ta ɗaure da umarnin kai tsaye daidai na biyan albashi 75/117 EEC. Wannan ya hana duk wani bambanci da kabilanci a dalilin jima'i dangane da biya; wannan da sauran umarnin an hade su cikin Umarni daya a 2006 (2006/54 EC). A matakin ƙasa ƙa'idar daidaitaccen albashi gabaɗaya ya kasance cikakke cikakke a cikin dokokin ƙasashe membobin EU 28 da ƙarin ƙasashe na Yankin Tattalin Arzikin Turai (EEA), Iceland, Liechtenstein da Norway. Candidateasashen candidatean takarar EU na Macedonia da Turkiyya suma sun daidaita dokokinsu bisa ƙa'idodin EU. Babban dokar ƙasa game da daidaiton biyan kuɗi tsakanin maza da mata don ƙasashen Turai daban-daban kamar haka. Dokar Sabuntawa ta 2018 game da Takaddun Shaida Daidaito dangane da Daidaitan Biyan Kuɗi a Iceland Iceland ta gabatar da Daidaiton Batun Daidaita a 2012, ÍST 85: 2012 (Daidaitaccen tsarin kula da albashi Bukatu da shiriya).kungiyar kwadagon Icelandic, ƙungiyar masu ba da aiki da kuma jami'an gwamnati ne suka haɓaka matsayin tare da manufar cewa zai taimaka wa ma'aikata wajen hana wariyar albashi da kuma ba su damar zama sanannu. A cikin 2017, gwamnatin Icelandic ta yanke shawarar ƙara kwaskwarima ga Dokokin 2008 na Dokoki kan Matsayin Daidaita Da Rightsancin Mata Da Maza 10/2008). Kwaskwarimar doka ce ta takaddar takaddar biyan albashi daidai kuma an fara aiki da ita a ranar 1 ga Janairu a 2018. Dangane da kamfanonin gyare-gyare da cibiyoyin da ke daukar ma'aikata 25 ko sama da haka, a kowace shekara, za a bukaci samun takardar shaidar biyan kudi domin tabbatar da shaida Manufar wannan takaddar takaddar dole ce ta tilasta zartar da doka ta yanzu da ke haramta ayyukan nuna banbanci dangane da jinsi kuma yana buƙatar cewa mata da maza da ke aiki don mai aiki ɗaya za a biya su daidai albashi kuma su more daidaito na aiki don aiki iri ɗaya ko ayyuka iri ɗaya. Amurka Dokar Tarayya: Dokar Biyan Daidaitawa ta 1963 da Take VII na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama na 1964 A ƙarni na 20, mata sun kai kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ma'aikata na Amurka amma har yanzu ana biyansu ƙasa da maza, ko dai aiki ɗaya ne ko wani aiki na daban. Akwai dokoki daban-daban na mata a wasu jihohi kamar, ba sa aiki da dare da kuma taƙaita lokacin aikinsu. Mata sun fara shiga karin ayyukan masana'anta lokacin da aka gwabza Yaƙin Duniya na II ya fara maye gurbin maza waɗanda suka shiga soja. Gibin albashi ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa yayin yaƙin. Hukumar Kwadago ta Kasa ta sanya manufofi don taimakawa wajen samar da daidaito ga matan da ke maye gurbin maza kai tsaye. Yunkurin farko na dokar biyan albashi daidai a Amurka, HR 5056, "Haramta Nuna Bambanci a Kan Lamarin Jima'i," 'yar majalisa Winifred C. Stanley na Buffalo, NY ce ta gabatar da ita a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1944. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, dokar da gwamnatin tarayya ta zartar a shekarar 1963 ta sanya doka ba ta biyan maza da mata kudaden albashi daban-daban na aiki iri daya kan ayyukan da ke bukatar kwarewa iri daya, yana daga cikin kokarinsu, da kuma daukar nauyinsu, kuma ana aiwatar da su a karkashin irin wannan yanayin aikin. Shekara daya bayan zartar da Dokar Biyan Daidaita, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1964. Lakabi na VII na wannan aikin ya sanya haramtacciyar wariya dangane da launin fata, addinin, launin, ko jinsi na mutum. Take na VII ya kai hari kan nuna wariyar jinsi da yawa fiye da Dokar Daidaito Daidaitawa ba kawai ga lada ba har zuwa biyan da ake amfaji da shi Kuma ana Kiran shi da mahimmancin diyya, sharuɗɗa, halaye ko gata na aiki. Don haka tare da Dokar Biyan Daidaitawa da Take na VII, mai ba da aiki ba zai iya hana mata albashi daidai dokar dai ta Samar da abubuwa da dama na aiki daidai ba; hana mata canja wuri, karin girma, ko karin albashi; sarrafa kimantawar aiki don mayar da albashin mata; ko kuma ware maza da mata da gangan zuwa aiki gwargwadon jinsi. Tunda Majalisar na yin muhawara kan wannan kudirin a daidai lokacin da Dokar Daidaita Daidata ta fara aiki, akwai damuwa kan yadda wadannan dokokin biyu za su yi mu'amala, wanda ya kai ga zartar da Gyaran Sanata Bennett. Wannan Kwaskwarimar ta ce: "Ba zai zama aikin ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin wannan karamin juzu'i ga duk wani mai aiki ya banbanta ta hanyar jima'i idan irin wannan bambancin yana da izini ta tanadin [Daidaita Dokar Biya]." An sami rudani kan fassarar wannan Kwaskwarimar, wacce aka bar wa kotuna don warwarewa. Don haka dokar tarayya ta Amurka yanzu ta ce "masu ba da aiki ba za su iya nin ƙa'idojin na daga cikin nasarori da aka sami, ƙoƙari da nauyi, kuma akwai abubuwan da ake aiwayar da suaiwatar da su a ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayin aiki a cikin tsari ɗaya." Jihar New York A cikin 1944, jihar New York ta haramta nuna wariya game da albashi dangane da jinsin mutum. A ranar 10 ga Yulin 2019, Gwamnan New York Andrew Cuomo ya sanya hannu kan dokar doka wacce ke ba da tabbacin samun daidaiton albashi don aikin daidai ba tare da la'akari da jinsin mutum ba. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan dokar 1944 ta hana ma’aikata daga tambayar ‘yan takarar aiki game da albashin da suka biya a baya, wata baraka a tarihin aiwatar da daidaiton biyan albashin su dangane da jinsi. Cuomo ya sanya hannu kan dokar tare tare da faretin cin Kofin Duniya na Mata na 2019 a Birnin New York. Jihar Washington A Washington, Gwamna Evans ya aiwatar da nazarin daidaiton albashi a 1973 da wani a 1977. Sakamakon ya nuna karara cewa lokacin da ake kwatanta ayyuka na maza da mata sun kasance babu kusan wani juyi tsakanin matsakaitan ayyuka iri daya kuma a kowane bangare, an sami rata kashi ashirin cikin dari. Misali, ma'aikacin sabis na abinci yana samun 472 a kowane wata, kuma Direban Motar Isarwa ya sami 792, duk da cewa an ba su duka lamba ɗaya "maki" a kan ma'auni kwatankwacin jihar. Abin takaici ga jihar, kuma ga ma'aikatan jihar, magajinsa Gwamna Dixie Lee Ray ya kasa aiwatar da shawarwarin binciken (wanda ya bayyana karara cewa mata sun yi kasa da kashi 20 cikin dari fiye da maza). Don haka a cikin 1981, AFSCME sun gabatar da korafin nuna wariyar jinsi tare da EEOC akan wasu mahimman dokokin Gwamnatin Washington. Kotun Yankin ta yanke hukuncin cewa tunda jihar tayi wani bincike na nuna wariyar jinsi a cikin jihar, ta gano cewa akwai bambanci sosai a cikin albashi, kuma basu yi wani abu ba don inganta wadannan bambance-bambance, wannan ya zama nuna wariya a karkashin Title VII wanda yake "mamayewa da niyya Daga nan Kotun ta umarci Jiha da ta biya mata sama da 15,500 kudaden da aka biya daga 1979 bisa la'akari da nazarin 1983 na kwatankwacin darajar. Wannan ya wuce 800 miliyan. Koyaya, Kotun ofaukaka forara ta Amurka game da Yanki na Tara ta soke wannan shawarar, tana mai bayyana cewa Washington koyaushe tana buƙatar albashin ma'aikatansu don yin daidai da kasuwar 'yanci, kuma nuna wariya yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da bambancin albashi. Kotun ta ce, "Jiha ba ta haifar da banbancin kasuwa ba [kuma] ba doka ko dabaru da suke ganin tsarin kasuwar 'yanci wani kamfani ne da ake zargi." Duk da yake karar ba ta yi nasara ba a karshe, hakan ya haifar da dokar jihohi don kara albashin ma’aikatan jihar. Kudaden aiwatar da wannan tsarin biyan kudi daidai yake kashi 2.6% na kudin ma'aikata ga jihar. Minnesota A cikin Minnesota, jihar ta fara yin la’akari da ingantacciyar manufa mai dacewa a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 lokacin da Minnesotaungiyar Minnesotaungiyar Minnesota ta Majalisar kan Tattalin Arzikin Mata ta umarci Hay Associates don gudanar da bincike. Sakamakon ya kasance abin birgewa kuma yayi daidai da sakamakon a Washington (akwai tazarar kashi 20% tsakanin maza da mata masu biya). Hay Associates ya tabbatar da cewa a cikin shekaru 19 tun da aka zartar da Dokar Daidaito Daidai, nuna bambancin albashi ya ci gaba har ma ya karu daga 1976 zuwa 1981. Ta yin amfani da tsarin su, sun lura cewa yayin da aka ba masu direbobin bayarwa da masu buga takardu dukkansu maki 117 kowannensu "ya dace" ga jihar, an ba direban isar da kayan isar da sako (wata sana'a ce da maza suka mamaye) a duk wata yayin da aka biya ma'aikacin magatakarda. (wata mata ta mamaye sana'a) ana biyan ta 1,115 a wata. Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa mata ba su da yawan gaske a cikin manaja da mukamai na kwararru, kuma galibi ana rarraba ayyukan gwamnati ta hanyar jima'i. Binciken daga karshe ya ba da shawarar cewa jihar ta dauki matakai da dama na ayyuka: 1) kafa kyawawan abubuwan da za a iya kwatanta su da ayyukan mata; 2) keɓe kuɗi don inganta rashin daidaiton biyan kuɗi; 3) karfafawa mata gwiwa don tabbatar da mata da tsiraru 4) ci gaba da nazarin yanayin don inganta shi. Majalisar Dokokin Minnesota ta motsa nan da nan don mayar da martani. A 1983 jihar ta kasafta 21.8 dala miliyan don fara gyara banbance banbancen ma’aikatan jihar. Daga 1982 zuwa 1993, albashin mata a jihar ya ƙaru da kashi 10%. Kamar yadda jaridar Star Tribune ta ruwaito, a shekara ta 2005 mata a cikin gwamnatin jihar ta Minnesota sun samar da dala 97 a kan dala, hakan ya sanya jihar ta Minnesota a matsayin daya daga cikin mafiya daidaito ga mata ma’aikatan jihar a kasar. Shekaru biyar bayan haka a shekara ta 2010, an cimma cikakkiyar daidaiton kuɗin biyan mata a cikin aikin yi a jihar, tare da maimaitawa, yawanci ƙananan canje-canje a cikin ƙananan hukumomi da ke faruwa a kai a kai. Dokar tarayya: Lilly Ledbetter Dokar Biyan Gaskiya A shekarar 2009, Shugaba Obama ya rattaba hannu kan dokar biyan kudi ta Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay, inda ya ba mata damar kai karar ma’aikata saboda rashin biyansu albashi har na tsawon kwanaki 180 bayan an biya su kudin da ba su dace ba. A ranar 29 ga Janairun 2016, ya sanya hannu a kan dokar zartarwa wacce ta tilasta wa dukkan kamfanoni da akalla ma’aikata 100 su bayyana albashin dukkan ma’aikatan ga gwamnatin tarayya, tare da ragin albashin ta hanyar jinsi, jinsi, da kuma kabilanci. Manufar ita ce a ƙarfafa masu ba da aiki su ba da albashi daidai don aiki daidai ta hanyar ƙara nuna gaskiya. Massachusetts A watan Agusta na 2016, Gwamnan Massachusetts Charlie Baker ya sanya hannu kan kudurin doka don inganta kan Dokar Biyan Daidaita ta Massachusetts da ta riga ta kasance. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, 2018, wannan gyaran da aka sabunta ya fara aiki ne don kare ma'aikata daga tambayar wanda ya dauke su albashinsu na baya. Gwamna Baker ya nemi canji a tsarin na yanzu bayan ya fahimci cewa mata a bangarorin su, a matsakaita, suna yin cent 76 akan dala idan aka kwatanta da maza masu yin aiki iri ɗaya. A karkashin sabunta Dokar Biyan Daidaitawa ta Massachusetts, ba a ba masu aiki damar samun banbanci a cikin albashi ga ma'aikatan da ke yin aikin da ke bukatar irin kwarewa, kokari, da nauyi. Dokar Biyan Daidaitawa ta Massachusetts kawai tana ba da izinin bambance-bambance a cikin biyan lokacin da ya dogara da cancanta, yawan shekaru, kudaden shiga da aka samu, ilimi, da wuri ko tafiya. A lokacin isowarsa a shekarar 2018, Dokar Biyan Daidaitawa ta Massachusetts ta zama mai ba da karfi mafi karfi na neman a biya su daidai tsakanin masu jinsi a Amurka. Ta zama jiha ta farko da ta samar da tabbaci na kariya ga masu daukar aiki a karkashin yanayin da suka gudanar da binciken kansu na ayyukan biyansu. Don kiyayewa, akwai buƙatar a tabbatar da rikodin ƙoƙarin da aka yi don rufe ɓarna a cikin biyan kafin su zama masu alhakin nunka daga cikin ma'aikacin da aka nuna wariyar. Dokokin jihohi da na kananan hukumomi, 2010s California da New York City sun amince da dokokin da suka haramtawa ma’aikata yin tambaya game da tarihin albashi don tantance albashin da za a bayar don sabon aiki. Ana nufin wannan don rage gibin biyan jinsi ta hanyar rage tasirin wariyar da ta gabata. Sauran jihohin Amurka da yawa suna yin la'akari da irin waɗannan dokokin, har zuwa Mayu 2017. Ostiraliya A cikin 1948, Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan-Adam ta fara fahimtar daidaiton albashi don aiki daidai. Kungiyar kwadago ta duniya ce ta fitar da Yarjejeniyar Biyar Daidai. Taron ya bayyana cewa yana bada shawarar a ayyana ayyuka bisa yanayin aikin maimakon wanda yake aikin. Mata da maza sun shiga cikin zanga-zangar, suna kiran gwamnati da ta gyara babban taron 1951 da kuma biyan kuɗin doka daidai a Australiya. A cikin 1969, akwai karar da Unionungiyar Ma'aikatan Masana'antu ta Australasian ta kawo game da Nama da liedungiyar Cinikin Kawancen. Ma’aikata sun yi ta jayayya kan a biya kowane ma’aikaci albashi daidai kuma hukuncin da hukumar ta yanke shi ne cewa mace ta ba da mafi karancin albashi a kashi 85 na na mazan. Wannan shawarar ta taimaka wajen biyan albashi daidai ga matan da ke aiki iri daya da maza za su yi, amma sauran matan duk sun samu kashi 85 cikin 100. A cikin 1972 an sake sake yanke shawara kuma dokoki sun nuna cewa ko mata ko maza waɗanda ke aiki a irin wannan aikin da ke da ƙima iri ɗaya, sun cancanci ƙimar aiki ɗaya. A karkashin tsohuwar tsarin gyara albashin Australiya, "an biya albashi daidai na aiki daidai wa daida" na mata a shekarar 1969. An sanya dokar hana nuna wariya saboda jinsi a shekarar 1984. Kanada A amfani da Kanada, ana amfani da sharuɗɗan biyan daidaito da daidaiton biya ɗan bambanci da na sauran ƙasashe. Sharuɗɗan biyu suna nuni da ra'ayoyi daban daban na shari'a. Biyan daidaito, ko daidaiton albashi don aikin daidai, yana nufin buƙatar cewa a biya maza da mata kuɗi ɗaya idan suna yin aiki iri ɗaya a ƙungiya ɗaya. Misali, dole ne a biya mace mai aikin wutar lantarki daidai da na lantarki a namiji a kungiya daya. An halatta bambance-bambance masu ma'ana idan saboda girma ko cancanta. Dokar tana buƙatar daidaiton biyan kuɗi a kowane ɗayan hurumin zartar da doka na Kanada (yankuna goma, yankuna uku, da gwamnatin tarayya). Lura cewa dokar tarayya tana aiki ne kawai ga waɗancan ma'aikata a cikin wasu masana'antun da gwamnatin ke sarrafawa kamar bankuna, masu watsa shirye-shirye, da kamfanonin jiragen sama, don kaɗan. Ga yawancin ma'aikata, dokar da ta dace ita ce ta lardin ko yanki. Ga ma'aikata da aka tsara ta tarayya, ana bada tabbacin daidaiton biya a karkashin Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kanada A Ontario, ana buƙatar daidaiton biyan kuɗi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ka'idodin Aiki na Ontario. Kowane yanki na Kanada yana da doka iri ɗaya, kodayake sunan doka zai bambanta. Sabanin haka, daidaiton biyan kuɗi, a cikin mahallin Kanada, yana nufin cewa dole ne a biya mata ayyukan maza da kuma ayyukan mata-na ƙima iri ɗaya idan a cikin ma'aikaci ɗaya. Ana kiran kalmar Kanada game da daidaiton biyan kuɗi a matsayin "kwatankwacin darajar" a cikin Amurka. Misali, idan ma'aikatan jinya da ma'aikatan wutar lantarki ana ganin suna da ayyuka daidai wa daida, dole ne a biya su ɗaya. Wata hanyar rarrabe ra'ayoyin ita ce a lura da cewa daidaiton biyan kudi yana magana ne kan 'yancin mata ma'aikata a matsayinsu na daidaiku, yayin da daidaiton biyan yake magana kan' yancin mata da mata suka mamaye a matsayin kungiya. Wasu yankuna na Kanada suna da dokokin biyan kuɗi yayin da wasu basu da, saboda haka wajibcin rarrabe tsakanin daidaiton biyan kuɗi da biyan daidaito a cikin amfanin Kanada. Misali, a Ontario, ana tabbatar da daidaiton biyan kudi ta hanyar Dokar Ka’idojin Aiki ta Ontario yayin da aka tabbatar da daidaiton albashi ta dokar Ontario Pay Equity Act. A gefe guda kuma, larduna uku na yamma (British Columbia, Alberta, da Saskatchewan) suna da dokar daidaita daidaito amma ba su da dokar biyan haraji. Wasu larduna (alal misali, Manitoba) suna da dokoki waɗanda ke buƙatar daidaiton biyan kuɗi ga masu ba da ma'aikatun gwamnati amma ba na ma'aikata masu zaman kansu ba; a halin yanzu, dokar daidaita daidaiton biya ta shafi kowa da kowa. Indiya Kare tsarin mulki A zaman wani bangare na Ka'idodinta na Manufofin Siyasa, Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ta hanyar Mataki na 39 ya tanadi cewa dukkan jihohi suna jagorantar manufofinsu don samun daidaito a kan aiki daidai ga maza da mata, da kuma tabbatar da cewa maza da mata suna da 'yancin yin isassun hanyoyin rayuwa. Duk da cewa wadannan Ka'idojin Ba su da hurumin zartar da su ta kowace kotu, amma suna da mahimmanci ga shugabancin kasar kuma jiha wajibi ne ta yi la’akari da su yayin zartar da dokoki. Duk da cewa “biyan albashi iri daya don aiki iri daya” ba bayyanannen haqqin tsarin mulki bane, an karanta shi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta hanyar fassarar Labarai na 14, 15 da 16 wanda ke tabbatar da daidaito a gaban doka, kariya daga nuna wariya da daidaito a cikin lamuran aikin gwamnati. Kotun Koli ta Indiya ita ma ta ayyana wannan a matsayin wata manufa ta tsarin mulki, ga kowane mutum kuma yana iya samunta ta hanyar aiwatar da hakkokinsu na yau da kullun da aka shimfida a cikin Labarai na 14 zuwa 16. A cikin mashahurin hukuncin Kotun Koli, an kalubalanci yanayin aikin masu karbar iska ta Air India. Sharuɗɗan aiki sun buƙaci yin ritayar tilas ga mata: (i) bayan sun kai shekaru 33; (ii) idan sun yi aure cikin shekaru huɗu na hidimar; itama doka ce da aka yarda da ita ko (iii) akan ciki na farko. Kotun duk da haka ta yi fatali da wadannan tanade-tanaden kuma ta kasance masu nuna son kai da nuna wariya saboda ta saba wa doka ta 14, 15 da 16 ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Kariyar doka A shekarar 1976, an zartar da dokar ba da lada daidai da nufin samar da lada daidai ga maza da mata ma’aikata da kuma hana nuna banbanci dangane da jinsi a dukkan al’amuran da suka shafi aikin yi da damar aiki. Wannan dokar ba wai kawai ta samar wa mata da 'yancin neman a biya su daidai ba ne, amma duk wani rashin daidaito dangane da tsarin daukar ma'aikata, horas da aiki, karin girma, da sauyawa a tsakanin kungiyar ana iya kalubalantar ta a karkashin wannan Dokar. Koyaya, girmanta bai kai ga yanayin da: (i) mace ke ƙoƙarin bin ƙa'idodin dokokin ba mata kulawa ta musamman ba; da (ii) ana bai wa mace kulawa ta musamman saboda haihuwar ɗa, ko sharuɗɗan da suka shafi ritaya, aure ko mutuwa. Kamfanoni da masu ɗaukan ma'aikata ɗayansu ana iya ɗaukar nauyinsu don kiyaye ƙa'idodin da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin wannan Dokar. A cikin shari'oi daban-daban, Kotun Koli ta Indiya ma ta nuna cewa nuna wariyar jinsi yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin da maza da mata suka yi aiki iri daya ko aiki iri daya Wanda ake bukata. Koyaya, ya fayyace cewa ana buƙatar ɗaukar sassauƙa yayin yanke shawarar wane irin aiki ne zai iya zama kwatankwacin yin la'akari da ayyukan da aka aiwatar a matsayin ɓangare na aikin, kuma ba ayyukan da za a iya yi ba. Taiwan Taiwan ta kafa dokar daidaita daidaito tsakanin maza da mata a aikin yi a shekara ta 2002. Yana tsara cewa dole ne mai ba da aiki ya ba da albashi ɗaya ga ma'aikatan da suke yin aiki iri ɗaya. Doka ta tanadi cewa, ma’aikata ba za su nuna wariya ga ma’aikata ba saboda bambancin jinsi ko jinsi a batun biyan albashi. Ma'aikata zasu sami albashi daidai don aiki iri ɗaya ko ƙimarsu ɗaya. Koyaya, idan irin waɗannan bambance-bambancen sakamakon tsarin manya ne, kyauta da tsarin horo zai tabbatar daya taimaka sosai, tsarin cancanta ko wasu dalilai masu gamsarwa na abubuwan da ba na jima'i ba ko kuma waɗanda ba na jima'i ba, ƙuntatawa da aka ambata a sama ba zai yi aiki ba. Masu ba da aiki ba za su iya bin hanyoyin rage albashin sauran ma’aikata ba don guje wa ka’idar sakin layin da ya gabata. Sukar Sukar da ka'idar biyan albashi daidai na awanni masu aiki da mata ke aiki daidai da kananan ayyuka ta hanyar azuzuwan kariya sun hada da sukar hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su don cimma hakan da kuma hanyar da ake auna rata. Wasu sunyi imani cewa ayyukan gwamnati don daidaita bambancin biyan jinsi na haifar da tsoma baki ga tsarin musayar son rai. Suna jayayya batun na asali shine cewa mai aikin shine mamallakin aikin, ba gwamnati bane ko ma'aikaci. Mai ba da aikin yi shawarwari game da aikin kuma ya biya gwargwadon aikinsa, ba bisa ga aikin aiki ba. Batun tare da hakan shine maza ana ganin su manyan masu aiki ne bisa irin kwarewar da mace zata iya yi. Kasuwanci mai zaman kansa ba zai so ya rasa mafi kyawun wa'inda sune masu yin sa ba ta hanyar rama musu ƙasa kaɗan kuma zai iya rashin karfin biyan payingan ƙwararrun masu yin sa saboda yawan aiki zai ragu. Koyaya, Women'sungiyar Mata mai zaman kanta ta faɗi wani binciken wanda ke nuna hangen nesa na albashi mai yiwuwa ya ɓace "lokacin da aka sarrafa shi don ƙwarewa, ilimi, da yawan shekarun aiki". Bambanci tsakanin daidaiton albashi don aiki daidai da biya daidai na aiki daidai yake A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Daidaituwar Cigaba ta Washington ta amfani da bayanai daga Ofishin Labarun Labarun Labarun, ayyukan da suka fi yawan maza yawanci ana biyansu da kyau ba tare da la'akari da kwarewa ko matakin ilimi ba. Misali, sau da yawa yana buƙatar irin wannan ƙwarewar da ilimi don zama lantarki kamar yadda yake don zama mai jinya. Koyaya, masu aikin lantarki, fannin da maza suka fi yawa, suna samun albashi fiye da masu jinya, fannin da ya mamaye mata. A cikin yanayi inda, misali, wutar lantarki ke yin aikin su ƙafa 200 sama da ƙasan bene na rijiyar mai, to ya kamata acigaba da amfaninda it's hard biya ya zama mafi girma saboda haɗarin sun yi yawa haka. Koyaya, wannan baya bayanin rata tsakanin matsakaicin aikin masu wutar lantarki. Sukar da aka yi wa daidaitaccen albashi don aiki iri ɗaya shi ne rashin ingantattun hanyoyin daidaitawa, ya dogara ne da abubuwan da ke ƙarkashin ikon mallaka kuma ba ya dogara da ainihin hujjoji da ƙididdiga Kamar yadda yake a misalin da ya gabata, bincika ya tabbata da cewa magana ce ta ƙarya cewa masu aikin lantarki ke samun kuɗi fiye da masu jinya. Dangane da ƙididdigar masu aikin wutar lantarki suna samun 1015 mako-mako yayin da masu jinya ke samun 1223 mako-mako don haka a wannan yanayin yana tabbatar da cewa ma’aikatan jinya, filin da mace ta mamaye, sun fi ma’aikatan lantarki yawa, namiji mamaye filin. Dokokin nuna gaskiya Dokar nuna gaskiya ita ce buɗewa, da ka'idojin fa'idoji waɗanda ke ɗaukar kasuwanci da gwamnatoci. Dokokin nuna gaskiya suna tilasta kamfanoni su bayyana albashin ga ma'aikata, masu daukar ma'aikata, da kuma gwamnati. Tsarancin biyan jinsi an bayyana shi azaman matsakaicin bambanci tsakanin biyan diyya da aka baiwa ga jinsunan mu maza da mata don aikinsu ko aikinsu. An sanya dokokin nuna gaskiya don rage wannan gibin na biyan albashi. Waɗannan dokokin sun haifar da ragin kashi biyu cikin ɗari a gibin jinsi ta hanyar samar da albashi ga jama'a, wanda ya sauƙaƙa ganin banbancin biyan kowane jinsi. Ba tare da dokokin nuna gaskiya ba, masu ba da aiki suna ɗaukar mata da yawa idan aka kwatanta da maza saboda ƙananan albashi. Masu ba da aikin da ke ɗaukar nauyin maza da mata daidai suke ɗora wa kamfanoni ƙimar albashi, saboda albashin maza ya fi tsada sosai kuwa. Garuruwan da suka aiwatar da dokokin nuna gaskiya sun nuna shaidar mahimman canje-canje a cikin albashin mata saboda nuna gaskiya. Bayyananniyar ba wai kawai a cikin gwamnati da ma'aikata ba ne, amma a tsakanin ma'aikata, ba wa mata da maza abokan aiki damar lura da albashin juna. Mata, musamman, na iya amfani da wannan bayanin don samun daidaiton biyan kuɗi. Wannan na iya taimakawa wajen rage rashin daidaiton biyan kuɗi na mata lokacin da suke aiki iri ɗaya da na mazaje. Duba kuma Allonby v. Accrington da Kwalejin Rossendale Daidaita Ranar Biya Mata na talauci Gibin biyan jinsi a Indiya Rufin gilashi Dokar farashi ɗaya Mata kayan abu Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ledbetter v Goodyear Kotun Koli Biyan Binciken Adalci Rahoton CNN "Karanta Sabis ɗin Binciken Kasuwanci (CRS) game da Biyan Kuɗi Hotunan Tarihi da bayanai game da gwagwarmayar biyan kuɗi. Walter P. Reuther Library of Labour da Harkokin Gari. Jami'ar Jihar Wayne. "Duk Me Ya Faru Daidai Daidai?" Rubutun Markisanci Biyan Kungiyar Daidaita "Shin Zaɓin Gap Mata ne Zaɓaɓɓu", Rachel Bondi "Gaskiya Bayan Albashin Mata a Mining", Jack Caldwell da Cecilia Jamasmie Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkar%20Zamantakewa

Harkar Zamantakewa

Harkar zamantakewa wani ƙoƙari ne marar tsari daga babban rukuni na mutane don cimma wata manufa ta musamman ta zamantakewa ko siyasa. Wannan na iya zama don aiwatar da sauyi na zamantakewa, ko don tsayayya ko soke ɗaya. Wani nau'in aikin rukuni ne kuma yana iya haɗawa da daidaikun mutane, ƙungiyoyi ko duka biyun. An bayyana ƙungiyoyin jama'a a matsayin "tsari da dabaru na ƙungiyoyi waɗanda za su iya ƙarfafa al'ummomin da ake zalunta don haɓaka ƙalubale masu inganci da kuma yin tsayayya da masu ƙarfi da masu fa'ida". Suna wakiltar hanyar sauyin zamantakewa daga ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe. Kimiyyar siyasa da ilimin zamantakewa sun haɓaka ra'ayoyi iri-iri da bincike mai zurfi akan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. Misali, wasu bincike kuma a kimiyyar siyasa sun nuna alakar da ke tsakanin jama'a da kafa sabbin jam'iyyun siyasa da kuma tattauna ayyukan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa dangane da tsara ajanda da tasiri a kan siyasa. Masana ilimin zamantakewa sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan motsi na zamantakewa da yawa suna nazarin abubuwa kamar iyaka, nau'in canji, hanyar aiki, kewayo, da tsarin lokaci. Wasu masanan sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar Yammacin Turai na zamani ya zama mai yiwuwa ta hanyar ilimi (yawan yada wallafe-wallafen) da kuma yawan motsin aiki saboda ci gaban masana'antu da birane na al'ummomin ƙarni na 19. Wani lokaci ana jayayya cewa 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ilimi da 'yancin ɗan adam na tattalin arziƙin da ke yaɗuwa a cikin al'adun Yammacin zamani suna da alhakin adadin da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba na ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa daban-daban na wannan zamani. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na shekaru ɗari na ƙarshe sun girma, kamar Mau Mau a Kenya, don adawa da mulkin mallaka na Yamma. Ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa sun kasance kuma suna ci gaba da kasancewa tare da tsarin siyasa na dimokuradiyya. Lokaci-lokaci, ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa suna shiga cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya, amma galibi suna samun bunƙasa bayan an sami dimokuradiyya. A cikin shekaru 200 da suka gabata, sun zama wani ɓangare na shahararriyar furuci da rashin yarda a duniya. Ƙungiyoyin zamani sukan yi amfani da fasaha da intanet don tara mutane a duniya. Daidaita yanayin sadarwa jigo ne na gama gari tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu nasara. Bincike ya fara gano yadda ƙungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin jama'a a cikin Amurka da Kanada suna amfani da kafofin watsa labarun don sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwar jama'a da ayyukan gama kai. Ma'anoni Mario Diani yayi jayayya cewa kusan dukkanin ma'anoni suna raba ma'auni guda uku: "Cibiyar sadarwa ta mu'amala ta yau da kullun tsakanin yawancin mutane, rukuni da/ko kungiyoyi, masu tsunduma cikin rikicin siyasa ko al'adu, bisa tushen asalin gama gari" Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Charles Tilly ya bayyana harkar zamantakewa a matsayin jerin wasan kwaikwayo, nuni da yaƙin neman zaɓe wanda talakawa ke yin iƙirari ga wasu. Ga Tilly, ƙungiyoyin jama'a babbar hanya ce ta shigar talakawa cikin harkokin siyasar jama'a. Ya yi nuni da cewa akwai manyan abubuwa guda uku a cikin harkar zamantakewa: Yaƙin neman zaɓe: ci gaba mai dorewa, ƙoƙarin jama'a yana yin iƙirarin gamayya na hukumomin da aka yi niyya; Repertoire (repertoire na jayayya): aikin haɗe-haɗe daga cikin nau'ikan ayyukan siyasa masu zuwa: ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na musamman, tarurrukan jama'a, jerin gwano, fage, tarurruka, zanga-zangar, korafe-korafe, sanarwa zuwa ga kuma a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na jama'a, da buga littattafai; kuma WUNC tana nuni haɗe-haɗen wakilcin jama'a na mahalarta taron na w orthiness, u nity, n umbers, da nasu da kuma/ko mazaɓansu. Sidney Tarrow ya bayyana harkar na zamantakewa a matsayin "kalubalen gama gari [ga manyan mutane, hukumomi, wasu kungiyoyi ko ka'idojin al'adu] ta mutanen da ke da manufa guda da hadin kai a ci gaba da mu'amala da manyan mutane, abokan adawa da hukumomi." Ya bambanta ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da ƙungiyoyin siyasa da masu fafutuka. Masana ilimin zamantakewa John McCarthy da Mayer Zald sun bayyana a matsayin harkar na zamantakewa a matsayin "tsarin ra'ayi da imani a cikin yawan jama'a wanda ke wakiltar abubuwan da ake so don canza wasu abubuwa na tsarin zamantakewa da/ko rarraba lada na al'umma." A cewar Paul van Seeters da Paul James, ma'anar harkar zamantakewa ya ƙunshi wasu ƙananan yanayi na 'haɗuwa': Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

51153

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankin%20yancin%20ciniki%20na%20Afirka

Yankin yancin ciniki na Afirka

Yankin Ciniki na Afirka (AFTZ) yanki ne na cinikayya kyauta wanda aka sanar a taron koli na EAC-SADC-COMESA a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2008 ta shugabannin Kudancin Afirka (SADC), Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afrika (COMESA) da Kudanci na Afirka (EAC). Yankin Ciniki na Afirka kuma ana kiransa Yankin Cinikayya na Afirka a wasu takardun hukuma da sakonnin manema labarai. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012 an kara ra'ayin don hada da ECOWAS, ECCAS da AMU. A watan Yunin 2015, a taron koli na Tarayyar Afirka a Afirka ta Kudu, an kaddamar da shawarwari don ƙirƙirar Yankin Ciniki na Continental (CFTA) tare da dukkan jihohin Tarayyar Afrika 55 a shekarar 2017. Sa hannu Shugabannin bangarorin kasuwanci guda uku na AFTZ, COMESA, EAC, da SADC, sun sanar da yarjejeniyar, tare da manufar kirkirar yankin cinikayya kyauta guda daya da za a kira shi Yankin Ciniki na Afirka, wanda ya kunshi kasashe 26 tare da GDP na kimanin US 624bn 382.9bn). An yi fatan cewa yarjejeniyar Yankin Ciniki na Afirka za ta sauƙaƙa samun dama ga kasuwanni a cikin yankin AFTZ kuma ta kawo ƙarshen matsaloli saboda yawancin ƙasashe membobin AFTZ na ƙungiyoyin yanki da yawa. Yankin Ciniki na Afirka da aka sanar a taron koli na EAC-SADC-COMESA (wanda aka fi sani da taron koli na AFTZ da Tripartite) yadda ya kamata shine cikar mafarki sama da shekaru ɗari a cikin yin, yankin kasuwanci wanda ya mamaye tsawon nahiyar Afirka daga Cape zuwa Alkahira, daga Arewacin Afirka har zuwa kudancin Afirka a Afirka ta Kudu (Cape Town). Cecil Rhodes da sauran masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ne suka yi tunanin mafarkin Cape zuwa Alkahira a cikin shekarun 1890 kuma an bayyana shi a cikin mahallin da sassan daban-daban ciki har da, amma ba a iyakance shi ba, manufofi masu zuwa: Cape zuwa Alhira Road, Cape zuwa Alhairo Railway, Cape zuwa Cairo Telegraph, da Cape zuwa Cairo Trade Union. Duk da yake wasu iko, musamman Jamus da Portugal suna da yankuna ko wuraren tasiri a yankin kasuwanci na Cape zuwa Alkahira da aka yi la'akari da su, babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyar Cape zuwa Alihira zai kasance Burtaniya da Daular Burtaniya. Babban bambanci a cikin ra'ayin asalin yankin Cape zuwa Alkahira da kuma halin da yake ciki yanzu shi ne cewa Yankin Ciniki na Afirka shine kirkirar Kasashen Afirka don amfanin juna da ci gaban kasashe membobin AFTZ, mutanensu da dukan nahiyar Afirka maimakon yankin kasuwanci don amfanin Burtaniya. Daga ƙarshe, ana fatan AFTZ za ta zama babban gini ga hadin kan Afirka da kuma cimma burin Afirka a karkashin jagorancin Tarayyar Afirka. Wani muhimmin bambanci tsakanin asalin da na yanzu shine cewa AFTZ ya ƙunshi yanki mafi girma fiye da wanda ko da Cecil Rhodes zai iya tunaninsa. Tunanin Cape zuwa Alkahira na asali a lokacin Cecil Rhodes kuma yanzu a ƙarƙashin AFTZ yanki ne na cinikayya kyauta wanda ya mamaye dukan nahiyar daga Cape Town a Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Alkahora a Misira. Cecil Rhodes' Cape to Cairo zai hada da kasashe da yawa. Bayanan da ke cikin Cape zuwa yankin Alkahira na yanzu wanda AFTZ ta tabbatar ya ƙunshi mafi yawan Afirka, kusan rabin ƙasashe (26 daga cikin 54), fiye da rabin samarwa, kasuwanci, yawan jama'a, ƙasa da albarkatu. Idan ya tabbatar da iyawarsa kuma ya zama ƙungiyar tattalin arziki da ta dace da gaske, AFTZ na iya yin gasa da kowane ƙungiyar tattalin arziki tare da manyan albarkatun ƙasa, manyan kasuwanni, matasa, da babbar ƙwarewar fasaha (yawanci ta hanyar SADC gabaɗaya da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu musamman). Baya ga kawar da membobin da ke da ma'ana da kuma matsalar kasashe membobin da suka shiga cikin wasu tsare-tsaren hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki na yanki da tsare-tsare na hadin gwiwoyin siyasa da tsaro na yanki waɗanda zasu iya yin gasa da ko lalata juna, Yankin Ciniki na Afirka ya ci gaba da niyyar karfafa ikon cinikayya na AFTZ yayin tattaunawar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa. Masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa yarjejeniyar Yankin Ciniki na Afirka za ta taimaka wa cinikayya ta cikin yanki da haɓaka ci gaba. Ana ɗaukar AFTZ a matsayin babban mataki a aiwatar da AEC, ƙungiyar jihohin Tarayyar Afirka da ke kafa tushe don ci gaban tattalin arziki tsakanin yawancin jihohin Afirka. Manufofin da aka bayyana na kungiyar AEC sun hada da kirkirar yankunan kasuwanci kyauta, kungiyoyin kwastam, kasuwa guda, babban banki, da kuma kudin gama gari don haka kafa ƙungiyar tattalin arziki da kuɗi ga Tarayyar Afirka. Yankunan kasuwanci Kungiyoyin kasuwanci guda uku da suka amince da su kuma sun hada da AFTZ, COMESA, EAC da SADC, sun riga sun kafa su da kyau a cikin hakkinsu kuma sun rufe yankuna daban-daban na ƙasa, tsarin tattalin arziki, tsarin siyasa da kuma mutane daban-daban (wanda ya hada da Larabawa a Arewa, mutane masu launin fata a Gabas da Kudu, gami da adadi mai yawa na 'yan Afirka ta Kudu, gamo da Indiyawan Indiya, da sauran kungiyoyin Afirka masu launin fata da suka haɗu da miliyoyin Afirka ta Kudu). Yawancin membobin rukunin kasuwanci na membobin AFTZ guda uku sun haɗu tare da ƙasashe da yawa kasancewa memba na fiye da ɗaya daga cikin rukunin kasuwanci na memba na AFTZ da kuma memba na wasu kawance a ciki da ba tare da rukunin kasuwanci guda uku ba. Muhimmancin tarihi na AFTZ Taron EAC-SADC-COMESA an dauke shi tarihi ne saboda a karo na farko, tun lokacin da aka haifi Tarayyar Afirka, manyan gine-gine da yawa na EAC sun hadu kan yadda za a haɗa yankuna da kuma matsawa zuwa zurfafawa da fadada hadin kai a cikin Yarjejeniyar Abuja gaba ɗaya don kafa AEC. Bugu da ƙari, a karo na farko da aka kafa haɗin kai na gaske, daga arewa zuwa kudancin nahiyar. AFTZ (EAC, COMESA da SADC) a halin yanzu suna da jimillar yawan mutane miliyan 527 da jimilwar GDP na dala biliyan 625. A cikin girman da iyawa, AFTZ tana gasa da yawancin rukunin kasuwanci. SADC ita ce mafi girma daga cikin rukunin kasuwanci na membobin AFTZ kuma tana rufe yawan mutane miliyan 248 da kuma yankin da jimlar GDP ta kai dala biliyan 379 a shekara ta 2006. An kafa COMESA a cikin 1994 a matsayin maye gurbin Yankin Kasuwanci na Musamman. Ya haɗa da ƙasashe 20, tare da jimlar GDP na US 286.7bn a shekara ta 2006. Daga cikin mambobinta akwai Zimbabwe, Zambia, Uganda da Sudan. EAC, mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin rukunin kasuwanci na membobin dangane da GDP, yana da GDP na US 46.6bn a shekara ta 2006. Ƙasashen membobin Kasashen EAC-SADC-COMESA na Yankin Ciniki na Afirka sun hada da kasashe masu zuwa: Shugabannin taron AFTZ Taron AFTZ, wanda kuma ake kira Taron Tripartite an buɗe shi kuma shugabannin kasashe shida na Afirka da ke wakiltar kungiyoyin kasuwanci membobin ne suka halarta. Wadanda suka halarci taron budewa a ranar Laraba sun kasance Shugabannin Yoweri Museveni na Uganda, Paul Kagame na Rwanda, Robert Mugabe na Zimbabwe, Kgalema Motlanthe na Afirka ta Kudu, Jakaya Kikwete na Tanzania da Mwai Kibaki na Kenya. Taron Tattalin Arziki na AFTZ Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnati masu zuwa sun halarci taron na AFTZ Tripartite: Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Uganda Mwai Kibaki, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Kenya Kgalema Motlanthe, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania Paul Kagame, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Rwanda Robert Gabriel Mugabe, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Zimbabwe Pakalitha Mosisili, Firayim Minista na Masarautar Lesotho Gabriel Ntisezerana, Mataimakin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Burundi na biyu Sibusiso Barnabas Dlamini, Firayim Minista na Masarautar Swaziland Masu wakilci masu zuwa sun wakilci Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnati na ƙasashe masu zuwa: Olivier Kamitatu Etshou, Ministan Shirye-shiryen, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo; Rifki Abdoulkader Bamakhrama Ministan Kasuwanci, da Masana'antu, Jamhuriyar Djibouti; Osman Mohamed, Ministan Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar Ali Abd Alazziz Alsawi, Sakatare Janar na Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki da Zuba Jamahiriya, Babban Jama'ar Larabawa na Libya Joyce Banda, Ministan Harkokin Waje, Jamhuriyar Malawi Arvind Boolell, Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin Yankin da Ciniki na Duniya, Jamhuriyar Mauritius; Antonion Fernando, Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, Jamhuriyar Mozambique Bradford Machila, Ministan Lands kuma Wakilin Musamman na Darajarsa Mataimakin Shugaban kasa da kuma Wakilin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Zambia Joaquim Duarte da Costa David, Ministan Masana'antu na Jamhuriyar Angola Neo D. Moroka, Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Jamhuriyar Botswana Patrick Pillay, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Jamhuriyar Seychelles Hassan Ibrahim Gadkarim, Jakadan Jamhuriyar Sudan a Jamhuriwar Uganda, Jamhuriyan Rwanda da Jamhuriyoyin Burundi Wilfried I. Emvula, Jakada kuma Wakilin Dindindin a Tarayyar Afirka da Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Afirka, Jamhuriyar Namibia Salih Omar Abdu, Jakadan Jihar Eritrea a Jamhuriyar Kenya, Jamhuriwar Uganda da Jamhuriyan Tarayyar Tanzania Denis Andriamandroso, Jakadan Jamhuriyar Madagascar a Jamhuriwar Afirka ta Kudu Jakadan Clifford Sibusiso Mamba, Sakatare na Dindindin, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Ciniki, Masarautar Swaziland Jami'ai masu zuwa sun wakilci kungiyoyinsu a taron koli na uku: Erastus J.O. Mwencha, Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka; Lalla Ben Barka; Mataimakin Babban Sakataren, UNECA; Mtchera J. Chirwa, Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka; Kasaija Apuuli, IGAD; da Jakadan Liberata Mulamula, Babban Sakatare, Taron Kasa da Kasa kan Great Lakes Har ila yau a cikin halarta akwai manyan jami'an zartarwa na COMESA Mista Sindiso Ngwenya, Sakatare Janar na COMESA EAC Amb. Juma Mwapachu SADC Dokta Tomaz Augusto Salomao, Babban Sakatare, SADC. Shugaban SA a kan AFTZ Shugaba Kgalema Motlanthe na Afirka ta Kudu yana magana a Kampala, Uganda, a taron al'ummomin tattalin arziki na yanki uku na Afirka, ya yi jayayya cewa AFTZ muhimmiyar mataki ce a hadewar tattalin arzikin Afirka da kuma hadin kan nahiyar. Tare da babban rashin tabbas a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya biyo bayan karuwar farashin abinci da makamashi kuma, kwanan nan, rikice-rikice a cikin kasuwannin kuɗi, Motlanthe ya ba da shawarar cewa zuwan AFTZ ba zai iya kasancewa a kan lokaci ba. Duk da yake Afirka da sauran kasashe masu tasowa suna da tasiri a kan yanke shawara da suka kawo tsarin kudi na kasa da kasa zuwa gefen rushewa, ba tare da dalili ba, matalauta da marasa lafiya na waɗannan ƙasashe za su ɗauki nauyin matsalar tattalin arziki."Yana da mahimmanci cewa ana haɓaka ingantaccen matakan gyara don rage mummunan tasirin rikice-rikicen, kuma dole ne a haɗa ƙasashe masu tasowa a cikin shugabancin cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi na duniya", in ji Motlanthe. A lokaci guda, ya zama dole a yi aiki don inganta tsarin cinikayya na duniya wanda ya sanya damuwar kasashe masu tasowa, gami da ƙasashen Afirka, a tsakiya. Ya kuma bukaci Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (Comesa), Kungiyar Gabashin Afirka (EAC), da Kudanfin Kudancin Afrika (SADC), kara hadin kai zuwa ga mafi girman hadin kai. "Tsarin da muke fara a yau yana nuna mataki na tarihi don cika wajibai a karkashin Tarayyar Afirka da tsarin Yarjejeniyar Abuja na hadin kan nahiyar, wanda ya fahimci cewa Al'ummomin Tattalin Arziki na Yankin sune gine-gine ga Al'ummar Tattalin arzikin Afirka. Lokaci ya zo ga Comesa, EAC da SADC don hada shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwar yankunansu don kara fadada kasuwancinsu, buɗe damar samarwa, haɓaka matakan cinikayya a cikin Afirka, da haɓaka damar ci gaba. "A matsayin mataki na gaba na fadada kasuwannin yanki a Afirka, tsarin da muka ƙaddamar a yau zai sanya mu cikin matsayi mai ƙarfi don amsawa yadda ya kamata ga karuwar gasa ta tattalin arzikin duniya kuma zai fara shawo kan ƙalubalen da membobin kungiyoyin yanki da yawa suka kawo. "Saboda haka bari mu yanke shawara da ya dace don yin aiki a hankali kuma tare da ƙuduri don kafa yanki ɗaya na cinikayya kyauta wanda zai haɗa yankunanmu uku cikin ɗaya, Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Kasuwanci a Afrika Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

30458

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare%20dazuzzuka%20a%20Haiti

Sare dazuzzuka a Haiti

Sare dazuzzuka a Haiti abu ne mai tsanani Kuma mai rikitarwa kuma sau da yawa rashin fahimtar matsalar muhalli Mutanen Haiti suna noma kuma suna amfani da gawayi a matsayin tushen makamashi na gida. Dynamics da tasiri An fara saran gandun daji na Haiti cikin sauri a lokacin mulkin mallaka, wanda aka samu ta hanyar bautar da ’yan Afirka da aka yi garkuwa da su, kuma ya tsananta lokacin da aka fara amfani da kofi a shekara ta 1730. An share dazuzzukan dazuzzuka kuma bayan shekaru hamsin, kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ƙasar mallaka na ƙarƙashin kofi. Kuma Tsarin shuka monoculture da tsabtace-namo tsakanin layuka na kofi, indigo, taba, da kuma rake sun cinye ƙasa mai gina jiki kuma ya haifar da zazzagewa cikin sauri. Bayan juyin juya halin Haiti, an tilasta wa gwamnati fitar da katako a cikin karni na 19 don biyan lamunin faranc miliyan 90 ga Faransa saboda ikirarin Faransa na asarar kadarorin, gami da yawan mutanen da aka yi bauta a da. Kuma Dole ne a yi kashi-kashi na katako sama da ƙarni don cika ainihin adadin da kuma riba. ba a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka ba, ƙasar ta kasance ba daidai ba a rarraba, kuma yawancin mutane an ba su damar zuwa gangaren gefe kawai tsakanin 200 da 600m sama da filayen albarkatu da kuma ƙasa da yankunan samar da kofi. Waɗannan ƙasan da ke gefen tuddai sun kasance masu saurin lalacewa musamman idan an share su don noma. Sararin dazuzzukan ya ta'azzara bayan guguwar Hazel ta nutsar da bishiyoyi a ko'ina cikin tsibirin a shekarar 1954. Tun daga kusan shekara ta 1954, masu ba da rancen kuɗi sun ƙara haɓaka aikinsu na katako don amsa buƙatun da Port-au-Prince ta ƙara na gawayi Sake sare itatuwa ya kara tsananta, wanda ya riga ya zama matsala saboda ayyukan noma marasa inganci, saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, da Kuma karuwar gasa a kan filaye. Ba a yi amfani da dabarun da za su iya sa gandun daji ya yi amfani da man fetur kamar coppiing da pollaring ba. Zaizayar kasa Mafi girman tasirin sare dazuzzuka shine zaizayar kasa Kimanin na saman kasa ana wankewa a kowace shekara, tare da zaizayar kasa kuma yana lalata sauran ababen more rayuwa kamar madatsun ruwa, tsarin ban ruwa, hanyoyi, da muhallin ruwa na gabar teku Har ila yau, zaizayar kasa na rage yawan amfanin kasa, yana kara tabarbarewar fari, sannan kuma a karshe ya kai ga kwararowar hamada, wanda duk yana kara matsin lamba kan sauran filayen da bishiyoyi. Nufin gandun daji na Jamhuriyar Dominican Jami'an sojan Dominican sun ƙirƙiro sana'ar garwashi mai riba, kuma sun ɗauki ma'aikatan Haiti hayar gawayi a kan iyaka. Kuma Yawancin wannan gawayi ana nufin zuwa Puerto Rico da babban yankin Amurka, ko da yake kadan ya ketare kan iyaka zuwa Haiti. Wasu ƙididdiga sun ƙididdige yawan zirga-zirgar gawayi na tan 115 ba bisa ka'ida ba a kowane mako daga Jamhuriyar Dominican zuwa Haiti a cikin shekarata 2014, amma waɗannan ƙididdiga sun dogara ne akan binciken da bai cika ba kuma adadin yana da hamayya sosai. Jami’an kasar Dominican sun kiyasta cewa akalla manyan motoci 10 ne a kowane mako ke tsallakawa kan iyaka da gawayi. A ƙarshe rashin tabbas game da yawan gawayi da ke samo asali daga Jamhuriyar Dominican za a warware shi ta hanyar binciken samar da gawayi da amfani da shi a duk faɗin ƙasar wanda Bankin Duniya ya biya, kuma zai ƙare a ƙarshen shekarar 2018. Wannan binciken ya sanya masu kididdigar manyan motocin gawayi da na kwale-kwalen gawayi tare da duk wuraren shiga kan iyaka, a tsawon mako guda uku daban-daban a cikin shekara, sa'o'i 24 a rana. Za a fitar da kididdigar zuwa duk shekara. Kiyasin asarar gandun daji An ba da rahoto da yawa cewa a cikin shekarata 1923 sama da kashi 60% na ƙasar Haiti an yi dazuzzuka; Har yanzu ba a san tushen wannan ikirari ba amma ana iya danganta shi da mamayar ruwan Amurka a Haiti. A cikin shekarar 2006, an yi iƙirarin cewa ƙasar tana da ƙasa da kashi 2% na gandun daji Ko da yake an yi saran gandun daji sosai, an ƙalubalanci wannan ƙiyasin da cewa ba daidai ba ne saboda bincike mara tushe. Duk da haka, ƙiyasin kashi 2% da ba a tabbatar da shi ba an yaɗa shi sosai a kafafen yada labarai da kuma maganganun da suka shafi ƙasar. Bincike mai zurfi na baya-bayan nan game da hotunan tauraron dan adam da nazarin muhalli game da rabe-raben gandun daji sun kammala cewa Haiti tana da kusan 30% murfin bishiyar Tsarin muhalli da aka yi a cikin shekarata 2018 yana nuna cewa a cikin yanayin 'kasuwa-kamar yadda aka saba' na lalacewar itace, a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, biomass na itace a saman ƙasa a Haiti zai ragu da kusan 4% na hannun jari na yanzu, Bincike na baya-bayan nan game da samar da gawayi da sha a Haiti yana ba da sabbin bayanai a matakin ƙasa. Ƙoƙarin muhalli Yawancin gwamnatocin Haiti sun biya aikin lebe ne kawai ga wajibcin sake dazuzzuka Babban yunƙurin yin aiki ya fito ne daga ƙasashen waje. Shirin Bayar da Aikin Noma na USAID, Pwojè Pyebwa, shi ne babban shirin sake dazuzzukan Haiti a shekarun 1980. Ƙauye sun dasa bishiyoyi sama da miliyan 25 a ƙarƙashin Projè Pyebwa a cikin halittar farko. Daga baya kokarin ceto itatuwan Haiti ya mayar da hankali ne kan kara habaka shirye-shiryen sake dazuzzuka, da rage sharar da ake samu wajen hakar gawayi, da samar da ingantattun murhu, da shigo da itace a karkashin shirin samar da zaman lafiya na USAID. Domin yawancin mutanen Haiti sun dogara da itace da gawayi a matsayin tushen man fetur na farko, ana buƙatar hanyoyin makamashi don ceton dazuzzuka. Shirin Ayyukan Muhalli na shekaru 15, wanda aka ba shi izini a cikin shekarata 1999, ya ba da shawarar dakatar da sare dazuzzuka ta hanyar haɓaka madadin hanyoyin mai. Rikicin siyasa da rashin kudade sun takaita tasirin wannan yunƙurin na sake fasalin. Hukumomi da kamfanoni da dama da ke kera injinan girki mai amfani da hasken rana a matsayin madadin yin amfani da itace da gawayi sun yi aiki a Haiti don samar da hanyoyin magance fatara da man fetur, duk da cewa tasirinsu da matakin da ake amfani da su na da shakku. Duba wasu abubuwan Noma a Haiti Muhalli na Haiti Matsalolin muhalli a Haiti Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Jared Diamond, Rugujewa: Yadda Ƙungiyoyin ke Zaɓa don Kasawa ko Nasara, Littattafan Penguin, 2005 da 2011 Dubi babi na 11 mai jigo "Tsibirin Daya, Mutane Biyu, Tarihi Biyu: Jamhuriyar Dominican da Haiti". Hanyoyin haɗi na waje sare itatuwa a Haiti Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

29923

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illar%20gurbataccen%20mai%20ga%20kifi%20a%20ruwa

Illar gurbataccen mai ga kifi a ruwa

An lura da gubar gurbataccen mai ga kifin ruwa daga malalar mai kamar bala'in Exxon Valdez, da kuma daga maɓuɓɓugar da ba su da tushe, kamar zubar da ruwa, wanda shi ne mafi girma tushen gurɓatar mai a cikin ruwan teku. Danyen mai yana shiga magudanar ruwa daga zubewa ko zubar da ruwa ya ƙunshi polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikin mai. Hanyar shan PAH cikin kifi ya dogara da yawancin abubuwan muhalli da kaddarorin PAH. Hanyoyi na gama gari sune ciki, samun iska na gills, da ɗaukar fata. Kifin da aka fallasa wa waɗannan PAHs yana nuna nau'ikan sakamako masu guba ciki har da lalata kwayoyin halitta, nakasasshen tsarin halittar jiki, canjin girma da haɓakawa, rage girman jiki, hana damar yin iyo da mace-mace Nakasar dabi'a ta bayyanar PAH, irin su fin da muƙamuƙi na muƙamuƙi, Kuma suna haifar da raguwar rayuwa a cikin kifaye sosai saboda raguwar iya yin iyo da ciyarwa. Duk da yake ba a san ainihin tsarin guba na PAH ba, akwai hanyoyi guda huɗu da aka tsara. Wahalar gano takamaiman hanyar mai guba ya fi yawa saboda nau'ikan mahaɗan PAH iri-iri tare da kaddarorin daban-daban. Tarihi An fara bincike kan tasirin muhallin da masana'antar man fetur ke da shi, a tsakiyar karni zuwa karshen karni na 20, yayin da masana'antar mai ta bunkasa da fadada. Babban jigilar danyen mai ya karu a sakamakon karuwar bukatar mai a duniya, wanda daga baya ya kara yawan malalar mai. Zubewar mai ta ba da damammaki ga masana kimiyya don nazarin illolin da ɗanyen mai ke haifarwa ga muhallin ruwa, da ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Hukumar Kula da Tekun Ruwa da Yanayin Sama (NOAA) da Hukumar Tsaron Tekun Amurka ta haifar da ingantacciyar ƙoƙarin mayar da martani da cikakken bincike kan mai. illar gurbacewa. Zubewar mai na Exxon Valdez a shekarar 1989, da kuma malalar mai ta Deepwater Horizon a shekarar 2010, dukkansu sun haifar da karuwar ilimin kimiyya kan takamaiman illar gurbacewar mai ga kifin ruwa. Exxon Valdez mai ya zube Binciken da aka mayar da hankali kan gurbacewar mai ga kifaye ya fara da gaske a cikin shekarata 1989, bayan da jirgin ruwa na Exxon Valdez ya bugi wani ruwa a cikin Prince William Sound, Alaska kuma ya zubar da kusan galan miliyan 11 na danyen mai a cikin ruwan da ke kewaye. A lokacin, malalar mai na Exxon Valdez ita ce mafi girma a tarihin Amurka. Akwai illoli da yawa da malalar ta haifar ciki har da asarar biliyoyin herring na Pacific da ƙwai mai ruwan hoda Dabbobin tekun Pacific ya fara haifuwa a ƙarshen Maris lokacin da malalar ta faru, wanda ya haifar da kusan rabin ƙwai na jama'a da aka fallasa ga ɗanyen mai. Pacific herring spawn a cikin intertidal da subtidal zones, sa da m qwai cikin sauƙi fallasa ga gurɓata. Deepwater Horizon mai zubewa Bayan 20 ga Afrilu, shekarata 2010, lokacin da fashewa a kan dandalin hako mai na Deepwater Horizon Macondo ya haifar da malalar mai mafi girma a tarihin Amurka, an gabatar da wata dama ta bincike game da gubar mai. Kimanin galan miliyan kusan 171 na danyen mai ya kwarara daga tekun teku zuwa Tekun Mexico, wanda ya fallasa yawancin halittun da ke kewaye da su Zubewar mai na Deepwater Horizon shima ya zo daidai da taga mai haɗe-haɗe na nau'ikan kifaye daban-daban na muhalli da kasuwanci, gami da yellowfin da tuna bluefin Atlantic. Zubewar mai ta shafi tuna tuna bluefin Atlantika kai tsaye, saboda kusan kashi 12% na tsutsa tuna suna cikin ruwa mai gurbataccen ruwa, kuma Gulf of Mexico shine kawai sanannen wuraren haifuwa ga yawan yammacin tuna bluefin. Fuskantar mai Zubewar mai, da kuma kwararar mai a kullum daga yankunan birane, na iya haifar da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) shiga yanayin yanayin ruwa. Da zarar PAHs sun shiga cikin yanayin ruwa, ana iya fallasa kifaye zuwa gare su ta hanyar sha, samun iska na gills, da kuma ɗaukar dermal. Babban hanyar da za a ɗauka zai dogara ne akan halayen nau'in kifaye da kayan aikin sinadarai na PAH na damuwa. Mazauni na iya zama babban abin yanke shawarar hanyar fallasa. Alal misali, kifayen da ke cinye kifin demersal suna da yuwuwar shigar da PAHs waɗanda suka ɓata zuwa laka, yayin da kifayen da ke iyo a saman suna cikin haɗari mafi girma don bayyanar dermal. Bayan saduwa da PAH, bioavailability zai shafi yadda ake ɗaukar PAH a hankali. Sanna Kuma EPA tana gano manyan PAHs 16 masu damuwa kuma kowane ɗayan waɗannan PAHs yana da madaidaicin digiri na bioavailability. Alal misali, PAHs masu ƙananan nauyin kwayoyin halitta sun fi samuwa saboda suna narkar da su cikin ruwa kuma don haka sun fi samuwa ga kifi a cikin ruwa. Kuma Hakazalika, PAHs na hydrophilic sun fi samuwa don ɗaukar kifi. Kuma A saboda wannan dalili, yin amfani da masu rarraba mai, kamar Corexit, don magance zubar da man fetur na iya ƙara yawan PAHs ta hanyar ƙara yawan solubility a cikin ruwa da kuma sa su zama masu samuwa don ɗauka ta hanyar gills. Da zarar an ɗauki PAH, haɓakar kifin na iya rinjayar tsawon lokaci da ƙarfin bayyanar da kyallen takarda. Kifi suna iya saurin daidaita kashi kusan 99% na PAHs zuwa ƙarin hydrophilic metabolite ta tsarin hanta-biliary. Wannan yana ba da damar fitar da PAHs. Adadin metabolism na PAHs zai dogara ne akan jima'i da girman nau'in. Ƙarfin haɓaka PAHs zuwa ƙarin nau'i na hydrophilic zai iya hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta da dakatar da PAHs daga watsawa ga kwayoyin halitta suna haɓaka gidan yanar gizon abinci. Domin mai zai iya dawwama a cikin muhalli tsawon lokaci bayan malalar mai ta hanyar lalata, ana iya ci gaba da fallasa kifin demersal ga PAHs shekaru da yawa bayan malalar mai. An tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar kallon biliary PAH metabolites na kifin da ke zaune a ƙasa. Misali, kifayen da ke zaune a kasa har yanzu sun nuna madaidaicin matakan ƙananan nauyin kwayoyin halitta na PAH metabolites shekaru a ƙalla 10 bayan malalar mai na Exxon Valdez Abubuwan danyen mai Danyen mai yana kunshe da mahadi sama da 17,000. Daga cikin wadannan mahadi guda 17,000 akwai PAHs, wadanda ake la'akari da mafi yawan abubuwa masu guba na mai. PAHs an kafa su ta hanyar tsarin pyrogenic da petrogen. Petrogenic PAHs ana samun su ta hanyar haɓakar matsi na kayan halitta. Sabanin haka, PAHs na pyrogenic suna samuwa ta hanyar konewar abubuwan da ba su cika ba. Danyen mai a zahiri ya ƙunshi PAHs petrogen kuma waɗannan matakan PAH suna ƙaruwa sosai ta hanyar ƙona mai wanda ke haifar da PAHs pyrogenic. Matsayin PAHs da aka samu a cikin ɗanyen mai ya bambanta da nau'in ɗanyen mai. Misali, danyen mai daga Exxon Valdez mai zubewa yana da adadin PAH na 1.47%, yayin da adadin PAH daga Tekun Arewa yana da ƙarancin PAH na 0.83%. Tushen gurbatar danyen mai Rashin gurɓataccen mai a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa na iya haifar da pyrogenic da PAHs na petrogenic shiga cikinn dukkan waɗannan yanayin. Petrogenic PAHs na iya shiga cikin magudanar ruwa ta hanyar mai, manyan malalar mai, magudanar ruwa da malalar mai daga yankunan birane. Madogaran Pyrogenic PAH sun ƙunshi roba soot taya na dizal da ƙurar kwal. Ko da yake akwai tushen dabi'a na PAHs kamar ayyukan volcanic da ɓarkewar ajiyar kwal, tushen ɗan adam yana haifar da mafi mahimmancin shigar da PAHs cikin yanayi. Waɗannan tushen ɗan adam sun haɗa da dumama mazaunin gida, samar da kwalta, iskar gas, da amfani da man fetur. Rashin gurɓataccen mai na PAH ya fi zama ruwan dare daga zubewar ɗanyen mai irin su Exxon Valdez, ko tsintsayen mai; duk da haka, tare da raguwar pyrogenic PAHs kuma na iya zama babba. Ko da yake manyan zubewar mai irin su Exxon Valdez na iya gabatar da wani adadi mai yawa na ɗanyen mai zuwa wani yanki a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, zubar da ruwa na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi mafi yawan gurɓataccen mai ga yanayin ruwa. Sannan Kuma Zubar da yanayin yanayi kuma na iya zama tushen PAHs cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa. Zubar da PAHs daga yanayi zuwa cikin ruwa yana tasiri sosai ta hanyar rabon gas-barbashi na PAH. Tasiri An lura da yawancin tasirin bayyanar PAH a cikin kifin ruwa. Musamman, an gudanar da bincike akan kifin amfrayo da tsutsa, haɓakar kifin da aka fallasa ga PAHs, da ɗaukar PAH ta kifin ta hanyoyi daban-daban na fallasa. Ɗaya (1) daga cikin binciken ya gano cewa ƙwai na Pacific herring da aka fallasa ga yanayin da ke kwaikwayon "Exxon Valdez" mai ya haifar da ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai, rage girman girman kifin da balagagge da kuma tasirin teratogenic, ciki har da kwarangwal, zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, fin da kuma yolk sac malformations. Edema jakar gwaiduwa ce ke da alhakin yawancin mace-macen tsutsa na herring. An lura da lalacewar teratogenic a cikin ƙwanƙwasa dorsal da kashin baya, da kuma a cikin muƙamuƙi don rage rayuwar kifaye masu tasowa yadda ya kamata, sannan kuma ta hanyar rashin iya yin iyo da kuma ciyarwa bi da bi. Ciyarwa da nisantar ganima ta hanyar ninkaya suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar tsutsa da kifayen yara. Duk abubuwan da aka gani a cikin ƙwai na herring a cikin binciken sun yi daidai da tasirin da aka gani a cikin kwai kifin da aka fallasa sakamakon zubewar mai na Exxon Valdez An yi la'akari da embryos na Zebrafish da aka fallasa ga mai suna da mummunar lahani na teratogenic kamar waɗanda aka gani a cikin embryos na herring, ciki har da edema, rashin aikin zuciya, da zubar da jini na ciki. A cikin wani binciken da aka mayar da hankali kan ɗaukar PAHs ta kifaye, embryos na salmon an fallasa su ga ɗanyen mai a cikin yanayi daban-daban guda uku, ciki har da ta hanyar zubar da ruwa mai rufin mai. Matsakaicin PAH a cikin embryos kai tsaye da aka fallasa ga mai da waɗanda aka fallasa su da fitar da ruwa na PAH ba su da bambanci sosai. An lura da bayyanar PAH don haifar da mutuwa, ko da lokacin da PAHs suka fallasa zuwa kifi ta hanyar ruwa. Daga sakamakon, an ƙaddara cewa embryos kifaye kusa da Exxon Valdez ya zube a cikin Yarima William Sound waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da mai kai tsaye har yanzu suna iya tara matakan mutuwa na PAHs. Yayin da yawancin gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje da na halitta sun lura da wasu mummunar tasirin PAH ga kifi, an kuma lura da rashin tasiri ga wasu mahadi na PAH, wanda zai iya zama saboda rashin haɓaka yayin da ake nunawa ga fili. Tsarin tsari na aikin mai guba Duk da yake an tabbatar da cewa nau'o'in PAH daban-daban suna aiki ta hanyoyi daban-daban masu guba saboda bambancin nauyin kwayoyin su, shirye-shiryen zobe, da kaddarorin ruwa, sannan Kuma takamaiman hanyoyin PAH mai guba ga kifaye da ci gaban kifi har yanzu ba a san su ba. Guba ya dogara da gwargwadon irin sinadari da ke cikin mai zai haɗu da ruwa: ana kiran wannan a matsayin juzu'in ruwan da ke da alaƙa da mai. Hanyoyin da aka tsara na masu guba na PAHs sune guba ta hanyar narcosis, hulɗa tare da hanyar AhR, alkyl phenanthrene toxicity, da ƙari mai guba ta hanyoyi masu yawa. Samfurin narcosis bai iya yin hasashen daidai sakamakon tasirin PAH na fallasa herring da salmon ruwan hoda ba, a cewar wani bincike. An lura da rashin lafiyar farko na waɗannan PAH a cikin embryos na kifi don zama AhR mai zaman kanta, kuma tasirin su na zuciya ba shi da alaƙa da kunna AhR ko Cytochrome P450, iyali 1, memba A cikin endocardium An yi nazarin ƙirar alkyl phenanthrene ta hanyar fallasa herring da salmon ruwan hoda zuwa gaurayawan PAHs a ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce don fahimtar hanyoyin miyagu na PAHs. An samo samfurin gabaɗaya yana tsinkaya sakamakon fallasa mai lalacewa da mutuwa. Danniya na Oxidative da kuma tasiri akan morphogenesis na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini sune hanyoyin da aka tsara don maganin alkyl phenanthrene. Ba a san takamaiman hanyar ba. Tun da PAHs sun ƙunshi bambance-bambance daban-daban na PAHs, ana iya bayyana guba ta hanyar amfani da wasu daga cikin hanyoyin aiki da yawa sosai. Duba wasu abubuwan Likitan ruwa na ruwa gurbacewar ruwa tarkacen ruwa Manazarta Tarihi Ruwa Mai Kifi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

16490

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobago

Tobago

Tobago /t ə b eɪ ɡ oʊ wani tsibiri ne a cikin jamhuriyar Trinidad da Tobago. Tana da nisan arewa maso gabashin babban yankin Trinidad da kudu maso gabashin Grenada, kimanin kilomita daga bakin gabar arewa maso gabashin Venezuela. Kamar yadda da farko harshen Turanci tushen kawo sunayensu a cikin ƙamus na Oxford English Dictionary, Babban tsuntsun Tobago shine cocrico Bayanin Kalma Christopher Columbus ya sanya wa Tobago suna Belaforme "saboda daga nesa ya yi kyau". Friar friar na Spain Spanish Vázquez de Espinosa ya rubuta cewa Kalina (tsibirin Karibiyan) sun kira tsibirin Urupaina saboda kamannin ta da babban katantanwa, 84–85 yayin da Kalinago (tsibirin Caribbean) suka kira shi Aloubaéra, ana jin yana da ishara ga gaskiyar cewa yayi kama da alloüebéra, katon maciji wanda ya kamata ya zauna a cikin kogo a tsibirin Dominica 79 Sunan Tabaco, wanda ke nuni da siffar tsibirin, wanda yake kama da sigarin mai da byan Taíno mazaunan Babban Antilles ke sha, an fara amfani da shi a cikin dokar masarautar Spain da aka bayar a 1511. 84-85 Tarihi 'Yan Asalin Tobago Ban asalin asalin garin Tobago sun zauna ne tare da al'adun gargajiyar Ortoiroid wani lokaci tsakanin 3500 da 1000 KZ. 21–24 A arni na farko na Zamaninmu, Saladoid mutane zauna a Tobago. Sun zo da kayan aikin tukwane da al'adun noma, kuma da alama sun gabatar da amfanin gona wadanda suka hada da rogo, dankalin hausa, doyar Indiya, tanni da masara. 32–34 An sauya al'adun Saladoid daga baya ta hanyar gabatar da al'adun Barrancoid, ko dai ta hanyar kasuwanci ko haɗuwa da kasuwanci da sasantawa. 34–44 Bayan 650 CE, an maye gurbin al'adun Saladoid da al'adar Troumassoid a Tobago. 45 Hadisai na Troumassoid sun taɓa yin tunanin wakiltar sassaucin tsibirin Caribbeans a cikin ilananan Antilles da Tobago, amma wannan yanzu yana da alaƙa da al'adun yumbu na Cayo. Babu wasu wuraren tarihi da ke alaƙa da al'adun Cayo da aka sani daga Tobago. 60 Inda Tobago yake hakan ya sanya shi ya zama waje mai muhimmiyar ma'amala tsakanin Kalinago na ilananan Antilles da ƙawayen Kalina da abokan kasuwancin su a Guianas da Venezuela A cikin 1630s Kalb yana zaune a Tobago, yayin da tsibirin Grenada mai makwabtaka ya kasance tare da Kalina da Kalinago. 115–119 Columbus ya hango Tobago a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta 1498, yayin tafiyarsa ta hudu, amma bai sauka ba. 2 An ba da izinin baƙi 'yan Spain a cikin Hispaniola su gudanar da samame a kan tsibirin a cikin batun tsarin masarauta a cikin 1511. Waɗannan hare-hare, waɗanda suka ci gaba har zuwa aƙalla shekarun 1620, 115–119 sun lalata yawan tsibirin. 83 Turawan mulkin mallaka A cikin 1628, mazaunan Dutch suka kafa farkon fararen Turai a Tobago, mulkin mallaka da suke kira Nieuw Walcheren a Great Courland Bay Sun kuma gina katafaren gini, Nieuw Vlissingen, kusa da garin Plymouth na zamani. An yi watsi da yarjejeniyar a 1630 bayan hare-haren 'yan asalin, amma an sake kafa shi a 1633. Mutanen Espanya ne suka lalata sabon mulkin mallaka a Trinidad bayan da Holan suka goyi bayan tawayen da Nepoyo ya jagoranta a Trinidad. Oƙarin Ingilishi na mamayar Tobago a cikin 1630s da 1640s kuma ya faskara saboda juriya ta 'yan asalin ƙasar. 115–119 Har ila yau, 'yan asalin ƙasar sun hana mulkin mallaka na Turai a cikin 1650s, gami da yunƙurin Courlanders, waɗanda suka mallaki tsibirin ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba tsakanin 1637-1690. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Curonians Duchy na Courland Dutch, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Spanish da Yaren mutanen Sweden sun sa Tobago ya zama babban mahimmin matsayi a cikin yunƙurin mulkin mallaka, wanda ya haifar da tsibirin ya canza hannaye sau 33, mafi yawa a Tarihin Caribbean, kafin Yarjejeniyar Paris ta ba da ita ga Burtaniya a 1814. A cikin 1662, an bawa brothersan uwan Holland Adrian da Cornelius Lampsins taken Baron na Tobago, kuma sun yi mulki har zuwa lokacin da Ingilishi suka kame tsibirin a 1666. Adrian a takaice ya sake kame Tobago a cikin 1673, amma an kashe shi a yaƙi lokacin da Ingilishi, ƙarƙashin Gadar Sir Tobias suka sake karɓar ikon tsibirin. Daga misalin 1672, a lokacin mulkin ɗan Birtaniyya na 1672-1674, Tobago yana da kwanciyar hankali a lokacin da al'adun shuka suka fara. Sugar, auduga da masana'antar indigo sun fantsama kuma Turawan Ingilishi ne suka shigo da 'yan Afirka don yin aikin bayi. Tattalin arziki ya bunkasa. Faransa ta yi watsi da tsibirin zuwa Birtaniyya a shekarar 1763, kuma a 1777 Tobago tana fitar da auduga da yawa, indigo, rum da sukari. Amma a cikin 1781, Faransawa sun sake mamaye Tobago, suka lalata gonakin, kuma suka tilasta wa gwamnan Biritaniya sallama. Tattalin arzikin tsibirin ya fada cikin koma baya. Mulkin mallakar Burtaniya da 'yanci A cikin 1814, lokacin da tsibirin ya sake komawa ƙarƙashin ikon Birtaniyya, wani ɓangaren ci gaban samar da sukari ya fara. Amma mai tsanani guguwa a 1847, a hade tare da rushewar plantation underwriters, karshen bauta a 1834 da kuma gasar daga sugar tare da sauran kasashen Turai, alama ƙarshen sugar cinikayya. A cikin 1889 tsibirin ya zama yanki na Trinidad. Ba tare da sukari ba, dole ne tsibirin su noma wasu albarkatu, suna shuka kadada na lemun tsami, kwakwa da koko da kuma fitar da amfanin gonar su zuwa Trinidad. A shekarar 1963 Guguwar Flora ta addabi Tobago, ta lalata kauyuka da amfanin gona. Tsarin sake fasalin ya biyo baya kuma anyi ƙoƙari don fadada tattalin arziki. Ci gaban masana'antar yawon bude ido ya fara. Trinidad da Tobago sun sami 'yancin kansu daga Daular Biritaniya a 1962 kuma suka zama jamhuriya a 1976. Labarin kasa Tobago yana da yanki mai fadin kilomita 300 300 kuma yana da kusan kilomita tsayi da kuma Tana can a latitude 11 15 'N, longitude 60 40' W, kaɗan arewacin Trinidad. Tsibirin Tobago shine babban ɓangaren da aka fallasa na Tobago terrane, wani guntun kayan ɓawon burodi da ke kwance tsakanin Katakun Caribbean da na Kudancin Amurka Tobago da farko tsauni ne, mai tsaunuka da kuma asalin aman wuta. Kudu maso yamma na tsibirin yana da faɗi kuma ya kunshi mafi yawan farar ƙasa mai murjani Ana kiran babban dutsen tsaunin tsibirin Main Ridge Matsayi mafi girma a cikin Tobago shine mita 550 (1804 ft) Tattabara Pigeon kusa da Speyside Yanayin muhallin Yanayin yana da wurare masu zafi, kuma tsibirin yana kudu da igiyar guguwa ta Atlantika, yana mai sa shi zama mai saurin fuskantar guguwar kudu mai saurin tafiya zuwa yankin. Matsakaicin ruwan sama ya bambanta tsakanin a kan Main Ridge zuwa ƙasa da a kudu maso yamma. Akwai yanayi biyu: lokacin damshi tsakanin Yuni da Disamba, da kuma lokacin rani tsakanin Janairu da Mayu. Guguwa Saboda kusancin ta da belin guguwa, guguwar Flora ta buge tsibirin a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1963. Illolin sun yi tsanani sosai har sun canza fuskar tattalin arzikin Tobago. Guguwar ta lalata filayen ayaba, kwakwa, da cacao wanda hakan ya tallafawa tattalin arzikin, kuma ya lalata barna mai yawa a dazuzzuka na tsawan wurare masu zafi wanda ya samar da babban yanki na tsakiyar arewacin tsibirin. Yawancin gonakin an watsar da su daga baya, kuma tattalin arziƙi ya canza alkibla daga noman amfanin gona da kuma yawon buɗe ido. A 2004 Guguwar Ivan, yayin da ta fi Flora rauni, ita ma ta yi mummunar lalacewa. Gwamnati Ayyukan majalisar tsakiya da na ƙaramar hukuma a Tobago ana aiwatar dasu ne ta Majalisar Dokokin Tobago. Babban Sakataren THA na yanzu shine Ancil Dennis. Majalisar Tobago ta Jama'ar Ƙasa ta ƙasa tana iko da kujeru 10 daga cikin 12 na Majalisar, tare da jam'iyyar Progressive Democratic Patriots karkashin jagorancin shugaban kungiyar Watson Duke ke rike da kujeru biyu tun bayan zaben ranar 23 ga Janairun 2017. Tobago yana da wakilcin kujeru biyu a majalisar dokokin Trinidad da Tobago, Tobago East da Tobago West. Kujerun biyu suna karkashin kulawar Majalisar Tobago ta Jama'ar Kasa, wacce ta lashe su a babban zaben shekarar 2015 na Trinidad da Tobago. Gundumomi A tarihi, an raba Tobago zuwa majami'u guda bakwai Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Mary, Saint Patrick da Saint Paul A cikin 1768 kowace Ikklesiya ta Tobago ta zaɓi wakilai zuwa Majalisar Tobago A ranar 20 ga Oktoba 18, 1889 masarautar Burtaniya ta aiwatar da Dokar Sarauta a Majalisar wacce ta kafa Tobago a matsayin yanki na Trinidad, saboda haka ta dakatar da karamar hukuma a Tobago kuma suka kafa hadaddiyar gwamnatin mallaka. A cikin 1945 lokacin da aka fara gabatar da tsarin majalisar gundumomi, an gudanar da Tobago a matsayin karamar hukuma guda ta Trinidad. A cikin 1980 an yi tanadi don Majalisar Dokokin Tobago ta sake zama a matsayin ƙungiya da ke ba da ƙaramar hukuma a Tobago. A karkashin tsarin da aka farfado, Tobago ya kunshi gundumomin zabe na kananan hukumomi 12 tare da kowace gunduma ta zabi dan majalisa daya zuwa THA. Yawan jama'a Yawan mutane 60,874 a ƙidayar 2011. Babban birnin, Scarborough, yana da yawan jama'a 17,537. Duk da yake Trinidad tana da yawa, yawan mutanen Tobago asalinsu 'yan asalin Afirka ne, kodayake tare da ƙaruwar Trinidadians na asalin Indiyawan Gabas da na Turai. Tsakanin shekarar 2000 zuwa 2011, yawan mutanen Tobago ya karu da kaso 12.55, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama daya daga cikin yankunan da ke samun ci gaba cikin sauri na Trinidad da Tobago Tarihi Tattalin arziki Babban tattalin arzikin Tobago ya ta'allaka ne akan yawon bude ido, kamun kifi, da kuma kashe kuɗaɗen gwamnati, kashe kuɗin gwamnati shine mafi girma. Yawon buɗe ido har yanzu masana'antu ce mai tasowa kuma yana buƙatar haɓaka. Karamar hukumar, majalisar dokokin Tobago (THA), tana amfani da kashi 62% na ma'aikata. Tattalin arzikin Tobago yana da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwa tare da Trinidad wanda ya dogara da iskar gas (LNG), man petrochemicals, da ƙarfe. Babban tasirin tattalin arziki takamaiman Tobago shine yawon shakatawa da kashe kuɗaɗen gwamnati. Yankunan rairayin bakin teku na yau da kullun da yawon shakatawa na ruwa sun fi yawa a kudu maso yamma kusa da filin jirgin sama da gabar tekun. A halin yanzu, ecotourism yana ci gaba da girma, mafi yawansu sun fi mayar da hankali ne ga babban yankin dajin da aka kiyaye a tsakiya da arewacin babban tsibirin da kuma kan Little Tobago, wani karamin tsibiri da ke gefen tsibirin arewa maso gabas. Yankin kudu maso yamma masu yawon buɗe ido a kusa da Crown Point, Store Bay, Buccoo Reef, da Pigeon Point suna da yashi mai yawa kuma yawancin abubuwan ci gaba ne ke mamaye shi. Tobago yana da rairayin rairayin bakin teku masu yawa waɗanda ke bakin iyakarta, musamman waɗanda ke Castara, Bloody Bay, da Bay na Ingilishi Tobago yana da alaƙa da duniya ta hanyar Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson International Airport (tsohon filin jirgin saman Crown Point) da tashar jirgin Scarborough. Jiragen saman cikin gida suna haɗa Tobago da Trinidad, kuma jiragen sama na ƙasa da ƙasa suna haɗuwa da Caribbean da Turai. Akwai hidimar jirgi cikin sauri tsakanin Port of Spain da Scarborough. Tobago wasu suna zaton tsibiri ne wanda ya iza Robinson Crusoe, amma littafin yana iya yiwuwa ya dogara ne da wasu abubuwan da Alexander Selkirk ya fuskanta, wanda aka tsugunar a tsibirin Juan Fernández na Pacific. Ara da rikicewa, Tobago shine wurin yin fim don Walt Disney fim ɗin Switzerland Family Robinson a cikin 1959. Iyalin Switzerland na Robinson A cikin 1958, Kamfanin Walt Disney ya zaɓi Tobago a matsayin saitin fim wanda ya dogara da littafin Johann Wyss na Switzerland Family Robinson Lokacin da furodusoshi suka ga tsibirin a karon farko, sai suka "fara soyayya nan take". Rubutun ya buƙaci dabbobi, waɗanda aka kawo daga ko'ina cikin duniya, ciki har da karnuka takwas, manyan kunkuru biyu, birai 40, giwaye biyu, jimina shida, jakunan daji huɗu, flamingos 100, hyenas shida, anacondas biyu, da damisa. Sake duba Trinidad da Tobago Trinidad Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

40070

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar%20Buganda

Masarautar Buganda

Buganda masarautar Bantu ce a cikin Uganda. Masarautar al'ummar Baganda, Buganda ita ce mafi girma daga cikin masarautun gargajiya a gabashin Afirka a yau, wacce ta ƙunshi yankin Buganda ta Tsakiya, ciki har da Kampala babban birnin Uganda. Baganda miliyan 14 (Muganda guda ɗaya; galibi ana magana da ita kawai ta tushen kalma da sifa, Ganda) shine yanki mafi girma na Uganda, tana wakiltar kusan kashi 26.6% na al'ummar Uganda. Buganda tana da dogon tarihi mai fa'ida. Haɗe-haɗe a ƙarni na 13 a ƙarƙashin sarki na farko Kato Kintu, wanda ya kafa daular Kintu ta Buganda, Buganda ta girma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma da ƙarfi a gabashin Afirka a cikin ƙarni na 18th da 19th.Kafin karni na 12, yankin Buganda na yanzu ta kasance masarauta da aka fi sani wanda ke nufin wurin da ba shi da yawa. A lokacin Scramble for Africa, da kuma bin yunƙurin ci gaba da ƴancin kai ga mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya, Buganda ta zama cibiyar kariyar Uganda a shekarar 1884; sunan Uganda, kalmar Swahili na Buganda, jami'an Burtaniya sun karɓe shi. A karkashin mulkin Birtaniya, yawancin Baganda sun sami matsayi a matsayin masu mulkin mallaka, kuma Buganda ta zama babban mai samar da auduga da coffee. Bayan da Uganda ta samu ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1962, Firayim Minista na farko na Uganda Milton Obote ya soke masarautar a shekarar 1966 inda ya ayyana Uganda a matsayin jamhuriya. Bayan shekaru da dama na tashin hankali a karkashin Obote da kuma mai mulkin kama-karya Idi Amin, da kuma shekaru da dama na rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement ta Uganda karkashin Yoweri Museveni, shugaban Uganda tun a shekarar 1986, an maido da mulkin a hukumance a shekara ta 1993. Buganda yanzu masarauta ce ta gargajiya don haka ta mamaye babban aikin biki. Tun da aka maido da mulkin a shekarar 1993, sarkin Buganda, wanda aka fi sani da Kabaka, shi ne Muwenda Mutebi II. An san shi a matsayin Kabaka na 36 na Buganda. Sarauniyar yanzu, wacce aka fi sani da Nnabagereka ko Kaddulubale ita ce Sarauniya Sylvia Nagginda. Wuri (location) Iyakokin Buganda suna da alamar iyakar Tanzaniya a tafkin Victoria (Lake Nnalubaale) a kudu, kogin Nilu (Kogin Kiira) a gabas, tafkin Kyoga a arewa, Ankole zuwa yamma da Kogin Kafu a arewa maso yamma. Yare Yaren Luganda ana magana da shi sosai a Uganda kuma shine yare mafi shahara a Uganda tare da Ingilishi. Har ila yau Luganda ana magana da shi a ciki da wajen wasu kasashe na gabashin Afirka, kamar Kenya, Tanzania da Ruwanda. Har ma ana amfani da shi a Sudan ta Kudu, galibi don hada-hadar kasuwanci. Luganda shine yaren gida da aka fi magana a Uganda. Duk da kokarin da gwamnatoci daban-daban suka yi na raunana harshen, ya ci gaba da bunkasa. A cikin adabi da jawabai na kowa, ana kiran Buganda da central Uganda. Geography da muhalli Kauyukan Ganda, wasu lokuta masu girman gidaje arba’in zuwa hamsin, galibi suna kan tsaunuka, inda suka bar tudu da ciyayi masu fadama ba kowa, don amfanin gona ko kiwo. Ƙauyukan Ganda na farko sun kewaye gidan wani sarki ko shugaba, wanda ya samar da filin taro na gamayya ga mutanen ƙauyen. Shugaban ya tattara haraji daga talakawansa, ya ba da kyauta ga Kabaka, wanda shine mai mulkin masarautar, ya rarraba albarkatu a tsakanin talakawansa, kiyaye tsari, da ƙarfafa haɗin kai na zamantakewa ta hanyar basirar yanke shawara. A ƙarshen karni na 19, ƙauyukan Ganda sun zama mafi tarwatsewa yayin da rawar da sarakunan ke takawa ya ragu saboda tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, ƙauran jama'a, da tawayen jama'a na lokaci-lokaci. Gundumomi A halin yanzu an raba Buganda zuwa gundumomi 26 kamar na 2021. Wadannan su ne: Buikwe Bukomansimbi Butambala Buvuma Gombe Kalangala Kalungu Kampala Kasanda Kayunga Kiboga Kyankwanzi Kyotera Luwero Lwengo Lyantonde Masaka Mityana Mpigi Mubende Mukono Nakaseke Nakasongola Rakai Sembabule Wakiso Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

61678

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaus%20Bakhsh%20Bizenjo

Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo

Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo Urdu Baloch ɗan siyasan a kasar Pakistan ne daga Balochistan Ya yi Gwamna na 3 a Balochistan Rayuwar farko An haife shi a Nall Khuzdar Balochistan a cikin Watan Disamba Na shekara ta alif dari tara da Sha bakwai 1917 ko 1919.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">mahaifinsa</span> Safar Khan,yana Daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa jam'iyyar Awami ta kasa, ya rike mukamin Gwamnan Balochistan daga Shekara ta alif dari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972 zuwa Alif dari tara da saba'in da uku 1973 kuma ya kasance babban mai sa hannu kan kundin tsarin mulkin Kasar Pakistan na uku Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Pakistan na Shekara ta alif dari tara da saba'in da uku 1973 Ilimi Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo ya sami karatunsa na sakandare har zuwa aji na 8 daga makarantar sakandare ta Sandeman Quetta Bayan girgizar kasa na Shekara ta alif dari tara da talatin da biyar 1935, ya sami shiga a Sindh Madrasa tul Islam, da keKarachi <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> Daga nan, don neman ilimi, Ghaus Bakhsh ya shiga Jami'ar Aligarh inda ya yi karatu na tsawon shekaru hudu, ta haka ya kammala karatunsa na boko.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> Shiga cikin siyasa A cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da talatin da takwas 1938, bayan ya dawo daga Aligarh, Ghaus Bakhsh ya shiga Baloch League, jam'iyyar da ke Karachi wacce wasu hazikan Baloch suka kafa.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> A cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da talatin da tara 1939 Jam'iyyar Kalat State National Party (KSNP) ta shirya babban taronta na shekara-shekara a Mastung Ƙungiyar Baloch ta aika Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo a matsayin wakili don halartar taron. A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin na shekara ta alif dari tara talatin da tara 1939 Sardaunan Balochistan ya aika da wata rundunar kabilanci da ke dauke da makamai don dakile taron shekara-shekara na KSNP. Wannan runduna ta kabilanci ta bude wuta kan mahalarta taron amma ‘yan sanda da na Lawiyawa sun yi katsalandan cikin lokaci inda aka dakile wata mummunar zubar da jini. Bayan wannan lamarin da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan KSNP da shugabannin an kama su ko kuma an kore su daga Kalat Abdul Rahim Khwaja Khel, Babu Abdul Karim Shorish da sauran wadanda suke a Ofishin Gwamnati sun yi murabus. Mir Gul Khan Nasir wanda shi ne sakataren harkokin shari'a, Mir Hammal Khan wanda shi ne jami'in kwastam, Mir Mohammad Faazal Khan Mohammad Shahi wanda ya kasance ministan ilimi da Faiz Mohammad Yousafzai wanda ya kasance mataimakin tara suma sun gabatar da takardar murabus din nasu duk da cewa an yi imanin cewa murabus din. An yarda da Mir Gul Khan da Mir Hammal Khan a shekara ta alif dari tara da arba'in da daya 1941. Bayan wannan lamarin Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo ya koma cikin jamiyyar KSNP. Hasali ma dai ana kyautata zaton cewa Mir Gul Khan Nasir da Mir Abdul Aziz Kurd da kuma Mir Hammal Khan sun yi murabus ne sakamakon kokarin Mir Ghaus Bakhsh. Da farko yana adawa da 'yancin kai Kungiyar Musulmi Bayan Balochistan ya shiga Pakistan, Khan na Kalat Ahmed Yar Khan ya yanke shawarar shiga kungiyar Musulmi Ya aika Ajmal Khan ya je ya lallashi Mir Ghaus Bakhsh da Gul Khan Nasir su shiga jam'iyyar da shi. Duka Ghaus Bakhsh da Gul Khan suna ganin wannan zai zama wata dama mai kyau don ci gaba da harkokinsu na siyasa don haka suka shiga jam'iyyar. Ghaus Bakhsh ya kuma shawo kan Abdullah Jan Jamaldini, Ghulam Mohammed Baloch da Bahadur Khan su shiga kungiyar musulmi. A shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da biyar 1955, an haɗa dukkan yankunan Pakistan da na sarakunan yamma zuwa yanki ɗaya. Wannan bai samu karbuwa ba ga masu kishin kasar Baloch. Don haka, a ranar 14 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da biyar 1955 Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo, Abdul Karim, Gul Khan Nasir, Mohammad Hussain Anqa da Qadir Bakhsh Nizamani suka kafa Usthman Gal wanda ke nufin "Jam'iyyar Jama'a". Usman Gal A shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da biyar 1955, an haɗa dukkan yankunan Pakistan da na sarakunan yamma zuwa yanki ɗaya. Wannan bai samu karbuwa ga masu kishin kasar Baloch ba. Don haka, a ranar 14 ga watan Yuli na shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da biyar 1955 Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo, Prince Abdul Karim, Mir Gul Khan Nasir, Mohammad Hussain Anqa da Qadir Bakhsh Nizamani suka kafa Usthman Gal wanda ke nufin "Jam'iyyar Jama'a". Pakistan National Party A cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da shida 1956, Usthman Gal da Warur Pashtun daga Balochistan, Khudai Khidmatgar daga yankin Arewa maso Yamma, Jam'iyyar Azad Pakistan daga Punjab, Sindh Mahaaz da Kwamitin Sindh Hari daga Sindh sun hade don kafa jam'iyyar Pakistan National Party PNP ta kasance laima ga mutane masu ci gaba daga kowane fanni na rayuwa. Ya ƙunshi ƴan kishin ƙasa kawai, yan gurguzu da yan gurguzu National Awami Party A cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da bakwai 1957, Maulana Bhashani ya balle daga Awami League ya koma Pakistan National Party (PNP), don haka, Jam'iyyar Awami ta Kasa ta kasance. Wannan ya zama babbar jam'iyyar Pakistan da ke kunshe a cikin rukuninta, wasu fitattun 'yan siyasa masu ci gaba a wancan lokacin. Ayub's Martial Law A cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da takwas 1958, Field Marshal Ayub Khan ya kafa dokar soja a kasar Pakistan. Wata rana Mir Ghaus Bakhsh ya sayi harsashin bindiga daga wani kantin sayar da harsasai. Daya daga cikin bayanan da ya saba biyan kuɗaɗen harsashi yana da rubutu mai suna "Down With One Unit". Lokacin da Gwamnati ta gano hakan, an kama Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo aka aika zuwa "Quli Camp" wanda ya kasance sanannen sansani kuma sanannen sansanin azabtarwa da ke Quetta Cantt Sauran shugabannin Baloch kamar su Mir Gul Khan Nasir da Faiz Mohammad Yousafzai su ma an daure su a cikin "Quli Camp". Anan aka gallaza musu gallazawa da cin zarafi na rashin mutuntaka. Ataullah Mengal ya nakalto Mir Gul Khan Nasir yana cewa: "Sun ware Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo da mu tare da azabtar da shi har lokacin da aka dawo da shi ban gane shi ba, ya rika askewa amma yanzu masu gadi sun kawo wani tsoho mai gemu." National Awami Party Government A babban zabe na 1970 a Pakistan, NAP ta fito a matsayin mafi rinjaye a lardin Arewa maso Yamma da Balochistan An zabi Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo daga yankin Lyari Town na Karachi tare da taimakon wani fitaccen dan siyasar Pakistan Mahmoud Haroon A cikin 1972, NAP ta kafa gwamnatocinta a cikin lardunan biyu. A Balochistan Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo ya zama Gwamnan Balochistan sannan Sardar Ataullah Khan Mengal ya zama Babban Ministan Balochistan na farko. Mir Gul Khan Nasir babban minista ne a wannan Gwamnati kuma ya rike mukaman ilimi da lafiya. Nawab Khair Bakhsh Marri, Sardar Ahmed Nawaz Bugti da Sardar Abdul Rehman Baloch na KECH wasu 'yan majalisar lardin ne daga NAP. Dr. Abdul Hai Baloch dan majalisar dokokin Pakistan ne. Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki Pakistan ta yi gudu a ƙarƙashin ragowar Martial Law LFO (Dokar Tsarin Shari'a) ba tare da wani ingantaccen tsarin mulki ba. Ya zama wajibi Majalisar Dokoki ta tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki ga wata kasa, don haka ta nada kwamitin tsarin mulki mai mambobi 25 wanda ya kunshi dukkan jam'iyyun siyasa da ke da wakilci a majalisar bisa karfinsu a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1972, don shirya daftarin kundin tsarin mulki na dindindin. Tsarin Mulki na Pakistan. Khan Amirzadah Khan da Mir Ghous Bux Bizenjo suna wakiltar National Awami Party Wannan kwamitin tsarin mulki ya jagoranci Abdul Hafiz Pirzada na Pakistan Peoples Party yana aiki dare da rana na tsawon watanni kuma ya tsara daftarin tsarin mulki wanda aka gabatar a majalisar dokoki kuma aka amince da shi a matsayin sanannen tsarin mulkin 1973. Matsayin Mir Ghous Bakhsh Bezanjo a Siyasar Balochistan Wani Bincike Articles with permanently dead external links Afrilu 1999 Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo Part 1 Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo Part 2 Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo Part 3 Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo Part 4 Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo Part 5 Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo Part 6 GoogleBooks Baloch Nationalism: Asalin Da Ci Gaba Balochistan bayan mulkin mallaka Pashtun Movement Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba manazarta and

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusail

Lusail

Lusail (Larabci: ALA-LC Lūsayl Lardin Larabci: sajl]) birni ne na biyu mafi girma a cikin ƙasar Qatar, wanda ke bakin teku, a yankin kudancin gundumar Al Daayen. Lusail yana da nisan kilomita 23 (mil mil 14) arewa da tsakiyar birnin Doha, arewa da Kogin Yammacin Kogin Yamma, akan sama da murabba'in kilomita 38 (15 sq mi) kuma a ƙarshe zai sami abubuwan more rayuwa don ɗaukar mutane 450,000. [2] Daga cikin waɗannan mutane 450,000, an kiyasta cewa 250,000 ko ƙasa da haka za su zama mazauna, 190,000 za su zama ma'aikatan ofis kuma 60,000 za su zama ma'aikatan dillalai. An tsara shi don samun marinas, wuraren zama, wuraren shakatawa na tsibiri, gundumomin kasuwanci, siyayyar alatu da wuraren shakatawa, da wurin wasan golf, tsibiran mutum da gundumomin nishaɗi da yawa. Har yanzu ana ci gaba da gine-gine. Kamfanin Qatari Diar na jihar ne ke aiwatar da ci gaba tare da Parsons Corporation da Dorsch-Grupp Samun Asali Sunan Lusail ya samo asali ne daga "al wassail", kalmar gida don shuka da ke tsiro da yawa a yankin. Tarihi A cikin 1908, JG Lorimer ya rubuta Lusail a cikin Gazetteer na Gulf Persian Ya rubuta: A cikin rubutun farko na 1904 na Lorimer's Gazeetteer, ya bayyana cewa Sheikh Jassim ya fara zama a Lusail a cikin 1903 tare da ƴan ƙabilun ƙawance. Sheikh Jassim ya rasu kuma aka binne shi a Lusail a watan Yuli 1913. Kagaransa, wanda aka fi sani da "Forunder's Fort", shi ne tushen aikinsa kuma an san shi a matsayin muhimmin alamar al'adu na Qatar. An fara sanar da tsare-tsaren ci gaban birnin Lusail a cikin 2005. Bayan da aka zartar da wani kuduri na majalisar ministocin a shekara ta 2002, Lusail tare da yankunanta na Al Kharayej da Jabal Thuaileb sun zama yankunan farko na Qatar inda 'yan kasashen waje za su iya mallakar gidaje. A cikin Disamba 2013, Qatari Diar ya sanar da cewa an sayi fiye da 80% na filaye a Lusail. An bayyana a cikin Afrilu 2018 cewa sama da kashi 80% na ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa na birnin an kammala su. A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 2022, yayin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022, wata babbar gobara ta tashi a wani ginin da ake ginawa kusa da tsibirin Qetaifan ta Arewa kimanin 3.5 kilomita daga filin wasa na Lusail inda aka shirya gudanar da wasannin gasar cin kofin duniya da dama. Hukumar tsaron farin kaya ta Civil Defence ce ta kula da gobarar a wasu rumbunan ajiya guda uku kuma ba a samu jikkata ko jikkata ba. Yanayin tsari An fahimci iyakokin birnin suna gudana daga Tekun Fasha a gabas, zuwa hanyar Al Khor Coastal Road a yamma, kuma kusan 7 km (4.3 mi) arewa da Ritz Carlton Hotel a Doha. Ba a haɗa shi cikin iyakokin birni ba shine gundumar Al Egla wacce ke karbar bakuncin Doha Golf Club Matsuguni guda biyu na kusa da kudancin asalin garin Lusail, Al Kharayej da Jabal Thuaileb (Fox Hills), an shigar da su cikin Lusail a matsayin gundumomi. A lokacin da aka kaddamar da aikin, wadannan wuraren ba su da zama. Wuraren da ke tsaye a yankin kafin haɓakawa shine tashar Ooredoo, masana'antar siminti da gonaki uku, ɗaya daga cikinsu har yanzu ana amfani da su. Matasa na yawan amfani da wurin don yin nishaɗi a kan hanya kuma a wasu lokuta ana zubar da sharar gida a cikin sabkhas ɗinta (gidajen gishiri). A arewacin birnin akwai ƙauyuka masu kamun kifi da aka yi watsi da su. Ingancin ruwan karkashin kasa a yankin ba shi da kyau. A kan iyakar birnin da Tekun Farisa, ruwan ƙasa ya kai mita 1 sama da matakin teku kuma yana gudana daga gabas zuwa yamma. Matakan salinity sun fi girma a gefen gabas, a 40 ppt, idan aka kwatanta da ƙananan 18 ppt a cikin sashin yamma; waɗannan matakan sun yi yawa don amfani ko amfani da su a aikin gona. Saboda yawan gishirin da ruwan cikin ƙasa ke da shi, gishiri- da tsire-tsire masu jure fari kawai ke tsiro a wannan yanki. Wani binciken yanki ya gano nau'ikan tsire-tsire 25 a cikin iyakokin birni; dukkansu ana samun su da yawa a wasu wurare a yankin. Ban da karnuka da raƙuma da aka ajiye a gonakin gida, babu dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka rubuta a yankin yayin tantancewar tasirin muhalli na farko. Duk da haka, an samu nau'ikan macizai da kadangaru da dama, ciki har da kadangare mai kama da wutsiya wanda ya zama ruwan dare ga Qatar. An gano nau'in tsuntsaye guda tara da ke faruwa a yankin, musamman a cikin laka Ciyawa a cikin yankin laka bai kai kashi 30% ba, yawancin ciyawa ana samun su a cikin ƙasa mai yawan yashi. Gundumomi Hotuna

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umukabia

Umukabia

Umukabia Igbo don yaran Ukabiarana kauy neen a Ohuhu al'umma na Umuahia karamrHukuma Arewar Jihar Abiya, Najeriya Hakanan akwai wasu ƙauyuka da yawa a Najeriya masu suna iri ɗaya. Umukabia ta ƙunshi ƙananan ƙauyuka 3 wato; Okpuala shine babba, sai Umuagbom da Azummiri. A cikin waɗannan kuma ƙananan ƙauyuka akwai mahaɗa guda 6-Ga Okpuala, sun ƙunshi-Agbom Na Omurumba da Umu Eze Aguma. Azumiri ana ɗaukarsa azaman mahaɗa ɗaya. A game da Umuagbom, akwai mahadi guda uku, sune, Umuezeocha, Ibeneze kuma Uhu Ukwu Na Ezegiri da Ukwu Udara. Abin lura shine kowane ɗayan waɗannan mahaɗan sun sami ƙarin ɓangarori, waɗanda suka haɗa da rukunin iyali, kowane ɗayan shugabanta ne ke shugabantar shi, yawanci mafi tsufa memba na wannan ƙungiyar. Hakanan ana ɗaukar wannan tsoho namiji a matsayin babban matattarar ilimi, al'adu da al'adun gidan dangi kuma wani lokacin Umukabia gabaɗaya. Yana yin duk wasu al'adu da bukukuwa game da mahaɗan kuma yana neman ra'ayoyi tare da kakannin ta hanyar maganganu da al'adu. Dangane da nuna fifikon Ibo, waɗannan dattawan ko magabatan sun kasance rukunin tsarin mulkin dimokiradiyya da samar da manufofi na Umukabia, ta yadda suke yin yanke shawara tare a madadin ɗaukacin al'ummar Umukabia. Duk shawarar da suka yanke ta zama dole ta ratsa ƙauyen har ma har zuwa ga asa Dian ƙabilar Diasporic na uka daughtersan Umukabia (Ogbuagu, 2013). Sanannen ranar kasuwar Umukabia ana kiranta da Orie Umukabia Orie Umukabia tana da babban kogi da aka fi sani da Ikwu, wanda ya ratsa ƙauyukan Umuire, Umuegwu Okpula Tsohon Firayim Ministan Gabashin Najeriya, ƙauyen Dr. Michael Iheonukara Okpara kuma ya malala zuwa shahararren Kogin Imo da ke Imo Abia States, Nigeria Labari ya nuna cewa Umukabia na zaune a kan wani babban dutse wanda ya sanya ba zai yuwu ba ayi nasarar tona ramuka a kowane yanki na ƙauyen da nufin nemo ruwa. Theauyen na gudanar da Kuma shagulgulan shekara-shekara wanda aka fi sani da bikin Iri Ji (sabon yam) da kuma bikin Ekpe wanda ake kira Kirsimeti na ƙauye kuma ana yin sa ne a kasuwar Orie bayan Kirsimeti amma ba a ranar Lahadi. Tarihi Mahaifin Umukabia shine mutumin da ake kira Ukabia (sic. Karni na 18) wanda ake zaton ya yi ƙaura daga jihar Imo mai makwabtaka. Mai yiyuwa ne kamar yadda sunayen suka nuna cewa ya kuma kafa wasu kauyukan Umukabia da ke kusa da kasar Igbo kuma wadannan kauyukan sun san sun ziyarci juna. Yawancin iyalai a Umukabia sun fito ne daga zuriyar kakan Ukabia; wasu na iya yin ƙaura zuwa yankin. Ukabia Ukabia Uga shine mahaifin Umukabia kuma yana iya rayuwa wani lokaci tsakanin ƙarni na 16 da 17. Allahn kakannin Umukabia shine Alumeze, wanda shine haɗin jini na duk zuriyar Ukabia. Al'adu Babban sunan da aka yiwa Umukabia shine Ojim Ukwu Nnu Egbe, wanda ya dogara da iyawar Umukabia baƙi masu sintiri na zamanin da suka gabata don ƙirƙirar bindigogin musket 400 a takaice. Da wannan karfin, jaruman Ukabia suka sami damar yin biki da kuma bi duk wata fitina daga kauyukan da ke makwabtaka da ita, wadanda suka kalubalance ta. Umukabia an san ta da al'adu da al'adun ta da suka hada da kiɗa da rawa daga cikinsu akwai Brass Band, Kokoma-I stand by, Igborokiti, Onye oria agba, da sauransu. Tabbas, yawancin yan damfara wadanda suka halarci bukukuwa a Umukabia sun ki dawowa kuma daga baya sun yi tsalle tare da samari a ƙauyen. Kwanan nan a cikin shekarun 1990 wasu matasa masu ƙarfin zuciya sun ƙalubalanci al'umma ta hanyar gabatar da wani nau'in kayan masarufi, "Ekpe" wanda ya zama ruwan dare a Nkwoegwu da Umuopara. Dattawan sun yi gwagwarmaya ba kakkautawa, duk da rashin nasarar murkushe wannan sabuwar al'adar, wacce suka ɗauka abar ɗabi'a, tashin hankali kuma mafi yawan marasa kunya, saboda halaye da bayyanar masu yi mata magana [goga gawayi gauraye da mai da ɗaukar bulala da suke fatattakar 'yan kallo da su], ana yawan shaye-shaye yayin taron. A duk sauran raye-rayen gargajiya, akasin haka, mahalarta suna da kyawawan tufafi na ƙawa, yayin da suke ɗaukar kansu da mutunci da girmamawa. A halin yanzu, wasu sassan Umukabia suna rawar "Ekpe" yayin da wasu ke ci gaba da turjewa. Aure Kodayake Umukabia a matsayinta na mai ikon cin gashin kanta tana da yawan jama'a, amma wata al'umma ce mai nuna wariya, wanda ke nufin cewa aure da duk wani soyayyar suna faruwa ne a wajen ƙauyen ban da ƙauyukan da ke kusa da su kamar Nkata Alike. Wani lokaci a baya, ana yin al'adar da ake kira "Isu Ogwu" don ƙaddamar da auren wuri [aure tsakanin ƙauye ko auratayya]. Koyaya, babu wanda har yanzu baiyi ƙarfin halin ƙalubalantar haramtaccen ɗaurin aure ba. Jana'iza da Bukukuwan Jana'iza Jana'iza da al'adun da suka shafe su sun samo asali ne daga al'adu da al'adun da suka haɗa Umukabia da sauran ƙauyuka a Ohuhu. Kafin amfani da gawawwaki da kuma tsarin sanyaya daki domin adana mafi yawan jana'izar sun faru ne tsakanin awanni arba'in da takwas bayan wucewar. A halin yanzu, yawancin jana'izar suna da mahimmanci kuma wani lokacin suna da tsada kuma suna iya zuwa dubban dubban Naira ko dubban daloli (Ogbuagu, 2011). Akwai manyan ranakun kasuwa guda hudu a Ohuhu, sune, Eke, Nkwo, Orie da Afor. Wuraren da suke faruwa a ranakun kasuwar Eke kuma ba'a sanar dasu ba, saboda ana mutuwa a ranar kasuwar Eke a matsayin abin ƙyama. Har zuwa wannan, ba a sanar da sassa a ranakun kasuwar Eke ba sai washegari. Wannan ya haifar da karin magana "A gam amugbu onwu Eke n'anya" ma'ana, Zan ƙi mutuwa a kasuwar Eke, komai irin hukuncin da mutuwa ta yanke. Yawancin jana'izar da jana'izar suna cikin mahallin kasancewar Umukabia ba ta da hurumi na al'umma. Mutuwa tana jawo bakin ciki gama gari kamar yadda kowane ɗan Umukabia yake da alaƙa da asalin kakanninsa, Ukabia, da kuma wani abin bauta na gama gari wanda ake kira "Alumeze." Dangane da wannan, dukkan al'umma suna shiga cikin zaman makoki da na jana'iza kuma za su kasance tare da dangin mamacin na ɗan lokaci. Surukai, da abokai daga wajen Umukabia suma suna cikin waɗannan ayyukan jana'izar (Ogbuagu, 2011). A al'adance, babu mutuwa ba tare da wani dalili ba. Dangane da wannan kuma kamar yadda aka saba, ana duba maganganu don bincika asalin wannan mutuwar. Idan mamacin ba “ɗan ƙasa nagari ba ne” galibi ana barin iyalai su yi ma'amala da jana'izar da kanta kuma babu wani dangi da yake son wannan. A kwanakin da suka wuce, idan mamacin ya ƙudura cewa ba mutumin kirki ba ne, ko kuma ya aikata abubuwan ƙyama lokacin da yake raye, sai a jefa su cikin "mugayen daji." A halin yanzu, Kiristanci ya ɓata yawancin al'adun nan. Ya dace da yadda yawancin al'adu suke kallon mutuwar samari, mutuwar yaro tana da zafi musamman kuma ya sabawa al'adun gargajiya ga iyaye su binne ɗansu maimakon akasin haka. A cikin Umukabia na farko kuma har ma a yau da yawa, an hana yawancin iyaye ganin fuskar ɗan su da ya mutu, musamman ma idan mamacin saurayi ne. A irin wannan halin, aikin da ya rataya a wuyan mahaifa shi ne nuna wani wurin da za'a binne shi kuma yaron ya shiga layin, ba tare da nuna farin ciki da bakin ciki ba kamar yadda wannan mutuwa ta nuna dacewar tsammanin ci gaba a tsakanin dangi da dan adam. sake zagayowar (Ogbuagu, 2011). Labarin kasa Umukabia tana cikin karamar hukumar Umuahia ta Arewa kuma tana makwabtaka da kauyukan Umule a arewa da kuma Nkatalike a kudu. Duba kuma Umuahia Jihar Abia Ohuhu Jama'ar Igbo Bayani http://ohuhu.com/Origin%20of%20Ohuhu_People.htm Ogbuagu, B.C. (2013). “Diasporic Transnationalism”: Towards a Framework for Conceptualizing and Understanding the Ambivalence of the Social Construction of “Home” and the Myth of Diasporic Nigerian Homeland Return. Journal of Educational and Social Research Vol.3 (2). ISSN 2239-978X. doi:10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n2p189. Ogbuagu, B.C. (2011). We Who Are Strangers: Insights into How Diasporic Nigerians Experience Bereavement Loss. Journal of African American Studies, Volume 16, Number (2), 300-320, doi:10.1007/s12111-011-9187-9. Springer Publications. Ogbuagu, BC (2013). "Tsarin asasashen waje" Jaridar Nazarin Ilimi da Zamani Vol.3 (2). Ogbuagu, BC (2011). Mu da muke Baƙi: Basira game da yadda Nigeriansan Nijeriya masu fama da Diasporic suka Gamu da Asarar Makoki. Jaridar Nazarin Afirka ta Afirka, Volume 16, Lamba (2), 300-320, Littattafan bazara. Kauyuka a

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin%20City%20%28Birnin%20Benin%29

Benin City (Birnin Benin)

Benin City birni ne, da ke a jihar Edo, a ƙasar Nijeriya. Birnin itace babban birnin jihar Edo dake kudancin Najeriya. Itace birni na hudu a girma bayan Birnin Lagos Kano da Ibadan da kimanin jimillar jama'a akalla mutum 1,782,000 a shekara ta 2021. Birnin tana nan daga kilomita 40 kilometres (25 mi) daga rafin Benin River, da kuma nisan tsakanin kilomita 320 kilometres (200 mi) daga gabacin Lagos. An gina birnin Ibadan kafin karni na sha huɗu. Benin itace cibiyar sarrafa roba da kuma samar da a Najeriya. Itace birni mafi muhimmanci a duk masarautar Benin wacce ta wanzu a tsakanin karni na 13th zuwa karni na 19th. Suna da kyakyawar fahimta ta hanyar kasuwanci da kasar Portugal a 'yan shekaru wanda daga bisani turawan Ingila suka amsa mulkin kasar a 1897. Turawa sun kwashe ababan tarihi da dama da suka hada da gumaka na tagulla da makamantansu a yankin bayan cin galabarsu da yaki. Asalin mutanen gari sune mutanen Edo, kuma suna magane ne da harsunan Edo da makamantansu. Muatnen gari suna da shiga na kaya irin na alfarma kuma ansansu da amfani da duwatsun bids, zane a jiki,sarkoki da awarwaro da kuma noma na doya, plantain da rogo. Tarihi Mutanen Edo A tarihance, asalin mutanen Edo kuma wanda suka samar da Daular Edo na karkashin mulkin Ogiso (Kings of the Sky) wanda ke kiran kasarsu da suna Igodomigodo. Igodo, watau Ogiso na farko yayi tsananin karfin mulkin kuma yayi fice a matsayin sarki adali na lokacin. Ya mace bayan mulki mai tsawon sannan Ere baban danshi ya gajeshi. Rikici ya kaure tsakanin matar tsohon sarkin (Ogiso) da kuma babban dansa wato "Ekaladerhan". Matar baban nasa ta kulla masa sharri da ya jawo aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Wadanda aka aika su kashe shi kuma daga bisani suka sake shi a Ughoton. Yarima mai gudun hijira ya kama hanya zuwa Ife inda ya canza sunansa zuwa Izoduwa, ma'ana "na samu natsuwa". A wannan yanayi na rudani ne mutanen Benin karkashin jagorancin Chief Oliha suka bazama neman yarima Ekaladerhan wanda a yanzu mutane Ife ke kiransa Oduduwa. Yarima Ekaladerhan yaki yadda ya dawo Benin saboda da yadda aka wulakanta shi, bayan su gano cewa ba'a kashe shi ba. Daga bisani ya yi dabarar tura dansa Oramiyan don ya zama sarki a matsayinsa. Oramiyan ya zauna a cikin fada wacce dattijan Uzama suka gina masa, yanzu ya zama wurin bauta na shekara-shekara. Nan da nan ya auri kyakyawar budurwa diyar Osa-nego; Enogie of Egor na tara. Shi da ita sun sama rabon da namiji. Bayan 'yan shekaru daga bisani, ya kira taro inda ya sanar da murabus da kujerarsa, a cewarsa garin na'yan jin zafi ne "Ile-Ibinu" sannan kuma dan asalin haihuwar kasan wanda yayi ilimi kuma ya kware da hatsabibancin mutanen garin ne kadai zai iya mulkan su. Garin ta samo asalin sunanta daga sunan. Ya saka an nada dandansa a matsayin sarki a maimakonsa, sannan kuma ya koma cikin birnin Benin da zama. Ya tafi ya bar dansa "Ajaka" a garin wanda ya zamo sarkin Benin na farko na wannan zamanin (Oba of Benin, shi kuma Oramiyan na sarauta matsayin "Ọọni of Ifẹ". Haka zalika Ọranmiyan na Ife, mahaifin Ẹwẹka I, shi kumasarkin Benin (Ọba of Benin) shine mahaifin Ajaka; sarkin Oyo (wato "Alaafin of Ọyọ"). Sarkin Ife Ọọni of Ife watau Ọba Ẹwẹka ya canzawa Ile-Binu (babban birnin daular Benin) suna zuwa "Ubinu". A wajen mutanen Portugal wannan kalman na iya zama "Benin" da yarensu. A tsakanin 1470, Ẹwuare ya canza sunan garin zuwa Edo. Wannan yazo daidai da lokacin da mutanen Ọkpẹkpẹ sukai kaura zuwa birnin Benin. A wata fuskar kuma Yabawa suna da nasu labarin akan Oduduwa.A cewan Yarbawa wai saboda tsananin karfin ikonnsa da mulkinsa ne yasa ya yaki mutanen da ke kai wa Benin hare-hare hakan yasa mutanen Benin suka zabe shi matsayin sarki wato 'Ọba of Benin". Duk da haka duka yarukan biyu watao Yarbawa da mutanen Edo sun amince da cewa Oduduwa ya tura dansa Oranmiyan na Ife ya zama sarkin Benin kuma ya samar da daular Oba a birnin Benin. Tsarin mulkin Benin ya fara ne a karni na 13 lokacin mulkin Oba Ewedo. Zuwan Turawa da kwace garin Turawan Portugal sun zuiyarci Birnin Benin a 1485. Tattalin arzikin Benin ya habaka a tsakanin karni na 6th da na 17th a dalilin kasuwanci a Kudancin Najeriya, da kuma kasuwanci da turawa musamman kasuwancin yaji da kasusuwan dabbobi. A farkon karni na 16, Sarkin garin ya tura wakili zuwa kasar Portugal, shi kuma sarkin Portugal ya turo malaman kiristoci zuwa Benin. Har izuwa karni na 19, wasu daga cikin 'yan asalin garin Benin na iya magana da harshen Portugal. Har wayau, akan iya samun kalmomin aro na yaren Portugal a harsunan yankin. Wani kaptin na Portugal yayi bayanin garin da; "Benin mai girma, inda sarakuna ke zaune, tafi girman Lisbon, duka tituna sun tafi santal kuma iya ganin idanu. Gidajensu na da girma, musamman gidan sarkin garin, wanda aka kawata ta matuka kuma tana da dauyi masu kyawu. Birnin tana da arziki da kuma ikon kere-kere. Ana mulkanta da adalci wanda a sanadiyyar hakan ba'a sata a garin ba kuma mutanen garin na zaune cikin aminci da kariya wanda ko kofofi babu a gidajen garin". Wannan yazo daidai da lokacin da kisan kai da sata sukai tsanani a birnin Lisbon, Portugal. A ranar 17 ga watan Febrerun 1897 ne birnin Benin ya fada hannun Turawan Ingila. A wani gangami da ake kira "Punitive Expedition", ayarin rundunar sojojin turawa masu yawan mutum 1,200 a karkashin jagorancin Admiral Sir Harry Rawson, bayan sun keta garin baki daya amma sojojin turawa biyu kadai aka kashe wanda Consul na wucin gadi General Philips ya jagoranta.Alan Boisragon, ya rubutu akan sadaukarwa da kisan gilla da akaiwa mutanen garin a 1898 (shekara daya bayan faruwar al'amarin). James D. Graham ya rubuta cewa, duk da cewa "sadaukarwa na daya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin al'amarin al'umman Benin a farkon lokaci," shedu na zahiri sun bambamta matuka, wanda wasu sunyi bayanai akansu, wasu kuma basu ce komai ba. Turawa sun kwashe gumakan da akai da tagulla, zane masu asali da makamantasu na tarihin garin, wanda a yanzu ake nuna su a wuraren tarihi dabn-daban na duniya. Anyi gwanjon wasu daga cikin tagullolin don maimaye barnan da akai a lokutan baya. An tura sakonnin barar maido irin wadannan kaya na tarihi acikin 'yan shekarun nan. Daya daga cikin ire-iren wadannan kayan tarihi masu daraja sun hada da kokon fuskan Sarauniya Idia "Queen Idia mask" wanda akayi amfani dashi matsayin kokon rufe fuska a wajen taron Second Festival of Arts Culture (FESTAC '77) wanda aka gudanar a shekara ta 1977, wanda akafi sani a yanzu da "Festac Mask". Kame Birnin Benin ya zamo sharan fage ga ayyukan sojojin turai da kuma hade yankunan mulkin mallakan turawa na Afurka zuwa yankunan kulawa na turaw watau Niger Coast Protectorate, sai kuma Protectorate of Southern Nigeria sannan daga karshe yankin kulwa da gudanarwan turawa na Najeriya. Turawan sun bada umurnin mayar da sarautar Benin a 1914, amma duk da haka ainihin iko yana wajen turawan mulkin mallakan Najeriya. Samun 'yancin Najeriya Gabanin samun 'yanci Najeriya a 1960, Benin ta zamo cibiyar tsakiyar yammacin yankunan Najeriya wato Mid-Western Region bayan an raba yankin daga yankin yammacin kasar a June 1963. A lokacin da aka mayar da sunan yankin Jihar Bendel watau Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya a 1976, Benin ta cigaba da kasancewa babban birnin yankin sannan daga bisani ta kasance babban birnin Edo bayan rarraba jihar Bendel zuwa jihohin Delta da Edo. Labarin Kasa Yanayin climate na nufin yanayin sararin samaniya ta kasa dangane da wani wuri kayajajje, yanayi weather kuma na nufin canjin yanayi na yau da kullum, na dan kankanin lokaci a wannan kayajjajen wurin. Abubuwan da ake la'akari dasu wajen lissafa yanayin wuri sun hada da yanayin zafi/sanyi, abubuwan da ke zubowa daga gajimare (kamar ruwan sama, raba, kankara da sauransu) damshi da matsi, iska/guguwa, hasken rana da giza-gizai. Benin tana da yanayi na "tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw)" kuma tana iyaka da yanayi na tropical monsoon climate (Am). Yanayin garin bai da dadi akwai zafi da kuma dumi kusan har karshen shekara musamman tsakanin watannin Juli da Satumba. Ilimi Benin gida ce ga manyan jami'oin Najeriya kamar Jami'ar Benin, wacce ke Ugbowo da Ekenwan, Jami'ar Ambrose Alli University wacce ke Ekpoma, da Kwalejin Ilimi na Ekiadolor, Jami'ar Igbinedion, Jami'ar Benson Idahosa da kuma Jami'ar Wellspring. Akwai Makarantun sekandare da suka hada da; Edo College, Edo Boys High School (Adolo College), Western Boys High School, Oba Ewuare Grammar School, Greater Tomorrow Secondary School, Garrick Memorial Secondary School, Winrose Secondary School, Asoro Grammar School, Eghosa Anglican Grammar School, Edokpolor Grammar School, Covenant Christian Academy, Niger College, Presentation National High School, Immaculate Conception College, Uselu secondary school, Idia College, University of Benin Demonstration Secondary School, University Preparatory Secondary School, Auntie Maria School, Benin Technical College, Headquarters of Word of Faith Group of Schools, Lydia Group of Schools, Nosakhare Model Education Centre and Igbinedion Educational Center, Federal Government Girls College, Benin City, Paragon Comprehensive College, da kuma Itohan Girls Grammar School. Wasu daga cikin makarantun Micro International Training Center, Computer Technology da kuma Training Center, kungiyoyin makarantun Okunbor (Okunbor Group of Schools). Matsalolin Muhalli Sauyin Yanayi Birnin tana fuskantar sauyin yanayi musamman ta hanyar karuwar zafi, karancin damshi damshi da ruwan sama na tsakanin 1981 da kuma 2015. Kula da ambaliya Birnin Benin na fuskantar ambaliya akai-akai. Bincike iri-iri sun nuna bayanai akan haka tun akalla shekara ta 1993. Masana sunyi yunkurin kawo hanyoyin shawo kan matsalar ambaliya a yankin ta hanyoyi daban daban kamar; kula da tsarukan amfani da filaye da kuma gine-gine da ci-gaba, kirkiro shiye-shirye akan wayar wa mutane da hankali kan kula da muhalli da illolin rashin hakan da makamantansu. Mutane da yawa sun rasa muhallinsu a dalilin ambaliya da akayi a watan June 2020. A lokacinda talakawa sukayi kukan cewa rashin samar da hanyoyin ruwa masu kyau da kuma kin cigaba da tsare-tsaren kawo karshen ambaliya suka jawo hakan. Dumaman Birane Birnin tana da zafin digiri .5 fiye da kauyukan garin, kuma zafin yafi karuwa acikin mako lokutan da ma'aikata suke gudanar da harkokinsu na ayyukan yau da kullum da samar da kazanta iri-iri. Kula da Shara Bincike da mujallar Nature tayi, ya nuna cewa birnin bata da isassun kayan kula da muhalli wanda gwamnatin Jihar Edo ta samar. Bayan bincike da aka gudanar ga mazauna birnin mutum 2720, ya nuna cewa mutane da yawa basu san aihin yadda kula da muhallansu ba. Bugu da kari, mutanen basu san yadda gurbacewa ke da alaka da sakin Greenhouse Gasses ba. Wani binciken ya nuna cewa wasu da yawa basu san illolin rashin kula da muhalli akan lafiyarsu ba. Al'adu Wurare masu kayatarwa sun hada da gidan sarki, unguwar Igun Street (inda ake sarrafa karafuna da tagulla). Wasu wureren sun hada da ababen gargajiya da koramu da ke zagaye da gidaje, King's square (wanda akafi sani da Ring Road) da kuma kasuwannin gargajiya. An san mutanen Benin da sarrafa tagulla da yi mata sifofi iri-iri na kwarewa. Benin birni ce ta tsaffin sarakunan duniya. Akwai bukukuwar gargajiya da dama da ake gudanarwa a Benin don murna da tunawa da wasu lokuta na tarihi a Birnin. Bikin Igue festival shi yafi fice inda sarki ke fitowa ayi murnan al'adun mutanensa sannan ya albarkaci mutanensa da kasarsa. Bukukuwan Gargajiya Benin tana da bukukuwa iri-iri dan murnan al'adun gargajiya kamar Igue Festival da ake gudanarwa duk shekara. Bikin na da muhimmanci sosai ga birnin musamman na tunawa da daular ta na zamunan da da kuma al'adunsu. Banda wadancan bukuwar, Benin tana daukan nauyin bikin "Benin City Film Festival". Bikin na bada dama don bunkasa ayyukan da gidajen shirye-shirye na gida sukayi. Har wayau tana bunkasa shirye-shiryen Najeriya da kasashen wajen. Ranakun Kasuwannin Benin Mutanen Benin na da ranakun cin kasuwanni uku; Ekioba, Ekenaka, Agbado, da kuma Eken. Sufuri Benin na da filayen jiragen sama guda uku da ke sufurin mutane zuwa yankuna daban daban wanda suka hada Arik Air, Air Peace da kuma Azman Sanannun Mutane Godwin Abbe, tsohon ministan tsaro na Najeriya. Ambrose Folorunsho Alli, tsohon gwamnan tsohuwar jihar Bendel. shi ya samar da jami'ar Bendel kuma ya sanya mata sunan shi "Ambrose Alli University" Eghosa Asemota Agbonifo, dan siyasa Anthony Anenih, chairman, the board of trustees (PDP) kuma tsohon ministan ayyuka na Najeriya Suleiman Braimoh (born 1989), Nigerian-American basketball player in the Israel Basketball Premier League Archbishop John Edokpolo, Minister of Trade and Founder of Edokpolor Grammar School Francis Edo-Osagie, dan kasuwa Jacob U. Egharevba, Mai ilimin tarihin Bini kuma shugaban gargajiya Anthony Enahoro, anti-colonial and pro-democracy activist and politician Festus Ezeli, basketball player Abel Guobadia, former Chairman of Nigeria's Independent National Electoral Commission Benson Idahosa,wanda ya kirkiri cocin Church of God Mission International Incorporated da kuma Idahosa World Outreach (IWO) Felix Idubor, mawaki Felix Liberty, mawaki Gabriel Igbinedion, dan kasuwa kuma Esama na Masarautar Benin Divine Ikubor, Mawakin da akafi sanida Rema. Festus Iyayi, novelist and first African to win the Commonwealth Writers Prize Suleman Johnson, senior pastor and general overseer of Omega Fire Ministries International Godwin Obaseki, the current governor of Edo State Samuel Ogbemudia, former governor of the Midwest region of Nigeria and later Bendel state Sonny Okosun, mawaki Suyi Davies Okungbowa, African fantasy and speculative fiction author Osasere Orumwense, former Vice-Chancellor of University of Benin Osayuki Godwin Oshodin, former Vice-Chancellor of University of Benin Demi Isaac Oviawe, Ireland-based actress Chris Oyakhilome, founder and president of Believers LoveWorld Incorporated, also known as Christ Embassy Modupe Ozolua, cosmetic surgeon Lilian Salami, Vice-Chancellor of university of Benin Victor Uwaifo, musician Hotuna Manazarta Biranen

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Chastain

Jessica Chastain

Jessica Michelle Chastain (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga watan Maris a shekara ta, 1977) yar fim ce kuma Ba’amurkiya ce. An san ta a fina-finan tare da Feminism jigogi, ta kyautu kan ta sun hada da Golden Globe Award da gabatar da ita har saunbiyu a Academy Award. Time Magazine sunsa daya daga cikin mutane 100 da suka fi fice a duniya a shekara ta, 2012. An haife ta kuma ta girma a Sacramento, California, Chastain ta haɓaka sha'awar yin aiki tuna ƙarama. A shekara ta,1998, ta yi ta sana'a mataki halarta a karon kamar yadda Shakespeare 's Juliet Bayan da ta fara karatun digiri a makarantar Juilliard, an rattaba hannu a kan wata baiwa ta ma'amala da mai gabatar da gidan telebijin John Wells Ta kasance tauraron baƙo mai maimaitawa a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, ciki har da Dokar &amp; Umarni: Jarabawa ta Juri Ta kuma yi rawar gani a fagen wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayon na Anton Chekhov The Cherry Orchard a shekarar, 2004 da Oscar Wilde na masifar Salome a shekarar, 2006. Chastain ta yi fim din ne a karon farko a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Jolene na shekarar (2008), kuma ta samu karbuwa sosai a shekarar, 2011 saboda rawar da take takawa a cikin finafinan rabin dozin, ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo Take da Tsarin Rayuwa Ayyukanta a matsayinta na masu son jama'a a cikin Taimaka ta sami damar zaɓaɓɓiyar lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Supportarfafa Talla A shekara ta, 2012, ta ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award kuma ta karɓi wani zaɓi don Academy Award don Mafi Kyawun resswararren forwararru don rawar da aka yi game da manajan CIA a cikin thean wasan Zero Dark talatin Chastain ta sanya ta ta farko ta hanyar Broadway a cikin farfado da The Heiress a cikin shekarar. Takaddun nata mafi girma sun fito tare da finafinan almara na kimiyya Interstellar na shekarar (2014) da Martian na shekarar (2015), da kuma fim din ban tsoro It babi na biyu na shekarar (2019), kuma ta ci gaba da karɓar yabo saboda rawar gani a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar, (2014) da Miss Sloane na shekarar (2016), da Wasan Molly na shekarar (2017). Chastain itace wanda ta kafa kamfanin samar da Freckle Films, wanda aka kirkireshi don inganta bambancin fim. Tana da hankali game da lamuran lafiyar kwakwalwa, da jinsi da daidaito tsakanin jinsi. Tana aure da mai zartarwa na kamfanin Gian Luca Passi de Preposulo, wanda ke da 'ya mace. Farkon rayuwa da asali Jessica Michelle Chastain an haife ta a ranar 24 ga watan Maris a shekara ta, 1977, a Sacramento, California, ga Jerri Renee Hastey (ean Chastain) da kuma mawaƙa Michael Monasterio. Iyayenta dukkansu matasa ne lokacin da aka haife ta. Chastain ya ƙi yin tattauna batun asalin danginsa a fili; an cire ta daga Monasterio, kuma ta ce babu uba da aka jera sunayensu na haihuwa. Tana da ’yan’uwa mata biyu da’ yan’uwa biyu. 'Yar uwarta Juliet ta kashe kanta a shekara ta, 2003 bayan shekaru da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Mahaifiyarta da mahaifiyarta, Michael Hastey, sun girma Chastain a Sacramento. Tace mahaifin mahaifiyarta shine mutum na farko da ya fara tabbatar mata da kwanciyar hankali. Tana da dangantaka ta kusa da kakarta, Marilyn, wanda ta lasafta ta a zaman wani wanda "ya yi imani da ni koyaushe". Chastain ta fara nuna sha'awar yin aiki tun yana ɗan shekara bakwai, bayan da kakarta ta ɗauke ta ta samar da Yusufu da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Kullum sai ta kan sanya wasannin kwaikwayo tare da sauran yara, kuma suna ɗaukar kanta a matsayin darektan zane-zane. A matsayina na dalibi a makarantar El Camino Primary School a Sacramento, Chastain yayi gwagwarmayar ilimi. Ta kasance lolo kuma ta ɗauki kanta a matsayin wacce ta dace a makaranta, a ƙarshe ta sami mafita a cikin wasan kwaikwayon adabi. Ta bayyana yadda ta saba zuwa makaranta don karanta Shakespeare,, wanda wasan kwaikwayon da ta yi ya kasance tare da ita bayan halartar bikin Oregon Shakespeare tare da takwarorinta. Tare da halarta da yawa a lokacin babban shekararta a makaranta, Chastain bai cancanci yin digiri ba, amma daga baya ya sami difloma ta girma Daga baya ta halarci Kwalejin garin Sacramento daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 1997, lokacin da take memba a kungiyar mahawarar kungiyar. Da take magana game da ƙuruciyarsa, Chastain ta ce: I [grew up] with a single mother who worked very hard to put food on our table. We did not have money. There were many nights when we had to go to sleep without eating. It was a very difficult upbringing. Things weren't easy for me growing up.. A shekara ta, 1998, Chastain ta gama karatunta a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka kuma ta fara ficewa a matsayin Juliet a masana'antar Romeo da Juliet wanda TheatreWorks, wani kamfani a yankin San Francisco Bay Area. Samfurin ya kai ta ga yin duba ga makarantar kwaleji ta Juilliard da ke New York City, inda ba da daɗewa ba ta karɓa kuma ta ba da tallafin karatu ta wanda actress Robin Williams ta ba shi A shekararta ta farko a makarantar, Chastain ta sha wahala daga damuwa kuma ta damu matuka game da faduwa daga shirin, tana kashe yawancin lokacinta karatu da kallon fina-finai. Daga baya ta yi nuni da cewa rawar da ta taka cikin nasarar samar da The Seagull a cikin shekararta ta biyu ya taimaka wajen karfafa kwarin gwiwa. Ta yi karatun digiri a makarantar tare da Digiri a fannin Fine Arts a shekara ta, 2003. Aiki 2004-2010: Matsayin Farko Jim kadan kafin a kammala digirinsa daga Juilliard, Chastain halarci wani taron for karshe-shekara dalibai a Los Angeles, inda ta sanya hannu zuwa wani gwaninta gudanar da yawa da talabijin m John Wells. Ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, kuma ta fara duba ayyukan yi. Tun da farko ta ga wannan tsari yana da wahala, wanda ta yi imanin ya kasance ne sakamakon wasu mutane da ke da wahala ta rarrabe ta a matsayin jan goshi ba tare da sanya ido ba. A ta talabijin halarta a karon, The WB cibiyar sadarwa ta shekarar, 2004 matukin remake na shekarar, 1960 gothic sabulu wasar kwaikwayo ta waka Dark Inuwar, ta jefa a matsayin Carolyn Stoddard PJ Hogan ne ya jagoranci jirgin, amma ba a dauki jerin shirye-shiryen ba don watsa shirye-shirye. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ta bayyana a matsayin mai baƙon wasan kwaikwayo akan jerin wasan kwaikwayo na likita ER tana wasa da wata mace da ta bayyana a matsayin "mai tabin hankali", wanda hakan ya sa ta sami ƙarin sassan da ba a saba gani ba kamar waɗanda hadarin ya ritsa da su ko kuma masu tabin hankali. Ta ci gaba da fitowa a cikin irin waɗannan rawar a cikin wasu jerin jerin talabijin daga shekarar, 2004 zuwa 2007, ciki har da Veronica Mars na shekarar (2004), Kusa da Gida na shekarar (2006), <i id="mwyA">Blackbeard</i> (2006), da Law &amp; Order: Trial by Jury (2005-2006) A shekara ta, 2004, Chastain ya ɗauki matsayin Anya, budurwa mai kirki, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan kwaikwayo na Anton Chekhov na wasan The Cherry Orchard a Massachusetts, wanda ke wasa tare da Michelle Williams.. Har ila yau, a wannan shekara, ta yi aiki tare da Playwrights sãsanni a kan wani samar da Richard Nelson 's Rodney ta Wife a matsayin' yar wani dami tsakiyar-shekaru film actor. Ba a sami karɓar abin da ta yi ba a wurin mai sukar lamirin Ben Brantley na jaridar New York Times, wanda ta yi tunanin cewa "ta wata hanya za ta ci gaba da yin launi yayin da maraice ke ci gaba". Lokacin da take aiki a kan wasan kwaikwayon, Nelson ta ba da shawarar zuwa ga Al Pacino, wanda ke neman actress don tauraruwa a cikin fitowar Oscar Wilde na masifar Salome.. Wasan kwaikwayon yana ba da labarin mummunan labari game da tarihin rayuwar jima'i. A cikin wasan, Salome ɗan shekaru 16 ne, amma Chastain, wanda ya kasance 29 a lokacin, an jefa shi saboda hakan. Wasan an shirya shi ne a shekara ta, 2006 a Wadsworth Theater da ke Los Angeles, kuma daga baya Chastain ta lura cewa ta taimaka wajen jawo hankalinta ga wasu daraktocin kungiyar. Da take rubutu game da bambancin ra'ayi, mai sukar lamirin Steven Oxman ya soki hotonta a wasan: "Chastain ba ta da matsala da Salome, ba ta da tabbacin ko ta kasance mai iya yaudarar 'yar iska ko' yar iska ce, attajiri". Chastain tayi film debut dinta a shekara ta, 2008 acikin shirin Dan Ireland's drama da suna Jolene. wanda aka gudanar da fim din kan wani karamar labari na E. L. Doctorow wanda wakar Dolly Parton' "Jolene" ta tunzura shi da rerwa. Fim yabi rayuwar wata ya ce da aka ci zarafin ta tun tana karamarta,har kusan shekaru goma. Yadda Chastain ta taka rawa a fim an yabe ta sosai daga masu reviewaer na New York Observer, wanda ya ce itace kadai fitacciyar yar'wasa a shirin. Ta lashe kyautar Babbar jaruma a Seattle International Film Festival. A shekara ta, 2009, fito a shirye-shirye kanana kamar Stolen na shekarar, (2009) ta fito a bangaren Desdemona acikin Public Theatre production na Shakespeare's tragedy Othello, tare da John Ortiz amatsayin wadanda suka gudanarda shirin da Philip Seymour Hoffman amatsayin Iago. Ta yi rubutu ma The New Yorker, Hilton Als ya yabi Chastain saboda samun "a beautiful maternal depth" acikin rawar da taka a shirin. A cikin shekara ta, 2010, Chastain ta fito a shirin John Madden mai suna The Debt, inda ta fito amatsayin matashiya Mossad wanda aka aika Gabashin Berlin a shekarar, 1960s domin ta kamo tsohon likitan Nazi wanda yake gudanar da binciken magani a concentration camps. Ta raba matakin ta da Helen Mirren, wanda suka rika fitowa amatsayin mutuum daya a shirin a mabanbantar lokacin rayuwa. Sai da sukayi aiki tare kafin suka fito a shirin ta dan samun damar lakantar murya da dabi'ar yadda wanda suka fito a madadin ta take yi. Chastain ta dauki darussan harshen German da krav maga, Kuma ta karanci littafai akan likitan Nazi Josef Mengele da tarihin Mossad. William Thomas na Empire ya kira fim din da suna "smart, tense, well-acted thriller", Kuma ya fahimci Chastain "pulses with strength and vulnerability" in her part. Kuma ta fito amatsayin Mary Debenham acikin shirin British television series Agatha Christie's Poirot, akan novel din Agatha Christie's 1934 novel Murder on the Orient Express. 2011–2013: Breakthrough and rise to fame Bayan gwagwarmayar neman nasara a fim, Chastain yana da fitarwa guda shida a cikin shekarar, 2011, kuma ya sami yabo sosai don yawancin su. Farkon rawar shine kamar matar Michael Shannon ta halin Jeff Nichols Take Tsari, wasan kwaikwayo game da mahaifin da ke cikin damuwa wanda yayi ƙoƙarin kare danginsa daga abin da ya yi imanin cewa iska ce mai zuwa. An nuna fim din ne a bikin nuna fina-finai na Sundance na shekarar, 2011, kuma wani mai sukar lamirin Tim Robey na Daily Telegraph ya nuna yadda bangaren Chastain yake tallafawa aikin tallafin labarin.. A Coriolanus, karbuwa game da bala'in Shakespearian daga darekta-actor Ralph Fiennes, Chastain ya buga Virgilia. Matsayinta na gaba ya kasance ne da Brad Pitt, a matsayin mahaifiyar mai ƙauna na yara uku a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gwaji na Terrence Malick, Itace Rai, wanda ta yi fim a shekara ta, 2008. Chastain ta sa hannu a fim din ba tare da karban wasan kwaikwayo na al'ada daga Malick ba, kuma ta inganta al'amuran da tattaunawa da Pitt da dama. Ta dauki sashenta a matsayin "kyautar alheri da duniyar ruhu"; a cikin shiri, ta yi zuzzurfan tunani, ta karanci zane-zane na Madonna, sannan ta karanta waqoqin Thomas Aquinas Fim ɗin an shirya shi ne a bikin Baje kolin fina-finai na Cannes na shekarar, 2011 don maraba daga masu sauraro, kodayake masu sufa sun yaba masa kuma sun sami nasarar Palme d'Or Justin Chang na iri-iri cinye fim a "waƙar yabon Allah, domin a ɗaukaka halitta, wani exploratory, sau da yawa mystifying waka" da kuma yaba Chastain don wasa ta kashi da "heartrending shigewa". Babban nasarar da Chastain ya samu a wannan shekarar ta zo da wasan kwaikwayon The Taimakawa, hadin-gwiwar Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer da Emma Stone, wanda aka kafa akan littafin Kathryn Stockett na wannan sunan Chastain ya buga Celia Foote, wacce ke son jama'a a shekara ta, 1960s Mississippi, wacce ke haɓaka abokantaka da budurwa bakar fata (wacce Spencer ta buga). An jawo Chastain zuwa matsayin halayyar wariyar launin fata kuma ta haɗu da kuzarta da himma; a shirye-shiryen, ta kalli fina-finai na Marilyn Monroe kuma ta bincika tarihin Tunica, Mississippi, inda halayyarta ta tashi. Taimako ya samu 216 miliyan a ofishin akwatin don zama fim ɗin Chastain da aka fi gani sosai har zuwa wannan lokacin. Manohla Dargis na jaridar New York Times ya yaba da ilmin sunadarai tsakanin Chastain da Spencer, kuma Roger Ebert ya yaba mata saboda "bata da lafiya da kamuwa da cuta". kungiyar ta Taimaka ta sami lambar yabo ta Actwararrun Actwararruwar Screenwaƙwalwar Guwaƙwalwa na Guild Award don Fitaccen Cast kuma Chastain ta sami lambar yabo ta Oscar ta farko a cikin Mafi kyawun Actungiyar Tallafawa, ban da BAFTA, Golden Globe da SAG da aka gabatar a cikin rukuni guda, duk waɗannan sun rasa ga Spencer. Aikin farko na Chastain na shekara biyu sun kasance a cikin Wilde Salomé, wanda aka tsara dangane da samarwarta ta shekarar, 2006 a cikin Salome, da kuma babban abin zargi da ake wa lakabi da Kashe filayen Texas Aikin Chastain a cikin shekara ta, 2011, musamman a Taimako, Take Tsari da Itace na Rayuwa, sun sami lambobin yabo daga kungiyoyin masu sukar da yawa. Biyu daga fina-finai na Chastain a shekarar, 2012 wadanda aka shirya a bikin Fim na 65 na Cannes mai ban dariya Madagascar 3: Ana So Mafi Tsarin Turai da wasan kwaikwayo na Laifi A cikin tsohon, wanda ya zama alama ta uku a jerin jerin mutanen Madagascar, Chastain ya furta Gia da Jaguar da lafazin Italiyanci. Tare da jimlar 747 a duk duniya Miliyon, fim ɗin a matsayin babban aikinta. A cikin doka ba, wanda ya danganta da Haramcin Matt Bondurant- novel Gundumar Wettest a Duniya, Chastain ya yi rawa da rawa wanda ya rikide zuwa rikici tsakanin 'yan uwan bootlegging uku yan Shia LaBeouf, Tom Hardy, da Jason Clarke sun taka rawa. Fim din ya sami cikakken ra'ayoyin jama'a masu inganci, tare da Richard Corliss yana neman Chastain ya cika da "ƙazantarwar lalata, lalata ha'inci". A cikin gwaji na biopic na marubucin CK Williams, mai taken Launi na Lokaci na shekarar (2012), wanda ɗaliban Jami'ar New York James Franco suka jagoranta, Chastain ya yiwa mahaifiyar ƙaramar Williams. Wani ɗan gajeren sashi wanda Chastain ta yi fim a cikin Terrence Malick's To the Wonder na shekarar (2012) an shirya shi daga fim ɗin ƙarshe, kuma saboda shirya rikice-rikice, ya watsar da fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayon Oblivion da Iron Man 3 duka biyu a shekara ta, 2013. Ta maimakon sanya ta Broadway halarta a karon a wani Tarurrukan na shekarar 1947 play The gado, wasa da muhimmancin Catherine Sloper, a butulci yarinya wanda canza a cikin wani iko mace.. Tun farko Chastain ba ta yarda da rawar ba, saboda tsoron matsananciyar damuwa da ta fuskanta lokacin wasanninta na farko. Daga karshe ta yarda bayan ta gano wata alaƙa da Sloper, tana mai cewa: "Ba ta jin daɗi kuma na kasance hakan". Samun aikin an shirya shi ne a Walter Kerr Theater daga watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 2012 zuwa watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2013. Brantley ta nuna rashin gamsuwa da aikin da Chastain tayi, tana mai cewa tana "yin biris da tunani a cikin" kuma cewa lokacin tattaunawarta ba wani abu ne mai sauki ba. A ofishin akwatin, ya fito kamar yadda wani mai barci ya buge. The film received generally positive reviews, with Richard Corliss finding Chastain to be filled with "poised, seductive gravity". Kathryn Bigelow 's mai fafutukar Zero Dark talatin ya nuna fim din ƙarshe na Chastain na ƙarshe na shekara ta, 2012. Fim din ya ba da labarin wani labari mai cike da rudani wanda ya shafe shekaru 10 na kisan Shugaban Osama bin Laden bayan harin 11 ga watan Satumbar An jefa Chastain a matsayin Maya, ƙwararren mai binciken CIA mai tausayawa wanda ya taimaka kashe Bin Laden. Abubuwan da ke da wahalar magana sun sa ba shi da kyau ga Chastain yin fim. Ta sha wahala daga rashin kwanciyar hankali yayin da take aiki kuma lokaci guda ta yi ta barin kafa cikin hawaye domin ta kasa ci gaba. Chastain bai iya haɗuwa da wakilin ɓoye na wanda Maya ke dogara da shi ba kuma ta dogara ne akan binciken marubutan Mark Boal Zero Dark talatin ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci amma ya kasance mai jayayya game da yanayin azabtarwa wanda aka nuna yana ba da amfani mai mahimmanci a cikin binciken Bin Laden.. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone ya rubuta cewa Chastain ya buga Maya "kamar hadari mai iska a cikin abin da ba zai iya yiwuwa ba, ba shi da wata ma'ana wanda zai yanke zurfin jijiyoyinmu". Roger Ebert ya lura da irin kyawun da Chastain yake da shi, kuma ya yi kyau sosai idan aka kwatanta iyawar ta da irinta da mai wasan Meryl Streep Saboda rawar da ta yi, Chastain ta lashe lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award don Kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta sami Makarantar koyon karatun, BAFTA da SAG don gabatar da mafi kyawun Actress. Chastain gaba dauki kan gubar rawa na wani mawaki wanda aka tilasta kula ga ta saurayi ta dami nieces a cikin tsoro film Mama na shekarar, (2013). An jawo hankalin ta ga ra'ayin wasa mace ta banbanta da rawar “uwa mai kyau” da ta taka a baya, kuma ta danganta yanayin halayyar ta a kan mawaƙin Alice Glass Mawaƙin Richard Roeper ya ɗauki rawar da ta yi a matsayin tabbacin kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan ƙarni. A lokacin bude finafinan karshen mako a Arewacin Amurka, Chastain ya zama dan wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin shekaru 15 da ya jagoranci manyan mukamai a cikin manyan fina-finai biyu Mama da Zero Dark Thirty a Box Office. Daga nan sai ta zama tauraro a matsayin babban abin mamakin macen da ta ɓaci wanda ya rabu da mijinta (wanda James McAvoy ya buga sakamakon wani lamari mai ban tsoro da ya faru a cikin wasan kwaikwayon ɓatar da Eleanor Rigby na shekarar (2013), wanda ita ma ta samar. Marubucin marubuci marubuci Ned Benson ya rubuta labarin ne daga hangen miji na Rigby, daga nan ya rubuta wani sigar daban daga mahallin Rigby game da dagewar Chastain. An fitar da nau'ikan fim guda uku Shi, Ita, da Su Ba ta sami masu sauraro da yawa ba, amma mai sukar AO Scott ya yaba wa Chastain saboda "bambance-bambance na takaitaccen tsarin yanki tsakanin mai tauri da mara wahala, yana nuna madaukakiyar iko ko da halayenta suna rasa shi, da kiyaye daidaituwarta koda kuwa fina-finai na fina-finai da nunin nishaɗi zuwa wajan melodrama Chastain ya fito a cikin fina-finai uku a cikin shekara ta, 2014. Ta yi rawar gani a cikin Miss Julie, wanda aka daidaita fim din Agusta Strindberg ta 1888 mai suna, daga darekta Liv Ullmann Ya ba da labari mai ban tausayi na labarin da aristocrat na Anglo-Irish wanda aka jima'i da niyyar yin barci tare da mahaifin mahaifinsa (wanda Colin Farrell ya buga Chastain ya ja hankalin mata game da mata Ullmann akan batun. Fim din kawai ya sami taƙaitaccen fitowar wasan kwaikwayo. Yayin yin fim ɗin Miss Julie a Ireland, Chastain ya karɓi rubutun Christopher Nolan 's fiction fiction film Interstellar na shekara ta (2014). Tare da kasafin kuɗi na 165 Miliyon, babban furotin, Matthew McConaughey da Anne Hathaway, ana yin fim da yawa ta amfani da kyamarorin IMAX An jefa Chastain a matsayin yarinyar 'yar girma ta halin McConaughey; An kusantar da ita ga aikin don ruhin motsin zuciyar da ta samu a tsakanin mata da daughterya .yan. Drew McWeeny na gidan nishaɗin HitFix ya lura da irin rawar da Chastain ke nunawa a cikin ɓangaren tallafi. Fim din ya samu sama da dala 675 miliyan daya a duniya don zama babban fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Chastain.. A shekara ta, 2015, Chastain ta dauki nauyin wani kwamandan a fim din almara na Ridley Scott The Martian Starring Matt Damon a matsayin masanin kere-kere kuma wanda ke makale a duniyar Mars ta hanyar 'yan saman jannati wanda halayen Chastain ya umarce shi, fim din ya samo asali ne daga littafin tarihin Andy Weir na wannan sunan Chastain ta sadu da 'yan saman jannati a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Jet Propulsion da Johnson Space Center, sannan kuma ta danganta rawar da Tracy Caldwell Dyson ta yi, wanda ta dauki lokaci a Houston. Martian ta zama fim dinta na biyu don cin ribar sama da 600 miliyan biyu a jere shekaru. Chastain ya zama tauraro a matsayin macen da ta shirya makirci tare da dan uwanta (wanda Tom Hiddleston ya buga don tsoratar da sabuwar amaryarsa (wanda Mia Wasikowska ta buga a wasan Guillermo del Toro na soyayya mai suna Crimson Peak Ta kusanci ɓangaren ƙauyen tare da tausayawa, kuma a shirye-shiryen karanta waƙoƙin kabarin da kallon fina-finan Rebecca (1940) da Menene Ya Faru da Baby Jane? (1962). Del Toro ya sanya ta don bayar da dama ga wani ɓangaren da ya ɗauka a matsayin psychopathic amma Peter Debruge na Variety ya gan ta "mara kyau matsananciyar damuwa" kuma ya kushe ta saboda gaza isar da yanayin rashin tsaro da halin ta. Hakanan kuma, David Sims na Slate ya yaba mata saboda nuna halayyar ta "kishin girmanta". Conversely, David Sims of Slate praised her for portraying her character's "jealous intensity to the hilt". Bayan nuna alamun rawar da ya taka sosai, Chastain ya himmatu don neman bangaren mai haske.. Ta same ta a cikin babban fim din wasan kwaikwayo mai suna The Huntsman: War's War na shekarar (2016), wanda ya kasance duka biyu kuma madogara ne ga fim din shekarar, 2012 na White White da Huntsman An jawo hankalin ta kan batun yin wasan jaruma mace wacce kwarewar ta ke daidai da wadanda suka jagoranci maza, amma ba a karban fim din ba Daga nan sai ta zama tauraro a matsayin jigon mawaki, a lobbyist, a cikin mai fafutukar siyasa Miss Sloane, wacce ta sake hada kai da John Madden. Chastain ya karanta littafin tarihin <i id="mwAtY">Capitol na hukuncin</i> wanda Jack Abramoff yayi bincike game da al'adar yin kauracewa a Amurka, ya kuma sadu da masu kaunar mata don yin nazarin yadda suka dace da yanayin salon. Ganawa da ita a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a duniyar, Peter Travers ya yaba wa Chastain saboda nasarar da ya jawo masu sauraro zuwa rayuwar Sloane, da kuma yin rubuce-rubuce ga jaridar Los Angeles Times, Justin Chang ya kira wasan kwaikwayonsa "rundunar da ta dace da magana ta musamman da murkushe rikice rikicewar tunani. Chastain ta karbi lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi Kyawun Bestan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo don rawar da ta yi. Chastain ta nuna Molly Bloom, tsohuwar mai tsere wacce ke gudanar da ayyukanta na caca wanda ya kai ta ga FBI ta kama ta, a wasan fitar da finafinan Aaron Sorkin, Wasan Molly na shekarar, (2017). Ta yarda da sashin saboda sha'awar yin aiki tare da Sorkin, wanda rubutun ta yaba da shi. Maimakon dogaro da bayanan jama'a na Bloom, Chastain ya sadu da Bloom don bincika halayen halayensa da rashin haɗarinsa. Ta kuma bincika duniyar duniyar poker kuma ta yi hira da wasu daga abokan cinikin Bloom. Peter Debruge ya yaba da rawar da ta kasance "ɗayan manyan ɓangarorin mata na allo" kuma ya faɗi nasarorin nasa ga "gwaninta ta ɓacin rai" da rubutun Sorkin. Ta samu lambar yabo ta Golden Globe ta biyar ga shi. A cikin shekara ta, 2018, ta karbi bakuncin wani taron na Asabar Night Live kuma ya faɗi abin da aka tsara na gaskiya Spheres: Songs of Spacetime Ta yi wani fim a cikin wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo na Xavier Dolan Mutuwar &amp; Rayuwa na John F. Donovan, amma an yanke rawar da ta taka a bayan samarwa yayin da Dolan ta gano cewa halin ta bai dace da labarin ba. Ayyuka masu zuwa Daga cikin sauran alkawuran da ta yi, Chastain za ta yi wasa tare da Eddie Redmayne a cikin Kyakkyawan Nurse, mai fafutuka game da batun bin kadin Charles Cullen da kuma nuna mawakan kasar Tammy Wynette da ke gaban George Brolin na George Jones a cikin George George da Tammy A matsayinta na mai samarwa, za ta sake haduwa da Octavia Spencer a cikin wani fim mai ban dariya, wanda ta yi shawarwari kan karin albashi ga Spencer. Rayuwar mutum Duk da mahimmancin kafofin watsa labaru, Chastain ya kasance mai tsaro game da rayuwarta na rayuwa, kuma ya zaɓi kar halartar taron abubuwan jabu da abokin tarayya. Tana daukar kanta a matsayin "mara kunya", kuma a shekara ta, 2011 ta ce tana jin daɗin al'amuran cikin gida kamar tafiya-kare da wasa ukulele, maimakon rabuwa. Ta ambaci 'yar wasan kwaikwayon Isabelle Huppert a matsayin wani tasiri, don sarrafa iyali, yayin da kuma take "rawar-fito" a fim. Chastain ƙaunar dabba ce, kuma ya karɓi kare mai kare Ta kasance mai wanzuwa ga mafi yawan rayuwarta; Bayan matsalolin kiwon lafiya sai ta fara yin lalata Ita ce mai saka hannun jari ga Beyond Meat, kamfanin maye gurbin nama A cikin shekara ta, 2000s, Chastain ya kasance tare da dangantaka ta dogon lokaci tare da marubuci-darektan Ned Benson wanda ya ƙare a cikin shekara ta, 2010. A shekara ta, 2012, ta fara yin amarya da Gian Luca Passi de Preposulo, dan asalin Italiyan dan gidan Passi de Preposulo, wanda ke zartarwa a matsayin kamfanin Moncler A ranar 10 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 2017, ta auri Preposulo a gidan iyayenta da ke Carbonera, Italiya A cikin shekara ta, 2018, ma'auratan suna da diya ta hanyar maye. Suna zaune a New York City. Advocacy

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep%20Grand%20Cherokee

Jeep Grand Cherokee

Jeep Grand Cherokee kewayon matsakaicin girman SUVs ne wanda kamfanin kera na Amurka Jeep ya kera. A gabatarwar sa, yayin da yawancin SUVs har yanzu ana kera su tare da ginin-kan-frame, Grand Cherokee ya yi amfani da chassis na unibody tun daga farko. Ci gaba Asalin Grand Cherokee ya koma 1983 lokacin da Kamfanin Motoci na Amurka (AMC) ke zayyana magajin ga karamar Jeep Cherokee (XJ) Masu zane-zane uku na waje (ba AMC ba) Larry Shinoda, Alain Clenet, da Giorgetto Giugiaro kuma suna ƙarƙashin kwangila tare da AMC don ƙirƙirar da gina samfurin yumbu na maye gurbin Cherokee XJ, wanda aka sani da aikin "XJC". Koyaya, ƙirar asali don maye gurbin Cherokee yana da kyau ta hanyar masu zanen gida na AMC da motar motar Jeep Concept 1 ta 1989 ta annabta ƙirar asali. Kamar yadda AMC ya fara haɓaka Jeep na gaba a cikin 1985, gudanarwa ya ƙirƙiri tsarin kasuwanci wanda yanzu aka sani da sarrafa rayuwar samfuran (PLM). A cewar François Castaing, Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Injiniya da Ci Gaban Samfura, mafi ƙanƙanta mai kera motoci na Amurka yana neman hanyar da za ta hanzarta aiwatar da ayyukan haɓaka samfuran don yin fafatawa da manyan masu fafatawa. An taimaka ci gaban XJC ta tsarin software mai taimakon kwamfuta (CAD) yana sa injiniyoyi su kasance masu amfani. A halin yanzu, sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa sun ba da damar magance rikice-rikice masu yuwuwa cikin sauri, don haka rage sauye-sauyen injiniyoyi masu tsada, saboda duk zane-zane da takardu suna cikin babban bayanan bayanai. Tsarin ya yi tasiri sosai wanda bayan da Chrysler ya sayi AMC a 1987, ya fadada tsarin a cikin kasuwancinsa, ta haka ya haɗa duk wanda ke da hannu wajen ƙira da gina kayayyaki. Don haka Grand Cherokee ya zama samfurin Jeep na farko mai lamba Chrysler. Ayyukan ci gaba don sabon samfurin Jeep ya ci gaba kuma ma'aikatan Chrysler (bayan sayen 1987 na AMC) sun yi marmarin ranar saki na 1980; duk da haka, Shugaba Lee Iacocca yana matsawa don sake fasalin ƙananan motocin Chrysler, don haka jinkirta sakin Grand Cherokee har zuwa ƙarshen 1992 a matsayin mai fafatawa a Explorer Ba kamar Explorer ba, Grand Cherokee ya yi amfani da ginin monocoque (unibody), yayin da Explorer ta samo asali ne daga ɗaukar Ranger tare da keɓantaccen tsarin-kan-firam An ƙirƙira sigar mai alamar Dodge a matsayin taka tsantsan idan dillalan Jeep ke kokawa don ɗaukar rukunin Grand Cherokee da yawa. Grand Cherokee ya yi muhawara cikin babban salo a Nunin Mota na Kasa da Kasa na Arewacin Amurka na 1992 a Detroit, Michigan Motar da aka tuka ita ce Poppy Red Clear Coat 1993 Grand Cherokee ZJ Laredo tare da rigar quartz ciki da kujerun guga na baya. Sa'an nan kuma shugaban Chrysler Robert Lutz ya kori magajin garin Detroit, Coleman Young, daga Gidan Majalisar Wakilai ta Arewa na Jefferson a Arewacin Jefferson Avenue ta hanyar 'yan sanda zuwa Cobo Hall, sama da matakan Cobo Hall kuma ta hanyar gilashin gilashi don nuna sabon motar. An fara sayar da shekarar ƙirar 1993 Grand Cherokee a cikin Afrilu 1992. An fara samar da Grand Cherokee jim kadan bayan haka a cikin majalissar Jefferson North da aka gina a Detroit, Michigan. An kera Grand Cherokee na Turai a Ostiriya ta Magna Steyr Grand Cherokee "ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen farfado da arzikin Chrysler ta hanyar motsa shi zuwa kasuwa mai tasowa don manyan motoci masu amfani da wasanni." Bayan gabatar da ita, ita ce farkon kera mota mai cikakken ƙarfi a cikin Amurka ta amfani da HFC-134a refrigerant a madadin HCFC-12 don tsarin HVAC. ƙarni na farko (ZJ; 1993) An ƙaddamar da ainihin Grand Cherokee a cikin 1992 a matsayin abin hawa na shekara ta 1993 a cikin ɓangaren SUV na alatu. Samfurin "ZJ", wanda aka kera daga 1992 har zuwa 1998, asali sun zo ne cikin matakan datsa guda uku: tushe (wanda kuma aka sani da SE), Laredo, da Limited, an ƙara abubuwan da suka biyo baya, gami da Orvis (MY 95-98) da TSI (MY97-). 98). Samfurin tushe ya haɗa da fasalulluka kamar cikakken kayan aiki, kayan ciki, da daidaitaccen watsa mai saurin sauri biyar, yayin samun sunan moniker "SE" don shekarar ƙirar 1994. Gilashin wutar lantarki da makullai ba daidaitattun kayan aiki bane akan datsa tushe. Bambancin alamar farashi mafi ƙanƙanta ya haifar da ƙarancin buƙatun mabukaci, kuma a sakamakon haka, ƙirar ƙananan layi ta ƙarshe ta ƙare. Ƙarin daidaitattun fasalulluka sun haɗa da jakar iska ta gefen direba da tsarin hana kulle ƙafafu (ABS). Laredo shine ƙirar tsakiyar sikelin tare da daidaitattun fasalulluka waɗanda suka haɗa da tagogin wuta, makullin ƙofa na wuta, sarrafa jirgin ruwa, da tuƙi mai nannade fata. Siffofin waje sun haɗa da farantin filastik matsakaici- launin toka a kan ƙananan jiki da ƙafafun gami mai magana guda biyar. Limited shine ƙirar ƙira mai ƙima, mai nuna ƙananan launi na jikin jiki, da lafazin waje na zinariya. Har ila yau, Limited tana alfahari da daidaitattun fasalulluka irin su wurin zama na fata, madubai masu zafi, kujerun wutar lantarki na gaba, tsarin shigarwa mara nauyi, itacen ciki appliqué, ƙirar gami da yadin da aka saka, cibiyar bayanan direba tare da kamfas, sarrafa yanayi na dijital, madubi na baya na electrochromic, da Jensen sitiriyo sitiriyo tare da madaidaicin band-band. A shekarar 1996 jerin zaɓuka sun girma har sun haɗa da kujeru masu zafi. Standard shine 4.0 L engine, 5.2 L V8 (da 5.9 L a 1998) kasancewa na zaɓi, kamar yadda yake tare da sauran samfuran. Rukunin fakitin tare da matakan datsa iri-iri sun haɗa da: fitulun hazo, da faranti, da kuma dacewa, walƙiya, alatu, ƙarfi, tsaro, da fakitin tirela. Lokacin da aka fara gabatar da ita a cikin Afrilu 1992 a matsayin farkon abin hawa na shekara ta 1993, Grand Cherokee yana da zaɓin tashar wutar lantarki guda ɗaya kawai: 4.0 L AMC injin madaidaiciya-shida ya samo asali wanda ya yi Wannan ya zama injin "girma" na Grand Cherokee. Zaɓuɓɓukan watsawa sun haɗa da watsawa ta atomatik mai sauri huɗu (farkon samar da ZJs da aka yi amfani da AW4-A500SE (daga baya 42RE) ya maye gurbin AW4 a ƙarshen rabin shekarar ƙirar 1993) ko Aisin AX15 watsawa Ƙananan buƙatun watsawa na hannu ya haifar da dakatar da shi bayan 1994, amma ZJs na kasuwa na Turai sun riƙe shi lokacin da aka haɗa shi da injin diesel (wanda babu shi a Arewacin Amirka). Zaɓuɓɓukan jirgin ƙasa sun haɗa da tuƙi ta baya ko tuƙi mai ƙafa huɗu A cikin 1995, an rage ƙimar injin ɗin da zuwa saboda sabbin dokokin EPA da suka fara daga shekarar ƙirar 1996. A cikin 1997, don shekarar ƙirar 1998, an gabatar da bambance-bambancen babban matakin Grand Cherokee Limited, "5.9 Limited" an gabatar da shi. Tallace-tallacen Jeep sun yi iƙirarin cewa ita ce "motar mai amfani da wasanni mafi sauri a duniya", wanda gwaji na ɓangare na uku ya tabbatar. Babban haɓakawa a cikin nau'in 5.9 Limited ya haɗa da 5.9 Injin L OHV V8, watsawa ta atomatik 46RE mai nauyi mai nauyi, aikin murhu mai cire zafi mai aiki, grille mai launi na musamman mai faɗin ramin jiki tare da abubuwan da aka saka raga, gyare-gyaren rocker na musamman, ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙuntatawa tare da tukwici na chrome inci uku, ƙaramin bayanin martaba. rufin rufin, da ƙafafun 16" Ultra-Star na musamman. Kamfanin 5.9 Limited ya kuma sami madaidaicin amp 150 da fan mai sanyaya wutar lantarki mai sauri 2. Sauran fasalulluka sun haɗa da daidaitaccen tsarin sauti na 180-watt, mai magana 10 Infinity Gold tsarin sauti mai sauti mai rufin baya, daidaitaccen rufin rana, da kuma wani ciki wanda aka swaddled tare da musamman "ƙwanƙarar maraƙi" fata mai laushi da datsa itacen faux. An ba da 5.9 Limited "4 4 na Shekara" don 1998 ta mujallar Petersen's 4-Wheel &amp; Off-Road Samfuran wannan samfurin ya kasance raka'a

34361

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucostoma%20kunzei

Leucostoma kunzei

Naman gwari mai tsire-tsire Leucostoma kunzei (tsohon Valsa kunzei shine wakili na cutar Leucostoma canker (wanda aka fi sani da Cytospora canker ko spruce canker cuta na bishiyoyin spruce da aka samu a Arewacin Hemisphere, yawanci akan Norway spruce Picea abies da Colorado blue spruce Picea pungens Wannan cuta tana daya daga cikin cututtukan da suka fi yawa kuma suna cutar da nau'in Picea a arewa maso gabashin Amurka, duk da haka kuma tana shafar sauran nau'ikan coniferous Da kyar yakan kashe bishiyar da ke masaukinsa; duk da haka, cutar ba ta lalacewa ta hanyar kashe rassan da aka yi amfani da su da kuma haifar da fitar da guduro daga raunuka na shekara shekara a kan rassan ko kututture. Asalin Leucostoma kunzei or Valsa kunzei (Fr.:Fr) Fr. (conidial state Cytospora kunzei Waterman ne ya fara bayyana shi a cikin 1955, a matsayin mai haifar da reshe da masu tsini da ta lura akan Douglas fir. Waterman ya al'ada naman gwari daga bishiyoyin daji daga Washington, Pennsylvania, Vermont, New Hampshire, da Massachusetts kuma ya ba da bayanin farko na canker da naman gwari. Ta kuma lura cewa bishiyu na kankara yawanci suna faruwa a wuraren da ba su da kyau ko kuma wasu abubuwan muhalli sun raunana su. Runduna masu saukin kamuwa Balsam Fir Abin balsamea Farashin Fraser Abies fraseri Turai Larch Larix decidua Jafananci Larch Larix kampferi Amurka Larch Larix laricina Norway Spruce Picea abin Engelmann Spruce ne adam wata Picea engelmannii Farin Spruce Picea glauca Black Spruce Picea mariana Caucasian Spruce Picea Orientalis Colorado Blue Spruce Picea pungens Red Spruce Picea rubens Jack Pine Pinus banksiana Red Pine Pinus resinosa Gabashin Farin Pine Pinus strobus Bhutan Pine Pinus wallichiana Eldar Pine Pinus eldaric Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga ma'ana Western Redcedar Thuja plicata Gabashin Hemlock Tsuga canadensis Alamun Alamomin wannan cuta a cikin rundunonin spruce sun haɗa da matattu da rassan da ke mutuwa da raunuka na dindindin a kan rassan da gangar jikin, waɗanda ke fitar da resins. Tsofaffin rassan (ƙananan bishiyoyi) suna ɗaukar lalacewa fiye da ƙananan. A lokacin bazara da farkon lokacin rani ganyen rassan da suka kamu da cutar a kan bishiyar da aka yi garkuwa da su suna yin shuɗewa kuma suna yin launin ruwan kasa, wanda ke nuni da ɗaurin gindi da ke faruwa a cikin reshe ko kuma tare da tushen tushen da wannan cuta ke haifarwa. Wadannan allura masu launin ruwan kasa za su kasance a manne a lokacin girma sannan kuma su fadi a lokacin hunturu, suna barin rassan rassan da ba su da tushe. Duk wannan tsari zai iya faruwa a kowace shekara, yana motsawa daga ƙananan rassan zuwa manyan rassan, don haka ya lalata alamar bishiyar mai masauki. Twigs da rassan da wannan cuta ta kashe na iya kasancewa a kan bishiyar da take da cuta na tsawon shekaru da yawa. Duk wannan lalacewar da wannan cuta ta fungal ke haifarwa ba ya farawa har sai bishiyoyin da ke cikin gida sun kasance aƙalla shekaru 10-15. Koyaya, a cikin wuraren gandun daji na shimfidar wuri ana iya kashe ƙananan rassan matasa spruce shuɗi ko fari spruce lokaci-lokaci. Launuka yawanci suna farawa ne daga ƙananan ƙananan rassan kuma suna girma zuwa elliptic ko wani lokaci-lokaci masu kama da lu'u-lu'u. Raunin da ya samo asali a kan rassan da ke kusa da babban tushe na iya bazuwa a cikin babban tushe. Cambium da wannan cuta ta kashe yana da launin ruwan kasa zuwa launin ruwan ja-ja-jaja kuma yana cike da resins. Sapwood da ke ƙasa, wanda aka kashe kuma ya mamaye ta ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta, ba a cika samun launi ba. Guduro mai launin amber yana fitowa sosai daga gefuna na cankers, yana gangarowa cikin haushi, ko kuma ya digo a kan ƙananan rassan ko ƙasa, sannan ya taurare ya zama farin ɓawon burodi. Launukan da ke da alaƙa da wannan ƙwayar cuta yawanci suna tafiya a bayyane ba a lura da su ba a kan bishiyoyin da suka kamu da cutar na tsawon shekaru da yawa, saboda ƙwayar cuta da ke riƙe da resin. Samuwar callus a gefen canker yana da dabara ko kusan ba ya nan, yawanci guduro shine kawai alamar raunin haushi. Cankers da aka kafa akan gangar jikin zasu bayyana kamar sun nutse saboda rayayyun kyallen takarda (calus) suna fadadawa da girma a kusa da kyallen da suka ji rauni. Cikakkiyar ɗaurin gindin runduna ko manyan gaɓoɓi na iya faruwa; duk da haka, wannan taron na iya ɗaukar shekaru da yawa har ma da shekaru masu yawa don cikawa. A cikin wasu conifers masu saukin kamuwa, alamun suna kama da na spruce sai dai fitar da guduro yawanci ba shi da fice. Game da pine, mabuɗin alamar da za a lura da shi shine cututtukan reshen da ba a san su ba wanda wannan cuta ta haifar. Alamu Alamun Leucostoma kunzei sun haɗa da fungal stromata na mataki na Cytospora wanda ke samuwa kowace shekara a cikin bawon daji da aka kashe kwanan nan kuma mafi yawa, a waje da masu ciwon daji. Pycnidial stromata suna da siffa kamar gajerun mazugi, 1-2 mm a diamita, tare da ɗakuna masu ƙyalƙyali suna haskakawa daga tsakiya kuma suna buɗewa ta hanyar rami na kowa a saman. A lokacin damshin yanayi, za su samar da rawaya tendrils na conidia. Wani mutum stroma duk da haka, yana yin wannan sau ɗaya kawai. Conidia su ne unicellular, allantoid (siffar tsiran alade), da 4-6 x 0.5-1 m girma. Perithecial stromata wanda balagagge a cikin bazara suma gajere ne da 1-2 mm a diamita. Nama na ciki kodadde rawaya ne zuwa launin ruwan toka mai launin ruwan toka tare da baƙar perithecia 5-30 a ciki. Perithecia shine 200-600 m a diamita, kuma wuyoyinsu suna haɗuwa a saman diski-kamar stroma. Fayilolin yawanci 0.2-1.0 mm a diamita da launin toka zuwa baki a saman. Ascospores sune hyaline (marasa launi), unicellular, lanƙwasa, kuma auna 5-8 x 1-2 m. Zagayowar cuta An fara kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar kamuwa da cuta ta shiga cikin raunukan kwanan nan na bishiyar mai saurin kamuwa da cuta. Ana iya haifar da waɗannan raunuka ta hanyar inji kamar kayan aiki, ta hanyar shigar kwari, ko a cikin raunuka na halitta saboda matsalolin muhalli kamar dusar ƙanƙara ko kankara. Gabaɗaya, yawancin kamuwa da cuta ana tsammanin yana faruwa a farkon bazara, kodayake bazara na kuma sabunta cututtukan da ke ɓoye daga kakar da ta gabata, da zarar yanayin muhalli yana da fa'ida ga naman gwari. Yawanci, yanayi mara kyau na muhalli kamar fari, matsanancin zafi, ko takamaiman wurin yana ƙarfafa haɓakawa da kamuwa da wannan cuta. Ana iya samun wannan ƙwayar cuta a cikin haushi na waje na abin da ya zama rassan rassa masu lafiya, wanda ke nuna kamuwa da cuta na iya faruwa kafin ci gaban rauni. Dukansu conidia da ascospores na wannan naman gwari suna kamuwa da cuta. Ana fitar da Conidia a lokacin damina yanayi na bazara, amma kuma a duk lokacin bazara da kaka. Wadannan conidia na iya jure yanayin sanyi, wanda ke taimakawa ga rayuwar wannan naman gwari, kuma conidia suna tsiro a kusan 20-33 C. Mafi kyawun zafin jiki don haɓakar conidial da farkon girma na naman gwari yana kusa da 27 °C. Hakanan ana fitar da ascospores a cikin bazara, da kuma, farkon lokacin rani. Watsewar conidiospores da ascospores ta hanyar gudu ko watsa ruwa yana ba da shaida don haɓakawar shekara zuwa shekara da haɓaka ci gaban bayyanar cututtuka. Dukkanin nau'ikan spore sun gano a kan iska a kusancin bishiyoyi marasa lafiya, duk da haka hanyar zama iska har yanzu ba ta da tabbas. Akwai rade-radin cewa wannan tarwatsawar iska na iya kasancewa saboda sakin ɗigon ruwa ta hanyar ɗigon ruwan sama wanda ya zama 'yanci a cikin iska yayin da ɗigon ruwa ke ƙafewa. Ana samun conidia da yawa a cikin ruwa da iska, sabanin ascospores. Wadannan tururuwa masu iska, da kuma, kwari suna ba da bayani game da yaduwar wannan cuta daga bishiya zuwa bishiya. Da zarar an ɗaure reshe ko tushe na majiɓinci mai rauni, ƙwayoyin cuta za su mamaye manyan wuraren haushi da sauri fiye da wurin ɗaurin gindi. Bayan wannan, ƙwayoyin cuta za su haifar da pycnial da yawa daga baya kuma daga baya perithecial stromata. Tsawon lokaci mai yiwuwa na wannan sake zagayowar cutar shine shekara 1, saboda pycnidial stromata wanda ke samuwa a cikin shekarar farko na haɓakar rauni. Gudanar da cututtuka Saboda tsofaffi, bishiyoyi masu rauni sun fi dacewa da Leucostoma kunzei, mahimmin mahimmanci wajen kula da wannan cuta mai kyau shine kula da lafiyar bishiyar da karfi ta hanyar rage damuwa akan bishiyar. Zabi wuraren dasa shuki tare da ƙasa mai kyau, m, ƙasa mai kyau; guje wa ƙasa mara zurfi ko magudanar ruwa. A lokacin lokutan fari mai tsawo ko a wuraren busassun ruwa na yau da kullum yana da mahimmanci a lokacin girma kakar, da kuma, aikace-aikace na takin mai magani kowace 'yan shekaru. Ingantattun bishiyoyi da nisantar duk wani matsala ga tushen tsarin wanda zai iya haifar da rauni ko rashin ci gaban tushen duka duka suna rage yuwuwar bishiyar guda ɗaya ta kamu da cuta. Zaɓaɓɓen pruning na ƙananan rassan a inda zai yiwu, ba tare da lalata gaba ɗaya da kyawawan bayyanar itacen yana da kyau ba. A kan bishiyar da ba ta da ƙarfi sosai, duk rassan da ba su da lafiya da kuma kusa da su ya kamata a datse su zuwa ga reshe mai rai mafi kusa ko gangar jikin. Ya kamata a yanke rassan rauni da rauni zuwa gangar jikin bishiyar. A kan manyan gaɓoɓi ko kututtuka za a iya fitar da ɓangaren cankered. Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar cire duk launin ruwan kasa, matattun kyallen jikin, da kuma, 1 inci lafiyayyen haushi da itace a kowane bangare, yanke zuwa zurfin inch. Tsaftar kayan aiki da kyau yana da mahimmanci don rigakafin yaduwar wannan cuta ta bazata; Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar kashe su ta hanyar shafa su ko kuma a nutsar da su cikin maganin 70% shafa barasa. Yankewa a lokacin jika na iya haifar da yiwuwar kamuwa da cututtuka da ke yaduwa ta hanyar raunuka; don haka, a datse kawai lokacin da ganye da haushi suka bushe. Ba za a iya maido da bishiyoyin da suka daɗe da kyau ba kuma a cire su gaba ɗaya daga wurin kuma idan zai yiwu, a ƙone su don cire tushen inoculum. Ya zuwa yau, babu wani fungicides wanda ya iya ba da rigakafi ko kama ci gaban Leucostoma canker akan bishiyoyin spruce Nau'in maye gurbin da aka ba da shawarar (iri mai ƙarfi) Siberian Spruce Picea omorika Blue Atlas Cedar Cedrus Atlantika Nikko Fir Abin homolepis Leyland Cypress Cupressus leylandii Juniper na kasar Sin Juniperus chinensis Dutsen Rocky Juniper Juniperus scopulorum Jafananci Cedar Cryptomeria japonica Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Farashin Fungorum USDA ARS Fungal Database Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

48095

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikin%20yara%20Mata%20a%20Najeriya

Aikin yara Mata a Najeriya

Ayyukan yara mata a Najeriya suna nufin babban abin da ya faru (haɗarin, yawan, ko yawan cuta, laifi, ko wani abu mara kyau) na ƴan mata masu shekaru tsakanin 5-14 waɗanda ke da hannu a ayyukan tattalin arziki a waje da ilimi da nishaɗi. Yaɗuwar aikin yara mata a Najeriya yafi yawa saboda arzikin gida, amma wasu dalilai sun hada da: nasarar ilimi na iyaye, matsin lamba da abubuwan da ake buƙata kamar babban buƙata don taimakon gida da ma'aikatan jima'i duk suna ba da gudummawa ga babban abin da ya faru na aikin yara mata na ƙasar. Bugu da ƙari, a yawancin yankunan karkara da Musulmai a Arewacin Najeriya, ana tambayar yara a wasu lokuta su taimaka wa mata ko uwaye masu zaman kansu a cikin addini wajen gudanar da ayyuka. Ƴan mata da yawa suna aiki a matsayin taimako, mataimakan shago, da masu sayar da titi. Amfani da 'yan mata a cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki yana fallasa su ga haɗari wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da cin zarafin jima'i, kaɗaici, fushi, rashin kulawar iyaye, da cin zarafi. Bugu da kari, ma'aikatan 'yan mata ba a amince da su ta hanyar doka ba kuma kowane irin fa'idar ma'aikaci ba shi da mahimmanci. A Najeriya, aikin yara yana motsawa ne ta hanyar zamantakewa, yawan jama'a, da tattalin arziki kamar talauci da asarar aiki na iyaye, asarar iyaye ko mai kula da iyali, ƙaura daga yankunan karkara zuwa birane, girman iyali mai girma, da ka'idojin al'adu kamar auren mata da yawa. Sauran direbobi sun haɗa da rarraba makarantu mara kyau, rashin samun dama, da kuma tsadar karatun.Kwanan nan, rikice-rikice da ta'addanci sun haifar da ƙaura ta cikin gida na mutane da lalacewar wuraren makaranta, suna tura yara da yawa cikin aikin yara. Bugu da ƙari, kisan kiyashi na al'ummomi da 'yan fashi suka yi a arewacin Najeriya sun ba da gudummawa ga samar da ƙarin marayu da wadanda ke fama da aikin yara. Tarihi Farawa a tsakiyar shekarun 1980s, mummunan yanayin tattalin arziki a Najeriya, kasar da maza suka kasance mafi yawan ma'aikata a bangaren al'ada, sun tilasta mata da yawa su kara yawan aikin su a bangaren da ba a sani ba amma mai yawan aiki don kara yawan kudin shiga na gida ban da aiki a kan ayyukan cikin gida. A Najeriya, dabarun da mata ke ɗauka a bangaren da ba na al'ada ba sun haɗa da yin aiki na dogon lokaci a kasuwanni da kuma amfani da yaransu don sayar da kayayyaki a kan tituna don rage nauyin. Baya ga ɗalibai da suka ɓace, 'yan mata da yawa suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya da aminci ciki har da gajiya, yunkurin cin zarafin jima'i da satar mutane. Tun farkon Shirin Gyara Tsarin a Najeriya, Najeriya, Najeriya ta shiga cikin wani lokaci na wahalar tattalin arziki inda iyalai suka inganta sabbin dabarun don tsira, daga cikinsu akwai fataucin yara da aika yara zuwa biranen a matsayin 'yan mata na gida. A shekara ta 2003, kasar ta kafa Dokar 'Yancin Yara don kare yara daga cin zarafin su kuma sun hana hakkinsu a matsayin kananan yara. A cikin yankunan karkara, an yi imanin cewa aikin yara mata yana taimakawa 'yan mata wajen bunkasa ƙwarewar gida, taimaka wa wasu, da hadin kan iyali. Ayyuka sun haɗa da tattara itace. Saboda haka irin wannan zamantakewa shine babban dalilin da ya sa ake fi son 'yan mata fiye da yara maza a cikin daukar ma'aikata. Koyaya, waɗannan nau'ikan aikin da ake yi wani lokaci suna hana damar ilimi na 'yan mata. A wasu al'ummomin Fulani na Arewacin Najeriya, yarinyar tana taimaka wa mahaifiyarta ta hanyar sayar da madara ko wasu kayan daga gonar danginsu ko kuma mahaifiyar ta yi. Hanyoyin aiki Taimako na cikin gida Saboda rarraba aiki bisa ga jinsi a cikin gidaje kuma saboda zamantakewa, yawancin gidajen Najeriya sun fi son amfani da 'yan mata a matsayin ma'aikata. 'yan mata masu shekaru kasa da 15 da ke aiki a matsayin ma-aiki a cikin gidajen iyalai da ke cikin mafi girman kuɗin shiga. [2] A sakamakon haka, dangin da suka fi arziki suna biyan iyayenta ko kuma suna ba da horo a wasu ƙwarewa ko a cikin ƙananan lokuta. A cikin ƙananan ƙananan yankuna. Bukatar taimakon cikin gida a Najeriya da ƙasashen Afirka da ke kusa da ita sun kara yawan mutanen da ke fataucin yara. Wannan tsari yana ingantawa ta hanyar rashin ganuwa na 'yan mata a cikin aikin gida saboda ana ɗaukarsa al'ada a cikin gidaje da yawa na birane. Cibiyoyin sadarwar da aka tsara suna samun aikin yara a jihohin Kudancin ciki har da Rivers, Akwa Ibom, Imo, Cross River, Ekiti, da Oyo. Ana jigilar yara zuwa wasu jihohi don aikin gida. Kasuwancin tituna Yawancin 'yan mata da ba su kai shekara 15 ba suna sayar da kayayyaki a kan hanyoyi, jigilar kayayyaki ga abokan ciniki, da kuma rokon sadaka. A matsakaici, 'yan mata masu zuwa makarantar firamare da sakandare suna shiga kasuwancin titi fiye da yara maza. 'Yan mata suna zaɓar takamaiman hanyoyi da hanyoyin da za su sayar da kayayyaki kafin su dawo gida da yamma. Baya ga hawking, wasu 'yan mata suna shiga cikin addu'ar titi wani lokacin da ake kira al majeri a Arewa. Matsaloli Kimanin kashi 8% na masu sayar da 'yan mata sun fuskanci cin zarafin jima'i ciki har da shari'o'in fyade da cin zarafin lalata. Har ila yau, 'yan mata matasa suna fuskantar ƙalubalen manya da halayyar karkatarwa tun suna ƙanana yayin da ba su da lokacin halartar azuzuwan da kammala aikin makaranta. Baya ga fuskantar haɗarin kiwon lafiya, cin zarafin yara, da cin zarafin jima'i, aikin yara mata a Najeriya ya haifar da karuwar aikin jima'i na matasa wanda ke fallasa 'yan mata ga haɗarin rayuwar titi tun suna ƙanana. Wasu 'yan mata suna fataucin su ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwa da aka tsara waɗanda ke karya wa' yan mata da iyayensu cewa za su zama ma'aikatan gida a cikin birni. Manazarta Mata a Najeriya

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20Jirgin%20Sama%20na%20Imperial

Filin Jirgin Sama na Imperial

Kamfanin jiragen sama na Imperial Airways shi ne kamfanin jirgin sama dake da dogon zango na Birtaniyya,wanda ke aiki daga shekarar 1924 zuwa shekarar 1939 kuma yana gudanar da hidimomin hanyoyin Masarautar Burtaniya zuwa Afirka ta Kudu,Indiya da Gabas ta Gabas, gami da Australi Malaya da Hong Kong.Fasinjoji galibi 'yan kasuwa ne ko masu gudanar da mulkin mallaka, yawancin jirage suna ɗaukar fasinjoji 20 ko ƙasa da haka.Haɗari sun kasance m:a cikin shekaru shida na farko, mutane 32 sun mutu a cikin abubuwa bakwai.Kamfanin jirgin sama na Imperial Airways bai taba samun matakan kirkirar kere-kere na kere-kere ba,kuma an hade shi zuwa Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Burtaniya na kasashen waje (BOAC) a cikin shekarar 1939.BOAC kuma ya hade da British European Airways (BEA) a shekarar 1974 don samar da British Airways. Asali Kafa Jirgin sama na Imperial Airways ya faru ne don dabbaqa ƙasashen ƙetare ta hanyar yin balaguro zuwa da dawowa daga yankuna cikin sauri, kuma wannan jirgin zai kuma hanzarta gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da kasuwancin da har zuwa lokacin ya dogara da jiragen ruwa. Kaddamar da kamfanin jirgin ya biyo bayan fashewar hanyar jirgin da aka gudanar a cikin Daular Birtaniyya bayan yakin duniya na farko, da kuma bayan wasu gwaje-gwajen gwaji (kuma galibi masu hatsari) masu nisan zango zuwa iyakokin Daular. Samarwa An kirkiri filin jirgin Imperial Airways ne a bayan gasa mai tsananin gaske daga kamfanonin jiragen sama na Faransa da na Jamus waɗanda ke bunkasa da tallafin gwamnati da yawa da bin shawarwarin Kwamitin Caca na gwamnati (wanda aka fi sani da Kwamitin Tallafin CAT) ƙarƙashin Sir Herbert Hambling Kwamitin, wanda aka kafa a ranar 2 ga Janairun 1923, ya gabatar da rahoto a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 1923 yana mai ba da shawarar cewa hudu daga cikin manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama na yanzu, da Instone Air Line Company, mallakar babban mai jigilar kaya Samuel Instone, Noel Pemberton Billing na British Marine Air Navigation (bangare na kamfanin Supermarine mai tashi da jirgin ruwa), da Daimler Airway, karkashin kulawar George Edward Woods, da Handley Page Transport Co Ltd., ya kamata a hade su. An yi fatan cewa wannan zai haifar da kamfani wanda zai iya yin takara da gasar Faransa da ta Jamus kuma zai iya zama mai ƙarfi don haɓaka ayyukan jiragen sama na Burtaniya tare da rage tallafin da gwamnati ke bayarwa don ayyukan riɓi biyu. Tare da wannan duba, an bada tallafin 1m sama da shekaru goma don karfafa haɗakar. An kulla yarjejeniya tsakanin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Sama da British, Foreign and Colonial Corporation a ranar 3 ga Disambar 1923 ga kamfanin, a karkashin taken 'Imperial Air Transport Company' don mallakar ayyukan sufurin jiragen sama na yanzu a Burtaniya. Yarjejeniyar ta ayyana tallafin gwamnati ga sabon kamfanin: 137,000 a cikin shekarar farko ta ragu zuwa 32,000 a shekara ta goma gami da mafi karancin nisan tafiyar da za a cimma da kuma hukunci idan ba a sadu da su ba. An kafa Kamfanin Imperial Airways a ranar 31 ga Maris 1924 tare da kayan aiki daga kowane abin da ke ba da gudummawa: British Marine Air Navigation Company Ltd, Daimler Airway, Handley Page Transport Ltd da Instone Air Line Ltd. An nada Sir Eric Geddes shugaban hukumar tare da darekta guda daga kowane kamfanin suka hade. Gwamnati ta nada daraktoci biyu, Caca (wanda kuma shi ne Shugaban Cibiyar Bankunan da Manjo John Hills, tsohon Sakataren Kudi na Baitul malin. Hada-Hadan filayen sun kasance ne a Filin jirgin saman Croydon da ke kudancin London. Nan da nan kamfanin IAL ya dakatar da aikin magabata zuwa arewacin London, kamfanin jirgin yana mai da hankali ne kan bautar ƙasa da ƙasa maimakon na cikin gida. Bayan haka jirgin IAL kawai da ke aiki 'Arewacin Watford' yawo ne na haya. Matsalolin masana'antu tare da matukan jirgin sunyi sanadiyyar jinkirta fara ayyukan har zuwa 26 ga Afrilu 1924, lokacin da aka buɗe hanyar London zuwa Paris kowace rana tare da de Havilland DH.34 Bayan haka aikin faɗaɗa hanyoyi tsakanin Ingila da Nahiyar ya fara, tare da Southampton Guernsey a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1924, London-Brussels Cologne a ranar 3 ga Mayu, London Amsterdam a 2 Yuni 1924, da hidimar bazara daga London Paris Basel –Zürich a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1924. Sabon jirgin sama na farko da Imperial Airways ya umarta, shine Handley Page W8f City na Washington, wanda aka gabatar a ranar 3 Nuwamba 1924. A cikin shekarar farko ta aiki kamfanin ya dauki fasinjoji 11,395 da haruffa 212,380. A watan Afrilu 1925, fim din Thearshen Duniya ya zama fim na farko da aka fara duba fasinjoji a kan jirgin jirgin sama da aka shirya lokacin da aka nuna shi a kan hanyar London zuwa Paris. Hada Hadan Empire Tabbatar da Hanya Tsakanin 16 Nuwamba 1925 da 13 Maris 1926, Alan Cobham ya yi jirgin binciken jirgin Imperial Airways daga Burtaniya zuwa Cape Town ya dawo cikin Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar –powered de Havilland DH.50J floatplane G-EBFO Hanyar waje ita ce London Paris Marseille Pisa Taranto Athens Sollum Alkahira Luxor Aswan Wadi Halfa Atbara Khartoum Malakal Mongalla Jinja Kisumu Tabora Abercorn Ndola Broken Hill Livingstone Bulawayo Pretoria Johannesburg Kimberley Blomfontein Cape Town Bayan dawowars Cobham ya sami lambar yabo ta Air Force Cross saboda ayyukansa na jirgin sama. A ranar 30 ga Yuni 1926, Cobham ya tashi daga Kogin Medway a Rochester a G-EBFO don yin binciken hanyar jirgin sama na Imperial Airways don sabis zuwa Melbourne, yana zuwa 15 ga Agusta 1926. Ya bar Melbourne a ranar 29 ga Agusta 1926, kuma, bayan ya kammala a cikin awanni 320 na yawo sama da kwanaki 78, ya sauka a Thames a Westminster a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1926. Sakataren Harkokin Jirgin Sama, Sir Samuel Hoare ya sadu da Cobham, kuma daga baya HM King George V ya yi masa kyakkyawa. A ranar 27 ga Disamba 1926, Imperial Airways de Havilland DH.66 Hercules G-EBMX City na Delhi sun bar Croydon don binciken jirgin zuwa Indiya. Jirgin ya isa Karachi a ranar 6 ga Janairun 1927 da Delhi a kan 8 Janairu 1927. Lady Irwin, matar Viceroy ne ya sanyawa jirgin suna a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1927. Jirgin dawowa ya tashi a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1927 kuma ya isa Heliopolis, Alkahira a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1927. Lokacin tashi daga Croydon zuwa Delhi ya kasance awanni 62 na mintina 27 da Delhi zuwa Heliopolis awanni 32 da mintuna 50. Hanyar Gabas Sabis na yau da kullun akan hanyar Alkahira zuwa Basra ya fara ne a ranar 12 ga Janairun 1927 ta amfani da jirgin DH.66, ya maye gurbin jirgin saman RAF na baya. Bayan tattaunawa na tsawon shekaru 2 tare da hukumomin Farisa game da haƙƙin sararin samaniya, sabis ɗin London zuwa Karachi ya fara a ranar 30 ga Maris 1929, yana ɗaukar kwanaki 7 kuma ya ƙunshi jirgi daga Landan zuwa Basle, jirgin ƙasa zuwa Genoa da Short S.8 Calcutta jirgin ruwan da ke tashi zuwa Alexandria, jirgin kasa zuwa Alkahira sannan a ƙarshe jirgin DH.66 zuwa Karachi. An faɗaɗa hanyar zuwa Delhi a ranar 29 Disamba 1929. Hanya tsakanin Turai da Bahar Rum ya canza sau da yawa a cikin fewan shekaru masu zuwa amma kusan koyaushe yana da titin jirgin ƙasa. A watan Afrilu 1931 an yi gwajin jirgi mai tashi a iska daga Landan- Australia; an canza wasikar a Dutch East Indies, kuma ya ɗauki kwanaki 26 gaba ɗaya don isa Sydney Don jirgin fasinja da ya tashi daga Landan a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1932, hanyar ta Gabas ta sauya daga Farisa zuwa bangaren Larabawa na Tekun Fasha, kuma an gabatar da jiragen saman Handley Page HP 42 a kan Alkahira zuwa bangaren Karachi. Yunkurin ya ga an kafa tashar jirgin sama da hutawa, Mahatta Fort, a cikin cialasar Trucial ta Sharjah yanzu wani ɓangare na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. A ranar 29 ga watan Mayu 1933 bincike da akayi tsakanin Ingila zuwa Australiya ya tashi, wanda ke karkashin Imperial Airways Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta G-ABTL Astraea Manjo HG Brackley, Imperial Airways 'Air Superintendent, shi ke kula da jirgin. Astraea ta tashi zuwa Croydon Paris Lyon Rome Brindisi Athens Alexandria Alkahira inda ta bi hanyar da ta dace zuwa Karachi sannan ta zarce zuwa Jodhpur Delhi Calcutta Akyab Rangoon Bangkok Prachuab Alor Setar Singapore Palembang Batavia Sourabaya Bima Koepang Bathurst Island Darwin Ruwan Newcastle Camooweal Cloncurry Longreach Roma Toowoomba ya isa Eagle Farm, Brisbane a ranar 23 ga Yuni. An ziyarci Sydney a ranar 26 Yuni, Canberra a ranar 28 Yuni da Melbourne a 29 Yuni. Sannan an fadada gabacin filin jirgin. Birnin Landan farko zuwa sabis na Calcutta ya tashi a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1933, London na farko zuwa Rangoon a ranar 23 ga Satumba 1933, London da Singapore na farko zuwa sabis a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1933, da kuma London da Brisbane na farko a ranar 8 Disamba 1934, tare da Qantas ke da alhakin bangaren Singapore zuwa Brisbane. (Farawa ta 1934 don ta wasiƙa ne; jiragen fasinjoji zuwa Brisbane sun fara watan Afrilu mai zuwa. Fasinjojin Landan na farko zuwa Hong Kong sun tashi daga Landan ranar 14 ga Maris 1936 biyo bayan kafa reshe daga Penang zuwa Hong Kong. Hanyar Afirka A ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu 1931 aka fara hidimar mako-mako tsakanin London da Mwanza a tafkin Victoria a Tanganyika a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyar da aka tsara zuwa Cape Town A ranar 9 ga Disamba 1931 aka shimfida sabis na Imperial Airways na Afirka ta Tsakiya ta gwaji zuwa Cape Town don ɗaukar wasikun Kirsimeti. Jirgin da aka yi amfani da shi a sashin da ya gabata, DH66 G-AARY City of Karachi ya isa Cape Town a ranar 21 Disamba 1931. A ranar 20 ga Janairun 1932 aka buɗe hanyar hanyar aika wasiƙa zuwa London zuwa Cape Town. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu an buɗe wannan hanya ga fasinjoji kuma ya ɗauki kwanaki 10. A farkon 1933 Atalantas ya maye gurbin DH.66s akan hanyar Kisumu zuwa Cape Town na hanyar London zuwa Cape Town. A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1936 kamfanin sufurin jiragen sama na Imperial Airways ya buɗe hanyar zuwa Afirka tsakanin Khartoum da Kano a Najeriya. An faɗaɗa wannan hanyar zuwa Lagos a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1936. Jirage masu tashi daga ruwa Short A cikiin shekarata 1937 tare da gabatar da Jirgin Ruwa na Short Empire wanda aka gina a Short Brothers, Imperial Airways zai iya ba da sabis ta hanyar aiki daga Southampton zuwa Daular. Tafiya zuwa Cape din ya bi ta Marseille,Rome, Brindisi,Athens, Alexandria, Khartoum, Port Bell, Kisumu kuma daga nan ta hanyar sana'ar ƙasa zuwa Nairobi,Mbeya kuma daga ƙarshe Cape Town Hakanan an yi jigilar jiragen sama a tsallaken Tekun Atlantika zuwa New Zealand A tsakiyar 1937 Imperial ya kammala hidimarsa ta dubu ga Daular. Farawa a cikin 1938 jiragen ruwa masu tasowa kuma sun tashi tsakanin Birtaniyya da Ostiraliya ta Indiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya. A watan Maris, shekara ta 1939 Shorts uku a mako guda sun bar Southampton zuwa Australia, suna isa Sydney bayan kwana goma na tashi da jirage tara na dare. Sauran uku sun bar Afirka ta Kudu, suna ɗaukar kwanaki shida na tashi zuwa Durban. Fasinjoji Jirgin na Imperial karami ne, mafi yawancin wuraren zama ba su wuce wajen fasinjoji ashirin ba; kimanin fasinjoji dubu 50 suka yi amfani da Imperial Airways a cikin shekarun 1930. Yawancin fasinjoji a kan hanyoyin ƙasashe ko kan sabis tsakanin da masarautun Biritaniya maza ne ke gudanar da mulkin mallaka, kasuwanci ko bincike. Da farko dai attajirai ne kawai zasu iya biyan kudin jirgi, amma jerin fasinjoji ya yawaita a hankali. Kwarewar tafiye-tafiye masu alaƙa da tashi da ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma an ba da rahotonsu da farin ciki a cikin jaridu, mujallu da littattafai. Akwai dama don yawon buɗe ido daga sama da tasha. Ƙungiyoyi Kamfanin jirgin sama na Imperial Airways ya girka ma'aikatan jirgin saman jirgin maza da mata, da ma'aikatan jirgi da ma'aikatan ƙasa tare da tsawon hanyoyin sa. Injiniyoyin injiniyoyi da sifetoci da ma'aikatan ƙasa kan juyawa ko tafiya sun yi tafiya a kan jirgin ba tare da samar da kuɗin shiga ba. Da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin sama sun rasa rayukansu a cikin hadari. A ƙarshen 1930s lambobin ƙungiya sun kusan 3,000. Ana sa ran dukkan ma’aikatan za su kasance jakadun Burtaniya da daular Biritaniya. Wasikar Jirgin Sama A cikin shekara ta 1934 Gwamnati ta fara tattaunawa da Imperial Airways don kafa sabis Tsarin Jirgin Sama na Jirgin Sama don ɗaukar wasiƙa ta iska a kan hanyoyin da kamfanin jirgin ke amfani da su. Kai tsaye wadannan tattaunawar sun kai ga sallamar a cikin 1936 na Sir Christopher Bullock, Babban Sakatare na Dindindin a Ma’aikatar Jiragen Sama, wanda Kwamitin Bincike ya gano ya yi amfani da matsayinsa wajen neman mukami a kwamitin kamfanin yayin tattaunawar. suna cikin jirgin. Gwamnati, ciki har da Firayim Minista, ta yi nadamar shawarar sallamar sa, daga baya ta gano cewa, a zahiri, ba a zargin rashawa kuma ta nemi a dawo da Bullock wanda ya ki. Shirin Wasikar Jirgin Sama ya fara ne a watan Yulin 1937, ana aikawa ko'ina don 1 d./oz. A tsakiyar 1938 an aika tan ɗari na wasiƙa zuwa Indiya da irin wannan adadin zuwa Afirka. A cikin wannan shekarar, an fara ginin a kan Terminal Empire a Victoria, London, wanda A. Lakeman ya tsara kuma tare da mutum-mutumi na Eric Broadbent, Speed Wings Over the World yana ɗaukar tashar da ke saman babbar ƙofar. Daga tashar jirgin akwai haɗin jirgin ƙasa zuwa jiragen ruwan Imperial a Southampton da masu horarwa zuwa tashar jirgin saman ta a filin jirgin saman Croydon Tashar tayi aiki kwanan nan kamar 1980. Don taimakawa da inganta amfani da sabis ɗin Jirgin Sama, a cikin Yuni da Yuli 1939, Imperial Airways sun halarci tare da Pan American Airways wajen samar da sabis na musamman "a duk duniya"; Imperial ya ɗauki wasiƙar tun daga Foynes, Ireland, zuwa Hongkong, daga gabashin gabas zuwa New York zuwa hanyar New York. Pan American ya ba da sabis daga New York zuwa Foynes (tashi 24 ga Yuni, ta jirgin farko na FAM 18 na Arewa) da Hongkong zuwa San Francisco (ta hanyar FAM 14), kuma Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na United ya ɗauka a ƙafa na ƙarshe daga San Francisco zuwa New York, zuwa ranar 28 Yuli. Kyaftin HWC Alger ne matukin jirgin for karon iska mail jirgin dauke mail daga Ingila zuwa Australia a karon farko a kan Short Empire flyingboat Castor ga na mallaka Airways 'dauloli Air hanyoyi, a 1937. A watan Nuwamba she kara ta 2016, shekaru 80 daga baya, jirgin Crete2Cape Vintage Air Rally ya tashi wannan tsohuwar hanyar tare da jiragen saman girbi goma sha biyar bikin ƙwarewar ƙwarewar waɗannan ƙwararrun jiragen. Yakin Duniya na Biyu Kafin barkewar yaki a ranar 1 ga Satumbar 1939, gwamnatin Birtaniyya ta riga ta aiwatar da Dokar Kewaya Na iska ((kuntatawa a Lokacin Yaƙin) Dokar 1939. Hakan ya ba da umarnin karbe ikon sojoji filayen jiragen saman fararen hula da yawa a Burtaniya, dakatar da duk wasu jirage masu zaman kansu ba tare da izinin kowane jirgin ba, da sauran matakan gaggawa. Wani sashen doka ne na ma'aikatar iska mai taken National Communications Communications (NAC). Zuwa 1 ga Satumba 1939, an tura jiragen da gwamnatocin Imperial Airways da British Airways Ltd zuwa filin jirgin saman Bristol (Whitchurch), don yin aiki tare da NAC. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1940, Imperial Airways Ltd da British Airways Ltd an hade su a hukumance zuwa wani sabon kamfani, British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), wanda tuni an kirkireshi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 1939 tare da shirye-shiryen hada-hadar kuɗi. Hadari da abubuwan da suka faru Mummunar Haɗari Cikin shekarata 1920 24 ga Disamba 1924: de Havilland DH.34 G-EBBX City of Delhi ta yi hadari kuma gobara ta tashi jim kadan da tashinsa daga Filin jirgin saman Croydon, inda matukin jirgin da dukkan fasinjojin bakwai suka mutu. 13 ga Yuli 1928: Vickers Vulcan G-EBLB sun yi hadari a Purley yayin jirgin gwajin, inda mutane hudu daga cikin shida da ke cikin jirgin suka mutu. Sakamakon hatsarin, Imperial Airways ya dakatar da tashiwar ma'aikata (wanda ake kira hawan farin ciki) yayin jigilar gwaji. 17 Yuni 1929: Handley Page W.10 G-EBMT City na Ottawa ditched a cikin harshen Turanci Channel wadannan ingine gazawar alhãli kuwa a kan wani jirgin daga Croydon zuwa Paris tare da asarar bakwai rayuwarsu. 6 ga watan Satumba 1929: de Havilland Hercules G-EBMZ Birnin Kudus ya yi hadari ya kone a kan saukarsu a Jask, Iran a cikin duhu saboda matukin jirgin ya yi rashin fahimta da tsayar da jirgin, ya kashe uku daga biyar a cikin jirgin. 26 Oktoba 1929: Short Calcutta G-AADN City na Rome da ƙarfi ya sauka daga La Spezia, Italiya a cikin yanayi mara kyau; kwale-kwalen da ke tashi sama ya nutse cikin dare yayin kokarin jawo shi zuwa gabar teku, ya kashe bakwai din da ke cikinsa. A tsakanin shekarun 1930 30 ga Oktoba 1930: Shafin Handley W.8g G-EBIX Birnin Washington ya buge da doguwar ƙasa a cikin hazo a Boulogne, Paris, Faransa, inda ya kashe uku daga shida a cikin jirgin. 28 Maris 1933: Armstrong Whitworth Argosy G-AACI City na Liverpool ya yi hadari a Diksmuide,Belgium bayan wata gobara a cikin jirgin. Wannan ana zargin shine farkon lamarin ɓarna a cikin iska. Duk mutanen goma sha biyar da ke cikin jirgin sun mutu. 30 ga Disamba 1933: Avro Ten G-ABLU Apollo ya yi karo da mashin rediyo a Ruysselede, Belgium kuma ya fadi Duk mutanen goma da ke cikin jirgin sun mutu. 31 Disamba 1935: Short Calcutta G-AASJ City na Khartoum ya fado daga Alexandria, Misira lokacin da dukkanin injina huɗu suka kasa zuwa, mai yiwuwa saboda yunwar mai; goma sha biyu daga 13 da ke cikin jirgin sun nitse a lokacin da jirgin da ke shawagi ya nutse. 22 ga Agusta 1936: Short Kent G-ABFA Scipio ya nitse a Mirabello Bay, Crete bayan saukar jirgi mai nauyi, ya kashe biyu daga 11 da ke cikin jirgin. 24 Maris 1937: Short Empire G-ADVA Capricornus ya yi hadari a tsaunukan Beaujolois kusa da Ouroux, Faransa sakamakon kuskuren kewayawa, ya kashe biyar. 1 ga Oktoba 1937: Short Empire G-ADVC Courtier ya yi hadari a kan sauka a Phaleron Bay, Girka saboda rashin gani sosai, ya kashe biyu daga 15 a cikin jirgin. 5 ga Disamba 1937: Short Empire G-ADUZ Cygnus ya yi hadari a kan tashinsa daga Brindisi, Italiya saboda ba daidai ba saitin filin, ya kashe biyu. 27 ga Yuli 1938: Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta G-ABTG Amalthea ya tashi zuwa wani tsauni kusa da Kisumu, Kenya jim kaɗan bayan tashinsa, inda ya kashe duka mutanen da ke cikin jirgin. 27 ga Nuwamba 1938: Short Empire G-AETW Calpurnia ta yi hadari a Tafkin Habbaniyah, Iraki a cikin mummunan yanayi bayan matukin jirgin ya sauko don ci gaba da ganin ido da kasa bayan rikicewar sararin samaniya, ya kashe dukkan ma'aikatan jirgin hudu. 21 Janairu 1939: Short Empire G-ADUU Cavalier ditched a cikin Atlantic 285 tashi daga New York saboda icing na carburettor da asarar ƙarfin injiniya;uku sun nitse yayin da masu tsira goma suka dauke ta tankin Esso Baytown Bayan haka kuma Imperial Airways da Pan-American trans-ocicic boats masu jirgi suna da saman saman fuka-fukan da aka zana manyan alamun ganuwa mai ruwan lemu. 1 ga Mayu 1939: Short Empire G-ADVD Challenger ya yi hadari a cikin lagon Lumbo yayin da yake kokarin sauka a Filin jirgin saman Lumbo, ya kashe biyu daga shida a cikin jirgin. 1940 1 ga watan Maris 1940: Jirgin 197, wanda ke aiki da Handley Page HP42 G-AAGX Hannibal, ya bace a kan Tekun Oman dauke da mutane takwas; ba a sami tarkacen jirgin ruwa, kaya ko mazaunan ciki ba. Dalilin faduwar jirgin har yanzu ba a san shi ba, amma yunwa na man fetur, yajin tsuntsaye da ke lalata farfadiya kuma ya haifar da injin ko reshe ya rabu, fashewar jirgin sama ko rashin aikin injiniya da yawa an tsara. Watanni biyu bayan hadarin, an cire HP42 daga ayyukan fasinjoji. An kuma ba da shawarar cewa duk jiragen kasuwanci da ake amfani da su a dogon jirage a kan ruwa su kasance da kayan aiki na sirri da na rayuwa; wannan daga baya zai zama ingantacce a duk masana'antar kamfanin jirgin sama. Hadarin da bai muni ba 21 ga Oktoba 1926: Shafin Handley W.10 G-EBMS Garin Melbourne wanda aka liƙa a Tashar Ingilishi daga gabar tekun ingila bayan injin ya fadi. Dukkanin mutane 12 da ke cikin jirgin FV Invicta ne ya ceto su. 19 ga Afrilu 1931: de Havilland DH.66 Hercules tare da rajista G-EBMW, sun lalace ba za a iya gyara su ba a saukowar tilas bayan yunwar mai a Surabaya.Jirgin ya yi aiki ne a jirgin jirgi na gwaji daga Indiya zuwa Melbourne tare da tsayawa a hanyar Semarang, Soerabaja da Kupang 8 ga watan Agusta 1931: Handley Page HP42 G-AAGX Hannibal yana gudanar da jigilar fasinjan fasinjoji daga Croydon zuwa Paris lokacin da injin ya faskara kuma tarkace suka tilasta wa injin na biyu rufe.Saukewar tilastawa zuwa Five Oak Green,Kent ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa. Babu raunin da ya faru. Hannibal ya warwatse kuma ya yi jigilar kaya zuwa Croydon don a sake gina shi. 9 ga Nuwamba 1935: Short Kent G-ABFB Sylvanus ya kama da wuta kuma ya kone yayin shan mai a tashar jirgin ruwa ta Brindisi; ma'aikatan man sun sami damar tsallakewa daga jirgin da ke kone suka tsira. [nb 1] 29 Satumba 1936:Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta G-ABTK ya ƙone a cikin wutar hangar a Delhi, Indiya. 31 ga Mayu 1937:Shafin Handley Shafin HP45 (tsohon HP42) G-AAXE Hengist ya lalace a cikin wutar hangar a Karachi, Indiya. 3 Disamba 1938: de Havilland Express G-ADCN ya ƙone a Bangkok. 12 ga watan Maris 1939: Short S.23 Empire Flying Boat Mk 1 G-ADUY,ya lalace fiye da gyara a Tandjong, Batavia,Netherlands East Indies.Buga wani abu mai nutsuwa yayin hawa motar haya bayan sauka. Jirgin jirgin sama ya lalace amma ya lalace baya gyarawa ta nutsewa da mishandling yayin rashi.Jirgin sama ya warwatse ya shigo dashi England amma bai dawo aiki ba. 7 ga Nuwamba 1939: Shafin Handley Shafin HP42 G-AXXD Horatius an rubuta shi biyo bayan saukar sa da aka yi da karfi a filin wasan golf a Tiverton, Devon. 19 Maris 1940: Shafin Handley Shafin HP45 G-AAXC Heracles da HP42 G-AAUD Hanno an rubuta su bayan an busa su cikin guguwar iska yayin da suka tsaya a Filin jirgin saman Whitchurch. Jirgin sama Jirgin sama na Imperial Airways yana aiki nau'ikan jirgin sama da yawa daga samuwar sa a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1924 har zuwa 1 ga Afrilu 1940 lokacin da duk jiragen da ke aiki ke canzawa zuwa BOAC Bibliyo Baldwin, N.C. 1950.Imperial Airways (and Subsidiary Companies): A History and Priced Check List of the Empire Air Mails. Sutton Coldfield, England: Francis J. Field. Budd,Lucy "Global Networks Before Globalisation: Imperial Airways and the Development of Long-Haul Air Routes" Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research Bulletin 253,5 December 2007. Cluett, Douglas; Nash, Joanna; Learmonth Bob. 1980.Croydon Airport 1928–1939,The Great Days. London Borough of Sutton Davies, R.E.G 2005. British Airways: An Airline and Its Aircraft, Volume 1: 1919–1939—The Imperial Years. McLean, VA: Paladwr Press. ISBN 1-888962-24-0 Doyle, Neville. 2002. The Triple Alliance: The Predecessors of the first British Airways. Air-Britain. ISBN 0-85130-286-6 Higham, Robin. 1960. Britain's Imperial Air Routes, 1918 to 1939: The Story of Britain's Overseas Airlines. London: G.T. Foulis; Hamden, CT: Shoe String. Jackson, A.J. 1959 and 1974. British Civil Aircraft since 1919 2 vols (1st ed.); 3 vols (2nd ed.) London: Putnam. Moss, Peter W. 1962. Impressments Log (Vol I-IV). Air-Britain. Moss, Peter W. October 1974. British Airways. Aeroplane Monthly. Pirie, G.H. 2004. Passenger traffic in the 1930s on British imperial air routes: refinement and revision. Journal of Transport History, 25: 66–84. Pirie, G.H. 2009. Air Empire: British Imperial Civil Aviation 1919–39. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-4111-2. Pirie, G.H. 2009. Incidental tourism: British imperial air travel in the 1930s. Journal of Tourism History, 1: 49–66. Pirie, G.H. 2012.Cultures and Caricatures of British Imperial Aviation: Passengers, Pilots, Publicity. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-8682-3. Pudney, J. 1959. The Seven Skies A Study of BOAC and its forerunners since 1919. London: Putnam. Salt, Major A.E.W. 1930.Imperial Air Routes. London: John Murray. Sanford, Kendall C. 2003. Air Crash Mail of Imperial Airways and Predecessor Airlines. Bristol: Stuart Rossiter Trust Fund. ISBN 0-9530004-6-X Stroud, John 1962.Annals of British and Commonwealth Air Transport 1919–1960. London: Putnam. Stroud, John. 2005. The Imperial Airways Fleet. Stroud, England: Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-2997-3 Hanyoyin haɗin waje www.imperial-airways.com yanar gizo mai himma a archive.org British Airways "Binciko abubuwan da suka gabata" Tsarin Lokaci na Jirgin Sama na Imperial Tarihi Hanyar Jirgin Sama Na Gabas Yanar gizo don bayanan tarihi akan kamfanin jirgin sama Yanar gizo don Gidan Tarihin Jirgin Sama na Imperial Yanar Gizo don Haɗaɗɗen Jirgin Sama na Crete2Cape Documents and clippings about Imperial Airways Manazarta Tsaffin filayen jirage Filin jirgin sama Filin jiragen da aka kafa Filin Jirgin Imperial Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doka%20Akan%20Gurbataccen%20Mai%2C%20ta%201990

Doka Akan Gurbataccen Mai, ta 1990

Dokar gurbataccen mai ta 1990 (OPA) (101 HR1465, PL 101-380) ta zartar da Majalisar Dokokin ƙasar Amurka ta 101 kuma Shugaba George HW Bush ya sanya hannu. Yana aiki don guje wa zubar da mai daga tasoshin ruwa da wurare ta hanyar aiwatar da cire man da ya zube da kuma ba da alhakin farashin tsaftacewa da lalacewa; yana buƙatar takamaiman hanyoyin aiki; ya bayyana ƙungiyoyi masu alhakin da alhakin kuɗi; aiwatar da matakai don auna lalacewa; yana ƙayyadad da diyya wanda masu cin zarafi ke da alhakinsa; kuma ya kafa asusu don lalacewa, tsaftacewa, da kuma farashin cirewa. Wannan doka ta haifar da sauye-sauye na kayan aiki a cikin samar da man fetur, sufuri, da Kuma masana'antu. Tarihi/Baya Dokokin da ke tafiyar da zubewar mai a Amurka sun fara ne a shekara ta 1851 tare da Dokar Iyakan Laifin Laifi Wannan mutum-mutumin, a wani yunƙuri na kare masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki, ya bayyana cewa masu jiragen ruwa suna da alhakin kashe kuɗin da suka shafi abin da ya faru har zuwa ƙimar jirgin ruwansu bayan faruwar lamarin. An kuma bayyana gazawar wannan doka a cikin shekarata 1967 tare da sakin sama da tan 100,000 na danyen mai a cikin tashar Turanci daga Torrey Canyon Daga cikin dala miliyan 8 na kudaden da suka shafi tsaftacewa, masu mallakar Torrey Canyon suna da alhakin dala 50 kawai ƙimar ragowar jirgin ruwan Torrey Canyon. A halin da ake ciki, dokar gurbacewar mai ta shekarar 1924 ta wuce, amma wannan mutum-mutumin kawai yana da iyakacin alhakin fitar da mai da gangan a cikin ruwan teku. Shekaru biyu bayan malalar Torrey Canyon, fashewar wani dandali na mai a tashar Santa Barbara ya sanya kanun labarai na kasa tare da sanya gurbacewar mai zuwa hasken wurin jama'a. Sakamakon haka, a cikin shekarata 1970, Majalisa ta sanya gurɓataccen mai a ƙarƙashin ikon Dokar Kula da Ruwa ta Tarayya (FWPA) ta shekarar 1965, wacce daga baya ta zama Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta shekarar 1972 kuma a baya ta rufe najasa da fitarwar masana'antu. FWPA ta saita takamaiman iyakokin abin alhaki. Misali, jiragen ruwa da ke jigilar mai ana biyansu har dala kimanin 250,000 ko dala 150 kan kowace tan. Waɗannan iyakoki ba safai suke rufe farashin cirewa da tsaftacewa ba, balle barna. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an zartar da wasu dokoki da dama da suka shafi alhakin malalar man da kuma biyan diyya. Waɗannan mutum-mutumin sun haɗa da: Dokar Tsaro ta Tashoshi da Ruwa na shekarar 1972, Dokar Ba da izinin bututun mai na Trans-Alaska na 1973, Dokar Tashar Ruwa ta Deep Water na shekarar 1974, Dokar Filayen Shelf Lands na waje na shekarata 1978, da Hukumar Zuba Mai na Alaska na shekarata 1990. Duk da haka, wannan rarrabuwar kawuna na dokokin tarayya da na jihohi sun ba da ƙayyadaddun kariya kawai daga haɗarin malalar mai. A cikin shekarata 1976, an gabatar da wani doka don ƙirƙirar ma'auni mai aminci ga ƙazantar mai ga Majalisa. Majalisar Wakilai ko Majalisar Dattawa ba za su iya amincewa da mutum-mutumi guda ɗaya ba kuma dokar ta ɓace sau da yawa. A ranar 24 ga Maris din shekarata 1989, Exxon Valdez ya fado a cikin sautin Yarima Williams kuma ya zubar da kusan galan miliyan 11 na danyen mai mafi girman zubewar mai a cikin ruwa a tarihi har zuwa wannan lokacin. Ba da daɗewa ba, a cikin Yunin shekarata 1989, ƙananan malalewa uku sun faru a cikin tekun Amurka. Wannan shaida ce akan lokaci cewa malalar man ba bakon abu ba ne. Gwamnan Alaska Steve Cowper ya ba da izinin ƙirƙirar Hukumar Kula da Mai na Alaska a shekarata 1989 don bincika musabbabin malalar mai na Exxon Valdez tare da ba da shawarwari kan yuwuwar sauye-sauyen manufofin. Cowper ya nada Walter B. Parker, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin sufuri da kuma jami'in gwamnati, a matsayin shugaban hukumar. A karkashin Parker, Hukumar ta ba da shawarwari 52 don inganta masana'antu, jihohi, da dokokin tarayya. 50 daga cikin waɗannan shawarwarin an yi aiki a cikin lissafin dokar gurɓataccen wanda aka gabatar da shi a cikin doka a ranar 16 ga Maris, Na shekarar 1989 ta Walter B. Jones, Sr., ɗan majalissar jam'iyyar Democratic Party daga gundumar 1st Congress na North Carolina Lokacin aiwatarwa Maris 16, 1989: An gabatar da dokar gurɓacewar mai a cikin tsarin doka don aiwatarwa. Yuni 21 na 1989: kwamitin ya ruwaito kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa duka majalisun biyu su yi la'akari da lissafin gaba. Kusan kashi 1 cikin 4 ne kawai aka bayar da rahoton ba sa cikin kwamitin. Nuwamba 9, 1989: An zartar da dokar ta hanyar kuri'a a majalisar wakilai Nuwamba 19, 1989: Majalisar dattijai ta zartar da dokar tare da bita An mayar da kudirin dokar ga majalisar wakilai domin amincewa da sauye-sauyen da majalisar ta kara. Sai dai majalisar ba ta amince da sake fasalin ba. Agusta 2 na 1990: An kafa kwamitin taro, ciki har da 'yan Majalisar Wakilai da Majalisar Dattijai, don warware bambance-bambance da ba da shawara na karshe don amincewa. Da farko dai Majalisar Dattawa ta amince da rahoton karshe da kwamitin ya gabatar. Agusta 4 na 1990: duka majalisun biyu sun wuce lissafin a cikin tsari iri ɗaya. Matakin karshe a tsarin majalisar shi ne kudurin ya je gaban shugaban kasa ko dai ya amince da sa hannu ko kuma ya ki amincewa da shi. Agusta 18 na 1990: Shugaban kasa ya sanya hannu kan dokar kuma an kafa dokar gurbacewar mai a hukumance. Mabuɗin Abun ciki (Tittuna) Take I. Lamuni da Diyya da Gurbacewar Mai Take II. Daidaita Canje-canje Take III. Kariya da Kawar da Gurbacewar Mai ta Duniya Take IV. Rigakafi da CirewaSubtitle A RigakafinSubtitle B CireSubtitle C Hukunci da Daban-dabanTake V. Yarima William Sauti Tanadi Take VI. Daban-daban Take VII. Shirin Bincike da Ci Gaban Gurbacewar Mai Take na VIII. Tsarin Pipeline na Trans-AlaskaSubtitle A Ingantawa zuwa Tsarin Bututun AlaskaSubtitle B HukunciSubtitle C Sharuɗɗan da suka dace ga ƴan Asalin AlaskaTake IX. Canje-canje ga Asusun Tallafin Lantarki na Mai, da dai sauransu. tilastawa Wanda ke da alhaki a ƙarƙashin dokar gurɓacewar mai shine wanda aka same shi da alhakin fitar da mai ko kuma barazanar zubar da mai daga wani jirgin ruwa ko wurin aiki zuwa cikin ruwa masu tafiya, yankunan tattalin arziki na keɓantattu, ko gaɓar ruwan da aka rufe. Bangarorin da ke da alhakin fitar da man, suna da hakki, na hadin gwiwa, kuma suna da alhakin kashe kudin cire man baya ga duk wata barna da ke da alaka da fitar da man. Ba kamar abin alhaki na farashin cirewa wanda ba a cika shi ba, alhakin lalacewa yana iyakance kamar yadda aka tattauna dalla-dalla a ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari Kuma, Dokar Gurɓatar Mai ta ba da damar ƙarin alhakin da wasu dokokin jihar suka zartar. A karkashin dokar gurbacewar man fetur, tarayya, kabilanci, jiha, da kowane mutum na iya dawo da kudaden cirewa daga wanda ke da alhakin hakan muddin irin wannan mahallin ya ci karo da farashi daga gudanar da ayyukan kawar da mai kamar yadda Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Kasa ta tanada Dole ne a fara da'awar biya ga wanda ke da alhakin. Idan mai yuwuwar wanda ke da alhakin ya musanta alhakin ko ya kasa rarraba kuɗin a cikin kwanaki 90 na da'awar, mai da'awar na iya shigar da kara a kotu ko kuma ya kawo da'awar ga Asusun Amincewa da Lamuni na Mai da aka bayyana a ƙasa. A wasu lokatai, ana iya fara kawo da'awar dawo da kuɗin zuwa Asusun Tallafawar Oil Spill Liability Trust don haka a kaucewa wanda ke da alhakin. Misali, masu da'awar da EPA suka ba da shawara, gwamnonin jihohin da abin ya shafa, da masu da'awar Amurka game da abubuwan da suka shafi jiragen ruwa ko kayan aiki na kasashen waje na iya gabatar da da'awarsu da farko ga Asusun Tallafin Lantarki na Oil Spill. Lokacin da aka kawo iƙirarin biyan kuɗin cirewa a asusun, mai da'awar dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa an dawwama farashin cirewa daga ayyukan da ake buƙata don gujewa ko rage tasirin abin da ya faru kuma mai gudanar da fage na tarayya ya amince da dukkan irin waɗannan ayyukan. Kamar yadda aka kwatanta a sama, ana iya dawo da kuɗin diyya daga wanda ke da alhakin. Koyaya, dokar gurɓacewar mai ta shafi wasu nau'ikan lalacewa kawai. Waɗannan nau'o'in sun haɗa da: lalacewar albarkatun ƙasa, lalacewa ga dukiya ko na mutum, asarar kayan abinci, asarar kudaden shiga na gwamnati, asarar riba ko gazawar samun riba, lalacewar ayyukan jama'a, da kuma lalacewar ƙima. Bugu da kari, ana iya dawo da wasu nau'ikan ga duk mutumin da lamarin ya shafa yayin da wasu kuma gwamnatocin tarayya, na kabilanci, da na jihohi ne kawai za a iya dawo dasu. Bugu da ƙari kuma, dokar gurɓacewar mai ta ƙayyade iyaka ga abin alhaki na lalacewa bisa ga wanda ke da alhakin, abin da ya faru, da nau'in jirgin ruwa ko kayan aikin da aka fitar da shi. Asusun Tallafawa Alkairi na Oil Spill Liability Trust, asusun amincewa ne da gwamnatin tarayya ke kula da shi da kuma samun kudin shiga ta hanyar harajin kowace ganga kan danyen mai da ake hakowa a cikin gida a Amurka da kuma kan kayayyakin man fetur da ake shigowa da su Amurka domin ci. An ƙirƙiri asusun ne a cikin shekarata 1986, amma ba a ba da izinin amfani da asusun ba har sai da dokar gurɓacewar mai a shekarata 1990. Ana iya kiran kuɗaɗen don biyan kuɗin tarayya, kabilanci, jaha, da masu da'awar kawar da ayyukan kawar da malalar mai da kuma kimanta lalacewar da ba a biya ba da kuma lamuni. Ba za a iya fitar da fiye da dala biliyan ɗaya daga asusun a kowane abin da ya faru ba. Sama da shekaru ashirin na shari'o'in kotu sun nuna cewa samun kudade daga Asusun Lamuni na Zuba Jari na Mai na iya zama aiki mai wahala. Damuwa da martani Shugaba Bush ya amince da sauye-sauyen da duniya za ta iya fuskanta yayin sanya hannu kan dokar gurbacewar mai a sakamakon haka, ya matsawa majalisar dattijai da ta gaggauta amincewa da sabbin ka'idojin kasa da kasa. Abubuwan da aka samu daga masana'antu sun kasance mara kyau. Masana'antu sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da cewa dokar gurbacewar mai za ta kawo cikas ga harkokin cinikin man da ake shigowa da su cikin ruwan Amurka cikin 'yanci. Ba wai kawai OPA ta sanya takunkumi kan cinikin mai da ake shigo da shi zuwa ketare ba, har ma tana aiwatar da ka'idojin man fetur da kuma ka'idojin diyya, wanda suke kallo a matsayin kara takaita ciniki cikin 'yanci. Bayan kafa OPA, masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki ta yi barazanar kauracewa tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Amurka don nuna adawa da wannan sabon alhaki na masana'antu a cikin dokokin tarayya da na jihohi. Musamman ma, masana'antun man fetur da na jigilar kayayyaki sun nuna adawa da rashin daidaito tsakanin OPA da dokokin kasa da kasa, Kuma tarayya da jihohi da abin ya shafa. Sakamakon dokar OPA, wasu kamfanonin inshora sun ƙi ba da takaddun shaida na kuɗin kuɗi a ƙarƙashin dokar gurɓataccen mai don guje wa yuwuwar alhakin da kuma biyan diyya a yanayin bala'i. Shugaba Bush ya kuma yi hasashen cewa kafa OPA na iya haifar da manyan kamfanonin jigilar mai da kananan kamfanonin jigilar kayayyaki su maye gurbinsu da su domin kaucewa wani abin alhaki. Musamman ma, ƙananan kamfanoni masu iyakacin albarkatu ba za su rasa kuɗin da za su magance bala'o'in malalar mai ba. Ba wai kawai masana'antar mai ba, har ma masu mallakar jiragen ruwa da masu gudanar da aikin za su kasance da alhakin malalar mai, suna fuskantar karuwar nauyin kudi. Ƙaruwar alhaki na OPA ga masu jirgin ruwa ya haifar da tsoro da damuwa daga yawancin masana'antar jigilar kaya. Masu mallakar jiragen ruwa sun ki amincewa da cewa ƙarin hukumcin malalar man da jihohi suka sanya ba su da iyaka daga iyakokin OPA na Dokar Ƙimar Lamuni na shekarar 1851 A ƙarshe, barazanar rashin iyaka a ƙarƙashin OPA da sauran dokokin jihohi ya sa kamfanoni masu jigilar mai da yawa rage cinikin mai zuwa ko daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Amurka. Koyaya, an sami sakamako mai kyau daga masana'antar mai duk da sabbin ka'idoji da ka'idoji. A cikin shekarata 1990, masana'antar mai ta haɗu don samar da Marine Spill Response Corporation (MRSC), kamfani mai zaman kansa wanda masu kera mai da masu jigilar kayayyaki za su biya diyya. Babban alhakin MRSC shine samar da sabbin tsare-tsare na mayar da martani don tsaftace zubar da mai da kuma gyaran da OPA ke bukata. Kamfanonin jigilar kayayyaki irin su Exxon Shipping sun mayar da martani mai kyau ga yunƙurin OPA na rage haɗarin da ke tattare da bala'in malalar mai. Don taimakawa tabbatar da bin ka'idodin OPA, Exxon Shipping ya tattara duk dokokin jihohi da tarayya waɗanda dole ne su bi su. Yawancin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na Amurka da ma'aikata, duk da haka, na iya guje wa ayyuka a tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Amurka saboda alhakin OPA. Ko da yake galibin martani da suka daga kafa OPA ba su da kyau, amma duk da haka ya haifar da kafawa da ƙirƙira mafi aminci ga jiragen ruwa da cinikin mai a duniya. Tasirin OPA na dogon lokaci Dokar gurɓacewar mai tana haifar da tasiri na dogon lokaci saboda yuwuwar haƙƙin masu inshora da masu inshora. Don haka, rashin iya samun tabbacin abin alhaki na kuɗi yana haifar da rashin samun damar jiragen ruwa a cikin ruwa na Amurka bisa doka. Tun da OPA ba ta keɓance masu ba da lamuni na jirgin ruwa shiga cikin ruwan Amurka, akwai rashin jin daɗi ga kowane mai ba da lamuni don ba da kuɗin sabuntar jiragen ruwa da maye gurbinsu. A ƙarshe, OPA tana da ikon yin tasiri kai tsaye ga masana'antar haƙon mai na cikin gida saboda tsayayyen tanadin kayan aikin a cikin teku gaba daya. Alhakin kudi: Jami'an tsaron gabar tekun Amurka ne ke da alhakin aiwatar da tanade-tanaden jiragen ruwa da dokar gurbacewar mai ta tanada. A cewar OPA, masu jirgin ruwa suna buƙatar shaidar alhaki na kuɗi wanda ke ɗaukar cikakken alhakin bala'i idan jirginsu ya yi nauyi sama da tan 300. OPA na buƙatar masu mallakar jiragen ruwa da su nemi Guard Coast don samun "Takaddun Nauyin Kuɗi" wanda ke zama shaida na ikonsu na samun kuɗin kuɗi don tsaftacewa da lalacewar malalar mai. Idan aka yi la'akari da wani jirgin ruwa da ba a tabbatar da shi ba ya shiga cikin ruwan Amurka, za a kwace jirgin zuwa Amurka. Wannan ba sabuwar yarjejeniya ba ce saboda ko da yaushe ana ba wa masu jirgin ruwa izinin samun takaddun shaida a ƙarƙashin FWPCA 74 da Comprehensive Response Comprehensive Response Comprehensive and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) Tun daga shekarata 2011, sama da jiragen ruwa 23,000 sun sami Takaddun Takaddun Kare Tekun don ba da damar shiga ruwan Amurka Abubuwan da suka dace don maye gurbin jiragen ruwa da kuma zamanantar da su: Tunda dokar gurbacewar mai ta daure masu ruwa da tsaki, hakan ya haifar da rashin jin dadi ga kamfanonin mai wajen safarar danyen mai a cikin tasoshinsu da kuma masu hayar mai su rika jigilar mai a cikin tasoshin da suka dace. Yawancin kamfanonin mai da suka yi nasara a fannin kuɗi suna zaɓar mafi ingancin jiragen ruwa don jigilar kayayyakinsu, duk da haka, wasu kamfanoni suna ci gaba da jigilar kayansu akan ƙarancin inganci, tsofaffin tasoshin saboda tsadar farashi. Yawancin masu haya sun ƙi biyan ƙarin kuɗi don manyan jiragen ruwa duk da alhakin abin alhaki da ka'idojin biyan diyya da OPA ke aiwatarwa. Sabbin jiragen ruwa masu aminci kuma mafi aminci ga manyan tankuna biyu sun fi kusan 15-20% tsada don aiki. A cikin shekarata 1992, kusan 60% na jiragen ruwa na duniya sun kasance aƙalla shekaru goma sha biyar ko fiye. Manyan kamfanonin mai har yanzu suna jinkirta buƙatun maye gurbin jiragen ruwa na ritayar jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya da OPA ta umarta. Alal misali, Exxon da Texaco sun jinkirta maye gurbin jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya don sababbin jiragen ruwa guda biyu. Duk da haka, kamfanoni kamar Chevron da Mobil sun ba da odar sabbin jiragen ruwa guda biyu. Jagoranci ta misali, sauran kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na jigilar kayayyaki don saka hannun jari a cikin sabbin motocin dakon mai. Duk da canjin da aka samu daga jiragen ruwa guda zuwa biyu, har yanzu bai wadatar da isassun bukatu na masana'antar mai ba. Ana sa ran cewa a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa za a yi mummunar rashin isasshen tonne don biyan buƙatun sabbin jiragen ruwa. An kiyasta cewa dole ne masana'antar mai ta duniya su zuba jari kusan dala biliyan 200-350 don biyan bukatun duniya na sabbin jiragen ruwa da muhalli. Samar da cikin gida: A cikin dokar gurɓacewar mai, Guard Coast Guard na Amurka ne ke da alhakin tantance tsarin aikace-aikacen jiragen ruwa, duk da haka, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Ofishin Kula da Makamashin Teku (BOEM) tana aiwatar da aiwatar da duk ƙa'idodin Dokar Gurɓacewar Mai na tekun. wuraren mai. A karkashin OPA, an ba wa masu alhakin alhakin bayar da shaida da ke bayyana alhakin kuɗi na dala miliyan kusan 150 don yuwuwar alhaki. Idan wata ƙungiya ba za ta iya ba da shaidar da ke bayyana alhakin kuɗi na dala miliyan 150 ba, za a biya su hukuncin dala 25,000 a kowace rana wanda ya saba wa OPA kuma yana iya fuskantar hukuncin shari'a na dakatar da duk ayyukan. Kafin aiwatar da gurɓacewar mai, an buƙaci wuraren da ke cikin teku su ba da shaidar da ta bayyana alhakin kuɗi na dala miliyan 35. Bayan OPA, waɗannan wuraren da ke bakin teku dole ne su ƙara tabbatar da alhakin kuɗi da sau 4 kuma buƙatun OPA na alhakin kuɗi sun faɗaɗa don haɗa kayan aiki a cikin ruwan jihar ma. Wuraren da ke cikin ruwan jihar waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin abin da ake buƙata na dala miliyan 150 sun haɗa da bututun mai, tashar jiragen ruwa na marina, tankuna, da wuraren samar da mai waɗanda ke cikin, a kan, ko ƙarƙashin ruwan tekun jihar, kuma suna kusa da tashoshi na cikin gida, tafkuna, da wuraren dausayi Mafi bayyanan tasirin dokar OPA, shine akan masu samar da mai a cikin Tekun Mexico Yawancin wuraren da ke bakin teku suna cikin Tekun Fasha na Mexico da kuma a cikin marshes da wuraren dausayi na Louisiana Manyan masu kera kayayyaki suna iya biyan bukatun OPA na alhakin kuɗi, duk da haka, manyan kamfanonin mai da ke cikin Tekun Mexico sun janye ayyukansu na ketare. Sakamakon matsin lamba na muhalli da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin gwamnati da OPA ke aiwatarwa, an janye ƙwararrun shawarwari na bincike da samarwa a Amurka. Sakamakon yadda manyan kamfanoni suka janye shirinsu na hakowa, da yawa kanana, masu sana'a masu zaman kansu sun shiga don samun riba. Ya zuwa Oktoban shekarar 1993, kashi 93% na dukkan hako man fetur da iskar gas sun fito ne daga masu samar da zaman kansu. Daga cikin sabbin ayyukan binciken, kusan kashi 85% na ayyukan hakowa na cikin Tekun Mexico. Masu samar da mai masu zaman kansu sun samar da kusan kashi 40% na danyen mai a ƙasar Amurka da kashi 60% na iskar gas na cikin gida. Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya Dangane da matsalar gurbatar man fetur da wasu kasashe (musamman jiragen ruwa) ke haddasawa, yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa irinsu Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Alhaki kan Lalacewar gurbatar Man Fetur da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Alhaki na Lalacewar gurbatar Man Fetur wadanda ke da irin wannan niyya kamar Dokar, sun Amurka ba ta sanya hannu ba, kamar yadda aka yi la'akari da cewa dokar gurbacewar mai ta ba da isassun bayanai. Duba wasu abubuwan Deepwater Horizon hakowa na'urar fashewa Dokar muhalli Amurka Coast Guard Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Doka Mai Gurbataccen mai Majalissar donkin duniya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

22660

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adebayo%20Bolaji

Adebayo Bolaji

Adebayo Bolaji (an haife shi ne a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu 1983), ya kasan ce shi ne mai zane-zane a Landan, dan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci ne kuma darakta ne. Rayuwar farko Adebayo Tibabalase Bolaji an haife shi ne a garin Perivale da ke Landan Lorough of Ealing, iyayen Najeriya kuma dan wasan Ingilishi ne, marubuci kuma darakta. Bolaji ya fara wasan kwaikwayo ne tun yana dan shekara 14 tare da National Theatre Music Theater wanda ya fara gabatar da West End a cikin fim din 1997 na Bugsy Malone a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sarauniya. Tare da NYMT ya yi a bikin Edinburgh sau uku, a Tokyo, a Fadar gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Lyceum a Yammacin.arshe. Ilimi Bolaji ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Guildhall ta London da digiri a fannin Shari'a amma ya ci gaba da horo a Makarantar Kwalejin Jawabi da Wasan kwaikwayo. Aiki a matsayin Jarumi, Darakta Marubuci Bolaji ya samo asali ne daga rawar Subway Ghost a cikin kyautar Ghost the Musical, wanda Matthew Warchus ya jagoranta kuma Colin Ingram ya samar. Kiɗa da waƙoƙin da ɗan wasan gaba na Eurythmics ya rubuta, Dave Stewart da Glenmy mai lambar yabo Glen Ballard Bolaji ya fito a Skyfall wanda Oscar -winning Sam Mendes ya bayar da umarni, a matsayin daya daga cikin magogin Silva, wanda Javier Bardem ya buga kuma aka saka shi a fim din Tom Hooper na Les Misérables amma yana da don janyewa saboda rikice-rikicen jadawalin fim. A watan Mayu 2013, an jefa Bolaji a cikin masana'antar Chocolate Chocolate ta Menier na Launin Launin Launi da kuma na matasa Vic na Susan Stroman na farko na London na 'Ya'yan Scottsboro Wasan Bolaji na farko Mummunan Butterflies an yi shi ne a Makarantar Kwalejin Jawabi da Wasan Kwaikwayo yayin da yake horo. Wasan kwaikwayo na biyu na Bolaji, In Bed an rubuta shi kuma an samar dashi ne a The Theritures Theater tare da Ex Nihilo, kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya kafa a 2009. A cikin 2017, Ocher Press (wallafe-wallafe ne mai zaman kansa), ya buga littafin waƙar farko na Bolaji We Are Elastic Ideas Littafin yana ƙunshe da zane na asali da kuma waƙoƙi duk an haɗe da waƙa a cikin iyakantacce da ba iyaka. A watan Disamba na 2018, kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na Bolaji Ex Nihilo zai nuna wasan kwaikwayon Jacky Ivimy na Dialektikon a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Park wanda, Bolaji zai jagoranta. Wasan farko an gina shi ne sanannen taron al'adun gargajiya a shekarar 1967, Dialectics of Liberation. Aiki azaman Mai Fenti Bolaji mai koyar da kansa ne kuma ya zo ya yi aiki da matsakaiciyar fenti daga baya a cikin aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo. Aikinsa a matsayin mai zanen galibi ya fi dacewa da tsari da labarin canjin, kuma yana ba da fifiko sosai ga aikin fasaha yana da mahimmanci kamar ƙarshen sakamako. Neman kwatankwacinsu Francis Bacon, Dubuffet da Jean-Michel Basquiat da ra'ayoyin da suka koma zuwa 1960s Oshogbo Art Movement a Najeriya, a matsayin wahayi. A cikin kalmominsa: "Zanen zanen a wurina, na iya zama kamar ingantawa ko yin dabara a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Mutum ya sanya ra'ayin wani iri kuma ya amsa (gaskiya) a gare shi Tattaunawa ce ta yau da kullun tattaunawa ce ta gani tare da batun koyaushe a tsakiya, har sai mutum ya isa hoton wanda ake iya cewa koyaushe yana wurin tun, koyaushe ina tambayar kaina abin da ya zama dole Ko amsa gaskiya (gwargwadon yadda zan iya) ga kowane bangare. Sakamakon haka, na isa hoto na karshe kuma na san bangarena na tattaunawar an gama, yanzu ya rage ga wasu su kalle shi kuma suna da nasu ra'ayi tattaunawa Ba tare da la’akari da nawa ba. A shekara ta 2016 aka zabi Bolaji a matsayin dan wasan da Tangle ya zaba domin zane-zanen Yinka Shonibare na MBE sanannen Guest Projects Space, a cikin Hackney London, don masu fasaha masu tasowa, daga baya aka zabi Bolaji don nuna ayyukansa a wani dogon hoto na zamani Galerie Proarta, a cikin Zürich Switzerland Rayuwar mutum Bolaji a halin yanzu yana zaune ne a Landan kuma shi ma mai kaɗa rawa ne. Filmography Hanyoyin haɗin waje http://officialade.com/ Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1983 Yarbawa Pages with unreviewed

20309

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Windows

Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows, wanda aka fi sani da Windows, rukuni ne na iyalai masu tsarin sarrafa hoto, wadanda duk Microsoft ke haɓaka kuma suna tallata su. Kowane iyali suna biyan takamaiman sashin masana'antar sarrafa kwamfuta. Iyalan Microsoft Windows masu aiki sun haɗa da Windows NT da Windows IoT; waɗannan na iya haɗawa da ƙananan iyalai, (misali Window's Server ko Windows Embedded Compact) (Windows CE). Iyalan Microsoft Windows da suka lalace sun haɗa da Windows 9x, Windows Mobile, da Windows Phone. Microsoft ya gabatar da yanayin aiki mai suna Windows a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 1985, a matsayin harsashin tsarin aiki na hoto don MS-DOS a matsayin martani ga karuwar sha’awar abubuwan da ke amfani da masu zane (GUIs). Microsoft Windows ya mamaye kasuwar komputa ta duniya tare da sama da kashi 90% na kasuwar, ya wuce Mac OS, wanda aka gabatar dashi a shekarar alif 1984, yayin da Microsoft a shekarar 2020, ya rasa ikonsa na kasuwar tsarin sarrafa kayan masarufi, tare da Windows har zuwa 30%, ƙasa da kashi 31% na wayoyin hannu na Apple kawai (65% na tsarin aiki na tebur kawai, watau "PCs" da Apple na kashi 28% na tebur) a cikin kasuwannin gidansa, Amurka, da 32% a duniya (77% na tebur. inda Android ta Google ke kaiwa. Apple ya zo ya ga Windows a matsayin zalunci mara kyau game da ƙirƙirar su a cikin ci gaban GUI kamar yadda aka aiwatar akan samfuran irin su Lisa da Macintosh (daga ƙarshe suka yanke hukunci a gaban kotu cikin yardar Microsoft a cikin shekara ta alif 1993). A PC, Windows har yanzu ita ce mafi mashahurin tsarin aiki a duk ƙasashe. Kota yaya madai, a cikin shekara ta 2014, Microsoft ya yarda da rasa yawancin kasuwar tsarin aiki ga Android, saboda yawan ci gaban da aka samu na tallace-tallace na wayoyin hannu na Android. A cikin 2014, yawan na'urorin Windows da aka sayar bai kai 25% na na na'urorin Android da aka sayar ba. Wannan kwatancen, amma, bazai dace da komai ba, kamar yadda tsarin aiki biyu ke amfani da dandamali daban-daban bisa al'ada. Har yanzu, lambobi don amfani da sabar Windows (waɗanda suke daidai da masu fafatawa) suna nuna kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kasuwa, kwatankwacin wannan don amfanin mai amfani. Ya zuwa watan Oktoba,shekarar 2020, sabon fitowar Windows na PC, kwamfutar hannu da na'urorin da aka saka sune Windows 10, sigar 20H2. Sabbin sabo na kwamfutocin uwar garken shine Windows Server, iri na 20H2. Wani nau'in Windows na musamman kuma yana gudana akan Xbox One da Xbox Series X S wasan bidiyo bidiyo. Nasaba Ta Hanyar Tallatawa Microsoft, mai haɓaka Windows, ya yi rajistar alamun kasuwanci da yawa, kowane ɗayansu yana nuna dangi na tsarin aiki na Windows wanda ke niyya ga wani yanki na masana'antar sarrafa kwamfuta. Ya zuwa na 2014, ana haɓaka ci gaban dangin Windows masu zuwa: Windows NT: An fara ne a matsayin dangi na tsarin aiki tare da Windows NT 3.1, tsarin aiki ne na kwamfutocin sabar da wuraren aiki. Yanzu ya ƙunshi ƙananan rukunin tsarin aiki guda uku waɗanda aka saki kusan a lokaci ɗaya kuma suna raba kwaya ɗaya: Windows: Tsarin aiki don manyan kwamfutoci na sirri, kwamfutar hannu da wayowin komai da ruwan ka. Sabuwar sigar ita ce Windows 10. Babban mai gasa na wannan dangin shine macOS ta Apple don kwamfutoci na sirri da Android na na'urorin hannu (cf ribar amfani da tsarin aiki share Rabon kasuwa ta fann Windows Server: Tsarin aiki don kwamfutocin sabar. Sabuwar sigar ita ce Windows Server 2019. Ba kamar ɗan'uwansa abokin harka ba, ya ɗauki tsari mai ƙarfi na suna. Babban gasa na wannan dangin shine Linux. (cf rabon amfani da tsarin aiki share Rabon kasuwa ta fanni) Windows PE: Wani nau'I ne mai sauki na dan uwansa na Windows, wanda ake nufin yayi aiki azaman tsarin aiki kai tsaye, wanda ake amfani dashi don girka Windows akan kwamfutoci masu karafa (musamman kan kwamfutoci da yawa a lokaci daya), dawo da abubuwa ko kuma shirya matsala. Sabuwar sigar ita ce Windows PE 10. Windows IoT (wanda aka saka a cikin Windows a baya): A farko, Microsoft ya samar da Windows CE a matsayin babban tsarin aiki ga duk na’urar da ke da iyakantattun kayan aiki da za a kira ta da cikakkiyar kwamfuta. Daga ƙarshe, duk da haka, Windows CE aka sake mata suna zuwa Windows Embedded Compact kuma aka dunƙule shi a ƙarƙashin alamar kasuwanci ta Windows Compact wacce kuma ta ƙunshi Masana'antu ta Windows, Mai Kwarewa ta Windows, Daidaitaccen Takardar Windows, da Takaddun hannu na Windows, da Windows Embedded Automotive. Wannan Jerin masu zuwa ba a cigaba da haɓaka dangin Windows din su ba: Windows 9x: Tsarin aiki ne wanda yayi niyya ga kasuwar masu amfani. An dakatar da shi saboda aikin suboptimal. Windows Mobile: Wanda ya gabace shi zuwa Windows Phone, ya kasance tsarin aikin wayar hannu ne. Farkon abin da ake kira Pocket PC 2000; na uku, Windows Mobile 2003 ita ce ta farko wacce ta fara amfani da alamar kasuwanci ta Windows Mobile. Sigar ta karshe ita ce Windows Mobile 6.5. Windows Phone: Tsarin aiki ne kawai wanda aka siyar dashi ga masana'antun wayoyi. Farkon sigar ita ce Windows Phone 7, sai Windows Phone 8, da Windows Phone 8.1. Windows 10 Mobile ce ta yi nasara da shi, yanzu kuma an daina shi. Tarihin Siga Kalmar Windows gabaɗaya tana bayyana kowane ɗayan ɗayan juyani na samfuran tsarin aikin Microsoft. Wadannan samfuran an rarraba su gaba daya kamar haka: Sigogin farko Tarihin Windows ya faro ne daga shekarar 1981 lokacin da kamfanin Microsoft ya fara aiki a wani shiri da ake kira "Interface Manager". An sanar da shi a watan Nuwamba 1983 (bayan Apple Lisa, amma kafin Macintosh) da sunan "Windows", amma Windows 1.0 ba a sake ta ba har sai Nuwamba Nuwamba 1985. Windows 1.0 ya kasance yana gogayya da tsarin aikin Apple, amma ya sami ɗan farin jini. Windows 1.0 ba cikakken tsarin aiki bane; maimakon haka, ya faɗaɗa MS-DOS. Bawo na Windows 1.0 shiri ne da aka sani da MS-DOS Executive. Bangarorin sun hada da Kalkaleta, Kalanda, Katin waya, Mai Kallon allo, agogo, Kwamitin Kulawa, Kundin rubutu, Fenti, Reversi, Terminal da Rubuta Windows 1.0 baya bada izinin windows iri-iri. Madadin haka duk tagogin an faranta su. Kawai akwatunan tattaunawa na zamani zasu iya bayyana akan wasu windows. Microsoft an siyar dashi azaman ɗakunan karatu na Ci gaban Windows tare da yanayin haɓaka C, waɗanda suka haɗa da samfuran windows da yawa. Windows 2.0 an fito da shi ne a watan Disamba na 1987, kuma ya shahara fiye da wanda ya gabace shi. Yana nuna abubuwa da yawa da haɓakawa ga mai amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Windows 2.03 ya canza OS daga windows windows zuwa windows windows masu juye. Sakamakon wannan canjin ya haifar da Apple Computer ya shigar da kara a kan Microsoft yana zargin keta hakkin mallaka na Apple. Windows 2.0 kuma ya gabatar da gajerun hanyoyin maɓallin keɓaɓɓu na zamani kuma yana iya yin amfani da faɗaɗa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Windows 2.1 an sake shi a siga iri biyu: Windows 286 da Windows 386. Windows 386 yana amfani da yanayin 8086 na Intel 80386 na kamala don yawaitar shirye-shiryen DOS da yawa da samfurin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwa don kwaikwayon faɗaɗa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta amfani da wadataccen ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Windows 286, duk da sunansa, yana gudana ne akan masu sarrafa Intel 8086 da Intel 80286. Yana gudana a cikin yanayi na ainihi amma yana iya amfani da yankin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai girma. Toari da cikakkun abubuwan Windows-fakitoci, akwai nau'ikan lokacin gudu kawai waɗanda aka shigo da su tare da farkon software na Windows daga wasu kamfanoni kuma sun ba da damar gudanar da software ta Windows a kan MS-DOS kuma ba tare da cikakken tsarin fasalin Windows ba. Siffofin farko na Windows galibi ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin bawo ne na hoto, galibi saboda sun yi aiki a saman MS-DOS kuma suna amfani da shi don sabis ɗin tsarin fayil. Koyaya, har ma da farkon juzu'in Windows tuni sun ɗauki yawancin ayyukan tsarin aiki na yau da kullun; musamman, samun tsarin fayil dinsu wanda za'a iya aiwatar dasu da kuma samar da nasu direbobin na'urar (mai ƙidayar lokaci, zane-zane, firintar, linzamin kwamfuta, madannin rubutu da sauti). Ba kamar MS-DOS ba, Windows ta ba masu amfani damar aiwatar da aikace-aikacen zane da yawa a lokaci guda, ta hanyar haɗa kai da yawa. Windows ta aiwatar da cikakken bayani, yanki-bangare, makircin ƙwaƙwalwar kama-da-gidanka na software, wanda ke ba shi damar gudanar da aikace-aikacen da suka fi girma fiye da ƙwaƙwalwar da ake da su: sassan ɓangarori da albarkatu ana musanya su kuma a jefar da su lokacin da ƙwaƙwalwar ta yi karanci; sassan bayanai sun shiga cikin ƙwaƙwalwa lokacin da aikace-aikacen da aka ba su suka daina sarrafa sarrafawa. Windows 3.x Windows 3.0, wanda aka fitar a cikin 1990, ya inganta ƙirar, galibi saboda ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da direbobi masu amfani da na'urori masu kamala (VxDs) waɗanda ke ba Windows damar raba na'urori masu sabani tsakanin aikace-aikacen DOS masu ɗawainiya da yawa. wanda ke basu damar isa ga megabytes na ƙwaƙwalwa da yawa ba tare da wajibcin shiga cikin tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na kamala ba. Suna gudana cikin filin adireshi ɗaya, inda ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ta ba da matakin kariya. Windows 3.0 kuma ya nuna ingantattun abubuwa ga mai amfani. Microsoft ya sake rubuta ayyuka masu mahimmanci daga C cikin haɗuwa. Windows 3.0 shine farkon Microsoft Windows version don cin nasarar cinikin kasuwanci, yana siyar da kwafi miliyan 2 a cikin watanni shida na farko. Windows 3.1, wanda aka samar dashi gaba ɗaya a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1992, ya nuna fasalin fuska. A watan Agusta na 1993, Windows don Workgroups, sigar ta musamman tare da haɗin hanyoyin sadarwar aboki-da-tsara da lambar sigar 3.11, aka fitar. An sayar tare da Windows 3.1. Goyon bayan Windows 3.1 ya ƙare a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2001. Windows 3.2, an fitar da shi a 1994, sigar da aka sabunta ce ta Sinanci ta Windows 3.1. Wasaukakawa ya iyakance ga wannan sigar harshen, saboda ya daidaita kawai batutuwan da suka shafi tsarin rubutu mai rikitarwa na harshen Sinanci. Windows 3.2 gabaɗaya an siyar da shi ta masana'antun komputa tare da nau'in diski goma na MS-DOS wanda kuma ke da Saukakkiyar haruffan Sinanci a cikin kayan aiki na asali da wasu abubuwan amfani da aka fassara. Windows 9x Saki na gaba mai mahimmanci na Windows, Windows 95, an sake shi a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1995. Yayin da yake saura da tushen MS-DOS, Windows 95 ya gabatar da tallafi don aikace-aikacen 32-bit na asali, toshe da kunna kayan aiki, kayan aiki da yawa, dogon lokaci sunayen fayiloli har zuwa haruffa 255, kuma ya samar da ƙarin kwanciyar hankali akan magabata. Windows 95 kuma ta gabatar da sake fasali, mai amfani da daidaitaccen mai amfani, yana maye gurbin Manajan Shirye-shiryen da ya gabata tare da menu na Farawa, allon aiki, da harsashin Windows Explorer. Windows 95 babbar nasara ce ta kasuwanci ga Microsoft; Ina Fried na CNET ya ce "a lokacin da aka cire Windows 95 daga kasuwa a 2001, ya zama abin daidaitawa a kan kwamfutocin kwamfutoci a duniya." kowannensu ya yi daidai da fakitin sabis. OSR na farko na Windows 95 shi ne kuma nau’in Windows na farko da aka hada shi da mai binciken gidan yanar sadarwar Microsoft, Internet Explorer. Babban tallafi na Windows 95 ya ƙare a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2000, kuma ya ƙara tallafi ga Windows 95 ya ƙare a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2001. Windows 95 an bi shi tare da fitowar Windows 98 a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1998, wanda ya gabatar da Windows Driver Model, goyon baya ga kebul hadaddun na'urori, goyon baya ga ACPI, hibernation, da kuma goyon baya ga Multi-saka idanu jeri. Windows 98 ta hada da hadewa da Internet Explorer 4 ta hanyar Desktop mai aiki da sauran bangarorin na Windows Desktop Update (jerin abubuwan habbaka wa shelar Explorer wadanda suma aka samar da su ga Windows 95). A watan Mayu 1999, Microsoft ya fitar da Windows 98 na Biyu na Windows, wanda aka sabunta na Windows 98. Windows 98 SE ya kara Internet Explorer 5.0 da Windows Media Player 6.2 a tsakanin sauran abubuwan haɓakawa. Babban tallafi na Windows 98 ya ƙare a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 2002, kuma ya ƙara tallafi ga Windows 98 ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Yulin, 2006. A ranar 14 ga Satumbar, 2000, Microsoft ya fitar da Windows Me (Millennium Edition), wanda ya kasance na karshe na DOS na Windows. Windows Me ta haɗu da haɓakar ƙirar gani ta gani daga takwararta ta Windows NT na Windows 2000, tana da lokutan saurin sauri fiye da sifofin da suka gabata (wanda duk da haka, yana buƙatar cire ikon samun damar ainihin yanayin DOS yanayi, cire daidaituwa tare da wasu tsofaffin shirye-shirye), ya fadada aikin multimedia (gami da Windows Media Player 7, Windows Movie Maker, da Windows Image Acquisition tsarin don dawo da hotuna daga sikanan kyamarori da kyamarori na dijital), ƙarin abubuwan amfani na tsarin kamar Tsarin Tsaron Fayil da Tsarin Sakewa, da kayan aikin sadarwar gida da aka sabunta. Koyaya, Windows Me ya fuskanci zargi saboda saurin sa da rashin kwanciyar hankali, tare da lamuran daidaito na kayan aiki da cire ainihin yanayin DOS tallafi. PC World sunyi la'akari da Windows Me a matsayin ɗayan mafi munin tsarin aiki da Microsoft ya taɓa fitarwa, kuma mafi ƙarancin kayan fasaha na zamani kowane lokaci. Windows NT A watan Nuwamba 1988, sabuwar ƙungiyar haɓaka tsakanin Microsoft (wacce ta haɗa da tsoffin masu haɓaka Digital Equipment Corporation Dave Cutler da Mark Lucovsky) sun fara aiki a kan sabon juzu'i na IBM da kuma tsarin OS 2 na Microsoft da ake kira "NT OS 2". NT OS 2 an yi niyya don zama amintacce, tsarin aiki mai amfani da yawa tare da daidaiton POSIX da kuma mai daidaitaccen sassa, portararar kernel tare da yawaita tallafi da tallafi ga gine-ginen masarrafai masu yawa. Koyaya, bayan nasarar sakin Windows 3.0, ƙungiyar cigaban NT ta yanke shawarar sake aiwatar da aikin don amfani da ƙaramin tashar 32-bit na Windows API da aka sani da Win32 maimakon na OS 2. Win32 ya kasance yana da irin wannan tsari na Windows APIs (yana barin aikace-aikacen Windows da ake da su a sauƙaƙe zuwa dandamali), amma kuma ya goyi bayan ƙarfin kernel na NT da yake. Bayan amincewar da ma'aikatan Microsoft suka yi, ci gaba ya ci gaba a kan abin da ke yanzu Windows NT, farkon sigar 32-bit na Windows. Koyaya, IBM ya ƙi amincewa da canje-canjen, kuma daga ƙarshe yaci gaba da haɓaka OS 2 da kansa. Windows NT shine farkon tsarin aikin Windows wanda ya dogara da kwayar cuta. An tsara kernel ɗin a matsayin microkernel wanda aka gyara, wanda tasirin Mach microkernel wanda Richard Rashid ya haɓaka a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, amma ba tare da cika duk ƙa'idodin microkernel mai tsabta ba. Sakin farko na tsarin aiki da aka samu, Windows NT 3.1 (mai suna don haɗa shi da Windows 3.1) an sake shi a cikin Yuli 1993, tare da sigar don ayyukan ayyukan tebur da sabobin. Windows NT 3.5 an sake shi a watan Satumbar 1994, yana mai da hankali kan ci gaban aiki da tallafi ga Netll's NetWare, sannan Windows NT 3.51 ya biyo baya a watan Mayu 1995, wanda ya haɗa da ƙarin haɓakawa da tallafi ga gine-ginen PowerPC. Windows NT 4.0 an sake shi a watan Yunin 1996, yana gabatar da tsarin sake fasalin Windows 95 zuwa jerin NT. A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2000, Microsoft ya saki Windows 2000, wanda ya gaji NT 4.0. An saka sunan Windows NT a wannan lokacin don sanya babban hankali akan alamar Windows. Windows XP Babban fasalin na gaba na Windows NT, Windows XP, an sake shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2001. Gabatarwar Windows XP na da nufin daidaita jerin Windows 9x na masu amfani da kayayyaki tare da gine-ginen da Windows NT ta gabatar, canjin da Microsoft ya yi alƙawarin samarwa mafi kyau aiwatarwa akan magabata na tushen DOS. Windows XP kuma za ta gabatar da keɓance mai amfani wanda aka sake tsara shi (gami da sabunta menu na farko da kuma "mai daidaitaccen aiki" Windows Explorer), ingantaccen hanyoyin watsa labarai da fasalolin hanyoyin sadarwa, Internet Explorer 6, haɗewa da ayyukan Microsoft na .NET Fasfo, hanyoyin don taimakawa samar da daidaito software da aka tsara don sifofin Windows da suka gabata, da aikin Taimako na Nesa. A kasuwa, Windows XP yanzu an siyar dashi cikin manyan bugu biyu: "Home" bugu an yi niyya ne ga masu amfani, yayin da aka buga "ƙwararru" ɗin zuwa muhallin kasuwanci da masu amfani da wutar lantarki, kuma ya haɗa da ƙarin tsaro da hanyoyin sadarwa. Gida da Kwararru daga baya sun kasance tare da bugun "Media Center" (an tsara shi don PCs na wasan kwaikwayo na gida, tare da girmamawa kan goyan bayan kunna DVD, katunan tuner na TV, aikin DVR, da sarrafawar nesa), da bugun "Tablet PC" (wanda aka tsara don na'urori masu hannu da ke saduwa da bayanai dalla-dalla game da kwamfutar hannu, tare da tallafi don shigar da alƙalamin alƙalami da ƙarin aikace-aikacen da aka kunna alkalami). Babban tallafi na Windows XP ya ƙare a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2009. supportarin tallafi ya ƙare a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2014. Bayan Windows 2000, Microsoft suma sun canza jadawalin fitowar ta don tsarin aikin sabar; abokin aikin uwar garken Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, an sake shi a watan Afrilun 2003. An bi shi a watan Disamba na 2005, ta Windows Server 2003 R2. Windows Vista Bayan wani aikin ci gaba mai tsawo, an sake Windows Vista a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2006, don lasisin juz'i da 30 ga Janairu, 2007, don masu amfani. Ya ƙunshi sabbin abubuwa da yawa, daga kwasfa da aka sake fasaltawa da ƙirar mai amfani zuwa manyan canje-canje na fasaha, tare da mai da hankali kan siffofin tsaro. An samo shi a cikin wasu bugu daban-daban, kuma ya sha fuskantar wasu zargi, kamar faduwar aikin, ƙara lokacin buɗa, sukar sabon UAC, da tsaurara yarjejeniyar lasisi. An saki takwarar uwar garken Vista, Windows Server 2008 a farkon 2008. Windows 7 A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2009, Windows 7 da Windows Server 2008 R2 an sake su a matsayin RTM (saki ga masana'antu) yayin da na farko aka sake shi ga jama'a watanni 3 bayan haka a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2009. Ba kamar wanda ya gabace ta ba, Windows Vista, wacce ta gabatar da babban yawan sababbin abubuwa, Windows 7 an yi niyya don zama mai mayar da hankali, haɓaka haɓaka zuwa layin Windows, tare da manufar dacewa da aikace-aikace da kayan aikin da Windows Vista ta riga ta dace da su. Windows 7 tana da tallafi na taɓawa da yawa, Windows shell da aka sake zanawa tare da ɗawainiyar ɗawainiya, tsarin sadarwar gida da ake kira HomeGroup, da haɓaka aikin. Windows 8 da 8.1 Windows 8, magajin Windows 7, an sake shi gaba ɗaya a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2012. An sami sauye-sauye masu yawa a kan Windows 8, gami da gabatar da ƙirar mai amfani da ke kewaye da harshen ƙirar Metro na Microsoft tare da ingantawa don na'urori masu tushen taɓawa azaman Allunan da all-in-one PCs. Waɗannan canje-canje sun haɗa da Allon farawa, wanda ke amfani da manyan tiles waɗanda suka fi dacewa don hulɗar taɓawa da ba da izinin nuni na ci gaba da sabunta bayanai, da sabon kundin aikace-aikace waɗanda aka tsara da farko don amfani akan na'urori masu taɓa taɓawa. Sabuwar sigar ta Windows ta bukaci mafi ƙarancin ƙuduri na 1024 768 pixels, yadda ya kamata ta yadda bai dace da netbooks ba tare da fuska 800 600 pixel. Sauran canje-canjen sun haɗa da haɓaka haɗin kai tare da ayyukan girgije da sauran dandamali na kan layi (kamar cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a da ayyukan Microsoft na OneDrive (tsohon SkyDrive) da sabis na Xbox Live), sabis ɗin Windows Store don rarraba software, da sabon nau'in da aka sani da Windows RT don amfani dashi na'urorin da ke amfani da gine-ginen ARM. Sabuntawa ga Windows 8, wanda ake kira Windows 8.1, an sake shi a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2013, kuma ya haɗa da fasali irin su sabon girman tayal live, zurfafa hadewar OneDrive, da sauran gyare-gyare da yawa. Windows 8 da Windows 8.1 sun sha fuskantar wasu zargi, kamar cire menu na Farawa. Windows 10 A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2014, Microsoft ya sanar da Windows 10 a matsayin magajin Windows 8.1. An sake shi a ranar 29 ga Yulin, 2015, kuma yana magance gazawa a cikin tsarin mai amfani wanda aka fara gabatarwa tare da Windows 8. Canje-canje a kan PC sun haɗa da dawowar Fara Menu, tsarin tebur na kama-da-wane, da kuma ikon gudanar da ayyukan Windows Store a cikin windows akan tebur maimakon a yanayin cikakken allo. Windows 10 an ce za a iya sabunta shi daga kwararrun Windows 7 tare da na’urorin SP1, Windows 8.1 da Windows Phone 8.1 daga cikin Get Windows 10 Application (na Windows 7, Windows 8.1) ko Windows Update (Windows 7). A watan Fabrairun 2017, Microsoft ya ba da sanarwar ƙaura daga matattarar lambar asalin Windows daga Perforce zuwa Git. Wannan hijirar ta hada da fayiloli daban miliyan 3.5 a cikin ma'ajiyar gigabyte 300. A watan Mayu 2017, kashi 90 cikin 100 na ƙungiyar injiniyoyinta suna amfani da Git, a game da aikata 8500 da Windows 1760 da suke ginawa kowace rana. Bada Taimako akan Harsuna Daban-Daban An gina tallafi na yare da dama cikin Windows tun daga Windows 3.0. Za'a iya canza yare don maɓallan keyboard da kuma kewayawa ta hanyar Yankin Yanki da Kwamitin Kula da Harshe. Aka sanya dukkan bangarorin tallafi na harsuna masu shigowa, kamar masu Editan Hanyar shigarwa, ana shigar dasu kai tsaye yayin shigar Windows (a cikin Windows XP da kuma a baya, fayilolin harsunan Asiya ta Gabas, kamar Sinanci, da rubutun dama-zuwa-hagu, kamar larabci, na iya buƙata da za a shigar daban, kuma daga abin da aka ce Control Panel). Hakanan za'a iya shigar da IME na ɓangare na uku idan mai amfani yana jin cewa wanda aka bayar ɗin bai isa ba don buƙatun su. Harsunan tsaka-tsakin yanayi don tsarin aiki kyauta ne don zazzagewa, amma wasu yaruka suna iyakance ga wasu kwafin Windows. Rukunin Hadaddiyar Harshe (LIPs) ana iya sake rarraba su kuma ana iya zazzage su daga Cibiyar Zazzagewa ta Microsoft kuma a girka su don kowane ɗab'in Windows (XP ko daga baya) suna fassara mafi yawa, amma ba duka ba, na keɓaɓɓiyar Windows ɗin, kuma suna buƙatar wani yare harshe yaren da Windows aka shigo dashi dashi da farko). Ana amfani da wannan don yawancin harsuna a cikin kasuwanni masu tasowa. Cikakken Harsunan Harshe, wanda ke fassara cikakken tsarin aiki, ana samun su ne kawai don takamaiman bugu na Windows (Ultimate da Ciniki bugu na Windows Vista da 7, da duk bugun Windows 8, 8.1 da RT ban da Harshe Guda). Ba su buƙatar takamaiman harshe tushe, kuma ana amfani da su don ƙarin mashahuri harsuna kamar Faransanci ko Sinanci. Waɗannan harsunan ba za a iya zazzage su ta Cibiyar Zazzagewa ba, amma ana iya samun su azaman zaɓaɓɓuka na zaɓi ta hanyar sabis ɗin Updateaukaka Windows (ban da Windows 8). Harshen kewayawa na aikace-aikacen da aka sanya ba ya canzawa ta canje-canje a cikin harshen haɗin Windows. Samuwar harsuna ya dogara da masu haɓaka aikace-aikacen da kansu. Windows 8 da Windows Server 2012 suna gabatar da sabon Kwamitin Gudanar da Harshe inda za a iya sauya canje-canje da yarukan shigarwa lokaci guda, kuma za a iya sauke fakitin harshe, ba tare da la'akari da nau'insa ba daga wani wuri na tsakiya. Aikace-aikacen Saitunan PC a cikin Windows 8.1 da Windows Server 2012 R2 suma sun haɗa da shafi na saitunan takwara don wannan. Canza harshen haɗin yanar gizo kuma yana canza yaren kayan aikin Windows Store da aka sanya ajalinsu (kamar Mail, Maps da News) da wasu takamaiman ƙa'idodin masarrafar Microsoft (kamar Remote Desktop). Limituntatawa na sama don fakitin harshe duk da haka suna aiki, sai dai ana iya sanya cikakkun fakitin harshe don kowane bugu ban da Harshe Guda, wanda ke tallata kasuwanni masu tasowa. Tallafin Dandamali Windows NT ya haɗa da tallafi don dandamali daban-daban kafin kwamfutar sirri ta x86 ta zama mafi iko a cikin duniyar ƙwararru. Windows NT 4.0 da kuma magabata sun goyi bayan PowerPC, DEC Alpha da MIPS R4000. (Kodayake wasu waannan dandamali suna aiwatar da sarrafa 64-bit, tsarin aiki ya dauke su kamar 32-bit.) Koyaya, Windows 2000, magajin Windows NT 4.0, ya sauke tallafi ga dukkan dandamali ban da ƙarni na uku x86 (wanda aka sani da IA-32 ko sabo-sabo a yanayin 32-bit. Layin abokin harka na dangin Windows NT har yanzu yana gudana akan IA-32, kodayake layin Windows Server ya daina tallafawa wannan dandamali tare da sakin Windows Server 2008 R2. Tare da gabatar da gine-ginen Intel Itanium (IA-64), Microsoft ya fitar da sababbin nau'ikan Windows don tallafawa shi. Sigar Itanium na Windows XP da Windows Server 2003 an sake su a lokaci guda tare da takwarorinsu na al'ada x86. Windows XP 64-Bit Edition, wanda aka fitar a 2005, shine tsarin Windows abokin ciniki na ƙarshe don tallafawa Itanium. Layin Server na Windows yana ci gaba da tallafawa wannan dandalin har zuwa Windows Server 2012; Windows Server 2008 R2 shine tsarin aiki na Windows na ƙarshe don tallafawa gine-ginen Itanium. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2005, Microsoft ya fitar da Windows XP Professional x64 Edition da Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions don tallafawa x86-64 (ko kuma kawai x64), tsara ta takwas na gine-ginen x86. Windows Vista ita ce farkon kwastomomin Windows NT da za a sake a lokaci guda a cikin bugun IA-32 da x64. x64 har yanzu ana tallafawa. Bugun Windows 8 da aka sani da Windows RT an kirkireshi ne musamman don kwamfutoci masu tsarin ARM kuma yayin da har yanzu ana amfani da ARM don wayoyin hannu na Windows tare da Windows 10, kwamfutar hannu tare da Windows RT ba za a sabunta su ba. Farawa daga Windows 10 Fall Creators Sabuntawa kuma daga baya ya haɗa da goyan baya ga PCs tare da tsarin AM. Windows CE Winaows tsarin CE (bisa huku fi a da aka sani da Windows Embedded Compact), sigar Windows ce wacce ke aiki a kan ƙananan kwamfutoci, kamar tsarin kewaya tauraron dan adam da wasu wayoyin hannu. Windows Embedded Compact ya dogara ne da kwayarsa wacce aka keɓe, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Windows CE kernel. Microsoft ta ba da lasisin Windows CE ga OEM da masu kera na'urar. OEMs da masu yin na'urori na iya canzawa da ƙirƙirar hanyoyin musayar masu amfani da gogewa, yayin da Windows CE ke ba da tushen fasaha don yin hakan. An yi amfani da Windows CE a cikin Dreamcast tare da Sega na kansa OS na kayan aikin. Windows CE ita ce ginshikin da Windows Mobile ya samu daga gare ta. Magajinsa, Windows Phone 7, ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da aka gina daga Windows CE 6.0 R3 da Windows CE 7.0. Windows Phone 8 duk da haka, yana dogara ne akan NT-kwaya ɗaya kamar Windows 8. Windows Embedded Compact ba za a rikita shi da Windows XP aka saka ba ko kuma Windows NT 4.0 aka saka ba, sigar da aka yi amfani da ita ta Windows dangane da kwayar Windows NT. Xbox OS Xbox OS suna ne mara izini wanda aka baiwa nau'ikan Windows wanda yake aiki akan Xbox One. Yana da ƙarin takamaiman aiwatarwa tare da girmamawa akan ƙwarewa (ta amfani da Hyper-V) saboda yana da tsarin aiki guda uku waɗanda suke gudana lokaci ɗaya, wanda ya ƙunshi ainihin tsarin aiki, na biyu wanda aka aiwatar dashi don wasanni da kuma yanayi mai kama da Windows don aikace-aikace. Microsoft na sabunta OS One na OS kowane wata, kuma ana iya zazzage wadannan sabuntawa daga sabis na Xbox Live zuwa Xbox kuma a sanya a gaba, ko ta amfani da hotunan dawo da wajen layi da aka zazzage ta PC Core na tushen Windows 10 ya maye gurbin na Windows 8 a cikin wannan sabuntawa, kuma wani lokacin ana kiran sabon tsarin da "Windows 10 akan Xbox One" ko "OneCore". Tsarin Xbox One kuma yana ba da damar daidaitawa ta baya tare da Xbox 360, kuma tsarin Xbox 360 ya kasance yana dacewa da ainihin Xbox. aikin Xbox Tsarin Kula da Siga A cikin 2017 Microsoft ya sanar da cewa zai fara amfani da Git, tsarin sarrafa sigar buɗe ido wanda Linus Torvalds ya kirkira. Microsoft a baya ta yi amfani da tsarin sarrafa sigar mallakar ta da ake kira "Source Depot". Microsoft ya fara haɗa Git a cikin Server Foundation Server a cikin 2013, amma Windows ya ci gaba da dogaro da Source Depot. Saboda babban tarihinsa, na tsawon shekaru masu yawa, lambar Windows code ba ta dace sosai da yanayin rashin ci gaban Linux wanda asalin Git aka ƙirƙire shi don sarrafawa. Kowace ma'ajiyar Git tana dauke da cikakken tarihin duk fayilolin, wanda ya tabbatar da rashin aiki ga masu haɓaka Windows saboda rufe wurin ajiyar yana ɗaukar awanni. Microsoft na ta aiki a kan wani sabon aiki da ake kira Virtual File System for Git (VFSForGit) don magance wadannan matsalolin. Tsaro An tsara sifofin masu amfani da Windows da farko don sauƙin-amfani akan PC mai amfani ɗaya ba tare da haɗin hanyar sadarwa ba, kuma ba su da abubuwan tsaro da aka gina tun daga farko. Koyaya, Windows NT da magadanta an tsara su ne don tsaro (gami da kan hanyar sadarwa) da kuma PC masu amfani da yawa, amma ba a farko aka tsara su da tsaron Intanet ba kamar yadda yake, tunda, lokacin da aka fara haɓaka a farkon 1990s, amfani da Intanet bai cika yawa ba. Waɗannan maganganun ƙirar sun haɗu tare da kurakuran shirye-shirye (misali ambaliyar ambaliyar ruwa) da kuma shaharar Windows yana nufin cewa manufa ce ta tsutsa mai kwakwalwa da marubutan ƙwayoyin cuta. A watan Yunin 2005, Bruce Schneier mai kula da Tsaron Yanar Gizo ya bayyana cewa ya ga sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta da tsutsotsi sama da 1,000 a cikin watanni shida da suka gabata. A cikin 2005, Kaspersky Lab ya samo kusan munanan shirye-shirye 11,000 ƙwayoyin cuta, Trojan, ƙofofin baya, da ayyukan da aka rubuta don Windows. Microsoft na fitar da facin tsaro ta hanyar Sabunta Windows Update kamar sau daya a wata (galibi Talata ta biyu ga wata), kodayake ana samun muhimman bayanai a gajerun tazara idan hakan ya zama dole. A cikin nau'ikan Windows bayan da ya haɗa da Windows 2000 SP3 da Windows XP, ana iya saukar da sabuntawa ta atomatik da shigar idan mai amfani ya zaɓi yin hakan. Sakamakon haka, Sabunta 2 na Windows XP, da kuma Sabis na Sabunta 1 don Windows Server 2003, masu amfani sun girke shi da sauri fiye da yadda zai iya kasancewa. Duk da yake jerin Windows 9x sun ba da zaɓi na samun bayanan martaba don masu amfani da yawa, ba su da masaniyar damar samun dama, kuma ba su ba da izinin isa garesu ba; don haka ba gaskiya bane tsarin aiki mai amfani da yawa. Kari akan haka, sun aiwatar da kariya ne kawai ta bangaren kwakwalwa. Haka kuma an soki su da yawa saboda rashin tsaro. Tsarin Windows NT na tsarin aiki, akasin haka, masu amfani ne da gaske, kuma suna aiwatar da cikakken ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Koyaya, yawancin fa'idodi kasancewar kasancewar tsarin aiki mai amfani da yawa na gaskiya an rushe shi ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa, kafin Windows Vista, asusun mai amfani na farko wanda aka ƙirƙira yayin aikin saitin shine asusun mai gudanarwa, wanda kuma shine tsoffin sababbin asusu Kodayake Windows XP ba ta da iyakantattun asusu, amma yawancin masu amfani da gida ba su canza zuwa nau'in asusu tare da ƙananan haƙƙoƙi ba wani ɓangare saboda yawan shirye-shiryen da ba su buƙatar haƙƙin mai gudanarwa ba kuma don haka yawancin masu amfani da gida suna gudana a matsayin mai gudanarwa koyaushe. Windows Vista tana canza wannan ta hanyar gabatar da tsarin daukaka dama mai suna Control Account Account User. Lokacin shiga kamar matsakaiciyar mai amfani, ana ƙirƙirar logon kuma ana sanya alama ta ƙunshe da gata kawai. Ta wannan hanyar, sabon zaman logon bashi da ikon yin canje-canje wanda zai iya shafar ɗaukacin tsarin. Lokacin shiga azaman mai amfani a cikin ƙungiyar Masu Gudanarwa, ana sanya alamun alama guda biyu daban. Alamar farko ta ƙunshi duk gatan da galibi ake bayarwa ga mai gudanarwa, na biyu kuma an ƙuntata alama daidai da abin da mai amfani zai karɓa. Aikace-aikacen mai amfani, gami da kwasfa na Windows, ana farawa tare da takamaiman alama, wanda ke haifar da ragin yanayi na gata koda a ƙarƙashin asusun Gudanarwa. Lokacin da aikace-aikace ya buƙaci babbar dama ko "Gudu azaman mai gudanarwa", UAC zai faɗi don tabbatarwa kuma, idan aka ba da izini (gami da takaddun mai gudanarwa idan asusun da yake neman ɗaukaka ba memba ne na rukunin masu gudanarwa ba), fara aiwatar da amfani alamar da ba ta takaita ba. Takaddun bayanan da WikiLeaks ya wallafa, wanda aka sanya wa suna Vault 7 wanda aka kirkira tun daga 2013 zuwa 2016, sun yi bayani dalla-dalla game da damar da CIA ke da ita na yin aikin sanya ido ta hanyar lantarki da kuma yakin intanet, kamar ikon iya karya tsarin aiki kamar Microsoft Windows. A watan Agusta 2019, masanan komputa sun ba da rahoton cewa yanayin raunin tsaro na BlueKeep, CVE-2019-0708, da ke iya shafar tsofaffin nau'ikan Microsoft Windows da ba a haɗu ba ta hanyar Protocol na Remote Desktop, wanda ke ba da damar yiwuwar aiwatar da lambar ta nesa, na iya yanzu ya haɗa da lahani masu alaƙa mai suna DejaBlue, yana shafar sababbin juzu'in Windows (ma’ana, Windows 7 da sauran sigar kwanan nan) haka nan. Bugu da kari, masana sun ba da rahoton raunin tsaro na Microsoft, CVE-2019-1162, dangane da lambar gado da ta shafi Microsoft CTF da ctfmon (ctfmon.exe), wanda ya shafi dukkan nau'ikan Windows daga tsoffin Windows XP zuwa nau'ikan Windows 10 na baya-bayan nan; facin da zai gyara aibin yanzu haka. Izinin Fayil Duk nau'ikan Windows daga Windows NT 3 sun dogara ne akan tsarin izini na tsarin fayil wanda ake kira da AGDLP (Lissafi, Duniya, Yankin Yanki, Izini) wanda ake amfani da izinin fayil a fayil babban fayil a cikin 'ƙungiyar gida' wanda kuma ke da sauran 'kungiyoyin duniya' a matsayin membobi. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin duniya suna riƙe da wasu rukuni ko masu amfani dangane da nau'ikan Windows da aka yi amfani da su. Wannan tsarin ya bambanta da sauran samfuran dillalai kamar su Linux da NetWare saboda rabon 'tsaye' izinin da ake amfani da shi kai tsaye zuwa fayil ɗin ko babban fayil ɗin. Koyaya ta amfani da wannan tsari na AGLP AGDLP AGUDLP yana ba da izinin yin amfani da ƙananan izinin izini kuma yana ba da damar sauye-sauye masu sauƙi ga rukunin asusun ba tare da sake shigar da izinin izini a kan fayiloli da manyan fayiloli ba. Aiwatar da Madadin Saboda shaharar tsarin aiki, an saki aikace-aikace da yawa wadanda ke da nufin samar da daidaito da aikace-aikacen Windows, ko dai a matsayin tsarin hada-hada ga wani tsarin aiki, ko kuma a matsayin wani tsari wanda zai iya gudanar da software da aka rubuta don Windows daga akwatin. Wadannan sun hada da: Wine kyauta da buɗe-tushen aiwatar da Windows API, yana ba mutum damar gudanar da aikace-aikacen Windows da yawa akan dandamali na tushen x86, gami da UNIX, Linux da macOS. Masu haɓaka ruwan inabi suna ambatonsa azaman "tsarin daidaitawa" kuma suna amfani da API na Windows don yin koyi da yanayin Windows. CrossOver fakitin ruwan inabi tare da takaddun lasisi. Masu haɓaka shi masu ba da gudummawa ne na yau da kullun ga Wine, kuma suna mai da hankali kan ruwan inabi da ke gudana aikace-aikacen tallafi bisa hukuma. Cedega kayan aiki na Wine na TransGaming Technologies, wanda aka tsara musamman don gudanar da wasannin Microsoft Windows akan Linux. Wani fasalin Cedega wanda aka sani da Cider yana ba da damar wasannin Windows suyi aiki akan macOS. Tunda aka baiwa lasisin ruwan inabi a karkashin LGPL, Cedega ya kasa gabatar da ingantattun abubuwan da aka yiwa Wine zuwa lambar mallakar su. Cedega ya daina aikinsa a watan Fabrairun 2011. Darwine tashar ruwan inabi don macOS da Darwin. Yana aiki da Wine mai gudana akan QEMU. Linux Unified Kernel saitin faci zuwa kernel na Linux yana barin yawancin fayilolin aiwatar da Windows a cikin Linux (ta amfani da Wine DLLs); da wasu direbobin Windows da za'a yi amfani dasu. ReactOS OS-budaddiyar hanya ce wacce take da niyyar gudanar da wannan software kamar Windows, wanda aka tsara tun farko don yin kwatankwacin Windows NT 4.0, a yanzu yana nufin daidaitawar Windows 7. Ya kasance a cikin matakan ci gaba tun daga 1996. Linspire LindowsOS na da, rabon Linux ne na kasuwanci wanda aka fara kirkireshi da nufin gudanar da babbar manhajar Windows. Canza sunan ta zuwa Linspire bayan Microsoft v. Lindows. An dakatar da aikin Xandros Desktop, wannan kuma daga baya an dakatar dashi. Freedows OS ƙoƙari ne na buɗe-tushen ƙirƙirar ɓoyayyen Windows don dandamali na x86, wanda aka yi niyyar saki a ƙarƙashin lasisin GNU na Jama'a. An fara shi a cikin 1996, ta Reece K. Sellin, ba a taɓa kammala aikin ba, yana zuwa matakin tattaunawar ƙira wanda ya ƙunshi wasu ra'ayoyi masu yawa har sai da aka dakatar da shi a

32498

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansila

Kansila

Kansila memba ne na majalisar Ƙaramar hukuma a wasu ƙasashe. Kanada Saboda ikon da lardunan ke da shi a kan gwamnatocin gundumominsu, sharuɗɗan da kansilolin ke yi ya bambanta daga lardi zuwa lardi. Ba kamar yawancin zaɓen larduna ba, ana gudanar da zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi akan ƙayyadadden kwanan wata na shekaru 4. Finland Wannan game da matsayi na girmamawa ne, ba zaɓaɓɓu ba. A Finland ɗan majalisa neuvos shine mafi girman laƙabi na girmamawa wanda shugaban ƙasar Finland zai iya ba shi Akwai muƙamai da yawa na kansiloli kuma sun wanzu tun zamanin mulkin Rasha. Wasu misalan kansiloli daban-daban a Finland sune kamar haka: Kansila na Jiha babban aji na mukaman girmamawa; aka ba wa 'yan jiha masu nasara Kansilan Ma'adinai /Majalisar Kasuwanci/Majalisar Masana'antu/Majalisar Tattalin Arziki An ba wa manyan masana'antu a fagage daban-daban na tattalin arziki. Kansilan Majalisa an ba wa masu jihadi masu nasara Kansila na ofis an ba da shi ga manyan jami'a Kansilan Al'adu/ Kansilan gidan wasan kwaikwayo/Majalisar Fim an ba da shi ga manyan masu al'adu Chamber Councillor an ba wa jami'an da suka yi nasara a fannin kananan hukumomi Philippines A ƙarƙashin dokar jamhuriyar Philippine mai lamba 7160 (in ba haka ba ana kiranta da ƙa'idar ƙananan hukumomi ta 1991), ɗan majalisa memba ne na ƙaramar majalisa wanda shine majalisar dokokin ƙaramar hukumar. Ana kiran su da sunan "Memba na Sanggunian" saboda sunan hukuma na gundumomi, birni da larduna shine daidai lokacin a cikin Filipino (ana amfani da shi koda lokacin magana ko rubutu cikin Ingilishi): Sanggunian Bayan, Sanggunian Panglunsod da Sanggunian Panlalawigan, bi da bi. Ƙasar Ingila Zaɓaɓɓun kansiloli ne ke kula da dukkan ƙananan hukumomi a Burtaniya Waɗannan sun haɗa da: hukumomin unitary ƙananan hukumomi da gundumomi Ikklesiya, gari da majalisar al'umma Majalisar gama gari ta birnin Landan (wanda ake san kansila da aldermen da majalisa) A cewar Debrett's Correct Form taken Ingilishi "Majalisa" (sau da yawa an rage shi zuwa 'Cllr') yana aiki ne kawai ga zaɓaɓɓun membobin birni, gundumomi. Duk da haka, babu wani dalili na doka game da wannan ƙuntatawa kuma a aikace ana amfani da laƙabi ga duk kansiloli a kowane mataki na ƙananan hukumomi. Inda ya cancanta, Ikklesiya da kansilolin gundumomi suna bambanta ta hanyar amfani da cikakken suna kamar "kansilan gari" ko "kansilan gunduma". Laƙabin yana gaba da matsayi ko wani matsayi, kamar yadda yake a cikin Cllr Dr Jenny Smith ko Cllr Sir Ricky Taing, kuma ga mata yana gaba da laƙabin matsayin aure, kamar yadda yake a cikin Cllr Mrs Joan Smith. Kansiloli galibi ana zaɓar su ne a matsayin membobin jam’iyyun siyasa ko kuma a madadin masu zaman kansu. Haka nan majalissar za ta iya zabar kansilolin da ba a zabe su ba domin cike gurbi a majalisar da ba a samu isasshen ƴan takara ba, duk da cewa a aikace wannan ba kasafai ba ne a wajen majalisun Ikklesiya. Da zarar an zaɓe su, ana son su wakilci dukkan mazaunan da ke ƙarƙashin hukumar baki ɗaya, ba wai waɗanda suka zaɓe su kaɗai ba ko kuma na gunduma ko unguwa da aka zaɓe su. An ɗaure su da ƙa'idar ɗabi'a da aka aiwatar da allunan ƙa'idodi. A cikin 2007 Dokar Gudanar da Zaɓe ta 2006 ta rage yawan shekarun kansiloli zuwa 18, wanda ya kai ga matasa tsayawa. Kansilolin matasa Ƙungiyoyin da ke zama memba na Majalisar Matasan Biritaniya, kamar Salford Youth Council ana zaɓen kansilolin matasa a cikin ƙananan hukumomi. Ladan kuɗi Yawancin 'yan majalisa ba ƙwararru ba ne na cikakken lokaci. A Ingila, Wales da Arewacin Ireland mafi girman gundumomi, ikon yanki ko majalisun gundumomi suna biyan su alawus da kuma kuɗaɗen aljihu Bugu da ƙari, ana biyan alawus-alawus na alhaki na musamman ga kansilolin da ke gudanar da manyan ayyuka. Abubuwan alawus-alawus na musamman ana biyan su bisa ƙa'ida don ramawa kansiloli na lokacin da aka kashe a kan ayyukan kansila kuma ana sanya su a matsayin albashi don dalilai na haraji. Ikklesiya, gari ko kansilolin al'umma na iya, tun daga Dokar Ƙaramar Hukuma ta 2000, a biya su don ayyukansu, amma yawancin suna yin ta ne da son rai. A Scotland, tun daga 2007, 'yan majalisa sun karɓi albashin 15,000, saɓanin jerin alawus. Yawancin lokaci ana cika waɗannan da alawus na alhaki na musamman. Gwamnatin yanki Majalisar Landan ana ɗaukarta, ba a matsayin ƙaramar hukuma ba, amma a matsayin majalisa mai rabe- raben yanki kuma ana kiran mambobinta a matsayin membobin Majalisar, ba kansiloli ba. Amurka Memba na majalisa, kansila ƴar majalisa, kansila, ko kansila laƙabi ne ga memba na majalisa da ake amfani da shi a Amurka. Musamman, ana amfani da taken shi a cikin waɗannan lokuta: Majalisun gari ko na gari waɗanda ba sa amfani da taken alderman Majalisar gundumar Columbia Sauran kasashe A Ostiraliya, Bahamas, Kanada, New Zealand, Afirka ta Kudu, Botswana, Trinidad da Tobago da sauran sassan Commonwealth, da kuma a Jamhuriyar Ireland, dan majalisa ko kansila shine zababben wakili a majalisar ƙaramar hukuma A cikin Netherlands, ana kiran memba na majalisar gundumomi gemeenteraadslid ko raadslid Wani daga cikin wannan rukunin da aka zaɓa ya zama shugaban zartarwa na birni ana kiransa wethouder, wanda galibi ana fassara shi da 'alderman' ko 'majalisa'. Kalmar Holland don magajin gari shine burgemeester Ana bayyana wannan a Turanci a matsayin "mai gari" ko burgomaster Babban jami'in gundumar ana kiransa gaba ɗaya azaman Kwalejin van Burgemeester en Wethouders A Belgium, ana kiran memba na majalisar gundumomi gemeenteraadslid a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland, da Conseiller Communal a cikin Faransanci. Wani daga cikin wannan rukunin da aka zaɓa don yin aiki a kan zartarwa na birni ana kiransa schepen a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland ko échevin a Faransanci. Yawancin lokaci ana fassara wannan a matsayin "alderman" ko "councillor" a cikin Ingilishi. Babban jami'in gundumar ana kiransa gaba ɗaya azaman Kwalejin van Burgemeester en Schepenen ou Collège du Bourgmestre et Echevins A Luxembourg, an échevin Luxembourgish German memba ne na gudanarwar al'ummar Luxembourgian A Norway, memba na gundumar majalisa, kommunestyret, ana kiransa kommunestyrerepresentant a Yaren mutanen Norway. Kalmar Norwegian don magajin gari ita ce ordfører A Hong Kong, ana kuma kiran mambobin majalisar gundumomi a matsayin kansila. Kafin 1999 an san majalissar gundumomi da allunan gundumomi, bayan da aka soke majalisun gundumomi UrbCo da RegCo a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar. Bugu da kari, ana kuma kiran mambobin majalisar a matsayin kansiloli. Daga 1996 zuwa 1998 an san Majalisar Dokoki da sunan "Majalisar Dokoki ta wucin gadi", bayan da aka soke majalisar wucin gadi a watan Yuli 1998. Ana zaɓen kansiloli iri biyu a zaɓukan ƙananan hukumomi da ake gudanarwa duk shekara biyar a Turkiyya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da kansilolin larduna 1,251 da kansilolin ƙaramar hukuma 20,500. Kansilolin gundumomi suna aiki ne a majalisar gundumomi 1,351 da manyan gundumomi 30 na Turkiyya, yayin da ‘yan majalisar larduna ke zama babban majalissar lardi (İl Genel Meclisi) Manazarta Siyasa Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

57902

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallakar%20Najeriya

Mallakar Najeriya

An gudanar da shirye-shiryen sabon kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya don samun ‘yancin kai a wajen taron da aka gudanar a gidan Lancaster House da ke Landan a shekarun 1957 da 1958,wanda Rt. Hon. Alan Lennox-Boyd,MP,Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Birtaniya na Turawan Mulki.An zabo wakilan Najeriya da za su wakilci kowane yanki da kuma nuna ra'ayoyi daban-daban.Tawagar Balewa na NPC ne ya jagoranta kuma ta hada da shugabannin jam'iyyar Awolowo na Action Group, Azikiwe na NCNC,da Bello na NPC; sun kuma kasance shugabannin yankunan Yamma,Gabas da Arewa,bi da bi.An samu 'yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960. An gudanar da zaɓe na sabuwar majalisar wakilai mai girma a cikin Disamba 1959; Kujeru 174 daga cikin kujeru 312 an ware wa yankin Arewa ne bisa yawan al'ummarsa.Jam’iyyar NPC,ta shiga ’yan takara ne kawai a yankin Arewa,ta takaita kamfen ne kawai ga al’amuran cikin gida amma ta ki amincewa da kara sabbin gwamnatoci.NCNC ta goyi bayan samar da jaha ta tsakiya tare da ba da shawarar kula da harkokin ilimi da kiwon lafiya na tarayya. Kungiyar Action Group,wacce ta gudanar da yakin neman zabe,ta nuna goyon baya ga gwamnati mai karfi da kuma kafa sabbin jihohi uku yayin da take ba da shawarar kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Yamma wacce za ta hada Najeriya da Ghana da Saliyo.NPC ta samu kujeru 142 a sabuwar majalisar.An kira Balewa ya jagoranci gwamnatin hadakar NPC da NCNC, kuma Awolowo ya zama shugaban ‘yan adawa a hukumance. Najeriya mai zaman kanta (1960) A dokar majalisar dokokin Burtaniya, Najeriya ta samu ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1960.An nada Azikiwe a matsayin Gwamna-Janar na tarayya, Balewa ya ci gaba da zama shugaban majalisar da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya,amma a yanzu mai cikakken iko,gwamnati.Gwamna-Janar ya wakilci sarkin Burtaniya a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma masarautar ta nada shi bisa shawarar firaministan Najeriya tare da tuntubar shugabannin yankin.Shi kuma Gwamna-Janar shi ne ke da alhakin nada firaminista da kuma zabar dan takara daga cikin shugabannin da ke takaddama a lokacin da babu rinjaye a majalisa.In ba haka ba,ofishin Gwamna-Janar na da gaske ne. Gwamnati ce ke da alhakin Majalisar da ta kunshi wakilai 312 da aka zaba da kuma Majalisar Dattawa mai wakilai 44, wadanda majalisun yankin suka zaba. Gabaɗaya,kundin tsarin mulkin yanki sun bi tsarin tarayya,na tsari da kuma aiki. Tafiyar da ta fi daukar hankali ita ce yankin Arewa,inda tanadi na musamman ya kawo tsarin mulkin yankin ya dace da shari’ar Musulunci da al’ada. Kamanceceniya tsakanin kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya da na yanki ya kasance yaudara,duk da haka,kuma yadda ake tafiyar da al'amuran jama'a ya nuna bambance-bambance a tsakanin yankuna. A cikin watan Fabrairun 1961,an gudanar da taro don tantance ra'ayin Kudancin Kamaru da Arewacin Kamaru,waɗanda Birtaniyya ke gudanar da su a matsayin yankin Amintattun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.Da gagarumin rinjaye,masu kada kuri'a a Kudancin Kamaru sun zabi shiga kasar Kamaru karkashin mulkin Faransa a da,domin hadewa da Najeriya a matsayin wani yanki na daban.A Arewacin Kamaru, duk da haka, mafi yawan al'ummar Musulmi sun zabi hadewa da yankin Arewacin Najeriya. Duba kuma Ƙungiyoyin Forcados da Badjibo Bandele Omoniyi Bayanan kula CanNassoshi Bayanan kula Sources Karatun Ƙasa Akan Layi Najeriya a ɗakin karatu na Congress Kara karantawa Afeadie, Philip Atsu. "Hannun Hidden na Ƙarfafa Mulki: Wakilan Siyasa da Kafa Mulkin Mulkin Biritaniya a Arewacin Najeriya, 1886-1914". An karɓi karatun digiri na PhD a Tsarin Digiri a Tarihi, Jami'ar York, Ontario. Satumba 1996. Asiegbu, Johnson UJ Nigeria da Maharanta na Biritaniya, 1851–1920: Tarihin Takardun Marubuciya New York Enugu: Nok Publishers International, 1984. ISBN 0-88357-101-3 Ayandele, Emmanuel Ayankanmi. Tasirin mishan akan Najeriya ta zamani, 1842-1914: Nazarin siyasa da zamantakewa (London: Longmans, 1966). Burns, Alan C. Tarihin Najeriya (ed. London, 1942) kan layi kyauta Carland, John M. Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka da Najeriya, 1898–1914 Hoover Institution Press, 1985. ISBN 0-8179-8141-1 Dike, KO "John Beecroft, 1790-1854: Consul na Brittanic Majesty's Consul to the Bights of Benin and Biafra 1849-1854" Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 1#1 (1956), shafi. 5-14, kan layi Fafunwa, A. Babs. Tarihin ilimi a Najeriya (Routledge, 2018). Falola, Toyin, Matthew M. Heaton, Tarihin Najeriya (Cambridge UP, 2008, akan layi kyauta don aro Falola, Toyin, Ann Genova, da Matthew M. Heaton. Kamus na tarihi na Najeriya (Rowman Littlefield, 2018). Isachei, Elizabeth. Tarihin Najeriya (Longman, Inc., 1983). ISBN 0-582-64331-7 Mordi, Emmanuel Nwafor. "Asusun Ta'aziyyar Sojojin Najeriya, 1940-1947: 'Hakin Gwamnatin Najeriya Na Bada Kudade Don Jin Dadin Sojojinta'." Itinerario 43.3 (2019): 516-542. Pétré-Grenouilleau, Olivier (ed. Daga Kasuwancin Bayi zuwa Daular: Turai da mulkin mallaka na Baƙar fata Afirka 1780-1880s Abingdon, Birtaniya, da kuma New York: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-714-65691-7 Tamuno, TN Juyin Halittar Ƙasar Najeriya: Matakin Kudancin, 1898–1914 New York: Jaridar Humanities, 1972. SBN 391 00232 5 Tamuno, TN (1970). "Rikicin 'yan aware a Najeriya tun 1914." Jaridar Nazarin Zamani na Afirka, 8 (04), 563. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00023909 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cibiyar Al'adu ta Google: Haihuwar Turawan Mulkin Najeriya, 1851-1914 Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic, Makarantar Watsa Labarai da

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Bayani%2C%202005

Dokar Haƙƙin Bayani, 2005

Haƙƙin Bayani RTI wani aiki ne na Majalisar Dokokin kasar Indiya wanda ya tsara dokoki da matakai game da haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa na samun bayanai. Ya maye gurbin tsohuwar Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai, ta shekarar 2002 A ƙarƙashin tanade-tanaden Dokar RTI, kowane ɗan ƙasar Indiya na iya neman bayani daga “hukumar jama’a” (gwamnati ko “kayan aikin Jiha”) wanda ake buƙatar ba da amsa cikin gaggawa ko cikin kwanaki talatin 30 Idan lamarin ya shafi rayuwar mai nema da 'yancinsa, dole ne a bayar da bayanin a cikin sa'o'i arba'in da takwas 48. Har ila yau, dokar ta bukaci kowace hukuma ta jama'a da ta sanya bayanan su na kwamfuta don yadawa da kuma buga wasu nau'ikan bayanai a hankali domin 'yan kasa su bukaci mafi karancin hanyoyin neman bayanai a hukumance. Majalisar dokokin kasar Indiya ta zartar da dokar RTI a ranar shabiyar 15 ga watan Yuni na shekara ta 2005 kuma ta fara aiki daga ranar shabiyu 12 ga watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005. Kowace rana akan matsakaita, ana shigar da aikace-aikacen RTI sama kimanin guda dubu hudu da dari takwas 4800. A cikin shekaru goma10 na farko na fara wannan doka, an shigar da kimanin guda 17,500,000 aikace-aikace. Kodayake Ba a haɗa Haƙƙin Bayani a matsayin Babban Hakki a cikin Tsarin Mulki na kasar Indiya, yana kare haƙƙin haƙƙin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da magana a ƙarƙashin Mataki na goma sha tara 19 (1) (a) da Haƙƙin Rayuwa da 'Yanci a ƙarƙashin Mataki na ashirin da daya 21 wanda aka ba da tabbacin ta Tsarin Mulki. Hukumomin da ke ƙarƙashin Dokar RTI ta shekarar 2005 ana kiransu hukumomin jama'a. Jami'in Bayanin Jama'a (PIO) ko Hukumar Daukaka Kara ta farko a cikin hukumomin jama'a suna yin aikin shari'a na yanke hukunci kan aikace-aikacen da daukaka kara bi da bi. An aiwatar da wannan doka ne domin a tabbatar da haƙƙi na asali a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Indiya 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki'. Tun da RTI yana cikin haƙƙin 'Yancin Magana da Magana a ƙarƙashin sashe na goma sha tara 19 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin kasar Indiya, haƙƙi ne na asali. Dokar sirri ta hukuma ta shekara ta1923 ta iyakance bayyana bayanai a kasar Indiya bisa al'ada da sauran wasu dokoki na musamman, waɗanda sabuwar Dokar RTI ta soke. Haƙƙin Bayani yana tsara ainihin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasar Indiya. RTI ya tabbatar da cewa yana da amfani sosai, amma an yi watsi da shi ta Dokar Kariya ta Whistle Blowers, 2011 Dokar Haƙƙin Bayani (gyara), ta shekarar 2019, na neman gyara Sashe na goma sha uku 13, dana 16, zuwa 27 na Dokar RTI. Sashi na goma sha uku 13 na ainihin dokar: Ya tsara wa'adin babban kwamishinan yada labarai na tsakiya da kwamishinonin yada labarai na shekaru biyar 5 (ko har ya kai shekaru sittin da biyar 65, ko wacce ta gabata). A ƙarshe a cikin shari'ar Ashwanee K. Singh a ranar ashirin 20 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta 2020, an tabbatar da cewa haƙƙin samun bayanai wani hakki ne na asali. Iyakar Dokar ta shafi duk kasar Indiya. Ya shafi dukkan hukumomin tsarin mulki, ciki har da zartarwa, majalisa da shari'a; duk wata cibiya ko hukuma da aka kafa ko kafa ta wata doka ta majalisa ko majalisar jiha. Hakanan an ayyana a cikin Dokar cewa hukumomi ko hukumomin da aka kafa ko aka kafa ta hanyar oda ko sanarwa na gwamnatin da ta dace gami da hukumomin "mallaka, sarrafawa ko samar da kudade masu yawa" ta gwamnati, ko ƙungiyoyin da ba na Gwamnati ba "sun samar da kudade sosai, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ta kudade". Jiki masu zaman kansu Masu zaman kansu ba sa cikin dokar A cikin shawarar Sarbjit Roy vs Delhi Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki, Hukumar Kula da Lantarki ta Tsakiya ta kuma sake tabbatar da cewa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na jama'a sun fada cikin tsarin RTI. Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, cibiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna karɓar sama da kashi 95% na kuɗaɗen kayayyakin more rayuwa daga gwamnati sun zo ƙarƙashin dokar. Jam'iyyun siyasa Hukumar Yada Labarai ta Tsakiya (CIC) ta yi imanin cewa jam'iyyun siyasa hukumomin gwamnati ne kuma suna da alhakin jama'a a karkashin dokar RTI. CIC ta ce jam'iyyu takwas na kasa Congress, BJP, NCP, CPI (M), CPI, BSP, NPP da AITC gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da kudade mai yawa a kaikaice kuma suna da halayen hukumomin gwamnati a karkashin dokar RTI yayin da suke yin aiki. ayyukan jama'a. Amma a watan Agustan na shekara ta 2013 gwamnati ta gabatar da wani kudurin doka na ‘yancin samun bayanai (gyara) wanda zai cire jam’iyyun siyasa daga cikin dokar. A halin yanzu babu wata jam'iyya da ke karkashin dokar RTI kuma an shigar da karar shigar da dukkan jam'iyyun siyasa karkashinta. Gyara Dokar Haƙƙin Bayani ta shekarar 2019 ta wuce a ranar 25 ga watan Yuli, nashekarat ta 2019 ta gyara sharuɗɗan sabis na CIC da kwamishinonin Watsa Labarai a cibiyar da a cikin jihohi. An soki lamirin a matsayin zubar da ‘yancin kai na kwamitocin yada labarai. Hukuncin Kotun Koli Kotun Koli ta kasar Indiya a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba, nashekara ta 2019, ta amince da hukuncin da babbar kotun Delhi ta yanke na kawo ofishin babban alkalin kasar Indiya a karkashin dokar hakkin Yada Labarai (RTI). Mulki da tsari Haƙƙin samun bayanai a kasar Indiya manyan hukumomi biyu ne ke tafiyar da su: Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Tsakiya (CIC) Babban Kwamishinan Watsa Labarai wanda ke jagorantar dukkan sassan tsakiya da ma’aikatu- tare da nasu jami’an Watsa Labarai (PIO). CICs suna ƙarƙashin Shugaban kasar Indiya kai tsaye. Kwamitocin Watsa Labarai na Jihohi Jami’an Watsa Labarai na Jiha ko SPOs ne ke shugabantar dukkan ma’aikatu da ma’aikatun Jiha. Ofishin na SPIO yana karkashin Gwamnan Jihar ne kai tsaye. Hukumomin Watsa Labarai na Jihohi da na Tsakiya hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu kuma Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Tsakiya ba ta da hurumin kula da Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Jiha. Kudade Ana buƙatar ɗan ƙasa da ke son neman wasu bayanai daga hukuma ta jama'a ya aika, tare da aikace-aikacen odar wasiƙa ko DD Demand draft ko cheque na banki) ko tambarin kotu da za a biya ga Jami'in Asusun na hukuma kamar yadda kudin da aka wajabta don neman bayanai. Idan mutumin ya fito daga al'umma marasa galihu, ba ya buƙatar biya. Hakanan ana iya buƙatar mai nema ya biya ƙarin kuɗi ga farashin samar da bayanin, cikakkun bayanai waɗanda PIO (Jami'in Watsa Labarai) za a sanar da mai nema kamar yadda RTI ACT ya tsara. Haƙƙin dijital na tsarin bayanai An kafa wata hanyar sadarwa ta digital, RTI Portal, kofa ga 'yan ƙasa don neman bayanai cikin sauri kan cikakkun bayanai na Hukumomin Ƙorafi na farko, PIOs da sauransu. Hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban a karkashin gwamnatin kasar Indiya da kuma gwamnatocin jihohi. Wani shiri ne da Sashen Ma'aikata da Horaswa, Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata, Korafe-korafen Jama'a da Fansho suka ɗauka. Rigingimu Haƙƙin samun bayanai a kasar Indiya yana cike da cece-kuce tun daga amfani da su a fagen yaƙin siyasa, neman digiri na ilimi na abokan hamayyar siyasa, ko kuma ƙararrakin ba da bayanai kan manyan ayyuka zuwa zargin amfani da ƙungiyoyin jama'a. Rikicin da jihar ta yi wa RTI ya kawo cikas ga 'yancin dan kasa na sani. Hare-hare kan masu fafutuka na RTI da shawarwarin kariya Bayanai na Initiative Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) sun yi nuni da shari’o’i sama da guda dari uku da goma 310 a duk fadin kasar Indiya inda aka kai wa mutane hari, ta jiki ko ta jiki ko kuma aka lalata musu kadarori saboda bayanan da suka nema karkashin hukumar RTI. Bayanan sun jefa sama da mutane hamsin 50 da ake zargi da kisan kai da kuma kisan kai biyu wadanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da aikace-aikacen RTI da aka shigar. Dokar RTI ta shekara ta 2005 ta shafi duka gwamnatocin tsakiya da na jihohi. Hakanan ya shafi ayyuka da ma'aikatun hukumomin gwamnati. Akwai yarjejeniya da ake ganin akwai bukatar gyara dokar RTI don ba da kariya ga masu neman bayanai a karkashin dokar Cibiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta yankin Asiya ta ba da shawarar cewa a saka wani babi na daban, "don Kare waɗanda ke neman bayanai ƙarƙashin Dokar (RTI)", a cikin dokar. Matakan kariya da aka ba da shawarar sun haɗa da: Wajibi, rajistar korafe-korafen barazanar ko hare-hare ga masu fafutuka na RTI a cikin Rahoton Bayanin Farko da kuma gabatar da irin waɗannan FIR a gaban alkali ko alkali na yankin a cikin sa'o'i 24 don ba da umarnin kariya ga waɗanda ke cikin barazanar da danginsu, da kuma lokaci-lokaci. sake duba irin matakan kariya Gudanar da bincike kan barazanar ko harin da dan sandan da bai kai matsayin Mataimakin Sufeton 'Yan Sanda Mataimakin Kwamishinan 'Yan Sanda za a kammala shi a cikin kwanaki casa'in 90 kuma muna amfani da RTI don samun fa'ida. Haƙƙin mallaka na hankali A baya-bayan nan da yawa daga cikin 'yan kungiyoyin farar hula sun yi zargin tauye dokar 'yancin ba da labari ta hanyar neman hujjar haƙƙin mallaka na hukumomin gwamnati daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. Mafi shahara sune: Haƙƙin Bayanin da RBI ta musanta game da Bayar da kuɗi yana ambaton Dokokin Dukiya ta Hankali. Haƙƙin Ba da Bayani da Sashen Ban ruwa na Uttar Pradesh ya hana bayan fiye da watanni 8 ana jiran aikin ci gaban Kogin Gomti. Ƙungiyar masu bincike sun nemi Tasirin Muhalli da Rahoton Ayyuka akan aikin wanda aka yi wa alama don mummunan tasiri, asarar kuɗin haraji daga masana kimiyyar muhalli da rahotannin bincike. An hana mutane yin rajistar RTI Hukumar Yada Labarai ta Jihar Gujarat ta haramtawa mutane goma 10 shigar da tambayoyin RTI, inda ta yi nuni da cewa wadannan mutanen suna kulantar da jami’an gwamnati” ta hanyar shigar da tambayoyi da yawa. Babu wani tanadi da Hukumar za ta iya hana mutane yin rajistar RTI. Abin da ya sa aka soki haramcin da cewa "bai sabawa kundin tsarin mulki kasa ba". Muhawara Kin amincewa da RTI Masana sun yi iƙirarin cewa ainihin manufar Dokar Haƙƙin Watsa Labarai don tabbatar da gwamnati ta gaskiya da riƙon amana tana raguwa yayin da aka ki amincewa da buƙatun RTI kuma tsarin mulki kasa ya cika da miliyoyin buƙatun. Yawancin RTIs an ƙi su saboda buƙatun bureaucratic (ciki har da yaren fasaha da ake amfani da shi) na shigar da ƙara suna da matukar wahala kuma suna da doka ga talakawa. Kashi sittin 60 cikin dari 100 na roko na RTI da aka yi wa Kwamishinonin Watsa Labarai a Delhi an ƙi su ne saboda dalilai daban-daban, waɗanda suka haɗa da cewa ba a buga ƙararrakin ko ba a rubuta su cikin Turanci ba, ko kuma rashin fihirisar takaddun da aka haɗe ko jerin kwanan wata. Wannan shingen tsarin mulki, wanda ya fi muni ga waɗanda ba su da damar samun ilimi mai zurfi ko bayanai, ya sa ba za a iya samun damar samun bayanai ba. Yawancin 'yan ƙasa dole ne su nemi ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, masu fafutuka na RTI, ko lauyoyi, don shigar da RTI ɗin su. Kasar Indian Express ta ruwaito a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, na shekara ta 2022 cewa Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Gujarat (GIC) ta sanya baki tare da hana sama da masu neman tara shigar da kara a karkashin dokar RTI a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata. Amfani Yawancin masu fafutuka suna kallon Dokar Haƙƙin Watsa Labarai a matsayin 'yanci na ƙarshe daga mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya; sun bayyana dokar ta RTI a matsayin “kayan aiki na karfafawa talakawa ‘yan kasa da canza al’adar mulki ta hanyar tabbatar da gaskiya, rashin cin hanci da rashawa, mai shiga tsakani, da rikon amana.” Har ila yau, sun lura cewa buƙatun RTI suna ba da dabarun da abubuwa ga masu fafutuka a kan batutuwan zamantakewa da yawa, ciki har da "haƙƙin ƙasa da muhalli, fa'idodin tsaro na zamantakewa, aikin cibiyoyin kuɗi, sake fasalin tallafin kuɗaɗen jam'iyyun siyasa, abubuwan more rayuwa na jama'a, har ma da na jama'a-masu zaman kansu. sadarwa." Ƙungiyoyin da aka keɓe Kamar yadda yake a sashi na ashirin da hudu 24 na dokar, kungiyoyin leken asiri da tsaro na tsakiya da na jihohi, an kebe su daga dokar RTI sai dai idan akwai cin hanci da rashawa ko take hakkin dan Adam. Irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin tsakiya an jera su a cikin jadawalin 2 na Dokar. An sabunta jadawalin sau hudu, 4 a cikin watan Satumba na shekara ta 2005, zuwa watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008 da kuma watan Mayu na shekara ta 2021. Ofishin leken asiri Bincike da Bincike Wing ciki har da reshen fasaha, Cibiyar Binciken Jirgin Sama na kasa Daraktan Leken Asiri na Kuɗi Ofishin Leken Asirin Tattalin Arziki Daraktan Gudanarwa Ofishin Kula da Narcotics Rundunar Sojoji ta Musamman Jami'an tsaron kan iyaka Rundunar 'yan sanda ta tsakiya 'Yan sandan iyakar Indo-Tibet Rundunar Tsaron Masana'antu ta Tsakiya Jami'an tsaron kasa Assam Rifles Sashastra Seema Bal Babban Darakta na Harajin Kuɗi (Bincike) Ƙungiyar Binciken Fasaha ta Ƙasa Sashen Hankali na Kuɗi, Indiya Ƙungiya ta Musamman Kungiyar Bincike da Ci Gaban Tsaro Kungiyar hanyoyin kan iyaka Sakatariyar Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa (Sakataren Majalisar Tsaron Kasa, a Sakatariyar Majalisar Duba kuma Hare-hare kan masu fafutukar RTI a kasar Indiya Manufar Rarraba Bayanan Ƙasa da Samun Dama Gwamnatin kasar Indiya Parinamika, tsohuwar ƙungiyar don haƙƙin bayanai tsakanin 'yan ƙasar Indiya Bayanan kula Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hakki Don Shafukan Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai da hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizon su na RTI Bincika Cikakken rubutu na Dokar Haƙƙin Bayani RTI ONLINE CIC Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Tsakiya tana da ikon yanke hukunci da ƙararraki da suka taso daga amfani da Dokar Haƙƙin Bayani, 2005. CIC Online Sabon gidan yanar gizo na Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Tsakiya don shigar da ƙararraki da ƙararrakin da suka taso daga amfani da Dokar Haƙƙin Bayani, 2005. DoPT Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata da Horarwa, Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata, Korafe-korafen Jama'a, da Fansho, ana tuhumar su da kasancewa hukumar nodal don Dokar Haƙƙin Bayani, 2005. Tana da ikon yin dokoki game da ƙararraki, kudade, da sauransu. Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Bayar da Bayani Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Dangantakar%20Najeriya%20da%20Amurka

Tarihin Dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka

Dangantakar dake tsakanin Tarayyar Najeriya da kasar Amurka ta kasance a hukumance lokacin da Najeriya ta samu ƴancin kai daga ƙasar Birtaniya a shekarar alif 1960. A cikin ƙarni na 21st, sun haifar da ƙawance mai mahimmanci, a wani lokacin kuma basa jin daɗi, bayan wani ɗan lokaci na diflomasiyya da aka bincika. A al'adance Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokan huldar Amurka a Afirka, kuma tare da yawan al'ummar ƙasashen sun kai sama da rabin biliyan. Duk da cewa Najeriya ta samu ’yancin kanta ne tare da fa’ida, ko da yake ba bisa ka’ida ba, a ra’ayin kasashen yamma, dangantakarta ta farko da Amurka ta yi matukar taɓarɓarewa sakamakon tallafin jin kai da Amurka ke baiwa masu fafutukar neman kafa ƙasar Biafra a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya, da kuma yakin cacar baka a wasu wurare a Afirka. A ƙarƙashin gwamnatin shugaban Amurka Gerald Ford, an tada hankali ne sakamakon goyon bayan da ƙasashen ke baiwa ɓangarorin da ke adawa da juna a yakin basasar Angola, da kuma yadda Amurka ke ci gaba da nuna goyon bayanta ga gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, wadda ta kasance mai ɗaukar hankali a tsawon shekarun 1980. Dangantaka ta inganta sosai a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, saboda tsare-tsaren manufofin harkokin waje na gwamnatin Jimmy Carter da kuma yadda Najeriya ta ƙara yawan man fetur da take fitarwa ga Amurka bayan rikicin OPEC na 1973 Ziyarar da Carter ya kai Legas a shekarar 1978 ita ce ziyarar aiki ta farko da wani shugaban Amurka ya kai a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara A cikin shekarun 1980, dangantakar kasuwanci da zuba jari da ke ci gaba da gudana tare da tashe-tashen hankula na diflomasiyya kan gazawar gwamnatin Najeriya wajen dakile laifuffukan kan iyaka da safarar miyagun kwayoyi, da kuma ƙarin rahotanni na take hakkin dan Adam a cikin Najeriya. Duk da cewa a baya Amurka ba ta cika nuna adawa da mulkin sojan Najeriya ba, amma haƙurinta ya ƙare a lokacin mulkin Janar Sani Abacha wanda ya karbi mulki a lokacin juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a shekarar 1993 Tsawon shekaru biyar masu zuwa Najeriya na fuskantar ƙarin takunkumai da kuma kusan wargaza huldar diflomasiyya. Sai dai Amurka ta yi gaggawar maraba da komawar Najeriya mulkin farar hula a shekarar 1999. A zamanin mulkin shugaban Najeriya Olusegun Obasanjo, huldar kasuwanci da taimako ta ƙara haɓɓaka, kuma alaƙar ƙasashen ta dawo da zafi a baya. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙasashen biyu ta ta'allaka ne kan haɗin gwiwar soji, da tsaro, da yaki da ta'addanci a yammacin Afirka, musamman shirye-shiryen da suka shafi ɓangarori daban-daban a mashigin tekun Guinea da ISIS da Boko Haram A yayin gudanar da wadannan tsare-tsare, tashe-tashen hankula da rashin yarda da juna a tsakanin sojojin Amurka da na Najeriya, wasu lokuta kan shiga cikin rikicin diflomasiyya. Da yake fitowa daga al'adar diflomasiyyar mai tsakanin kasashen biyu a baya, ƙasashen biyu sun bunƙasa cinikin mai a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, amma Amurka ta kasance babbar kasuwa don fitar da ɗanyen man Najeriya zuwa kasashen waje, kusan gaba ɗaya na danyen mai Har ila yau, Amurka ita ce ta farko da ke saka hannun jari daga ketare a Najeriya kuma babbar hanyar samun agaji daga ketare. Sama da 'yan Najeriya miliyan ɗaya da Amurkawa 'yan Najeriya suna zaune, karatu, aiki a Amurka. Yayin da sama da Amurkawa 25,000 ke zaune, kuma suna aiki a Najeriya. Akwai ƙungiyoyin ƙasashen Nijeriya da dama a ƙasar Amirka, da ke taimaka wa harkokin siyasa da tattalin arzikin al’ummar Nijeriya, a wajen Nijeriya. Haɓaka waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziƙi na yau da kullun shine adadi mai yawa na kuɗi ga iyalai daga yawancin al'ummar Amurkawa mazauna Najeriya Amma duk da haka albarkatun man fetur na Najeriya da muhimmancinsa ga zaman lafiyar yankin sun yi ƙoƙarin dakile duk wani karfi na dogaro ga Amurka, tare da rage karfin da ake samu da kuma kulla alaƙa da mutunta juna da kuma cin moriyar juna. Dangane da kuri'ar 2019 daga Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew, kashi 62% na 'yan Najeriya suna da ra'ayi mai kyau game da Amurka. Tarihi 1960–1966: Farkon dangantakar diflomasiyya An kulla huldar diflomasiyya ta yau da kullum tare da bude ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Legas da na ofishin jakadancin Najeriya a Washington, a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban 1960, a daidai lokacin da Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai daga Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. Shugaban ƙasar Amirka, Dwight D. Eisenhower, ya wakilce shi a bukukuwan 'yancin kai daga Nelson Rockefeller, Gwamnan New York. A cikin sakonsa ga sabuwar gwamnati a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, Eisenhower ya yi wa Najeriya alƙawarin goyon bayan Amurka (Amurka), amma kuma ya yi gargadin game da barazanar da za a iya samu daga wajen iyakokinta wanda aka fahimta a matsayin abin rufe fuska ga Tarayyar Soviet., don haka ne majibincin yanayin yaƙin cacar -baki wanda zai daidaita dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka a farkon wannan lokacin. Bayan shigar Najeriya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) daga baya a cikin 1960, Firayim Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ya sanar da cewa, a fagen siyasa, Najeriya za ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tsaka mai wuyar shiga tsakani na yakin cacar baka, kuma ba za ta sadaukar da ‘yancinta ga Gabas ba. –Kishiyoyin Yamma. Duk da haka, cewa gwamnatin farar hula ta Jamhuriyar Farko ta Najeriya ba ta kasance a hukumance ba, amma ta kasance "a bayyane, ko da yake ba bautar ba, mai goyon bayan Yamma". Wannan wani ɓangare ne na tsarin diflomasiyya da tattalin arziki, sakamakon ci gaba da kusancin Najeriya da Birtaniya, amma kuma ya shafi alakar akida. Kamar yadda Balewa ya nuna a cikin jawabin 1961 ga 'yan majalisar dokokin Najeriya, "Mun yaba da salon rayuwar Amurka, kuma muna girmama mutanen Amurka saboda son 'yanci". Baya ga ɗaukar yaɗuwar tsarin gurguzu na Tarayyar Soviet, wani daga cikin manufofin farko na Amurka a Najeriya shi ne ƙarfafa dangantakar tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashen biyu. Ta nuna sha'awarta ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Najeriya kafin 1960, ta ba da taimakon raya kasa ta hanyar Biritaniya, kuma, a shekarar 1958, ta ba da gudummawar dala 700,000 don samar da ayyuka goma a Najeriya, galibi a fannin noma. Jim kadan bayan 'yancin kai na Najeriya, an aika da wata manufa ta musamman ta tattalin arziki mai mutum biyar domin ta yi nazari kan shirin ci gaban Najeriya da kuma neman hanyoyin da za a iya hada kan tattalin arziki. A shawarar manufa, Amurka ta himmatu wajen samar da dala miliyan 225 a cikin taimakon raya ƙasa sama da shekaru biyar, farawa daga 1962 tare da dala miliyan 25 na lamuni da tallafi. A cikin 1964, wata takardar manufofin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayyana cewa, "Babban sha'awar Amurka a Najeriya ita ce ganin ta girma da ci gaba, a cikin ƴancin Duniya, a matsayin jagora kuma kyakkyawan misali ga sauran kasashen Afirka." Duk da haka, wannan shirin ya wargaje a 1966, lokacin da sojoji suka yi juyin mulki a Najeriya ya kawar da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa. A cikin hargitsin da ya biyo baya, an kori rundunar zaman lafiya ta Amurka gaba daya daga Najeriya. 1967–1970: Yakin Basasa na Najeriya A watan Yulin shekarar 1967, yakin basasa ya barke a Najeriya, sakamakon yunkurin ballewar kasar Biafra. Nan da nan Amurka ta ɗauki "tsakiyar tsaka-tsaki mai ban sha'awa", ko da yake duka 'yan awaren Biafra da gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya ta Janar Jack Gowon sun nemi taimakon sojan Amurka da diflomasiyya. Kwanaki huɗu bayan barkewar rikici, Amurka ta ba da sanarwar cewa ba za ta sayar ko ba da makamai ga kowane ɓangare ba, "don kada a zurfafa rikici". A bisa ga al'ada yana mai da hankali ga rawar da tsoffin turawan mulkin mallaka suka taka a Afirka, kuma ya shiga cikin Vietnam sosai, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya ɗauki yakin a matsayin "al'amarin Biritaniya" wanda ba a keɓance muradun Amurkawa ba. Ko da yake wannan manufar ta fusata jami'an Najeriya, gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta yi wata sanarwa ta sasantawa, inda ta sake jaddada matsayinta na rashin hadin kai a yakin cacar-baka tare da bayyana cewa Amurka da Birtaniya "har yanzu sun kasance a matsayin farko na Najeriya. zabi don siyan makamai saboda dalilai da yawa" ko da yake kuma yana gargadin cewa yana sa ran "abokanta, musamman a Yamma" ba za su kawo cikas ga kokarinta na yaki ba. Ba tare da goyon bayan Amurka ba, gwamnatin tarayya ta nema, kuma ta karɓi taimakon sojan Soviet. Duk da haka, Amurka ba ta kallon wannan ƙawance a matsayin mai barazana musamman ga muradunta wani ɓangare saboda kasancewar tarayyar Soviet ta kawar da kasancewar Birtaniyya, kuma wani ɓangare saboda manyan 'yan Najeriya sun nuna ra'ayin mazan jiya: a cikin taƙaitaccen bayanin Oye Ogunbadejo, "Janar Gowon ya kasance. da wuya Bolshevik Wannan kiyasi ya tabbata: ko da a lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta ba da taimako, kuma ko da yake Najeriya ta ci gaba da ba da taimako da haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci tare da Tarayyar Soviet bayan an gama yaƙin, aƙidar Tarayyar Soviet ba ta taɓa mamaye shugabannin Najeriya sosai ba. A lokacin da shugaban kasar Amurka Richard Nixon ya shiga ofis a shekarar 1969, ya goyi bayan shiga tsakani kai tsaye a Najeriya domin tallafawa masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra. Wannan tallafin ya ragu, duk da haka mai yiyuwa ne saboda Henry Kissinger da sauran jami'an Ma'aikatar Jiha sun nuna goyon baya ga gwamnatin tarayya, kuma mai yiyuwa, kamar yadda a cikin tunawa da Kissinger, saboda Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Harold Wilson ya karkatar da ra'ayoyin Nixon. Duk da haka, ko da ba tare da tsoma baki kai tsaye ba, Amurka ta gaza a yunƙurinta na kiyaye "ƙananan bayanan martaba". A wani kwarin gwiwa na wata babbar fage mai fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra a Washington, ƙasar Amirka ta ba da taimako mai mahimmanci, wanda aka kiyasta fiye da dala miliyan 9, don magance rikicin bil adama da ya taso daga dogon lokaci na hana Biafra. Jakadan Amurka a Najeriya, ya ce a cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar, Amurka na fatan ganin an samu “haɗin kai kuma ba za a raba” Nijeriya ba. Duk da haka, gwamnatin sojan tarayya ta yi fushi da goyon bayan Amurka ga Biafra, wanda ya kasance siyasa ba tare da wata shakka ba a kai tsaye ta amince da ikon gwamnatin Biafra. Har ila yau, ta ji haushin Amurka don ba da izini har ma, wasu jami'an Najeriya da ake zargi, da haɗa kai yakin farfagandar Biafra a Yamma. Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen ta amince a cikin rahoton 1971 cewa takunkumin makamai da ayyukan agaji na Biafra ya "dagula" dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka. 1970–1977: Sabani akan Kudancin Afirka Lokacin da kasar Biafra ta ruguje a watan Janairun 1970, Nixon na daga cikin shugabannin duniya na farko da suka taya gwamnatin mulkin sojan tarayya murnar nasarar da ta samu. Sakataren harkokin wajen kasar, William Rogers, ya ziyarci Najeriya a ranakun 19 zuwa 20 ga watan Fabrairu, kuma ya mika wata wasika ta sirri daga Nixon, inda ya nuna jin daɗin shugabancin Gowon. Duk da haka, lokacin da Gowon ya ziyarci Amurka na kwanaki biyar a 1973, bai gana da Nixon ba. Gabaɗaya, dangantakar Amurka da Najeriya ta kasance "ta yi kyau sosai" a yawancin shekarun 1970, kuma ta haɗa da lokacin "ɓangarorin" a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin shugaban Amurka Gerald Ford (1974-1977). Wannan ya faru ba kawai don bacin rai da ya rage daga yakin basasar Najeriya ba, har ma da karuwar rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin kasashen game da yadda ya kamata a tunkari tashe-tashen hankula a kasashen Kudancin Afirka a karkashin mulkin fararen fata. Duk da cewa Amurka ba ta dauki Najeriya da kanta a matsayin mai rauni ga yaduwar gurguzu ba, manufofinta na kamewa a wasu wurare a Afirka sun haifar da tashin hankali a shekarun 1970, musamman yadda kasancewar Tarayyar Soviet da Cuban ke karuwa a Kudancin Afirka, sabuwar kan iyaka da Afirka ta koma mulkin mallaka. Akwai dalilai masu karfi da yawa game da wannan: Juriya da Najeriya ta yi wa mulkin Afirka ta Kudu da dabarun Afirka ta Kudu na neman kafa gwamnatocin abokan ciniki a cikin jihohin da ake kira gaba yunƙurinsa na akida na gaske don kwato Afirka gaba ɗaya daga mulkin mallaka da mulkin farar fata masu rinjaye; da kuma imaninta cewa ya kamata a samu 'yantar da Afirka tare da mutunta diyaucin kasashen Afirka, wanda ke nuna fifiko kan tsarin kungiyar hadin kan Afrika (OAU) da kuma 'yancin cin gashin kai na jihohi don gayyatar taimako daga duk wani kawaye na yunƙurin 'yantar, ciki har da Tarayyar Soviet. Union da Kuba. Taimakon Najeriya ga Angolan a yakin yancin kai na Angolan, sannan ga Movimento Popular da Libertação de Angola (MPLA) a yakin basasar Angolan, ya yi kira ga wannan cakuda na motsa jiki. Matsayin Najeriya gaba daya game da Kudancin Afirka da Angola ya kasance a bayyane, amma a karkashin Janar Murtala Muhammed wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1975 Najeriya ta kaddamar da farmakin diflomasiyya na goyon bayan MPLA, wanda ya kai ga amincewa da gwamnatin karshen a hannun yawancin kasashe mambobin kungiyar, na OAU. Bugu da ƙari, Nijeriya ta ba da taimako ga ƙungiyoyi masu 'yanci, ta hanyar OAU da kuma taimakon soja da tattalin arziki kai tsaye, wanda aka kiyasta kimanin dala miliyan 5 a kowace shekara a tsakiyar shekarun 1970. Wannan agajin ya haɗa da samar da makamai da kuma amfani da jiragen sojin Najeriya, kuma a shekara ta 1977 gwamnati ta sanar da aniyarta ta tura sojojin Najeriya don tallafawa 'yantar da yankin kudancin Afirka, ko da kuwa cikin haɗarin da za a iya fuskanta na ramuwar gayya daga Afirka ta Kudu. A Angola kamar yadda ake yi a wasu lokuta a ƙarni na 20 wannan matsayi ya sa Najeriya ta yi hannun riga da Amurka, saboda manufofin kame na karshen, kusanci da tsoffin ‘yan mulkin mallaka, da alaka da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Janairu 1976, Ford ya rubuta wa Muhammad wasika a cikinta ya yi alkawarin karfafa Afirka ta Kudu don kawo karshen shisshigin da take yi a yakin basasar Angola, amma sai idan Muhammad ya gaya wa MPLA ya nemi ficewar sojojin Soviet da Cuban. "Ba za mu iya... tsaya kyam ba idan Tarayyar Soviet da Cuban suka ci gaba da sa baki," Ford ya kammala. An bayar da rahoton cewa ya rubuta irin wannan wasiƙu zuwa ga wasu shugabannin ƙasashen Afirka, yana matsa musu don kada su goyi bayan ko amincewa da MPLA da kuma ba da shawarar cewa 'yancin kai na Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka Namibiya mai mulkin Afirka ta Kudu) zai kasance da sharadi ga janyewar Cuba. daga Angola. Muhammed ya mayar da martani da vitriol, a cikin wata sanarwa a hukumance yana kwatanta wasikar a matsayin "cin mutunci ga shugabannin Afirka". Ƴan Jaridu da jama'a a Najeriya ma sun fusata sosai: Daily Times (Nigeria) ta gudanar da labarin a karkashin taken "Shut Up", yayin da shafin farko na jaridar Najeriya Nigerian Herald ya rubuta, "To Hell With America", a farkon shafin jaridar. Tuni dai ra'ayin jama'a a Najeriya ya bijire wa Amurka a lokacin, musamman saboda shigo da sinadarin chromite daga kasar Rhodesia karkashin mulkin Byrd, wanda ya kaucewa takunkumin da aka kakaba wa Rhodesia. Kuma a cikin Fabrairun 1975, alal misali, sojojin Najeriya sanye da tankokin yaki sun tilasta wa Hukumar Raya Cigaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka daga ofisoshinta a tsibirin Legas. Amma, a watan da ya biyo bayan wasiƙar Ford, a cikin Fabrairu 1976, tashin hankali ya ƙara tsananta lokacin da aka kashe Muhammed a wani yunƙurin juyin mulkin da gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi zargin cewa akwai hannun hukumar leƙen asiri ta Amurka. An yi zanga-zangar kyamar Amurkawa da dalibai suka yi a Legas da sauran wurare a Najeriya: masu zanga-zangar sun kona tutocin Amurka, sun kai hari kan ofisoshin diflomasiyya na Amurka, kuma sun bukaci a mayar da man fetur na Gulf na Amurka kasa. Wannan ya haifar da "barkewar dangantakar diflomasiyya" tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. Sau biyu a cikin 1976, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya ta ki amincewa Sakataren Gwamnati Kissinger ya ziyarci Legas, jaridar (New York Times) sun ruwaito zargin cewa ita ma ta matsa wa Ghana ta soke ziyarar da Kissinger ya shirya zuwa Accra. A cikin Oktoba 1976, Najeriya ta yi watsi da shawarar Anglo-Amurka don sasantawa na Rhodesian, kuma, a cikin Maris 1977, an kama wakilin jaridar New York Times na Afirka ta Yamma, John Darnton a Legas, sannan aka kore shi daga Najeriya. a cikin ci gaba da jin daɗin hukuma da jama'a game da 'yan leƙen asirin Amurka. 1977-1981: Haɗin kai a ƙarƙashin Carter Dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka ta inganta sosai tun daga shekarar 1977, musamman saboda zaben Jimmy Carter a matsayin shugaban kasar Amurka. Manufofin Carter na waje game da Afirka an kwatanta su da bambanta sosai da na magabata ba wai kawai a cikin mahimmancin Afirka ba, amma har ma da tsayin daka ga yakin cacar baka a Angola. na zamanin Kissinger, wanda, a cikin kalmomin Cyrus. Vance, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Carter, ya ɗauki Afirka "a matsayin filin gwaji na gasar Gabas da Yamma". Maimakon haka, Carter ya nemi ya zayyana hoton 'yancin kai na Amurka a waje, yana mai da hankali kan ka'idodin adalci na duniya da 'yancin ɗan adam; ya kuma yi tir da wariyar launin fata a bainar jama'a, ya kuma soki dabarun gwamnatin Ford a yakin basasar, Bugu da ƙari, Carter ya nada a matsayin jakadan Amurka a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wani matashi bakar fata dan majalisa, Andrew Young, wanda ke abota na sirri da Laftanar Janar Olusegun Obasanjo, shugaban Najeriya, da Birgediya Joe Garba, kwamishinan harkokin waje na Najeriya. Gabaɗaya, ƙasar Amirka, da Jakadanta a Nijeriya, Donald B. Easum, sun jaddada aniyar ƙasar Amirka, na tuntubar Nijeriya sosai, game da manufofinta na ƙetare, a wasu wurare a Afrika. Tasirin sauye-sauyen biyu shine "damar sake farawa" a cikin dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka. Bugu da ƙari, yanayi na iya sa shugabannin Najeriya su sake yin la'akari da matsananciyar manufofinsu na ketare: duka tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin Najeriya, da kuma rashin ci gaban yunƙurin 'yantar da Afirka ta Kudu, sun sanya dangantakar diflomasiyya da Amurka ta zama abin sha'awa kuma har ma da mahimmanci. Ƙudurin da Carter ya yi na hana dogaro da shigo da mai daga ƙasashen waje, haɗe da faɗuwar faɗuwar da ake samu a cikin man Nijeriya saboda ƙarancin wadatar da man fetur a duniya, ya sa ya zama mahimmanci don haɓaka dangantakar tattalin arzikin Najeriya da Amurka (Kuma, lalle ne. a 1977, fiye da kashi 80% na man da Najeriya ke fitarwa ya tafi Amurka Dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin kasashen biyu ta inganta cikin sauri, kuma shugabannin kasashen sun yi musanyar ziyarar aiki. Obasanjo ya ziyarci Washington a watan Oktoba 1977, kuma Carter ya ziyarci Legas a watan Maris zuwa Afrilu 1978. Ziyarar ta Obasanjo ita ce ta farko da wani shugaban Najeriya ya kai Amurka tun bayan samun 'yancin kai, yayin da Carter's ita ce ziyarar farko da wani shugaban Amurka ya kai wata kasa da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara. alfanun waɗannan ziyarce-ziyarcen ita ce Yarjejeniyar Horar da Ma'aikata ta Najeriya da Amurka, wadda a ƙarƙashinta dubban 'yan Najeriya za su sami horon fasaha a Amurka; da yarjejeniyoyin kafa ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda huɗu, game da zuba jari da ciniki, fasaha, noma, da haɓaka karkara da ilimi. A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, tawagogin kasuwanci na hukuma sun yi tafiya akai-akai tsakanin kasashen don shawarwari masu girma. Har ila yau, a cikin 1977, gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanya hannu kan manyan kwangiloli guda biyu tare da kamfanonin Amurka don tsara sabon babban birninta a Abuja, sanannen ficewa daga al'adar haɗin gwiwar Najeriya da Birtaniya kan irin waɗannan batutuwa. Har ila yau, taimakon soja ya karu: yayin da Amurka ta sayar wa Najeriya kayan aikin soja kusan na dala miliyan 12.6 ne kawai tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1976, a 1977 Amurka ta amince da dala miliyan 45.5 a irin wannan siyayyar. A karshe, Carter da Obasanjo sun yi gaggawar cimma matsaya na wani bangare na sabanin da ke tsakanin kasashensu kan Kudancin Afirka. A cikin watan Satumba na 1977, Obasanjo ya fito fili kuma ya amince da sabon shawarwarin Anglo-Amurka na sasantawa a Rhodesia, kuma ya zaburar da su a wani taro a Lusaka tare da shugabannin jihohi. Wannan ya biyo bayan ganawa da matasa da gwamnatin Amurka game da cikakkun bayanai game da shawarwarin, kuma, bayan haka, an shawarci Najeriya sosai game da abubuwan da suka faru bayan da tattaunawar ta rushe a cikin Janairu 1978, Amurka da sauran wakilan yammacin Turai sun tashi zuwa Legas don shawarwari. da gwamnatin Najeriya. Lokacin da Najeriya ta koma kan tsarin dimokuradiyya a karkashin jamhuriya ta biyu, dangantakar diflomasiyya ta kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali. Hakika, kundin tsarin mulkin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya na 1979 ya yi sako-sako da tsarin tsarin shugaban kasa na tarayya na Amurka, da 'yan majalisar dokokin Najeriya goma sha shida sun ziyarci majalisar dokokin Amurka domin nazarin yadda tsarin ya gudana a karkashin hadadden al'ada na kabilanci da addini wanda ya haifar da rikici. Amurka da Najeriya sun yi daya. Mataimakin shugaban kasa Walter Mondale ya ziyarci Najeriya a watan Yulin 1980 a wani ɓangare na rangadin Afirka, kuma ya jaddada muradin Amurka na karfafa alaƙar tattalin arziki da Najeriya. Shugaban Najeriya Shehu Shagari ya ziyarci Amurka a watan Oktoba 1980. Koyaya, ra'ayin cikin gida na Najeriya game da haɗin gwiwar Najeriya da Amurka ya bambanta. Wasu mazabu na cikin gida, ciki har da sassan 'yan jaridu, sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaban da aka samu tare da adawa da goyon bayan gwamnati ga shirin Anglo-Amurka a Rhodesia. A matakin hukuma, Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance abin da ya dace. Ayyukan gwamnatin Carter na manufofinta na Afirka wani lokaci yana bayyana "rashin kuskure" ga jami'an Najeriya, yana nuna shakku game da gaskiyar alkawurran Amurka na yin adalci da 'yancin kai a Kudancin Afirka. Kwanciyar hankalinta game da faɗaɗa tsarin gurguzu bai kawar da tunanin Amurka ba a idanun 'yan Najeriya don "masu fushi". A ziyarar da Carter ya kai a birnin Legas, Obasanjo ya “ki yarda” gayyatar da Carter ya yi masa na yin Allah wadai da shigar Tarayyar Soviet da Cuba a Afirka. Najeriya ba ta goyi bayan shigar Amurka a Shaba II ko, daga baya, a cikin Horn of Africa, kuma dangantakarta da Afirka ta Kudu ba ta da farin jini musamman. A cikin Oktoba 1977, alal misali, ko da yake Amurka ta goyi bayan takunkumin takunkumin makamai na tsawon watanni shida a Afirka ta Kudu a kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kuma shiga cikin Birtaniya da Faransa wajen yin watsi da daftarin kudurin Afro-Asiya wanda ya bukaci takunkumin tattalin arziki da na soja. A ziyarar da Carter ya kai Legas a watan Afrilun 1978, Obasanjo ya fito fili ya caccaki Amurka da kasashen Yamma saboda ra'ayinsu na lumana a kan wariyar launin fata da kuma ci gaba da hadin gwiwa da Pretoria kan harkokin soji da tattalin arziki. Irin wannan tashe-tashen hankula sun ta'azzara a ƙarƙashin magajin Carter, Ronald Reagan, wanda gwamnatinsa ta yi "hankali mai ma'ana" tare da Pretoria tare da yin watsi da kudurin Kwamitin Tsaro kan takunkumi. Mai goyon bayan takunkumin da aka kaƙaba wa Afirka ta Kudu, Najeriya ta yi maraba da rashin amincewar Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ga Reagan na kin amincewa da dokar hana wariyar launin fata ta 1986. 1981-1993: Rashin jin daɗi A shekarun 1980, yayin da tattalin arzikin cikin gida ya tabarbare, Najeriya ta zama cibiyar safarar miyagun kwayoyi ta kan iyaka da kuma zamba, musamman abin da ake kira damfarar yan 419. Ko da yake ba babban mai samar da narcotics ba ne, babban wurin jigilar kayayyaki ne a kan da'irar narcotics na duniya, musamman ga opiates da hodar iblis da ake jigilar su zuwa Arewacin Amurka da Turai a tsakiyar 1990s, hukumomin tilasta yin amfani da kwayoyi na Amurka, sun kiyasta cewa cibiyoyin sadarwa na Najeriya sun kai fiye da rabin maganin tabar (heroin) da ake samu a Amurka Wannan ya ba da ingiza hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen biyu da kuma tushen tada hankali. A shekarar 1987, kasashen sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta tabbatar da doka da oda, sannan kuma yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna ta musamman kan yaki da miyagun kwayoyi. Jami'an tsaron Najeriya suma sun sami horon yaki da miyagun kwayoyi na Amurka. Duk da haka, ƙasar Amirka ma ta ƙara jin takaici game da abin da ta ɗauka a matsayin "halayen halattar da gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi game da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin bin doka". A shekarar 1985 ne Janar Ibrahim Babangida na Najeriya ya karɓi mulki ta hanyar juyin mulki, ya kuma yi alkawarin kyautata alaka tsakanin kasashen biyu, yana mai nuni da irin horon da ya samu a fannin soji a Amurka Hasali ma, a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Babangida, an kara nuna damuwa a Amurka game da take hakkin dan Adam da ake tafkawa. gwamnatin soja. A watan Disambar 1989, gwamnatin Amirka ta janye bashin dala miliyan 80.5 daga Nijeriya, duk da cewa an soke ziyarar da Babangida ya shirya zuwa Amirka a wata mai zuwa. 1993–1998: Tsamin dangantakar diflomasiya a mulkin Abacha Martanin diflomasiyya Daga karshen shekarun 1980, kamar yadda Najeriya ke shirin komawa mulkin farar hula a karkashin jamhuriya ta Uku da ake sa ran, Amurka ta goyi bayan wadannan yunƙurin, na kuɗi ta hanyar tallafawa lamuni na Bankin Duniya da kuma diflomasiyya. Ƙasar Amirka ta kasance abokiyar tarayya ga Nijeriya wajen tsara wannan sauyi, saboda tsarin mulkin dimokraɗiyya na ƙarshe na Nijeriya an yi shi ne da kansa, da kuma saboda shugaban Amirka Bill Clinton ya shiga ofis a 1993 da nufin aiwatar da manufofin shiga tsakani a Afirka. da kuma wanda, a cikin yanayin duniya bayan yakin cacar baka, zai inganta kyakkyawan shugabanci da dimokuradiyya. A watan Yuni 1993, duk da haka, an gudanar da zaɓen dimokuradiyya a Najeriya, sannan Janar Babangida ya soke nan da nan. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta soki soke sokewar a matsayin "abin takaici", sannan ta kuma nuna damuwa game da "ci gaba da danniya da 'yan jaridu da dakarun dimokuradiyya" a cikin rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da ya biyo baya. Yayin da yake gargaɗin cewa za ta ɗauki ƙarin matakai idan sojoji ba su mika wuya ga farar hula ba, Amurka ta aiwatar da wasu matakai na farko don "yi rijistar damuwa da rashin jin daɗinta", ciki har da soke tallafin dala miliyan 11 na kasafin kuɗi ga ma'aikatar Najeriya. na Lafiya dakatar da duk wasu taimakon raya kasa, sai dai taimakon jin kai da ake bi ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu; da kuma dakatar da duk wani taimako da horon soji na ƙasashen biyu, sai dai horon da ya shafi yaki da muggan kwayoyi. An janye jami'in dake ba da taimakon tsaro na Amirka daga Najeriya, yayin da jami'in tsaro na Amurika ya dakatar da tafiyarsa zuwa Najeriya, sannan aka buƙaci hadimin sojin Najeriya ya bar birnin Washington. A ƙarshe, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da bita-bi-uku, "tare da zato na ƙaryatawa", don duk sabbin takardun lasisi don fitar da tsaro na kasuwanci zuwa Najeriya. Wanda ake kyautata zaton ya lashe zaben watan Yuni, Moshood Abiola, ya je Amurka da Biritaniya domin samun goyon bayan ƙasashen waje kan shugabancinsa. A cikin Nuwamba 1993, amma, aka naɗa Janar Sani Abacha a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a juyin mulkin da ba a zubar da jini ba. A wata mai zuwa, Shugaba Clinton ta fitar da wata shela a karkashin Dokar Shige da Fice da Kasa, inda ta takaita shiga Amurka ga "'yan Najeriya da suka tsara, aiwatarwa, ko kuma amfana daga manufofin da ke hana Najeriya sauya sheka zuwa dimokuradiyya" da kuma ga dangin wadannan mutane. A farkon 1994, an kuma haramta wa Najeriya takardar shedar a ƙarƙashin Dokar Taimakawa Waje ta Amirka saboda gazawa wajen shawo kan fataucin muggan kwayoyi a cikin iyakokinta, tare da yin tasiri mai tsanani ga taimakon ƙasashen waje da za ta iya samu. An ci gaba da aiwatar da ƙarin takunkumi a cikin watanni da shekaru masu zuwa, musamman ma dangane da rahotannin da ake samu na tauye hakkin ɗan adam a cikin Najeriya. Gwamnatin Amurka ta yi Allah-wadai da hukuncin kisa da aka yankewa tsohon shugaban kasa Obasanjo, da wasu, bisa zargin yunkurin juyin mulki. Ta fitar da abin da jami'in diflomasiyyar George E. Moose ya kira "bayyani mai kakkausar murya" inda ya bukaci a yi hakuri, kuma an ce Clinton ta yi waya da Abacha da kansa don ya gargade shi kan aiwatar da hukuncin kisa. Bayan takaita hukuncin kisa na Ken Saro-Wiwa da sauran mutanen Ogoni Nine a watan Nuwamba 1995, an karfafa takunkumi da hana tafiye-tafiye, gami da hana zirga-zirgar jami'an diflomasiyya da jami'an Najeriya da ke ziyartar Amurka. Amurka kuma ta kira Jakadanta a Najeriya. An gabatar da kudurori guda biyu masu ba da izinin ƙarin takunkumi a cikin Majalisar Dattawa da ta Wakilai, amma ba su sami ƙuri'a ba. Ya zuwa farkon shekarar 1996, dangantakar Najeriya da kasashen Yamma ta kasance "mafi ƙarancin lokaci". Wannan ya kasance duk da ƙoƙarin Donald McHenry, jami'in diflomasiyya da ake mutuntawa sosai a Najeriya, wanda aka naɗa shi a matsayin wakilin Clinton a 1994 kuma wanda ya kai ziyara Najeriya akai-akai don tattaunawa da Abacha ta hanyar tashoshi. Jakadan Amurka mai ci a Najeriya Walter Carrington, ya kasance mai sukar gwamnatin Abacha, kuma ya zama "virtually persona non grata" a Najeriya. Duk da haka, duk da ci gaba da aikace-aikacenta na "cakudadden diflomasiyya mai natsuwa da kuma takunkumi mai iyaka", masu sharhi sun lura cewa Amurka ba ta son yankewa ko lalata dangantakarta da Najeriya ba tare da gyarawa ba, musamman dangantakar tattalin arziki da tsaro. Ko da yake an yi la'akari da dakatar da kadarorin gwamnatin Najeriya, shawarar ta ci tura lokacin da Najeriya ta yi barazanar mayar da martani ta hanyar dakatarwa ko bata kadarorin Amurka a Najeriya. Watakila mahimmanci, takunkumin Amurka bai kai ga ɓangaren man Najeriya ba. A wani ra'ayi, wannan ya faru ne saboda Amurka ta ƙididdige cewa babu isassun tallafin siyasa musamman a Turai don takunkumin hana mai na bangarori daban-daban, kuma takunkumin bai ɗaya ba zai yi tasiri ba. A wani ra'ayi kuma, ƙasar Amirka ta ci gaba da cinikin man fetur don kare muradunta na ƙasa da na kasuwanci. Kamfanonin mai na Amurika da wasu da ke da manyan jari a Najeriya rahotanni sun nuna cewa, sun yi adawa da tsauraran takunkumai, musamman ma na batun hana man fetur. Martanin jama'a Goyon bayan da jama'a ke baiwa Abacha saniyar ware a duniya ya samo asali ne daga tarin 'yan fafutuka, wadanda a tsakanin 1993 zuwa 1999, suka jagoranci fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyyar Najeriya mai dorewa, daga cikin ƴan Najeriya da yan gudun hijira. Ƙungiyar National Democratic Coalition (Nadeco), ƙungiyar adawa ta Najeriya, ta yi aiki musamman a Amurka, inda da dama daga cikin shugabanninta ke gudun hijira. Amurka ta karɓi irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi tare da "taimako da maraba". A cikin watan Yulin 1997, ‘yan sandan Nijeriya sun bayyana aniyarsu ta yi wa jami’an diflomasiyyar Amurka tambayoyi dangane da wasu hare-haren bama-bamai da aka kai a cikin Nijeriya da ƙungiyar (Nadeco) ke da hannu a ciki. Sauran ƙungiyoyin masu aiki sun haɗa da Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, TransAfrica, wani yanki na Congressional Black Caucus, da kuma wasu kungiyoyi na Najeriya-Amurka, Waɗanda suka ɗauki nauyin "siyasa ta adawa", ciki har da samun mashahuran mutane sun amince. A cikin 1997, masu fafutuka sun yi nasarar lallasa majalisar birnin New York don sanya sunan wani kusurwar titin Second Avenue, a wajen ofishin jakadancin Najeriya, bayan Kudirat Abiola, mai fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya wanda aka danganta kisan gillar da gwamnatin Abacha ta yi. (Bayan makonni biyu, Abacha ya mayar da martani ta hanyar canza sunan titin karamin ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Legas zuwa sunan Louis Farrakhan, sunan wani mai sukar gwamnatin Amurka.), baya ga haka yan siyasar Amerika masu goyan bayan mulkin Abacha, kamar irin su Carol Moseley Braun, ya ce ganganci ne zagin jama'a. 1998-2000s: Taimakawa ga dimokradiyyar Najeriya Bayan mutuwar Abacha a watan Yunin 1998, dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka ta daidaita cikin sauri. Magajin Abacha, Janar Abdulsalami Abubakar, ya sassauta takunkumin siyasa na cikin gida tare da bayyana kudurinsa na tabbatar da dimokradiyya. Amurka ta bude huldar diflomasiyya da Abubakar da gwamnatin mulkin soja, sannan kuma ta tuntubi Abiola mai fatan shugaban kasa, duk da cewa ya fadi ya mutu yayin ganawarsa da jami’an ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka. kuma ta dage takunkumin hana zirga-zirgar tafiye-tafiyen Najeriya, agaji, kasuwanci, da haɗin gwiwar sojoji. Jim kaɗan bayan Najeriya ta gudanar da zabukan dimokuradiyya a watan Fabrairun 1999, Sakataren Yada Labarai na Clinton ya sanar da cewa za a sake tabbatar da Najeriya a ƙarƙashin Dokar Taimakon Kasashen Waje. Wannan ba domin Najeriya ta samu ci gaba a fannin sarrafa muggan kwayoyi ba, amma saboda “muhimman muradun kasa” na Amurka, ganin cewa, “muhimmancin Najeriya ga zaman lafiyar yankin, da kuma yuwuwar misali na sake fasalin siyasa da tattalin arziki a Afirka, yana ba da muhimmiyar ma'ana ta musamman. zuwa canji a halin yanzu yana gudana". Daga baya a cikin 1999, ƙasar Amirka ta sassauta wani oda, wanda, tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1993, ta haramta duk wani zirga-zirga a tsakanin Amurika zuwa Legas ko legas zuwa Amurika daga filin jirgin saman Murtala Muhammed saboda rashin tsaro. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya hau kan karagar mulki a watan Mayun wannan shekarar, tawagar Amurka ta halarci bikin rantsar da shi. Shugaba Clinton ya ziyarci Najeriya ba da dadewa ba ziyarar farko da wani shugaban kasar Amurka ya kai tun lokacin Carter a 1979, lokacin da, a kwatsam, Obasanjo ya kasance shugaban kasa, duk da cewa ba a zaɓe shi ta hanyar dimokradiyya ba. Dangantaka ta sirri tsakanin Obasanjo da Clinton ta haifar da kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin kasashen biyu, kuma yanayin ya ci gaba a karkashin magajin Clinton, George W. Bush, daga 2001 Obasanjo shi ne shugaban Afrika na farko da Bush ya karɓi bakuncin a Fadar White House, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ziyara bayan haka. Lallai Obasanjo ya ziyarci Amurka sau tara tsakanin 1999 zuwa 2006. Wani muhimmin batu a dangantakar ƙasashen biyu a lokacin Bush da Obasanjo na farko shi ne muradin Najeriya na samun abin da ake kira ("democracy dividend"), ta hanyar taimako da soke bashi ko raguwa. A cikin 2001, da jaridar Los Angeles Times ta tambaye ta yadda Amurka za ta goyi bayan dimokradiyyar Najeriya, Obasanjo ya lura da cewar: “Mun amince da dimokuradiyya ba wai don ainihin kimar dimokuradiyya ba ne, a’a, domin mutanenmu sun yi imanin cewa dimokuradiyya na iya inganta rayuwarsu. Suna tsammanin, daidai, rabon dimokradiyya. Idan hakan bai zo ba, za su ji bacin rai. Amurka za ta iya taimaka mana da hakan.” Obasanjo ya ci gaba da maganganu don a soke basussuka a ganawarsa da gwamnatin Amurka, kuma al'amarin a wasu lokuta ya zama "mai rikitarwa". Clinton ba ta “karɓi” wannan shawara ba, kuma Amurka a ƙarƙashin Bush ta ci gaba da ƙudiri aniyar ba za ta ba da yafe bashi ba tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran Nijeriya na sake fasalin tattalin arziki ba. A wa'adi na biyu na mulkin Obasanjo, daga 2003, ya ƙara habaka manufofin cikin gida da yunƙurin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma ta haka ne ya tabbatar da yarjejeniyar da Paris Club ta yi na soke bashi mai yawa. Duk da haka, masu lura da al'amura sun lura cewa rabe-raben dimokuradiyyar Amurka ga Najeriya ba shi da kyau a cikin 'yan shekarun farko bayan zaɓen 1999 Taimakon da Amurka ke baiwa Najeriya daga ƙasashen waje ya ƙaru tsakanin 1998 zuwa 2001, daga kasa da dala miliyan 7 zuwa dala miliyan 109, amma ya sake raguwa a shekarun baya, kuma a shekarar 2004 an kiyasta ya kai dala miliyan 65. Har ila yau, an ƙara yawan fakitin agaji ta hanyar ƙara kayan agajin jin kai da ake bayarwa, da kuma sauye-sauyen siyasa da tattalin arziki, gami da mulki, noma, da dimokuradiyya. Bugu da ƙari, kusantar dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka ta gamu da wani gagarumin liyafa a cikin Najeriya. Kamar yadda suka yi a lokacin gwamnatin Carter, masu sukar sun yi zargin sahihancin goyon bayan da Amurka ke ba wa ‘yancin ɗan adam da dimokuradiyya a Afirka, suna zargin cewa hakan ya kasance abin fakewa da muradun ƙasa da ba su dace ba, kuma suna jayayya cewa Nijeriya ta zama wata ƙasa ta Yammacin Turai, ba ta bambanta da ita ba. bin manufofin kasashen waje karkashin jagorancin Afirka da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka. Duk da haka, a cikin shekarun baya, Amurka ta kasance a shirye ta ba da tallafi na siyasa don tabbatar da mulkin farar hula na dimokuradiyya a Najeriya. Tun bayan zaben Muhammadu Buhari a matsayin shugaban Najeriya a 2015, wannan ya hada da babban goyon baya ga yunƙurin Buhari na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gida cin hanci da rashawa na ɗaya daga cikin ajandar taron da Buhari ya yi a fadar White House da shugaban Amurka Barack Obama, Yuli 2015. Buhari ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Amurka da ta maido da kuɗaɗen almundahana da jami'an gwamnatin Najeriya suka yi, kuma a watan Afrilun 2016 Ibrahim Magu shugaban hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa, ya ziyarci Washington domin mika bukatarsa ga, gwamnatin Amurka don ƙarin taimakon fasaha, horo, da musayar bayanan sirri. 1998-zuwa yau: Alaƙa Haɗin gwiwar tsaro Shugaba Clinton da mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin tsaro, Anthony Lake, sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan magance tashe-tashen hankula a Afirka, kuma suna sane da irin tasirin da Najeriya ke da shi a fannin tsaro. Najeriya ta dade tana zama ɗan wasan tsakiya a cikin ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Afirka, kuma ta ɗauki nauyin jagoranci a tare da samar da mafi yawan dakarun ayyukan ECOMOG waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a farkon yaƙin basasar ƙasar Laberiya da Saliyo a cikin shekarun 1990. Bayan an zabi Obasanjo, ƙasar Amirka ta yi ƙoƙarin ba Nijeriya damar ci gaba da taka wannan rawar: Ma'aikatar tsaron ƙasar Amirka, ta ƙaddamar da wani shirin horar da bataliyoyin sojan Nijeriya biyar, kan ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya,, kuma a cikin 2000 Amurka ta ba wa Najeriya sama da dala miliyan 10 na taimakon soja da sama da dala miliyan 30 na sayar da makamai. Wani muhimmin abu na hadin gwiwar sojojin Najeriya da Amurka shi ne magance tashe-tashen hankula da aikata laifuka a mashigin tekun Guinea. buƙatun Wannan yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga mai na Amurka: a cikin 2003, alal misali, rikici a yankin Neja Delta ya tilasta wa kamfanin mai na Amurka Chevron, dakatar da yawancin albarkatun da yake haƙowa a Najeriya. Wani muhimmin abu shi ne kokarin yaki da ta'addanci. Bayan harin ta'addanci na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, Amurka ta kara kaimi wajen yaki da ta'addanci da kasancewar sojojinta a Afirka, tare da ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwar tsaro da Najeriya. A cewar wasu rahotanni, goyon bayan da Najeriya ke bawa yakin da Amurka ta yi da ta'addanci musamman bayan da Amurka ta mamaye Afganistan ba ta da farin jini ga wasu sassan cikin gida, wanda yawancinsu musulmi ne; sannan an samu munanan fadan addini a zanga-zangar da aka gudanar a Najeriya domin nuna adawa da hare-haren da Amurka ke kaiwa a Afghanistan. Haka kuma an samu wasu turjiya daga cikin sojojin Najeriya, waɗanda aka ce manyan hafsoshinsu sun gwammace su yi aiki tare da Biritaniya. Victor Malu ya yi iƙirarin cewa Obasanjo ya kore shi a matsayin babban hafsan soji ne saboda kakkausan harshe da adawa da haɗin gwiwar soja da Amurka. Saka Dokar Leahy Tun a farkon shekarun 2010, hadin gwiwar yaki da ta'addanci ya mayar da hankali ne kan hadin gwiwa wajen yaki da ta'addancin Boko Haram da ke addabar Najeriya a yammacin Afirka, musamman bayan sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok da aka yi a shekarar 2014. A ƙarƙashin Amurka. Shugaba Obama, wannan haɗin gwiwar ya iyakance ne ta hanyar zargin cin zarafin bil adama da sojojin Najeriya suka yi, ciki har da kan fararen hula, wanda ya haifar da Dokar Leahy don haka ya iyakance sayar da makamai na Amurka ga Najeriya. Wannan ya haifar da tashin hankali a Najeriya. Gwamnatin Najeriya da jakadan Amurka a Amurka sun fito fili sun soki shawarar Amurka, a tsakiyar shekarar 2014, don toshe sayar da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na Cobra da Amurka suka yi zuwa Najeriya daga Isra'ila saboda damuwar da ake yi game da take hakkin Dan-Adam jakadan Najeriya ya zargi Washington da kawo cikas a yaki da ta'addanci. A takaice, jami'an Amurka sun fito fili sun soki mutuncin da karfin sojojin Najeriya yayin sauraron ƙarar majalisar dattijai, sannan jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka Johnnie Carson ya amince da shi a karshen shekarar 2014 cewa, "Tashin hankali a cikin Amurka Dangantakar Najeriya tabbas suna da mafi girman matakin su a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Akwai babban matakin takaici a ɓangarorin biyu. Ya zuwa watan Agusta na 2015, an ba da rahoton cewa Amurka tana yunƙuri don cire takunkumin Dokar Leahy a Najeriya. Haramcin tafiye-tafiye da saka ido akan 'yancin addini A ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2019, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta saka Najeriya a cikin jerin gwamnatocin da suka tsunduma ko kuma suka jure "mummunan take hakkin 'yancin addini". An cire shi daga jerin a cikin Nuwamba 2021, kwanaki kafin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Antony Blinken ya isa Najeriya a wani bangare na rangadinsa na Afirka. Korar da Najeriya ta yi ya saba wa shawarar da Hukumar Yaki da ‘Yancin Addinai ta Amurka ta bayar, inda ta ce ta yi matukar kaduwa da matakin. A cikin Janairu 2020, makonni kacal bayan sanarwar Special Watch List, an ba da sanarwar cewa Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da yawa da aka ƙara wa dokar hana tafiye-tafiye na Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump a ƙarƙashin Dokar Zartaswa mai lamba 13780. Trump ya bayyana matsalolin tsaro, ciki har da cewa Najeriya "tana gabatar da babban hadari, dangane da sauran kasashen duniya, na balaguron ta'addanci zuwa Amurka", amma majiyoyi sun shaida wa jaridar New York Times cewa gwamnatinsa ta damu da hakan. 'Yan Najeriya da suka tsallaka zuwa can ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan ya tuna da kalaman Trump a wani taro a watan Yunin 2017, inda rahotanni suka ce 'yan Najeriya ba za su taɓa "komawa zuwa gidan su na asali ba" bayan sun ziyarci Amurka. Ministan Harkokin Wajen Najeriya, Geoffrey Onyeama, ya ce nasa Sanarwar ta yi watsi da gwamnatin Amurka ta bayar da bizar bakin haure sama da 7,920 ga 'yan Najeriya a cikin kasafin kuɗin shekarar 2018, wanda shi ne na biyu a kowace kasa a Afirka amma tana kokarin magance matsalolin tsaron Amurka. Alaƙar tattalin arziki Wani muhimmin abin da ya shafi dangantakar Amurka da Najeriya shi ne zaman lafiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda akasarin ya yi tsayin daka kan tabarbarewar diflomasiyya da siyasa. Zamanin mafi sanyi na dangantakar diflomasiyya musamman tsakiyar shekarun 1970 da tsakiyar 1990 ba abin mamaki ba ne ya haifar da illa ga dangantakar tattalin arziki, kuma, hakika, jarin Amurka a Najeriya ya fadada a wasu sassa a ƙarƙashin Janar Abacha. Ɗaya daga cikin bayanin shi ne cewa dangantakar ba ta da zurfin akida ko tushen tashin hankali, wanda ya ba da damar kasashen su gyara rashin jituwa cikin sauri ko kuma su ci gaba da yin hadin gwiwa a cikin ƙananan matakan a lokacin manyan matakan diplomasiyya. Saboda haka, kasashen biyu sun ba da fifikon abubuwan da suka shafi zahiri a cikin dangantakarsu, musamman tun daga 1975. Daga cikin abubuwan da ke damun su akwai babbar kasuwan masu amfani da kayayyaki a Najeriya da kuma “yawan albarkatun kasa da karfin tattalin arziki”. Musamman, Nijeriya ta kasance tushen albarkatun man fetur ga Amurka Hakika, masanin kimiyya Peter Lewis ya koka a cikin 2006 cewa, "tsakanin ciniki da zuba jari a bangaren man fetur abu ne da ba za a iya kaucewa ba wanda ya rufe wasu la'akari a Manufofin Amurka, don haka suna tauye tsarin tsarin manufofin." Mai da gas Masu sharhi sun yi la'akari da dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka a matsayin abin da ake kira diflomasiyyar man fetur: an lura da man fetur a matsayin babban abin da Amurka ke da sha'awar dangantakar, tare da Amurka ta kasance babbar mai amfani da man fetur kuma Najeriya ita ce babbar kasa a Afirka. Ƙasashen Amirka da dama, tare da wasu kamfanoni na Yamma, sun mamaye aikin hako mai a yankin Neja-Delta a 2003, kamfanin ChevronTexaco da ExxonMobil Corp tare suna haƙo kusan rabin man da ake haƙowa. Ƙasar Amirka na da sha'awar iskar gas ta Najeriya tun aƙalla 1973, lokacin da Kamfanin Guadalupe Gas Products Corporation na Amurka ya kulla yarjejeniya ta amfani da iskar gas tare da gwamnatin tarayya, ya raba 60-40 a karshen. A cikin 1977, kamfanonin Amirka sun sami izini don gina masana'antar iskar gas a Najeriya, wanda zai iya samar da iskar gas biliyan biyu a kowace rana. Bugu da kari, Najeriya ta zama mai samar da mai ga Amurka a cikin shekarun 1970s, sakamakon rashin samun sauyi a Gabas ta Tsakiya musamman kauracewa mai na Larabawa a 1973. Najeriya dai ta ki shiga kauracewa taron, duk da kasancewarta a cikin kungiyar kasashe masu arzikin man fetur ta OPEC. A shekara ta 1980, Najeriya ita ce kasa ta biyu mafi yawan kai man fetur a Amurka, bayan Saudiyya: a waccan shekarar, akalla kashi 46% na man da Najeriya ke fitarwa ya tafi Amurka, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 12% na man dake shiga ƙasar Amurka..Ƙarin mahimmancin Nijeriya ga samar da makamashin Amurka ya ba ta damar inganta matsayi a manufofin harkokin waje na Amurka daga tsakiyar 1970s. Bayan 11 ga Satumba, lokacin da Amurka ta sake samun sha'awar gaggawa ta ficewa daga masu samar da mai na Gabas ta Tsakiya, Gwamnatin Bush ta ayyana albarkatun man Najeriya a matsayin "hanyoyi masu mahimmanci", kuma rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya bi sahun manyan ‘yan kasuwan man fetur wajen fafutukar ganin Najeriya ta fice daga ƙungiyar OPEC. Sai dai kuma kasashen biyu sun karkata akalar cinikin man fetur a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. A shekarar 2020, Najeriya ta bai wa Amurka sama da ganga miliyan 24 na danyen mai, kusan kashi 1.1% na man da Amurka ke shigowa da shi da kuma kashi 4.8% na yawan man da Najeriya ke fitarwa. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna yadda dogaron Amurka kan man Najeriya ya ragu tun shekara ta 1993: Kasuwanci A farkon shekarun bayan Najeriya ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1960, kason Amurka na kasuwanci da zuba jari a Najeriya kadan ne, wanda Birtaniyya ta yi kasa da shi. A shekara ta 1974, Biritaniya ta kasance babbar abokiyar cinikayyar Najeriya, amma Amurka tana daya daga cikin manyan kasuwanninta guda uku na shigo da kaya da fitarwa; da kuma shekara mai zuwa, wanda ya haifar da ruri na kasuwancin mai, Amurka ta mamaye Biritaniya a matsayin babbar kasuwa mafi girma a Najeriya. Har ila yau, cinikin mai ya haifar da gibin ciniki mai ban sha'awa ga Amurka: sama da dala biliyan 6.1 a 1977, kuma aƙalla dala biliyan 9 a 1980 galibi ta hanyar ƙara kayan da take fitarwa zuwa kasuwa mai girma a Najeriya, amma waɗannan yunƙurin sun sami cikas sosai sakamakon sake fasalin tattalin arziki a Najeriya, wanda ya zama dole bayan rikicin tattalin arziki Musamman rashin farin ciki shine dokar hana shigo da alkama da Najeriya ta aiwatar tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1993. Amurka, wadda a da ita ce babbar hanyar shigo da alkama a Najeriya, ta dage wajen nuna rashin amincewa da dokar a duk tsawon rayuwarta, tare da daukar matakin a matsayin rashin adalci na kasuwanci da kuma barazanar daukar matakin ramuwar gayya. Jim kadan bayan mulkin dimokuradiyyar Najeriya, a shekara ta 2000, Najeriya da Amurka sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da zuba jari, kuma Najeriya ta cancanci cin moriyar ciniki a ƙarƙashin dokar ci gaban Afirka da dama, wadda aka kafa a wannan shekarar. A cikin 2019, Amurka ita ce kasuwa ta uku mafi girma don fitar da Najeriya zuwa waje, bayan China da Indiya, akan darajar shekara ta dala biliyan 4.7 (9.9% na jimillar kayan da Najeriya ke fitarwa). Kamar yadda yake a ƙarni na 20, yawan man da Najeriya ke fitarwa zuwa Amurka ya mamaye fitar da mai, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 97% na abin da ake fitarwa zuwa Amurka a shekarar 2019. wanda ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 3.2, wanda ya maida Najeriya kasa ta biyu wajen fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara, kuma ya haifar da gibin cinikayyar Amurka a tarihi na dala biliyan 1.4. Lallai, idan aka ba da rarar dalar Amurka biliyan 1.7 na cinikayyar ayyuka, Amurka ta samu rarar ciniki gaba daya da Najeriya. Zuba jari A tarihi Amurka ta kasance muhimmiyar tushen saka hannun jari kai tsaye daga ketare a Najeriya. A cikin karni na ashirin, jarin da Amurka ta zuba a Najeriya na da yawa kuma sun ta'allaka sosai a fannin mai. A cikin 1972, jarin waje na Amirka ya kai kusan fam miliyan 250, fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimillar jarin waje a Nijeriya da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimlar jarin masu zaman kansu na Amirka a duk ƙasashen Afirka masu tasowa. Wannan ya ƙaru zuwa dala biliyan 1 a shekarar 1974 da kuma kimanin dala biliyan 1.5 a shekarar 1977. A daidai wannan lokacin ne Najeriya ta ci gaba da bunkasa manufofinta na 'yan asalin kasar, da nufin rage mamayar tattalin arzikinta daga hannun kamfanonin kasashen waje. An ƙaddamar da manufar a cikin 1972 a ƙarƙashin Gowon kuma an tsawaita sosai yayin da shekaru goma ke ci gaba. A shekarar 1976, gwamnati ta sanar da wajabta kaso na 40% zuwa 100% na kuɗaɗen da ake amfani da su a Najeriya. Manufofin sun rage yawan jarin Amurka a Najeriya, kuma wasu kamfanoni na Amurka da suka riga sun yi aiki a Najeriya, musamman Citibank, sun janye daga kasar maimakon bin ka'ida. Wasu sun yarda: misali, Chase Manhattan, First National Bank of Chicago, da Bank of America kowanne ya sayar da kashi 60% na hannun jarin su ga Babban Bankin Najeriya, wanda hakan ya samu hannun jari a kan allunan gida. An yi amfani da manufar musamman ga bankunan Amurka, saboda gwamnatin tarayya ta ji haushin cewa suna aiki a matsayin bankunan kasuwanci amma a ƙarƙashin lasisin ciniki. Duk da haka jarin Amurka a Najeriya ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci a tsawon shekarun 1980. Duk da tashe-tashen hankulan siyasa na shekarar 1989 zuwa 1995, Najeriya ta kasance kasa mafi samun riba ga hannun jarin Amurka a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara a wancan lokacin, wanda ya kai kashi 71.4% na yawan ribar da Amurka ke samu a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara. Amurka ya ƙaru zuwa dala biliyan 3.9 a shekarar 1995, har yanzu ya fi mayar da hankali kan mai. Bayan kaddamar da jamhuriya ta huɗu a shekarar 1999, Najeriya ta nuna sha'awar fadadawa da rarrabuwar kawuna na babban birnin kasar Amurka, amma ci gaban ya yi tafiyar hawainiya wanda Amurka ta danganta shi da rashin kyakkyawan yanayi don samar da yanayi mai kyau, don zuba jari a Najeriya. A shekarar 2019, hannun jarin Amurka kai tsaye a Najeriya ya kai dala biliyan 5.5, wanda ya ƙaru da kashi 21.5 cikin ɗari idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata. Jari na waje kai tsaye na Najeriya a Amurka ya kai dala miliyan 105. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Kasuwanci ta Amurka, ƙasar Amirka ta kasance mafi yawan masu saka hannun jari a Nijeriya har zuwa 2021, tare da zuba jari kai tsaye a cikin harkokin man fetur, ma'adinai, da cinikayya. Taimakon kasashen waje Najeriya ita ce babbar hanyar samun tallafin Amurka daga ketare a shekarar 2021, an kiyasta cewa Najeriya ta kasance cikin kasashe goma da suka fi samun tallafi bisa ga adadi. Tsakanin 2012 zuwa 2021, wajibcin agaji na shekara-shekara na Amurka a Najeriya ya kai tsakanin dala miliyan 624 da, a shekarar 2020, dala biliyan 1.11. Ana yawan bazuwar agaji a fannin jin kai, da zaman lafiya da tsaro, da kuma fannin kiwon lafiya a cikin na biyu, musamman a ƙarƙashin shirin gaggawa na shugaban ƙasa don magance cutar kanjamau, wanda ya ayyana Nijeriya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kasashe goma sha biyar masu samun fifiko. Alakar al'adu da diflomasiyya Yan Najeriya mazauna Amurka An bambanta Najeriya da sauran ƙasashen Afirka ta hanyar girman alakar yawan jama'arta da Amurka Baya ga yawan ɗimbin ƴan Afirka da suka samo asali daga zuriyarsu zuwa Najeriya, muhimmiyar alaƙar "al'adu da al'umma" ta taso daga babban al'ummar Amurkawa na Najeriya a Amurka, wanda aka sani da kasancewa mai fafutuka na siyasa da al'adu. A cikin 2000, ƙidayar Amurka ta ƙididdige mazauna 87,000 haifaffen Najeriya, waɗanda 'ya'yan da aka haifa a Amurka sun kai ƙarin mazauna 100,000 ko 200,000 kodayake ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin ƙima. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin ya kiyasta cewa ’yan Najeriya na aika sama da dala biliyan 1.3 a duk shekara zuwa ga iyalansu a Nijeriya, adadin da ya kawo naƙasun tallafin da ake samu daga kasashen waje. Har ila yau, an daɗe akan hakan musamman a cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980 saboda yawancin 'yan Najeriya manema ilimi a ƙasar Amurka. A farkon 2000s, wannan ya haifar da damuwa game da "brain drain" daga Najeriya zuwa Amurka. Ra'ayin al'ummar Najeriya Kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa Najeriya kasa ce mai goyon bayan Amurka. A shekarar 2019, shekarar da ta gabata da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew ta gudanar da zaɓen ɗabi'un ta a duniya, kashi 62% na 'yan Najeriya suna da ra'ayi mai kyau game da Amurka, tare da 23% suna nuna ra'ayi mara kyau. Ko da yake wannan ya haifar da raguwar fa'ida daga 81% a cikin 2010, shekarar farko da aka gudanar da zaɓen. A cikin 2018, 69% na 'yan Najeriya sun yi imanin cewa Amurka tana mutunta 'yancin jama'arta. Abin da ya dace a harkokin duniya, ya ragu zuwa kashi 53 cikin 100 tsakanin 2013 da 2014, ya ƙaru zuwa kashi 73 cikin 100 a shekarar 2015, ya kuma ragu zuwa kashi 63% a ƙarshen shugabancinsa. Bayan zaɓen Donal J. Trump a Amurka, wani bincike da ƙarar yaɗa labarai BBC ta gudanar a shekarar 2017 ya nuna cewa ra'ayi mai kyau game da Amurka ya ƙaru a tsakanin 'yan Najeriya daga kashi 59% (2014) zuwa kashi 68 cikin dari maimakon raguwa kamar sauran kasashe. Jaridar The Washington Post da The Guardian sun ruwaito wani gagarumin sha'awar jama'ar Najeriya game da shugaba Trump, musamman tsakanin Kiristocin kudu da masu fafutukar ɓallewar daga ƙasar don kafa ƙasar Biafra. Ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra sun gudanar da faretin nuna goyon baya ga Donald Trump a watan Janairun 2017. A watan Nuwamban 2020, shugaban IPOB Nnamdi Kanu ya amsa gayyatar halartar taron Trump a Iowa a matsayin babban bako na musamman na VIP. A tsawon shugabancinsa, Pew Research ya gano cewa kashi 58-59% na ƴan Najeriya sun amince da Trump don yin abin da ya dace a harkokin duniya, kashi na hudu mafi girma a duniya bayan Isra'ila, Philippines, da kuma Kenya. A cikin 2020 ra'ayin Gallup, kashi 56% na 'yan Najeriya sun amince da shugabancin Amurka fiye da amincewar Turai ga shugabancin Amurka, wanda na Turai ya samu kashi 24%. Ofishin jakadanci Najeriya na da ofishin jakadanci a Washington DC da kuma karamin ofishin jakadanci a New York da Atlanta. Ƙasar Amirka na da ofishin jakadanci a Abuja, babban birnin tarayyar Nijeriya, da kuma wani ofishin jakadancin a birnin Legas. A karshen watan Maris din shekarar 2022, an fara ginin wani sabon harabar ofishin jakadancin da ke Legas, wanda ake sa ran kammala shi a shekarar 2027, kuma zai kasance karamin ofishin jakadancin Amurka mafi girma a duniya. Masanin ilimi Peter Lewis ya koka da yadda aka rufe cibiyoyin Amurka a wasu sassan ƙasar, yana mai cewa hakan ya rage ƙarfin leƙen asiri da wakilcin Amurka. An kafa hukumar hadin gwiwa tsakanin Amurka da Najeriya a shekarar 2010 kuma tana haɗuwa akai-akai. Amurka da Najeriya dukkansu membobi ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, Bankin Duniya, da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya, da sauransu. Najeriya kuma ta kasance mai sanya ido ga Kungiyar Kasashen Amurka. Hadin gwiwar soja Hadin gwiwar sojojin Najeriya da na Amurka ƙarƙashin gwamnatin George W.Bush ya ta'allaka ne kan cibiyar nazarin dabarun Afirka da kuma shirin mayar da martani kan rikicin Afrika. A cikin 2007, gwamnatin Bush ta kafa tashar haɗin gwiwa ta Afirka, wadda ta kasance cibiyar hadin gwiwa don yaki da fashin teku, safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi, satar mai, da zamba a kan iyaka a cikin Gulf of Guinea. A halin yanzu, Najeriya memba ce ta Kungiyar Hadin Kai ta Duniya don yaƙar ƙungiyar ISIS (D-ISIS), kuma Amurka da Najeriya sun ɗauki nauyin taron D-ISIS a watan Oktoba 2020. Har ila yau, tana karɓar tallafin sojan Amurka a matsayin memba na Shirin Ilimin Soja na Afirka kuma a matsayinta na memba tun 2005 na Ƙungiyar Ta'addanci ta Trans-Sahara; kuma a shekarar 2020 ta sayi kayan tsaro sama da na dalar Amurka miliyan 1.2 daga hannun Amurka. Bugu da kari, wani memba na Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya ya tsaya na dindindin a tashar jirgin saman Kainji da ke Najeriya, domin kula da muhimman ayyukan Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Afirka a can. Sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok A cikin fushin kasa da kasa da ya biyo bayan sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok a arewacin Najeriya a watan Afrilun 2014, Obama a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu cewar; Amurka za ta yi duk abin da za mu iya don ba da taimako ga Najeriya. ƙasar Amirka ta aike da wata tawaga daban-daban don taimakawa sojojin Nijeriya, da farko sun ƙunshi mambobi 38, ciki har da ƙwararrun Jami'an Bincike na Tarayyar Amurika guda biyu da wai ƙwararrun na musamman da sauran wasu da dama. An tura sojojin Amurka 80 jim kadan bayan haka. A farkon aikin, tawagar ƙasar Amirka ta samu hotunan tauraron dan adam na kasuwanci, kuma ta yi ta zirga-zirga da jiragen leken asiri, da kuma bincike a kan Nijeriya. Sai dai jami'an Amurka sun yi ƙorafin cewa Najeriya ta mayar da martani sannu a hankali wajen karɓa tare da aiwatar da tallafin da Amurka ta yi mata, kuma daga baya an ce an samu rashin jituwa tsakanin tawagar Amurka da jami'an Najeriya. Daga cikin tushen waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula, a farkon watannin wannan aiki, akwai ƙin yarda da Amurka ta yi na raba bayanan sirrinta ga sojojin Najeriya, saboda damuwa game da cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma yiwuwar kutsawa cikin sassan Najeriyar na Boko Haram. Foreign Policy ta ruwaito cewa jami’an Amurka ma sun damu da cewa za a yi amfani da bayanan sirrin wajen murkushe farar hular Najeriya, idan aka yi la’akari da abin da wani jami’in Amurka ya kira da hazakar sojojin Najeriya na yin “heavy-handed” da “rashin gaskiya”. Ko da yake an amince da ƙayyadaddun ka'idojin raba bayanan sirri da yawa, Daga baya ma'aikatar Pentagon ta yi korafin cewa Najeriya ta gaza bin mahimman bayanai da ke fitowa daga leken asirin Amurka. Ya zuwa 2021 manufar ceto 'yan matan da aka sace bai yi nasara ba. Matakin Sojoji akan Boko Haram An gudanar da zaman taron farko na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kan Boko Haram a watan Nuwambar 2011, bayan harin bam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka kai a Abuja da kuma harin bam da aka kai a hedikwatar 'yan sandan Abuja, da kuma kiran dan majalisa Pat Meehan da 'yar majalisa Jackie Speier. Gwamnatin Obama ta sanya kungiyar a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci a shekarar 2013. Sai dai kuma tashin hankalin da ya kunno kai a lokacin aikin ceto ƴan matan makarantar Chibok ya ci gaba da kawo cikas ga hadin gwiwa tsakanin sojojin Amurka da na Najeriya. Jaridar New York Times ta ruwaito "raguwar amana" a tsakanin su, musamman saboda ci gaba da damuwar Amurika game da cin hanci da rashawa, rashin aminci, da kuma take hakin bil'adama da jami'an Najeriya ke yi, wanda ya sa ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta ƙara ba da haɗin kai ga jami'ai. kasashe makwabta Chadi, Kamaru, da Nijar yayin da suke kaucewa tuntubar 'yan Najeriya. An fusata da ci gaba da kin raba bayanan sirri na Amurka, a cikin Disamba 2014 Najeriya ta soke matakin karshe na wani shiri wanda a ƙarƙashin sa jami'an Amurka suka horar da sojojin Najeriya kan yaki da ta'addanci. A karshen shekarar 2015, Amurka ta tura dakaru zuwa kasar Kamaru domin tallafawa yaki da Boko Haram a kan iyakar Najeriya da Kamaru. Ziyarar jihohi Ga jerin ziyarce-ziyarcen da shugabannin Najeriya suka kai Amurka da kuma ziyarar da shugabannin kasashen Amurkan suka kawo a Najeriya. Duba kuma Foreign relations of Nigeria Foreign relations of the United States List of United States ambassadors to Nigeria Manazarta Bibliography Academic Labarai Official Karin karatu Abegunrin, Olayiwola (2016). Nigeria, Africa, and the United States: Challenges of Governance, Development, and Security. Lexington Books. Bach, Daniel C. (1983). "Nigerian-American Relations: Converging Interests and Power Relations". In Shaw, Timothy M.; Aluko, Olajide (eds.). Nigerian Foreign Policy. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35–55, Adireshin waje U.S.–Nigeria Trade Council U.S.–Nigeria trade statistics U.S. foreign assistance to Nigeria U.S. defense equipment sales to Nigeria U.S.–Nigeria relations fact sheet Website of the Nigerian Embassy Website of the U.S. Embassy List of Nigerian ambassadors to the

25627

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester%20City%20A.F.C.

Gloucester City A.F.C.

Gloucester City Association Football Club ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta turawa da ke Hempsted, Gloucester An kafa kulob din a cikin 1883 a matsayin Gloucester, sun zama Gloucester City a 1902, amma an san su a takaice Gloucester YMCA daga 1910 zuwa 1925, kafin su koma sunan su na baya. Kulob din yana wasa a National League North Kafin hakan, ta aje tarihi na tsawon shekaru 70 a cikin Kwallon Kudancin daga 1939 zuwa 2009. Kulob din ya samu ci gaba bayan nasarar wasan karshe da Farnborough A watan Yulin 2007, ambaliyar ruwa ta Ingila ta 2007 ta shafi kulob din, wanda ya shafi Gloucestershire sosai kuma ya bar filin wasan Meadow Park a karkashin ruwa. Ambaliyar ruwan na nufin kulob din ya yi hijira daga Gloucester na tsawon shekaru 13. Tigers sun yi wasannin gida a filin wasa na New Lawn a Nailsworth, Cirencester Town's Corinium Stadium, Cheltenham Town 's Whaddon Road da Evesham United 's Jubilee Stadium kafin komawa gida zuwa sabon filin wasa a Meadow Park a 2020. Kungiyar tana da alaƙa da Gloucestershire County FA Tarihi Samuwar da farkon shekarun An kafa kulob ne a ranar 5 ga Maris 1883 a matsayin Gloucester, [1] amma wasan da aka yi rikodin na farko ya zo a lokacin 1883 84 lokacin da wata ƙungiyar da ke wakiltar Cheltenham ta buga wasa da sabon ɓangaren Gloucester.[2] Koyaya, waccan ƙungiyar ta farko ta Gloucester ta ninka a cikin 1886. Ƙungiyar ta sake buɗewa a cikin Satumba 1889. Wasan gasa na farko na Gloucester a cikin Oktoba 1889 shine Gloucestershire FA Junior Challenge Cup na farko da doke Clifton Association Reserves 10 0 a Budding's Field. A shekara ta 1925 wannan sabon kulob din ya sake daukar sunan Gloucester City kuma ya zama memba na kungiyar Gloucestershire Northern Senior League. A cikin 1934 35, bayan lashe Kofin Kofin da League, City ta zama ƙwararrun ƙwararru, kuma ta shiga Haɗin Birmingham, tare da ƙaura zuwa sabon filin wasa a Longlevens inda kulob din ya zauna na shekaru 26 masu zuwa.Kulob din ya zama dan kumgiya na Bristol da League wanda daga baya ya zama League ungiyar Yammacin Turai. A wannan zamanin an san kulob din a matsayin 'The Gloucestrians' da 'Jama'a' a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na gida. An canza wa kulob din suna 'Gloucester City' a cikin 1902 kuma daga baya ya haɗu da St. Michael a farkon kamfen na 1906 07. Wannan kulob din ya nade a watan Satumba 1910. Wata ƙungiya ta daban, Gloucester YMCA, an kafa ta a lokaci guda kuma yawancin 'yan wasan da ke tare da City sun shiga Gloucester YMCA. A shekara ta 1925 wannan sabon kulob din ya sake daukar sunan Gloucester City kuma ya zama memba na kungiyar Gloucestershire Northern Senior League. A cikin 1934 35, bayan lashe Kofin Kofin da League, City ta zama ƙwararrun ƙwararru, kuma ta shiga Haɗin Birmingham, tare da ƙaura zuwa sabon filin wasa a Longlevens inda kulob din ya zauna na shekaru 26 masu zuwa. Sun ci Kofin Tillotson saboda kasancewarsu mafi kyawun kulob a cikin Haɗin gwiwar Birmingham, sannan kuma sun sa tsohon dan wasan Chelsea da Wolverhampton Wanderers Reg Weaver ya buge duk tarihinsa tare da zura kwallaye 67 a cikin 1937-38 kakar. Nasarar shigar da gasar Kudancin League A shekara ta 1939 kulob din ya taka leda a gasar kwallon kafa ta Kudancin kasar a karon farko, duk da cewa a cikin takaitaccen gasar yaki, yayin da suka shiga bangaren yamma. Bayan yakin City ta koma kungiyar ta Kudu kuma ta ci gaba da zama mambobin kungiyar mafi dadewa a gasar. Tsawon yanayi guda uku a jere, 1948–51, kulob din ya kai zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin FA, duk lokacin da aka yi rashin nasara a hannun abokan hamayyar Kwallon kafa Mansfield Town (1 4 away), Norwich City (2 3 gida) da Bristol City (0) 4 zuwa). An kafa tarihin yawan halartar kulob din a Longlevens a shekarar 1952 lokacin da Stan Myers da Peter Price suka ci Tottenham Hotspur da ci 2–1 a gaban 'yan kallo 10,500, bangaren da ya hada da fitattun jarumai a wannan rana irin su Alf Ramsey wanda ya lashe gasar cin kofin duniya a nan gaba., Ted Ditchburn, Charlie Withers da Les Medley Ya ɗauki har zuwa lokacin 1955 56 don Gloucester don ɗanɗano nasarar su ta farko a cikin Kudanci League Shahararriyar gasar cin kofin League ta Kudancin kasar da ta doke Yeovil Town a wasan da City ta yi rashin nasara a wasan farko da ci 4-1, sai da ta doke Yeovil da ci 5-1 a wasa na biyu, ta samu babbar karramawar kulob din. Horton Road zamanin A cikin 1964 kulob din ya sake komawa filin wasa, daga Longlevens zuwa babban filin wasa na Horton Road, kusa da tsakiyar Gloucester, wanda zai iya ɗaukar mutane sama da 30,000 idan ya cika. Kodayake an haɓaka Gloucester City zuwa gasar Premier League ta Kudancin a cikin kakar 1968 69, gabaɗaya bakarariya ce. A cikin kakar 1981–82 an gama matsayi na shida ya isa a sami gurbi a rukunin Premier da aka gyara. Har ila yau, sun kasance masu nasara a gasar cin kofin League, suna zuwa 1-2 zuwa Wealdstone, wanda ya hada da kyaftin din Ingila Stuart Pearce a gaba. Duk da Kim Casey ya zira kwallaye 40, kungiyar ta koma rukunin Midland a 1984–85, bayan shekaru uku a gasar Premier. Meadow Park da shahararren gasar cin kofin FA Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

60807

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaitaccen%20Tarihin%20Ka%E2%80%99idojin%20Rubutun%20Hausa%20%28II%29

Takaitaccen Tarihin Ka’idojin Rubutun Hausa (II)

Dukkan abubuwan da suka faru a baya za a ga daidaikun mutane ne ke yi da kulawar hukuma, sai dai hukumar ba ta sa baki ba sosai da sosai sai a shekarar 1955 da aka kafa Hukumar Kula Da Lamurran Hausa, (Hausa Language Board) wadda hukuma ce da ta yi kokarin daidaita Hausa da samar da ka’idojin rubuta Hausar. Hukumar ta yi abubuwa da dama, ita ce ta gyara da tantance duk wadansu kalmomin aro da na kimiyya da fasaha. Wannan hukuma ce kuma ta waiwayi aikin da Hans Bischer ya yi domin daidaita tunani da zamani, ta samar da kundin da ta kira Rules for Hausa Orthography a 1958. A daidai wannan lokaci ne aka tsayar da karin Hausar Kano a matsayin Daidaitacciyar Hausa, sai dai an shelanta cewa duk inda aka sami kalmomi da a cikin garin Kano kadai ake furta su, ana iya maye gurbinsu da wadansu daga kare-karen Hausa can daban da suka fi karbuwa. Bayan da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka bar kasar Hausa, an yi ta kokari daga ‘yan gida a daidaita rubutun Hausa. Taro na farko da aka yi shi ne a birnin Bamako na kasar Mali a shekarar 1966, karkashin jagorancin Hukumar UNESCO, inda aka tattauna yadda za a daidaita rubutun Hausa a Yammacin Afrirka. A wannan taron ne aka amince a rubuta Hausa kamar haka: Haruffa masu lankwasa /b/ da /k/ da /d/ kamar yadda suke yanzu. Aka samar da tagwayen haruffa /sh/ da /ts/ da /gy/ da /ky/ da /ky/ da /gw/ da /kw/. A kuma raba /su/ da /na/ wato /su na/ ko /ka na/ ko /ki na/ da /ya na/ dss. A shekarar 1970 kuma an yi wani taron a jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zaria inda aka sake kallon aikin da Hukumar Kula Da Lamurran Hausa ta yi a 1958, aka samar da sababbin bayanai kamar haka: A dinga rubuta /ko’ina/ ba /ko ina/ ba Haka a rubuta /yake/ ba /ya ke/ ba, ko /yakan/ ba /ya kan/ ba, /suna/ ba /su na/ ba. Da kuma /mutum/ ba /mutun/ ba Da /malam/ ba /malan/ ba /Ranar kasuwa/ ba /ranak kasuwa/ ba. A shekarar 1972 kuma an sake gudanar da wani taro a a jami’ar Bayero Kano, wanda shi ma ya yi kokarin daidaita ka’idojin rubutun Hausa, an amince da ‘yan gyare-gyare da dama, wadanda za iya cewa su ne har yau ake amfani da su a duk fadin duniyar Hausa. Ga kadan daga abubuwan da aka amince da su a wurin taron, kamar yadda Farfesa M.K.M.Galadanci ya kattaba: Universal nouns are written as one word: /komai/ ba /ko mai/ ba /kowa/ ba /ko wa/ ba /koyaushe/ ba /ko yaushe/ ba. Where the pre-berbal pronoun precedes the tense marker it is written as one word: /yakan/ ba /ya kan/ ba /yana/ ba /ya na/ ba. Where the tense marker precedes the pre-berbal pronoun it is written separately: /za mu/ ba /zamu/ ba. /za su/ ba /zasu ba. A short possessibe is joined to the preceding nominal: /dokina/ ba /doki na/ ba /rigarsa/ ba /rigar sa/ ba /zanenta/ ba /zanen ta/ ba. But the long possessibe is written separately: /wani doki nawa/ ba /wani dokinawa/ ba /wata riga tawa/ ba /wata rigatawa/ ba /wani zane nata/ ba /wani zanenata/ ba. The pronoun object is written separately: /ya ba ni/ ba /ya bani/ ba. /mun sa shi/ ba /mun sashi/ ba /ana kiran ka/ ba /ana kiranka/ ba. Haka kuma an jaddada cewa /saboda/ da /watakila/ kalmomi ne a cure wuri guda, ba a rubuta su a ware ba, wato /sabo da/ ko /wata kila/ ba da sauran su. Taron karshe da aka yi na daidaita rubutun Hausa shi ne wanda aka yi a Niamey, a kasar Nijar a shekarar 1980, karkashin jagorancin Kungiyar Hada Kan Afirka, (OAU). An shirya wannan taro ne don a mayar da hankali wajen daidaita rubutun Hausa a Nijeriya da Nijar, shi ma wannan taro ya amince da muhimman bayanai da suka hada da: Tabbatar da gajerun wasullan Hausa: i,e,a,o,u. Tabbatar da dogayen wasullan Hausa: ii,ee,aa,oo,uu. Da kuma bakaken Hausa kuda 33. Daga lokacin da aka rushe Hausa Language Board (Hukumar Kula Da Lamurran Hausa) da aka kafa a 1958 sai aka mayar da yawancin ayyukanta ga Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya da ke karkashin Jami’ar Bayero, Kano, ita ce mai kula da ka’idoji da daidaita rubutun Hausa, kuma tun daga 1982 ta yi iyakacin kokarinta na yin wannan aiki tukuru. Ita ce ke shirya tarurrukan inganta harsunan Nijeriya (musamman na Hausa da Fulfulde da Kanuri). Ta kuma samar da aikin fassara kalmomin zamani zuwa Hausa da kuma Kamusun Hausa cikin Hausa da ta buga a shekarar 2007, bayan sama da shekara 30 ana bincike da nazari da bita. Haka batun Daidaitacciyar Hausa ya kasance a cikin tsawon tarihi, sai dai an gudanar da ‘yan kwarya-kwaryan tarurruka nan da can domin jawo hankali kan sake zama na musamman game da yadda za a sake bitar halin da ake ciki game da sababbin da tsofaffin matsaloli da ke jibge a tsawon zamani, sai dai da yake ba tarurrukan a-zo-a-gani ba ne ba a cimma matsaya a hukumance ba. Domin ganin an shawo kan wannan lamari, Sashen Harsunan Nijeriya Da Kimiyyar Harshe na Jami’ar Jihar Kaduna a shekarar 2019 ya shirya taron kasa da kasa domin sake bitar batutuwan da suka shafi daidaitacciyar Hausa da ka’idojin rubutun Hausa don sake samar da matsaya. Taron da ya samu halarcin masana daga sassa daban-daban na duniya, an kuma kawo batutuwa da ake ganin matsaloli ne aka tattauna su. An kuma gabatar da makaloli daban-daban da suka shafi lamurran da ke ci wa fagen tuwo a kwarya. Kamar yadda aka saba game da tarurruka irin wadannan, an sake zama na musamman a shekarar 2021 a NTI, Kaduna, karkashin jagorancin Sashen Harsunan Nijeriya Da Kimiyyar Harshe na Jami’ar Jihar Kaduna, inda aka zakulo masana da malamai da dalibai daga sassa daban-daban domin yin matsaya bisa ga abubuwan da aka tattauna a taron Kaduna na 2019, game da ka’idojin rubutun Hausa a karni na 21. Taron ya yi armashi, domin Farfesoshi da Daktoci sama da 40 suka yi wa batutuwan da aka zo da su daga taron 2019 turgeza, aka samar da matsaya da za a iya kiran ta da matsayar taron KASU, KADUNA 2021! Inda muke ke nan a halin yanzu, sai dai abin da zan kara a nan shi ne, a wadannan tarurruka biyu na 2019 da 2021 da aka yi a Kaduna, kusan dukkan wadanda ke da ra’ayi da ya saba wanda ake da shi a hukumance ba wanda ya zo ko suka taro domin wakiltar su, don jin me ya jawo adawa da matsayar da ake da ita, da su, suke da ita. Duk da haka wannan bai hana an tattauna matsalolin da ra’ayoyin masu adawar da su, an kuma yi matsaya, a ilmance ba!

18712

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danjulo%20Ishizaka

Danjulo Ishizaka

Danjulo Ishizaka (An haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 1979) ɗan asalin Bajamushe ne kuma farfesa ne a Hochschule für Musik Carl Maria von Weber Dresden Rayuwa Ishizaka, An haife shi a garin Bonn, Jamus, ɗa ne ga malamin Jamusanci Ruth Nathrath da baƙon Junkichi Ishizaka ɗan ƙasar Japan. 'Yar uwarsa ita ce' yar fiyano Kimiko Douglass-Ishizaka Ya fara daukar darasi na cello yana da shekaru 4. Ya kasance dalibin Boris Pergamenschikow a Berlin daga shekara ta 1998 har zuwa lokacin da Pergamenschikow ya mutu a cikin shekara ta 2004, a lokacin ne ya kammala karatunsa tare da Tabea Zimmermann Aiki Danjulo Ishizaka ya kasance soloist tare da ƙungiyoyi da yawa, gami da NHK Symphony Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra, duk 5 Orchestra na BBC Orchester de l'Opéra de de Paris, da Mariinsky Theater Orchestra, da Bavaria Radio Symphony Orchestra karkashin daraktoci ciki har da Gerd Albrecht, Andrew Davis, Christoph Eschenbach, Lawrence Foster, Michail da Vladimir Jurowski, Sir Roger Norrington, Mstislaw Rostropovich da Leonard Slatkin Ya kara yin wasa tare da masu fasaha da suka hada da Gidon Kremer, Lisa Batiashvili, Viviane Hagner, Tabea Zimmermann, Julia Fischer, Baiba Skride, Antje Weithaas, Veronika Eberle, Martin Helmchen da Ray Chen Wasansa na farko a duniya ya gudana tare da Vienna Symphony a Wiener Musikverein karkashin jagorancin Krzysztof Penderecki Mawallafin kwayar halitta Mstislaw Rostropovich ya bayyana fasahar Danjulo Ishizaka tare da kalmomin: "abin birgewa a cikin kwarewar fasaharsa, cikakke cikin ikon fassararsa." Daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2013, Danjulo Ishizaka ya buga waƙar Stradivarius "Lord Aylesford", wanda Janos Starker ya buga a baya, sannan daga baya ya buga De Munck-Feuermann a shekara ta (1730). Ppungiyar ta Nippon Music Foundation ce ta ba shi waɗannan ƙwayoyin. Ishizaka kuma yana buga sillo na Schnabl "Pergamenschikow", wanda Kronberg Academy ta ba shi. Kyauta Kyauta ta 1 ta kasa da kasa Gaspar Cassado -Gasar", shekara ta 1998 a Spain Kyauta ta 1 a gasar Internationalen Lutoslawski a shekara ta 1999 a Warsaw Kyauta ta 1 a gasar ARD International Music Competition a shekara ta 2001 Kyauta ta 1 a Grand Prix Emanuel Feuermann na Kronberg Academy da Universität der Künste Berlin a shekara ta 2002 A shekara ta 2006 Sony ya saki rikodin CD ɗin sa na farko, kuma ya karɓi Echo Klassik na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jamus A shekara ta 2007–2008, an zaɓi Ishizaka don shirin Rediyo na Rediyon 3 na Zamani na Newarni na Farko A cikin shekara ta 2012 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Asusun Tunawa da Hideo Saito ɗayan shahararrun kyaututtukan kiɗa a Japan, wanda aka bayar da Sony Music Foundation a Tokyo Haɗin Ishizaka na shekara ta 2013 tare da Pavel Haas Quartet an ba shi Kyautar Gramophone don rukunin Chamberungiyar a cikin shekara ta 2014. "A Quintet suna da cikakkiyar abokiyar aiki a cikin kwayar halitta Danjulo Ishizaka kuma babu wata ma'anar kwata da daya". Binciken Bayani "Yankin da babu wani bambanci ko rikici a cikin sa shi ne fasaharsa ta fasaha, kuma jin shi a raye shi ne nuna godiya ba wai kawai yadda ba shi da wata iyaka ta fasaha ba amma kuma yadda hakan ya fassara cikin ayyukansa a matsayin kwance damara rashin girman kai. "Ishizaka abin birgewa ne cikin Kodály's Solo Sonata. Ya tabbatar da masterly a samar da cogency da abin da zai iya sau da yawa ze quite rhapsodic abu. "Ishizaka ya kuma bamu ikon karantawa, ingantaccen karatun Kodály, mai ban sha'awa Solo Cello Sonata. Wannan wani yanki ne mai ban tsoro da za'a buga, aiki wanda, a cikin kalmomin Ishizaka, "ya rushe iyakokin abin da ake tunanin zai yiwu ta hanyar fasaha a cello a lokacin." Abubuwan da ke cikin motsi na ƙarshe suna da ban mamaki, amma mai ba da sonata, wurare masu haɗari suna da tasiri dai-dai buɗewar duhun motsi mai ban al'ajabi a hannun Ishizaka. Mafi kyawun karatu. Manazarta Majiya Tashar yanar gizo Nippon Music Foundation Stradivarius Mutane Haifaffun 1979 Mutane daga Bonn Pages with unreviewed

20924

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundunar%20Sojan%20Chadi

Rundunar Sojan Chadi

Rundunar Sojan Chadi Al-Jaish al-Watani at-Tshadi, ya ƙunshi Jami'an tsaro biyar da na Tsaro waɗanda aka jera a cikin Mataki na 185 na kundin tsarin mulkin Chadi wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 4 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2018. Waɗannan su ne Sojojin ƙasa ((gami da roundasa, da Sojan Sama Jandarma ta ƙasa )an sanda na ƙasa,, asa da Nan Makiyaya (GNNT) da 'Yan Sanda na Shari'a. Mataki na 188 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya fayyace cewa Tsaron ƙasa shine alhakin Sojoji, Jendarmerie da GNNT, yayin da kiyaye tsarin jama'a da tsaro suke da alhakin 'yan sanda, Jandarman da GNNT. Tarihi Daga samun 'yanci har zuwa lokacin shugabancin Félix Malloum a shekarun(1975-77), an san sojojin ƙasa na hukuma da sojojin Chadi (Forces Armées Tchadiennes FAT). Wanda ya ƙunshi galibin sojoji daga Kudancin Chadi, FAT ya samo asali ne daga rundunar da Faransa ta dauka kuma tana da al'adun soja wadanda suka samo asali tun lokacin yakin duniya na 1 FAT ta rasa matsayinta na rundunar kasa ta doka lokacin da mulkin farar hula da na soja ya wargaje a shekarar 1979 Kodayake ya kasance rukunin sojoji na musamman na shekaru da yawa, a ƙarshe an rage FAT zuwa matsayin rundunar sojojin yanki mai wakiltar kudu. Bayan Habré ya karfafa ikonsa kuma ya ɗare kan kujerar shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1982, rundunarsa mai nasara, Sojojin Arewa (Forces Armées du Nord FAN), sun zama cibiyar sabuwar rundunar sojojin ƙasa. An kafa rundunar a hukumance a watan Janairun shekara ta 1983, lokacin da aka haɗa wasu rundunonin da ke goyon bayan Habré tare da sauya musu suna zuwa Sojojin Chadi (Forces Armées Nationales Tchadiennes FANT).| Sojojin Chadi sun mamaye mambobi na kabilun Toubou, Zaghawa, Kanembou, Hadjerai, da na Massa a lokacin shugabancin Hissène Habré Daga baya shugaban Chadi Idriss Déby ya yi tawaye ya gudu zuwa Sudan, tare da sojoji da yawa na Zaghawa da Hadjerai a shekarar 1989. Sojojin Chadi sun kai kimanin 36,000 a ƙarshen mulkin Habré, amma sun kumbura zuwa kimanin 50,000 a farkon zamanin mulkin Déby. Tare da goyon bayan Faransa, an fara sake tsara rundunar sojoji a farkon shekarar 1991 tare da nufin rage yawansu da sanya jinsinsu ya zama mai nuna ƙasar gaba ɗaya. Babu ɗayan waɗannan burin da aka cimma, kuma har yanzu sojoji suna ƙarƙashin ikon Zaghawa. A shekara ta 2004, gwamnati ta gano cewa da yawa daga cikin sojojin da take biyansu babu su kuma kusan sojoji 19,000 ne kawai ke cikin rundunar, sabanin 24,000 da aka yi imani da su a baya. Yunkurin da gwamnati ke yi wa wannan dabi'a ana tsammanin ya kasance wani dalili ne na gazawar tawayen sojoji a watan Mayu shekarar 2004. Rikicin yanzu, wanda sojojin Chadi ke ciki, shi ne yakin basasa kan 'yan tawayen da ke samun goyon bayan Sudan. Chadi ta sami nasarar shawo kan ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye, amma kwanan nan, tare da wasu asara (duba yakin N'Djamena (2008) The sojojin amfani da manyan bindigogi da kuma tsarin tankuna, amma da-sanye take maharan sun yiwuwa gudanar ya hallaka sama da 20 na Chadi ta 60 T-55 tankuna, kuma tabbas harbe saukar da wani Mi-24 Hind gunship, wanda bamai maƙiyi matsayi kusa da kan iyaka da Sudan A watan Nuwamba shekarar 2006 Libya ta ba Chadi da jiragen Aermacchi SF.260W guda huɗu. Ana amfani da su don bugun wuraren abokan gaba ta Sojan Sama na Chadi, amma ɗayan ya tayar da shi ta hanyar 'yan tawaye. Yayin yakin karshe na N'Djamena an yi amfani da bindigogi da tankokin yaƙi yadda ya kamata, wanda ke tura sojojin sa kai dauke da makamai daga fadar Shugaban kasa. Yakin ya shafi manyan matakan jagoranci, kamar yadda aka kashe Daoud Soumain, Shugaban Ma’aikata A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2020 mayakan kungiyar masu ikirarin jihadi ta Boko Haram suka yi wa sansanin sojojin Chadi kwanton-bauna. Sojojin sun rasa masu yi wa kasa hidima 92 a rana guda. Game da hakan, Shugaba Déby ya ƙaddamar da wani aiki da aka yiwa lakabi da "Fushi na Boma". A cewar kungiyar ta'addanci ta Kanada St-Pierre, yawancin aiyukan waje da karuwar rashin tsaro a kasashen makwabta sun daɗe da fadada karfin sojojin na Chadi. Bayan rasuwar Shugaba Idriss Déby a ranar 19 ga watab Afrilu shekarar 2021 a fada da ‘yan tawayen FACT an naɗa dansa Janar Mahamat Idriss Déby shugaban riƙon ƙwarya kuma shugaban sojojin. Kasafin Kuɗi CIA World Factbook ta ƙiyasta kasafin kuɗin soja na Chadi ya kai kashi 4.2% na GDP kamar na 2006. Idan aka ba da GDP na wancan lokacin (dala biliyan 7.095) na ƙasar, an kiyasta kashe kuɗin soja kusan dala miliyan 300. Wannan kiyasin duk da haka ya fai bayan karshen yakin basasa a Chadi (2005-2010) zuwa 2.0% kamar yadda Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta a shekarar 2011. Babu sauran ƙididdigar kwanan nan. Ƙaddamarwar waje Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ba na MDD ba Chadi ta halarci aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya karkashin ikon kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka a makwabciyarta Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya don kokarin sasanta rikicin na baya-bayan nan, amma ta zabi ficewa bayan an zargi dakarunta da yin harbi a kasuwa, ba tare da wani dalili ba, in ji BBC. Manazarta Tarihin Chadi Mutanen Afirka Sojoji Sojojin Chadi Pages with unreviewed

38724

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan%20Jones%20%28wrestler%29

Nathan Jones (wrestler)

Nathan Jones (an Haife shie 21 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1969) ɗan wasan qasar Ostiraliya ne, zakara mai ƙarfi, mai ƙarfi kuma tsohon ɗan kokawa ne An fi saninsa da lokacinsa a WWE Ya gudanar da gasar WWA ta Duniya mai nauyi sau ɗaya a cikin kokawa ta Duniya All-Stars, kuma ya daidaita kansa tare da The Undertaker in World Wrestling Entertainment a kan ta SmackDown. Rayuwar farko An haifi Jones a Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Kafin aikinsa na kokawa, an yanke wa Jones hukuncin shekaru 16 a 1987 yana da shekaru 18 zuwa Boggo Road Gaol saboda fashi da makami takwas tsakanin 1985 zuwa 1987, biyu daga cikinsu sun faru a Tasmania A lokacin fashin, ya zama daya daga cikin wadanda ake nema ruwa a jallo a Ostireliya kuma ya kai shekaru bakwai a gidan yari mai tsananin tsaro. A cikin 1994, an ba Jones aikin saki na shekara guda kafin a sake shi yana da shekaru 25. Yayin da yake kurkuku, an gabatar da shi ga wasan motsa jiki Ana kuma zarginsa da fara shan kwayoyin hana daukar ciki a wannan lokaci. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, ya zama Zakaran fowerlifting na Ƙasa na Ostiraliya. Aiki mai ƙarfi No local image but image on Wikidata Bayan an sake shi, Jones kuma ya fara fafatawa a gasa mai karfi kuma a wannan lokacin, an yi masa lakabi da "Megaman". A matsayinsa na Babban Mutum mafi ƙarfi a Ostiraliya, ya shiga Gasar Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Duniya a Callander, Scotland, a ranar 29–30 ga Yuli 1995. Ya dauki matsayi na farko, yana saman filin da ya hada da 1993 Mutumin da ya fi Karfi a Duniya Gary Taylor Karshen mako mai zuwa, ya fafata a gasar Muscle Power Classic ta Duniya da aka gudanar a Mintlaw, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Magnús Ver Magnússon ne ya lashe wannan gasa, inda Nathan ya kare a matsayi na biyar a fage na fafatawa a gasa goma sha biyu. Jones na gaba ya shiga cikin gasar 1995 mafi ƙarfi, a duniya. Bayan da ya yi saurin kayar da Phil Martin sau biyu a gasar kokawa ta hannu a cikin zafin nama, Jones ya yi daidai da Magnus Samuelsson, wanda ya kasance zakaran kokawa na Turai tsawon shekaru da yawa kuma wanda zai zama Mutumin da ya fi Karfi a Duniya a 1998. Samuelsson ya lashe zagayen farko. A zagaye na biyu Jones ya ki sauka ya ja da hannu kishiyarsa yana murguda jikinsa. Wannan ya haifar da karye hannun da yake amfani da shi don yin kokawa (karya ta karkace ta humerus kuma daga baya ya fita daga gasar. Jones ya koma gasar Strongman a cikin 1996, inda ya lashe Kalubalen Ƙarfafa na Duniya, kuma ya sanya na uku a cikin Mutum mafi ƙarfi a duniya wanda ya cancanci zafi a bayan Magnús Ver Magnússon da Jorma Ojanaho Haɗaɗɗen sana'ar fasaha Ya kuma halarci wani gasa mai gardama a wasan farko na Pride Fighting Championship Pride 1 a watan Oktoba 1997, yana fuskantar ƙwararren ɗan kokawa na Japan kuma tsohon zakaran sumo Koji Kitao An mika Jones bayan an kama shi a cikin maƙalli. Kwararren sana'ar kokawa Kokawa ta Duniya All-Stars (2001-2002) Bayan aiki a matsayin mai gadi ga multimillionaire Rene Rivkin, Jones ya fara aiki a cikin kokawa a wannan lokacin. Jones ya fara samun shahara a aiki a Duniyar Kokawa All-Stars, yana yin babban tasiri a farkon WWA biya-per-view Inception inda Rove McManus ya raka shi zuwa zobe. Duk da haka, ya sha kaye bayan an farfasa Rove da guitar Jeff Jarrett kuma an buge Jones da bugun jini A lokacin da yake cikin WWA, Nathan ya lashe gasar WWA ta duniya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2002 kafin ya rasa bel ga Scott Steiner kwanaki 5 kacal. Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max (2002) Bayan asarar taken, Jones ya fara yin wa Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max a watan Yuni. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, Jones da Jon Heidenreich sun doke Masato Tanaka da Shinjiro Otani don lashe gasar NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, Jones da Heidenreich sun yi nasarar riƙe kambun a kan Jimmy Snuka Jr. A karo na 2. da The Predator kafin a rasa taken washegari zuwa Naoya Ogawa da Shinya Hashimoto Nishaɗin Wrestling na Duniya (2002-2003) Bayan Jones da farko ya sanya hannu, kan kwangilarsa da World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), bai iya yin aiki a Amurka ba saboda batutuwan biza da suka samo asali daga tarihin aikata laifuka. A ƙarshen 2002 da farkon 2003, Jones ya fara yin wasa a cikin duhu don Nishaɗi na Wrestling na Duniya. Tun asali an inganta shi a matsayin Hannibal Lecter nau'in hali. A ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2003 shirin SmackDown!, Jones ya yi WWE a cikin zobe na farko da aka watsa ta talabijin kuma ya ci Bill DeMott Bayan yin muhawara, ainihin halin Jones ya kasance nixed, kuma an sanya shi a cikin labarun labari tare da The Undertaker a matsayin mai kare shi da mataimaki a lokacin yakin Undertaker tare da A-Train da Babban Nuna A WrestleMania XIX, Jones da Undertaker an shirya su fuskanci Big Show da A-Train a cikin Tag Team wasan, amma a cikin minti na karshe, wasan ya zama wasan nakasa a maimakon. A kan allo, an kai wa Jones hari kafin wasan kuma ya ji rauni. Kusa da lokacin rufe wasan, Jones ya sake bayyana kuma ya kai hari kan Babban Nunin, wanda ya ba da damar Undertaker ya saka A-Train don nasara. An aika Jones zuwa Ohio Valley Wrestling don inganta kwarewarsa. Jones ya kasance ba ya nan a talabijin na tsawon watanni da yawa har sai da ya dawo a cikin kaka na 2003 a matsayin mugu da aka sani da sunan barkwanci "The Colossus of Boggo Road", taken yana nufin lokacin da ya kashe a Boggo Road Gaol An haɗa shi tare da Paul Heyman akan allo, tare da Heyman yana ɗaukar rawar SmackDown! Ganaral manaja. Nan da nan kuma an sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar Survivor Series na Brock Lesnar, wanda kuma ya haɗa da A-Train, Big Show, da Matt Morgan don yin fafatawa da abokin hamayyar Lesnar Kurt Angle da tawagarsa. A Survivor Series, An kawar da Jones ta Angle bayan ya ƙaddamar da Kulle Ankle Kungiyar Lesnar ta sha kashi a hannun Team Angle sannan Jones ya koma matakin don yin katsalandan a wasannin Lesnar tare da sauran membobin Team Lesnar. Hakanan Lesnar ko Heyman ya sanya shi cikin matches don taimaka musu. A ranar 6 Disamba 2003, Jones ya bar kamfanin saboda tsananin jaddawalin balaguron balaguro na WWE yayin da yake yawon shakatawa a Perth, Ostiraliya Bayan-WWE da ritaya Bayan barin WWE, an shirya Jones don yin kokawa a cikin 2004 a Supershow na Australiya na Wrestling, wanda aka yi wa Mark Mercedes Jones bai bayyana kamar yadda aka yi tallace-tallace ba kuma an gudanar da yakin basasa bayan wani hasashe na harbi kan Jones da Mercedes da mai talla Andy Raymond suka, yi. A cikin shekara ta 2005, ya yi kokawa guda uku don Kokawa ta Duniya. A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, ya doke Lee Star kuma a ranakun 7 da 8 ga Oktoba, ya doke Mark Hilton. Bayan wasansa na ƙarshe da Hilton, nan da nan Jones ya yi ritaya daga kokawa. A cikin 2008, Jones ya sanya hannu tare da Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, amma lalacewar jijiyar da motar siminti ta buga hannunsa na hagu ya sa shi jinkiri na watanni uku na farko. Bai taba yin kokawa ba don talla. Gasar da nasarori An kwatanta Pro Wrestling PWI ya sanya shi 137 na Manyan kokawa guda 500 a cikin PWI 500 a cikin 2003 Pro kokawa ZERO1-MAX NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship lokaci 1 tare da Jon Heidenreich Kokawa ta Duniya All-Stars Gasar Cin Nauyi ta Duniya ta WWA sau 1 Jaridar Wrestling Observer Wrestler Mafi Kunnya (2003) Wrestler mafi muni (2003) Mixed Martial Art Records |Loss |align=center|0-1 |Koji Kitao |Submission (keylock) |PRIDE 1 |align=center|1 |align=center|2:14 |Tokyo, Japan Filmography Fim Talabijin Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Professional MMA record for Nathan Jones from Sherdog Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1970 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

30877

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVIP%20%28hip%20hop%20group%29

VVIP (hip hop group)

Articles with hCards VVIP, wanda aka fi sani da VIP (Vision In Progress) ƙungiyar kiɗan Hiplife ne na kasar Ghana da ta ƙunshi Zeal, wanda aka fi sani da Lazzy (Abdul Hamid Ibrahim), Prodigal (Joseph Nana Ofori) da Reggie Rockstone (Reginald Ossei) daga Nima wata unguwa. Accra, Ghana Kafuwa Wanda ya assasa wannan kungiya wani matashi ne mai suna Friction (Musah Haruna) tare da wani abokinsa wanda daga baya ya bar kungiyar zuwa kasar Amurka domin ya karasa karatunsa. Don haka Friction ya gabatar da ra'ayin ga mutane hudu (Promzy, Lazzy, Prodigal, Bone-daga baya sun bar kungiyar) kuma kafin su san shi, biyar daga cikinsu suna yin wasan kwaikwayo a ghetto, kulake, bukukuwan titi da sauransu. Karen Friction, Chicago, ya kasance shi ma dan kungiyar ne a hukumance. Kuna iya jin kare yana kara a ƙarshen waƙoƙin su daga ƙarshen 1990s. A ƙarshe Chicago ta mutu. Kundi A cikin shekarar 1997, an gabatar da VIP a wani bikin bikin titi. A lokacin ne wani mai gabatar da talabijin na Ghana, Blakofe (aka Akua Manfo) da mai gabatar da rediyo mai suna Michael Smith suka gano kungiyar. Blakofe ya zama manajansu, kuma Michael Smith ya ba su kwangila mai suna, Precise Music. A cikin 1998, sun fitar da albam na farko, Bibi Baa O, sun shahara a duk faɗin Accra. Sun zama ƙungiyar Hiplife mafi shahara a Ghana. A cikin 2000, sun fito da kundi na biyu, Ye De Aba, wanda ya fi nasara fiye da kundin su na farko. Bayan kundi na biyu, Friction ya ji cewa lokaci ya yi da zai yi aiki a matsayin mutum mai fasaha kuma ya bar kungiyar. Kungiyar a yanzu tana da mambobi uku (Promzy, Prodigal da Lazzy) kuma ta fitar da kundi na uku a cikin 2001 mai suna Lumbe Lumbe Lumbe tare da buga "Daben na Odo Beba". Duk da haka ƙungiyar rayuwa ta hip sun mamaye jadawalin kiɗan Ghana tare da albam ɗin su na 2003 Ahomka Womu wakar tasu mai suna "Ahomka Womu" ita ce ta daya a jadawalin Ghana sama da makonni 20. VIP ta lashe kyautuka biyar a Ghana Music Awards daga jarumar da suka yi fice kuma kungiyar ta samu fice a duniya bayan wannan nasarar. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ƙungiyar ta fara yawon shakatawa a duniya. Yanzu suna cikin shahararrun masu fasaha a Ghana. Daga baya Promzy ya bar kungiyar ya yi aiki a matsayin mawakin solo amma a cewarsa bai fita daga kungiyar ba Bayan ficewar Promzy, Reggie Rockstone, wanda aka sani da baban rap na Ghana wanda ya dawo a tsakiyar 1990s ya yi baftisma sabon nau'in Hiplife, ya shiga kungiyar. Sunan sabon rukunin ya koma VVIP kuma tun daga lokacin sun yi ƙwaƙƙwaran waƙoƙi kamar "Selfie", "Skolom" da "Dogoyaro". Bidiyon Labari VIP sun kaddamar da wani shirin nasu na mintuna 110 mai suna Home Grown:Hiplife in Ghana Ba'amurke mai shirya fina-finai mai zaman kansa, Eli Jacobs-Fantauzzi ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni. Wasu mawakan da suka halarci bikin kaddamarwar sun hada da Reggie Rockstone, Hashim, Tinny, Sidney, Tic Tac, Mzbel, Rab Bakari, Faze na Najeriya da sauran mawakan Afirka da Caribbean. Kuma don murnar fitowar Gidan Grown, BDNP (Boogie Down Nima Productions) za ta yi rangadin sakin fim ɗin a duniya a ƙasashe da dama da suka haɗa da Brazil, UK, Indiya, Afirka ta Kudu, Najeriya, Kanada, Italiya, Norway, Jamaica, da kuma Amurka. Kyaututtuka Kundin Hip-life Of The Year-Ahomka Wo Mu (Ghana Music Awards)vipHip-life Artiste Of The Year (Ghana Music Awards)vipvipMafi kyawun rukunin Afirka Channel O (Afirka ta Kudu)vipvvipMafi kyawun zane-zane na shekara na 4syte Music Awards (Ghana) Sanannun ayyukan su 2003- "Hip-Life Explosion" Tour (London, Amsterdam, Sweden, Denhaag) 2004- Back Stars (Tawagar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa) na nunin tattara kudade don wasannin Olympics a Athens (Girka) 2004- "Wasan Wasan Zaman Lafiya da Zaman Lafiya" wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Gwamnatin Laberiya suka shirya. 2005- Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Gwamnatin Saliyo sun shirya kide-kide na "Na gode". 2006- Yawon shakatawa na Hip-Life (Amurka daga New York zuwa Los Angeles) 2008-Yanzu Gida Grown Hiplife Documentary Tour World Manazarta Wanda suka lashe kyautar Headies Kungiyar mawaka na kasar

17659

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Jihar%20Kwara

Jami'ar Jihar Kwara

Jami'ar Jihar Kwara, wanda aka fi sani da KWASU, ita ce jami'a ta 77 da Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'in Najeriya (NUC) ta yi rajista. Ita ce jami'a ta 95 da aka yarda da ita a Nijeriya. Gwamnatin Dokta Bukola Saraki ce ta kafa jami'ar a cikin shekara ta 2009, kuma tana da burin zama fiye da jami'a irin ta yau da kullun a Najeriya. An tsara ta ne don zama cibiyar ba da taimakon jama'a da kuma kasuwanci. A cikin ƙasar da ba a karɓar ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin sa kai da haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba, Jami'a ta amince da kanta a matsayin ɓangare na al'umma, kuma tana da matsayin Darakta don Ci Gaban Al'umma don manufar tattara al'umma, saita kimantawa dabaru, da kuma gano buƙatun cikin al'umma ta yadda malanta za su iya amfani da ƙwarewar su don tasiri kai tsaye ga al'ummomin. KWASU ta gudanar da taronta na farko a ranar 1 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2013 kuma ta ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Tsoffin Ɗaliban KWASU Tarihi Ƙungiya Tafiya zuwa ga kafa jami’ar jihar a jihar ta Kwara ya fara ne a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2007 lokacin da gwamnan jihar Kwara, Bukola Saraki ya kaddamar da kwamitin tsare-tsare karkashin tsohon gwamnan jihar Kwara, Alhaji Mohammed Shaaba Lafiagi don shirya fagen kafa jami’ar jihar Kwara. An sanya hannu kan kudurin dokar Jami’ar Jihar Kwara a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2008. An samo takaddun shaida da kayan aiki don gudanar da jami'ar a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2009 daga Hukumar Jami'o'in Nationalasa (NUC). Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa, Farfesa Abdul Rasheed Na'Allah, wanda har zuwa lokacin naɗin nasa, ya kasance Shugaban Sashin Nazarin Afirka na Afirka na Jami'ar Yammacin Illinois, Macomb, Amurka, ya fara aiki a ranar 28 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009. Shugaban Ma’aikatan na Shugaban Kasa na yanzu, Muhammadu Buhari wanda kafin naɗin nasa ya kasance gogaggen malami kuma masanin diflomasiyya na duniya, Farfesa Ibrahim Agboola Gambari shi ne kansila na farko a makarantar, Johnson Adewunmi an nada shugaban kansila a ranar Litinin, 25 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2020 ta Gwamna AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq Lokacin da aka fara aiki, an shirya jami'a don gudanar da ayyukanta na ilimi daga cibiyoyi uku da ke Malete, Ilesha-Baruba da Osi-Opin. Kwalejin Malete ita ce babbar harabar kuma tana da Kwalejin tsarkakakke da Ilimin Kimiyya, Kwalejin Ba da Bayani da Fasahar Sadarwa, da Kwalejin Ilimi. Kwalejin Osi (karamar hukumar Ekiti) za ta gina Kwalejin Injiniya, Kwalejin Ilimin 'Yan Adam, Gudanarwa, da Kimiyyar Zamani. Baruba (Baruten Local Government) Campus zai gina Kwalejin Aikin Gona da Kimiyyar dabbobi. Masu ilimi Jami'ar Jihar Kwara tana da cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa. Ofaya daga cikin irin waɗannan cibiyoyin ita ce Cibiyar Kula da Ilimin Lafiya da Kula da Muhalli da Nazarin CEERMS, wanda kwanan nan ya karɓi tallafi daga UNESCO na dala miliyan 15.3 da za a yi amfani da shi tsawon shekaru shida don kafa UNESCO Chair for Alternative Energy Program. Wannan tallafin na bincike ne a cikin Alternative Energy kuma za a kula da shi ne ta Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kimiyyar Muhalli da Muhalli ta Jihar Kwara (CEERMS). Sauran cibiyoyin Jami'ar sune: Cibiyar Hadisai na Al'adar a Afirka, Cibiyar Nazarin Asiya, Cibiyar Nazarin Soja mai zurfi, Cibiyar Harshen Japan da Al'adu, Ibrahim Gambari Cibiyar Nazarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Kungiyoyin Yanki, Cibiyar Pre-degree da Nazarin Gyara, Cibiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam da doka, Cibiyar Zamani da Addini, Cibiyar Adana Zane-zane, Cibiyar Tallace-tallacen Masana, Cibiyar Innovation a Koyarwa da Bincike, KWASU International Institute for Publishing Studies, Cibiyar Fasaha Ta Zamani, Cibiyar Innovation da Nazarin Kasa da Kasa, Cibiyar Aikace-aikacen Kayan Kwakwalwa da Cibiyar Kasuwanci Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwanci, wacce ita ce irinta ta farko a Nijeriya, an shirya ta ne don shirya waɗanda suka kammala karatunsu don ganowa da kuma gane dama ta hanyar fuskantarwa zuwa samar da aikin yi. Jami'ar na aiki tare da ɗaliban da ke cikin jami'a, don ba da shawara da aiwatar da aiki. Yayinda daliban suka kammala karatu, jami'a tare da daliban suke aiwatar da ayyukan daban-daban. Hakanan ya ƙirƙiri asusun farawa wanda ɗalibi zai iya samin wannan dalilin. A halin yanzu, Jami'ar Jihar Kwara tana ba wa ɗalibai damar gabatar da ayyukansu na bincike ga makarantar a ƙarƙashin Ranar Bincike ta Kwalejin Karatu, taron shekara-shekara inda ɗaliban makarantar ke gabatar da aikin bincike don samun kuɗi da kuma fitarwa a duniya. Yayinda KWASU ke shirin fadada karatun sa a kasashen waje, a halin yanzu yana da kawance da Jami'ar Thammasat a Thailand; Cibiyar Fasaha ta Koriya ta Koriya (KAIST), Koriya ta Kudu; Jami'ar Columbia, New York, Amurka; Jami'ar Jihar Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, Brazil; Jami'ar Kudancin Texas, Houston, TX, Amurka; da sauransu Ma'aikatan koyarwarsa sun kunshi masana kamar su Prof. Leo Daniels, MLK Farfesa na Ilimin ƙirar jirage da Ilimin Bincike Tarihi a Jami'ar Massachusetts Institute of Technology, (MIT) a matsayin Shugaba a Kwalejin Injiniya da Fasaha, Farfesa Abiola Irele daga Jami'ar Harvard a matsayin Provost a Kwalejin 'Yan Adam, Gudanarwa da Kimiyyar Zamani; da Farfesa Winston Wole Soboyejo daga Jami'ar Princeton da sauransu. Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC), ta amince da Injiniyan Jiragen Sama da sararin samaniya a matsayin kwas a Jami’ar Jihar Kwara (KWASU). Kasancewa ita ce cibiyar farko a Nijeriya da ta ba da (B.Eng.) A cikin injiniyan sararin samaniya da Astronautical. Wata sanarwa da Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar, Farfesa Abdulrasheed Na’Allah ya fitar “Dole ne in taya dukkan ɗalibanmu da ma’aikatanmu na Injiniya murna, musamman sashen nazarin sararin samaniya da sararin samaniya saboda aiki tuƙuru da haƙuri, wanda ya kai ga wannan babbar nasarar. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Yanar gizon Jami'ar Jihar Kwara Jami'o'in Nijeriya Jami'a Jami'o'i a Nijeriya

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan%20kiyashin%20Zamfara%20na%202022

Kisan kiyashin Zamfara na 2022

Kisan kiyashin Zamfara wanda ya faru daga ranar 4 zuwa 6 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2022, 'yan bindiga sun kashe mutane sama da 200 a jihar Zamfara da ke Najeriya. Wannan shi ne harin ta'addanci mafi muni a tarihin Najeriya na baya-bayan nan. Fage Rikicin ‘yan bindiga a Najeriya, wanda aka kashe dubban mutane, ya faro ne a shekara ta 2011, kuma yana da alaka da rikicin manoma da makiyaya da kuma rikicin Boko Haram. Kungiyoyin ‘yan bindiga na kai hare-hare a wasu jihohin arewa maso yammacin kasar da suka hada da yin garkuwa da mutane da kuma kisan kiyashi. Hare-haren da aka kai a jihar Zamfara a shekara ta 2021 sun hada da sace ‘yan matan sakandare 279 a Jangebe a watan Fabrairu da kuma kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa sama da mutane 50 a garin Zurmi a watan Yuni. Gabanin hare-haren, hare-haren da sojojin gwamnati suka kai a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu ya yi sanadin mutuwar 'yan bindiga sama da 100 tare da lalata sansanoni da dama. Hakan ya sa ‘yan bindigar suka ci gaba da tunzura zuwa yankin, inda suka kai harin ramuwar gayya. Bayan 'yan kwanaki gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanya 'yan fashin a matsayin 'yan ta'adda. Kisan kiyashin Jim kadan gabanin hare-haren, ‘yan bindigar sun kai farmaki kan wasu shanu 3,000, sai dai ‘yan banga na yankin sun yi taho-mu-gama da su, lamarin da ya kai ga fafatawa tsakanin bangarorin biyu. ‘Yan banga da suka fi yawa sun yi hasarar kuma da yawa daga cikinsu ‘yan bindiga sun kashe su, sannan aka fara kashe-kashen mutanen kauyen. Tun da misalin karfe 12:45 na rana, a ranar Talata, 4 ga watan Janairu, wasu ‘yan bindiga a kan babura wadanda aka kiyasta adadinsu ya kai 300 zuwa 500, sun shiga cikin garin Kurfar Danya, lamarin da ya nuna an fara kai hare-hare a kauyukan Anka da Bukkuyum. kananan hukumomin Zamfara. ’Yan bangar sun harbe mutanen kauyen yayin da suke kwasar ganima tare da kona gidajensu kurmus. Kwanaki biyu ‘yan fashi da makami sun yi wa garuruwan Kurfa da Rafin-Gero kawanya ba tare da gwamnati ta sa baki ba. Yan bindiga sun lalata matsugunai daban-daban guda biyar. Wani wanda ya tsira ya bayyana ‘yan fashi da harbi “duk wanda yake gani”. An kawo karshen kisan kiyashin ne a ranar Alhamis, 6 ga watan Janairu, bayan da dakarun soji suka kama ‘yan bindiga. An zargi wani shugaban ‘yan fashi da makami mai suna Bello Turji da alhakin kisan gilla. Jerin matsugunan da aka tabbatar da niyya Wadanda abin ya shafa Hukumomin jihar Zamfara sun ce adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 58, amma hakan ya janyo cece-kuce. Wasu ‘yan gudun hijirar sun ce adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 154. Mai magana da yawun Sadiya Umar Farouq, ministar harkokin jin kai, ta ce an binne gawarwaki sama da 200, kuma mazauna yankin sun amince da hakan. Daga cikin wadanda kashe-kashen ya rutsa da su har da Gambo Abare, wani fitaccen shugaban kungiyar ‘yan banga na yaki da ‘yan bindiga. Bayan haka Sama da mutane dubu goma ne suka zama ‘yan gudun hijira da kuma kona kauyuka biyar. Mutane da yawa har yanzu ba a gansu ba. An sace albarkatu da dama, inda aka yi kiyasin shanu 2,000 da 'yan fashi suka kwashe. Hukumomin Najeriya sun isa gundumomin domin taimakawa wajen shirya jana'izar jama'a, kuma har yanzu suna ci gaba da aiki. Ana ci gaba da kokarin bayar da agaji. Gwamnatin Najeriya da ‘yan sandan kasar sun kaddamar da farautar wadanda suka aikata wannan aika-aika, tare da daukar jiragen yaki. Har yanzu dai ba a daina kai hare-hare na ‘yan bindiga ba, kuma a ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, ‘yan bindiga sun kai farmaki kauyen ‘Yar Kuka na Zamfaran, inda suka yi awon gaba da mutane goma sha biyu da suka hada da hakimin kauyen, da matarsa da dan uwansa, da kuma wasu ma’aikatan hakar ma’adinai biyu daga Burkina Faso. Washegari ‘yan bindiga sun kai farmaki garin Kadauri a karamar hukumar Maru inda suka yi garkuwa da wasu mata shida. A ranar Talata, 11 ga watan Janairu, ‘yan bindiga sun kashe fararen hula 51 daga jihohin Filato da Neja a irin wannan lamari. A ranar 12 ga watan Janairu, gwamnan Zamfara Bello Matawalle ya sanar da cewa rashin tsaro ya zama “barazana” a jihar da kuma yankin Arewa maso yammacin Najeriya baki daya, ya kuma bukaci gwamnatin tarayya da ta kara sanya kanta cikin rikicin. Martani 'yan Najeriya A ranar 8 ga watan Janairu, shugaban Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari ya yi tir da kashe-kashen da ake yi, inda ya kara da cewa Najeriya za ta nemi murkushe ta'addanci a kasar. Tsohon sakataren gwamnatin tarayya Anyim Pius Anyim ya ce ya ji takaicin kashe-kashen da aka yi, inda ya yi tir da “lalata rayuka da dukiyoyi” da masu aikata ta’addancin ke yi. Sarakunan Anka da Bukkuyum, Alhaji Attahir Ahmad da Alhaji Muhammad Usman, sun karfafa matakan tsaro a yankin. Nan take Bello Matawalle ya kai ziyara garuruwan da abin ya shafa, inda ya gana da wadanda suka tsira da rayukansu da kuma iyalansu. Ya soki kafafen yada labarai da cewa suna yin karin gishiri a kiyasin adadin wadanda suka mutu, yana mai cewa kafafen yada labarai sun “nakalto daban-daban alkaluma masu ban tsoro na mace-macen da suka taso daga hare-haren baya-bayan nan ta hanyar tserewa daga ‘yan bindiga. Jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress ta yi Allah-wadai da lamarin, inda ta bayyana cewa za ta goyi bayan rundunar sojojin Najeriya a yunkurinta na zakulo wadanda suka aikata wannan aika-aika. John James Akpan Udo-Edehe ya mika sakon ta’aziyya ga iyalan wadanda suka rasa ‘yan uwa tare da jajantawa gwamnati da al’ummar jihar Zamfara a madadin jam’iyyar. Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya ta yi Allah-wadai da kisan kiyashi da kuma “mugunta da rashin mutuntaka” da ‘yan fashin suka yi. Femi Fani-Kayode, wanda a baya ya taba rike mukamin ma’aikatar sufurin jiragen sama ta Najeriya, ya bayar da shawarar cewa Najeriya za ta iya hana kashe-kashen jama’a a nan gaba ta hanyar amfani da salon tayar da bama-bamai, lura da cewa a baya-bayan nan ne sojoji suka mallaki jiragen Tucano. Shi ma gwamnan jihar Kaduna, Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai, ya goyi bayan amfani da hanyar. Suna kashe mutane a Sakkwato, ku tattara sojoji a can, ku fatattake su, su koma Kebbi, daga Kebbi idan aka tashi bam, sai su koma Kaduna. Abin da ya kamata a yi shi ne a yi musu bama-bamai ta sama, kasa, dakaru a kasa lokaci guda a duk jihohi biyar, shida na Arewa maso Yamma da Nijar. Kuma ana iya magance wannan matsala a ganina, cikin makonni. Na yi imani matakan rashin tsaro a yanzu sun kasance a wani wuri mai mahimmanci kuma wani abu ya kamata a bayar. Fatana shi ne abin da zai bayar shi ne karshen wannan ‘yan fashin har abada. Matsala ce. -Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai Ƙasashen Duniya Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Turkiyya ta mayar da martani tana "mai matukar bakin ciki da samun labarin cewa sama da fararen hula dari ne suka rasa rayukansu a wasu hare-hare da aka kai a jihar Zamfara." A ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya António Guterres ya bayyana kakkausar suka kan lamarin, inda ya ba da goyon baya ga ayyukan yaki da ta'addanci a Najeriya, yana mai shaidawa hukumomin Najeriya cewa "ba za su yi kasa a gwiwa ba wajen gurfanar da wadanda ke da alhakin wadannan munanan laifuka a gaban kuliya". Guterres ya jaddada goyon bayan MDD ga kasar. Kungiyar Hadin Kan Musulunci ta yi tir da lamarin, inda ta nuna juyayi ga wadanda abin ya shafa. Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Masar ta aike da sakon ta'aziyya tare da yin Allah wadai da kisan kiyashin a matsayin harin ta'addanci. Manazarta 2022 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya Ta'adanci Rikici a Najeriya Rikici Satar mutane a najeriya Rikicin Fulani da

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range%20Rover%20Classic

Range Rover Classic

Range Rover jerin abubuwan hawa ne 4x4, matsakaiciyar girman Kashe-hanya wanda aka samar daga 1969 zuwa 1996 da farko ta ƙungiyar Rover (daga baya Land Rover na British Leyland, kuma daga baya ta ƙungiyar Rover Farkon motocin da aka samar a ƙarƙashin sunan Range Rover, an gina shi azaman ƙirar kofa biyu don shekaru 11 na farko, har sai da kofa huɗu kuma ta kasance a cikin 1981. Range Rover daga nan ya yi nasarar haɓaka kasuwa a cikin 1980s, kuma an yi muhawara sosai a Amurka a matsayin ƙirar ɗan shekara 17 a 1987 Los Angeles Auto Show An hana samun nau'in kofa biyu daga 1984, amma ya kasance yana samarwa ga wasu kasuwanni har zuwa 1994, lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da ƙarni na biyu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Land Rover ya sake fasalin ainihin samfurin a ƙarƙashin kalmar Range Rover Classic, don bambanta shi da sabon magajinsa na P38A, lokacin da aka gina su biyu tare da ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma sun yi amfani da sunan a baya ga duk Range Rovers na farko. Kodayake ƙarni na biyu Range Rover ya maye gurbinsa a hukumance, wanda ya fara a cikin 1994 duka magajin da mafi araha na farko da na biyu na Gano Land Rover sun dogara ne akan ainihin asalin Range Rover's chassis, jirgin ƙasa da tsarin jiki, wanda a cikin jigon ya rayu har zuwa ƙarni na uku Discovery ya zo, kuma layin jini na injiniya ya ƙare tare da maye gurbin Mark 2 Gano bayan 2004. A cikifarkon 2020, aikin samar da shekaru 26 na asalin Range Rover an ƙidaya shi azaman motar ƙarni na ashirin da bakwai mafi tsayi a tarihi ta mujallar Autocar Tarihi Rover 's Land Rover Series Na ƙaddamar a cikin 1948 an tsara shi don zama mai arha, mai sauƙin ƙira, kuma ya dace da aiki tuƙuru a cikin yankunan karkara, tare da ɗan rangwame ga kwanciyar hankali. Ba da jimawa ba Rover ya gane cewa kasuwa ta wanzu don abin hawa daga kan hanya tare da ƙarin abubuwan more rayuwa. A cikin 1949 an saki motar Land Rover Estate, tare da koci-ginin katako da Tickford ya gina. Duk da haka, babban farashin ƙara irin waɗannan siffofi na mota kamar kujeru bakwai, kafet na bene, na'ura mai zafi, gilashin gilashi guda ɗaya ya sa an sayar da ƙasa da 700 kafin a bar samfurin a 1951. A shekara ta 1954 Land Rover ya ƙaddamar da mota ta biyu, wannan lokacin yana nufin mai amfani da kasuwanci wanda ke buƙatar abin hawa daga kan hanya don ɗaukar fasinjoji ba tare da jin dadi na mota ba. Dangane da bambance-bambancen nau'in Land Rover na kasuwanci, yana da kujeru masu dacewa da wurin lodi da tagogi da aka yanke a cikin gefuna. Duk da yake akwai tare da fasali kamar fitilar ciki, hita, ƙofa da gyaran bene da ingantattun kujeru, motar kadara ta riƙe ƙaƙƙarfan abin hawa da iya dakatarwa da kuma matsakaicin aikinta. A ƙarshen 1950s Rover ya gamsu cewa kasuwa don samun kwanciyar hankali 4x4 ya wanzu a yankuna kamar Afirka da Ostiraliya, inda masu ababen hawa na yau da kullun suka fuskanci doguwar tafiye-tafiye a kan titunan da ba a yi ba waɗanda ke buƙatar tuƙi mai ƙafa huɗu da tsauri mai tsauri. A shekarar 1958 aka gina na farko na "Road Rover" ci gaban motoci. Haɗa dagewar Land Rover tare da jin daɗin motar Rover saloon, yana da fasalin Land Rover chassis da kayan gudu sanye da kayan aikin mota mai kama da mota. Bai taba sanya shi cikin samarwa ba. A cikin 1960s, Rover ya fara sanin haɓakar tayi na abin hawa mai amfani a Arewacin Amurka. Proto SUVs kamar International Harvester Scout (1961) da Ford Bronco (1966) sun fara skew na 4x4s zuwa sauri da ta'aziyya yayin da suke riƙe fiye da isassun ikon kashe hanya don yawancin masu amfani masu zaman kansu. Jeep Wagoneer ya kara tabbatar da manufar a cikin hanyar da Rover ya yi ƙoƙari sau da yawa, amma tare da ƙarin iko. Don samar da Rover nudge don haɓakawa, shugaban ayyukan kamfanin na Amurka ya aika da Land Rover Series II 88 zuwa Biritaniya wanda aka sanye da ƙaramin injin buick V8 na ci gaba. Rover yarda da kunno kai na wasanni kashe-hanya kasuwar a 1967 karkashin Charles Spencer King, kuma ya fara da "100-inch Station Wagon" shirin don bunkasa m gasa. Rover ya sayi Bronco, wanda ke nuna nau'in dakatarwar ruwa mai tsayin tafiya da ake buƙata don haɗakar da kwanciyar hankali na mota da ake buƙata da kuma tabbatar da ikon Land Rover. An ce Sarki ya gamsu da magudanan ruwa yayin tuki Rover P6 a kan wani yanki na masana'antar Solihull da ake sake ginawa. Ya kuma gamsu cewa ana buƙatar watsa tayoyin kafa huɗu na dindindin duka don samar da isassun kulawa da kuma ɗaukar ƙarfin da ake buƙata don abin hawa ya kasance mai gasa. Farashin haɓaka sabon watsawa gabaɗaya ya bazu tsakanin aikin SW 100-inch da wanda ke aiki akan abin da zai zama Land Rover 101 Forward Control Ƙarfi, haske da ƙarfi, Buick alloy V8 ya sami gyare-gyare a kan hanya irin su carburettors waɗanda ke kula da samar da man fetur a matsanancin kusurwoyi da kuma tanadi don cranking injin tare da farawa a cikin gaggawa. Aikin jiki na ƙarshe ya ƙunshi ƙira da ƙungiyar injiniyoyi suka yi, maimakon sashin salo na David Bache Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

20561

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Lafiya%20ta%20Duniya

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya W.H.O hukuma ce ta musamman ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wacce ke da alhakin kula da lafiyar jama'a na duniya. Cibiyar ta na a birnin Geneva, Switzerland sannan tana da tana da ofisoshin yanki guda shida da sauran ofisoshi guda 150 a sauran kasashe. An kafa W.H.O mulki a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1948, kuma gudanar da taron ta na farko a ranar 24 ga watan July na wannan shekarar wanda ake tunawa da shi a matsayin Ranar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya. Ta kunshi kadarori, ma'aikata, da kuma aikinsu na Kungiyar Lafiya ta League of Nations da kuma da ke Paris, ciki har da Kididdigar Cututtuka na Duniya (ICD). Aikinta ya fara da gaske a cikin 1951 biyo bayan sanya kuɗaɗa da albarkatun fasaha da dama. Babban kudirin WHO shine bunkasa kiwon lafiya da kuma kariya daga cututtuka tare da taimakawa masu rauni a duk fadin duniya. Tana bayar da tallafi na fasaha ga kasashe, tsara daidaicin kiwon lafiya a duk fadin duniya, tattara bayanai akan harkokin kiwon lafiya na duk duniya, kuma suna taka rawa a matsayin dandalin tattaunawa akan akan abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya. Mujallarta ta musamman, World Health Report tana bayar da bayanai akan abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya na duniya baki daya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta taka rawa na musamman akan nasarorin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, wanda sukayi fice sun hada da kawo karshen cutar Agana (smallpox), bayar da shawarwari kan kiwon lafiyar ta duniya, sannan Kuma da sa ido kan matsalolin lafiyar jama'a, dai-daita martanin gaggawa, da inganta lafiyar dan adam. Yana bayar da taimakon fasaha ga ƙasashe, ya kafa ƙa'idodin kiwon lafiya na duniya da jagororin, kuma yana tattara bayanai kan al'amuran kiwon lafiyar duniya ta hanyar binciken Lafiya ta Duniya. Babban littafinsa, Rahoton Kiwon Lafiya na Duniya, yana kuma ba da ƙididdigar ƙwararrun batutuwan kiwon lafiya na duniya da ƙididdigar kiwon lafiya akan dukkan ƙasashe. Har ila yau, Hukumar ta (W.H.O) ta zama dandalin taro da tattaunawa kan al'amuran kiwon lafiya. Hukumar ta (W.H.O) ta taka rawar gani a nasarorin da aka samu game da kiwon lafiyar jama'a, ta duniya, musamman kawar da cutar sankarau, da cutar shan inna, da samar da allurar rigakafin cutar ta Ebola Abubuwan da ta sa a gaba yanzu sun hada da cututtuka masu yaduwa, musamman HIV AIDS, Ebola, COVID-19, zazzabin cizon sauro da tarin fuka, cututtuka marasa yaduwa irin su cututtukan zuciya da kansar; lafiyayyen abinci, abinci mai gina jiki, da wadatar abinci lafiyar aiki da shan kayan maye A zaman wani ɓangare na kungiyar Ci gaba mai Dorewa, a WHA, wacce ta ƙunshi wakilai daga dukkan ƙasashe mambobi 194, tana matsayin babbar hukumar yanke shawara ta hukumar. Hakanan yana zaɓa da kuma ba da shawara ga kwamitin zartarwa wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun likitoci 34. Kungiyar ta WHA tana yin taro a kowace shekara kuma tana da alhakin zabar babban darakta, da sanya manufofi da kuma fifiko, da kuma amincewa da kasafin kudin hukumar ta WHO da ayyukan ta. Babban darakta janar na yanzu Tedros Adhanom, tsohon ministan lafiya kuma ministan harkokin wajen Habasha, wanda ya fara wa’adinsa na shekaru biyar a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 2017. WHO na dogaro da gudummawa daga kasashe membobin kungiyar (wadanda aka tantance su da na son rai) da kuma masu bayar da tallafi na masu zaman kansu. Jimlar kasafin kudin da aka amince dashi na 2020-2021 ya haura 7.2 biliyan, wanda yawancinsu ke fitowa daga gudummawar son rai daga mambobin ƙasashe. Ana tantance gudummawar ta hanyar tsari wanda ya hada da GDP na kowane mutum. Daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa akwai Jamus (wacce ta ba da gudummawar 12.18% na kasafin kuɗi), Gidauniyar Bill Melinda Gates (11.65%), da kuma Amurka (7.85%). Tarihi Asali Taron Tsaftace wuri don kiwon lafiya na Duniya, wanda aka fara shi a ranar 23 ga Yuni na 1851, sune farkon magabata na (W.H.O). Jerin taruka 14 da suka gudana daga 1851 zuwa 1938, Taron Tsaftace wuri don kiwon lafiya na Duniya yayi aiki don yaƙar cututtuka da yawa, babban cikinsu akwai kwalara, zazzaɓi, da annoba ta bubonic Tarukan ba su da tasiri sosai har zuwa na bakwai, a cikin 1892; lokacin da aka zartar da Yarjejeniyar Tsafta ta Duniya wacce ta magance cutar kwalara. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, an sanya hannu kan babban taro game da annobar. A wani ɓangare sakamakon nasarorin taron, Ofishin Tsaftace wuri don kiwon lafiya na Bankin Amurka (1902), da (1907) ba da daɗewa ba aka kafa. Lokacin da aka kafa League of Nations a 1920, sun kafa Hukumar Lafiya ta League of Nations. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, Majalisar dinkin Duniya ta tattara dukkan sauran ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya, don kafa (W.H.O). Kafawa A yayin taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kungiyar kasa da kasa ta 1945, Szeming Sze, wata wakiliya daga Jamhuriyar Sin, ta tattauna da wakilan Norway da na Brazil kan kirkirar kungiyar kiwon lafiya ta kasa da kasa karkashin kulawar sabuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Bayan kasa samun kudurin da aka zartar kan batun, Alger Hiss, babban sakataren taron, ya ba da shawarar amfani da sanarwa don kafa irin wannan kungiyar. Sze da sauran wakilai sun yi lobbi kuma an gabatar da sanarwa don kiran taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan kiwon lafiya. Amfani da kalmar "duniya", maimakon "na duniya", ya jaddada ainihin yanayin duniya na abin da ƙungiyar ke neman cimmawa. Tsarin mulki na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta rattaba hannu ga dukkan kasashe 51 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da wasu kasashe 10, a ranar 22 ga Yulin 1946. Ta haka ne ta zama hukuma ta musamman ta musamman ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wacce kowane memba ya yi rajista da ita. Tsarin mulkinta ya fara aiki bisa ƙa'ida a ranar farko ta Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1948, lokacin da ƙasa memba na 26 ta amince da shi. Taron farko na Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya ya gama a ranar 24 ga Yuli 1948, bayan da ya sami kasafin (sannan GB£1,250,000 na shekara 1949. Andrija Štampar shi ne shugaban Majalisar na farko, kuma G. Brock Chisholm an nada shi darekta-janar na WHO, bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare a lokacin shirin. Abubuwan da ta sa a gaba sun hada da kula da yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro, tarin fuka da cututtukan da ake yadawa ta hanyar jima'i, da inganta kiwon lafiyar mata da kananan yara, abinci mai gina jiki da tsaftar muhalli.Dokar ta ta farko da ta shafi doka ita ce game da tattara ƙididdigar ƙididdiga kan yaduwa da cutar cuta. Alamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta nuna sandar Asclepius a matsayin alama ta warkarwa. Ayyuka IAEA Yarjejeniyar WHA 12-40 A cikin 1959, WHO ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar WHA 12-40 tare da Hukumar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Duniya (IAEA), wacce ke cewa: Yanayin wannan bayanin ya sa wasu kungiyoyi da masu fafutuka ciki har da Mata a Turai don Makoma daya sun yi ikirarin cewa WHO ta takaita ne a cikin ikon ta na binciken illolin da ke tattare da lafiyar bil'adama na radiation da amfani da karfin nukiliya da ci gaba da bala'in nukiliya a Chernobyl da Fukushima Sun yi imani cewa dole ne WHO ta sake dawo da abin da suke gani a matsayin 'yanci.WHO mai zaman kanta ta gudanar da taron mako mako daga 2007 zuwa 2017 a gaban hedkwatar WHO. Koyaya, kamar yadda Foreman ya nuna a cikin sakin layi na 2 ya ce: An nuna rubutu mai mahimmanci a sarari, yarjejeniyar a sakin layi na 2 ta bayyana cewa WHO na da 'yanci yin kowane aiki da ya shafi kiwon lafiya. Tarihin aiki na WHO 1948: WHO ta kafa sabis na bayani game da annoba ta hanyar telex, kuma a shekara ta 1950 an fara aikin rigakafin tarin fuka da yawa ta amfani da allurar rigakafin BCG 1955: An ƙaddamar da shirin kawar da zazzabin cizon sauro, kodayake daga baya an canza shi cikin haƙiƙa. 1955 ya ga rahoto na farko game da cutar siga da kirkirar Hukumar Kula da Ciwon Kansa ta Duniya 1958: Viktor Zhdanov, Mataimakin Ministan Lafiya na USSR, ya yi kira ga Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya da ta gudanar da wani shiri na duniya don kawar da cutar shan inna, wanda ya haifar da Kuduri WHA11.54. 1966: WHO ta dauke hedkwatarta daga reshen Ariana a Fadar Kasashen Duniya zuwa wani sabon HQ da aka gina a wani wuri a Geneva. 1967: WHO ta ƙarfafa kamfen kawar da cutar shan inna ta duniya ta hanyar ba da gudummawar 2.4 miliyan a kowace shekara don ƙoƙari da kuma amfani da sabuwar hanyar sa ido game da cututtuka,a daidai lokacin da mutane miliyan 2 ke mutuwa daga cutar shan inna a shekara. Matsalar farko da ƙungiyar WHO ta fuskanta ita ce rashin isasshen rahoto game da ƙananan cututtukan. WHO ta kafa cibiyar sadarwa na masu ba da shawara wadanda suka taimaka wa kasashe wajen kafa ayyukan sa ido da tsare abubuwa. WHO din kuma ta taimaka wajen dakile barkewar cutar Turai ta karshe a cikin Yugoslavia a shekarar 1972 Bayan sama da shekaru 20 na yaki da cutar shan inna, WHO ta bayyana a 1979 cewa an kawar da cutar cuta ta farko a tarihi da kokarin dan adam ya kawar da ita. 1967: WHO ta ƙaddamar da Shirin na Musamman don Bincike da Horarwa a cikin Cututtukan Tropical kuma Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya ta jefa ƙuri'a don zartar da ƙuduri kan Rigakafin Rashin Lafiya da Sake Gyarawa, tare da mai da hankali kan kulawar da ke cikin al'umma. 1974: An fara fadada shirin kan rigakafi da kuma kula da cutar kanjamau, muhimmiyar kawance tsakanin Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona (FAO), Shirin Raya Kasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP), da Bankin Duniya 1977: An tsara jerin farko na magunguna masu mahimmanci, kuma shekara guda bayan haka aka ayyana babban burin "Lafiya Ga Kowa". 1986: WHO ta fara shirinta na duniya game da cutar kanjamau Shekaru biyu bayan haka aka hana nuna banbanci ga masu fama kuma a 1996 aka kafa UNAIDS. 1988: An kafa shirin Kawar da Cutar Polio a Duniya 1998: Darakta-Janar na WHO ya bayyana nasarorin da aka samu a rayuwar yara, rage mace-macen jarirai, karuwar rai da raguwar "annoba" kamar kananan yara da cutar shan inna a bikin cika shekaru hamsin da kafuwar WHO. Ya, duk da haka, ya yarda da cewa lallai ne a yi wasu abubuwa don taimakawa lafiyar uwaye kuma ci gaban da ake samu a wannan yanki ya yi tafiyar hawainiya. 2000: An kirkiro Kawancen Dakatar da cutar tarin fuka tare da shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Bunkasar Millennium 2001: An kirkiro shirin kyanda, kuma an yaba shi da rage mace-macen duniya daga cutar da kashi 68% cikin 2007. 2002: An kirkiro Asusun Duniya don Yaki da cutar kanjamau, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro don inganta albarkatun da ke akwai. 2006: Theungiyar ta amince da kayan aikin HIV AIDS na farko na duniya don Zimbabwe, wanda ya kafa tushe don rigakafin duniya, magani, da tallafawa shirin yaƙi da cutar AIDS

19903

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20rai

Hakkin rai

Hakkin rai, shine imani cewa mutum yana da ikon rayuwa kuma, musamman, bai kamata a kashe shi ta wata ƙungiya ciki har da gwamnati ba. Manufar 'yancin rayuwa ta taso ne a cikin muhawara kan batutuwan hukuncin kisa, yaki, zubar da ciki, euthanasia, cin zarafin' yan sanda, kisan kai mai adalci, da kuma hakkin dabbobi. Mutane da yawa na iya yin sabani kan waɗanne fannoni wannan ƙa'idar ta shafi, gami da irin waɗannan batutuwa da aka ambata a baya. Zubar da ciki Ana amfani da kalmar "haƙƙin rai" a cikin mahawarar zubar da ciki daga waɗanda suke son kawo ƙarshen al'adar zubar da ciki, ko aƙalla rage yawan aikin, kuma a cikin yanayin ciki, Paparoma Pius XII ne ya gabatar da kalmar zuwa rayuwa yayin wani papal na 1951: Kowane ɗan adam, ko da ɗan cikin da yake ciki, yana da 'yancin rayuwa kai tsaye daga Allah ba daga iyayensa ba, ba daga wata al'umma ko hukuma ba. Saboda haka, babu wani mutum, babu al'umma, babu ikon ɗan adam, babu kimiyya, babu "nuni" kwata-kwata ko kuma likita, eugenic, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, ko ɗabi'a wanda zai iya bayarwa ko bayar da take mai inganci don yanke hukunci da gangan kai tsaye na rayuwar mutum mara laifi… Paparoma Pius XII, Adireshi ga ungozoma game da yanayin sana'arsu Papal Encyclical, Oktoba 29, 1951. A shekarar 1966 taron kasa na Bishop Bishop din Katolika (NCCB) ya tambayi Fr. James T. McHugh don fara lura da yanayin sauye-sauyen zubar da ciki a Amurka. An kafa kungiyar ‘Yancin Rayuwa ta Kasa (NRLC) a shekarar 1967 a matsayin Kungiyar‘ Yancin Rayuwa don daidaita kamfen din ta na jihohi a karkashin kungiyar National Bishops ta Katolika. Don yin kira ga wani yanki mai tushe, ƙungiyar mara motsi, manyan shugabannin Minnesota sun gabatar da samfurin tsari wanda zai raba NRLC daga sa ido kai tsaye na Taron ofasa na Bishop Bishop din Katolika da farkon 1973 NRLC Director Fr. James T. McHugh da babban mai taimaka masa, Michael Taylor, sun gabatar da wani shiri na daban, saukakawa NRLC zuwa ga samun ‘yancinta daga Cocin Roman Katolika. Da'a da hakkin rayuwa Wasu masu bin ka'idoji masu amfani suna da'awar cewa "'yancin rayuwa", inda ya wanzu, ya dogara ne da yanayi ban da kasancewa cikin jinsin mutane. Falsafa Peter Singer sanannen mashahuri ne na wannan jayayya. Ga Singer, haƙƙin rayuwa yana cikin ikon tsarawa da kuma tunanin makomar mutum. Wannan ya fadada batun ga dabbobin da ba mutane ba, kamar sauran birrai, amma tunda wadanda ba a haifa ba, jarirai da nakasassun mutane ba su da wannan, ya bayyana cewa zubar da ciki, kashe jarirai mara zafi da kuma euthanasia na iya zama barata (amma ba farilla ba) a wasu yanayi na musamman, misali a batun jariri nakasasshe wanda rayuwarsa zata kasance cikin wahala, ko kuma idan iyayensa ba sa so su goya shi kuma ba wanda yake son ɗauke shi. Masanan ilimin halayyar dan adam masu alaƙa da haƙƙin nakasa da al'ummomin nazarin nakasa sun yi jayayya cewa ilimin ilimin Singer ya dogara ne da fahimtar iyawar nakasa. Hukuncin kisa Ka'idodin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Kasa da Kasa na Doka ya kirkiro da tsarin da za a gane cewa dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa ta rataya a kan dukkan masu fada a ji na jihohi, kuma ya ce dole ne masu wasan kwaikwayo na jihohi su sani kuma su kasance masu iya aiwatar da mizanan kasa da kasa na 'yancin dan adam. Hakkin rayuwa shine mafi yawanci haƙƙin karewa ne wanda aka baiwa kowane ɗan adam a doron ƙasa, duk da haka, akwai wasu yanayi waɗanda ake buƙatar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa da su ɗauki tsauraran matakai, wanda ka iya haifar da kisan fararen hula da jami'an tsaro suka yi. Babban zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar, a cikin 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, da 2016 kudurori marasa kan gado da ke neman a dakatar da zartar da hukuncin kisa a duniya, da nufin sokewa daga karshe. Kashe jami’an tsaro Ka'idodin 'Yancin Dan Adam na Doka sun tsara lokutan da suka dace na kisan kai ta hanyar tilasta doka. Duk wani mataki na kisa da jami'an tsaro suka dauka dole ne a bi shi bayan wasu ka'idoji da aka shimfida a cikin 'Amfani da Karfi' na littafin Aljihu kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ga Yan Sanda. Babban mahimmancin Littafin Aljihu da ke tattare da amfani da ƙarfi mai kisa shi ne cewa duk sauran hanyoyin da ba na tashin hankali ba ya kamata a fara aiki da farko, sannan a yi amfani da ƙarfi daidai gwargwado. Yin amfani da karfi daidai gwargwado zai iya, kuma a wasu yanayi, ya koma ga na kisa idan jami'in tilasta doka ya yi imani da gaske cewa ƙare rayuwar farar hula ɗaya zai haifar da kiyaye ransa, ko rayukan 'yan uwansa farar hula, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin 'halalta yanayi na amfani da bindigogi' na littafin Aljihu. Littafin Aljihu Har ila yau, ya bayyana a cikin 'Bayani game da amfani da karfi da bindigogi' cewa akwai tsauraran matakai na lissafin kudi a wurin don kiyaye mutunci tsakanin hukumomin tilasta bin doka game da 'yancinsu na amfani da karfi. Cibiyoyin kasa da kasa sun fayyace lokacin da inda jami'an tilasta yin doka zasu samu karfin iko a hannunsu. Knungiyar shugabannin 'yan sanda ta Duniya suna da' Manufofin wanda ya haɗa da wasu bayanai daga manyan kafofin. Daya daga cikin waɗannan manufofin ƙirar suna faɗin cewa jami'an tilasta yin doka za su yi aiki da ƙarfin da ya dace don kawo kyakkyawan yanayin zuwa ƙarshe, ba da takamaiman tunani ga lafiyar kansu da sauran fararen hula. An ba wa jami'an tilasta bin doka da oda shiga cikin hanyoyin da aka amince da sashe don kawo karshen lamarin cikin aminci sannan kuma an ba su ikon amfani da kayan aikin da aka bayar don magance matsaloli a yanayin da ake bukatar su kare kansu ko wasu daga lalacewa, kawo mutane masu juriya cikin iko, ko don gama abubuwan da suka saba wa doka. Babu ambaton abin da "ya cancanta" ya kamata a fassara shi da ma'ana, amma akwai isharar da aka yi wa mutum mai hankali hanyar tantance yadda ya kamata mutum ya kusanci yanayi. Koyaya, an ba da haske ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru kamar kisan Michael Brown da Darren Wilson ya yi a Ferguson, Missouri, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankalin jama'a, cewa akwai rudani da muhawara game da amfani da bindigogi da ƙarfi mai kisa. 'Hanyar amfani da bindigogi' ta samar da tsari ta yadda dole jami'an tsaro su ci gaba yayin amfani da bindigogi. Ya bayyana cewa dole ne su bayyana kansu a matsayin jami'in tilasta bin doka, su ba da gargadi bayyananne, kuma su ba da isasshen lokaci don amsawa (bayar da cewa lokacin ba zai haifar da cutar da wakili ko wasu farar hula ba) kafin karfi mai iko amfani dashi a cikin iyakokin dokokin duniya. Yayinda Littafin Aljihu kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ga' Yan sanda ya bayyana yanayin ilimin da jami'an tsaro za su iya amfani da karfi na kisa, al'amuran zahiri da aka yi kisan 'yan sanda su ma sun dace. Rosenfeld ya faɗi cewa akwai manyan littattafai waɗanda ke ba da dalili don yarda cewa yanayin zamantakewar suna da rawar da za su taka a yadda za a iya aiwatar da kashe doka. Rosenfeld ya ce akwai karatun da yawa da aka gudanar wanda ya danganta yadda jami'an tsaro ke amfani da karfin tuwo zuwa yawan aikata laifuka na yanki, girman yawan mutanen da ba 'yan asalin ba da kuma yanayin zamantakewar tattalin arzikin al'ummar da abin ya shafa. Aiwatar da bayanin bargo na yadda kisan 'yan sanda zai iya faruwa a duk fadin lamarin yana da wahala saboda lamuran da suka shafi zamantakewar al'umma daga jiha zuwa jiha. Perry, Hall da Hall sun tattauna abubuwan da suka faru a duk fadin Amurka wanda ya zama wanda ake zargi sosai kuma aka yada shi sosai a ƙarshen 2014, yana magana ne akan amfani da ƙarfi daga jami'an 'yan sanda farar fata akan fararen farar farar hula maza marasa makami. Babu wata doka wacce ta ba jami'an tsaro damar yin amfani da karfi ta hanyar kisan mutum dangane da jinsin mutumin da suke mu'amala da shi, kawai akwai wata doka da za ta tilasta yin amfani da karfi idan har akwai tsoron da ya dace da rayuwarka ko rayuwar wasu. Koyaya, nazarin Propublica na bayanan tarayya game da harbe-harben policean sanda mai kisa tsakanin 2010 da 2012, ya nuna cewa samari baƙar fata fararen hula sun fi yuwuwar kashe toan sanda sau 21 fiye da fararen samari fararen hula. Amfani da karfi mai kisa daga jami'an tilasta yin doka a Amurka ya haifar da jin dadi tsakanin 'yan Amurka cewa' yan sanda ba su kariya. Tsarin shari'ar galibi ya gano cewa wadannan wakilai sun yi aiki a cikin iyakokin doka saboda abubuwan da mutanen da aka harba suka yanke hukunci ya isa a tuhume su da halayyar dan sanda don tsoron rayukansu ko na wasu. Coppolo ya binciki dokar Connecticut kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa yin amfani da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi dole ne a bi shi da rahoto wanda ke tabbatar ko ƙarfin kashe wakilin na doka ya kasance daidai gwargwadon hali. Coppolo ya kuma bayyana cewa dole ne a mayar da martani mai ma'ana yayin da akwai kyakkyawan imani cewa hujjojin da aka gabatar muku da su na iya haifar da haɗarin mutuwa ko cutarwa ta jiki. A cikin Graham v. Connor, wani mai ciwon sukari da ke fama da cutar sikari-jini ya kama wani jami'in da ya ga yanayin da ya sa shi shakkar Graham, tsarewar Graham ya haifar da raunuka da dama ga Graham, wanda daga nan ya ci gaba da kai karar ’yan sanda don amfani da karfi fiye da kima. Kotun Koli ta Amurka ba ta sami labarin ciwon sukari a cikin kanta wanda zai iya zama barazana ga wakilin tilasta yin doka. Kotun Koli ta gano cewa dole ne a yi la’akari da cikakken yanayi a lokacin da abin ya faru yayin yanke hukunci ga jami’in maimakon yin la’akari da abin da ya faru tare da yin la’akari da hankali, wanda a game da batun Graham an yanke shawarar cewa halayyar da ke haifar da ciwon sikari a fuskarta za a iya ɗauka a matsayin barazana ga jami'in tilasta doka ko wasu farar hula. Wannan yana da wahala ga gano abin da ya dace da kwatankwacin kyakkyawan yanayin wanda wakilin doka zai iya amfani da ƙarfi. A cikin Tennessee v. Garner jami’i Elton Hymon ya amsa kiran sata; lokacin da ya shiga bayan gida a cikin abin da ake magana, Hymon ya ga wani yana gudu kuma ya umarci wanda ake zargin, wanda daga baya aka gano shi yaro ne dan shekara 15 mai suna Edward Garner, da ya tsaya. Garner ya fara hawa shinge, kuma Hymon ya ci gaba da harbe shi har lahira a bayan kansa. Kotun kolin ta ce bisa ga abin da aka yi wa kwaskwarima na huɗu, jami'in tilasta bin doka da ke bin wani ba zai iya amfani da ƙarfi ba don kammala abin sai dai idan jami'in ya yi imanin da gaske cewa mutumin na da babbar barazanar cutarwa ga jami'in ko wasu A Amurka inda Kundin Tsarin Mulki na biyu ya ba farar hula 'yancin ɗaukar makamai, duk wani mutum na iya yin barazana ga rayuwar dan sanda ko wasu farar hula, kamar yadda mai yiwuwa ne, duk wani mutum na iya boye bindiga. A cikin New Zealand, Rahoton Gudanar da Yan Sanda na shekara-shekara ya gano cewa sama da shekaru goma 'yan sanda sun harbe har lahira mutane bakwai, daya daga cikinsu ba shi da laifi kuma dukkanin shari'un da aka gano' yan sanda suna aiki a kan hakkinsu na doka. New Zealand tana da tsayayyar tsari ta yadda duk wani dan kasa da yake son amfani da makami ta hanyar doka dole ne ya bi ta; wannan yana haifar da yanayi wanda ta yadda farar hula ba zai iya zama wata barazana ga rayukan jami'an tsaro ko na wasu ba. Matsayin da dokar kasa da kasa ke fata jihohi suyi aiki iri daya ne a duk fadin hukumar, dole ne sai jami'an tsaro sun yi amfani da karfi na kisa lokacin da ake fuskantar barazanar cutarwa ga wadancan jami'an tsaro ko sauran farar hula. Gaskiyar ita ce, kowace jiha ta kasance ta musamman a cikin abin da ya dace da halin da ya dace ga jami'an tilasta yin doka don mayar da martani da ƙarfi saboda jihohin da ke duk duniya suna da nasu mahalli na musamman, doka, al'adu da yawan jama'a. Euthanasia Waɗanda suka yi imani da mutum ya kamata su iya yanke shawarar kashe rayuwarsu ta hanyar euthanasia suna amfani da hujjar cewa mutane suna da 'yancin zaɓa, yayin da waɗanda ke adawa da halatta euthanasia ke jayayya saboda dalilan cewa duka mutane na da haƙƙin rayuwa. Ana kiransu da yawa azaman masu ɗaukar hoto. Bayanin shari'a A cikin 1444, Dokar Poljica ta ayyana haƙƙin rayuwa "-ba komai ya wanzu har abada". A shekarar 1776, Sanarwar Samun 'Yancin kai ta Amurka ta bayyana cewa "dukkan mutane an halicce su daidai, cewa mahaliccinsu ya basu wasu hakkoki da ba za a iya kwacewa ba, daga cikinsu akwai Rayuwa, 'Yanci da kuma neman Farin Ciki". A cikin 1948, Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi ya bayyana a cikin labarin na uku: A cikin 1950, Majalisar Turai ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, tana mai bayyana kare hakkin dan Adam na rayuwa a Mataki na 2. Akwai keɓaɓɓu don zartar da hukuncin kisa da kare kai, kame wanda ake zargi da gudu, da murƙushe tarzoma da tawaye. Tun daga wannan yarjejeniya ta 6 na Yarjejeniyar ta yi kira ga ƙasashe da su haramta hukuncin kisa sai dai lokacin yaƙi ko gaggawa ta ƙasa, kuma a halin yanzu wannan ya shafi duk ƙasashe na Majalisar. Yarjejeniya ta 13 ta ba da cikakken soke hukuncin kisa, kuma an aiwatar da shi a yawancin ƙasashe membobin Majalisar. A shekarar 1966, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa. A shekara ta 1969, ƙasashe da yawa a Yammacin Hemisphere suka amince da Yarjejeniyar Amincewa da 'Yancin Adam a San José, Costa Rica. Yana aiki cikin ƙasashe 23. A cikin 1982, Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci da' Yanci ta Kanada ta sanya hakan Kowane mutum na da hakkin rayuwa, da zamantowa cikin yanci da samun a kiyaye halittarsa kuma ya kasance yana da hakkin a ba shi kariya gwargwadon yadda ya kamata. --Sashe na 7 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci da' Yanci ta Kanada A cikin 1989, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da Yarjejeniyar kan 'yancin yara (CRC). Dokar Asali ga Tarayyar Jamus tana riƙe da ƙa'idar ƙimar ɗan adam a gaba, har ma sama da haƙƙin rai. Cocin Katolika ta fitar da Yarjejeniya ta Hakkokin Iyali inda a ciki ta bayyana cewa haƙƙin rayuwa kai tsaye yana nuna darajar mutum. Mataki na 21 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, 1950, ya ba da tabbaci game da haƙƙin rai ga dukkan mutane a cikin yankin Indiya kuma ya ce: "Ba za a hana wani mutum 'yancinsa na rayuwa da' yanci na kansa ba sai yadda doka ta tanada." Mataki na 21 ya ba kowane mutum hakki na asali na rayuwa da 'yancin kansa wanda ya zama tushen sauran haƙƙoƙin da ba za a iya karewa ba. Duba kuma Dokar zubar da ciki Hakkokin zubar da ciki Anti-zubar da ciki Mata masu adawa da zubar da ciki Hujja daga shari'o'in da suka shafi shafi Baby K Bioethics Biocentrism (ethics) Tsarin rayuwa mai ɗorewa Al'adar rayuwa [[Bayanin haƙƙin ɗan adam da na ]an ƙasa]] Deontology Mutuncin mutum Rayuwa, 'Yanci da bin Farin Ciki Rayuwa ba ta cancanci rayuwa ba Hukumar kula da tarbiyya Hakkokin ralabi'a Sha'awar ɗabi'a* Kwamitin Hakkin Rai na Kasa Haleigh Poutre Yanayi Girmama Rai Hakkoki Ingancin rayuwa Tsarkakkiyar rayuwa Senti Tsarin halittu Terri Schiavo

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20Kula

COVID-19 Kula

COVID-19 kula shafi idanu da baza na coronavirus cuta domin tsayar da alamu na cuta ci gaban. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar sanya ido sosai, tare da mai da hankali kan gano harka, gwaji da tuntuɓar juna a duk yanayin watsawa. Ana sa ran sa ido kan COVID-19 don sa ido kan abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin annoba, gano sabbin maganganu cikin sauri, kuma bisa ga wannan bayanin, samar da bayanan cututtukan cuta don gudanar da kimanta haɗari da jagorar shirye-shiryen cutar. Kulawar cutar sankara Ana yin sa ido kan cutar sankara bisa alamun mutumin da ya yi daidai da COVID-19. Tun daga Maris 2020, WHO ta ba da shawarar fayyace ma'anoni masu zuwa: Shari'ar da ake zargin "marar lafiya da ke fama da matsanancin rashin lafiya na numfashi (zazzabi da aƙalla alama ɗaya alamar cututtukan numfashi, misali tari, gajeriyar numfashi), da tarihin balaguro zuwa ko zama a wurin da ke ba da rahoton watsawar al'umma na COVID-19 a cikin kwanaki 14 kafin bayyanar cututtuka" KO "majiyyaci da kowane irin rashin lafiya na numfashi kuma ya kasance yana hulɗa da wani tabbataccen ko mai yiwuwa COVID-19 a cikin kwanaki 14 da suka gabata kafin bayyanar alamar" KO "majiyyaci mai tsananin numfashi rashin lafiya (zazzabi da aƙalla alamar alamar cututtuka na numfashi, misali tari, rashin ƙarfi na numfashi; da kuma buƙatar asibiti) da kuma idan babu wani madadin ganewar asali wanda ya bayyana cikakken bayanin asibiti." Shari'ar mai yiwuwa "wanda ake tuhuma wanda gwajin cutar ta COVID-19 bai cika ba" KO "wanda ake tuhuma wanda ba za a iya yin gwajinsa ba saboda kowane dalili" Tabbatar da shari'ar "mutumin da ke da tabbacin gwajin cutar COVID-19, ba tare da la'akari da alamun asibiti ba" Tuntuɓi "mutumin da ya ɗanɗana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke biyo baya yayin 2kwanaki kafin da kuma 14kwanaki bayan bayyanar bayyanar cututtuka mai yiwuwa ko tabbatarwa fuska da fuska tare da mai yuwuwa ko tabbataccen shari'a a cikin 1mita kuma fiye da 15mintuna tuntuɓar jiki kai tsaye tare da wani lamari mai yiwuwa ko tabbatacce kulawa kai tsaye ga majiyyaci mai yuwuwa ko tabbatar da cutar COVID-19 ba tare da amfani da kayan kariya na sirri da suka dace ba sauran yanayi kamar yadda kima na hadarin gida ya nuna" WHO ta ba da shawarar bayar da rahoton yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar COVID-19 a cikin sa'o'i 48 na ganewa. Ya kamata kasashe su bayar da rahoto bisa ga shari'a gwargwadon iko amma, idan aka iyakance albarkatun, jimillar rahoton mako-mako yana yiwuwa. Wasu kungiyoyi sun ƙirƙiri cunkoson aikace-aikacen don sa ido kan cutar sankara, inda mutane za su iya ba da rahoton alamun su don taimakawa masu bincike taswira wuraren da ke tattare da alamun COVID-19. Cibiyar Nazarin Shaidar Shaidar (CEBM) ta kwatanta ma'anar shari'ar daga WHO, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Tarayyar Turai (ECDC), Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC), China, Lafiyar Jama'a Ingila, da Italiya, kuma ta gano cewa yayin da Ma'anar lamuran da ake zargi sun dogara da ka'idodin asibiti, waɗanda gabaɗaya ana maye gurbinsu da sakamakon gwajin PCR guda ɗaya idan aka zo ga tabbatar da ganewar asali, kuma "babu wata jagora da ke ba da cikakkun bayanai kan takamaiman jerin RNA da ake buƙata ta gwaji, kofa don gwajin. sakamakon da kuma bukatar gwajin tabbatarwa." Sun lura cewa a halin yanzu "duk mutumin da ya cika ka'idojin dakin gwaje-gwaje tabbatacce ne" ko da yake a cikin Gabatarwa na CDC zuwa Epidemiology, ma'anar shari'ar ya kamata ya zama "sau'i na ma'auni don rarraba ko mutum yana da wata cuta, ciwo, ko wasu kiwon lafiya. hali". Suna buƙatar ƙididdige ƙimar gwajin PCR sun haɗa da "daidaitaccen matakin gano kofa, kuma aƙalla, rikodin kasancewar ko rashin alamun." Virological kula Ana yin sa ido kan ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar amfani da gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta don COVID-19. WHO ta wallafa albarkatu don dakunan gwaje-gwaje kan yadda ake yin gwaji don COVID-19. A cikin Tarayyar Turai, dakin gwaje-gwajen da aka tabbatar sun sami rahoton COVID-19 a cikin sa'o'i 24 na ganewa. Kasashe da yawa suna gudanar da aikin sa ido akan ruwan sha don gwada wanzuwa ko yaɗuwar COVID-19 a cikin jama'ar da ke zaune a cikin magudanar ruwa. Sa ido na dijital Aƙalla ƙasashe 24 sun kafa sa ido na dijital na ƴan ƙasarsu. Fasahar sa ido na dijital sun haɗa da aikace-aikacen COVID-19, bayanan wuri da alamun lantarki. Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka a Amurka na bin diddigin bayanan balaguro na mutane masu amfani da bayanan fasinja na jirgin sama. Hannun hannu na bin diddigi na iya ɗaukar wurin aikace-aikacen wayar hannu don masu amfani waɗanda ko dai ba su mallaki wayar hannu ba, ko kuma waɗanda suka mallaki wayar da ba ta iya tallafawa ayyukan Bluetooth Low Energy A Burtaniya, kamar na 2020 sama da kashi goma na wayoyin hannu ba su da wannan aikin. Bugu da kari, a Koriya ta Kudu, ana ba wa mutanen da aka gano suna karya keɓe keɓe masu bin diddigin saƙon hannu da aka tsara don faɗakar da hukumomi idan an cire ƙungiyar. Aƙalla hukuma ɗaya a Amurka ta yi amfani da fasahar munduwa ta idon sawu don aiwatar da keɓancewar ga marasa lafiya da aka samu da keta. A Hong Kong, hukumomi suna buƙatar abin hannu da app ga duk matafiya. Ana amfani da app na GPS don bin diddigin wuraren mutane a Koriya ta Kudu don tabbatar da hana keɓe keɓe, aika faɗakarwa ga mai amfani da hukumomi idan mutane suka bar wuraren da aka keɓe. A Singapore, dole ne mutane su ba da rahoton wuraren da suke tare da shaidar hoto. Thailand tana amfani da app da katunan SIM don duk matafiya don tilasta keɓe su. Indiya na shirin kera makada masu kula da wuri da zafin jiki. Ma'aikatar tsaron cikin gida ta Isra'ila, Shin Bet, ta riga ta bin diddigin duk metadata na kiran wayar Isra'ila shekaru da yawa kafin barkewar cutar, kuma a cikin Maris 2020 an ba da umarnin ta hanyar dokar gaggawa don bin diddigin da sanar da mutanen da suka kamu da cutar. An maye gurbin dokar da doka a watan Yuni 2020. Daga watan Yuni zuwa Disamba 2020, an ba da rahoton cewa mutane 950,000 ne aka ba da tuta don keɓe ta hanyar sa ido, waɗanda 46,000 suka kamu da cutar. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun soki wasu daga cikin wadannan matakan, suna neman gwamnatoci da kar su yi amfani da cutar a matsayin abin fakewa don gabatar da sa ido na dijital. Manazarta

39119

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan%20Oluwabamise%20Ayanwole

Kisan Oluwabamise Ayanwole

Bamise (Oluwabamise) Toyosi Ayanwole wata budurwa ce ƴar Najeriya da aka yi garkuwa da ita bayan ta shiga BRT a Legas, Najeriya kuma aka ga gawar ta bayan kwanaki 9. Bayan Fage Bamise tana da shekaru 22 kuma itace auta a wajen iyayenta, Joseph da Comfort Ayanwole. Tana da ƴan uwa tara manya. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zanen kaya. Sace ta A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2022, bayan barin aiki a unguwar Ajah da ke jihar Legas, Bamise ta hau hanyar mota mai sauri a Chevron, Lekki ta nufi Oshodi a babban yankin Legas da misalin karfe 7:30 na yamma da niyyar zuwa ziyartar dangin yayanta. don yin hotun karshen mako. Bayan sun shiga motar ne direban yayi arba da ita ya ce ta zauna a baya. A lokacin ita kaɗai ce fasinja a cikin motar sai ta lura cikin duhu ne. Ta kuma lura cewa aƙalla wasu fasinjoji maza biyu ne suka shiga motar daga baya. Direban bai ƙara ɗaukar fasinjoji ba. Babu kyamarar CCTV a cikin motar. Nan take ta aika wa kawarta sakon murya ta WhatsApp tana mai bayyana damuwarta. Ta kuma aika wasu faifan bidiyo na cikin motar bas mai ɗauke da lambar motar bas zuwa ga kawarta wadda ta shawarce ta da tayi maza ta sauka ta bar bas ɗin da anzo wurin sauka na gaba. Bayan haka kuma ƙoƙarin da kawayenta da ‘yan uwanta suka yi na tuntuɓar ta ta wayar tarho ya ci tura. Kafin wannan, ɗaya daga cikin tattaunawar da ta yi na ƙarshe da aka yi rikodin tare da kawarta shine Don Allah a yi mini addu’a.” Bayan da aka kasa yin yunƙurin yin magana ta wayarta da dama, sautin da aka ji na ƙarshe da ita shine ya bayyana tana kokawa da wani mutum da ba a iya tantance ko waye ba. Washegari aka ce ta bata. Gawarta A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2022, an gano gawarta babu rai tsirara a kusa da gadar Carter a tsibirin Legas. Wani shaidan gani da ido ya bayyana cewa Bamise na nan da rai bayan an jefar da ita daga motar BRT amma ba a yi mata magani ba ko kuma a garzaya da ita asibiti kafin ta mutu ba. Akwai rahotanni masu karo da juna kan ko an tsinci gawarta baki ɗaya ko kuma an yanke wani sassan ta. Bayan Kama direban An bayyana sunan direban BRT Andrew Nice Omininikoron. Ya yi shiru bayan faruwar lamarin. Bayan an bayyana bacewar Bamise a bainar jama'a, sai ya gudu ya ɓuya a makwabciyar jihar Ogun. Jami’an tsaro na ma’aikatar harkokin wajen kasar ne suka gano shi suka kama shi sannan suka mika shi ga ‘yan sanda domin yi masa tambayoyi da kuma tsare shi. Da farko dai ya amsa laifin yi wa Bamise fyaɗe kuma ya watsar da ita amma daga baya ya canza labarinsa, inda ya musanta cewa yana da hannu a kisan ta. Daga baya ya yi ikirarin cewa ‘yan fashi da makami ne suka yi awon gaba da motar sa bas (yana nufin mutanen da suka shiga bas) wadanda kuma suka yi garkuwa da Bamise da bindiga. ‘Yan uwan Bamise da abokansa da kuma wasu ‘yan Najeriya na zargin wannan ikirarin. Aƙalla wasu mata biyu da aka zalunta a cikin irin wannan yanayi sun gabatar da zarge-zargen fyaɗe da cin zarafi. Jiran Shari'a An kama shi kuma yana jiran shari'a. Har ila yau, ba a gano waɗanda ake zargin suna da hannu a ciki ba Zanga-zangar jama'a ta kai ga dakatar da ayyukan sufurin BRT a jihar Legas na wasu kwanaki Alwashi Gwamnan jihar Legas Babajide Sanwo-Olu ya sha alwashin kamo masu laifin a kisan Bamise yayin da Uwargidan Gwamnan Legas ta yi Allah wadai da lamarin tare da bayyana goyon bayanta na sanya na’urorin daukar hoto na CCTV a dukkan motocin BRT da ke jihar. Martanin ƴan Najeriya An dai nuna bacin ran jama'a game da halin da ya kai ga mutuwar Bamise tare da neman a yi mata adalci. 'Yan Najeriya da dama kuma sun bayyana damuwarsu game da lafiyar fasinjojin motar bas ta BRT tare da sukar rashin aiki a cikin tsarin 'yan sandan Najeriya tare da yin la'akari da cewa gaggawar shiga tsakani na iya kai ga ceto ta da ranta kafin kisan ya afku. Duba kuma Jerin satar mutane Jerin shari'o'in mutanen da suka ɓace Jerin kisan da ba a warware ba Manazarta Haifaffun 2000 2022 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya Satar mutane a Najeriya Mutanen da aka kashe a

21845

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20shakatawa%20na%20Pendjari

Filin shakatawa na Pendjari

Filin Shakatawa na Pendjari (Faransanci: Parc National de la Pendjari), Yana arewa maso yammacin Benin, kusa da Filin Shakatawa na Arli a Ƙasar Burkina Faso. An yi suna don Kogin Pendjari, Wurin shakatawar na ƙasa an san shi da namun daji kuma gida ne ga wasu daga cikin yawan mutanen da suka yi babban wasa kamar giwar daji ta Afirka, zaki, dorinar ruwa, bauna na Afirka, da dabbobin daji daban-daban a Afirika ta Yamma. Gidan shakatawar kuma sananne ne saboda wadataccen tsuntsaye. Gandun dajin na Pendjari yanki ne da ya kai muraba'in kilomita 2,755 (hamsin 275,500) a can arewa maso-yammacin Benin. Wurin shakatawan na daga cikin WAP hadadden (W-Arli-Pendjari) wanda yake yanki ne mai kariya sosai a cikin kasashen Benin, Burkina Faso da Niger. Duwatsu da tsaunuka na zangon Atakora suna sanya arewa maso yamma ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafi kyau na ƙasar Benin. Suna ba da kyakkyawan tarihi ga Pendjari National Park, wanda, a keɓance da shi, ya kasance ɗayan mafi ban sha'awa a Afirka ta Yamma. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2009 an zabi shi a matsayin wani yanki na shirin shirin UNESCO na Tarihin Duniya, kuma a watan Yulin 2017 an sanya shi a hukumance a matsayin (UNESCO) World Heritage Site a matsayin wani bangare na fadada kasa da kasa na W-Arly-Pendjari Complex. Ilimin Lafiya Duwatsun na yankin ba su da katako tare da Burkea africana, Detarium microcarpum, Lannea acida, Sterculia setigera da Combretum ghasalense. Ana iya samun nau'ika-nau'ikan tsirrai masu yawa tare da Isoberlinia doka da Afzelia africana. Kogin Pendjari yana da gandun daji mai ban sha'awa. Wurin shakatawa ya hada da Sudan da arewacin Guinea savannas, tare da yankunan ciyawar da Acacia sieberiana da Mitragyna inermis ko Terminalia macroptera suka mamaye. Akwai babban ruwan sama na shekara shekara kusan milimita 1,100 (inci 43); Filin shakatawa a bude yake duk shekara, kodayake daga Yuni zuwa Nuwamba ruwan sama na iya zama mai nauyi kuma wasu sassan wurin shakatawa ba za a iya shiga ba. Furanni da Dabbobi Dabbobi masu shayarwa Filin shakatawar na Pendjari yana da yawan giwaye, wanda ya daidaita a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kuma ya kirga mutane sama da 800 tsakanin 2005 da 2010. Ciki har da Filin shakatawa na W mai makwabtaka da Filin shakatawa na Arly (WAP Complex), yawan jama'ar ya hada da giwaye sama da 3,800, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama babbar giwar giwa a duk yammacin Afirka. Na biyu mafi girma ajin shakatawa shine damisa. Har ila yau, akwai manyan mutane da yawa na wasu manyan ciyayi masu yawa kamar baffalo na Afirka (Syncerus caffer brachyceros; c. Dabbobi 2,700 a 2000), yammacin hartebeests (Alcelaphus buselaphus babba; c. 1,500 a 2000), roan dabbar daji (c. 2,000 a 2000), Babban dabba (c. 2,600 a 2000), da gandun daji. Wasu ire-iren dabbobin daji irin su korrigum (Damaliscus lunatus korrigum), bushbuck, da reedbuck ba su da yawa. Ananan bovids sune duiker mai jan ja, oribi, da duiker gama gari. Firayun zaitun, biri patas, da biri na tantalus suna wakiltar Primates. Dayan manyan masu farauta a yankin da aka kiyaye shine cheetah ta Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka (Acinonyx jubatus hecki). Ya zuwa 2007, mutane kusan 5-13 ne suka rage a gandun dajin da kuma Filin shakatawa na W mai makwabtaka. Zuwa shekarar 2009, zaki (Panthera leo leo) da ke cikin W-Arly-Pendjari Complex ya kunshi dabbobi kusan 100 kuma watakila shi ne mafi girma a Afirka ta Yamma a lokacin. An rubuta karen daji na Yammacin Afirka da ke cikin hatsari (Lycaon hoto manguensis) a cikin Filin shakatawa na Pendjari a lokacin bincike a cikin Afrilu 2000, da damisar Afirka, hyena mai hangowa, duwawu mai gefe-gefe, da civet na Afirka. Adadin ruwa (Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa) ya ragu daga kusan 3,000 a cikin 1970s zuwa 120 kawai a 2004. Rayuwar tsuntsaye Ungulu mai kaho (Necrosyrtes monachus) mazaunin yanki ne mai kariya, amma a ƙananan lambobi. Filin shakatawr sananne ne saboda yalwar nau'in tsuntsaye. Akwai wasu nau'ikan daban daban har 300. Ana yin rikodin jigilar ruwa (Circus macrourus) da ƙaramar kestrel (Falco naumanni) lokaci-lokaci kuma akwai record na rubuce-rubucen da aka keɓe don ɓarnar fushin ungulu (Torgos tracheliotus). Fox kestrel (Falco alopex) ba sabon abu bane, yayin da kitsen da ya haɗiye ɗan Afirka (Chelictinia riocourii) baƙo ne na baƙon rani. Hakanan an yi rikodin gaggafa (Hieraaetus pennatus) a nan. BirdLife ta lura da cewa "Pendjari sananne ne ga manyan nau'ikan fitattun abubuwa kamarsu stork na Afirka (Anastomus lamelligerus), na Abdim's stork (Ciconia abdimii), stork-billed stork (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis), kuma a wasu lokutan, garken tumaki na turai har 60 (Ciconia ciconia). Hakanan ana iya samun gaggafar kifin Afirka (Haliaeetus vocifer) da kuma mujiya mai kama da kamun kifi na Pel (Scotopelia peli)." Daga cikin shahararrun jinsunan da aka rubuta akwai hadiya mai fuka-fukai (Hirundo leucosoma), farin-kambin robin-chat (Cossypha albicapillus), wheotar Botta (Oenanthe bottae), sananniyar hira (Cercomela familiaris), fararen fata na gaba-fari (Myrmecocichla albifrons), yin izgili da hira (Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris), dutsen da aka saba da shi (Monticola saxitilis), Senegal eremomela (Eremomela pusilla), blackcap babbler (Turdoides reinwardtii), pytilia mai fuka-fuka-fuka-fuka (Pytilia phoenicoptera), waxbill mai baƙar fata (Estrilda troglodytes) daji petronia (Petronia dentata) da Togo firdausi-whydah (Vidua togoensis). Gray tit-flycatcher (Myioparus plumbeus) an yi rikodin shi da wasu nau'ikan da dama na garƙashin. An sanya farar-kumburin greenbul (Phyllastrephus albigularis) a Tanguiéta da francolin mai yawan kumburi (Francolinus albogularis), wani baƙon mazaunin, an gan shi a yankin gonar kudu da Natitingou. Kudancin wurin shakatawar akwai wani babban yanki mai kariya wanda aka sani da Faransanci a matsayin La zone cygnetique de la Pendjari inda aka hango wasu nau'ikan halittun daban. Gandun dajin da gidan tsuntsayen suna da kariya daga gwamnati a Benin. Sauran nau'in tsuntsayen sun hada da: Fox kestrel (Falco alopex) mazaunin 1998 A3 Red-thighed sparrowhawk (Accipiter erythropus) mazaunin1998 Senegal parrot (Poicephalus senegalus) mazaunin 1998 A3 Violet turaco (Musophaga violacea) mazaunin 1998 A3 Blue-bellied roller (Coracias cyanogaster) mazaunin 1998 A3 Red-throated bee-eater (Merops bulocki) mazaunin 1998 A3 Bearded barbet (Lybius dubius) mazaunin 1998 A3 Yellow-billed shrike (Corvinella corvina) mazaunin 1998 A3 Piapiac (Ptilostomus afer) mazaunin 1998 A3 Yellow penduline-tit (Anthoscopus parvulus) mazaunin 1998 A3 Fanti saw-wing (Psalidoprocne obscura) mazaunin 1998 Pied-winged swallow (Hirundo leucosoma) mazaunin 1998 A3 Senegal eremomela (Eremomela pusilla) mazaunin 1998 A3 Blackcap babbler (Turdoides reinwardii) mazaunin 1998 A3 Purple glossy-starling (Lamprotornis purpureus) mazaunin 1998 A3 White-crowned robin-chat (Cossypha albicapilla) mazaunin 1998 A3 Bush petronia (Petronia dentata) mazaunin 1998 A3 Red-winged pytilia (Pytilia phoenicoptera) mazaunin 1998 A3 Red-faced pytilia (Pytilia hypogrammica) mazaunin 1998 A3 Lavender waxbill (Estrilda caerulescens) mazaunin 1998 A3 Black-rumped waxbill (Estrilda troglodytes) mazaunin 1998 A3 Togo paradise-whydah (Vidua togoensis) mazaunin 1998 A3 Manazarta Kara karantawa Assédé, E.P.S., Adomou, A.C. B. Sinsin (2012) Magnoliophyta, Biosphere reserve of Pendjari, Atacora Province, Benin. Check List 8 (4): 642–661. Hogan, C.M. 2009. Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg Legba, F. (2005) Contribution de la vegetation des collines de la zone cynegetique et du Parc National de la Pendjari du Benin comme milieu cadre et milieu de la faune sauvage. Thèse Ing. Agr., Université d´Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou. 121 S. Nago, S.G.A. (2005) Diversité des amphibiens dans les terroirs riverrains à la Zone Cynogénétique de la Pendjari. Mémoire de diplôme d´étude approfondies (DEA), Université d´Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou. UNDP/ GEF (2005): Enhancing the effectiveness and catalyzing the sustainability of the W-Arly-Pendjari (WAP) protected area system. UNEP Project document PIMS 1617. Woodroffe, R., Ginsberg, J.R. and D.W. Macdonald. 1997. The African wild dog: status survey and conservation action plan, IUCN/SSC Candid Specialist Group, Published by IUCN, Hanyoyin haɗin waje Official Page Photos of Pendjari National Park $23.5 million funding pledge aims to protect critical West African national

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Tattalin%20Arziki%20Ta%20Duniya

Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki Ta Duniya

Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ƙungiya ce ta kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka kafa a shekarata 1969 wacce ke yin gwagwarmayar haƙƙoƙin 'yan ƙasa da ko kabilu da kuma mutanen da ba a sadu da su ba. Kamfen ɗin ƙungiyar gaba ɗaya yana mai da hankali ne ga sha'awar mutanen kabilu don kiyaye ƙasashen kakanninsu. Kungiyar ta Duniya ta kira waɗannan mutanen "wasu daga cikin mafiya rauni a duniya", da nufin kawar da abin da ta kira "ra'ayoyin" da ake amfani da su don ba da hujjar take haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Hakanan yana da manufar tallata abubuwan da ake hango na kasada da kabilu ke fuskanta daga ayyukan hukumomi da gwamnatoci. Vungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ta ce tana da niyyar taimaka wa jama’ar ƙabila don cin gashin kansu Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya tana cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Ma'aikatar Bayanin Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma a cikin shawarwari tare da Majalisar Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Don tabbatar da 'yancin aiwatarwa, Tsira ba ta karɓar tallafin gwamnati. Memba ne mai kafa kuma kungiyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ba da Lamuni na Kungiyoyi na Kasa da Kasa Yarjejeniyar Kula da Inci ta INGO Tsira tana da ofis a Amsterdam, Berlin, London, Madrid, Milan, Paris da San Francisco Tarihi An kafa Survival International ne a shekarar 1969 bayan labarin da Norman Lewis yayi a cikin jaridar The Sunday Times Magazine ya nuna yadda ake kashe-kashe, sace-sacen kasa da kisan kiyashi da ake yi a yankin Amazonia na Brazil. Kuma a cikin shekarata 1971, sabuwar ƙungiyar ta ziyarci Brazil don lura da hukumar gwamnatin Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI) da ke da alhakin ƙabilun yankin. kungiyar Survival International da aka kafa a matsayin kamfanin ingilishi a cikin shekarar 1972 kuma an yi rajista a matsayin sadaka a cikin shekarata 1974. Dangane da tarihin rayuwar shugabanta na farko, mai binciken Robin Hanbury-Tenison, yayin tafiya tare da masanin ilimin kabilanci Conrad Gorinsky a cikin Amazon a 1968, Shi ne na farko a wannan fagen da ya yi amfani da rubuce-rubuce da yawa, bayan da ya tsara kamfe da yawa a wurare daban-daban a duk duniya, kamar Siberia, Kanada da Kenya Yakin neman zabe da yawa sun sami damar kawo sauyi ga manufofin gwamnati game da hakkin 'yan asalin yankin. A shekarar 2000, wannan salon gwagwarmaya ya yi nasara wajen ingiza gwamnatin Indiya ta yi watsi da shirinsu na mayar da kabilar Jarawa wacce ta kebanta da ita, bayan ta karbi wasiku 150-200 a kowace rana daga magoya bayan Tsira a duk duniya. Jim kaɗan gabanin hakan, gwamnan yammacin Siberia ya kafa dokar hana duk lasisin mai a yankin Yugan Khanty cikin 'yan makonnin da Tsira ta fitar da sanarwa. Har ila yau, Tsira ita ce ƙungiya ta farko da ta jawo hankali game da tasirin ayyukan Bankin Duniya wanda yanzu aka gane a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da wahala a yawancin ƙasashe matalauta taron. Tsira ita ce ƙungiya ta ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ta karɓi kyautar Kyauta ta Rayuwa, da Spanish 'Premio Léon Felipe' da 'Medaglia della Presidenza della Camera dei Deputati' na ƙasar Italiya. Tsarin da manufofin Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya tana aiki don haƙƙin al'ummomin kabilanci a matakan girma guda uku: ilimi, ba da shawara da kamfen. Har ila yau, yana ba wa kabilun dandamali don magance duniya, yayin haɗuwa da ƙungiyoyin asali na gida, tare da mai da hankali kan mutanen kabilun da ke fuskantar barazanar gaggawa daga tuntuɓar waje. Shirye-shiryen ilimin suna nufin mutane ne a cikin Yammacin duniya, da nufin "rusa labarin almara da ke cewa mutanen kabilu kayan tarihi ne, waɗanda aka ƙaddara su halaka ta hanyar 'ci gaba' Tsira tana neman inganta girmama al'adunsu da kuma bayyana dacewar su a yau wajen kiyaye hanyar rayuwarsu. Kungiyar tana da magoya baya a ƙasashe 82. Ana buga littattafansa cikin harsuna da yawa a duk duniya. Kungiya ce ta rijista a Kingdomasar Ingila kuma daidai take a cikin Jamus, Faransa, Italia, Spain da Amurka, kuma tana iya karɓar gudummawar da ba haraji a cikin Netherlands Rayuwa ta ƙi tallafin gwamnati, ya dogara ne kawai da taimakon jama'a, don tabbatar da 'yancin aiwatarwa. Duk mutanen da aka turo filin sun kasance daga ma'aikatan International Survival International, babu ɗayan masu aikin sa kai ko baƙi na kowane nau'i. Ana aiwatar da ayyukan ƙasashen waje ta hanyar kabilu da kansu. Kabilu Akwai fiye da 150 miliyan kabilu a duk duniya, gami da aƙalla mutane 100 da ba a sadu da su ba a cikin ƙasashe 60. Vungiyar Survival International tana tallafawa waɗannan kabilun da ke cikin haɗari a matakin duniya, tare da kamfen da aka kafa a Amurka, Afirka da Asiya. Yawancinsu an tsananta musu kuma suna fuskantar kisan ƙare dangi ta hanyar cututtuka da wasu illolon, ƙaura daga gidajensu ta hanyar sare bishiyoyi da haƙar ma'adinai, da kuma korar mutanen da suka zauna. Rayuwa ta yi imanin cewa haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa na mallakar ƙasa, duk da cewa dokokin ƙasa sun yarda da shi, ba a mutunta su yadda ya kamata, tare da mamaye kabilu ta hanyar ayyuka kamar hakar mai da ma'adinai, sare bishiyoyi, kiwon shanu, basu damar zaman kansu ko shirin' ci gaban 'gwamnati kamar gina hanyoyi da madatsun ruwa, ko don wuraren ajiyar yanayi da wuraren shakatawa. Bayan waɗannan abubuwan tattalin arziki don mamayewar mamayewa, Tsira yana nuna jahilci da wariyar launin fata wanda ke ganin mutanen ƙabila a matsayin ci baya da dadadden tarihi. Tsira ta yi imanin cewa a cikin dogon lokaci, ra'ayin jama'a shine mafi tasiri ga canji. An bayyana tasirin duniyar waje akan wanzuwar 'yan asalin ƙasar da al'adunsu a matsayin abin birgewa sosai. A Siberia, kashi 10 cikin 100 na mutanen kabilun suna rayuwa ne ta ƙaura ko ta ƙaura, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 70% shekaru 30 da suka gabata. A cikin Brazil inda Survival ke imani da cewa yawancin kabilun duniya da ba a sadar da su ba, wataƙila sama da 50, ance suna rayuwa akwai masu magana kusan 400 don harsuna 110. Ga marubuta kamar su Daniel Everett, wannan lamari yana wakiltar mummunan hari kan wanzuwar mutane, yayin da harshe ke bayyana yadda ƙungiyar mutane ke fuskantar gaskiya a wata hanya ta musamman, kuma yana daga cikin al'adunmu na yau da kullun. Ranka Bjeljac-Babic, malami kuma kwararre a fannin ilimin harshe, ya bayyana alaƙa ta asali da ta haddasawa tsakanin barazanar bambancin halittu da bambancin al'adu. An bayyana cin zarafin al'adun gargajiya da al'adun gargajiyar a matsayin wani ɓangare na cin zarafi mafi girma a kan rayuwa, tare da tushen tarihin mallaka Rahoton Tsira da Ci gaba na iya Kashe haskakawa cewa mamayewar Amurka da Ostiraliya da Turawa suka yi ya kawar da kashi 90% na 'yan asalin ƙasar a waɗannan nahiyoyin. Barazanar kisan kare dangi na ci gaba. Most fundamentally, Survival believes that it is the respect for the right to keep their land that may allow them to survive. The issues of human rights and freedom depend on the land on which they can subsist and develop according to their own culture. Interference with this basic need endangers their capacity to live sustainably. In January 2019, the newly elected president of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro stripped the indigenous affairs agency FUNAI of the responsibility to identify and demarcate indigenous lands. He argued that those territories have very tiny isolated populations and proposed to integrate them into the larger Brazilian society. According to the Survival International, "Taking responsibility for indigenous land demarcation away from FUNAI, the Indian affairs department, and giving it to the Agriculture Ministry is virtually a declaration of open warfare against Brazil’s tribal peoples." Gangamin Kungiyoyin dan Tattalin Arziki na forasashen duniya don ƙabilun da ba a sadu da su ba a cikin yankin na Peru, da yawa daga cikin indan asali waɗanda ba a san su ba a cikin Brazil, Rasha, West Papua, da kusan kabilu 30 a ƙasashe da yawa a Kudancin Amurka, Afirka da Asiya. Suna zaɓar shari'arsu bisa la'akari da ma'aunin da ƙungiyar ta kafa, wanda ya dogara da abubuwa da dama, kamar aminci da ci gaba da bayanin, yanayin yanayin da ƙabilar da ake magana a kanta ke fuskanta, matakin da suka yi imani da shi ayyukansu na iya kawo canji na gaske, gwargwadon yadda ingantawa a wannan yanki zai haifar da tasiri ga wasu, ko akwai wata ƙungiya da ta riga ta fara aiki a kan lamarin, kuma ko suna da tabbacin abin da mutane da kansu suke so. Babban barazana ga kabilun da yakin neman tsira shine mamaye ƙasashensu don bincika albarkatu. Wannan koyaushe yana haifar da ƙaura tilastawa, asarar dorewa da tilasta canje-canje ta hanyar rayuwarsu. Mati Yawancin lokaci, wannan yana tare da cututtuka daga haɗuwa da waɗanda ke waje waɗanda suke da tsarin rigakafi marasa shiri wannan barazanar ita kaɗai na iya shafe ƙabilun baki ɗaya. Garkuwa da ko masu kiwon shanu sun shafi mafi yawan waɗannan ƙabilun, daga Kudancin Amurka, Afirka zuwa Australasia. Arhuaco, a cikin Kolombiya, suna da gonakin magani, masu alaƙa da musayar wuta daga yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin ƙungiyoyi da bukatun gwamnati. Ogiek, a Kenya, suna da gonakin shayi, kuma Amungme a Indonesia, San a Botswana, Dongria Kondh a Indiya, da Palawan a Philippines suna da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Sauran sashen duniya masu tsira sun kuma nuna a cikin kamfen ɗin su game da cin zarafin da ake yi a kan hanyar su ta rayuwa sakamakon aikin mishan. Arhuaco, Ayoreo, Aborigines, Innu da kabilu da yawa a Yammacin Papua duk sun gamu da mummunan hari akan al'adunsu daga menene, za'a iya cewa a mahangar Tsira, na iya zama kyakkyawar niyya, amma duk da haka yana lalata rayuwar su. 'Ya'yan Khanty da Wanniyala-Aetto an sace su don su girma cikin addinai da al'adun kasashen waje. A cikin dogon lokaci, waɗannan ayyukan suna cin nasara cikin haɗuwa da lalata rukunin mutane. Baya ga shan wahalar kisan kare dangi da aka kawo ta cuta da yunwa (wanda hakan ya samo asali ne sakamakon rasa muhallinsu da kuma sata ƙasa mai kyau daga gare su), Survival sun ce wasu kabilun sun sha fama da kamfen na kisan kai tsaye. Yawancin kabilun da ke Kudancin Amurka, kamar su Awá, Akuntsu, Guaraní da Yanomami, an kashe su ne a gaban ma’aikatan kasashe daban-daban, masu kiwo da ‘yan bindiga don haya, yayin da kabilun Afirka da Asiya suka sha fama da kisan gilla a hannun gwamnati. Kungiyar vasa ta Duniya ta nuna ƙabilar Akuntsu, daga cikin mambobi biyar kawai suka rage, a matsayin misali na abin da wannan barazanar ke wakilta: a ƙarshe kisan ƙare dangi ga dukan mutane. Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ta yi kira ga hankali game da ƙaruwar kashe kansa a cikin kabilu kamar Innu, Aborigines na Australiya da Guarani, sakamakon tsoma baki a waje da al'adun kabilun da kuma tsanantawa kai tsaye. Cutuwa ko Wahalar da baƙin ciki na tilasta yin kaura, da yawa daga cikin kabilun sun sami kansu cikin yanke kauna suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ba su saba da shi ba, inda babu wani abu mai amfani da za a yi, kuma inda sabbin maƙwabta suke musu ƙyamar wariyar launin fata. Sauran illolin zamantakewar jama'a daga wannan kaura an nuna su ne ga shaye-shaye da tashin hankali, tare da kamfen ɗin da ke ba da rahoton ƙarar Innu, Mursi, Bodi, Konso da Wanniyala-Aetto Mutanen ƙabilu kuma sun fi fuskantar matsalar yin lalata da su. Daga cikin kabilun da Survival International ta yi yakin neman zabe tare da su, an ba da rahoton fyade na ’yan mata da mata daga ma’aikatan kamfanoni masu mamaye yankin kabilun‘ yan asalin na Penan, Yammacin Papuan, Jummas da Jarawa Matsayin gwamnati a cikin waɗannan yankuna ya bambanta. Yawancin kabilun Brazil suna da kariya a ƙarƙashin doka, yayin da a zahiri akwai tsayin daka a cikin manufofi da ƙaƙƙarfan goyon baya ga kamfanonin da ke aiwatar da waɗannan barazanar game da rayuwarsu. A cikin Afirka, an tsananta wa kabilun San da sauran kabilu da duka da azabtarwa don tilasta ƙaura, da kisan kai a cikin Nuba, da cikin Bangladesh, Asiya, tare da Jummas. Wani loaci dole gwamnati ke bada diyya ga Survival suka yi imani da su ba wasu abubuwa ne da ba a so don ƙabilun, waɗanda aka nuna a matsayin "cigaba". A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2012, kungiyar ta Survival International ta kaddamar da wani kamfen a duk duniya, tare da goyan bayan dan wasan kwaikwayo Colin Firth, don kare mutanen Awa-Guajá na Brazil, wanda kungiyar ke ganin su ne "kabilar da ta fi fuskantar barazana a duniya". A ƙarshen shekarata 2015, Survival International ta fara yakin neman dakatar da Con, wanda ke neman wayar da kan jama'a game da mummunan tasirin manufofin kiyaye al'adun gargajiyar kan kabilun. Wannan kamfen din wani bangare ne na babbar yakin neman tsira a duniya game da kiyayewa. Kulawa da 'yan jarida Kungiyar Survival International ta sami ɗan kulawa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai tsawon shekaru tare da kamfen da aikin magoya bayan sa kai. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka amince da su sun hada da Richard Gere, wanda ya yi magana game da Jumma na Bangladesh, Julie Christie, wacce ta ba da Rediyo 4 a madadin Khanty na Siberia, Judi Dench, wanda ya yi gargadin abubuwan da suka faru game da Arhuaco na Colombia, da Colin Firth, wanda yayi magana game da korar ƙabilar San, kuma don nuna goyon baya ga mutanen Awa-Guajá. Koyaya, kafofin watsa labarai ba koyaushe suke tausayawa kungiyar ba. A cikin 1995, Hukumar Talabijin mai zaman kanta ta hana ɗayan tallace-tallace na vasashen Duniya na Tsira, ta ambaci Dokar Watsa Labarai ta 1990, wacce ta ce ƙungiyoyi ba za su iya tallata ayyukansu ba idan ya kasance cikakke ne ko kuma galibi na yanayin siyasa. An watsa tallan a tashar tashar kiɗa The Box da kuma tauraron dan adam na MTV wanda ke kan hanyar VH-1 Richard Gere ya fitar da sanarwar yana kira ga masu kallo da su taimaka don dakatar da kisan mutane da kuma amfani da su da ake yi wa kabilu. An sake samun sabani bayan wata kasida a cikin jaridar The Observer ta jefa shakku da tsoro a kan rahoton da Survival International ta bayar game da wata kabila da ba a sadu da ita ba a cikin Peru, wanda ya hada da hoto tare da 'yan kabilun suna harba kibiyoyi a jirgin sama. Bayan wani artabu mai zafi da aka kwashe watanni ana yi, tare da barazanar kai Survival International a kotu don yin batanci, The Observer ya ƙare da yarda a watan Agusta 2008 cewa labarin ya sa ba daidai ba. A cikin wani bayani, jaridar ta ce: "Duk da cewa The Observer ba za ta iya daukar nauyin bayanan wasu kafofin watsa labarai ba amma tana da aiki a karkashin Dokar Editocin kada ta buga 'bayanai marasa inganci, ko yaudara ko gurbatattu'. Ya fadi a cikin wannan aikin a nan. Gwamnatin Botswana, wacce Survival International ta samu sabani na dogon lokaci tare da ita game da yadda gwamnati ke kula da mutanen San a Babban Tsibirin Tsari na Kalahari, ta koka game da yadda labarai ba daidai ba a manyan kafofin watsa labarai. 'Yan San sun kalubalanci gwamnati a kotu sau da yawa game da' yancinsu na ci gaba da kasancewa a yankinsu ba tare da tsangwama ba. Ian Khama, Shugaban kasar Botswana, ya bayyana cewa, Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya "tana hana su kuma musamman yaransu damar da za su iya girma tare da yadda ake amfani da su," wanda hakan ke tilastawa 'yan asalin su ci gaba da "rayuwa mai matukar koma baya". An yi zargin cewa gwamnatin Botswana "ta umarci dukkan shugabannin sashe a kafafen yada labaran kasar da su tabbatar da cewa duk wani rahoto mara kyau game da sauya wuraren da ake takaddama daga Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR) ya kamata a bambanta shi sosai da bayanan gwamnati da ake nema yanzu." A cikin watan Mayu na 2013, Survival International ta zargi gwamnati da shirin korar San daga gidajensu a Ranyane Wakilin gwamnati Jeff Ramsay ya Sha musanta wannan zargin kuma ya bayyana Survival International a matsayin "kungiyar ba da wariyar launin fata". Daga baya kungiyar ta 'Survival International' ta ruwaito cewa a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu, Babbar Kotun Botswana ta yanke hukuncin dakatar da korar mutanen har zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuni. An rawaito wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na kungiyar ta Survival International yana cewa, "Ban san yadda gwamnati za ta ce babu shari'ar ba, kuma ba su shirin korar su a lokacin da Ranyane Bushmen ke kai gwamnatin kasar kotu don a daina cire ta. Daraktan Majalisar Khwedom, Keibakile Mogodu, ya ce, "Mun yi ta tattaunawa a kan batun tare da jami'an gwamnati, eh zan iya tabbatar da cewa gwamnati ta kamata ta koma [Basarwa] dari shida a ranar Litinin, [27 ga Mayu]." An shigar da kara a madadin San. A cikin shekarata 2005, Tsira ta buga littafin Akwai Ka Tafi! Oren Ginzburg wanda ke nuna al'umman ƙabila da ci gaban ya cutar da su. Duka a jumlar littafin, Stephen Corry ya rubuta: "'Ci gaban' mutanen kabilu ba tare da son ransu ba da gaske don barin wasu su sami ƙasarsu da albarkatunsu ya samo asali ne daga mulkin mallaka na ƙarni na 19 ('Mun sani mafi kyau') sun shiga cikin ƙarni na 20 siyasa daidai 'euphemism. Al’ummomin kabilu ba koma baya ba ne: al’umma ce masu zaman kansu kuma masu kuzari waɗanda, kamar kowane ɗayanmu koyaushe, koyaushe suna dacewa da canjin duniya. Babban bambanci tsakanin mutanen kabilu da mu shine mun dauki ƙasarsu da albarkatun su, kuma munyi imanin marasa gaskiya, har ma masu wariyar launin fata, suna da'awar cewa don amfanin kansu ne. Cin nasara, ba ci gaba ba. Idan da gaske kuna son fahimtar abin da ke faruwa, karanta wannan littafin. Kungiyar Survival International ta ƙarfafa magoya bayanta su yi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa don yada wayar da kan jama'a game da batun haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa. A cikin jagorar Walk your Talk, kungiyar tana ba da nasihu kan ayyuka daban-daban, daga rubuta wasiku zuwa gwamnatoci, zuwa yada maganar ta hanyar daukar nauyi, takardu, zanga-zanga, nuna finafinai, da karbar kudi daga abubuwa da dama. Duba kuma Rayuwar Al'adu Sanarwa game da Hakkokin Indan Asalin Abokan Mutanen Kusa da Yanayi Waƙoƙi don Rayuwa Manazarta Majiya (first published by Granada, 1984) Pages with unreviewed

20928

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundunar%20Sojin%20Sama%20ta%20Chadi

Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Chadi

An kafa rundunar sojan sama ta Chadi, a cikin Faransa Aérienne Tchadienne, a cikin shekarar 1961 a matsayin Escadrille Nationale Tchadienne (Chadian National Flight Squadron), kuma an ba ta sunan ta na yanzu a cikin shekarata 1973. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa wani ɓangare na sojojin Chadi. Rundunar tana da sansani tare da sojojin Faransa a Filin jirgin saman N'Djamena. Tarihi Farawa A cikin 1960s Sojan Sama na Chadi sun ƙunshi maza ɗari, jirgin ɗaukar kaya DC-3 ɗaya, jirgin saman lura uku, da jirage masu saukar ungulu biyu. Ingantawa A cikin 1973, lokacin da ƙarfin ta ya ƙaru zuwa maza 200, sojojin sama sun mallaki jirgin ɗaukar kaya na C-47 guda uku (ya karu zuwa 13 a tsakiyar shekarun 1970), da jiragen saman daukar haske guda uku, da helikopta ɗaya, dukkansu ana aiki a iska ta Faransa. tushe a N'Djamena. Kusan dukkanin matuƙan jirgin a lokacin Faransawa ne. Lambobin wutsiya C-47 sun haɗa da 100509, 10307 da 10409. A cikin 1976, Sojojin Sama sun samu Douglas AD-4N Skyraiders 7 daga Faransa, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su wajen yaƙin adawa da ƴan daba a arewa har zuwa 1987 lokacin da ake ganin ba za su iya aiki ba. (Lambobin wutsiya sun haɗa da Skyraider 126959). Skyraiders sun fara ganin sabis a Chadi tare da <i id="mwHQ">Armée de l'Air</i>, sannan daga baya tare da rundunar sojan saman Chadi mai zaman kanta, wanda sojojin haya na Faransa ke aiki. Yin nasara a cikin gwagwarmaya ta iska (1980 1990) A lokacin rikicin da aka yi da Libya a shekarar 1983, Sojojin Sama na Chadi sun bayar da rahoton lalata Aermacchi Libya guda takwas SF-260s An kama uku kuma sun yi aiki daga 1987. Ɗaya ya faɗi a cikin 1989 kuma wani ya sayar ga Amurka. Chadi kuma ta sami SAM wanda aka ƙaddamar da kafada 24 a ƙarshen 1987. A cewar wasu rahotanni da yawa, Sojojin Sama na Chadi suna da hannu dumu-dumu wajen fatattakar mamayar 'yan tawaye daga makwabciyar sudan a shekarar 2009. Jami'an na Sudan ɗin sun kuma yi ikirarin cewa jiragen na Chadi sun yi ta kai hare-hare da dama zuwa cikin Sudan yayin rikicin. Koyaya, rahotanni daga kafafen yada labarai ba su da cikakken bayani game da ainihin nau'ikan jiragen da Chadi ta yi amfani da su don kare 'yan tawayen da kuma kai hare-haren wuce gona da iri. Zuwa 1987, Laftanar Mornadji Mbaissanabe ne ya ba da umarnin sojojin sama. Abubuwan da suka faru da Kafafen Nishadi Abubuwan Tsaro Kamfanin Sadarwar Jirgin Sama ya lissafa abubuwa huɗu da suka faru tsakanin 1976 da 1987, ɗaya da ya shafi Douglas DC-3, Douglas DC-4 wanda wani makami mai linzami na saman-iska ya harbo shi da sauran biyun da fasinjojin C-130 Hercules, daya fadowa yayin saukar jirgin sama na yau da kullun, ɗayan yayin saukowa. A 2004, yayin jigilar 'yan jarida da jami'an Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya zuwa wani taron tarmako tare da Kofi Annan, ɗaya daga cikin jirage masu saukar ungulu na Chadi ya samu matsala kuma ya yi mummunan sauka a cikin hamada. Ƙasar Chadi ta rasa akalla jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu a lokacin yakin Adre, a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2005. Zargin take hakkin bil'adama A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2000, wani Shugaban Rundunar Sojan Sama na Chadi da ba a san shi ba ya nemi izinin zama 'yan gudun hijira a Kanada, yana mai cewa ya zargi gwamnatin Chadi da take haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Haɗarin 2017 Yawancin jiragen sama da jirage masu saukar ungulu sun lalace a cikin wani hadari a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 2017 wanda ya afkawa babban sansanin sojojin saman a Filin jirgin saman N'Djamena An tsananta tsananin guguwar ta hanyar yin amfani da sutura. Asara ko kayan aikin da suka lalace sun haɗa da jirage masu saukar ungulu uku, PC-12, MiG-29, da jiragen yaƙi biyu Su-25. Jirgin sama Kayan kaya na yanzu Aikin jirgin sama na ƙarfin na iya zama ƙasa da adadin da hukuma ke wakilta. A cewar wani rahoto a cikin Le Figaro a watan Afrilu, 2006, Sojojin Sama na Chadi sun ƙunshi jigilar Lockheed C-130 Hercules guda biyu, daya mai aiki da jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na Mil Mi-17 Hip-H da kuma Mil Mi-24 biyu "Hind" da ba sa aiki. jirage masu saukar ungulu. Daga baya C-130 TT-PAF ya ɓace a cikin haɗarin sauka a Abéché, Chadi, a kan 11 Yuni 2006. Manazarta Bayanin bayanan jirgin sama na duniya Bright Star Publishing London Fayil 337 Sheet 4 Cooper, Tom Weinert, Peter (2010). MiGs na Afirka: Volume I: Angola zuwa Ivory Coast. Kamfanin Harpia Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-0-9825539-5-4 Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Jirgin sama tun 1920 London: Putnam, 1979. ISBN 0-370-00050-1 Tarihin Chadi Afirka Sojojin Chadi Sojoji Pages with unreviewed

40876

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald%20Amundsen

Roald Amundsen

Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen mʊndsən/,US:/-məns-/; Norwegian: ɑɫ mʉnsən] 16 ga Yuli, 1872 ɗan ƙasar Norway ne mai binciken yankunan polar. Ya kasance babban jigo na lokacin da aka sani da Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. An haife shi a Borge, Østfold, Norway, Amundsen ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai binciken polar a matsayin abokin farko a Balaguron Antarctic na Belgian Adrien de Gerlache na 1897-1899. Daga 1903 zuwa 1906, ya jagoranci balaguron farko don samun nasarar ratsa hanyar Arewa maso Yamma akan sloop Gjøa. A cikin shekarar 1909, Amundsen ya fara shirin balaguron Pole ta Kudu. Ya bar Norway a watan Yuni 1910 a jirgin Fram kuma ya isa Antarctica a cikin watan Janairu 1911. Jam'iyyarsa ta kafa sansanin a Bay of Whales da kuma jerin kayan da aka samar a kan Barrier (wanda ake kira Ross Ice Shelf) kafin ya tashi zuwa sandar a watan Oktoba. Jam'iyyar biyar, karkashin jagorancin Amundsen, ta zama ta farko da ta samu nasarar isa Pole ta Kudu a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba 1911. Bayan yunƙurin da bai yi nasara ba a cikin shekarar 1918 don isa Pole Arewa ta hanyar wucewa ta Arewa maso Gabas a kan jirgin Maud, Amundsen ya fara shirin balaguron jirgin sama maimakon. A ranar 12 ga watan Mayu 1926, Amundsen da wasu mutane 15 a cikin jirgin ruwan Norge sun zama masu binciken farko da aka tabbatar sun isa Pole ta Arewa. Amundsen ya bace a watan Yuni 1928 yayin da yake tafiya a kan aikin ceto don jirgin Italia na jirgin sama a cikin Arctic. Tun a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar ne dai aka dakatar da neman gawar sa, wanda ba a gano gawarsa ba. Ƙuruciya Amundsen an haife shi ne a cikin dangin masu mallakin jiragen ruwa na Norway da kyaftin a Borge, tsakanin garuruwan Fredrikstad da Sarpsborg. Iyayensa sune Jens Amundsen da Hanna Sahlqvist. Roald shine ɗa na huɗu a gidan. Mahaifiyarsa ta so ya guje wa cinikin teku na iyali kuma ta ƙarfafa shi ya zama likita, alƙawarin da Amundsen ya yi har mahaifiyarsa ta rasu yana da shekaru 21. Nan da nan ya bar jami'a don rayuwarsa a cikin teku. Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara goma sha biyar, Amundsen ya ji daɗin karanta labaran Sir John Franklin na balaguron da ya yi a ƙasar Arctic. Amundsen ya rubuta "Na karanta su da ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa wanda ya tsara dukkan tsarin rayuwata". Tafiya ta Polar Balaguron Antarctic na Belgium Amundsen ya shiga Balaguron Antarctic na Belgium a matsayin abokin farko yana da shekaru 25 a 1897. Wannan balaguron, wanda Adrien de Gerlache ya jagoranta ta amfani da jirgin RV Belgica, ya zama balaguron farko da ya mamaye Antarctica. Belgica, ko bisa kuskure ko ƙira, ya kasance kulle a cikin kankara na teku a 70°30′S kusa da tsibirin Alexander, yamma da tsibirin Antarctic. Ma'aikatan jirgin sun jimre lokacin sanyi wanda ba a shirya su sosai ba. Ta hanyar kimar Amundsen, likita don balaguron, Ba'amurke Frederick Cook, mai yiwuwa ya ceci ma'aikatan daga scurvy ta hanyar farautar dabbobi da ciyar da ma'aikatan sabon nama. A cikin yanayin da 'ya'yan itacen citrus suka rasa, naman da ba a dafa shi ba musamman na dabba daga dabbobi sukan ƙunshi isasshen bitamin don hana scurvy har ma da wani sashi. Wannan wani muhimmin darasi ne ga balaguron balaguro na gaba na Amundsen. Amundsen da Cook daga baya sun karbi jagorancin jirgin lokacin da De Gerlache ya yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani. Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma A cikin shekarar 1903, Amundsen ya jagoranci balaguron farko don samun nasarar ratsa iyakar Kanada ta Arewa maso Yamma tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Pacific. Ya shirya wani karamin balaguro na maza shida a cikin jirgin kamun kifi mai tan 45-ton, Gjøa, domin samun sassauci. Jirgin nasa yana da daftarin da ba shi da zurfi. Dabararsa ita ce amfani da ƙaramin jirgi da rungumar bakin teku. Amundsen yana sanye da jirgin da ƙananan 13 Injin dizal paraffin (dizal). Sun yi tafiya ta Baffin Bay, tashar Parry sannan kuma ta kudu ta hanyar Peel Sound, James Ross Strait, Simpson Strait da Rae Strait. Sun yi lokacin sanyi biyu a tsibirin King William, a tashar jiragen ruwa na abin da ke a yau Gjoa Haven. A wannan lokacin, Amundsen da ma'aikatan jirgin sun koya daga Netsilik Inuit na gida game da dabarun rayuwa na Arctic, wanda ya sami mahimmanci a cikin balaguron da ya yi zuwa Pole ta Kudu. Alal misali, ya koyi yin amfani da karnukan sling don safarar kayayyaki da kuma sanya fatun dabbobi maimakon wuraren shakatawa masu nauyi, ulun, waɗanda ba sa iya hana sanyi sa’ad da aka jika. Manazarta Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

16257

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahndra%20Fon%20Dufe

Sahndra Fon Dufe

Sahndra Fon Dufe (an haife ta a 28 Oktoban shekarar 1989) 'yar asalin Kamaru ce, marubuciya, mai shirya fim, kuma Shugabar Kamfanin African Pictures International. Ta fito a fina-finai na duniya da yawa, ciki har da Nightaya Dare a cikin Vegas da Black Nuwamba Mawakiyar Kamaru Said Barah ta ambace ta da suna "Young Oprah a daya daga cikin wakokinsa da ake kira Sahndra Fon Dufe, don yabawa da hazakar kirkirarta da tasirin da take da shi ga samari mata a duk fadin Afirka. Matsayin fim na Fon Dufe ya kasance a cikin finafinan ƙasar Kamaru kamar su Tsayayyar Ruwan Sama (2009) da Yarima Biyu (2010). Daga baya ta fito a cikin NollyWood mai zaman kanta fim Lost a Wajan (2012) kuma ta yi aiki tare da Wyclef Jean, Akon, da Hakeem Kae-Kazim a cikin Black Nuwamba (2012) A lokacin da take da shekaru 23, wasan Fon Dufe a wasan kwaikwayon wanda ya lashe kyautar dare daya a Vegas (2013) wanda John Ikem Uche ya jagoranta tare da tauraruwar Jimmy Jean Louis, Sarodj Bertin, da kuma Michael Blackson sun ba ta matukar kula saboda yadda ta nuna Van Vicker matar, Mildred Sauran film na Frank Rajah 's' Yan Gudun Hijira (2013) starring Yvonne Nelson, Kwuni a Mika wuyansu love (2013) da Yahaya Dumelo, kuma Patience a takaice fim The Magajin Katunga (2013). Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo, Fon Dufe kuma an san tai don kasancewa mai ƙirar ƙirar bayan Yefon trilogy. Takaitawar, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1940 Afirka ta Yamma, ta nuna wata yarinya 'yar ƙauyen Afirka da ta yi hannun riga da dokokin wariyar launin fata na ƙabilarta, waɗanda ke rinjayi mata, kuma ta zama sanadin canje canjen adabi. Littafin farko na Yefon: Red Abun Wuya (2014) an saita ta zuwa allon azurfa a nan gaba, kuma Sahndra kanta za ta shiga cikin jagorancin. Sauran membobin fim din sun hada da: Isaiah Washington, Adriana Barazza, Jimmy Jean Louis, Hakeem Kae-Kazim, Leleti Khumalo, Uti Nwachukwu da sauransu da yawa tare da sauti daga Kelly Price A shekarar 2012, ta yi aiki tare da Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Yaoundé, Kamaru, don shirya horo ga matasa 'yan wasa ta hanyar wani taron karawa juna sani na kasa da kasa da ake kira Know Your Craft International. Sahndra yana tallafawa matashi mata masu nishaɗi ta hanyar shirin karatun shekara-shekara a Kwalejin Lourdes, Kamaru. Ita ma murya ce ga Project New Bamenda, aikin da aka ƙaddamar don tallafawa matasa 'yan kasuwar Kamaru daga Yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Kamaru Rayuwar farko An haifi Fon Dufe a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1989, a Bamenda, Kamaru, ga Dakta Ya Lydia Fondufe da Kanar Gilbert Fondufe, wani alkalin soja a Kamaru. Tare da Sahndra, ‘yan’uwanta, Serge F Fondufe (b. 1987), Glenn V Fondufe (b. 1991), ɗan’uwa mai goyo Nsame Gideon Ngo (1978– 2013) (b. 1978) da kuma dan uwan Vanessa Sakah (b. 1994) ta tashi a Kamaru a matsayin Kiristocin Katolika Sun zauna a biranen Kamaru da yawa kamar Douala, Buea, Garoua, Bafoussam, da Yaoundé A yanzu haka iyayenta suna zaune a Yaoundé Kafin fara wasan kwaikwayo, Fon Dufe ta halarci makarantar PNEU a Bamenda, Kamaru. Ta kammala karatun ta ne daga Kwalejin Lourdes, kuma ta samu digiri na lauya daga Jami’ar Buea Daga ƙarshe ta zama shugabar sorority LESA, Buea kuma ƙwararriyar mai rawa ga Danceungiyar Rawa ta Francophone da ake kira Black LM a Kamaru. Bayan kammala karatunta na koyon aikin lauya, ta shawo kan iyayenta kan su bar ta ta je Los Angeles don halartar Makarantar Koyon Fina-Finan ta New York Ayyuka 2009–2012: Aikin farko Fon Dufe ta fara sana'ar wasan kwaikwayo ne a cikin finafinan kasar Kamaru yayin da take karatun aikin lauya a Jami'ar Buea da ke Kamaru. Ba tare da sanin iyayenta ba, ta yi fice a fina-finai biyu na cikin gida a matsayin mai tallafawa. Fim din da ta fara fitowa shi ne fim din Gold Age Productions wanda ke dauke da tsayayyen ruwan sama, wanda Desmond Whyte da Proxy Buh Melvin suka fito Enah Johnscott ce ta shirya fim ɗin kuma aka rarraba shi a cikin gida a cikin 2009. Kodayake wannan fim din bai fito da shi a duniya ba, amma furodusan fim din da ke zaune a Amurka kuma mai kamfanin AkwaStar Studios, Mako Namme, ya lura da ita. Namme ya ba Fon Dufe matsayin mai tallafi a fim din Yarima Biyu da Kelly Azia, Collins Isuma, da Awa Edna suka fito Wannan fim din ma bai taba fitowa daga Kamaru ba, amma fitattun furodusoshi kamar yadda Agbor Gilbert da darakta Reginald Ebere suka lura da halayen 'yar fim din sun fito ne daga makwabta Najeriya, gida ne ga masana'antar fim ta biyu mafi girma a duniya: Nollywood A cikin Disamba 2010, kusan mako guda bayan kammala karatun ta daga makarantar koyon aikin lauya, Fon Dufe ta tafi Amurka. Ta fara horo a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo a New York Film Academy a Los Angeles a 2011 Shekarar ba ta wuce lokacin da Sahndra ta rubuta rawar Zena a Kelechi Eke 's Lost a Waje, fim din Najeriya game da rikicewar baƙi na Afirka wanda aka ɗauka a Texas, Amurka. A waccan shekarar, ta bayyana a allon talla na Dove Body Wash Times Square, kuma an tsara ta don Minga Fashion na Los Angeles. Shekarar da ta biyo baya, ta dauki wani hoto mai taken International PSA a cikin Faransanci da Ingilishi wanda daraktan mata na kasar Sin Xandria Anyaene ta ba da umarnin kuma ta kasance darakta a fim din IJE, fim mafi girma a Najeriya a 2012. Wasannin Sahndra ta kuma sami kulawa sosai, kuma an saka ta a cikin Kanye West da Jay Z 's bidiyon kiɗan N ggaz a Faris. Lokacin da Fon Dufe ta kammala karatu daga NYFA, iyayenta sun tashi daga Kamaru don kallon wasan ta Edie daga The American Clock a matsayin wasanninta na karshe. A wannan lokacin ne iyayenta suka yarda da soyayyar ta kuma suka bar jin ra'ayinsu game da ɗiyar tasu da ke neman aiki. Ta kasance a wannan lokacin ne Fon Dufe ya fara rawar jiki tare da rubuta fim dinta na farko. Wasan kwaikwayon ya fara ne a matsayin wani abu mai wahayi ga mata kuma ya faɗi cikin babban fim tare da manyan playersan wasa kamar Hakeem Kae-Kazim, Isaiah Washington, Leleti Khumalo, Uti Nwachukwu, da Kelly Price Abinda ya fara a matsayin labarin wahayi Fuskar Allah ta zama Yefon, kuma wannan motsi ya sa mutane da yawa a duk faɗin duniya. A shekarar 2012, Jireh Lip Products ya amince da Fon Dufe a Dubai kuma fim din Cam ya ba shi matsayi na 17 a jerin manyan Kamfanonin 20 na Kamaru da kuma cikin jerin manyan 'yan Kamaru 50 da ya kamata su kula a shekarar 2013. Ta dauki bakuncin taron daliban kasar Kamaru na Amurka na shekara-shekara a Texas kuma ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fina-finai da gajerun fina-finai, ciki har da jerin yanar gizo da ake kira Bibi The Witch wanda ya ba ta damar shiga kungiyar The Screen Actors Guild of America. (SAG). Fon Dufe ta fara shekara ta 2013 ta hanyar yin rijistar kasuwancin ƙasa don theungiyar Ciwon cerwayar Cancer ta Amurka tare da Jeri Ryan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Body of Proof. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, furodusan Gana Koby Maxwell ya ɗauke ta aiki don Night Night a Vegas tare da Jimmy Jean Louis, Sarodj Bertin, Yvonne Nelson, John Dumelo, Van Vicker, da Michael Blackson Fon Dufe ta nuna Mildred, wata mai fama da cutar kansa da ta ba da kulawar yayanta kafin mutuwarta ga mijinta, wanda shahararren ɗan ƙasar Ghana Van Vicker ya buga An zabi fim din sau tara a African Oscar na 2013 kuma ya ci kyaututtuka biyar, gami da hoto mafi kyau. Masana da yawa sun yaba da fim ɗin. Awal Aziz, editan fim daga Washington DC ya ce: Kai. Sahndra FON DUFE, aikinku ya yi fice. Kun ɓoye rawarku! Yanayin fuskarka da idanunka suna zama sanya hannunka, yi amfani da shi don amfaninka. Van Vicker, kun kawo shi gida a daren jiya. Ni ba babban masoyin ku bane amma tsayi tsayi domin ku da Sahndra Ina fata ku mutane suka lashe kyauta a daren yau. Sa'a…. Awal Aziz Editan Fim, Washington DC. Fon na gaba Fon Dufe ta kasance tare da shahararren ɗan Afirka John Dumelo Wannan lokaci, shi ya kasance cikin gubar rawa na Kwuni a cikin movie Mika wuyansu love, wani screenplay Fon Dufe co-rubuta. Yayin da fim din ya kasance bayan fitarwa, Sahndra ta sake ɗaukar wani matsayi wanda shine mafi girma a cikin ayyukanta har yanzu. The Ghollywood (Ghana) James Cameron, Frank Rajah Arase, ya ɗauki Fon Dufe a cikin fim ɗin sa mai suna Refugees wanda aka shirya fitarwa a cikin 2014. A wannan karon, tare da Yvonne Nelson, Fon Dufe sun taka rawar Yurika, wani mawaƙin Afirka a cikin ƙungiyar masu gwagwarmaya don sanya shi a tsakanin batutuwa kamar launin fata da matsayin ƙaurarsu ba bisa ƙa'ida ba Kyauta A shekarar 2012, Fon Dufe ta yi aiki tare da Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka da ke Yaoundé, Kamaru, don shirya horo ga matasa 'yan wasa ta hanyar wani taron karawa juna sani na kasa da kasa. Sahndra tana tallafawa matasa mata masu nishaɗi ta hanyar shirin karatun shekara-shekara a Kwalejin Lourdes, Kamaru. Ita ma murya ce ga Project New Bamenda, aikin da aka ƙaddamar don tallafawa matasa 'yan kasuwa daga Yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Kamaru. Lambobin yabo Fon Dufe ta ci kyaututtuka da dama gami da karramawa da kungiyar kasashen Commonwealth ta yi mata saboda wakarta "Dear mama". Fina-finai Manazarta Haɗin waje Sahndra Fon Dufe on IMDb Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun 1989 Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ona%20Batlle

Ona Batlle

Ona Batlle Pascual (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 1999) ƙwararriyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Sipaniya wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Ingila Manchester United da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Spain. Aikin kulob wasan da aka buga 19 Nuwamba 2022. Aikin matasa An haifi Ona Batlle Pascual a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 1999 a Vilassar de Mar, wani gari a lardin Barcelona, kuma ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da Vilassar de Mar. A cikin shekarar, 2011, FC Barcelona ta leƙo ta a lokacin wasan da tawagar Catalonia 'yan kasa da shekaru 12. Ta shiga shirin matasa na FC Barcelona La Masia kuma ta ci gaba da matsayi, inda ta sami ci gaba zuwa Barcelona B, ƙungiyar matasa mafi girma ta Barcelona wadda ta taka leda a Segunda División, a cikin shekara ta, 2014. A ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 2016, Batlle an kira shi zuwa tawagar farko kuma shi ne wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da Barcelona ta yi da FC Twente a gasar zakarun Turai. A lokacin rani na shekarar, 2017, Barcelona ta canza mayar da hankali ga daukar manyan 'yan wasa, wanda ya sa matasa 'yan wasa su sami damar shiga cikin tawagar farko. Batlle ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan La Masia bakwai da za su tafi a lokacin rani don biyan damar manyan kungiyoyin farko tare da wasu kungiyoyi. Lokacin da ta tafi, Batlle ta ce ba za ta yi watsi da komawa kulob din da ya "kafa ta ba." Madrid CFF Batlle ta rattaba hannu a Madrid CFF a watan Yulin shekara ta, 2017, sa hannu na farko da kulob din ya yi bayan ci gaban da suka samu zuwa Primera División. Ta yi babban wasanta na farko a wasan farko na kungiyar Primera División, a matsayin wacce ta maye gurbin Laura del Río a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Levante. Batlle ta tabbatar da matsayinta a matsayin mai farawa a lokacin kakar wasa, tana wasa a cikin wasanni 28 cikin 30 na gasar ciki har da farawa 26 yayin da Madrid CFF ta ƙare kamfen ɗin Primera División na farko a tsakiyar tebur a matsayi na goma. Levante Bayan kakar wasa daya tare da Madrid, Batlle ta sanya hannu tare da Levante a watan Yuni shekarar, 2018. Duk da haka, kafin farkon kakar wasa Batlle ta ji rauni a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 a watan Agusta, ta jinkirta fara wasa a kulob din. A ƙarshe ta fito Levante ta farko a matsayin mai maye gurbinsa a wasan da ta yi nasara da ci 3–2 a wajen tsohuwar ƙungiyar Madrid CFF a ranar 5 ga Disamba shekarar, 2018. Batlle ta ci kwallonta na farko na Primera División a wasan da suka doke Logroño da ci 4–2 a ranar 22 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta, 2018. A ranar 24 ga watan Yuni ashekara ta, 2020, Batlle ta fitar da wata sanarwa cewa ba za ta sabunta kwantiraginta da Levante ba kuma a maimakon haka za ta zama wakili na kyauta. Ta kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa 17 da suka shigar da kara a gaban kungiyar kulab din kwallon kafa ta mata (ACFF) da kuma kungiyar 'yan wasan kwallon kafa ta Spaniya (AFE) a lokacin, inda suka yi jayayya da yin amfani da lissafin biyan diyya wanda zai kara kudin da ake bukata. sauran Primera División don siyan yan wasan da aka ware a matsayin wakilai masu kyauta. An saita diyya ta Batlle akan Yuro 500,000. Manchester United A ranar 13 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta, 2020, Batlle ta sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu tare da zaɓi na na uku tare da ƙungiyar FA WSL ta Ingila Manchester United. Ta fara wasanta na farko ne a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba shekara ta, 2020, wanda ta fara a farkon kakar wasa yayin da United ta tashi kunnen doki 1 1 da masu rike da kofin gasar Chelsea. A dunkule, Batlle ta bayyana a wasanni 23 cikin 27 da United ta buga a kakar wasa ta bana kuma an ba ta kyautar gwarzuwar ‘yar wasan mata a karshen kamfen. A wasan farko na gasar kakar shekarar, 2021 zuwa 2022, Batlle ta ci wa kungiyar kwallonta ta farko a wasan da suka doke Reading da ci 2-0. Ta yi wasanni 21 na gasar a cikin kamfen na shekarar 2021 zuwa 2022 kuma an karbe ta da lambar yabo ta PFA Team of the Year. Ayyukan kasa da kasa Matasa Batlle ta wakilci Spain a matakin kasa da shekaru 17, da kasa da 19 da kuma kasa da shekaru 20 ciki har da manyan gasa na matasa guda biyar: Bugu biyu na gasar zakarun Mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 na UEFA na shekarar (2015 da 2016) FIFA U-17 World Cup, a shekarar, 2017 Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na U-19 da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na Mata na U-20 na shekarar, 2018. Kasar Sipaniya ta lashe gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ta mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a shekarar 2015, bayan da ta doke Switzerland da ci 5-2 a wasan karshe. Batlle ta fara ne a wasanni hudu cikin biyar a gasar. Sun kare ne a matsayi na biyu a bugu na 2016, inda suka sha kashi a hannun Jamus a bugun fenariti a wasan karshe. Batlle ta fara kowane wasa a Spain a gasar. Sakamakon kai tsaye Spain ta cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta shekarar, 2016 FIFA U-17. Batlle dai ta fara buga wasanni biyar ne daga cikin shidan da suka hada da dukkan wasannin zagayen gaba yayin da Spain ta zo ta uku, inda ta sha kashi a hannun Japan a wasan kusa da na karshe kafin ta doke Venezuela a matakin na uku. A cikin watan Yuli a shekara ta, 2017, Pedro López ya zaɓi Batlle don wakiltar Spain a Gasar Mata ta Matan U-19 ta shekarar, 2017. Spain ta lashe gasar ne da kwallon da Patricia Guijarro ta ci Faransa a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Batlle ta sake farawa kowane wasa a gasar kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan Spain bakwai da aka zaɓa cikin ƙungiyar gasar. Sakamakon ya kuma baiwa Spain damar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 na shekarar, 2018. Batlle ta kare wasa daya ne kawai a gasar cin kofin duniya, inda ta samu rauni da Paraguay a wasan farko da ya kawo karshen gasarta. Abokiyar wasanta Patricia Guijarro ta sadaukar da burinta a kan Amurka ga Batlle ta hanyar rike rigarta zuwa kyamara da magoya baya. Spain ta kare a matsayi na biyu, bayan da ta sha kashi a hannun Japan da ci 3-1 a wasan karshe. Babban A ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2019, Batlle ta fara wasanta na farko a wasan sada zumunta da Kamaru, inda ta maye gurbin Eunate Arraiza a lokacin hutu. An bar ta daga cikin jerin 'yan wasa 23 na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA 2019 bayan kwana uku. A cikin watan Fabrairu a shekara ta, 2020, an kira Batlle zuwa tawagar Spain don samun damar fara gasar babbar gasar kasa da kasa, na shekara, 2020 SheBelieves Cup. Ta fara wasanni biyu na farko na gasar, nasara da Japan da ci 3-1 da kuma rashin nasara da ci 1-0 a hannun mai rike da kofin duniya na Amurka yayin da Spain ta kare a matsayi na biyu a farkon bayyanar SheBelieves. Kididdigar aiki Kulob Ayyukan kasa da kasa Ƙididdiga daidai kamar wasan da aka buga 2 Satumba 2022 Girmamawa Barcelona Copa de la Reina: 2017 Matasan Spain Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 17: 2015 Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 na UEFA: 2016 FIFA U-17 Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya Matsayi na uku: 2016 Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na Mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 na UEFA: 2017 FIFA U-20 ta zo ta biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya: 2018 Mutum ɗaya Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Mata ta UEFA: 2016 Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta UEFA: 2017 Gwarzon 'Yar wasan Mata na Manchester United: 2020–21 Ƙungiyar PFA WSL na Shekara: 2021–22 Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

39157

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Mboro%20National%20Park

Lake Mboro National Park

Tafkin Mburo National Park wurin shakatawa ne,na kasa da ke gundumar,Nyabushozi, gundumar Kiruhura kusa da Mbarara,a Uganda Wuri Tafkin Mburo National Park yana cikin gundumar Kiruhura a yankin yammacin Uganda, kimanin gabas Mbarara da kusan ta hanyar yammacin Kampala,. Tarihi An fara kallon tafkin Mburo a cikin 1933 a matsayin wurin farauta mai sarrafawa kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa wurin ajiyar wasa a cikin 1963. Makiyaya Banyankole Bahima ne suka zaunar da yankin, wadanda suka saba kiwon shanun Ankole, kuma har yanzu suna yi. Mazaunan sun ci gaba da yin kiwo a cikin wurin ajiyar, lamarin da masu rajin kare hakkin. yammacin yammacin duniya suka yi fatali da shi, wadanda suka kira su "mahara" a shekarar 1981, amma an kore su daga filayensu bayan da aka mayar da shi matsayin gandun dajin na kasa a shekarar 1983, kamar yadda wasu suka yi fata. Yamma. Matakin da,gwamnatin Obote ta ɗauka, an yi niyya ne, a wani ɓangare, don raunana Banyankole, waɗanda ke goyon bayan 'yan tawayen Obote. Ya zo ne a lokacin da Operation Bonanza ya yi wa mutane 300,000, kisan kiyashi a yakin Bush,na Uganda Da yake ba a biya wa makiyayan da aka kora diyya na wuraren kiwo da suka bata ko kuma a taimaka musu da sake tsugunar da su ba, da yawa sun ci gaba da nuna kyama ga ingantawa. An raba filin kiwo da ke wajen wurin shakatawa zuwa ƙananan jeri da filayen noma na rayuwa. A cikin 1985, gwamnatin Obote ta biyu ta fadi kuma mazauna tafkin Mburo na baya sun sake mamaye filin shakatawa, suna korar ma'aikatan wurin shakatawa, lalata abubuwan more rayuwa, da kashe namun daji. Kasa da rabin asalin filin dajin da gwamnatin National Resistance Movement ta sake duba shi a 1986. A cikin wurin shakatawa har yanzu akwai wurare masu mahimmanci na al'adu, irin su Rubanga, inda aka taɓa yin hadayu ga alloli, Ruroko shine wurin da Bachwezi na almara ya rayu, kuma Kigarama shine inda shafukan (bayi) na sarki suke zama. Dabbobin daji Wurin yana karbar bakuncin zebra, hippopotamus, impala, warthog, eland na kowa, bauna na Afirka da kuma nau'in tsuntsaye sama da 300. Masu farauta na iya haɗawa da zaki, damisa, ƙuraye, kwayoyin halitta, civets, jackals da cats serval, kuma tun 2015 akwai yawan raƙuman Rothschild IUCN tana ɗaukar yankin da aka karewa a matsayin 'rashin kiyayewa zaki' a cikin 2005, duk da cewa zakoki ba sa faruwa a nan. A shekarun 1980 ne ‘yan asalin kasar suka kawar da zakuna, amma a farkon shekarar 2015 an samu rahotannin cewa zaki daya na yawo a yankunan Miriti, Kashara, Warukiri da Rwonyo. Domin mazauna yankin suna ganin wannan matsala ce, mafita da aka bayar ita ce a canza zakin zuwa gidan namun daji. A lokaci guda kuma, kula da wuraren shakatawa ya yi ta ra'ayin sake shigar da zakuna zuwa wurin shakatawa. Zakin da ke yawo a yankin a karshe ya kai hari tare da raunata mutane uku, lamarin da ya sa dimbin jama’ar da suka fusata suka far wa dabbar da duwatsu da sanduna. Hukumar kula da namun daji ta Uganda ta yanke shawarar kashe dabbar, saboda al’ummar yankin sun fusata kuma lamarin ya zama hadari. Ana tsammanin ya yi ƙaura daga Kagera Game Reserve aTanzaniya Matsalar da masu kiwo ke fuskanta a wurin shakatawa shine sauye-sauyen mazaunin, da ke faruwa a kan lokaci. Yawancin wuraren da a da suka kasance ciyayi a wurin shakatawa sun canza zuwa daji ko dazuzzuka kamar yadda nau'in bishiyoyin shrubby na Acacia hockii suka mamaye wadannan yankuna. Ita kuwa acacia tana kare sauran daji da nau'in bishiya, wadanda suke girma cikin sauri da kauri. Wannan shukar,dazuzzukan na tilastawa dabbobi shiga wuraren kiwo da ke kewaye da kuma filayen masu zaman kansu, yana sa su zama masu jin haushi kamar kwari Uganda ta yi kokarin tsara wadannan wuraren zuwa wuraren farauta da ake sarrafa su don wasanni, amma masu mallakar filaye suna korafin kudaden da ake samu da ake samu a ayyukan al'umma kamar makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da hanyoyi maimakon magance kalubalen kowane mutum da ke haifar da matsalar dabbobi. Sayan injin tono don kula da wuraren zama, tsarin mulkin gobarar daji daban-daban, shingen shinge, canza dabbobin da suka wuce gona da iri, kiwo na namun daji don masana'antar farauta, yawon shakatawa na al'umma, ba da izinin ƙarin kamfanonin farautar wasanni da ƙara yawan adadin kuɗi na iya rage wannan; An ba wa al'ummar yankin damar toshe 'Acacia don itacen wuta, amma wannan ya nuna ba shi da amfani. Ana ɗaukar kuraye da bushbuck, musamman dabbobi masu matsala. Duba kuma Gundumar Mbara Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Za a juya raƙuman raƙuman ruwa zuwa wurin shakatawa na Lake Mburo Shafin hukuma na hukuma Tafkin Mboro Official Travel Guide Tafkin Mboro Information Portal Tafkin Mboro National Park Official Website Lake mburo national

33742

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasheed%20Ladoja

Rasheed Ladoja

Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja (an haife shi 25 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1944) ɗan kasuwa ne wanda ya zama gwamnan jihar Oyo a Najeriya a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 2003 a matsayin ɗan jam'iyyar PDP. An tsige shi a watan Janairun a shekara ta 2006, amma a watan Disambar a shekara ta 2006 aka dawo da shi bakin aiki. Wa’adinsa ya kare a shekarar 2007. Ladoja ya zama memba na Zenith Labour Party (ZLP) a cikin watan Disamba a shekara ta 2018. Rayuwar farko An haifi Ladoja a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1944 a kauyen Gambari kusa da Ibadan Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta maza ta Ibadan a shekara ta (1958 zuwa shekara ta 1963) da makarantar Olivet Baptist High School a shekara ta (1964 zuwa shekara ta 1965). Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Liège, Belgium a shekara ta (1966 zuwa shekara ta 1972) inda ya sami digiri a fannin Injiniya. Ya samu aiki a kamfanin mai na Total Nigeria, inda ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 13 a mukamai daban-daban kafin ya shiga kasuwanci na zaman kansa a shekarar 1985. Abubuwan da ya shafi kasuwancinsa sun hada da sufuri, masana'antu, banki, noma da sufuri. An zabe shi a majalisar dattawan Najeriya a shekarar 1993 a lokacin jamhuriya ta uku ta Najeriya a kankanin lokaci, ya kasance memba a jam'iyyar United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) a lokacin mulkin Abacha. A shekara ta 2000, Ladoja ya zama darakta na bankin Standard Trust Limited. Gwamnan jihar Oyo An zabi Ladoja a matsayin gwamnan jihar Oyo a watan Afrilun a shekara ta 2003 a tutar XDAjam’iyyar PDP, kuma ya karbi mulki a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 2003. Ya samu goyon bayan Alhaji Lamidi Adedibu, masu fada aji na PDP a jihar oyo. A watan Agustan shekarar 2004, Ladoja da Adedibu sun shiga tsaka mai wuya game da rabon wadanda gwamnati ta nada. Ladoja bai samu goyon bayan jam’iyyar ba a wannan rigimar. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a karshen shekarar 2005, shugaban jam’iyyar PDP na kasa, Ahmadu Ali, ya ce Ladoja ya kamata ya karbi umarni daga Lamidi Adedibu. A ranar 12 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta 2006 ne ‘yan majalisar dokokin jihar Oyo suka tsige Ladoja tare da tilasta musu barin aiki. An rantsar da mataimakinsa, Christopher Adebayo Alao-Akala a matsayin sabon gwamna. A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta 2006, Kotun Daukaka Kara da ke babban birnin jihar, Ibadan, ta bayyana tsigewar ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma ta ba da shawarar jiran tabbatar da wannan hukunci daga Kotun Koli. Kotun koli ta amince da hukuncin a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta 2009, kuma Ladajo ya koma ofishin a hukumance a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2006. An girke jami’an ‘yan sandan kwantar da tarzoma a kan manyan titunan manyan ofisoshin gwamnati domin dakile tashin hankalin magoya bayan Adebayo Alao-Akala da Lamidi Adedibu a lokacin da aka mayar da shi bakin aiki. Ladoja ya kasa lashe zaben fitar da gwani na PDP a matsayin dan takara karo na biyu. Ya zabi ya goyi bayan ‘yan takarar Action Congress na zaben shugabannin kananan hukumomi 33. PDP ta ki shiga zaben. Hakan ya sa jam'iyyar Action Congress (AC) ta lashe kujeru 26 sannan jam'iyyar ANPP ta lashe kujeru bakwai. Sai dai magajinsa a matsayin gwamna, tsohon mataimakinsa kuma tsohon mukaddashin gwamna Christopher Adebayo Akala, ya kori shugabannin kansilolin jim kadan da hawansa mulki tare da maye gurbinsu da magoya bayan PDP. Bayan ajeye aiki A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2008, Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati (EFCC) ta kama Ladoja bisa zargin rashin fitar da kudaden da aka sayar da hannun jarin gwamnati da ya kai N1.9. biliyan a lokacin gwamnatinsa. Babbar Kotun Tarayya da ke Legas ta tsare shi na dan wani lokaci a gidan yari a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2008. An bayar da belinsa ne a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba a kan kudi naira miliyan 100 tare da masu tsaya masa guda biyu kan kudi daya. A watan Maris na shekarar 2009, wani tsohon mataimaki ya ba da shaida kan yadda aka raba kudaden rabon tsakanin iyalan Ladoja, mai gadin sa, manyan ‘yan siyasa da lauyoyi. Ladoja ya kasance dan takarar gwamna a jam’iyyar Accord a jihar Oyo a zaben watan Afrilun shekara 2011 da kuma shekara ta 2015, ya sha kaye a hannun Sanata Abiola Ajimobi Daga baya ya koma jam’iyyarsa ta Accord Party zuwa PDP a shekarar 2017. Rigimar PDP ta sanya shi da sauran abokansa (daga Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC da sauransu) suka koma Jam'iyyar A African Democratic Congress (ADC) a shekara ta 2018. Bayan ɗan gajeren zaman da aka yi a ADC wanda ya tabbathaduwarsu waje dayan gado, Ladoja tare da mabiyansa sun koma Zenith Labour Party (ZLP) a cikin Disamba a shekara ta 2018. Manazarta Gwamnonin jihar Oyo Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun

6402

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Musa

Ahmed Musa

Ahmed Musa (an haife shi a ranar goma sha hudu (14) ga watan Oktoba (10), shekara ta alib dubu daya da dari tara da cassa'in da biyu "1992") ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba da hagu zuwa ƙungiyar Süper Lig ta Turkiyya Fatih Karagümrük da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Musa ya zama dan Najeriya na farko da ya ci fiye da sau daya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA, bayan da ya ci Argentina kwallaye biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekara dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu (2014). Musa shi ne dan Najeriya na farko da ya zura kwallo a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA guda biyu, bayan ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Iceland a matakin rukuni na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018. Musa ya kasance memba na kungiyar Al Nassr da ta lashe gasar Premier ta Saudiyya da kuma Super Cup na Saudiyya, duka a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha tara (2019). Aikin Kulob/ƙungiya Farkon aiki Musa ya fara aiki a GBS Football Academy. Cigaba/nasara a Najeriya A shekarar 2008, Musa ya kasance am bada aron sa zuwa JUTH FC inda ya buga wasanni 18, inda ya ci kwallaye hudu a kakar wasa biyu na farko na kwararrun masu warkarwa. Daga baya an ba da aronsa zuwa Kano Pillars FC, a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2009-10 inda ya kafa tarihin zura kwallaye masu mahimmanci yayin da Pillars ta kare a matsayi na biyu. Musa ya kafa tarihin zura kwallaye mafi yawa da aka taba ci a kakar wasa daya a tarihin gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya har zuwa watan Nuwambar 2011, lokacin da Jude Aneke na Kaduna United FC ya kafa sabon tarihi na zura kwallaye 20. VVV-Venlo An koma Musa zuwa kulob din VVV-Venlo na Holland a lokacin rani na shekarar 2010, amma an ci gaba da tafiya saboda yana da shekaru 17 kawai don haka bai cancanci samun ITC ba bisa ga dokokin FIFA na yanzu. Ya cancanci a hukumance ya buga wa VVV-Venlo a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba shekarata 2010 lokacin da ya cika shekara 18 a ƙarshe. Kasa da mako guda da isowarsa kulob din, Musa ya fara buga wa kungiyar VVV-Venlo karawa da FC Groningen a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba. Ya fara wasan VVV-Venlo, an yi masa rauni a cikin minti na 50th kuma ya sami bugun fanareti. Goal.com ta ƙididdige shi a cikin ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa 100 masu zafi a duniya don kallo a cikin shekarata 2011, Lolade Adewuyi na Goal.com ya sanya shi cikin jerin Manyan 'Yan Wasan Najeriya Goma na shekarar 2010 kuma an haɗa shi cikin Jerin IFFHS na mafi kyawun 'yan wasa 140 a duniya. A ranar 8 ga watan Maris shekarata 2011, Ahmed Musa ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa ta AIT (na kasa). An gudanar da bikin ne a otal din shugaban kasa dake Fatakwal a jihar Ribas. Taron ya samu halartar gwarzon dan kwallon Afrika na BBC na bana, dan Ghana Asamoah Gyan da manyan jami'an hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ciki har da shugaban kasar Aminu Maigari. A watan Afrilu, darektan kwallon kafa na Venlo Mario Captien ya ce wakilan Tottenham Hotspur sun ziyarci kulob din game da dan wasan, kuma dan wasan Ajax Tijani Babangida ya ce Ajax na zawarcin Musa amma za a yanke hukuncin a karshen kakar wasa ta bana. A ranar 1 ga watan Mayu shekarata 2011, Musa ya buga takalmin gyare-gyare don nutsewa Feyenoord 3–2 kuma ya kawo karshen duk wani fargabar faduwa ta atomatik daga Eredivisie. A watan Agustan shekarata 2011, bayan da ya dawo daga gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-20 a shekarata 2011 a Colombia, Musa ya buga wasansa na farko a kakar shekarar 2011-12 a gida da AFC Ajax kuma ya ci kwallaye biyu. A watan Satumba shugaban VVV-Venlo Hai Berden ya bayyana akan Eredivisie Live cewa VVV-Venlo ya ki amincewa da tayin karshe na €10. Yuro miliyan Musa daga Bundesliga Ba a bayyana sunan kulob din na Bundesliga ba. CSKA Moscow A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu shekarata 2012, Musa ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar CSKA Moscow ta Rasha kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. A ranar 17 ga watan Satumba shekarata 2014 ya zira kwallo a ragar ta'aziyyar minti na 82 a 5-1 UEFA Champions League a waje da AS Roma. A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni shekarata 2015, Musa ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da CSKA har zuwa karshen kakar shekarar 2018-19. Ya kammala kakar gasar Premier ta Rasha ta shekarar 2015-16 a matsayin na 5 mafi yawan zura kwallo a raga, inda ya zama daya daga cikin 'yan wasa bakwai masu shekaru 23 ko kuma kasa da haka da suka kai adadin kwallaye biyu a kowane kakar wasanni biyu da suka gabata a manyan gasa bakwai na Turai. Leicester City A ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekarata 2016, Musa ya koma Leicester City kan rikodin kulob din £16.6 miliyan. Ya zura kwallayen sa na farko da kungiyar a wasan sada zumunci da kungiyar ta yi da Barcelona a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta shekarar 2016 da aka tashi da ci 4-2. Ya fara buga gasar Premier a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta shekarata 2016 a ranar bude kulob din da ci 2–1 a hannun Hull City. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka doke Crystal Palace da ci 3–1 a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekarata 2016. Ya zuwa watan Janairun shekaran 2017, Musa har yanzu bai yi rajistar mai taimakawa kulob din ba, inda ya bayar da gudunmawar matsakaita 0.5 key, 0.3 da kuma dribbles 1.2 na nasara a kowane wasa. Ya koma a matsayin aro CSKA Moscow A ranar 30 ga watan Janairu shekarata 2018, Musa ya koma CSKA Moscow a kan aro don sauran kakar shekaran 2017-18. A ranar 4 ga watan Agusta shekarata 2018, Musa ya koma Al Nassr ta Saudi Arabiya kan yarjejeniyar dindindin. A cikin watan Oktoba shekarata 2020, Al Nassr ya ba da sanarwar cewa Musa zai tafi. An ruwaito cewa ana sa ran kulob din West Bromwich Albion na Premier zai kammala siyan Ahmed Musa a kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa ta Janairu na kakar 2020-21. Ya Koma Kano Pillars A ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu shekarata 2021, Musa ya koma kungiyar Kano Pillars ta Najeriya har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2020-21. Ayyukan kasa A watan Afrilun shekaran 2010 a karkashin Koci Lars Lagerbäck, an kira shi don shiga sansanin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Najeriya kafin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2010 a Afirka ta Kudu bayan ya taimaka wa tawagar Najeriya ta lashe gasar cin kofin WAFU na shekarar 2010 inda ya zira kwallo a raga. da Benin. A karawar da suka yi da Burkina Faso, kwallon da Musa ya zura a raga har zuwa karin lokaci ya jefa Najeriya a wasan karshe na gasar a Abeokuta. Sai dai an tilasta masa fita daga cikin jerin ‘yan wasa 30 na Super Eagles na gasar cin kofin duniya saboda rauni a idon sawun sa. A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan 2010, yana da shekaru 17, Musa ya fara buga wa babbar tawagar Najeriya wasa a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka da Madagascar, inda ya maye gurbin Mikel John Obi da ci 2-0. nasara Musa ya ci wa Super Eagles kwallo ta farko a wasan sada zumunta da Kenya a watan Maris 2011. A watan Afrilun shekaran 2011, Ahmed Musa ya kasance cikin tawagar ‘yan wasan kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ‘yan kasa da shekaru 20, domin ya wakilci kasar a wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin matasa na Afrika a shekarar 2011, duk da cewa VVV Venlo ya bayyana cewa ba zai buga gasar ba saboda alkawurran da kungiyar ta yi. Bayan tattaunawa mai zafi da hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya VVV Venlo da wakilan Musa an amince da cewa Musa zai buga wasa tsakanin Netherlands da Afirka ta Kudu domin shiga gasar tare da tawagar kasar. Bayan wasan farko da Ghana mai rike da kofin gasar, Musa ya lashe kyautar dan wasa mafi daraja kuma ya hau jirgi na gaba ya koma Netherlands. A watan Agustan 2011, Musa ya wakilci Najeriya U20 a gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 da aka gudanar a Colombia, inda ya ci kwallaye uku a wasanni biyar. FIFA ta saka Musa a cikin jerin ‘yan takara 10 da za su fafata a gasar Adidas Golden Ball, wadda aka baiwa fitaccen dan wasan kwallon kafa na FIFA U-20. A ranar 7 ga watan Disamba shekarata 2011, Ahmed Musa yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa hudu da aka zaba a matsayin lambar yabo ta Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka, amma kyautar ta tafi ga Souleymane Coulibaly na Ivory Coast. Musa ya samu wakilcin ‘yan wasan Najeriya 23 da za su wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika na 2013. Ya zura kwallo a ragar Mali da ci 4-1 a wasan dab da na kusa da na karshe kuma ya bayyana a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Burkina Faso a wasan karshe, yayin da Super Eagles ta lashe kofin nahiyar na uku. Gabaɗaya, ya bayyana a wasanni biyar cikin shida na ƙungiyar. A shekarata 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, ya fara a cikin dukkanin wasanni uku na tawagar yayin da aka kawar da su a cikin rukuni. Bayan ya bayyana a dukkan wasannin share fage na Najeriya, Musa yana cikin tawagar Stephen Keshi a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2014. Ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe na rukunin F, inda Argentina ta doke su da ci 3-2. A watan Oktoban 2015, bayan da Vincent Enyeama ya yi ritaya daga buga kwallo a duniya, kocin Najeriya, Sunday Oliseh ya nada Musa a matsayin kyaftin din kungiyar. Sai dai an sauya wannan shawarar a shekarar 2016 yayin da aka nada Mikel John Obi a matsayin kyaftin din tawagar Najeriya sannan Musa ya koma mataimakin Kyaftin. A watan Mayun 2018 an saka shi cikin jerin ‘yan wasa 30 na farko da Najeriya za ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a Rasha. Duk da cewa wasan da ya yi da Iceland ya yi fice, bai ma isa ya ajiye 'yan Afirka ta Yamma a gasar ba saboda Argentina ta fitar da su A ranar 22 ga Yuni 2018, Musa ya ci sau biyu a wasan da suka doke Iceland da ci 2-0 a rukuninsu na biyu. wasan gasar cin kofin duniya. A watan Yunin 2019 ya zama dan wasa na uku da ya fi taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya, inda ya zarce Nwankwo Kanu, bayan ya bayyana a wasan sada zumunci da Zimbabwe. Babban koci Gernot Rohr ya nada shi a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika ta 2019. Ya kuma kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka (AFCON) na shekarar 2021 da aka gudanar a kasar Kamaru. Rayuwa ta sirri An haife shi ne daga dangi masu yawan addini, mahaifiyarsa Sarah Musa (wato Musa) Kirista ce daga jihar Edo da ke Kudancin Najeriya. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2017 ne Musa ya samu sabani da matar sa Jamila, wanda hakan ya sa aka kira ‘yan sanda zuwa gidansa. Ba da jimawa ba, ma'auratan sun rabu saboda "bambance-bambancen da ba za a iya sulhuntawa ba". A ranar 23 ga Mayu, Musa ya auri Juliet Ejue a Abuja A watan Oktoban, shekara ta 2017, Musa ya sayi gidan mai na biyu a Najeriya. A ranar 24 ga Janairu, shekara ta 2019, Musa ya tabbatar da labarin rasuwar mahaifiyarsa Sarah Musa a shafinsa na Twitter. A baya ta yi rashin lafiya. Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki Kulob/ƙungiya Ƙasashen Duniya Scores and results list Nigeria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Musa goal. Girmamawa Kulob/Aiki CSKA Gasar Premier ta Rasha 2012–13, 2013–14, 2015–16 Kofin Rasha 2012–13 Rasha Super Cup 2013, 2014 Al-Nasr Saudi Professional League 2018-19 Saudi Super Cup 2019 Ƙasashen Duniya Najeriya U20 Gasar Matasan Afrika 2011 Najeriya WAFU Nations Cup 2010 Gasar cin kofin Afrika 2013 Mutum Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya 2009–10 A cikin jerin 33 mafi kyawun wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na gasar zakarun Rasha: 2012-13 Gasar Cin Kofin Rasha 2012–13 Ƙungiyar CAF ta Shekara 2014 Bayanan kula Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuwancin%20muggan%20kwayoyi%20na%20gabashin%20Afirka

Kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na gabashin Afirka

Kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na gabashin Afirka na nufin sayarwa da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da ake yi a kasashen gabashin Afirka kamar Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Somaliya, da Habasha. Mafi yawan nau'o'in magungunan da ake sayarwa a Gabashin Afirka sune tabar heroin, marijuana, hodar iblis, methamphetamine, da kuma khat, dukkansu haramun ne a kasashen gabashin Afrika. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da muggan kwayoyi da laifuffuka ya ba da rahoton cewa adadin da aka bayar da rahoton kama muggan kwayoyi tsakanin 1995 zuwa 2006 bai isa ya kammala cewa tsarin fataucin da yiwuwar shan muggan kwayoyi na da ban tsoro. Duk da haka, ƙarancin adadin da aka ruwaito a hukumance ba alamar aiki ba ce. Maimakon haka, yana nuna rashin kula da kan iyakoki, da rashin fahimtar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, da kuma raunin tsarin shari'ar laifuka. Ko da yake bincike kan illar cinikayyar miyagun kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka ya ragu da na sauran yankuna, ana alakanta fataucin muggan kwayoyi da cin hanci da rashawa, ta'addanci, HIV da matasa. Hasali ma, fataucin muggan kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka na karuwa sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Yayin da yankin ke fama da karancin wadataccen kayan masarufi saboda karuwar bukatarsa ta magunguna, kasashen gabashin Afirka ma sun shiga cikin fataucin miyagun kwayoyi na kasa da kasa. Saboda shahararrun hanyoyin safarar mutane zuwa Turai da Amurka kamar hanyar Balkan da ake samun ƙarin sa ido, magunguna daga Asiya suna bi ta ƙasashen Gabashin Afirka zuwa Afirka ko kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa Turai da Amurka. Mujallar Al’amuran Duniya ta bayyana a shekara ta 2012 cewa UNODC ta ba da rahoton cewa an samu karuwar masu shan hodar Iblis a Gabashin Afirka a tsakanin 2005 zuwa 2010. Hakazalika, adadin kamun da aka yi wa maganin tabar heroin a manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na gabashin Afrika ya karu kusan sau goma tsakanin shekarar 2009 zuwa 2013. Irin wadannan bayanai na nuni da cewa ana ci gaba da samun bunkasuwar kasuwancin yankin gabashin Afirka, kuma kasashe na kara mayar da martani kan safarar miyagun kwayoyi. Fage da Tarihi Saboda tarihinta da tarihinta, Gabashin Afirka ita ce kyakkyawar tashar shiga don jigilar magunguna daga Asiya Hanyoyin kasuwanci na tarihi da suka ratsa tekun Indiya zuwa Asiya da yankin kudu da hamadar sahara sun saukaka zirga-zirgar kayayyakin doka tsawon shekaru da dama. A cikin 1970s, duk da haka, saboda mummunan tasirin rikicin bashi na Afirka da shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarinsa, halaltattun hanyoyin kasuwanci sun ƙara zama hanyar haramtattun abubuwa tare da sassauƙar tsangwama daga hukumomi. Yanayin zamantakewar zamantakewar ƙasashe da yawa a gabashin Afirka ya ƙara ƙarfafa fataucin muggan kwayoyi. Karancin ayyukan tilasta bin doka da sabon shiga cikin haramtacciyar fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a duk fadin yankin ya sa gwamnatoci ba su da kayan aiki don hana fasa kwauri. Bugu da kari, cin hanci da rashawa ya karfafa ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba, domin zabuka a kasashe irin su Kenya na samun kudaden shiga daga ribar da ake samu daga haramtattun muggan kwayoyi don samun karfin siyasa. Bugu da ƙari, cin hanci don yin watsi da ayyukan aikata laifuka ya zama abin damuwa a yankin a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba a gabashin Afirka ana iya samo shi tun tsakiyar shekarun 1980, lokacin da masu fataucin miyagun kwayoyi suka fara amfani da kasashen gabashin Afirka a matsayin wuraren safararsu. Kungiyoyin da ke yaki da miyagun kwayoyi a Najeriya ne suka shirya da kuma gudanar da cinikin miyagun kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka tun asali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka daga Kenya da Tanzaniya su ma sun fara taka rawa sosai. Da farko, cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ta Gabashin Afirka yana cinikin magunguna biyu kawai: tabar wiwi da tabar wiwi Na karshen wani nau'in tabar heroin ne wanda aka zafafa cikin tururi ana shakarsa, ko kuma a hada shi da marijuana a cikin hadin gwiwa da za a sha. Tun da aka yi amfani da tabar heroin mai launin ruwan kasa ba tare da allura ba, an yi watsi da matsayinta na haɗarin lafiyar jama'a. An riga an shigar da muggan kwayoyi a farkon kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi zuwa kasashen yammacin Afirka kuma sun kasance a wuraren yawon bude ido a duk gabashin Afirka. A ƙarshen 1990s, an maye gurbin tabar heroin mai launin ruwan kasa a cikin cinikin magunguna na duniya da sabon nau'in tabar heroin. Farin tabar heroin, wanda kuma aka sani da farin foda tabar heroin, ya fi ƙarfin gaske fiye da sauran nau'ikan tabar heroin da allura. Ba kamar tabar heroin mai launin ruwan kasa ba, baya buƙatar tsarin dumama mai rikitarwa don haka yana da sauƙin amfani. Tun daga farkon shekarun 2000, tabar heroin ta farar fata ta zama ruwan dare gama gari a gabashin Afirka kanta don amfanin gida da fataucin duniya, musamman a Kenya da Tanzaniya. Amfani da gida da safarar marijuana da farar tabar heroin ya ci gaba har cikin 2000s. Methamphetamines kuma ya zama miyagun ƙwayoyi na yau da kullun; fara kama su a shekarar 2008. Akwai karancin bayanai da bincike na masana da suka shafi methamphetamines a Gabashin Afirka, duk da cewa an samu karuwar kamuwa da cutar tun na farko. Cocaine wani magani ne da ya zama ruwan dare a cikin kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na gabashin Afirka kwanan nan. A cewar ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da miyagun kwayoyi da laifuffuka (UNODA), akwai manyan dalilai guda hudu da ke taimakawa wajen karuwar fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka. Na ɗaya, karuwar buƙatu a cikin faɗuwar nahiyar Afirka ya ƙirƙira da faɗaɗa kasuwar magunguna. Na biyu, tare da yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa a ciki da wajen Afirka, jigilar kayayyaki kuma ya taimaka wajen jigilar magunguna. Na uku, Gabashin Afirka ba shi da isassun matakan shawo kan fataucin miyagun kwayoyi, wanda ya bai wa masu harkar fataucin miyagun kwayoyi damar shiga ciki da wajen yankin cikin sauki. A karshe, UNODC ta yi nuni da cin hanci da rashawa a kwastam da tabbatar da doka a matsayin abin da ke haifar da bunkasar kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi. Supply da Bukatar Shigarwa Yawancin kasashen Afirka ba su da isassun kayayyakin more rayuwa kayan aiki da ilimi don samar da magunguna a cikin gida na kasuwanci don dacewa da bukatun kasa da kasa da na cikin gida. Cannabis ɗaya ne daga cikin magungunan da aka saba samarwa a cikin gida. Amma, hatta samar da wiwi a gabashin Afirka bai wadatar ba don biyan buƙatu daga Turai, Amurka, da ƙasashen Gabashin Afirka saboda haramcin doka kan samarwa da kuma rashin tsarin samar da yawa. Irin wannan karancin magunguna na cikin gida ya sanya kasashen gabashin Afirka suka fi dogaro da kayayyakin kasa da kasa. Mafi akasarin samar da haramtattun magungunan da ake fataucinsu a Gabashin Afirka na zuwa ne daga Asiya. Kamfanoni biyu na Gabashin Afirka da suka hada da Afganistan da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, su ma su ne manyan kasashe biyu masu samar da miyagun kwayoyi a duniya. A cikin 2020, samar da opium na Afganistan ya kai kusan kashi 85% na samar da opium a duniya da kuma kashi 80% na masu amfani da opium a duk duniya, wanda aka yi cinikinsa zuwa Gabashin Afirka. Bukata Bukatar da ke kara rura wutar cinikayyar muggan kwayoyi ta gabashin Afirka ta fito ne daga kasashen duniya da kuma na cikin gida. A tarihi, bukatu ya fi zuwa daga kasashen yammacin duniya, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kasashen gabashin Afirka sun kafa kansu a matsayin masu amfani da miyagun kwayoyi. Alal misali, Tanzaniya—musamman a tsibiran Zanzibar —ta sami ƙaruwar yawan shan muggan ƙwayoyi a cikin gida. Kashi 7% na al'ummar Zanzibari ana daukar su a matsayin masu shan miyagun kwayoyi. Yawan karuwar amfani da muggan kwayoyi da shaye-shayen miyagun kwayoyi a kasashen Gabashin Afirka ya nuna cewa bukatar cikin gida ita ma tana karuwa akai-akai. Asalin bukatar kasashen yamma ya fito ne daga cibiyoyin yawon bude ido da aka bunkasa kafin shekarun 1980. Wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku a Gabashin Afirka sun ga kwararowar masu yawon bude ido na Turai, Afirka ta Kudu, da Amurkawa, wadanda suka haifar da bukatar marijuana da tabar heroin a yankin. Tun daga shekarun 1980, yakin da ake yi da kwayoyi a Amurka ya kara karfafa Gabashin Afrika a matsayin wani yanki na cinikin miyagun kwayoyi na kasa da kasa saboda an rufe gasar fasa kwaurin kwayoyi a Amurka ta tsakiya da ta Kudu. Hanyoyin Shiga Iska Birnin Nairobi na kasar Kenya da birnin Addis Ababa na kasar Habasha sun zama muhimman wuraren shigar da haramtattun kwayoyi a nahiyar da ake safarar su ta jiragen sama. Filin jirgin saman Jomo Kenyatta na kasa da kasa da ke Nairobi ya samu matsayi na rukuni na daya daga Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Amurka a shekarar 2017, wanda ya bai wa matafiya daga Amurka damar tashi kai tsaye zuwa Nairobi maimakon tafiya a Amsterdam ko Heathrow. Wannan sauyin matsayi ya sa Kenya ta zama babbar hanyar jigilar kayayyaki, musamman ma jiragen sama daga kasashen gabashin Afirka makwafta kamar Uganda, Tanzania, Habasha, da Rwanda. Sakamakon haka, yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasuwanci da ke shawagi a ciki da wajen Nairobi ya sanya Nairobi wani muhimmin batu a hanyoyin jiragen sama. Hakazalika, filin jirgin saman Bole na Addis Ababa yana fuskantar fasinjoji sama da miliyan 22 a duk shekara, kasancewar daya daga cikin filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama na nahiyar. Tsakanin 2019 zuwa 2020, 'yan sandan Habasha sun kama masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi kusan 100 a filin jirgin saman Bole. Bugu da kari, hukumar 'yan sanda ta tarayya, kama miyagun kwayoyi a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata ya kai kilogiram 402 na hodar Iblis daga Latin Amurka da kilogiram 1377 na tabar wiwi. Fataucin muggan kwayoyi ta filin jirgin sama na Bole ya yi yawa musamman saboda Sashin Ayyuka na Magunguna na Narcotics yana da manyan matsalolin ababen more rayuwa. Sashen ba shi da ƙwararrun jami'ai, fasahar bincikar yanar gizo, karnuka masu ƙwari, wuraren gwaji a wurin, ko tsarin leƙen asiri wanda ke kai hari kan takamaiman jirage. Teku Fitacciyar hanyar da ta dauki nauyin safarar miyagun kwayoyi daga Afghanistan ita ce hanyar teku. Kwayoyin da aka tattara cikin hankali, ciki har da opium, heroin, da methamphetamine daga Afghanistan suna tafiya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa a gabar Tekun Makran, wanda ke kan iyakokin kudancin Iran da Pakistan. A tashar jiragen ruwa da ke gabar tekun Makran, ana rarraba magungunan a cikin jiragen ruwa masu kamun kifi a cikin kananan fakiti masu nauyin kilo 3 zuwa kilo 6. Daga can, jiragen ruwan kamun kifi suna bi ta cikin Tekun Indiya, kuma suna isa wuraren shahararrun wuraren yawon bude ido a gabashin Afirka kamar Zanzibar a Tanzaniya, ko Pemba da tsibiran Quirimbas a Mozambique. A ƙarshe, ƙarancin ƙarancin raƙuman ruwa da manyan yashi a yankin suna ba da damar yanayi mai kyau ga masu fasa kwauri don guje wa bincike. Har ila yau, ana safarar tabar heroin mafi girma ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi iri ɗaya, amma ana ɓoye a cikin kwantena masu ɗauke da sassan motoci, kayan aiki, da kayayyakin amfanin gona daga Pakistan. Ana kuma safarar Cocaine daga Brazil a cikin kwantena na kaya. Daga nan sai wadannan kwayoyi su kan tashi zuwa babban kasa, kuma ana safarar su ta kasa zuwa wasu kasashen Afirka kamar Afirka ta Kudu Ana kuma safarar kwayoyi ta ruwa daga Dar Es Salaam zuwa Comoros, Nau'in Magunguna Daga cikin nau'ikan magungunan da ake fataucin su a ciki da wajen gabashin Afirka, abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su wajen fitar da su sun hada da tabar wiwi, tabar wiwi, hodar iblis, methamphetamine, da kuma a yanzu haka. Heroin Tun daga 2006, amfani da tabar heroin a Afirka ya karu da sauri fiye da kowace nahiya. Ya zuwa yanzu, Afirka a halin yanzu tana samun karuwar yawan amfani da muggan kwayoyi, wanda hakan ke kara kara yawan bukatar ta na tabar heroin. Ta fuskar amfani, Gabashin Afrika na samun kusan kashi 9% na cinikin tabar heroin a duniya. Yawan kame tabar heroin da rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Maritime Forces (CMF) ta yi ya nuna yadda yankin Gabashin Afirka ke kara tsunduma cikin kasuwancin tabar heroin a duniya. Jimlar sama da kilogiram 674 a cikin 2012, ba a yin cinikin tabar heroin a ƙananan yawa. Ana jigilar magungunan ne daga Afganistan da Pakistan ta hanyoyin ruwa da jiragen sama zuwa kasashen gabashin Afirka kamar Kenya da Habasha. Bugu da kari, hukumar kula da muggan kwayoyi ta kasa da kasa (INCB) ta yi nuni da cewa, yankin gabashin Afrika, ya kasance sanannen hanyar safarar tabar heroin daga kudu maso yammacin Asiya zuwa wasu sassan duniya. Wiwi An fara shigar da tabar wiwi ne a Gabashin Afirka lokacin tsakiyar zamanai ta hannun ‘yan kasuwa Musulmi daga Masar da Jazirar Larabawa. Marijuana ta sami ƙarin kulawa a matsayin batun bincike na likitanci a duk faɗin nahiyar, kuma yawancin ƙasashen Afirka sun fara tattauna batun halatta maganin. Malawi na daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da maganin, kuma a halin yanzu gwamnatinta na ba da damar yin gwajin nau'in tabar wiwi masu inganci. Gwamnatin Malawi ta zama ta farko a Gabashin Afirka don halatta noma, siyarwa, da fitar da tabar wiwi a watan Fabrairun 2020. Duk da haka, noman tabar wiwi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a ko'ina cikin Gabashin Afirka domin haɓakar waɗannan amfanin gona na baiwa manoman da ke fuskantar matsalolin kuɗi su bi sabbin hanyoyin tattalin arziki. Hodar Ibilis Fataucin Cocaine ya fi zama ruwan dare a Arewacin Afirka, amma maganin yana samun karuwa a Gabashin Afirka duk da kasancewar yanki mai nisa da hanyoyin safarar hodar iblis. Tun daga shekara ta 2004, an sami wasu manyan kame a Gabashin Afirka. Daga 2005 da 2010, kamuwa da hodar iblis a gabashin Afrika ya karu da sau hudu. Yayin da matsakaita masu tasowa a gabashin Afirka ke ba da gudummawa ga karuwar bukatar hodar iblis, gwamnatocin gabashin Afirka da dama na nuna damuwa game da karuwar samu da kuma yawaitar shan hodar a yankin. Tare da tabar heroin, ana gudanar da zabuka a kasashe irin su Kenya, inda aka yi amfani da ribar da aka samu daga tallace-tallacen da ta samu wajen gudanar da yakin neman zabe da kuma kara karfin siyasa. Methamphetamine Methamphetamine ya mamaye kasuwar magunguna ta duniya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Yana iya yin mugun tasiri a kan al'ummomi na kowane yanayi na tattalin arziki saboda yalwar araha da wadatar magungunan. Yayin da hukumomi a Gabashin Afirka ba su gano wani babban aiki na kera methamphetamine ba, sun bayar da rahoton kwace wasu kananan kwayoyin da ake yi na safarar su zuwa Asiya. Ta fuskar samarwa, kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka a Najeriya sun fi shahara kuma masu fafutuka a yankin. Haka kuma, ana samun karuwar kasuwannin haramtattun kwayoyi na methamphetamine a gabashin Afirka, sakamakon fafatawa tsakanin "Mexican meth" daga Najeriya da "Pakistani meth" daga Afganistan ya sa kowannensu ya kwace ikon kasuwancin yankin. Khat Khat dai magani ne da ake amfani da shi a ƙasar Habasha wanda ake sha a kasashen gabashin Afirka da suka hada da Habasha, Yemen, Somaliya, Djibouti, Kenya, Tanzania, da Uganda. Masu amfani da khat suna la'akari da tasirinsa na psychotropic ya fi ƙarfin tabar wiwi. Yakin basasar Somaliya da sakamakon tarwatsewar al'ummar Somaliya a fadin Afirka ba kawai ba, har ma da wasu kasashe sun jawo hankalin jama'a kan sha da fataucin Khat da ke faruwa a gabashin Afirka. A kasar Kenya, ana sayar da jakin da ake nomawa a cikin gida a duk fadin kasar tare da fitar da shi zuwa kasashen da ke makwabtaka da kasar da ke da yawan bukatuwar da ake samu. Duk da yake cin karen da fatauci ba haramun ba ne a kasashe irinsu Kenya da Uganda, inda masu sana’ar kera kakin ke da burin sayar da su don samun riba, yawan cin karen da ake samu musamman a tsakanin matasa ya haifar da yunƙurin tafiye-tafiyen cikin gida da ƙoƙarin hana ciniki da cin abinci. Tasiri Bincike kan illar da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ke haifarwa a kasashe da al'ummar gabashin Afirka bai zama ruwan dare ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna na nahiyar, amma ya nuna cewa tasirin cinikin magungunan na gabashin Afirka ya yadu a bangarori da dama. Hukumomin 'yan sandan Afirka ba su da ƴan albarkatu da ƙarancin ƙarfin yin rikodin ƙididdiga na laifuka; amma idan sun yi, sau da yawa ba sa bambance tsakanin ayyukan laifuka na al'ada da na kasa da kasa. Yawancin guraben karatu da ke magana kan illar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ta Gabashin Afirka an samo su ne daga ƙaramin adadin bayanai masu inganci, da nazarin shari'ar da ba su da ƙididdiga masu yawa don tabbatar da da'awarsu. Cin hanci da rashawa Kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba, wani kamfani ne mai riba a wanda ke shafar matakan cin hanci da rashawa a gwamnatoci. Kasashe sun fi fuskantar matsalar cin hanci da rashawa tare da raunana jihohi da rashin isassun tsarin aiwatar da doka. A cewar Jaridar International Journal of Drug Policy, akwai shaidu masu yawa da suka gano dangantaka tsakanin fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma shigar da jami'an gwamnati. Cin hanci da rashawa ya haifar da damuwa sosai a gabashin Afirka saboda raunin tattalin arziki da na hukumomi na iya haifar da cin hanci da rashawa a tsakanin jami'an gwamnati da ma'aikata tare da 'yan kuɗi kaɗan. Haka kuma, rashin ma'auni na laifuffukan da ke da alaƙa da miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin tsarin shari'ar laifuka yana da matsala tare da haɗa kai da wasu hukumomi. Yana ba da damar haɓakar ƙwayoyi a ko'ina cikin Gabashin Afirka da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na naƙasassu, tare da ƙarfafa tsarin ƙungiyoyin fataucin muggan kwayoyi. Jaridar International Journal of Drug Policy ta yi rahoton cewa fataucin muggan kwayoyi na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban tattalin arziki saboda da wuya ribar da ake samu ba bisa ka'ida ba ta shiga cikin dogon lokaci da jarin jari mai dorewa. Cin hanci da rashawa na dakushe karfin jihar na bunkasa cibiyoyi masu inganci wadanda ke da matukar muhimmanci wajen kafa doka da tattalin arziki mai karfi. Bugu da kari, mujallar harkokin kasa da kasa ta bayyana damuwa game da yadda Kenya ke kara fuskantar matsalar cin hanci da rashawa yayin da ake samun karuwar kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka. Ta'addanci Ana amfani da ribar da ake samu daga haramtacciyar fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi a Gabashin Afirka don tallafawa ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci da sauran ƙungiyoyin tada kayar baya; duk da haka, ba a san matakin da aka ce ƙungiyoyin ke samun kuɗi ta hanyar cinikin ƙwayoyi ba. Hukumar Yaki da Muggan Kwayoyi ta Amurka ta yi ikirarin cewa wani kaso mai yawa na kungiyoyin da aka yiwa lakabi da kungiyoyin ta'addanci na kasashen waje suna da alaka kai tsaye da cinikin miyagun kwayoyi. Kungiyoyi da dama da ake zargi da safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci a gabashin Afirka, musamman Al-Shabaab. Sauran kungiyoyin da ke da alaka da Al-Shabaab sun shahara, kamar Cibiyar Matasa Musulmi ta Kenya, wadda ke daukar matasa 'yan kasashen waje yin yaki da Al-Shabaab. Irin wadannan kungiyoyin ‘yan ta’adda sun taimaka wajen safarar miyagun kwayoyi da kuma ma’aikata a gabashin Afirka da kuma tsakanin kasashen Afirka. Halin kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na kasa da kasa na nufin Amurka da sauran kasashen yammacin duniya za su iya gurfanar da wadanda aka kama a gabashin Afirka idan aka samu alaka da kungiyoyin ta’addanci, ko da kuwa wadanda aka kama ba sa safarar miyagun kwayoyi zuwa kasashen yammacin Turai. Magungunan suna tallafawa waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci kuma suna ba su damar ci gaba da aiki. Bugu da kari, wadannan kungiyoyi sukan yi safarar sikari da albarkatun kasa kamar gawayi a ciki da wajen yankin. HIV An yi la'akari da yin allura da allurar rigakafin cutar kanjamau a kasashen gabashin Afirka. Musamman a kasashen Mozambik, Tanzania, Madagascar, da Kenya, wadanda suke shan kwayoyi sun fi kamuwa da cutar kanjamau. Masu amfani da kwayoyi sun fi kamuwa da cutar kanjamau kafin su kai shekaru 25 idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a, kuma alkaluma na nuni da yawan masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau idan aka kwatanta da sauran jama'a. Annobar cutar kanjamau ta afka wa wasu kasashe fiye da wasu; Kenya ta fi fama da rikici. Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a tsakanin ma'aikatan jima'i shine babban abin da ya haifar da batun. Masu yin jima'i suna yin allurar kwayoyi kafin ko bayan saduwa. Saboda rashin kudi, an tilasta musu yin amfani da gurbataccen allura. Tare da rashin sanin cutar kanta, kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar allura ya haifar da karuwar masu cutar kanjamau a tsakanin masu jima'i, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cutar a fadin kasar. Heroin shine sanannen dalilin yada kwayar cutar HIV ta hanyar allura. A karni na 21, allura ta zama hanyar da ta fi shahara wajen shigar da tabar heroin a jiki. Akwai kusan masu amfani da tabar heroin 10,000 a Nairobi da kuma wasu masu amfani da 8,000 a kusa da garuruwan bakin teku a Kenya. Daga wannan yawan jama'a, kiyasin kashi 68% zuwa 88% na da cutar kanjamau, wanda ke danganta amfani da maganin allura da yaduwar cutar kanjamau a Kenya. Jaridar International Journal of Drug Policy ta bayyana cewa, "amfani da muggan kwayoyi ya kasance babban dalilin yaduwar cutar kanjamau a kasashe masu tasowa, sau da yawa sakamakon raba sirinji da sake amfani da su." Mutane kaɗan ne ke sane da haɗarin da ke tattare da amfani da sake amfani da sirinji. Bugu da kari, a kasar Kenya, an kiyasta kashi 20% na yawan jama'a na dauke da kwayar cutar HIV. Haɗuwa da yaduwar cutar kanjamau, allurar magunguna, da rashin kula da lafiya da wayar da kan jama'a da ke tattare da waɗannan ayyuka masu haɗari suna nuna yanayi mai haɗari wanda zai iya haifar da matsalar lafiyar jama'a. Masu bincike a Tanzaniya da Kenya sun gano cewa adadin masu cutar kanjamau a cikin samfurin masu amfani da tabar heroin ya wuce kashi 50 cikin 100, wanda ya zarce matsakaicin kashi 13%. Matasa Afirka ita ce nahiyar da ta fi matasa a duniya. Yayin da akasarin duniya ke fuskantar yawan tsufa, kashi sittin cikin dari na 'yan Afirka ba su kai shekaru 25 ba Bukatar shan muggan kwayoyi daga matasa ya haifar da yawaitar shan miyagun kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka. Jaridar International Journal of Drug Policy ta ce "bisa ga bayanan Bankin Duniya, masu amfani da muggan kwayoyi a kasashe masu tasowa 'yawanci suna faduwa a tsakanin shekarun 15-44, kodayake yawancin suna cikin tsakiyar shekaru ashirin." Misali, a cikin 2021, an kiyasta kashi 11% na yawan matasa masu shekaru tsakanin 18 zuwa 24 shekaru suna amfani da muggan kwayoyi a Kenya. Nazarin shari'a sun samar da shaida don sake tabbatar da damuwar da ke da alaka da yaduwar miyagun kwayoyi da kuma yawan matasa. Har ila yau, wannan mujalla ta bayyana cewa masu bincike da ke aiki a yankunan bakin teku da na cikin gida na Tanzaniya sun gano cewa "ban da tabar wiwi, tabar heroin ita ce maganin da aka fi amfani da shi, kuma ya kasance cikin samari masu shekaru masu aiki." Yin amfani da kwayoyi a cikin samari na iya haifar da raguwar yawan aiki, da rikice-rikicen lafiyar jama'a. A halin yanzu, kasashe da dama a Afirka, irin su Tanzaniya da Mauritius, suna haɓaka shirye-shiryen methadone don dakile bala'in alluran magunguna, wanda shine babban dalilin cutar HIV. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna barin ƙauracewa ta hanyar ba da magani don rage alamun cirewa. Dubban mutane ne ke shiga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye yanzu domin a shawo kan shaye-shaye, da kuma gujewa barazanar kamuwa da cutar kanjamau ta hanyar allura da gurbatattun allura. Martani Dangane da karuwar cinikin miyagun kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka, rawar da gwamnati ke takawa a cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata. Yayin da martanin kowace ƙasa ya bambanta, lokuta a Kenya, Tanzaniya, da Uganda an fi rubutawa da yin nazari akai-akai. Kenya Yawan adadin tabar heroin da hodar iblis ana jigilar su zuwa Kenya daga Pakistan, Iran da Latina Amurka ta hanyoyin jiragen sama da na teku zuwa Arewacin Amurka da Turai. Cibiyoyin safarar muggan kwayoyi da suka hada da ‘yan kasar Kenya sun kulla alaka da jami’an shari’a da kuma na hukumomin tabbatar da doka da oda domin samun mukamai, musamman a harkokin siyasa, ta hanyar ribar kwaya. Dangane da mayar da martani, Kenya ta aiwatar da Dokar Kula da Magunguna da Magungunan Kwayoyin cuta (Control) a cikin 1994 kuma tun daga lokacin ta yi ƙoƙarin jama'a don ƙarfafa matsaya mai ƙarfi game da cinikin ƙwayoyi. Manufofin sun taimaka wajen kwace kilogiram 1000 na hodar iblis da kuma tan 1.5 na jarumai, wasu daga cikin manyan kame-kamen da aka yi a nahiyar. A cikin 2021, Majalisar Dokokin Kenya ta zartar da gyara ga dokar 1994. Yana da nufin fayyace sigogin shari'a game da hukuncin da ya shafi fataucin miyagun kwayoyi, sabunta jerin abubuwan da aka yarda da su wajen kera kwayoyi, karfafa hukumci ga jami'an tilasta bin doka da ke ba da taimako ko aikata haramtacciyar fatauci da mallakar kwayoyi, da sauransu. Kenya ta kara karfafa hukumomin tsaron teku, ciki har da Hukumar Kula da gabar teku ta Kenya (KCGS) don kara yin rigakafi da tilasta safarar miyagun kwayoyi a ciki da wajen kasar. A cikin 2020, KCGS ta ha] a hannu da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya game da Muggan Muggan Kwayoyi da Laifuka (UNODC) Shirin Laifukan Maritime na Duniya (GMCP) don mai da hankali kan haɓaka iyawa da taimakawa kare ruwan Kenya daga fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Tanzaniya Majalisar dokokin Tanzaniya ta kirkiro da Hukumar Kula da Magunguna da Tilasta Magunguna ta hanyar Dokar Kula da Magunguna don magance amfani da muggan kwayoyi da fataucin muggan kwayoyi ta hanyar daidaitawa da mai da hankali. Hukumar Kula da Muggan Kwayoyi ta hada kai da EU-ACT Project don gudanar da manyan tarurruka guda biyu tare da manyan mahalarta taron kasancewar shugabannin hukumomin tabbatar da doka a Afirka da Turai. A yayin waɗancan tarurrukan, mahalarta sun tattauna sosai kan hanyoyin haɓakawa da raba bayanan sirrin teku. Har ila yau, hukumar da ke kula da yaki da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi na gudanar da wani aiki mai suna JODARI, wanda ya shafi kamun kifi da safarar miyagun kwayoyi a gabar tekun Tanzaniya bisa ga shawarwarin UNODC. A cikin 2021, Hukumar Kula da Magunguna da Tilasta Magunguna ta sami lambar yabo ta duniya don kasancewarta mafi kyawun cibiyar da ke kula da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi kamar yadda aka gane shirye-shiryen horarwa masu ƙarfi ban da adadi mai yawa na kama. Duk da nasarar da aka samu da karbuwa a baya-bayan nan, Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Magunguna tana shirin faɗaɗa dabarunta don magance karuwar yawan sha da fataucin tabar a Tanzaniya. Uganda Gwamnatin Uganda ta amince da Dokar Magungunan Magunguna da Magungunan Kwayoyin Halitta a cikin 2016 don ayyana matakin da ya dace kuma mafi ƙaranci ga laifukan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Dokar dai ta hada da daukar matakan ladabtarwa da dama don dakile karuwar yawan shan miyagun kwayoyi da safarar miyagun kwayoyi a Uganda. Misali, mallakar haramtattun kwayoyi na iya haifar da hukuncin daurin shekaru 10 zuwa 25, fataucin-wanda aka ayyana ya hada da ko da kananan adadin fasa-kwaurin-ana iya hukunta shi da hukuncin daurin rai-da-rai, kuma rashin bayyana takardun magani na narcotics na iya haifar da 5. hukuncin shekara. Nassoshi Afirka Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavet%2C%20Saskatchewan

Clavet, Saskatchewan

Clavet klə vɛt klə- klə- yawan 2016 410 ƙauye ne a lardin Saskatchewan na Kanada a cikin Karamar Hukumar Blucher Lamba 343 da Rural Division na 11 Kauyen yana kan wani tsohon sashe na babbar hanyar Yellowhead, kimanin kilomita 15 kudu maso gabas da birnin Saskatoon Tarihi A shekarar 1908, an kafa ƙauyen Faransanci wanda ke rufe rabin kudu na sashe na 16 da kudu maso yamma na sashe na 15. JT Dawson shi ne mai kula da Alfred Rogers da CH Goodrich an zaɓe kansila a watan Fabrairun 1909. An nada Carl H. Phillips a matsayin sakatare-ma'aji. Canjin suna Ranar 9 ga Maris, 1909, an canza sunan Faransanci zuwa Clavet. Ƙauyen Clavet bai sami nasara a harkokin jama'a ba. A cikin Oktoba 1909, WC Sutherland, Mataimakin Kwamishinan, ya ba da shawarar rashin tsari na ƙauyen saboda mambobin majalisa biyu sun ƙaura, sakatare-ma'aji ya yi murabus, kuma yawan jama'a ba su isa su tabbatar da matsayin ƙauyen ba. Koyaya, duk da shekaru masu fama da al'amuran ƙauye da tsangwama daga Al'amuran Municipal, ƙauyen Clavet har yanzu ya wanzu a cikin 1925 mai yawan maza 9, mata 5, da yara 12. Hakanan yana da lif guda biyu, babban kantin sayar da kaya ɗaya, kantin kayan aiki ɗaya, filin katako, ofishi, gidan zama, da coci. Wannan ya ba da ƙima na $27,850, adadin niƙa na 17, da jimlar kuɗin haraji na $473.45. A ranar 1 ga Maris, 1927, JJ Smith, Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Gundumomi, ya ɓata ƙauyen Clavet saboda ƙarancin yawan jama'a da rashin isassun ƙima don ba da kuɗin al'amuran ƙauyen. Bayan rashin tsari, an canza iyakokin Clavet. Bayan, daga 1927 zuwa 1978, al'amuran Clavet suna sarrafawa da sarrafa su ta RM na Blucher No. 343 Dukkan bayanan da bayanan da suka danganci an adana su a ofishin RM, wanda ya kone a cikin 1982. Bayanai game da waɗannan shekarun, saboda haka, iyakance ne ga abin da mazauna gida za su iya tunawa. A cikin 1964, Clavet ya zama yanki mai tsari na iyalai goma sha ɗaya tare da yawan jama'a 39. Hamlet na Clavet ya zaɓi mambobin kwamitin uku waɗanda suka ba da shawarwari ga RM na Blucher Lamba 343 a madadin hamlet. An binciki ƙauyen ne bayan ƙungiyar ta, kuma an shigar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar ruwa a cikin 1972–1973 ta hanyar Shirin Inganta Gona na Iyali akan farashi na $14,689. Akwai haɗin asali guda 17 zuwa tsarin, da makarantar. Ed Holobetz, ɗan kwangilar, ya shigar da ainihin layukan filastik inci biyu don ɗaukar ruwa daga Tsarin Kula da Ruwa na Saskatchewan ga duk mazauna. Tankunan tankuna guda ɗaya sun yi hidima ga kowane gida kuma tafkin yana kusa da tashar daga yanzu. Babban Titin Saskatchewan, titin Queen da Titin Biyu a cikin 1972. Motoci biyu da ke aiki a farkon shekarun sun kone a 1967 kuma ba a maye gurbinsu ba. An tsage lif na uku kuma an ceto shi a shekarar 1968. Jean Campbell ne ke sarrafa gidan waya daga gidanta a titin Queen Street da Second Avenue har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 1978. Lokacin da IE S. Confectioners ya buɗe a cikin 1978, mallakar Irma Weisner da 'yarta, Sandra Baumgartner kuma suna sarrafa su, an sake komawa gidan waya a cikin kantin sayar da kuma Sandra ta sarrafa. Susan Yuzik ta zama uwargida a 1981. Bayan shigar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa, an haɓaka sabbin kuri'a akan Campbell Place, mai suna don girmama Jean Campbell. Sabbin gidajen da aka gina tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1979 sun kawo karuwar yawan jama'a, kudaden shiga na haraji, da damuwa kan tsarin lagon na yanzu. A farkon 1978, mazauna Clavet sun koka game da matsayin ƙauye. Clavet an haɗa shi azaman ƙauye a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1978. Majalisar farko ta ƙunshi magajin gari Bill Martin da mashawarta Rudy Weisner da John Baumgartner. Ros Curnow ya tsunduma a matsayin sakatare-ma'aji. Alkaluma A cikin kididdigar yawan jama'a ta shekarar 2021 da Statistics Canada ta gudanar, Clavet yana da yawan jama'a 450 da ke zaune a cikin 147 daga cikin 150 na gidaje masu zaman kansu, canjin yanayi. 9.8% daga yawan jama'arta na 2016 na 410 Tare da filin ƙasa na tana da yawan yawan jama'a 523.3/km a cikin 2021. A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a na 2016, ƙauyen Clavet ya ƙididdige yawan jama'a na 410 da ke zaune a cikin 137 daga cikin 144 na gidaje masu zaman kansu. 5.9% ya canza daga yawan 2011 na 386 Tare da yanki na ƙasa na tana da yawan yawan jama'a 488.1/km a cikin 2016. Kayan aiki Sufuri Clavet yana kusa da wani tsohon sashe na babbar hanyar Saskatchewan 16, kudu da inda ya haɗu da babbar hanyar Saskatchewan 316 Yanzu an keɓe shi ta hanyar sigar hanya biyu ta Babbar Hanya 16 kuma ana samun dama daga Babbar Hanya 316. Filin Jirgin Sama na Saskatoon/Corman yana yamma da Clavet. Titin jirgin ƙasa na Kanada ya ratsa ƙauyen Clavet. Ilimi Makarantar Clavet Composite tana ba da makaranta daga Kindergarten zuwa Grade 12. Duba kuma Jerin al'ummomi a cikin Saskatchewan Ƙauyen Saskatchewan Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Smith

Adam Smith

Adam Smith Yakasance mutum ne me tattali an haife shi ne a cikin shekara ta alif ɗari bakwai da ashirin da uku (06-1723) miladiyya. Ana masa lakabi da Father of Economics. Haihuwa An haifa Adam Smith shekarar alib (06-1723) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Mutuwa Ya mutu shekara ta (17-07-1790) a garin Panmure House, Edinburgh United Kindom. Manazarta Smith is identified as a North Briton and Scot. [5] b. In Life of Adam Smith Rae writes: "In his fourth year, while on a visit to his grandfather's house at Strathendry on the banks of the Leven, [Smith] was stolen by a passing band of gypsies, and for a time could not be found. But presently a gentleman arrived who had met a Romani woman a few miles down the road carrying a child that was crying piteously. Scouts were immediately dispatched in the direction indicated, and they came upon the woman in Leslie wood. As soon as she saw them she threw her burden down and escaped, and the child was brought back to his mother. [Smith] would have made, I fear, a poor gypsy." [15] c. During the reign of Louis XIV the population shrunk by 4 million and agricultural productivity was reduced by one-third while the taxes had increased. Cusminsky, Rosa, de Cendrero, 1967, Los Fisiócratas, Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, p. 6 d. 1701–1714 War of the Spanish Succession, 1688–1697 War of the Grand Alliance, 1672–1678 Franco-Dutch War, 1667–1668 War of Devolution, 1618–1648 Thirty Years' War e. The 6 editions of The Theory of Moral Sentiments were published in 1759, 1761, 1767, 1774, 1781, and 1790, respectively. [75] Citation 1. a b "Adam Smith (1723–1790)" BBC Archived from the original on 15 March 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2019. "Adam Smith's exact date of birth is unknown, but he was baptised on 5 June 1723." 2. Nevin, Seamus (2013). "Richard Cantillon: The Father of Economics". History Ireland 21 (2): 20–23. JSTOR 41827152. 3. Billington, James H. (1999). Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith Transaction Publishers. p. 302. 4. Stedman Jones, Gareth (2006). "Saint-Simon and the Liberal origins of the Socialist critique of Political Economy". In Aprile, Sylvie; Bensimon, Fabrice (eds.). La France et l'Angleterre au XIXe siècle. Échanges, représentations, comparaisons Créaphis. pp. 21–47. 5. Williams, Gwydion M. (2000). Adam Smith, Wealth Without Nations London: Athol Books. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-85034-084-6 Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020. 6. "BBC History Scottish History" www.bbc.co.uk Archived from the original on 10 April 2001. Retrieved 20 December 2019. 7. *Brown, Vivienne (5 December 2008). "Mere Inventions of the Imagination': A Survey of Recent Literature on Adam Smith" Cambridge University Press 13 (2): 281–312. doi 10.1017/S0266267100004521 Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020. Berry, Christopher J. (2018). Adam Smith Very Short Introductions Series Oxford University Press p. 101. ISBN 978-0-198-78445-6 Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2020. Sharma, Rakesh. "Adam Smith: The Father of Economics" Investopedia Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2019. 8. "Adam Smith: Father of Capitalism" www.bbc.co.uk Archived from the original on 20 November 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2019. Bassiry, G. R.; Jones, Marc (1993). "Adam Smith and the ethics of contemporary capitalism". Journal of Business Ethics. 12 (1026): 621–627. doi 10.1007/BF01845899 S2CID 51746709 Newbert, Scott L. (30 November 2017). "Lessons on social enterprise from the father of capitalism: A dialectical analysis of Adam Smith". Academy of Management Journal 2016 (1): 12046. doi 10.5465/ambpp.2016.12046abstract ISSN 2151-6561 Rasmussen, Dennis C. (28 August 2017). The Infidel and the Professor: David Hume, Adam Smith, and the Friendship That Shaped Modern Thought. Princeton University Press p. 12. ISBN 978-1-400-88846-7 9. "Absolute Advantage Ability to Produce More than Anyone Else" Corporate Finance Institute Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019. 10. "Adam Smith: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland" www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019. 11. John, McMurray (19 March 2017). "Capitalism's 'Founding Father' Often Quoted, Frequently Misconstrued" Investor's Business Daily Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2019. 12. a b Rae 1895 p. 1 13. Bussing-Burks 2003 pp. 38–39 14. Buchan 2006 p. 12 15. a b c Rae 1895 p. 5 16. "Fife Place-name Data Strathenry" fife-placenames.glasgow.ac.uk Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2020. 17. a b c Bussing-Burks 2003 p. 39 18. Buchan 2006 p. 22 19. Bussing-Burks 2003 p. 41 20. Rae 1895 p. 24 21. a b c d Buchholz 1999 p. 12 22. Introductory Economics New Age Publishers. 2006. p. 4. ISBN 81-224-1830-9 23. Rae 1895 p. 22 24. Rae 1895 pp. 24–25 25. a b Bussing-Burks 2003 p. 42 26. Buchan 2006 p. 29 27. Scott, W. R. "The Never to Be Forgotten Hutcheson: Excerpts from W. R. Scott," Econ Journal Watch 8(1): 96–109, January 2011. [1] Archived 28 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine 28. "Adam Smith" Biography Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2019. 29. Rae 1895 p. 30 30. Smith, A. ([1762] 1985). Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres [1762]. vol. IV of the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1984). Retrieved 16 February 2012 31. a b Bussing-Burks 2003 p. 43 32. Winch, Donald (September 2004). "Smith, Adam (bap. 1723, d. 1790)". Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press. 33. Rae 1895 p. 42 34. Buchholz 1999 p. 15 35. Buchan 2006 p. 67 36. Buchholz 1999 p. 13 37. "MyGlasgow Archive Services Exhibitions Adam Smith in Glasgow Photo Gallery Honorary degree" University of Glasgow Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018. 38. a b c Buchholz 1999 p. 16 39. Buchholz 1999 pp. 16–17 40. Buchholz 1999 p. 17 41. Smith, A., 1976, The Wealth of Nations edited by R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner, The Glasgow edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith, vol. 2b, p. 678. 42. Buchholz 1999 p. 18 43. Buchan 2006 p. 90 44. Dr James Currie to Thomas Creevey 24 February 1793, Lpool RO, Currie MS 920 CUR 45. Buchan 2006 p. 89 46. Buchholz 1999 p. 19 47. Durant, Will; Durant, Ariel (1967). The Story of Civilization: Rousseau and Revolution MJF Books. ISBN 1567310214 48. Buchan 2006 p. 128 49. Buchan 2006 p. 133 50. Buchan 2006 p. 137 51. Buchan 2006 p. 145 52. a b c Bussing-Burks 2003 p. 53 53. a b Buchan 2006 p. 25 54. a b Buchan 2006 p. 88 55. Bonar 1894 p. xiv. 56. Bonar 1894 pp. xx–xxiv 57. Buchan 2006 p. 11 58. Buchan 2006 p. 134 59. Rae 1895 p. 262 60. a b c Skousen 2001 p. 32 61. a b Buchholz 1999 p. 14 62. Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson 1780. 63. Ross 2010 p. 330 64. Stewart, Dugald (1853). The Works of Adam Smith: With An Account of His Life and Writings London: Henry G. Bohn. lxix. OCLC 3226570 Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020. 65. Rae 1895 pp. 376–77 66. Bonar 1894 p. xxi 67. Ross 1995 p. 15 68. "Times obituary of Adam Smith" The Times 24 July 1790. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2012. 69. Coase 1976 pp. 529–46 70. a b Coase 1976 p. 538 71. Hill, L. (2001). "The hidden theology of Adam Smith". The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 8 1–29. doi 10.1080/713765225 S2CID 154571991 72. "Hume on Religion" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2008. 73. Eric Schliesser (2003). "The Obituary of a Vain Philosopher: Adam Smith's Reflections on Hume's Life" (PDF). Hume Studies 29 (2): 327–62. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012. 74. "Andrew Millar Project, University of Edinburgh" millar-project.ed.ac.uk Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016. 75. Adam Smith, Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence Vol. 1 The Theory of Moral Sentiments [1759] 76. Rae 1895 77. Falkner, Robert (1997). "Biography of Smith" Liberal Democrat History Group. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2008. 78. Smith 2002 p. xv 79. Viner 1991 p. 250 80. Wight, Jonathan B. Saving Adam Smith Upper Saddle River: Prentic-Hall, Inc., 2002. 81. Robbins, Lionel. A History of Economic Thought. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998. 82. Brue, Stanley L., and Randy R. Grant. The Evolution of Economic Thought. Mason: Thomson Higher Education, 2007. 83. Otteson, James R. 2002, Adam Smith's Marketplace of Life Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 84. Ekelund, R. Hebert, R. 2007, A History of Economic Theory and Method 5th Edition. Waveland Press, United States, p. 105. 85. Smith, A., 1976, The Wealth of Nations edited by R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner, The Glasgow edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith vol. 2a, p. 456. 86. Smith, A., 1980, The Glasgow edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith vol. 3, p. 49, edited by W. P. D. Wightman and J. C. Bryce, Oxford: Clarendon Press. 87. Smith, A., 1976, The Glasgow edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith vol. 1, pp. 184–85, edited by D. D. Raphael and A. L. Macfie, Oxford: Clarendon Press. 88. Smith, A., 1976, The Glasgow edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith vol. 2a, p. 456, edited by R. H. Cambell and A. S. Skinner, Oxford: Clarendon Press. 89. Smith, A., 1976, The Glasgow edition vol. 2a, pp. 26–27. 90. Mandeville, B., 1724, The Fable of the Bees London: Tonson. 91. Smith, A., 1976, The Glasgow edition vol. 2a, pp. 145, 158. 92. Smith, A., 1976, The Glasgow edition vol. 2a, p. 79. 93. Gopnik, Adam (10 October 2010). "Market Man" The New Yorker No. 18 October 2010. p. 82. Archived from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011. 94. Samuelson, P. A./Nordhaus, William D., 1989, Economics 13th edition, N.Y. et al.: McGraw-Hill, p. 825. 95. Samuelson, P. A./Nordhaus, William D., 1989, idem, p. 825. 96. Buchan 2006 p. 80 97. Stewart, D., 1799, Essays on Philosophical Subjects, to which is prefixed An Account of the Life and Writings of the Author by Dugald Steward, F.R.S.E. Basil; from the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Read by M. Steward, 21 January, and 18 March 1793; in: The Glasgow edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith, 1982, vol. 3, pp. 304 ff. 98. Smith, A., 1976, vol. 2a, p. 10, idem 99. Smith, A., 1976, vol. 1, p. 10, para. 4 100. The Glasgow edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith 1982, 6 volumes 101. "Adam Smith Jonathan Swift" University of Winchester. Archived from the original on 28 November 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2010. 102. 100 Best Scottish Books, Adam Smith Archived 20 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 31 January 2012 103. L.Seabrooke (2006). "Global Standards of Market Civilization". p. 192. Taylor Francis 2006 104. Stigler, George J. (1976). "The Successes and Failures of Professor Smith," Journal of Political Economy, 84(6), pp. 1199 –213, 1202. Also published as Selected Papers, No. 50 (PDF) permanent dead link] Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago. 105. Samuelson, Paul A. (1977). "A Modern Theorist's Vindication of Adam Smith," American Economic Review 67(1), p. 42. Reprinted in J.C. Wood, ed., Adam Smith: Critical Assessments pp. 498–509. Preview. Archived 19 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine 106. Schumpeter History of Economic Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 185. 107. Roemer, J.E. (1987). "Marxian Value Analysis". The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics v. 3, 383. 108. Mandel, Ernest (1987). "Marx, Karl Heinrich", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics v. 3, pp. 372, 376. 109. Marshall, Alfred; Marshall, Mary Paley (1879). The Economics of Industry p. 2. ISBN 978-1855065475 Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020. 110. Jevons, W. Stanley (1879). The Theory of Political Economy (2nd ed.). p. xiv. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020. 111. Clark, B. (1998). Political-economy: A comparative approach, 2nd ed., Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 32. 112. Campos, Antonietta (1987). "Marginalist Economics", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics v. 3, p. 320 113. Smith 1977 §Book I, Chapter 2 114. "The Vanity of the Philosopher: From Equality to Hierarchy" in Postclassical Economics [2] Archived 4 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine 115. E.A. Benians, 'Adam Smith’s project of an empire', Cambridge Historical Journal 1 (1925): 249–83 116. Anthony Howe, Free trade and liberal England, 1846–1946 (Oxford, 1997) 117. J. Shield Nicholson, A project of empire: a critical study of the economics of imperialism, with special reference to the ideas of Adam Smith (London, 1909) 118. Marc-William Palen, “Adam Smith as Advocate of Empire, c. 1870–1932,” Archived 22 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine Historical Journal 57: 1 (March 2014): 179–98. 119. "Clydesdale 50 Pounds, 1981" Ron Wise's Banknoteworld. Archived from the original on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2008. 120. "Current Banknotes Clydesdale Bank" The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers. Archived from the original on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2008. 121. "Smith replaces Elgar on £20 note" BBC. 29 October 2006. Archived from the original on 24 March 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2008. 122. Blackley, Michael (26 September 2007). "Adam Smith sculpture to tower over Royal Mile". Edinburgh Evening News 123. Fillo, Maryellen (13 March 2001). "CCSU welcomes a new kid on the block". The Hartford Courant 124. Kelley, Pam (20 May 1997). "Piece at UNCC is a puzzle for Charlotte, artist says". The Charlotte Observer 125. Shaw-Eagle, Joanna (1 June 1997). "Artist sheds new light on sculpture". The Washington Times 126. "Adam Smith's Spinning Top" Ohio Outdoor Sculpture Inventory. Archived from the original on 5 February 2005. Retrieved 24 May 2008. 127. "The restoration of Panmure House" Archived from the original on 22 January 2012. 128. "Adam Smith's Home Gets Business School Revival" Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2017. 129. "The Adam Smith Society" The Adam Smith Society. Archived from the original on 21 July 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2008. 130. Choi, Amy (4 March 2014). "Defying Skeptics, Some Business Schools Double Down on Capitalism" Bloomberg Business News Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015. 131. "Who We Are: The Adam Smith Society" April 2016. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019. 132. "The Australian Adam Smith Club" Adam Smith Club. Archived from the original on 9 May 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2008. 133. Levy, David (June 1992). "Interview with Milton Friedman" Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2008. 134. "FRB: Speech, Greenspan Adam Smith 6 February 2005" Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2008. 135. "Adam Smith: Web Junkie" Forbes 5 July 2007. Archived from the original on 20 May 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2008. 136. Stein, Herbert (6 April 1994). "Board of Contributors: Remembering Adam Smith". The Wall Street Journal Asia A14. 137. Brown, Vivienne; Pack, Spencer J.; Werhane, Patricia H. (January 1993). "Untitled review of 'Capitalism as a Moral System: Adam Smith's Critique of the Free Market Economy' and 'Adam Smith and his Legacy for Modern Capitalism' The Economic Journal 103 (416): 230–32. doi 10.2307/2234351 JSTOR 2234351 138. Smith 1977 bk. V, ch. 2 139. "Market Man" The New Yorker 18 October 2010. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2020. 140. Smith 1977 bk. V 141. Smith, A., 1976, The Glasgow edition vol. 2a, p. 468. 142. Viner, Jacob (April 1927). "Adam Smith and Laissez-faire". The Journal of Political Economy 35 (2): 198–232. doi 10.1086/253837 JSTOR 1823421 S2CID 154539413 143. Klein, Daniel B. (2008). "Toward a Public and Professional Identity for Our Economics" Econ Journal Watch 5 (3): 358–72. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2010. 144. Klein, Daniel B. (2009). "Desperately Seeking Smithians: Responses to the Questionnaire about Building an Identity" Econ Journal Watch 6 (1): 113–80. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2010. 145. a b Buchholz, Todd (December 1990). pp. 38–39. 146. Martin, Christopher. "Adam Smith and Liberal Economics: Reading the Minimum Wage Debate of 1795–96," Econ Journal Watch 8(2): 110–25, May 2011 [3] Archived 28 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine 147. A Smith, Wealth of Nations (1776) Book I, ch 8 148. The Roaring Nineties 2006 Bibliography Benians, E. A. (1925). "II. Adam Smith's Project of an Empire". Cambridge Historical Journal 1 (3): 249–283. doi 10.1017/S1474691300001062 Bonar, James, ed. (1894). A Catalogue of the Library of Adam Smith London: Macmillan. OCLC 2320634 via Internet Archive. Buchan, James (2006). The Authentic Adam Smith: His Life and Ideas W.W. Norton Company. ISBN 0-393-06121-3 Buchholz, Todd (1999). New Ideas from Dead Economists: An Introduction to Modern Economic Thought. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-028313-7 Bussing-Burks, Marie (2003). Influential Economists Minneapolis: The Oliver Press. ISBN 1-881508-72-2 Campbell, R.H.; Skinner, Andrew S. (1985). Adam Smith Routledge ISBN 0-7099-3473-4 Coase, R.H. (October 1976). "Adam Smith's View of Man". The Journal of Law and Economics 19 (3): 529–46. doi: 10.1086/466886 S2CID 145363933 Helbroner, Robert L. The Essential Adam Smith ISBN 0-393-95530-3 Nicholson, J. Shield (1909). A project of empire;a critical study of the economics of imperialism, with special reference to the ideas of Adam Smith hdl :2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t4th8nc9p Otteson, James R. (2002). Adam Smith's Marketplace of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-01656-8 Palen, Marc-William (2014). "Adam Smith as Advocate of Empire, c. 1870–1932" (PDF). The Historical Journal 57 179–198. doi :10.1017/S0018246X13000101 S2CID 159524069 Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2020. Rae, John (1895). Life of Adam Smith London New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-7222-2658-6 Retrieved 14 May 2018 via Internet Archive. Ross, Ian Simpson (1995). The Life of Adam Smith Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-828821-2 Ross, Ian Simpson (2010). The Life of Adam Smith (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. Skousen, Mark (2001). The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of Great Thinkers M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0480-9 Smith, Adam (1977) [1776]. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-76374-9 Smith, Adam (1982) [1759]. D.D. Raphael and A.L. Macfie (ed.). The Theory of Moral Sentiments Liberty Fund. ISBN 0-86597-012-2 Smith, Adam (2002) [1759]. Knud Haakonssen (ed.). The Theory of Moral Sentiments Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59847-8 Smith, Vernon L. (July 1998). "The Two Faces of Adam Smith". Southern Economic Journal 65 (1): 2–19. doi 10.2307/1061349 JSTOR 1061349 S2CID 154002759 Tribe, Keith; Mizuta, Hiroshi (2002). A Critical Bibliography of Adam Smith Pickering Chatto. ISBN 978-1-85196-741-4 Viner, Jacob (1991). Douglas A. Irwin (ed.). Essays on the Intellectual History of Economics Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04266-7 Further reading Wikisource has the text of A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature 's article about Smith, Adam Butler, Eamonn (2007). Adam Smith A Primer Institute of Economic Affairs ISBN 978-0-255-36608-3 Cook, Simon J. (2012). "Culture Political Economy: Adam Smith Alfred Marshall" Tabur Copley, Stephen (1995). Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations: New Interdisciplinary Essays Manchester University Press ISBN 0-7190-3943-6 Glahe, F. (1977). Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations: 1776–1976 University Press of Colorado ISBN 0-87081-082-0 Haakonssen, Knud (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Adam Smith Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-77924-3 Hardwick, D. and Marsh, L. (2014). Propriety and Prosperity: New Studies on the Philosophy of Adam Smith Palgrave Macmillan Hamowy, Ronald (2008). "Smith, Adam (1723–1790)". Smith, Adam (1732–1790) The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute pp. 470–72. doi :10.4135/9781412965811.n287 ISBN 978-1412965804 LCCN 2008009151 OCLC 750831024 Hollander, Samuel (1973). Economics of Adam Smith University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-6302-0 McLean, Iain (2006). Adam Smith, Radical and Egalitarian: An Interpretation for the 21st Century. Edinburgh University Press ISBN 0-7486-2352-3 Milgate, Murray Stimson, Shannon. (2009). After Adam Smith: A Century of Transformation in Politics and Political Economy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14037-7 Muller, Jerry Z. (1995). Adam Smith in His Time and Ours. Princeton University Press ISBN 0-691-00161-8 Norman, Jesse (2018). Adam Smith: What He Thought, and Why It Matters. Allen Lane. O'Rourke, P.J. (2006). On The Wealth of Nations Grove/Atlantic Inc. ISBN 0-87113-949-9 Otteson, James (2002). Adam Smith's Marketplace of Life Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-01656-8 Otteson, James (2013). Adam Smith Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-4411-9013-0 Phillipson, Nicholas (2010). Adam Smith: An Enlightened Life Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-16927-0 352 pages; scholarly biography McLean, Iain (2004). Adam Smith, Radical and Egalitarian: An Interpretation for the 21st Century Edinburgh University Press Pichet, Éric (2004). Adam Smith, je connais French biography. ISBN 978-2843720406 Vianello, F. (1999). "Social accounting in Adam Smith", in: Mongiovi, G. and Petri F. (eds.), Value, Distribution and capital. Essays in honour of Pierangelo Garegnani London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-14277-6 Winch, Donald (2007) [2004]. "Smith, Adam". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi 10.1093/ref:odnb/25767 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Wolloch, N. (2015). "Symposium on Jack Russell Weinstein's Adam Smith's Pluralism: Rationality, Education and the Moral Sentiments". Cosmos Taxis "Adam Smith and Empire: A New Talking Empire Podcast," Imperial Global Forum 12 March 2014. Mutanen

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal%C6%99iya%20mai%20ha%C9%97ari

Walƙiya mai haɗari

Yajin walƙiya ko walƙiya shine fitarwar lantarki tsakanin yanayi da ƙasa. Yawancin ya samo asali ne a cikin gajimare na cumulonimbus kuma yana ƙarewa a ƙasa, wanda ake kira walƙiya -zuwa ƙasa (CG). Wani nau'in yajin da ba a saba sabawa ba, walƙiya daga ƙasa zuwa gajimare (GC), walƙiya ce mai haɓakawa zuwa sama wanda aka fara daga wani abu mai tsayi kuma yana shiga cikin gajimare. Kusan kashi 69 cikin 100 na duk abubuwan da ke faruwa na walƙiya a duk duniya suna faruwa ne tsakanin yanayi da abubuwan da ke daure ƙasa. Yawancin su ne intracloud (IC) walƙiya da gajimare-zuwa-girgije (CC), inda fitarwa kawai ke faruwa a cikin sararin samaniya. Walƙiya tana afkawa matsakaicin jirgin sama na kasuwanci aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara, amma injiniyanci da ƙira na zamani yana nufin wannan ba matsala bace. Motsin jirage ta cikin gajimare na iya haifar da tashin walƙiya. Walƙiya guda ɗaya ita ce "flash", wanda ke da sarƙaƙƙiya, tsari mai yawa, wasu sassa waɗanda ba a fahimta sosai ba. Yawancin CG suna walƙiya kawai "busa" wuri ɗaya na jiki, wanda ake magana da shi azaman "ƙarewa". Tashar gudanarwa ta farko, haske mai haske, wanda ake iya gani kuma ana kiranta "yajin", kusan inci ɗaya ne kawai a diamita, amma saboda tsananin haske, sau da yawa ya fi girma ga idon ɗan adam da hotuna. Fitowar walƙiya yawanci tsayin mil ne, amma wasu nau'ikan watsawar a kwance na iya kaiwa sama da dubun mil a tsayi. Dukan filasha yana ɗaukar ɗan juzu'in daƙiƙa ɗaya kacal Yajin aiki Walƙiya na iya cutar da mutane ta hanyoyi daban-daban: Kai tsaye Yajin kai tsaye mutumin wani yanki ne na tashar walƙiya. Yawancin kuzari suna wucewa cikin jiki da sauri, yana haifar da konewa na ciki, lalata gabobin jiki, fashewar nama da kashi, da lalacewar tsarin juyayi. Dangane da ƙarfin walƙiya da samun dama ga sabis na likita, yana iya zama mai mutuwa nan take ko ya haifar da rauni da lahani na dindindin. Raunin tuntuɓa abu (gaba ɗaya madugu) wanda mutum yake taɓawa yana samun wutar lantarki ta yajin aiki. Fashewar gefe rassan igiyoyin igiyoyin ruwa "tsalle" daga tashar filasha ta farko, tana kunna mutum. Raunin fashewar jifa da fama da rauni mai ƙarfi daga girgizar girgiza (idan yana kusa) da yuwuwar lalacewar ji daga aradu Kai tsaye Ƙarƙashin ƙasa na halin yanzu ko "yiwuwar mataki" saman duniya yana cajin tseren zuwa tashar walƙiya yayin fitarwa. Saboda ƙasa tana da babban haɗari, na yanzu "zaɓi" mafi kyawun jagora, sau da yawa kafafun mutum, suna wucewa ta jiki. Matsakaicin saurin fitarwa na kusa yana haifar da yuwuwar (bambanci) akan nisa, wanda zai iya kai adadin volts dubu da yawa a kowace ƙafar madaidaiciya. Wannan al'amari (wanda kuma ke da alhakin rahotannin mutuwar dawa da yawa a sakamakon guguwar walƙiya) yana haifar da ƙarin raunuka da mutuwar fiye da uku na sama. haɗe. EMPs tsarin fitarwa yana haifar da bugun jini na lantarki EMP wanda zai iya lalata na'urar bugun zuciya ta wucin gadi, ko kuma ya shafi tsarin rayuwa na yau da kullun. Ana iya haifar da ruɗi a cikin mutanen da ke tsakanin a ƙalla 200 m (650 ft) na guguwar walƙiya mai tsanani. Sakandare ko sakamako Fashewa Gobara Hatsari Alamomin faɗakarwa na yajin da ke gabatowa a kusa na iya haɗawa da ƙarar sauti, jin daɗin wutar lantarki a gashi ko fata, ƙamshi mai ƙamshi na ozone, ko bayyanar hazo mai shuɗi a kusa da mutane ko abubuwa Wutar St. Elmo An shawarci mutanen da aka kama a cikin irin wannan matsanancin yanayi ba tare da sun iya guduwa zuwa wuri mafi aminci ba, cikakken sararin samaniya an shawarci su ɗauki "matsayin walƙiya", wanda ya haɗa da "zauna ko tsuguno tare da gwiwoyi da ƙafafu kusa da juna don ƙirƙirar wuri ɗaya kawai. Sannan Kuma tare da ƙasa" (tare da ƙafafu daga ƙasa idan zaune; idan ana buƙatar matsayi na tsaye, ƙafafu dole ne su taɓa). Raunin Hatsarin walƙiya na iya haifar da munanan raunuka, kuma suna da mutuwa a tsakanin kashi 10 zuwa 30% na lokuta, tare da kusan kashi 80% na waɗanda suka tsira suna samun raunuka na dogon lokaci. Wadannan raunuka masu tsanani ba yawanci ba ne suke haifar da ƙonawar zafi, tun da halin yanzu yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci don zafi da kyallen takarda; A maimakon haka, jijiyoyi da tsokoki na iya lalacewa kai tsaye ta hanyar babban ƙarfin lantarki da ke samar da ramuka a cikin membranes na tantanin halitta, tsarin da ake kira electroporation A cikin yajin kai tsaye, igiyoyin lantarki a cikin tashar walƙiya suna wucewa kai tsaye ta cikin wanda aka azabtar. Yawan faɗuwar wutar lantarki a kusa da mafi ƙarancin na'urorin lantarki (kamar ɗan adam), yana haifar da iskar da ke kewaye da ionize kuma ta karye, sannan kuma walƙiya na waje yana karkatar da mafi yawan magudanar ruwa ta yadda ya zagaya "zagaye" jiki, yana rage rauni. Abubuwan ƙarfe da ke hulɗa da fata na iya "maida hankali" ƙarfin walƙiya, idan aka yi la'akari da shi shi ne mafi kyawun jagorar halitta da kuma hanyar da aka fi so, wanda ya haifar da mummunan rauni, kamar konewa daga narkakkar da ƙarfe ko ƙafe. Akalla lokuta biyu (2) ne aka bayar da rahoton inda wani yajin aikin sanye da iPod ya samu munanan raunuka sakamakon haka. A lokacin walƙiya, to Amman kodayake, halin yanzu yana gudana ta hanyar tashar da kewayen jiki na iya haifar da manyan filayen lantarki da EMPs, waɗanda zasu iya haifar da ɓacin rai (surges) a cikin tsarin juyayi ko bugun zuciya, yana ɓata ayyukan yau da kullun Wannan tasirin na iya bayyana lokuta inda kamawar zuciya ko kamawa ya biyo bayan yajin walƙiya wanda bai haifar da rauni na waje ba. Hakanan yana iya yin nuni ga wanda aka azabtar ba a buga shi kai tsaye ba kwata-kwata, amma kawai yana kusa da ƙarshen yajin. Wani illar walƙiya akan masu kallo shi ne ga jinsu Sakamakon girgizar tsawa na iya lalata kunnuwa. Hakanan, kutsewar wutar lantarki ga wayoyi ko belun kunne na iya haifar da lalatar amo Epidemiology Kimanin al'amura kimanin 240,000 game da walƙiya na faruwa a duniya kowace shekara. A cewar National Geographic, kimanin mutane kimanin 2,000 a duk shekara ana kashe su a duniya ta hanyar walƙiya. Dangane da waɗannan alkalumman, to, matsakaicin ɗan adam yana da kusan ɗaya daga cikin 60,000 zuwa 80,000 damar faɗaɗa wa walƙiya a cikin rayuwar kusan shekaru 65-70. Haka kuma, saboda karuwar wayar da kan jama'a da ingantattun masu kula da walƙiya da kariya, adadin masu mutuwan walƙiya a kowace shekara yana raguwa a kowace shekara. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa ta Kasa, a cikin shekaru 40 da suka wuce, Amurka ta yi asarar rayuka 51 a duk shekara, lamarin da ya sa ya zama na biyu mafi yawan sanadin mutuwar masu nasaba da yanayi bayan ambaliya A cikin Amurka, tsakanin 9 zuwa 10% na waɗanda aka kashe sun mutu, tare da matsakaicin mutuwar 25 na shekara-shekara a cikin shekaru goma na shekarar 2010 (16 a cikin shekarata 2017). A Kisii da ke yammacin Kenya, kimanin mutane kimanin 30 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon tsawa. Yawan kashewar walƙiyar Kisii na faruwa ne saboda yawan tsawa da kuma saboda yawancin gine-ginen yankin suna da rufin ƙarfe. Wadannan kididdigar ba su nuna bambanci tsakanin hare-haren kai tsaye ba, inda wanda aka azabtar ya kasance wani bangare na hanyar walƙiya, sakamakon kai tsaye na kusa da wurin ƙarewa, kamar igiyoyin ruwa na ƙasa, da kuma sakamakon, inda abin da ya faru ya taso daga abubuwan da suka biyo baya, kamar gobara. ko fashewa. Ko da mafi yawan ƙwararrun masu amsawa na farko ba za su iya gane raunin da ya shafi walƙiya ba, balle cikakkun bayanai, wanda ma'aikacin likita, mai binciken 'yan sanda, ko kuma a wani lokaci da ba kasafai ƙwararren ƙwararren walƙiya na iya samun wahalar gano yin rikodin daidai ba. Wannan yana watsi da gaskiyar cewa walƙiya, a matsayin abin da ya faru na farko, na iya ɗaukar alhakin gaba ɗaya da sakamakon haɗari. Rikicin kai-tsaye na iya yin sama da adadin da aka ruwaito. Tasiri akan yanayi Tasiri kan ciyayi Bishiyoyi sune masu jagorantar walƙiya akai-akai zuwa ƙasa. Tunda ruwan 'ya'yan itace maras nauyi ne, juriyar wutar lantarki ya sa ya yi zafi da zafi zuwa tururi, wanda ke fitar da bawon a wajen hanyar walƙiya. A cikin yanayi masu zuwa, bishiyoyi suna girma wurin da suka lalace kuma suna iya rufe shi gaba ɗaya, yana barin tabo a tsaye kawai. Idan lalacewar ta yi tsanani, to bishiyar ba za ta iya farfadowa ba, kuma rubewar ya taso, daga ƙarshe ya kashe bishiyar gaba ɗaya. A yankunan da ba su da yawa kamar Gabas mai Nisa na Rasha da Siberiya, walƙiya na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haddasa gobarar dazuzzuka Hayaki da hazo da wata babbar gobarar dajin ke fitarwa na iya haifar da cajin wutar lantarki, tare da kunna ƙarin gobara a ƙasan kilomita da yawa sosai. Fasa duwatsu Lokacin da ruwa a cikin dutsen da ya karye ya yi saurin zafi ta hanyar yajin walƙiya, sakamakon fashewar tururi zai iya haifar da tarwatsewar dutse da kuma jujjuya duwatsu. Yana iya zama wani muhimmin al'amari na zaizayar wurare masu zafi da tsaunuka na wurare masu zafi waɗanda ba a taɓa samun dusar ƙanƙara ba. To Amman Shaidar faɗuwar walƙiya ta haɗa da filayen maganadisu marasa kuskure. Lalacewar lantarki da tsarin Wayoyin hannu, modem, kwamfuta, da sauran na’urorin lantarki na iya lalacewa ta hanyar walƙiya, saboda cutar da ke tattare da wuce gona da iri na iya isa gare su ta hanyar jack ɗin wayar, kebul na Ethernet, ko wutar lantarki Kusa-kusa yana iya haifar da EMPs, musamman a lokacin fitowar walƙiya". Wutar walƙiya tana da saurin tashi sosai, akan tsari na kusan 40 kA a cikin microsecond. Don haka, masu gudanar da irin wannan igiyoyin suna nuna alamar tasirin fata, yana haifar da mafi yawan igiyoyin ruwa suna gudana ta hanyar waje na mai gudanarwa. Baya ga lalacewar wayoyi na lantarki, sauran nau'ikan lalacewar da za a yi la'akari da su sun haɗa da tsari, gobara, da lalacewar kadarori. Rigakafi da raguwa Fannin tsarin kariyar walƙiya babbar masana'anta ce a duk duniya saboda tasirin walƙiya kan gine-gine da ayyukan ɗan adam. Walƙiya, kamar yadda ya bambanta a cikin kaddarorin da aka auna a fadin oda mai girma kamar yadda yake, na iya haifar da tasiri kai tsaye ko kuma yana da tasiri na biyu (2); kai ga rugujewar kayan aiki ko tsari ko kuma kawai haifar da gazawar firikwensin lantarki mai nisa; zai iya haifar da dakatar da ayyukan waje saboda matsalolin tsaro ga ma'aikata yayin da tsawa ta kusa kusa da wani yanki kuma har sai ta wuce isasshe; yana iya ƙone kayayyaki marasa ƙarfi da aka adana a cikin adadi mai yawa ko tsoma baki tare da aiki na yau da kullun na kayan aiki a lokuta masu mahimmanci sosai. Yawancin na'urori da tsarin kariya na walƙiya suna kare tsarin jiki a cikin ƙasa, jirgin sama a cikin jirgin ya kasance sanannen keɓanta. Yayin da aka biya wasu hankali ga ƙoƙarin sarrafa walƙiya a cikin sararin samaniya, duk ƙoƙarin da aka yi ya kasance mai iyaka a cikin nasara. Chaff da azurfa iodide kristal an ƙirƙira su don yin hulɗa kai tsaye tare da ƙwayoyin gajimare, kuma an ba su kai tsaye cikin gajimare daga wani jirgin sama mai wuce gona da iri. An ƙera ƙashin ne don magance alamun wutar lantarki na guguwar daga ciki, yayin da aka ƙirƙiri fasahar gishirin iodide na azurfa don tunkarar ƙarfin injina na guguwar. Tsarin kariya na walƙiya Ana amfani da ɗaruruwan na'urori, gami da sandunan walƙiya da tsarin canja wurin caji, don rage lalacewar walƙiya da tasiri hanyar walƙiya. Sanda mai walƙiya (ko kariyar walƙiya) tsiri ne na ƙarfe ko sanda da aka haɗa da ƙasa ta hanyar madubi da tsarin ƙasa, ana amfani da shi don samar da hanyar da aka fi so zuwa ƙasa idan walƙiya ta ƙare akan tsari. Ajin waɗannan samfuran ana kiran su da "ƙarshe" ko "air terminal". Sanda mai walƙiya ko kuma "sandan Franklin" don girmama sanannen mai ƙirƙira, Benjamin Franklin, sandar ƙarfe ce kawai, kuma ba tare da haɗa shi da tsarin kariya na walƙiya ba, kamar yadda ya kasance a wasu lokuta a baya, ba zai ba da ƙarin kariya ga tsari. Sauran sunaye sun hada da "dukiya mai walƙiya", "mai kama", da "mai fitar da wuta"; duk da haka, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata an shigar da waɗannan sunaye cikin wasu kayayyaki ko masana'antu tare da hannun jari na kariya ta walƙiya. Sai dai Mai kama walƙiya, alal misali, sau da yawa yana nufin haɗaɗɗun hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo waɗanda ke fashewa lokacin da yajin ya faru zuwa layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi don kare mafi tsadar tasfoma a kan layi ta buɗe kewaye. A zahiri, farkon nau'i ne na na'urar kariya mai nauyi mai nauyi. Masu kamawa na zamani, waɗanda aka gina su da ƙarfe oxides, suna da ikon yin watsi da matsananciyar wutar lantarki da ba ta dace ba zuwa ƙasa yayin da suke hana gajartawar tsarin wutar lantarki na yau da kullun zuwa ƙasa. A cikin shekarata 1962, Hukumar ta USAF ta sanya ginshiƙan hasumiya mai kariyar walƙiya a duk wuraren da aka harba makami mai linzami na Jupiter MRBM na Italiya da Turkiyya bayan wasu hare-hare biyu da ke ɗauke da makamai masu linzami. Tsarin kulawa da faɗakarwa Har yanzu ba a iya tantance ainihin wurin da walkiya za ta kasance da kuma lokacin da zai faru. Koyaya, an ƙirƙira samfura da tsare-tsare daban-daban na sarƙaƙƙiya don faɗakar da mutane yayin da yuwuwar yajin aikin ke ƙaruwa sama da matakin da aka ƙayyade ta hanyar kimanta haɗarin yanayi da yanayin wurin. Wani muhimmin ci gaba shi ne a fannin gano walƙiya ta hanyar na'urorin kallo na tushen ƙasa da na tauraron dan adam. Ba a yi hasashen buguwa da walƙiya na yanayi ba, amma matakin dalla-dalla da waɗannan fasahohin suka rubuta ya inganta sosai a cikin shekaru a ƙalla 20 da suka gabata. Ko da yake yawanci ana danganta shi da tsawa a kusa, walƙiya na iya faruwa a ranar da kamar babu gajimare. Ana kiran wannan abin da ya faru da "kullun daga shuɗi [sky]"; Walƙiya na iya afkawa har zuwa mil kusan 10 daga gajimare. Walƙiya tana tsoma baki tare da sigina na rediyo na amplitude (AM) fiye da siginar daidaitawa (FM), yana ba da hanya mai sauƙi don auna ƙarfin walƙiya na gida. Don yin haka, ya kamata mutum ya daidaita daidaitaccen mai karɓar raƙuman raƙuman ruwa na AM zuwa mitar ba tare da tashoshi masu watsawa ba, kuma ya saurari ƙuƙumma a tsakanin madaidaicin Ƙarfi ko walƙiya na kusa zai haifar da tsagewa idan an kunna mai karɓar zuwa tasha. Yayin da ƙananan mitoci ke yaɗuwa tare da ƙasa fiye da na sama, ƙananan ƙananan igiyoyin igiya (MW) (a cikin kashi 500-600). kewayon kHz) na iya gano alamun walƙiya a nesa mai tsayi; idan band longwave (153-279 kHz) yana samuwa, yin amfani da shi na iya ƙara wannan kewayon har ma da ƙari. An ƙirƙira tsarin gano walƙiya kuma ana iya tura shi a wuraren da walƙiya ke haifar da haɗari na musamman, kamar wuraren shakatawa na jama'a. An tsara irin waɗannan tsare-tsare don gano yanayin da aka yi imanin zai taimaka wa faɗakarwar walƙiya da kuma ba da gargaɗi ga waɗanda ke kusa da su don ba su damar ɗaukar matakan da suka dace. Tsaro na sirri Cibiyar Tsaro ta Walƙiya ta Ƙasar Amirka tana ba da shawara ga jama'ar Amirka da su yi shiri don kare lafiyarsu lokacin da hadari ya faru kuma su fara shi da zarar an ga walƙiya na farko ko aka ji tsawa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci, saboda walƙiya na iya tashi ba tare da faɗuwar ruwan sama ba. Idan za a iya jin aradu kwata-kwata, to akwai hadarin walƙiya. Wuri mafi aminci shine cikin gini ko abin hawa. Idan a ciki, guje wa kayan lantarki da famfo, gami da shawa. Hatsarin ya kasance har zuwa mintuna a ƙalla 30 bayan walƙiya ko tsawa ta ƙarshe. Cibiyar Tsaro ta Walƙiya ta Ƙasa ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da hanyar FB (flash to boom) don auna nisa zuwa yajin walƙiya. Walƙiyar walƙiya da sakamakon tsawa na faruwa a kusan lokaci guda. Amma haske yana tafiyar kilomita kusan 300,000 a cikin dakika 1, kusan sau miliyoyi gudun sauti. Sauti yana tafiya a hankali cikin sauri kusan 340 m/sec (ya danganta da yanayin zafi), don haka ana ganin walƙiyar walƙiya kafin a ji aradu. Hanya don tantance tazara tsakanin yajin walƙiya da mai kallo ya haɗa da kirga daƙiƙa tsakanin walƙiyar walƙiya da tsawa. Sannan, a raba uku don tantance tazarar kilomita, ko da biyar tsawon mil. Ya kamata a dauki matakan gaggawa don guje wa walƙiya idan lokacin FB ya kasance daƙiƙa kimanin 25 ko ƙasa da haka, ma'ana, idan walƙiya ya kusa kusa da 8. km da 5 mil. Wani rahoto ya nuna cewa ko mutum yana tsaye, yana tsugunne, ko yana kwance a waje yayin da ake tsawa ba kome ba ne, domin walƙiya na iya tafiya tare da ƙasa; wannan rahoton ya ba da shawarar kasancewa a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan tsari ko abin hawa ya fi aminci. A cikin Amurka, matsakaicin adadin masu mutuwa na shekara-shekara daga walƙiya yana kusan mutuwar mutane 51 a kowace shekara, kodayake kwanan nan, a cikin lokacin shekarata 2009 zuwa 2018, Amurka ta sami matsakaicin asarar walƙiya 27 kawai a kowace shekara. Ayyuka mafi haɗari sun haɗa da kamun kifi, kwale-kwale, zango, da golf. Mutumin da ya ji rauni ta hanyar walƙiya ba ya ɗaukar cajin wutar lantarki, kuma ana iya kula da shi lafiya don neman taimakon gaggawa kafin isowar sabis na gaggawa. Walƙiya na iya shafar ƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda ke sarrafa numfashi. Yawancin bincike da aka gudanar a Kudancin Asiya da Afirka sun nuna cewa ba a yi la'akari da illolin walƙiya da muhimmanci a can ba. Wata tawagar bincike daga Jami'ar Colombo ta gano cewa ko a unguwannin da suka fuskanci mace-mace sakamakon walkiya, ba a dauki matakan kariya daga guguwar da za ta yi gaba ba. A shekarar 2007 ne aka gudanar da taron kwararru kan yadda za a wayar da kan jama'a game da walƙiya da kuma inganta matakan kariya daga walƙiya, tare da nuna damuwa cewa ƙasashe da dama ba su da ƙa'idojin kafa sandunan walƙiya a hukumance. Sanannen al'amura Dukkan abubuwan da ke da alaƙa ko waɗanda ake zargi da haifar da lalacewa ana kiran su "haɗuwar walƙiya" saboda abubuwa huɗu masu mahimmanci. Hujjojin ƙarewar walƙiya, a cikin mafi kyawun misalan da aka bincika, su ne kaɗan (rami a cikin ƙarfe ƙasa da wurin alƙalami) ko kuma wanda bai dace ba (launi mai duhu). Abin da ya faru na iya fashe ko kuma gobarar da ta biyo baya ta lalata duk ƴan ƴan shaidar da ka iya samuwa nan da nan bayan yajin aikin da kansa. Tashar walƙiya da fitarwar kanta ba ita ce kaɗai ke haifar da rauni, ƙonewa, ko lalacewa ba, watau, igiyoyin ruwa na ƙasa ko fashewar abubuwan fashewa. Gashin hankalin ɗan adam bai kai na millise seconds ba a tsawon lokacin walƙiyar walƙiya, kuma ikon da mutane ke iya lura da wannan al'amari yana ƙarƙashin gazawar kwakwalwar fahimtarsa. Na'urorin gano walƙiya suna tafe akan layi, duka tauraron dan adam da na ƙasa, amma har yanzu ana auna daidaitonsu a cikin ɗaruruwan ƙafafu zuwa dubunnan ƙafa, da wuya su ba su damar tantance ainihin wurin da aka dakatarwa. Kamar yadda irin wannan sau da yawa ba shi da ma'ana, kodayake sai mai yiwuwa walƙiyar walƙiya ta shiga, don haka rarraba shi a matsayin "al'amarin walƙiya" ya rufe dukkan tushe. Duniya-daure 1660s: A cikin shekarata 1660, walƙiya ta kunna mujallolin bindiga a Osaka Castle, Japan Sakamakon fashewar fashewar ya kunna wuta a gidan sarauta. A shekara ta 1665, walƙiya ta sake ƙarewa a kan babban hasumiya na katangar, inda ta kunna wuta, wanda daga baya ya ƙone har zuwa tushe. 1769: Wani mummunar walƙiya ta faru a Brescia, Italiya Walƙiya ta afkawa cocin St. Nazaire, inda ta kona mutane 90 ton na gunpowder a cikin rumbunsa; Sakamakon fashewar ya kashe mutane 3,000 mutane suka lalata kashi shida na birnin. 1901: An kashe 11 kuma daya ya shanye a kasa da kwatangwalo ta hanyar wani yajin aiki a Chicago. 1902: Yajin walƙiya ya lalata sashin sama na Hasumiyar Eiffel, yana buƙatar sake gina samansa. 1970 ga Yuli 12: Babban mast ɗin tashar rediyon Orlunda da ke tsakiyar Sweden ya ruguje bayan wata walƙiya ta lalata insulator na tushe. 1980 Yuni 30: Wata walkiya ta kashe dalibai 11 a makarantar firamare ta Biego a Kenya a gundumar Nyamira ta yau. Wasu almajirai 50 kuma sun sami raunuka, yayin da wasu kuma suka ji rauni. 1994 Nuwamba 2: Wata walƙiya ta haifar da fashewar tankunan mai a Durunka, Masar, wanda ya haddasa 469 mace-mace. 2005 Oktoba 31: Shanu sittin da takwas sun mutu a wata gona a Fernbrook a kan hanyar Waterfall kusa da Dorrigo, New South Wales, bayan sun shiga cikin lamarin walƙiya. Wasu uku kuma sun samu gurguzu na wani dan lokaci na tsawon sa’o’i da dama, daga baya suka samu cikakkiyar lafiya. Shanun dai suna mafaka ne a kusa da wata bishiya sai walkiya ta same su. Ƙarƙashin ƙasa gabaɗaya ya fi na naman dabba girma. Lokacin da aka fitar da makamashi mai yawa a cikin ƙasa, ƴan ƴan mita sama da ƙafar dabba, ta cikin jikinta da ƙasa sauran ƙafafu na iya haifar da raguwar juriya ga wutar lantarki kuma daidai gwargwado mafi girma zai gudana ta cikin dabba fiye da ƙasa. wanda yake tsaye. Wannan al'amari, da ake kira hawan ƙasa mai yuwuwa, na iya haifar da girgizar wuta mai mahimmanci da lahani, wanda ya isa ya kashe manyan dabbobi. Yuli shekarata 2007: Wata walƙiya ta kashe mutane 30 mutane lokacin da ta afkawa Ushari Dara, wani ƙauyen dutse mai nisa a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan 2011 Yuni 8: An aika da walƙiya 77 Iska Tilasta jami'an tsaro zuwa asibiti lokacin da abin ya faru a tsakiyar sansanin horo a Camp Shelby, Mississippi. 2013 Fabrairu: An kwantar da yara 9 a Afirka ta Kudu a asibiti bayan da wata walkiya ta faru a filin wasan kurket a makarantarsu, inda ta raunata yara biyar a filin wasa da kuma ‘yan mata hudu da ke tafiya gida. 2016 Mayu–Yuni: An soke bikin Rock am Ring da ke kusa da birnin Frankfurt bayan da aƙalla mutane 80 suka jikkata sakamakon walƙiya a yankin. Bugu da kari. Yara 11 a Faransa da kuma manya uku a Jamus sun ji rauni sannan an kashe mutum daya a kudancin Poland a daidai wannan ranakun. 2016 Agusta 26: An kashe wani garke na daji a Hardangervidda a tsakiyar Norway, inda ya kashe 323. Kakakin Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Norway Kjartan Knutsen ya ce ba a taba jin adadin wadanda suka mutu irin wannan ba. Ya ce bai sani ba ko an sami wasu hare-hare da dama, amma duk sun mutu a cikin “lokaci daya”. 2017: Rikodin rayuwa ta farko na yajin walƙiya a kan tsiri na bugun zuciya ya faru a cikin wani saurayi matashi wanda ke da rikodin madauki a matsayin mai saka idanu na zuciya don syncope neurocardiogenic 2018: Wata walkiya ta kashe akalla mutane 16 tare da raunata wasu da dama a wani cocin Seventh-day Adventist a kasar Rwanda 2021: Wata tsawa ta kashe wani yaro dan shekara 9 a wata gona a Blackpool, Ingila. 2021: A cikin Afrilu, aƙalla mutane 76 a duk faɗin Indiya sun mutu sakamakon tsautsayi a ƙarshen mako guda; Mutane 23 sun mutu a hasumiya ta Amer Fort, sanannen wurin yawon bude ido a Rajasthan, kuma an kashe 42 a Uttar Pradesh tare da adadin 14 mafi girma da ya faru a birnin Allahabad A karshe, an kashe kusan 11 a Madhya Pradesh tare da kashe biyu daga cikinsu a lokacin da suke fakewa a karkashin bishiyoyi a lokacin da suke kiwon tumaki. 2021: A ranar 04 ga Agusta, an kashe mutane 17 sakamakon wata tsawa daya ta kama a Shibganj Upazila na gundumar Chapainawabganj a Bangladesh; Mutane 16 ne suka mutu nan take yayin da daya kuma ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da ya ga sauran. A cikin jirgin Ana yawan afkawa jiragen sama da walƙiya ba tare da lahani ba, tare da buga irin na kasuwanci da aka saba yi aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara. Wani lokaci, ko da yake, sakamakon yajin aiki yana da tsanani sosai. 1963 Disamba 8: Pan Am Flight 214 ya fado a wajen Elkton, Maryland, a lokacin wata mummunar guguwar lantarki, tare da asarar duka 81. fasinjoji da ma'aikatan jirgin. Jirgin Boeing 707-121, mai rijista a matsayin N709PA, yana kan matakin karshe na jirgin San Juan-Baltimore-Philadelphia. 1969 Nuwamba 14: The Apollo<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAaY">&nbsp;</span>12 manufa ta Saturn Roka V da ionized plume ɗin sa ya zama wani ɓangare na tashar walƙiya mai walƙiya 36.5 dakika kadan bayan dagawa. Ko da yake fitar ta faru ne "ta hanyar" fatar karfe da tsarin motar, bai kunna wutar da rokar din ke da shi sosai ba. 1971 Disamba 24: Jirgin LANSA Flight 508, Lockheed L-188A Electra turboprop, mai rijista OB-R-941, wanda aka tsara a matsayin jirgin fasinja na cikin gida ta Lineas Aéreas Nacionales Sociedad Anonima (LANSA), ya fado bayan wata walƙiya ta kunna tankin mai yayin da yake tafiya. Yana kan hanyarsa daga Lima, Peru, zuwa Pucallpa, Peru, inda ya kashe 91 mutane duk 6 ma'aikatan jirgin da 85 daga 86 fasinjoji. Wanda ya tsira shine Juliane Koepcke, wanda ya fadi zuwa cikin gandun daji na Amazon wanda ke daure a kujerarta kuma ta tsira da gaske daga faɗuwar, sannan ta sami damar tafiya cikin daji na tsawon 10. kwanaki har sai da masunta na cikin gida suka ceto ta. 2012 Nuwamba 4: An bayar da rahoton wani jirgin sama yana fashe a bakin tekun Herne Bay, Kent, yayin da yake cikin jirgin. Hakan bai kasance haka ba; a maimakon haka, jirgin ya zama wani ɓangare na tashar walƙiya, wanda ya sa masu kallo suka ba da rahoton jirgin kuma sararin samaniya ya bayyana mai haske. 2019 May 5: Aeroflot Flight 1492, Sukhoi Superjet 100, a cewar kyaftin din jirgin, walkiya ta same shi a yayin tashinsa, ya lalata na'urorin lantarki tare da tilasta matukan jirgin su yi yunkurin saukar gaggawa. Jirgin ya daki kasa da karfin tsiya ya kama wuta, lamarin da ya cinye jirgin a kan titin jirgin. Daga cikin mutane 78 da ke cikin jirgin, 41 sun mutu. Dan Adam da ya fi kamuwa da cutar Roy Sullivan yana rike da kundin tarihin duniya na Guinness bayan ya tsallake rijiya da baya a wata walkiya daban-daban guda bakwai. Ya samu raunuka da dama sosai a jikinsa. Wutar walƙiya mafi tsayi Wutar walƙiya ta shekarar 2020 a kudancin Amurka ta kafa tarihi mafi tsayi da aka taɓa ganowa. Jirgin ya yi nisan mil 477 (kilomita 768) a kan Mississippi, Louisiana, da Texas, duk da cewa yana tsakanin gajimare ne kuma bai taba kasa ba. Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta tabbatar da matsayinta na karya rikodin a cikin Janairun shekarata 2022. Duba wasu abubuwan Fulgurite wani lamari ne na fitarwa na walƙiya na CG wanda zai iya haifar da "walƙiya mai walƙiya", yana nuna babban, duk da taƙaitaccen adadin kuzarin da aka tura ta hanyar walƙiya. Suna iya nunawa a gani yadda makamashi zai iya yaduwa a ciki ko waje daga ɗaya ko dama tsakiya na ƙarshen ƙarshen, da kuma bambance-bambance tsakanin diamita na waɗannan tashoshi, wanda ke tsakanin ƴan mm kawai zuwa santimita da yawa. Yiwuwar kewayon nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan fulgurite sun bambanta da ban mamaki, suna nuna rikitattun kaddarorin lantarki, sinadarai, da zahiri na laka, dutse, ko yawan halittu. Matsalolin da ke haifar da geomagnetically abubuwan al'ajabi ne da ke da alaƙa da hasken sararin samaniya, suna haifar da wuce gona da iri da rashin daidaituwa na lantarki waɗanda ke tasiri tsarin watsa wutar lantarki da bayanai akan sikeli mai faɗi. Filashin EMPs da igiyoyin ruwa na ƙasa suna aiki iri ɗaya, amma sun fi yawa kuma suna da tasiri da yawa akan fasaha. Keraunopathy shine nazarin likita na raunin walƙiya da jiyya mai alaƙa. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Lokacin da walkiya ta afkawa mutane -NASA Shafin Tsaro na Walƙiya Sabis na Yanayi na Ƙasa Pueblo Colorado Hotunan bidiyo Bishiyar Beech (Fagus sylvatica) da walƙiya ta afkawa. Walkiya Tsawa Yanayi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinimar%20kasar%20Ukrain%20tun%20daga%20samun%20%27yancin%20kai

Sinimar kasar Ukrain tun daga samun 'yancin kai

Cinema na Ukrain a zamanin samun 'yancin kai yana da alaƙa da durkushewar masana'antar fim a cikin shekara ta 1990s da ƙoƙarin sake gina ta a cikin shekarun 2000s da 2010s tun bayan ayyana 'yancin kai na Ukraine bayan ƙuri'ar raba gardama ta 'yancin kai na 1991. Duk da cewa masana'antar fina-finai ta tsakiya tana raguwa, ɗakunan fina -finai masu zaman kansu, kamfanonin rarrabawa da kuma hanyar sadarwar silima suna haɓaka. A cikin 2010s, adadin gajeren fina-finai a Ukraine yana girma da sauri saboda haɓaka fasahar dijital da rage farashin samarwa. Ko da yake masana’antar fina-finai ta yi asara a wancan lokacin, fina-finan Ukraine da dama sun yi nasara a bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya. Manufofin jihar na Ukraine a fagen shirye-shiryen sinima A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1988, Verkhovna Rada na Ukrainian SSR ya rushe kwamitin Jiha don shirye-shiryen sinima, wanda ya bar Ukraine ba tare da wata hukuma mai alhakin ci gaban cinema ba. Bayan da Ukraine ta sami 'yancin kai, Yuriy Illyenko yayi ƙoƙari ya maido da irin wannan tsarin ta hanyar ƙirƙirar Asusun Jiha na Cinematography na Ukrainian a watan Agusta 1991, wanda ya yi aiki har zuwa Mayu 1993. Derzhkino ya ci gaba da ayyukansa ne kawai a cikin 2005 bayan umarnin majalisar ministocin Ukraine na 22 ga Nuwamba 2005. Hanna Chmil ta zama shugaban farko na sabon Derzhkino An amince da tsarin manufofin jihar na Ukraine a kan batun sinima a ranar 13 ga Janairu 1998, lokacin da Verkhovna Rada na Ukraine ya karbi Dokar Ukraine "A Cinematography". A cikin Maris 2017, sabuwar Dokar Ukraine "A kan goyon bayan jihar don cinematography a Ukraine" da aka karɓa, bisa ga abin da Ukrainian takardun shaida, ilimi, mai rai, yara, auteur da na farko fina-finai na iya neman cikakken jihar kudade na samarwa. Tarihi na sinimar Ukrain a lokacin samun 'yancin kai Siniman Ukrain a 1990s A cikin 1990s, saboda rushewar Tarayyar Soviet da rikicin tattalin arziki, Ukrainian cinema ya fara raguwa. Yawan ’yan kallo a sinima ya ragu daga miliyan 552 a shekara ta 1990 zuwa 5. miliyan a 1999. A lokaci guda kuma, masu sauraron tashoshin TV suna karuwa a hankali. Adadin masu zanga-zangar ya ragu daga 27 a 1990 zuwa 8 a 1999. Yawan fina-finan da aka yi a Ukraine a kowace shekara ya ragu daga 45 a 1992 zuwa 4 a 2000. Daga cikin fina-finai 136 da aka yi a Ukraine a cikin 1990s, 82 an yi su cikin Rashanci A cikin 1990s, an yi ƙoƙarin sayar da sinimar Ukrainian. Ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci ne suka ba da izini da daukar nauyin shirya fina-finai. Wannan al'amari ya shafi abubuwan da ke cikin fina-finai kuma ya sa su zama mafi kyawun hali. Wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka, kasada da fina-finan batsa sun samu karbuwa. Manyan daraktoci na 1990s sun hada da Radomyr Vasylevsky, Mykola Zasieiev-Rudenko, Anatoliy Ivanov, Hryhoriy Kokhan, Oleksandr Muratov, Borys Nebiieridze, Alexander Polynnikov, da Dmytro Tomashpolskyi. Kira Muratova ya samar da kusan fina-finai biyar a cikin 1990s. A farkon shekarun 1990s, TV jerin aka rayayye yin fim don Ukrainian talabijin. (Ukrainian: wanda Borys Nebiieridze ya jagoranta, (Ukrainian: tr.: Ostriv Liubovi wanda Oleh Biyma ya jagoranta na daga cikin shahararrun mutane. Sinimar Ukrain a 2000s A farkon shekarun 2000, fim ɗin With Fire and Sword (Yaren mutanen Poland Ogniem i mieczem» na darektan Poland Jerzy Hoffman, wanda ɗan wasan Ukraine Bohdan Stupka ya taka rawar Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, ya kasance babbar nasara. Bohdan Stupka ya zama babban hetman na Ukrainian allo ya kuma yi rawar a cikin tarihi jerin Black Council Ukrainian by Mykola Zasieiev-Rudenko (2000) da Yurii Illienko's fim A addu'a ga Hetman Mazepa (Ukrainian: (2001). Jigogi na tarihi kuma sun zama jagora a cikin aikin darekta Oles Yanchuk. A cikin 1990s da farkon tsakiyar shekarun 2000s, ya yi irin fina-finai kamar Famine-33 (Ukrainian: -33» (1991) game da mummunan makoma na dangin Ukrainian a lokacin Holodomor, Kisa. Kisan kaka a Munich Ukrainian: (1995), The Undefeated (Ukrainian: (2000) da kuma The Company na Hroini (2000 (2004). Sun kasance yunƙuri ne don isar da ga mai kallo wani imani na sirri game da abin da ya faru da kuma yaƙin Sojojin Tawayen Ukraine daga idanun wani kwararren darekta, suna gabatar da labarin akida bisa ga hanyoyin Soviet. Tun daga shekara ta 2004, an yi fina-finai da yawa game da juyin juya halin Orange An rufe wannan lokacin a cikin fina-finai da yawa, musamman: The Orange Sky (Ukrainian: (2006, wanda Oleksandr Kyryenko ya jagoranta), Stop Revolution/Prorvemos! (Ukrainian: (2006, directed by Ivan Kravchyshyn), Orangelove (Ukrainian: (2006, ta Alan Badoev Daga cikin fina-finan da ke da mafi yawan kasafin kuɗi na farkon shekarun 2000s shine Sappho Ukrainian 1.95 miliyan). Sinimar Ukrain a 2010s Cigaba wajen samar da fina-finai ya sama karuwa a hankali a Ukraine ya kasance a cikin 2010s. Saboda ci gaban fasaha, rage farashin da kuma masu sauraro da ake bukata na kayayyakin fina-finai na gida (musamman bayan juyin juya halin mutunci yawan fina-finai yana karuwa sosai. Wani sabon ƙarni na masu yin fina-finai sun zo fim ɗin Ukrainian. Ayyukan gama kai na masu gudanarwa na Ukraine suna bayyana: Assholes. Arabesques (Ukrainian: Ukraine, Barka da zuwa! (Ukrainian: ban kwana» Babila'13 Ukrainian: '13» Bikin fina-finai na Ukrain, musamman Molodist Odessa International Film Festival, Docudays UA, Wiz-Art, "Open Night", da "86" sun zama mahalarta masu mahimmanci a cikin tsarin cinematographic. Watsa fina-finai na Ukrainian yana samun karuwar nasara. Mafi nasara fina-finai a cikin Ukrainian cinemas ne Haramtacciyar daular Viy (Ukrainian: (akwatin ofishin a Ukraine 4.9 miliyan), Love a cikin Big City 3 (Ukrainian: 3» 3.1 miliyan). 8 Mafi kyawun Kwanan Wata (Ukrainian: 8 3.1 miliyan). Wani muhimmin al'amari dangane da ayyukan sinima na Ukrainian shine sabuwar Dokar "A kan Tallafin Jiha don harkokin sinima" da aka karɓa a cikin Maris 2017, bisa ga abin da takardun shaida na Ukrainian, ilimi, mai rai, yara, mawallafi da fina-finai na farko na iya amfani da su. don cikakken tallafin jihar don samarwa. Yawan fina-finan Ukrain da aka saki Kididdigar fina-finan Ukrain masu tsawo da aka saki (zanuka masu motsi) sun hada da 2006 4 2007 5 2008 5 2009 2 2010 0 2011 1 2012 6 2013 12 2014 16 2015 24 2016 30 2017 34 2018 35 2019-33 Nasarar sinimar Ukrain a bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya A cikin shekara ta 2001 Taras Tomenko ya lashe kyautar sashen Panorama na bikin Fim na Berlin Film Festival. A cikin shekara ta 2003 a Babban Gasa na Berlinale guda ɗaya (bikin fina-finai na Berlin), ɗan gajeren fim ɗin Tram No.9 (Ukrainian: 9» na Ukrainian animator Stepan Koval an ba shi kyautar Silver Bear A cikin 2005 fim din Wayfarers (na Ukrain: ta matashin darektan Ukrainian Ihor Strembitsky ya karbi Palme d'Or na Cannes Film Festival A cikin shekara ta 2008, Ihor Podolchak ya fara halartar bikin fina-finai na duniya na Rotterdam tare da fim ɗin Las Meninas Daga baya, fim din ya shiga cikin bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya 27, shirye-shiryen gasa 10 da zaɓi na hukuma. A cikin 2013 an fitar da fim dinsa mai cikakken tsayi na biyu Delirium Dukansu fina-finan Podolchak ana ɗaukar su a matsayin misalan zane-zane a cikin sinimar Ukraine ta masu suka. A cikin 2011 Maryna Vroda ta sami Palme d'Or a bikin Cannes Film Festival don gajeren fim ɗin Cross-Country Run (Ukrainian: A cikin 2009 ɗan gajeren fim na biyu na Myroslav Slaboshpytskyi, Diagnosis (Ukrainian: an zaɓe shi don bikin Fim na Berlin A cikin Fabrairu 2010, Slaboshpytskyi sabon ɗan gajeren aiki Deafness (Ukrainian: ya shiga cikin shirin gasa na Berlinale (Berlin Film Festival). A cikin 2012, fim ɗin Myroslav Slaboshpytskyi na 23-minute film Nuclear Waste (Ukrainian: wanda aka dauka a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ukraine, Barka da zuwa! aikin (Ukrainian: ban kwana ya lashe damisa Azurfa a cikin damisa na gaba shirin gasar a Locarno International Film Festival A cikin shekara ta 2014, fim ɗin fasalin Myroslav Slaboshpytskyi The Tribe (Ukrainian: ya shiga gasar Cannes Film Festival Critics' Week kuma ya sami lambobin yabo guda uku a lokaci ɗaya Kyautar Gidauniyar Gan, Kyautar Ganowa da Grand Prix. A cikin shekara ta 2017 a cikin shirin Generation 14plus layi daya sashe na Berlinale fim din School No. 3 (Ukrainian: №3» directed by Georg Geno da Lisa Smith lashe Grand Prix. Kuma darektan Slovak Peter Bebiak ya sami lambar yabo ga mafi kyawun Daraktan fim ɗin Ukrainian-Slovak Borde r (Ukrainian: a Karlovy Vary Film Festival A cikin 2018 Serhiy Loznytsia 's Donbas (Ukrainian: ya lashe lambar yabo don mafi kyawun aikin gudanarwa a cikin shirin na musamman na Cannes Film Festival. A cikin 2019, Fim ɗin Antonio Lukich My Tunani Shiru ne (Ukrainian: ya lashe Kyautar Jury na Musamman a Bikin Fim na 54th Karlovy Vary International. A cikin shekara ta 2020 cikakken cikakken shirin shirin Duniya Yana Shuɗi a matsayin Orange (Ukrainian: wanda Iryna Tsilyk ya jagoranta ya sami lambar yabo ga mafi kyawun darakta a bikin Fim na Sundance Fina-Finan kasar Ukrain a lokacin samun 'yancin kai Fina-finai masu isasshen-tsawo na shekarun 1990s-2010s Duba kuma Cinema na Ukraine Duk-Ukrainian Photo Cinema Administration Tushen labari 1896—1995», 2005. 2006. 2003. ISBN 966-505-043-5 1992-1996. 1996-112 1997-2000. 2000-214 shekara. 2001-2004. 2005-282 shekara. 2005-2008. 2009-284 shekara. 2009-2012. 2013-100 Fina-finan Ukrainian 2008-09. Ukrainian Cinema Foundation Jagoran Fim na Ukrainian. 2011-2012. Berlinale, 2012. 2012-2013. Hukumar Fim ta Jihar Ukraine Documentary Films 2013-2015. 2015/2016 Jagoran Fina-Finan Duniya. 2009. Bugu na 45. London New York: Wallflower Press 2009, Jagoran Fina-Finan Duniya. 2010. Bugu na 46. London New York: Wallflower Press, 2010, Cinema of Sensations Newcastle a kan Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2015, Manazarta Tarihin sinimar kasar Ukraine Fina-fina 2020 a Ukraine Fina-fina 2010 a Ukraine Fina-fina 1990 a Ukraine Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

15669

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy%20Isi%20Bewaji

Joy Isi Bewaji

Joy Isi Bewaji marubuciya ce 'yar Nijeriya, marubuta a fagen rubutu, marubuciya, sabuwar yar kasuwa ta kafofin watsa labarai da kuma mai fafutuka kan zamantakewar al'umma. Rubuce-rubucenta da wasanninta sun dogara ne kan rashin dacewar al'adu da abubuwan da har ma da suka shafi addini. Kodayake ba ta bayyana a matsayin mace mai ra’ayi ba, ra’ayinta kan al’amuran da suka shafi jama’a ya sanya aka bayyana ta a matsayin “mata mai tsoron mata ta zamani” ta kafofin yada labarai. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Bewaji tayi karatun sakandare a kwalejin kwaleji ta jihar Legas, Kankon Badagry. Ta yi karatun Mass Communication a Kwalejin Fasaha, Ibadan. Ta ci gaba da neman aiki a kafofin watsa labarai. An sake ta tare da yara. A wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2016, ta bayyana cewa "tana aiki da kyau ita kadai". Ayyuka Bewaji ta kasance Manajan Darakta a gidan rediyon Happenings, kuma ya kasance edita a mujallar Happenings. Ita ce a baya manajan edita na mujallar Genevieve Ita ce kuma mai gabatar da Tattaunawar wanda ke tattare da batun mata, jima'i da kuma ɓarna a cikin al'ummar Nijeriya. A cikin 2016, ta yi jawabi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan batutuwan da suka shafi yarinyar. Bewaji ta kasance mai sukar shahararrun ayyukan addini a tsakanin 'yan Najeriya, ta bayyana karshen sakamakon a matsayin kirkirar' yan kasa "masu rauni, masu son kai da kuma yaudara". Ta ci gaba da bayyana cewa addini kayan aiki ne kawai don samar da gamsuwa na ɗan lokaci a cikin yanayin kirkira. Kalaman nata sun samu suka daga mutane da dama ciki har da Mark Anthony Osuchukwu daga YNaija, wanda ya bayyana cewa ya kamata ta damu da harkokinta a cikin wani kasida mai taken, Hallelujah Challenge vs the Joy Isi Bewaji Challenge A cikin shekarar 2014, ta bayyana Tina's Takalma Batutuwa na Loveauna, wanda shine jerin sauti da aka yi wa mata. Yayin wata hira ta shekarar 2014, ta bayyana cewa tana dab da wallafa wasu littattafanta. A cikin shekarar 2016, ta shirya kuma ta daidaita zaman mai taken Daidaitan Jinsi Da Raha na Feminism, inda masu tattaunawar suka gabatar da batutuwan da suka shafi mata wajen cimma cikakkiyar damar su. Da take magana a kan dalilin wasanta, Labari na Farji (2016), Bewaji ta bayyana cewa "mata sun ki yarda da ci gaban al'adun gargajiya da aka dora musu". Wasannin wasan kwaikwayo ya nuna ta hanyar nuna wariyar jinsi, tashin hankali na gida, rarrabuwar addini da zaluncin al'adu ga mata. A taron ranar matasa na duniya na shekarar 2016, Bewaji ya bayyana addini, al'ada da gargajiya a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da talauci a Najeriya, ta shawarci matasa da su yi watsi da duk abin da suka koya daga tsofaffin al'ummomin, tana mai cewa ba za su yi nisa a rayuwa ba idan suka ci gaba da zama a cikinsu. An bayyana Bewaji a matsayin mai son mata ta zamani. Bellanaija ta ci gaba da bayanin cewa tana neman matsayin falsafa wajen sake inganta yadda mata ke kallon kansu a cikin al'umma. Ta kuma yi magana game da mata a Jami'ar Harvard Bewaji ita ma babbar mai sukar lamirin waƙoƙin manyan mawaƙan Najeriya ne, waɗanda ta yi iƙirarin rage mata zuwa wani kayan masarufi da za a iya saya da albarkatu don samun gamsuwa ta hanyar jima'i. Ta ci gaba da bayanin cewa wannan da'irar ta zama babu makawa ga al'umma su ga mata a matsayin masu son abin duniya. A shekarar 2017, Bewaji ya shawarci matan aure na Najeriya da su tsaya tsayin daka kan duk wani namijin da ba shi da kima da daraja a gare su, musamman ta hanyar bayar da labarin abin da ya sa alkawurran aurensu ba za su kasance masu fifiko sama da lafiyarsu da farin cikinsu ba. A cewar Guardian, wasan da ta yi da Albasar Aure A Wurin Bikin aure (2017) amsar wasan kwaikwayo ce ga ƙalubale da yawa da kuma tambayoyin da matan Najeriya masu aure ke fuskanta, gami da tasirin dangin miji a cikin auren da kuma wajibanci na matan Najeriya. An gudanar da wasan a Freedom Park, jihar Legas a ranar 5 ga Maris, tare da wasu yan fim din Nollywood da suka hada da Osas Ighodaro da Damilola Adegbite a manyan mukamai. A cikin 2019, Bewaji ta fito da "Las Las, Za mu kasance Lafiya", littafin jagora wanda yake takardun bayanan tunaninta a matsayinta na mai sukar zamantakewar al'umma da al'adu a kan ɓatancin ofan Najeriya, rayuka, ƙarya da imanin ofan ƙasa. Yanayin rikice-rikicen batutuwan da take magana da su da kuma fahimtar ta game da mata ya sa wasu masu ruwa da tsaki sun soki mata da suka hada da, Adegoke Adeola, wata 'yar jarida ce tare da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun, takwararta ta mata, Omotoyosi Ogunbanwo, Uchegbu Ndubuisi, malami a Jami'ar ta Najeriya da sauransu. Manazarta Haifaffun 1977 Mata Ƴan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed

15417

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinyere%20Stella%20Okunna

Chinyere Stella Okunna

Chinyere Stella Okunna ita ce mace ta farko a farfesa a fannin sadarwa a Najeriya.. Ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a matsayin mai gudanarwa da malama a fagen ilimi da kuma fagen jama'a siyasa. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Mahaifan ta sune Joshua da dangin Christiana Adimora, Uga a ƙaramar hukumar Aguata na jihar Anambara, Najeriya, mahaifinta (Joshua Obinani Adimora) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in Gundumar asalin fata fata na farko (DO) a yankin Gudanarwar Aguata. a cikin shekarun 1950 da Mataimakin Magatakarda na Garin-Port Harcourt Municipal Council a cikin 1960s. Stella Chinyere Okunna ta fara karatun ta na farko a makarantar firamare ta St John da ke Ekwulobia inda mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin jami’in gwamnati kuma ya kare a Township School Port-Harcourt daga inda ta ci gaba da sakandare daga Firamare 5. Karatunta na sakandire ta kasance ne a makarantar Anglican Girls Grammar School (wacce daga baya ta zama makarantar sakandaren mata) Awkunanaw, Enugu, daga nan ne ta sami WASC tare da rarrabuwa ta 1 a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗalibi a cikin makarantar. Ayyuka Ilimi Chinyere Stella Okunna ta fara aiki a matsayin malama a Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Fasaha a Enugu (1981–1994) kafin ta shiga Sashen Sadarwa da Sadarwa, Jami’ar Nnamdi Azikiwe a 1994. Ta zama mace ta farko da ta fara zama farfesa a fannin sadarwa a Najeriya a shekarar 2001 kuma ta kasance ita kaɗai ce 'yar Najeriya da ke magana da jama'a da ta kai wannan matsayi tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu (12) kafin malama ta biyu, daga wannan sashen ma ta zama farfesa. Ita ce mace ta farko Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences a Jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe (2016-2019). Kafin wannan lokacin ta kasance Faculty Sub-Dean 1996-1998 da kuma Head, Department of Mass Communication 1998–2006. Ta sami damar wannan lokacin don fara karatun digiri na biyu (PGD, MSc da PhD) da kuma ƙwararriyar difloma a aikin jarida a wannan sashen. Hakanan, Stella Chinyere Okunna tayi aiki kamar haka; Memba a Hukumar Jami'o'in ƙasa na Kasa (NUC) bangarorin amincewa don Sadarwar Sadarwa. Mai Binciken waje na masu fatan Furofesa. Mai Binciken Na waje. Ta mayar da hankali a cikin ilimin ilimi shine Ci gaban Sadarwa Canjin Halayyar Jima'i da Sadarwa. Ayyukan jama'a A shekarar 2006 –2014, Chinyere Stella Okunna ta tafi hutu daga jami’ar Nnamdi Azikiwe kuma ta fara aikin gwamnati a matsayin kwamishina a ma’aikatar yada labarai da al’adu (2006 2009). Daga nan aka naɗa ta a matsayin kwamishina mai kula da tsare-tsaren tattalin arziki da kasafin kuɗi da kuma Kwamishina mai kula da haɗin gwiwar ci gaban tarayya hukumomin bayar da tallafi (2009 2014). Yayin da take aiki a matsayin Kwamishina, an kuma yi mata alƙawarin kasancewa Shugabar Ma’aikata (2012–2014) Ta kuma kasance a kujerar, Kwamitin Aiwatar da Bunƙasar Millennium (MDGs) (2009-2014) Kwamitin Jihar Anambra na Kyakkyawan Shugabanci (2007– 2014). Hangen nesa na jihar Anambra 2020 (2009–2014) Stella Chinyere Okunna kuma ta yi aiki a matsayinta na mai wadatar zuci kuma mai ba da shawara ga kungiyoyi da yawa da suka hada da; UNICEF UNFPA UNESCO DFID FHI 360 SFH (Societyungiyar don Kiwan Lafiya ta Iyali) NUJ NAWOJ Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Dortmund a Jamus NGE (Kungiyar Editocin Najeriya) CIRDDOC (Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Cibiyar Ba da Bayani), Ayyukan al'umma Karatunta kuma daga baya aikin farar hula ya fallasa ta ga buƙatun cikin al'umma da kuma yadda ɗaiɗaikun mutane, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu za su iya taimakawa da karfafa matasa don cimma burin ilimi. Ta hanyar wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ta kafa (Adimora-Okunna Scholarship Foundation, 2003), ta sami damar samo kuɗaɗe da samarwa; Kuɗin makaranta ga waɗanda suka ɗauki matsayi na farko a makarantun sakandare biyu a Ukpo Kuɗin makaranta don talakawa ɗaliban Ukpo a jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe, Awka Gina mai hawa ɗaya (ajujuwa da zauren jarabawa) a makarantar sakandaren Walter Eze Memorial, Ukpo. An gina wannan a cikin 2013 don tunawa da shekaru 10yrs na Adimora-Okunna Foundation Kyautar Farfesa Chinyere Stella Okunna na shekara-shekara don ɗalibin ɗalibin da ya fi karatu a fannin Sadarwa a Jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe Naira Dubu Hamsin (N50,000), Kyautar Farfesa Chinyere Stella Okunna na shekara-shekara don ɗalibin da ya fi ɗalibi mai karatun digiri na kwalejin Kimiyyar Zamani Naira Dubu Hamsin (N50,000) Kyautar Kyauta ta Annabi'ar 'Yan Jarida ta ƙungiyar' Yan Jaridu ta Najeriya (NUJ) a Jihar Anambra Naira Dubu Hamsin (N50,000) A yanzu (2020), Chinyere Stella Okunna ita ce Shugabar, reshen jihar Anambra na NIPR, Darakta a tashar UNIZIK 94.1FM Campus Community Radio Station da kuma Farfesa a fannin Sadarwa a Jami’ar Nnamdi Azikiwe (UNIZIK), Awka. Har ila yau, ita ce Shugabar, Sensitization da kuma Yada labarai na rundunar da ke COVID-19 a Jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe. Kyauta da yabo Stella Chinyere Okunna ta samu amincewar kungiyoyi daban-daban da kuma masu neman zama babbar hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa. Ita ce; Abokina,, ungiyar Editocin Najeriya (NGE). Dan uwa, Cibiyar Kula da Hulda da Jama'a ta Nijeriya (NIPR) Memba, Associationungiyar International for Media and Communication Research (IAMCR) Memba, Worldungiyar Duniya don Sadarwar Kirista (WACC) Memba, Majalisar Ilimin Afirka ta Ilimin Sadarwa (ACCE) Memba na Kwamitin Amintattu, Kungiyar Malaman Sadarwa da Kwararrun Najeriya (ACSPN). Memba na Hukumar Gudanarwa, Jami'ar Tansian Kpakpando Ukpo (2003) Memba, Echi Oma Africa Foundation Iyali Chinyere Stella Okunna ta auri Eric Nwabuisi Okunna, ƙwararriyar likitar mata da haihuwa. Suna da yara shida (6) manya a fannoni daban daban da jikoki da yawa. Wallafa Stella Chinyere Okunna tana da tarin masana ilimi da aka buga a cikin shekaru da yawa a cikin gida da kuma na ƙasashen duniya azaman labarai, littattafai, surori a cikin litattafai, rubutattun labarai wallafe-wallafe lokaci-lokaci da kuma taron taro da suka haɗa da; 2018 Sadarwar Ci Gaban a Gudanar da Mulki a Najeriya: Jama'a a Cibiyar Sadarwa? Lakca na gabatarwa na 43 na Jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe, Awka Nigeria. 2017: Inganta Hulɗa da Kafafen Yada Labarai ta Practwararrun Publican hulɗa da Jama'a a cikin Shugabanci: Darasi daga Gwamnatin Peter Obi a Jihar Anambra, 2006-2014. Jaridar Hulda da Jama'a, Vol. 13, Lamba 1 2, 2017. 2017 Matsayin Media don Gina Al'adun Salama (CS Okunna M. Popoola). A cikin Pate, U. Oso, L. (ed. Al’adu daban-daban, Banbanci da Rikicin rahoto a Najeriya Ibadan: Evans Brothers Nigeria Limited 2017. 2017: "Ƙwarewar Sadarwa don Kasuwanci". A cikin Alex Ikeme (ed), Kasuwanci da Ci gaban Kasuwanci Enugu: Sadarwar Sadarwa ta Duniya na Duniya, 2017. 2016: "Tattaunawa kan Social Media, Matasa da Kasuwanci a Najeriya" (CS Okunna NM Emmanuel). A cikin JO Ezeokana et al (ed. Sabon Kafafen Yada Labarai da Gina Iko a Tattalin Arziki Awka: Fab Anieh Nig. Ltd 2016. 2015 Tsaron 'Yan Jarida a Najeriya. Abuja: UNESCO NUJ, 2015 (CS Okunna M. Popoola). 2012: Gabatarwa zuwa Sadarwa Enugu: Littattafan Sabon Zamani, 2012 (An fara bugawa a 1994 daga ABIC Books, Enugu marubuci guda; Bugu na biyu da aka buga a 1999 ta New Generation Books mawallafi guda; Bugu na 3 da aka buga a 2012 da New Generation wanda aka rubuta tare da KA Omenugha) 2008: Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai, Akida da Kasa: Labaran 'Yan Jarida a Najeriyar game da Rikicin Katun na Danmark (CS Okunna KA Omenugha). Jaridar Media da Sadarwa, Vol. 1 (1), 2008. 2007 Addini Ya rauntata Rahoton Cutar Kanjamau a Nijeriya (CS Okunna IV Dunu). Ci gaban Media (Toronto, Ontario, Kanada: Worldungiyar Duniya don Sadarwar Kirista). 2005 Sake ƙirƙirar Mediaunshin Media: ingirƙirar Daidaitawa tsakanin Matsayin Jama'a da Damuwa da Kasuwanci Jaridar Sadarwa ta Duniya 2005 Okunna, Stella Chinyere, Nwanguma, Edith Kevin Ejiofor Sanar da sake fasalin manufofin: tsakanin gwamnati, 'yan jaridu da mutane. 2005 Mata: ba za a iya ganinsu ba kamar yadda yake a kafafen yada labarai na Najeriya 2004 Sadarwa da rikici: sharhi ne game da rawar da kafafen yada labarai ke takawa 2002 (ed.) Koyar da Sadarwar Sadarwa: Hanyar Hanyoyi Masu Yawa 1996 Nuna mata a fina-finan bidiyo na gida Najeriya: karfafawa ko mika wuya 1995 technologyaramar fasahar watsa labaru mai zaman kanta a matsayin wakiliyar canjin zamantakewa a Najeriya: zaɓi ne da babu shi? 1995 Halayyar Sadarwa 1994 Chinyere Stella Okunna, Itsejuwa Esanjumi Sagay, Mallam Lawan Danbazau. Horar da Sadarwa da Aiwatarwa a Najeriya: Batutuwa da Dabi'u, Batutuwa 1-4 1993 CSOkunna, C. Amafili, da N. Okunna (Eds. Ka'idar aiki da sanarwar sanarwa. ABIC. Enugu 1993: Ka'idar da Ayyukan Sadarwa. Enugu: Littattafan ABIC, 1993 (Edita daga CS Okunna, C. Amafili SN Okenwa). 1993 Onuora, Emmanuel Okunna, Chinyere Ayo, Johnson. Amfani da Kafafen Yada Labarai, Ilimin Al'amuran Duniya da Hoton Al'umma Tsakanin Matasan Najeriya 1992 Makarantar Mata a Ilimin Aikin Jarida a Najeriya: Tasirin matsayin mata a cikin al'umma 1992: Kwalejin Mata a Ilimin Aikin Jarida a Najeriya: Tasirin Matsayin Mata a Kungiyar Binciken Media na Afirka (Nairobi: ACCE), Vol. 6, A'a. 1, 1992. 1992: Sadarwa don dogaro da kai tsakanin Matan karkara a Najeriya. Ci gaban Media (London: Worldungiyar Duniya don Sadarwar Kirista). Vol. 1, 1992. 1991: Canje-canjen Ƙa'idodin Ilimin Aikin Jarida da Recaukar Ma'aikata a Nijeriya CAEJAC Journal (Ontario: Journal of Commonwealth Association for Education in Journalism and Communication CAEJAC), Vol. 3, 1990/1991. 1990 'Yancin' Yan Jarida a Duniya Ta Uku: 'Yanci Ga Wanene Jaridar 'Nigerian Mass of Mass Communication' Vol. 1, A'a. 1, 1990. Manazartai Hanyoyin haɗin waje http://docplayer.net/31086135-Curriculum-vitae-institutional-affiliation-nnamdi-azikiwe-university-awka-anambra-state-nigeria.html Rayayyun mutane Pages with unreviewed

45470

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Elliott

John Elliott

John Elliott, RIBA, (26 Oktoba 1936 13 Satumba 2010) wani masanin gine-ginen Biritaniya ne, mai tsara manyan otal-otal da wuraren shakatawa. An haife shi a Portsmouth, Ingila, an san shi musamman saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma tsara, 7 star hotel, na Emirates Palace a Abu Dhabi, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Tarihin Rayuwa Ilimi John Elliott (Richard John Anthony Elliott), an haife shi a Portsmouth, Ingila. Bayan ya bar gida yana ɗan shekara 15, ya zagaya Turai kafin ya samu gurbin karatu a Makarantar Architectural Association School of Architecture a Landan. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi wani ƙaramin kwas a fannin ƙirar samfura a Makarantar Fasaha ta Tsakiya, kafin sa mu tallafin gurabin karatu na gwamnatin, ya kammala karatun digirinsa na biyu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Helsinki, Finland. Farkon aiki Bayan Finland ya koma Sweden inda ya shafe shekaru uku a ofishin Ralph Erskine. Shekarunsa a Sweden da Finland suna da tasiri mai zurfi a kan tsarinsa na tsara tsarin gine-gine, kuma wannan kwarewar ya Sa'a ka shi, fara mayar da hankali ga ƙira. A cikin shekara ta 1967, John ya zama babban mai tsara gari na farko na Abu Dhabi, inda ya fara ƙwarewa a yankin Larabawa. Da farko yana da alaƙa da abubuwan farko na Abu Dhabi, John yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud tare da Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan (1918 2004), mai mulkin Abu Dhabi kuma Shugaban Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (1971 2004). Daga baya aikinsa ya kai shi ƙasar Saudiyya yana tsara ayyuka kamar a Jami’ar Sarki Abdulaziz da ke Jeddah da tuntubar al’ummar Jeddah da birnin Riyadh na gidan sarauta. Sultan na Brunei Baya ga gine-gine, John kuma ya yi aiki a na cikin gida da ake kira (interior design), a matsayin abokin gudanarwa na Dale Keller Associates' Ofishin London. Anan, ya zana gidan sarauta mai girman murabba'in mita miliyan 3 wanda Sultan na Brunei ya ba da izini. Hong Kong Ya koma ofishin Dale Keller Associate na Hong Kong, kuma ya shiga cikin sabbin otal da yawa a Kasar Sin da sauran sassan yankin Gabas. John ya zauna a Hong Kong na tsawon shekaru 13 kuma ya fara aiki tare da Wimberly Allison Tong Goo 's wanda ya kafa George J. "Pete" Wimberly. WATG A cikin 1991, John ya koma Burtaniya a matsayin memba wanda ya kafa kuma manajan darektan, Wimberly Allison Tong Goo's (WATG) ofishin London. Ya zama memba na kwamitin gudanarwa kuma babban mataimakin shugaban ƙasa, wanda ya ƙware a ayyukan Gabas ta Tsakiya. Rayuwa ta sirri John Elliott yana da ƴaƴa huɗu, biyu daga aurensa na farko zuwa Lisbet Frolich, Timo da Maja, da yara biyu daga aurensa zuwa Erika Grohmann, Kelsey da Yolande. John da Erika sun girma Kelsey da Yolande a Hong Kong kafin su koma Birtaniya, inda suka zauna a Sandbanks, Dorset. Shekaru biyu bayan haka suka koma gidansu na Art Deco a shekarar 1930 a Landan, wanda John ya kwashe shekaru da yawa, yana sauya fasalin gidan. Kammalallun ayyuka Gine-gine Emirates Palace, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Royal Mirage Daya&Kawai, Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa Hilton 2000, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates The World Resort, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Wurin shakatawa na Virgin safari, Masai Mara, Kenya Mövenpick Hotels &amp; Resorts Dead Sea Resort Spa, Jordan Jumeirah Beach Residence, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Masu zaman kansu Palaces, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts Resort, Oman, Muscat Sheraton Hotels and Resorts Abu Soma, Soma Bay, Egypt Mövenpick Hotels &amp; Resorts El Gouna, Misira InterContinental Hotel Amman, Amman, Jordan Grand Hyatt Amman, Amman, Jordan Aqaba Beach Resort, Aqaba, Jordan Marina Village Ayla Oasis Resort, Aqaba, Jordan Legoland, Windsor, Birtaniya Denia Marriott La Sella Golf Resort Spa, Denia, Spain Hyatt Regency La Manga Golf Resort, Spain Hilton International Resort, Mauritius Gallen, Switzerland Asibitin Soja, Abu Dhabi, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa Asibitocin kasa guda uku, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz, Jeddah, Masarautar Saudiyya Jami'ar Calabar, Nigeria Vilamoura, Algave, Portugal Villa Gardelius, Stockholm, Sweden Gidajen Svapavaara Kiruna HSB Gidaje, Tibro, Sweden HSB Housing, Gyttorp, Sweden Hasumiyar Fasaha ta Jami'ar Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom Coutts Co Bank, London, United Kingdom Villa Complex, St.Tropez, Faransa Philps Petroleum Villa, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Philips Petroleum Offices, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Interior design Claridge's, London, United Kingdom (gyara otal) New Istana Palace, Brunei Harbour Grand Hotel, North Point, Hong Kong Cibiyar Siyayya ta City Plaza, Hong Kong Gogaggen tsari Tsarin gari, Trebo, Sweden Tsarin gari, Gytorp, Sweden Tsarin Gari, Svapavaara Kiruna, Sweden Gyaran tashar Norwich, Norwich, United Kingdom Town Plan, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Town Plan, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates Tsarin Gari, Um Al Qwain, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa Shangri La Resort Master Plan, Muscat, Oman Aftelqaat Resort Master Plan, Muscat, Oman Bahwan Resort Master Plan, Muscat, Oman Ayla Oasis Marina Village Urban Plan, Aqaba, Jordan Excelsior Hotel, Nanjing, China Mandarin Hotel, Guilin, China Swiss Hotel, Beijing, China Sharm Al Ibli Master Plan, Red Sea, Misira Babban Tsarin Gidan Giwa na Kasa, Muputo, Mozambique Manazarta Haifaffun 1936 Mutuwan 2010 Mutane daga

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsayin%20fitar%20da%20gurbatacciyar%20iska

Matsayin fitar da gurbatacciyar iska

Matsayin fitarwa su ne ka'idodin doka da ke kula da gurɓataccen iska da aka fitar a cikin yanayi Ka'idodin fitar da iska sun saita iyaka masu ƙididdigewa akan halaltaccen adadin ƙayyadaddun gurɓataccen iska waɗanda za'a iya fitar dasu daga takamaiman tushe akan takamaiman ƙayyadaddun lokaci. Kuma An tsara su gabaɗaya don cimma daidaiton ingancin iska da kuma kare rayuwar ɗan adam. Yankuna da ƙasashe daban-daban suna da ma'auni daban-daban na hayaƙin abin hawa. Kafaffen tushe Yawancin mizanan fitar da hayaki sun fi mayar da hankali kan daidaita gurɓatattun abubuwan da motoci ke fitarwa (motocin motoci) da sauran ababen hawa masu ƙarfi. Sannan Wasu kuma suna daidaita hayaki daga masana'antu, masana'antar wutar lantarki, ƙananan kayan aiki kamar injin yankan lawn da injinan dizal, da sauran hanyoyin gurɓataccen iska. An kafa ka'idojin fitar da motoci na farko a cikin shekarata 1963 a cikin Amurka, galibi a matsayin martani ga matsalolin hayaki na Los Angeles Shekaru uku bayan haka Japan ta kafa ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na farko, sannan tsakanin 1970 zuwa Shekarar 1972 ta Canada, Australia, da kasashen Turai da dama. Matsayin farko ya shafi carbon monoxide (CO) da hydrocarbons (HC). An gabatar da ka'idoji kan fitar da iskar nitrogen oxide (NO x a cikin Amurka, Japan, da Kanada a cikin shekarata 1973 da 1974, tare da Sweden ta biyo baya a cikin 1976 da Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai a shekarata 1977. A cikin hankali waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun ƙaru sosai amma ba a taɓa samun haɗin kai ba. Akwai manyan ma'auni guda uku: Amurka, Jafananci, da Turai, tare da kasuwanni daban-daban galibi suna amfani da waɗannan azaman tushe. Sweden, Switzerland, da kuma Ostiraliya suna da ma'auni daban-daban na fitar da hayaki na shekaru masu yawa amma tun daga lokacin sun karɓi ƙa'idodin Turai. Indiya, Sin, da sauran sabbin kasuwanni suma sun fara aiwatar da ka'idojin fitar da abin hawa (wanda aka samo daga buƙatun Turai) a cikin ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya, yayin da manyan motocin hawa suka haifar da matsalolin ingancin iska a can ma. Matsayin aikin fitar da abin hawa Ma'aunin aikin fitar da hayaƙi shine iyaka wanda ke saita ƙofofin sama waɗanda za'a iya buƙatar nau'in fasaha na sarrafa hayaki na daban. Yayin da aka yi amfani da ƙa'idodin aikin fitarwa don ƙaddamar da iyaka ga abubuwan gurɓatawa na yau da kullun kamar oxides na nitrogen da oxides na sulfur (NO x da SO x ana iya amfani da wannan dabarar ka'ida don daidaita iskar gas, musamman carbon dioxide CO A cikin Amurka, ana ba da wannan a cikin fam na carbon dioxide a kowace megawatt-hour (lbs. CO MWhr), da kilogiram CO MWhr a wani wuri. Amirka ta Arewa Kanada A Kanada, Dokar Kariyar Muhalli ta Kanada, a shekarata 1999 (CEPA 1999) tana canja wurin ikon majalisa don daidaita hayaki daga motocin kan hanya da injuna zuwa Muhalli Kanada daga Dokar Kare Motoci ta Kanada. Dokokin sun daidaita ka'idojin fitar da hayaki tare da ka'idojin tarayya na Amurka kuma sun shafi motocin masu haske (misali, motocin fasinja), manyan motoci masu haske (misali, motocin haya, manyan motocin daukar kaya, motocin motsa jiki), motocin masu nauyi (misali, manyan motoci da sauransu). bas), injuna masu nauyi da babura. Amurka Amurka tana da nata tsarin ka'idojin fitar da hayaki wanda duk sabbin motoci dole ne su cika su. A Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ce ke sarrafa ka'idojin fitar da hayaki. A ƙarƙashin dokar tarayya, an ba wa jihar California damar ƙaddamar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin fitar da abin hawa (ƙarashin amincewar EPA), kuma wasu daga cikin jihohi na iya zaɓar bin ƙa'idodin ƙasa ko California. California ta samar da ma'aunin ingancin iska kafin EPA, tare da matsananciyar matsalolin ingancin iska a cikin babban birni na Los Angeles LA shine birni na biyu mafi girma a ƙasar, kuma ya dogara sosai akan motoci kuma yana da ƙarancin yanayin yanayin yanayi fiye da manya da manyan birane na uku (New York da Chicago). Wasu jihohin suna da yankuna a cikin jihar da ke buƙatar gwajin hayaki yayin da sauran garuruwan da ke a cikin jihar ba sa buƙatar gwajin hayaƙi. Wuraren gwajin fitar da hayaƙi na Arizona suna da farko a cikin manyan yankuna biyu mafi girma (Phoenix da Tucson). Kuma Ba a bukaci mutanen da ke wajen wadannan yankuna su mika motarsu domin yin gwaji domin wadannan wuraren ne kadai suka gaza a gwajin ingancin iska da jihar ta yi. Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Jiragen Sama ta California (CARB) ce ta tsara ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaƙin California. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2009, wasu jihohi 16 sun amince da dokokin CARB; da aka ba da girman kasuwar California tare da waɗannan sauran jihohi, masana'antun da yawa sun zaɓi gina ma'auni na CARB lokacin sayarwa a duk jihohi 50. Manufofin CARB kuma sun yi tasiri ga ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaƙin EU. California na kokarin daidaita hayaki mai gurbata muhalli daga motoci, amma tana fuskantar kalubalen kotu daga gwamnatin tarayya. Har ila yau, jihohin suna ƙoƙarin tilasta Hukumar EPA ta Tarayya ta tsara yadda ake fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi, wanda ya zuwa shekarata 2007 ta ƙi yin hakan. A ranar 19 ga Mayu, shekarar 2009, rahotannin labarai sun nuna cewa EPA ta Tarayya za ta yi amfani da ƙa'idodin California game da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. California da wasu jahohin yamma da dama sun zartas da kudurorin da ke buƙatar tsarin aiki na tushen iskar gas daga samar da wutar lantarki. A ƙoƙarin rage hayaki daga injunan diesel masu nauyi cikin sauri, Shima Shirin Carl Moyer na CARB yana ba da kuɗin haɓakawa waɗanda ke gaban ƙa'idodi. Ma'auni na ARB na California don fitar da abin hawa haske ƙa'ida ce ta kayan aiki da farko, kuma tare da tabbatar da hayaƙi na biyu. Ba a yarda mai abin hawa ya gyara, inganta, ko Kuma ƙirƙira mafita don ƙaddamar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun hayaki-kawai da aka saita don abin hawan su akan manyan titunan jama'a. Don haka, yunƙurin California na daidaita hayaki tsari ne na kayan aiki, ba na ingancin iska ba. Sannan An keɓe masu abin hawa daga gyara kayansu ta kowace hanya da CARB ba ta yi bincike mai zurfi ba kuma ta amince da su kuma har yanzu tana sarrafa su akan manyan titunan jama'a. EPA tana da ƙa'idodi daban-daban don ƙananan injuna, kamar kayan aikin ƙasa Dole ne kuma jihohin su fitar da ka'idojin fitar da hayaki iri-iri domin su bi ka'idojin ingancin iska na kasa Turai Kafin Tarayyar Turai ta fara daidaita ka'idojin fitar da hayaki, akwai ka'idoji daban-daban. Membobin Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Turai (EEC) suna da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi guda ɗaya, waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi fiye da na Amurka ko Japan. An ƙarfafa waɗannan a hankali, farawa daga ƙaurawar motoci sama da lita biyu saboda hauhawar farashin ba zai yi tasiri a wannan ɓangaren ba. Farashin ECE 15/05 ka'idoji (wanda kuma aka sani da yarjejeniyar Luxemburg, mai tsananin isa don ainihin buƙatar masu canzawa) ya fara aiki a hankali: matakin farko da aka yi amfani da motocin sama da kimanin 2000 cc a matakai biyu, a cikin Oktoba shekarar 1988 da Oktoba 1989. Akwai motocin da ke biye tsakanin lita 1.4 zuwa 2.0, a cikin Oktoba shekarata 1991 da Oktoba 1993. Motoci kasa da 1400 cc dole ne ya hadu da ka'idoji guda biyu masu zuwa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Oktoba shekarata 1992 da Oktoba 1994 bi da bi. Kamfanonin kera motoci na Faransa da Italiya, waɗanda ke da ƙarfi a cikin ƙananan nau'in mota, sun kasance suna yin adawa da waɗannan ƙa'idodin a cikin shekarun 1980. A cikin EEC, Jamus ta kasance jagora wajen daidaita hayakin motoci. Jamus ta ba da ƙarfafan kuɗi ga masu siyan motoci waɗanda suka cika ka'idodin Amurka ko ECE, tare da ƙarancin ƙididdigewa ga waɗanda suka cika buƙatun. Waɗannan abubuwan ƙarfafawa sun yi tasiri mai ƙarfi; kashi 6.5 cikin 100 na sababbin motocin da aka yi wa rajista a Jamus a cikin shekarata 1988 ba su cika buƙatun fitar da hayaki ba kuma kashi 67.3 cikin ɗari sun cika ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin Amurka ko ECE. Sweden ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko da suka kafa tsauraran ƙa'idodi (na 1975), suna sanya iyaka mai ƙarfi akan adadin motocin da ake samu a wurin. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin kuma sun haifar da matsalolin tuƙi da ƙara yawan amfani da mai a wani ɓangare saboda masana'antun ba za su iya ba da hujjar kashe kuɗin don biyan takamaiman ƙa'idodi waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin ƙaramin kasuwa ɗaya kawai. A cikin shekarata 1982, Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta ƙididdige cewa ƙa'idodin Sweden sun karu da yawan man fetur da kashi 9 cikin dari, yayin da ya sanya motoci da kashi 2.5 cikin 100 mafi tsada. Domin 1983 Switzerland (sa'an nan Ostiraliya) shiga a cikin wannan sa na dokokin, wanda sannu a hankali ƙara yawan bokan injuna. Matsala ɗaya ta ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin ita ce ba su da lissafin injunan catalyzed, ma'ana cewa motocin da aka sanye da su dole ne a cire na'urori masu motsi kafin a yi musu rajista ta dokar. A shekarar 1985 motoci na farko da aka katange sun shiga wasu kasuwannin Turai kamar Jamus. Da farko dai, samar da man fetur ba tare da leda ba yana da iyaka kuma tallace-tallace kadan ne. A Sweden, an ba da izinin ababen hawa a cikin 1987, suna cin gajiyar ragi na haraji don haɓaka tallace-tallace. A shekara ta 1989 an tsaurara dokokin fitar da hayaki na Swiss/Swidish har ta kai ga ba a iya siyar da motocin da ba su da ƙarfi. Kuma A farkon 1989 aka gabatar da BMW Z1, wanda kawai yana samuwa tare da injunan catalyzed. Wannan matsala ce a wasu wurare kamar Portugal, inda har yanzu man fetur maras lede ya kasance kusan babu shi, kodayake ƙa'idodin Turai suna buƙatar "samuwa" a kowace ƙasa kafin 1 Oktoba 1989. Tarayyar Turai Tarayyar Turai tana da nata tsarin ka'idojin fitar da hayaki wanda dole ne duk sabbin motoci su cika su. Kuma A halin yanzu, an kafa ma'auni ga duk motocin titi, jiragen ƙasa, jiragen ruwa da 'na'urorin tafi-da-gidanka marasa kan hanya' (kamar tarakta). Sannan Babu ma'auni da ya shafi jiragen ruwa masu tafiya a teku ko jiragen sama. Doka ta EU mai lamba 443/2009 tana saita matsakaita buƙatun CO don sabbin motocin fasinja na gram 130 a kowace kilomita. A hankali an aiwatar da manufar a tsakanin shekarata 2012 da 2015. Maƙasudin gram 95 a kowace kilomita zai yi aiki daga shekarar 2021. Don abin hawan kasuwanci mai haske, manufa ta 175 g/km tana aiki daga shekarar 2017, da 147 g/km daga 2020, raguwar 16%. EU ta gabatar da Yuro 4 mai tasiri a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2008, Yuro 5 mai tasiri 1 Janairu 2010, da Yuro 6 mai tasiri a ranar 1 ga Janairu shekarata 2014. An dage wadannan ranakun na tsawon shekaru biyu don baiwa matatun mai damar sabunta shukarsu. Birtaniya Hukumomin gida da dama a Burtaniya sun gabatar da ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na Euro 4 ko Yuro 5 don motocin haya da motocin haya masu zaman kansu masu lasisi don yin aiki a yankinsu. Ba a yi gwajin fitar da hayaki a kan motocin dizal ba a lokacin MOT a Ireland ta Arewa tsawon shekaru 12, duk da cewa ana buƙata ta doka. Jamus A cewar ofishin kera motoci na Tarayyar Jamus 37.3% (miliyan 15.4) a cikin Jamus (jimilar yawan motoci miliyan 41.3) sun dace da ƙa'idar Euro 4 daga Janairu shekarata 2009. Asiya China Sakamakon karuwar arziki da wadata cikin sauri, yawan kamfanonin makamashin kwal da motoci a kan titunan kasar Sin na karuwa cikin sauri, lamarin da ke haifar da matsalar gurbatar yanayi. A shekarar 2000, kasar Sin ta kafa dokar hana fitar da hayaki ta farko kan motoci, daidai da ka'idojin Yuro I. Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta kasar Sin (SEPA) ta sake inganta tsarin sarrafa hayaki a ranar 1 ga Yulin shekarata 2004 zuwa ma'aunin Yuro II. Mafi tsauri na tsaye, misali na kasa III, daidai da ka'idojin III III, ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuli shekarar 2007. Shirye-shiryen sun kasance don ƙa'idodin Euro IV don aiwatarwa a cikin shekarar 2010. Beijing ta gabatar da ma'auni na Euro IV a gaba a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2008, wanda ya zama birni na farko a babban yankin kasar Sin da ya dauki wannan matakin. Hong Kong Daga 1 ga Janairu, shekarata 2006, duk sabbin motocin fasinja masu injunan kunna walƙiya a Hong Kong dole ne su dace da daidaitattun man fetur na Yuro IV, ma'aunin Heisei 17 na Japan ko ma'aunin US EPA Tier 2 Bin 5. Don sabbin motocin fasinja masu injunan kunna wuta, dole ne su dace da ma'aunin US EPA Tier 2 Bin 5. Matsayi na yanzu shine Euro 6C, an tsara shi tun 2019. Indiya Ka'idojin fitar da matakin Bharat sune ka'idojin fitarwa da Gwamnatin Indiya ta kafa don daidaita fitar da gurɓataccen iska daga kayan injin konewa na ciki, gami da motocin. Kuma Ma'auni da lokacin aiwatarwa an tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Guba ta Tsakiya a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli Dazuzzuka. Ma'auni, bisa ƙa'idodin Turai an fara gabatar da su a cikin shekarar 2000. An fitar da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri tun daga lokacin. Duk sabbin motocin da aka kera bayan aiwatar da ka'idoji dole ne su kasance masu bin ka'idoji. A shekara ta 2014, ƙasar ta kasance ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar Yuro 3 da ƙa'idodin Euro 4, tare da aiwatar da ƙa'idodin Yuro 4 a wasu manyan biranen 13. Har zuwa Afrilu shekarata 2017, duk ƙasar tana ƙarƙashin ka'idodin BS IV, wanda ya dogara da Yuro 4. Ya zuwa yanzu an fara kera da rajistar motocin BS VI, daga Afrilu shekarata 2020 duk masana'antar BS VI ya zama tilas, bi da bi. Japan Fage Tun daga ranar 10 ga Yuni, shekarar 1968, gwamnatin Jafananci ta zartar da Japanese wanda ya tsara duk hanyoyin da ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska. Sakamakon dokar ta 1968, an zartar da shawarwari a ƙarƙashin 1970 Japanese Sakamakon dokar ta 1970, a cikin 1973 an gabatar da kaso na farko na sabbin ka'idojin fitar da hayaki guda hudu. An gabatar da ka'idojin wucin gadi a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1975, da kuma na 1976. An gabatar da ma'auni na ƙarshe don 1978. Yayin da aka gabatar da matakan ba a sanya su nan da nan ba, maimakon haka an ba da harajin haraji ga motocin da suka wuce su. Ma'auni sun dogara ne akan waɗanda ainihin Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Ruwa ta Amurka ta shekarar 1970 ta karbe, amma zagayowar gwajin ya haɗa da ƙarin tuƙi cikin jinkirin don nuna halin da Jafananci ke ciki daidai. Ƙididdiga na 1978 don matsananciyar hayaki yayin "Gwajin Farawa mai zafi" na CO, hydrocarbons, da sun kasance na CO, na HC, da na bi da bi. Matsakaicin iyaka shine na CO, na HC, da na Wani daki-daki mai ban sha'awa na ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na Japan shine cewa an gabatar da su a cikin yanayi mai laushi; wato ana iya siyar da motoci na shekarar 1978 da ba su cika ka'idojin shekarata 1978 ba, amma za su fuskanci hukuncin haraji daban-daban. Wannan ya ba masana'antun dakin numfashi don samar da ingantattun hanyoyin injiniyan da ya dace da kuma karfafa gyara samfuran da aka fi siyar da farko, wanda ke haifar da sauƙin ɗaukar matakan iska mai tsabta da ƙarancin damuwa na tuƙi fiye da sauran kasuwanni. Gwajin Zazzaɓi Yanayin 10 15 da aka yi amfani da shi don tantance ƙimar tattalin arzikin man fetur da hayaƙin da aka gani daga motar da ake gwadawa, yi amfani da takamaiman tsarin gwaji. In 1992, to cope with pollution problems from existing vehicle fleets in highly populated metropolitan areas, the Ministry of the Environment adopted the called in short The Motor Vehicle Law. The regulation designated a total of 196 communities in the Tokyo, Saitama, Kanagawa, Osaka and Hyogo Prefectures as areas with significant air pollution due to nitrogen oxides emitted from motor vehicles. Under the Law, several measures had to be taken to control from in-use vehicles, including enforcing emission standards for specified vehicle categories. An gyara dokar a watan Yunin shekarata 2001 don ƙarfafa abin da ke akwai bukatun kuma don ƙara abubuwan sarrafawa na PM. Dokar da aka yi wa kwaskwarima ana kiranta da “Dokar da ta shafi Matakai na Musamman don Rage Jimillar Naitrogen Oxide da Bargarin Matter da Ke Fitowa daga Motoci a Keɓaɓɓen Wurare”, ko kuma a takaice Motoci. da PM Law. Ka'idojin fitarwa The da Dokar PM ta gabatar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun nau'ikan motocin da ake amfani da su a cikin manyan motocin da suka haɗa da motocin kasuwanci (kayan kaya) irin su manyan motoci da manyan motoci, bas, da motoci na musamman, ba tare da la'akari da nau'in mai ba. Sannwn Kuma Dokar kuma ta shafi motocin fasinja masu amfani da dizal (amma ba ga motocin mai ba). Motocin da ake amfani da su a cikin ƙayyadaddun nau'ikan dole ne su cika ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na shekarata 1997/98 don sabon nau'in abin hawa (cikin yanayin injina masu nauyi). 4.5 g/kWh, PM 0.25 g/kWh). A takaice dai, sabbin matakan abin hawa na shekarar 1997/98 ana amfani da su a baya ga tsofaffin motocin da ke kan hanya. Masu abin hawa suna da hanyoyi guda biyu don yin biyayya: Maye gurbin tsofaffin ababen hawa tare da sabbin samfura masu tsabta Sake gyara tsofaffin motocin tare da yarda da na'urorin sarrafa PM Motoci suna da lokacin alheri, tsakanin shekaru 8 zuwa 12 daga rijistar farko, don cikawa. Lokacin alheri ya dogara da nau'in abin hawa, kamar haka: Motocin kasuwanci masu haske (GVW 2500 kg: 8 shekaru Motocin kasuwanci masu nauyi (GVW> 2500 kg: 9 shekaru Micro bas (11-29 kujeru): shekaru 10 Manyan bas 30 kujeru): shekaru 12 Motoci na musamman (dangane da motar daukar kaya ko bas): shekaru 10 Motocin fasinja dizal: shekaru 9 Bugu da ƙari, ƙa'idar ta ba da damar cika buƙatunta da za a jinkirta da ƙarin shekaru 0.5-2.5, sannan dangane da shekarun abin hawa. An gabatar da wannan jinkiri a wani bangare don daidaitawa da Dokar PM tare da shirin sake fasalin diesel na Tokyo. The kuma ana aiwatar da dokar PM dangane da shirin duba abubuwan hawa na Japan, inda motocin da ba su bi ba ba za su iya gudanar da binciken a wuraren da aka keɓe ba. Wannan, bi da bi, na iya haifar da umarni kan aikin abin hawa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Sufuri na Hanyar. Isra'ila Tun daga watan Janairun shekarata 2012 motocin da ba su cika ka'idojin fitar da Euro 6 ba ba a yarda a shigo da su zuwa Isra'ila ba. Turkiyya Diesel da man fetur sulfur abun ciki ana kayyade a 10 ppm. A halin yanzu Turkiyya tana bin Euro VI don manyan motocin kasuwanci masu nauyi, kuma, a cikin shekarata 2016 shekaru biyu bayan EU, Turkiyya ta karɓi Yuro 6 don sabbin nau'ikan motocin lauyoyi masu sauƙi (LDV) da sabbin nau'ikan motocin fasinja. Turkiyya na shirin yin amfani da tsarin gwajin motocin da ba su dace ba (WLTP). Koyaya, duk da waɗannan ƙa'idodin fitar da bututun wutsiya na sabbin nau'ikan abin hawa akwai tsofaffin motocin diesel da yawa, babu yankuna masu ƙarancin hayaki kuma babu iyaka na ƙasa akan abubuwan PM2.5 don haka gurɓatar gida, gami da manyan motocin, har yanzu babban haɗarin lafiya ne. a wasu garuruwa, kamar Ankara Abubuwan da aka tattara na PM2.5 sune 41 g/m 3 a Turkiyya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kasar da tafi kowacce kasa gurbacewar iska a Turai. Dokokin gwada iskar gas ɗin abin hawa shine lambar Jarida ta hukuma mai lamba 30004 wacce aka buga 11 ga Maris Na shekarar 2017. Matsakaicin 135 g CO /km don LDVs idan aka kwatanta da kyau da sauran ƙasashe a cikin shekarata 2015, duk da haka sabanin EU babu iyaka akan hayaƙin carbon dioxide. Afirka Afirka ta Kudu An fara aiwatar da shirin tsabtace mai na farko a Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 2006 tare da hana gubar dalma daga man fetur da kuma rage yawan sulfur a dizal daga kashi 3,000 a kowace miliyan (ppm) zuwa 500ppm, tare da babban darajar 50. ppm. Ma'aunin Tsabtace Fuels 2, ana tsammanin farawa a cikin shekarar 2017, ya haɗa da rage sulfur zuwa 10 ppm; ragewar benzene daga kashi 5 zuwa kashi 1 na girma; rage yawan aromatics daga kashi 50 zuwa kashi 35 na girma; da ƙayyadaddun olefins a kashi 18 cikin ɗari na girma. Tafkuna Ostiraliya Matsayin fitar da hayaƙin Australiya sun dogara ne akan ƙa'idodin Turai don motocin masu nauyi da nauyi (kaya masu nauyi), tare da yarda da zaɓaɓɓun ƙa'idodin Amurka da Jafananci. Manufar yanzu ita ce ta daidaita ƙa'idodin Australiya tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) da ka'idodin Hukumar Tattalin Arziƙi na Turai (ECE). A cikin Nuwamba shekarata 2013, an ƙaddamar da matakin farko na ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin fitarwa na Euro 5 don motocin haske, wanda ya haɗa da motoci da motocin kasuwanci masu haske. Haɓaka ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaki na manyan motoci da injuna ana gudanar da su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta ƙasa (NTC) da ƙa'idodin Dokokin Ƙirƙirar Australiya (ADR) ana gudanar da su ta Sashen Kaya da Sufuri. Duk sabbin motocin da aka kera ko aka sayar a cikin ƙasa dole ne su bi ka'idodin, waɗanda ake gwada su ta hanyar sarrafa abin hawa ko injin a daidaitaccen tsarin gwaji. Duba wasu abubuwan Gurbacewar iska C. Arden Paparoma Carbon dioxide daidai Cibiyar Tsabtace Tsabtace Tsabtace Tsabtace iska (a Amurka) Fasali na fitarwa Zagayowar gwajin fitarwa Kasuwancin hayaki Matsayin muhalli Matsayin fitarwa na Turai Zagayen tuƙi Motar mai sassauƙan mai Ingantaccen mai Rage ƙima ta wayar hannu Fitowar abin hawa Ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na ƙasa don gurɓacewar iska mai haɗari Ultra-low-sulfur dizal Ikon fitar da hayaki Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafukan Dieselnet akan ka'idojin fitar da abin hawa EPA National Vehicle and Fuel Emission Laboratory don injunan ayyuka masu nauyi da marasa kan titi Ƙididdigar Harajin Kuɗi na Tarayya don Haɓaka da aka sanya cikin sabis EPA: Tarihin Rage Gurbacewar iska daga Sufuri a Amurka EU Umarnin Majalisar 80/1268/EEC Amfani da man fetur na motoci Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

8452

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta

Abeokuta

Abeokuta Birni ne, da ke a jihar Ogun, a ƙasar Najeriya. Shi ne babban birnin jihar Ogun. Birnin na nan a kudancin rafin Ogun, a wani yanki dake da duwatsu da manyan itace na Savanna. Birnin na da nisan kilomitoci 77 (48 mi) daga arewacin Legas ta titin jirgin kasa, ko kuma nisa 130km (81 mi) ta ruwa. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2006, jimillar mutane 451,607 ne. Labarin kasa da Tattalin arziki Birnin Abeokuta yana da yanki mai dauke da duwatsu da kuma manyan itace na Savanna, da duwatsun kwaru a saman kasar. Ta wanzu a yankin da zagaye da katanga mai nisan mil 18. Birnin tayi fice kasuwanci man-ja, shinkafa, doya, roba, rogo, masara da sauransu. Haka zalika birnin tayi fice a harkokin fitar da kayan masarufi kamar cocoa, man-kadenya, goro da dai sauransu. Mishenari suka kawo shinkafa da auduga zuwa birnin a cikin shekarun 1850s, kuma sun zama daya daga cikin muhimman kayan kasuwancin garin. Abeokuta na nan a kusa da dutsen Olumo, inda akwai koguna da wuraren bautan gargajiya da dama. Birnin ya dogara ne da rafin "Oyan River Dam" dangane da ruwan amfanin yau da kullum, wanda kuma ba kasafai yake isar su ba. Dam din na nan a yankin karamar hukumar Abeokuta ta kudu na jihar Ogun da ke yammacin Najeriya. Dam din ya rasa ta Rafin Oyan, wani datsi ne daga Rafin Ogun. Abeokuta ita ce kuma cibiyar tarayyar gudanar da rafukan Oshun da Ogun, wanda ke da alhakin bunkasa ruwa da kasa na jihohin Lagos, Ogun da Oyo. Wannan sun hada da noman rani, sarrafa kayan abinci da kuma samar da wutar lantarki. Kamfanoni a birnin sun hada da kamfanonin sarrafa kayan marmari na gongoni, kamfunan robobi, kamfunan sarrafa barasa, kamfunan sarrafa katakai da kuma na kwanukan rufin gida (alluminium zinc). A kudancin birnin akwai wuraren fasa duwatsu na Aro granite quarries. Zirga-zirga Abeokuta na hade da garin Lagos ta titin jirgin kasa wanda aka kera a shekarar 1899, wanda ke da tsawon kimanin kilomita 77 (48 mi). Tun a shekarar 2021 aka samar da tsayayyen sufuri ta hanyar jirqin kasa tsakanin Lagos zuwa Ibadan wacce ta tsaya a birnin Abeokuta. A dalilin haka, an gina sabon tasahar jirgin kasa a Abeokuta.A duk rana jiragen kasa na tashi zuwa Ibadan da misalin karfe 8:30 na safe da kuma 16:30 na yamma. Za'a iya siyan tikita da wuri kafin lokacin tashi. Sannan tituna sun hada birni da wasu garuruwa kamar Ibadan, Ilaro, Shagamu, Iseyin, Sango Ota, da kuma Ketou. Tarihi Chief Sodeke ya fara zama a Abeokuta a shekara ta 1830 don buya daga kaidin mafarautan bayi daga Dahomey da kuma Ibadan (ma'anar Abeokuta na nufin, "karkashin dutse" watau "the underneath of the rock" ko kuma "wajen buya a karakashin dutse" watau "refuge among rocks"). Mutanen karkaran sun watsu a yankunan da ke da duwatsu da koguna don nema mafaka da kariya. A dalilin haka suka samar da wani kungiya na mutane iri daban-daban, masu kulawa da al'adunsu na gargajiya, hakkunan addininsu, da kuma ainihin sunayen kauyukansu. Ainihin mutanen da suka fara a Abeokuta sun kasance daga mutanen kabilar Egba, wanda suka samo asali daga sarakunan Eso Ikoyi, wanda suka bi babban sarki watau Alake of the Egba a yayinda yayi kaura daga Oyo kuma suka bishi samar da sabon masarautar Egba a yankin dajin Egba. A yayinda wadannan kakannin nasu suka baro masarautar Oyo, sai suka fara yawo daga wuri zuwa wuri, haka suka cigaba har daga bisani suka gano Abeokuta. Haka dai daga bisani wasu daga cikin kabilar yarbawa suka zauna a wajen. Mishenaris na kiristoci turawa sun fara mulkin wurin a shekarun 1840s,da kuma mutanen Serra Leone da kuma bayi da suka gudo da kuma wanda da suka dawo daga Brazil. A dalilin cewa Abeokuta tana yanki mai muhimmanci na safarar man-ja kuma saboda itace babban birnin Egba na lokacin, Dahomey sun kara kaimi. A yakin Abeokuta na 1851, Egba sun ci sarki Gezo na Dohomey da yaki. Har wayau sun kara cin dakarun Dahomey da yaki a shekarar 1864. Har wayau a cikin shekarun 1860s, an samu matsala da ta taso tsakanin mutanen garin da kuma turawa, watau turawan Lagos, wanda ya jawo mutanen Egba suka fara rufe hanyoyin kasuwancin waje, daga bisani kuma korar mishenaris da 'yan kasuwa a 1867. A tsakanin shakara ta 1877 da 1893, yakin basasan yarbawa ya auku, sannan Abeokuta ta hamaici Ibadan, a dalilin haka sarkin Egba ya rattaba hannu a wata yarjejeniya da gwamnan mulkin mallaka na lokacin "Sir Gilbert Carter". Hakan ya faru ne a 1893, wanda ya sama da gwamnatin Egba wanda turawa suka amince da wanzuwarsu. A 1914, an hade kasashen Egba da yakunan mulkin mallakar turawa na lokacin, da Abeokuta a matsayin babban birni. A cikin shekara ta 1918, rikici ya kece wanda ake kira da yakin Adubi, a dalilin sanya haraji da sauran ayyukan take hakki da shugaba Sir Frederick Lugard yayi, watau Gwamna-jenar na mulkin turawa. Wannan shine kadai cikas d turawa suka samu a mulkinsu na mallakan Najeriya kafin yakin duniya na farko. Rikicin da kungiyar mata ta Abeokuuta watau "Abeokuta Women's Union (AWU)" ta hassasa watau Abeokuta Women's Revolt ya faru ne a 1940s. Shima wani gangami ne do nuna rashin amincewa da harajin da gwamnatin turawan mulkin mallaka suka sanya. A shekara ta 1976, Abeokuta ta zamo babban birnin sabon jihar da aka samar watau jihar Ogun. Gine-Ginen Tarihi Abeokuta na zagaya da katanga mai tsawon miloli 18mil, sannan alamar ragowar katangan na nan har yau. Ake watau gidan sarautar Aleke da kuma Centenary Hall (1930) suna nan a yankin Egba Alake. Akwai makarantun firamare da kuma sakandare da sashinjami'ar Lagos da ke Abeokuta wacce aka bude ta a 1894. Wannan jami'a ta shahara a fanni kimiyya, karatun noma, fasaha da sauransu. Daga bisani a canzata zuwa Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB) a 1988. Har wayau akwai katafaren otel watau Green Legacy Resort wanda tsohom shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo da wasu masu hannun jari suka gina ta. Akwai labrare na "Olusegun Obasanjo Presidential Library (OOPL)" wanda ke nan a cikin otel din. Ofishin gwamna na nan a cikin garin a yankin Oke-Mosan. Jami'ar garin watau Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB) na nan a titin Alabata a Abeokuta, kuma ya kasance mafi kyawun jami'oin gwamna na Najeriya. Sanannun Mutane Chief Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola; dan kasuwa, dan jarida, dan takarar shugaban kasa kuma. Chief Simeon Adebo Lawya a Najeriya kuma dan siyasa. Odunlade Adekola jarumin fina-finan Nollywood. Prince Bola Ajibola, tsohon alkalin kotun duniya. Dr. Tunde Bakare, pastor. Oladimeji Bankole, dan siyasa kuma dan kasuwa. Princess Sara Forbes Bonetta, Egbado, gimbiyar yarbawa, diyar rikon sarauniyar Ingila. Jean-Marie Coquard, mishenari likita daga Faransa. Oba Adedotun Aremu Gbadebo III, sarki kuma dan kasuwa. Abimbola Jayeola, direbiyar jirgin sama na farko a Najeriya Fela Kuti, mawaki kuma dan adwan siyasa. Mudashiru Lawal, dan kwallo, kuma mai hasashen wasanni. Shane Lawal, dan wasan kwallon kwando. Lijadu Sisters, tagwaye mawaka wanda sukai kaurin suna a fannin waka a tsakanin 1960s da 1980s Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, tsohon shugaban kasa daga 1999 zuwa 2007. Ebenezer Obey, juju, mawakin coci Segun Odegbami, dan kwallo, kuma mai hasashen wasanni. Akin Ogungbe, jarumin fim, furosa kuma mai bada umurni. Princess Kuforiji Olubi, tsohuwar ministar tarayya. Chief Olusegun Osoba, dan siyasa kuma dan kasuwa. Tunji Oyelana, mawaki, dan wasa Sir Shina Peters, mawaki kuma dan kasuwa. Chief Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, kungiyar mata. Professor Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, farfesa a fannin pediatrics, tsohon ministan lafiya. Chief Ernest Shonekan, dan kasuwa, tsohon shugaban kasa na rikon kwaryan Najeriya. Ike Shorunmu, dan wasan kwallon kafa kuma coach Jimi Solanke, dan wasa, mawaki, mai bada labari kuma marubucin wasanni. Professor Wole Soyinka, farfesan da yaci kyautar Nobel Prize-winning author. Oba Adedapo Tejuoso, sarki kuma dan kasuwa. Chief Bisoye Tejuoso, dan kasuwa kuma titled aristocrat. Madam Tinubu,tayi fice. Chief Akintola Williams, accountant, kuma wanda ya kirkiro ICAN. Chief Frederick Rotimi Williams, malamin shari'a. Hotuna Manazarta Biranen

40562

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedor%20Dostoevsky

Fedor Dostoevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich UK ƙananan-alpha 1 Birtaniya dɒ s US ɛfsk i, [1] US: dɒstə jɛfsk d ʌ s Russian Fyódor Mikháylovich Dostoyévskiy IPA: fʲɵdər xajləvʲɪdʑ jefskʲɪj] 11 ga Nuwamba, 18219 Fabrairu 1881 wani lokacin ana fassara shi azaman Dostoyevsky, marubuci ne na Rasha, marubucin gajerun labarai, kuma ɗan jarida. Ayyukan adabi na Dostoevsky sun bincika yanayin ɗan adam a cikin rikice-rikice na siyasa, zamantakewa, da ruhi na Rasha na ƙarni na 19, kuma suna aiki tare da jigogi iri-iri na falsafa da na addini. Littattafansa da ya fi yabo sun haɗa da Laifuka da Hukunci (1866), The Idiot (1869), <i id="mwKg">Demons</i> (1872), da Brothers Karamazov (1880). Littafin littafinsa na 1864, Bayanan kula daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko na wallafe-wallafen wanzuwa. Masu sukar adabi da yawa suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta a duk adabin duniya, saboda yawancin ayyukansa ana ɗaukarsa ƙwararru masu tasiri sosai. An haife shi a Moscow a 1821, Dostoevsky an gabatar da shi ga wallafe-wallafe tun yana ƙarami ta hanyar tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi, kuma ta hanyar littattafai daga marubutan Rasha da na waje. Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu a 1837 lokacin da yake da shekaru 15, kuma a lokaci guda, ya bar makaranta don shiga Cibiyar Injiniya ta Nikolayev Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniya kuma ya ɗan more rayuwa mai daɗi, yana fassara littattafai don samun ƙarin kuɗi. A tsakiyar 1840s ya rubuta littafinsa na farko, Poor Folk, wanda ya ba shi damar shiga da'irar adabin Saint Petersburg. Duk da haka, an kama shi a cikin 1849 don kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar wallafe-wallafen, Petrashevsky Circle, wanda ya tattauna littattafan da aka haramta wa Tsarist Rasha An yanke wa Dostoevsky hukuncin kisa amma an sassauta hukuncin a karshe Ya yi shekaru huɗu a sansanin fursuna na Siberiya, sannan ya yi aikin soja na dole na shekara shida a gudun hijira. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Dostoevsky ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida, bugawa da kuma gyara wasu mujallu na kansa kuma daga baya A Writer's Diary, tarin rubuce-rubucensa. Ya fara yawo a yammacin Turai kuma ya haɓaka jarabar caca, wanda ya haifar da wahalar kuɗi. Na ɗan lokaci, ya kasance yana roƙon kuɗi, amma a ƙarshe ya zama ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Rasha da aka fi karantawa kuma ana ɗaukansu sosai. Articles containing Russian-language text Aikin Dostoevsky ya ƙunshi litattafai goma sha uku, litattafai uku, gajerun labarai goma sha bakwai, da sauran ayyuka masu yawa. An karanta rubuce-rubucensa a ko'ina a ciki da bayan ƙasarsa ta Rasha kuma sun yi tasiri daidai da adadi mai yawa na marubuta daga baya ciki har da Rashawa irin su Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn da Anton Chekhov, masana falsafa Friedrich Nietzsche da Jean-Paul Sartre, da bayyanar Existentialism da Freudianism. An fassara littattafansa zuwa fiye da harsuna 170, kuma sun zama abin ƙarfafawa ga fina-finai da yawa. Zuri'a Kakannin kakannin Dostoevsky sun kasance ɓangare na dangi mai daraja na Kiristocin Orthodox na Rasha. Iyalin sun samo asalinsu zuwa Danilo Irtishch, wanda aka ba da filaye a cikin yankin Pinsk (tsawon ƙarni na wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania, yanzu a Belarus na zamani) a cikin 1509 don ayyukansa a ƙarƙashin wani yarima na gida, zuriyarsa sa'an nan kuma ya dauki. Sunan "Dostoevsky" bisa wani ƙauye da ake kira Dostoïevo (wanda aka samo daga Tsohon Yaren mutanen Poland dostojnik mai daraja). Kakannin Dostoevsky na nan da nan a gefen mahaifiyarsa sun kasance 'yan kasuwa; Namijin na wajen mahaifinsa firistoci ne. A 1809, Mikhail Dostoevsky dan shekaru 20 da haihuwa shiga a Moscow ta Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy. Daga nan aka sanya shi zuwa asibitin Moscow, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin likita na soja, kuma a 1818 ya nada babban likita. A 1819 ya auri Maria Nechayeva. A shekara ta gaba, ya ɗauki matsayi a asibitin Mariinsky don matalauta. A shekara ta 1828, sa’ad da ’ya’yansa biyu, Mikhail da Fyodor, suka kasance takwas da bakwai, sai aka ƙara masa girma zuwa ma’aikacin tantance koleji, matsayin da ya ɗaga matsayinsa na shari’a zuwa na manyan mutane kuma ya ba shi damar mallakar ƙaramin gida a Darovoye, wani gari. kusan 150 kilomita (mil 100) daga Moscow, inda iyali sukan yi lokacin bazara. Iyayen Dostoevsky daga baya sun sami ƙarin 'ya'ya shida: Varvara (1822-1892), Andrei (1825-1897), Lyubov (an haife shi kuma ya mutu 1829), Vera (1829-1896), Nikolai (1831-1883) da Aleksandra (1835). -1889). Yarinta (1821-1836) Fyodor Dostoevsky, an haife shi a ranar 11 Nuwamba a Moscow, shi ne ɗa na biyu na Dr. Mikhail Dostoevsky da Maria Dostoevskaya (haife Nechayeva). Ya girma a cikin gidan iyali a cikin filin Mariinsky Hospital for Poor, wanda yake a cikin ƙananan yanki a gefen Moscow. Dostoevsky ya sadu da marasa lafiya, waɗanda suke a ƙarshen ma'auni na zamantakewa na Rasha, lokacin da suke wasa a cikin lambunan asibiti. Dostoevsky an gabatar da shi ga wallafe-wallafe tun yana ƙarami. Tun yana da shekaru uku, an karanta shi labarin jarumtaka, tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi daga mahaifiyarsa, Alena Frolovna, wani mutum mai tasiri musamman a cikin tarbiyyarsa da kuma son labarun almara. Sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara huɗu mahaifiyarsa ta yi amfani da Littafi Mai Tsarki wajen koya masa karatu da rubutu. Iyayensa sun gabatar da shi ga wallafe-wallafe masu yawa, ciki har da marubutan Rasha Karamzin, Pushkin da Derzhavin; Almarar Gothic irin su ayyukan daga marubuci Ann Radcliffe ayyukan soyayya na Schiller da Goethe labarun jaruntaka na Miguel de Cervantes da Walter Scott da almara na Homer. Dostoevsky ya sami tasiri sosai da aikin Nikolai Gogol Ko da yake an bayyana tsarin mahaifinsa a matsayin mai tsauri da tsauri, Dostoevsky da kansa ya ruwaito cewa iyayensa sun kawo tunaninsa ta hanyar karatun dare. Wasu abubuwan da ya faru a yarinta sun sami hanyar shiga cikin rubuce-rubucensa. Sa’ad da wani mashayi ya yi wa wata yarinya ‘yar shekara tara fyade, aka ce ya kawo mahaifinsa ya yi mata hidima. Abin da ya faru ya damu da shi, kuma jigon sha'awar wani balagagge ga yarinya ya bayyana a cikin Shaidanun, Brothers Karamazov, Laifuka da azabtarwa, da sauran rubuce-rubuce. Wani abin da ya faru da wani bawa na iyali, ko serf, a cikin ƙasa a Darovoye, an kwatanta shi a cikin The Peasant Marey lokacin da matashin Dostoevsky ya yi tunanin jin kullun a cikin daji, Marey, wanda ke aiki a kusa, yana ƙarfafa shi. Ko da yake Dostoevsky yana da tsarin tsarin jiki mai laushi, iyayensa sun bayyana shi a matsayin mai zafi, taurin kai, da kuma kunci. A cikin 1833, mahaifin Dostoevsky, wanda yake da zurfin addini, ya tura shi makarantar kwana ta Faransa sannan zuwa makarantar kwana ta Chermak. An bayyana shi a matsayin kodadde, mai mafarkin shiga ciki kuma mai yawan jin daɗin soyayya. Don biyan kuɗin makaranta, mahaifinsa ya ranci kuɗi kuma ya tsawaita aikin likita na sirri. Dostoevsky ya ji ba shi da wuri a cikin 'yan makarantarsa masu daraja a makarantar Moscow, kuma an nuna kwarewa a cikin wasu ayyukansa, musamman The Adolescent Samarta (1836-1843) An ranar 27 Satumba 1837 Mahaifiyar Dostoevsky ta mutu da tarin fuka. A watan Mayun da ya gabata, iyayensa sun aika Dostoevsky da ɗan'uwansa Mikhail zuwa Saint Petersburg don halartar Cibiyar Injiniya ta Soja ta Nikolayev kyauta, ta tilasta 'yan'uwa su watsar da karatunsu na ilimi don aikin soja. Dostoevsky shiga makarantar kimiyya a Janairu 1838, amma kawai tare da taimakon 'yan uwa. An ki yarda da Mikhail saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya kuma an aika shi zuwa makarantar kimiyya a Reval (yanzu Tallinn, Estonia). Dostoevsky ba ya son makarantar, musamman saboda rashin sha'awar kimiyya, lissafi, da injiniyanci na soja da kuma fifikon zane da gine-gine. Kamar yadda abokinsa Konstantin Trutovsky ya taɓa cewa, “Babu wani ɗalibi a cikin duka jami’ar da ke da ƙarancin aikin soja kamar FM Dostoevsky. Ya motsa a dunkule da firgita; Unifom ɗin sa ya rataye shi da kyar; da jakarsa, da da bindigar duk sun yi kama da wani nau'i na sarƙoƙi da aka tilasta masa sa na ɗan lokaci, kuma waɗanda suka yi masa yawa." da kuma tsananin adalci, kare sabbin shiga, ya hada kansa da malamai, ya soki cin hanci da rashawa a tsakanin jami’an, da taimakawa manoma marasa galihu. Ko da yake shi kaɗai ne kuma yana zaune a duniyarsa ta adabi, abokan karatunsa suna girmama shi. Kasancewarsa da sha'awar addini ya sa ake masa lakabi da "Monk Photius Alamun farfadiya Dostoevsky na iya fara bayyana ne a lokacin da ake sanin mutuwar mahaifinsa a ranar 16 ga Yuni 1839, ko da yake rahotannin kamawa sun samo asali ne daga asusun da 'yarsa ta rubuta (daga baya Sigmund Freud ya fadada shi wanda yanzu ya kasance. dauke da rashin dogara. Dalilin mutuwar mahaifinsa a hukumance shine bugun jini, amma wani makwabcinsa Pavel Khotiaintsev ya zargi barayin mahaifin da kisan kai. Da a ce an sami masu laifin da aka aika su Siberiya, Khotiaintsev zai kasance a cikin matsayi don siyan ƙasar da aka bari. An wanke masu laifin a cikin shari'a a Tula, amma ɗan'uwan Dostoevsky Andrei ya ci gaba da labarin. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, Dostoevsky ya ci gaba da karatunsa, ya ci jarrabawarsa kuma ya sami digiri na injiniya, ya ba shi damar zama daga makarantar. Ya ziyarci Mikhail a cikin Reval (Tallinn) kuma yakan halarci kide-kide, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo da ballets. A wannan lokacin, abokansa biyu sun gabatar da shi game da caca. A ranar 12 ga Agusta 1843 Dostoevsky ya ɗauki aiki a matsayin Laftanar Injiniya kuma ya zauna tare da Adolph Totleben a wani gida mallakar Dr. Rizenkampf, abokin Mikhail. Rizenkampf ya siffanta shi da cewa "ba shi da halin kirki kuma ba shi da ladabi fiye da ɗan'uwansa, amma idan ba a cikin yanayi mai kyau ba yakan kalli komai ta gilashin duhu, ya zama mai ban sha'awa, ya manta da kyawawan dabi'u, wani lokacin kuma ana kai shi zuwa ga ma'ana. zagi da rashin sanin kai”. Dostoevsky na farko kammala aikin adabi, fassarar littafin Honoré de Balzac na Eugénie Grandet, an buga shi a watan Yuni da Yuli 1843 a cikin 6th da 7th kundin mujallolin Repertoire da Pantheon, ya biyo baya da yawa. sauran fassarorin. Babu wanda ya yi nasara, kuma matsalar kuɗinsa ta sa shi ya rubuta labari. Manazarta Articles with hAudio microformats Marubuci Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

23634

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Obiagboso%20Enukeme

Anthony Obiagboso Enukeme

Anthony Obiagboso Enukeme (21 ga Janairu 1944 9 Yuni 2020) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Najeriya daga jihar Anambra, kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Shi ne wanda ya kafa, Shugaba kuma Manajan Darakta na Tonimas Nigeria Limited, kamfanin kera kayayyaki da kasuwanci na cikin gida. Ya kasance Papal Knights na St. Gregory mai karɓa, kuma memba na Knights na St. John International (KSJI). Ya kuma kasance mamba a kwamitin amintattu na jam’iyyar siyasa ta APGA a Najeriya. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Anthony Obiagboso Enukeme a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 1944 ga dangin Enukeme na Obiuno Umudioka Neni a ƙaramar hukumar Anaocha ta jihar Anambra, a gefen titin Akwaeze daga Kasuwar Nkwo a garin Igbo Ukwu. Shi kaɗai ne ɗa, kuma yana da ƙanwa ɗaya. Bayan kammala karatunsa na Firamare, ya yi horon shirin koyon harshen Igbo na tsawon shekaru 15 a matsayin mai kula da gidan mai a Oturkpo, jihar Benue, da kuma kasuwar Aba Ngwa a jihar Abia. A shekarar 1975, ya ci gaba da neman ilimi wanda ya ga ya kammala karatun sakandare da na sakandare a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a ta 1985. Daga nan ya sami Digiri na biyu na Masters a Harkokin Duniya da diflomasiyya, duka daga Jami'ar Jihar Abia, Uturu, Jihar Abia. An ba shi digirin digirgir na digirin digirgir a fannin gudanar da kasuwanci daga Jami’ar Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu Sana'ar kasuwanci Cif Enukeme ya kafa kamfanin Tonimas Nigeria Limited a 1981 kuma ya hada shi a matsayin kamfani mai iyakance abin alhaki a 1982. Kamfanin yana tallace -tallace kuma yana rarraba samfuran albarkatun mai, yana ƙera faranti na rufi da kusoshi. Daga baya ya bambanta zuwa baƙunci, ƙera filastik, gonakin tankuna, jigilar kaya, da kasuwancin jigilar kayayyaki. Rayuwar mutum Aure da yara Cif Enukeme ya yi aure da Iyam Mary Uzoaku Enukeme (Iyom Mmiliaku) kuma an albarkaci auren tare da yara shida. Mutuwa kuma daga baya Ya rasu a ranar 9 ga Yuni 2020 bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya wanda ya faru saboda rashin iya tafiya don duba lafiyarsa ta yau da kullun sakamakon cutar COVID-19 da ta shafi kulle-kullen a Najeriya Daraja, kayan ado, kyaututtuka da take Memba na Kwamitin Amintattu na Jam'iyyar Siyasa ta All Progressive Grand Alliance. Shugaban, Knights na Saint John's International (KSJI), Commandery 445, Aba, Jihar Abia Babban Shugaban Owerri Grand Commandery Memba na Paparoma Knight, Umarnin Saint Gregory the Great (KSG) Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Fastoci na Diocesan Katolika na Awka na Cocin Katolika Shugaban, Majalisar Firayim Ministocin Gargajiya ta Jihar Anambra (Ndi Onowu) Tsohon shugaban, Aba Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture (ACCIMA) Shugaban Kungiyar Man Fetur ta Najeriya (LUPAN) Mai karɓa Kyautar Kyauta akan Kyawun Kasuwanci ta Ƙungiyar Al'amuran Ƙasa ta Najeriya Mai karɓa Kyautar Kyauta akan Ayyukan Kasuwanci ta Cibiyar Shugabannin Kamfanoni na Najeriya Mai karɓa Kyautar Zinariya daga Saint Peter's Christian Fathers Association, Christ the King Church Cathedral Parish, Aba Mai karɓa Kyautar Sabis na Al'umma ta Rotary Club International Mai karɓa Kyakkyawar lambar yabo ta Patriotic Merit ta Ƙungiyar Pan -African da Philanthropic Organization Mai karɓa Kyautattun Mutane da Kyautar Sabis na Al'umma ta Gidan Rediyon Anambra (ABS), Awka Taken Al'umma Karramawar al'umma ta Aku-Uvom Darajojin al'umma na Onowu Neni Gwamnatin jihar Abia ta karrama sarautar Enyi Abia Al'umman karrama Ogbata Onuo Akwaeze Karramawar Anya-Anaocha daga majalisar sarakunan gargajiya na ƙaramar hukumar Anaocha Abubuwan da suka faru Cif Enukeme ya gina Cocin Katolika na Saint James a Neni wanda ya haɗa da ɗakin kwana, ɗakin sujada, zauren coci, ginshiƙan Maryamu Mai Albarka sannan ya miƙa shi ga Diocese Awka na Cocin Katolika don wurin bautar. An gudanar da babban taro na girmamawa a cocin bayan mutuwarsa. Ya kuma gina cocin Katolika na St. Agatha, Umuarakpa, Aba. Manazarta Mutuwar 2020 Yan kasuwan igbo Yan siyasan

20739

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarauniya%20Mangou

Sarauniya Mangou

Sarauniya Mangu ita ce sarauniyar da ta yi sarauta a kan Aznawa da ke yankin Dogon Doutchi a Nijar. Ta yi mulki ne a ƙarshen karni na 19 a Kudu Maso Yammacin kasar Nijar ta yanzu a cikin Afirka ta Yamma. Sarauniya ba Shi ne taken da ake mata ba domin zamanta jagorar siyasa da addini a garin Lugu, wanda yake tsawon kilomita ashirin daga garin Matankari. A cewar bayanai da aka tattara dangane da Sarauniya, asalin sunanta Mangu (ko Mangou da turancin Faransa). Ana tuna ta ne saboda jarumtar da ta gwada ita da al'ummarta wajen yakar 'Voulet-Chanoine'. a lokacin da daulolin Afirka ta Yamma da yawa suka mika wuya ga mamayar Faransa ba tare da yin wani yaƙi ba. Al'ummar Sarauniyan sun yaƙi sojojin mulkin mallaka waɗanda Kyaftin 'Voulet da Chanoine' suka jagoranta a cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 1899. Tarihin Rayuwarta Bayanan tarihin da suka shafi Sarauniyan ba su da yawa, kuma galibi suna da alaƙa da gwagwarmaya da 'Voulet-Chanoine'. an kuma haɗa su da abubuwan almara daga al'adun gatan Afirka. An rawaito abinda ya faru tsakanin fitattun mayaƙan Aznas da ginshiƙin da Kyaftin 'Voulet da Chanoine' suka jagoranta a cikin littafin da aka buga a cikin adanannun rubuce-rubuce da ɗaya daga cikin membobin wadannan sojojin Faransar wato Janar Joalland (Laftana a lokacin). Wannan sojan ya suffanta Sarauniya Mangu a matsayin wata tsohuwar matsafiya wadda ta yi musu barazanar tare wa Faransa hanya domin ganin Faransawa sun iso kusan garin nata, inda kuma ta tura musu da sakon cin mutunci da cewar ta yi alkawarin ba za ta bari su wuce ba; tare da nuna kasaitar mayakanta. A ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu, sojojin Faransa sun kusa isa shigar garin Lugu, inda mayaƙan Sarauniya suka fuskance su. A cewar acancen rubutun Joalland, Faransawa sun tarwatsa abokan hamayyarsu ba tare da wahala da wasu yan bindigogi kadan. Duk da haka, an tilasta wa sojojin Faransa yin yaƙi daga baya don su fatattaki 'mahalba da ke cikin daji inda suka samu mafaka, saboda sojojin Faransa sun yi zango a kusa. Sakamakon turjewar mayaƙan garin Lugu, al'amarin ya zama babbar asara ga Faransawan, wanda hakan ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutum huɗu, da raunuka shida da kuma asarar kusan harsashe dubu bakwai (7 000) Aznas sun nemi mafaka a cikin daji, 'yan makonnin baya haka, bayan tafiyar Faransawa, sun sake mallakar garin Lugu wanda sojojin mulkin mallaka suka ƙone kurmus. A cewar bayanan da aka samo, mayakan Sarauniya sun tafi da ita da karfi a lokacin yakin. A cewar labaran da ke yawo, Mangu ta yi yunƙurin kashe kanta ta hanyar jefa kanta cikin wuta, domin tsananin bakin-cikin rashin samun nasarar kare ƙabilarta, to sai dai an hanata yin hakan. Rahotanni sun nuna cewar bayan mutuwarta, wata itaciyar magarya ta tsiro saman kabarinta abinda a cewar wasu ke nuna rashin mutuwarta Sabanin Labarai Taskar labarai na Ma'aikatar Yaki ta Faransa ta nuna cewar mazauna garin Lugu sun nuna turjiya ga sojojin Faransa amma ba a ambaci rawar ganin da Sarauniya Mangu ta taka ba. Galibi al'adun gargajiyar ne suka sanya Sarauniyar shahara a wasu yankuna na ƙasar ta Nijar, suna martabar da ita saboda adawa da Faransa da kuma sihiri da ta iya. An sake ambaton Yaƙin Lugu a wani nassi daga littafin Le Grand capitaine (1976), labarin almara wanda 'Jacques-Francis Rolland' ya ba da shi kan ayyukan 'Voulet-Chanoine; marubucin ya gabatar da Sarauniya a matsayin wata "Sarauniyar-tsafi" wadda ke anfani da tsafi wajen jagorantar mayakanta da kuma sanya tsoro a cikin zuciyar sojojin Faransa. To sai dai Sarauniya Mangu tayi suna ne musamman daga shekarar 1980 sanadiyyar wani marubucin Nijar mai suna Mamani Abdoulaye wanda ya rubuta littafi sukutum(Sarraounia: Le drame de la reine magicienne) kan Sarauniya wadda tarinta yakasance wata almara da batada tabbas Mamami wanda ya ce ya yanke shawarar rubuta littafin nasa a matsayin martani ga 'Rolland', wanda ya kasance kamar raini a gare shi alamomi da gangan labari, An yi niyyar ba da tarihin Afirka na tarihin mulkin mallaka. Yayinda Joalland, mai shaida akan taron, yayi magana akan Sarauniya a matsayin tsohuwar mayya, Mamani ya bayyana ta a matsayin budurwa kuma kyakkyawar mace, kwatankwacin babban jarumin Amazon. ya sanya ma ta wata alama ta siyasa, yana ba ta jawabi tare da lafazin nuna wariyar launin fata. Adadin Sarauniya, wanda yake daɗaɗawa ta wannan labarin da aka kirkira, ya zama na baya-baya alama ce ta yaƙi da mulkin mallaka Ba a santa da yawa ba kafin shekarar 1980, ta zama, bisa ga sake shigar da adabi, wata alama ce ta alfarmar Afirka da juriya ta ƙasa, kuma daga baya ta shiga cikin littattafan makaranta a cikin Faransanci mai magana da Afirka Daga cikin wasu abubuwan, ita ce jarumar fim din da ta dace daga littafin Mamani, wanda (Med Hondo) ya jagoranta, kuma ta fito a cikin ayyukan kirkirarrun labarai. Nassoshi da Aka Buga Shaidu Paul Joalland (général), Le Drame de Dankori mission Voulet-Chanoine mission Joalland-Meynier, Paris, Nouvelles Éditions Argo (NEA), 1930, 256 p. Bibiliyo Gajerun Rubuce-Rubuce Elara Bertho, Sarraounia, une reine africaine entre histoire et mythe littéraire (Niger, 1899-2010) Genre Histoire [En ligne], 8 Printemps 2011, mis en ligne le consulté le URL http://genrehistoire.revues.org/1218 Aissata Sidikou, De l'oralité au roman Sarraounia ou la reine contre l'empire The Romanic Review, vol. 93, n° 4, Antoinette Tidjani Alou, Sarraounia et ses intertextes Identité, intertextualité et émergence littéraire Sud Langues, revue électronique internationale des sciences du langage, n° 5, http://www.sudlangues.sn/spip.php?article91 Ousamane Tandina, Sarraounia an epic Research in African Literature, vol. 24, n° 2, 1993, p. 13-23. Denise Brahimi et Anne Trevarthen, préf. de Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, Les femmes dans la littérature africaine portraits, Paris Abidjan Paris, Karthala Centre d'édition et de diffusion africaines (CEDA) Agence de la Francophonie-ACCT, 1998, 238 p., (Karthala) (CEDA) Nicole Moulin, Boubé Namaïwa, Marie-Françoise Roy, Bori Zamo, Lougou et Saraouniya, Paris, L'Harmattan Tarbiyya Tatali, 2017, 232 p., Adabi Abdoulaye Mamani, Sarraounia Le drame de la reine magicienne, L'Harmattan, coll. Encres Noires 1989, 160 p., (première édition 1980). Halima Hamdane (scénario), Isabelle Calin (dessin), Sarraounia la reine magicienne du Niger, Paris, Cauris, collection Lucy 2004, 24 p., (livre pour enfants) Hoton Bidiyo na zane Christophe Dabitch (scénario) et Nicolas Dumontheuil (dessins et couleurs), La Colonne, t. 1 Un esprit blanc, Paris, Futuropolis, 2013, 77 p. (ISBN 978-2-7548-0712-8, présentation en ligne). Christophe Dabitch (scénario) et Nicolas Dumontheuil (dessins et couleurs), La Colonne, t. 2 Exterminez-moi toutes ces brutes, Paris, Futuropolis, 2014, 87 p. (ISBN 978-2-7548-0887-3, présentation en ligne).

24852

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ousmane%20Demb%C3%A9l%C3%A9

Ousmane Dembélé

Masour Ousmane Dembélé (Furuci da faransanci: [masuʁ usman dɛmbele]. An haife shi a ranar (15), ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (1997), a Faransa sana'a kwallon da suka taka a matsayin gaba na La Liga kulob din Barcelona da kuma Faransa tawagar kasar. An haife shi a Vernon, Dembélé ya fara aikinsa a Rennes kafin ya koma Dortmund a shekara ta (2016), Ya ci DFB-Pokal tare da mutuwa Borussen a kakar shekarun( 2016Zuwa2017), inda ya ci kwallo a wasan karshe Bayan shekara guda, ya canza sheka zuwa Barcelona akan kudin farko na million (105 miliyan, ya zama lokacin haɗin gwiwa-na biyu mafi ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa mafi tsada tare da ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa Paul Pogba Dembélé daga baya ya lashe La Liga sau biyu da Copa del Rey a cikin raunin rauni a farkon kakar wasa a Spain. Bayan ya lashe kofuna( 20 ),kuma ya zura kwallaye biyar a matakin matasa, Dembélé ya fara bugawa Faransa wasa na farko a cikin shekara ta 2016), Ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar Faransa da ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta (2018), wanda kuma ke nunawa a UEFA Euro shekara ta (2020). Rayuwar farko da aiki An haifi Dembélé a Vernon, Eure, a Normandy. Mahaifiyarsa Yar asalin Faransa ce da Mauritaniya kuma da Senegal, yayin da mahaifinsa ya fito daga Kasar Mauritania. Ya ɗauki matakan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko a nearbyvreux kusa, da farko a ALM Évreux sannan a Évreux FC( 27 tsakanin shekarun (12 zuwa 13). Aikin kulob Rennes Dembélé ya fara buga wasansa na farko na ƙungiyar Rennes a cikin Championnat de France Amateur, a ranar( 6), ga watan Satumba na shekara ta(2014), yana zuwa a matsayin maye gurbin minti na (78), na Zana Allée. Ya kafa Alseny Kourouma da kyau don manufa ta biyu na nasarar gida (2-0), a kan ajiyar abokan hamayyar Breton Guingamp A ranar( 9), ga Nuwamba, ya ci kwallon sa ta farko, ya sake fitowa daga benci a wasa a Stade de la Piverdière, a wannan karon a kan ajiyar Laval. Ya ci kwallaye( 13), cikin wasanni (18) a kakar wasan sa ta farko, gami da hat-trick a ranar (16), ga watan Mayu shekara ta( 2015) a wasan da suka ci Hérouville( 6-1). A ranar( 6), ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta(2015), Dembélé ya fara zama ƙwararren ɗan wasa na ƙungiyar Rennes ta farko a Ligue( 1), da Angers, ya maye gurbin Kamil Grosicki na mintuna( 5), na ƙarshe na wasan.A ranar (22 ga watan Nuwamba, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Ligue( 1), ga ƙungiyar farko da Bordeaux, inda ya buga kunnen doki( 2 2), a Roazhon Park A ranar (9) ga watan Janairun shekara ta( 2016), Dembélé ya sake samun ragar Les Rouges et Noirs, kamar yadda suka fito daga( 0-), ƙasa don yin( 2-2), akan abokan hamayyar yankin Lorient a gida. A ranar( 6), ga watan Maris, ya zira kwallaye farko da Ligue( 1), kwallaye uku a wani( 4-), nasara a kan Nantes a Derby Breton Daraktan wasanni na Rennes Mikaël Silvestre ya kwatanta Dembélé da Cristiano Ronaldo, wanda ya gani ya isa Manchester United kusan shekara guda. Borussia Dortmund A ranar( 12 ga watan Mayu na shekara ta( 2016), Dembélé ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da kulob din Borussia Dortmund na Jamus, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar (1), ga Yuli. A ranar( 14 ga watan Agusta na shekara ta (2016), ya fara wasansa na farko a wasan da aka doke Bayern Munich da ci (2-0), a DFL-Supercup Ya ci kwallon sa ta farko don mutuwa Borussen a ranar( 20 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta( 2016), a wasan Bundesliga da VfL Wolfsburg, wanda Dortmund ta ci 5-1 a Volkswagen Arena A ranar( 22 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2016) ya zira kwallon farko a gasar zakarun Turai a rayuwarsa yayin da kulob din Jamus ya doke Legia Warsaw da ci (8 4) a taron rukuni. A ranar( 26 ga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017), Dembélé ya taimaka wa burin Aubameyang kuma ya zira ƙwallo a minti na (74 da Bayern Munich a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na DFB-Pokal, wanda ya taimaka wa Dortmund ta kai wasan ƙarshe na kofin. A wasan da aka yanke a ranar (27), ga watan Mayu, ya ci burin farko na cin nasara( 2-1), yayin da Dortmund ta lashe babban taken ta na farko a cikin shekaru biyar ta hanyar lashe Final DFB-Pokal na shekara ta(2017 da Eintracht Frankfurt Dembélé ya kasance mai suna Man of the Match Bayan ƙarshen kakar, Dembélé ya kasance mai suna Bundesliga Team of Season kuma ya ba da lambar yabo ta Rookie na Season Barcelona A ranar( 25), ga watan Agusta shekara ta( 2017) kungiyar La Liga ta Barcelona ta ba da sanarwar cewa sun cimma yarjejeniya don siyan Dembélé akan( 105 miliyan) tare da rahoton( 40 miliyan), add-ons. A ranar( 28), ga watan Agusta, ya yi gwajin lafiyarsa kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar, tare da sanya kudin sayan sa a 400 miliyan), Barcelona ta sayar da Neymar ga Paris Saint-Germain akan 222 miliyan), don haka yarjejeniyar tana nufin Dembélé ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi tsada (a cikin Yuro), tare da Paul Pogba. Rennes ta karɓi rahoton( 20 miliyan) daga Borussia Dortmund sakamakon siyarwa, da Évreux( 27), suma sun kasance daga cikin kuɗin. An ba shi riga mai lamba (11 wadda a baya Neymar ke rike da ita. Dembélé ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar( 9 ga Satumba a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Gerard Deulofeu a minti na( 68), a wasan da Derbi barceloní ta doke Espanyol da ci( 5-0), a Camp Nou, inda ya taimaka wa Luis Suárez ya zura kwallon karshe. A gasar farko da ya fara kwanaki takwas daga baya a Getafe, ya ji rauni a cinyarsa kuma ya yi jinyar watanni hudu. An ba shi cikakkiyar lafiya a ranar( 2) ga watan Janairu shekara ta( 2018) amma bayan makwanni biyu, ya sake ji wa kansa rauni a wasan da kungiyar Real Sociedad kuma ya yi jinyar har zuwa makwanni huɗu. A ranar (14), ga watan Maris, shekara ta (2018), Dembélé ya ci wa Barcelona kwallon sa ta farko, inda ya ci kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka ci (3-0 a gasar zakarun Turai zagaye na( 16), da Chelsea. A ranar( 17), ga watan Afrilu, ya ci wa Barcelona kwallonta ta farko a La Liga, inda ya zura kwallon farko a wasan da suka tashi( 2-2), da Celta Vigo A ranar (9), ga watan Mayu, Dembélé ya zira kwallaye biyu, wanda ke nuna alamar takalmin farko na wasansa na Blaugrana, a wasan da suka ci Villarreal (5-1), Dembélé ya lashe lambobin yabo na Copa del Rey da La Liga a kakar wasansa ta farko a Spain, inda dan wasan mai shekara (20), ya zura kwallaye hudu cikin wasanni( 24) da ya buga a dukkan gasa. Barcelonam Barcelona Aikin duniya An kira Dembélé zuwa babbar tawagar Faransa a karon farko don fafatawa da Italiya da Belarus a watan Agustan shekara ta( 2016), bayan Alexandre Lacazette da Nabil Fekir sun janye daga rauni. Ya fara wasan farko a ranar( 1), ga watan Satumba a kan a Stadio San Nicola, inda ya maye gurbin Antoine Griezmann na mintuna( 27), na karshe na wasan sada zumunta da ci( 3-1), da Italiya. A ranar (13), ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2017), Dembélé ya ci kwallon farko ta Faransa a wasan sada zumunta da suka doke Ingila da ci( 3-2). A ranar( 17), ga watan Mayu shekara ta( 2018), an gayyace shi zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan Faransa (23), don gasar kofin duniya ta 2018 a Rasha. A ranar (15), ga watan Yuli, ya kasance wanda ba a canza ba, yayin da Faransa ta doke Croatia( 4-2), a wasan karshe Salon wasa Dembele yana buga wasan gefe wanda zai iya wasa a kan ko dai flank, saboda da ikon amfani Dukan ƙafafunsa, da kuma amfani da wannan fasaha ikon, gudun, da kuma kalmomin sirri domin samun da abokan adawar ko kidan kare a daya-on-daya yanayi. Dembélé kuma na iya yin aiki azaman dan wasan tsakiya na gefen hagu ko na dama a cikin tsari na (4–4–2 ko 3-5–2), Ƙarshe na asibiti da ido don burin shima ya ba shi damar tura shi cikin wani mummunan aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba Dembélé kuma yana da babban inganci dangane da ikon harbi daga nesa. Sau da yawa magoya bayan kulob din suna kwatanta shi da tsohon dan wasan Barcelona Ronaldinho, saboda wasan kwale-kwale da wayo a kan kwallon, da kuma sauye-sauyen da yake yi da kuma amfani da fes-fes. Dembélé ya sami babban yabo daga tsohon kyaftin din ƙungiyar Andrés Iniesta saboda halayensa na canza wasa. Dembélé sananne ne ga iya amfani da ƙafa ɗaya; ƙwararren ɗan wasa, ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwarewar sa da ikon yin motsi mai zurfi yana ba shi damar yanke daga hagu ko dama don zira kwallaye ko ƙirƙirar damar ƙira ga abokan wasan sa. A kasar Faransa ne kuma mai kyau crosser na ball. Bugu da ƙari, karawarsa ta musamman ce yayin mallakar ta. Bugu da ƙari, hanzarinsa da kwazonsa na hankali ya sa ya zama babban barazanar barazana yayin kai hare -hare A watan Maris na shekara ta( 2019), shugaban Barcelona Josep Maria Bartomeu ya dage cewa Dembélé, "ya fi Neymar wanda a baya ya buga wa kulob din sa wasa. Rayuwar mutum Dembélé mai goyon bayan kulob din Leeds United ne na gasar Premier A watan Yuli na shekara ta( 2020), Dembélé ya shiga rigimar wariyar launin fata, lokacin da hotunan bidiyo na Dembélé tare da takwaransa Antoine Griezmann suka bazu ta yanar gizo, inda aka gan shi yana yin kalaman wariyar launin fata ga masu fasahar Asiya a ɗakin otel ɗin su. Kamar yadda masu fasaha suka bayyana suna warware matsalar gidan talabijin, Dembélé ya yi tsokaci kan Griezmann cikin Faransanci, yana mai cewa "Duk waɗannan munanan fuskoki, don kawai ku iya wasan PES, ba ku jin kunya?", Ci gaba da "Wane irin harshe na baya ne haka?" kafin zuƙowa yayin da ake dariya akan ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun masu fasaha, yana ambaton "Shin kun ci gaba da fasaha a ƙasarku ko?" Ƙididdigar sana'a Kulob Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Kasashen duniya Game da wasan da aka buga 2 Yuni 2021. Dalilai da sakamako sun lissafa yawan ƙwallon da Faransa ta zura a raga, shafin kasa na nuna maki bayan kowane burin Dembélé. Girmamawa Borussia Dortmund DFB-Pokal 2016–17 La Liga 2017–18, 2018–19 Copa del Rey 2017–18, 2020–21 Supercopa de España 2018 Faransa Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA 2018 Na kashin kai UNFP Ligue 1 Matashin Gwarzon Shekara 2015–16 UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month Maris 2016 Gasar UEFA Champions League XI: 2016 Rookie na Bundesliga na Lokacin: 2016–17 Kungiyar Bundesliga ta kakar: 2016–17 Sabon VDV na Lokacin: 2016-17 Umarni Knight na Legion of Honor 2018 Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

31858

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustapha%20Ishak%20Boushaki

Mustapha Ishak Boushaki

Mustapha Ishak Boushaki (Thenia,an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta alif dari da sittin da bakwai 1967) digiri ne na Ph.D. Aljeriya a ilmin taurari da fadada sararin samaniya. Boushaki kuma mai tallata binciken kimiyya ne. Ilimi An haifi Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki a kasar Aljeriya inda ya girma kuma ya kammala karatunsa na share fagen shiga jami'a a birnin Bouira. Ya koma Montreal a shekara ta 1987. A 1994, ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Computer Science a Jami'ar Quebec da ke Montreal sannan ya yi ƙarin digiri a fannin Physics daga Jami'ar Montreal a 1998. Daga nan ya halarci Jami'ar Queen's a Kingston inda a shekara ta 2003 ya kammala karatunsa na Ph.D. a cikin Gabaɗaya Dangantaka (ka'idar nauyi na Einstein) da ka'idar cosmology. Ayyukansa na digiri sun haɗa da yin nazari a kan abubuwan da ba su dace ba, wormholes, Madaidaicin mafita a gabaɗayan dangantakar abubuwa (kamar taurarin neutron), da kuma wata hanya ta dabam ga daidaitattun Einstein. Bayan kammala karatun digiri na biyu, Ishak-Boushaki ya fara aiki a matsayin abokin bincike a Jami'ar Princeton har zuwa daga baya ya shiga farfesa a Jami'ar Texas a Dallas a shekara ta 2005. Yayin da yake Jami'ar Texas a Dallas, ya kafa wata ƙungiya mai aiki. Masana kimiyyar sararin samaniya da masana ilmin taurari, kuma an ba shi kyautar Gwarzon Malami a cikin shekarun 2007 da 2018. Shi memba ne mai aiki na Haɗin gwiwar Kimiyyar Makamashi mai duhu: haɗin gwiwar Legacy Survey of Space da Time, kazalika da Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, duka biyu sadaukar don takura kaddarorin cosmic hanzari da duhu makamashi, kazalika da gwada da yanayin nauyi a ma'aunin sararin samaniya. Bincike da aiki Aikin Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki ya ƙunshi bincike a cikin batutuwa na asali da kuma sanadin haɓakar sararin samaniya da duhun kuzarin da ke tattare da shi, gwada dangantaka ta gabaɗaya a ma'aunin sararin samaniya, aikace-aikacen lensing na gravitational zuwa ilmin sararin samaniya, daidaitawar galaxies, da ƙirar sararin samaniya marasa daidaituwa. A cikin shekara ta 2005, Ishak-Boushaki da masu haɗin gwiwa sun ba da shawarar wata hanya don bambance tsakanin makamashi mai duhu da gyare-gyare zuwa alaƙar gabaɗaya a ma'aunin sararin samaniya a matsayin sanadin haɓakar sararin samaniya. Ra'ayin ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa haɓakawar sararin samaniya yana shafar duka haɓaka haɓaka da haɓakar manyan sifofi a cikin sararin samaniya. Dole ne waɗannan tasirin guda biyu su yi daidai da juna tun da sun dogara da ka'idar nauyi iri ɗaya. Littafin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya bambanta makamashi mai duhu da gyare-gyaren nauyi a matsayin sanadin haɓakar sararin samaniya, da kuma amfani da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin sigogin sararin samaniya don gwada ka'idar nauyi a ma'aunin sararin samaniya. Shi da masu haɗin gwiwa sun rubuta sai da jerin wallafe-wallafen kan gwajin alaƙa na gabaɗaya a ma'aunin sararin samaniya kuma aikin da ya yi kan batun ya sami karɓuwa ta hanyar gayyatar da aka yi masa don rubuta a cikin shekara ta 2018 labarin bita kan halin da ake ciki na bincike a fagen gwajin alaƙa gabaɗaya a cikin mujallar. Sharhin Rayuwa a Dangantaka. Ishak-Boushaki da masu haɗin gwiwa sun fara gano babban jeri na zahiri na nau'in galaxies na nau'in "ƙara mai ƙarfi --ɗaukar nauyi" ta amfani da samfurin galaxy spectroscopic daga Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Shi da masu haɗin gwiwa sun kuma fara gano waɗannan gyare-gyare na asali ta hanyar yin amfani da hanyar daidaita kansu a cikin samfurin galaxy photometric a cikin Binciken Digiri na Kilo. Boushaki da mai haɗin gwiwa sun rubuta labarin bita kan daidaitawar taurarin taurari da tasirinsa akan raƙuman ruwan tabarau na nauyi. Ishak-Boushaki da mai haɗin gwiwa sun ba da shawarar sabon ma'aunin lissafi na rashin daidaituwa tsakanin bayanan sararin samaniya da ake kira Index of Inconsistency (IOI) da kuma wani sabon fassarar Bayesian na matakin mahimmancin irin waɗannan matakan. Kyauta da karramawa 2021 An Zaɓe shi azaman Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 2021 Kyautar Kyautar Ma'aikatar Makamashi don DESI (Instrument Spectroscopic Makamashi) Haɗin gwiwa. 2021 Nagartar Shugaban Ƙasa a Kyautar Koyarwa a Jami'ar Texas a Dallas. 2020 Amincewa da Matsayin Maginin Gine-gine don Binciken Legacy na Sarari da Lokaci (LSST) Haɗin gwiwar Kimiyyar Makamashi Mai Duhu (DESC) (mambobi 26 sun san membobi sama da 1005 a cikin Yuli 2020). 2018 Kyautar Gwarzon Malami na Shekara daga Makarantar Kimiyyar Halitta da Lissafi. Jami'ar Texas a Dallas. 2013 Kyautar Bincike na Robert S. Hyer daga Sashen Texas na Ƙungiyar Physics ta Amurka. 2013 Takardar jarida da aka haskaka a Haruffa na Nazari na Jiki azaman shawarar Editoci kuma aka zaɓa don taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin Haskaka Bincike na Musamman a Gidan Yanar Gizon Physics na Ƙungiyar Jiki ta Amurka. "Ƙaƙƙarfan Ƙuntatawa daga Ci gaban Babban Tsarin Tsarin Gaggawa akan Bayyanar Haɗawa a cikin Samfuran Ƙwayoyin Halitta", Mustapha Ishak, Austin Peel, da M. A. Troxel. Physi. Rev. Lett. 111, 251302 (2013). 2007 Kyautar Gwarzon Malami na Shekara daga Makarantar Kimiyyar Halitta da Lissafi. Jami'ar Texas a Dallas. 2008 Takardar jarida da Babban Editan Gerardus 't Hooft (Laureate Nobel a Physics 1999) ya zaɓa don bayyana a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na 2008 na Gidauniyar Physics Journal. Taken labarin: Bayani akan ƙirƙira na tambayoyin makamashi na yau da kullun duhu. Mustapha Ishak. Mujallar ilimin lissafi, 37:1470-1498, 2007. 2002 Takardar Jarida ta Zabe ta Editorial Board of Classical and Quantum Gravity Journal a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da mujallar ta yi a 2002. Taken labarin: Interactive Geometric Database, Ciki da Daidaitaccen Magani na Einstein's Field Equations, Mustapha Ishak da Kayll Lake, Classical and Quantum Gravity 19, 505 (2002). Manazarta Mustapha Ishak Boushaki Haifaffun 1967 Kimiyya Iyalin Boushaki Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan%20shakatawa%20na%20Cross%20River

Gidan shakatawa na Cross River

Gidan shakatawa na Cross River wani wurin shaƙatawa ne na Najeriya, wanda ke cikin Jihar Cross River, Najeriya Akwai sassa biyu daban-daban, Okwangwo (wanda aka kafa a 1991) da Oban (wanda aka gina a 1988). Gidan shakatawa yana da jimlar yanki kusan 4,000 km2, mafi yawansu sun ƙunshi gandun daji masu zafi a yankunan Arewa da Tsakiya, tare da maras kyau a yankunan bakin teku. Sassan wurin shakatawa na yankin Guinea-Congolian ne, tare da rufe rufin da kuma warwatse bishiyoyi masu tasowa da suka kai mita 40 ko 50 a tsawo. Gidan shakatawa yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin gandun daji a Afirka, kuma an gano shi a matsayin wuri mai zafi na halittu. An rubuta nau'ikan dabbobi goma sha shida a cikin wurin shakatawa. Kayan da ba a saba gani ba sun haɗa da chimpanzees na yau da kullun, drills da (a Okwangwo) Cross River gorillas. Wani dabba mai suna, mangabey mai launin toka, da alama kwanan nan [yaushe?] ya ƙare a yankin. Dukkanin bangarorin biyu na wurin shakatawa suna fuskantar barazanar katako ba bisa ka'ida ba, yanka da ƙone noma da farauta. Yawon shakatawa na muhalli na iya tallafawa kokarin adana namun daji na wurin shakatawa. Taimaka wa mazauna ƙauyuka a cikin yankuna masu kariya don yin aikin gandun daji mai ɗorewa yana da alkawari. Tarihi An fara gabatar da wurin shakatawa a shekarar 1965, amma ba a fara shirin ba sai 1988. Asusun Duniya na Yanayi Burtaniya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa ga shirin kafa wurin shakatawa a cikin bangarori biyu da gonaki da kwarin Cross River suka raba, tare da kasafin kuɗi na dala miliyan 49.9. Shirin ya yi la'akari da mazauna ƙauyen da ke cikin yankin da ke cikin gudanar da wurin shakatawa kuma ana ba su taimakon ci gaba. An kafa Gidan shakatawa na Cross River (CRNP) ta hanyar Dokar Gwamnatin Ma'aikatar Tarayya a cikin 1991, tare da gorilla na Cross River da aka zaba a matsayin dabba mai taken. Ba a aiwatar da shirin asali ba, kuma wurin shakatawa da aka kafa a 1991 kawai ya haɗa da wuraren ajiyar gandun daji na yanzu. Bayan karamin taimako na farko, kudaden sun bushe kuma mazauna ƙauyen sun zama masu adawa da gwamnatin wurin shakatawa. Dokar gyare-gyare a cikin 1999 ta canza Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa ta Najeriya, wacce ke gudanar da wurin shakatawa, a cikin kayan aikin soja tare da karuwar iko. Ƙungiya Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa ta Najeriya wata hukuma ce ta Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Tarayya, Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane. Gidan shakatawa na Cross River yana karkashin jagorancin Darakta a karkashin jagorancin Kwamitin Gudanar da Gidan shakata. Gudanar da wurin shakatawa ya kafa tashar a Portugal a matsayin tushe don bincike da yawon shakatawa na muhalli. Babban Ofishin Butatong, wanda aka kafa tare da taimakon Tarayyar Turai da Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya suna ba da tushe ga masu tsaron da ke sintiri a bangarorin Okwa da Okwangwo na ƙungiyar Okwangwo. Gidan shakatawa yana da sassan huɗu: Tsaro da Tsaro, Yawon shakatawa na Muhalli, Injiniya da Kulawa na Gidan shakata, da Kudi da Gudanarwa. A cikin shekara ta 2010, 250 daga cikin ma'aikata 320 sun yi aiki a cikin Tsaro da Tsaro, galibi maza saboda tsananin aikin, wanda ke da tushe a tashoshin ranger goma sha biyu. Wannan lambar ba ta isa ba saboda girman yankin da za a yi sintiri. Duk da yunkurin horo, da yawa daga cikin masu tsaron ba su da ƙwarewa kuma ba su gamsu da albashi, kayan aiki, motsawa da damar aiki. Yankin Oban Hills Wurin da yake Yankin Oban Hills yana da 2,800 km2 a cikin yanki, yana tsakiya a kan daidaitattun 5.41667°N 8.58333°E 5. 41667; 8.58333. Rukunin yana da iyaka mai tsawo tare da Korup National Park a Jamhuriyar Kamaru, yana samar da yanki mai kariya guda ɗaya. Rukunin yana da ƙasa mai tsawo, yana tashi daga 100 m a cikin kwarin kogi zuwa sama da 1,000 m a cikin duwatsu. Ƙasa tana da matukar damuwa ga leaching da rushewa inda aka cire shi daga murfin shuka. Lokacin ruwan sama yana faruwa daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da 3,500mm. Yankin arewacin kogin Cross da masu goyon bayansa ne ke zubar da ruwa. Kogin Calabar, Kwa da Korup sun zubar da sassan kudancin. Biodiversity Rukunin galibi an rufe shi da gandun daji mai laushi. Nau'in bishiyoyi na al'ada sun haɗa da Musanga cecropioides, itacen corkwood na Afirka ko itacen laima, Irvingia gabonensis bush mango Berlinia confusa, Coula edulis, Hannoa klaineana, Klainedoxa gabonensis, mahogany na Afirka da jan ƙarfe. An gano kimanin nau'ikan shuke-shuke 1,568, daga cikinsu 77 suna cikin Najeriya. Wadannan sun hada da tsire-tsire masu fure 1,303, lichens 141 da nau'in moss 56. Torben Larsen ya tattara kusan nau'in malam buɗe ido 600 a cikin ƙungiyar Oban a cikin 1995, kuma ya kiyasta cewa akwai yiwuwar nau'in 950 a cikin rukuni. Kodayake ba a bincika wurin shakatawa sosai ba, an rubuta nau'in tsuntsaye sama da 350. Yana daya daga cikin sassa biyu na Najeriya inda aka sami greenbul na Xavier. Sauran nau'o'in da ba a saba gani ba a Najeriya sun hada da bat hawk, Cassin's hawk-eagle, crested guineafowl, gray-throated rail, olive long-tailed cuckoo, bare-cheeked trogon, lyre-tailed honeyguide, green-backed bulbul, grey-throed tit-flycatcher da Rachel's malimbe. An ƙidaya nau'in maciji 42. Akwai akalla nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 75, gami da buffalo na Afirka, giwaye na gandun daji na Afirka da ke cikin haɗari, chimpanzee na yau da kullun, Preuss's red colobus da Sclater's guenon da kuma drill mai haɗari sosai. Rukunin na iya ƙunsar chimpanzees 400, kodayake ba a gudanar da bincike ba. Damuwa Dajin ya kasance ba a taɓa shi ba a cikin yankunan da ba su da sauƙin isa, amma a gefen gefen aikin ɗan adam ya shafa shi sosai. A wasu wurare, sake girma na biyu ya faru, amma wasu yankuna suna dauke da shuke-shuke na man dabino da roba. Kashe katako ba bisa ka'ida ba babbar barazana ce, kuma tana ƙaruwa. Yawan ƙauyuka a cikin yankin shinge yana ƙaruwa, kuma manoma suna fara shiga. Matakan farauta, kamun kifi da noma na ɗan lokaci suna ƙaruwa, kuma suna lalata yanayin halittu. Chemicals da aka yi amfani da su don kamun kifi sun shafi tarin kifi. An gwada hanyar da za ta shafi al'ummomin cikin gida wajen gudanar da gandun daji a cikin yankunan da ke cikin yankuna tare da wasu nasarori a cikin tsoffin da sabbin ƙauyukan Ekuri a arewa maso yammacin yankin Oban. Mazauna ƙauyen suna da haƙƙin kusan 250 km2 na ƙasar gandun daji, kuma suna rayuwa ta hanyar aikin gona da siyar da kayayyakin gandun daji masu daraja, gami da nama na nau'in da ke cikin haɗari kamar chimpanzee da drill. An kafa aikin gandun daji na Ekuri tare da taimakon jami'an wurin shakatawa da masu ba da gudummawa na kasashen waje don inganta gudanar da gandun daji da samun damar kasuwanni. Tare da horo da tallafin kuɗi, mazauna ƙauyen sun kafa hanyoyin girbi gandun daji ta hanyar da za ta ɗorewa, kuma yanzu suna da sha'awar kiyaye shi. Wannan ya bambanta da mummunan tasirin da ake gani lokacin da kamfanonin katako na waje ko shuka suka shiga wani yanki kamar wannan. Yankin Okwangwo Wurin da yake Yankin Okwangwo yana tsakiyar a kan daidaitattun 6.28333°N 9.23333°E 6. 28333; 9.23333. Ya ƙunshi tsohuwar Boshi, Okwangwo da Boshi Extension Forest Reserves. Rukunin yana da yanki na kimanin 920 km2 a tsawo na 150 1,700m sama da matakin teku. An raba shi daga yankin Oban zuwa kudu da kusan kilomita 50 na gandun daji mai cike da damuwa. Yana kwance kudu maso yammacin Obudu Plateau kuma nan da nan zuwa gabashin Ajiyar dazuzzukan Kogin Afi, wanda aka raba shi daga wannan ajiyar ta Dutsen Mbe Community Forest. Gidan ajiyar daji na Takamanda a Jamhuriyar Kamaru yana da iyaka tare da ƙungiyar Okwangwo zuwa gabas. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008 an inganta Takamanda zuwa wurin shakatawa na kasa ta hanyar aikin hadin gwiwa tare da Kungiyar Kula da Kayan Kayan Kudancin da Gwamnatin Kamaru, tare da kariya ga gorilla na Cross River mai haɗari babban burin. Gidan shakatawa na Takamanda na 676 km2 zai kuma taimaka wajen kiyaye giwaye na gandun daji, chimpanzees, da drills. Ƙasa tana da tsaunuka, tare da tsaunukan duwatsu da tsaun-tsire. Manyan maki suna cikin Dutsen Sankwala a arewa (1,700 m) da kuma Dutsen Mbe a kudu maso yamma (1,000 m). Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na iya zama kusan 4,280 mm, galibi yana fadowa a lokacin rigar tsakanin Maris da Nuwamba. Kogin Oyi, Bemi da Okon, masu ba da gudummawa ga Kogin Cross, sun zubar da wannan rarrabuwa. An rufe tsaunuka masu tsawo a cikin tsaunuka, tare da gandun daji a cikin kwari. Ƙananan ƙasa, rabuwa ta rufe da gandun daji masu laushi, tare da yankunan savanna inda mutane suka lalata gandun daji. Ƙasa a cikin tsaunuka da yankunan da ke ƙasa suna da haɗari ga rushewa da leaching lokacin da aka cire su daga shuke-shuke. Biodiversity Yankin Okwangwo yana da tsire-tsire daban-daban, tare da kimanin nau'in 1,545 da ke wakiltar iyalai 98 da aka rubuta. Wasu daga cikin wadannan nau'o'in suna cikin yankin. Sauran ba a san su ba har zuwa kwanan nan. [yaushe?] Fiye da nau'ikan tsuntsaye 280 an rubuta su, gami da tsuntsayen dutse masu launin toka, wanda ke haifuwa a cikin tsaunukan Mbe da greenbul na zinariya, wanda ba shi da yawa a Najeriya. Tsuntsu mai launin toka yana kusa da barazana. Gidan shakatawa yana da kusan kashi 78% na nau'in dabbobi da ake samu a Najeriya, gami da chimpanzee na yau da kullun da gorilla na yamma, da guenon na Sclater mai haɗari, biri da drill na Preuss, wanda ke zaune a cikin waɗannan yankunan wurin shakatawa. Sauran manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun haɗa da giwayen gandun daji na Afirka da ke cikin haɗari da kuma buffalo na Afirka. Rukunin na iya ƙunsar chimpanzees 200, kodayake ba a gudanar da bincike ba. Gidan gorilla ya kunshi tsaka-tsaki, tsaunuka da kuma wuraren savannah da aka samo a cikin wani hadaddun tsaunuka masu tsawo tare da kwari masu tsawo, tare da tsaunuka waɗanda suka tashi har zuwa 2,000m. Babban tushe ga gorillas shine Dutsen Mbe, tare da yawan mutane 30 zuwa 40, ba a riga an haɗa su a cikin wurin shakatawa ba. A shekara ta 2003 an yi tunanin cewa Boshi Extension Forest a arewacin rarrabuwa da Okwa da Ononyi Hills a kudu sun kasance tare da mutane 50-60, gabaɗaya suna zaune a cikin ƙananan mutane kuma sabili da haka suna cikin haɗarin haɗarin kwayar halitta. Gorillas ma suna da rauni ga farauta, amma gabaɗaya mutanen Boki na yankin sun fi son karamin wasa. Koyaya, a lokacin 1990-1998, watakila mafarauta sun kashe gorillas biyu a kowace shekara. Damuwa Akwai kimanin ƙauyuka 66 a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da wurin shakatawa, tare da mazauna ƙauyen da ke dogara da wurin shakata don rayuwarsu. Tare da karuwar yawan mutane, ana rasa gandun daji don aikin gona da konewa da kuma katako ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wasu masunta suna amfani da sunadarai (gamalin 20, herbicide) don kashe kifin. An yi tunanin cewa an kawar da nau'o'i uku na primate. Kashe katako, bisa doka da ba bisa ka'ida ba, a cikin yankin da kuma wurin shakatawa da kansa sun haifar da asarar mazauni, kuma hanyoyin katako sun buɗe gandun daji ga masu farauta. Snares da aka saita don kama ƙananan dabbobi suna haifar da rauni ga manyan jinsuna. Makiyaya Fulani sun shiga cikin ajiyar don kiwon shanu tare da Bushi-Ranch axis. Akwai ci gaba da farautar giwaye a kan iyaka tsakanin Najeriya da Kamaru. Babban burin katako ba bisa ka'ida ba shine Carpolobia, Garcinia da ebony, dazuzzuka da ba su da yawa a waje da wurin shakatawa. 'Yan sanda sun yi ƙoƙari su hana waɗannan ayyukan, amma suna da nakasa saboda rashin kuɗi. mallakar ƙasa a yankin ya kasance tare da ikon ƙasa, wanda dole ne ya sami izinin al'umma don canja wurin ƙasa. Mutanen yankin, tare da dalili, suna da shakku game da alkawuran gwamnati cewa za su sami taimakon tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci don musayar barin ƙasarsu, kuma a maimakon haka suna buƙatar biyan kuɗi mai yawa. Wannan ya yi takaici da kokarin da za a yi na hada da Afi River Forest da Mbe Mountains Community Forest a cikin wurin shakatawa, yana hana ingantaccen kokarin kiyayewa. Shirye-shiryen da za a kafa aikin gona na baya na nau'in nama na daji sun ci nasara a wasu sassan jihar, tare da mazauna ƙauyen da ke kiwon zomo, kaji, duikers, porcupines, beraye, giant rats, pythons, crocodiles da snails. A cikin waɗannan yankuna, farauta da farautar nama na daji sun ragu sosai. Hanyar tana da alkawari ga yankin da ke kewaye da wurin shakatawa. Sauran hanyoyin kare nau'in da ke cikin haɗari sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar hanyoyin ko hanyoyin muhalli, karkatar da babbar hanya da inganta aikin 'yan sanda. Dukkanin zai kasance mai tsada kuma ya dogara da jami'an gwamnati masu himma a jihohi da matakan tarayya. Halin yawon bude ido Gwamnatin Tarayya tana neman masu saka hannun jari don bunkasa damar yawon shakatawa na muhalli a cikin wannan da sauran wuraren shakatawa na kasa. An ba wurin shakatawa taken "The Pride Of Nigeria". Garin yawon bude ido, kimanin sa'a daya daga Calabar, zai ba ba baƙi tushe daga inda za su kalli wurin shakatawa, tare da masauki, gidan cin abinci da gidan kayan gargajiya na namun daji. Ayyuka sun haɗa da kallon wasan, kallon tsuntsaye, bin diddigin gorilla, hawan dutse ko yawo, kamun kifi na wasanni, jirgin ruwa da lambun Botanical da Herbarium a Butatong. Abubuwan jan hankali sun haɗa da Kwa Falls, a cikin wani kunkuntar, mai tsawo kusa da maɓuɓɓugar Kogin Kwa. An ɓoye tafkin zurfi a ƙarƙashin faduwar ruwa a ƙarƙashin babban rufin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi kafin a sare daji. Agbokim ya fadi a kan Kogin Cross ya sauka a cikin kimanin 7 a kan dutse a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Akwai wani karamin lambun kiwon dabbobi da ke da nau'ikan dabbobi da ba a samu a Najeriya ba, wanda ya taimaka wajen ceton wasu nau'o'in da ba a saba gani ba daga halaka. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamsuddeen%20Usman

Shamsuddeen Usman

Department5Shamsuddeen Usman Department4Shamsuddeen Usman Shamsuddeen Usman, CON, OFR (an haifishi a ranar 18 ga watan Satumba shekarata 1949 a jihar Kano, Nigeria masanin tattalin arziƙin Najeriya ne, ma'aikacin banki kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban SUSMAN Associates, kamfanin tuntuba na tattalin arziki, kuɗi da gudanarwa wanda ke da hedikwata a Najeriya. Ya kuma kasance Ministan Kudi na Najeriya tsakanin watan Yuni shekarata 2007 da watan Janairu shekarata 2009 kuma ya kuma rike mukamin Ministan Tsare -Tsare na kasa daga watan Janairu shekarata 2009 zuwa watan Satumba shekarata 2013. Ya kuma kasance mai kula da Kulawa da Aiwatar da waɗannan tsare -tsaren Ci Gaban Ƙasa, Asusun Ƙaddamar da Ƙasashen Turai (EDF) Takardar Ƙasashen Ƙasa (CSP) da Shirin Nuna Ƙasa (NIP). A matsayinsa na Ministan Tsare -Tsare na kasa, shi ma yana kula da Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa, Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Ci Gaban da Cibiyar Nazarin Zamantakewa da Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya (NISER). Ya wakilci Najeriya a matsayin Gwamna a Hukumar Gudanarwar Bankin Duniya da Asusun Lamuni na Duniya. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya, Majalisar Tattalin Arzikin Kasa da Majalisar Kasa kan mallakar kadarori. Shi ne Minista na farko da ya fara bayyana kadarorinsa a bainar jama'a kafin ya fara aiki a matsayin jami'in gwamnati, lamarin da ake ganin alama ce ta nuna gaskiya da rikon amana a kasar da aka santa da yawan cin hanci da rashawa.. Bayan Fage An haifi Usman a unguwar Warure Quarters dake jihar Kano. Mahaifinsa, malamin addinin Islama, ya rasu yana ɗan shekara shida. Ya fara karatunsa a makarantar firamare ta Dandago. Bayan halartar makarantar sakandare a babbar Kwalejin Gwamnati Keffi da Kwalejin King, Legas, ya sami BSc. a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, Najeriya. Daga baya ya ci nasarar samun gurbin karatu na kasa don yin karatun MSc. da PhD a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa ta London tsakanin shekarar 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. Digirinsa na PhD ya kasance kan "Tallafin Haraji da Zuba Jari a Masana'antar Mai ta Najeriya". A cikin shekaru biyu na farko a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar koyarwa a aji na ƙarshe a cikin Kudin Jama'a Farkon aiki Daga shekarar 1974 zuwa shekarar 1976, Usman ya yi aiki a matsayin Jami’in Tsare -tsare na Ma’aikatar Tsare -Tsare ta Jihar Kano. Ya koyar da Nazarin Tattalin Arziki da Kudin Jama'a a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Jami'ar Bayero Kano da Jami'ar Jos tsakanin shekarar 1976 zuwa shekarar 1981. Ya kasance mai kula da Bankin Raya Masana'antu na Najeriya (NIDB) sannan ya zama Daraktan Kasafin Kudi/Mai Ba da Shawara kan Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnatin Jihar Kano tsakanin shekarar 1981 zuwa shekarar 1983. Daga nan aka naɗa shi Babban Manaja na Bankin NAL Merchant (a halin yanzu Bankin Sterling Tasirin Keɓantarwa da Kasuwanci a Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya Daga shekarar 1989 zuwa shekarar 1991 Usman yayi aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta janar na Kwamitin Fasaha kan Keɓancewa da Sadarwa, wanda yanzu shine Ofishin Kamfanonin Jama'a. Ya kasance da alhakin Phase I na shirin tare da umarni zuwa kyautatuwa da jama'a Enterprises, a matsayin na game da m bangaren na kasa da kasa Asusun bada lamuni -led Tsarin gyara Shirin (SAP), wanda aka fara a shekara ta 1986. A karkashin kulawar sa, kusan kamfanoni 88 na gwamnati ko dai an cika su ko kuma an raba su ba tare da taimakon fasaha na kasashen waje ba. Shirin ya yi nasarar yayewa gwamnati babban ɗimbin kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗen tallafa wa kamfanonin gwamnati, ta rage girman ikon sarrafa gwamnati ta hanyar sake fasalin matsayin ma'aikatun da ke sa ido, ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin masu hannun jari da zurfafa da faɗaɗa Babban Birnin Najeriya. Kasuwa zuwa matsayin kasancewa mafi ci gaba a cikin baƙar fata na Afirka. Babban darajar kasuwar hada -hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya (NSE) inda aka sayar da hannayen jarin ya karu daga N8.9 biliyoyin a shekarar 1987 (kafin mallakar gwamnati) zuwa N65.5 biliyan a 1994 (bayan Phase-I). Ba za a iya ƙara jaddada tasirin tasirin hannun jarin da aka saki a kasuwa ba ta hanyar gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci, TCPC ta zama Ofishin Kamfanonin Jama'a (BPE) na yanzu a 1993. Mataki na-I na pravatisation gaba ɗaya ya haifar da ingantaccen Ayyuka na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da haɓaka ƙimar harajin kamfanoni wanda ya hau kan baitul malin ƙasa, tsakanin sauran fa'idodi da yawa. An sayar da hannun jari da kadarori sama da N3.7 biliyan kamar yadda aka samu halattacciyar kasuwanci daga cinikin kamfanoni 55 wanda jarin jarinsu na asali bisa ga bayanan Ma'aikatar Inshorar Kuɗi (MOFI) ya kai N652. miliyan. Wannan yana wakiltar kasa da kashi 2% na jimlar darajar jarin Gwamnatin Tarayya kamar a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1990 wanda ya kai N36 biliyan. Siyarwa ta musamman ta faɗaɗa ikon mallakar hannun jari a Najeriya. Ta hanyar rage dogaro da kamfanonin gwamnati ga gwamnati don samun kuɗaɗe, shirin mallakar kamfanoni ya ƙarfafa sabbin saka hannun jari a kamfanoni da sassan da abin ya shafa. Sabuwar ikon cin gashin kai na waɗannan kamfanoni da 'yantar da su daga katsalandan na siyasa a cikin gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullun ya kuma inganta ingancin ayyukan waɗannan kamfanonin da ke ba su damar kasuwanci da ayyukansu, ɗaukar samfuran kasuwancin kamfanoni masu inganci da ingantattun hanyoyin aiki. Raba hannun jarin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ya taimaka matuka wajen bunƙasa bunƙasar Babban Kasuwar Najeriya kuma ya taimaka wajen zurfafa da faɗaɗa shi. Banki An fara farautar Usman don zama babban darakta na Bankin United Bank for Africa mai kula da Bankin Duniya da Zuba Jari a 1992. Wannan ya haɗa da kula da reshen New York kai tsaye. Bayan haka, Union Bank of Nigeria ya nada shi a 1993 a matsayin babban darakta kuma shugaban Bankin Kamfanoni da Banki na Duniya. Lokacinsa a Union Bank bai daɗe ba yayin da NAL Merchant Bank ya ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin manajan darakta da babban jami'i a 1994, mukamin da ya riƙe sama da shekaru biyar. Ya kuma kasance mamba a kwamitin hangen nesa na 2010 A dawowar mulkin dimokradiyya a Najeriya a 1999, an nada shi a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN) mai kula da Manufofin Kudi da Banki na cikin gida, wanda daga baya aka sanya masa suna Kula da Bangaren Kudi. Shi ne kuma ke da alhakin jagorantar Project Eagles, shirin kawo sauyi na CBN, wanda ke da alhakin sauya kungiyar zuwa daya daga cikin cibiyoyi masu inganci, masu inganci da manufa a Najeriya. Daga Janairu 2004 zuwa Yuni 2007 ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamna mai kula da Daraktocin Ayyuka da ke kula da Daraktocin Ayyuka. Daga 2005, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba sannan kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Tsaro na Kamfanin Tsaro na Najeriya (NSPMC) wanda aka fi sani da "Mint". A cikin wannan rawar, ya kula da gabatar da bayanan N500 da N1000 da sake tsara Mint ɗin zuwa kamfani mafi riba tare da ingantaccen aiki. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kasuwar Hannayen Jari ta Abuja, Bankin Fitar da Shigo da Kayayyaki na Najeriya (NEXIM) da Cibiyar Horar da Cibiyoyin Kudi. Ya kuma kasance memba na Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya (NES) kuma ya taba zama Shugaban Kungiyar tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1987. Ya kuma kasance mamba a kwamitin hukumar raya tattalin arzikin Afirka da bankin shigo da kaya na Afirka Aikin minista An nada Usman a matsayin Ministan Kudin Najeriya daga May 2007 zuwa Janairu 2009. A cikin wannan rawar, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki kuma a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Ƙasa kan Keɓancewa Usman ya bullo da wani tsari na kasafin kudi na aiki kuma ya bi sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki daban-daban kamar rage matsakaicin lokacin Share tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Najeriya daga kusan watanni 2 zuwa kusan kwanaki 14 a lokacin mulkinsa; kara girma, amana da ingancin bangaren inshora tare da bin aiwatar da dokar Inshora; sokewa ba bisa ka’ida da rangwame ba wanda ya haifar da zubewar kudaden shiga sama da 2 biliyan; rage bashin da ake bin Najeriya a waje; da sauƙaƙe cajin kwastam da cajin babban birnin kasuwa ga masu aiki don haɓaka yanayi mai fa'ida kuma mara matsala don saka hannun jari a cikin tattalin arziƙi. UA lokutan da shugaban kasa Umaru Musa Yar'Adua ya gabatar da kasafin kudin gwamnati ga Majalisar kasa, Usman bai ji dadin kyakkyawar dangantaka da wasu 'yan Majalisar Dattawa da na Majalisar kamar su duka ba, a kowane lokaci lokacin shirye -shiryen kasafin kudin, suna matsa lamba don kara kashe kudaden gwamnati ba tare da son Usman ba, musamman yadda Al'umma ke fama da raguwar kudaden shigar mai. Usman ya yi ikirarin dalilin hakan shi ne cewa Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya ba shi da ikon ɗaukar wannan ƙarin kashe kuɗi, idan aka yi la’akari da tushen samun kudaden shiga da kuma don magance hauhawar farashin kaya da rage cin hanci da rashawa da aiwatar da ba daidai ba kamar yadda a cikin Wutar Lantarki a lokacin gwamnatin Obasanjo wannan ya kamata a kauce masa. Usman ya dora alhakin karancin aiwatar da kasafin kudin na 2008 wani bangare na jinkirin da Majalisar ta yi wajen amincewa da kasafin, sanarwar da 'yan Majalisar suka nuna rashin jin dadin ta. A cikin shirya kasafin 2007 (kasafin kuɗi), 2008 (ƙaddamarwa) da na 2009, Usman ya kuma gabatar da tsarin kasafin kuɗi wanda ya dogara da Tsarin Ci gaban Matsakaici sabanin ɓataccen kasafin kuɗi na shekara wanda ya nuna daidaituwa dangane da tsare -tsaren ci gaban ƙasa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, kamar yadda aka yi aikata a baya. Hakazalika ga Trevor Manuel, tsohon Ministan Kudi na Afirka ta Kudu, an nada Usman a matsayin minista/mataimakin shugaban kwamitin tsare -tsare na kasa na Najeriya kuma a matsayin shugaban Kwamitin Kula da Najeriya Vision 2020 a cikin Janairu 2009. A cikin wannan rawar, yana da alhakin Tsarin Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaban Al'umma ta hanyar tsara Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Mulki/Manufa na Zamani, Tsarin Kasa na Tsawon Lokaci Nigeria Vision 2020 da aiki tare da Ma'aikatar Kudi don saita gaba ɗaya Manufofin kasafin shekara-shekara (Tsarin gajeren lokaci). Sanusi Lamido Sanusi ya ambace shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutanen da suka yi babban tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya da gudummawar da suka bayar a wannan lokacin zai taimaka wajen rage koma bayan tattalin arzikin da ake ciki a yanzu. Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Shugaban Kasa kan rikicin kuɗi na duniya. Ministan tsare -tsare na kasa (Janairu 2009 zuwa Satumba 2013) A matsayin Ministan tsare -tsare na kasa, Usman: Ya ƙirƙiri daftarin Nigeria Vision 2020 tare da shigar da bayanai daga masu ruwa da tsaki iri -iri (misali Matasa, Jihohi, Mata, Injiniyoyi, Naƙasassu) Dabarun Ƙasa don Ci gaban Ƙididdiga wanda shine samar da bayanai don tsara ƙasa Ya samar da tsarin kasa wanda za a yi amfani da shi don kimanta ayyukan Ma’aikatu, Sashe da Hukumomi Kimanta ajandar mai maki 7 da sauran manufofin gwamnati Tsarin aiwatarwa na shekaru huɗu don daftarin Vision 2020 Tsarin kashe kudi na matsakaicin lokaci wanda aka dora kasafin kasa a kai Asusun Dukiyar Najeriya A shekarun baya kafin shekarar 2008, Najeriya ta ci gajiyar hauhawar farashin man fetur, wanda hakan ya ba gwamnati damar tara kudaden da suka wuce gona da iri da kuma kashe kudaden gwamnati. Duk da haka, Usman ya gano cewa farashin man volatility shirya kai sosai high kasada to girma a Najeriya ta mai dogara da tattalin arziki, da kuma irin tura domin kafa wani sarki dũkiya asusu, wanda zai yi aiki a dogon lokaci ceton gidauniya domin nan gaba da kuma a matsayin asusu na ci gaba don ayyukan zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi An yi niyyar yin kama da Asusun Fensho na Gwamnati na Norway A ka’ida, an tara kudaden shiga da suka wuce kima (watau, ainihin kudaden shiga da aka kasa samun kuɗaɗen shiga na kasafin kuɗi) a cikin asusun danyen mai, don hana ɗimbin tattalin arziƙi, kodayake kamar yadda babu wani tsarin doka don gudanar da asusu mai yawa-: Duk da haka kamar yadda babu doka tsari na asusun danyen mai kuma babu wani umarni da za a yi amfani da shi azaman tsararraki masu zuwa, kamar yadda Asusun Arziki Mai Girma ya zama dole don haɓaka inganci a cikin gudanar da ajiyar ƙasar. Ya kafa Kwamitin Fasaha na Shugaban Kasa kan Kafa Asusun Arzikin Masarautar Najeriya, wanda ya mika rahotonsa ga Majalisar Tattalin Arzikin Kasa da Shugaban kasa. Duk da haka, saboda canjin wurin aiki kai tsaye zuwa Ma'aikatar Tsare -Tsare na Kasa, bai sami damar sanya ido kan kafa Asusun Maɗaukakin Sarki kai tsaye ba. Binciken minista Bayan rusa majalisar ministocin da mukaddashin shugaban kasa na wancan lokacin, Goodluck Jonathan ya yi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2010, Usman yana daya daga cikin mutane tara da aka sake zaba don zama minista a sabuwar majalisar ministocin cikin jimillar arba'in da biyu. Hakan ya faru ne saboda rashin tsaka tsaki kan batutuwan siyasa da kyakkyawar alakar aiki da mukaddashin shugaban. Duk da haka, sake zabar Usman ba ‘yan jam’iyyar PDP reshen jihar Kano ba ne suka yi masa kallon mai kyau, saboda suna ganin Usman masanin fasaha ne ba dan siyasa ba, kuma a matsayin masu ruwa da tsaki na Jam’iyyar Dimokuraɗiyya ta Jama’a a Jihar Kano. Wannan ya haifar da roƙon siyasa daga ƙungiyoyin masu sha'awar don hana nadin nasa. A sakamakon haka, ya bayyana cewa Majalisar Dokoki ta jinkirta tantance shi kuma zuwa washegari, jaridun yankin suna ba da rahoton cewa an sauke shi daga mukamin Minista saboda muradun siyasa da ya saba wa nadinsa a matsayin Technocrat. Sai dai kuma, a safiyar wannan rahoton na jaridar, Usman shi ne na farko da Majalisar Dattawa ta tantance inda ya amsa tambayoyi iri -iri kan tattalin arziki, kuma ya amsa tambayoyi kan ayyukansa a matsayin Ministan Kudi da Tsare -Tsaren Kasa. A nan ne ya yi shahararrun maganganunsa kan yaƙe -yaƙensa da mafia na tattalin arziki a Najeriya waɗanda ke lalata ikon samar da kudaden shiga na gwamnati. Nayi kasa-kasa da kungiyoyin mafia da yawa; nayi kasa da kungiyan mafia ta ma'aikatar customs, nayi kasa da hargitsin ma'aikatar haraji ta wannan kasan wadanda suka kasance sune ke tsotse duka harajin kasan nan. Kowa ya san kungiyar dana kafa karkashin Senator Udoma ta ceto ma kasan nan biliyoyin kudade a naira. Nayi dauki ba dadi da kungiyar mafia ta hada hadan mai; I fafata da harkokin shige da fice na wannan kasan gaba daya saboda ina kokarin ganin an samu awa 48 na cikakken tantancewa Kyautatawa Usman shi ne shugaba kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Kano Peace and Development Initiative (KAPEDI), kungiyar 'yan asalin jihar Kano da ta damu da kokarin sake gina zaman lafiya da tattalin arzikin jihar Kano, musamman bayan rikicin addini a 2004. Ya kuma fara Gidauniyar Alheri, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta a unguwar Garangamawa da ke birnin Kano wanda ke ba da horon bunkasa ayyukan dan adam ga matasa tare da gudanar da wasu ayyukan alheri a jihar. Kyaututtuka Wannan Ministan na Shekara na 2007 Kyautar Bankin Vanguard: Icon na Banki Abokin girmamawa, Cibiyar Bankunan Najeriya (Charter Institute of Bank of Nigeria (CIBN) Shugabannin 50 na ThisDay Gobe (2004) Aboki, Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya Wuri na 3 wanda ya lashe Gasar John F. Kennedy Essay Competition (1969) Abokin aiki, Society for Corporate Governance Nigeria Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed

25737

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA%20%28video%20game%20industry%29

AAA (video game industry)

Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images A cikin masana'antar wasan bidiyo, AAA (lafazi kuma wani lokacin ana rubuta Triple-A rarrabuwa ce ta yau da kullun da aka yi amfani da ita don rarrabe wasannin da matsakaiciya ko babban mawallafi ya samar, wanda galibi ke da babban ci gaba da kasafin kuɗi fiye da sauran matakan wasanni. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2010, an yi amfani da kalmar "AAA+" don bayyana nau'in wasannin AAA waɗanda suka samar da ƙarin kudaden shiga akan lokaci, a cikin salo iri ɗaya don yawan wasannin kan layi da yawa, ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin -sabis-sabis kamar lokacin wucewa fakitin faɗaɗawa Hakanan an yi amfani da irin wannan ginin "III" (Triple-I) don bayyana manyan wasannin ƙima a cikin masana'antar wasan indie. Tarihi Kalmar "AAA" ta fara amfani da ita a ƙarshen shekara ta 1990s, lokacin da wasu ƙananan kamfanoni masu ci gaba suka fara amfani da magana a taron wasannin caca a Amurka. An aro kalmar daga ma'aunin haɗin gwiwar masana'antar bashi, inda sharuɗɗan "AAA" ke wakiltar mafi kyawun damar da za ta iya cimma burinsu na kuɗi. Daya daga cikin na farko video wasanni da za a samar a blockbuster ko AAA sikelin ya Squaresoft 's Final Fantasy VII (1997) wadda kudin kimanin. Wajen samar da, yin shi da mafi tsada video wasan taba samar up har sai, tare da unprecedented cinematic CGI samar dabi'u, movie -like gabatar, orchestral music, kuma m saje da gameplay da tsauri cinematic camerawork Yaƙin tallansa mai tsada shima ba a taɓa ganin irin sa ba don wasan bidiyo, tare da haɗin gwiwar samarwa da tallan tallan da aka kiyasta ya zama Bayanin kasafin kudin samarwarsa ya wuce na Sega AM2 's Shenmue (1999) wanda aka kiyasta ya kashe Ta ƙarni na bakwai na kayan wasan bidiyo (a ƙarshen shekara ta 2000s) ci gaban wasan AAA akan Xbox 360 ko PlayStation 3 consoles game yawanci ana kashewa a cikin ƙananan dubun miliyoyin daloli 15m zuwa 20m) don sabon wasa, tare da wasu jerin abubuwan. samun maɗaukakin kasafin kuɗi mafi girma alal misali Halo 3 an kiyasta cewa yana da farashin ci gaba na 30m, da kasafin tallan 40m. A cewar wani whitepaper buga for EA wasanni (Dan Lido Turai) na bakwai tsara ga wani ƙanƙancewa a cikin yawan video wasan tasowa gidaje da samar da AAA matakin lakabi, Munã rage daga kimanin 125 zuwa kusa da 25, amma tare da wani wajen m fourfold karuwa a yawan ma'aikata da ake buƙata don haɓaka wasan. Takaddun Triple-A da aka samar a ƙarshen shekara ta 1990s da farkon shekara ta 2000s sun kawo sauyi zuwa ƙarin wasannin da ke haifar da labarai waɗanda suka haɗa abubuwan labarai da wasa. Tallace-tallacen kafofin watsa labarai na farko tun farkon shekaran1990 ya kawo abubuwa kamar cutcenes, kuma ci gaban da aka samu a cikin zane- zanen 3D na ainihi a tsakiyar shekaran 1990 ya ci gaba da fitar da sabbin hanyoyin gabatar da labarai; duka abubuwan an haɗa su cikin Final Fantasy VII Tare da manyan kasafin kuɗi, masu haɓakawa sun sami damar samun sabbin hanyoyin haɓaka don gabatar da labari azaman ɓangaren kai tsaye na wasan kwaikwayo maimakon shiga cikin abubuwan da aka riga aka yi, tare da Half-Life ɗaya daga cikin farkon waɗannan sabbin wasannin labarai don kusan kawar da yanke-yanke don fifita hanyoyin labarai na mu'amala. A lokacin ƙarni na bakwai, wasannin AAA (ko “blockbuster”) sun yi tallace-tallace a irin wannan matakin zuwa manyan fina-finai, tare da talabijin, allon talla da tallan jarida; Hakanan ana ganin dogaro mai ɗorewa akan jerin abubuwa, sake kunnawa, da kuma irin IP ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi, don rage haɗarin. Kudin da aka kashe a ƙarshen ƙarni ya haura ɗaruruwan miliyoyin daloli ƙimar da aka kiyasta na Babban Sata Auto V kusan 265m. Hakanan yanayin ya haifar da haɓaka yanayin wasan indie a ƙarshen ƙarshen bakan ci gaba, inda ƙananan farashi ya ba da damar ƙira da ɗaukar haɗari. A kusan lokacin sauyawa daga ƙarni na bakwai zuwa na ƙarfafawa, wasu sun ɗauki farashin haɓaka AAA a matsayin barazana ga zaman lafiyar masana'antar. Ma'aikata da farashi don wasannin ƙarni na takwas sun ƙaru; a Ubisoft, haɓaka wasan AAA ya ƙunshi mutane 400 zuwa 600 don buɗe wasannin duniya, rarrabuwa a wurare da yawa da ƙasashe. Rashin nasarar wasa guda don biyan kuɗin samarwa na iya haifar da gazawar ɗakin studio Iyayen Activision sun rufe Radical Entertainment duk da siyar da kimanin raka'a miliyan 1 akan na'ura wasan bidiyo a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci bayan sakin. Wasannin Triple-A kuma sun fara rasa keɓancewa da sabon abu; wani yanayi na yau da kullun shine kewayon masu harbi na "launin toka mai launin toka" wanda ya jawo shaharar Medal of Honor da Call of Duty jerin amma bai yi kaɗan ba don haɓaka haɓaka wasan. Daraktan wasan Ubisoft Alex Hutchinson ya bayyana samfurin ikon amfani da ikon mallakar AAA a matsayin mai cutarwa, yana mai cewa yana tunanin hakan ya haifar da ko dai ƙungiyar mayar da hankali -samfuran da aka gwada da nufin haɓaka riba, da/ko turawa zuwa ga mafi girman amincin zane da tasiri a farashi mai zurfi ko wasa. Ƙuntataccen haɗarin haɗari a fagen AAA da tsayar da sabbin dabarun wasan ya haifar da haɓakar wasannin indie a farkon shekara ta 2010, waɗanda ake ganin sun fi gwaji. Wannan kuma ya haifar da ƙirƙirar kasuwar "AA" a cikin masana'antar, manyan ɗakunan studio waɗanda ba su kan sikelin masu haɓaka AAA ba amma suna da ƙarin ƙwarewa, kuɗi, da sauran abubuwan da za su sa su bambanta da ƙaramin ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da ɗakunan studio na indie. Sharuɗɗan da ke da alaƙa AAA+ NA cikin amfani gabaɗaya, kalmar AAA+ Triple-A-Plus na iya nufin wani juzu'i na wasannin AAA waɗanda suka fi siyarwa ko suna da ƙimar samarwa mafi girma. Koyaya, akwai aƙalla ma'anoni guda biyu na musamman. Na farko ya bayyana wasannin AAA tare da ƙarin hanyoyin samar da kudaden shiga, gabaɗaya ta hanyar siye ban da farashin wasan gindi. Sha'awar riba ya sa wallafa a look at madadin kudaden shiga model, inda 'yan wasa ci gaba da ba da gudummawa kudaden shiga bayan da farko saya ba, ko dai ta hanyar premium model, DLC, online kafa, da kuma sauran siffofin biyan. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2010s manyan masu shela sun fara mai da hankali kan wasannin da aka ƙera don samun dogon wutsiya dangane da samun kuɗi daga masu amfani da mutum, kwatankwacin yadda wasannin MMO ke samar da kuɗi waɗannan sun haɗa da waɗanda ke da faɗaɗawa ko abubuwan wucewa na yanayi kamar su Kaddara, Filin Yaƙi, da jerin Kira na Layi da waɗanda ke haifar da kudaden shiga daga siyar da abubuwan cikin-wasa, wani lokacin kayan kwalliya kawai, kamar Overwatch ko League of Legends Wani lokaci ana kiran taken wannan nau'in a matsayin "AAA+". A cikin shekara ta 2016, Gameindustry.biz ya bayyana wasannin AAA+ a matsayin samfuran da ke "haɗa ƙimar samarwa na AAA da kayan kwalliya tare da Software azaman Sabis (SaaS) don ci gaba da kasancewa 'yan wasa cikin watanni ko ma shekaru". AA (Biyu-A) Wasannin "AA" ko Double-A wasannin bidiyo ne na tsakiyar kasuwa waɗanda galibi suna da wani nau'in ci gaban ƙwararru kodayake yawanci a waje da manyan ɗakunan shirye-shirye na farko na manyan masu haɓakawa; waɗannan na iya kasancewa daga manyan ƙungiyoyin masu haɓaka indie ban da manyan ɗakunan da ba indie ba. Doubleauki biyu-A suna ɗaukar nauyin mutane 50 zuwa 100 a girma. Studio mai haɓaka biyu-A yawanci mai tallafawa zai goyi bayansa amma ba ainihin ɓangaren wannan mai bugawa ba, don haka yana da ɗan ƙarin 'yanci don ƙira da gwaji idan aka kwatanta da ɗakunan studio-A guda uku, kodayake har yanzu za a ƙuntata shi ta takamaiman maƙasudi masu iyakance haɗari da manufofi daga tushen kuɗin su. Wasannin Biyu-A kan yi farashi idan aka kwatanta da (har zuwa shekara ta 2021) ana ƙimar wasannin sau uku-A a. Misalan wasannin da ake ganin sunaye biyu-A sun haɗa da Filin Wasan PlayerUnknown, DayZ (babban wasa a cikin nau'in wasan tsira da Tsakanin Mu An yi amfani da III Triple-I don nufin wasannin da aka ba da kuɗi ("indie") da suka dace da matakin inganci kwatankwacinsu a filin su; watau, wasannin indie waɗanda ke da babban kasafin kuɗi, iyaka, da buri; sau da yawa ƙungiyar haɓakawa ta haɗa da ma'aikatan da ke da ƙwarewar aiki akan cikakkun taken AAA. Misalan wasannin III sun haɗa da Magabata: The Adamkind Odyssey, Hellblade: Hadayar Senua, da Shaidu AAAA Farawa daga shekara ta 2020 har zuwa ƙaddamar da PS5 da Xbox Series X, ɗakunan studio guda biyu sun fara amfani da kalmar AAAA Quadruple-A don bayyana wasannin da ke zuwa a cikin ci gaba. Studio ɗin Microsoft, The Initiative, yana aiki akan taken sa na farko da ba a sanar da shi ba don Xbox wanda aka bayyana kansa a matsayin wasan AAAA, yayin da Ubisoft ya sanar da Beyond Good and Evil 2 da Skull &amp; Kasusuwa duka wasannin AAAA ne. Duk da sanarwar, babu wata ma'anar da aka amince da ita don kalmar AAAA ko abin da ta ƙunsa. Olivia Harris na ScreenRant ya lura a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2020 cewa "[t] lokacin AAAA yana yawo a cikin 'yan watannin nan akan layi, amma masana'antar wasan ba ta karɓe shi ba," ya kara da cewa "abin da sunan AAAA har ma yana nufin shine har yanzu ba a sani ba, saboda har yanzu babu abin da zai hau sama da ikon taken AAA. Tare da ƙarni na gaba na masu ta'azantar da sakewa daga baya a wannan shekarar, wataƙila wannan sabon matakin fasaha zai haifar da sabon wasan wasanni fiye da matsayin masana'antar kamar yadda yake a halin yanzu, ko kuma wataƙila ita ce sabuwar ƙaƙƙarfan kuzarin da aka haɗa har zuwa Taimaka wasannin su fice a fagen gasa mai ban mamaki. Sauran sharuddan Masana'antar wasan bidiyo na wasan bidiyo ba ta da kwatankwacin fim ɗin B, wanda aka yi don TV, ko yanayin kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo. Koyaya, taken kamar Mutuwar Tsara da Binary Domain an yiwa lakabi da "Wasannin B" saboda haɓaka bin al'adun gargajiya ko kuma samun babban yabo mai mahimmanci duk da lamuran da aka amince da su, tare da masu sukar sau da yawa suna lura cewa irin wannan burin na wasan a fuskar iyakokin kasafin kuɗi yana ƙara ga fara'a na wasan (halin da aka saba da shi tsakanin fina -finan B) Wasanni irin wannan su ne banda kuma, lokacin da ba a karɓe su sosai ba, galibi ana kiransu lakabin "ciniki mai ciniki Hakanan an yi amfani da kalmar shovelware don bayyana wasannin da aka yi da sauri ba tare da kulawa sosai ga ingancin samfurin don yin siyar da sauƙi ga masu siye ba, a matsayin kwatancen kayan shebur a kan tari. Haɗin wasan bidiyo mai lasisi don fina-finai galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin shebur, alal misali. Duba kuma Nintendo Seal of Quality Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20Dan%20Adam%20a%20Kasar%20Djibouti

Hakkin Dan Adam a Kasar Djibouti

Batun 'yancin ɗan adam a Djibouti, ƙaramar ƙasa da ke cikin yankin kahon Afirka, wani lamari ne da ke damun ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da dama. Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka game da Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na 2019 ya nuna cewa muhimman batutuwan da suka shafi 'yancin ɗan adam na Djibouti sun haɗa da: kisan gilla da jami'an gwamnati suka yi ba bisa ka'ida ba; tsarewar jami'an gwamnati ba bisa ka'ida ba; yanayin gidan yari mai tsanani da barazanar rai; tsangwama na sabani ko ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da keɓantawa; kame ko gurfanar da 'yan jarida ba tare da hakki ba; Laifin laifi; babban tsangwama ga haƙƙin taron lumana da ƴancin ƙungiyoyi; manyan ayyuka na cin hanci da rashawa; da cin zarafin mata da 'yan mata tare da rashin isassun matakan gwamnati don gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya da hukunta su, gami da yi wa mata kaciya. Ta kuma bayyana cewa rashin hukunta shi matsala ce, inda ba kasafai gwamnati ke daukar matakan ganowa tare da hukunta jami’an da suka aikata munanan laifuka, walau a jami’an tsaro ko kuma a wasu wurare a cikin gwamnati. Tarihi (1977-2006) da yanayin siyasa A shekarar 1977 ne Djibouti ta samu 'yancin kai daga Faransa, bayan da kashi 98.8% na al'ummar kasar suka kada kuri'ar raba gardama a zaben raba gardama Hassan Gouled Aptidon ya zama shugaban kasa kuma an ayyana jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa, the People's Rally for Progress, a matsayin jam'iyyar doka tilo a shekarar 1981. Ta kasance tana da iko tun daga lokacin, karkashin Aptidon har zuwa shekarar 1999, da Isma'il Omar Guelleh daga baya. Mai zuwa shine ginshiƙi na ƙimar Djibouti tun shekarar 1977 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". 1 Gwamnatin Aptidon (1977-1999) Da'awar tsare siyasa da azabtarwa sun fara kusan nan da nan bayan 'yancin kai. A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1977, an kama wasu magoya bayan jam'iyyar adawa Mouvement populaire de liberation goma sha bakwai tare da azabtar da su. A cikin 1978, ɗalibai goma sha biyar, waɗanda suka ziyarci karatunsu a ƙasashen waje a Paris, an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin watanni a kurkuku kuma an ba da rahoton azabtarwa saboda labaran da ƙungiyar ɗalibansu ta rubuta a Faransa. Bayan wani hari da makami a shekarar 1979 a Randa, an tsare 'yan Afara sittin kuma akalla daya ya mutu sakamakon azabtarwa. An yi iƙirarin cewa an kama da yawa saboda kasancewarsu na ƙungiyar Mouvement populaire de liberation. Bayan wani yunkurin kisan gilla da aka yi wa Daraktan Tsaro a watan Yunin 1979 (wanda Amnesty International ta ce ana shakkar gaskiyarsa), an tsare da azabtar da masu adawa da siyasa tara, ciki har da mataimakan majalisa biyu. Daya daga cikin wadannan Mohamed Houmed Mohamed ya taba gabatar da jawabin majalisar dokokin kasar inda ya yi tir da yadda gwamnati ke azabtar da mutane. A cikin watan Agustan shekarar 1981 jam'iyyar Parti populair Djiboutien ta nemi amincewa da doka a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa. A farkon watan Satumba sun fitar da sanarwarsu ta farko, kuma a ranar 7 ga watan Satumba an kama dukkan mambobin kwamitin zartarwa goma sha uku, ciki har da 'yan majalisa shida. Cikin wadanda ake tsare da su akwai Mohamed Houmed Mohamed. Wasu daga cikin wadannan mambobin sun tsere daga kasar bayan an sako su, amma an sake tsare su da azabtar da su bayan sun dawo daga gudun hijira. Hanyoyin azabtarwa da aka ruwaito a karkashin Aptidon sun haɗa da (amma ba'a iyakance ga): duka mai tsanani; hawan ruwa konewa; yage daga farce; wutar lantarki; tsayin daka ga hayaki wanda ke haifar da kusan asphyxiation; "The Swing", wanda aka dakatar da wanda aka azabtar da shi daga mashaya ta idon sawunsa; da sanya kwalabe a cikin dubura. Gwamnatin Guellah (1999-) Aptidon ya sanar da yin murabus a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1999 kuma jam'iyyar People's Rally for Progress ta zabi Ismaïl Omar Guelleh a matsayin dan takararsu na shugaban kasa. Ya lashe zaben da aka yi a watan Afrilu da hannu, da kusan kashi uku cikin hudu na kuri'un da aka kada, inda ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa na shugaban kasa, Moussa Ahmed Idriss mai zaman kansa. An kama Idriss ne a watan Satumba mai zuwa saboda "barazana da kwarin gwiwar sojojin kasar" kuma an tsare shi a wani wuri da ba a bayyana ba. Jam'iyyar People's Rally for Progress ta ci gaba da mamaye harkokin siyasa a karkashin gwamnatin Guellah, inda ta yi amfani da wani tsari na musamman na farko-farko, wanda mafi rinjaye a kowane gundumomi biyar na zaben kasar ke rike da dukkan kujeru. Don haka, a zaben Majalisar Dokokin kasar na 2003, kawancen ya karbi dukkan kujeru 65 da kashi 62% na kuri'un da aka kada. Jam’iyyun adawa sun kaurace wa zaben na 2005 da shekarar 2008. A shekara ta 2008, shugaba Guellah ya ba da sanarwar rusa jam'iyyar adawa ta Movement for Democratic Renewal and Development jam'iyyar. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2010, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin kwaskwarima, inda aka cire wa'adin wa'adi biyu, tare da baiwa Guelleh damar ci gaba da wa'adinsa na shugaban kasa. A cikin watan Yunin shekarar 2010, an yanke wa babban attajirin nan na Djibouti, kuma tsohon abokin shugaban kasar, Abdourahman Boreh, hukuncin <i id="mwAWE">daurin</i> rai-da-rai saboda ta'addanci. Ba shi da lauya mai kare shi kuma ya kasance yana niyyar tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a shekarar 2011. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu (2007-) 'Yancin magana Duka manyan jaridun La Nation de Djibouti da mai watsa shirye-shirye Radiodiffusion Télévision de Djibouti gwamnati ce ke sarrafa su. Jaridar 'yan adawa ta Le Renouveau ta daina aiki a shekara ta 2007 bayan buga labarin da ke cewa wani dan kasuwa ya ba wa surukin Ismail Omar Guelleh cin hanci, gwamnan babban bankin Djibouti. A ranar 2 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2009, an kama Ahmed Darar Robleh, kuma daga baya aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin watanni shida a gidan yari saboda rubuta wakokin sukar shugaban kasa. A cikin watan Fabrairun shekarar 2011 gwamnati ta kame da yawa daga cikin 'yan adawar siyasa, ciki har da mutane shida da ke ba da rahoto ga gidan rediyon Turai, La Voix de Djibouti. Wadannan sun hada da Farah Abadid Heldid da Houssein Robleh Dabar, wadanda aka sake su bayan watanni hudu amma aka sake kama su a watan Nuwamba. 'Yancin addini Freedom House ta yi ikirarin cewa ana mutunta 'yancin yin ibada a kassar. Tsarin doka Djibouti ta soke hukuncin kisa a watan Afrilun shekarar 2010. Tsarin shari'a na ƙasar ya dogara ne akan tsarin farar hula na Faransa, tare da shari'ar Shari'a da ke tafiyar da al'amuran iyali. Kame ba bisa ka'ida ba Ko da yake doka ta haramta kama kama, ƙungiyoyi na uku suna da'awar cewa ba a mutunta wannan haƙƙin ba. Jami’an tsaro na yawan kama mutane ba bisa ka’ida ba. Jean-Paul Noel Abdi, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Djibouti, an kama shi ne a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2011 bayan ya ba da rahoto kan zanga-zangar 'yan adawa dangane da rikicin Larabawa a farkon wannan watan. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch, bai goyi bayan zanga-zangar da kansu ba amma ya nuna adawa da abin da ya bayyana a matsayin kame ba bisa ka'ida ba. Daga baya an sake shi bisa dalilan lafiya amma har yanzu ana tuhumar sa. Azaba Kundin tsarin mulki ya haramta azabtarwa. Sai dai rahotannin amfani da shi na ci gaba da kwarara zuwa kasashen waje. An kama karuwai ta hanyar mataimakan squads, kuma fyade ya kasance wani sharadi na sakewa. Ana samun rahotannin ‘yan sanda suna dukan fursunonin lokaci-lokaci. Kungiyar Reporters Without Borders ta yi ikirarin cewa Dirir Ibrahim Bouraleh ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da Sajan Manjo Abdourahman Omar Said ya yi masa daga ranar 23 27 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2011. Yanayin gidan yari Djibouti na da gidan yari guda daya Gabode a birnin Djibouti da kuma wasu kananan gidajen yari. An ba da rahoton cewa yanayi a cikin tsarin ya kasance "mai tsanani". Duk da yawan cunkoso, fursunonin na Gabode suna ciyar da abinci sau uku a rana kuma suna samun kulawar lafiya. An yi la'akari da yanayi a cikin gidajen yari mafi muni, ba tare da tsarin kulawa ba. Gwamnati ce ke ba masu gadi horo game da haƙƙin ɗan adam. 'Yan tsiraru da 'yancin mata A cewar Freedom House, tsirarun kungiyoyin kamar Yemeniyawa da Afarwa na fuskantar wariya. Kaciyar mata ya zama ruwan dare. Daidaito, duk da haka, yana samun ci gaba; sama da kashi 50% na alkalai yanzu mata ne. Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya Matsayin Djibouti game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka. Duba kuma Fataucin mutane a Djibouti Bayanan kula 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a shekarar 2009, da sauransu. 2. Tun daga ranar 27 ga watan Yuni (Ranar 'Yancin Kai) a 1977; 1 Janairu bayan haka. 3. Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 na gaba ya shafi rabin na biyu na shekarar 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rahotanni Rahoton Ƙasa game da Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na 2011 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Rahoton Haƙƙin ɗan Adam na 2010 na Amnesty International (kuma ana samunsa cikin Larabci Faransanci, da Sipaniya 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2011 ta Freedom House Ƙungiyoyin duniya Djibouti a Amnesty International (kuma ana samun su a cikin Larabci Faransanci da Sipaniya Djibouti a Human Rights Watch Djibouti a FIDH (Ƙarin bayani akan rukunin Faransa Djibouti a ofishin hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (OHCHR) Djibouti a UNICEF Djibouti a International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX) (kuma ana samunsa cikin Faransanci Kungiyoyin kasa Ligue Djiboutienne des Droits Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

14606

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca%20Akufo-Addo

Rebecca Akufo-Addo

Rebecca Naa Okaikor Akufo-Addo (née Griffiths-Randolph; an haife ta a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da daya 1951A.C) ƴar asalin kasar Ghana ce kuma Uwargidan Shugaban ƙasar Ghana a yanzu a matsayin matar Shugaban kasa Nana Akufo-Addo, Shugaba na 5 na Jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana. Rayuwar Farko Akufo-Addo ta halarci sashen firamare na makarantar Achimota. Tsohuwar dalibi ce a makarantar Wesley Grammar a Dansoman a yankin Greater Accra na Ghana. Ita 'yar alkali ce, Jacob Hackenburg Griffiths-Randolph wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Ghana a Jamhuriya ta Uku da Frances Phillipina Griffiths-Randolph (née Mann). Ayyuka Rebecca Akufo-Addo ta cigaba da karatunta a Makarantar Sakatariyar Gwamnati inda ta cancanci zama sakatare. Ta yi aiki a Bankin Kasuwanci da ke Ghana daga baya ta koma Ingila. Sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar shari'a ga Clifford Chance Ashurst Morris Crisp dukkan kamfanonin lauyoyi na kasashe daban-daban a Ingila. Rayuwar Kai An haifi Rebecca Akufo-Addo a ranar 12 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 1951. Ita mamba ce kuma shugabar kungiyar ba da agaji, Gidauniyar Rigakafin Cutar Malaria ta Infanta da aka kafa a shekarar 2005, don tallafawa kokarin kasa na rage kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro ga jarirai da kananan yara. Rebecca da Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo sun yi aure tsawon shekaru 22 kuma a shekarar 2017 sun yi bikin cika shekaru 20 da kafuwa. Suna da yara mata biyar da jikoki biyar. An nada Rebecca Akufo-Addo a matsayin sarauniyar ci gaban uwar Sarautar Gargajiya ta Ada a wajen bikin cika shekaru 82 da bikin Ada Asafotufiami a watan Agustan shekara ta 2019 kuma ana kiranta da suna Naana Ode Opeor Kabukie I. Akufo-Addo memba ne na Cocin Accra Ridge kuma mai kula da Infanta Malaria, wata kungiyar agaji da ta himmatu ga rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro a yara. Gidauniyar Rebecca Akufo-Addo A shekarar 2017, ta kafa gidauniyar Rebecca Akufo-Addo, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta don bunkasa kokarin gwamnati tsakanin mata da kananan yara 'yan Ghana. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2017, gidauniyar Rebecca ta kulla yarjejeniya da makarantar gwaji ta gundumar Licang a Qingdao, China. Wannan don shirin musayar ne wanda kowace shekara zai bawa ɗalibai goma daga ƙasashen biyu damar ziyartar ɗayan. Wannan wani yunkuri ne wanda zai haɓaka ilimin ilimi, wasanni da haɗin kan al'adu tsakanin ɗaliban ƙasashen biyu. A watan Oktoban shekarar 2018, Gidauniyar Rebecca ta fitar da shirin Koyon karatu, karatu don koyo Wannan shi ne domin cusa al'adun koyo a cikin yara don haɓaka karatu da rubutu. Wasu daga cikin manufofin aikin sun hada da gina dakunan karatu a faɗin ƙasar tare da kuma gabatar da shirye-shirye na makaranta da yara don baiwa yara damar koyon karatu. A watan Nuwamban shekarata 2018, Gidauniyar ta ƙaddamar da aikin 'Saboda ina son in zama'. Yana bayar da matashi ga yara mata marasa galihu a cikin alumma kuma yana ba da tabbacin ci gaba da ilimi da horo na ƙwarewa ga ɗaliban mata da suka daina zuwa makaranta. Gidauniyar ta gina kuma ta ba da sabon sashin kula da lafiyar yara da kulawa mai karfi (PICU) a asibitin koyarwa na Korle-Bu a shekarar 2019. A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, ta ƙaddamar da kamfen na Kyauta zuwa Haske. Wannan ya kasance ne don dakatar da yaduwar cutar kanjamau daga uwa zuwa jaririnta kuma ya yi daidai da tsarin kungiyar matan shugabannin kasashen Afirka masu yaki da cutar kanjamau (OAFLA). A watan Yunin shekarata 2019, gidauniyar ta gabatar da motocin daukar marasa lafiya guda shida ga wasu kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya domin bunkasa isar da ayyukansu. Aikin Ajiye Yaro, Ajiye Mahaifiya ya samar da bangaren Uwa da Jarirai (MBU) da kuma sashen kula da lafiyar yara (PICU) a Asibitin Koyarwa na Komfo Anokye. Gidauniyar ce ta dauki nauyinta tare da Multimedia Group da The Komfo Anokye Koyarwar Hopital kuma Fadar Manhyia da Gwamnatin Japan sun tallafawa. An tsara aikin ne domin rage mace-macen mata masu juna biyu da jarirai. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2019, ta yi roƙo don ƙarfafa mata, a Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Wannan zai ba su damar yin tasiri sosai kan rayuwar danginsu da al'ummominsu. Ta kuma kasance ne a wani taron taron da Kungiyar Matan Shugabannin Afirka na Raya Gabatarwa (OAFLAD) suka gabatar tare da taken "Sabunta sadaukarwa don bunkasa daidaiton jinsi da karfafa mata a Afirka". A watan Janairun shekarar 2020, shirin tallafawa mata na gidauniyar, shirin karfafawa mata na Terema, tare da hadin gwiwar Hukumar Kula da Masana'antu, sun horar da mata kan yin sabulu. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020, Gidauniyar Rebecca, ta hanyar ‘Inganta Matasa ta hanyar Ilimi da Lafiya (EYEH) Miyan Kitchen’, ta ba da gudummawar kayayyakin abinci iri-iri na kimanin GH¢15,000 ga wasu yara kan titi a Accra. A watan Afrilu na 2020, gidauniyar ta ba da gudummawar abubuwa daban-daban ta hanyar 'Kalubalen Taimakon Akwatinan' zuwa Kauyen SOS. Wannan shirin ya kasance tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnati don taimakawa ƙungiyoyi suyi aiki ta hanyar ɓangaren ɓangare mafi kyau. Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun

18953

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dammam

Dammam

Dammam Larabci Ad Dammām babban birni ne na lardin Gabashin Saudiyya Dammam shine birni mafi girma a cikin Yankin Gabas. Shine birni na biyar mafi girma a Saudi Arabiya. Yana daga cikin yankin Dammam. Yana da mahimmin cibiyar kasuwanci da tashar jirgin ruwa Filin jirgin saman Sarki Fahd (KFIA) yana arewa maso yammacin garin. Tashar Ruwa ta Sarki Abdul Aziz ta Dammam ita ce mafi girma a kan Tekun Fasiya Kasuwancin shigo da shi zuwa cikin kasar shine na biyu zuwa tashar jirgin ruwan Jeddah. garin Damam sananne ne da kasancewa babbar cibiyar gudanarwa na masana'antar mai na Saudiyya. Dammam shine babban yankin babban birni na Dammam, wanda kuma aka sani da yankin Greater Dammam, wanda ya ƙunshi 'Biranen Triplet' na Dammam, Dhahran, da Khobar Yankin yana da yawan jama'a 2,190,900 kamar na 2022 kuma yana da alaƙa da birni ta hanyar zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da alaƙar al'adu. Garin yana girma cikin sauri na musamman na 12% a shekara mafi sauri a Saudi Arabia, GCC, da kuma Larabawa Tun daga 2016, Greater Dammam shine yanki na huɗu mafi girma na birni ta yanki da yawan jama'a a cikin Majalisar Haɗin gwiwar Gulf Yankin da a ƙarshe ya zama Dammam, ƙabilar Dawasi ce ta zauna a shekara ta 1923, tare da izinin Sarki Ibn Saud Asalin yankin ya kasance wurin kamun kifi kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa yanayin da yake ciki a cikin rabin karni jim kaɗan bayan gano mai a yankin, a matsayin tashar tashar jiragen ruwa da cibiyar gudanarwa Tare da hadewar Saudiyya, an mai da Dammam babban birnin sabuwar lardin Gabashin da aka kafa. Filin jirgin sama na King Fahd International Airport (KFIA) ne ke kula da yankin na Dammam da sauran yankunan Gabas, filin jirgin sama mafi girma a duniya dangane da filin fili (kimanin 780 kusan 31 km (19 mi) arewa maso yammacin birnin. Tashar ruwa ta Sarki Abdul Aziz ta Dammam ita ce mafi girma a Tekun Fasha, zirga-zirgar shigo da kayayyaki ta biyu bayan tashar tashar Islama ta Jeddah mai tarihi a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka MENA Damam kuma memba ne a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙarfafa Makamashi ta Duniya (WECP). Dammam birni ne, da ke a Gabashin Lardin Saudiyya, a gabar Tekun Farisa Ita ce babban birnin lardin Gabas kuma birni na uku mafi girma a Saudiyya. Shi ne birni mafi girma a Lardin Gabas kuma na shida mafi girma a cikin Masarautar. Birnin Dammam shine cibiyar gudanarwa na yankin Dammam Metropolitan Area, wanda ya hada da garuruwan Al Khobar da Dhahran. Tarihi An kafa Dammam a shekara ta 1923 a karkashin kabilar Al Dawasir da ta yi hijira daga Bahrain bayan da sarki Abdul Aziz ya ba su damar zama a cikin yankin. Kabilar ta fara zama a Khobar, wanda aka zaba saboda kusancinta da tsibirin Bahrain kamar yadda kabilar ta yi fatan komawa can nan ba da dadewa ba, amma turawan Ingila sun yi musu taurin kai. Duk da haka, wannan ya ba wa al'ummar Khobar daga kai, tare da kulla alaka ta kut da kut da babban birnin Dammam. Nema da gano mai (1932-1940s) Shirin hakar rijiyoyin mai a Dammam ya fara ne a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1933 A Jeddah, lokacin da gwamnatin Sarki Abd al-Aziz Al Saud da wakilan Kamfanin Mai na Standard na California suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar rangwamen mai. An aika da tawagar masanan kasa zuwa Dammam. Sun kammala shirinsu na rijiyoyin a farkon watan Yuni 1934. Aikin rumbun ajiyar na'urar hakar ma'adinai na farko a Damam ya fara kusan a watan Janairun 1935, kuma ya ƙare a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu a 1935. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1935, an fara aikin hako rijiyar mai ta 1 a Dammam. Lokacin da Dammam No. 1 bai haifar da sakamako mai ban sha'awa ba, aikin da aka yi a kan shi ya tsaya a ranar 4 ga Janairu 1936, kuma Dammam No. 2 ya hako. Saboda kyakkyawan sakamakon da aka samu, an yi shirin hako rijiyoyi 5 a kewayen Dammam mai lamba 2. Tsakanin watan Yuni zuwa farkon watan Satumba na shekarar 1936, an sa ido sosai kan samar da dukkan wadannan atisayen, kuma yawancinsu ba su da dadi. Ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1936, an fara aikin a Damam No. 7. Da farko hakowar ba ta haifar da kyakkyawan sakamako ba. Duk da haka, a ranar 4 ga Maris 1938, Rijiyar No.7 ta fara samar da adadin mai. Saudi Aramco, ta haƙa shahararriyar rijiyar Dammam mai lamba 7, wadda a yanzu ta keɓe rijiyar wadata, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa masarautar ta mallaki iskar gas mai yawa Matakin girma cikin sauri (1940-1960s) An gano rijiyoyin mai na baya-bayan nan a kusa da Dammam a cikin shekarun 1940 zuwa 50, wanda a yanzu ya kai kashi 25% na arzikin man da aka tabbatar a duniya., ya haifar da haɓakar gine-gine. Iyalan Al Bin Ali karkashin jagorancin Sheikh Muhammad bin Nasir Al Bin Ali da 'yan uwansa sun taka rawar gani wajen ci gaban gari da ma yankin a fagage daban-daban. Kamfaninsu, Al Bin Ali da Brothers, shi ne kamfanin gine-gine na farko na Saudiyya wanda ya shiga aikin fadada Aramco. da dama daga cikin ayyukan da suka yi shi ne hanyoyin da suka hada Dammam zuwa rijiyoyin mai na arewa, babbar hanya 40, wadda ta hada Dammam zuwa Riyadh Yanzu ana kiranta kawai hanyar Dammam, da kuma fadada tashar tashar Sarki Abdul Aziz Hakan ya sa masana da kwararru daga ciki da wajen masarautar suka taru don taimakawa wajen farautar sabbin rijiyoyin mai da kuma kawo su a kai. An kuma gina sabbin bututun mai, da wuraren ajiyar kaya, da jirage masu saukar ungulu don sarrafa tankunan ruwa. Masana'antun sabis sun tsiro don tallafawa masana'antar da kuma biyan buƙatu da buƙatun daidaikun mutane da ke zaune a cikin sabon yanki na birni. Kamar yadda yake a sauran sassan masarautar, Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta kafa asibitocin zamani da dama da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya a yankin Damam. Ana samun ƙarin asibitoci da asibitocin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke gudanarwa. Hotuna Manazarta Biranen Saudiyya Biranen Asiya Birane

59785

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98irar%20%C6%98an%C6%99arar%20Mass%20Balance%20Inter-Comparison%20Exercise

Ƙirar Ƙanƙarar Mass Balance Inter-Comparison Exercise

The Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-comparison Exercise (IMBIE) wani haɗin gwiwar kimiyya ne na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ke ƙoƙarin inganta ƙididdiga na gudummawar takardar ƙanƙara na Antarctic da Greenland don haɓɓaka matakin teku da buga bayanai da nazari game da waɗannan batutuwa. An kafa IMBIE acikin 2011 kuma haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai (ESA) da Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Amurka (NASA) na Amurka, kuma tana bada gudummawa ga rahoton kimantawa na Kwamitin Gudanar da Canjin Yanayi (IPCC). IMBIE ta haifar da ingantacciyar kwarin gwiwa kan auna ma'aunin ma'aunin kankara da gudummawar matakin teku na duniya. An sami cigaba ta hanyar haɗin ƙididdiga na rashin daidaituwar takardar ƙanƙara da aka haɓɓaka daga fasahar tauraron dan adam mai zaman kanta na altimetry, gravimetry da hanyar shigar da bayanai. Cigaba, IMBIE yana ba da tsari don tantance ma'auni mai yawa na kankara, kuma yana da maƙasudi bayyananne don faɗaɗa sa hannu don baiwa al'ummar kimiyya gaba ɗaya su shiga. Sakamako IMBIE 2012 Aikin IMBIE ya samar da kimantawa na farko na ma'aunin ƙanƙara acikin 2012 a matsayin gudummawa kai tsaye ga rahoton kimantawa ta biyar na Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi.IMBIE 2012 ya haɗada ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta masana kimiyya 47 da ke zaune a cibiyoyi 26 daban-daban, kuma Andrew Shepherd da Erik Ivins ne suka jagoranci su. Acikin binciken shekaru 19 (1992 2011), an kiyasta matsakaicin daidaitattun ma'auni na kankara na Antarctic da Greenland ya zama -71 53 da -152 49 Gt yr-1, bi da bi, kuma jimlar asarar kankara ya daidaita da hauhawar duniya a matakin teku na 11.1 3.8 mm. Binciken yankunan kankara na kankara da aka nuna cewa Greenland, Yammacin Antarctic da Antarctic Peninsula duk sun rasa nauyi tsakanin 1992 da 2011, yayin da kankara na Gabashin Antarctic ya sami karamin girma. Yankin kankara na Greenland shine mafi girma kuma ya kai kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na asarar kankara a lokacin binciken. A cikin Antarctica, mafi girman asarar ya faru a Yammacin Antarctic Ice Sheet. Koyaya, duk da mamaye kashi 4% kawai na jimlar yankin kankara, yankin Antarctic ya kai kusan kashi 25% na asarar Antarctic. IMBIE 2018 (Antarctica) Acikin 2018 aikin IMBIE ya samar da ingantaccen ƙima na asarar ƙanƙara a Antarctica, tare da haɗa binciken tauraron dan adam 24 wanda masana kimiyya 84 suka samar daga ƙungiyoyin duniya 44.Acikin wannan kimantawa, aikin IMBIE ya ba da rahoton cewa tsakanin 1992 da 2017 Antarctica sun rasa tan biliyan 2720±1390 na kankara,dai-dai da ƙaruwar matakan teku na duniya da 7.6 3.9 mm. Kafin shekara ta 2012, Antarctica ta yi asarar kankara a matsakaicin adadin tan biliyan 76 a kowace shekara 0.2 mm kowace shekara gudummawar zuwa hawan teku.Dukda haka, tun daga lokacin an sami karuwa mai kaifi, sau uku tsakanin 2012 da 2017 Antarctica tana asarar tan biliyan 219 na kankara a kowace shekara, 0.6 mm a kowace shekara gudunmawar matakin teku. Kusan duk ƙanƙarar da ta ɓace daga Antarctica ta samo asali ne ta hanyar ɗumamar tekuna da ke narkar da glaciers ɗinsu, wanda ke sasu sauri. Kwatanta da hasashen hawan teku da aka bayar a rahoton kima na biyar na kwamitin gwamnatoci kan sauyin yanayi ya bayyana cewa asarar ƙanƙara ta Antarctic tana bin mafi munin yanayin ɗumamar yanayi, wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarin 10. cm na matakin teku ya tashi da 2100. IMBIE 2020 (Greenland) Acikin 2020 aikin IMBIE ya samar da sabunta ƙima na asarar ƙanƙara a Greenland, tareda haɗa binciken tauraron ɗan adam 26 wanda masana kimiyya 96 suka samar daga ƙungiyoyin duniya 50.Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa Greenland tayi asarar tan biliyan 3902 342 na ƙanƙara tun 1992 wanda ya isa ya tura matakan tekun duniya sama da 10.8 0.9 millimeters.Adadin asarar ƙanƙara ya karu daga tan biliyan 34 a kowace shekara a cikin shekarun 1990 zuwa tan biliyan 234 a kowace shekara acikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ƙaruwa sau bakwai cikin shekaru talatin. Tawagar ta kuma yi amfani da nau'ikan yanayi na yanki don nuna cewa rabin asarar kankara na faruwa ne sakamakon narkewar saman yayin da yanayin zafi ya tashi.Sauran rabin ya kasance saboda karuwar glacier kwarara, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar yanayin teku. Asarar ƙanƙara ta kai tan biliyan 345 a kowace shekara a shekara ta 2011 sau goma na adadin shekarun 1990 a lokacin tsananin narkewar saman. Ko da yake yawan asarar ƙanƙara ya ragu zuwa matsakaicin tan biliyan 206 a kowace shekara tun daga lokacin, wannan ya ragu sau bakwai fiye da asarar ƙanƙara a shekarun 1990 kuma baya haɗada duk shekarar 2019, wanda zai'iya haifar da wani sabon matsayi saboda yaɗuwar narkewar bazara. Kwatanta da hasashen hawan teku da aka bayar a rahoton kima na biyar na kwamitin gwamnatoci kan sauyin yanayi ya bayyana cewa asarar kankara na Greenland yana bin mafi munin yanayin dumamar yanayi, wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarin 7. cm na matakin teku ya tashi da 2100. Idan aka hada duka zanen kankara, yawan asarar kankara ya karu da kashi shida cikin shekaru talatin kacal, daga tan biliyan 81 a kowace shekara a shekarun 1990 zuwa tan biliyan 475 a kowace shekara a cikin 2010s. Wannan yana nufin cewa igiyoyin kankara na polar a yanzu sune ke da alhakin kashi uku na duk hawan teku. Duba kuma Ruwan kankara rashin kwanciyar hankali Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizo:

9182

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah%20Rukh%20Khan

Shah Rukh Khan

Shah Rukh Khan (furuci ɦɾʊx n]; an haife shi a ranar 2 Nuwamban shekarar 1965), kuma ana takaita sunayensa da SRK, Shahararren dan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Indiya wanda ke aiki a masana'antar fim ta Indiya, mai shirya wasanni, kuma fitaccen jarumi. Ana kiransa "Badshah din Bollywood", "Sarkin Bollywood" da kuma "Sarki Khan", Ya fito acikin fina-finai sama da 90, kuma ya samu kyaututtuka da dama, wanda suka hada da 14 Filmfare Awards. Khan nada mabiya da dama a Asiya da mutanen duniya da ba yan'Indiya ba da kuma wadanda asalin su yan'Indiya ne a kasashen duniya baki daya. Dan gane da yawan masu kallon fina-finansa da kudin shiga, An bayyana shi cikin manyan Yan'wasan fina-finan duniya.kuma a sananne a idon duniya ga masu kallon fina finan indiya. Shah Rukh Khan yafara shirye shiryensa ne da fitowa acikin fina fainan da akeyi a Telebijin a kusan karshen shekara ta 1980s. Yafara fim dinsa na farko a Bollywood a shekarar 1992 acikin fim din Deewana. A Farkon sana'arsa,Shah Rukh Khan ya shaharane da fitowar dayayi a matsayin villainous acikin fim din Darr a shekarar (1993), Baazigar (1993) da Anjaam a shekarar (1994). Daga nan yacigaba da shahararsa bayan yafito acikin wasu jerin wasanni na soyayya (romance), daga cikinsu akwai Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge a shekarar (1995), Dil To Pagal Hai a shekarar (1997), Kuch Kuch Hota Hai a shekarar (1998), Mohabbatein a shekarar (2000) da Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... a sheakrar (2001). Ya sami Karbuwa sosai bayan fitowar dayayi a matsayin mai shangiya acikin fina-finan Devdas (2002), fim din NASA na kimyya Swades a shekarar (2004), mai koyar da wasan hockey Chak De! India a shekarar(2007) da mutum mai chiwon Asperger syndrome a fim din My Name Is Khan Wanda yayi a shekarar (2010). Daga cikin fina-finan sa da suka jamasa cece kuce sune, wani fim na barkwanci na soyayya wato Chennai Express Wanda akayi a shekarar (2013), fim din barkwanci akan fashi Happy New Year (2014), the action film Dilwale (2015), da kuma fim din rigima da cuta Raees (2017). Yawancin fina-finan sa sunfi mayar da hankali ne akan nuna Indian national identity da yadda suke da Alaska data kasashen waje, ko jinsi, launi, da banbancin zamanta kewa dana addini da tausayi da hakuri. Dan taimakonsa da gudunmuwarsa ga wasan fina-finai, Yasa Gwamnatin kasar Indiya ta karrama shi da kyautar Padma Shri, da Gwamnatin kasar Faransa itama tabashi kyautuka biyu dasuka hada da Ordre des Arts et des Lettres da kuma Légion d'honneur. A shekarar 2015,Shah Rukh Khan nadaga cikin wadannan suka Shugabanci kamfanin motion picture production company Red Chillies Entertainment da Kananan kamfanonin, kuma dashi ne aka mallaki kungiyar wasan Indian Premier League kungiyar cricket Kolkata Knight Riders. Khan mai gudanar da shirye shirye ne a TV da wuraren taruka. Yan'jarida na kiransa da sunan "Brand SRK" saboda karbuwar dayayi a wurare da dama, da kuma masana'antu samarda sana'oin kasuwanci. Ayyukan jinkai da taimakon al'umma da Khan keyi ya taimaka a fannoni da dama kamar kiwon lafiya, da taimakon al'umman da hatsar ko wata bala'i yafara masu, kuma an karrama shi da kyautar UNESCO's Pyramide con Marni award a shekara ta 2011 Dan taimakon sa akan cigaban karatun yara da World Economic Forum's Crystal Award a shekara ta 2018 dan jagorancinsa da kuma nasararsa a wurin kare hakkin mata da yara a kasar Indiya. Kuma Khan yasha fitowa acikin jerin Shahararru kuma jaruman Mutanen Indiya a al'adu Indian culture, a kuma shekara ta 2008 ne, Newsweek tasaka shi cikin jerin mutanen data zaba hamsin masu iko a duniya. Aure Sharukhan yanada matar aure guda daya Mai suna ghauri Khan suna da Yara guda biyu namiji daya mace daya. Manazarta Mutanen Indiya Yan'wasan

6635

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghenekaro%20Etebo

Oghenekaro Etebo

Oghenekaro Peter Etebo (an haife shi a 9 ga watan Nuwamba, 1995) kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne a Najeriya wanda ya buga matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na Watford, a matsayin aro daga Stoke City, da kuma Nigerian National Team. You will learn how to make the most delicious cookies and cakes dishes you have ever come acrosswithout the stress of worrying that it is too difficult to put together. There is a cookies and cakes recipe in this book for every baker out there, regardless of their baking experience. In this book, every recipe has at least one photo for you to compare after testing. All cookies and cakes are suitable to serve as lunch or dinner for your family. So, if you want to begin making your very own cookies and cakes dish with little to no effort at all, then https://digiaffnet.com/affiliate/store/MjE2/product/how-to-make-370-delicious-cakes-and-cookies-at-home-digi25-26, kuma Najeriya tawagar kasar Etebo ya fara ne a Warri Wolves inda ya shafe shekaru uku kafin ya koma kwallon kafa ta Turai tare da Feirense na Fotigal. Ya taimaka wa bangaren samun cigaba zuwa Primeira Liga kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin kulob na sama. Etebo yayi zaman aro na wata shida a Las Palmas ta Spain a kakar shekarar 2017-18. Etebo ya koma Stoke City ta Ingila a watan Yunin shekarar 2018 kan kudi fam miliyan 6.35. Aikin kulob Wolves Warri Etebo ya koma Warri Wolves a shekarar 2012, an sanar da Etebo a matsayin mamba 'yan wasan da zasu fafata a gasar Firimiyar Najeriya ta shekarar 2013 Koyaya, saboda karatunsa na makaranta da jinkirin fara kakar wasannin lig, kawai ya fara buga wasansa na ƙwararru a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2013, yana sanar da kansa ga magoya bayan Najeriya ta hanyar zira kwallaye uku na farko a kakar. Tare da kwallaye a cikin mintuna na 4, 9 da 37 da kuma wani na Joseph Osadiaye a minti na 12 yayin da Wolves suka tashi da kwallaye hudu a wasan farko da El-Kanemi Warriors Kyakkyawan kakar wasansa ta farko ya ci gaba lokacin daya ci ƙwallo mafi sauri a gasar a wasan da suka doke Wikki Tourists da ci 3-1, inda ya zira duka ƙwallaye uku cikin mintuna 22 na wasa. Etebo ya fara zura kwallo a ragar Wolves a minti na bakwai na wasan, amma har yanzu bikin bai mutu ba lokacin da Waziri Christoper ya rama wa Wikki. Etebo ya sake bugun a minti na 12 don dawo da martabar Wolves, kuma ya kammala hat-trick a minti na 29, bayan da aka baiwa masu masaukin bakin bugun tazara. A watan Maris na 2014, ya zira kwallon sa ta farko ta nahiyar a kan Union Douala a gasar CAF Confederation Cup na 2014 Wasannin da ya buga a gasar cin kofin CAF Confederation Cup ya ja hankalin kulob din Espérance na Tunisia da kungiyar Zamalek ta Masar, lamarin da ya haifar da fada akan sa hannun sa. A watan Mayu 2014 Etebo ya yi gwaji a kulob din Udinese na Italiya A cikin 2015 Etebo ya sami lambar yabo ta Glo Wondergoal, don mafi kyawun ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya na 2015, wanda aka zira akan Bayelsa United A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2016, ya lashe kyautar gwarzon shekara mafi kyau a Gwarzon CAF a Abuja, Nigeria A jimilce Etebo ya ci wa Warri Wolves kwallaye 23 cikin wasanni 64 a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi da kulob din. Feirense Etebo shiga Portuguese LigaPro kulob Feirense a farkon shekara ta 2016, ya taka leda sau hudu a 2015-16, ya zura kwallo daya taimaka musu su samu damar da Primeira Liga Ya buga wasanni 27 a 2016–17 yayin da Feirense ya gama a matsayi takwas da ƙyar ya rasa gurbin Turai da maki biyu. Las Palmas (aro) A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2018, Etebo ya ba da aron UD Las Palmas na La Liga na tsawon watanni shida, tare da batun siyan. Etebo ya buga wasanni 14 tare da Las Palmas amma ya kasa hana su ficewa daga gasar. Etebo ya sami yabo saboda rawar da ya taka tare da ƙungiyar Canary Islands Stoke City A ranar 11 ga Yuni 2018, Etebo ya rattaba hannu ga Stoke City ta EFL Championship kan 7.2million 6.35 million) daga Feirense kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar. Ya zama sabon kocin Gary Rowett na farko da ya sanya hannu a Stoke, wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai kuzari. Etebo ya bayyana cewa ya ki karbar tayin kungiiyoyin Premier League kafin ya koma Stoke. Ya fara bugawa Stoke wasa a ranar 5 ga Agusta 2018 da Leeds United Etebo ya buga wasanni 37 a 2018–19 kuma yana daya daga cikin kwararrun kungiyoyin yayin da Stoke ta kare a matsayi na 16. Ya zira kwallaye biyu duka biyun manyan hare -hare ne a kan Nottingham Forest da Blackburn Rovers Etebo ya fara jinkiri zuwa kakar 2019–20 saboda shigarsa Najeriya a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2019 Stoke ta fara kakar wasa cikin mummunan yanayi kuma ta tsinci kan ta a wuraren faduwa daga gasar Championship wacce ta kashe manajan Nathan Jones aikinsa a watan Nuwamba na 2019. A karkashin sabon manaja Michael O'Neill, an cire Etebo daga cikin tawagar tare da O'Neill yana sukar kokarinsa na horo. Wannan ya kai shi ga alakanta shi da barin kulob din a watan Janairun 2020. A cikin Janairu 2020, Etebo ya koma Getafe na La Liga a matsayin aro don ragowar kakar 2019-20 tare da zaɓi don siye. Etebo ya buga wa Getafe kwallo sau 11 a kan SD Eibar amma kulob din ya yanke shawarar hana zabin sayan su. A ranar 9 ga Satumba 202, Etebo ya koma Galatasaray ta Turkiyya a matsayin aro don kakar 2020-21 Ya buga wa Galatasary wasanni 29 yayin da suka kare a matsayi na biyu, inda ya rasa taken Beşiktaş akan banbancin raga. Watford (aro) A ranar 9 ga Yulin 2021, Etebo ya koma sabuwar kungiyar Watford ta Premier da aka inganta a yarjejeniyar aro na tsawon lokaci tare da zabin saye. A ranar 14 ga Agusta 2021, ya fara buga wasansa na farko na Watford a wasan farko da suka fafata da Aston Villa, inda Watford ta ci 3-2. Aikin duniya Etebo ya fara wasansa na kasa da kasa a ranar 27 ga Yuli 2013 da Côte d'Ivoire a cikin rashin nasara 2-0 a Abidjan yayin yakin neman cancantar Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2014 ga 'yan wasan gida. Ya kuma buga wasa da Jordan a wasan sada zumunci na duniya a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2013. A watan Disambar 2015, ya taimaka wa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 23 ta Najeriya zuwa gasar cin kofin Afirka ta' yan kasa da shekara 23 a Senegal wanda ya fi kowa zira kwallaye tare da kwallaye biyar, gami da kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Algeria 2-1 a wasan karshe. Dukan burin biyu an nuna su da zurfin gudu daga ƙungiyarsa. Kasancewar ya kusan tabbatar da cancantar Najeriya zuwa wasannin Olympic, daga baya Najeriya ta zaɓe shi a cikin mutane 35 na wucin gadi don wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2016 Bayan isowarsa cikin tashin hankali a Brazil, ya zura kwallaye hudu a ragar Japan a wasan rukuni na farko na Najeriya. Wasan ya kare da Najeriya da ci 5 4. Ya ji rauni a wasan na uku na gasar, ya taka rawar gani a cikin nasarar da kungiyar ta samu ta lashe tagulla. Etebo memba ne na cikakkiyar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya An sanya sunan Etebo a cikin 'yan wasan Najeriya 23 da za su buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018 a Rasha. Ya fara duk wasannin Najeriya uku na rukuni wanda ya sa suka doke Iceland amma sun sha kashi a hannun Argentina da Croatia wanda hakan ke nufin sun kasa tsallakewa zuwa matakin na gaba. Ƙididdigar sana'a Kulob Kasashen duniya Dalilai da sakamako sun lissafa jadawalin ƙwallon da Najeriya ta fara da shi, ginshiƙi yana nuna ci bayan kowace ƙwallon Etebo. Daraja Najeriya U23 Lambar Tagulla ta Olympic 2016 Nassoshi Hanyoyin waje Peter Etebo at Soccerbase 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya Pages with unreviewed

22189

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce%20Lambert

Joyce Lambert

Joyce Mildred Lambert (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1916 -ta mutu a ranar 4 ga watan Mayu na shekara ta 2005) masaniyar ilimin tsirrai CE ta kasar Burtaniya. An yaba mata tare da tabbatar da cewa Norfolk Broads mutane ne da aka kirkira.. Rayuwar farko An haifi Joyce Lambert a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1916 a 50 Oakbank Grove, Herne Hill, London Ta kasance 'yar Loftus Sidney Lambert, magatakarda na kamfanin samar da lantarki, kuma daga baya wakilin dillalai, da matarsa, Mildred Emma, née Barker. Ta girma a Brundall, Norfolk, kuma ta yi karatu a Norwich High School for Girls A cikin shekara ta 1939, Lambert ya kammala karatun ilimin tsirrai daga Kwalejin Jami'ar Wales, Aberystwyth. Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin malama a Norwich sai aka naɗa ta a matsayin malama a ilimin tsirrai a Kwalejin Westfield, London. Masanin kimiyyar Norfolk AE (Ted) Ellis da masanin tsirrai na AR Clapham (sannan a Oxford) waɗanda suka ƙarfafa ta a cikin shekara ta 1940s don nazarin ilimin halittun da ke makwabtaka da Kogin Yare a yankin Surlingham Rockland St Mary na Norfolk. Gano Kimiyyar Ta tabbatar da ka'idar Clifford Smith cewa Norfolk Broads na asalin mutum ne, sakamakon yawan hako gwal, kuma ba wata halitta ba kamar yadda masanin ilimin halayyar halittu Joseph Newell Jennings ya kammala kwanan nan. A cikin shekara ta 1952, littafin JN Jennings, The Origin Of The Broads, ƙungiyar Royal Geographical Society ce ta buga shi. Jennings ya kammala da cewa yawancin, idan ba duka ba, wadancan tabkunan an kirkiresu ne ta hanyar tsari na halitta. A ta nazari Lambert amfani da wani stratigraphical dabara: cire core samfurori da peat da borer. Lambert ya yi amfani da bura mai kunkuntar diamita kuma ya ɗauki samfuran da yawa, yana mai bayyana cewa gefen tafkunan sun kusan a tsaye kuma saboda haka mutum ya yi su. Bincike ya nuna cewa Ikklesiyoyin gida sun mallaki "haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ƙasa" don haƙa peat a yankunansu, wanda, Joyce ya kafa, ya yi daidai da jeri na iyakokin Ikklesiya a cikin manyan hanyoyin. An kuma kammala shi cewa kusan dukkanin hakar an yi watsi da ita a ƙarshen ƙarni na 14th sakamakon ƙaruwa da suka yi da ambaliyar. Wannan ya faru ne sanadiyyar lalacewa a cikin yanayin Gabashin Anglian Gabas, kuma wani ɓangare ta haɓakar matakin teku. Inda a da can ake haƙo peat, yanzu akwai mahimmancin kamun kifi. Ta haɗu tare da Jennings da Smith a kan ƙarin nazarin Broads; an buga sakamakon su a cikin shekara ta 1960 kamar yadda ake yin Broads: sake yin la'akari da asalin su ta fuskar sabuwar shaida A shekara ta 1950 Lambert aka nada malami a fannin ilimin tsirrai a Jami'ar Southampton. A Southampton, Lambert ya ba da gudummawa ta farko ga yin amfani da kwamfutoci a kimiyyar ilimin tsirrai a cikin haɗin gwiwar da ta yi da shugabar sashenta, Bill Williams, kan yawan nazarin al'ummomin tsirrai. Norfolk Record Office yana riƙe da tarin takaddun Dr Lambert daga shekara ta 1920 zuwa shekara ta 2005, wanda ya haɗa da zane, taswira, hotuna da rubuce rubuce. Rayuwar mutum Ta kasance mai goyon bayan rayuwar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Norwich City Bayan ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 1980 sai ta koma gidan da ke Brundall wanda kakanta ya gina a cikin shekara ta 1920s. A cikin shekaru ukun ƙarshe na rayuwarta ta koma gidan kula da tsofaffi, gidan Oakwood, Old Watton Road, Colney, Norfolk. Ta mutu a can a ranar 4 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2005 na cutar sankarau. Ba ta yi aure ba. Littattafai JN Jennings, JM Lambert (1951). Tsarin alluvial da kuma maye ciyayi a yankin na Bure wide broads. Jaridar Lafiyar Qasa 39 (1): 116-148. JM Lambert, JN Jennings, CT Smith, Charles Green, JN Hutchinson (1960). Yin Broads: sake tunani game da asalin su dangane da sabbin hujjoji London: Kamfanin Royal Geographical Society; J. Murray. Manazarta Muhalli Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin Ɗan Adam Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Pages with unreviewed

52789

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishak%20Haji%20Muhammad

Ishak Haji Muhammad

Ishak Haji Muhammad (14 Nuwamba 1909 7 Nuwamba 1991), wanda aka fi sani da Pak Sako, marubuci ne na Malaysia, mai aiki a cikin shekarun 1930 har zuwa 1950. Ya kasance mai kishin kasa kuma ya fara shiga kafin samun 'yancin kai kuma ya ci gaba bayan haka. Ya yi yaƙi don ra'ayin hadin kan Melayu Raya inda Indonesia, Malaysia da Brunei suka haɗa kai a cikin rukuni ɗaya. Sunan Pak Sako ya fito ne daga taken 'Isako-san' wanda Jafananci suka ba shi, wanda shine furcin sunansa a cikin harshen Jafananci. Sauran sunayen Ishak sun hada da Anwar, Hantu Raya (The Great Ghost), Isako San da Pandir Moden (The Modern-day Pandir) Ƙuruciya An haifi Ishak a shekara ta 1909 a Kampung Bukit Seguntang, Temerloh, Pahang kuma ya sami karatunsa na farko a Makarantar Malay ta Kg. Tengah, Temer Loh a shekara ta 1919 kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta Clifford, Kuala Lipis daga 1924 zuwa 1928. Ya sami takardar shaidarsa ta ilimi daga makarantar Raub English a shekarar 1929. A shekarar 1930, ya tafi Kwalejin Malay Kuala Kangsar (MCKK) don horar da shi a matsayin jami'in Ma'aikatan Malayan. Ya rike mukamai a matsayin Mataimakin Mataimakin Jami'in Gundumar, Majalisa na Class III da kuma malamin harshe kafin ya shiga fagen wallafe-wallafen. Ya halarci Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Malayan a shekara ta 1941 kafin mamayar Malaya ta Japan kuma ya zama memba na kwamitin tsakiya na MCP tare da Rashid Maidin, Ahmad Boestamam da Abdullah CD a Perak Rubuce-rubuce da siyasa Ishak ya gaji da aikinsa a matsayin mai gudanarwa na Burtaniya kuma ya sami rayuwar ma'aikacin gwamnati na Burtaniya cike da yaudara, favouritism kuma babu sha'awar adana bukatun Malays waɗanda aka ce Burtaniya ta ba su kariya. A shekara ta 1934, ya yi murabus daga Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta Malayan kuma ya yi tafiya a yankin Malaya. Daga baya ya mai da hankali kan wallafe-wallafen kasa da siyasa. An ɗaure shi sau biyu (1948-1953; 1965-1966). Manzo na Malay Ishak shine na farko da ra'ayin buga jaridar Utusan Melayu (The Malay Post) kuma daga baya ya zama wanda ya kafa littafin. Ya bar Warta Malaya (Malayan Times) kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Pahang, Kelantan da Terengganu don kamfen don kafa Utusan Melayu Press. Ya yi aiki a jaridar a karkashin Abdul Rahim Kajai a matsayin edita. A lokacin da Japan ta mamaye Malaya, ya zama editan Berita Malai (Malayan News). Ya ci gaba da zama a Hulu Langat duk da cewa ya yi aiki a Kuala Lumpur. Zai ɗauki sufuri na jama'a zuwa ofis. Na ɗan lokaci, yana da Fiat lokacin da yake aiki a Rembau, amma bai yi tuki ba kuma dole ne ya hayar direba. Littattafai Ishak ya samar da litattafai da yawa, gajerun labaru, litattafan rubutu da kuma rubuce-rubuce don jaridu na Utusan Melayu Group. National Library of Malaysia yana da, a cikin tarin su, fiye da 1,000 kofe na aikinsa na wallafe-wallafen. Ayyukansa guda biyu da aka fi sani da su sune Putera Gunung Tahan (The Prince of Mount Tahan) da Anak Mat Lela Gila (The Son of Crazy Mat Lela), wanda ya nuna ra'ayoyinsa da burinsa a matsayin mai kishin kasa da marubuci. Su ne litattafan satire da aka yi wa Birtaniya kuma sun kasance masu sukar Birtaniya. Ishak ya sanya muhimmancin al'adun Malay a cikin rubuce-rubucensa kuma ya ɗaukaka al'adun Malaysia ta hanyar kwatanta shi da al'adun Ingilishi wanda aka ce ba shi da inganci kuma yana da tsananin tashin hankali. Ya kuma kasance mai aiki a rubuce-rubucen gajeren labari. Da ke ƙasa akwai samfurin sauran ayyukansa: Budak scholarship (Trishaw Boy). Marang: Mohamad bin A. Rahman, 1957 Judi karan (The Electric Bet). Singapore: Geliga, 1958 Pengantin baru (Sabon ma'aurata). Singapore: Geliga A cikin shekarunsa na baya, an fi saninsa a matsayin marubuci a cikin Utusan Malaysia da Gila-Gila (mujallar satire ta gida). Kyaututtuka A matsayin haraji ga gudummawar da ya bayar, Jami'ar Malaya ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Literature a ranar 29 ga Yuni 1973. A ranar 29 ga Mayu 1976, Ishaak ta karbi kyautar Pejuang Sastera (Literary Exponent) daga Firayim Minista. Mutuwa Ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1991 da karfe 5.40 na safe a gidansa a Kampung Bukit Raya, a Hulu Langat, Selangor An binne shi a ƙauyen yarinta a Temerloh, bayan addu'o'in Jumma'a, kusa da kaburbura na iyayensa, bisa ga sha'awarsa. An kwantar da shi a asibitin Tawakal a ranar 18 ga Oktoba bayan ya sha wahala daga bugun jini, kuma ya bar asibitin makonni biyu kafin ya mutu. A farkon shekarar, ya sake fama da bugun jini kuma an kwantar da shi a Babban Asibitin Kuala Lumpur a ranar 22 ga Yuli. Wannan hari ya bar gefen dama ya gurgunta. A matsayin haraji, UMNO ta ba da gudummawar RM16,874.15 ga iyalinsa a ƙarshen Babban Taronta a wannan shekarar. RM10,000 ya fito ne daga hedkwatar UMNO yayin da sauran suka ba da gudummawa daga wakilan ta yayin taron. Firayim Minista, Datuk Seri Dr. Mahathir Mohamad ne ya gabatar da shi ga Babban Ministan Pahang, Tan Sri Khalil Yaacob don a ba iyalinsa. Kyauta An sanya masa suna da wurare da yawa, ciki har da: Jalan Pak Sako, Temerloh, Pahang Kolej Pak Sako, Universiti Industri Selangor (UNISEL), Bestari Jaya, Selangor Akademi Pak Sako, Jalan Telawi, Bangsar, Kuala Lumpur Bayani Manazarta Harry Aveling, trans., Ishak Haji Muhammad: Yarima na Dutsen Tahan, Singapore: Littattafan Ilimi na Heinemann, (Asia), 1980. Harry Aveling, trans., Ishak Haji Muhammad: Ɗan Mat Lela, Singapore: Littattafan Tarayya, 1983. Ishak Haji Muhammad, "Ilham Men Lati Putera Gunung Tahan", Dewan Sastera, 23 ga Afrilu 1976. Haɗin waje Laburaren Sojojin Malaysia Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

21693

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville%2C

Greenville,

Greenville Gunduma ce. Asali Daga Cherokee Land zuwa Gundumar GreenvilleFalls Park da McBee's Mill a cikin 1844. Ofasar Greenville ta yau ta kasance filin farauta na Cherokee, wanda aka haramta wa masu mulkin mallaka. Wani hamshakin mai kudi daga Virginia mai suna Richard Pearis ya isa South Carolina a wajajen 1754 kuma ya kulla dangantaka da Cherokee. Pearis yana da ɗa tare da matar Cherokee kuma ya karɓi eka dubu 100 (ar 40,000) daga Cherokee a kusa da 1770. Pearis ya kafa shuka a kan Kogin Reedy da ake kira Great Plains a cikin garin Greenville na yanzu. Juyin Juya Halin Amurka ya raba ƙasar Kudancin Carolina tsakanin Masu biyayya da Patan ƙasa. Pearis ya goyi bayan yalan Aminci kuma tare da ƙawayensu, Cherokee. Bayan Cherokee ya kai hari ga Patriots, Patriots sun rama ta hanyar kona gonar Pearis kuma suka kulle shi a Charleston. Pearis bai sake komawa gonarsa ba amma an kira sunan tsaunin Paris da shi.Yarjejeniyar Kusurwa ta Dewitt a cikin 1777 ta ba da kusan duk ƙasar Cherokee, gami da Greenville ta yau, zuwa South Carolina. Tarihi An kirkiro gundumar Greenville ne a shekarar 1786. Wasu kafofin sun bayyana cewa an sanya mata sunan ne saboda kamanninta, yayin da wasu kuma suka ce an sanya wa yankin sunan Janar Nathanael Greene ne don girmama aikinsa a yakin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka. Lemuel J. Alston ya zo Gundumar Greenville a cikin 1788 kuma ya sayi kadada 400 (160 ha) da wani yanki na tsohuwar shukar Pearis. A cikin 1797 Alston yayi amfani da mallakar ƙasarsa don kafa ƙauye mai suna Pleasantburg inda ya kuma gina katafaren gida. A 1816, Vardry McBee ya sayi ƙasar Alston, wanda kuma ya bayar da hayar gidan Alston din don hutun bazara, kafin ya gina gidan daga 1835 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1864. An ɗauka shi ne mahaifin Greenville, McBee ya ba da gudummawar ƙasa don gine-gine da yawa kamar su coci-coci, makarantu, da kuma injin auduga. McBee ne ya dauki nauyin Jami'ar Furman wanda ya taimaka aka kawo jami'ar zuwa Greenville daga Winnsboro, South Carolina a 1851. A 1853 McBee da sauran shugabannin Greenville County sun ba da gudummawar sabuwar hanyar jirgin kasa da ake kira Greenville da Columbia Railroad. Greenville ya bunkasa zuwa kusan 1,000 a cikin 1850s saboda haɓakar gudummawar McBee da kuma jan hankalin garin a matsayin wurin hutu na baƙi. A 1831 Pleasantburg aka sanya shi a matsayin Greenville.Terarshen karni na 19: Greenville da Railway na Arewa a cikin 1890s wanda aka canza shi zuwa Swamp Rabbit Trail a cikin 2010. A watan Disamba 1860 Greenville ya goyi bayan babban taro don mahawara kan batun ballewa daga Kudancin Carolina. Yankin Greenville ya tura James Furman, William K. Easley, Perry E. Duncan, William H. Campbell, da James P. Harrison a matsayin wakilan taron. A ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1860, babban taron jihar South Carolina, tare da wakilan Greenville, suka kada kuri’ar ballewa daga Tarayyar. Greenungiyar Greenville ta ba da sojoji sama da 2,000 ga Statesungiyar edeasashe. Garin ya ba da abinci, tufafi, da bindigogi ga edeungiyoyin edeungiyoyi. Greenville bai ga wani aiki ba daga yaƙin har zuwa 1865 lokacin da sojojin Union suka zo ta cikin garin suna neman Shugaba Jefferson Davis na edeungiyoyin edeungiyoyi waɗanda suka gudu kudu daga Richmond, Virginia. A watan Yunin 1865 Andrew Johnson ya nada ɗan asalin County Benjaminville Benjamin Franklin Perry a matsayin Gwamnan South Carolina. [A watan Fabrairu 1869, Babban taron Majalisar S. C. wanda ya kafa Greenville, garin, birni ne ya gyara kundin tsarin mulkin garin Greenville. Gine-gine ya bunƙasa a cikin 1870s kamar kafa gada a kan Kogin Reedy, sabbin masarufi a kan kogin da sabbin hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa. An kafa Greenville News ne a cikin 1874 a matsayin jaridar farko ta Greenville ta yau da kullun. Southern Bell sun saka layukan tarho na farko a cikin garin. Mafi mahimman abubuwan more rayuwa da suka zo garin sune masana'antar auduga. Manyan sanannun kasuwancin auduga sun yi aiki kusa da Greenville wanda ya mai da shi garin niƙan garin auduga. Zuwa shekarar 1915 Greenville ya zama sananne da "Cibiyar Masakar ta Kudu. Daga shekarar 1915 zuwa 2004, garin ya karbi bakuncin wani muhimmin bikin baje kolin kayayyakin masaku, watau Bayyanar Kudancin Kudu.20th karn: Babban titin kusa da 1910 A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Greenville ta kasance cibiyar sansanin horar da sojoji. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya an faɗaɗa ayyukan kasuwanci tare da sabbin gidajen silima da kuma manyan shaguna. An rusa Gidan ansionasa kuma an maye gurbinsa da Poinsett Hotel a 1925. Babban Tsananin Cutar ya cutar da tattalin arzikin Greenville wanda ya tilasta masana'antar barin ma'aikata. Jami’ar Furman da Kwalejin Mata ta Greenville suma sun yi gwagwarmaya cikin durkushewar tattalin arziki wanda hakan ya tilasta musu hadewa a shekarar 1933. Yajin aikin Ma’aikatan yadika a shekarar 1934 ya haifar da irin wannan hayaniya a cikin gari da biranen da ke kusa da masu nika wanda ya zama dole ne Sojojin Kasa su shawo kan hargitsin. Sabuwar Yarjejeniya ta kafa Filin wasa na Sirrine da sabon Makarantar Highville High School. An kafa sansanin sojin sama na Greenville Army a 1942 a lokacin yakin duniya na II wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Greenville. Greenville Main Post Office A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1947, wasu gungun galibin direbobin motocin tasi suka dauke shi, wani bakar fata da ake zargi da dabawa wani direban tasi wuka, daga dakin da yake kurkuku kuma suka kashe shi. An fara shari’ar maza farare talatin da daya a kan laifin; yawancin wadanda ake tuhumar sun sanya hannu kan ikirari, da yawa daga cikinsu sun sanya sunan Roosevelt Carlos Hurd a matsayin shugaban masu zanga-zangar da kuma mutumin da ya kashe Earle da bindiga. Ranar 21 ga Mayu, 1947, masu yanke hukunci na wasu fararen fata 12 sun yanke hukuncin rashin laifi ga kowane mai kare su. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II tattalin arzikin Greenville ya haɓaka tare da kafa sabbin shaguna a cikin gari da faɗaɗa iyakokin birni. Jami'ar Furman ta ninka yawan dalibanta kuma ta koma sabon wuri. An kafa manyan makarantu kamar su Jami'ar Bob Jones a 1947 da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Greenville a 1962 a Greenville. An kafa Filin Jirgin Sama na Greenville Spartanburg a Greer na kusa a cikin 1962. Tattalin arzikin Greenville a ƙarshe ya ɓace a cikin 1970s yana barin fanko a cikin garin Greenville saboda jirgin da yawa yan kasuwa suka yi. Magajin gari Max Heller sannan ya sake farfado da cikin garin Greenville tare da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Greenville County da Hughes Main Library. Daga nan aka sauya Babban titin zuwa hanyar layi biyu wacce aka yi layi da bishiyoyi da titunan titi. Tare da tallafin tarayya na 1978, an gina cibiyar taro da otal, wanda ya kawo kasuwancin yankin. Labarin kasaLabarin kasa Greenville: tana a 34 50'40 N 82 23′8 W (34.844313, −82.385428), daidai yake tsakanin Atlanta (mil mil 145 (nisan 233 kudu maso yamma), da Charlotte, North Carolina (mil mil 100) [Kilomita 160] arewa maso gabas). Columbia, babban birnin jihar, tana da nisan mil 100 (kilomita 160) zuwa kudu maso gabas.Cikin gari Greenville daga iska Greenville tana cikin tsaunukan tsaunukan Blue Ridge, wani yanki ne na yanayin tsaunukan tsaunukan Appalachian, kuma ya haɗa da ƙananan tsaunuka da yawa. Mountain tsaunin Sassafras, wuri mafi girma a Kudancin Carolina, yana arewacin Pickens County, ƙasa da mil 40 (kilomita 64) arewa maso yamma na Greenville. Yawancin gidajen telebijin da hasumiyar gidan rediyo suna kan Dutsen Paris, na biyu mafi shahara a wurin, mil 8 (kilomita 13) arewa da garin Greenville. Bisa ga Cidayar Ofishin ensusidaya na Amurka, Greenville tana da jimillar yanki na murabba'in mil 28.8 (74.6 km2), wanda a cikin murabba'in kilomita 28.7 (74.3 km2) ƙasa ce kuma murabba'in mil 0.2 (0.4 km2), ko 0.51%, ruwa ne. 23] Kogin Reedy, wani yanki ne na Kogin Saluda, yana ratsa tsakiyar garin. Greenville yana cikin Yankin Laifi na Brevard kuma yana da ƙananan girgizar ƙasa lokaci-lokaci. Yanayi Greenville, kamar yawancin yankin Piedmont na kudu maso gabashin Amurka, yana da yanayin yanayin ruwa mai zafi (Köppen Cfa), tare da yanayi guda huɗu; garin na cikin USDA Hardiness zone 7b 8a. Winters gajere ne kuma gabaɗaya yana da sanyi, tare da matsakaiciyar watan Janairu kowace rana na 42.2 F (5.7 C). A matsakaici, akwai dare 59 a kowace shekara waɗanda ke sauka zuwa ƙasa ko kuma daskarewa, kuma kwana 1.3 ne kawai waɗanda suka kasa tashi sama da daskarewa. Afrilu shine watanni mafi bushewa, tare da matsakaita na inci 3.36 (mm 85) na hazo. Yanayin bazara suna da zafi da zafi, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin rana a watan Yuli na 79.9 F (26.6 C). Akwai matsakaita kwanaki 43 a kowace shekara tare da tsawo ko sama da 90 F (32 C). [25] Rikodin rikodin hukuma ya fara daga 107 F (42 C) a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2012, zuwa -6 F (-21 C) a Janairu 30, 1966; Matsakaicin rikodin sanyi a kowace rana shine 19 F (-7 C) a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1917, yayin da, akasin haka, mafi ƙarancin rikodin rikodin yau da kullun shine 80 F (27 C) a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 1937, na ƙarshe na lokuta uku Matsakaicin taga don yanayin sanyi shine 4 ga Nuwamba zuwa 1 ga Afrilu, yana ba da damar girma na kwanaki 217. Kusan yawan ruwan sama ba kasafai yake faruwa ba a lokacin kaka fiye da lokacin bazara [25] kuma, a matsakaici, Greenville yana karbar inci 47.2 (1,200 mm) na hazo a kowace shekara, wanda ake rarraba shi daidai a cikin shekara, kodayake rani yana da ɗan kaɗan; yanayin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga 31.08 a cikin (789 mm) a 2007 zuwa 72.53 a (1,842 mm) a cikin 1908. [25] Bugu da kari, akwai matsakaicin inci 4.7 (11.9 cm) na dusar ƙanƙara, wanda ke faruwa galibi daga Janairu zuwa Maris, tare da ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara da ke faruwa a Nuwamba ko Afrilu. Frequentarin ruwan guguwa da kankara mai hade da ruwan sama suna faruwa a yankin Greenville; saukar dusar kankara ta wani yanayi a tarihi ya kasance daga adadin da aka gano a kwanan nan kamar yadda 2011-12 zuwa 21.4 a cikin (54 cm) a cikin 1935-36. Waɗannan guguwar na iya yin babban tasiri a yankin, saboda galibi suna jan ƙafafun bishiya a kan layukan wutar kuma suna sa tuki cikin haɗari. Doka da gwamnati Hallin garin Greenville Garin Greenville ya karɓi tsarin Majalissar-Manajan gwamnatin birni a shekarar 1976. [28] Majalisar ta Greenville City ta ƙunshi magajin gari da mambobin majalisar shida. Magajin gari da membobin majalissar biyu an zaba su baki daya yayin da aka zabi sauran mambobin majalisar daga gundumomi masu mambobi daya. Kotun Karamar Hukumar ta Greenville tana kula da take hakki na laifi, keta haddi, da kuma keta dokar gari. Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, magajin garin shine Knox H. White, wanda yake wannan matsayin tun watan Disambar 1995. [30] An kafa Ma'aikatar 'Yan Sanda ta Greenville a 1845 a matsayin thean sanda na Greenville. A shekara ta 1876 Policean Sanda na Greenville sun zama Ma'aikatar 'Yan Sanda ta Greenville. A cikin 1976 Ofishin 'yan sanda na Greenville ya koma cikin Cibiyar Kula da Dokoki ta Greenville County tare da Ma'aikatar Sheriff ta Greenville County. Ofishin ‘yan sanda na Greenville yana yiwa Greenville hidima tare da ma’aikata kusan 241 tare da jami’ai da aka rantsar da su 199.Gundumomi 22-25 na Majalisar Wakilai ta Kudu ta Kudu suna ɗaukar sassan Greenville, kamar yadda gundumomin majalisar dattijai na jihar ke yi 6-8. Garin yana cikin gundumar majalisa ta 4 ta Kudu ta Carolina, wanda William Timmons ya wakilta tun daga 2019. Jan hankali A matsayin gari mafi girma a cikin Upstate, Greenville yana ba da ayyuka da yawa da jan hankali. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Greenville da wuraren taron a kai a kai suna karɓar manyan kide kide da rangadi da kamfanonin wasan kwaikwayo. Gidaje huɗu masu zaman kansu suna gabatar da wasannin kwaikwayo da yawa a shekara.Wuraren taron Wuraren taro Bon Secours Wellness Arena Bon Secours Wellness Arena, gidan Greenville Swamp Zomaye na ECHL, filin wasa ne mai kujeru 16,000 a cikin garin Greenville wanda aka buɗe a 1998 a matsayin Bi-Lo Center. Peace Center, cibiyar wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya haɗa da zauren kade kade tare da kujeru 2,100 da wurin zama na wasan kwaikwayo 400. Timmons Arena, wurin zama mai yawan kujeru 5,000 a harabar Jami'ar Furman. Filin Fluor a Yammacin ,arshe, gidan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa ta Greenville Drive, Classungiyar Class-A reshen Boston Red Sox. Filin wasan an tsara shi don ya maimaita abubuwa da yawa na Fenway Park, gidan gidan kula da iyaye, gami da wakilcin Fenway's Green Monster wanda ke tsaye ƙafa 30 (tsayin mita 9.1) a filin hagu. Cibiyar Taron TD, babban taro mai fadin murabba'in kafa 280,000 (26,000 m2) da kuma wurin taro wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1964 a matsayin sabon jerin jerin Majami'un Yadi, asalinsu sun fara ne a shekarar 1915 a matsayin Kudancin Yankunan Kudancin. [36] Gidan Kofi na Karkashin Kasa (wanda aka kafa a 1995 gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne mai kujeru 75 wanda ke dauke da nishadi kai tsaye gami da Alchemy Improv Comedy, Wits End Poetry Abubuwan da suka faru a daren Lahadi (tun daga 2002), live music, tsayuwa mai tsayi, [42] da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a littafin. Alamu Greenville Zoo Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi Falls Park a kan Reedi Mills Mill ya canza zuwa manyan gidajen haya Falls Park a kan Reedy, wani babban yankin shakatawa a West End tare da lambuna da ruwa da yawa, tare da samun damar zuwa Swamp Rabbit Trail. An keɓe shi a 2004, wurin shakatawa na dala miliyan 15.0 gida ne ga Liberty Bridge, gadar dakatar da masu tafiya a ƙafa suna kallon Kogin Reedy. Ci gaban dajin ya haifar da ci gaban 75 miliyan na jama'a-masu zaman kansu, Riverplace, kai tsaye ta hanyar Main Street. An kira Falls Park wurin haifuwar Greenville, amma a tsakiyar karni na 20 yankin ya kasance cikin mummunan rauni, kuma an gina Gadar Camperdown a duk faɗin Falls, yana hana gani. A tsakiyar 1980s, Birnin ya amince da wani babban shiri na wurin shakatawar, wanda ya kai ga cire Gadar Camperdown da kuma samar da hanyar yin gyare-gyare da yawa, don haɗa da kadada 20 (81,000 m2) na lambuna da kuma Liberty Bridge. Duk da yake an gina gadoji tare da tsarin tsari iri ɗaya a Turai, Liberty Bridge babu irinta a cikin yanayin yanayin sa. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Greenville County na Kwarewa akan fasahar Amurka, akai-akai tare da hangen nesa na Kudancin da ya samo asali tun ƙarni na 18. Andrew Wyeth da Jasper Johns ne suka lura dashi saboda tarin kayan aikinsa, da kuma tarin zamani wanda yake dauke da manyan mutane kamar Andy Warhol, Georgia O'Keeffe, da sauransu. Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Roper Mountain tana gida ne mai dauke da madubin hangen nesa na 23, wanda shi ne na takwas mafi girma a cikin Amurka. An kafa gidan shakatawa na Greenville a shekara ta 1960 kuma yana cikin Cleveland Park. Bukukuwa A Euphoria Greenville ita ce taron abinci na shekara-shekara na tsakiyar watan Satumba wanda ake gudanarwa a Wyche Pavilion a Larkin's a kan Kogin, Art a cikin Park, da kuma Peace Center for the Performing Arts; abinci, ruwan inabi, da kuma bikin kiɗa a cikin 2019 sun haɗa da ɓangaren ilimi da kuma cin abincin dare ta hanyar manyan masu dafa abinci na Michelin. Faduwa ga Greenville waƙa ce ta kwanaki uku da kuma titin abinci a kowace kaka. Bikin na 2019 ya kasance na 37, tare da ɗaruruwan kayan abinci da kuma gomomin masu fasahar kiɗa a matakai shida. Artisphere wani bikin fasaha ne na kwanaki uku da ake gudanarwa a kowace bazara. Bikin na 2019 ya nuna mawaƙa Sabuwar girmamawa da Jill Andrews da sama da masu zane-zane na gani ɗari da masu yin titi.IMAGINE Upstate biki ne na ƙarshen mako da kuma nuna STEM, na 'yan kasuwa, masu kirkira, da kuma sabbin abubuwa a cikin Upstate da ake gudanarwa kowace bazara. Bikin na inganta ilmantarwa a matsayin abin nishadi, ta hanyar ayyukan hannu da dama, nunin mu'amala, da gogewa.SC Comicon taro ne na kwanaki biyu da ake yi duk shekara. Taron ya jawo dubban mahalarta, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna sanye da kayan kwalliya. Indie Craft Parade wani biki ne na kere kere da ake yi kowane Satumba.2019 ta dauki nauyin taron shekara-shekara na 10, wanda ke da masu zane-zane sama da 100, kayan abinci na cikin gida, da rumfar daukar hoto kyauta. Bikin Shakespeare na Upstate yana yin Shakespeare da sauran wasannin gargajiya kowane bazara a Falls Park. An gudanar da bikin ne karo na 25 a shekarar 2019 kuma ya fito da The Tempest, wanda gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Warehouse ya yi. Bikin Girka shine biki na kwana uku wanda Cocin Orthodox na Girka ke daukar nauyin shi a cikin garin Greenville don murnar al'adun Girka. Bikin shekara ta 33 na shekara ta 2019 na rawa, kiɗa, da abinci sun haɗa da yawon shakatawa na St. George Greek Orthodox Cathedral. Sabuwar Taron Wasannin Kudancin Kwana ne na kwanaki goma masu ban dariya da ke nuna rashin kyautatawa, tsayawa-tsaye, zane-zane, da kuma kade kade daga ko'ina cikin kasar. Bikin na 5 na shekara ta 2018 ya kunshi sama da ‘yan wasan barkwanci 300. Greenville Open Studios, da aka kafa a 2002, bikin shekara uku ne na shekara-shekara inda masu zane-zane na cikin gida 158 ke buɗe gidajen su ga jama'a. Bikin 2019 ya kasance na 18, tare da halarta-saitin halarta. Ilimi Greenville County Hughes Babban Laburaren Makarantun gwamnati Gundumar Makarantar County ta Greenville ita ce gundumar makaranta mafi girma a cikin jihar ta South Carolina kuma ita ce ta tara a gundumar ta 49 mafi girma a Amurka, tare da manyan makarantu 14, da makarantun tsakiya 18, da kuma makarantun firamare 50 a cikin gundumar. Tare da kasafin kuɗin 2012 na dala miliyan 426, gundumar tana amfani da malamai 5,200, 63.1% daga cikinsu suna riƙe da digiri na biyu ko mafi girma. Baya ga makarantun gargajiya na gargajiya, yankin cikin gari na Greenville gida ne ga Makarantar Kwalejin Gwamnan Kudancin Carolina don Arts Humanities, makarantar kwana don matasa masu fasaha. Makarantu masu zaman kansu Baya ga makarantun gwamnati, Greenville County tana da makarantu masu zaman kansu da na addini, gami da Makarantar Katolika ta St Mary (wanda aka kafa a 1900), Makarantar Camperdown (ga ɗalibai masu fama da matsalar karatu), Hidden Treasure Christian School (wata makaranta ce ta ɗalibai tare da nakasa jiki da ko na hankali), Makarantar Episcopal Christ Church (makarantar koyon karatun Episcopalian mai kwaleji tare da wata makarantar Ba'amurke a waje da Jamus da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Bavaria ta ba da shaida), Makarantar Kirista ta Dajin Shannon (makarantar kirista ta bishara), Makarantar Katolika ta Saint Joseph, Uwargidanmu ta Rosary Katolika School, St. Anthony's Catholic School, Southside Christian School (wanda aka kafa a 1967 ta Southside Baptist Church), Hampton Park Christian School, da Bob Jones Academy da Elementary School da Greenville Classical Academy (makarantar kirista ta gargajiya wacce aka kafa a 2004) Kolejoji da jami’o iJames B. Duke Library a Jami'ar Furman Greenville tana da kwalejoji da jami'o'i da yawa, gami da Jami'ar Furman, Jami'ar North Greenville, Jami'ar Bob Jones, da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Greenville. Furman ya fara ne a matsayin Furman Academy da Theology Institution a 1825 mai suna Richard Furman. Makarantar tauhidin ta Furman ta rabu a 1858 kuma ta zama Kudancin Baptist tauhidin Seminary yanzu a Louisville, Kentucky. An kafa Jami'ar North Greenville a cikin 1893 kuma tana da alaƙa da Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta South Carolina. An kafa Jami'ar Bob Jones a shekara ta 1927 ta Bob Jones Sr a matsayin jami'ar Furotesta mai zaman kanta wacce ba darikar ba. An kafa Kwalejin Fasaha ta Greenville a cikin 1962 a matsayin kwalejin fasaha. Jami'ar Clemson tana da haraba a Greenville da ake kira Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research wanda ke mai da hankali kan binciken mota. Makarantar Medicine ta Jami'ar South Carolina Greenville wata makarantar likitanci ce ta shekaru hudu tana aiki a harabar Lafiya ta Prisma. Tattalin arziki Tattalin arzikin Greenville ya ta'allaka ne akan masana'antar keɓaɓɓu, kuma garin ya daɗe da suna "Babban Birnin Yadi na Duniya". A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, albashi mai kyau da fa'idodin haraji sun sa kamfanonin kasashen waje sun saka jari sosai a yankin. Garin shine hedkwatar Arewacin Amurka na Michelin, Synnex, United Community Bank, AVX Corporation, NCEES, Ameco, Kudancin Ruwa, Confluence Outdoor, Concentrix, JTEKT, Cleva North America, Hubbell Lighting reshen Hubbell Incorporated, Greenville News, Greenville Health System da kuma Scansource. A shekarar 2003, aka kirkiro Cibiyar Bincike ta Motocin Kasa da Kasa, inda aka kirkiro CUICAR a matsayin sabon salon binciken motar. An buɗe Cibiyar Fasaha ta Fasaha a cikin motsi da kuzari a cikin 2011, ta karɓi bakuncin kamfanoni da yawa a cikin jagorancin R&D da kuma hedkwatar Sage Automotive. Lokacin da aka rufe tsohon sansanin Sojan Sama na Donaldson, sai ƙasar ta zama Kwalejin Fasaha da Jirgin Sama ta South Carolina, kuma ta kasance gida ga Lockheed Martin jirgin sama da kuma kayan aiki, da kuma wuraren da 3M da Honeywell ke aiki. Filin jirgin saman Donaldson yanzu ya mamaye tsohon tashar jirgin sama a matsayin filin jirgin saman jama'a. General Electric yana da iskar gas, jirgin sama da ayyukan samar da makamashi na iska dake cikin Greenville. Kayan more rayuwa Tsarin lafiya Asibitin Tunawa da Greenville tana da manyan tsarin kiwon lafiya guda biyu, da Bon Secours Health da Prisma Health. Bon Secours St. Francis Health System, wanda ya hada da St. Francis Downtown; St. Francis Eastside; da kuma St. Francis Outpatient Center da Upstate Surgery Center, suna cikin manyan asibitocin ƙasar ta hanyar HealthGrades don aikin tiyatar zuciya da kuma ɗawainiyar kashi. Prisma Health (tsohon tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Greenville kuma kafin hakan, Tsarin Asibitin Greenville) kungiya ce ta kiwon lafiya ba riba wacce ta hada cibiyoyi bakwai a cikin yankin Upstate: Greenville Memorial Medical Center, North Greenville Long Term Acute Care Hospital da ER, Asibitin Hillcrest, Asibitin Tunawa da Patewood, Asibitin Tunawa da Greer, Asibitin Tunawa da Laurens County, da Asibitin Tunawa da Oconee. Yana daya daga cikin manyan ma'aikata a yankin. An gane shi ne don 2010-2011 a matsayin babban mai ba da kulawar zuciya da gastroenterology ta US News World Report. Prisma tana da asibitin yara daya tilo a yankin Upstate na Kudancin Carolina. Tana karɓar Jami'ar South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, cikakken reshe na makarantar likita a Columbia, South Carolina. Asibitin Greenville na Shriners na Yara yana kula da marasa lafiyar yara na musamman, kyauta. SufuriGreenville Spartanburg International Airport Greenville yana kan babbar hanyar Interstate 85, kusan rabin hanya tsakanin Atlanta da Charlotte. Terminarshen arewaci na Interstate 385 yana cikin gari, kuma ana amfani da yankin ta hanyar Interstate 185 da US Highway 123 (Calhoun Memorial Highway). Sauran manyan hanyoyin sun hada da U.S. 25, U.S. 29 da U.S. 276 Akwai filayen jirgin sama da yawa da ke aiki a yankin Greenville. Mafi girma a cikin yankin, Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport (GSP), shi ne na uku mafi yawan cunkoson ababen hawa a cikin jihar kuma mafi yawan manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama ke yi masa hidima. SCTAC (tsohon filin jirgin saman Donaldson) ya sami ci gaba na zamani kuma shine shafin sabon Kwalejin Taimako na Jirgin Sama na Kudancin Carolina (AASF) da kuma Cibiyar Super General Aviation. Greenville tana aiki azaman tashar jigilar kaya don FedEx Express. Filin jirgin saman Greenville Downtown, shine babban filin jirgin sama mafi hadari a South Carolina tare da tashi sama da sauka 80,000 a kowace shekara kuma sama da jiragen sama 245. Tafiyar jama'a a cikin Greenville ana kula da ita ne ta Greenville Transit Authority (GTA), wacce ta ƙulla yarjejeniya da City Of Greenville a cikin shekara ta 2008 a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar ɓangare uku da Greenville County. Birnin ya sake sabunta sabis ɗin tare da sunan Greenlink. Greenlink yana gudanar da tsarin bas wanda ke hidimtawa yankin Greenville, yawancin yankunan Greenville County gami da Mauldin da Simpsonville, da wani yanki na Pickens County ta hanyar mahaɗin zuwa Clemson. A halin yanzu Birnin yana gudanar da karatu don Saurin Kai tsaye wanda zai fara a cikin gari, yana haɗa shi zuwa Jami'ar Ridge da kuma Clemson ICAR ta hanyar hanyar jirgin ƙasa da aka watsar. Tashoshi da hanyoyi Greenville tana da tashar Amtrak, wanda wani ɓangare ne na Crescent na Amtrak, yana haɗa Greenville da biranen New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Raleigh, Charlotte, Atlanta, Birmingham da New Orleans. Bugu da ƙari, an haɗa Greenville a cikin layin da aka tsara na Kudu maso Gabashin Railway, wanda zai fara daga Washington, DC zuwa Birmingham, Alabama. Ana bayar da sabis na layin dogo ta CSX Transportation, Norfolk Southern Railway, da Carolina Piedmont Railroad. Tsohon layin Greenville da na Railway na Arewa zuwa Masu Tafiya an watsar da shi kuma an canza shi zuwa hanyar yawo da keke da ake kira Swamp Rabbit Trail Tsarkakewa: Interstate 85 yana tafiya tare da gefen kudu maso gabas na gari, tare da hanyoyi biyu, Interstate 185 da Interstate 385, suna haɗa shi zuwa tsakiyar gari. Tsakiyar 385 tana gabas daga tsakiyar gari Greenville, ta ratsa Tsakiyar 85, kuma ta ci gaba kudu daga can zuwa mahadar tare da Interstate 26. Tsakanin 185 ya fara kudu da cikin gari, ya ratsa Tsakiyar 85 kudu da birnin, sannan ya samar da hanyar kudu ta hanyar Greenville, ya ƙare a Interstate 385 kudu maso gabas na Greenville. I-85 I-385 I-185 Teamsungiyoyin wasanni Masu kallo a wasan Greenville Drive Taron wasannin motsa jiki na Kungiyar Kwalejin Kwalejin Kiristanci ta Kasa (NCCAA) yana da hedkwata a Greenville, kamar yadda ƙananan kungiyoyin wasanni da na jami'a suke Sportsananan kungiyoyin wasanni Greenville Drive, ƙungiya ce ta A-ƙungiyar Boston Red Sox a Kudancin Tekun Atlantika. Drive ɗin sun buga kakarsu ta farko a filin wasa na Greenville Municipal, tsohon gidan ƙungiyar Atlanta Braves AA. Drive din ya fara kakarsu ta biyu a sabon filin wasansu na cikin gari a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2006, wanda, kafin farkon kakar 2008, aka sake masa suna filin Fluor a West End. A shekarar farko bayan kafuwar su, ana kiran su Greenville Bombers, bayan sun ƙaura daga Columbia, South Carolina. Kafin wannan, Greenville ta dauki bakuncin wasu kananan kungiyoyin kwallon baseball, wadanda suka fara da Greenville Spinners a shekarar 1907. Greenville Swamp Rabits, ƙaramin ƙungiyar wasan hockey a ECHL, sun fara wasa a lokacin hockey na 2010-11 a matsayin Green War Road Warriors kuma aka sake musu suna a 2015.Greenville Gaels, ƙungiyar jefawa a cikin Yankin Kudu maso Gabashin theungiyar Wasannin Gaelic ta Amurka. Greenville Triumph SC ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce a USL League One wacce ta fara wasa a cikin 2019. Theungiyar tana wasa a Filin Kwalejin Legacy Early. A watan Yunin 2021, USL ta ba da sanarwar cewa ƙungiyar mata masu alaƙa za ta fara wasa a 2022 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sabon rukunin W. Greenville FC ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce a cikin NPSL wacce ta fara a cikin 2018; suna taka leda a Filin wasa na Sirrine duk da cewa sun tafi hutun shekara ta 2020.Carolina Upstate Thunder ta Americanungiyar Baswallon Kwando ta Mata ta Amurka tana yin wasannin gida a Kwalejin Legacy Early farawa a watan Yulin 2021. Jami'ar Furman Furman Paladins suna gasa a matakin NCAA Division I. (Lura: footballwallon Furman memba ne na AAungiyar Wasannin Kwallon Kafa ta NCAA.) Teamsungiyoyin wasan motsa jiki na Furman suna gasa a cikin haraba a wurare daban-daban, ciki har da Filin Paladin, Timmons Arena, da Eugene Stone Soccer Stadium. Furman memba ne na Taron Kudancin.Jami'ar Bob Jones Jami'ar Bob Jones ta yi takara a matakin NCCAA Division II. BJU Bruins sun fara wasannin tsere tsakanin juna a shekarar makaranta ta 2012-2013. Makarantar ta fara ne da ƙwallon ƙafa maza da mata da ƙwallon kwando, tare da fatan ƙarshe ƙara wasu wasanni. An ƙara ƙasar ƙetare da golf don shekarar makaranta ta 2013-2014. An kara wasannin harbi na maza da na mata a shekarar 2016. Jami'ar North Greenville Jami'ar North Greenville ta yi gasa a matakin NCAA Division II. Al'adu An lasafta Greenville ɗayan ɗayan "Manyan Artsananan Artsananan Artsauyuka a Amurka. Filin Lafiya na Bon Secours yana kawo rangadin ƙasashe na shahararrun mawaƙa zuwa cikin gari, kuma Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya don Yin Arts ta ba da wuri don ƙungiyar makaɗa kuma yana wasa. Shirye-shiryen gyaran miliyoyin daloli da aka shirya zuwa babban zauren gidan kade-kade da filin wasan shaƙatawa na ruwa ya fara a cikin bazarar 2011. Kayayyakin zane Gidan Tarihi na Artville County na Gidan Tarihi da Gidan Tarihi na Sargent, wanda a da yake shuka Coca-Cola Da yawa daga cikin masu zane-zane na cikin gida suna aiki a cikin ɗakunan karatu da hotuna a cikin birni, musamman ofauyen West Greenville kusa da cikin gari. Artsungiyar Fasaha ta Metropolitan tana ba da al'amuran jama'a da yawa waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan zane-zane, ciki har da Farkon Jumma'a na Farko da Greenville Open Studios. Greenville yana kuma ba da wasu sanannun kayan tarihi na fasaha mai kyau: An kafa gidan kayan gargajiya na Greenville County Art, gidan Andrew Wyeth Collection, tare da gagarumar gudummawa daga masanin masana'antar yankin, Arthur Magill. Ya ƙunshi guda ɗaya daga Jackson Pollock, Jonathan Greene, Georgia O'Keeffe, Jasper Johns da William H. Johnson.Gidan Tarihin Tarihi na Jami'ar Bob Jones da Gidan Hoto yana ɗauke da tarin tarin ƙwararrun masanan Turai Waƙa Wurin kiɗan Greenville gida ne na gida, yanki, da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa suna yin kiɗa a cikin nau'ukan daban-daban. Garin yana dauke ne da kungiyar makada na Greenville Symphony Orchestra, Greenville County Youth Orchestra, Carolina Youth Symphony, Carolina Pops Orchestra, da kuma Greenville Concert Band. Bostonungiyar Orchestra ta Symphony ta Boston tana yin aiki a kai a kai a Bon Secours Wellness Arena. Greenville Light Opera Works (GLOW Lyric Theater) ƙwararren gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne a cikin Greenville wanda ke samar da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Musical, Operetta da Opera Kungiyoyin waƙoƙin cappella na cikin gida sun haɗa da mata Vocal Matrix Chorus (a da Greenville a cikin Haɗuwa) da ƙungiyar mawaƙa na Palmetto Statesmen na maza. Groupsarin ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa sun haɗa da Greenville Chorale da Greenville Gay Men's Chorus. Yawancin shahararrun ayyukan yawon shakatawa na ƙasa suna da tushen Greenville, gami da: Nile, The Marcus King Band, Edwin McCain, Islander, Nikki Lane, Austin Webb, da Peabo Bryson.A tarihi, Greenville ta kasance gida ce ta shahararrun mawaƙa na ƙasa, gami da:Ann Sexton, Cat Anderson, Josh White, da Mac Arnold. Lynyrd Skynyrd sun buga kide-kide na karshe tare da dukkanin membobin asali a Greenville, a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1977; wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar, da ma'aikatan ƙungiyar, sun mutu a cikin haɗarin jirgin sama lokacin da ya bar Filin Jirgin Saman Gini na Greenville. Barkwanci Akwai wurare takwas na barkwanci a Greenville wadanda suke nuna tsayuwa mai ban dariya, wasan kwaikwayo na zane, masu ba da labari, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na gwaji da wadanda ba na gargajiya ba. [100] Dance da gidan wasan kwaikwayo:Greenville Little gidan wasan kwaikwayo The Carolina Ballet Theater ƙwararren kamfani ne mai raye-raye wanda ke gabatar da shirye-shirye akai-akai a Cibiyar Aminci da sauran wurare. CBT tana gabatar da wasanni huɗu a kowace shekara a matsayin kamfanin ƙwararrun raye-raye na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Cibiyar Aminci tare da mafi girma kamar hutu na gargajiya, "The Nutcracker, Da zarar Bayan Wani Lokaci a Greenville." Wannan samfurin ana yin kwatankwacinsa ne kamar manyan kamfanoni waɗanda suka saita ajin hutu a garinsu. Stage Stage, Greenville Theater, South Carolina Theater da kuma Warehouse Theater sune manyan wuraren wasanni a yankin. Wadannan siliman din suna ba da wasanni iri-iri ciki har da sanannun ayyuka, kamar Mutuwar Mai Siyarwa da Man shafawa, da wasannin kwaikwayo da marubutan wasan kwaikwayo na cikin gida suka rubuta. A lokacin bazara da lokacin bazara, kamfanin Shakespearean na yankin yana yin Shakespeare a cikin Park a Falls Park Amphitheater. Adabin adabi: Kungiyoyi biyu masu zaman kansu wadanda ba na riba ba suna cikin Greenville: Gidauniyar Emrys, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1983, da Wits End Poetry, wadanda aka kafa a 2002. Mai jarida:Duba kuma: Jerin jaridu a South Carolina, Jerin gidajen rediyo a South Carolina, da Jerin gidajen talabijin a South Carolina Tsohon ginin Greenville NewsThe Greenville News ita ce jaridar gari ta yau da kullun kuma ita ce jaridar mafi girma ta Upstate da ke zagayawa da karatu.Jaridar Greenville: Jaridar mako-mako mai ma'amala da kasuwanci, ci gaban tattalin arziki, al'amuran cikin gida, da lamuran yau da kullun da suka dace da Greenville. Asalinsa shine Greenville Civic da Commercial Journal Jaridar Kasuwanci ta Upstate: Jaridar kasuwanci ta mako-mako tana zuwa ga shugabannin kasuwancin 100,000 a cikin kananan hukumomin Greenville, Spartanburg, da Anderson.Kasuwancin GSA: An buga kowane mako biyu, yana ɗaukar labaran kasuwanci daga ko'ina cikin yankin metropic na Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson.Greenville Magazine Magazine: Mujallar wata-wata wanda ke ƙunshe da bayanan kasuwanci da kuma game da yankin Greenville.Mujallar Upstate Link: Bugun mako-mako ya fara ne a cikin Janairu 2004 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Greenville News kuma ya ci gaba da bugawa har zuwa 2008. Yanzu ya daina aiki. ShareGVL (Share Greenville): kwatankwacin 'yan Adam na New York, ƙungiya ce ta dijital mai ba da riba wacce ke ba mazauna Greenville mutuntaka. Talabijan: Greenville wani ɓangare ne na Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson-Asheville DMA, wacce ita ce kasuwar talabijin ta 36 mafi girma a ƙasar. Duba akwatin da ke ƙasa don gidajen telebijin na gida. Rediyo:Greenville wani yanki ne na Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson Arbitron Metro wanda shine babbar kasuwar rediyo ta 59 mafi girma tare da mutum 12+ na 813,700. Duba akwatin da ke ƙasa don gidajen rediyo na gida vte Yawan jama'a Tarihin jama'a Yawan Jama'a 1850 1,305 1860 1,518 16.3% 1870 2,757 81.6% 1880 6,160 123.4% 1890 8,607 39.7% 1900 11,860 37.8% 1910 15,741 32.7% 1920 23,127 46.9% 1930 29,154 26.1% 1940 34,734 19.1% 1950 58,161 67.4% 1960 66,188 13.8% 1970 61,208 −7.5% 1980 58,242 −4.8% 1990 58,282 0.1% 2000 56,002 −3.9% 2010 58,409 4.3% 2019 (kimanin.) 70,635 [3] 20.9% Kimanin Ofishin Kidaya [105] Kimanin shekara ta 2018 [106] Greenville ita ce babbar birni mafi girma a cikin Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin Metropolitan Statistical Area, babban birni ne wanda ke rufe kananan hukumomin Greenville, Laurens, Anderson da Pickens kuma yana da adadin mutane 874,869 kamar na shekarar 2015. [9] Tunda dokar South Carolina ta sanya hade yankunan kewayen birni kewaye da birane da wahala, garin garin Greenville daidai gwargwado yana da ƙarancin adadin yawan jama'ar yankin birni. Game da ƙidayar jama'a na 2010, akwai mutane 58,409, gidaje 24,382, da iyalai 12,581 da ke zaune a cikin birnin. Yawan jama'a ya kasance mazauna 2,148.0 a kowace murabba'in mil (829.3 km2). Akwai rukunin gidaje 27,295 a matsakaicin nauyin 1,046.9 a kowace murabba'in mil (404.2 km2). Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 62.12% Fari, 31.54% Baƙi ko Ba'amurken Ba'amurke, 3.44% Hispanic ko Latino (na kowane jinsi), 1.27% Asiya, 0.14% Asalin Ba'amurke, 0.06% Tsibirin Pacific, 1.37% na sauran jinsi, kuma 1.11% na jinsi biyu ko fiye. Akwai gidaje 29,418, daga cikinsu 22.3% suna da yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18 da ke zaune tare da su, 32.7% ma'aurata ne da ke zaune tare, 15.5% na da mata mai gida ba tare da miji ba, kuma 48.4% ba iyalai bane. 40.8% na dukkan gidajen sun kasance mutane, kuma 12.8% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda yake da shekaru 65 ko sama. Matsakaicin iyali ya kasance 2.11 kuma matsakaicin iyali shine 2.90. A cikin birni, yawan shekarun yana nuna 20.0% ƙasa da shekaru 18, 13.8% daga 18 zuwa 24, 31.3% daga 25 zuwa 44, 20.5% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 14.4% waɗanda shekarunsu ke 65 girmi Matsakaicin shekaru 35 ne. A cikin kowane mata 100, akwai maza 89.9. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 86.8. Matsakaicin kudin shiga na iyali a cikin gari ya kai 33,144, kuma matsakaicin kudin shiga ga iyali ya kasance 44,125. Maza suna da kuɗin shiga na 35,111 akan 25,339 na mata. Kudin shigar kowane mutum na gari ya kai 23,242. Kimanin 12.2% na iyalai da 16.1% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 22.7% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 17.5% na waɗanda ke da shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Sananne mutane Jaimie Alexander, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Dorothy Allison, marubuciya [109] Cat Anderson, mai kahon jazz (1916-1981) [110] Manjo Rudolf Anderson Jr., mutum ɗaya tilo da wutar abokan gaba ta kashe a lokacin Rikicin Makami Mai linzami na Cuba Zinn Beck, tsohon dan wasan MLB; gudanar da Greenville Spinners daga 1923 zuwa 1925 Danielle Brooks, 'yar fim, ta girma a Simpsonville kuma ta halarci SCGSAH a Greenville Peabo Bryson, mawaƙi-mai waƙa Carroll A. Campbell, Jr., gwamna na 112 na South Carolina, 1987 1995 Judith Chapman, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Dextor Clinkscale, dan wasa a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa John Culbertson, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Santia Deck, 'yan wasa Jim DeMint, dan majalisar dattijan Amurka kuma shugaban Gidauniyar al'adun gargajiya Esquerita, mawaƙa Jawun Evans, dan wasa a Kungiyar Kwando ta kasa Tyler Florence, shugaba kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin [124] Kevin Garnett, ɗan wasa a Basungiyar Kwando ta ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon 15wallon 15wallon 15 da M 2004 MVP André Goodman, aikin shekara 10 na NFL azaman kusurwa tare da Detroit Lions, Miami Dolphins, da Denver Broncos [Trey Gowdy, Wakilin Amurka Chad Green, Leaguewallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon manyan League Clement Haynsworth, Alkalin Da'irar Amurka na Kotun ofaukaka U.S.ara ta Amurka na Hudu; Wanda aka zabi Kotun Koli Max Heller, magajin garin Greenville daga 1971 zuwa 1979; an sanya wa Max Conne Convention Center don girmamawa Jesse L. Helms, magajin garin Greenville daga 1979 zuwa 1982 James M. Henderson, babban jami'in talla kuma dan takarar Republican na Laftanar Gwamnan South Carolina a 1970; surukin Jim DeMint [132] George Hincapie, mai tsere kan keke John D. Hollingsworth, babban jami'in kayan masaku da taimakon jama'a Bo Hopkins, talabijin da kuma dan wasan fim Jesse Hughes, mawaƙin dutsen Jesse Jackson, mai rajin kare hakkin jama'a da Baptist ministrt Shoeless Joe Jackson, Manyan Wasan Kwallan Baseball Bob Jones Sr., mai bishara, wanda ya kafa Jami'ar Bob Jones Bob Jones Jr., shugaban jami’ar Bob Jones na biyu Monique Jones, IFBB ƙwararren mai ginin jiki Marcus King, bluesmusician, wanda ya kafa The Marcus King Band Virginia Postrel, marubucin siyasa da al'aduYar uwa garuruwa:''' Greenville tagwaye ne da: Italiya Bergamo, Italiya Belgium Kortrijk, Belgium Yankin Kasuwanci na Tianjin na Sin, China Indiya Vadodara, Indiya

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%81arawo%202

Ɓarawo 2

Ɓarawo II: The Metal Age wasan bidiyo ne na sata na 2000 wanda aka ƙirƙira a Looking Glass Studios kuma Eidos Interactive ya buga. Kamar wanda ya riga shi Barawo: The Dark Project, wasan ya bi Garrett, babban ɓarawo wanda ke aiki a ciki da kuma kusa da wani birni na steampunk da ake kira birni. Ɗan wasan ya ɗauki matsayin Garrett yayinda yake warware wani makirci da ke da alaƙa da sabuwar ƙungiyar addini. Garrett yana ɗaukar ayyuka kamar ɓarna da ƙira, yayin ƙoƙarin guje wa ganowa ta masu gadi da tsaro na atomatik. An ƙera ɓarawo II ne don gina tushen wanda ya gabace shi. Dangane da martani daga 'yan wasan ɓarawo, ƙungiyar ta sanya hankali sosai kan ɓoyewar birni a cikin jerin ,bubuwan, kuma sun rage yawan amfani da dodanni da matakan maze. An yi wasan ne tare da maimaita na uku na Injin Duhu, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a baya, don haɓaka ɓarawo da Shock 2 An sanar da barawo II a 1999 Electronic Entertainment Expo, a matsayin wani ɓangare na kwangila mai tsawo tsakanin Neman Glass da Eidos don saki wasanni a cikin jerin <i id="mwHw">ɓarawo</i> Duban Gilashin ya kusa faɗuwa yayin da aka haɓaka wasan, kuma kamfanin ya ci gaba da gudana ta hanyar ci gaba daga Eidos. Barawo II ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masu suka, kuma tallace-tallace na farko ya fi na magabata ƙarfi. Duk da haka, an sarrafa kuɗin sarauta, na wasan sannu a hankali, wanda ya haɗu da matsalolin kuɗi na Looking Glass. Sakamakon haka, kamfanin ya rufe a watan Mayu 2000, tare da soke shirye-shiryen barawo na III Wasan na uku, a cikin jerin, mai suna Barawo: Mutuwar Shadows, Ion Storm ne ya haɓaka kuma Eidos ya buga a 2004. Barawo 2X: Shadows of the Metal Age, a yadu yabo fadada mod for Barawo II, an saki a 2005. A cikin 2014, Square Enix ya buga sake yi na jerin, wanda Eidos Montréal ya haɓaka. Wasan kwaikwayo Ɓarawo II wasa ne mai ɓoyewa wanda ke gudana daga hangen nesa na mutum na farko a cikin yanayi mai hoto mai girma uku (3D). Mai kunnawa yana neman kammala manufofin manufa da kuma gujewa sanarwa na abokan hamayya kamar masu gadi. Dole ne mai kunnawa ya rage iya gani da jin sautin halayen ɗan wasan, Garrett, don guje wa ganowa. Ƴan wasa suna ƙoƙari su guje wa wurare masu haske da ƙasa mai ƙarfi don goyon bayan inuwa da shimfiɗar wuri. Mai saka idanu mai haske akan nunin kai sama (HUD) yana nuna iyawar mai kunnawa. Duk da yake yana yiwuwa ɗan wasan ya shiga cikin faɗa kai tsaye, yana da sauƙin nasara. Ayyukan 15 na wasan suna farawa a manyan matakan da za a iya fuskantar ta hanyoyi da yawa. Ana iya fitar da masu gadi da blackjack ko a kashe su da baka ko takobi, kuma ana iya ɗauko gawarwakinsu da suka mutu a boye. Baya ga abokan gaba na ɗan adam, wasan yana da na'urori masu sarrafa kansu da na'urorin tsaro. Yayin da yake kammala manufofi kamar tsararru da baƙar fata, mai kunnawa yana satar kayayyaki masu mahimmanci waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don siyan kayan sata tsakanin manufa. Babban kayan aikin mai kunnawa sune kibau na musamman, gami da kiban ruwa zuwa fitilun wuta, kiban gasa don rage sawun ɗan wasan da kiban igiya don isa ƙasa mafi girma. An ƙera ɓarawo II don yin wasa ta hanya, kuma ɗan wasan yana shirin gaba ta hanyar leƙo asirin ƙasa, karanta taswirar wasan da kuma lura da tsarin sintiri. Halin mai kunnawa yana da idon injin zuƙowa, wanda ke haɗawa da kyamarorin "Scouting Orb" masu iya jefawa. Ana iya tura Orb Scouting guda ɗaya a lokaci guda; idan ya sauka, dan wasan yana kallon duniyar wasan ta fuskarsa har sai an dawo da wasan na yau da kullun. Mai kunnawa na iya sauraron kararraki, irin su takalmi da humming, don tantance wuraren ,abokan gaba. A kan mafi girman matakan wahala uku na wasan, kashe mutane yana haifar da sakamako a wasa sama da, kuma a wasu ayyuka dole ne mai kunnawa ya fitar da kowane mai gadi. Makirci Saita da haruffa Kamar wanda ya gabace shi barawo: The Dark Project, Barawo II an saita a cikin wani steampunk birni mai suna City, wanda bayyanar yayi kama da na biyu na tsakiyar da kuma na zamanin Victorian birane. Fasahar sihiri da tururi sun kasance gefe da gefe, da ƙungiyoyi uku masu yin amfani ,da dabaru da ban mamaki, Hammerites masu mayar da hankali kan fasaha da masu bautar "arna" na Pan -kamar Trickster allah suna cikin aiki. Ɓarawo II yana faruwa shekara guda bayan wasan farko. Bayan cin kashin da Trickster ya yi da kuma gazawar shirinsa na mayar da, duniya cikin daji, tsohuwar yanayi, wani saɓani a cikin addinin Hammerite ya haifar da ɗarikar “Mechanist”, wacce ke mutuƙar kima da fasaha. ci gaba. Sabbin ƙirƙiro na, Mechanists na amfani da rundunar 'yan sanda da ta sake dawowa don murkushe laifuka. Maguzawa suna cikin rudani, kuma an kora su cikin jeji bayan birnin. Daga nan kuma suka shiga yakin neman zabe da makanikai. Bangaren mai tsaron gid,a yana barci yayin da wasan ya fara. Wasan ya ci gaba da labarin Garrett (mai magana da yawun Stephen Russell barawo mai ban tsoro wanda ya ci Trickster. Neman Garrett shine sabon sheriff, Gorman Truart (Sam Babbitt ya yi magana), wanda ya sanya manufar rashin haƙuri akan laifuka. Viktoria (mai magana da Terri Brosius tsohon abokin Trickster, a ƙarshe ya haɗu tare da Garrett don yaƙar masu aikin injiniya. Babban abokin hamayyar wasan shine wanda ya kafa Mechanists, Uba Karras (wanda kuma Russell ya bayyana shi), mai ƙirƙira marar kwanciyar hankali wanda ya ƙi duniyar halitta. Labari Wasan ya fara ne yayin da Garrett ya ci gaba da rayuwarsa a matsayin ɓarawo. Duk da haka, ,shingensa ya ci amanar shi kuma ya yi masa kwanton bauna bayan aikin farko, kuma ya ƙaddara cewa Truart, sheriff na gida, yana farautarsa. Masu kiyayewa suna ɗaukar Garrett don jin annabci game da "Ƙarfe Age", wanda ya yi watsi da shi. Yayin da Garrett ya fita, Artemus, mai tsaron gida wanda ya kawo shi cikin oda, ya sanar da shi cewa an hayar Truart don ya kashe shi, kuma ya ba Garrett wasiƙar da ta umarce shi da ya saurari taron Mechanist. A can, Garrett ya ji Truart da Uba Karras suna tattaunawa game da canza mutanen titi zuwa "Bayi" marasa tunani, waɗanda, ke sa abin rufe fuska da ke fitar da tururi mai iya rage kansu d,a duk wani abu na halitta na kusa zuwa tsatsa. Truart yayi alƙawarin ba wa Karras ashirin da aka kashe don aikin Bawan, ba tare da sanin cewa Karras yana rikodin kalmominsa don amfani da su ba. Garrett ya saci rikodin, daga akwatin ajiya mai aminci, don tilasta Truart ya bayyana ma'aikacinsa. Ko yaya Garrett ya ga an kashe Truart a gidansa. Shaidu a wurin aikata laifin sun kai shi leƙen asiri ga jami'in 'yan sanda Lt. Mosley. Garrett ya ga Mosley yana isar da wata wasiƙa mai ban sha'awa, wacce wani arne da ya ji rauni ke ɗauka ta hanyar tashar yanar gizo. Garrett ya shiga tashar kuma ya sami kansa a wajen birnin, kuma ya bi sawun arna na jini zuwa Viktoria, wanda ya rinjayi Garrett ya shiga tare da ita a kan Mechanists. A kan jagora daga Viktoria, ya shiga ofishin Karras don koyo game da "Cetus Project", kuma ba da gangan ba ya gano cewa Karras yana ba da Bayi ga manyan, Birni. Garrett yayi balaguro zuwa ginin Mechanist don neman ƙarin bayani game da aikin Cetus, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin jirgin ruwa Domin ganowa da kuma sace wani babban masanin injiniya mai suna Brother Cavador, Garrett ya bace a cikin motar. Bayan isar da Cavador zuwa Viktoria, Garrett ya saci abin rufe fuska na Bawa don koyo game da fasahar Mechanist da ake kira "Cultivator". A halin yanzu, Karras ya buya a cikin babban cocin Mechanist a shirye-shiryen shirinsa. Garrett da Viktoria sun koyi cewa Masu Cultivators ne a cikin abin rufe fuska na Bawan da ke fitar da jajayen tururi, ko "gas mai tsatsa". Karras ya baiwa bayi masu girma da gonaki domin a kashe wani sarka mai tsauri. Viktoria na shirin jawo Bayin zuwa cikin majami'ar Mechanist da aka rufe kafin Karras ya kunna abin rufe fuska, amma Garrett ya yi imanin wannan yana da haɗari kuma ya fita. Viktoria ta je babban coci ita kaɗai, kuma ta mutu yayin da take cake shi da tsire-tsire, kuma Garrett. ta kammala shirinta, ta kashe Karras a cikin iskar tsatsa. Bayan haka, Artemus ya tuntuɓi Garrett, wanda ya bayyana cewa an yi annabcin makirc,in Karras da mutuwar Viktoria. Garrett yana buƙatar sanin sauran annabce-annabce na Masu Tsara yayin da wasan ya ƙare. Ci gaba Farkon samarwa Kallon Glass Studios ya fara zana ɓarawo II a cikin Janairu 1999. Manufar ƙungiyar ita ce gina tushen ɓarawo: The Dark Project, wasan da darektan ,ayyukan ɓarawo na II Steve Pearsall ya ce gwaji ne. Ya bayyana cewa kungiyar ta buga ta lafiya ta hada da wasu "bincike ko kasada daidaitacce" manufa tare da "tsalle da tsalle-tsalle" a cikin ɓarawo, kuma sabon wasan ya fi mayar da hankali kan sata. An ba yaƙi ƙasa da daraja fiye da na asali. Dangane da martani daga 'yan wasa da masu bitar barawo, ƙungiyar, ta yanke shawarar rage yawan amfani da matakan maze-kamar dodanni irin su aljanu don jin daɗin yanayin birane da maƙiyan ɗan adam. Pearsall ya bayyana cewa an samu mummunan karbuwar dodanni barawo saboda, s,abanin abokan gaba na wasan, ba su nuna karara ba lokacin da suka lura da dan wasan. Tawagar ta yi kokarin magance wannan matsala ta hanyar inganta sautin sauti da makiya ba na dan adam suka bayar a cikin jerin abubuwan. An fara samar da barawo II a watan Fabrairu. Gilashin kallon ya zaɓi ya tsara ƙungiyar wasan na "rabin masu ƙira na asali da rabin sabon jini", a cewar babban furodusa James Poole. Kamfanin ya yi ƙoƙarin zaɓar mutanen da suka haɗa da kyau duka da kansu da kuma ƙirƙira, a yunƙurin tabbatar da tsarin ci gaba mai sauƙi. Adrenaline Vault editan-in-chief Emil Pagliarulo an dauki hayar a matsayin ƙaramin mai zane, a, wani ɓangare saboda kyakkyawan bitar sa na ɓarawo Attajirin "zdim" Carlson da Iikka Keränen sun shiga ƙungiyar Daikatana na Ion Storm, kuma ɗan kwangilar kallon Glass Terri Brosius ya ɗauki hayar mai zanen cikakken lokaci. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙungiyar mace ce, wanda Pearsall ya yi imanin ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi Kamar yadda aka saba a kallon Gilashi, ƙungiyar ɓarawo II ta yi aiki a cikin wani wuri mara bango ,da ake kira "rami", wanda ya ba su damar yin magana cikin sauƙi. Da take kwatanta yanayin aiki a lokacin, marubuci Laura Baldwin ta lura cewa "tattaunawa suna daɗaɗa hauka game da ɗakin, [da] lokacin da wani ke nuna wani abu mai ban sha'awa kowa yakan duba." A cikin watanni na farko na ci gaba, ƙungiyar ta taru akai-akai don kallon fina-finai masu dacewa da halin Garrett da kuma zane na wasan kwaikwayo, irin su Mutum na Uku, Gidan Cagliostro, M da Metropolis Pearsall ya ce fina-finan biyun na baya-bayan nan su ne "Babban tasiri na ado na barawo na II yayin da babban abin da ya sa shirinsa ya yi shi ne littafin littafin Umberto Eco The Name of the Rose Har ila yau, tawagar ta jawo tasiri daga Fritz Leiber 's Fafhrd da Grey Mouser An rubuta labarin wasan a cikin tsari guda uku Garrett an yi niyya don canzawa daga "kai na son rai" a cikin aikin farko zuwa mai bincike mai zaman kansa a karo na biyu, kuma zuwa hali mai kama da James Bond a na uku. Hanyoyin fasaha da gine-ginen birnin sun rinjayi bayyanar Victorian London, kuma an ba da wasu yankuna wani jigon Art Deco don samar da "irin Batman Feel", dangane da fim din 1989 Jagoran mai zane Mark Lizotte ya ɗauki hotuna sama da dubu biyu a lokacin hutunsa a Turai, kuma waɗannan sune tushen, da yawa daga cikin sassa na wasan An gina ɓarawo II tare da injin duhu na uku, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a baya don ɓarawo da Shock 2 A cewar Pearsall, Injin Duhu ya zama "yanayin ci gaban da aka fahimta sosai", wanda ya samar da tsarin samar da sauƙi. Sabunta injin da aka ƙirƙira don System Shock 2, kamar tallafi don launi 16-bit, an ɗauke su zuwa Barawo II Matsakaicin ƙirar ƙira a cikin ɓarawo II an ba shi kusa da ninki biyu na matsakaicin ƙira a cikin ɓarawo, tare da ƙarin ƙarin dalla-dalla da aka ,mayar da hankali kan kawunan haruffa. Wannan yunƙuri ne na ba wa haruffan "ƙarin kwayoyin halitta". Wasu abubuwan da aka tsara na wucin gadi (AI) da aka rubuta a cikin Injin Duhu, wanda ya ba abokan gaba damar lura da canje-canje a cikin yanayi kamar buɗe kofofin, ba a yi amfani da su a cikin ɓarawo ko a cikin System Shock 2 ba amma an aiwatar da su a cikin ɓarawo II An ƙara tasirin yanayi kamar hazo da ruwan sama, kuma an yi amfani da fasaha daga Flight Unlimited III don haifar da sama da gajimare. Sanarwa da kara ci gaba An sanar da ɓarawo II a yayin Expo Nishaɗi na Lantarki a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 1999, a matsayin wani ɓangare na kwangila tsakanin Nema,n Glass da Eidos Interactive don sakin sabbin wasanni huɗu a cikin jerin <i id="mwAZE">ɓarawo</i>, farawa da Barawo Zinare An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a ranar 7 ga Mayu, kusan watanni uku bayan shigar barawo na II Nunin fasahar wasan, wanda Bruce Geryk na Yankin Wasanni ya bayyana a matsayin "kimanin dakuna uku tare da wasu Mages", an nuna su a filin wasan, An yi amfani da demo don nuna sabunta Injin Duhu, wanda ke nuna goyan baya don hasken launi, mafi girman nau'ikan polygon da manyan wurare. Ƙungiyar ta bayyana aniyarsu ta haɗa da ƙarin matakan tare da abokan gaba na ɗan adam, kuma sun sanar da ranar da aka tsara na bazara 2000. An kuma yi dalla-dalla dalla-dalla tsare-tsare don haɗa yanayin haɗin kai da yawa a nunin. Jason Bates na IGN ya lura cewa nunin ɓarawo na II ya ja hankalin "wani ɗan hayaniya da ƴan ƴan kallo na sadaukarwa". By July, the team had begun initial construction of the game's levels. Thief IIs increased focus on stealth necessitated new level design concepts: the most stealth-based missions in Thief had centered on urban burglary, but Pearsall explained that this "would get tired pretty fast" if repeated in every level. The team diversified Thief II by designing missions with such objectives as kidna,pping, blackmail and eavesdropping. The first two levels were designed to seamlessly introduce new players to the core game mechanics, without a tutorial mission that might lose the interest of experienced players. When creating a mission, the team would often begin by deciding on the player's objective, after which they would produce a rough level design. The mission would then undergo a peer review to determine if it should be added to the game. Each of the game's levels was a team effort rather than the work of a single designer. Designer Randy Smith explained that, while Thiefs levels had been designed to fit a pre-existing story, the Thief II team "tried to think of really good missions first" and then adjusted the plot to suit them. He noted that it was highly difficult to harmonize the two. Ƙungiyar sauti ta wasan ta ƙunshi Kemal Amarasingham, Damin Djawadi da darektan sauti Eric Brosius A cewar Brosius, kowane memba na sashin sauti ya yi “komai”, ba tare da bayyananne a fili tsakanin matsayin ba. Kamar ɓarawo, ɓarawo II yana fasalta injin sauti wanda ke simintin yaɗawa a cikin ainihin lokaci. Don cimma wannan sakamako, an sh,igar da ma'auni na kowane matakin zuwa ga editan matakin da kuma zuwa "babban bayanan [sauti]", wanda ya zana yadda sauti zai iya yaduwa a zahiri bisa "halayen ɗaki na zahiri da] yadda duk ya bambanta. dakuna da wuraren suna hade tare". Misali, hayaniya tana tafiya cikin yardar kaina ta buɗaɗɗen kofa amma ana toshewa lokacin da ƙofar ke rufe. Ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da sabon fasalin "occlusion" a cikin EAX 2.0 don sa yanayin sauti na ɓarawo II fi dacewa kuma don ba da damar mai kunnawa ya saurari ta ƙofofi. Wasan ya ƙunshi ƙarin tasirin sauti, kiɗa da magana fiye da ainihin barawo Makin barawo na II, kamar na wanda ya gabace shi, an ƙera shi don ɓata yanayi sauti da kiɗa" tare. Duk da haka, Brosius daga baya ya bayyana cewa, yayin da sautin sauti ɓarawo ya ƙunshi madaukai "sauki da kuma hypnotic" na 'yan dakiku kawai a tsayi, ɓarawo II ya fi tsayi kuma "mafi tunani" da aka gina. Ya yi imanin cewa wannan hanyar tana da fa'idodi masu kyau, amma hakan ya haifar da ƙarancin yanayi na sauti. Mawallafin Dan Thron ya dawo don ƙirƙirar abubuwan wasan, tare da taimako da,ga Jennifer Hrabota-Lesser. Daga baya Al'arshi ya kira Hrabota-Lesser "ɗayan manyan masu fasaha da na taɓa gani". Hotunan da aka yanke, wanda Mujallar Wasannin Kwamfuta ta kira "na musamman", yana nuna zane-zane da yawa na zane-zane da faifan raye-rayen da aka yi fim a kan koren allo Waɗannan abubuwan an haɗa su kuma an kunna su a cikin Adobe After Effects An ƙirƙiro wannan dabarar don ɓarawo na asali, a matsayin juyin halitta na shawarar mai zane Ken Levine don amfani da abubuwan ban dariya na motsi Fina-finan David Lynch Eraserhead da The Elephant Man sun kasance masu tasiri mai mahimmanci akan salon su. Watanni na ƙarshe Zuwa Oktoba 1999, ƙungiyar ta yanke fasalin wasan. Pearsall ya yi bayanin cewa Gilashin kallon ba shi da “abin da za a iya yi don yin sabon nau’in ƴan wasa da yawa da kuma jigilar wasan ɗan wasa guda da ya dace”. An sanar da tsare-tsare a cikin, Janairu 2000 don fitar da wasan barawo mai yawan- play kawai jim kaɗan bayan kammala ɓarawo II Yayin da ci gaban ɓarawo na II ci gaba, Gilashin kallon ya fuskanci matsananciyar matsalolin kuɗi. Daga baya Marc LeBlanc na kamfanin ya ce "Eidos yana rubuta cak a kowane mako don rufe yawan konewar mu" a cikin watannin ƙarshe na aikin. Farashin karshe na wasan ya kusan dala miliyan 2.5. A cewar shugaban kamfanin Paul Neurath, Eidos ya sanar da Binciken Gilashin cewa "ba wani zaɓi bane" barawo II ya rasa ranar sakin sa, kuma za a sami "mummunan sakamako idan [mu] ya ɓace ko da rana ɗaya". Wani ma'aikacin Neman Gilashin da ba a bayyana ba daga baya ya gaya wa Salon.com cewa Eidos "ya gaya mana mu yi jigilar barawo II ta kwata-kwata ko kuma a mutu". A watan Janairu, Pearsall ya tabbatar da cewa wasan ya kai ga beta, kuma ana kashe yawancin kuzarin ƙungiyar "sauya, gogewa, da gyara kwari". Ya lura a farkon watan Fabrairu cewa an samar da barawo II kusan gaba ɗaya akan jadawalin. Kamfanin ya zame a baya kusa da ƙarshen aikin kuma ya shiga lokaci mai wahala don gyara asarar. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, mai shirya ɓoyayyi na II Michael McHale ya sanar da cewa wasan ya kai ga "daskare fasalin", kuma ƙungiyar tana cikin "yanayin crunch". Masu gwajin wasan da yawa daga Eidos sun shiga aikin. Koyaya, McHale ya ce ƙungiyar ta sami kuzari kuma "ruhohi [suna da] girma". Wasu ma'aikata sun kwana a ofis kuma sun guji yin wanka domin wasan ya kai wa'adinsa na Maris. Daga baya LeBlanc ya bayyana imaninsa cewa an yi gaggawar wasan, kuma ingancinsa ya sha wahala a sakamakon haka. Duk da haka, ƙungiyar ta cimma burinsu, kuma an sake wasan a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2000. Eidos ya gaggauta biyan kamfanin don kammala wasan. Barawo 2 yayi muhawara mai girma akan jerin masu siyar da wasannin kwamfuta, da tallace-tallace na farko sun fi na magabata na nasara a kasuwanci. Zuwa Nuwamba 2000, tallace-tallacen da yake yi a duniya ya zarce kwafin 220,000; Yankin PC ya bayyana waɗannan alkaluma a matsayin "yabo na kasuwanci." Asar Amirka ita kaɗai ta sami tallace-tallace 67,084 a ƙarshen 2000, wanda ya jawo kudaden shiga na dala miliyan 2.37. Wasan daga baya ya sami lambar yabo ta tallace-tallace ta "Azurfa" ta Ƙungiyar Mawallafin Mawallafa na Nishaɗi da Nishaɗi (ELSPA), yana nuna tallace-tallace na aƙalla kwafi 100,000 a cikin United Kingdom. Barawo II kuma ya sami tabbataccen bita daga masu suka, tare da jimillar maki 87/100 akan Metacritic Thomas L. McDonald Duniyar Wasannin Kwamfuta ya rubuta cewa "duk abin da ke cikin barawo II ya fi girma, ya fi kaifi, ya fi kyau, kuma ya fi tasiri" fiye da na magabata. Ya ji daɗin labarinsa kuma ya kira matakansa "mai girman gaske kuma mai rikitarwa", tare da "tsarin ban mamaki mai ban mamaki kuma sau da yawa kyawawan" gine; amma ya gano zane-zanen wasan sun ɗan yi rashin haske. McDonald ya taƙaita ɓarawo II a matsayin na musamman "wasan wasa". Jim Preston na,j PC Gamer US ya ɗauki wasan ya kasance "mafi mayar da hankali da gogewa fiye da na asali", kuma ya yaba da kawar da "yakin aljanu". Yayin da yake kuskuren zane-zanensa, ya taƙaita shi a matsayin "wasan jahannama ɗayajmai kyau". Jasen Torres na GameFan ya rubuta, "Idan kuna son ɓarawo, za ku ƙaunaci ɓarawo 2: Zamanin Karfe yana da ƙarin abubuwan da suka sa ɓarawo ya yi girma, tare da ƙarancin abubuwan ban haushi". Ya yaba da kawar da ayyukan "kisan zombie" kuma ya yi imanin sautin wasan ya kasance "fiye da kowane wasa". Ya dauki labarinsa a matsayin "mai kyau" amma "babu wani abu mai girma" kuma zane-zanensa ya kasance "mai kyau"; amma ya yi tsokaci cewa wasan ya kasance "da gaske game da wasan kwaikwayo ne", wanda ya yaba da cewa "mai matukar jan hankali da nishadi". Benjamin E. Sones na Mujallar Wasannin Kwamfuta ya ɗauki labarin wasan a matsayin "mai kyau sosai", amma ya yi kuskuren neman Gilashin don gazawar dalla-dalla abubuwan da suka faru na wasan farko na sabbin 'yan wasa. Ya rubuta cewa zane-zanen ɓarawo II yana iya wucewa amma ƙirar sautinsa “abin mamaki ne”. Sones ya yaba da ayyukansa a matsayin "an tsara su sosai", kuma ya lura cewa sun ba da ra'ayi na kasancewa a cikin "duniya mai rai, mai numfashi." Ya takaita, "Watakila ba cikakke ba ne, amma barawo 2 ya samu inda ake kirga". Charles Harold na jaridar New York Times ya kira wasan "madaidaicin shakatawa ga wasannin da ke daukaka tashin hankali". Ya sami labarinsa ya kasance "kadan", amma ya yaba wa duniyarta a matsayin "mai ban mamaki mai rai" da AI a matsayin "babban kwaikwaiyo na ainihin hankali". Rubutu don GamePro, Barry Brenesal yayi sharhi cewa barawo II "yana ba da ingantaccen ƙwarewar wasan caca" amma "ba ya firgita kamar wanda ya riga shi". Ya rubuta cewa ayyukansa sun ƙunshi "manyan nau'ikan iri-iri", kuma ya yaba da "ikon da suke da shi na ba da shawarar duniyar da ta fi girma", amma ya koka da cewa suna da layi. Ya ɗauki rubutun wasan a matsayin "daga cikin mafi kyawun kasuwanci". Yayin da Brenesal ya ji daɗin yanayin wasan da kuma haskakawa, ya lura da ƙarancin dalla-dalla na ƙirar ɗan adam na wasan, waɗanda abubuwan raye-rayen da ya same su a matsayin "arthritic". Paul Presley yankin PC ya rubuta cewa matakan wasan sun fi girma amma sun fi sauƙi fiye da na ɓarawo, kuma ya ɗauki manufar su ta ɗan layi. Ya sami zane-zane na ɓarawo II rubuta kwanan wata kuma ya rubuta cewa rashin haskensa na ainihin lokacin "yana ba kowane yanayi nau'in 'karya' inganci". Koyaya, ya yi imanin cewa wasan "har yanzu yana da isasshen yanayi don nutsar da ku", kuma ya yaba da ƙirar sautinsa. Presley yayi la'akari da wasan a matsayin sake gyara wanda ya gabace shi kai tsaye, kuma ya gama da cewa, "Ba a taɓa samun ƙarin bayyananniyar shari'ar sequel-itis ba." Jim Preston yayi nazari akan nau'in wasan PC na wasan don gaba na gaba, yana ba da tauraro hudu daga cikin biyar, kuma ya bayyana cewa "Babban, wasan kwaikwayo na skulking, sababbin kayan aiki masu amfani, da kuma zane-zane mai hankali ya sa Barawo II ya zama mafi kyawun 'sneaker' mutum na farko. Bayan-saki Yayin da barawo na II ya yi kyakkyawan kasuwanci, Ba a saita Looking Glass don karɓar sarauta na watanni da yawa ba. Kamfanin ya yi fama da kuɗaɗe tun bayan faɗuwar kasuwancinsa na wasannin da ya buga kansa Terra Nova: Strike Force Centauri da British Open Championship Golf Duban Jirgin Gilashin Gilashin Unlimited III ya tashi a dillali, kuma ci gaban Jane's Attack Squadron ya wuce kasafin kuɗi kuma ya faɗi a baya jadawalin. Yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka wasan ɓoye mai zurfi tare da Wasannin Rashin hankali ya rushe kwanan nan. A cewar Tim Stellmach na Looking Glass, jinkirin da aka samu a cikin sarautar ɓarawo na biyu "ya fuskanci [mu] tare da yiwuwar ƙarewar kuɗi." Kamfanin na Looking Glass ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Eidos Interactive zai mallaki kamfanin, amma Eidos ya fada cikin matsalar kudi kwatsam, a wani bangare saboda gazawar dala miliyan 40 na Daikatana na Ion Storm Waɗannan abubuwan sun haifar da rufe Gilashin kallo a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2000, tare da shirin ɓarawo II magajin Barawo II Zinariya da ɓarawo III da aka soke. Daga baya kashi-kashi An tsara jerin ɓarawo a matsayin trilogy, kuma aiki akan ɓarawo III yana "a cikin ingantaccen matakin ci gaba" lokacin da aka rufe Gilashin Neman, a cewar Keith Pullin PC Zone An nada Randy Smith da Terri Brosius a matsayin masu zanen jagora, kuma sun inganta tunanin wasan cikin watanni da yawa. A cikin wata budaddiyar wasika da aka buga bayan fatarar kamfanin, Smith ya rubuta cewa wasan na uku zai faru ne a cikin "budaddiyar birni, mai son kai", kuma makircinsa ya ta'allaka ne kan Masu kiyayewa. Brosius ya ba da shawarar cewa barawo na III zai ga Garrett "ya yarda da cewa akwai sakamako ga ayyukansa", kuma da alama ya zama "a shirye ya ke bayarwa, maimakon ɗauka koyaushe." Dan wasan zai iya gano labarin wasan a hankali, yayin da yake bincika yanayin yawo kyauta An yi manyan tsare-tsare don haɗa ƙwararrun 'yan wasa da yawa na haɗin gwiwa, da sabon injin, Siege, yana cikin samarwa. Lokacin da kallon Gilashi ya rufe, kadarorinsa sun lalace kuma an sayar da kadarorin na barawo a gwanjo. Wannan ya haifar da shakku cewa za a kammala aikin ɓarawo, yanayin da marubucin Salon.com Wagner James Au ya kwatanta da Lucasfilm ya rufe bayan da aka saki The Empire Strikes Back Koyaya, bin jita-jita, Eidos ya sanar a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 2000 cewa ya sayi haƙƙin barawo Ci gaban ɓarawo III an wakilta shi zuwa Warren Spector kulawar Ion Storm, wanda kwanan nan ya kammala Deus Ex A cewar Spector, da an ba barawo III ga Core Design ko Crystal Dynamics idan bai yarda da shi ba. An sanar da wasan don Windows da PlayStation 2 A ranar 10 ga Agusta, Spector yayi tsokaci cewa burin farko na Ion Storm shine ya hada wata kungiya mai mahimmanci, wacce ta kunshi wani bangare na tsoffin ma'aikatan neman Glass, don tsarawa da tsara wasan. 'Yan tawagar barawo II Randy Smith, Lulu Lamer, Emil Pagliarulo da Terri Brosius an dauki hayar don fara aikin. A ranar 16 ga Agusta, Ion Storm ya sanar da hayar sa, kuma ya bayyana cewa aikin ra'ayi akan barawo III zai fara a watan Satumba. Ƙungiyar ta shirya don "nannade ƙarshen ƙarshen" na jerin, kuma sun gina kai tsaye a kan aikin ra'ayi na ɓarawo III da aka yi a Kallon Glass. Barawo III aka sake masa suna Barawo: Mutuwar Shadows, kuma an sake shi don Windows da Xbox a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2004. A cikin Mayu 2009, bayan watanni da yawa na jita-jita, wasan na huɗu a cikin jerin ɓarawo ya sanar da Deus Ex: Mai haɓaka juyin juya halin ɗan adam Eidos Montréal An bayyana shi a cikin fitowar Afrilu 2013 na Mai ba da labari Game Wasan, mai suna ɓarawo, shine sake kunnawa na jerin ɓarawo kuma ba ya ƙunshi Hammerites, arna ko Masu kiyayewa. Makircinsa ya biyo bayan Garrett (wanda Romano Orzari ya yi a madadin Stephen Russell) bayan wani hatsarin da ya bar ubangidansa, Erin, ya bace. Garrett ya sami amnesia bayan faruwar lamarin, kuma birnin na fama da wata annoba mai suna Gloom. An fitar da wasan don Windows da Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Xbox One da PlayStation 4 a cikin Fabrairu 2014. Fadada fan Ba da daɗewa ba bayan fatara na kallon Glass, ƙungiyar fan da ake kira Dark Engineering Guild ta fara haɓaka tsarin haɓakawa zuwa ɓarawo II, mai suna ɓarawo 2X: \Inuwa na Zamanin Karfe Da farko, suna fatan cika gurbin da aka bari ta hanyar sokewar barawo III, amma sun ci gaba da aiki a kan yanayin bayan sanarwar da saki barawo: Mutuwar Shadows An sake shi a ,cikin 2005 bayan shekaru biyar na ci gaba, mod ɗin ya biyo bayan Zaya, wata budurwa da aka yi wa fashi yayin da ta ziyarci Birni sannan kuma ta nemi fansa. Wani arne mai suna Malak ne yake yi mata jagora, wand,a yake horar da ita a matsayin barawo amma yana da mugun nufi. Tawagar ta tsara Zaya don zama mai iya jiki da kuma samun "kallo na tsakiya-maso-gabas/arewa-afurka", amma sun yi ƙoƙari don guje wa kamanceceniya da Mulan A tarihin tarihi, labarin ya fara kusa da ƙarshen barawo kuma ya ƙare a tsakiyar ɓarawo II, don haka yana nuna haɓakar Gorman Truart da farkon zamanin Injiniyan. Barawo 2X yana fasalta ayyuka 13, tare da sabbin raye-raye masu rai da kuma kusan sabbin layin 3,000 na tattaunawa da aka yi rikodi. Mod ya sami yabo daga masu suka da kuma daga cikin jama'ar ɓarawo Brett Todd na PC Gamer US ya ba shi "Mod of the Month" kuma ya rubuta: "Ba shi da cikakkiyar ma'anar wasannin asali, amma yana da kusanci sosai". Wani marubuci na Jolt Online Gaming ya yaba da abubuwan gani na na zamani kuma ya ɗauki, ayyukansa a matsayin "ƙirar ƙira mai ban sha'awa". Yayin da marubucin ya yi sharhi cewa ɓarawo 2X bai bi sautin jerin daidai ba kuma cewa muryarsa ba ta kasance "ba mafi kyau ba", sun gama da cewa masu sha'awar jerin ɓarawo ba su da "ba su da uzuri don kada su yi wasa T2X PC Gamer UK s Kieron Gillen ya rubuta cewa ya yi tsammanin za a soke mod ɗin, saboda cewa "web ɗin yana cike da Kashi biyar na gama aikin masterworks daga mutanen da suka yi niyya mai nisa, da yawa da yawa". Bayan sakin barawo 2X, yaba, da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun aikin fan na ɓarawo kuma a matsayin "ɗayan mafi kyawun nasarorin kowane fanni na kowane wasa". Duba kuma Dark Mod Wasan gaggawa Immersive sim Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Thief II at

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyu%20Modibbo%20Umar

Aliyu Modibbo Umar

Dr. Aliyu Modibbo Umar haifaffen Kumo ne, Karamar hukumar Akko, kuma kwararren ɗan fasaha ne a Najeriya wanda ya kasance karamin Ministan wutan lantarki da karafa na tarayya daga watan Disamban shekara ta 2002 zuwa watan Mayu shekarar 2003, Ministan Kasuwanci daga watan Yulin shekara ta 2006 zuwa watan Yulin shekara ta 2007, sannan Ministan FCT Babban Birnin Tarayya, Abuja mukami ya rike har zuwa watan Oktoban shekara ta 2008. Bayan Fage Dr. Aliyu Modibbo Umar an haife shi a garin Kumo dake jihar Gombe Gombe State a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta alif 1958. Yayi digiri BA in Journalism a California State University, Long Beach; sannan yayi digiri na biya MA African Studies dakuma digiri na uku PhD Comparative Education duka a jamiar California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Aikinsa na farko shi ne a shekara ta 1979 a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ga Hukumar Gidan Talabijin ta Najeriya Tsakanin shekarar alif 1986 zuwa shekarata alif 1992, ya yi aiki a Amurka, ya dawo Nijeriya a cikin shekara ta 1993 don fara aiki a matsayin malami a Jami’ar Abuja Daga nan ya koma cikin mulkin farar hula, yana aiki a ofishin Shugaban Ma’aikata na Shugaban kasa. Shugabancin Obasanjo A karkashin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo, Aliyu Modibbo an nada shi Karamin Ministan Makamashi da Karafa daga watan Janairu zuwa watan Mayun shekara ta 2003. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2003, ya bayyana cewa Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kashe Naira biliyan 2 da miliyan 200 wajen ayyukan samar da lantarki a yankunan karkara a jihar Gombe. Ya zargi masu zagon kasa saboda yawan katsewar wutar lantarki a wannan lokacin. Bayan wani taron Majalisar Zartaswa ta Tarayya (FEC) a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003,Aliyu Modibbo Umar ya ce an yanke shawarar hana shigo da kayan goge baki na kowane irin, ruwan kwalba, biskit na kowane iri, spaghetti da taliya. An nada shi Shugaban Kamfanin Peugeot Automobile Nigeria Ltd. (PAN) a watan Mayu shekara ta 2003, haka kuma yana rike da mukamin babban mataimaki na musamman ga shugaban kasa kan harkokin bincike da tuntuba. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2004 ya yi cikakken bayani game da shirin sake kera motoci na Peugeot a Najeriya, yana sayar da su a farashi mai sauki. A matsayinsa na shugaban PAN, ya warware rikice-rikicen masana'antu tsakanin ma'aikata da Ma'aikatan kamfanin wanda ya dakatar da aiki a masana'antar tsawon shekaru kuma a cikin kwanaki 90, ya juya akalar PAN. a lokacin da yake shugaban kasa, Dr Modibbo ya fara fitar da kera motoci kirar Peugeot a Nijeriya zuwa wasu kasashen Afirka. Dakta Modibbo ne ya dage akan sai anyi amfani da motoci kirar Peugeot 307 domin shirin Abuja Taxi wanda Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya na wancan lokacin Malam Nasir El Rufa'i ya gabatar. Dokta Modibbo ya kuma taimaka wajen daukar motoci kirar Peugeot 307 a matsayin motocin tasi a cikin jihar Ribas karkashin gwamnatin Dakta Peter Odili a matsayin gwamnan jihar Ribas. Ya goyi bayan bullo da Tsarin Kudin Mota na Mota ga ma'aikatan Gwamnati wanda sojoji 15, 000, jami'an tsaro da 'yan sanda suka amfana da shi. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2004, ya bayyana cewa kamfanin Peugeot Automobile Nigeria ya fara fitar da shi zuwa kasashen Senegal, Cote d'Ivoire da Kamaru, tare da fara ba da motoci 120. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2006 aka tsayar da shi a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci don maye gurbin Idris Waziri, kuma an tabbatar da shi a watan Yulin shekara ta 2006 yayin da yake saura shugaban hukumar gudanarwa ta PAN. A matsayinsa na Ministan Kasuwanci, ya kasance da alhakin kafa kungiyar Kasuwancin Najeriya da Rasha don inganta hadin gwiwa, aiki tare da inganta dangantakar kasuwanci tsakanin kasashen biyu. Ya kuma gabatar da shirin kasuwanci na 44 wanda aka tsara shi da nufin bunkasa kayan gona 11, kayayyakin da aka kera su 11, da kayan ma'adinai 11 ga kasuwannin duniya 11. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2007, yayin da yake magana a wajen kaddamar da ofishin Cibiyar Bunkasa Hannun Jama'a a Ikoyi, Legas, Aliyu Modibbo Umar ya ce ya kamata Najeriya ta yi amfani da Dokar Bunkasa Afirka da Dama wacce aka sanya wa hannu a kan doka a ranar 18 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2000, ta hannun Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton Daga baya a waccan watan, a matsayin kakakin kungiyar ministocin kasashen Afirka, Caribbean da Pacific a taron ministocin EU-ACP a Bonn, Aliyu Modibbo ya bayyana cewa ya kamata a aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Kawancen Tattalin Arziki (EPA) a tsanake don kaucewa mummunan tasiri, musamman a kan kasashe a cikin Communityungiyar Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Yamma (ECOWAS). Yar'adua shugaban kasa A watan Yulin shekara ta 2007, watanni biyu bayan an zabe shi, Shugaba Umaru 'Yar'Adua ya nada Aliyu Modibbo Umar Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya. A farkon lokacin hidimarsa an yaba masa saboda bullo da wata kungiyar kwararru don magance matsalolin yankin. Ya kafa kwamiti don zaɓar "Sashen FCT na shekara" don ƙarfafa haɓaka da ƙoshin lafiya a tsakanin sassan FCT. Ya fara ayyukan hangen nesa a cikin birni wanda ɗayan shi ne Ci gaban Gundumar Abuja ta Tsakiya wanda kuma ake kira da Abuja Boulevard. Boulevard wani aiki ne na kilomita 6.5 wanda aka tsara don samar da kyawawan halaye, aji da girma a cikin garin Abuja a matsayin ɗayan manyan biranen zamani masu tasowa na duniya. Yankin da ke tsakiyar Babban Gundumar Kasuwanci na birni, titin ya samarwa da garin kayayyakin masarufi na zamani don kasuwanci, nishaɗi, manyan tituna da shakatawa. Dokta Modibbo ya kuma gabatar da jami’ar garin Abuja wacce za ta ba da dama ga ma’aikata a cikin garin na Abuja don ci gaba da karatunsu ba tare da sun fita daga yanayin aikinsu ba. Kwamitin da ya ƙaddamar da wannan dalilin ne ya jagoranci jagorancin Prof> Pat Utomi. Ya dage kan bin Doka ta hanyar dawo da filaye sama da 3,000 da aka karbe daga hannun wadanda suka mallake su ba tare da bin ka’ida ko bin doka ba. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan filayen mallakar mallakar ma ofisoshin diflomasiyya. Bugu da kari, ya sanya tsauraran matakan tsaro a cikin babban birnin tarayya wanda ya sanya garin zama mafi aminci a Najeriya a lokacin aikinsa. Don cimma wannan, ya ƙaddamar da Abujaungiyar Masu Kula da Laifuka ta Abuja (ACCOS) Initiaddamarwar ta haifar da tsarin G-6 wanda dabarun tsaro ne da ya shafi jihohin da ke makwabtaka da Kaduna, Kogi, Nasarrawa da Benuwai a cikin tsarin tsaro na haɗin gwiwa. wannan dabarar ta ragu da aikata laifi a cikin gari da sama da 50% tsakanin Yuli zuwa Yuni a 2007/2008 idan aka kwatanta da lokacin da aka sake dubawa a shekara ta 2006/2007. Sauran tsare-tsaren yabo da Dakta Modibbo ya gabatar a matsayin Ministan FCT sun hada da kula da mata masu juna biyu kyauta a FCT. ya bayyana cewa 'mu a cikin Gwamnatin Tarayya muna neman cimma buri a karshen kowane ciki, uwa tagari da jariri'. sauran ayyukan da manufofin da ya fara sun hada da Abuja Downtown Mall wanda zai samar da cibiyar salon rayuwar zamani wanda ya haɗu da manyan tituna, nishaɗi, wurin zama, karɓar baƙi da kuma manyan ofisoshi na duniya. Hakanan, ya samar da fili mai girman hekta 30, 000 don cigaban sarkar noma sannan kuma ya gabatar da kasuwar Manoma ta farko. wasu kuma sune; Kauyen Fim na Abuja, da kirkirar sabbin wuraren shakatawa guda 5 a cikin garin Ya bayyana aniyarsa ta bunkasa kayan noma a cikin FCT "ba wai kawai don amfani da shi a cikin Yankin ba amma don fitarwa zuwa wasu jihohin tarayyar da kuma bayan" A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008 ya ba da goyon bayansa don kafa Majalisar Ilimin Al'adu da Al'adu ta Cyprian Ekwensi. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008 ya sanar da cewa Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kammala shirye-shiryen kafa Jami’ar City a Abuja, inda ta ba da kwasa-kwasan a fannin kimiyyar gudanarwa don taimaka wa masu fada aji su samu kwarewa. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2008 aka soki shi kan sake dawo da tilasta korar wasu matsugunai da ba na gari ba a cikin FCT. Ya kare matakin da ya dauka bisa hujjar cewa dole ne a rusa matsugunan ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda kasancewar su ya saba da Tsarin Shugaban Kasa na Abuja. Ya ce game da garuruwan da ke kusa da Abuja, wadanda galibinsu ba su da wutar lantarki ko ruwan fanfo, "A lokacin da muka yi nadama kuma muka kyale garuruwa masu rashin hankali za su ci gaba da bunkasa da bunkasa har ba za mu iya yin komai game da su ba don haka muna tunanin hakan zai faru zama mafi alheri a tsotsa shi a cikin toho, Shugaban kasa Yar'Adua A watan Yulin shekarar dubu biyu da bakwai (2007), wata biyu bayan an zabe shi, Shugaba Umaru Yar’adua ya nada Aliyu Modibbo Umar Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya. Don cimma wannan buri, ya kaddamar da hukumar yaki da miyagun laifuka ta Abuja (ACCOS) Initiative ta samar da cibiyar G-6 wacce ta kasance dabarun tsaro da ta mamaye jihohin Kaduna da Kogi da Nasarrawa da kuma Benue da ke makwabtaka da jihar a wani tsarin tsaro na hadin gwiwa. Wannan dabarar ta rage yawan laifuka a cikin birni da sama da kashi 50 cikin ɗari tsakanin watan Yuli da watan Yuni a shekarar 2007/2008 idan aka kwatanta da lokacin da aka yi bita a cikin shekarar 2006/2007. A cikin watan Maris shekarata 2008 ya ba da goyon bayansa don kafa Majalisar Cyprian Ekwensi don Fasaha da Al'adu. A watan Mayun shekarar 2008 ya sanar da cewa Hukumar FCT ta kammala shirye-shiryen kafa Jami’ar City a Abuja, inda za ta ba da kwasa-kwasan kimiyyar gudanarwa don taimakawa masu aiki tukuru don samun kwarewa. A watan Yunin shekarar dubu biyu da takwas (2008) an zarge shi da sake sake korar matsugunan da ba na yau da kullun ba a cikin FCT. Manazarta <\https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Aliyu_Modibbo_Umar/> <\https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/213487-former-fct-minister-modibbo-defects-apc.html/> Ma'aikatun gwamnati na Kasar Najeriya Haifaffun 1958 Rayayyun mutane Mutane daga Bihar Gombe Jami'ar abuja Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulmumin%20Jibrin

Abdulmumin Jibrin

Abdulmumin Jibrin (an haife shine 9 ga watan Satumban a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da shida (1976) Miladiyya.Ac, ɗan siyasan Nijeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa,kuma malamin ilimi,ne s tsohon ɗan Majalisar wakilan Nijeriya. An haifeshi a kano. Shi dan jam’iyyar All Progressive Congress (APC) ne mai wakiltar Kiru Bebeji Mazabar Tarayya ta Jihar Kano Rayuwar farko da ilimi Abdulmumin Jibrin an haife shine a,cikin gidan Alhaji Labaran Mohammed Jibrin da Hajiya Amina Gambo. Ya yi karatunsa na farko a Kano kafin a koma da shi Kaduna sannan daga baya zuwa Abuja inda iyayensa suka zauna a lokuta daban-daban don ci gaba da karatunsa. Abdulmumin ya halarci makarantar firamare ta sojoji Janguza, Kano (1983–1986) kafin ya koma makarantar Command Children School Jaji, Kaduna (1986–1988). Yayi karatun sakandaren sa a makarantar sakandaren kimiyya ta Abaji, Abuja (1989–1992), da kuma Bwari Secondary School, Abuja (1992 --1994). Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatun gaba da sakandare kuma ya samu digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a Jami’ar Abuja, Najeriya a 1999, M.Sc a Harkokin Kasa da Kasa da diflomasiyya a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya, Nijeriya a 2003 da kuma Ph.D. a cikin Harkokin Harkokin Duniya a Jami'ar Abuja Nijeriya a 2009. Ya kuma halarci Makarantar Kasuwanci ta London a shekara ta 2009-2009, Harvard Business School a shekara ta 2009 2010, International Business House, London a shekara ta 2009, da Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwancin Turai INSEAD Faransa, kuma a shekara ta 2009 ne ya kammala karatunsa kuma ya sami takaddun shaida iri-iri a cikin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa (SEP68 LBS), Rikicin Tattalin Arzikin Duniya (LBS), Tattaunawa, Yanke Shawara da Tsarin Kasuwanci (HBS), Shirin Ci Gaban Shugabanci (PLD9 HBS), Kasuwancin Man Fetur na Duniya (IBH London) da Dabarun Sadarwa da Talla INSEAD Ya kammala Oxford Strategic Leadership Program (OSLP) a shekara ta 2016. Yana riƙe da MBA daga SBS Makarantar Kasuwancin Switzerland,Switzerland daga shekara ta 2012–2014. Ayyuka Abdulmumin Jibrin ya fara aikin sa na farko a fagen yada labarai ta hanyar aiki da Century Research and Communication Limited sannan daga baya a masana'antar gine-gine. Bayan ya yi aiki a kamfanin sadarwa da kuma wasu kwarewa a karkashin wasu kamfanonin gine-gine, sai ya ci gaba da kafa nasa kamfanin, Green Forest Investment Limited a 2003 kuma ya hau mukamin Janar Manajan kamfanin. Jibrin daga baya ya zama Manajan Darakta sannan daga baya ya zama Shugaba Shugaba Green Forest Group Limited, tare da rassa a Makamashi, Bunkasa Kaddarori, Zuba Jari, Noma, Gine-gine, da Injiniya. Ya kuma kasance shugaban (Nijeriya) na kamfanin gine-gine na TASYAPI tsakanin 2010 da 2011. Ya karantar da Harkokin Harkokin Kasa da Kasa a Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa, Nijeriya kuma ya wallafa wallafe-wallafe a fannin Hulda da Kasashe sabuwar fuskar Manufofin Kasashen Waje na Nijeriya, Matsayin Nijeriya a Ayyukan Tsaro na Zaman Lafiya a Afirka. Ya kuma kasance memba na -asashen Kasuwanci na Nijeriya-Amurka da Nijeriya-Birtaniyya. Ya kasance Shugaban reshen Abuja na Chamberungiyar 'Yan Kasuwa ta Ingila (NBCC) tsakanin shekarata 2010 2011. Siyasa An fara zabar Jibrin a cikin Majalisar Wakilai ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya da ke wakiltar mazabar Kiru Bebeji ta Tarayya ta Jihar Kano a ƙarƙashin Jam’iyyar PDP a 2011 kafin ya koma sabuwar Jam’iyyar siyasa a Najeriya, All Progressives Congress (APC) a 2014 sannan daga baya aka sake zabansa a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai a shekarar 2015. Jibrin ya kasance shugaban kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan harkokin kudi a majalisa ta bakwai tare da sa ido kan Ma’aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya da ma'aikatanta, Harajin Tarayya, Shirya tsarin kudaden shiga Kiyasi ga kasafin kudin Tarayya, Asusun Dukiyar Mai Girma SWIA, Batutuwan Haraji, al'amuran kasafin kudi, saka hannun jarin Gwamnati a bankuna da Hukumomin Dokoki da Hukumomi, Inshora da Inshorar kadarorin Gwamnati da kadarorin su a tsakanin sauran ayyukan. Tun lokacin da ya hau kujerar Shugaban kwamitin kudi, ya kasance mai yawan fada a ji a al’amuran kasa; mai sukar ra'ayi da kimanta manufofin wasu ayyukan gwamnati. A shekarar 2015, Jibrin fito a matsayin 8th Majalisar 's House kwamitin appropriation Shugaban sai ya yi murabus a watan Yuli 2016 a matsayin kwamiti. Jibrin ya fara tafiyarsa ta siyasa ne yayin da yake Kodineta na Kungiyoyin Tallafawa kuma daga baya ya zama Dan takarar yakin neman zaɓen Shugaban ƙasa na PDP Obasanjo tsakanin shekarata 2002-2003. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Jami’in Shirye-shirye a Hedikwatar Kamfen din Shugaban Kasa na PDP a 2007. Ba da daɗewa ba aka zaɓi Jibrin a cikin Majalisar Wakilai sai ya kafa ƙungiya, da ake kira Assemblyungiyar Majalisar ta 7, wacce ta ƙunshi galibin sabbin zaɓaɓɓun lawmakersan majalisa na farko. Manufar kungiyar a cewar Jibrin, kamar yadda aka nakalto a wata jaridar kasar, ita ce ta zama "dandamali ga zababbun mambobi don kulla kawance da ra'ayoyin ra'ayoyi da ke fitowa daga mazabu daban-daban don ci gaban kasar baki daya." Jibrin ya kasance dan majalisar wakilai ne ya nada shi a matsayin shugaban wani kwamiti na rikon kwarya a kan harkokin kudi, Man Fetur, Man Fetur, da kuma Albarkatun Gas domin yin bincike game da bashin da ake zargin kamfanin na NNPC da aka yi a asusun tarayya saboda mayar da martani ga ci gaba da kukan da ‘yan Nijeriya ke yi na karuwar ba da lissafi a kan gwamnatocinsu. Binciken da kwamitin hadin gwiwar karkashin jagorancin Abdulmumin Jibrin ya gudanar daga baya ya nuna rashin fitar da zunzurutun kudi Naira biliyan 450 da NNPC ta yi wa asusun tarayya wanda hakan ya saba wa sashi na 162 (1) na kundin tsarin mulkin 1999. Jibrin ya kuma nuna rashin jin dadin sa game da dogaro da Najeriya kan kudaden man fetur da gas. Don haka shi ne kan gaba wajen kira da a gaggauta bukatar fadada tattalin arzikin Najeriya. Sakamakon gogewarsa a matsayinsa na Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kudi da kuma gudummawar da ya bayar ga kasar, yana shiga da bayar da kudade na musamman kan bincike na kwatancen Zuba Jari na Kasashen waje FDI a bangaren Man Fetur da Gas da kuma bangaren Ma'adanai masu Dadi. Binciken zai samar da amsoshi kan dalilin da yasa akwai biliyoyin daloli na FDI a bangaren Man Fetur da Gas kuma kusan babu daya a cikin bangaren Solid ma'adinai duk da dimbin damar da take dashi. Ya aika a cikin ɗan lokaci Ph.D. aikace-aikace ga Jami'o'i da yawa gida da waje don ɗaukar shi don ya iya komawa matsayin ɗalibi kuma ya gudanar da cikakken bincike kan batun. Zai zama Ph.D. na biyu. lokacin da ya karasa da cewa. Baya ga matsayinsa na Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kudi, Jibrin ya jagoranci kuma ya jagoranci wasu bincike-bincike da ayyukan majalisa da suka hada da amma bai takaita ga masu zuwa ba: binciken kudaden shiga masu zaman kansu wanda ya shafi kudaden shiga na kamfanoni. A karkashin jagorancin Abdulmumin, Kwamitin Kudi ya gano biliyoyin kudade da ba a shigar da su ba ga asusun tattara kudaden shiga sannan kuma ya tilasta wa kamfanonin su biya. Kwamitin Kudi a karkashin Jibrin ya kara ba da hujja don fara manufofin asusun baitul mali (TSA) da kuma gabatarwa da gabatar da kasafin kudi na wasu Hukumomin Dokokin da suka shiga cikin biliyoyin baki-daya daga bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati zuwa majalisar dokoki ta Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari. Tare da izinin majalisar, Jibrin ya kuma jagoranci Kwamitin Kudi don ƙaddamar da cikakken bincike game da masana'antar Inshora da inshorar kadarorin gwamnati da kadarori inda aka samu sabbin abubuwa cikin damuwa game da al'amuran cin zarafi da dokokin da ake da su. Kwamitin ya fara aiki don sokewa da sake sanya dokar inshorar data kasance. Haka kuma, Abdulmumin ya ci gaba da duba bin hanyoyin biyan haraji da kuma fitar da kudade daga bangarori daban-daban na tattalin arziki. Musamman, Kwamitin ya kuma fara bincike kan biyan haraji ta bankuna. Wannan zai sake duba matsayin bankunan a matsayinsu na wakilan tara haraji da masu biyan haraji. Abdulmumin ya kuma jagoranci bincike kan shirin fitar da kamfanin NITEL wanda ya kasance kamfanin sadarwa mafi girma a Najeriya, bincike kan cunkoson tashoshin jiragen ruwa, bincike kan ikon bayar da kyauta da sauran abubuwan da gwamnati ke bayarwa ga manyan kamfanoni, bincike a kan asusu gidaje na biliyoyin nairori da bincike kan aiwatar da kasafin kudi da sauransu. Jibrin ya kuma kasance memba na Kwamitin Majalisar kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje, Gas, Batutuwan Zabe, Ci gaban Matasa, da Ayyuka na Musamman inda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ayyukan wadannan kwamitocin. Jibrin shi ne shugaban kwamitin hadin gwiwa na shekara-shekara da ke sauya kudin matsakaita na lokacin gwamnatin tarayya da Kundin Tsarin Kasafin Kudi (MTEF) wanda ke kula da dukkan matakan tattalin arzikin da ke kan gaba a matsayin wanda ke kan gaba wajen aiwatar da kasafin kudin Najeriya duk a tsakanin shekarar 2011. –2015. A shekarar 2013, Jibrin yana daya daga cikin mambobin majalisar wakilai da suka jagoranci rukunin farko na 'yan majalisu 37 da suka sauya sheka daga jam'iyyar PDP mai mulki zuwa babbar jam'iyyar adawa, All Progressive Party (APC). A watan Maris na shekarar 2015, Abdulmumin ya sake tsayawa takarar kujerar dan majalisar wakilai daga mutanen mazabarsa Kiru Bebeji jihar Kano, Nigeria. A matsayinsa na Shugaban Kasa, Jibrin yana da aikin kulawa akan ofishin Kasafin Kudi da kasafin kudin kasa, ware kudade domin aiwatar da shirye-shiryen gwamnati da ayyukan su. Ya kuma tabbatar da cewa manufofin kasafin kudi da kasafin kudi sun yi daidai da kiyasin kasafin kudi na shekara-shekara sannan ya binciki tunanin kasafin kudi, kudi, da tattalin arziki wanda ke taimakawa jimillar kiyasin kashe kudade da rasit a cikin kasafin kudin, shawarwari da manufofin kasafin kudi na Shugaban kasa a cikin gabatar da kasafin kudi, gudanar da sauraro, inda aka samu shaida daga Ministan Kudi, Ministan Tsare-tsare da Kasafin Kudi, Gwamnan Babban Bankin, Shugaban Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tattalin Arziki ta Kasa da duk wasu mutane kamar Kwamitin, na iya la'akari da amfani ga aikinta, Daidaitawa, sa ido da kuma lura da aiwatar da dukkan Aikace-aikacen Bayanan bayan Majalisar ta kasa, wanda ya shafi kasafin kudi na shekara-shekara zuwa shirye-shiryen juyawa da kuma Tsarin Mitar Matsakaita. Hakanan a matsayinsa na Shugaban Kwamitin Kasafin Kudaden, Jibrin memba ne na Kwamitin Hadin gwiwar wanda ya sauya tsarin Tsarin Kudin Kudin Matsakaita da Takardar Kudaden Kasafin Kudi (MTEF FSP) na kasafin kudin 2016. Ya kuma jagoranci aiwatarwa a matsayin shugaban kasa wanda ya jagoranci zartar da karin kasafin kudin 2015 da Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya aika wa majalisar. Jibrin memba ne na Kwamitocin Kasafin Kudi, Harkokin Kasashen Waje, Wasanni, Harkokin Gwamnatoci, Batutuwan Zabe Siyasa Batutuwa, Da'a da Hakki, da Ci gaban Matasa. Jibrin ya dauki nauyin wani kudiri na wata doka don sake soke dokar samar da kayan more rayuwa a shekara ta 2005 da kuma kafa dokar hukumar kula da kawancen jama'a da masu zaman kansu, a shekarar 2016 don karfafawa da inganta matsayin kula da hukumar da kuma sanya ta yadda ya kamata wajen tsara yadda ake gudanar da aikin. na jama'a da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu wajen inganta gine-gine, ci gaba, tsara aiki ko kula da kayayyakin more rayuwa ko ayyukan ci gaba na Gwamnatin Tarayya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen kawance masu zaman kansu; da sauran lamuran da suka danganci hakan (HB. 358) A watan Maris na shekarar 2012, Jibrin ya zama dan Najeriyar na uku da aka zaba domin halartar wani muhimmin shiri na Shugabancin Baƙi na Duniya da Gwamnatin Faransa ta shirya ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Faransa. Sama da shugabanni masu bege dubu daya suka halarci shirin tun lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1989. Kashi tara ne kawai daga cikin mahalarta aka zaba daga Afirka sannan uku kawai daga Najeriya. Jibrin ya yi amfani da damar shirin don jan hankali kan batutuwan ci gaba a Najeriya tare da jaddada kara hadin kai tsakanin Najeriya da Faransa. Nadin siyasa Abdulmumin Jibrin ya kasance a ranar 24 ga Yulin 2020 wanda Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya nada Babban Daraktan ci gaban Kasuwanci, Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Tarayya. A matsayinsa na Babban Daraktan ci gaban kasuwanci, Jibrin zai kasance mai kula da tsare-tsaren kasuwanci, zamantakewar jama'a, da kuma hada-hadar gidaje da taimakon shugabannin bangarorin, wadanda suka hada da: Babban Manajan (Shirin Gidaje), Babban Manajan (Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu Yankin Coordination), Janar Manajan (Gine-gine), Babban Manajan (Gudanar da Kayan Gida), Babban Manajan (Pre-Projects), da Babban Manajan (Kula da Inganci). Takarar kakakin majalisa Takarar Shugabancin Kasa a 2015 A watan Maris na shekarar 2015, Hon Abdulmumin Jibrin ya sake tsayawa takara sannan kuma mutanen mazabar sa ta Kiru Bebeji jihar Kano, Nigeria suka sake zabar sa a majalisar wakilai. Ya kasance mai neman Shugabancin Majalisar amma daga baya ya sauka ga Hon Yakubu Dogara, wanda ya ci gaba da yin nasara, kuma ya zama Shugaban Majalisar na 8. Jibrin ya kasance babban mai tallafawa kuma babban mai goyon bayan takarar kakakin majalisar wakilai ta 8 Yakubu Dogara wanda ya haifar da nasarar sa. Kakakin majalisar Dogara ya nada Abdulmumin a matsayin Shugaban kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan kasaftawa. Matsayin da ya rike daga 2015 har zuwa murabus dinsa a 2016. Takarar Shugabancin Kasa na 2019 A zabukan Majalisar Tarayyar Najeriya na shekarar 2019, APC ta ci gaba da ikon Majalisar Wakilai, inda ta zabi kujeru 190. Hon. Jam’iyya mai mulki ce ta zabi Femi Gbajabiamila ya zama kakakin majalisar na 9. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2019, Kungiyar yakin neman zaben Femi Gbajabiamila ta zabi Hon Jibrin a matsayin Darakta-Janar. A jawabinsa na gabatarwa na mintoci 5, wanda shi ne mafi dadewa a tarihin nadin shugabancin majalisar kasa ta Najeriya, zababben dan majalisar mai wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Kiru Bebeji na jihar Kano, Abdulmumin Jibrin ya bayyana takarar tasa a matsayin ci gaba a fagen siyasa na marigayi mai hikima, Cif Obafemi Awolowo, ya kara da cewa Gbajabiamila mutum ne na mutane tare da ingantaccen tarihi. Hon Femi Gbajabiamila, wanda dan majalisar wakilai ne tun 2003, ya amince da takarar Jibrin inda ya lashe zaben tare da gagarumin rinjayen kuri’un da aka kada a ranar 11 ga Afrilun 2019 inda ya kayar da abokin karawarsa, Hon Mohammed Umar Bago, da kuri’u 283. Bukatu Baya ga siyasa da kuma kasuwancin sa, Jibrin yana da matukar sha'awar taimakon jama'a ta inda ya kirkiro lambobin yabo da bayar da kyauta lacca duk shekara a sansanonin NYSC a duk fadin Najeriya. Shi kadai ya dauki nauyin karatunsa, taron haduwar Jami'ar Abuja. Jibrin ya kuma samar da kayan aikin da za su inganta harkar karatun jami'a tare da gyara wasu gine-ginen makarantar. Ya kuma kafa gidauniyar Lailife Foundation wacce aka sadaukar da ita ga masu karamin karfi kuma saboda nuna sha'awar da yake da ita game da ayyukan agaji, an nada shi a cikin hukumar gidauniyar AYAHAY Girmamawa da kyaututtuka Jibrin ya samu lambobin yabo da karramawa da dama saboda nasarorin da ya samu a fagen sana'a da rayuwar jama'a. Hakanan an saka shi cikin ƙungiyoyi masu ƙwarewa daban-daban saboda gudummawar da yake bayarwa ga ayyukan ƙwarewa daidai da ƙa'idodin duniya. A shekarar 2000, Jibrin ta samu lambar yabo ta zama memba ta rayuwa daga Gwamnatin Tarayyar Kungiyar Hadin gwiwar Dalibai, Jami'ar Abuja, Najeriya. A shekarar 2009, an baiwa Jibrin lambar yabo ta Peace Peace Foundation a matsayin Jakadan Zaman Lafiya. Ya kasance mai karɓar kyautar Icon of Hope ta -ungiyar Afirka-Caribbean ta Jami'ar Karatu a 2010. Hakanan an girmama shi a matsayin Jakadan Matasa na Duniya ta Youthungiyar Matasa don Aminci a Duniya a 2010. A shekarar 2012, Jibrin aka saka shi a matsayin Kwalejin Kwalejin Kudi da Kulawa ta Najeriya CIFN. Har ila yau, a wannan shekarar, ya sami lambar yabo ta ƙwarewa ga shugaban kwamitin mafi kyawun gida na Cibiyar Inshorar Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya (CIIN). A cikin Nuwamba Nuwamba 2012, an karrama shi da lambar girmamawa ga laan majalisu ta lambar yabo ta Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta 7 A farkon shekarar 2013, an baiwa Jibrin lambar yabo ta musamman don bayar da gudummawa ga cigaban kasa ta kungiyar Nigeria Conservation, UK. Bayan haka a shekarar 2013, Kungiyar Adalci da Adalci ta Jihar Kano ta ba shi takardar shedar yabo a kan ayyukan alheri. Jibrin an karrama shi da Babban Shugaban Kwamitin Kasa (Ci gaban Haraji) ta Almajiran Dimokiradiyya a Frankfurt Jamus a 2013 kuma a 2014 an sanya shi a matsayin dan uwan Cibiyar Nazarin Sadarwa da Gudanar da Bayanai na Nijeriya kuma dan uwan Cibiyar Gudanar da Gudanarwa na Nijeriya. Saboda kyautatawarsa ta alheri, Jibrin ya sami kyautar Paul Harris Fellow a 2012. Abdulmumin Jibrin yana rike da sarautar Jarman Bebeji wacce Majalisar Masarautar Kano ta ba shi a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2012.

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Abubakar Malami

Abubakar Malami SAN (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da bakwai (1967), wani lauya ne kuma dan siyasa a Nijeriya wanda tun a shekara ta 2015 yake rike da mukamin Ministan Shari'a da Babban Lauya. Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Abubakar Malami, musulmin fulani, a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1967 a Birnin Kebbi, babban birnin Jihar Kebbi, Arewacin Najeriya Karantunsa na farko ya fara ne a makarantar Firamare ta Nassarawa, Birnin jihar Kebbi kafin ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Kwalejin Fasaha da Nazarin Larabci. A shekara ta 1991, ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo inda ya karanci Lauya kuma aka kira shi zuwa mashaya a shekara ta 1992. Ya kasance tsohon dalibi ne a Jami’ar Maiduguri inda ya samu digiri na biyu a kan harkokin mulki a shekara ta 1994. Bayan ya kammala, ya zama lauya, ya yi aiki a wurare daban-daban ciki har da zama mai ba da shawara da kuma shari'a a jihar Kebbi, Nijeriya. Aikin siyasa Malami ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a na rusasshiyar Majalisa don ci gaban Canji Ya kasance yana da hannu dumu-dumu wajen kafa All Progressive Congress (APC) a shekara ta 2013 a matsayin mutumin da ke ba da gudummawa ga Manifesto Drafting Defting Subint Committee of Inter Joint Party Comiti Commitors tsakanin Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) da kuma All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) A shekarar 2014, Abubakar ya fito neman tikitin takarar gwamna a karkashin jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress a jihar Kebbi amma ya fadi zaben fidda gwanin a hannun Atiku Bugudu. Ministan shari'a A ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2015, an nada Abubakar a matsayin Ministan Shari'a kuma Babban Lauyan Tarayyar Najeriya don haka ya zama shi karamin Ministan a cikin ministocin Muhammadu Buhari A ranar 21 ga watan Augusta, shekara ta 2019, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya sake nada shi a matsayin Ministan Shari’a da Babban Lauyan Tarayya a ranar 21 ga watan Augusta, shekarar 2019. Zargin rashawa A watan Yunin ta shekarar 2019, Malami ya bayyana a gaban kwamitin ladabtarwa na Kwamitin Hakkin Masu Kwarewa na Shari'a don fuskantar masu shigar da kara da ke neman a cire babban Lauyan da ke Ba shi Lauyan Najeriya bisa zargin aikata ba daidai ba. Don nuna goyon baya ga yakin da Shugaba Buhari ke yi da cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya, Abubakar Malami ya gabatar da takardar koke ga Gwamnatin don tsige Mukaddashin Shugaban Hukumar Yaki da Masu Yiwa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati EFCC, Mista Ibrahim Magu A cikin takardar koken nasa ya bayyana cewa ya kamata a kori Mista Ibrahim Magu daga aiki bisa dalilai da dama saboda karkatar da dukiyar da aka kwato zuwa rashin biyayya da rashin da'a. Ya kuma ba da shawarar mutane uku su dauki matsayin Mista Ibrahim Magu. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2020, wani binciken Sahara Reporters ya yi zargin cewa Abubakar Malami a matsayin Babban Atoni Janar Ministan Shari'a da danginsa sun tara "dukiya da ba a bayyana ba", zargin da ya musanta. A ranar 20 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2021, Malami ya bayyana a gaban kwamitin majalisar don amsa tuhumar da ake yi na karkatar da kudaden da aka kwato wadanda aka yi niyyar hada su da wasu kudaden da ake zargi. An zargi Malami da ofishinsa da laifin ba da kudin kasafin ofishin ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba da kusan bilyan 800 na kudaden da aka kwato da Wakilai da dama ciki har da shugaban kwamitin Adejoro Adeogun Malami ya musanta cewa ofishin sa ya karbi kudi daga asusun ajiyar da aka karbo kuma Akanta Janar Ahmed Idris ya goyi bayan Malami, yana mai cewa asusun hada hadar kudaden da aka kwato da kuma asusun ajiyar da aka kwato duk wasu tsare-tsare ne na wannan Babban Asusun na sa wanda ya zama kamar an tura kudaden ne zuwa ofishin AGF. Washegari, Adeogun da wasu suka ci gaba da yi wa Malami tambayoyi, a yanzu game da rahoton haramtacciyar payment biliyan 2 daga Babban Bankin Nijeriya ga Malami da kuma wata bukata da ake zargin Malami ta ba ta na “biyan kudaden da lauyoyin da aka amince da su” daga asusun da aka kwato. Malami ya musanta neman biyan kudi daga asusun wawure kudaden da aka kwato, amma bai ce uffan ba game da biyan biliyan 2 daga CBN. Daraja Babban lauya na Najeriya 2008 Duba kuma Majalisar zartarwar Najeriya Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Mutane daga Jihar Kebbi Lauyoyi yan Najeriya Lauyoyi Jami'ar Maiduguri Ma'aikatun gwamnati na Kasar Najeriya Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanya%20hannu%20kan%20yarjejeniyar%20kare%20ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20yara%20a%20Iran

Sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kare haƙƙin yara a Iran

Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ta sanya hannu kan yar jejeniyar kare hakkin yara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (CRC) a shekara ta 1991, kuma ta amince da shi a shekara ta 1994. Bayan amincewa da ita, Iran ta yi tanadi kamar haka: "Idan nassin yarjejeniyar ya kasance ko ya saba wa dokokin gida da ma'auni na Musulunci a kowane lokaci ko kuma a kowane hali, gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ba za ta yi aiki da shi ba." Ko da yake ƙasar Iran na da alaka da yarjejeniyar a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa, kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa da gwamnatocin kasashen waje sun sha suka a kai a kai kan gazawarta wajen kiyaye wajibcin da ke cikin yarjejeniyar. Tarihi Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda Iran ta kasance memba a cikinta, ta amince da ayyana 'yancin yara a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba shekarata 1924. A shekarata 1959 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ayyana 'yancin yara ba tare da jefa kuri'a ba. Iran ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kare hakkin yara a ranar 5 ga Satumba shekarar 1991. Majalisar dokokin Iran ta amince da yarjejeniyar a ranar 13 ga Yulin shekarata 1994. Bugu da kari, Iran ta rattaba hannu tare da amincewa da Yarjejeniya ta Zabi kan Siyar da Yara, Karuwanci da Batsa na Yara sannan ta sanya hannu (amma ba ta amince da) Yarjejeniyar Zabin Kan Shiga Yara a Rikicin Makamai ba. Har yanzu Iran ba ta rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Hakkokin Yara kan Hanyar Sadarwar Zabi ba. A cikin shekarata 2016, Iran ta gabatar da rahotonta na lokaci-lokaci na uku da na hudu game da aiwatar da tanade-tanaden da ake kira CRC. Aiwatarwa A ranar 3 ga Janairu, shekarar 2010, Iran ta kafa Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Yara (NBCRC) a karkashin Ma'aikatar Shari'a. Hukumar ta NBCRC ita ce ke da alhakin sa ido, tsarawa, da daidaita duk wasu batutuwan da suka shafi yara a Iran, a matakin kasa ta hanyar ma'aikatu da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kuma a matakin kananan hukumomi ta hanyar kafa ofisoshin kananan hukumomi da gwamnonin larduna ke gudanarwa. NBCRC ta kafa ƙungiyoyin aiki na musamman guda huɗu don taimaka mata wajen cika ayyukanta: Ƙungiyar Kulawa da Kulawa, Rukunin Ayyuka na Shari'a da Shari'a, Ƙungiyar Ayyuka na Horo da Bayani, da Ƙungiyoyin Ayyuka na Kariya da Daidaitawa. Yayin da ake ɗaukar kafa ta a matsayin mataki mai kyau, ƙungiyoyin waje sun yi tambaya game da tasirin NBCRC. Musamman rashin samun ‘yancin kai da iyakantaccen ikon da yake da shi na yin tasiri ga manufofin gwamnati a wajen ba da shawara ya taso. A halin yanzu babu wata Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Bil Adama ta Kasa (NHRI) a Iran da ke da ikon yin la'akari da korafe-korafen daidaikun mutane da gudanar da bincike a madadin yara. Matsayin yara na shari'a a Iran Ko da yake Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ta amince da CRC, doka a Iran tana aiki kuma tana samun halaccin kawai a cikin tsarin Musulunci, wanda ke nuna cewa kowace doka ta dace da wasu "ma'auni na Musulunci". Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hakkin yara ya bukaci Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran sau da yawa da ta janye ajiyarta ga yarjejeniyar, a cewar CRC, wanda ya bayyana cewa "Ajiyayyen da bai dace da abu da manufarsa ba. Ba za a yarda da Yarjejeniyar ta yanzu ba." A sakamakon haka, yara suna bin hanyar da ba ta dace ba inda ake fassara "ma'auni na Musulunci" daga Hukumomin Jihohi, wato Majalisar (Majalissar), Jagoran Jagora da Majalisar Kulawa. Mai yiyuwa ne kowane yara su gabatar da kararrakin cin zarafin da suka fuskanta a gaban kotu. Sai dai kuma hakan bai shafi shari'o'in aikata laifuka ba kuma yara 'yan kasa da shekaru goma sha biyar kan bukaci gabatar da kararsu a gaban kotu ta hannun mai kula da su. Kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ya yi nuni da cewa: “Kare mutumin da ke karkashin kulawa da kuma wakilcinsa na shari’a a cikin dukkan al’amuran da suka shafi dukiyarsa da hakkokinsa na kudi, sun kasance ne ga waliyyi”. Wannan ya sa samar da adalci ga yara ba zai yi wuya ba yayin da mai yin ta'addanci shi ne waliyyai, yawanci uwa. Dokar Iran ba ta ɗaukar yaro a matsayin mahaluƙi mai haƙƙoƙin mutum ɗaya da sanin doka ba, don haka ya Zama ba ta mutunta Babban Magana No.12 (2009) a cikin CRC game da haƙƙin sauraron yaro. A shekarar 2013, an kai rahoton sace yara fiye da kimanin 2,400 ga kungiyar kare hakkin yara a Iran. Kungiyar kare hakkin yara da ke kula da layin ba da shawarwari ta wayar tarho, (Sedayeh Yara) ta ce kashi 55 cikin 100 na yaran an fuskanci hukunci na tunani da tunani sannan kashi 45 cikin 100 na fuskantar horo na jiki. Bisa kididdigar da Shirin Sadr Nuri mamba na kungiyar kare hakkin yara ya yi, ya shaida wa kamfanin dillancin labarai na ISNA cewa, kashi kusan 93% na wadanda suka tuntubi kungiyar a shekarar 2013, iyayen yaran ne kashi uku cikin dari. 'ya'yan da kansu, kuma kashi biyu na kiran waya daga ubanninsu ne. Yara a cikin tsarin adalci Shekarun alhakin aikata laifuka Dangane da ma'anar "yaro", dabi'un da ke cikin dokokin kasa da kasa shine na saita iyaka tsakanin yara da balaga da shekaru goma sha takwas. Misali, kwamitin kare hakkin yara ya yi iƙirarin cewa bai kamata mutane su kasance cikin ɗaurin kurkuku ba a ƙarƙashin shekara 18 kuma kada su kasance da ƙwazo a cikin rikice-rikice a ƙasa da shekaru 15. Shekarun alhakin aikata laifuka yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da shekarun girma. A ranar 10 ga Fabrairun shekarata 2012, Majalisar Dokokin Iran ta sauya dokar aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan yara kanana. A cikin sabuwar dokar, za a yi la'akari da shekarun 18 (shekarar rana) a matsayin mafi ƙarancin shekarun girma kuma masu laifin da ke ƙarƙashin wannan shekarun za a yanke musu hukunci a ƙarƙashin wata doka ta daban. Hukumcin jiki Ba a ba da izinin azabtar da yara a wuraren kulawa da rana bisa ga labarin 8 (23) na Dokokin Gyara don Kafa, Gudanarwa da Rusa Duk nau'ikan Cibiyoyin Kula da Rana (2008). Haka dokar ta shafi cibiyoyin gyaran yara. A gaskiya ma, bisa ga Dokokin Gudanarwa na Kungiyar Kula da Gidajen Yari, Gyara da Matakan Tsaro a shekarata (2005), "Halayen zalunci, cin zarafi na wadanda ake tuhuma da masu laifi ko gudanar da tsauraran matakan ladabtarwa da cin mutunci an haramta ta kowace hanya a cibiyoyi da gidajen yari". A cewar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Iran, "dukkan nau'ikan azabtarwa don manufar fitar da ikirari ko samun bayanai haramun ne", wanda ya dace da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa. Sai dai a baya-bayan nan an samu rahotannin azabtarwa da cin zarafi daga wasu matasa da suka aikata laifin, wadanda aka tilasta musu yin ikirari ta hanyar tilastawa. Daya daga cikin kararrakin na baya-bayan nan shi ne Alireza Tajiki, wanda aka kama yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, kuma aka yanke masa hukunci bayan ya amsa laifin azabtar da shi da laifin fyade da kuma kisan wani abokinsa, laifukan da ya saba janyewa a gaban kotu. Yin bulala a matsayin hukumcin laifi, al'ada ce da har yanzu ake amfani da ita a cikin tsarin shari'a na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran. A cewar dokar da ta bayyana shekarun da suka kai ga aikata laifuka, ‘yan mata da suka haura tara da maza sama da shekaru goma sha biyar, ana yanke musu hukunci tare da hukunta su kamar yadda kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Iran ya tanada, wanda kuma ya shafi hukuncin daurin rai da rai kan laifukan da suka shafi jima’i, tuhumar karya, shan barasa, da shan barasa, da kuma shan barasa. ya haifar da rauni. Don haka, ‘yan mata da suka haura shekara tara da kuma maza sama da shekara goma sha biyar ana iya yi musu bulala. Duk da haka, idan an gane cewa masu laifin "ba su fahimci yanayin laifin da aka aikata ba ko haramcinsa ba, ko kuma idan akwai rashin tabbas game da ci gaban kwakwalwarsu", ba za a iya aiwatar da hukuncin jiki ba kuma za a tsare mai laifin ko kuma a tuhume shi da shi. tarar. Koyaya, don yin la'akari da Mataki na kusan 91 kuma a yi aiki da shi, ana buƙatar waɗanda suka yi laifin da kansu su yi iƙirarin samun damar sake yin shari'ar da labarin ya ba da izini. Wadanda suka aikata laifin kasa da goma sha takwas 18 da iyalansu galibi ba su san da hakan ba kuma ba za su iya ba lauyan da zai sanar da su hakkokinsu ba, kadan ne daga cikinsu ke neman a sake shari’ar. Hukuncin jiki a cikin gida A bisa ka'idar farar hula ta ƙasar Iran, "Yaro dole ne ya yi biyayya ga iyayensa kuma ya girmama su ba tare da la'akari da shekarunsa ba" kuma idan aka yi rashin biyayya ko don dalilai na ilimi, dokokin Iran sun ba da izinin azabtar da jiki a cikin gida matukar dai wanda ya aikata laifin ya kasance. waliyin yaron. A cewar dokar farar hula ta Iran, "Iyaye na da hakkin hukunta 'ya'yansu amma kada su yi amfani da wannan hakkin ta hanyar hukunta 'ya'yansu fiye da iyakokin gyara". Bayan haka kuma, dokar hukunta laifuka ta Musulunci ta bayyana cewa: Duk “Ayyukan da iyaye da masu kula da yara kanana da mahaukata suke aikatawa domin azabtar da su ko kare su matukar dai an aiwatar da irin wadannan ayyukan a cikin iyakokin al’ada da kuma iyakokin addini don azabtarwa da kariya”. Kisa kan yara masu laifi A halin yanzu ana amfani da hukuncin kisa a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran kuma adadin hukuncin kisa ya karu da kashi 300 daga shekarar 2008 zuwa Shekarar 2015. Ita ma Iran tana rike da kambun tarihi na kasa da kasa wajen aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan kananan yara. Yawan kisa na kananan yara ya karu sosai kuma daga baya ya ragu a cikin shekarata 2015. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarar shekarata 2016, masu laifi 160 sun kasance a kan "layin kisa" (suna jiran a kashe su) a Iran saboda laifukan da suka aikata kafin su cika shekaru goma sha takwas. A shekarar 2016, kwamitin kare hakkin yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bukaci Iran da ta kawo karshen aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan kananan yara da kuma mutanen da suka aikata wani laifi a lokacin da suke kasa da shekaru 18. A ranar 18 ga Oktoban shekarar 2017, kwararrun masana kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya iri-iri sun jaddada cewa "Iran na ci gaba da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan yara kanana" Kwararrun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun nuna rashin jin dadin yadda ake ci gaba da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan kananan yara a Iran. Kwararru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ce, "Ya kamata Iran ta gaggauta soke hukuncin kisa kan kananan yara ba tare da wani sharadi ba, tare da aiwatar da wani tsari na sassauta duk wani hukuncin kisa da aka yanke kan kananan yara, daidai da ka'idojin shari'a na yara." An bayar da rahoton cewa Iran ta zartar da hukuncin kisa kan akalla yara kanana hudu daga watan Janairu zuwa Oktoban shekarata 2017, kuma an san akalla wasu 86 da ake yanke musu hukuncin kisa a lokacin, ko da yake adadin na iya karuwa. Dalilan da aka yanke wa masu laifin kisa musamman kisan kai da fyade amma “kiyayya ga Allah” moharebeh sata da laifuffukan da ke da alaka da miyagun kwayoyi sun kasance cikin dalilan yanke hukuncin kisa ga kananan yara. Wani hali na baya-bayan nan dangane da hukuncin kisa a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran shi ne na tsare wadanda suka aikata laifin har sai sun cika shekara goma sha takwas sannan a kashe su kawai a lokacin. Sai dai kuma babu wani wajibci na shari'a da ya kamata a dage aiwatar da hukuncin har sai wanda ya aikata laifin ya kai shekara sha takwas. Sabon fasalin Kundin Laifukan Musulunci na shekarar 2013 ya hada da cewa matasa daga tsakanin goma sha biyar zuwa goma sha takwas wadanda suka aikata laifukan da aka yankewa hukuncin ta'azir za a kebe su daga kisa. A maimakon haka za a ci gaba da tsare su na wasu lokuta daban-daban, ko kuma tarar ƙima daban-daban, ya danganta da girman laifukan. Amma, idan aka kasafta laifin da aka aikata a karkashin hudud da qisas, wadanda suka aikata kasa da shekaru goma sha takwas ana daukarsu a matsayin halaltacce. Ko da a cikin hudud da qisa, lokacin da masu laifin da ba su kai shekaru sha takwas ba ana tunanin ba su gane girman laifin ba, ana iya amfani da sashe na 91 na kundin hukunta laifuka na Iran kuma mai laifin yana iya zama keɓe daga hukuncin kisa. Rataye shi ne mafi yawan nau'in hukuncin kisa a Iran kuma ana aiwatar da shi a gidajen yari ko kuma a bainar jama'a a kan Wasu filaye. An iyakance aikin jifa a cikin sigar dokar hukunta manyan laifuka ta Iran shekarata (2013). Koyaya, sabon juzu'in Kundin Laifukan ya ci gaba da amfani da jifa a matsayin hukunci mai tsanani. Mataki na ashirin da 225 ya bayyana cewa hukuncin haddi na zina da mace da namiji da suka cika sharuddan ihsan za a yi su ne da jifa har lahira". Duk da cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi Allah wadai da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a matsayin hukunci na laifi a ƙasar Iran tare da jaddada girman aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a bainar jama'a, an bayar da rahoton aiwatar da wannan aiki a Iran. A ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun shekarata 2019 wasu gungun kwararrun kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi kira ga gwamnatin Iran da ta dakatar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da ake yi wa Mohammad Kalhory mai shekaru 15 a lokacin da ya aikata laifin. Hakkokin jama'a da na siyasa Wariyar jinsi Mataki na 20 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Iran ya tabbatar da kare doka daidai gwargwado ga maza da mata. Duk da haka, dokokin Iran sun ƙunshi ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ke ƙarfafa wariyar jinsi a cikin ƙasar. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, dokokin hukunta laifuka na Iran da na farar hula sun ayyana yaro yana da shekara 9 ga wata ga ’yan mata, da shekara 15 ga maza. Wannan yana ba da ƙarancin kariyar yara ga 'yan mata fiye da maza, kuma ya hana su wasu kariyar Yarjejeniyar. Mataki na 907 na kundin dokokin farar hula, game da rabon gado, ya kuma nuna wariya dangane da jinsi ta hanyar bai wa maza magada ninki biyu na mata a cikin yara da yawa. Bugu da kari, sashi na 911 na dokar farar hula ya bayyana cewa, idan marigayin ba shi da ‘ya’ya masu rai, jikoki sun gaji gwargwadon nawa ne iyayensu za su samu. 'Ya'yan 'ya'ya maza don haka sun fi 'ya'yan 'ya'ya mata. Dan kasa da hakkin dan kasa Dokar kabilanci ta Iran ta ƙunshi ka'idoji na jus sanguinis da jus soli An ratsa kasa ta hannun uba, ma'ana 'ya'yan uwayen Iran da uban da ba na Iran ba suna fuskantar wahala wajen samun dan kasar Iran. Sanin hakan, a cikin rahoton lokaci na uku kan CRC gwamnatin Iran ta yi ishara da dokar da aka kafa a shekarar 2006 a kan yanke hukunci kan 'ya'yan da aka haifa a sakamakon auren matan Iran da maza na kasashen waje, wanda ya bayyana cewa yaran da aka haifa a Iran sakamakon auren matan Iran da mazan kasashen waje, idan sun kai shekaru kusan 18, suna iya neman izinin zama dan kasar Iran. Za a ba da wannan damar idan yaron ba shi da wani bayanan laifi ko tsaro, kuma sun soke duk wata ƙasa da ba ta Iran ba. Majalisar dokokin Iran ta kiyasta cewa dokar za ta taimaka wa kusan yara kimanin 120,000 da suka rage a cikin "lalatawar 'yan kasa". An dai soki wannan doka da rashin yin nisa don kare hakkin yara. A Yawancin iyaye Ko ubanni da ba na Iran ba ’yan gudun hijira ne ko kuma ‘yan gudun hijirar da ba su da takardun zama ‘yan Afghanistan ko Iraqi. Dokokin Iran sun bukaci mace 'yar kasar Iran ta samu izinin auren wata 'yar kasar waje, kuma da yake masu neman mafaka ba su da rajista a bisa ka'ida, ba za a iya yin rajistar aurensu ba, don haka 'ya'yansu ba za su iya samun takardar haihuwa ba. Ilimi Kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ya bayyana cewa, gwamnati ce ke da alhakin baiwa dukkan 'yan kasar ilimi kyauta har zuwa sakandare Gwamnatin tsakiya ta hannun ma'aikatar ilimi ce ke da alhakin bayar da kudade da gudanar da ilimin K-12. Yana kula da jarrabawar kasa, kula da ma'auni, tsara manhajoji da horar da malamai, samar da kayayyakin ilimi, da kiyayewa da inganta ababen more rayuwa. Ana kula da ilimi ta hanyar hukumomin larduna da ofisoshin gundumomi a matakin kananan hukumomi. Kudaden da Iran take kashewa a fannin ilimi ya zarce na duniya. A cewar UNESCO, kashi kusan 17% na kudaden gwamnati a Iran sun tafi ilimi, adadi mai yawa idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya na 14.3%. Auren wuri yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da yawan barin makaranta, saboda dokokin kasar Iran sun kayyade damar zuwa makaranta ga yaran da suka yi aure, saboda an ba su damar shiga jarrabawar karshe ne kawai, kuma ba su cancanci zuwa darasi ko makarantun dare. Aikin Yara Dokar kwadago ta Iran ta haramta aikin yi wa yara ‘yan kasa da shekara 15 aiki. Yara masu shekaru 15-18, da ake magana da su a matsayin "matasan ma'aikata", ana buƙatar Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta gudanar da gwaje-gwajen likita na yau da kullun don samun cancantar shiga cikin ma'aikata. Bugu da ƙari, an hana masu ɗaukar ma'aikata sanya matasa zuwa "ayyukan kari, aiki na canzawa, ko aiki mai wahala, cutarwa ko haɗari". Koyaya, Dokar Ma'aikata ta ba da izinin keɓance kasuwancin da ke da ma'aikata ƙasa da Kashi 10 daga wasu tanade-tanaden doka, gami da matsakaicin buƙatun sa'o'in aiki, biyan kari, da fa'idodin nakasa. Iran ta amince da yarjejeniyar Ofishin Kwadago ta kasa da kasa (ILO) kan mafi munin nau'i na aikin yara Duk da wasu tsare-tsare na shari'a na hana cin zarafin kananan yara, Iran na shan suka saboda yawan masu yi wa kananan yara aikin yi, kuma kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama sun ba da rahoton cin zarafi da dama. Alkaluma game da adadin yara da matasa ƴan kwadago sun bambanta. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2011, fiye da 900,000 ba sa cikin makarantu tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 14. Wasu daga cikin dalilan rashin zuwa makaranta sun hada da aurar da yara da kuma aikin yara, wanda ya sa ake barin makaranta. A halin yanzu babu wani bayani a hukumance kan adadin masu aikin yi wa kananan yara aiki, tare da alkaluman baya-bayan nan a hukumance daga kidayar al'ummar Iran ta shekarar 2011. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar 2011, akwai ma'aikata kimanin 68,558 da ke aiki da yara masu shekaru 10 zuwa 14, da 696,700 masu shekaru 15 zuwa 18. A cewar Majalisar Resistance na Iran (NCRI), kusan yara miliyan 3.1 na Iran ba sa makaranta, wanda rabinsu na cikin ma'aikata. A cikin ƙidayar jama'a na Iran a shekarata 1996, fiye da kashi 4% na yawan ma'aikata na Iran suna tsakanin shekaru 10 14. A cikin wannan kididdigar, yawan ma'aikata na Iran ya kasance mutane miliyan 14.5, don haka adadin yaran da ke aiki yana da shekaru 10-14, wanda ya kasance kashi 4%, ya kai kimanin dubu 600. A cikin shekarata 1996, akwai kimanin yara kusan guda 380,000 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 14 a Iran waɗanda ke da ƙayyadaddun ayyuka. Yara da yawa a garuruwa daban-daban kuma suna shiga cikin masu sayar da tituna. Iyayen mafi yawansu sun sha shaye-shayen miyagun kwayoyi kuma wadannan yaran na fuskantar cin zarafi da lalata da yara. Fataucin yara Ana amfani da Iran a matsayin tushe, hanyar wucewa, da kuma ƙasar da za a bi don safarar jima'i na yara. Matasa 'yan mata na Iran sun fi fuskantar matsalar fataucin, wanda aka ce wani bangare na talauci da kuma dokokin gwamnati da suka kebanta da mata. Ma'aikata sun mamaye maza sosai, saboda kashi 15 cikin 100 na dukkan mata ne ke da aiki. Ana zargin 'yan matan da suka gudu sun fi fuskantar fataucin mutane da karuwanci. A wata hira da BBC a shekarata 2005, Dr. Hadi Motamedi, shugaban sashin rigakafin cututtuka na ma'aikatar lafiya, ya ce yawancin 'yan matan da suka gudu suna fuskantar fyade a cikin sa'o'i 24 na farko. A cewar Motamedi, akasarin wadanda aka yiwa fyaden ana watsi da su bayan sun koma ga iyalansu. Matsugunan da aka kafa don gudun hijira kuma sun zama sananne a matsayin tushen samun karuwai da yara masu siyarwa. A cewar babbar hukumar shari'a ta lardin Teheran, masu fataucin kan yi fataucin 'yan mata ne masu shekaru tsakanin 13 zuwa 17, ko da yake an samu wasu rahotannin cewa ana fataucin 'yan matan masu shekaru 8 zuwa 10. Haka kuma an samu rahotannin fataucin jarirai da dama a Iran. Auren wuri A halin yanzu karancin shekarun auren ‘ya’ya mata a Iran shine shekara goma sha uku a wata yayin da maza ke cika shekaru goma sha biyar. Duk da haka, ga namiji har yanzu yana yiwuwa ya kai ƙarar kotu da nufin ya auri yaron da bai kai ƙaramar shekarun aure ba saboda hukuncin ko yaron ya yi aure ko a'a yana hannun wanda yake kula da shi. A bisa ka'idar farar hula ta Iran, bayan cika shekaru goma sha uku, 'yan matan budurwowi da suka yi aure a karon farko suna bukatar izinin uba ko kakan kaka kawai. A baya, mafi ƙarancin shekarun aure shine shekaru a ƙalla 15 ga 'yan mata da shekaru kimanin 18 ga maza kuma a cikin yanayi na musamman kuma tare da gabatar da takardar shaidar kotu, 'yan mata masu shekaru 13 da maza masu shekaru 15 zasu iya yin aure; Don haka an haramta auren ‘yan kasa da shekara 13 gaba daya. Dokar Kariya ba tare da Dokar Yara ba, wacce Iran ta amince da ita a cikin shekarata 1975, ta sami canje-canje a cikin shekarar 2013. A cikin sabon sigar, labarin na ashirin da bakwai 27 ya ce “Idan shugaban iyali yana son ya auri yaron da aka goye, ya aika da bayananta zuwa kotu don amincewa. Idan an riga an yi auren, dole ne kungiyar jin dadin jama'a ta kai rahoto ga kotu, inda za a yanke shawarar ci gaba da kula da iyali daya ko kuma soke shi." Bisa kididdigar da UNICEF ta bayar, tsakanin shekarar 2008 zuwa Shekarar 2014, kashi 3% na matasan Iran sun yi aure suna da shekaru goma sha biyar, kashi 17% kuma suna da shekaru sha takwas Alkaluman shekarar 2010 sun nuna cewa 43, 457 na yara a karkashin shekaru 15 an yi rajista bisa hukuma don aure. Kashi 90 cikin 100 na kididdigar sun shafi 'yan mata matasa. Amma bincike ya nuna cewa adadin auren yara bai takaitu ga kididdiga ba, tunda a karkara yara suna yin aure kuma suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru ba tare da yin aure ba. Hakanan bisa cikin shekarata 2012, yara 37,000 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 18 sun sake su ko kuma sun mutu. A kowace shekara, 'yan mata 800 daga shekaru 10 zuwa 14 da kuma 'yan mata 15,000 masu shekaru 15 zuwa 19 ne ake saki a Iran. Talauci da akidar gargajiya ce ke haifar da wadannan auren wuri. A mafi yawan lokuta, dangin surukan suna biyan kuɗi ga dangin amarya, waɗanda galibi suna fama da talauci don yin aure da ’yarsu ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Abubuwan da ke tattare da auren wuri sun hada da karuwar jahilci da wulakanci a tsakanin mata, auren mace fiye da daya, firar gida, da al’amuran ma’aurata. Duba wasu abubuwan Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara Bayyana Haƙƙin Yaran Hakkin dan Adam a Iran Hakkin dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran Bayanan kula 1. Shekarar wata, wacce ita ce ma’aunin da kalandar wata ta ginu a kai, bambamcin tsayi daga shekarar rana da kwana goma sha daya zuwa sha biyu. Don haka, shekarun wata tara sun yi daidai da kusan shekara takwas da wata 8 da watanni goma sha biyar kusan shekara goma sha hudu ne da wata bakwai. 2. Ihsan shine matsayin mijin aure wanda zai iya saduwa da matarsa "duk lokacin da ya ga dama". Ihsan kuma tana nufin matsayin macen da zata iya saduwa da mijinta. (Kodin hukunta manyan laifuka ta Iran, shafi na 226). 3. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana ma'aikacin yara a matsayin ko dai a) yaro mai shekaru 5-11 wanda ko dai ya shiga akalla sa'a 1 na ayyukan tattalin arziki ko kuma akalla sa'o'i 28 na ayyukan gida a mako, ko b) yaro mai shekaru 12-14. wanda ke shiga aƙalla sa'o'i 14 na ayyukan tattalin arziki ko kuma aƙalla sa'o'i 28 na ayyukan gida a kowane mako. (UNICEF, Yanayin Yara na Duniya 2016). Wata ma’anar da Shirin Ƙididdiga da Kula da Ƙididdiga na ILO ya gabatar kan aikin yara (SIMPOC) ya bayyana yaro a matsayin ɗan aikin ɗan aiki idan yana da hannu a cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki, kuma yana ƙasa da shekaru 12 kuma yana aiki ɗaya ko fiye da sa'o'i a mako, ko yana da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki aƙalla sa'o'i 14 a kowane mako, ko kuma yana da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki aƙalla sa'a ɗaya a kowane mako a cikin ayyukan da ke da haɗari, ko yana da shekaru 17 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki a cikin mummunan nau'i mara kyau na mara kyau. sana’ar yara (karuwanci, ’ya’yan bauta ko aikin tilas, rikicin makami, fataucin yara, hotunan batsa, da sauran ayyukan haram). Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neja%20Delta

Neja Delta

Yankin Neja Delta, ne Delta na Neja (kogi) wanda ke zaune a kan Gulf na Guinea na tekun Atlantic a Najeriya. Yawanci ana la'akari da cewa yana cikin jihohin tara kudu maso kudancin Najeriya, wadanda suka hada da: dukkan jihohi shida daga yankin kudu maso kudu, da jiha daya Ondo daga yankin kudu maso yamma da kuma jihohi biyu Abia da Imo daga yankin kudu maso gabas na yankin geopolitical zone. A duk jihohin da yankin ya kunsa, Kuros Riba ne kawai ba jihar da ake samar da mai ba. Yankin Neja Delta yanki ne mai matukar yawan jama'a wani lokacin ana kiran shi Kogin Mai saboda ya taba kasancewa babban mai samar da dabino Yankin ya kasance Garkuwan Kogin Burtaniya daga shekara ta 1885 har zuwa shekara ta 1893, lokacin da aka fadada shi ya zama Neja-Delta ta kare yankin Yankin delta yanki ne mai arzikin mai kuma ya kasance cibiyar damuwar duniya dangane da gurbatar yanayi wanda hakan ya haifar da asali daga manyan malalar mai na manyan kamfanoni na kamfanonin mai Labarin kasa Yankin Neja Delta, kamar yadda yanzu gwamnatin Najeriya ta ayyana a hukumance, ya ƙaru sama da kuma ya kai kaso 7.5% na yawan filayen Najeriya. A cikin tarihi da zane-zane, ya ƙunshi Jihohin Bayelsa, Delta, da Ribas na yau Amma a 2000, mulkin Obasanjo ya hada da Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Kuros Riba, Edo, Imo da Ondo a yankin. Yankin Neja Delta, da yankin Kudu maso Kudu (wanda ya kunshi jihohi shida a Neja Delta) bangarori ne daban-daban. Yankin Neja Delta ya raba Gwanin Benin da na Bonny a cikin babban yankin Gulf of Guinea Yawan jama'a Kusan mutane miliyan 31 na kabilu sama da guda 40 da suka hada da Bini, Itsekiri, Efik, Esan, Ibibio, Annang, Oron, Ijaw, Igbo, Isoko, Urhobo, Kalabari, Yoruba, Okrika, Ogoni, Epie-Atissa Mutanen Obolo, suna daga cikin mazauna yankin Neja Delta na siyasa, suna magana game da yaruka daban-daban guda 250. Harshe kungiyoyin magana a yankin Neja Delta sun hada da Ijaw harsuna, Itsekiri harshe, Central Delta harsuna, Edoid harsuna, Yoruboid Harsuna, kuma Igboid harsuna. Tarihi Lokacin mulkin mallaka Yankin ya kasance Garkuwan Kogin Burtaniya daga shekara ta 1885 har zuwa shekara ta 1893, lokacin da aka fadada shi ya zama Neja-Delta ta kare yankin Babban yankin Neja Delta daga baya ya zama wani yanki na yankin gabashin Najeriya, wanda ya fara samuwa a cikin shekara ta 1951 (ɗayan yankuna ukun, sannan daga baya ya zama ɗayan yankuna huɗu). Mafi yawan mutanen sun kasance daga yankin mulkin mallaka na Calabar, Itsekiri da Ogoja, na yanzu Ogoja, Itsekiri, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw da Ogoni Majalisar kasa ta Najeriya da Kamaru (NCNC) ita ce jam'iyya mai mulkin yankin. NCNC daga baya ta zama Taron ofan ƙasa na Citizan ƙasa, bayan da yammacin Kamaru ya yanke shawarar ballewa daga Najeriya. Jam’iyya mai mulki a gabashin Najeriya ba ta nemi hana raba ba har ma ta karfafa shi. Yankin Gabas na lokacin yana da na uku, na huɗu da na biyar mafi yawan ƙabilun ƙasar waɗanda suka haɗa da Igbo, Efik-Ibibio da Ijaw A shekara ta 1953, tsohuwar yankin gabas ta sami babbar matsala saboda korar farfesa Eyo Ita daga mukamin da kabilar Ibo mafi rinjaye ta tsohon yankin gabas. Ita, mutumin Efik ne daga Calabar, yana daya daga cikin masu kishin kasa na samun ‘yancin kan Najeriya. 'Yan tsirarun yankin, Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw da Ogoja, sun kasance a bakin gabar kudu maso gabas da kuma yankin delta kuma sun nemi a samar da nasu jihar, Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR). Gwagwarmayar ƙirƙirar ƙasar COR ta ci gaba kuma ta kasance babban batun da ya shafi matsayin 'yan tsiraru a Nijeriya yayin muhawara a Turai game da' yancin kan Najeriya. Sakamakon wannan rikicin, Farfesa Eyo Ita ya bar NCNC ya kafa wata sabuwar kungiyar siyasa da ake kira National Independence Party (NIP) wacce ta kasance daya daga cikin jam’iyyun siyasa biyar na Najeriya da suka samu wakilci a taruka kan Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya da ‘Yancin kai. Lokacin mulkin mallaka A shekara ta 1961, wani babban rikicin ya sake faruwa yayin da yankin gabashin kasar na wancan lokacin ya bar kasar Kamaru ta Kudu maso Yammacin yau ta balle daga Najeriya (daga yankin da yanzu yake jihohin Akwa Ibom da Kuros Riba ta hanyar gamsuwa yayin da shugabancin yankin Arewa na wancan lokacin. sun dauki matakan da suka dace domin kiyaye yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Kamaru a cikin Najeriya, a jihohin Adamawa da Taraba na yanzu Abinda ya biyo bayan yarda da juna a shekara ta 1961 ya haifar da takaddama tsakanin Kamaru da Najeriya kan karamin yankin Bakassi Wani sabon fasalin gwagwarmaya ya ga ayyana Jamhuriyar Niger Delta mai zaman kanta da Isaac Adaka Boro ya yi lokacin mulkin shugaban Najeriya Ironsi, gab da yakin basasar Najeriya. Hakanan kafin yakin basasar Najeriya, an kirkiro Jihar Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya (wanda kuma ake kira Kudu Maso Gabashin Najeriya ko Yankin Kudu Maso Gabashin Najeriya wanda yake da yankin Calabar na mulkin mallaka, da kuma yankin Ogoja na mulkin mallaka. An kuma kirkiro jihar Ribas. Jihohin kudu maso gabas da kuma jihar Kogi sun zama jihohi biyu don yan tsiraru na tsohuwar yankin gabas, kuma mafi akasarin Igbo na tsoffin yankin gabas suna da jihar da ake kira East Central state. An sauyawa jihar kudu maso gabas suna zuwa jihar Cross River sannan daga baya aka raba ta zuwa jihar Cross River da kuma jihar Akwa Ibom Daga baya an raba jihar Ribas zuwa jihar Ribas da Bayelsa Yakin basasar Najeriya Mutanen yankin gabas sun sha wahala kwarai da gaske kuma sun sami asarar rayuka da yawa a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya, wanda aka fi sani da yakin Biyafara, wanda yankin gabashin ya ayyana wata kasa mai cin gashin kanta mai suna Biafra wanda daga baya aka ci ta, ta haka ne aka kiyaye ikon mallaka da rashin rarrabuwa. ƙasar Nijeriya, wanda ya haifar da asarar rayuka da yawa. Rashin tashin hankali A lokacin kashi na gaba na tsayin daka a yankin Neja Delta, al'ummomin yankin sun bukaci gwamnatin tarayya da ta tabbatar da adalci a muhalli da zamantakewar al'umma, tare da Ken Saro Wiwa da kabilar Ogoni a matsayin manyan jigogin wannan bangare na gwagwarmayar. Zanga-zangar mai game da mai ya zama sananne sosai a cikin shekara ta 1990 tare da buga Yarjejeniyar haƙƙin haƙƙin Ogoni. Marasa galihu sun yi zanga-zangar rashin ci gaban tattalin arziki, misali makarantu, hanyoyi masu kyau, da asibitoci, a yankin, duk da dimbin arzikin mai da aka samu. Sun kuma koka game da gurbatar muhalli da lalata musu filaye da kogunan da kamfanonin mai na kasashen waje ke yi. An kama Ken Saro Wiwa tare da wasu masu fafutukar neman mai a karkashin kungiyar 'Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP)' a karkashin jagorancin Sani Abacha a 1995 Kodayake zanga-zangar ba ta taba yin karfi kamar yadda ta kasance a karkashin Saro-Wiwa ba, har yanzu akwai wani yunkuri na sake fasalin mai dangane da zanga-zangar lumana a yau kamar yadda gwagwarmayar Ogoni ta kasance a matsayin bude ido ta yau ga Al’ummomin yankin. Rikici na kwanan nan Abun takaici, gwagwarmayar tayi karfi, kuma halin da ake ciki yanzu ya zama mai gwagwarmaya. Lokacin da damuwar da aka dade ana yi game da rasa ikon mallakar albarkatun kamfanin mai da 'yan kabilar Ijaw suka yi a cikin sanarwar Kaiama a shekara ta 1998, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura sojoji don mamaye jihohin Bayelsa da Delta. Sojoji sun bude wuta da bindigogi, da hayaki mai sa hawaye, inda suka kashe akalla masu zanga-zanga uku tare da kame wasu ashirin da biyar. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ayyukan 'yan asalin yankin game da matatun mai na kasuwanci da bututun mai a yankin ya karu da yawa da faɗa. Ba da jimawa ba ma'abuta baƙi na kamfanin Shell, babban kamfani na farko da ke aiki a yankin, mutanen garin da suka fusata suka yi garkuwa da su. Irin waɗannan ayyukan sun haifar da sa hannun gwamnati mafi girma a yankin, da kuma tara sojojin Najeriya da Hukumar Tsaro ta Jiha zuwa yankin, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali da cin zarafin ɗan adam. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2006, wani bam ya fashe kusa da matatar mai a yankin Niger Delta, gargadi kan fadada kasar China a yankin. MEND ta ce: "Muna so mu gargadi gwamnatin China da kamfanonin ta na mai da su nisanci yankin Neja Delta. Gwamnatin China, ta hanyar saka jari a danyen man da aka sata, tana sanya 'yan kasarta cikin layinmu na wuta. An gabatar da shirye-shiryen gwamnati da masu zaman kansu don bunkasa yankin Neja Delta kwanan nan. Wadannan sun hada da Hukumar Raya Yankin Neja Delta (NDDC), wani shiri na gwamnati, da kuma Development Initiative (DEVIN), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ba ta gwamnati ba (NGO) da ke Fatakwal a yankin Neja Delta. Kamfanin Uz da Uz Transnational, wani kamfani mai karfin gwiwa ga yankin Neja Delta, ya bullo da hanyoyin bunkasa talakawa a yankin Neja Delta, musamman a jihar Ribas. A watan Satumban shekara ta 2008, kungiyar MEND ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke shelar cewa mayakansu sun kaddamar da "yakin mai" a duk yankin Neja Delta kan duka, bututun mai da wuraren samar da mai, da sojojin Najeriya da ke ba su kariya. Duka MEND da Gwamnatin Najeriya suna ikirarin yiwa juna mummunan rauni. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2009, gwamnatin Nijeriya ta yi afuwa ga mayakan; da yawa daga cikin mayakan sun mika makamansu daga baya domin neman afuwar shugaban kasa, shirin gyara rayuwa, da ilimi. Kananan yankuna Yankin Neja Delta Yammacin Neja Delta ya ƙunshi ɓangaren yamma na yankin Kudu Maso Kudancin Najeriya da ke gabar teku wanda ya haɗa da Delta, da kuma ɓangarorin kudu na ƙarshen Edo, da Ondo Yankin Neja Delta na yamma (ko na Arewacin) yanki ne mai bambancin addini tare da kabilu da dama wadanda suka hada da Itsekiri, Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw (ko Izon) da kungiyoyin Ukwuani a jihar Delta wadanda ake daukar su a matsayin karamar kungiyar kabilun Ibo; da Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, na baka, igara da kuma Afenmai a jihar Edo; da Yarbawan Ilaje a Jihar Ondo. Abin da suka dogara da shi ya ta'allaka ne akan kamun kifi da noma Tarihi ya nuna cewa Yammacin Nijar na karkashin ikon shugabannin manyan ƙabilu huɗu na Itsekiri, Isoko, Ijaw, da Urhobo waɗanda dole ne gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanya hannu a kan "Yarjejeniyar Kariya" a cikin ƙirƙirar su ta "Protectorates" wanda daga baya ya zama kudancin Najeriya. Yankin Neja Delta Yankin Neja Delta na tsakiya ya kunshi yankin Kudu maso Kudancin Najeriya da ke gabar teku wanda ya hada da Bayelsa, Ribas, Abia da Imo Yankin Neja Delta ta Tsakiya tana da Ijaw (gami da Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, mutanen Kalabari, Ibani na Opobo Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni da Andoni), mutanen Ogoni (Khana, Gokana, Tai da Eleme), Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye da Ndoki a jihar Ribas, jihar Abia da jihar Imo, wadanda ake musu kallon kananan kabilun Ibo. Yankin Neja Delta Gabashin Neja Delta ya kunshi jihar Kuros Riba da Akwa Ibom Man Najeriya Najeriya ta zama kasar da ta fi kowacce kasa arzikin Afirka ta Yamma. Kimanin ana fitar da rana a yankin Niger Delta. An kiyasta cewa ganga biliyan 38 na danyen mai har yanzu yana zaune a karkashin yankin ne daga farkon shekara ta 2012. Ayyukan mai na farko a yankin sun fara ne a cikin shekara ta 1950 kuma manyan kamfanoni ne suka gudanar da su, waɗanda suka ba Nijeriya albarkatun fasaha da na kuɗi masu mahimmanci don hako mai. Tun daga shekara ta 1975, yankin ya samar da sama da kashi 75% na kudaden shigar Najeriya zuwa kasashen waje. Tare da man fetur da kuma iskar gas hakar dauki kashi "97% na Najeriya ta kasashen waje musayar kudaden shiga". Da yawa daga cikin iskar gas cirewa a rijiyoyin man fetur a Delta ne nan da nan ya ƙone, ko flared, a cikin iska a wani kudi na kimanin miliyan 70 per rana. Wannan yayi dai-dai da kashi 41% na amfani da iskar gas na Afirka kuma shine mafi girman tushen samar da iskar gas mai guba a duniya. A shekara ta 2003, kimanin kashi 99% na yawan iskar gas ya tashi a yankin Neja Delta, koda yake wannan darajar ta fadi zuwa 11% a shekara ta 2010. (Duba kuma adadin gas Babban kamfani mai rajin iskar gas shine Shell Petroleum Debelopment Company of Nigeria Ltd, haɗin gwiwa wanda mafi yawan mallakin gwamnatin Najeriya ne. A Najeriya, duk da ka'idojin da aka bullo da su shekaru 20 da suka gabata don hana yin hakan, yawancin gas din da ke hade da shi yana da iska, yana haifar da gurbacewar gida kuma yana taimakawa ga canjin yanayi." Lalacewar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da masana'antu da kuma rashin rabon arzikin mai sun kasance tushe da ko mabuɗan abubuwan da ke haifar da rikice-rikicen muhalli da rikice-rikicen ƙabilanci a yankin, gami da ayyukan 'yan daba na baya-bayan nan da forungiyar ta manaddamar da Neja Delta (MEND). A watan Satumbar 2012 kamfanin Eland Oil &amp; Gas ya sayi ribar kashi 45% na OML 40, tare da takwaransa Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, daga Kamfanin Shell. Suna da niyyar ba da kayan aikin da suke ciki sannan su sake gina rijiyoyin da ke yanzu don sake fara hakar su a kan farashin da ya kai na mai a kowace rana tare da niyyar habaka yawan kayan da ake samarwa zuwa na mai kowace rana a cikin shekaru hudu. Tushen kudaden shiga na mai Raba kudaden shigar mai ya kasance abin tattaunawa tun kafin Najeriya ta samu 'yencin kai. Wurare sun banbanta daga kusan 50%, saboda babban matakin Jamhuriya ta farko na ikon cin gashin kai, kuma ƙasa da 10% yayin mulkin kama karya na soja. Wannan teburin da ke ƙasa. Rabe-raben jihar an kafa su ne bisa ka'idoji 5: daidaito (daidai wa daida a kowace jiha), yawan jama'a, ci gaban jama'a, yawan filaye, da samar da kudaden shiga. Tsarin samarda kayan yana nuni da kaso mai tsoka na jihohin dake samar da mai daga haraji akan mai da sauran albarkatun kasa da ake samarwa a jihar. Rahoton Bankin Duniya Mai jarida Fim din Sweet Crude, wanda aka fara shi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009 a bikin baje kolin fina-finai cikakke, ya ba da labarin Neja Delta ta Najeriya. Al'amuran muhalli Illar mai a cikin lamuran yankuna Neja Delta masu rauni da muhalli sun yi yawa. 'Yan asalin ƙasar ba su ga komai ba in har suka sami cigaba a rayuwarsu yayin da suke fama da mummunar lahani ga muhallinsu. Dangane da alkalumman gwamnatin tarayyar Nijeriya, an samu malalar mai sama da 7,000 tsakanin shekara ta 1970 zuwa shekara ta 2000. An kiyasta cewa tsabtace yankin, gami da sake maido da dausayi, kogunan ruwa, wuraren kamun kifi da mangwaro, na iya ɗaukar shekaru 25. Duba kuma Manazarta Majiya Neja Delta-Taskar Labarai, Tattaunawa, Labari, Tattaunawa daga 1999 zuwa Yau Shari'ar Tarayyar Ibibio 1928-1937 Wanda Litinin Efiong Noah ta shirya. Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Zamani Ltd, Uyo. Urhobo Tarihin Tarihi (4 Agusta 2003). Kungiyar Tarihin Urhobo Ta Amsa Da'awar Itsekiri Akan Garin Wari da Yammacin Neja Delta. "Wahalar da Najeriya ke ciki na dusar da malalar mai. Amurka da Turai sun yi biris da shi Hanyoyin haɗin waje Mujallar National Geographic: "La'anar Bakar Zinare, Fata, da cin amana a kan Neja Delta" fitowar Fabrairu 2007 Nigerdeltaforum.com: dandali kan yankin Neja Delta da jama'arta Hukumar Raya Yankin Neja-Delta, Neja Delta: Takaitaccen Tarihi Americanungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya, Neja Delta Aikin Kare Muhalli Labarai kan yankin Neja Delta Kogunan Najeriya Koguna Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segun%20Adebutu

Segun Adebutu

Articles with hCards Segun Adebutu hamshakin dan kasuwa ne dan Najeriya, masanin tattalin arziki kuma mai bayar da agaji. Yana da sha'awar kasuwanci a fannin mai da iskar gas, jigilar kaya, hakar ma'adinai, gine-gine, gidaje, noma da nishaɗi. Shi ne shugaba kuma shugaban kamfanin mai na Petrolex Oil and Gas, wanda a halin yanzu yake gina matatar mai ta biyu mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara. Adebutu kuma shine Shugaban Kamfanin Bluebridge Marine Ltd, Bluebridge Minerals, Oladiran Agro-Allied Company da Oladiran Engineering Trade Ltd. Segun Adebutu shine wanda ya kafa Baseline Records Label, wanda ya sanya hannu kan mawakan kiɗa kamar Skales da Saeon. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa kamfanin Trade Nigeria Limited, kuma memba ne a hukumar Premier Lotto, kamfanin caca da ke Najeriya. Segun Adebutu kuma shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma mai kudi na gidauniyar Oladiran Olusegun Adebutu (OOA), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ta mai da hankali kan karfafa tattalin arziki, kiwon lafiya, saka hannun jarin al’umma, agaji, sana’o’in hannu ga mata da kananan yara masu rauni a cikin mawuyacin hali. Fage An haifi Segun Adebutu ga dangin Kesington Adebukunola Adebutu, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Premier Lotto Nigeria Limited, wanda ya fito daga Iperu Remo, karamar hukumar Ikenne, da Caroline Oladunni, daga Odogbolu, dukkansu a jihar Ogun, Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya Segun Adebutu, ya kammala karatunsa a fannin tattalin arziki a jami'ar Ibadan, kuma ya fara kasuwancin man fetur da iskar gas a shekarar 2004. Kasuwar Petrolex Oil and Gas Limited Bayan farawa da cinikin mai da iskar gas a shekara ta 2004, ayyukan Segun Adebutu sun girma daga ƙananan kasuwanci zuwa kamfani mai daraja ta duniya tare da sha'awar sufuri, ma'adinai, gine-gine, kayayyakin more rayuwa, gidaje, sadarwa, da nishaɗi. A cikin 2007, Segun Adebutu ya kafa Petrolex Oil Gas Limited, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kamfanin Petrolex. Tsawon shekaru goma, Adebutu a nutse kuma a zahiri ya raya kamfaninsa na makamashi, Petrolex Oil Gas Limited, ya zama babban jigo a cikin sashe mai saurin canzawa. A cewar Segun Adebutu, ya fara cinikin kananan nau’ukan albarkatun man fetur, wadanda ke amfani da injinan wutar lantarki a gidaje da masana’antu a fadin Najeriya. Bayan fuskantar matsalar cunkoso da rabon kayayyaki a matakin farko, ya kammala da cewa akwai bukatar samar da kamfani don warware matsalolin da ake fuskanta. A wancan lokacin, Adana da Rarraba (S&D) ya zama kamar shine mafi kyawun yanki don haɓakawa, kuma mafi sauƙi ta fuskar babban jari. A lokacin, Segun Adebutu ya sami wurin da ya dace ya kafa cibiyar S&D a Ibafo, wanda ke kan iyaka tsakanin Ogun da Legas Bayan kafa gidauniyar, ya fara mallakar gidaje ne a shekarar 2010, ya kuma fara gina gine-gine a shekarar 2013, har zuwa watan Disambar 2017, inda Segun Adebutu ya fito fili a lokacin da ya ja hankalin jama’a, ciki har da mataimakin shugaban Najeriya, Farfesa Yemi Osibanjo, biyo bayan sanarwar da ya bayar. gina katafaren gidan man fetur mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara a wani bangare na aikin sa na Mega Oil City a Najeriya. Gidan gonar tankin wurin ajiyar lita miliyan 300 ne tare da tankunan ajiya 20. A wancan lokacin, tana da ikon jujjuya lita miliyan 600 na albarkatun mai a kowane wata, wanda ke ba da damar adana kayayyaki da rarraba su yadda ya kamata kuma cikin inganci, don ingantattun ayyuka da kuma samun riba mai yawa. A lokacin kaddamar da aikin, an yi hasashen cewa, aikin gonakin tankunan zai zama gonakin ajiyar kayayyakin amfanin gona mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara kuma zai samar da ayyukan yi sama da 10,000. Kamfanin ya karɓi kayan sa na farko a cikin Q2 na 2018. Mega Oil City Bayan kammala kashi na farko na birnin Mega Oil, sakamakon haka ya kasance wani kayayyakin more rayuwa da ya kai murabba'in kilomita 101, wanda ya zama cibiyar samar da man fetur mafi girma a Afirka, kusan kashi 10% na girman jihar Legas. Kashi na farko na aikin shine gonar tanka ta Ibefun a shekarar 2018, dalar Amurka $426 wurin ajiyar kayayyakin man fetur miliyan da karfin lita miliyan 300, wanda ya zama mafi girma kuma irinsa na farko a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Har ila yau, Birnin yana da manyan gantiyoyi 30 da kuma wurin shakatawar tirela mai iya ɗaukar manyan motoci 4000. Hakanan ya rage gridlock a tashar jiragen ruwa na Apapa da kashi 60%. Rukunin masana'antu ya fara kashi na biyu na aikin, wanda aka yi niyya ya zama jarin dalar Amurka 5 biliyan biliyan a cikin tattalin arzikin jihar Ogun, kuma zai samar da matatar mai mai karfin bpd 250,000, tashar wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 100, kamfanin man petrochemical, masana'antar mai da kuma masana'antar sarrafa iskar gas. Adebutu ya ce, "Bisa ga burinmu na jajircewa, muna da shirin fadadawa wanda zai kara karfin ajiyar tankin zuwa lita biliyan 1.2 nan da 'yan shekaru." Najeriya ita ce kasa mafi girma a Afirka wajen samar da man fetur, amma ba ta da isasshen karfin tacewa da shigo da akalla kashi 70 na bukatunta. Wani alƙawarin da gwamnati ta yi na kawo ƙarshen sayayya a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa ta hanyar gina ƙwararrun gida, ya jawo hankalin masu zuba jari ciki har da hamshakin attajirin Afrika, Aliko Dangote, wanda ke gina matatar mai mai ganga 650,000 a rana. Adebutu ya koma Dangote a matsayin ‘yan Najeriya biyu kacal da ke gina matatun mai a halin yanzu. Kamfanoni da sauran ayyuka Segun Adebutu kuma shi ne Shugaban wasu kamfanoni na Petrolex, daga cikinsu akwai, Bluebridge Marine Services da Bluebridge Minerals. Akwai mai da hankali kan ma'adanai da bitumen bisa ga dokokin Najeriya na yanzu. Tallafawa A cikin 2014, Adebutu ya kafa gidauniyar Oladiran Olusegun Adebutu (OOA), kungiya mai zaman kanta da ba ta siyasa, wacce ta kafa kuma ta yi rajista da CAC a cikin 2014 kuma mai tushe a Kudu maso Yamma, Najeriya. Tun daga 2014, Gidauniyar OOA ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen agaji wanda ya kama daga tallafin ilimi, tallafin kiwon lafiya, tallafin abinci mai gina jiki, tallafin jin daɗin rayuwa, tallafin nishaɗi, tsari da samar da ruwa mai tsafta. An kaddamar da shi a ranar Asabar, 22 ga Oktoba, 2016 a Abeokuta, Jihar Ogun, Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya. Magoya bayan Gidauniyar da da yawa daga cikinsu sun halarci bikin kuma suka yi alkawarin tallafa wa gidauniyar sun hada da: Cif Olusegun Obasanjo (Tsohon Shugaban Najeriya); Dr. Sen. Grace Folashade Bent tsohon Alkalin Alkalan Najeriya, Hon Justice Salihu Modibo Alfa Balgore; F tsohon ministan matasa da al'adu, Alabo Tonye Graham Douglas; The OOA Foundation has implemented the Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) Care and Support Programme as an umbrella programme that responds to the needs of orphans and vulnerable children through improved access to essential services and needs. One such initiative of the OVC Project is the Leave No Child Behind, a programme that operates in 53 primary schools with the goal of reducing educational disparities and barriers to access on basic education among school-age children of ages 3–15. As an additional element to this project, psychosocial care and support programmes prioritise psychosocial interventions that build on existing resources to place and maintain children in stable and affectionate environments through resources like mentorship programmes and community caregiver support. The immense impact of the OOA Foundation continues to families and helps individuals begin strong, independent and autonomous lives. Additional programmes include food and nutrition intervention to strengthen the capacity of families to protect and care for children through Household Economic Strengthening (HES); youth empowerment through addressing unemployment and offering work/study programmes through Social Mobility Enterprise; women's empowerment by addressing poverty amongst vulnerable women through HES; and raising awareness about sexual abuse prevention. To simply state that Petrolex and the OOA Foundation have helped the local community would be a grave understatement. To date, the programme has reached over 400 orphans and vulnerable children with improved access to education, healthcare, nutrition, psychosocial support and sanitation. Adebutu says, “Our vision is to reduce poverty among vulnerable children, youth and women in our host communities and our mission is to support orphans, vulnerable children, youth and women with increased access to quality education, primary health care, nutrition, social and economic strengthening through sustainable development activities.”Kungiyar tana aiki da farko kan karfafa tattalin arziki, kiwon lafiya, jarin al'umma, mata da yara da ke cikin mawuyacin hali a Najeriya. Ta hanyar ayyukan jin kai na gidauniyar, Adebutu da tawagarsa sun dauki yara marasa galihu sama da 400. Har ila yau, ita ce ke da alhakin ƙaddamar da ƙananan masana'antu sama da 500 da matasa ke jagoranta tare da kafa shirye-shiryen samar da kasuwanci na farko a jihohin Legas da Osun Bayanan tushe Adebutu ya kafa wani kamfani mai suna Baseline Records, inda ya sanya hannu kan mawakan Najeriya Skales da Saeon. A shekarar 2020, gidan rediyon sa, Baseline FM, ya fara aikin gwaji a Legas. Rigima Jaridar Premium Times ta Najeriya ta ruwaito cewa, karar da mai kamfanin Western Lotto, Buruji Kashamu ya shigar, ya janyo bincike kan abokin hamayyarsa Premier Lotto, mallakin mahaifin Segun, Kesington Adebutu, Buruji Kashamu tsohon dan siyasa ne, dan majalisar dattawan Najeriya, kuma dan gudun hijira a Amurka. An yi iƙirarin cewa Kashamu shine ainihin asalin "Alhaji", sarkin miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin littafin Piper Kerman, Orange Is the New Black: Shekarata a gidan yarin mata, wanda aka daidaita a cikin jerin buga wasan Netflix Orange shine Sabuwar Baƙar fata. Jami’ai da dama a hukumar ta cacar baki sun zargi Mista Kashamu da haddasa binciken saboda yana so ya mamaye wani bangare na harkar caca a Najeriya Biyo bayan karar da Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati (EFCC) ta shigar ta fara binciken Firimiya Lotto mahaifin Segun bisa laifin zamba. Segun Adebutu ya halarci tambayoyin a madadin kamfanin mahaifinsa a ranar 28 ga Janairu 2020. Tony Orilade, babban mai magana da yawun hukumar ta EFCC, bai yi gaggawar mayar da wata bukata ta neman karin bayani kan cikakkun bayanai na binciken ba. A takaice dai an yi watsi da binciken bayan wani karin haske daga kamfanin, kuma hukumar EFCC ta gano cewa ba ta da wani laifi a cikin harkokin Firimiya Lotto da Segun Adebutu. Har yanzu dai ba a san hakikanin gaskiyar zargin Mista Kashamu ba saboda har yanzu hukumar EFCC ba ta bayyana sakamakon nata ba. Haihuwan 1974 Rayayyun mutane Kamfanoni a Najeriya Yoruba Jami'an Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Haram%2C%20Jaffa

Al-Haram, Jaffa

Al-Haram (El Haram ’Aly Ibn ‘Aleim, kuma Sayyiduna Ali ko Sidna Ali “wuri na ‘Ali [Ibn Aleim]”, Hebrew: Larabci: ƙauyen Larabawa ne na Falasdinu a cikin yankin Jaffa, a cikin Falasɗinu ta tilas. Tana da nisan kilomita 16 daga arewacin Jaffa, kusa da kango na birnin Arsuf mai katanga na tsakiya, kuma an kiyasta girmansa ya kai tsakanin 9,653 zuwa 11,698 dunams wanda 5,150 aka lissafa a cikin rajistar cadastral. An rage yawan jama'a a lokacin yakin 1948. Tarihi Tsakiyar zamanai Baibars sun kwace tsakiyar zamanai birnin Arsuf mai katanga na tsakiya daga masarautar Kudus a shekara ta 1265, bayan kwanaki 40 na kewaye. An kashe mazaunanta ko sayar da su kamar bayi kuma garin ya yi ta birgima. An bar shafin gaba daya kusan kusan karni; bisa ga masanin kimiyar kasa Abulfeda (rubutu a c. 1330), shafin bai ƙunshi mazaunan ba ("Tabula Syriæ", 82). Da alama an sake kafa ƙaramin ƙauye a ƙarni na 16 a kusa da Masallacin Sidna Ali. Mujir al-Din ne ya ambaci masallacin (rubutu c. 1496) kamar yadda aka sadaukar dashi a kabarin wani malamin addinin musulinci, Ali Ibn Aleim (d. 1081), kuma Sultan Baybars yayi addu'a a kabarin don cin nasara kafin ya dawo da Arsuf a 1265. Zamanin Ottoman A cikin 1596, a zamanin Ottoman, kashi uku na kudaden shiga daga wani wuri da ake kira "Arsuf" ya tafi wakafi na Ali Ibn 'Aleim. Pierre Jacotin ya kira ƙauyen Ali Ebn harami akan taswirarsa daga 1799. A cikin 1880, an bayyana shi a cikin PEF's Survey of Western Palestine a matsayin ƙauyen adobe mai matsakaicin girma a saman ƙasa, mai maɓuɓɓugan ruwa zuwa arewa, kuma a yamma masallaci ne. An rubuta cikakken suna a matsayin El Haram 'Aly Ibn 'Aleim. Hukumomin Birtaniyya A cikin kidayar jama'ar Palasdinu a shekara ta 1922 da hukumomin Birtaniyya suka gudanar, Al-Haran na da yawan jama'a 172, dukkan musulmi sun karu da kidayar 1931 zuwa 313, har yanzu dukkansu musulmi ne, a cikin gidaje 83. A cikin shekarun 1920s, Kamfanin Raya Ƙasa na Falasɗinawa (PLDC) ya sayi wani yanki na ƙauyen a madadin Amurka Sihiyona Commonwealth daga dangin Omri na Beirut, don samun matsugunin Herzliya. Daga baya an yi amfani da sayayyar filayen ƙauyen da PLDC, Asusun Ƙasa na Yahudawa, Keren Hayesod da masu sayayya Yahudawa masu zaman kansu suka yi amfani da su wajen kafa Kfar Shmaryahu da Rishpon. A lokacin, a lokacin da Falasdinawan suka yi boren nuna adawa da umarnin Birtaniya, an gabatar da wasu mutanen kauyen Al-Haram guda biyu gaban madugun 'yan tawayen Aref Abd al-Razeq, tare da yin Allah wadai da sayar da filaye ga Yahudawan, kamar yadda takardu suka nuna. A cewar wasu shaidu, alakar da ke tsakanin mutanen kauyen Al-Haram da yahudawan Herzliya da Rishpon na sada zumunci ne. Mazauna garin Herzliya na farko sun ambaci Larabawa masu fataucin mutane a titunan garin. Wasu daga cikin mutanen kauyen sun yi aikin gine-gine. Tsoffin Larabawa mazauna al-Haram sun shaida cewa kafin yakin, wakilan garuruwan yahudawan sun ba su tabbacin cewa suna cikin koshin lafiya. A cikin kididdigar 1945 ƙauyen yana da yawan jama'a 880, tare da mazaunan Yahudawa 360. Al-Haram tana da makarantar firamare ta yara maza da aka kafa a 1921, kuma a cikin 1945 tana da ɗalibai 68 da suka yi rajista. Kauyen kuma yana dauke da masallaci da kuma hubbaren al-Hasan bn Ali (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1081), wanda shi ne zuriyar halifan musulmi na biyu, Umar bn al-Khattab. A cewar Morris, an kwashe mutanen kauyen ne a ranar 3 ga Fabrairun 1948 saboda tsoron harin Yahudawa, bayan harin Haganah ko Irgun a kauyukan da ke kusa. Yau Alamar tsohon ƙauyen shine wurin bautar Sidna Ali da makabartar da ke kewaye da shi. Masu yawon bude ido na amfani da makabartar a matsayin wurin ajiye motoci. An ambaci kaburburan Musulmai da yawa a cikin littafin binciken kayan tarihi na 1998 zuwa yamma da kudu na tsarin. Wurin ibada yana tsakanin bakin tekun Sidna Ali aka Nof Yam, da unguwar Reshef na Herzliya. Manazarta Littafi Mai Tsarki (p.215 cited in Petersen, 2001) (Al-Haram:

21343

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwalejin%20Maritime%20ta%20Najeriya

Kwalejin Maritime ta Najeriya

Kwalejin Maritime ta Najeriya cibiya ce ta mallakin gwamnatin tarayya a yankin Oron, jihar Akwa Ibom, Najeriya Manufarta ita ce horar da jirgin ruwa da ma'aikatan ruwa. Ta kuma horas da wasu hafsoshin Sojan Ruwa guda 4,300 na Nijeriya da kuma wasu ma’aikata sama da guda 65,000 a ayyukan ruwa. Koda yake ana Tambayoyi cewa, gameda yadda ake horarwa. Tarihi Makarantar Koyon Maritime ta Najeriya a Oron na ɗaya daga cikin kwalejojin kimiyya na tarayya waɗanda Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta (asa (NUC) ta amince da su. Asalinsu ana kiransa Kwalejin Nautical of Nigeria, an kafa shi ne a shekara ta 1979 don ilmantarwa da horar da jami'an jirgin ruwa, kimantawa da ma'aikatan gudanarwa na gabar teku. Etsungiyar farko ta ɗalibai ta kuma kammala karatu a cikin shekara ta 1983. A cikin shekara ta 1988 an fadada aikin kwalejin don horar da dukkan matakai da rukunin ma'aikata ga dukkan bangarorin masana'antar jirgin ruwan Najeriya. Ya zuwa karshen shekara ta 2008, makarantar ta horar da hafsoshin Sojan Ruwa guda 4,300 na Najeriya da kuma wasu ma’aikatan sama da guda 65,000 kan ayyukan ruwa. Makarantar tana da ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai masu aiki, tana taimaka wa membobin su ci gaba da tuntuɓar juna da taimakon juna, tare da inganta haɓaka ga ƙa'idodin horar da ɗalibai. Kungiyar gudanarwa ta makarantar koyon teku sune kamar haka: Commodore Duja Emmanuel Effedua (Rtd) Rector. Mista Netson Peter M. Ag. Magatakarda Dokta Kevin O. Okonna Darakta, Kwararren Kwalejin Horar da Jirgin Ruwa. Injiniya. Ekwere Ekwere Williams Ag. Darakta, Makarantar Injiniyan Ruwa Capt. Ramdoss Rajarathinam Ag. Darakta, Makarantar Nazarin Jirgin Sama. Mista Gabriel M. Eto Ag. Darakta, Makarantar Nazarin Sufurin Jirgin Ruwa. Dr. (Mrs) Arit A. Mkpandiok Ag. Darakta, Dabara, Bincike Ci Gaban Dr. John A. Adeyanyu Kodinetan harkokin Ilimi Okon O. Bassey Ag. Bursar Injiniya. Olukayode Olusegun Olaleye Ag. Darakta, Ayyuka da Ayyuka. Wurare Makarantar ta mallaki babban fili a gefen ruwa a Oron, kusa da hanyoyin Kuros Riba na Port of Calabar a Jihar Kuros Riba kuma kusan kilomita 200 daga Fatakwal, Jihar Ribas A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya ba da umarnin cewa a fara aikin gina jirgin sama na kwalejin. A cikin watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2010 Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) ta ce ta ba da gudummawar kayan aikin horas da tsaro na Naira miliyan 30 ga makarantar. Kayan aikin sun hada da kwale-kwalen mutum guda 50 da aka killace, jirgin ruwan ceto da aka kaddamar da mutum goma sha biyu. NLNG a baya ta ba da kayan aikin da suka haura sama da Naira miliyan 100, kuma tana amfani da ‘yan Nijeriya daga makarantar don kashi 60% na ma’aikatan ta. Koyaya, waɗanda suka kammala karatu a Makarantar Maritime ba su da damar zuwa jiragen ruwa masu zuwa cikin teku don su sami awowi a cikin tekun, wanda ake buƙata don cancantar ƙwarewar su. Buƙata da ƙarfi Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jirgin Ruwa ta Najeriya (NIMASA) ta ce ana bukatar masu safarar jiragen ruwa dubu 50 don harkar jigilar jiragen ruwa a Najeriya don ganin sun cimma cikakkiyar damarta. Najeriya na da kasa da dubu uku na teku. Game da 2,000 tasoshin da aka tsunduma a cabotage, ko na gida kasuwanci tsakanin Najeriya da tashoshin jiragen ruwa, tare da mafi yawa waje crews. Da yake sanar da shirin bude wata sabuwar makarantar kimiyya a Badagry, shugaban hukumar kula da harkokin jiragen ruwa ta Najeriya ya ce a shekara ta 2008 sama da dalibai guda 3,000 ne ke neman kowace shekara don shiga makarantar ta Oron amma kasa da 1,000 aka karba. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, shugaban makarantar ya bayyana cewa makarantar ta takurawa daliban da aka shigar saboda karancin ajujuwa da wuraren kwana. Ya musanta nuna son kai wajen karbar, kuma ya ce a hakika makarantar ta samar da sauki ga ‘yan takara daga jihohin da ke fama da matsalar samun damar shiga. Darussan A cikin watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008 wata tawaga daga kungiyar masu mallakar jiragen ruwan na kasar Norway ta ziyarci makarantar tare da tattaunawa kan shirin bayar da horo na hadin gwiwa da makarantar. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008 Karamin Ministan Sufuri, Prince John Okechkwu Emeka, ya ce nan ba da jimawa ba za a inganta makarantar domin zama cibiyar bayar da digiri. Ya kuma yi kira da a kara yawan kudade daga gwamnatin tarayya. Makarantun suna ba da kwasa-kwasan daban-daban kamar haka: Marine Meteorology da Oceanography Hydrography. Fasaha Jirgin Ruwa Jirgi Sufurin Jirgin Ruwa da Nazarin Kasuwanci. Injin lantarki Injin lantarki. Injiniyan Ruwa. Kimiyyar Naval. Ingancin horo A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 makarantar ta fuskanci kakkausar suka daga darakta mai kula da tashar ta Legas. Ya ce hatta hukumar kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa da kare lafiyar Najeriya ta gano cewa makarantar ba ta cika ka'idojin kasa da kasa ba. Matsalolin sun hada da rashin isassun wuraren koyarwa don daukar adadin dalibai, da kuma rashin wadatar jiragen ruwa wadanda daliban za su iya kammala aikinsu na wa’adin shekara guda na teku. Daliban da ke neman ingantaccen horo dole ne su halarci Jami'ar Yankin Ruwa a Accra, Ghana Kyaftin Thomas Kemewerighe, wanda ya kammala karatu a makarantar, ya ce Najeriya ba ta da mutanen da suka cancanci bayar da horo yadda ya kamata. Ya ce yawancin wadanda suka kammala karatun sun kare ne a matsayin "mahaya okada" (masu tuka motocin tasi). A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2009 gwamnati ta sanar da cewa wani aiki da Ma’aikatar Sufuri ta Tarayya ta gabatar, shirin na bunkasa ci gaban teku, zai tura kashin farko na dalibai 27 zuwa Makarantar Koyon Ilimin Maritime da Hora a Kasar Indiya don yin karatun Digiri a Kimiyya da Digiri a fannin injiniya a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi ruwa. Ba a yi la'akari da makarantar ba don wannan shirin ba. A shekara ta 2020, majalisar dattijan Najeriya ta bakin shugaban kwamitin kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa sun nuna damuwar su game da karfin ma’aikatan jirgin ruwan Najeriya saboda tafiyar jiragen ruwa da ilimi sune muhimman bangarorin ci gaban tattalin arziki ga kasashen da suka dogara da shigowa da fitar da su ta cikin teku. Sauran batutuwa A watan Agusta na shekara ta 2009 kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam uku sun roki Shugaba Umaru Musa Yar'adua da ya binciki zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da rashin kudi a makarantar. Sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ɗalibai guda 43 sun mutu cikin yanayi mai gujewa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. Duba kuma Jerin ilimin fasaha a Najeriya Manazarta Jami'o'in Najeriya Jihar Akwa Ibom Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya Makarantun Gwamnati Makarantun Najeriya Ilimi a Najeriya Ilimi Pages with unreviewed

19633

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Kader%20%28almami%29

Abdul Kader (almami)

Abdul Kader Kan (larabci: ca. An haife shi a shekara ta 1725 ya mutu a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1806), ya kasan ce Kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne a ƙarni na 18 kuma Almaami na farko na Futa Toro, ya fito daga inda ake kira yanzu Senegal. Aiki Abdul Kader Kan yana da kimanin shekaru hamsin lokacin da aka rantsar da shi a matsayin Almaami na Futa Toro. Kafin hawa wannan matsayin, Kan ya kasance qadi mai zaman kansa da ke aiki a kusa da Bundu wanda ya yi karatu a Kajoor. Ya fito ne daga jerin malaman Musulunci; kakansa Lamin ya yi aikin hajji a Makka, kuma mahaifinsa Hamady ya yi karatun Alkur’ani a Futa Jallon Yayi karatu a gaban Moktar Ndumbe Diop, wanda ya kafa makaranta a Coki. Abdul Kader Kan na daya daga cikin ‘yan takarar wanda zai zama magajin Sulayman Bal, wanda ya jagoranci tawayen da nufin rusa ajin masu mulkin Deeñanke. A cewar Ware, nadin nasa ya zo ne bayan kin amincewar da mukamin da wani malami yayi, kuma yardarsa da kansa ya yi jinkiri har aka kashe Sulayman a filin daga. Ware ya danganta wannan jinkirin da "tazara mai nisa" daga ikon siyasa wanda malaman addinin Senegambian ke kiyayewa. Robinson ya ambaci abin da ya bayyana a matsayin wata al'ada ce wacce ba a santa ba, a inda aka zabi Abdul Kadeer Kan bayan an dade ana rikici na siyasa, kuma shugabancin torodbe ba shi da tabbas idan suna so su zabi shugaba a matsayin Almaami, wanda da zai zama kamar bayyananniyar sanarwa don sha'awar kafa kasar Musulunci daban. Zabe Abdul Kader Kan an ƙaddamar dashi a matsayin Almaami a cikin shekarar 1776. Robinson ya bayyana "ci gaba mai ban mamaki tare da shigarwar Denyanke da kamanceceniya da hanyoyin da aka amince dasu a jihar musulmai ta Futa Jallon": An tsare Kan a kebe har tsawon mako guda yayin da aka yi hadaya da dabbobi a madadinsa. Sannan an ba shi rawani da ke nuna ofis dinsa ta hanyar wani malami wanda ya taba yin akan aiki a matsayin mai bada shawara ga tsohuwar gwamnatin. Akalla shugabanni hamsin sun yi rantsuwa da biyayya a gare shi a wannan bikin. Wata majiyar ta ce bikin ya kunshi cikakken karatun Alkur'ani, da 'Ishriniyyat, da Dala'il alKhayrat, tare da Kan sanya malaman da suka karantar da su alkawarin yi masa gyara idan suka ga ya gaza rayuwa har zuwa ƙa'idodin da kowane aiki yayi. Wannan bayanin ya fito ne daga wani asusun da ke ajiye da ya gabata wanda ba ya nan. Kiyayya ga Cinikin bayi Dangane da wasiƙun da Thomas Clarkson ya rubuta, aƙalla wani masani ya yi jayayya cewa mai martaba ya yi imanin cewa Abdul Kader Kan ya soke cinikin bayi gaba daya a Futa Toro. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan wasika ta bayyana Kan a matsayin "Almaamy mai hikima kuma mai nagarta" wanda ya ba da "misali mai kyau wajen kawo karshen fataucin bil'adama." An sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya wacce ke nufin ta hana Faransawa sayar da mutanen Futa Toro zuwa bauta, Sannan Almaami yayi nasara akan Masarautar Trarza zai iya zama sakamakon yardar Abdul Kader Kan ya yi na sakin bayin su bayi kan cin nasara. An lura cewa, yayin da ba za a iya bayar da tabbatacciyar hujja ta wannan dabarar a matsayin dalilin nasarar yakin ba, alkawarin sakin bayin da suka yi fada da iyayen gidansu wata dabara ce ta bai daya a Afirka da ma Amurka a wannan lokacin. Halin Almaami a matsayin mai kawar da abu ba jayayya bane. Wasu kuma sun bayyana manufofinsa na bautar kamar yadda ya dace da bautar Musulunci ta gargajiya; wato a ce yayin da ba za a iya bautar da musulmai a shari'ance ba, amma har yanzu kafirai suna da lasisin bautar. Kodayake ba a ba wa barorin Futa Toro bautar bawan Faransawa ba ko kuma bautar da bayi ta yankin Imamanci, mazauna kansu har yanzu suna da bayi. Dangane da wannan fahimtar, mazaunan Futa Toro ba su da kariya saboda tsananin ƙiyayya ga bautar, amma saboda batutuwa na Almaami aƙalla ta hanyar ma'anar Musulmi. Manazarta Musulmi Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1725 Mutuwan

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Daji

Mutanen Daji

Mutanen Daju rukuni ne na ƙabilu bakwai daban daban masu magana da yarukan da suka danganci (duba yarukan Daju suna zaune a bangarorin biyu na iyakar Chadi Sudan da kuma kan tsaunukan Nuba Rabuwa da kuma nisantar da magana da yarurruka daban daban, a halin yanzu, galibi suna da kusancin alaƙar juna da juna. Yankin gargajiyar da aka gano tare da Daju sune tsaunin Daju a yankin kudu na tsaunukan Marrah da ke lardin Darfur na Sudan Da yake tsaunukan Marrah su ne kawai yankin Darfur da ke da yanayi mai kyau kuma don haka zai iya tallafawa ɗumbin jama'a, wata ƙasa mai ƙarfi ta tashi watakila tun a ƙarni na 12 kafin haihuwar Yesu. Kadan ne sananne game da wannan masarauta sai dai jerin sunayen sarakuna da ambaci dayawa a cikin rubutun Masar. Mafi ambaton sunayen sarki shi ne sarki Githar a lokacin annabi Daju Saleh wanda ya mutu kuma aka binne shi a bankin Wadi Saleh a kusurwar kudu maso yamma na tsaunukan Marrah Duba Nachtigal, a shekarar 1971 A Daju ya bayyana a zama da rinjaye kungiyar a yankin Darfur daga farkon sau takara iko tare da su arewacin Marrah Mountain daga baya hammayarsu, da aikin gona da Fur mutane Asalin asalin mutanen Daju sun kasance a cikin Kogin Yellow Nile [wanda ake kira Wadi Howar yanzu]. Hakanan sun bar kufai a Jebel Meidob, Manyan Manyan Manja da hanyar kasuwanci ta Darb el-Arbayyn zuwa Masar. Asali Daju, wanda ya san Henri Barth a matsayin "Jama'ar Fir'auna", ya yi ƙaura daga asali daga kwarin Nilu a bayan mamayewar Masarautar Meroe da Izana, sarkin Axum ya yi a tsakiyar tsakiyar ƙarni na huɗu Bayani na Asusun ya nuna asalinsu zuwa Shendi, wanda ke nufin a cikin harshensu "tunkiya." Da farko sun zauna a Wadi al-Malik, Wadi Howar da Jebel Midob a BC 3000 sannan suka yi ƙaura, saboda canjin yanayi, zuwa kwarin Nilu da Masar inda suka yi mulki da sunan Fir'aunan Libya. Wani Sarkin Iraki ya kore su zuwa kudu inda suka koma babban birnin su Nepta. Bayan haka an sake tura su kudu zuwa Meroe har sai da Izana ta kora su zuwa yamma zuwa Wadi Howar da Kordofan da ke yammacin Sudan kuma a can suka kafa manyan biranensu a kewayen yankin Jebel Qadir a tsaunukan Nuba da wasu garuruwa da yawa yanzu a Darfur da Chadi. Bayan ƙarni da yawa, sun haɗu da ƙasar da yanzu ake kira Dar Fur da sauransu. Masana tarihi sun danganta wannan fadada daga baya ga yakin tsakanin masarautar Daju da Masarautar Dongola a shekara ta 1100 AD wanda ya jagoranci Sarki Ahmed al-Daj ya mayar da hedikwatarsa zuwa Meri a Jebel Marra massif. A halin yanzu, Semia, ɗayan manyan biranen, Amir ya lalata shi gaba ɗaya daga Dongola. Tarihi An ce masarautar Daju ta shimfida ikonta har zuwa gabashin Kurdufan, yamma da tsaunukan Nuba da kuma yamma zuwa Chadi Masanin tarihin nan na Masar Al-Maqrizi, yana rubutu game da 1400, ya bayyana "Taju" da cewa ita ce masarauta mai ƙarfi wacce take kwance tsakanin Kanem da masarautun Nilu. An ce mutanen Daju sun zauna a cikin wani dogon bel wanda ya faro daga yankin Kudancin Kurdufan zuwa yamma zuwa Darfur zuwa Chadi A bisa ga al'adar, mutanen Sokoro, Tunjur ne suka mamaye daular Daju a karni na 14 waɗanda suka yi kaurta daga yamma ta masarautun Bornu da Wadai Daju sun warwatse tare da sarkinsu ya tsere zuwa yamma tare da wasu mutanensa suka kafa ƙaramar sabuwar masarauta a Yankin Dar Sila da ke Chadi, suka zama mutanen Dar Sila Daju Sauran Daju sun koma gabas daga ƙarshe suka sauka a yankin da ke yanzu Kudancin Kurdufan kusa da Muglad a arewacin Abyei da yamma da tsaunukan Nuba. Bayanai sun nuna cewa sun kunshi kungiyoyi guda biyu daban daban duk da cewa bashi da tabbas idan wannan hijirar tayi gudun hijirar mutanen da ba na Daju ba ko kuma daya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin Daju tuni yan asalin yankin ne. Akwai wata majiya da ke nuna cewa duka Ngok Dinka zuwa Kudu da kuma Messiria zuwa Arewa sun yarda cewa tabbas ‘yan asalin garin Muglad ne. Daga bisani Messiria da ke turewa daga arewa sun raba su da matsuguni zuwa Abyei inda suka ci su kuma Ngok Dinka suka sake watsewa. Wata kungiyar an tura ta zuwa yamma (wataƙila magabatan mutanen Njalgulgule) dayan ƙungiyar kuma, wacce ta ƙunshi Dar Fur Daju, an tura ta gabas zuwa tsaunin Nuba da ke kusa da Lagowa inda suka samar da nasu yaren na daban na yaren Nyala Bayan lokaci, Tunjur ya gabatar da Addinin Musulunci ga yankin (wanda ya kasance yana da arna a da) kuma a hankali ya ɗauki larabci a matsayin yaren mulkinsu. A shekara ta 1596, ikon mallakar Darfur ya shiga hannun manyan daular Keira ta hanyar auratayya tsakanin sarkin da ya gabata na daular Tunjur mai mulki, Ahmad al-Maqur da mafi yawan mutanen da ke fada da mutanen Fur Wannan ya haifar da Sarautar Daular Dafur wacce Fur-ta mamaye har zuwa shekarar 1898. Labarin kasa Sakamakon kayen da suka yi a hannun Tunjur sannan kuma mamayar ta Fur, an tabbatar da ƴan gudun hijira daga yawancin yankunansu kuma yanzu haka suna cikin wasu aljihunan da dama a cikin Sudan da Chadi. Ragowar mutanen Daju sun wanzu a cikin wadannan rukunoni masu rarrabuwa: Lambar Beygo mai lamba 850 (1978) da ke zaune a Kudancin Darfur a Sudan ta kudu maso gabashin Nyala a cikin tsaunukan gabashin Kube. Yaren Beygo yanzu ya ɓace tare da yawancin yawancin mutanen da ke magana da Larabci Dar Daju Daju mai lamba 34,000 (1993) kuma yana zaune a Yankin Guéra na Chadi Suna magana da yaren Daju Mongo Dar Fur Daju mai lamba 80,000 (2007) kuma yana zaune a Kudancin Darfur cikin Sudan cikin tuddan Daju Hills 40 km arewa maso gabashin Nyala Suna magana da yaren Nyala Mafi yawan wannan yawan sun gudu zuwa Chadi sakamakon Rikicin Darfur Hakanan akwai ƙaramar jama'a na Dar Fur Daju kusa da garin Lagowa a tsaunin Nuba. Dar Sila Daju mai lamba 63,100 (2000) kuma yana zaune a kudancin Chadi a yankin Ouaddai Suna magana da yaren Sila Njalgulgule mai lamba 900 (1977) kuma yana zaune a wani ƙauye ɗaya a kudancin Sudan kusa da haɗuwar Kogin Sopo da Boro. Suna magana da yaren Njalgulgule Wataƙila su ƙaura ce daga baya sakamakon faduwar daular Daju. Hakanan akwai ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda suke a cikin tsaunukan Nuba kuma saboda tsananin bambancin yare da suke da shi da kuma sauran harsunan Daju, an yarda da cewa sun fito ne daga ƙaura ta farko (wataƙila shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata) daga cikin Daju Urheimat a tsaunukan Marrah A can suka sassaƙa ƙaramin yankinsu a tsakiyar asalin mazaunan gabashin tsaunukan Nuba, da ƙabilun Kordofanian, haka kazalika daga cikin ƙauracewar kabilu yare daban-daban kabilun Nyimang, kabilun Temein, da kabilun Kadugli. Hijirar kabilun Hill Nubian a cikin tsaunukan Nuba gabaɗaya ana ganin su suna zuwa ne bayan babban ƙaura na hijira. Dutsen Nuba gabaɗaya yanki ne na "ja da baya" ga ƙungiyoyin da aka tsananta masu neman tsaro saboda haka akwai mahimmancin bambancin yare. Logorik mai lamba 2,000 (1971) kuma yana zaune a tsakiyar tsaunukan Nuba. Suna magana da yaren Liguri Lambar Shatt 15,000 (1984) kuma tana zaune a kudu maso gabashin Nuba na babban birnin Kadugli Suna magana da yaren Shatt Bugu da ƙari, Jukun da Yarbawa suna da'awar tuntuɓar Daju. Sutura Addini Daju yawancin manoman hatsi ne (galibi gero, dawa, da masara). Abu na biyu, suna farauta gami da tattarawa (galibi zuma, 'ya'yan itace da' ya'yan itacen daji). Mata suna yin yawancin ayyukan yau da kullun. Suna shukawa suna shuka amfanin gona, suna nika hatsi, kuma suna dafa abinci. Su ma sune masu ginin-gida na farko. Gidan Daju na al'ada yana da zagaye tare da murfin mazugi duk da cewa a cikin garuruwa, gidaje galibi suna da murabba'i. Ana raba ayyukan gida. A al'adance, Daju mata suna yin zanen fatar idanunsu, gumis, da leɓɓansu da ƙayayyan itaciya. Mayaƙa suna yin zane a saman hagu na hagu tare da tawada mai baƙar fata da ja. Dar Sila Daju da ke Chadi an shirya su ne ta hanyar dangi maza da mata. Kowane dangi yana da nasa matsayin daban a cikin al'umma. An zabi Sarkin ne daga ɗaya daga cikin dangi kuma masu ba shi shawara suna cikin sauran dangi. Sultanship da farko yana ba da matsayin jagoran addini. Dar Daju Daju da Dar Sila Daju galibi musulmai ne amma har yanzu suna aiwatar da yawancin al'adunsu na gargajiya da suka haɗa da gina wuraren bautar gumaka ga babban allahnsu Kalge wanda suke kamanta shi da Allah na Islama. Daga wannan sunan aka samo Par-Kalge, tsattsarkan dutsen da yake kusa da Napta. Dar Fur Daju suna kula da tsohuwar addininsu na asali. Manazarta Kabila Mutanen Chadi Al'ummomi Al'umma Al'ada Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauyin%20yanayin%20muhalli%20da%20Jirgin%20Sama%20ke%20kawowa

Sauyin yanayin muhalli da Jirgin Sama ke kawowa

A cikin jiragen sama, tsarin kula da muhalli (ECS) na jirgin sama wani abu ne mai mahimmanci wanda ke samar da iska, kula da zafi da kuma matsa lamba na gida ga ma'aikatan jirgin da fasinjoji. Sannan Ƙarin ayyuka sun haɗa da sanyaya na avionics, gano hayaki, da kashe wuta. Bayanin Tsarukan da aka bayyana a ƙasa sun keɓanta ga samar da jiragen Boeing na yanzu, koda yake cikakkun bayanai sun yi dai-dai da ainihin jiragen fasinja na Airbus da sauran kamfanoni. Banda haka shi ne Concorde wanda ke da ƙarin tsarin samar da iska wanda ya dace saboda tsayin daka wanda yake tashi, da kuma ɗan ƙaramin matsi na ɗakin da yake amfani da shi. Samar da iska A kan jirage masu saukar ungulu, ana ba da iska ga ECS ta hanyar zubar da jini daga matakin kwampreso na kowane injin turbine na iskar gas, Kuma sama da combustor. Zazzabi da matsa lamba na wannan iska mai zubar da jini ya bambanta bisa ga abin da ake amfani da matakin kwampreso, da kuma saitin wutar lantarki na injin. Matsakaicin matsi da ke daidaita bawul-kashe (MPRSOV) yana ƙuntata kwarara kamar yadda ya cancanta don kiyaye matsi da ake so don tsarin ƙasa. Ana buƙatar wani ɗan ƙaramin matsi don fitar da iska ta cikin tsarin, amma ana so a yi amfani da ƙarancin matsi mai ƙarfi kamar yadda zai yiwu, saboda makamashin da injin ke amfani da shi don matsawa iska mai zubar jini baya samuwa don motsawa, kuma amfani da mai yana fama da wahala.Kuma Don haka, ana yawan jan iska daga ɗayan biyu (ko a wasu lokuta kamar Boeing 777, uku) tashoshi masu zubar da jini a wurare daban-daban na matakin kwampreso. Lokacin da injin yana cikin ƙananan matsa lamba (ƙananan matsawa ko tsayi mai tsayi), ana zana iska daga tashar jini mafi girma. Sannna Kuma Yayin da ake ƙara matsa lamba (ƙarin matsawa ko ƙananan tsayi) kuma ya kai ga ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun, babban matsi na kashe bawul (HPSOV) yana rufewa kuma an zaɓi iska daga ƙananan matsa lamba don rage yawan asarar aikin mai. Juya baya yana faruwa yayin da injin ya ragu. Don cimma yawan zafin jiki da ake so, ana ratsa iska mai zubar da jini ta cikin na'urar musayar zafi da ake kira pre-sanyi. Ana busa iska daga fanin injin a saman na'urar sanyaya, Sannna Kuma wanda ke cikin injin strut, kuma yana ɗaukar zafi mai yawa daga iskar mai zubar da jini. Bawul ɗin gyaran iska na fan (FAMV) yana bambanta yanayin sanyaya iska don sarrafa zafin iska na ƙarshe na iskar mai zubar da jini. Musamman ma, Boeing 787 ba ya amfani da iska mai zubar jini don matsa lamba a cikin gidan. Kuma A maimakon haka jirgin ya zana iska daga mashigai da aka keɓe, wanda ke gaba da fikafikai. Ƙungiyar iska mai sanyi Babban abin da ake buƙata don aiki na sashin iska mai sanyi (CAU) shine na'urar sanyaya na'ura ta iska (ACM). Wasu jiragen sama, ciki har da jirgin Boeing 707 na farko, Kuma sun yi amfani da na'urar sanyaya tururi kamar yadda ake amfani da su a cikin na'urorin sanyaya iska ACM ba ya amfani da Freon iska kanta ita ce firiji Sannna kuma An fi son ACM akan na'urorin sake zagayowar tururi saboda rage nauyi da buƙatun kulawa. Yawancin jetliners suna sanye take da PACKs, wanda ke nufin P ressurization A ir C onditioning K it. Wurin kwandishan (AC) PACK(s) ya dogara da ƙirar jirgin. A wasu ƙira, ana shigar da su a cikin fiffike-da-jiki fairing tsakanin fikafikan biyu a ƙarƙashin fuselage Kuma A kan wasu jiragen Douglas Aircraft DC-9 Series AC PACKs suna cikin wutsiya. PACKs na jirgin saman McDonnell Douglas DC-10 MD-11 da Lockheed L-1011 suna gaban jirgin a ƙarƙashin jirgin Kusan duk jetliners suna da PACKs guda biyu, kodayake manyan jiragen sama kamar Boeing 747, Lockheed L-1011, da McDonnell-Douglas DC-10/ MD-11 suna da uku. Yawan iska mai zubar jini da ke gudana zuwa fakitin AC ana daidaita shi ta hanyar bawul ɗin sarrafa kwarara (FCV). An shigar da FCV ɗaya don kowane FACK. Bawul ɗin keɓewa da aka saba rufe yana hana iska daga tsarin zubar jini na hagu isa zuwa PACK na dama (kuma akasin haka kodayake ana iya buɗe wannan bawul ɗin idan an rasa tsarin zubar jini ɗaya. A ƙasa na FCV shine naúrar sanyi (CAU), kuma ana kiranta sashin firiji. Akwai nau'ikan CAU da yawa; duk da haka, duk suna amfani da mahimmancin mahimmanci. Iskar da ke zubar da jini ta shiga cikin farkon ram-iska mai musayar zafi, inda ake sanyaya ta ta ko dai iskar rago, kuma fadada ko hade da duka biyun. Daga nan sai iska mai sanyi ta shiga cikin kwampreso, inda aka danne shi, wanda ke sake dumama iska. Wucewa ta hanyar na biyun ragon zafi na iska yana sanyaya iska yayin da yake kiyaye babban matsa lamba. Daga nan sai iskar ta ratsa ta injin turbine wanda ke fadada iskar don kara rage zafi. Sannna kuma Hakazalika a cikin aiki zuwa naúrar turbo-caja, compressor da turbine suna kan shaft guda. Ana amfani da makamashin da ake samu daga iskar da ke wucewa ta cikin injin turbin don kunna kwampreso. Ana tura iskar da ke gudana zuwa na'urar reheater kafin ta wuce zuwa na'urar don zama a shirye don hakar ruwa ta hanyar cire ruwa. Daga nan sai a aika da iskar ta hanyar mai raba ruwa, inda ake tilasta iskar ta karkace tare da tsawonsa kuma dakarun tsakiya suna haifar da damshin ta hanyar sieve zuwa bangon waje inda aka ratsa shi zuwa magudanar ruwa kuma a aika da shi a cikin ruwa. Sa'an nan, iska yawanci zai ratsa ta na'urar raba ruwa coalescer ko safa. Sannan kuma Safa yana riƙe da datti da mai daga iskar da injin ke zubar da jini don ci gaba da tsabtace gidan. Wannan tsari na kawar da ruwa yana hana ƙanƙara yin ƙanƙara da toshe tsarin, kuma yana kiyaye kokfit da ɗakin kwana daga hazo a kan aikin ƙasa da ƙananan tsaunuka. Don ƙaramin sifili bootstrap CAU, ana fitar da danshin kafin ya kai ga injin turbine domin a iya kaiwa ga ƙananan sifili. Ana sarrafa zafin jiki na iska mai fitar da PACK ta hanyar daidaitawa ta hanyar tsarin ram-air (a ƙasa), da kuma daidaita ma'aunin zafin jiki (TCV) wanda ke ƙetare wani yanki na iska mai zafi a kusa da ACM kuma ya haɗa shi da sanyi. ACM injin turbin. Ram tsarin iska Mashigin ragon-iska ƙarami ne, wanda gabaɗaya yana kan fage-zuwa-jiki fairing. Kusan duk jetliners suna amfani da ƙofa mai daidaitawa akan mashigar ragon iska don sarrafa adadin sanyaya iska ta hanyar firamare da na biyu na ramuwar zafi. Don ƙara farfaɗowar iskar rago, kusan dukkan jiragen sama suna amfani da modulating vanes akan sharar rago. Sannna kuma Mai fan na ragon da ke cikin tsarin ragon yana ba da kwararar ragon iska a kan masu musayar zafi lokacin da jirgin ke ƙasa. Kusan duk jirage masu kafaffen fiffike na zamani suna amfani da fanka akan mashigar gama gari tare da ACM, wanda injin injin ACM ke aiki dashi. Rarraba iska Ana zuga iskar AC PACK a cikin fuselage ɗin da aka matse, inda za a gauraya shi da taceccen iska daga magoya bayan da aka sake zagayawa, sannan a shayar da shi a cikin mahaɗin. Kuma A kusan dukkanin jiragen sama na zamani, iskar ta kai kusan kashi 50% a waje da iska mai tace kashi 50%. Jetliners na zamani suna amfani da babban inganci na kama matatun HEPA, wanda ke kama sama da kashi 99% na duk ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta Ana isar da iska daga mahaɗaɗɗen mahaɗar zuwa nozzles na rarraba sama a cikin yankuna daban-daban na jirgin. Za a iya daidaita yanayin zafi a kowane yanki ta hanyar ƙara ƙananan iska mai datsa, wanda yake da ƙarancin matsa lamba, kuma iska mai zafi mai zafi ya tashi daga AC PACK a sama na TCV. Hakanan ana ba da iskar ga iskar gas ɗaya. Ana iya jujjuya iko mai jujjuyawar iska don daidaita iskar iska tsakanin babu fitowar iska kwata-kwata da iskar da ta dace. Gaspers yawanci suna karɓar iskar su daga AC PACKs a cikin jirgin, wanda kuma yana karɓar iska mai tsafta daga matakan kwampreso na injunan jet na jirgin ko kuma lokacin da suke ƙasa daga sashin wutar lantarki (APU) ko tushen ƙasa. Mai sarrafa mai sarrafa gaspers yana cikin kokfit; kuma Yawancin lokaci ana kashe haƙoran haƙora na ɗan lokaci yayin wasu matakan jirgi (misali lokacin tashi da hawan) lokacin da nauyin da ke kan injinan buƙatun jini-iska dole ne a rage shi. Matsi Gudun iska a cikin fuselage yana kusan tsayin daka, kuma ana kiyaye matsa lamba ta hanyar bambanta buɗewar bawul ɗin fita-fitowa (OFV). Sannna kuma Yawancin jetliners na zamani suna da OFV guda ɗaya da ke kusa da kasan ƙarshen fuselage, kodayake wasu manyan jiragen sama kamar Boeing. 747 da 777 suna da biyu. A yayin da OFV ya kamata ya gaza rufewa, aƙalla kyawawan bawul ɗin taimako na matsa lamba biyu (PPRV) da aƙalla bawul ɗin taimako mara kyau (NPRV) ana ba da su don kare fuselage daga wuce gona da iri. Matsin gidan jirgin sama yawanci ana matsawa zuwa tsayin gida na 8000 ƙafa ko ƙasa da haka. Wannan yana nufin cewa matsa lamba shine wanda shine matsi na yanayi a Lura cewa ƙananan ɗaki yana da matsi mafi girma. Kuma Matsin gidan yana sarrafa tsarin matsa lamba na gida, wanda ke danganta kowane tsayin jirgin sama da tsayin gida. Sabbin jiragen sama irin su Airbus A350 da Boeing 787 za su sami ƙananan tsaunukan gidaje waɗanda ke taimakawa rage gajiyar fasinja yayin tashin jirgi. Yanayin da ke cikin yanayin hawan jetliner na tafiye-tafiye gabaɗaya ya bushe sosai da sanyi; iskar waje da aka zura a cikin ɗakin a cikin jirgi mai tsayi yana da yuwuwar haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa wanda zai iya haifar da lalata ko lahani na lantarki, Kuma don haka ana kawar da shi. Saboda haka, lokacin da aka ci karo da iska mai zafi a ƙananan wurare kuma aka jawo shi, ECS ta bushe shi ta hanyar yanayin dumi da sanyaya da kuma mai rarraba ruwa da aka ambata a sama, ta yadda ko da zafi mai zafi na waje, a cikin ɗakin ba zai zama mafi girma ba. fiye da 10% dangi zafi. Ko da yake ƙananan ɗakin zafi yana da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya na hana ci gaban naman gwari da ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙananan zafi yana haifar da bushewa na fata, idanu da membranes na mucosal kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga rashin ruwa, yana haifar da gajiya, rashin jin daɗi da al'amurran kiwon lafiya.Sannna Kuma A cikin binciken daya yawancin ma'aikatan jirgin sun ba da rahoton rashin jin daɗi da batutuwan lafiya daga ƙarancin zafi. A cikin wata sanarwa ga Majalisar Dokokin Amurka a shekara ta 2003 wani memba na kwamitin kula da ingancin iska a cikin Cabin Fasinja na Kasuwancin Jirgin Sama ya ce "ƙananan zafi na dangi na iya haifar da rashin jin daɗi na ɗan lokaci (misali, bushewar idanu, sassan hanci, da fata), amma sauran yiwuwar gajere. ko kuma ba a kafa tasirin dogon lokaci ba". Ana iya ƙara tsarin kula da yanayin zafi na gida zuwa ECS na wasu jiragen sama don kiyaye ɗanɗano zafi daga ƙananan matakan madaidaicin, daidai da buƙatun hana tari. Har ila yau, Boeing 787 da Airbus A350, ta hanyar amfani da ƙarin abubuwan da ke jure lalatawa a cikin ginin su, na iya aiki tare da ƙarancin gida na 16% akan dogayen jirage. Damuwar lafiya Iskar jinin da ke fitowa daga injina amma tana zubar da jini daga injin da ke sama na combustor. Iska ba zai iya komawa baya ta cikin injin ba sai a lokacin rumbun kwampreso (mahimmanci injin jet ya dawo wuta), don haka kuma iskar da ke zubar da jini ya kamata ta kasance ba ta da gurbacewar konewa daga yadda injunan jirgin ke tafiya yadda ya kamata. Koyaya, a wasu lokatai hatimin carbon na iya zubar da mai (wanda ke ɗauke da sinadarai masu haɗari) a cikin iska mai zubar jini, Kuma a cikin abin da aka sani a masana'antar a matsayin taron hayaƙi Ana magance wannan gabaɗaya cikin sauri tunda gazawar hatimin mai zai rage rayuwar injin. Gurbacewar mai daga wannan da sauran hanyoyin da ke cikin injin ya haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya daga wasu kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari kuma ya haifar da bincike daga cibiyoyin ilimi da hukumomi da yawa. Kuma Duk da haka, babu wani ingantaccen bincike da ya samar da shaidar wanzuwar yanayin kiwon lafiya da abubuwan hayaki suka haifar. Bayanan kafa

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullalliyar%20Kasa

Kullalliyar Kasa

Ƙasar da ba ta da yankin da ke da alaƙa da teku ko kuma bakin teku ko harshen Teku ya gege ta. A halin yanzu akwai ƙasashe 44 da kuma Ƙasashe marasa cikakken ƴanci biyar da suke a tsakiyar ƙasashe kuma ba suyi iyaka da kowanne sashen na Teku ba. Kazakhstan ita ce kasa mafi girma a duniya da ba ta da ruwa. A cikin 1990, akwai ƙasashe 30 ne kawai a duniya. Rushewar Tarayyar Sobiyat da Czechoslovakia wargajewar Yugoslavia ƙuri'ar raba gardama na ƴancin kai na Ossetia ta Kudu, da Eritrea, da Montenegro, da Sudan ta Kudu, da kuma Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Luhansk da ayyana ƴancin kai na Kosovo bai ɗaya ya haifar da sabbin ƙasashe 15 da ba su da tudu da kuma wasu jahohi 5 da aka amince da su ba su da tudu yayin da tsohuwar ƙasar Czechoslovakia ta daina wanzuwa a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1993. Gabaɗaya, zama kullalliyar ƙasa yana haifar da wasu naƙasu na siyasa da na tattalin arziki waɗanda samun damar shiga ruwan duniya zai gagara. Saboda haka, al’ummai manya da ƙanana a cikin tarihi sun yi ƙoƙari su sami ruwa mai yawa, har da kashe kuɗi mai yawa na dukiya, zubar da jini, da jarin siyasa Za'a iya rage lahanin tattalin arziƙin da ke cikin ƙasa ko kuma ya ta'azzara dangane da girman cigaba, kewaye hanyoyin kasuwanci da yancin ciniki, shingen harshe, da sauran la'akari. Wasu ƙasashe da ba su da ƙasa a Turai suna da wadata, irin su Andorra, Austria, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, San Marino, Switzerland, da Vatican City, waɗanda duk, ban da Luxembourg, memba na NATO, akai-akai yin aiki da tsaka tsaki a al'amuran siyasar duniya. Duk da haka, 32 daga cikin ƙasashe 44 da ba su da ƙasa, ciki har da dukan ƙasashen Afirka, Asiya, da Kudancin Amirka, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ware su a matsayin ƙasashe masu tasowa (LLDCs). Tara daga cikin ƙasashe goma sha biyu da ke da mafi ƙanƙanta Alamar Cigaban Ɗan Adam (HDI) ba su da ƙasa. Shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa suna da nufin rage rashin daidaito sakamakon batutuwa irin waɗannan, kamar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya mai ci gaba mai dorewa Goal 10, wanda ke da nufin rage rashin daidaito sosai nan da 2030. Muhimmanci A tarihance, kasancewa kullalliyar ƙasa yana da illa ga cigaban kasa. Yana katse wata al'umma daga muhimman albarkatun teku kamar kamun kifi, da kuma hana ko hana shiga cinikin teku kai tsaye, wani muhimmin bangare na ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Don haka, yankunan bakin teku, ko yankunan da ke cikin tekun da ke da damar shiga Tekun Duniya, sun kasance masu wadata da yawan jama'a fiye da yankunan da ba su da damar shiga Tekun Duniya. Paul Collier a cikin littafinsa mai suna The Bottom Billion yayi gardama cewa zama mara gida a wata unguwa mara kyau na daya daga cikin manyan “tarko” ci gaba guda hudu da za a iya rike kasa da su. Gabaɗaya, ya gano cewa idan maƙwabciyar ƙasa ta sami ci gaba mai kyau, ta kan kai ga ci gaba mai kyau ga ƙasar kanta. Ga ƙasashen da ba su da tudu, tasirin yana da ƙarfi musamman, saboda an iyakance su a harkar kasuwanci da sauran ƙasashen duniya. Ya ce, "Idan kana bakin teku, kana yi wa duniya hidima, idan ba ka da ƙasa, kana yi wa makwabtaka hidima." Wasu kuma sun yi nuni da cewa kasancewar babu kasa yana da fa’ida domin yana haifar da “shamakin farashi na dabi’a” da ke kare ktasar daga shigo da kayayyaki masu sauki. A wasu lokuta, wannan ya haifar da ingantaccen tsarin abinci na gida. Kullallun lsashe masu tasowa suna samun tsada sosai na jigilar kayayyaki na ƙasa da ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da ƙasashe masu tasowa na bakin teku (a Asiya kasafin 3:1). Kafin tafiye-tafiyen jirgin sama ya bunkasa, tafiye-tafiyen fasinja kuma ya sami cikas, yana buƙatar wuce iyakokin iyaka don isa ga jiragen ruwa na fasinja na ƙasa da ƙasa, watakila tare da buƙatun biza. Matakan da za a guje wa zama marar gida Kasashe sun ɗauki matakin shawo kan rashin kasa ta hanyar samun kasa da ta isa teku: Jamhuriyar Ragusa, a cikin 1699, ta ba da garin Neum ga Daular Ottoman saboda ba ta son samun iyakar ƙasa da Jamhuriyar Venice Wannan ƙamar hukuma Bosnia da Herzegovina ta gaji kuma a yanzu tana ba da iyakataccen hanyar ruwa, ta raba yankin Croatian na gabar tekun Adriatic gida biyu. Tun da Bosnia da Herzegovina sabuwar ƙasa ce, ba a gina titin jirgin ƙasa da tashoshi ba don buƙatar ta. Babu tashar jiragen ruwa mai ɗaukar kaya tare da ɗan gajeren bakin teku a Neum, yana mai da shi yadda ya kamata ba tare da ƙasa ba, kodayake akwai shirye-shiryen canza wannan. Maimakon haka ana amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa na Ploče a Croatia. Ƙungiyar Kongo ta Duniya, wadda ta mallaki yankin da ke zama Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo a yanzu, an ba da kyautar ƙasa mai ƙunci ta hanyar Angola don haɗa ta da teku ta taron Berlin a 1885. Bayan yakin duniya na ɗaya, a cikin yarjejeniyar Versailles, wani yanki na Jamus ya ba da "hanyar Poland ga sabuwar Jamhuriyar Poland ta biyu, don shiga tekun Baltic Wannan ya ba Poland ɗan gajeren bakin teku, amma ba tare da babban tashar jiragen ruwa ba. Wannan kuma shine dalili na yin Danzig (yanzu Gdańsk tare da tashar jiragen ruwa na Free City of Danzig, wanda aka ba Poland damar shiga kyauta. Duk da haka, Jamusawa sun sanya cikas ga wannan damar shiga cikin 'yanci, musamman ma lokacin da ya shafi kayan soja. Dangane da mayar da martani, ƙaramin tashar kamun kifi na Gdynia ya ƙaru sosai. Sakamakon musayar yanki na 2005 tare da Ukraine, Moldova ta karɓi yankin bakin teku mai tsayin mita 600 (yadi 650) na Danube (wanda shine hanyar ruwa ta duniya daga baya ta gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta Giurgiulești a can. Yarjejeniyar ciniki Kasashe na iya yin yarjejeniya kan samun jigilar kayayyaki kyauta ta ƙasashen maƙwabta: Yarjejeniyar Versailles ta buƙaci Jamus ta ba wa Czechoslovakia hayar shekaru 99 na sassan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Hamburg da Stettin, ba da damar cinikin tekun Czechoslovakia ta kogin Elbe da Oder Poland ta mamaye Stettin bayan yaƙin duniya na biyu, amma Hamburg ta ci gaba da kwangilar ta yadda wani bangare na tashar jiragen ruwa (a yanzu ake kira Moldauhafen har zuwa 2028 zai iya amfani da shi don cinikin teku ta magajin Czechoslovakia, Jamhuriyar Czech Danube hanya ce ta ruwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa, don haka Ostiriya, Hungary, Moldova, Serbia, da Slovakia suna da amintaccen damar shiga Tekun Bahar Rum (ana ba da damar iri ɗaya zuwa sassan cikin ƙasa na Jamus da Croatia, kodayake Jamus da Croatia ba su da ƙasa). Duk da haka, jiragen ruwa masu tafiya a cikin teku ba za su iya amfani da Danube ba, don haka dole ne a yi jigilar kaya ta wata hanya, kuma yawancin kayan da ake shigo da su zuwa kasashen Ostiriya da Hungary suna amfani da sufuri na kasa daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Atlantic da Mediterranean. Irin wannan yanayin ya kasance ga kogin Rhine inda Switzerland ke da hanyar shiga jirgin ruwa, amma ba jiragen ruwa ba. Luxembourg yana da irin wannan ta hanyar Moselle, amma Liechtenstein ba shi da hanyar shiga jirgin ruwa, ko da yake yana kusa da Rhine, saboda Rhine ba shi da tafiya zuwa sama. Mekong wata hanya ce ta ruwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta yadda Laos maras kankara ta sami damar shiga Tekun Kudancin China (tunda Laos ta sami ƴancin kai daga Indochina na Faransa Duk da haka, ba za a iya kewayawa sama da Khon Phhapheng Falls Tashoshi masu kyauta suna ba da damar jigilar kaya zuwa jiragen ruwa masu nisa ko tasoshin kogi. Yarjejeniyar TIR ta ba da damar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ba tare da cajin kwastan ba, galibi a Turai. Sakamakon siyasa Rasa hanyar shiga teku gabaɗaya babbar asara ce ga al'umma, ta fuskar siyasa, ta soja, da tattalin arziki. Waɗannan su ne misalan ƙasashen da ba su da tudu. Yancin Eritrea, wanda yakin 30 na ƴancin kai na Eritriya ya kawo, ya sa Habasha ta zama marar ruwa a cikin 1991. Sojojin ruwa na Habasha sun yi aiki daga tashar jiragen ruwa na kasashen waje na wasu ƙarin shekaru. Matakin da Montenegro ya yanke na yin watsi da Ƙungiyar Jiha ta Sabiya da Montenegro ya sa ƙungiyar tarayya ta Sabiya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta a halin yanzu Bolivia ta rasa iyakarta zuwa Chile a yakin Pacific kuma ta yarda da ita a cikin yarjejeniyoyin da aka sanya hannu a cikin 1884 da 1904. Yarjejeniyar ta ƙarshe ta ba da wuraren ajiyar tashar jiragen ruwa da kulawa ta musamman don jigilar kayayyaki daga da zuwa Bolivia ta tashar jiragen ruwa da ƙasa na Chile. Kasashen Peru da Argentina kuma sun ba da kulawa ta musamman ga jigilar kayayyaki. Jirgin ruwan Bolivian mai cike da ruwa, wanda bai wanzu a lokacin Yaƙin Pacific, an ƙirƙira shi daga baya kuma duka jiragen ƙasa kuma suna aiki a tafkin Titicaca da koguna. Al'ummar Bolivia a kowace shekara suna bikin Dia del Mar mai kishin ƙasa (Ranar Teku) don tunawa da asarar yankin da ta yi, wanda ya haɗa da birnin Antofagasta da ke bakin teku da kuma abin da ya tabbatar da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan ma'auni na tagulla a duniya. A farkon karni na 21, zaɓin hanyar bututun iskar gas daga Bolivia zuwa teku ya haifar da tashin hankalin jama'a, yayin da mutane ke adawa da zaɓi na shimfida bututun ta cikin yankin Chile. Ostiriya da Hungary suma sun rasa damar shiga tekun sakamakon yarjejeniyar Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) da Yarjejeniyar Trianon (1920) bi da bi. A baya can, ko da yake Croatia tana da iyakacin ikon mulkin mallaka a cikin Masarautar Hungary, birnin Fiume Rijeka a bakin tekun Croatian an gudanar da shi kai tsaye daga Budapest ta wani gwamna da aka nada a matsayin wani yanki na corpus, don samar wa Hungary da tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasa da kasa kawai a cikin lokutan. 1779-1813, 1822-1848 da 1868-1918. Mafi mahimmancin tashar jiragen ruwa a Austria sune Trieste da Pula, yanzu a Italiya da Croatia. A shekara ta 1801, mulkin Nizam na Jihar Hyderabad ya ɗauki siffar da ake tunawa da shi a yanzu: na wata ƙasa mai sarauta mai ƙasa da yankuna a tsakiyar Deccan, wanda Birtaniya ta Indiya ta yi iyaka da kowane bangare, yayin da shekaru 150 a baya tana da babban bakin teku a kan Tekun Bengal wanda turawan Ingila suka hade. Mai yiyuwa ne daya daga cikin musabbabin yakin Paraguay shi ne rashin samun damar shiga teku kai tsaye na Paraguay (ko da yake ana takaddama; duba labarin da aka danganta). Lokacin da Entente Powers suka raba tsohuwar daular Ottoman karkashin yarjejeniyar Sèvres a ƙarshen yakin duniya na 1, an yi wa Armeniya alkawarin wani yanki na Trebizond vilayet (wanda ya yi daidai da lardunan Trabzon da Rize na zamani a Turkiyya Wannan zai ba Armeniya damar shiga Tekun Bahar Duk da haka, yerjejeniyar Sèvres ta ruguje tare da Yaƙin ƴancin kai na Turkiyya kuma yerjejeniyar Lausanne (1923) ta maye gurbinta, wadda ta tabbatar da mulkin Turkiyya a yankin. A cikin 2011, Sudan ta Kudu ta balle daga Sudan, wanda ya sa na farko ya zama marar ruwa. Har yanzu dai ana ci gaba da samun rikici kan rijiyoyin mai a Sudan ta Kudu tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan dokar teku a yanzu ta bai wa kasar da ba ta da tudu damar shiga da fita daga cikin teku ba tare da biyan harajin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ta jihohi ba. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana da shirin aiwatar da ayyuka don taimakawa kasashe masu tasowa marasa iyaka, kuma Babban Sakatare-Janar na yanzu shine Anwarul Karim Chowdhury Wasu ƙasashe suna da dogon bakin teku, amma yawancinsa ƙila ba za a iya amfani da su cikin sauƙi don kasuwanci da kasuwanci ba. Alal misali, a farkon tarihinta, tashar jiragen ruwa na Rasha kawai suna kan Tekun Arctic kuma an rufe su a yawancin shekara. Burin samun iko da tashar ruwa mai dumi shine babban abin da ya motsa Rasha ta fadada zuwa Tekun Baltic, Bahar Black, da Tekun Fasifik A ɗaya ɓangaren kuma, wasu ƙasashen da ba su da tudu na iya samun damar shiga tekun tare da faffadan kogunan da za su iya kewayawa. Alal misali, Paraguay (da Bolivia zuwa ƙarami) suna samun damar shiga teku ta kogin Paraguay da Paraná Ƙasashe da yawa suna da bakin teku a kan gawawwakin ruwa marasa ƙarfi, kamar Tekun Caspian da Tekun Gishiri Tun da yake waɗannan tekuna suna cikin tasirin tafkuna ba tare da samun damar yin ciniki mai zurfi ba, har yanzu ana ɗaukar ƙasashe irin su Kazakhstan a matsayin marasa ruwa. Kodayake Tekun Caspian yana da alaƙa da Bahar Black ta hanyar Canal Volga-Don da mutum ya yi, manyan jiragen ruwa masu tafiya cikin teku ba su iya wucewa. Da digiri Ƙasashen da ba su da tudu na iya zama iyaka da wata ƙasa guda da ke da damar shiga teku kai tsaye, biyu ko fiye da irin waɗannan ƙasashe, ko kuma a kewaye su da wasu ƙasashe marasa tudu, wanda hakan zai sa ƙasar ta kasance mai ninki biyu. Ƙasar da ƙasa ɗaya ce ta kulle ta Ƙasashe uku a duniya kullallun ƙasashe ne waɗanda ƙasa ɗaya ce kadai ta kulle su (kewayayyun ƙasashe): Lesotho, ƙasa ce da Afirka ta Kudu ta kewaye San Marino, ƙasa ce da Italiya ke kewaye. Vatican City, ƙasa ce da Italiya ke kewaye da ita musamman Rome Ƙasar da ƙasashe biyu suka kulle ta Ƙasashe bakwai da ba su da ƙasa suna kewaye da maƙwabta biyu kacal da ke da iyaka da juna (ƙasashen da ba su da iyaka): Andorra (tsakanin Faransa da Spain Bhutan (tsakanin China da Indiya Eswatini (tsakanin Mozambique da Afirka ta Kudu Liechtenstein (ɗaya daga cikin "ƙasashen da ba su da ƙasa biyu", tsakanin Austria da Switzerland Moldova (idan watsi da Transnistria da ba a san shi ba, tsakanin Romania da Ukraine Mongolia (tsakanin China da Rasha Nepal (tsakanin China da Indiya Zuwa wannan rukunin za a iya ƙara yankuna uku da ba su da ƙasa, biyu daga cikinsu jihohi ne na gaskiya waɗanda ba su da cikakken ƴanci: Kudancin Ossetia (tsakanin Jojiya da Rasha jihar de facto Transnistria (tsakanin Moldova da Ukraine de facto jihar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (tsakanin Isra'ila da Jordan yankin da gwamnatin Falasdinu ke gudanarwa a wani ɓangare Mai ƙasa sau biyu Ƙasa tana da "ƙasa sau biyu" ko "ba ta da ƙasa sau biyu" idan aka kewaye ta da ƙasashen da ba su da ƙasa kawai (suna buƙatar haye kan iyakokin ƙasa aƙalla biyu don isa bakin teku). Akwai irin waɗannan ƙasashe guda biyu: Liechtenstein a tsakiyar Turai, Austria da Switzerland kewaye. Uzbekistan a tsakiyar Asiya, kewaye da Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, da Turkmenistan Zuwa wannan rukunin za a iya ƙara yanki guda ɗaya wanda ba shi da ƙasa sau biyu wanda ke da gaskiya ba tare da sanin ko iyaka na duniya ba Artsakh (wanda kuma aka sani da Jamhuriyar Nagorno-Karabakh a cikin Caucasus, gabaɗaya Azerbaijan ta kewaye shi sai dai wata ƴar ƴar ƴan taɗi na ƙasa zuwa Armeniya wadda ke ƙarƙashin ikon dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Rasha. A da tana kan iyaka da Armeniya da Iran, ta zama marar iyaka sau biyu saboda asarar yankuna da aka sha yayin yakin Nagorno-Karabakh na 2020 Bayan rugujewar Daular Roman Mai Tsarki, Masarautar Württemberg ta zama ƙasa mai ninki biyu, tana iyaka da Bavaria, Baden, Switzerland, Grand Duchy na Hesse Wimpfen exclave), Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, da Hohenzollern-Hechingen Na biyun sun kasance ba tare da ƙasa ba tsakanin juna, Württemberg da Baden. A cikin 1866 sun zama wani yanki na Prussia, suna ba Württemberg iyaka da wata ƙasa ta bakin teku amma duk wata hanya zuwa gaɓar teku za ta iya kaiwa aƙalla iyakoki biyu. Birnin Frankfurt na 'yanci wanda ke da ƴancin kai tsakanin 1815 zuwa 1866 ya kasance marar iyaka sau biyu yayin da yake kan iyaka da Zaɓaɓɓen Hesse, Grand Duchy na Hesse, Hesse-Homburg, da Nassau A cikin Tarayyar Jamus akwai wasu jahohi da dama da ba su da ƙasa waɗanda kawai ke da iyaka da jihohin da ba su da ƙasa da kuma wuraren da ba su da ƙasa na jihohin bakin teku: Grand Duchy na Hesse, Hesse-Homburg, Nassau (duk har zuwa 1866), Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Saxe-Hildburghausen (duka biyun). har zuwa 1826), da Reuss, layin dattijo (har zuwa 1871). Duk waɗannan sun yi iyaka da Prussia amma ba babban yankin da ke da damar shiga teku ba. Babu ƙasashen da ƙasa biyu ce ta kulle su daga haɗewar Jamus a 1871 har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin duniya na ɗaya Liechtenstein ta yi iyaka da daular Austro-Hungarian, wacce ke da gabar tekun Adriatic, sannan Uzbekistan ta kasance wani ɓangare na Daular Rasha, wacce ke da damar shiga teku da teku. Tare da rushe Austria-Hungary a cikin 1918 da ƙirƙirar Ostiriya mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta, Liechtenstein ta zama ƙasa ɗaya tilo mai ninki biyu har zuwa 1938. A cikin Anschluss waccan shekarar, Ostiriya ta shiga cikin Nazi Jamus, wanda ke da iyaka a Tekun Baltic da Tekun Arewa. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Ostiriya ta sake samun ƴancin kai kuma Liechtenstein ta sake zama marar gida biyu. Uzbekistan, wacce ta kasance wani bangare na Daular Rasha sannan kuma Tarayyar Sobiyet, ta sami ƴancin kanta tare da wargajewar karshen a shekarar 1991 kuma ta zama kasa ta biyu mai ninki biyu. Duk da haka, matsayin Uzbekistan sau biyu ba tare da izini ba ya dogara ne akan taƙaddama matsayi na Tekun Caspian wasu ƙasashe, musamman Iran da Turkmenistan, suna da'awar cewa Tekun Caspian ya kamata a la'akari da shi a matsayin teku na gaske (musamman saboda ta wannan hanyar za su sami manyan filayen mai da iskar gas wanda zai sa Uzbekistan ta zama ƙasa mai sauƙi marar iyaka tun lokacin da maƙwabtan Turkmenistan da Kazakhstan ke samun damar shiga Tekun Caspian. Jerin kullallun ƙasashe da wasu jahohin da ba a san su ba Has a coastline on the saltwater Caspian Sea Not fully recognized Landlocked by a single country Doubly landlocked Ana iya haɗa su cikin rukunoni masu zuwa kamar haka: Tarin Gabas, Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka (10): Burkina Faso, Burundi, Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Afirka, Chadi, Habasha, Mali, Nijar, Ruwanda, Sudan ta Kudu, da Uganda Tarin Gabas, Kudancin, da Yammacin Turai (9): Austria, Czechia, Hungary, Kosovo (an gane da su), Liechtenstein, Arewacin Macedonia, Serbia, Slovakia, da Switzerland Tari na Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya (6): Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, da Uzbekistan Tarin Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (4): Botswana, Malawi, Zambia, da Zimbabwe Rukunin Kudancin Amurka (2): Bolivia da Paraguay Rukunin Yammacin Asiya (2): Armeniya da Azerbaijan Lura: Idan an haɗa Artsakh (ba a san shi ba), to, Armeniya, Artsakh, da Azerbaijan sun kafa ƙungiyar Yammacin Asiya maimakon. Idan Transnistria (ba a gane shi ba) an haɗa shi, to Moldova da Transnistria sun kafa nasu rukunin Gabashin Turai. Idan ba don ba na bakin teku a Moanda, DR Congo za ta haɗu da gungu na Afirka guda biyu zuwa ɗaya, wanda zai zama babban gungu mafi girma a duniya. Ana iya la'akari da gungu na Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya da kuma rukunin Yammacin Asiya masu jujjuyawa, tare da Tekun Caspian mara ƙasa Mongoliya kusan wani yanki ne na wannan gungu kuma, an raba shi da Kazakhstan da kawai, a faɗin ƙasar Sin ko Rasha. Akwai kasashe 14 masu zuwa "guda ɗaya" marasa iyaka (kowace ɗayansu ba ta da iyaka da wata ƙasa): Turai (7): Andorra, Belarus, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Luhansk (wanda aka sani da shi), Luxembourg, Moldova, San Marino, da Vatican City Mai Tsarki Mai Tsarki Asiya (5): Bhutan, Laos, Mongolia, Nepal, da Kudancin Ossetia (an san da su) Afirka (2): Eswatini da Lesotho Kullallun ƙasashe ta nahiya Idan ana ƙirga Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, da Kudancin Ossetia a matsayin wani yanki na Turai, to Turai ce ke da mafi yawan kullallun ƙasashe 19, gami da jahohi uku da aka sani ba su da ƙasa. Idan an haɗa waɗannan ƙasashe uku masu wucewa a cikin Asiya, to, Afirka da Turai sun fi yawa, a 16. Dangane da matsayin Yammacin Kogin Jordan da kasashe uku masu wucewa, Asiya tana da tsakanin 11 da 15, gami da jihar Artsakh da ba a san ta ba. Amurka ta Kudu tana da kasashe biyu kacal. Arewacin Amurka da Ostiraliya su ne kawai nahiyoyin da ba su da ƙasa (ban da Antarctica, wadda ba ta da ƙasa). Oceania (wanda yawanci ba a la'akari da nahiya ba amma yanki ne na yanki) kuma ba shi da kullalliyar ƙasa. Ban da Papua New Guinea, wanda ke da iyaka da Indonesia (ƙasa mai wucewa), duk sauran ƙasashe a cikin Oceania ƙasashen tsibiri ne ba tare da iyakar ƙasa ba. Duk kullallun ƙasashe banda Bolivia da Paraguay suna cikin Afro-Eurasia Ko da yake wasu ƙasashen tsibirin suna raba aƙalla iyakar ƙasa ɗaya da wata ƙasa, babu ɗayansu da ba shi da ƙasa. Nassoshi Amurka Afirka Ƙasashe Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fateema%20Mernissi

Fateema Mernissi

Fatema Mernissi 27 Satumba 1940 30 Nuwamba 2015) marubucin mata ne na Moroko kuma masanin zamantakewa Kuruciya An haifi Fatema Mernissi a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1940 a Fez, Morocco Ta taso ne a gidan kakar ta arzik'i tare da 'yan uwa mata da bayi da dama. Ta yi karatun firamare a da ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa suka kafa, sannan ta yi karatun sakandare a makarantar 'yan mata da ke samun tallafin Faransa A shekara ta 1957, ta yi karatun ta a makaranta a gobnatiSorbonne dake birnin Paris daga baya kuma tayi ah jami'ar Brandeis ta Amurka, inda ta samu digirin a shekarar 1974. Ta koma aiki a Jami'ar Mohammed V da ke Rabat kuma ta koyar a Faculté des Lettres daga lokacin 1974 zuwa 1981 akan batutuwa irin su hanyoyin, ilimin zamanta kewar iyali da ilimin halayyar dan adam. Bugu da kari, sanan ta kasance masaniyar bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya Jami'ar a wannan jami'a. Mernissi's Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Muslim Society an rubuta shi ne don karatun digirinta na PhD sannan daga baya aka buga shi a matsayin litafin wanda ya gane ikon mata musulmai dangane da addinin Musulunci Mernissi an santa da hanyoyin da dama na zamanta kewar zaman take wa don tattauna wa batun jinsi da jima'i, musamman na Maroko da sauran ƙasashen musulmi. An dauke ta a matsayin mace mai kwazo, kasance warta shahararriyar mai magana da jama'a, malama,malamar, marubuciya, kuma masaniyar ilimin zaman takew. Mernissi ta mutu a Rabat a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2015. Bugawa mai tasirin su An buga ta kardan farko na Mernissi, Beyond the Veil, a cikin 1975. An buga bugu na bita a Biritaniya a cikin 1985 kuma a cikin Amurka a cikin 1987. Bayan Labule ya zama abin al’ajabi, musamman a fannin nazarin bil’adama da zamantakewa, kan mata a kasashen Larabawa, yankin Bahar Rum ko kuma al’ummar Musulmai baki daya. A matsayinta na mai kishin addinin musulunci, Mernissi ta damu da Musulunci da matsayin mata, tana nazarin tarihin ci gaban tunanin Musulunci da bayyanarsa ta zamani Ta hanyar yin bincike dalla-dalla kan yanayin magajin Muhammad, ta sanya shakku kan ingancin wasu hadisi (maganganun da hadisai da aka jingina su gare shi), don haka ta karkashin mata da take gani a Musulunci, amma ba lallai ba ne a cikin hadisin. Qur'ani A cikin 1984, ta ba da gudumma war rubutun "'yar kasuwa da ɗan sarki" zuwa tarihin Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology, edited by Robin Morgan. Shahararriyar littafin ta a matsayin ta na mata na Musulunci, The Veil and the Male Elite: Faminist Interpretation of Islam, nazarin but ne na tarihi na matsayin matan Muhammadu An fara buga shi a cikin Faransanci a cikin 1987 kuma an fassara shi zuwa Turanci a cikin 1991. Daga baya aka dakatar da littafin a Maroko, Iran, da kuma kasa shen Larabawa na Tekun Fasha. A matsayin masaniyar zamanta, Mernissi ta fi gudanar da aikin ta fage a Maroko. A lokuta da dama a karshen shekarun 1970 zuwa farkon 1980, ta gudanar da hirarraki domin taswirar halaye masu yawa ga mata da aikinsu. Ta yi bincike kan zamanta kewar al'umma ga UNESCO da ILO da kuma na gwamnatin Morocco. A daidai wannan lokacin, Mernissi ta l ba da gudummawar kasidu ga kasidu da sauran wallafe-wallafen kan mata a Maroko da mata da Musulunci daga zamani da kuma ta fuskar tarihi. Aikinta dai ya kasance abin zaburar wane daga sauran masu ra’ayin mata a musulunci kamar Wanda da suka kafa Musawah da sauransu. Don Yin Yaƙin Kullum: Tattaunawa da Matan Moroko (1991), ta yi hira da matan manoma, ma'aikatan mata, clairvoyants da kuyangi. A cikin 1994, Mernissi ta buga wani tarihin almara, Dreams of Trespass: Tales of a Harem Girlhood (a cikin Amurka, littafin an fara sa masa suna The Harem A cikin: Tatsuniya na 'Yan Matan Moroccan, kuma har yanzu ana san shi da wannan taken a cikin Burtaniya). Maudu'i mai maimai tawa a cikin rubuce-rubucenta shine halin almara Scheherazade na <i id="mwYQ">Larabawan Larabawa</i> Labarinta, The Satellite, the Prince, and Scheherazade: Rise of Women as Communicators in Digital Islam tayi nazari akan lamuran da mata ke shiga cikin kafofin watsa labaru na kan layi, yayin da Digital Scheherazades a cikin Larabawa ta rufe batutuwan ayyukan kan layi suna canza hanyoyin al'adu. A cikin waɗannan kasidu, ta faɗi yadda fasahar ke yaɗuwa cikin sauri ɗaya daga cikin manyan tushen ita ce Gidan Yanar Gizon Yanar Gizon Duniya kuma ta yi nazari akan matsayi da gudunma war mata a cikin wannan motsi. Ta yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da rayuwa tsakanin haram, jinsi, da na jama'a da masu zaman kansu. Girman 6: Harem na Matan Yamma, makala ce daga littafinta, Scheherazade Goes Yamma: Al'adu daban-daban, Harem daban-daban da ke magana akan danniya da matsin lamba da mata a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban suke fuskanta kawai ta hanyar kamannin jikinsu. Ko ta yi nazari kan mata a cikin al'ummar Maroko ko kuma na Yammacin Turai, ta yi iƙirarin cewa dole ne su yi rayuwa daidai da ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodin al'adu, kamar girman sutura. Mernissi ta kwatanta girman suturar 6 da haramun kuma ya bayyana cewa waɗannan ayyukan Yammacin Turai suna ware da wulaƙanta mata. Kabilanci: A cikin 1975, an buga littafin Fatima Mernissi na farko, Beyond the Veil, kuma an dauke shi a matsayin juyin juya hali. Mernissi ta karya ra'ayin kabilanci da al'ummar Yamma suka samu da Musulunci, musamman mata musulmai. Sun bambanta matan musulmai daga rukunin 'mata na duniya na uku' wanda 'yan matan Yammacin Turai suka haifar. Mernissi ta kuma yi fafutuka don shawo kan tunanin kasa shen yamma na cewa mata musulmai ba su da wani abin dogaro ga addinin su da kuma mazajen addinin su. Ra'ayoyin kasa shen yamma sun kaurace wa maza musulmai wadanda ba su dace da farare ba, maza da mata, da suka mamaye al'ummar duniya ta farko, suna raya ra'ayoyin wariyar launin fata ga addinin da aka yi imani da cewa yana zaluntar mata. Sai dai Mernissi ta yi nuni da cewa, matan musulmai ba su kasance masu fama da ayyukan addininsu ba, kamar yadda matan yammacin duniya ke fama da kabilanci; ƙungiyoyin mata biyu an zalunce su ta takamaiman cibiyoyin zaman takewa a cikin wani addini ko al'umma da aka ƙirƙira don cin riba daga warewar wasu. Bugu da ƙari, Mernissi ta bayyana cewa matan yammacin duniya suna lulluɓe, kamar yadda mata musulmai suke, amma duk da haka lullubin yammacin ya fi hankali. Ta bayar da hujjar cewa samari da kyau sun lullube matan Yammacin Turai, kuma da zarar mace ba ta da wadannan, da kyar al’umma ta gane ta. Mernissi ta rushe tsarin kabilanci na yammacin mata da ke amfani da shi kuma ta rubuta don kawo ƙarin haske ga bambance-bambancen da ake bukata a cikin yunkurin mata na duniya. Gadon Mernissi na juyin juya hali ne saboda ta samar da sarari a cikin wani yunkuri na yammacin turai wanda ya baiwa mata musulmai damar shiga ba tare da lalata ayyukansu na addini ba. Aikin Mernissi ya nuna yadda yancin mata na yammacin duniya zai iya zama illa ga karfafawa mata a duniya idan ba ta da hanyar shiga tsakanin kan lamuran mata. Sarauniyar Musulunci da aka manta A cikin littafin The Forgotten Queens of Islam, Fatima Mernissi ta yi amfani da hanyar tsaka-tsaki don fahimtar da matsayin mata a cikin tarihin Musulunci na farko ta hanyar zaman takewa da siyasa waɗanda suka haifar da hanyoyin nuna wariyar. Manufarta ita ce ta fito da gagarumar gudunmawar da mata suka bayar a tsawon tarihin Musulunci na farko da kuma kawar da ra'ayoyin da ba a sani ba game da rashin mata a matsayin masu siyasa da masu mulki. Ta yi haka ne ta hanyar binciko irin rawar da mata suka taka a tarihin Musulunci da kuma sauya yadda ake nuna mata a tarihin tarihi. Ta yi ikirarin cewa mata sun rike mukamai na siyasa duk da lakabin addini da ake ba maza. An misalta hakan ta hanyar labaran tarihi da ta bayar game da mata goma sha biyar da kuma rawar da suka taka a siyasar Musulunci kafin zamani. Misali, rawar da bayi mata suka taka wajen jagorantar tawagan bayi a kan sarakunan addini ba tare da amfani da tashin hankali ba (Mernissi, 1994). Bugu da ƙari, Mernissi ta bambanta tsakanin "Musulunci na Siyasa," lokacin da canji mai tsanani ya faru kuma aka yi watsi da matsayin mata ko kuma aka manta da shi, da "Rislala Islam," inda aka canza rayuwar mata (Mernissi, 1994). Ta kasance mai mahimmanci wajen ba da gudummawa ga ilimi game da bayyanar mata a tarihin Musulunci a waje da matsayinsu na al'ada ta hanyar nuna shigarsu cikin siyasa, addini, da canjin al'adu. Matsayin Jinsi: Tawayen Mata Tunawa da Musulunci A cikin littafin Tawayen Mata da Tunawa da Musulunci, Fatima Mernissi ta yi nazari kan rawar da mata ke takawa dangane da duniyar Musulunci ta zamani. A cikin aikinta, ta binciko ra'ayin ainihin jima'i da matsayin jinsi a duniyar Musulunci kuma ta taimaka wajen sake fasalin labarin da ke tattare da shi. Mernissi ta tattauna wasu fitattun batutuwan da suka shafi matsayin mata musulmi, kamar rufewa mata gudummawar da suke bayarwa ga tattalin arzikin kasashen Larabawa (Mernissi, 1996). Bugu da ƙari, Mernissi ta shiga cikin alƙaluma daban-daban, gami da ilimi da karatu. Ta yi amfani da wannan don taimakawa wajen bayyana mahimmancin waɗannan abubuwan ba kawai don ƙarfafa mata a Musulunci ba, har ma da lafiyarsu (Mernissi, 1996). Bugu da ƙari, Mernissi tayi nazari akan rawar da jihar ke takawa a matsayin jinsi da kuma sakamakon jihar da ke goyan bayan rashin daidai to. Daga karshe ta yi nuni da cewa 'yanci daga wadannan al'adu masu sarrafa kansu da tsammanin mata ita ce hanya daya tilo da kasashen Larabawa za su samu ci gaba. Aikin Mernissi tana da matukar tasiri a cikin addinin musulunci na mata, da tsakanin juna, da kuma akidar mata ta duniya, ta hanyar mai da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi mata musulmi a kasashen Larabawa. Musamman wannan littafi ya iya kawo haske kan wasu batutuwa na musamman da mata suka yi ta fama da su a duniyar Musulunci, kamar batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi da matsayin jinsi, da irin tasirin da wadannan za su iya yi wajen karfafawa mata da lafiyarsu. Musulunci da Tsoron Duniyar Zamani A cikin littafinta mai suna Islam and Democracy: Tsoron Duniyar Zamani, Fatima Mernissi ta yi amfani da wata hanya ta kasa da kasa don nazarin yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa na kasashen Larabawa da Musulunci jim kadan bayan yakin Gulf. Ta yi muhawara kan ko kafaffen tsatsauran ra'ayi da ke mamaye Gabas ta Tsakiya zai iya kasancewa da jituwa da tsarin dimokuradiyya da ake amfani da shi a cikin al'ummomin Yamma. Mernissi ta tayar da tambayoyi game da rashin tabbas da Musulmai ke ji game da tsarin gwamnati da ba ta da tsarin Musulunci kuma yana iya lalata tsarin rayuwarsu ta Musulunci, gami da ɗabi'u da ɗabi'u, kamar tawali'u. Bugu da ƙari, ta bincika batutuwa irin su tsoron addinin Musulunci, dimokuradiyya, Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 'yancin tunani da son kai (Mernissi, 2002). Misali, ta kalli yadda tsaurin ra'ayi ke sarrafa abin da mace za ta iya sanyawa, don haka al'ummar dimokuradiyya da ta 'yantar da mata su yi ado yadda suka ga dama na iya zama barazana ga al'adar maza. Ta yi takara cewa dimokuradiyya mai rai ta ba da damar doka da ikon tsarin mulki na rashin jituwa da jihar. Daga nan Mernissi ta ba da shawarar hanyoyin da musulmai masu ci gaba, ciki har da masu ra'ayin mata, waɗanda suka zaɓi yin ra'ayin dimokuradiyya da ƙin bin ra'ayin tsattsauran ra'ayi ya kamata su fito daga nassosi masu tsarki guda ɗaya kamar waɗanda ke neman zaluntar su, don tabbatar da cewa Musulunci ba shi da tushe a kan mata. Kyaututtuka Ayyukan Mernissi sun mayar da hankali kan samar da murya ga mata da aka zalunta da kuma wariya. Ta bayyana irin gudunmawar da mata ke bayarwa ga tattalin arziki tare da sanin irin rawar da suka shafi yadda ake kallon mata a cikin al'adun Musulunci. A duk tsawon aikinta, Mernissi ta kasance mai magana mai fafutuka kan 'yancin mata da daidaito, yayin da kuma ta rungumi addinin Musulunci. Ta yi amfani da bincike na addini na tarihi don yin da'awar matsayinta na zamani na mata. A cikin 2003, Mernissi ta sami lambar yabo ta Yariman Asturias, tare da Susan Sontag Jawabin karbuwa na Mernissi, The Cowboy ko Sinbad?, kuma an santa da yadda ta yi la'akari da batutuwa da tasirin al'adu. A cikin 2004, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Erasmus, tare da Sadik Al-Asm da Abdolkarim Soroush wannan lambar yabo, an karɓe ta saboda tasirinta na zamanta kewar al'umma, tunda an sadaukar da ita ga "Addini da Zamani". A cikin 2017, Ƙungiyar Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya ta ƙirƙiri lambar yabo ta Fatema Mernissi don a cikin nazarin jinsi, jima'i, da ƙwarewar rayuwar mata". Za a iya danganta gadon Mernissi ga gudummawar ilimi da na adabi ga yunkurin mata na Musulunci na farko. Mernissi ta magance batutuwa irin su Eurocentrism, intersectionality, ƙetare kasa da kuma mata na duniya a cikin littattafanta da laccoci na jama'a. The New York Times ta nakalto ta a cikin wani labarin mutuwar: "Ba wai kawai ana amfani da nassosi masu tsarki ko yaushe ba, amma yin amfani da su wani sifa ce ta tsarin aiki a cikin al'umm ar musulmi," Fatema Mernissi, Labule da Namiji. Elite: Tafsirin 'Yancin Mata A Musulunci (1991) Matattun 2015 Haihuwan 1940 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbataccen%20ruwa%20a%20New%20Zealand

Gurbataccen ruwa a New Zealand

Gurbacewar ruwa a New Zealand shine ƙara samun matsala ga waɗanda ke amfani da kulawa da hanyoyin ruwa da kuma hukumomin New Zealand Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a yana da alaƙa da haɓakar gurɓataccen ruwa, saboda dalilai da yawa kamar amfani da filayen karkara, Fresh water quality is under pressure from agriculture, hydropower, urban development, pest invasions and climate change. amfani da masana'antu da ci gaban birane. Kyakkyawan ingancin ruwa yana fuskantar matsin lamba daga noma, wutar lantarki, ci gaban birane, mamayewar kwari da sauyin yanayi. Yayin da aka rage gurɓacewar yanayi daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa kamar su abinci mai gina jiki, ƙwayoyin cuta da haɓakar magudanar ruwa da kuma ruwan guguwa a garuruwa ba a ƙarƙashin kulawa. Akwai wuraren kula da ingancin ruwa sama da 800 a kusa da New Zealand waɗanda ake yin samfura akai-akai. Auckland is the region with New Zealand's most polluted waterways, with 62% of rivers and lakes graded poor by the Ministry for the Environment for swimming, and 0% of rivers and lakes graded as good. A cikin shekarata 2018, hanyoyin ruwa a duk faɗin New Zealand suna nuna haɓakawa a cikin matakan ingancin ruwa da yawa, kamar yadda bayanan LAWA ke kulawa. Jagororin ingancin ruwa MfE ne ke buga ƙa'idodin jagora don ingancin ruwa. Gurbacewar ruwa ta bangaren Noma Noma shine babban amfani da yankunan ƙasa na New Zealand kuma ya shafi ingancin ruwa. Sannna Kuma Fadada samar da kiwo mai tsanani ya haifar da babban matakan nitrogen a cikin ƙasa, saman da ruwan ƙasa. A cikin shekarata 1993, Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa da Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta taƙaita bayanan da ake da su kan ingancin ruwa a cikin koguna. Sun kammala da cewa "Wasu kogin da ke kai wa a wuraren da aka bunkasa noma suna cikin mawuyacin hali" wanda ke nuna "rashin da ake samu ta hanyar noma da nuna sharar da ake samu a ware ko ban da sharar birane ko masana'antu" Kuma Muhimmin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da aka gano a cikin ƙoramar ƙasa an narkar da nitrogen inorganic, narkar da phosphorus mai amsawa, sediment da coliforms. Kananan koguna a wasu wuraren kiwon kiwo kamar Waikato da Canterbury an gano cewa suna cikin wani yanayi mara kyau. Labe daga zaizayar tsaunuka da bakin kogi shi ma yana haifar da gurbatar ruwa. Matsalolin da ke ɗorawa daga tsananin ƙarfi, Kuma haɓakar guguwa mai yawa da kuma yawan ruwan sama ya haifar da miliyoyin ton na laka da ke canza tsarin mura a cikin hanyoyin ruwa na NZ. Wannan laka tana ƙunshe da manyan abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai daga zuriyar gandun daji wanda ke canza yanayin ɓarkewa da ƙara kayan gado na gadoji da ajiya a cikin tafkunan NZ da ruwan teku mara zurfi. Tun daga shekarar 2005 karuwar kiwo na dabbobin kiwo ya zarce noman noman rafi da kuma ikon da wasu majalisun yanki ke da shi don sarrafa da rage tasirin ruwa, sannan kuma akwai wasu shaidun amfani da urea da ke haifar da matakan nitrogen a magudanan ruwa. Noman noma, noman noma da gandun daji gabaɗaya basu da tasiri fiye da kiwo A cikin shekarata 2001 Kifi da Wasan New Zealand sun fara babban kamfen ɗin ƙazanta na kiwo don ba da haske game da tasirin gurɓatawa daga haɓakar noma akan lafiyar muhalli na muhallin ruwa mai daɗi. A matsayin martani ga wannan yakin Fonterra, babban kamfanin kiwo a New Zealand, tare da wasu hukumomin gwamnati sun kaddamar da Yarjejeniyar Kiwo da Tsabtace Ruwa don magance gurbatar ruwa saboda noman kiwo. Manufar yarjejeniyar ita ce iyakance damar haja zuwa hanyoyin ruwa. Fonterra tana fitar da mafi yawan amfanin gonarta, kuma tana ƙarfafa manoma da su iyakance tasirin muhalli a matsayin hanyar sa masu amfani da muhalli su sayi kayayyakinsu. Sannan kuma Haɓaka binciken noma mai ɗorewa da rage amfani da taki, ƙara dasa shuki na ƙasa, ciyawa, flaxes da bishiyu a gefen rafuka. Wadannan fasahohin na taimakawa wajen dakile kwararar taki, magudanar ruwa da taki da amfani da su don bunkasa ci gaban yankunan da aka dasa. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, majalisun yanki sun ƙara ɗora ɗora wasu buƙatun tsari akan manoma don rage tasirin muhallinsu. Majalisun da yawa ciki har da Canterbury Environment, Horizons Regional Council da Hawke's Bay Regional Council suna buƙatar mafi yawan gonaki su sami Tsarin Muhalli na Farm a wurin, kuma tare da wasu gonaki a Otago da Waikato kuma ana buƙatar samun Tsarin Muhalli na Farm a wurin. Tsare-tsaren na buƙatar manoma su sarrafa haɗarin muhalli a kusa da ayyuka kamar zubar da kiwo na noma, zaizayar ƙasa, magudanar ruwa zuwa magudanar ruwa (ta hanyar dasa shuki da shingen shinge mai cike da ruwa), ban ruwa da kuma amfani da abubuwan gina jiki. Wasu majalisu kuma sun sanya iyakokin abinci mai gina jiki ga manoma. A cikin shekarata 2016, wani faifan bidiyo mai cike da cece-kuce ta Greenpeace ya nuna irin gudummawar da noman kiwo ke bayarwa ga gurbacewar kogi, inda ya bayyana cewa sama da kashi 60 cikin 100 na kogunan da aka sa ido ba su da hadari don yin iyo a ciki. DairyNZ ta yi kira ga wannan tallan bidiyo, amma Hukumar Ka'idodin Talla ta sami goyon bayan Greenpeace. Canje-canjen don gabatar da tsauraran matakan kula da muhalli a kan manoma an ambaci suna da ba da gudummawa ga abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan da ke nuna ci gaban hanyoyin ruwa daga Majalisar Yankin Horizons da Canterbury na Muhalli. Har ila yau, an ambaci su a matsayin bayar da gudummawa ga bincike da Cibiyar Cawthorne ta kammala da ke nuna ingancin ruwa a yanzu yana inganta don yawancin matakan ingancin ruwa dangane da nazarin wuraren LAWA.</ref> They have also been cited as contributing to analysis completed by the Cawthorne Institute showing waterway quality is now improving for many water quality measures based on an analysis of LAWA sites. Na gida Ruwan ruwa na cikin birni yana gurɓata da kayan wanke-wanke, man datti, datti da kuma najasa. Sannan Kuma Wasu magudanan ruwa na guguwa suna da tambarin kifin da aka zana a gefen titi don haskaka gurɓacewar ruwa. Masana'antu Sarrafa masana'antu akai-akai yana haɗawa da fitar da aikin sharar ruwa zuwa hanyoyin ruwa. Kumar Misali, Fonterra ta kasance tana fitar da ruwan sha mai dauke da madarar nono zuwa cikin kogin Tui, wani rafi na kogin Mangatainoka, kuma yana neman izinin albarkatu don ci gaba da yin hakan. Tasman Pulp and Paper Mill, Kuma wanda yanzu mallakar Norske Skog, ya kasance yana zubar da sharar gida a cikin Kogin Tarawera tun 1955. Nishaɗi Yawan masu ziyartar wuraren shakatawa da sauran wuraren da babu bandakuna na kara samun gurbacewar gurbatar muhalli daga sharar dan adam Sannna Kuma A cikin yankunan tsaunuka, inda anaerobic narkewar al'amarin najasa ke sannu a hankali, Ma'aikatar Kulawa tana da tankuna masu riƙe da magudanar ruwa a bayan gida a bukkoki na baya. Ana fitar da magudanar ruwa ne da jirgi mai saukar ungulu don yin magani a wani waje. Zanga- zangar 'yanci, sanannen aiki a wasu yankuna, ana zarginsa da haifar da gurbatar ruwa saboda zubar da sharar ɗan adam ba daidai ba. Yankunan birni Mafi mahimmancin tushen gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin birane shine saboda magudanar ruwa Kuma Rage magudanar ruwa da haɗin kai mara kyau suna ba da damar magudanar ruwa su shiga tsarin ruwan guguwa. Har ila yau, a lokacin da aka yi taho-mu-gama tasha na bututun ruwa ya cika da magudanar ruwa tare da sakin magudanar ruwa. Ruwan da ke gudana daga tituna ya ƙunshi gurɓata kamar su zinc, jan ƙarfe, gubar da kuma hydrocarbons daga lalacewa na abin hawa, hayaƙin abin hawa da kuma daga saman titin kanta. Yankunan birane suna da shimfidar fili mai yawa don haka akwai yuwuwar cewa ruwa da ya gurbata da kwayoyin halitta ba za a tace shi ta kasa ba. Rushewar ƙasa daga ƙasƙan da aka fallasa a cikin sabbin yankuna ba ya faruwa kuma idan ya faru saboda keta izinin izinin albarkatu na iya haifar da tuhuma. sannan Kuma Don ƙayyadadden guguwar ruwa a lokacin aikin ƙasa ana amfani da bambaro da magudanar ruwa. Wadannan ba su da isasshen ruwa a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan sama mai yawa inda masu shiga tsakani suka cika da yawa kuma ruwan da aka kwashe da ruwa yana gudana cikin koguna da koguna. Gurbacewar ruwa ta yanki Majalisun yanki suna da alhakin magance matsalolin amfani da ruwa da rashin amfani da su kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatu, wani muhimmin Dokar Majalisar da ke tsara albarkatun kasa da na jiki kamar ƙasa, iska da ruwa. Kuma Bambancin amfani da ƙasa da yanayi yana nufin gurɓatar ruwa ta bambanta a cikin yankuna. Teburin da ke sama jimillar yanayin yanayin ruwa ne a yankuna kuma baya nuna wani yanayi na inganta ingancin ruwa ko kuma abin da ya shafi shafe ruwa. Sannan Koyaya, an lura da ingantuwar ingancin ruwa ga wasu rukunan ruwa a wasu lokuta. Bay of Plenty Kogin Tarawera, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da "bakar magudanar ruwa", yana da tarihin gurbatar ruwa, galibi saboda ayyukan masana'antu. A cikin shekarata 2009, Tasman Mill ya sami izini don ci gaba da gurbata kogin har tsawon shekaru 25 masu zuwa. Tsakanin shekarar 1950 zuwa 1989, Whakatane Sawmill ya watsar da gurɓataccen sawdust, haushi, katako, da sinadarai a ciki da wajen Whakatane da Rangitaiki Plains, ciki har da Canal na Kopeopeo, wanda ake kira mafi ƙazantar ruwa ta New Zealand. Wadannan sharar gida sun fito ne daga injin sarrafa katako, inda aka yi amfani da PCP a matsayin abin adana itace. An gurbata PCP da dioxin da furan (PCDD/PCDFs), wanda ya haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen dioxin. Ƙoƙarin gyara kan magudanar ruwa (wanda mai fafutukar Ngāti Awa ya fara ne Joe Harawira ya sami karɓuwa a duniya a shekarata 2019. Canterbury A tarihi yawancin Canterbury ya kasance busasshiyar ƙasa da noman noma amma an sami ƙaruwa mai yawa na kiwo a yankin. Kuma Noman kiwo a Canterbury yana buƙatar yawan ban ruwa tun da matsakaicin ruwan sama ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa don tallafawa wuraren kiwo na kiwo. Kogin Heathcote ya fuskanci matsaloli da yawa na gurbatar yanayi a baya-bayan nan. Muhalli Canterbury kwanan nan ya gabatar da tsauraran sabbin buƙatun muhalli ga manoman yankin, yana buƙatar mafi yawan gonaki don haɓaka Tsare-tsaren Muhalli na Farm wanda ke nuna yadda gonaki za su ɗauki mataki don rage haɗari kamar leaching na abinci mai gina jiki, Kuma zaizayar ƙasa, haɗarin ƙazanta da kuma kare hanyoyin ruwa ta hanyar ayyuka kamar shinge na hanyoyin ruwa da gudanar da aikin noman rafi. Ana duba tsare-tsaren da kansu. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da waɗannan sabbin dokoki, hanyoyin ruwa yanzu suna nuna haɓakawa a cikin matakan da yawa. Southland A Southland magudanar ruwa daga wuraren kiwon kiwo da ake amfani da su don fiye da shanu 50 na buƙatar izinin albarkatu Muhalli Southland ya ba da shawarar a bazu magudanar ruwa a kan adadin hectare takwas a kowace saniya 100 kuma bai kamata a shafa a cikin ƙasa mai rigar ba. A shekarar 2012, Majalisar yankin Otago ta gudanar da shari’o’i 19 kan abubuwan da suka shafi gurbatar muhalli, wanda ya ninka na shekarar 2011. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na gurbatar yanayi sun kasance na zubar da kiwo. Taranaki A garin Taranaki, akwai rumfunan kiwo guda 1400 inda magudanar kiwo ke zubewa cikin magudanun ruwa a maimakon a fesa su zuwa kasa, bisa ga bayanai daga rahoton muhalli na majalisar yankin Taranaki na shekarar 2012. A cikin shekarata 2012, shugaban New Zealand Freshwater Sciences Society ya bayyana mamakin adadin da aka yarda da fitar da kiwo zuwa magudanan ruwa, idan aka ba da mafi yawan sauran majalisun yankuna suna tuhumar manoman kiwo waɗanda ke ba da izinin kiwo shiga hanyoyin ruwa. A cikin shekarar 2019, Majalisar Yanki ta Taranaki ta ba da rahoton cewa ingancin ruwa ya tabarbare, inda kawai biyu daga cikin rukunin sha biyar da aka gwada sun cika ka'idojin ninkaya. Waikato Waikato ya dade yana noman kiwo kuma yana da wasu kasa mafi fa'ida a kasar. Ingancin ruwa, musamman kamar yadda aka nuna ta masu nunin ɗabi'a da pH, a cikin yankin Waikato yana tabarbarewa. Kogin Waikato yana da ƙazantar ƙazanta mai yawa saboda wurare daban-daban da wuraren da ba su da tushe Kogin Yamma Kogin Yamma yana samun ruwan sama mai yawa don haka duk wani gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu za a shafe shi zuwa wani mataki. Har ya zuwa kwanan nan ana fitar da magudanar ruwa da ba a kula da su ba a cikin kogin Grey amma an ba da tallafin gwamnati don gina magudanar ruwa. Duba wasu abubuwan Ruwa a New Zealand Dabarun Gudanar da Ruwa na Canterbury Muhalli na New Zealand Noma a New Zealand#Tasirin Muhalli Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu 1-877274-51-8 Ma'aikatar Muhalli Muhalli New Zealand 2007 Rahoton Muhalli Proffitt, Fiona (1 Yuli 2010). Yaya tsaftar kogunan mu Ruwa Yanayin. NIWA. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ingancin Ruwa a NIWA Land Air Water Aotearoa "Ruwa ya kasa tsabta, gwajin kore" a cikin New Zealand Herald, 2003 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farkon%20anthropocene

Farkon anthropocene

Hasashen Anthropocene na Farko (wani lokaci ana kiransa 'Early Anthropogenic' ko 'Ruddiman Hypothesis') matsayi ne game da farkon Anthropocene wanda William Ruddiman ya fara gabatarwa a 2003.Ya nuna cewa Anthropocene,wani lokaci ne da aka gabatar da tsarin ilimin geological wanda ya zo daidai da mafi kwanan nan a tarihin duniya lokacin da ayyukan bil'adama suka fara yin tasiri a duniya a kan yanayin duniya da yanayin muhalli,bai fara' a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurkawa ba,kamar yadda masana da yawa suka bayyana, ko ƙarni na sha takwas tare da zuwan masana'antun ƙona kwal da masana'antar wutar lantarki na zamanin,kamar yadda Paul Crutzen ya yi jayayya wanda ya yaɗa kalmar' Anthropocene' a cikin shekarar 2000),kuma ba a cikin 1950s kamar yadda ƙungiyar Anthropocene Working Group (shirin binciken ƙasa da ke aiki akan Anthropocene a matsayin rukunin lokacin geological),amma ya koma shekaru 8,000 da suka gabata,sakamakon ayyukan noma mai ƙarfi bayan aikin noma ya yaɗu.A lokacin ne ma'aunin iskar gas na yanayi ya daina bin tsarin tashi da faɗuwar lokaci-lokaci wanda ya yi daidai da halayensu na dogon lokaci da suka gabata, tsarin da aka bayyana ta bambancin yanayi a cikin kewayen duniya da ake kira Milankovitch cycles. Hasashen glaciation ya wuce lokaci A cikin hasashe na glaciation,Ruddiman ya yi iƙirarin cewa shekarun ƙanƙara zai fara shekaru dubu da yawa da suka wuce,amma wannan lokacin ƙanƙara da aka tsara ya kaure da tsananin noma da sare dazuzzuka da manoma na farko suka yi wanda ya fara haɓaka matakin iskar gas shekaru dubu takwas da suka gabata. An ƙalubalanci hasashe na glaciation da aka ƙare a kan dalilin da aka kwatanta da haɗin gwiwar da aka yi a baya (MIS 11,400,000 da suka wuce) ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙarin shekaru 16,000 dole ne su wuce kafin interglaciation na Holocene na yanzu ya zo ga ƙarshe. Bayanai daga ko da a baya kankara-cores da suka koma baya kamar shekaru 800,000 da suka gabata suna ba da shawarar yuwuwar cyclicity na tsayin tsaka-tsaki, da madaidaicin daidaitawa tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na kowane tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki, amma Ruddiman ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan yana haifar da daidaiton ƙarya na maxima na kwanan nan tare da insolation minima. daga baya,daga cikin wasu kura-kurai da suke bata suka. Neolithic juyin juya halin Juyin juya halin Neolithic, ko juyin juya halin noma, ya kasance babban juyi na alƙaluma a cikin Neolithic. A tarihi ana iya tabbatarwa, yawancin al'adun ɗan adam sun canza daga mafarauta zuwa aikin noma da matsuguni waɗanda ke tallafawa karuwar yawan jama'a. Bayanan archaeological sun nuna cewa nau'o'in tsire-tsire da dabbobin dabba sun samo asali ne a wurare daban-daban a dukan duniya, suna farawa a zamanin duniyar Holocene a kusa da 12,000 <sup id="mwNQ">14</sup> C shekaru da suka wuce (12,000-7,000 BP). Suka Ranar da Ruddiman zai fara shirin ya gamu da suka daga masana a fagage daban-daban. Ƙungiya na masu binciken ƙasa karkashin jagorancin Jan Zalasiewicz da Will Steffen sun yi iƙirarin cewa juyin juya halin Neolithic bai nuna babban canjin yanayi da ake bukata don ƙaddamar da lokaci ba cewa sauran wuraren farawa, irin su alamar Anthropocene Working Group ta 1950, yayi. Sauran sukar hasashen Farkon Anthropocene ya samo asali ne daga wakilcin al'ummomin Indiyawan Amurka.Masanin ilimin bil'adama Elizabeth DeLoughrey ya bayyana cewa yayin da Early Anthropocene Hasashen "ya gano tarihin saran gandun daji na shekaru dubu takwas,"ba ta taɓa kwatanta tarihin tashin hankalin mutane ba. Sakamakon haka,a cikin bayanin waɗancan lokutan da CO2 bai tashi ba saboda raguwar noma da mutuwa ke haifarwa, [Ruddiman] ya kwatanta annoba a Turai ta Tsakiya da raguwar kashi 90 cikin 100 na 'yan asalin Amurkawa, yana mai nuni da hakan.zuwa gare shi kawai a matsayin 'annoba' maimakon kisan kare dangi. Saboda haka,raguwar da ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin matakan CO2 daga 1550 zuwa 1800-saboda rugujewar yawan jama'a na mutane sama da miliyan hamsin waɗanda ke da alaƙa da alaƙa zuwa mulkin mallaka,bauta,yaƙi, ƙaura,tsarewa,da tsabtace ƙabilanci ana danganta shi da ƙanƙara Masana muhalli sun kuma yi jayayya cewa yayin da Early Anthropocene Hypothesis ke lissafin canjin ƙasa da haɓaka samar da iskar gas sakamakon sauya ayyukan noma a Turai da Asiya a lokacin juyin juya halin Neolithic, ba ya la'akari da aikin noma na dangantaka da ake yi a Amurka a daidai wannan lokacin.Da zarar an yi nazarin aikin noma na ƴan asalin Amirka tare da hasashen Early Anthropocene,zai bayyana a fili cewa irin wannan sauyin ƙasa da hayaƙin iska na faruwa a cikin Amurkawa kawai bayan mulkin mallaka na Turai.Don haka,ya kamata a yi la'akari da mulkin mallaka a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi da ke da alhakin Anthropocene maimakon noma. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin gida na William Ruddiman Ta yaya 'Yan Adam Na Farko Suka Canza Yanayin Duniya? Zamanin anthropogenic greenhouse ya fara dubban shekaru da suka wuce; Canjin Yanayi 61: 261-293, 2003 Muhawara kan Hasashen Farkon Anthropogenic Kalubalen EPICA: Hasashen CO 2 Sama da shekaru 800,000 Ice ages Holocene Climate