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27454 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Sin | Sinima a Sin | Sinima na kasar Sin ɗaya ne daga cikin fitattun zaren tarihi guda uku na fina-finai na Sinanci tare da sinima na Hong Kong da kuma gidan sinima na Taiwan .
An fara gabatar da sinima a kasar Sin a shekarar 1896 kuma an fara yin fim din Sinanci na farko, dutsen Dingjun a shekarar 1905 . A farkon shekarun da suka gabata masana'antar fina-finai ta ta'allaka ne kan Shanghai . Fim ɗin sauti na farko, Sing-Song Girl Red Peony, ta yin amfani da fasahar sauti-kan-faifai, an yi shi a cikin 1931 . A shekarun 1930, wanda aka yi la'akari da "Lokacin Zinare" na farko na fina-finan Sinanci, ya ga zuwan motsin fina-finai na hagu. Rikicin da ke tsakanin ' yan kishin kasa da na gurguzu ya bayyana a cikin fina-finan da aka shirya. Bayan da Japan ta mamaye kasar Sin da mamayar birnin Shanghai, masana'antar da ke birnin ta ragu sosai, inda 'yan fim suka koma Hong Kong, Chungking (Chongqing) da sauran wurare. An fara wani lokacin "Tsibirin Kadaici" a Shanghai, inda masu shirya fina-finai da suka rage suka yi aiki a cikin rangwamen na waje . Gimbiya Iron Fan , fim ɗin fasalin fim na farko na Sinanci, an sake shi a ƙarshen wannan lokacin. Ya rinjayi raye-rayen Jafananci na lokacin yaƙi kuma daga baya Osamu Tezuka . Bayan mamayar da ta mamaye gaba dayanta a shekara ta 1941, kuma har zuwa karshen yakin a shekara ta 1945, masana'antar fim a birnin ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon ƙasar Japan.
Bayan kawo ƙarshen yaƙin, an gudanar da bikin zinare na biyu, inda aka ci gaba da samar da kayayyaki a birnin Shanghai. Spring in a Small Town an nada shi mafi kyawun fim na harshen Sinanci a lambar yabo ta 24th na Hong Kong . Bayan juyin juya halin gurguzu a shekarar 1949, an dakatar da fina-finan cikin gida da aka riga aka fitar da kuma wasu zabukan fina-finan kasashen waje a shekarar 1951, wanda ke nuna alamar tace fina-finai a kasar Sin . Duk da haka, yawan halartar fina-finai ya karu sosai. A lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu, an takure masana'antar fim sosai, wanda ya kusan tsayawa daga 1967 zuwa 1972. Masana'antar ta bunƙasa bayan ƙarshen juyin juya halin al'adu, gami da "wasan kwaikwayo na tabo" na shekarun 1980, irin su Rain Maraice , Legend of Tianyun Mountain da Hibiscus Town , wanda ke nuna raunin tunani da ya bari. lokaci. Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1980 zuwa karshen 1980, tare da fina-finai irin su Daya da Takwas da Yellow Earth , tasowar karni na biyar ya kara samun karbuwa ga fina-finan kasar Sin a kasashen waje, musamman a tsakanin masu kallo a gidajen fasaha na yammacin duniya. Fina-finai kamar Red Sorghum , Labarin Qiu Ju da Farewell My Concubine sun sami manyan lambobin yabo na duniya. Motsi ya ƙare a wani bangare bayan zanga-zangar Tiananmen Square na 1989 . Bayan shekara ta 1990, an sami bunkasuwar zuriya ta shida da bayan karni na shida, kuma galibinsu suna yin fina-finai ne a wajen babban tsarin fina-finan kasar Sin, wadanda suka fi yin wasannin da'irar fina-finai na kasa da ƙasa.
Bayan nasarar kasuwancin kasa da kasa na fina-finai irin su Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon da Hero , adadin hada-hadar fina-finai na Sinanci ya karu kuma an sami motsi na fina-finai na Sinanci zuwa wani yanki. babban tasiri na kasa da kasa. Bayan da Kamfanin Dream Factory ya nuna ingancin samfurin kasuwanci, kuma tare da bunkasuwar ofishin akwatin gidan kasar Sin a cikin sabon karni, fina-finan kasar Sin sun karya tarihin akwatin ofishin, kuma daga Janairu 2017, 5 daga cikin 10 mafi girma. Fina-finan da suka samu karbuwa a kasar Sin na cikin gida ne. Batattu a Tailandia shine fim ɗin Sinanci na farko da ya kai CN¥1 billion a ofishin akwatin akwatin kasar Sin. Monster Hunt shine farkon wanda ya isa CN¥2 billion . Mermaid shine farkon zuwa CN¥3 billion . Wolf Warrior 2 ya doke su ya zama fim mafi girma a China.
Kasar Sin ita ce gida mafi girma na fina-finai da hadaddun shirya wasan kwaikwayo da kuma gidajen shirya fina-finai a duniya, da Oriental Movie Metropolis da Hengdian World Studios, kuma a cikin 2010 tana da masana'antar fina-finai mafi girma ta uku ta yawan fina-finan da aka samar. kowace shekara. A shekara ta 2012 kasar ta zama kasuwa ta biyu mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar karbar akwatin ofishin. A cikin 2016, babban akwatin akwatin a China ya kasance CN¥45.71 billion . Ƙasar tana da mafi girman adadin allo a duniya tun 2016, kuma ana sa ran za ta zama babbar kasuwa ta wasan kwaikwayo ta 2019. Har ila yau, kasar Sin ta zama babbar cibiyar kasuwanci ta fina-finan Hollywood.
A watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2016, kasar Sin wuce wani fim dokar banning ciki zaton cutarwa ga "mutunci, daukaka da kuma bukatun" na kasar da kuma karfafa gabatarwa "gurguzu core dabi'u", amince da majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasar zaunannen kwamitin. Saboda dokokin masana'antu, yawanci ana barin fina-finai su zauna a gidajen kallo na tsawon wata ɗaya. Koyaya, ɗakunan studio na iya amfani da masu gudanarwa don a tsawaita iyaka.
An gabatar da hotuna masu motsi zuwa China a cikin 1896. Kasar Sin ta kasance daya daga cikin kasashen farko da aka fara nuna fina-finai, saboda Louis Lumière ya aike da mai daukar hotonsa zuwa Shanghai shekara guda bayan ya kirkiro fina-finai . A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1896, an gudanar da bikin nuna hoton fim na farko a kasar Sin a birnin Shanghai, a matsayin "aiki" kan kudirin doka iri-iri. Fim na farko na kasar Sin, na opera na wasan opera na Peking, dutsen Dingjun, an yi shi ne a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1905 a birnin Beijing . A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, kamfanonin samar da kayayyaki galibi mallakar kasashen waje ne, kuma masana'antar shirya fina-finai ta cikin gida ta ta'allaka ne kan Shanghai, wurin samun bunkasuwar kasuwanci kuma birni mafi girma a Gabas mai Nisa . A shekara ta 1913, Zheng Zhengqiu da Zhang Shichuan sun yi fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Sinanci mai zaman kansa, Ma'aurata masu wahala, a Shanghai. Daga nan Zhang Shichuan ya kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finai na farko mallakar kasar Sin a shekarar 1916. Fim na farko mai cikakken tsayi shine Yan Ruisheng () wanda aka saki a cikin 1921. wanda ya kasance docudrama game da kisan gillar da aka yi wa wata kotu ta Shanghai, ko da yake fim din ya yi yawa da ba za a taba ganin ya samu nasara a kasuwanci ba. A cikin shekarun 1920 masu fasahar fina-finai daga Amurka sun horar da masu fasahar Sinawa a Shanghai, kuma an ci gaba da samun tasirin Amurka a can cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa. Tun da har yanzu fim ɗin yana kan matakin farko na bunƙasa, yawancin fina-finan Sinanci na shiru a wannan lokacin ba su kasance kawai wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo ko gajeren wando ba, kuma horarwa ba ta da yawa ta fuskar fasaha saboda wannan lokaci ne na fim ɗin gwaji.
Daga baya, bayan gwaji da kuskure, kasar Sin ta sami damar yin wahayi daga dabi'u na al'ada kuma ta fara samar da fina- finai na wasan kwaikwayo, wanda na farko shine Burning of Red Lotus Temple . Konewar Temple na Red Lotus ya yi nasara sosai a ofishin akwatin, shirin na Star Motion Pictures (Mingxing) ya yi fim din wasu abubuwa guda 18, wanda ke nuna farkon fina-finan wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Sin mai daraja. A cikin wannan lokacin ne wasu daga cikin manyan kamfanonin samar da kayayyaki suka fara zama, musamman Mingxing da Tianyi 'yan'uwan Shaw ("Na musamman"). Mingxing, wanda Zheng Zhengqiu da Zhang Shichuan suka kafa a shekarar 1922, da farko ya mai da hankali kan gajeren wando na barkwanci, ciki har da cikakken fim din kasar Sin mafi dadewa da ya tsira, mai suna Labour's Love . Ba da daɗewa ba wannan ya canza, duk da haka, zuwa fina-finai masu tsayi da wasan kwaikwayo na iyali ciki har da Kakan Ceto marayu . A halin yanzu, Tianyi sun karkata samfurinsu zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na al'ada, kuma sun tura zuwa kasuwannin waje; Fim ɗinsu na White Snake ya nuna misali na nasarar da suka samu a cikin al'ummomin Sinawa na kudu maso gabashin Asiya. A shekara ta 1931, an fara yin fim ɗin sauti na farko na Sinawa Sing-Song Girl Red Peony, sakamakon haɗin gwiwar da aka yi tsakanin kamfanonin shirya hotuna na kamfanin Mingxing da fasahar sauti na Pathé Frères. Koyaya, an yi rikodin sautin diski, wanda aka buga a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo in-sync tare da aikin akan allon. Na farko sauti-on-fim talkie yi a kasar Sin ko dai Spring on Stage () ta Tianyi, ko Clear Sky After Storm na Great China Studio da Jinan Studio. Fina-finan kade-kade, irin su Song at Midnight da Street Angels , wanda Zhou Xuan ya fito, ya zama daya daga cikin fina-finan da suka fi shahara a kasar Sin.
Ci gaba da karatu
Carlo Celli. "Kasar Sin Confucian, Misogynistic Nationalism" Asalin kasa a Cinema na Duniya: Yadda Fina-finai ke Bayyana Duniya . Palgrave MacMillan 2013, 1-22.
Rey Chow, Ƙaunar Farko: Kayayyakin gani, Jima'i, Ƙa'idar Halitta, da Cinema na Sinanci na zamani, Jami'ar Columbia Press 1995.
Cheng, Jim, Ƙididdigar Littafi Mai Tsarki don Nazarin Fina-finan Sinanci, Jami'ar Hong Kong Press 2004.
Shuqin Cui, Mata ta hanyar Lens: Jinsi da Al'umma a cikin ƙarni na Cinema na kasar Sin, Jami'ar Hawaii Press 2003.
Dai Jinhua, Cinema and Desire: Marxism Feminist and Cultural Politics in the Work of Dai Jinhua, eds. Jing Wang da Tani E. Barlow. London: 2002.
Harry H. Kuoshu, Celluloid China: Cinematic Haɗuwa da Al'adu da Al'umma, Jami'ar Kudancin Illinois Press 2002 - Gabatarwa, ya tattauna fina-finai 15 a tsayi.
Jay Leyda, Dianyang, MIT Press, 1972.
Laikwan Pang, Gina Sabuwar Sin a Cinema: Ƙungiyar Cinema ta Hagu-Wing ta Sin, 1932-1937, Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc 2002.
Raya, Christopher. Classic Fina-finan Sinanci, 1922-1949. New York: Jami'ar Columbia Press, 2021. ISBN 9780231188135
Seio Nakajima. 2016. "Tsarin asali, tsari da sauyi na filin wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Sin na zamani: haɗin kai na duniya da na kasa." Kafofin watsa labarai na Duniya da Sadarwa Juzu'i na 12, Lamba 1, shafi 85-108.
Zhen Ni, Chris Berry, Memoirs Daga Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Beijing, Jami'ar Duke Press 2002.
Semsel, George, ed. "Fim ɗin Sinanci: Yanayin Fasaha a Jamhuriyar Jama'a", Praeger, 1987.
Semsel, George, Xia Hong, da Hou Jianping, ed. Ka'idar Fina-Finan Sinawa: Jagora ga Sabon Zamani, Praeger, 1990.
Semsel, George, Chen Xihe, da Xia Hong, ed. Fim a China na Zamani: Muhawara Mai Mahimmanci, 1979-1989, Praeger, 1993.
Gary G. Xu, Sinascape: Cinema na Sinanci na zamani, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.
Emilie Yueh-yu Yeh da Darrell William Davis. 2008. "Sake dawo da masana'antar fina-finai ta kasar Sin: nazari kan rukunin fina-finai na kasar Sin da tallata fina-finai." Mujallar Cinema ta kasar Sin Juzu'i na 2, fitowa ta 1, shafi na 37–51.
Yingjin Zhang (Mawallafi), Zhiwei Xiao (Mawallafi, Edita), Encyclopedia na Fim ɗin Sinanci, Routledge, 1998.
Yingjin Zhang, ed., Cinema da Al'adun Birane a Shanghai, 1922-1943, Stanford, CA: Jami'ar Stanford Press, 1999.
Yingjin Zhang, Cinema ta {asa ta {asar Sin ), Routledge 2004 - Gabaɗaya Gabatarwa.
Ying Zhu .
Ying Zhu, "Art, Siyasa da Ciniki a Cinema na kasar Sin", tare da Stanley Rosen, Jarida na Jami'ar Hong Kong, 2010
Ying Zhu da Seio Nakajima, "Juyin Fim ɗin Sinanci a matsayin Masana'antu," shafi. 17-33 a cikin Stanley Rosen da Ying Zhu, eds., Art, Siyasa da Kasuwanci a Cinema na Sinanci, Jami'ar Hong Kong Press, 2010.
Wang, Lingzhen. Cinema na Matan Sinawa: Matsalolin Juyin Juya Hali . Jami'ar Columbia Press, 13 ga Agusta, 2013. ISBN 0231527446, 9780231527446.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Classic Film Classics - gidan yanar gizon da aka shirya a Jami'ar British Columbia tare da fina-finai na farko na Sinanci sama da 20 tare da fassarar Turanci, kwas ɗin kan layi akan silima na farko na Sinanci, da sauran albarkatu.
Jaridar kasar Sin Cinema
Cibiyar Albarkatun MCLC-Media
Madubin Sinawa - Jaridar Tarihin Fina-Finan Sinawa
Sinima a Afrika
Sinima a Ghana
Marubutan Afirka |
35169 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Kamwe | Harshen Kamwe | Languages which need ISO 639-3 comment
Kamwe ana kuma iya rubutashi da Kamue ) yare ne na Chadi mai zaman kanta a jihar Adamawa, jihar Borno a Najeriya da kuma arewa maso yammacin Kamaru.
A Najeriya kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na mutanen Kamwe ana samun su ne a karamar hukumar Michika da ke jihar Adamawa a Najeriya. Ana kuma samun su a kananan hukumomin Mubi ta arewa, Hong, Gombi, Song da Madagali a jihar Adamawa. Ana kuma samun mutanen Kamwe a jihar Borno, musamman a kananan hukumomin Askira/Uba da Gwoza.
Blench ya lissafo Mukta na kauyen Mukta, jihar Adamawa a matsayin wani bangare na gungun yarukan Kamwe.
Asalin kalma da sunaye
Kamwe kalma ce da ta samo asali daga kalmomin "Ka" da "Mwe" wanda ke nufin "Mutane na". Kamwe yana kuma nufin mutane masu alaƙa iri ɗaya. Yana nufin dangi iri daya. 'Yan uwa a daure tare. Ya samo ma'anarsa daga wani nau'i na musamman na kayan ado na Kamwe na asali wanda dangi na kusa na mutumin da ya mutu ke sawa a matsayin alamar ganewa da tausayi.
A cewar dattawan Kamwe "Mwe" ita ce alamar ainihi na dangi a kasar Kamwe. A baya, idan wanda ba dan dangi ba ya sanya Mwe, zai iya haifar da rikici da dangin ainihi. dangi na kusa ne kawai aka yarda su sanya Mwe. Domin "Mwe" shine ainihin asalin dangi na kusa kuma yana tabbatar da alakar da ke tsakanin su. Masu sanye da Mwe za su rungume kansu suna cewa "Tselie ra na". (Dan uwana ne kai. ) Wasu dattawa har yanzu suna ra'ayin cewa Kamwe yana nufin mutanen aljanna, mutane a kan tuddai, duwatsu har ma da sararin sama a Vecemwe. Akwai yaruka sama da 24 na Vecemwe (harshen Kamwe) amma Nkafa shine yaren tsakiya kuma an rubutu shi a rubuce-rubuce da adabi.
Mutanen Kamwe da harshen ana kiransu Higi (Higgi) a da. Dattawan Kamwe sun ce "Higgi" kalma ce ta wulakanci kuma cin mutunci ne ( Ngelai a yaren Vecemwe ) kuma kalmar wulakanci da aka samo daga "hagyi" ciyawar da maƙwabtansu Margi suka yi wa Kamwe lakabi da wulakanci, wanda a zahiri yana nufin "ciyawa" don yin ba'a. Kamwe a baya. Mafi akasarin mutanen Kamwe sun raina kalmar ‘Higgi’ na wulakanci sai dai wasu tsirarun mutanen yankin Dakwa (Bazza) wadanda asalinsu ‘yan asalin Margi ne. Domin kwarin da aka samo kalmar wulakanci daga ita "higgi" kwari ne maras fata a al'adar Kamwe da kadangaru da kwadi suke cinyewa saboda suna da rauni da rashin karfi. Mutanen Margi sun fara kiran mutanen Kamwe "Higi" a shekarar alif 1937.
Akwai yaruka ashirin da huɗu masu na yaren Kamwe da ake amfani dasu a yanzu. Yarukan Kamwe masu aiki sun haɗa da Nkafa, Dakwa, Krghea (wani lokaci ana kiranta Higgi Fali), Fwea, Humsi, Modi, Sina, da Tilyi; Blench ya ɗauki Psikye a matsayin wani sashi. Kowa na fahimtar yaren Nkafa kuma ana magana da shi. Kasancewar babban harshen gudanarwa da kasuwanci, da kuma al'adar adabi.
Yawancin Kamwe suna bayyana kansu da Mwe-ci-ka (Michika), gidan kakannin daukakin mutanen Kamwe. Sunan Mwecika (Michika) jimlar Nkafa ce wacce ke nufin ratsawa cikin shiru don farauta. Yana nuna yadda Kwada Kwakaa jarumin ke tafiya a hankali a kan tsaunin Michika don farautar wasanninsa. Kamwe a zahiri yana nufin mutane iri ɗaya "ƙulli da alaƙa". Mutanen Kamwe sun yi imani da Allah na samaniya da ake kira 'Hyalatamwe' Sadarwa da Hyalatamwe kai tsaye ba zai yiwu ba a al'adar Kamwe. Ana girmama Hyalatamwe kuma ana jin tsoro. Sadarwa tare da shi dole ne ta kasance ta hanyar masu shiga tsakani da ake kira "Da melie ko Tchehye shwa"
A cikin al'adar Kamwe, tsarin ƙabila yana wanzuwa yayin da ake rarraba mutanen Kamwe zuwa 'Melie da Ka-Ligyi'.
An ce wanda ya kafa Michika (Mwe-ci-ka) shine Kwada Kwakaa, yarima daga Kuli a Nkafamiya a kan tudun Michika. An ce Kwada Kwakaa jarumi ne mai farautar zaki da damisa shi kadai. Lokacin da mahaifinsa, wanda shine Sarki a Nkafamiya, ya san cewa Kwada 'kwa' 'kaa' ne, ya umurci Kwada ya zama sarki a Michika a yau.
Wani abin da ya bambanta al’adun Kamwe shi ne yadda ake sanya wa ‘ya’yansu suna bisa yadda uwar yaro ta haife shi/ta. Wani ɗa na farko ana sanya mai suna Tizhe, 'yar fari mace kuwa, Kuve. Yara goma na farko a al'adar Kamwe suna zuwa kamar haka:- Namiji na fari Tizhe, mace Kuve. Namiji na biyu shine Zira, mace kuma Masi. Namiji na uku Tumba, mace Kwarramba, na hudu namiji Vandi, mace kuwa Kwanye. Na biyar shi ne Kwaji ko namiji ko mace. Na shida shi ne Tari na namiji da Kwata na mace. Na bakwai shi ne sini namiji da Kwasini na mace. Yaro na takwas Kwada ga duka maza ko mata. Yaro na tara shine Drambi ga namiji da mace. Yaro na goma ana kiransa Kwatri ga yaro namiji da mace. Daga baya, kowane yaro zai sami kari da "hale" a maƙala da sunan da ke nuna cewa an haifi yaron a lokacin tsufa na uwa. Misali shine Kuve-hale ko Zira-hale kamar yadda lamarin ya kasance.
Ana bikin tagwaye ko 'ya'ya fiye da haka a al'adun Kamwe. Tagwaye suna da sunaye na musamman dangane da jinsi da wanda aka fara bayarwa. Tagwai namiji na farko ana kiransa Thakma, tagwai na biyu kuma shine Pembi. Tagwai mace ta farko ita ce Thakma, tagwai mace ta biyu kuma ita ce Kwalgha
Kafin zuwan tsarin shari'a na Yammacin duniya a Afirka musamman Najeriya, mutanen Kamwe suna da tsarin shari'a na Sarki mai suna "Mbege" a matsayin mai shari'a na kai tsaye. Ana kiran shari'a a harshen Kamwe da "Kita".
Domin inganta farfado da al'adu a Kamweland, bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara mai taken "Kamwe People Annual Cultural Festival of Art and Culture duk shekara ana yinsa ne a Michika Jihar Adamawa Najeriya kowace Asabar ta farko (1st) a cikin watan Afrilu na kowace shekara tun 2017. Anayi ne da nufin farfado da kyawawan al'adun Kamwe da jawo masu yawon bude ido daga nesa da kusa."
A lokacin bugu na farko a shekarar 2017, an gabatar da wani littafi mai suna 'Kamwe People of Northern Nigeria: Origin, History and Culture' wanda aka rabawa jama'a.
Bayanan kula
Roger Mohrlang. 1972. Higi phonology . Nazarin Harsunan Najeriya 2. Zaria: Cibiyar Nazarin Harsuna da Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Najeriya.
Harsunan Nijeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
31369 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwan%20gurabatattun%20Robobi | Ruwan gurabatattun Robobi | Ruwan gurbatattun robobi wani nau'i ne na gurɓataccen ruwa ta hanyar robobi, wanda ya bambanta da girman girman daga manyan kayan asali kamar kwalabe,da jaka, har zuwa microplastics da aka samo daga rarrabuwar kayan filastik. tarkacen ruwa an fi zubar da dattin ɗan adam wanda ke yawo a kai, ko kuma aka dakatar da shi a cikin teku. Kashi tamanin na tarkacen ruwa robobi ne. Matsalolin Microplastics da nanoplastics suna haifar da lalacewa ko lalatawar sharar filastik a cikin ruwan saman, koguna ko tekuna. Kwanan nan, masana kimiyya sun gano nanoplastics a cikin dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa, musamman game da tan 3000 da ke rufe Switzerland kowace shekara. An yi kiyasin cewa akwai tarin tarkacen ruwan robobi na tan miliyan 86 a cikin tekun duniya ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2013, inda aka yi zaton kashi 1.4% na robobin da ake samarwa a duniya daga 1950 zuwa 2013 sun shiga, cikin tekun kuma sun taru a can. An ƙiyasta cewa tan miliyan 19-23 na robobi na zubewa cikin halittun ruwa a cikin shekara. Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Tekun 2017 ya kiyasta cewa tekuna na iya ƙunsar nauyi a cikin robobi fiye da kifi nan da shekara ta 2050.
Tekuna suna gurɓatar da ɓarbashi na robobi masu girma daga manyan kayan asali kamar kwalabe da jakunkuna, har zuwa microplastics da aka samu daga rarrabuwar kayan filastik. Wannan abu yana raguwa a hankali ko kuma an cire shi daga cikin teku don haka barbashi na robobi a yanzu sun yaɗu a ko'ina cikin tekun kuma an san suna da illa ga rayuwar halittun ruwa. Jakunkuna na robobi da aka jefar, zoben fakiti guda shida, buhunan sigari da sauran nau'ikan sharar robobi da suka ƙare a cikin teku suna ba da haɗari ga namun daji da kamun kifi. Ana iya yin barazana ga rayuwar ruwa ta hanyar ruɗewa, shaƙewa, da sha.ref>Six pack rings hazard to wildlife . helpwildlife.com</ref> Tarun kamun kifi, wanda yawanci aka yi da filastik, masunta za su iya barin ko ɓace a cikin teku. An san shi da ragamar fatalwa, waɗannan kifaye masu haɗaka, dolphins, kunkuru na teku, sharks, dugongs, crocodiles, tsuntsayen teku, kaguwa, da sauran halittu, suna hana motsi, haifar da yunwa, laceration, kamuwa da cuta, kuma, a cikin waɗanda suke buƙatar komawa saman zuwa ga numfashi, shaƙewa. Akwai nau'ikan robobin teku daban-daban da ke haifar da matsala ga ruwa. An gano kwalabe a cikin kunkuru da tsuntsayen teku, waɗanda suka mutu saboda toshewar hanyoyin numfashi da na narkewar abinci. Rukunin fatalwa kuma nau'in robobin teku ne mai matsala saboda suna iya ci gaba da kama rayuwar ruwa a cikin tsarin da aka sani da "fatalwa kifi".
Mafi girma 10 da ke fitar da gurɓacewar filastik teku a duniya, daga mafi ƙanƙanta, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Masar, Malaysia, Nigeria, da Bangladesh, sun fi girma ta cikin kogin Yangtze, Indus., Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur, Niger, and the Mekong, da kuma lissafin kashi 90 cikin 100 na dukkan robobin da ke isa tekunan duniya. Asiya ita ce kan gaba wajen samar da sharar robobi da ba a sarrafa ba, inda China kaɗai ke da nauyin metric ton miliyan 2.4.
Filastik suna taruwa ne saboda ba sa lalacewa kamar yadda sauran abubuwa ke yi. Za su yi photodegrade a kan fallasa rana, amma suna yin haka da kyau kawai a ƙarƙashin yanayin bushe, kuma ruwa yana hana wannan tsari. A cikin mahalli na ruwa, robobin da aka lalatar da su yana tarwatsewa zuwa ƙananan ƙananan guda yayin da sauran polymers, har zuwa matakin ƙwayoyin cuta. Lokacin da ɓarbashi na filastik masu iyo suna yin hoto zuwa girman zooplankton, jellyfish yayi ƙoƙarin cinye su, kuma ta wannan hanyar filastik ta shiga cikin sarkar abinci na teku.
Magani ga gurɓataccen filastik na ruwa, tare da gurɓataccen filastik a cikin yanayin gaba ɗaya za a haɗa su tare da canje-canje a cikin masana'antu da ayyukan marufi, da raguwar amfani, musamman, samfuran filastik guda ɗaya ko gajere. Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa don tsaftace robobi a cikin tekuna ciki har da tarko ɓarɓashi na robobi a bakin kogi kafin shiga cikin teku, da kuma tsaftace magudanar ruwa.
Iyakar matsalar
Ana gane gurɓacewar ruwa da abubuwan filastik ke haifarwa a matsayin batu mafi girman girma, daga yanayin ƙazanta. Yawancin robobin da ake amfani da su a rayuwar yau da kullun na mutane ba a sake yin amfani da su, har zuwa kashi 90% kuma sama da tan miliyan 8 na sharar filastik ana jefa su cikin teku duk shekara. Idan aka ci gaba da haka, to nan da shekara ta 2050 za a samu robobi fiye da kifaye a duniya da nauyi. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na ƙarni, an ƙirƙiri ƙarin robobi fiye da duk filastik a tarihi har zuwa shekara ta 2000 kuma yawancin robobin ba a sake sarrafa su ba. Akwai kimanin nau'in filastik tiriliyan 15 zuwa 51 a cikin dukkan tekunan duniya da suka tashi daga saman teku zuwa benen teku. Tekuna su ne mafi zurfi a duniya kuma mafi fa'ida ta ruwa tare da matsakaicin zurfin filayen abyssal yana da kusan kilomita 4 ƙarƙashin matakin teku. Ƙarƙashin nauyi zai motsa a dabi'a da canja wurin kayan daga ƙasa zuwa teku, tare da tekun ya zama wurin ajiyar ƙarshe. Ɗaya daga cikin kiyasin samar da filastik na tarihi ya ba da adadi na metric tonnes (Mt) miliyan 8300 don samar da robobi na duniya har zuwa 2015, wanda kashi 79 cikin 100 an tara a cikin wuraren zubar da ruwa ko kuma yanayin yanayi. Kimanin tan miliyan 8 na sharar filastik na shiga cikin tekunan kowace shekara. A cewar ICUN, wannan adadin ya ƙaru zuwa tan miliyan 14 na filastik. Rashin gurɓataccen filastik na teku yana da ban mamaki don girman kasancewarsa, daga ramukan teku, a cikin zurfin ruwa mai zurfi, a kan tekun teku da ƙwanƙolin teku zuwa saman teku da gaɓar teku. Ko da tsibirin atolls masu nisa na iya samun rairayin bakin teku masu cike da robobi daga tushe mai nisa. A saman teku, tarkacen filastik yana mai da hankali a cikin sifofin madauwari na babban yanki, wanda ake kira da gyres ocean. Gine-ginen teku suna samuwa a cikin dukkan tekuna, saboda mu'amalar igiyoyin tekun na duniya. Magudanar ruwa na teku suna tattara sharar filastik a cikin gyres.
Ana ƙara ƙera robobi saboda sassauƙansu, gyare-gyare da halaye masu ɗorewa, wanda ke ba da filastik tare da ɗimbin aikace-aikace masu amfani. Filastik suna da matuƙar juriya ga tsarin yanayin yanayi wanda ke rushe wasu abubuwa da yawa a saman duniya. Tsarin teku, gami da guguwa, aikin igiyar ruwa, magudanar ruwa, hydration, da fallasa saman ga tsarin yanayin yanayi (misali iskar shaka) da hasken ultraviolet, ayan karya ɓarɓashi filastik cikin girma masu raguwa (sakamakon microplastics), maimakon organically narkewa. ko sinadarai canza kayan filastik. Ƙididdiga na jimlar adadin da nauyin robobi a cikin yankuna biyar na tekun gyre filastik sun kasance na tsari na ɓarɓashi tiriliyan 5.25 masu nauyin kusan tan 300,000. Rage girman ƙwayoyin filastik zuwa millimita da ƙananan ma'auni suna ba da damar filastik don daidaitawa a cikin ruwan teku mai zurfi, tare da watakila sau hudu fiye da filastik da ke ƙarewa a cikin sediments idan aka kwatanta da ruwan teku. Filastik yanzu wani bangare ne na hadaddun kemikal na kwayoyin halitta tare da rayayyun halittu, irin su cetaceans, tsuntsun teku, dabbobi masu shayarwa, da ƙwayoyin cuta, masu shigar da robobi.
Fiye da tan miliyan 300 na robobi ake samar da su kowace shekara, rabinsu ana amfani da su a cikin samfuran amfani guda ɗaya kamar kofuna, jakunkuna, da marufi. An kiyasta cewa tan miliyan 19-23 na robobi na zubewa cikin halittun ruwa a shekara. Ba shi yiwuwa a san tabbas, amma an kiyasta cewa akwai kimanin tan miliyan 150 na robobi a cikin tekunan mu. Gurbacewar robobi na samar da kashi 80% na duk tarkacen ruwa daga saman ruwa zuwa magudanan ruwa mai zurfi. Saboda robobi suna da haske, yawancin wannan gurɓacewar ana ganin su a ciki da wajen tekun, amma a halin yanzu ana samun sharar filastik da barbashi a mafi yawan wuraren zama na ruwa da na ƙasa, gami da teku mai zurfi, Manyan Tafkuna, murjani reefs, rairayin bakin teku, koguna, da rairayin bakin teku. Shaidar da ta fi daukar hankulan jama’a kan matsalar robobin teku ita ce tarkacen datti da ke taruwa a yankunan gyale. Gire shine madauwari mai da'ira ta hanyar iskar duniya da kuma ƙarfin jujjuyawar duniya. Akwai manyan ginshiƙan teku guda biyar: Arewa da Kudancin Pacific Subtropical Gyres, Arewa da Kudancin Tekun Atlantika Gyre, da Gyre Subtropical Tekun Indiya. Akwai mahimman facin datti a kowanne ɗayan waɗannan.
Manyan sharar robobi za a iya cinye su ta hanyar nau'in ruwa, suna cika cikinsu kuma ya kai su ga yarda cewa sun cika yayin da a zahiri ba su da wani abu na abinci mai gina jiki. Wannan na iya kawo tsuntsayen teku, Whales, kifi, da kunkuru su mutu saboda yunwa tare da cike da robobi. Hakanan ana iya shaƙa nau'in magudanar ruwa ko kuma a haɗa su cikin dattin filastik.
Babbar barazanar gurɓacewar filastik teku ta fito ne daga microplastics. Waɗannan ƙananan tarkace ne na tarkacen filastik, wasu daga cikinsu an samar da su don zama wannan ƙananan kamar microbeads. Sauran microplastics sun fito ne daga yanayin babban sharar filastik. Da zarar manyan sharar filastik sun shiga cikin teku, ko kowace hanyar ruwa, hasken rana, yanayin zafi, zafi, raƙuman ruwa, da iska suna fara karya robobin zuwa guntu mai tsayi fiye da millimita biyar. Hakanan za'a iya rushe robobi ta hanyar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda za su ci tarkacen robobi, su wargaje su ƙanƙanta, ko dai su fitar da waɗannan microplastics ko kuma su tofa su. A cikin gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje, an gano cewa amphipods na nau'in Orchestia gammarellus na iya cinye guntuwar buhunan robobi cikin sauri, tare da tarwatsa buhu ɗaya zuwa gaɓoɓin ɓangarorin microscopic miliyan 1.75. Duk da cewa robobin ya karye, amma har yanzu wani abu ne da mutum ya yi wanda ba ya lalacewa. An ƙiyasta cewa kusan kashi 90% na robobi a cikin mahallin marine pelagic sune microplastics. Wadannan microplastics ana yawan cinye su ta hanyar ƙwayoyin ruwa a gindin sarkar abinci, kamar plankton da tsutsa na kifi, wanda ke haifar da tarin filastik da aka ci sama da sarkar abinci. Ana samar da robobi ne da sinadarai masu guba, don haka wadannan abubuwa masu guba suna shiga cikin sarkar abinci na ruwa, ciki har da kifin da wasu mutane ke ci.
Nau'in tushe da adadin kuɗi
Sharar da robobin da ke shiga cikin teku yana karuwa kowace shekara tare da yawancin robobin da ke shiga cikin tekun suna cikin barbashi kasa da milimita 5. an kiyasta cewa akwai kusan tan miliyan 150 na gurbacewar filastik a cikin tekunan duniya, wanda aka ƙiyasta ya kai tan miliyan 250 a shekarar 2025. Wani bincike ya kiyasta cewa a cikin 2012, ya kai kusan tan miliyan 165. A shekara ta 2020 wani bincike ya gano cewa Tekun Atlantika ya ƙunshi robobi kusan sau goma fiye da yadda ake zato. Mafi girman nau'in gurɓataccen filastik guda ɗaya kuma yawancin manyan robobi a cikin teku ana watsar da su kuma ana asarar gidajensu daga masana'antar kamun kifi.
Hukumar Conservancy ta Ocean Conservancy ta bayar da rahoton cewa, Sin, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, da Vietnam suna zubar da robobi a cikin teku fiye da sauran ƙasashen duniya.
Wani bincike da aka yi kiyasin cewa akwai fiye da tiriliyan 5 na robobi (wanda aka siffanta su zuwa nau'o'i huɗu na ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, manyan microplastics, meso- da macroplastics) suna shawagi a teku. A cikin 2020, sabbin ma'auni sun sami fiye da ninki 10 na filastik a cikin Tekun Atlantika fiye da yadda aka yi ƙiyasin a can.
A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019, lokacin da bincike ya nuna yawancin gurbatar robobin teku suna fitowa ne daga jiragen dakon kaya na kasar Sin, mai magana da yawun tsaftar teku ya ce: “Kowa yana magana ne game da ceton tekunan ta hanyar dakatar da amfani da jakunkuna, bambaro da marufi guda daya. Wannan yana da mahimmanci, amma idan muka tashi a kan teku, ba lallai ba ne abin da muke samu ba."
Kusan kashi 20% na tarkacen filastik da ke gurbata ruwan teku, wanda ke fassara zuwa tan miliyan 5.6, ya fito ne daga tushen teku. MARPOL, yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa, "ta sanya cikakken hana zubar da robobi a teku". Jiragen ƴan kasuwa suna korar kaya, najasa, kayan aikin likita da aka yi amfani da su, da sauran nau'ikan sharar da ke dauke da robobi a cikin teku. A Amurka, Dokar Bincike da Kula da Gurɓatar Ruwa ta Ruwa ta 1987 ta hana fitar da robobi a cikin teku, gami da jiragen ruwa na ruwa. Jiragen ruwa da na bincike suna fitar da sharar gida da kayan aikin soja waɗanda ake ganin ba lallai ba ne. Sana'ar jin daɗi tana sakin kayan kamun kifi da sauran nau'ikan sharar gida, ko dai da gangan ko ta hanyar sakaci. Mafi girma tushen tushen gurbataccen robobi a cikin teku ana jefar da kayan kamun kifi (ciki har da tarkuna da taruna), an ƙiyasta ya kai kashi 90% na tarkacen filastik a wasu wurare.
Litattafan roba na nahiyoyi na shiga cikin tekun ta hanyar guguwar ruwa, da ke kwarara cikin magudanan ruwa ko kuma a watsar da su kai tsaye zuwa cikin ruwan bakin teku. An nuna robobi a cikin teku yana bin magudanar ruwa wanda a ƙarshe ya zama abin da ake kira Great Garbage Patches. Sanin hanyoyin da robobi ke bi a cikin magudanan ruwa na zuwa ne daga fadowar kwantena na bazata daga masu jigilar kayayyaki. Alal misali, a watan Mayun 1990 Jirgin Hansa, wanda ya tashi daga Koriya zuwa Amurka, ya rabu saboda guguwa, wanda ya haifar da dubban takalma da aka zubar; Waɗannan daga ƙarshe sun fara nunawa a gabar tekun yammacin Amurka, da Hawaii.
Tasirin microplastic da macroplastic a cikin teku ba a fuskantar kutse kai tsaye ta hanyar zubar da robobi a cikin halittun ruwa, amma ta gurbatattun koguna waɗanda ke kaiwa ko ƙirƙirar hanyoyin shiga tekuna a duk faɗin duniya. Koguna na iya yin aiki azaman tushen tushe ko nutsewa dangane da mahallin. Koguna suna karɓa kuma suna tattara yawancin filastik amma kuma suna iya hana kaso mai kyau shiga cikin teku. Koguna sune tushen gurɓacewar filastik a cikin yanayin ruwa suna ba da gudummawa kusan 80% a cikin binciken kwanan nan.
Adadin robobin da aka rubuta yana cikin teku ya yi ƙasa da adadin robobin da ke shiga cikin teku a kowane lokaci. A cewar wani binciken da aka yi a Burtaniya, akwai manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan macroplastic "manyan goma" waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mabukaci kawai (wanda ke cikin teburin da ke ƙasa). A cikin wannan binciken, an ƙidaya abubuwa 192,213 da aka ƙidaya tare da matsakaita na 71% kasancewa filastik kuma 59% sune abubuwan macroplastic masu alaƙa da mabukaci. Ko da yake gurbatar ruwa shine babban abin da ke haifar da gurbatar ruwan robobi a cikin ruwa, babu wani bincike da aka yi da kuma tattara bayanai na yawan gurbacewar da ke fitowa daga ruwa zuwa ruwa. Yawancin takardu sun kammala cewa akwai ƙarancin tattara bayanai na tarkacen filastik a cikin ruwa mai tsabta da kuma yanayin ƙasa, kodayake waɗannan sune manyan masu ba da gudummawa. Bukatar canjin manufofi a cikin samarwa, amfani, zubarwa, da sarrafa sharar gida yana da mahimmanci don rage adadin da yuwuwar filastik don shiga wuraren ruwa mai tsabta.
Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 1994 a kan gadon teku ta hanyar amfani da tarunan kwalwa a arewa-maso-yammacin Bahar Rum a kusa da gaɓar tekun Spain, Faransa, da Italiya, ya ba da rahoton ma'anar tarin tarkace na abubuwa 1,935 a kowace murabba'in kilomita. tarkacen filastik ya kai kashi 77%, wanda kashi 93% na buhunan filastik ne.
Tushen tushen gurɓacewar filastik teku
Ƙididdiga don gudummawar robobi na tushen ƙasa sun bambanta sosai. Yayin da wani bincike ya yi kiyasin cewa sama da kashi 80 cikin 100 na tarkacen robobi a cikin ruwan teku sun fito ne daga tushen ƙasa, wanda ke da alhakin kowace shekara. A cikin 2015, an ƙididdige cewa na sharar filastik an samar da shi a cikin ƙasashe 192 na bakin teku a cikin 2010, tare da shiga cikin teku - kashi na kawai har zuwa 5%.
A cikin wani binciken da Kimiyya ta buga, Jambeck et al ya kiyasta cewa 10 mafi girma masu fitar da gurɓata ce filastik na teku a duniya, daga mafi girma zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Masar, Malaysia, Najeriya, da Bangladesh.
Wata majiya da ta haifar da damuwa ita ce zubar da ƙasa . Yawancin sharar gida a cikin nau'in filastik a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa abubuwa ne masu amfani guda ɗaya kamar marufi. Yin watsi da robobi ta wannan hanya yana haifar da tarawa. Ko da yake zubar da sharar robobi a cikin wuraren shara yana da ƙasa da haɗarin hayaƙin iskar gas fiye da zubarwa ta hanyar ƙonawa, tsohon yana da iyakokin sarari. Wani abin damuwa shi ne cewa masu layin da ke aiki a matsayin matakan kariya tsakanin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa da muhalli na iya karyewa, ta haka za su zubar da guba da kuma gurɓata ƙasa da ruwa da ke kusa. Wuraren da ke kusa da teku sukan ba da gudummawa ga tarkacen teku saboda abubuwan cikin sauƙi ana share su kuma ana jigilar su zuwa teku ta hanyar iska ko ƙananan magudanan ruwa kamar koguna da koguna. Har ila yau, tarkacen ruwa na iya haifar da ruwan najasa wanda ba a kula da shi yadda ya kamata ba, wanda a ƙarshe ake kai shi cikin teku ta koguna. Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar abubuwan robobin da aka jefar ba daidai ba zuwa cikin tekuna ta cikin ruwa da mai haɗari.
Ƙananan Robobis
Babban damuwa game da gurɓataccen filastik a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa shine amfani da microplastics. Microplastics gefe ne na filastik ƙasa da faɗin milimita 5, kuma galibi ana samun su a cikin sabulun hannu, masu wanke fuska, da sauran abubuwan cirewa. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da waɗannan samfuran, ƙwayoyin microplastics suna bi ta hanyar tsarin tace ruwa zuwa cikin teku, amma saboda ƙananan girmansu da alama za su iya tserewa kamawa ta hanyar allon jiyya na farko akan tsire-tsire na ruwa. Waɗannan gefen suna da illa ga halittun da ke cikin teku, musamman masu tace abinci, domin suna iya shiga cikin sauki cikin robobi kuma su yi rashin lafiya. Microplastics suna da matuƙar damuwa saboda yana da wuya a tsaftace su saboda girmansu, don haka mutane na iya ƙoƙarin guje wa amfani da waɗannan robobi masu cutarwa ta hanyar siyan samfuran da ke amfani da abubuwan da ba su dace da muhalli ba.
Saboda ana amfani da filastik sosai a duk faɗin duniya, microplastics sun zama tartsatsi a cikin yanayin ruwa. Misali, ana iya samun microplastics akan rairayin bakin teku masu yashi da ruwan saman da kuma a cikin ginshiƙin ruwa da zurfin ruwan teku. Ana kuma samun nau'ikan halittun ruwa kamar matattun kayan halitta (nama da harsashi) da wasu barbashi na ƙasa (waɗanda iska ke hura su kuma a kai su cikin teku ta koguna). Bayan isa ga mahalli na ruwa, makomar microplastics tana ƙarƙashin direbobin da ke faruwa a zahiri, kamar iskoki da igiyoyin ruwa na saman teku. Samfuran ƙididdiga suna iya gano ƙananan tarkacen filastik (micro- da meso-robobi) da ke yawo a cikin teku, don haka yin hasashen makomarsu.
Microplastics suna shiga hanyoyin ruwa ta hanyoyi da yawa da suka haɗa da lalacewar fenti na titi, lalacewar taya da kurar birni da ke shiga magudanan ruwa, pellet ɗin robobi da suka zubo daga kwantena na jigilar kayayyaki, tarun fatalwa da sauran yadudduka na roba da aka zubar a cikin teku, kayan kwalliya da kayan wanki da ke shiga cikin ruwan najasa da kayan rigunan ruwa. a kan jirãge wulãkanci.
Wasu microplastics suna barin teku suna shiga iska, kamar yadda masu bincike daga Jami'ar Strathclyde suka gano a cikin 2020. Wasu sun kasance a saman teku; Microplastics suna da kashi 92% na tarkacen filastik a saman teku, a cewar wani bincike na 2018. Wasu kuma suna nutsewa zuwa saman teku. Hukumar kimiya ta kasa ta Ostiraliya CSIRO ta kiyasta cewa tan miliyan 14 na microplastics sun riga sun kasance a saman teku a cikin 2020. Wannan yana wakiltar ƙaruwa daga ƙiyasin 2015 cewa tekunan duniya sun ƙunshi metric ton dubu 93-236 na microplastics da kuma kiyasin 2018 na tan dubu 270.
Hukumar Conservancy ta Ocean Conservancy ta bayar da rahoton cewa, Sin, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, da Vietnam suna zubar da robobi a cikin teku fiye da sauran ƙasashen duniya.
Nazarin rarraba tarkacen filastik saman gabashin tekun Pacific (ba musamman microplastic ba, ko da yake, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, yawancin yuwuwar microplastic) yana taimakawa wajen kwatanta karuwar yawan robobi a cikin teku. Ta hanyar yin amfani da bayanai akan ƙwayar filastik ta saman (yankuna na filastik a kowace km 2 ) daga 1972 zuwa 1985 (n=60) da 2002-2012 (n = 457) a cikin yanki ɗaya na tara filastik, binciken ya gano ma'anar ƙimar ƙwayar filastik tsakanin saitin bayanai guda biyu, gami da haɓakar ninki 10 na 18,160 zuwa 189,800 na filastik a kowace kilomita 2 .
Microplastics na Arctic Ocean sun fito ne daga tushen Atlantic, musamman Turai da Arewacin Amurka.
Wani bincike ya gano cewa, an gano wasu na'urorin da ake kira da microplastics daga tekuna a cikin iskar teku.
An tabbatar da shigar da robobi ta halittun ruwa a cikin zurfin teku. An samo microplastic a cikin ciki na amphipods na magana da aka samo daga Japan, Izu-Bonin, Mariana, Kermadec, New Hebrides da kuma ramukan Peru-Chile. Amphipods na Mariana Trench an gwada su a 10,890 m kuma duk sun ƙunshi microfibres.
Microplastics na iya maida hankali a cikin gills da hanji na rayuwar ruwa kuma suna iya tsoma baki tare da halayen ciyar da su, yawanci yana haifar da mutuwa.
Ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin microplastics na iya yin babban tasiri akan hanyar samun abinci, don haka canza yanayin muhalli da ba da gudummawa ga asarar bambancin halittu . |
30140 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleh%20Skrypka | Oleh Skrypka | Oleg Yuriyovych Skrypka (yaren Ukraine, furuci [olɛɦ jur⁽ʲ⁾ijowɪtʃ skrɪpkɐ] ; yaren , pronounced [ɐlʲek jʉrʲjɪvʲɪtɕ skrʲipkɐ] ; An haife shi a ranar 24 May 1964) mawaƙi ne dan kasar Ukraine, mawaƙi, mawaki, kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Vopli Vidoplyasova.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Oleg Skrypka a Sovetabad (yanzu Ghafurov, Tajikistan ). Mahaifinsa Yuri Pavlovich (ya mutu ranar 30 ga watan Agusta 2015), masanin rediyo ne, ya zo daga , ƙauye ne a yankin Poltava na ƙasar Ukraine . Mahaifiyarsa Anna Alekseevna, malami, ta fito ne daga wani ƙaramin ƙauye a yankin Kursk na Rasha. A shekara ta 1972, dangin Skrypka sun koma yankin Murmansk na Rasha, saboda Anna ba ta son yanayin Tajik.
A shekara ta 1987, ya kammala karatunsa daga Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, kafa da dutsen kungiyar Vopli Vidopliassova (VV) a wannan shekarar tare da Yuri Zdorenko da Alexander Pipa na nauyi karfe band SOS da juna abokin Serhiy Sakhno. A cikin 1987, VV ya zama memba na Kyiv rock club, ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko a Kyiv rock festival "Rock-parade", fito da hit "i" (" rawa", ko "raye-raye").
A cikin 1990, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki rangadin Faransa da Switzerland, lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaridun Faransa, Le Monde, ya buga wani labari game da VV. Daga 1991 zuwa 1996, Oleg Skrypka, tare da tawagarsa, suka zauna a Faransa, kuma sun zagaya kasar. A cikin 1993, Zdorenko da Sakhno sun tafi kuma Skripka ya maye gurbinsu da mawakan Faransa. Sakhno zai dawo a 1997.
A cikin 1996, ya koma Kyiv kuma tun lokacin yana wakoki da yawa a Ukraine da kasashen waje. Kafin 2014, ya ziyarci Moscow akai-akai. A shekara ta 2000, VV ya yi a Riga, London, ya ba da wani kade-kade a Fadar Matasa ta Moscow, bayan haka - yawon shakatawa a biranen Siberiya .
A watan Janairun 2002 kungiyar ta zagaya Isra'ila da Portugal, kuma a watan Fabrairun wannan shekarar ta ba da wake-wake da yawa a New York. A 2003, sun yi wasa a Toronto.
A cikin shekara ta 2004, Skrypka yana ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya bikin Krayina Mriy, bikin ya fara tarihinsa ne shekaru 14 bayan waƙar da shekaru goma bayan kundin "VV" tare da suna iri ɗaya. Karkashin kulawar "Krayina Mriy" Oleg Skrypka shima yana da hannu wajen bugawa da ayyukan ilimi iri-iri. Skrypka shine wanda ya kafa wani biki na kiɗan rock na Ukrainian zamani - " Rock Sich ". Babban manufar bikin - don tallafawa al'adun dutse na kasa. Wannan babban birni da kawai bikin inda duka matakai uku suka ji kiɗan dutsen Ukrainian. (A cikin 2010, "Rock Sich" ya sami matsayi na bikin muhalli. Kuma daga 2013 bikin ya sami matsayi na duniya, ya zama dan Sweden-Ukrainian).
A 2007, Skrypka ya lashe matsayi na biyu a cikin aikin " Dances tare da taurari 2". A shekara ta 2009, gungun masu fafutuka sun yi ƙoƙarin tsayar da Skrypka a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasar Ukraine, amma ya ƙi nadin.
Yana magana da kyau yaren Ukraine, Rashanci, Turanci da Faransanci. Harshensa na farko shine Rashanci - bayyanarsa ta farko ga Ukrainian ya zo ne a cikin 1974, lokacin da ya tafi hutun dangi zuwa Giltsi. Bai zama mai ƙware da harshen Ukrainian ba sai 1994.
A cikin 2014, Skrypka ya bayyana a cikin wata hira da Rossiiskaya gazeta cewa shi da Vopli Vidopliassova ba za su sake yin wasa a Rasha. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya fice daga wani kade-kade da aka yi a Landan wanda kuma ya nuna shahararriyar mawakiyar Rasha Valeriya, inda ya bayyana cewa ba zai yi wasa a Rasha ba ko tare da Rashawa "muddin Rasha da Ukraine suna yaki".
A shekarar 2016, Skrypka da sauran ’yan wasa da dama na Ukrainian sun yi kira ga shugaban kasar Petro Poroshenko ya hana yada fina-finai da kade-kade na Rasha a cikin kasar, tare da hana shigowa da fina-finai da kade-kade na Rasha.
A cikin Afrilu 2017, an dauke shi yana bayyana cewa mutanen da ba sa jin yaren Ukrainian suna da "ƙananan IQs" kuma ya kamata a aika su zuwa " ghettoes ". Ya musanta cewa ya yi wadannan kalamai, amma faifan bidiyon ya bayyana. A ranar 22 ga wannan watan, dan wasan Rasha Vladimir Kuznetsov, na Vovan da Lexus shahararre ne ya kira Skrypka, wanda ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin Arsen Avakov, Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Ukraine. A yayin tattaunawar da aka yi da "Avakov", an yi wa Skrypka tambayoyi game da kalaman nasa, kuma ya zargi jaridar Ukrayinska Pravda da cire kalamansa daga cikin mahallin. Bai bayar da uzuri ba sai daga baya a daren, lokacin da ya gane an yi masa wasa. A cikin uzurin nasa, ya kuma bayyana cewa wannan kalaman batanci ba wai tsokanar da ake yi masa ba ne, a'a ga dukkannin kasar Ukraine.
kraine2001 — Inkoly (
2004 — Vidrada (
2009 — Serce u mene vrazilve (
2010 — Shchedryk (
2011 — Jorjina (
2011 — Humanisty (feat. Les Poderv'yansky) (
2016 — Ukrayina () (Nokturnal Mortum cover)
2001 - Maraice akan khutor kusa da Dikanka a matsayin maƙerin Vakula (
2002 - Cinderella as Troubadour (
2006 - Terkel a cikin Matsala (murya a cikin Ukrainian)
2006 - Carlson, wanda ke zaune akan rufin kamar Carlson (murya)
2007 - Milkmaid na Hatsapetivka as cameo (
2008 - Ranar Rediyo kamar yadda ya zo (
2008 - Alice Birthday a matsayin Farfesa Seleznev (
2012 - Bayan Makaranta a matsayin Ketchup (
2013 — My ermaid, y Lorelyay a matsayin ɗan sanda (
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Official site na band "
Krayina Mriy: Art Space Oleg Skrypka
"Vopli Vidopliassova" a shafin Krayina Mriy
Shafin Official Facebook
. A'a. 15 16-22.04.2010. C. 52-55.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1964
Mutane daga Ghafurov
Mutane daga Murmansk
Mawaka maza yan Ukraine na karni na 20
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
13316 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Oladunni%20Taylor | Grace Oladunni Taylor | Grace Oladunni Taylor (kuma ana kiranta da suna Grace Oladunni Lucia Olaniyan-Taylor) masaniyar ilimin halittu ce, wacce ta gabata a Jami'ar Ibadan, Nigeria . Ita ce mace ta biyu da aka shigo da ita a Cibiyar Ilimin Kimiyya ta Najeriya kuma Afirka ta farko ta ba da lambar yabo ta L’Oréal-UNESCO ga mata a Kimiyya .
Farkon rayuwa da karatu
Grace Oladunni Lucia Olaniyan an haife ta ne a Efon-Alaiye, jihar Ekiti, Nigeria, ga Elizabeth (née Olatoun) da RAW Olaniyan. Tsakanin shekarar 1952 zuwa 1956, daliba ce a makarantar Sarauniya ta Ede a cikin jihar Osun . Ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a shekarar 1957 a Kwalejin Kimiya da Kimiyya ta Nijeriya a Enugu kuma a shekara ta 1959 ta koma Kwalejin Ilimin Jami’ar Ibadan (yanzu Jami’ar Ibadan). Olaniyan ta kammala tare da girmamawa a shekarar 1962 tare da digiri a cikin ilmin sunadarai.
Aiki da bincike
Bayan kammala karatun digiri, ta fara aiki a Cibiyar Binciken Noma na Yanki (yanzu Cibiyar Nazarin Albarkatun Noma ta Kasa ) a Mashin Shuka a Ibadan .
A shekarar 1963, aka dauke ta a matsayin mataimakiyar mai bincike a Sashen Nazarin Kiba na Kwayoyi na Jami’ar Ibadan kuma ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin Pathology a shekarar 1969. A shekarar 1970, jami’ar ta dauke ta a matsayin malami sannan daga baya a shekarar 1975, ta yi aiki a matsayin jami’in bincike mai zurfi a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya ta Arewa maso yamma a Seattle, Washington . Ta dawo Jami’ar Ibadan kuma aka mata karin matsayin Babban Malama a 1975 kuma a shekarar 1979 ta bunkasa zuwa Karatun . Zuwa 1979, lokacin da ta fara wallafawa, ta auri Farfesa Ajibola Taylor. A shekarar 1980, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai binciken kimiyya a Sashen Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta na Jami’ar West Indies a Kingston, Jamaica sannan a shekarar 1984, an bunkasa Taylor zuwa cikakkiyar farfesa a fannin ilimin kimiyar halittu na Jami’ar Ibadan. A waccan shekarar, ta dawo don yin bincike na biyu a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya ta Arewa maso Yamma a Seattle kuma ta kammala aikin posting a matsayin masanin kimiyyar ziyartar Port of Spain, Trinidad a Sashen Nazarin Kiba na Kemikal. A shekarar 1990, aka dauki Taylor a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa a Farfesa a Makarantar Medicine na Jami'ar Zimbabwe da ke Harare kuma ya koyar a Sashen Nazarin Pathology. A 1991, ta dawo Jami'ar Ibadan inda daga 1991 zuwa 1994 ta kasance shugabar Sashen Kula da Kiwon Kwayoyi na Kiwoni, sannan kuma ta kasance mai ba da shawara kan girmamawa a Asibitin Kolejin Jami'ar, Ibadan. Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2004 amma ta ci gaba da karantarwa a Ibadan a Sashen Kula da Cututtukan Kemikal.
kwarewar ta ita ce nazarin lipids a cikin cututtukan zuciya da kwatankwacin ƙwayar cutar lipid ɗin ta tabbatar da cewa matakan cholesterol ba samfuri bane na tsere, a maimakon haka abinci da matakan motsa jiki. An ba ta lambar yabo da yawa saboda binciken da ta yi, wanda ya hada da Shell-BP Siyarwa a Chemistry, Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya, da Fulbright – Hays Fellowship, da Ciba-Geigy Fellowship, da ofungiyar Universungiyar Jami'o'in Afirka. An shigar da Taylor cikin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Najeriya a 1997, a matsayin mace ta biyu da ta taɓa karrama ta a matsayin rashin halarta. A shekarar 1998, an ba da lambar yabo ta L'Oréal-UNESCO don bayar da kyautar ga mace daya a yanki guda biyar na - Afirka da kasashen larabawa, Asiya-Pacific, Turai, Latin Amurka, Arewacin Amurka - saboda nasarar da suka samu ta kimiyya da gudummawarsu don inganta bil'adama. Taylor ita ce ta Afirka da ta karɓi kyautar ta L'Oréal-UNESCO Award don Mata a Kimiyya, zama Afirka ta farko da ta karɓi kyautar. A shekarar 2012, gwamnatin jihar Ekiti ta karrama ta saboda irin gudummawar da ta bayar wajen bayar da shawarwari da koyar da daliban likitanci.
Zaɓabbun ayyuka
Taylor, Grace Oladunni; Bamgboye, Afolabi E. (December 1979). "Magungunan cholesterol da cututtuka a cikin 'yan Najeriya" (PDF) . Jaridar nan ta Amurka ta Clinical Nutrition . 32 : 2540-25545. doi : 10.1093 / ajcn / 32.12.2540 .
Taylor, G. Oladunni; Agbedana, E. O.; Johnson, A. O. K. (May 1982). "Yawancin-yawan-lipoprotein-cholesterol a cikin abinci mai gina jiki-rashin abinci mai gina jiki" . Jaridar Burtaniya ta Ingilishi . Nungiyar Kula da Abinci. 47 : 489-494. doi : 10.1079 / BJN19820061 .
Taylor, Oladunni Grace; Ahaneku, Joseph Eberendu; Agbedana, Olu Emmanuel (October 1995). "Dangantaka tsakanin ma'aunin jiki (BMI) da canje-canje a cikin jimlar plasma da matakan HDL-cholesterol yayin lura da hauhawar jini a cikin marasa lafiyar na Afirka" (PDF) . Acta Medica Okayama . Makarantar Likita ta Jami’ar Okayama. 49 . ISSN 0386-300X . An makale daga asalin (PDF) akan 2016-02-01.
Taylor, Grace O; Orimadegun, Bose E.; Anetor, John I.; Adedapo, Deborah A.; Onuegbu, Jude A.; Olisekodiaka, Japhet M. (July–September 2007). "Increara yawan baƙin ƙarfe da ke haɗuwa da cututtukan zuciya na jijiyoyi a tsakanin tsoffin 'yan Najeriya" . Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences . Professionalwararrun Likitocin Ma'aikata. 23 : 518-55. ISSN 1681-715X .
Taylor, Grace Oladunni; Ebesunun, Maria Onomhaguan; Agbedana, Emmanuel Oluyemi; Oladapo, Olulola O. (September–December 2013). "Variations in plasma lipids and lipoproteins among cardiovascular disease patients in South-western Nigerians". Biokemistri . Societyungiyar foran Najeriyar Nazarin Ilimin Nazari 25 . ISSN 0795-8080 .
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Jerin Layi na WorldCat
Rayayyun Mutane |
9096 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Karai-Karai | Harshen Karai-Karai | Karai-Karai (Ajami: ) daya ne daga harsunan al'ummun Najeriya wanda ke cikin rukunin iyalan harsunan Afroasiatic. Jihohin da aka fi yawan magana da shi sun hada da jihohin Bauchi, Borno, Yobe, Gombe da sauransu. Mafi yawan wuraren da aka fi samun al'ummar da ke magana da wannan harshe akasari suna zaune ne a garuruwan da suke cikin yankin da ake kira Kasar Karai-Karai ko Daular Karai-Karai wanda ya kasance gurbin wurin da ke tsakanin yammacin tsohuwar Daular Borno da kuma gabashin Kasar Hausa wanda Kuma a yanzu ya kuma shafi garuruwan da a cikin su suka hada da Kukar-Gadu, Dagare, Maje, Potiskum, Fika, Nangere, Dambam, Kalam, Jalam, Gulani, Daya, Damagum, Gujba, Ngelzarma, Deba, Janda da kuma Misau duk a cikin Najeriya. Daga cikin ire-iren karin harshen akwai Birkai, Jalalum, Ngwajum, da kuma Pakarau.
Tarihin Harshe
Bayanin Asalin Suna
Alakar Harshe
Harufan Rubutu
Tsarin Sauti
Adabin Karai-Karai
Adabi shi ne abin da aka zayyana da ka ko a rubuce domin ya isar da sako ko bayar da labari. Ko ya kwaikwayi wani al'amari, ko ya bayyana halayen da zuciya take ciki, ko ya tattauna fasahohi da falsafofin rayuwa. Adabi tamkar madubi ne da ke nuna yadda rayuwa ke gudana, domin taimaka wa mutum ya karu da ilmin jiya domin gyaran yau da gobe, haka kuma adabi rumbu ne na ajiye ilmi da tarihi da sauran zamantakewar rayuwa domin amfanin al'umma. Har ila yau kuma, Adabi hoto ne da ke dauke da kwatankwacin rayuwa ta jiya da yau da kintatar gobe. Yana dauke da manufofinmu, yana tafe da matsalolinmu da fasalce-fasalcenmu da nuna mana rayuwa mai kyau da maras kyau. Wannan ne kuma ya sa wasu masanan ke nuni da cewa adabi shi ke gina Dan Adam, har ya zama mutum.
Duk wasu ayyukan fasaha da suka shafi sarrafa harshe da kaifafa tunani daga cikin rayuwar al'umma ta yau da kullum, da akan shirya don koyarwa, nusarwa, tunatarwa, zaburarwa, nishadantarwa da wasa kwanya. Dalili ke nan adabi kan kunshi kusan duk wasu harkokin rayuwar al'umma da zamantakewarsu. Domin bayan labaru da wakoki da wasanni, ya shafi zantukan hikima da sarrafa harshe da ake amfani da su cikin maganganu da tadi na yau da kullum.
Adabi, shi ne madubin ko hoton rayuwa na al'umma. Wannan, ya kunshi yadda al'adunsu, dabi'unsu, harshensu, halayyar rayuwarsu abincinsu, tufarsu, makwancinsu, huldodinsu, tunaninsu da ra'ayoyinsu da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi dabarun zaman duniya don ci gaba da rayuwa; kai har ma da abubuwan da suka shafi mutuwa. Rassan adabi na Bakarkarai sun hada da: Wak'a, Azanci, Tatsuniya, Almara, Hikaya, K'issa, Tarihi, Labari, Barkwanci da sauransu.
Tatsuniyoyin Karai-Karai
Tatsuniya, kagaggun labarai ne wadanda ba su faru a gaske ba, wanda Karai-Karai kan shirya don annashuwa da hira. Tatsuniya, tana da amfani, domin a lokacin da (zamanin da ya shude), lokacin da ilimi da karatu ba su samu ba a kasashen Karai-Karai, tatsuniyoyi da labaru, su ne makarantar ‘ya’yan Karai-Karai, inda suke koyon tarbiyya ko halayen kirki, hani kan miyagun halaye da kuma dabarun zaman duniya, kamar dabarun kare kai, samun abinci, da sauransu. Kuma tatsuniya, tana ba da nishaɗi da raha.
Tun zamanin iyaye da kakanni aka budi ido aka tarar da al'ummar Karai-Karai sun yi riko da tatsuniya a matsayin wata hanya ta rainon 'ya'yan su wajen koya musu jarumta, dabaru da sauran muhimman darussan rayuwa. Ga misalin daya daga tatsuniyoyin da al'ummar Karai-Karai suke yi wa yaran su a lokutan dare karkashin hasken farin wata mai suna Tatsuniyar Kura Da Dila.
Zanjai Ka Auyaku
Dindeno tiku! – Marza!
Dindeno na la ɗina bai sai ɗayi a ka ta zanjai ka auyaku. To zanjai ka auyaku na tingenasu a fula waɗi, na tingenasu a fula waɗi, ka ba hnna yakara manga bai, muttan yakarasu a fula waɗi kawai, ka ba damfara nga bai. Shikenan sai na biti na biti, sai zanjai barhnni da a ka ta hnni da na la wala a markau su walanka marka ɓi ye su gamati kasu mikesu ɗawe a fula waɗi.
To ndanekau, sai zanjai da doku ta zanjai men ma yanate na rere, ma auyaku kuwa ndibkau men hnni a ka ta sabun. To ganyatansunakau a gi markau. Ndankam sai zabnasu a benu. Zabanasuku a benu, dusu kuwa yananekau dokun su waɗi a bo sabun waɗi kuwa a zinci ta rere. Kuma doku ma zanjai na kumɓaci, doku ma auyaku kuwa na simeri.
To ndenekau ransuku a benu, na gaɓu ta ifisu, na gaɓu ta ifisu, auyaku na meni ka ada kaɗinko bai, sai nayi shiri ma muna ɓai ma damfarasu ne, gi mandi sa ifiyi ye, sai cirɗi a zu ben ma ɗakai, saka ya sai cirɗaka ifi, ngayam kuwa na zu gugutu ta men hnni. To akau njamtakau, sai ndala kwaro ndetu da to dama su mayakasu ne. Ndenekau burane ganga ma dan-dan-kirin, ku mento men yutaka ka dan-dan kirin kuwa tanka ka tikau a ben, ka gi ta fate bai, sai mukau faɗeke.
To dukwane ganga, dukwane ganga. Raneka a benu tanka kasu, sai auyaku badi bi mandi sa cirɗeke lim hnniíi. To eli caɓtakau, sai fate hnni gazal. Anya sai tilɗi dokuhnni ka ka ta sabun kulaɓ, sai ɗayi a bai doku niya, zanjai tanka ka hnni, reneka ɓuri ya ka hnni fateka bai. Na gubɗuhnni na ruru, na gubɗuhnni na ruru, fatene daka-daka hnni. Ndenekau a naka doku ka zu zinci, zinci kuɗka dabe. Kafin baɗi doku hnni ma gubɗu tlanninki. Baɗene doku, doku na jo bai, karshaɓ-karshaɓ a zu yali. Zanjai dai tlaɗanehnni hande hnni sosai.
Ndeneka a kwaro sai lamne baba auyaku a kwaro, sai da, “Na barne yasi a muni fa, na barne yasi a muni sosai, na gubɗenesunakau.” Kane gubɗa hnni.
Ndenekau, sai auyaku wali a kwar ta Meto cirka kwitato. Cirne kwita ye waleneka ya na haɗu ta mento. Zanjai ikaye sai nayi boni ka aiku ma kwita, sai zanjai zaitu lewi hnni a asa yasi ka caɗ ta auyaku barahnni kwita. Lewi walikau, sai zabka kwita yi a bo hnni, sai zanjai limfati bo lewi sai da, “Ka waine menkayam kaye?”
Da, “Ka caɗ ta baba auyaku.”
Da, “To, ɗaci na la.” Ndeneka a gi baba auyaku, da, “To, gi bandi ka waika menkaíi, ka la alane a don mu wali.”
Da, “Um, um! Na waikau ka kwar ta Meto fa!”
Da, “A’a! Kwar ta Metai ma, hnno na lano.”
Da, “To, yeti shiri mu wali, amma sai ka girawa.”
Jaga baɗa bai sai zanjai alka yasi a zu gadlai hnni, sai zayi tabi a far ta baka hnni, sai dukwa tabi buk-buk-buk-buk, da sa kwakwayrako ma gaja da jagau baɗatakau. Ndenekau, sai auyaku da, “O’o, jaga baɗa bai!”
Ndehnni sai da jagau baɗatakau, sai wali, to, bo kwarai. [Baba auyaku da],… “To, bo kwarai [ma Meto] kafuna ye, sai ka ɓalu caca ɓelu, waɗi ma afe, waɗi ma fate.” Saida ndenekau, auyaku na don, sai da, “Bo kwaro anana warai!” Sai bo kwarai afatau.
Bo kwaro afatakau, sai gaɗasu, sai da, “Bo kwaro ngirki-ngiriɗ!” Sai bo kwaro fato a kasu.
Ndankau yanekau ba ta ɓanasu, sai da, “To, fatoma tum.” Zanjai da sa fate bai se sa kumka gam. Ku mento ro, hnni ba mbamba, da se sa waine gam. Auyaku yetu cirot sai da, “Anana warai!”, sai bo kwaro afatau, sai fatahnni, sai da, “Bo kwaro ngirki ngiriɗ!”, sai yarata a ka ta zanjai.
To fataka, zanjai ndenekau ka bo tame da, “Anana warai!”, sai da, “Ngirki ngiriɗ!”, bo kwaro sai na shaɗe a ka hnni, na tlaɗe a ka hnni. “Bo kwaro gitlki gitliɗ! Bo kwaro gitlki gitliɗ!” Ka bai.
Sai Ama Meto nanna. Meto ndenekau, zanjai rahnni aka ta jigum ma indinto. Dama yeka indinto a aka ta jigum wadi. Sai zanjai rahnni akai, sai ndetu yeni indin a ka hnni, sai ale ruru aka ta jigum yi. Sai da, “Aka ta jigum hnno ka nga?!” Sai astu zanjai alese a mala sai lewai nguni a zuni ka jibo dadakese sosai.
Walneka kwaro, kane auyaku na tingenonni a ka ta gunja na ɗimihnni, sai na gaɗe da, “Kawulele ma ka ta gunja, na gaɗi bi?”
Sai da, “Sai ka bareno kwita.” Sai barni kine mandi na gi hnni.
Sai auyaku kiye donni, kayahnni, ndai, tingi a donni, sai da tame, “Kawulele ma ka ta gunja, na gaɗi ko na gaɗi bai?”
Da, “Sai ka barneno kwita.” Sai ka gida ɓi, ka gida ɓi, sai da gutu kwita ma gi hnni kap, sai kayehnni a wale a kwaro ka jojo.
Ndenekam, sai lamse da, “Kai, baba auyaku, ankun na yene gubɗu a Metom, dita ɓi, ankun na kine bai. Na taka ’yenetakau sosai, tati ka aguwa. Meton, ka kala labarto ye, kai, Metai, ami ditau wam bai!” Sai da, “To, har yene ishe!” Kane, gubɗanehnni har yene ishe ma.
Sai auyaku da, “Ance, ishe ma Metai, kamatikau mu kastuka sorum a kayi.” Sai kume buto walanekau. Da, “Naye, isheyi?”
Da, “Ayam.” Tima isheyi, da, “Yar na kase sorum akayi.”
Da, “A’a, ka kase a ka ta ami bai. Ka ba ta muno cilis wadi!”
Ndanka a bice, na la kasa ya, da, “A’a, ka kase a ka ta ami bai. Ka muno cilis wadi!” Sai da, “Kai! Menkai baya gubɗane dikau ka bi kuwa!” Daci.
Dindeno wayatako.
Wakokin Karai-Karai
Waka tana daya daga cikin dadaddun al’adu na al’ummar Karai-Karai wanda suka dauke ta da muhimmanci kwarai dagaske. Kamar dai yadda aka sani ita wakar baka zance ne sarrafaffe, aunanne wanda ake aiwatar da shi ta bin hawa da saukar murya, mai zuwa a gunduwoyin layuka da ake rerawa bisa wani daidaitaccen tsari, a wani lokacin ma har da kida. Irin wadannan wakoki dai Karai-Karai sun fara yin su tun kafin ma shigarsu cikin addinin Musulunci. Wakoki ne wadanda suka hada da: Wakokin Bukukuwa, Wakokin Mata da kuma Wakokin Yara. Ga wasu misalan wakokin na Karai-Karai wadanda suke yin su a bangarori dabam-daban tun zamanin kaka da kakanni:
WA TA AKWARO (WAKOKIN AURE)
BADINE NA LATO
1a Ayye yawo badine na lato,
1b Ayye yawo badine na lato.
2a Ayye yawo badine ndala bento,
2b Ayye yawo badine ndala bento.
3a Ayye yawo gajino na lato,
3b Ayye yawo gajino na lato.
4a Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai,
4b Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai.
5a Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai,
5b Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai.
6a Ayye yawo badine walika ma,
6b Ayye yawo badine walika ma.
7a Ayye yawo badine na lato,
7b Ayye yawo badine na lato.
8a Ayye yawo badine na lato,
8b Ayye yawo badine na lato.
WA TA ASA KA (WAKOKIN YABO)
ABU ARUFE
ABU ARUFE (Irin Dawa)
1 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 2X
2 Jarime malum teneka alwashi,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 2X
3 Jarime na Boza alwashi na Daya,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya.
4 Adir siba yalo, siye suba nyonyo,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya.
5 Su e suba yalo, su e suba nyonyo,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya.
6 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya.
7 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya.
8 Su e suba yalo, su e suba nyonyo,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya.
9 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya.
10 Jarime malum teneka alwashi,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya.
Karin Maganar Karai-Karai
Karin magana salo ne na yin magana takaitacciya kuma dunkulalliya wacce ke dauke da ma’ana mai fadi dan isar da saƙo ta cikin hikima. Akan yi amfani da wannan salo wajen yin nuni, gargadi, yabo, ƙarfafa gwiwa, da sauransu duk a hikimance, ta yadda kusan in ba cikakken Bakarkarai ba, fahimar wannan zance yana da wahala. Don ba kowa ne zai iya gane ta ba tare da an yi masa cikakken bayani ba. Amma yau da gobe da kuma yawan amfani da ita, musamman a zamunan da suka shude, da ake yawan tsarma ta a cikin zance, sai ya zama shi Bakarkarai yana iya gane abinsa.
Misalan Karin Maganar Karai-Karai:
1) A dar ta yaɗi ma nanu, saka ma dike.
A rashin nonon uwa, ake shan na Kaka.
2) Akata wada ma daci se biradaka gabi.
Don tuwon gobe ake wanke tukunya.
3) Am ma ‘yasi mem ma kawa ma dindi bai.
Ruwan zafi ba wajen was an kwado ba ne.
4) Ba darta jire, ko na amu na ina bikuru.
Marar gaskiya ko a cikin ruwa sai ya yi gumi.
5) Ba haɗu simeri ye tu jojo.
Kowa ya ci zomo, ya ci gudu.
6) Ba rabo ma sina jibo kaleka caca bai, se sako.
Mai rabon shan duka,
7) Bilan ma zu adimo.
Kyan dan maciji
8) Baranka sipa lo a zanjai.
An bawa Kura rabon nama.
9) Bara ɗatu a bai akau.
Da babu gar aba daɗi
10) Gam bai biɗanka ulai.
Bar kirga kwan kazarka kafin ta kinkishe
11) Bai mala malɗa-maɗde> dindi ngataka am ma ‘yasi.
Duniya juyi-juyi kwado ya fada a ruwan zafi.
12) Ba tom ma ido manzai ceka zawani kaɗe.
Mai hawaye a nesa sai ya fara kukansa da wuri.
13) Tiɗa ka indi dane waike bai, dawadi ko a ‘yali se tiɗe.
Ba kullum ake kwana a gado ba.
14) Sammana ma zimbilim, teɗi fiska.
Labarin zuciya a tambayi fuska.
15) Saka isheni bai sai ka basa.
Duk wanda ya sha zuma ya sha harbi.
16) Riya ma wadi kwar ta wadi.
Gidan wani, Dajin wani.
17) Rai gidi goro, ndala futu.
Rai kamar goro ne, yana bukatar shan iska.
18) Nguzumur ngusi a da.
A bar Kaza a cikin gashin ta!
19) Ndirama ‘yai sorim a ka hnni ba!
Idan boka na magani, ya yiwa kansa.
20) Ndagai gamatuka ido ka taɗu.
Allah Ya hada ido da bacci.
Kacici-Kacicin Karai-Karai
Kacici-kacici, reshe ne na sarrafa harshe wanda yara kan yi ta hanyar tambaya da amsa. Wasu masanan na yi masa kallon shiryayyun tambayoyi ne da kan zo a gajarce na hikima masu daukar fasali ayyananne da ke bukatar bayar da amsoshi. Akasari yaran Karai-Karai na yin kacici-kacici ne a lokaci daya da tatsuniya wanda wasu kan buɗe hirar da shi, sannan kuma tatsuniyoyi su biyo baya, a wasu lokutan kuma yakan zo a karshe, wanda idan an dauki kacici-kacici mai kama da waka ne, ana zuwa karshensa kowa sai ya watse.
Wannan nau’i na sarrafa harshe, yana da matukar muhimmaci ga yara. Saboda yana taimakawa yara wajen kaifafa tunaninsu. Sannan kuma yana koyawa yara iya magana ta fuskar bayar da amsar da ta dace ga kowace tambaya. Haka nan yana koya wa yara yin tunani kafin yanke hukunci, saboda a wasu lokutan sai an yi nazari kafin a iya bayar da amsar tambayar, inda kuma ba amsa sai a ce an ba da gari. Wato an sallama ba za a iya ba, a nan kuma sai shi mai tambayar ya fadi amsa, wanda wannan yana koyar da yara sanin duk abin da ya gagari mutum, to za a iya samun mai yi.
Yaran Karai-Karai suna yin kacici-kacici ne ta hanyar tambaya da amsa. Mutane biyu, ko fiye da haka ne ke yinsa. Ɗaya na tambaya saura kuma suna amsawa.
Misalan Kacici-Kacicin Bakarkarai
1. Kwam ma kwar timu waleka dawai ka rici na nnaye ka ‘yari.
2. Na la riya, riya na zirahnno.
3. Na je daji, daji na yi mini dariya.
4. Baba na ben, bagwaja na mala.
5. Baba na daka gemunsa na waje
6. Na biraɗu ɗayi na zaka bo pati amma bika bai.
7. Na wanke tukunyata, na shanya a rana amma taki bushewa.
8. Kwamai hnno dibu, zor ta yanda sine wadi.
9. Shanu na dubu madaurin su daya.
10. Na la riya na kaleka zawa ma beno Garabi.
11. Aya maiwa fataru birazato.
12. Ai gunja ai gunja sai simeri pati bik!
13. Men ta kwar timu gwani ‘yararai.
14. Kukkuruk ka rugde.
15. Lewai ma baba lauke ka hnni ka polo ka polo.
16. Na birku bai kwaro na kumtu insa ma kwakware.
17. Ben ma bazin ka bo bai.
18. Na biradu dayi na zaka bo pati amma bika bai.
19. Ndaru ngunak ngunadi.
20. Tara ma baba maiwa, tugum ma akata wadi tak.
Harsunan Nijeriya
Harsunan Chadic |
30257 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20yara | Haƙƙoƙin yara | Haƙƙoƙin yara wani yanki ne na haƙƙin ɗan adam tare da kulawa ta musamman ga haƙƙoƙin kariya da kulawa ta musamman da ake ba wa yara ƙanana. (Kada a rude da hakkin Matasa ). Yarjejeniyar kare hakkin yara ta shekarar 1989 (CRC) ta bayyana yaro a matsayin "duk wani dan Adam da bai kai shekara sha takwas ba, sai dai idan a karkashin dokar da ta shafi yaron, an samu rinjaye a baya." Haƙƙoƙin yara sun haɗa da haƙƙin haƙƙin haɗin gwiwa tare da iyaye biyu, ainihin ɗan adam da kuma abubuwan buƙatu na kariya ta jiki, abinci, ilimin da ake biyan kuɗin ƙasa na duniya, kula da lafiya, da dokokin laifuka waɗanda suka dace da shekaru da haɓakar ɗan yaro, daidaitaccen kariyar. 'yancin ɗan adam, Kuma da 'yanci daga nuna bambanci dangane da launin fata, jinsi, yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi, asalin ƙasa, addini, nakasa, launi, ƙabila, ko wasu halaye. Fassarorin haƙƙoƙin yara sun bambanta daga ba wa yara damar yin aikin kai tsaye zuwa tilasta wa yara su kasance a zahiri, Sannna Kuma hankali da tunani ba tare da cin zarafi ba, kodayake abin da ya ƙunshi “zagi” lamari ne na muhawara. Sauran ma'anar sun haɗa da haƙƙin kulawa da renon yara. Babu wani ma'anar wasu kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su don kwatanta matasa kamar " matasa ", "matasa", ko " matasa " a cikin dokokin duniya, amma ana ɗaukar ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin yara daban da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin matasa . Fannin kare hakkin yara ya ta'allaka ne a fagen shari'a, siyasa, addini, da kyawawan halaye.
A matsayin yara ƙanana bisa doka, yara ba su da 'yancin kai ko 'yancin yanke shawara da kan su a kowane yanki da aka sani na duniya. Kuma Madadin haka masu kula da su manya, gami da iyaye, ma'aikatan jin daɗin jama'a, malamai, ma'aikatan matasa, da sauransu, an ba su ikon wannan ikon, gwargwadon yanayin. Wasu na ganin cewa wannan yanayin na ba wa yara rashin isasshen iko kan rayuwarsu kuma yana sa su zama masu rauni. Louis Althusser ya yi nisa da siffanta wannan na'ura ta doka, Sannna kamar yadda ta shafi yara, a matsayin "na'urorin gwamnati na danniya".
Wasu masu sharhi sun gudanar da tsare-tsare irin su manufofin gwamnati don rufe hanyoyin da manya ke cin zarafi da cin zarafin yara, Kuma wanda ke haifar da talaucin yara, rashin samun ilimi, da aikin yara . A kan wannan ra'ayi, ya kamata a dauki yara a matsayin 'yan tsiraru wanda al'umma ke buƙatar sake duba yadda take.
Masu bincike sun gano yara suna bukatar a gane su a matsayin masu shiga cikin al'umma waɗanda ke buƙatar sanin haƙƙinsu da alhakin su a kowane zamani .
Ma'anonin tarihi na haƙƙoƙin yara
Sir William Blackstone shekarata ya gane ayyuka uku na iyaye ga yaro: kulawa, kariya, da ilimi. A cikin harshen zamani, yaron yana da hakkin ya karbi waɗannan daga iyaye.
Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya ta amince da <i id="mwWg">Yarjejeniyar Geneva na 'Yancin Yara</i> a shekarata , wanda ya nuna 'yancin yara don karɓar abubuwan da ake bukata don ci gaba na al'ada, hakkin yaron da ke fama da yunwa don ciyarwa, 'yancin yaron mara lafiya ya sami lafiya. DA Kuma kula, da hakkin dan baya a kwatowa, hakkin marayu na matsuguni, da hakkin kariya daga amfani.
Yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shekarar a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 25 ta amince da bukatar uwa da yara zuwa "kariya ta musamman da taimako" da 'yancin dukkan yara na samun "kariyar zamantakewa".
Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da hakkin yara a shekarata , wanda ya zayyana ka'idoji goma don kare hakkin yara, ciki har da haƙƙoƙin duniya baki ɗaya, Kuma 'yancin samun kariya ta musamman, da yancin kariya daga wariya., da sauran hakkoki.
Yarjejeniyar fayyace hakkin yara ta kara fitowa fili a cikin shekaru hamsin da suka gabata. Wani bugu da Hillary Clinton ta buga a shekarata 1973 (sai lauya) ta bayyana cewa yancin yara “laka ne mai bukatar ma’ana”. A cewar wasu masu bincike, har yanzu ba a fayyace ra'ayin 'yancin yara ba, inda a kalla daya ke nuni da cewa babu wata ma'ana ko ka'idar hakkin da yara ke da shi.
Ana ayyana dokar haƙƙin yara a matsayin wurin da doka ta haɗu da rayuwar yaro. Wannan ya haɗa da laifuffuka na yara, tsarin da ya dace ga yara masu hannu a cikin tsarin shari'ar laifuka, wakilcin da ya dace, da kuma ingantaccen sabis na gyarawa; kulawa da kariya ga yara a kulawar jihar; tabbatar da ilimi ga duk yara ba tare da la'akari da launin fata, jinsi, yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi, asalin ƙasa, addini, nakasa, launi, ƙabila, ko wasu halaye ba, da kuma; kiwon lafiya da shawarwari.
Yara suna da nau'ikan haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam iri biyu a ƙarƙashin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya . Suna da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na gama-gari kamar manya, kodayake wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, kamar haƙƙin aure, suna nan kwance har sai sun girma, Na biyu kuma, suna da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na musamman waɗanda suka wajaba don kare su a lokacin tsirarunsu. haƙƙin ɗan adam, ’yanci daga wulakanci, rashin tausayi, ko wulaƙanci, da yancin samun kariya ta musamman lokacin ƙuruciya . Haƙƙin ɗan adam na musamman na yara sun haɗa da, Kuma a tsakanin sauran haƙƙoƙin, yancin rayuwa, yancin suna, yancin bayyana ra'ayinsa a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi yaro, 'yancin yin tunani, lamiri da addini, ' yancin kula da lafiya, ' yancin samun kariya daga cin zarafi na tattalin arziki da jima'i, da ' yancin ilimi .
Ana fayyace haƙƙoƙin yara ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da nau'ikan haƙƙoƙin farar hula, siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu . Sannna Kuma Hakkoki sun kasance nau'i biyu na gama-gari: masu ba da shawara ga yara a matsayin masu cin gashin kansu a ƙarƙashin doka da kuma masu yin da'awar a kan al'umma don kariya daga cutarwa da ake yi wa yara saboda dogaro da su. Waɗannan an lakafta su a matsayin haƙƙin ƙarfafawa da kuma haƙƙin kariya .
Jagororin ilimi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na yara sun rarraba haƙƙoƙin da aka zayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara a matsayin "3 Ps": Samarwa, Kariya, da Shiga. Ana iya fayyace su kamar haka:
Samar da: Yara suna da hakkin samun isasshen yanayin rayuwa, kula da lafiya, ilimi da ayyuka, da wasa da nishadi . Waɗannan sun haɗa da daidaitaccen abinci, gado mai dumi don kwana a ciki, da samun damar zuwa makaranta .
Kariya: Yara suna da hakkin samun kariya daga cin zarafi, sakaci, cin zarafi da wariya. Wannan ya haɗa da haƙƙin wurare masu aminci don yara su yi wasa; ingantacciyar dabi'ar tarbiyyar yara, sannan da kuma yarda da iyawar yara masu tasowa .
Shiga: Yara suna da 'yancin shiga cikin al'ummomi kuma suna da shirye-shirye da ayyuka don kansu. Wannan ya haɗa da shigar yara cikin ɗakunan karatu da shirye-shiryen al'umma, ayyukan muryar matasa, da haɗa yara a matsayin masu yanke shawara.
Hakazalika, Ƙungiyar kare hakkin yara ta kasa da kasa (CRIN) ta kasafta haƙƙoƙin zuwa rukuni biyu:
Haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, masu alaƙa da yanayin da ake buƙata don biyan buƙatun ɗan adam kamar abinci, matsuguni, ilimi, kula da lafiya, da samun aikin yi. Sannna Kuma Haƙƙin haƙƙin ilimi, isassun gidaje, abinci, ruwa, mafi girman ma'auni na lafiya, haƙƙin yin aiki da haƙƙoƙin aiki, da haƙƙin al'adu na tsiraru da ƴan asalin ƙasar.
Haƙƙoƙin muhalli, al'adu da ci gaba, waɗanda wasu lokuta ana kiransu " haƙƙin ƙarni na uku ", gami da 'yancin rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai aminci da lafiya kuma ƙungiyoyin jama'a suna da haƙƙin ci gaban al'adu, siyasa da tattalin arziki.
Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta kasa da kasa Amnesty International ta fito fili ta ba da shawarar kare hakkin yara guda hudu da suka hada da kawo karshen tsare yara kanana ba tare da neman afuwa ba, kawo karshen daukar yara aikin soja da kawo karshen hukuncin kisa ga mutanen kasa da shekara 21, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hakkin dan Adam a cikin aji . Human Rights Watch, kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta kasa da kasa, ta kuma hada da aikin yara, adalcin yara, marayu da yaran da aka yi watsi da su, 'yan gudun hijira, yara kan titi da kuma azabtar da jiki .
Nazarin ilimi gabaɗaya yana mai da hankali kan haƙƙin yara ta hanyar gano haƙƙoƙin mutum ɗaya. Sannan Kuma Hakkoki masu zuwa "ba da damar yara su girma cikin koshin lafiya da 'yanci": ]
'Yancin magana
'Yancin tunani
'Yanci daga tsoro
'Yancin zabi da ' yancin yanke shawara
Mallaka akan jikin mutum
Hakkokin jiki
Wani rahoto da kwamitin kula da harkokin jama’a da lafiya da ci gaba mai dorewa na Majalisar Dokokin Tarayyar Turai ya fitar, ya bayyana wurare da dama da kwamitin ya damu da su, da Kuma suka hada da hanyoyin da suka hada da “kaciyar mata, kaciya ga yara maza saboda dalilai na addini. ayyukan likitanci na yara kanana game da yaran da ke tsakanin jima'i da kuma mika wuya ga ko tilasta wa yara yin huda, jarfa ko tiyatar filastik". Majalisar ta amince da kudurin da ba ya dawwama a cikin shekarata 2013 wanda ya yi kira ga kasashe mambobinta 47 da su dauki matakai da yawa don inganta mutuncin yara.
Mataki na sha tara 19 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Yara ya umurci bangarori da su "daukar duk matakan da suka dace na majalisa, gudanarwa, zamantakewa da ilimi don kare yaron daga duk wani nau'i na tashin hankali na jiki ko tunani, rauni ko cin zarafi, sakaci ko kulawa, zalunci ko rashin kulawa ko rashin kulawa. amfani". Kwamitin kare hakkin yara ya fassara labarin 19 a matsayin haramta azabtar da jiki, yana yin tsokaci game da "wajibi na dukan Jihohin Jam'iyyar don matsawa da sauri don haramtawa da kawar da duk wani hukunci na jiki." Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kuma fassara sashe na 7 na yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa da ya haramta " zalunci, cin zarafi ko wulakanci ko hukunci" ga yara, gami da azabtar da yara.
Newell shekarata ya bayar da hujjar cewa "...matsi don kare mutuncin yara ya kamata ya zama wani bangare na matsin lamba ga duk 'yancin yara."
Kwamitin Ilimin Halittu na Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Yara ta Amurka (AAP) , yana ambaton Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara shekarata , ta tabbatar da cewa "kowane yaro ya kamata ya sami damar girma da haɓakawa daga rashin lafiya ko rauni da za a iya hana shi. "
Wasu batutuwa
Sauran batutuwan da kuma suka shafi 'yancin yara sun hada da amfani da yara sojoji da sayar da 'ya'ya, karuwancin yara da hotunan batsa .
Bambanci tsakanin 'yancin yara da 'yancin matasa
"A mafi yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, alal misali, ba a yarda yara su yi zabe, su yi aure, su sayi barasa, yin jima'i, ko kuma su yi aikin da ake biya." A cikin kungiyar kare hakkin matasa, an yi imanin cewa babban bambanci tsakanin 'yancin yara da 'yancin matasa shine cewa masu goyon bayan 'yancin yara gabaɗaya suna ba da shawarar kafawa da aiwatar da kariya ga yara da matasa, yayin da 'yancin matasa (ƙananan motsi) gabaɗaya ya ba da shawarar fadadawa. Kuma 'yancin kai ga yara da/ko matasa da na haƙƙoƙin kamar zaɓe .
Ikon iyaye
Ana ba iyaye isassun iko don cika ayyukansu ga yaro.
Iyaye suna shafar rayuwar yara ta wata hanya ta musamman, don haka dole ne a bambanta rawar da suke takawa a cikin hakkin yara ta wata hanya ta musamman. Batutuwa na musamman a cikin dangantakar yara da iyaye sun haɗa da rashin kula da yara, Sannnan cin zarafin yara, yancin zaɓi, azabtar da jiki da rikon yara . An sami ra'ayoyin da aka bayar waɗanda ke ba wa iyaye ayyuka na tushen haƙƙoƙi waɗanda ke warware tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin "ilimin da na kowa" da 'yancin yara. Batun ya fi dacewa a cikin shari'ar da ta shafi yiwuwar 'yantar da kananan yara, da kuma a lokuta da yara suka kai karar iyayensu.
Haƙƙoƙin yaro ga dangantaka da iyayensu biyu ana ƙara saninsa a matsayin muhimmin al'amari don ƙayyadaddun maslahar yaro a cikin kisan aure da kuma shari'ar kula da yara . Sannan kuma Wasu gwamnatocin sun kafa dokoki da ke haifar da zato da za a iya warwarewa cewa tarbiyar yara ita ce mafi kyawun amfanin yara.
Iyakance ikon iyaye
Iyaye ba su da cikakken iko akan 'ya'yansu. Kuma Iyaye suna ƙarƙashin dokokin aikata laifuka kan watsi, cin zarafi, da rashin kula da yara. Dokokin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa sun yi tanadin cewa bayyanar addinin mutum na iya iyakancewa don kare lafiyar jama'a, don kare zaman lafiyar jama'a, lafiya ko ɗabi'a, ko don kare haƙƙoƙi da yancin wasu.
Kotuna sun sanya wasu iyakoki akan iko da ayyukan iyaye. Kotun Koli ta Amurka, a cikin shari'ar Prince v. Massachusetts, ta yanke hukuncin cewa addinin iyaye ba ya ba da izinin sanya yaro cikin haɗari. The Lords of Appeal a Talakawa ta yi mulki, a game da Gillick v West Norfolk da Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Wisbech da kuma wani, cewa haƙƙin iyaye yana raguwa tare da haɓaka shekaru da ƙwarewar yaron, amma kada ya ɓace gaba ɗaya har sai yaron ya kai ga rinjaye. Kuma Ana samun haƙƙin iyaye daga ayyukan iyaye ga yaro. Idan babu aiki, babu haƙƙin iyaye. Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yanke hukunci, a cikin shari'ar E (Mrs) da Hauwa'u, cewa iyaye ba za su iya ba da izinin maye gurbin ba don hana haihuwa ba. Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yanke hukunci,Sannan a cikin shari'ar B. (R.) v. Ƙungiyar Taimakon Yara na Metropolitan Toronto : Yayin da yara ba za su iya cin gajiyar Yarjejeniya ba, musamman wajen kare hakkinsu na rayuwa da kuma tsaron lafiyar jikinsu, ba za su iya tabbatar da wadannan hakkoki ba, kuma don haka al’ummarmu ta dauka cewa iyaye za su yi amfani da ‘yancin zabar su ta hanyar da ta dace. wanda ba ya cin zarafin ‘ya’yansu.Adler a shekarata yayi jayayya cewa iyaye ba su da ikon ba da izinin maye gurbin kaciya na yara marasa magani.
Buga na shekarata 1796 na Thomas Spence 's Rights of Infants yana cikin farkon furcin Turanci na haƙƙin yara. A cikin karni na 20, masu fafutukar kare hakkin yara sun shirya don yancin yara marasa gida da ilimin jama'a . Littafin The Right to Respect na Janusz Korczak a shekara ta 1927 ya ƙarfafa wallafe-wallafen da ke kewaye da wannan fanni, kuma a yau ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama suna aiki a faɗin duniya don haɓaka yancin yara. Kuma A cikin Burtaniya kafa ƙungiyar masana ilimi, malamai, ma'aikatan adalci na matasa, 'yan siyasa da masu ba da gudummawar al'adu da ake kira Sabon Ideals a Taron Ilimi ya tsaya ga darajar 'yantar da yaro' kuma ya taimaka wajen ayyana ma'anar. makarantar firamare 'mai kyau' a Ingila har zuwa 80s. Taron nasu ya zaburar da kungiyar UNESCO, Sabuwar Fellowship Fellowship.
Kamar yadda littafin Neill na shekarata 1915 A Dominie's Log , littafin diary na wani babban malami ya canza makarantarsa bisa ga 'yanci da farin ciki na yaro, ana iya kallonsa a matsayin samfurin al'adu wanda ke murna da jaruman wannan yunkuri.
Adawa da yancin yara ya daɗe kafin duk wani yanayi na yau da kullun a cikin al'umma, Kuma tare da rubuce-rubucen maganganu game da haƙƙin yara tun daga karni na 13 zuwa baya. Masu adawa da ’yancin yara sun yi imanin cewa matasa suna buƙatar a kāre su daga duniyar balagaggu, gami da yanke shawara da alhakin wannan duniyar. A cikin al'ummar da ta fi kowa girma, yarinta yana da kyau a matsayin lokacin rashin laifi, sannna lokaci mara nauyi da rikici, kuma lokacin da wasa ya mamaye shi. Yawancin 'yan adawa sun samo asali ne daga matsalolin da suka shafi ikon mallakar ƙasa, 'yancin jihohi, dangantakar iyaye da yara. An kuma ba da misali da matsalolin kuɗi da kuma "ƙasassun dabi'un gargajiya na adawa da 'yancin yara", haka nan. Tunanin haƙƙin yara ya ɗan sami kulawa a Amurka.
Dokokin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya
Ana ganin sanarwar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya a matsayin tushen duk ƙa'idodin shari'a na duniya don yancin yara a yau. Akwai yarjejeniyoyin yarjejeniya da dokoki da yawa waɗanda ke magance yancin yara a duniya. Sannna kuma Takardun da yawa na yanzu da na tarihi suna shafar waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, gami da Bayanin Haƙƙin Yara, wanda Eglantyne Jebb ya tsara a cikin shekarar 1923, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a shekarata 1924 kuma ta sake tabbatarwa a cikin 1934. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi amfani da sigar da aka fadada dan kadan a cikin shekarar 1946, sannan kuma wani nau'i mai fa'ida da yawa wanda Babban Taro ya karbe a Shekarata 1959. Daga baya ya zama tushen Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara .
Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan 'Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa (ICCPR) a cikin shekarata 1966. ICCPR yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa da yawa wacce kusan dukkan al'ummomi a Duniya suka amince da su ko kuma suka amince da su. Ana buƙatar al'ummomin da suka zama jam'iyyun Jiha zuwa ga Alkawari su mutunta da aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin da wa'adin ya bayyana. Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki ne a ranar 23 ga Maris shekarar 1976. Haƙƙoƙin da ICCPR ta tsara na duniya ne, don haka sun shafi kowa ba tare da togiya ba kuma wannan ya haɗa da yara. Ko da yake yara suna da duk wani hakki, kuma wasu haƙƙoƙin kamar haƙƙin yin aure da ’yancin yin zaɓe suna aiki ne kawai bayan yaron ya balaga.
Wasu haƙƙoƙin gama gari waɗanda ke aiki ga yara sun haɗa da:
hakkin rayuwa
hakkin tsaron mutum
'yancin walwala daga azabtarwa
'yancin samun 'yanci daga zalunci, rashin mutuntaka ko wulakanci ko hukunci
'yancin rabuwa da manya lokacin da aka tuhume su da laifi, 'yancin yanke hukunci cikin gaggawa, da 'yancin a yi musu magani daidai da shekarun su
Mataki na ashirin da hudu ya tsara ’yancin yaro na samun kariya ta musamman saboda tsirarunsa, da hakkin suna, da hakki na dan kasa.
Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara
Yarjejeniyar 'yancin yara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shekarata 1989, ko CRC, ita ce kayan aiki na farko na duniya da ke daure bisa doka don haɗa cikakken haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam—yancin ɗan adam, al'adu, tattalin arziki, siyasa da zamantakewa. Kwamitin kare hakkin yara ne ke kula da aiwatar da shi. Gwamnatocin kasa da suka amince da ita sun dukufa wajen kare da tabbatar da hakkin yara, tare da kuma amincewa da daukar alhakin wannan alkawari a gaban kasashen duniya. CRC ita ce yarjejeniya ta haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka fi amincewa da ita tare da amincewa 196; Amurka ce kadai kasar da ba ta amince da ita ba.
CRC ta dogara ne akan ka'idoji guda hudu: ka'idar rashin nuna bambanci; kuma mafi kyawun bukatun yaron; 'yancin rayuwa, rayuwa da ci gaba; da kuma la'akari da ra'ayoyin yaron a cikin yanke shawara da suka shafe su, gwargwadon shekarun su da balaga. CRC, tare da hanyoyin tabbatar da laifuka na kasa da kasa kamar Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya, Kuma Kotunan Yugoslavia da Ruwanda, da Kotun Musamman na Saliyo, an ce sun kara yawan martabar hakkin yara a duniya.
Sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki
Sanarwar Vienna da shirin Aiki ta bukaci, a sashe na biyu para 47, dukkan kasashe da su dauki matakan da za su kai iyakar abin da suke da su, tare da goyon bayan hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa, don cimma muradun shirin aiwatar da ayyukan koli na duniya. Sannna Kuma Da kuma yin kira ga Jihohi da su sanya yarjejeniyar kare hakkin yara cikin tsare-tsaren ayyukansu na kasa. Ta hanyar wadannan tsare-tsare na kasa da kasa da kuma kokarin kasa da kasa, ya kamata a ba da fifiko na musamman wajen rage yawan mace-macen jarirai da mata masu juna biyu, da rage matsalar rashin abinci mai gina jiki da jahilci da samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da ilmin asali. Kuma A duk lokacin da aka bukaci haka, ya kamata a samar da tsare-tsare na ayyukan kasa da kasa don yaki da bala'o'i na gaggawa da ke haifar da bala'o'i da rikice-rikice na makamai da kuma babbar matsalar kananan yara cikin matsanancin talauci. Bugu da kari, sakin layi na 48 ya bukaci dukkan jihohi, tare da goyon bayan hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa, da su magance matsalar kananan yara a cikin mawuyacin hali. Yakamata a magance cin zarafi da cin zarafi ga yara, gami da magance tushensu. Sannna Ana buƙatar ingantattun matakai game da kisan jarirai mata, cutar da yara masu cutarwa, siyar da yara da gabobin jiki, karuwancin yara, batsa na yara, da sauran nau'ikan lalata. Wannan ya rinjayi amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka akan Shigar Yara a cikin Rikicin Makamai da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka akan Siyar da Yara, Karuwancin Yara da Batsa na Yara .
Akwai ƙungiyoyin tilastawa da dabaru iri-iri don tabbatar da yancin yara. Sun hada da kungiyar kare hakkin yara don taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan yara. Kuma An kafa ta ne don inganta cikakken aiwatarwa da bin yarjejeniyar kare hakkin yara, da kuma tabbatar da cewa an ba da fifiko kan hakkin yara a lokacin babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan yara da tsarin shirye-shiryensa. An ƙirƙiri Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya "tare da begen cewa za ta iya kasancewa mai ma'ana, sahihanci da inganci wajen yin tir da take haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya fiye da hukumar 'yancin ɗan adam da aka sanya siyasa a ciki." Ƙungiya mai zaman kanta don Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara Ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na duniya da aka kafa tun shekarata 1983 don sauƙaƙe aiwatar da yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin yara.
Dokar kasa
Kasashe da yawa a duniya suna da jami'an kare hakkin yara ko kwamishinonin yara wadanda aikin hukuma, na gwamnati shi ne wakilcin muradun jama'a ta hanyar bincike da kuma magance korafe-korafen da daidaikun jama'a suka bayar game da hakkin yara. Sannan kuma Hakanan ma'aikatan kare hakkin yara na iya aiki ga kamfani, jarida, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, ko ma ta jama'a.
Dokokin Amurka
Amurka ta sanya hannu amma ba ta amince da CRC ba. Sannan kuma Sakamakon haka, ba a aiwatar da haƙƙin yara bisa tsari ba a Amurka
Gabaɗaya ana ba wa yara ainihin haƙƙoƙin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ƙunsa, kamar yadda Kwaskwarimar Kwaskwarima ta Goma sha huɗu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka ya tanadar . Matsakaicin Kariya Daidaitacce na wannan gyara shine ya shafi yara, waɗanda aka haifa a cikin aure ko a'a, amma ya ware yaran da ba a haifa ba tukuna. Hukuncin Kotun Kolin Amurka na In re Gault shekarata ya ƙarfafa wannan. A cikin wannan shari'ar, dan shekaru 15 Gerald Gault dan jihar Arizona ya shiga hannun 'yan sandan yankin bayan an zarge shi da yin kiran waya na batsa. An tsare shi kuma ya sadaukar da shi zuwa Makarantar Masana'antu ta Jihar Arizona har sai da ya kai shekaru 21 don yin kiran wayar batsa ga wani makwabcin balagagge. A cikin yanke shawara na 8-1, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa a cikin karar da za ta iya haifar da sadaukar da kai ga wata hukuma, mutanen da ke kasa da shekaru 18 suna da 'yancin sanarwa da ba da shawara, Kuma yin tambayoyi ga shaidu, da kuma kariya daga cin zarafi. Kotun ta gano cewa hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen sauraren karar Gault ba su cika ko daya daga cikin wadannan bukatu ba.
Kotun kolin Amurka ta yanke hukunci a shari'ar Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District shekarata cewa ɗalibai a makaranta suna da haƙƙin Tsarin Mulki.
Kotun kolin Amurka ta yanke hukunci a shari'ar Roper v. Simmons cewa ba za a iya kashe mutane ba saboda laifuffukan da aka aikata a ƙasa da shekara goma sha takwas. Kuma Ta yanke hukuncin cewa irin wannan kisa zalunci ne da ba a saba gani ba, don haka ya saba wa kwaskwarima na takwas ga kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka .
Akwai wasu damuwa a Amurka game da yancin yara. Cibiyar Lauyoyin karɓowa ta Amurka ta damu da haƙƙoƙin yara zuwa aminci, sannan kuma tallafi da tsayayyen tsarin iyali. Matsayin da suke da shi game da hakkin yara a cikin shari'o'in tallafi ya furta cewa, "'ya'ya suna da sha'awar 'yancin kai bisa tsarin mulki don kare iyalansu da aka kafa, haƙƙoƙin da aƙalla daidai yake da su, kuma mun yi imani fiye da haka, haƙƙin wasu da za su yi da'awar 'mallaka. ' sha'awar yaran nan." Sauran batutuwan da suka taso a fafutukar kare hakkin yara na Amurka sun hada da hakkin yara na gado a auren jinsi da musamman hakki na matasa .
Dokokin Jamus
Wani rahoto da shugabar taron masu zaman kansu na Majalisar Turai, Anelise Oeschger ta gabatar, ya gano cewa yara da iyayensu na fuskantar cin zarafi na take hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Tarayyar Turai da UNICEF . Musamman damuwa ita ce hukumar Jamus (da Ostiriya), Jugendamt ( Jamus : Ofishin Matasa) wanda sau da yawa rashin adalci ya ba da damar ikon gwamnati ba tare da kulawa ba game da dangantakar iyaye da yara, wanda ya haifar da cutarwa ciki har da azabtarwa, wulakanci, kuma zalunci kuma ya haifar da cutarwa. mutuwar yara. Matsalar tana da sarƙaƙiya ta kusan "iko mara iyaka" na jami'an Jugendamt, ba tare da wasu matakai don bita ko warware maganin da bai dace ba ko cutarwa. Kuma A dokar Jamus, jami'an Jugendamt (JA) suna da kariya daga tuhuma. Ana ganin tsawon lokacin kula da jami'an JA a cikin shari'o'in da ke zuwa kotu na iyali inda za a iya soke shaidar ƙwararru daga ƙananan ilimi ko ƙwararrun jami'an JA; Kuma A cikin fiye da 90% na shari'o'in shawarar jami'in JA na karɓar shawarar kotun dangi. Jami’an sun kuma yi watsi da hukuncin kotunan iyali, kamar lokacin da za a mayar da ‘ya’ya ga iyayensu, ba tare da wani lahani ba. Jamus ba ta amince da shawarar kula da yara masu alaƙa da Kotun Majalisar Turai ta yanke ba wanda ya nemi kariya ko warware yara da take haƙƙin iyaye.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Kungiyar Ayyukan Talauci
Jaridar Matasa da Muhalli
Ilimin hakkin yara
Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam
FGM, Tilastawa Kaciya, da Da'a na kaciya
Kyautar Zaman Lafiyar Yara ta Duniya
Shirin Ayyukan Kasa na Yara
Tilastawa 'yan mata tsiraru a Pakistan
Ranar Jan Hannu
Save the Children
Ka yi tunanin yara
Kyautar Yara ta Duniya don Haƙƙin Yaranta
Ka'idojin Jagoranci Tsakanin Hukumomi akan Yara Mara Rakiya da Rabe
Hakkokin yara na duniya
Hakkokin yara a Chile
Hakkokin yara a Colombia
Hakkokin yara a Japan
Hakkin yara a Mali
Bayanin Haƙƙin Yara
Hakkin Yara a Iran
Jadawalin yancin matasa a Burtaniya
Jadawalin yancin matasa a Amurka
Zargin maita akan yara a Afirka
Kungiyoyin kare hakkin yara
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Cibiyar Sadarwar Haƙƙin Yara
Ofishin kare hakkin yara na kasa da kasa
Smile Foundation India
"everychild.ca" Yakin wayar da kan jama'a game da hakkin yara na British Columbia, Kanada. Abubuwan albarkatu sun haɗa da hanyoyin haɗi da wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara .
Littafi Mai Tsarki
"Sojojin Sri Lanka sun yi gargadin Yara na iya zama Manufa" .
Aiwatar da Haƙƙin Haihuwar Matasa Ta Hanyar Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yaro" . Cibiyar Haihuwa.
"Darussan cikin Ta'addanci: Hare-hare kan Ilimi a Afghanistan" . Human Rights Watch.
"Burundi: Tsofaffin Yaran Sojoji Suna Ciki A Gidan Yari" . Human Rights Watch.
"Saudiyya: Bi kiran Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don kawo karshen hukuncin kisa ga yara kanana" . Human Rights Watch.
"Amurka: An yanke wa Dubban Yara Hukuncin Rayuwa ba tare da Tattaunawa ba" . Human Rights Watch.
"Menene Gaba: Yara kan titi a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo" . Human Rights Watch.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
27806 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Mostyn | Sam Mostyn | Samantha Joy Mostyn AO (an haife ta a shekara ta 1964/1965, wacce aka fi sani da Sam Mostyn) 'yar kasuwa ce ta Ostiraliya kuma mai ba da shawara kan canjin yanayi da daidaiton jinsi, kuma mace ta farko kwamishina AFL. Kamar yadda na 2021 Mostyn ita ce shugabar mata a Babban Zauren Mata. Ita memba ce a hukumar a kan allon da yawa, gami da Majalisar Climate, GO Foundation, Mirvac, Transurban, Virgin Australia da The Sydney Swans. Kyautar Mostyn, don "mafi kyau kuma mafi kyawun mata" a cikin AFL, ana kiranta da sunan ta.
Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Mostyn a shekara ta 1965 kuma ya girma a cikin soja, kasancewar 'yar wani kanar soja. Ta yi aure da diya daya. Ɗayan farkon matsayin Mostyn tana aiki tare da Michael Kirby, a cikin Kotun Daukaka Kara ta NSW. Daga baya ta kasance mai ba da shawara ta hanyar sadarwa ga ofishin Firayim Minista Paul Keating.
Mostyn ta yi BA/LLB daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Ostiraliya (ANU). A cikin 2018 ta sami lambar girmamawa ta Doctorate of Laws, daga ANU. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga Bob Collins, da kuma Michael Lee, da tsohon Firayim Minista, Paul Keating. Mostyn kuma shi ne mataimakin shugaban Majalisar Diversity na Ostiraliya.
Mostyn ta ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka manufofin mutuntawa da Nauyi na AFL, sannan kuma ta jagoranci kafa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ostiraliya (AFWL). Ita ce mai ba da shawara ga lamuran mata da tallafawa waɗanda suka tsira daga tashin hankalin gida.
Mai jarida
Mostyn ta yi rubuce-rubuce, kuma an ambace ta a cikin, kafofin watsa labarai akai-akai. Ta yi magana a kungiyar 'yan jarida ta kasa, a watan Nuwamba 2021, a matsayin shugabar mata ta shugabar zartarwa. Ta gabatar da jawabi kan farfado da tattalin arziki da murmurewa bayan barkewar annobar, inda ta bayyana yadda Ostiraliya za ta iya yin "mafi yawan albarkatunta da hazaka", ta hanyar saka hannun jari a cikin kulawa, don biyan hutun iyaye, ilimin yara da kuma sake fasalin superannuation, da kuma tabbatar da ma'aikata. a cikin masana'antar kulawa, irin su malamai, ma'aikatan kula da yara da ma'aikatan jinya, suna karɓar albashi mai kyau, da girmamawa a cikin wurin aiki.
"Cutar cutar ta bar mata sun gaji kuma sun zurfafa rashin daidaiton su, musamman a wuraren aiki. Tsawon lokaci mai tsawo, ba a yi la'akari da abin da ke haifar da sa'ar mu ba, ko kuma ba a biya mata ba."
Mostyn ta kuma bayar da shawarar a kan Rikicin cikin gida, da mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ta kasance a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, tana kwatanta "Babban Ganewa" biyo bayan cutar sankarau da ba a biya ba, ƙarin ayyukan mata a cikin tarbiyya da kuma aiki. Ta yi tsokaci cewa zaben a 2022 zai zama batun jinsi, inda ta sanya hannu kan wata budaddiyar wasika da ke nuna cewa ana bukatar yin garambawul don taimakawa wajen dawo da aiki, ga matan Ostiraliya.
Mostyn ta kasance mai ba da shawara a kan shirin Q+A TV, lokacin da masu sauraro suka tambayi ko goyon bayan Firayim Minista Scott Morrison ga mata "na gaskiya ne", bayan zanga-zangar a farkon 2021. Mostyn ya yi tsokaci cewa shawarwarin da Kate Jenkins, Kwamishiniyar Nuna Jima'i ta bayar, biyo bayan kasa da kasa. bincike game da cin zarafin jima'i a wurin aiki, za a iya aiwatar da shi kuma a karɓa. Sharhin kafofin watsa labarai ya haifar da lokacin da wani namiji a cikin kwamitin ya katse Mostyn, kan batun mazan sauraron mata, sau da yawa.
Mostyn ta ba da rahoto game da kamfanoni na Ostiraliya da bambancin jinsi a cikin manyan kamfanoni 300, tare da 5% na shugabannin mata a cikin kamfanonin S&P ASX200. Ta kuma yi sharhi game da yadda ƙididdiga don daidaiton jinsi a cikin aikin wurin aiki, da kuma yadda ƙididdiga a cikin AFL suka haifar da ingantawa a cikin AFL da AFLW.
Mostyn ta yi tsokaci cewa ɗimbin shugabannin mata "suna aika sako ga kowa da kowa cewa mata daidai suke kuma suna inganta al'adu gabaɗaya". Ta bayyana cewa lokacin da yawancin mata ke kan allo, ana kawo hankali kan batutuwan da suka hada da manufofin cin zarafi cikin gida, korafe-korafen lalata da mata. Ta kuma rubuta a cikin jaridar Sydney Morning Herald game da mata da tattalin arziki.
Aikin canjin yanayi
Mostyn ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mahalarta taron kolin Ostiraliya 2020. Ita ce shugabar hukumar kula da yanayi kuma ta yi rubuce-rubuce game da gobarar daji da sauyin yanayi ga hukumar kula da yanayi. A cikin taron 2021 kan jagorancin yanayi kafin Glasgow 2021, Mostyn ta yi hira da Farfesa Lesley Hughes. Ita mamba ce ta Hukumar Ayyukan Yanayi, kuma ita ce ta lashe lambar yabo ta IGCC Climate awards a 2019. Likitanta na Dokokin An ba shi lambar yabo ta aikinta na sauyin yanayi.
Kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo
Kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo |
28214 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Belyea | Helen Belyea | Helen Reynolds Belyea, OC FRSC (Fabrairu 11, 1913 - Mayu 20, 1986), ƙwararriyar ilimin ƙasa ce ta Kanada wacce aka fi sani da bincikenta, a Yammacin Kanada, na Tsarin Devonian, lokacin yanayin ƙasa na zamanin Paleozoic.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife Belyea a Saint John, New Brunswick, ga dangi da asalin Huguenot na Faransa.
Belyea ta sami digirinta na farko da na biyu a fannin Geology daga Jami'ar Dalhousie a Nova Scotia; ta samu digirin digirgir (Ph.D). daga Jami'ar Northwestern a Evanston, Illinois. Kundin karatun digirinta mai suna "The Geology of Musquach Area, New Brunswick." Kafin ta ba da kanta ga ilimin ƙasa, Belyea ta yi aiki a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin laftanar a Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Canadian.
Bincike da aiki
A cikin shekarar 1945, Binciken Geological na Kanada ya ɗauki Belyea don zama masanin fasaha amma bayan ƴan shekaru, a cikin shekara ta 1947, an ba ta sabon aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin ƙasa. A wannan shekarar, a cikin watan Fabrairu an hambarar da mai a Leduc, Alberta. Shekaru uku bayan haka a cikin 1950, an aika Belyea don sa ido kan gano mai, wanda ya sa ta zama mace ta farko da ta fara aiki a fannin binciken ƙasa na Kanada tare da maza kawai. Bayan da aka bugi mai a Leduc, Alberta, Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta buɗe ofis a Calgary, lokacin da aka aika Belyea don sa ido kan binciken. Wannan ofishin daga ƙarshe ya haifar da ƙirƙirar, a cikin 1967, na Cibiyar Sedimentary and Petroleum Geology.
Belyea ta rubuta fiye da 30 takardun kimiyya. Takardar ta ta farko, akan dangantakar facies da jerin reef-off-reef a cikin babban Devonian, an buga shi a cikin Geological Survey of Canada a shekarar 1952. An san ta mafi kyau don ba da gudummawa ga ƙarar akan "Tarihin Geological na Western Canada," wanda aka sani. kamar "Atlas." A cikin "The Atlas", ta buga taswirori da rubutu ga dukan yankin Devonian bisa ga aikinta a ƙarshen shekara ta 1950s akan binciken ƙasa wanda ya tsara yankunan Kudu maso Yamma. Ta ba da gudummawa ta musamman a yankin yammacin Hay River da kuma kudancin Mackenzie, kuma iliminta game da ilimin geology na yanki ya taimaka wajen samar da haɗin gwiwar duwatsun Devonian na yankin.
An lura da Belyea saboda gudummawar da ta bayar a fannin ilmin kasa a Alberta, inda ta shafe shekaru 35 tare da Binciken Geological na Kanada. Kyautar da ta samu sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta Barlow Memorial don takardarta, "Rarrabawa da Lithology of Organic Carbonate Unit of Upper Fairholme Group, Alberta", wanda aka bayar a shekarar 1958. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka karrama ta wannan hanya. An zabe ta a matsayin 'yar'uwar Royal Society of Canada a cikin 1962 kuma an mai da ita mamba mai girma na kungiyar Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyyar ƙasa guda biyu da aka aika don buɗe ofishin Calgary kuma ita kaɗai ce macen da ta yi aikin fage a wurin. A cikin 1976, an nada ta Jami'ar Order of Canada.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Belyea ta kuma kasance mai ƙwazo a hawan dutse, gudun kankara, tafiya, da hawan doki. Dawaki ce kuma ta hau dokinta zuwa yawon shakatawa da yawa. Ta hau dutsen Alberta, British Columbia da yankin Great Slave Lake. Ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Cigaban Arts ta Calgary, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Calgary Philharmonic kuma mataimakiyar darektan Calgary Zoological Society. Ta yi balaguro sosai, musamman a Faransa. A wani balaguron da ta yi a Faransa ta ba da laccoci da yawa.
Belyea ta kasance tambari ga duniyar mata a fannin ilimin ƙasa. Duk da cewa ita kanta ba ta kasance mai goyon bayan mata ba, amma ta nuna a cikin ayyukanta cewa ita mace ce mai girma kuma mai bi da girmamawa. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara aiki da maza kafin shekarun 1970. Mutane sun yi tunanin, a cikin karni na 19, cewa ya kamata mata su kasance a gida dafa abinci da tsaftacewa ga iyalansu, amma Belyea ya kasance mai ba da shawara don son yin aiki a filin. Ta zama mace ta farko da ta fara aiki a fannin nazarin fage, inda ta tabbatar wa kowa da kowa cewa mata suna da ƙarfi da za su iya ɗaukar samfura masu nauyi a cikin ƙasa mara kyau.
Ta mutu a Calgary a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 1986 tana da shekaru 73.
Bayanan kula
Fleming, Iris. "Rocks are Her Forte." Geosciences. Fall 1975, pp. 12–14.
McLaren, Digby J. "Helen Belyea 1913-1986." Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. Ser. 5, vol. 2. 1987, pp. 198–201.
Ogilvie, Marilyn, and Harvey, Joy, editors. The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science. Vol. 1. New York: Routledge, 2000, pp. 110–111. |
51715 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bredenkamp | John Bredenkamp | John Arnold Bredenkamp (11 ga Agusta 1940 - 18 ga Yuni 2020) ɗan kasuwan Zimbabwe ne kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyar rugby. Shi ne ya kafa kungiyar Casalee.
An haife shi a Afirka ta Kudu, Bredenkamp ya ƙaura tare da danginsa zuwa Kudancin Rhodesia tun yana yaro. Ya kasance maraya ne a tsakiyar shekarunsa a ranar haihuwarsa, yayin da yake kan babur dinsa, ya dawo ya tarar mahaifinsa ya harbe mahaifiyarsa da ‘yar uwarsa sannan ya harbe kansa. 'Yar uwarsa ta tsira daga harbin. Ya yi karatu a Kudancin Rhodesia a Makarantar Prince Edward, Salisbury. Na zuriyar Dutch, Bredenkamp ya yi rajista a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Rhodesian a shekarar 1958. An bayar da rahoton cewa ya yi asarar zama dan kasar Zimbabwe “ba bisa ka’ida ba” a shekarar 1984, amma an maido masa wannan jim kadan bayan haka.
An ruwaito Bredenkamp yana rike da fasfo na Zimbabwe, Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Dutch. Batun dan kasarsa dai wani lamari ne da ya samu sabani da wasu jami'an kasar Zimbabwe a karshen shekara ta 2006.
A matsayinsa na ɗan kungiyar Rugby Union na kasa da kasa, ya jagoranci Rhodesia daga shekarun 1965 zuwa 1968.
Farkon aiki
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Bredenkamp ya shiga Gallaher Limited, kamfanin tobacco sigari na duniya a Zimbabwe (sai Rhodesia), a matsayin mai siyan ganye. A shekara ta 1968 an canza shi zuwa Niemeyer a Netherlands, inda ya kai matsayin darektan ganye.
Bayan barin Gallaher a shekarar 1976, Bredenkamp ya kafa Kamfanin Casalee Group na kamfanoni masu rijista a Antwerp, Belgium. An yi imanin cewa, aikin na Casalee na da hannu wajen sayar da tabar Rhodesian a kasuwannin duniya, ta hanyar kaucewa takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Casalee da farko kamfani ne na siyar da sigari amma kuma ya tsunduma cikin ciniki gabaɗaya kuma ƙwararren mai ƙaddamar da ciniki da ciniki. Rukunin Casalee ya girma sama da shekaru 16 ya zama dillalan sigari na biyar a duniya kuma babban kamfanin taba sigari ba na Amurka ba. Ƙungiyar ta ɗauki ma'aikata 2,500 kuma tana da ofisoshi a duk manyan ƙasashe masu girma da sigari a duniya ciki har da Amurka (Winston-Salem), Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Girka, Indiya, Indonesia, Italiya, Portugal, Rasha, Spain, Thailand, Turkiyya da Yugoslavia. Kamfanin ya mallaki masana'antar sarrafa taba a cikin Netherlands, Zimbabwe, Malawi da Brazil.
An sayar da Rukunin Kamfanoni na Casalee a shekarar 1993 ga Universal Leaf Tobacco, kamfanin taba sigari mafi girma a duniya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Bredenkamp ya fadada kasuwancinsa zuwa wasu yankuna daban-daban, musamman ta hanyar kamfanin Breco mai rijista na Zimbabwe.
Rawar da ya taka a Zimbabwe
Aikin Bredenkamp ya tashi sosai a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 lokacin da ya tsunduma cikin harkokin kasuwanci na gwamnatin UDI da aka sanyawa takunkumi a Rhodesia. An yi iƙirarin cewa ya gudanar da harkokin kuɗaɗen sojojin ƙasar Rhodesi yadda ya kamata a lokacin yaƙin Bush na baya. A wannan matsayi, ya ba da siya da siyar da kayayyakin Rhodesian zuwa ketare (mafi yawan taba) kuma ya yi amfani da kuɗin da aka samu wajen sayan makamai da kayan aikin soja. Yarjejeniyar sa ta "takunkumin karya takunkumi" (sau da yawa ya shafi hadaddun hada-hadar kasuwanci) ya dore wa tsarin mulkin UDI na tsawon lokaci fiye da yadda zai yiwu. Waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin sun kasance gaba ɗaya na doka ƙarƙashin dokar Rhodesian.
Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1980, Bredenkamp ya bar Zimbabwe ya koma Belgium. Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da shiga cikin kasuwancin kayayyaki da siyan kayan tsaro. Ya sanya kansa mai amfani a wasu wurare. A shekara ta 1984 ya yi sulhu da sarakunan sabuwar Zimbabwe kuma ya sami damar komawa gida. Zimbabwe ta samar da tushe mai karimci don mu'amalar Bredenkamp da abokan ciniki a Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Waɗannan mu'amala sun sa Bredenkamp da abokansa mazaje masu arziki sosai. Har ila yau, sun taimaka wajen dorewar tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe a lokacin da ake fama da tashe-tashen hankula.
Bredenkamp ya samu gagarumin tasiri a harkokin siyasa da tattalin arziki na Zimbabwe. An san cewa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi tsoma bakin Zimbabwe a cikin DRC tsakanin shekarun 1998 zuwa 2003. Wannan shiga tsakani ya kunshi amfani da sojojin kasar Zimbabwe da sojojin sama wajen marawa gwamnatin Kabila baya a yakin da take yi da 'yan tawaye da ke samun goyon bayan Uganda da Rwanda. Da alama an sami ɗan alaƙa tsakanin shiga tsakani da kuma rangwamen ma'adinai na karimci da DRC ta baiwa jiga-jigan 'yan siyasa da 'yan kasuwa na Zimbabwe. Lokacin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci takunkumin EU daga 1999 zuwa gaba, gwamnatin Mugabe ta sami damar yin kira ga takunkumin da ya lalata kwarewar UDI don ci gaba da samar da sojojinta.
Bredenkamp ya zama wani abu mai karfi a bayan fage a cikin jam'iyyar ZANU-PF mai mulki. An yi iƙirarin cewa ya nemi sauƙaƙa wa shugaba Mugabe murabus da wuri a shekara ta 2004 da kuma maye gurbinsa da Emmerson Mnangagwa, tsohon ministan tsaro kuma kakakin majalisar dokoki. Hakan dai bai ji dadin bangarorin da ke gaba da juna a jam’iyyar ZANU-PF ba, kuma an fara gudanar da bincike na gwamnati kan al’amuran da suka shafi kamfanin kasuwanci na Bredenkamp na Breco, dangane da kaucewa biyan haraji da kuma keta dokar musaya. Batutuwan da ake gudanar da bincike sun hada da hada-hadar kasuwanci tsakanin Breco da ke Zimbabwe da kuma kamfanonin ketare da Bredenkamp ke sarrafawa.
An alakanta Bredenkamp da ikirari na saukaka murabus din Mugabe a shekara ta 2000, ta hanyar binciken da jaridar Guardian ta yi kan bayanan sirrin ofishin jakadancin Amurka da aka bankado.
A watan Satumban 2006 an gurfanar da Bredenkamp a Zimbabwe bisa zarginsa da yin amfani da fasfo na Afirka ta Kudu wajen tafiye-tafiyen kasa da kasa. Dokar zama dan kasa ta Zimbabwe ba ta bada izinin zama dan kasa biyu ba. Ko da yake an wanke shi, sai da ya yi fada da wata kotu ta biyu don samun umarnin mayar da fasfo dinsa na Zimbabwe da magatakardar kotun ya rike. An umarce shi da ya gabatar da shaidun da ke nuna cewa ya yi watsi da zama ɗan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu don a maido da ƙasarsa ta dindindin. Amma an mayar da fasfo dinsa.
A cikin watan Afrilu 2016, The Guardian ta ruwaito cewa Bredenkamp yana da "kimanin arziƙin £ 700m daga cinikin taba, cinikin makamai masu launin toka, tallan wasanni da hakar lu'u-lu'u."
Daga shekara ta 2008 har zuwa mutuwarsa, Bredenkamp ya kasance cikin takunkumin da Amurka ta kakabawa mutanen da ke da matukar tasiri a gwamnatin Zimbabwe.
A cewar rahotannin labarai, Bredenkamp ya mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni 2020 saboda gazawar koda.
Duba kuma
Fararen fata a Zimbabwe
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
John Bredenkamp's personal website – "The real facts about me... and the activities of my associated businesses."
Breco website
Bredenkamp hold Dutch passport
Bredenkamp hold passport Dutch (free access)
Dutch Public Prosecutor to investigate Bredenkamp
Mutuwan 2020
Haihuwan 1940
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
13153 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20Qayyim%20al-Jawziyya | Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya | Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh Muḥammad dan Abī Bakr dan Ayyūb al-Zurī l-Dimashqī l-Ḥanbalī (an haifeshi a shekarata alif 1292 -zuwa shekarar alif 1350 CE / 691 AH – 751 AH), wanda aka fi sani da dan Qayyim al-Jawziyya (Dan babban [dan makarantan nan na] Jawziyyah ") ko dan al-Qayyim (" dan babba ". ) a takaice, ko kuma yanda dalibansa ke kiran shi da shi wato Imam Ibn al-Qayyim a al'adan Ahl Sunnah, yana da matukar muhimmanci a gwagwarmayar Musulunci na duniyar fikihu, Malamin akida ne kuma marubuci ne a fannin ruhi . Ya kasance dan makarantar Hanbaliyya a tsarin fikihu na 'yan sunnah, wanda aka ɗaukan shi a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mahimmin mutane masu tunani a duniyar hambaliyya," Ibn al-Qayyim a yau an dauke shi a matsayin daya dag cikin mutane goma sha hudu a wannan karnin wadanda suke dabbaka karantarwar ibn taimiyya. an kulle shi tare da kuma Ibn Taimiyya a shekarata alif 1326 saboda ya nuna rashin yarda a kan bidi'o'i, an kulle sune a wata sanannen kurkuku na Damascus .
Yana da nasaba mai kyau, mahaifin Ibn al-Qayyim shi ne shugaban makaranta na (qayyim) na makarantan Jawziyya, kuma ya kasance Alkali a babban kotun Hanbaliyya na Damascus a wancan lokacin. Ibn al-Qayyim ya ci gaba da zama babban malami masani, ya samar da tarin ilimi akan gawa da hukunce hukunce mai tarin yawa na "rukunan koyarwa da rubutu". A sakamakon haka, da yawa muhimman malamai Musulmai yan Mamluk sun kasance dalibansa ne, Ibn al-Qayyim ta dalibai ko, a kalla, ƙwarai rinjayi shi, ciki har da, daga gare wasu, da Shafi tarihi Ibn Kathir (d. 774/1373), da Hanbali hadisi masanin Ibn Rajab (d. 795/1397), da kuma Shafi polymath Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 852/1449). A halin yanzu, sunan Ibn al-Qayyim ya zama mai kawo rigima a wasu bangarori na duniyar musulmai saboda sanannun mutane da yawa daga cikin mabiya darikar Sunni na Salafiyya da Wahahabiyanci, wadanda suke ganin irin sukar da yake yi wa irin wannan ta'asa. al'adun Sunni na gargajiya na tsaka-tsakin zamanin a matsayin girmamawa ga tsarkaka da kuma girmama kaburburansu kuma hakan yana haifar da mafificin tsari ga tunaninsu.
Muhammad bn Abi Bakr Ibn Ayyub Ibn Sa'ad Ibn Hariz Ibn Makki Zayn al-Din al-Zur'ī ( Arabic ), al-Dimashqi (), tare da Alkunya na Abu Abdullah (), wanda ake kira Shams al-Dīn (). Mafi yawanci ana kiranshi da Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, bayan mahaifinsa Abu Bakr Ibn Sa'd al-Zur'ī wanda shi ne mai gabatarwa ( qayyim ) na Jawziyyah Madrasah, makarantar koyon aikin Hanbali a Damascus.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Babban malamin Ibn al-Qayyim shi ne malamin Ibn Taymiyyah . Ibnu Qayyim ya fara haduwa da Ibn Taymiyyah yana dan shekara 21 kuma ya rage sauran rayuwarsa yana karantar dashi. Sakamakon wannan ƙungiyar ya raba ra'ayin malamai a cikin mafi yawan batutuwa.
An daure Ibn al-Qayyim tare da malamin shi Ibn Taymiyyah . A cewar masanin tarihi al-Maqrizi, dalilai biyu ne suka sa aka kama shi: na farko shi ne hadisin da Ibn al-Qayyim ya gabatar a cikin Kudus wanda ya yanke hukuncin ziyartar kaburbura, ciki har da kabarin Annabi Muhammad a Madina, na biyu shi ne yarjejeniya tare da ra'ayin Ibn Taymiyyah game da batun kisan aure, wanda ya sabawa ra'ayin mafi yawan malamai a Damascus.
The campaign to have Ibn al-Qayyim imprisoned was led by Shafi'i and Maliki scholars, and was also joined by the Hanbali and Hanafi judges.
Yayin da yake kurkuku Ibn al-Qayyim ya dauki kansa da Alkur'ani. A cewar Ibn Rajab, Ibn al-Qayyim ya ci mafi yawan lokacin da yake a kurkuku: sakamakon fitowar Kur'ani lokacin da yake kurkuku wasu abubuwa ne da suka faru na ruhi (da aka bayyana a matsayin kusaq, kwarewar kai tsaye na asirin allahntaka, da mawjud, ecstasy lokutta ta kai tsaye gamuwa da Allahntaka Gaskiya).
Rayuwa ta Ruhaniya
Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya ya yi sharhi mai zurfi na ruhi game da wani rubutun da Hanbali Sufi Khwaja Abdullah Ansari ya rubuta mai suna Madarij al-Salikin .
Ya nuna kaunarsa da godiyarsa ga Ansari a wannan sharhin tare da sanarwarsa "Tabbas ina son Sheikh, amma ina matukar son gaskiya! ''' . Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya yana nufin Ansari ne da taken " Sheikh al-Islam " a cikin aikinsa Al-Wabil al-Sayyib min al-Kalim al-Tayyab
Ibn al-Qayyim ya rasu yana da shekara 60 a duniya da watanni 5 da kuma kwana 5, a daren 13 ga Rajab, 751 AH (15 ga Satumba, 1350 AD), kuma an binne shi ban da mahaifinsa a qabarin Bab al-Saghīr .
Hukuncin Shari'a
Kamar malaminshi Ibn Taymiyya, Ibn Qayyim, ya goyi bayan manyan sarakuna don hukuma da kuma hukunta su. Ya ba da hujja, alal misali, "cewa sau da yawa ya dace a azabtar da wanda yake ƙanƙan da kai" wanda ya zargi mutumin da ba shi da halayyar "mafi mutuntawa."
Ibn Qayyim "ya samar da hujjoji bayyanannu" wadanda suka sanya alƙalai "ƙasa da amincinsu fiye da dā akan shaidar magana." Misali daya shi ne kafa mahaifin yara ta hanyar kwararru wadanda suka binciki fuskokin "yaro da mahaifinsa da ake zargi da kamanceceniya". Wani kuma yana cikin yankewar rashin ƙarfi. Idan mace ta nemi a kashe ta bisa dalilin rashin mijinta kuma mijinta ya tsaya a kan karar, alkali na iya samun samfurin shaidar mijin. A cewar Ibn Qayyim "maniyyi na gaske kawai ya bar farin saura lokacin dafa shi".
A cikin tambayoyin wadanda ake zargin Ibn Qayyim ya yi imanin cewa za a iya batar da shaidu daga wadanda ake zargi idan sun kasance "ba za a cire su ba". Wannan ya bambanta da yawancin masana shari'ar Islama waɗanda suka yarda da cewa "masu laifin da ke zargin sun cancanci yin shiru idan an zarge su." Lauyan marubuci kuma marubuci Sadakat Kadri ya ce, "a kan batun madaidaiciyar tarihi, azabtarwa ta Musulunci ta hana fara gallaza azaba." Ibn Qayyim duk da haka, ya yi imani da cewa "Annabi Muhammadu, da Halifofi masu gaskiya, da sauran Sahabbai " za su goyi bayan matsayinsa.
Ilimin Taurari
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah ya yi tsayayya da almara da sihirin kowane iri, amma ya kasance mai tsayayya da ilimin taurari, wanda masu aikinsa suka yi kokarin “tunanin za su iya sanin asirin da ke cikin rufin hikimar madaukaki na Allah.” A zahiri, wadanda suka yi imani da cewa abubuwan mutane da abubuwan da suka faru suna faruwa ne ta jikunan sama, sun kasance "sun fi jahiltar mutane, mafi rashin kuskure da fallasa daga mutum ... mafi jahilcin mutane game da rayuwarsa da mahaliccinsa".
A cikin Miftah Dar al-Sa'adah, ban da musun masu taurari kamar yadda ya munana kafirai, ya yi amfani da hujjoji masu hujja don karyata ayyukan fitina da tauraruwar taurari tare da illolin da ke da alaƙa da su, kamar duba da fassara ƙarfe, misali jayayya:
Kodayake ana kiran Ibn al-Qayyim wani lokaci a yau a matsayin abokin gaba da rudani na tona asirin Islama, amma dai a tarihi an san shi da gaske yana da "babban sha'awar Sufism ," wanda ya tashi daga fadadarsa sosai ga al'adun da aka baiwa rawar da ke cikin Sufism. a cikin rayuwar musulmai na al'ada a lokacinsa. Wasu daga cikin manyan ayyukansa, kamar Madārij, Ṭarīq al-hijratayn ( Hanyar Hijira guda biyu ) da Miftāḥ dār al-saāda ( Mabuɗin Mahalli na Joyous ), "an sadaukar da su gabaɗayan jigogin Sufi," duk da haka ma maganganu na irin wannan " jigogi da ake samu a kusan dukkan rubuce-rubucen, " ciki har da a irin wannan ayyukan ruhaniya ibada kamar al-Wābil al-Ṣayyib, wani sosai muhimmanci rubutun bayanawa da muhimmancin da al'adar Ambato, kuma ya girmama magnum opus, Madārij al-sālikīn (matafiya 'Akayi), wanda shi ne wani Extended sharhin a kan wani aiki da aka rubuta da goma sha-karni Hanbalite saint kuma abõkin Abdullah al-Ansari, wanda Ibn al-Qayyim ake magana a kai reverentially matsayin " Shaykh al-Islam ." A cikin duk irin wadannan rubuce-rubucen, ya tabbata cewa Ibn al-Qayyim ya rubuta don magance "waɗanda ke da sha'awar Sufanci musamman kuma 'abubuwan da suka shafi zuciya' ... gabaɗaya," kuma tabbacin wannan ya ta'allaka ne a cikin hakika ya faɗi, a cikin gabatarwar ga ƙaramin littafinsa mai haƙuri da Godiya, "Wannan littafi ne don amfanin sarakuna da sarakuna, attajirai da matalauta, da Sufaye da malamin addini; (littafi) don yaudarar masu shugabantar tashi, tare da mai tafiya ta hanya ( al-sā'ir fī l-ṭariq ) kuma ka sanar da wanda ke tafiya zuwa Makasudin. " Wasu malamai sun gwada rawar da Ibn al-Qayyim ya yi da na Ghazali shekara ɗari biyu kafin, a cikin wannan cewa ya yi ƙoƙarin "sake ganowa da kuma maimaita tushen tushen yanayin addinin Islama."
Hakanan gaskiyane, duk da haka, cewa Ibn al-Qayyim hakika ya sami wasu daga cikin maganganun malamin na Ibn Taymiyyah game da abin da ya hango yana wuce gona da iri a cikin sihiri. Misali, ya ji cewa karfin da ayyukan Ibran Arabi suka fara yi ya mamaye duk duniyar Sunni yana haifar da kurakurai a cikin rukunan koyarwa. A sakamakon haka, ya yi watsi da ra'ayin Ibn Arabi na wahdat al-wajud ko "kadaitaka kasancewar, " da hamayya, bugu da kari, wasu daga cikin matsanancin ra'ayi na Sufism wadanda suka sami kudin musamman a cikin sabon kujerar musulinci iko, Mamluk Misira da Siriya . " Wancan ya ce, bai taɓa la'antar Sufiyya da gaskiya ba, kuma ayyukansa da yawa suna ba da shaida, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, ga girman girmamawar da ya riƙe mafi yawan al'adar Sufic. A cikin wannan dangane, yana da mahimmamci cewa Ibn al-Qayyim ya bi Ibn Taymiyyah cikin "yabo a kai a kai" malamin farko na ruhaniya al-Junayd, daya daga cikin manya-manyan tsarkakan al'adun Sufi, da kuma "sauran farkon ruhi Masoyan Bagadaza wadanda daga baya aka sani da suna 'sober' Sufis. " A zahirin gaskiya, Ibn al-Qayyim bai yi Allah wadai da Suffis mai muni ba, dangane da fitowar su ta ruhaniya a matsayin alamun “rauni” na ruhaniya maimakon na heresy . Matsayin Ibn al-Qayyim sosai a cikin wannan al'amari ya haifar da rubuta gafararsa ga fitintinun da wasu Sufis na farko suka yi kamar yadda Sufis da yawa suka yi a gabanshi.
Ya kasance mai sukar Krista da abin da suka yi, ya kira su a cikin “'yan uwan aladu”. "Ina taya Krista murna a bikin nasu kwatankwacin taya su murnar bauta wa gicciyensu da bada gaskiya ga Yesu a matsayin dan Allah ." A cikin littafinsa, Kitab Hidayat ul-Hayara, ya rubuta cewa: “The Christians are misguided cross worshippers. They are those who swear at Allah (swt) the Creator in a way no other human has sworn at Allah (swt).
They are like those before who did not believe that Allah is unique as stated in Surah Ikhlas, nor do they make him greater than everything; rather they say, “the heaven and earth will crack and the mountains will fall down.”
The base of their Aqeedah and their biggest curse against Allah (swt) is the Trinity. According to the Christians Mariam (as) is the lover of Allah (swt) and Isa (as) is His son. They claim the Almighty Allah came down from His great chair and melted in the womb of Mariam (as), until He was killed and buried at the hands of man.
Its Deen is the worship of the cross; its supplication is for the images that are drawn on the wall, in red and yellow colours. They say in their prayer “O mother of God provide for us, forgive us and have mercy on us.”
Their Deen is to drink alcohol, eat pork, desert circumcision, worship with impurity and eat everything, even if it is filthy, whether that be the elephant or the mosquito. What is lawful and unlawful is what their priests say; the priests can take them to heaven and forgive their sins."
He also wrote a poem called “Oh, Worshippers of Christ!” in it he calls Christians “liars, fabricators and cross worshippers.”
Yanayin aiki
Ibn Qayyim was respected by a number of scholars during and after his life. Ibn Kathir stated that Ibn al-Qayyim, Ibn Rajab, one of Ibn Qayyim's students, stated that, Despite being praised by a number of Sunni scholars, he was also criticized by others.
The m Shafi'i shugaban hukunci na Damascus Taqi al-Din al-Subki wadai Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, a kan karbar na sau uku saki , kuma a kan asusun da ya view bayar da izni cikin hali na doki jinsi ba tare da sa hannu na mai na uku mai gasa.
Subki also stated that, "Abin wannan mutum yake so kawai a wurin gamarin mutane, shine babu wasu musulmai sai shi da mabiyansa"
Kuma ya bama wani littafin sa na raddi suna da "Takobi mai kaifi akan Ibn al-Qayyim" akan akidar sa ga siffofin Allah.
"Kada ku sake ku karanta abinda ke cikin littattafan Ibn kayyim da kuma wasu masu kama dashi, wadanda suka dauki ra'ayinsu a matsayin abin bautar su, kuma sune wadanda Allah ya batar. Kunnuwansu da da zunciyarsu an kulle su, kuma idanuwansu an rufe su"
Girman daraja
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah's contributions to the Islamic library are extensive, and they particularly deal with the Qur'anic commentaries, and understanding and analysis of the prophetic traditions (Fiqh-us Sunnah) . He "wrote about a hundred books", including:
Zad al-Ma'ad (Bayyanar lahira)
Al-Waabil Sayyib minal kalim tayyib - sharhi ne akan hadisi game da Annabi Yahya bn Zakariyya.
Ilaam ul Muwaqqi'een 'Rabb' Aalameen (Bayani ga Wadanda ke Rubuta Maulidan Ubangijin halittu)
Tahthib Sunan Abi Da'ud
Madaarij Saalikeen wanda yake sake shirya littafin ne wanda Shaikh Abu Ismail al-Ansari al-Harawi al-Sufi, Manazil-u Sa'ireen (Stations of the Seers);
Tafsirin Mu'awwadhatain (Tafsirin Suratul Falaq da Nas);
Badāi al-Fawāid (): Abubuwa masu ban al'ajabi
Ad-Dā'i wa Dawā wanda aka fi sani da Al Jawābul kāfi liman sa'ala 'an Dawā'i Shaafi
Haadi Arwah ila biladil Afrah
Uddat as-Sabirin wa Dhakhiratu ash-Shakirin (
Ighathatu lahfaan min masaa'id ash-shaytan () : Taimako ga mai neman Cigaba da shaidan
Rawdhatul Muhibbīn
Ahkām ahl al-dhimma "
Tuhfatul Mawdud bi Ahkam al-Mawlud: Kyauta ne ga vedaunatacce Game da Hukunce-hukuncen Jariri
Miftah Dar As-Sa'adah
Jala al-afham fi fadhl salati ala khayral anam
Al-Manar al-Munif
Al-Tibb al-Nabawi - littafi ne kan magani na Annabci, ana samunsa cikin Turanci kamar "Medicic Medicine", wanda Dar al-Fikr ya buga a Beirut (Lebanon), ko kuma a matsayin "Warkarwa tare da Magungunan Annabi (sal allahu` alayhi wa salim) ", Darussalam Publications ne ya buga.
Shifa al-Alil (Warkar da Marasa lafiya)
Mukhtasar al-Sawa'iq
Hadi al-Arwah ila Bilad al-Arfah (Spurring Souls on the realms of farin ciki)''
Sharhi game da batun shigar da karar larabawa shine na Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya, Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr (1292AD-1350AD) kuma yazo daga karni na 14.
Diddigin bayanai
Karin karatu
Bori, Caterina; Holtzman, Livnat, eds. . A scholar in the shadow : essays in the legal and theological thought of Ibn Qayyim al-Ǧawziyyah. Oriente Moderno. Nuova serie, Anno 90. Roma : Istituto per l'Oriente C.A. Nallino. ISSN 0030-5472. JSTOR i23249612.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Biodata a MuslimScholars.info
Wanene Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya? - Binciken Hidaya
"Islamic Universalism : Ibadun Salafiyya na Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya akan Tsawan Jahannama " .
"Short Biography of Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya" . Bysiness.co.uk . Wanda akaido da 2010-04-12 .
"Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyyah" . Sunnah.org . Wanda akaido da 2010-04-12 .
Labarai da kuma Littattafai
An karbo daga Ibn al-Qayyim
"IslamWeb" . IslamWeb . Wanda akaido da 2010-04-12 .
"The Hardness of The Heart" . Malakwarinku.com . Wanda akaido da 2010-04-12 .
Yan Hambaliyya
Malaman Sunna
Yan Malikiyya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
7319 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinder | Zinder | Zinder Kuma ana iya fadin Zindar, shine birni na biyu mafi girma a kasar Nijar yana da yawan jama'a 170,574 (kidayar 2001). Amma zuwa 2005 adadin jama'ar ya karu inda alkaluma suka nuna ya zarta 200,000. Yana tsakanin babban birnin kasar wato Niamey kilomita 861 daga gabas da birnin na Niamey. Yana kuma tsakanin kilomita 240 daga arewacin birnin Kano na Najeriya.
Tarihin farko-farko
Zinder ta fara ne daga dan karamin kauyen Hausawa zuwa cibiyar kasuwanci mai matukar muhimmanci a tsakani Yankasuwar Sahara. Ashekarar 1736 ne jama'ar Kanuri suka kafa daular Damagaram. Asannan ne kuma daular ta gina yankin da ayanzu ake kira Birni. Kuma Birni ya zama wata babbar mahada ta mutanen Kano da kuma na Borno da kuma Abzinawa wajen Kasuwanci.
A karni na 19, gabaki dayan yankin yana karkashin ikon masarautar Sarkin Musulmi ta Borno ne, amma daga bisani sai yankin ya samu cikken yanci ta hannun Rabah. A shekarar 1889 aka kashe wani Bafaranshe mai bincike mai suna Cazemajou.
Tarihi na wannan lokacin
A shekarar 2003 ne layin wayar salula na farko wato CELTEL ya baiyana a birnin, tare da gina dogon benen na sayar da wayoyin hannu tare da layukan waya. Sakamakon wannan shigowar ta wayar hannu ya sauya tsarin isar da bayanai a birnin. Saboda yana bama yankasuwa damar isar da sakonni cikin sauri kuma ba wata wahala ko matsala, wannan na daga cikin abubuwan da kamfanonin wayoyin hannu sukayi wajen sauya duniya baki daya.
Birnin Zinder a wannan zamanin
A yau Zinder ta kumshi wasu manyan bangarori guda uku wato Birni tsohon garin Hausawa kuma anan ne Gidan sarautar Zinder da babban Masallacin gari da kuma gidan adana kayan tarihi yake. Saikuma Zango ko kuma Zengou shine tsohon yankin da Abzinawa suke, amfi sanin yankin da Sabon gari. Tsakanin Birni da Zango akwai wata cibiyar kasuwanci wato babbar kasuwar Zinder. Birnin yanzu yana sairin bukasa ta bangaren Arewaci da Kudancin sa inda har ya kusa kaiwa ga wadansu garuruwa na makwabta kamar su Karkada, Garin mallam,Gawon kolliya. Akwai duwatsu a birnin sannan kuma birnin yayi kaurin suna wajen wahalar ruwa. Amma bayabayannan wani Kamfain kasar Sin ya samarwa da birnin hanyoyin ruwan sha na famfo daga yankin Arewaci. Dukda haka ana hasashen kara samun matsalar ruwa a birnin sakamakon karin hayayyafa. A shekarar 2011 ne aka samar da matatar mai ta farko a kasar Nijar kuma a birnin na Zinder.
Ginin tashar talabijin mai tsawon mita 250 a yankin Arewacin birnin shine gini mafi tsawo a Birnin Zender.
Yanayin Muhalli
Birnin Zinder yana a gabas ga Maradi da nisan kimanin kilometa 236 kuma ya na nesa da babban birnin Niamey da kilometa 900. A Zinder yanayin zafi ya kai kimanin 30 na ma'aunin celsius (°C) a watanin disamba, Januari da kuma farkon Febrari. Kowace shekara akan yi ruwan sama masu kai kimanin milimita 411 (mm). Birnin ya kasu ne zuwa yankuna 5, Zinder 1, Zinder 2, Zinder 3, Zinder 4, Zinder 5.
Tattalin Arziki
Tattalin arzikin Zinder ya ta'allaka ne kan noma da kiyo. Kuma ya hada da kasuwanci da sufuri da en kere-kere. Babbar matatar man fetur guda tilo wadda Nijar ta mallaka kuma tana a kilometa 52 daga birnin Zinder. kashi 80 cikin dari wato 80% na mutanen Zinder suna aikin noma ne, kuma shi yasa kusan yawancin kaya da ke kawowa a kasuwannin Birnin Zinder kaya abinci ne. Babbar kasuwa a Zinder, ita ake kira Kasuwar Dolé wadda aka sake mata fasali na zamani a shekarar 2018.
Harkar Tafiye-Tafiye
A kwai filin tashi da sukar giragen sama a kudu maso yammacin birnin (mai lamba ZND)
Zinder tana kumshe da al'adu da suka samu tushe daga tarihi da kuma zamantakewar mutanen Zinder. Wakokin galgajia ne suka fi samun karbuwa a Zinder, kamar kidan kalangu da busa. Salon waka wanda aka fi anfani da shi shi ne na gangara da kuma Rap. An samu mawaka en Zinder da suka shahara a Nijar da wajen Nijar kamar Sani Abussa, Dan Gana da kuma Ali Atchibili wanda shi ke tashe a yanzu. A fanin Rap kuma an samu mawaka kamar Black Power, DNR, Bach One da sauransu.
Biranen Nijar |
29992 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20mallakar%20hannun%20jari | Ƴancin mallakar hannun jari | Haƙƙin Mallakar hannun jari, ko ma'aikaci rabon hannun jari, shi ne inda ma'aikatan kamfani ke da hannun jari a cikin wannan kamfani (ko a cikin iyayen kamfanin gungun kamfanoni). Ma'aikatan Amurka yawanci suna samun hannun jari ta hanyar tsarin zaɓin rabo. A Burtaniya, Tsare-tsaren Sayen Raba Ma'aikata ya zama ruwan dare, inda ake cirewa daga albashin ma'aikaci don siyan hannun jari akan lokaci. A Ostiraliya ya zama ruwan dare a sami duk da tsare-tsaren ma'aikata waɗanda ke ba wa ma'aikata ƙimar hannun jarin $1,000 akan tsarin haraji. Irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren na iya zama zaɓaɓɓu ko tsare-tsaren ma'aikata duka. Yawancin tsare-tsaren zaɓaɓɓun ana ba da su ga manyan jami'ai kawai. Duk tsare-tsaren ma'aikata suna ba da haɗin kai ga duk ma'aikata (bisa ga wasu sharuɗɗan cancanta kamar ƙaramin tsayin sabis).
Yawancin kamfanoni suna amfani da tsare-tsaren mallakar hannun jari azaman nau'in fa'idar ma'aikaci . Tsare-tsare a cikin kamfanonin jama'a gaba ɗaya suna iyakance jimillar lamba ko yawan adadin hajojin kamfanin da ma'aikata za su iya samu a ƙarƙashin tsari. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar ma'aikata ko ƙaddamarwa, ikon mallakar hannun jari na ma'aikaci bazai ba da wani iko mai ma'ana ko tasiri daga ma'aikata a cikin gudanarwa da gudanar da kamfani ba.
Wasu kamfanoni, musamman ma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, suna amfani da hannun jari na ma'aikata don tallafawa al'adun kamfani. Mallakar ma'aikata shi ne lokacin da duk ma'aikata tare suka mallaki babban hannun jari kuma suna da murya mai ma'ana a cikin kamfani (ko rukuni) da ke ɗaukar su aiki.
Ƙasashe da yawa sun gabatar da kaso mai fa'ida na haraji ko raba tsare-tsaren zaɓi don ƙarfafa ikon rabon ma'aikata.
Nau'in shirin
Don sauƙaƙe ikon mallaka na ma'aikata, kamfanoni na iya rarraba ma'aikatansu da hannun jari, wanda ƙila ba shi da tsadar farashi ga ma'aikaci, baiwa ma'aikaci damar siyan haja, wanda zai iya kasancewa a ragi, ko baiwa ma'aikata zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari. Hannun jarin da kuma aka keɓe ga ma'aikata na iya samun lokacin riƙewa kafin ma'aikaci ya mallaki hannun jarin (wanda aka sani da saka hannun jari). Bayar da hannun jari da aikin zaɓin hannun jari na iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin yanayin aikin mutum ɗaya ko kasuwanci.
Daban-daban na tsare-tsaren mallakar hannun jari na ma'aikata sun zama ruwan dare a yawancin masana'antu da wasu ƙasashe masu tasowa. Ana tsare-tsaren zartarwa don ɗauka da ba da lada ga manya ko manyan ma'aikata. A cikin Amurka da Burtaniya akwai al'ada da yawa na raba irin wannan mallakar gabaɗaya tare da ma'aikata ta hanyar tsare-tsaren da ake ba da gudummawa ga duk ma'aikata. Dokokin haraji don mallakar rabon ma'aikata sun bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Kadan ne kawai, musamman Amurka, Burtaniya, da Ireland suna da manyan dokokin haraji don ƙarfafa ikon mallakar babban ma'aikaci. Misali, a Amurka akwai takamaiman dokoki don Tsare-tsaren Mallakar Ma'aikata (ESOPs). A cikin ƙasar Burtaniya akwai tsare-tsare masu fa'ida na harajin ma'aikata guda biyu waɗanda ke ba wa ma'aikata damar samun hannun jari: Tsarin Raba Incentive Plan da shirin zaɓi na Sharesave .
Daban-daban na shirin rabon ma'aikata (gami da tsare-tsare masu ƙarfafa kuɗi masu alaƙa) sun haɗa da:
Shirye-shiryen siyan kai tsaye
Shirye-shiryen sayan kai tsaye suna ba wa ma'aikata damar siyan hannun jari a cikin kamfani da kuɗin kansu. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, akwai tsare-tsare na musamman na cancantar haraji waɗanda ke ba wa ma'aikata damar siyan haja ko dai a ragi ko tare da hannun jarin da ya dace da kamfani. Misali, a ƙasar Amurka, tsare-tsaren sayan hannun jari na ma’aikata suna baiwa ma’aikata damar ajiye biyan bayan-haraji na wani lokaci (yawanci watanni 6-12) sannan a yi amfani da kudaden da aka tara don siyan hannun jari har zuwa ragi kaso 15% a ko dai farashin a lokacin saye ko lokacin da suka fara ajiye kuɗin a gefe, ko wanne ya ragu. A cikin Burtaniya, Tsare-tsaren Raba Ƙarfafawa suna ba da damar siyan ma'aikata waɗanda kamfani zai iya daidaitawa kai tsaye.
Zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari
Zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari suna ba ma'aikata 'yancin siyan hannun jari da yawa a farashin da aka kayyade a kyauta na ƙayyadadden adadin shekaru a nan gaba. Zaɓuɓɓuka, da duk tsare-tsaren da aka jera a ƙasa, ana iya ba kowane ma'aikaci ƙarƙashin kowace ƙa'idar da kamfani ya ƙirƙira, tare da iyakancewar keɓancewa a ƙasashe daban-daban na Duniya.
Ƙuntataccen hannun jari
Ƙuntataccen haja da ɓangarorin hannun jari na kusa suna ba ma'aikata haƙƙin mallaka ko karɓar hannun jari, ta kyauta ko siya, da zarar an cika wasu ƙayyadaddun hani, kamar yin wasu adadin shekaru ko cimma burin aiki.
Hannun fatalwa
Hannun jarin fatalwa yana biyan kari na tsabar kuɗi na gaba daidai da ƙimar takamaiman adadin hannun jari.
Haƙƙoƙin ƙima na hannun jari
Haƙƙin ƙayyadaddun adadin hannun jari, yawanci ana biyan su da tsabar kuɗi amma lokaci-lokaci ana sasantawa a cikin hannun jari (wannan ana kiransa “Sam-Settled” SAR).
Mallakar ma'aikata
Mallakar ma'aikata wata hanya ce ta gudanar da kasuwanci wacce za ta iya yin aiki ga manyan kamfanoni daban-daban a sassa daban-daban.
Mallakar ma'aikata na buƙatar ma'aikata su mallaki wani muhimmin hannun jari mai ma'ana a kamfaninsu. Girman rabon dole ne ya zama mahimmanci. Ana karɓar wannan azaman ma'ana inda kashi 25 ko fiye na mallakin kamfani ke riƙe da kowa ko galibin ma'aikata (ko a madadinsu ta hanyar amana ). Akwai nau'ikan asali guda uku na mallakar ma'aikata:
ikon mallakar hannun jari kai tsaye ta duk ma'aikata a matsayin daidaikun mutane;
mallakin kai tsaye (ko amana) a madadin duk ma'aikata ta amintaccen amintaccen ma'aikaci ; kuma
samfurin matasan wanda ya haɗa duka kai tsaye da kuma mallakin kai tsaye.
Bugu da kari, hannun jarin ma'aikata dole ne ya baiwa ma'aikata damar yin magana mai ma'ana a cikin harkokin kamfanin ta hanyar karfafa tsarin kungiya da ke inganta shigar ma'aikata a cikin kamfanin.
Ana iya ganin ikon mallakar ma'aikata a matsayin tsarin kasuwanci na kansa, sabanin ikon rabon ma'aikata wanda zai iya ba wa ma'aikatan da aka zaɓa kawai hannun jari a cikin kamfaninsu da kuma babban rabon da ba shi da ƙima.
A cikin ƙungiyoyin Burtaniya irin su Ƙungiyar Mallakar Ma'aikata (EOA), Kasuwancin Scottish, Cibiyar Haɗin gwiwar Wales da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasar Birtaniya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta ikon mallakar ma'aikata.
Kamfanin sarrafa ma'aikata shine mafi yawan ma'aikata mallakar ma'aikata. Wannan na iya tasowa ta hanyar siyan ma'aikaci. Ana iya saita wannan ta hanyar amintaccen mallakar ma'aikaci . Kamfanonin mallakar ma'aikata gabaɗaya ko kuma mahimmanci (kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ne) na ma'aikatansu.
Daban-daban nau'ikan ikon mallakar ma'aikata, da ka'idodin da ke ƙarƙashin su, sun ba da gudummawar fitowar ƙungiyoyin kasuwancin zamantakewa na duniya. Sabis na jama'a, bisa ma'anarsa, yana da ma'ana mai mahimmanci na ikon mallakar ma'aikata, tasiri ko sarrafawa, amma yawancin ma'aikatan jama'a suna bayyana kansu a matsayin kamfanoni na zamantakewa maimakon ma'aikata.
Ƙungiyar ma'aikata ƙungiya ce ta haɗin gwiwar ma'aikatanta kuma suna sarrafa kanta. Wani nau'in kamfani ne na ma'aikaci wanda ke aiki bisa ga ƙimar haɗin kai na kasa da kasa kuma yana bin wani ƙarin lamba, fiye da ainihin ƙa'idodin duniya, mai da hankali kan dimokiradiyya da shiga cikin aiki. Mafi girman bikin (kuma nazari) Kuma shari'ar ƙungiyar kamfanoni gabaɗaya bisa ƙa'idodin haɗin gwiwa shine Kamfanin Haɗin gwiwar Mondragon na Spain. Dokokin Mutanen Espanya, duk da haka, na buƙatar membobin Kamfanin Mondragon su yi rajista a matsayin masu zaman kansu kuma ba ma'aikata ba. Wannan yana ƙara bambanta irin wannan nau'in ikon haɗin gwiwar (wanda masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu kowannensu ke da rabon kada kuri'a guda ɗaya, ko kuma hannun jarin da wata ƙungiya ta doka ce ke sarrafa shi) daga mallakar ma'aikata (inda galibi ana gudanar da mallakar a matsayin toshe. hannun jari a madadin ma'aikata ta amfani da amintaccen ikon mallakar ma'aikaci, ko dokokin kamfani sun haɗa hanyoyin rarraba hannun jari ga ma'aikata da tabbatar da kasancewa masu rinjaye).
Ta ƙasa
jihohin Baltic
Ƙasar Baltic ba ta ba da cikakkun ƙa'idodi kan sa hannun kuɗin ma'aikata ba sai don wasu tsare-tsare masu tallafi. Koyaya, kwatancen cikin ƙa'idodin ƙasa game da tsare-tsaren sa hannun kuɗi na ma'aikata sun nuna ƙarancin yawa. A wasu kalmomi kuma, akwai ƴan dokoki da suka danganci tsare-tsaren mallakar ma'aikata kuma babu wata doka ta musamman kan raba riba. Jihohin Baltic suna amfani da nau'ikan tsare-tsaren mallakar ma'aikata iri ɗaya. To Amman A aikace, ana ba da tsare-tsaren mallakar ma'aikata da yawa ga ma'aikata ko za'a iya siyan su daga kasuwannin musayar hannun jari na Lithuania, gami da hannun jari na aiki (a cikin kamfani mai iyaka na jama'a), zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari da hannun jarin da ba su da tushe. Babban matsalolin suna da alaƙa da cancantar zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari ta ma'aikata. Wata matsala kuma tana da alaƙa da rashin ( Batun Estoniya ) na tsare-tsare na shari'a na musamman (ka'idar zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari ko wani), madaidaitan shari'a (tsararriyar ƙa'ida, ƙuntatawa don ƙaddamar da tsare-tsaren zaɓi na hannun jari) ko ƙa'idodin cancantar hannun jari.
Ƙasar Ingila
Tsare-tsare na Raba Ma'aikata (ESOPs) ya zama tartsatsi na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Burtaniya a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Margaret Thatcher, musamman bin Dokar Sufuri ta shekarar 1985, wacce ta ɓata sannan kuma ta ba da sabis na bas. Majalisun da ke neman kare ma’aikata sun tabbatar da cewa ma’aikata sun shiga hannun jari yayin da aka mayar da hannun jari, amma ba da jimawa ba masu ma’aikata sun yi asarar hannun jarin su yayin da aka sayo su aka kwace kamfanonin bas. Bacewar tsare-tsaren hannun jari ya kasance mai ban mamaki.
A ƙasar Amurka, akwai al'adar mallakar hannun jari ga ma'aikata. Ya fara ne da kamfanonin masana'antu kuma a yau ya zama ruwan dare a fannin fasaha amma har da kamfanoni a wasu masana'antu, irin su Kasuwancin Abincin Abinci da Starbucks .
A cikin yakin neman zabensa na Shugaban kasa shekarata na 2020, Bernie Sanders ya ba da shawarar cewa kashi 20% na hannun jari a cikin kamfanoni masu sama da dala miliyan 100 a cikin kudaden shiga na shekara su zama mallakar ma'aikatan kamfanin.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Ci gaba da karatu
Curl, John For All The People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movements, and Communalism in America, PM Press, |
7158 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani | Fulani | Fulani ko Fulata (tilo: Bafulatani ko Bafillace) Mutane ne da ke a Yamma Maso Arewacin Afrika tun a tsawon lokaci. Mafi shaharar sana'ar Fulani shi ne kiwon dabbobi da kuma saida nono, kuma suna tatsan nonon dabbobinsu domin sayarwa, Fulani wasu mutane ne da ke da kyakkyawar fahimta, da zamantakewar sukan zauna da kowane kabilu lafiya kuma har su kulla aure a tsakaninsu.
Kididdiga ta nuna cewa akwai fulani akalla miliyan talatin da biyar a Najeriya.
Harshe ko yaren da kuma Fulani suke magana da shi sunan sa Fulfulde. Haka ake kiran sa a kasashen Najeriya, Nijar, Sudan da Kamaru, amma a tushen inda suka fito, watau kamar 'kasashen Senegal, Mauritaniya,Gini, da sauransu ana kiran harshen da Pulaar ko 'Fula.
ASALIN KALMAR FULANI
Da fari dai, masanin ya fada cewar tabbataccen tarihi shi ne wanda ya zo a Alkur'ani da Hadisai, amma duk wani abu wanda ba shi ba kan iya zamowa gurbatacce, don haka bai doru a kan cewa wajibin duk abinda ya faɗa shi ne na gaskiya ba.
A cewar sa asalin sunan Fulani shi ne Tuta (Futa Toro), kuma suna cikin tsoffin kabilun duniya ne. Shi sunan Futa din sun samo shi ne daga kakansu/uban su da ake kira Futa, kuma shi jika ne ga Annabi Nuhu. Ta wajensa aka samar da Samudawa da Adawa, don haka fadin Ta Ala a Alkurani (IRAMA ZA TUL IMAAD) da kabilar su yake, domin an samu cewa an taba kiran su da suna Iramawa.
Daga bisanin saboda yawaitar su ga yake-yake, sai aka rinka kiransu da suna Fatah, ma'ana Jarumai. Sannu a hankali kuma aka koma ambaton su da suna Futa.
Yanayin zaman su a wurare kuwa shi ne silar sauyawar sunayen su, ta yadda ake kiran wasu Futa Toro, ma'ana Futawa mazaunan Toro, da Futa Masina, Futa Jallo, Futa Falgo da sauran su
A cewar masanin, shi wannan sunan na FULANI, ya samo asali ne a Yammacin Afirka, sanda suka hadu da kabilar MANDINKA wajen zama, wadanda su ma kusan Fulani ne a halaye da dabi'u.
Malam Ahmad ya tafi a kan cewa Fulani kabilar farko ce da suka soma zaman Afirka, kuma su ne suka zo da addini Yammacin Afirka, amma fa addinin Yahudanci. Shi kuwa kowa ya sani addini ne na jinsi, ba na kowa da kowa ba.
Don haka idan Fulanin sun tara 'ya'yansu, su kan sanar musu da cewa 'Ana Hulbe (Fulbe) Allah'. Ma'ana mu masu tsoron Allah ne, kada kuyi abinda Mandinkawa abokan zaman mu suke aikatawa. Daga nan sai mandinkawa masu zuwa ganin su suka rinka kiransu da suna Fulah, kafin daga bisani sunan ya rinka sauyawa zuwa Fullata, da Fulbe.
ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA DAYA
Malam Ahmad ya sanar mana da cewa Bafillatani ya samu ne daga Annabi Nuhu A S.
Asalin zuriyarsa kuma a yankin durun Sinin take da zama. A nan ne har Annabi Musa A.S ya riske su a zamaninsa lokacin da aka saukar masa da Attaurah. A lokacin suna masu bautar shanu, don haka, sai ya kira iya kabilar sa Bani Israila zuwa bautar Allah makaɗaici.
Shi ya sa sai Bani Isra'ila suka yi kwadayin a sanya musu abin bauta kamar yadda Futawa suke yi, har kuma Musa Samiri ya shagaltar da su tare da sanya musu dan maraki a matsayin abin bautar Annabi Musa A .S.
Sai daga baya Annabin Allah Musa ya gane lamarin, sannan ya kira shugabansu mai suna Tori ya karbi addini, shi ne har aka yi bikin karbar sa ranar Asabar a jikin dutsen duri Sina. Fulani na kiran bikin 'Larki'. Har kuma sukan ce "RaduTori Sinin", watau ga Inda Tori ya musulunta wajen nuni da duri Sinin.
A wannan zamanin, sai kabilar Futah ta kasu. Wasu suka karbi addinin Annabi Musa bisa biyayya da shugaban su Tori, wasu kuma suka bijere, inda suka yi Hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, daga jikin su kabilun Chusi da ake kira Totsi yanzu suka fita, da sauran kabilun da suka mamaye yankunan.
ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA BIYU
Aka ce asalin Fulani tare da Yahudawa suke da zama. Don haka kusancin su ke sanyawa ake kiransu da sunan Yahudawa. Kuma su mayaka ne mara sa tsoro, wadanda ba sa rabo da makami, sannan suna matukar daukaka ranar Asabar sama da sauran ranaku saboda tarayyar su da Yahudawa. Sannu a hankali suka famtsama yankin Afirka ta Yamma.
ASALIN FULANI MAHANGA TA UKU
Wannan mahangar kuma ta nuna cewa Fulani tsatso ne daga zuriyar Annabi Ayyuba A.S..
Aka ce a lokacin da ya zama dattijo yana wa'azi a gefen tekun Indiya, sai aka ba shi wata mace aure wadda ba ta son sa. Don hakan idan dare ya yi sai ta guje masa zuwa bayan daki, a can kuma sai shedan ya rinka zuwar mata yana tarawa da ita. A haka har ta samu rabon yaro namiji wanda baya magana da kowa.
Aka yi magana a kan yadda ta samu wannan yaro dube da rashin tarayyar ta da maigidanta, amma Annabi Nuhu ya ce a kyale ta a matsayin matarsa, daga bisani hakan ya cigaba da faruwa har ta sake haifar yarinya mace.
Don haka wadannan mace da namijin da suka girma su ne suka fara amfani da yaren su sabo na Fulatanci.
Fannin tsarotsaro
Kimiya da Fasaha
Sifirin Jirgin Sama
Sifirin Jirgin Kasa
Daga cikin muhimman abincin Fulani akwai Fura.
Al'ummomin Nijeriya |
17657 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%20Lar | Solomon Lar | Chief (Dr.) Solomon Daushep Lar (a Watan Aprailu aka haife na shekara ta alif dari tara 1933 - 9 October 2013) (Walin Langtang) ɗan siyasan Nijeriya ne wanda ya riƙe ofisoshi daban-daban a matakin ƙasa sama da shekaru . Ya kasance memba na majalisar ƙasa ta farko lokacin da Najeriya ta sami 'yancin kai a shekara ta . An zabe shi gwamnan jihar Filato a kan tsarin Jam’iyyar Jama’ar Nijeriya (NPP) a lokacin Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta Nijeriya, yana rike da mukamin daga watan Oktoba a shekara ta har zuwa juyin mulkin Sojoji na ga watan Disamba a shekara ta wanda ya kawo Janar Muhammadu Buhari kan mulki. Daga baya, ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP).
Haihuwa da farkon aiki
An haifi Lar a garin Pangna, Langtang, jihar Filato a watan Afrilun . Mahaifinsa manomi ne kuma mahaifiyarsa mai yin tukwane. Yayi karatu a Sudan United Mission Primary School a Langtang, sannan ya yi kwalejin malamai ta Gindiri inda ya cancanci koyarwa a Primary School, Langtang. Bayan shekara biyu ya koma Gindiri don Shirin Horar da Babban Malami, ya sami Babbar Sakandari kuma ya fara koyarwa a matakin Firamari. Ya shirya zama malamin addini.
An zaɓi Lar a matsayin kansila a hukumar 'yan asalin Langtang a watan Janairun a shekara ta .Ranar ga watan Disamba aka zaɓe shi ya zama Majalisar Tarayya a karkashin kungiyar United Middle Belt Congress (UMBC). An sake zaben shi a shekara ta kuma daga nan har zuwa ga watan Janairun a shekara ta , lokacin da Janar Yakubu Gowon ya karbi mulki a wani juyin mulki, Lar ya kasance sakataren majalisar ne ga Fira Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa . Ya kuma kasance Karamin Minista a Ma’aikatar Gwamnatin Tarayya.
Bayan faɗuwar gwamnatin dimokiradiyya, Lar ya halarci Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya, ya kammala karatu a shekara ta tare da LLB kuma an kira shi zuwa mashaya a shekara ta . Ya kafa aikin lauya mai zaman kansa, kuma ya kasance tare da kafa kuma Sakatare na ƙasa na ƙungiyar Taimakawa Shari'a ta Nijeriya.
A cikin shekara ta , Lar ya shiga Hukumar Kula da Ma'adinai na Nijeriya na Amalgamated. Ya zama Shugaban Hukumar Daraktocin Bankin Nahiyar Afirka, memba na Majalisar Ilimin Dokoki ta Najeriya kuma memba na Majalisar Dokoki . Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kwamitin ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mai Shari'a Ayo Irikefe wanda ya ba da shawarar fadada daga jihohi zuwa a lokacin mulkin Janar,Murtala Muhammed da Olusegun Obasanjo . Har ila yau Lar ya kasance memba na Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Duniya ta Afirka dake Amurka.
Jamhuriya ta biyu da ta Uku
A farkon Jamhuriya ta Biyu, Lar ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa ne na kafa Ƙungiyar Jama’ar Nijeriya. An tsayar da shi a matsayin dan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam’iyya a shekara ta , sannan daga baya yaci zaɓen gwamna a Jihar Filato a matsayin Gwamna na Farko a ranar ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta .Mataimakinsa shi ne Alhaji Aliyu Akwe Doma . Ya kasance mai himma wajen gina kayayyakin more rayuwa a cikin jihar da suka hada da asibitoci, cibiyoyin ilimi, aikin wutar lantarki a karkara, samar da ruwa, da hanyoyi. Ya gabatar da sauye-sauye ga dokokin aikin yi na jihohi, da sake tsarin biyan albashi da tsarin kwangila a kullum da kuma gabatar da hutun haihuwa ga mata masu shayarwa.
Bayan juyin mulkin soja a watan Disambar a shekara ta , Janar Muhammadu Buhari ya kafa kotunan soji wadanda ke shari’ar dukkan tsoffin gwamnoni. Duk da cewa ba a samu Lar da laifin albazzaranci da dukiyar kasa ba, amma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru a kurkuku, na farko a Jos sannan kuma a Kirikiri a Legas . An sake duba lamarinsa kuma gwamnatin Janar Ibrahim Babangida ta sake shi, wanda ya fara wani canji zuwa dimokiradiyya a shekara ta .
A lokacin Jamhuriya ta Uku ta Najeriya, Lar ya kasance mai goyon bayan Social Democratic Party (SDP). Gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha ce ta nada shi Ministan Harkokin ’Yan sanda, daga baya ya yi murabus lokacin da ya fahimci Abacha ba da gaske yake ba wajen maido da dimokiradiyya.
Jamhuriya ta Hudu
A cikin sauyi zuwa Jamhuriya ta Huɗu ta Najeriya Lar ya zama Shugaban Jam’iyyar PDP na kasa na farko a shekara ta ,yana rike da wannan mukamin har zuwa lokacin da ya mika shi ga Cif Barnabas Gemade . A watan Fabrairun a shekara ta ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na shugaban kwamitin amintattu na PDP, inda ya mika shi ga Cif Tony Anenih a wani taron tattaunawa a Abuja. Yaci gaba da kasancewa mai iko a cikin jam’iyyar ta PDP har zuwa shekarar , lokacin da ya goyi bayan Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Atiku Abubakar a rikicinsa da Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo, sannan daga baya ya goyi bayan takarar Atiku na neman Shugabancin kasar a shekara ta . A watan Afrilun , Lar ya kuma yi maraba da shawarar da tsohon Shugaban Kasa na Soja, Janar Ibrahim Babangida ya yanke na tsayawa takarar Shugaban kasa a zaben , yana mai cewa a dimokuradiyya kowa na da damar tsayawa takara.
An bayyana Lar a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Tsakiyar-Belter, mai aiki a cikin Middle Belt Forum . A jihar Filato ya goyi bayan wata manufa wacce ta dogara da ra'ayin cewa jihar ya kamata ta taimaka wa 'yan asalin su fahimci fa'idar "kubutar da su" daga mamayar Hausawa, kuma ya kamata a mayar da tsoffin al'ummomin Hausawa da Jarawa a cikin Jos da Yelwa wadanda ba su da asali. matsayi. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Fabrairun a shekara ta ya ce ana watsi da yankin na Middle Belt duk da irin gudummawar da ta bayar wajen haɗin kan kasa, abin dake nuni ga sadaukarwa a yakin basasar Najeriya . Ya kuma koka da yadda ake nuna wariya ga Kiristocin Arewa, har suka kasa samun filayen daza su gina coci.
A watan Fabrairun a shekara ta Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa, Goodluck Jonathan ya naɗa shi Shugaban kwamitin Shugaban ƙasa da aka dorawa nauyin ba da shawarar yadda za a hana ci gaba da rikici a Jos, babban birnin Jihar Filato.
A ranar ga Satan Oktoban a shekara ta , gwamnan jihar Filato Jonah David Jang ya sanar da mutuwar Mista Lar. Ya mutu a asibitin Amurka bayan doguwar rashin lafiya, yana da shekara .
Mutanen Najeriya
Ƴan Najeriya
Ƴan siyasar Nijar
Pages with unreviewed translations |
24154 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone%20%28TV%20series%29 | Alone (TV series) | Shi kadai shine jerin talabijin na gaskiya na Amurka akan Tarihi . Ya bi gwagwarmayar yau da kullun na mutane goma 10 (ƙungiyoyi guda bakwai a cikin kakar guda hudu 4) yayin da suke tsira su kaɗai a cikin jeji har tsawon lokacin da za su iya amfani da ƙarancin kayan aikin rayuwa. Ban da duba lafiyar likita, mahalartan sun ware daga juna da duk sauran mutane. Suna iya "fita" a kowane lokaci, ko a cire su saboda gazawar duba lafiyar likita. Mai takarar wanda ya kasance mafi tsawo ya lashe babbar kyautar $ 500,000. An yi fim ɗin yanayi a cikin wurare masu nisa, galibi akan ƙasashen da ake sarrafawa, ciki har da arewacin tsibirin Vancouver, British Columbia, Nahuel Huapi National Park a Patagonia na Argentina, arewacin Mongolia, Babban Bakin Slave a Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma, da Chilko Lake a ciki British Columbia .
Tarihin farawa
An fara shirin a ranar 18 gawatan Yuni,shekara ta 2015. A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, kafin ƙarshen kakar na farko 1, an ba da sanarwar cewa an sabunta jerin don kakar ta biyu, wacce za ta fara samarwa a ƙarshen shekara ta 2015 a tsibirin Vancouver, Kanada. Lokaci na biyu 2 ya fara ranar 21 gawatan Afrilu, shekara ta 2016. An yi fim ɗin Season na uku 3 a cikin kwata na biyu na shekara ta 2016 a Patagonia, Argentina kuma an fara shi ranar 8 gawatan Disamba. Kwana ɗaya kafin fara kakar wasa ta uku 3, Tarihi ya ba da sanarwar cewa an fara simintin don kakar ta hudu 4. An saita Lokaci na hudu 4 a Tsibirin Arewacin Vancouver tare da ƙungiya mai ƙarfi da farawa a ranar 8 ga watan Yuni,shekara ta 2017. An saita yanayi na 5 a Arewacin Mongoliya kuma ya ba da damar masu hasara daga lokutan baya su dawo su yi gasa. An fara shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2018. Lokaci na 6 ya fara ne a watan Yuni na shekara ta 2019 kuma ya ƙunshi sabbin sabbin masu fafatawa tsakanin shekarun 31 zuwa 55. An kafa ta ne kawai kudu da Arctic Circle akan wani tafki a Yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin Kanada.
Lokaci na bakwai ya fara ranar 11 gawaan Yuni, shekara ta 2020. Mahalarta sun yi ƙoƙarin tsira na kwanaki 100 a cikin Arctic don samun kyautar $ 1 miliyan.
Jerin kashe-kashe, Alone: The Beast, wanda aka fara nunawa a ranar 30 gawatan Janairu, shekara ta 2020. A cikin wannan jerin, mutane uku suna ƙoƙarin tsira a cikin daji na tsawon kwanaki 30, ba tare da kayan aiki ko kayayyaki ba sai tufafinsu da dabbar da aka kashe. Daya kungiyar, a cikin Arctic, aka bayar da wani 1,000-laba sa muz . an tura wasu ƙungiyoyi biyu daban zuwa fadama ta Louisiana kuma aka ba su alligator da boar daji, bi da bi.
A watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, sigar Danish da aka fara gabatarwa tare da taken Alone in the Hamada ( Danish ) a kan DR3 . Ya ƙunshi masu fafatawa goma kuma an yi fim ɗinsa a arewacin Norway a ƙarshen shekara ta 2016. Mahalarta sun zaɓi abubuwa guda 12 daga jerin guda 18. Wanda ya ci nasarar sigar Danish ba ya samun komai sai ɗaukaka. Tun daga shekara ta 2017, an samar da ƙarin yanayi huɗu tare da Kadai a cikin jeji.
A cikin faduwar shekara ta 2017, sigar Yaren mutanen Norway an watsa shi tare da masu fafatawa 10 da ke yawo kusa da tafkin da kifi. Yana kusa da layin bishiyar, don haka kaɗan, ƙanana, galibi bishiyoyin birch sun bar albarkatun ƙasa kaɗan.
Tsarin da dokoki
Dokokin gabaɗaya - duk yanayi
Ana sauke masu fafatawa a cikin yankuna masu nisa na Tsibirin Vancouver na Arewa (yanayi 1-2, 4), Patagonia (lokacin 3), Mongoliya ta Arewa (kakar 5) da gabar Tekun Babbar Slave (yanayi na 6 da 7), nesa ba kusa ba don tabbatar da cewa ba za su sadu da juna ba. Tsarin yana farawa daga tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen kaka; wannan yana ƙara matsin lokaci don ƙwarewar rayuwa yayin da hunturu da ke gabatowa ke haifar da faduwar yanayi da ƙarancin abinci. Kodayake filaye na iya bambanta a wurin kowane mai fafatawa, ana tantance yankunan da za a faɗo a gaba don tabbatar da samun irin wannan rarraba albarkatun gida ga kowane ɗan takara.
Masu fafatawa kowanne ya zaɓi abubuwa guda 10 na kayan rayuwa daga jerin abubuwan da aka riga aka amince da su na 40, kuma ana ba su kit ɗin kayan aiki na yau da kullun, sutura da agajin gaggawa/kayan gaggawa. Ana kuma ba su kyamarar kyamarori don yin rikodin abubuwan da suka shafi yau da kullun da motsin zuciyar su. Ƙoƙarin zama cikin daji har tsawon lokacin da zai yiwu, masu fafatawa dole ne su nemo abinci, gina mafaka, da jimre warewa mai zurfi, rashi na jiki da damuwa na tunani.
Masu fafatawa waɗanda ke son ficewa daga gasar saboda kowane dalili (wanda ake kira "tapping out") na iya siginar ma'aikatan ceto ta amfani da wayar tauraron dan adam da aka bayar. Bugu da kari, kwararrun likitocin suna gudanar da binciken lafiya na lokaci -lokaci kan masu fafatawa kuma suna iya, a cikin hankalinsu, cire cancantar da fitar da duk wanda suke jin ba zai iya ci gaba da shiga cikin aminci ba. Wanda ya tsaya takara na ƙarshe ya lashe kyautar tsabar kuɗi $ 500,000. Ana gargadin masu fafatawa cewa wasan kwaikwayon na iya ɗaukar tsawon shekara guda.
Tsarin nau'i -nau'i (Yanayi na 4)
Hakanan an yi fim ɗin Season na 4 a Tsibirin Arewacin Vancouver amma ya haɗa da ƙungiya mai ƙarfi. Masu fafatawa goma sha huɗu, waɗanda suka ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i guda bakwai na dangi, an sauke su daban-daban a yankuna masu nisa na Tsibirin Arewacin Vancouver. Membobi biyu na kowace ƙungiya sun zaɓi abubuwa guda 10 na kayan aikin rayuwa don a raba daidai tsakanin su. Tawagar ta zaɓi memba ɗaya da za a kai shi sansani; ɗayan ya fara kusan guda nesa kuma ana buƙatar yin tafiya zuwa wurin, ta amfani da kamfas kawai da ɗaukar hanya don nemo hanyar. Idan ko memba ya fita ko kuma an fitar da shi a asibiti, abokin aikin sa ma ya cancanci. Ƙungiya ta ƙarshe da ta rage ta lashe kyautar $ 500,000.
Season 5
An zaɓi masu fafatawa na kakar 5 daga masu fafatawa da ba sa cin nasara daga Lokacin 1 zuwa 4. Ka'idojin sun kasance daidai da Lokacin 1 zuwa 3.
Season 7
Don Lokacin 7, masu fafatawa sun yi ƙoƙarin tsira na kwanaki 100 don samun babbar kyautar $ 1 miliyan. A cikin "Kadai: Tatsuniyoyi daga yankin Arctic" a ƙarshen kowane lamari, mai masaukin baki Colby Donaldson ya yi magana bayan kakar wasa ga masu fafatawa da aka nuna a wannan labarin game da abin da ya faru, tare da "wanda ba a taɓa gani ba."
Lokacin 8
An yi fim ɗin Lokaci na 8 a ƙarshen bazara na 2020 a bakin Tekun Chilko, British Columbia, babban tafkin da ke cike da ƙanƙara a kan busasshiyar gabashin Gabashin Dutsen Tekun . Lokaci ya koma tsarin asalin wasan kwaikwayon, tare da mutum na ƙarshe tsaye (ba tare da la'akari da lokacin lokaci ba) ya bayyana wanda ya ci nasara kuma ya ba da kyautar $ 500,000.
Karɓar baki
Jerin ya karɓi sake dubawa mai kyau a farkon kakar sa da fitattun bita don kakar sa ta uku, kuma ya sami cikakkiyar masu kallo miliyan 2.5, wanda ya sanya shi a cikin sabbin sabbin jerin kebul guda uku marasa inganci na 2015.
Siffar jeri
Lokacin 1
An fara kakar farko a ranar 18 gawatan Yuni,shekara ta 2015. Alan Kay, wanda ya yi asarar sama da fam 60 a lokacin kakar. Babban abincinsa shine limpets da ciyawar teku. Ya kuma cinye mussels, kaguwa, kifi da slugs. Lucas Miller ya ji daɗin lokacin sa akan wasan kwaikwayon kuma an zaɓi shi gwargwadon aikinsa a matsayin likitan ilimin jeji. Ƙwarewar sa mafi wahala tare da wasan kwaikwayon shine yin ikirarin gaskiya ga kyamara. Sam Larson ya bayyana lokacinsa na wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin "wasa cikin dazuzzuka". Ya kafa wa kansa wata manufa ta tsawon kwanaki 50. Bayan ya kai ga burinsa, wani babban guguwa ya afkawa tsibirin, wanda Larson ya bayyana ya fi girma fiye da wanda ya gani kuma ya sa ya yanke shawarar barin tsibirin. Larson ya ce kadaici da kadaici sun ɗauki mafi yawan lokaci don daidaitawa, kuma shirye -shiryen sa galibi ya ƙunshi shirye -shiryen hankali.
Hakanan an saita lokacin na biyu a tsibirin Vancouver, a cikin Yankin Quatsino, wanda ke kusa da Port Hardy, British Columbia .
Quatsino ƙaramin ƙauye ne na mutane sama da 91 wanda ke kan Sautin Quatsino a Tsibirin Arewacin Vancouver, Kanada, kawai ana iya isa ta jirgin ruwa ko jirgin sama. Maƙwabcinta mafi kusa shine Coal Harbour, zuwa gabas, kusan mintuna sama da 20 ta jirgin ruwa, da Port Alice, zuwa kudu, kusan mintuna sama da 40 ta jirgin ruwa. Garin mafi girma a yankin, Port Hardy, yana kusan awa daya arewa maso gabas ta jirgin ruwa da abin hawa.
Masu takara
Lokaci na 2
An fara kakar 2 a ranar 21 gawatan Afrilu,shekara ta 2016. Lokacin yana da shirye-shirye 13 na sa'a guda ɗaya, gami da wasan sake haduwa da "Episode 0" na farko, wanda ke nuna yadda aka zaɓi masu fafatawa 10 (waɗanda aka rage daga 20) bisa ƙwarewar rayuwa (watau ikon yin wuta ba tare da farawa ba, shirye-shiryen dabbobi na asali, mafaka), halayen kamara, da yadda suke koyan kayan aikin kyamara cikin sauƙi. Wannan shine farkon kakar da aka haɗa mata da maza. Wanda ya ci nasara, David McIntyre, ya yi asarar kusan fam 20 a cikin makwannin farko kaɗai. Mike Lowe ya sanya lokacin sa akan Alone na kirkire -kirkire kuma ya sanya nutse, jirgin ruwa, wasan kwallon kafa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.
Masu takara
Lokaci na uku ya fara ranar 8 gawatan Disamba, shekara ta 2016. Wanda ya yi nasara, Zachary Fowler, ya sha kashi 70 lbs (sulusin nauyin jikinsa na farawa) kafin ƙarshen zamansa. Lokaci na 3 shine farkon lokacin da aka ja mai fafatawa saboda dalilan lafiya; na farko shine wuri na huɗu, Dave Nessia, wanda aka cire lokacin da, saboda rashin isasshen adadin kuzari, matsin lambar systolic da kyar ya wuce matsin lamba na diastolic (80/60 mmHg), yana jefa shi cikin haɗarin mutuwa saboda ƙarancin turare na gabobin ciki. . Ya daɗe yana cikin yanayin yunwa, duk da cewa ya tafi tare da rabi na busasshen kifi har yanzu yana shirye ya ci, yana rayuwa tare da tunanin cin rabin kifi kowace rana. Na biyu, kuma mutumin da ya zauna na biyu mafi tsayi, Carleigh Fairchild, an cire shi saboda, a 101 lbs/45.8 kg, ta yi asarar kusan 30% na nauyin jikinta na farawa kuma tana da BMI na 16.8. Ana “jawo” mahalarta ta atomatik a BMI na 17 ko ƙasa da haka.
An saita kakar ta uku a Patagonia, Argentina, a Kudancin Amurka. Masu fafatawa sun bazu a cikin tafkuna da yawa a cikin gindin tsaunin Andes. Ba kamar a cikin yanayi na 1 da na 2 ba, waɗanda ke kan Tekun Pacific, albarkatun abinci na lokacin 3 galibi an iyakance su ga magudanar ruwa da bakan gizo, abinci, ƙananan tsuntsaye, da yuwuwar daji. Su ma masu fafatawa sun kasance cikin rashi saboda ba su da damar zuwa flotsam da jetsam da ke wanke a gabar tekun Pacific. Ba su kuma da tushen gishiri.
Yanayin Patagonia yayi daidai da na tsibirin Vancouver, tare da ruwan sama mai matsakaicin inci 78 a shekara. Koyaya, sabanin Tsibirin Vancouver, dusar ƙanƙara ta zama ruwan dare gama gari.
Masu takara
Mai taken "Shi kadai: Lost & Found", kakar ta huɗu da aka fara ranar 8 gawatan Yuni,shekara ta 2017. A wannan kakar, a karon farko mahalarta sun kasance biyu na dangin (ɗan'uwan/ɗan'uwana, miji/mata, uba/ɗa), tare da ƙungiyoyi bakwai da aka warwatsa ko'ina cikin tsibirin. Kyautar har yanzu $ 500,000 ce, wanda za a raba tsakanin su biyun. An jefa memba ɗaya a cikin al'adar gargajiya, tare da kan rairayin bakin teku tare da ra'ayin cewa za su zauna a yankin dangi na tsawon lokacin su, yayin da aka jefa memba na biyu kusan mil 10 daga waje tare da kamfas da ɗaukar hoto kawai kuma yana buƙatar yin tafiya. hanyar sansanin sansanin. Abubuwan da aka tanada har yanzu an iyakance su zuwa jimlar kayan aikin rayuwa guda 10 da aka zaɓa, waɗanda aka raba tsakanin membobin ƙungiyar har zuwa sake haɗawa. Idan memba ɗaya ya yanke shawarar fita kowane lokaci, an kawar da abokin tarayya. Ƙungiyoyi uku ba su taɓa haduwa ba kafin su fita, kuma ya ɗauki kwanaki takwas don ƙungiyar ta farko ta taru. Pete Brockdorff ya sami matsalar gaggawa ta likita yayin fitowar fitowar sa da dan sa. Ciwon kirji ne mai tsananin gaske wanda reflux acid ya kawo sakamakon rashin abinci. Jim da Ted Baird sun lashe kakar bayan sun shafe kwanaki 75.
An sake saita kakar ta huɗu a tsibirin Vancouver, a cikin Yankin Quatsino, wanda ke kusa da Port Hardy, British Columbia . An ware ƙungiyoyi fiye da yadda aka saba a wannan kakar, saboda tafiyar radius mil 10 da ake buƙata don haɗuwa a wurin taron su.
Masu takara
Member Memba (s) wanda ya fita
Lokacin 5
Mai taken "Shi kaɗai: Kubuta", Lokaci na 5 da aka fara ranar 14 gawatan Yuni, shekara ta 2018. 'Yan takarar 10 ba wadanda suka ci nasara aka zaba daga lokutan 4 da suka gabata na Kadai .
An saita kakar ta biyar a Arewacin Mongoliya a Asiya . An yi fim ɗin a cikin Khonin Nuga kusa da birnin Züünkharaa, Selenge aimag . "Khonin Nuga" kwari ne da ke kusa da tsaunukan Khentii na Arewacin Mongoliya, ɗayan wuraren musamman na ƙasar kuma har yanzu ba a taɓa samun su ba.
Masu takara
Kodayake an yi masa taken " The Arctic ", an saita lokacin na shida tare da gefen gabas na Great Slave Lake a Yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin Kanada, kusan kudu da Arctic Circle da kusan kudu da layin bishiyar arctic .
Masu takara
Mai taken "Shi Kadai: Kalubalen Dalar Miliyoyin", Lokaci na 7 ya fara a ranar 11 gawatan Yuni, shekara ta 2020. Ba kamar lokutan baya ba, maimakon ƙoƙarin wuce duk masu fafatawa da su, babban burin mahalarta shine su rayu na kwanaki 100 da kansu, wanda ke nufin cewa akwai yuwuwar samun nasara da yawa - ko akasin haka, babu masu cin nasara kwata -kwata. . A ƙarshen kowane mai watsa shirye -shiryen Colby Donaldson yana barin masu fafatawa su yi sharhi game da labarin wanda ke tare da "fim ɗin da ba a taɓa gani ba."
An sake saita lokacin na bakwai tare da gabar gabas na Great Slave Lake a Yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin Kanada . Fitowa (Rana ta 1) ta kasance a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2019.
Mai taken " Shi kaɗai: Grizzly Mountain ", Lokacin 8 ya fara a ranar 3 gawatan Yuni, 2021. Lokacin ya koma tsarin asalin wasan kwaikwayon, tare da mutum na ƙarshe da ke tsaye ya bayyana mai nasara kuma ya ba da rabin mil . A ƙarshen mafi yawan abubuwan da mai fafatawa ya fitar, mai fafatawa a kakar 6 da kuma mai matsayi na biyar Nikki van Schyndel (masanin rayuwa da mai amsawa na farko ) yana gudanar da ɗan gajeren hirar fita a sansanin sansanin 'yan kwanaki bayan fitowar.
Lokaci na takwas an saita shi a bakin tudun Chilko Lake (Tŝilhqox Biny), British Columbia , wani tafkin ruwan kankara mai nisan mil 40 a busasshiyar gabashin Tekun Tekun . Tekun tafkin yana kan sama da 3800 ft sama da matakin teku, yana yin Yanayi na 8 shine farkon lokacin Alpine na Kadai, kasancewa sama da 1000 ft sama sama da na gaba mafi girma, Lokacin 3, a Patagonia . Saukewa (Rana ta 1) ta kasance a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2020, kusa da farkon kaka .
Duba kuma
Rayuwar daji
Hanyoyin waje
Pages with unreviewed translations |
24196 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDGB-Pokal | FDGB-Pokal | FDGB-Pokal (Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund Pokal ko Gasar Tarayyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwadago ta Ƙasar ) ta kasance gasar ƙwallon ƙafa da aka gudanar kowace shekara a Gabashin Jamus . Ita ce ta biyu mafi mahimmancin taken ƙasa a ƙwallon ƙafa na Gabashin Jamus bayan gasar DDR-Oberliga . Wanda ya kafa gasar ita ce babbar kungiyar kwadago ta Jamus ta Gabas.
An fafata gasar FDGB Pokal (wanda galibi ake kira da Ingilishi a matsayin Kofin Gabashin Jamus) a Shekarar alif ta 1949, shekaru hudu kafin fara wasan DFB-Pokal a rabin yammacin ƙasar. Gasar cin kofin ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko ita ce Tschammerpokal da aka gabatar a shekarar alif ta 1935.
Kowane kulob na ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya shiga tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Gabashin Jamus ya cancanci shiga gasar. Kungiyoyi daga ƙananan wasannin sun taka leda a wasannin share fage na yanki, tare da waɗanda suka ci nasara sun shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin DDR-Oberliga da DDR-Liga a babban zagayen gasar na shekara mai zuwa. Kowace kawar an ƙaddara ta wasa ɗaya da aka gudanar a ƙasa ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin biyu masu halarta.
Har zuwa tsakiyar 80s filin gasar ya kunshi kungiyoyi kusan sittin da ke wasa a zagaye biyar saboda yawan kungiyoyin da suka cancanta a kasar. Da farko a shekarar alif ta 1975 ana gudanar da wasan karshe a kowace shekara a cikin Berliner Stadion der Weltjugend (Filin Wasan Berlin na Matasan Duniya) kuma an zana ko'ina daga 30,000 zuwa 55,000 masu kallo. Wasan karshe na cin kofin karshe, wanda aka buga a shekarar alif ta 1991 bayan faduwar katangar Berlin, Hansa Rostock ta yi nasara da ci – 0 akan Stahl Eisenhüttenstadt, wanda ya jawo mutane 4,800 kacal.
Mafi nasara a cikin shekaru arbain da biyu 42 na gasar shine 1. FC Magdeburg wacce ta yi bikin cin nasarar Kofin FDGB guda bakwai (gami da na SC Aufbau Magdeburg kafin shekarar alif ta 1965); daya daga cikin wadancan nasarorin ya haifar da nasara a Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA 1973-74 .
Wadanda suka yi nasara a gasar don isa wasan karshe na DFB-Pokal tun lokacin da aka sake hade kasar 1. FC Union Berlin, wacce ta fito a wasan karshe na Kofin Jamusanci na shekara ta 2001, amma ta sha kashi 0-2 a hannun Schalke . Har zuwa yau, kawai tsohon tsohon kulob din Gabashin Jamus da ya fito a wasan karshe na Kofin Jamusanci shine Energie Cottbus .
1 An sake sauya ƙungiyoyi da yawa ko sake suna a tsakanin zagaye na biyu da na uku na shekarar alif ta 1954-55 FDGB-Pokal ( de ). An koma ƙungiyar SG Dynamo Dresden zuwa Berlin kuma ta ci gaba a matsayin SC Dynamo Berlin. An mayar da tawagar BSG Empor Lauter zuwa Rostock kuma aka ci gaba a matsayin SC Empor Rostock. An tura sashen kwallon kafa na BSG Wismut Aue zuwa SC Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt. SG Dynamo Berlin aka sake masa suna SG Dynamo Berlin-Mitte. An tura sashen kwallon kafa na BSG Aktivist Brieske-Ost zuwa sabuwar kungiyar wasanni SC Aktivist Brieske-Senftenberg.
Wasan kwaikwayo
An nuna ayyukan ƙungiyoyi daban -daban a cikin tebur mai zuwa: </br> An sanya sunayen kulob -kulob da sunan karshe da suka yi amfani da su kafin haduwar Jamus .
1 Anyi wasa azaman SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden har zuwa tallafin SG DYnamo Dresden a Shekarar alif ta 1953.
2 An buga shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar wasanni SC Aufbau Magdeburg (daga baya SC Magdenburg ) har zuwa kafuwar 1. FC Magdeburg a shekarar alif ta 1965.
3 Hakanan ana kiranta da SC Rotation Leipzig da SC Leipzig . (kar a ruɗe da SC Lokomotive Leipzig )
4 Har ila yau aka sani da Motor Jena .
5 Hakanan ana kiranta da SG Planitz, Horch Zwickau, Motor Zwickau da Sachsenring Zwickau .
6 An buga shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na kulob din wasanni na SC Dynamo Berlin har zuwa kafuwar BFC Dynamo a shekarar alif ta 1966.
7 An buga a Gabashin Berlin kamar ZSK Vorwärts Berlin, ASK Vorwärts Berlin da FC Vorwärts Berlin . An mayar da tawagar zuwa Frankfurt an der Oder a Bezirk Frankfurt a shekarar alif ta 1971.
8 Har ila yau an san shi da SC Lokomotive Leipzig (kada a ruɗe shi da 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig ).
9 Wanda kuma aka sani da SG Freiimfelde Halle da Hallescher FC Chemie .
10 Har ila yau aka sani da SC Empor Rostock .
11 Wanda kuma aka sani da SG Aue, BSG Pneumatik Aue, Zentra Wismut Aue . Daga shekarar alif ta 1954 zuwashekarar alif ta 1963 an san ƙungiyar da Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt, amma ta ci gaba da wasa a Aue . Bayan sake hadewar Jamusawa a shekarar alif ta 1990, an canza wa kulob din suna FC Wismut Aue kafin ya dauki sunansa na yanzu, FC Erzgebirge Aue a shekarar alif ta 1993.
12 Hakanan ana kiranta SG Eisenhüttenwerk Thale da BSG Eisenhüttenwerk Thale ( BSG EWH Thale ).
13 Hakanan ana kiranta da BSG Sachsenverlag Dresden, BSG Rotation Dresden da SC Einheit Dresden .
14 Hakanan ana kiranta da BSG KWU Erfurt, Fortuna Erfurt, Turbine Erfurt . A cikin shekarar alif ta 1966, an haɗa SC Turbine Erfurt da BSG Optima Erfurt a ƙarƙashin sunan FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt .
15 Hakanan ana kiranta SG Zeitz da BSG Hydrierwerk Zeitz .
16 Hakanan ana kiranta da BSG Gera-Süd da BSG Mechanik Gera .
17 An sake tsara sashen kwallon kafa na BSG Stahl Eisenhüttenstadt a matsayin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Eisenhüttenstädter FC Stahl a ranar 3 gawatan Mayu shekarar alif ta 1990 don haka ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe na shekarar alif ta 1990-91 NOFV-Pokal a matsayin Eisenhüttenstädter FC Stahl.
18 Hakanan ana kiranta da SG Wurzen da BSG Empor Wurzen West . Ya kai wasan kusa da na karshe a 1952 da 1954 da sunan BSG Wurzen West.
19 Hakanan ana kiranta da SG Märkische Volksstimme Babelsberg, BSG Rotation Babelsberg da BSG DEFA Babelsberg . Ya kai wasan kusa da na karshe a shekarar alif ta 1950 a ƙarƙashin sunan BSG Märkische Volksstimme Babelsberg.
Aiki ta gari ko gari
Duba kuma
Jerin zakaran kwallon kafa na Gabashin Jamus
Hanyoyin waje
Gabashin Jamus - Jerin Gasar Cin Kofin, RSSSF.com |
40920 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Depression | Great Depression | GreaDepression ya kasance girgizar tattalin arziki da ta shafi yawancin ƙasashe a duniya. Lokaci ne na tabarbarewar tattalin arziki wanda ya bayyana bayan faduwar farashin hannayen jari a Amurka. Tabarbarewar tattalin arziki ta fara ne a cikin watan Satumba kuma ta kai ga faduwar kasuwar hannayen jari ta Wall Street a ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba (Black Thursday). Shi ne mafi tsayi, zurfi, kuma mafi yaɗuwar bakin ciki na ƙarni na 20.
Tsakanin 1929 zuwa 1932, jimillar GDP na duniya ya faɗi da kusan kashi 15%. Idan aka kwatanta, GDP na duniya ya faɗi ƙasa da 1% daga 2008 zuwa 2009 yayin Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki. Wasu tattalin arzikin sun fara farfadowa a tsakiyar shekarun 1930. Duk da haka, a cikin ƙasashe da yawa, mummunan tasirin Babban Mawuyacin ya kasance har zuwa farkon yakin duniya na biyu. An ga mummunan tasiri a cikin ƙasashe masu arziki da matalauta tare da faɗuwar kuɗin shiga na mutum, farashi, kudaden haraji, da ribar riba. Kasuwancin kasa da kasa ya fadi da fiye da kashi 50%, rashin aikin yi a Amurka ya karu zuwa kashi 23% kuma a wasu kasashe ya karu da kashi 33%.
Garuruwa a duniya sun fuskanci mummunan rauni, musamman wadanda suka dogara da masana'antu masu nauyi. An kusan dakatar da gine-gine a kasashe da dama. Al’ummar noma da yankunan karkara sun sha wahala yayin da farashin amfanin gona ya fadi da kusan kashi 60%. Fuskantar ƙarancin buƙatu da ƴan hanyoyin aiki, yankunan da suka dogara da masana'antu na farko sun fi shan wahala.
Masana tarihi na tattalin arziki yawanci suna la'akari da abin da ke haifar da Great depression a matsayin mummunan faduwar farashin hannayen jari na Amurka, wanda ya fara a ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba, 1929. Duk da haka, wasu suna jayayya da wannan ƙaddamarwa, ganin cewa haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ya rage a matsayin abin da ke haifar da Bacin rai kuma fiye da haka alama ce ta tashin hankalin masu zuba jari a wani bangare saboda raguwar farashin sannu a hankali sakamakon faduwar tallace-tallace na kayan masarufi (sakamakon yawan samar da kayayyaki saboda sabbin fasahohin samar da kayayyaki, faduwar fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje da rashin daidaiton kudin shiga, da dai sauransu) wadanda tuni aka fara aiwatar da su a matsayin wani bangare na gradual Depression.
Bayan Crash na Wall Street na 1929, inda Matsakaicin Masana'antar Dow Jones ya ragu daga 381 zuwa 198 a cikin watanni biyu, kyakkyawan fata ya ci gaba na ɗan lokaci. Kasuwar hannun jari ta tashi a farkon 1930, tare da Dow ya koma 294 (pre-depre ssion levels) a cikin watan Afrilu 1930, kafin a ci gaba da raguwa har tsawon shekaru, zuwa ƙarancin 41 a cikin shekarar 1932.
Da farko, gwamnatoci da kasuwanci sun kashe fiye da rabin farkon shekarar 1930 fiye da daidai lokacin shekarar da ta gabata. A gefe guda kuma, masu amfani, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi asara mai tsanani a kasuwannin hannayen jari a shekarar da ta gabata, sun yanke kashe kuɗin da kashi 10%. Bugu da kari, tun daga tsakiyar 1930s, wani mummunan fari ya mamaye yankin noma na Amurka
Adadin riba ya ragu zuwa ƙananan matakan ta tsakiyar 1930, amma ana sa ran raguwa da ci gaba da rashin son mutane don rance yana nufin cewa kashe kuɗin masu amfani da zuba jari ya ragu. A watan Mayu 1930, tallace-tallacen motoci ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da matakan 1928. Farashin, gabaɗaya, ya fara raguwa, kodayake albashin ya tsaya tsayin daka a cikin 1930. Sa'an nan kuma an fara karkatar da hankali a cikin shekarar 1931. Manoma sun fuskanci mummunan yanayi; raguwar farashin amfanin gona da Babban Fari ya gurgunta tunanin tattalin arzikinsu. A kololuwar sa, Great depression ya ga kusan kashi 10 cikin 100 na duk manyan gonaki na filayen filayen suna canza hannu duk da taimakon tarayya.
Tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin Amurka shi ne abin da ya durkusar da mafi yawan sauran kasashe da farko; to, raunin cikin gida ko ƙarfi a kowace ƙasa ya sa yanayi ya yi muni ko mafi kyau. ƙasashe ɗaya ke yi don haɓaka tattalin arziƙinsu ta hanyar manufofin kariya irin su 1930 US Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act da ramuwar gayya a wasu ƙasashe ya tsananta rugujewar kasuwancin duniya, yana ba da gudummawa ga depression. A shekara ta 1933, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya tura kasuwancin duniya zuwa kashi daya bisa uku na matakinsa idan aka kwatanta da shekaru hudu da suka gabata.
Webarchive template wayback links
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
51159 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufuri%20a%20Ivory%20Coast | Sufuri a Ivory Coast | Ivory Coast ta zuba jari sosai a tsarin sufuri. Kamfanonin sufuri sun fi sauran kasashen yammacin Afirka bunkasa sosai duk da rikicin da ya hana su ci gaba. Tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, Ivory Coast ta ba da fifiko kan haɓakawa da sabunta hanyoyin sufuri ga ɗan adam da kuma kayayyaki. An gina manyan abubuwan more rayuwa na yanayi daban-daban da suka haɗa da titin jirgin ƙasa, hanyoyi, hanyoyin ruwa, da filayen jirgin sama. Duk da wannan rikicin, har yanzu kasashe makwabta (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, da Guinea) sun dogara sosai kan hanyar sufurin Ivory Coast wajen shigo da su, da fitar da bakin haure zuwa Ivory Coast.
Sufurin Jirgin kasa
Tsarin layin dogo na kasar wani bangare ne na 1 260 dogon titin kilomita wanda ya hada kasar zuwa Burkina Faso da Nijar. 1 156 kilomita na layin dogo ya hada Abidjan zuwa Ouagadougou, babban birnin Burkina Faso. Kamfanin Abidjan-Niger (RAN) ne ya gina shi a lokacin mulkin mallaka, wannan layin dogo ya 'yantar da kasashe da dama da ba su da tudu daga cikinsu akwai tsohon Upper-Volta (Burkina Faso), Nijar da Mali. Wannan layin dogo, wanda Sitarail ke sarrafawa, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa dangane da jigilar kayayyaki (dabbobi) da jigilar mutane tsakanin Ivory Coast da kasashen kan iyaka: ton miliyan 1 na kayayyaki sun wuce a cikin shekarar 2006. A cikin 2005, duk da mummunan tasirin da rikicin ya haifar a fannin, fa'idodin da ake samu ta hanyar jigilar kayayyaki da mutane ta hanyar RAN, ana ƙididdige su a 16 309 et3 837billionCFA.
Tun daga shekarar 2004, hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙunshi 660 da gwamnati ke sarrafawa km yanki na 1,146 Titin jirgin kasa mai kunkuntar kilomita wanda ya taso daga Abidjan ta hanyar Bouaké da Ferkéssédougou zuwa Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Hanyar sufuri
Hanyar hanyar Ivory Coast ta bazu sama da 85 000 km wanda ya ƙunshi 75 000 maras shinge, 65 000 km, da 224 km manyan hanyoyi. Yana ba da zirga-zirga na ƙasa da ƙasa tare da ƙasashe makwabta.
Babban titin bakin teku na Trans-West African yana ba da hanyar haɗin gwiwa zuwa Ghana, Togo, Benin da Najeriya, tare da manyan tituna zuwa Mali da Burkina Faso marasa iyaka da ke shiga cikin babbar hanyar bakin teku. Idan aka kammala gina tituna da gadoji a kasashen Laberiya da Saliyo, hanyar za ta hade da wasu kasashe bakwai na kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) zuwa yamma da arewa maso yamma. A matakin kasa, an kiyasta motoci a 600 000, wanda ya hada da kashi 75% na motocin da aka yi amfani da su (hannu na biyu) saboda ƙarancin ikon siye tun farkon rikicin tattalin arziki. Ana yiwa sabbin motoci 20 000 rajista kowace shekara. Kodayake ana gudanar da ayyukan kulawa da gyare-gyare tun daga tsakiyar 2011, fiye da 80% na cibiyar sadarwar Ivory Coast sun girmi shekaru 20 don haka lalacewa.
Bugu da kari, akwai gagarumin zirga-zirga a duk fadin Abidjan, babban birnin kasar. Wannan zirga-zirgar ya ƙunshi tasi, bas da ƙananan bas da ake kira Gbaka.
Kasar tana da manyan tituna guda 4 masu hawa biyu, na farko da ke gudana daga Abidjan zuwa Yamoussoukro na tsawon 224 km., na biyu kuma ya hade Abidjan zuwa Grand-Bassam, tare da tsawon 30 km. Dukansu an gina su da fasaha na zamani kuma a ƙarƙashin matakan tsaro na duniya.
Sufurin Jirgin ruwa na Maritime
Kalli yanayin tashar ruwa ta Abidjan mai cin gashin kanta
Cote d'Ivoire ta ba da gudummawa sosai wajen haɓaka zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa ta hanyar gina tashar jiragen ruwa guda biyu a gefen tekun ta wato, tashar jiragen ruwa mai cin gashin kanta ta Abidjan, wani lokacin ana kiranta "huhun tattalin arzikin Ivory Coast", da tashar jiragen ruwa na San-Pedro. Jimlar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a cikin shekarar 2005, ta ƙara shigo da kayayyaki zuwa fitarwa, ya kasance tan 18 661 784 da tashar jiragen ruwa mai cin gashin kanta ta Abidjan da tan 1 001 991 na San-Pedro. Tashar ruwa mai cin gashin kanta ta Abidjan tana da fadin hekta 770 kuma tana da kashi 60% na masana'antun kasar. Ita ce tashar kamun kifi na farko a Afirka. Ya ƙunshi dakuna 36 na al'ada da aka bazu sama da kilomita shida na kwalaye da ke ba da damar jiragen ruwa sittin na kasuwanci tare da tasoshin jiragen ruwa na musamman da yawa, tashar kwantena da dama na musamman da wuraren masana'antu. Sauran babbar tashar tashar jiragen ruwa, tashar jiragen ruwa ta San-Pedro, tana aiki tun shekarar 1971 kuma tana da kwalaye biyu da ke rufe yanki 18,727 m 2 . Baya ga waɗannan manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu, akwai kuma ƙananan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Sassandra, Aboisso, da Dabou.
Sufurin Jirgin sama
Ivory Coast tana da filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama guda uku a Abidjan, Yamoussoukro, da Bouaké. Ƙananan birane goma sha huɗu kuma sun mallaki filayen jiragen sama na yanki, mafi mahimmancin su ne Daloa, Korhogo, Man, Odiénné da San-pédro. Jiragen sama 27 sun wanzu kuma ana sarrafa su ta hanyar jama'a, Anam (Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama da Yanayin Sama), sai dai ayyukan da Asecna (Agency for Security of Air Transport a Afirka da Madagascar) ke gudanarwa.
Tun bayan barkewar rikicin, biyar daga cikin wadannan filayen jiragen sama ne kawai ake da su. Waɗannan su ne Abidjan, San-Pedro, Yamoussoukro, Daloa, da Touba. Game da filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa na Abidjan, kididdiga na hukuma daga 2005, ya nuna 14 257 ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci (tashi da masu zuwa); 745 180 fasinjojin kasuwanci (shigo, tashi, da wucewa) da tan 12 552 na kasuwanci. Filin jirgin saman Abidjan ya dauki kashi 90% na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na Cote d'Ivoire kuma yana samar da kashi 95% na ribar da ake samu a fannin gaba daya.
Filin jirgin saman Abidjan yana aiki da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa, Aeria, wanda aka ƙirƙira tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Marseilles. Yawan zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar ya ƙunshi kamfanonin jiragen sama na Turai (Air France, Brussels Airlines) da wasu kamfanonin Afirka (Tsarin Jiragen Sama na Afirka ta Kudu, Kenya Airways, Air Sénégal International).
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
6635 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghenekaro%20Etebo | Oghenekaro Etebo | Oghenekaro Peter Etebo (an haife shi a 9 ga watan Nuwamba, 1995) kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne a Najeriya wanda ya buga matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na Watford, a matsayin aro daga Stoke City, da kuma Nigerian National Team.
You will learn how to make the most delicious cookies and cakes dishes you have ever come acrosswithout the stress of worrying that it is too difficult to put together. There is a cookies and cakes recipe in this book for every baker out there, regardless of their baking experience. In this book, every recipe has at least one photo for you to compare after testing. All cookies and cakes are suitable to serve as lunch or dinner for your family. So, if you want to begin making your
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https://digiaffnet.com/affiliate/store/MjE2/product/how-to-make-370-delicious-cakes-and-cookies-at-home-digi25-26, kuma Najeriya tawagar kasar .
Etebo ya fara ne a Warri Wolves inda ya shafe shekaru uku kafin ya koma kwallon kafa ta Turai tare da Feirense na Fotigal. Ya taimaka wa bangaren samun cigaba zuwa Primeira Liga kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin kulob na sama. Etebo yayi zaman aro na wata shida a Las Palmas ta Spain a kakar shekarar 2017-18. Etebo ya koma Stoke City ta Ingila a watan Yunin shekarar 2018 kan kudi fam miliyan 6.35.
Aikin kulob
Wolves Warri
Etebo ya koma Warri Wolves a shekarar 2012, an sanar da Etebo a matsayin mamba 'yan wasan da zasu fafata a gasar Firimiyar Najeriya ta shekarar 2013 . Koyaya, saboda karatunsa na makaranta da jinkirin fara kakar wasannin lig, kawai ya fara buga wasansa na ƙwararru a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2013, yana sanar da kansa ga magoya bayan Najeriya ta hanyar zira kwallaye uku na farko a kakar. Tare da kwallaye a cikin mintuna na 4, 9 da 37 da kuma wani na Joseph Osadiaye a minti na 12 yayin da Wolves suka tashi da kwallaye hudu a wasan farko da El-Kanemi Warriors .
Kyakkyawan kakar wasansa ta farko ya ci gaba lokacin daya ci ƙwallo mafi sauri a gasar a wasan da suka doke Wikki Tourists da ci 3-1, inda ya zira duka ƙwallaye uku cikin mintuna 22 na wasa. Etebo ya fara zura kwallo a ragar Wolves a minti na bakwai na wasan, amma har yanzu bikin bai mutu ba lokacin da Waziri Christoper ya rama wa Wikki. Etebo ya sake bugun a minti na 12 don dawo da martabar Wolves, kuma ya kammala hat-trick a minti na 29, bayan da aka baiwa masu masaukin bakin bugun tazara. A watan Maris na 2014, ya zira kwallon sa ta farko ta nahiyar a kan Union Douala a gasar CAF Confederation Cup na 2014 . Wasannin da ya buga a gasar cin kofin CAF Confederation Cup ya ja hankalin kulob din Espérance na Tunisia da kungiyar Zamalek ta Masar, lamarin da ya haifar da fada akan sa hannun sa. A watan Mayu 2014 Etebo ya yi gwaji a kulob din Udinese na Italiya .
A cikin 2015 Etebo ya sami lambar yabo ta Glo Wondergoal, don mafi kyawun ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya na 2015, wanda aka zira akan Bayelsa United . A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2016, ya lashe kyautar gwarzon shekara mafi kyau a Gwarzon CAF a Abuja, Nigeria . A jimilce Etebo ya ci wa Warri Wolves kwallaye 23 cikin wasanni 64 a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi da kulob din.
Etebo shiga Portuguese LigaPro kulob Feirense a farkon shekara ta 2016, ya taka leda sau hudu a 2015-16, ya zura kwallo daya taimaka musu su samu damar da Primeira Liga . Ya buga wasanni 27 a 2016–17 yayin da Feirense ya gama a matsayi takwas da ƙyar ya rasa gurbin Turai da maki biyu.
Las Palmas (aro)
A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2018, Etebo ya ba da aron UD Las Palmas na La Liga na tsawon watanni shida, tare da batun siyan. Etebo ya buga wasanni 14 tare da Las Palmas amma ya kasa hana su ficewa daga gasar. Etebo ya sami yabo saboda rawar da ya taka tare da ƙungiyar Canary Islands .
Stoke City
A ranar 11 ga Yuni 2018, Etebo ya rattaba hannu ga Stoke City ta EFL Championship kan € 7.2million (£ 6.35 million) daga Feirense kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar. Ya zama sabon kocin Gary Rowett na farko da ya sanya hannu a Stoke, wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai kuzari. Etebo ya bayyana cewa ya ki karbar tayin kungiiyoyin Premier League kafin ya koma Stoke. Ya fara bugawa Stoke wasa a ranar 5 ga Agusta 2018 da Leeds United . Etebo ya buga wasanni 37 a 2018–19 kuma yana daya daga cikin kwararrun kungiyoyin yayin da Stoke ta kare a matsayi na 16. Ya zira kwallaye biyu duka biyun manyan hare -hare ne a kan Nottingham Forest da Blackburn Rovers .
Etebo ya fara jinkiri zuwa kakar 2019–20 saboda shigarsa Najeriya a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2019 . Stoke ta fara kakar wasa cikin mummunan yanayi kuma ta tsinci kan ta a wuraren faduwa daga gasar Championship wacce ta kashe manajan Nathan Jones aikinsa a watan Nuwamba na 2019. A karkashin sabon manaja Michael O'Neill, an cire Etebo daga cikin tawagar tare da O'Neill yana sukar kokarinsa na horo. Wannan ya kai shi ga alakanta shi da barin kulob din a watan Janairun 2020.
A cikin Janairu 2020, Etebo ya koma Getafe na La Liga a matsayin aro don ragowar kakar 2019-20 tare da zaɓi don siye. Etebo ya buga wa Getafe kwallo sau 11 a kan SD Eibar amma kulob din ya yanke shawarar hana zabin sayan su.
A ranar 9 ga Satumba 202, Etebo ya koma Galatasaray ta Turkiyya a matsayin aro don kakar 2020-21 . Ya buga wa Galatasary wasanni 29 yayin da suka kare a matsayi na biyu, inda ya rasa taken Beşiktaş akan banbancin raga.
Watford (aro)
A ranar 9 ga Yulin 2021, Etebo ya koma sabuwar kungiyar Watford ta Premier da aka inganta a yarjejeniyar aro na tsawon lokaci tare da zabin saye. A ranar 14 ga Agusta 2021, ya fara buga wasansa na farko na Watford a wasan farko da suka fafata da Aston Villa, inda Watford ta ci 3-2.
Aikin duniya
Etebo ya fara wasansa na kasa da kasa a ranar 27 ga Yuli 2013 da Côte d'Ivoire a cikin rashin nasara 2-0 a Abidjan yayin yakin neman cancantar Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2014 ga 'yan wasan gida. Ya kuma buga wasa da Jordan a wasan sada zumunci na duniya a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2013. A watan Disambar 2015, ya taimaka wa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 23 ta Najeriya zuwa gasar cin kofin Afirka ta' yan kasa da shekara 23 a Senegal . wanda ya fi kowa zira kwallaye tare da kwallaye biyar, gami da kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Algeria 2-1 a wasan karshe. Dukan burin biyu an nuna su da zurfin gudu daga ƙungiyarsa. Kasancewar ya kusan tabbatar da cancantar Najeriya zuwa wasannin Olympic, daga baya Najeriya ta zaɓe shi a cikin mutane 35 na wucin gadi don wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2016 . Bayan isowarsa cikin tashin hankali a Brazil, ya zura kwallaye hudu a ragar Japan a wasan rukuni na farko na Najeriya. Wasan ya kare da Najeriya da ci 5 - 4. Ya ji rauni a wasan na uku na gasar, ya taka rawar gani a cikin nasarar da kungiyar ta samu ta lashe tagulla. Etebo memba ne na cikakkiyar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya .
An sanya sunan Etebo a cikin 'yan wasan Najeriya 23 da za su buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018 a Rasha. Ya fara duk wasannin Najeriya uku na rukuni wanda ya sa suka doke Iceland amma sun sha kashi a hannun Argentina da Croatia wanda hakan ke nufin sun kasa tsallakewa zuwa matakin na gaba.
Ƙididdigar sana'a
Kasashen duniya
Dalilai da sakamako sun lissafa jadawalin ƙwallon da Najeriya ta fara da shi, ginshiƙi yana nuna ci bayan kowace ƙwallon Etebo.
Najeriya U23
Lambar Tagulla ta Olympic : 2016
Hanyoyin waje
Peter Etebo at Soccerbase
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
50230 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ife%20Durosinmi-Etti | Ife Durosinmi-Etti | Ifedayo Khadijah Durosinmi-Etti wanda aka fi sani da Ife Durosinmi-Etti, (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Disamba 1988), shugabar kasuwanci ce ta Najeriya, marubuciya kuma jagora a duniya.
Tarihi da ilimi
Durosinmi-Etti ta tafi Kwalejin Tunawa da Mata ta Vivian Fowler don karatun sakandare. Daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Convenant, inda ta sami digiri a fannin Biochemistry. Sai dai tun da farko tana karatun injiniyan sinadarai kamar yadda mahaifiyarta ta shawarce ta. Hakan ya faru ne saboda kasancewar wannan sana’a ce ta mahaifinta, duk da cewa ba ta da sha’awar sana’ar. Daga baya, bayan shekaru biyu na digiri na farko, za ta canza zuwa ilimin kimiyyar halittu saboda ta fahimci cewa ba ta kai ga kididdigar da injiniyan sinadarai ke ciki ba. Bayan ta sami digiri na farko, ta tafi Jami'ar Coventry, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kasuwanci ( MBA ) a Global Business da kuma Saïd Business School.
Bayan kammala karatunta na farko, Durosinmi-Etti ta fara aikinta a wani kamfani mai suna Aspire Acquisitions. Ayyukanta na biyu shine a cikin kamfanin sayar da kayayyaki, Arcadia Group. Dukan kungiyoyin biyu suna a Landan. Ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da sana'ar tallace-tallace bayan zamanta a wannan fanni wanda hakan ya sa ta samu digiri na MBA a Global Business daga Jami'ar Coventry. Bayan kammala karatun ta, ta yi aiki tare da Heineken ta hanyar Nigerian Breweries, saboda kamfanonin Najeriya suna da 'yancin yin amfani da sunan kamfani na Heineken a Najeriya. An ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin Matasan Ƙwararru na Afirka (YAT). Ta yi aiki da Heineken na tsawon shekaru biyar, kafin ta daina yin sana'a a matsayin 'yar kasuwa mai zaman kanta.
Kamfanin farko da ta kafa shi ne Parliamo Bambini, tare da Olamide Olatunbosun. Kamfanin dai ya samu la’akari da bukatar kamfanin samar da kayan daki na ‘yan asalin Najeriya, wanda ta fahimci matsalar da ta fuskanta wajen shigo da kayan jarirai daga kasar Burtaniya zuwa Najeriya a lokacin da ta haifi danta na farko. Wannan enveadour ta sami lambar yabo ta Tony Elumelu Foundation da 'yar kasuwa, tare da abokin aikinta.
Kamfaninta na biyu, Herconomy, wanda ake kira AGS Tribe, wani kamfani ne na fintech wanda ke ba wa mata damar ba da tallafin kasuwanci, haɗin gwiwa da kuma tallafin karatu. Ta fara ne da tara dala 600,000 a cikin sa'o'i ashirin da hudu ta hanyar tallafin jama'a a shafukan sada zumunta, Instagram, don bayar da tallafin farko na bayar da tallafi. Daga baya ta samu haɗin gwiwa tare da Amazon, a cikin haɗin gwiwa da nufin samun kudaden kasuwanci ga ƙananan mata da kuma daukar ma'aikata. Ita ce abokiyar daukar ma'aikata ta farko daga Najeriya ta Amazon. Har ila yau, kamfanin yana mai da hankali kan shawarwarin tsara-tsayi daga membobin, yana ƙarfafa membobinsa don kawo ƙarin mata zuwa samun tallafi da jari.
Ta kuma maida hankali wajen wayar da kan mata kan gina sana’o’insu. Littafinta mai suna Accessing Grants for Start-ups yana da tsohon gwamnan jihar Legas, Akinwunmi Ambode a matsayin marubucin farkonsa.
Ifedayo kuma mamba ce a kungiyar Tallace-tallacen Talla ta Najeriya (APCON).
Durosinmi-Etti ita ce mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Tony Elumelu Foundation na Entrepreneur Awards na shekarar 2016. An gane ta tare da Olamide Olatunbosun don kafa Parliamo Bambini, wani kamfani na kayan daki na yara. Ita mamba ce a Majalisar Ba da Shawarar Matasa, Bayar da Bayar da Shawarwari ta Bankin Duniya inda ta kware wajen samar da mafita ga Ayyukan Matasa. Har ila yau, ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Netherlands ta nada ta a matsayin ƙwararriya masanin zaman lafiya.
A cikin shekarar 2017, Durosinmi-Etti ta sami lambar yabo daga tsohuwar dalibarta Vivian Fowler Memorial College for Girls saboda gudunmuwar da ta bayar wajen karfafa mata. A shekarar 2018, ta kuma samu lambar yabo ta mata ta kungiyar shugabannin kasashen yammacin Afirka; don sadaukar da kai ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da daidaito a yammacin Afirka.A cikin shekarar 2018, ta kasance daya daga cikin masu gabatar da kara a Jami'ar Harvard a yayin taron ci gaban Afirka, rawar da mata ke takawa a dimokiradiyya kuma ana kiran hakan sakamakon tasirin kasuwancin Afirka.
A cikin shekarar Yuni 2020, Ife an nuna ta a cikin Kayayyakin Haɗin kai na lantarki mai jigo Oxygen, ƙarƙashin jerin Polaris. An yi hira da ita tare da wasu daga sassan duniya.
A cikin shekarar 2021, an zabe ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kungiyar Mandela Washington Fellows. Hakanan ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƴan kasuwa na NASDAQ na shekarun 2021/2022. Har ila yau, Amstel Malta ta karrama ta a ƙarƙashin taken Break The Bias, saboda ƙoƙarinta na inganta haɗa kai a cikin kasuwancin Najeriya, ta hanyar ƙarfafa mata su shiga kasuwanci. Ita ma This Day ta sanya ta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan matan Najeriya a fannin fasaha a shekarar 2022.
Ita ce ta lashe lambar yabo ta ELOY don nau'in "Mace Mai Ƙarfafawa".
Rayuwa ta sirri
Ta auri Abdul-Gafaar Eniola Durosinmi-Etti a watan Disamba 2014. Tare suna da yara biyu mace da namiji. A cikin shekarar 2022, ta tsira daga kamuwa da cutar COVID-19.
Haihuwan 1988
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
16222 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyabo%20Obasanjo-Bello | Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello | Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello (an haife ta 27 Afrilu 1967) a Legas Najeriya, diyar tsohon Shugaban Najeriya Mr Olusegun Obasanjo da matar sa Oluremi Obasanjo.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Obasanjo-Bello ta halarci makarantar Corona a Victoria Island, Lagos, Capital School a Kaduna, da kuma Queen's College a Legas. Ta samu digiri a fannin likitan dabbobi a jami’ar Ibadan a shekarar 1988, sannan ta yi digiri na biyu a kan ilimin cututtukan cututtuka daga jami’ar California, Davis a Davis, California, Amurka, a 1990, sannan ta yi karatun digirgir a wannan fannin daga jami’ar Cornell da ke Ithaca, New York, a cikin 1994.
Harkar siyasa
Kafin zaben sanata, Obasanjo-Bello ya kasance Kwamishinan Lafiya na Jihar Ogun. An zabe ta a matsayin 'Yar Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya mai wakiltar gundumar sanata ta tsakiya ta jihar Ogun a watan Afrilun 2007. Ta sake tsayawa takarar a watan Afrilun 2011 a karkashin jam’iyyar PDP, amma Olugbenga Onaolapo Obadara na jam’iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) ya kayar da ita, wanda ya samu kuri’u 102,389 yayin da Obasanjo Bello ya samu 56,312. Don 2012
Ayyukan majalisar dattijai
An zabi Obasanjo-Bello zuwa majalisar dattijai a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2007 a kan wani dandamali na Democratic Party (PDP); abokiyar hamayyarta ta Action Congress (AC) Remilekun Bakare ta kalubalanci wannan sakamakon, amma Kotun daukaka karar zaben jihar Ogun ta goyi bayan nasararta.
Ta kasance Shugabar Kwamitin Lafiya na Majalisar Dattawa, kuma mamba a cikin Tsaro & Leken Asiri, Sufurin Kasa, Kimiyya da Fasaha, Ilimi, Tsare-tsaren Kasa, da Kwamitocin Majalisar Dokoki. Ta rasa kujerarta yayin zabukan majalisar kasa a ranar 9 ga Afrilun 2011.
Yunkurin kisan kai
A watan Afrilu 2003 a ranar babban zaben an harbi motarta a kan titin Ifo a jihar Ogun. Ba ta cikin motar amma manya 3 da yara 2 a cikin motar sun mutu. Ba a taɓa kama masu ci gaba ba.
Kwanan nan, wata wasika da Iyabo Obasanjo ta aika wa mahaifinta a shekarar 2013 ta sake kunno kai bayan wata sanarwa da mahaifinta ya aika wa shugaban na Najeriya na yanzu kuma ta ɗora alhakin hakan a kan magoya bayan wannan gwamnatin ta yanzu. Ta kuma ce wannan gwamnati mai ci yanzu ya kamata ta bi shawarar mahaifin nata ba wai ta shiga zaben ba.
EFCC bincike
A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2008, Hukumar EFCC da ke yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa (EFCC) ta binciki Obasanjo-Bello saboda binciken da ya shafi tsohuwar Ministar Kiwon Lafiya da kuma Ministar ta na Lafiya (jihar), Farfesa Adenike Grange, saboda wawure dukiyar al’umma. Ma'aikatar a karshen shekarar kudi ba ta mayar da dukkan kudaden da ba a kashe ba a asusun gwamnati. Kudaden sun kai Naira miliyan 300, wanda aka yi zargin an raba tsakanin Ministar, karamar ministarta da manyan ma’aikatan gwamnati a kan Majalisar Dattawa da Kwamitin Kiwon Lafiya na Majalisar da take shugabanta. An tilasta wa Ministar da mataimakinta yin murabus bayan sun dawo da kasonsu na kudin; daga baya aka kamasu kuma aka sanya belinsu. Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello ta ki mayar mata da kason ta na wannan kudi, Naira miliyan 10. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa membobin kwamitinta tara sun '' nemi kuɗaɗen '' kuɗi daga ma'aikatar da suke kula da ita. Ta ci gaba da cewa wannan kudin an kashe a taron inganta karfin wasu mambobin kwamitin kiwon lafiya da suka halarta a Ghana. Kawo yanzu ta ki bayyana a gaban EFCC. Duk da cewa an gayyace ta, tare da ministar da sauran ma'aikatan gwamnati, ta ki bayyana a gaban kotun. Mako guda bayan haka wani babban wasan kwaikwayo ya faru lokacin da jami'an EFCC suka yi ƙoƙari su kama ta a gidanta da ke gundumar Maitama a cikin garin Abuja, bayan da dama daga masu ruwa da tsaki a lokaci guda da jami'an tsaro suka sa ta tsallake shingen ta don guje wa kamawa daga jami'an tsaro na Najeriya. jami'ai. A shekarar 2009 an kori karar daga Babbar Kotun da ke Abuja saboda ba ta da wani amfani.
Obasanjo-Bello ta bayyana zargin a matsayin "bakar fata", kuma ta ce ana mata kawance ne saboda ta kasance 'yar tsohon shugaban.
Ayyukan ilimi
Ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Bincike ta Clinical a Amurka kafin ta dawo Nijeriya a 2003. ta kasance Abokiyar zama kuma a 2013 Babbar Babba a Harvard's Advanced Leadership Initiative . Ayyukanta da suka lura sun haɗa da:
Olowonyo, MT; MA Adekanmbi and Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello . "Bincike kan Amfani da Cibiyoyin Haihuwa a jihar Ogun" . Likitan Likitocin Najeriya . 45 : 68-71 . An dawo da 22 Disamba 2007 .
Ƴan Najeriya
Rayayyun mutane |
30364 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binciken%20muhalli | Binciken muhalli | Binciken muhalli lakabi ne na sana'a a cikin fa'idar binciken, wanda aka fi sani da masu yin aikin a matsayin masu binciken muhalli. Masu binciken muhalli suna amfani da dabarun binciken don fahimtar tasirin abubuwan da ke tattare da muhalli kan gidaje da cigaban gine-gine, da kuma tasirin da cigaban gidaje da gine-gine da za su yi a kan muhalli.
Ayyukan sana'a
Haƙiƙanin ayyukan da suka haɗa aikin yau da kullun na mai binciken muhalli ya bambanta daga mai binciken zuwa mai binciken da kuma daga aiki zuwa aiki. Kuma Masu binciken muhalli guda biyu na iya samun sana'o'i waɗanda suka ƙunshi ayyuka na ƙwararru daban-daban dangane da yankinsu da ayyukansu na ƙwarewa.
A cikin ma'ana mafi mahimmanci, fannin binciken muhalli ya bambanta da na shawarwarin muhalli . Sannan Kuma Masu ba da shawara kan muhalli na iya samun ɗan ci gaba tare da aikin masu binciken muhalli, amma ƙila su zama memba na ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru daban-daban kuma suna iya aiwatar da ayyukan da ba su shafi muhallin da aka gina ba. Suna iya alal misali suna da hannu tare da arboriculture ƙayyadaddun abin da ke faɗuwa daga aikin masu binciken muhalli. Ko da yake ana amfani da sharuɗɗan a wasu lokuta musanya, kuma ayyuka sukan yi amfani da kalmar masu ba da shawara idan aikin yana neman babban tushe na abokin ciniki fiye da yadda za a jawo hankalin zuwa tsantsar aikin Sayen Muhalli.
Babban wuraren aiki
Manyan wuraren aiki na masu binciken muhalli a Burtaniya sun haɗa da:
Kimar haɗarin ambaliya - Wannan shine don tantance yadda yuwuwar gini ko ginin da aka tsara zai yi ambaliya. Kuma Idan ana tunanin ginin yana cikin haɗari zai sami sunan ko dai Band 1 (200: 1 damar ambaliya a cikin shekara) Band 2 (tsakanin 200: 1 da 75: 1 damar ambaliya kowace shekara) ko Band 3 (mafi girma) fiye da damar 75:1 na ambaliya a kowace shekara, a halin yanzu ana tunanin zai kai kusan kashi 4% na kadarorin haɗarin ambaliya a Burtaniya).
• Ƙimar gurɓataccen ƙasa - Ana gudanar da binciken gurɓataccen ƙasa don tantance matakin barazanar da ke tattare da gine-ginen da ake da su. Ana iya gurɓatar ƙasa idan tana kan ko kusa da wurin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu ko a baya don dalilai na masana'antu ko zubar da shara. Irin waɗannan binciken sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙwazo wanda dole ne a yi kafin a fara gini ko gyara wani kadara ta ƙasa. Sannan Kuma Duka lokacin da kuma bayan gini, binciken gurɓataccen ƙasa zai iya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci wajen sanar da dabarun sarrafa haɗari.
• Binciken muhalli - Bayar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da haɗarin muhalli da aka gabatar ga ci gaban ƙasa na yanzu ko da aka tsara. Kuma Binciken na iya taimakawa samun hoto na: ko dukiyar da ake magana a kai ta lalace ta hanyar lalata ko a'a, ko kayan na iya zama mai saurin kamuwa da iskar gas, kusancin wuraren zubar da sharar lasisin gwamnati da kuma tantance raunin albarkatun ruwa na kadarorin. zuwa gurbacewa.
Kima hadarin gobara - Duk wuraren aiki a Burtaniya dole ne su sami kimar haɗarin gobara. Kuma An tsara tantancewar ne domin sanin abin da zai iya tayar da gobara, da yadda za a iya tunkarar gobarar da kuma tabbatar da cewa ma’aikatan za su samu isassun gargadi game da gobara, da fita daga ginin da kuma wurin da za a taru daga baya.
• Binciken Asbestos- Saboda asbestos abu ne mai hatsarin gaske ga lafiyar ɗan adam, ana sarrafa amfani da shi sosai. Kasashe 52 a duniya yanzu sun haramta wannan abu. Abun da Tarayyar Turai ta haramta, ban da amfani da shi a cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun aikace-aikacen masana'antu. Saboda yawan amfani da shi a cikin masana'antar gine-gine kafin a hana, yawancin gine-ginen da ake da su sun ƙunshi asbestos da wuraren da gine-ginen ya kasance a baya sun kasance sun gurɓata da shi. Kuma A saboda wannan dalili gine-gine na iya buƙatar binciken asbestos don sanin matakin amfani da abun da kuma matakin gurɓata wurin da wannan ya haifar.
Masu Binciken Muhalli suna amfani da dabaru iri-iri don tantance yanayin muhallin yanki da tattara rahotanninsu.
Ana zana bayanan tarihi daga taswirori da tsofaffin bayanan binciken don tabbatar da ainihin iyakokin dukiya, kuma ana amfani da su don ganin ko an sami wani gurɓatawar tarihi ko zubar da shara a wurin.
• Samfuran Ruwa yana ba masu Binciken Muhalli damar samun hoto na ingancin da matakan gurɓata ruwa a wuraren ruwa na gida.
• Hakazalika da Samfuran Ruwa, ana iya amfani da Samfuran Duniya don tantance matakin gurɓataccen ƙasa a cikin ƙasa.
• Ana iya amfani da bayanan geometric don kafa wuraren da mai yuwuwa za su iya ambaliya ko lura da yaduwar gurɓataccen abu.
• Tsarin bayanan ƙasa (GISs) na iya ketare bayanan taswira tare da bayanan ƙididdiga. Sannan kuma Idan mai Binciken Muhalli yana tattara rahoton ambaliyar ruwa don gini kuma yana so ya kafa rashin daidaiton ambaliyar kadarorin a kowace shekara to za su iya ketare wurin wurin da dukiya tare da bayanan kididdiga na tarihi da aka samu kan ambaliya a yankin.
Ana iya amfani da Duban Kayayyakin gani idan misali mai binciken yana so ya tabbatar da matakin gurɓacewar asbestos ga wani kadara. Kuma Ana iya haɓaka wannan ta ko gabatar da ita dangane da tarin
Ma'aikatan da aka tsara
A cikin ƙasar Burtaniya da ma a cikin sauran ƙasashe da yawa a duniya, ana kallon karramawar da Cibiyar Kula da Masu Sa ido ta Sarauta (RICS) ta yi a matsayin bayar da babban ma'auni na ƙwararru, da kuma ba da garantin inganci a cikin ayyukan masu binciken membobinta. Masu Binciken Muhalli sun kafa ƙungiyar ƙwararru guda ɗaya a cikin RICS kuma an jera su a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙasarsu. Kuma Don cimma matsayin mai binciken muhalli mai hayar, dole ne dan takarar ya wuce tantance cancantar kwararru (APC). Wannan ya ƙunshi kammala aikin aikin da aka tsara da kuma samar da rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce a matsayin shaida na ayyukan da aka yi a lokacin wannan aikin aikin. Sannan A karshe dole ne dan takarar ya ci jarrabawar baka na tsawon awa daya. Ana buƙatar duk masu binciken ba tare da la'akari da filin su ba don nuna ƙwarewar RICS ƙwararrun ƙwarewa, sannan su ci gaba don nuna ilimin ƙwarewa a cikin takamaiman filayen su. Ƙwarewar musamman ga binciken muhalli sun haɗa da:
• dorewa • gurɓataccen ƙasa • kimanta muhalli • nazarin muhalli • hanyoyin dakin gwaje-gwaje • sarrafa yanayin yanayi da shimfidar wuri
A wajen Burtaniya, wasu ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun na iya bayar da daidaitattun ƙididdiga don nuna ƙwararrun masu binciken muhalli.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
51622 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibiyar%20Kasuwanci%20ta%20Duniya%20Abuja | Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya Abuja | Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya wani hadadden gine-gine ne guda takwas da ake ginawa a Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya ta Abuja, FCT a Najeriya. Akwai gine-gine bakwai da aka tsara don shafin, biyu daga cikinsu an riga an kammala su, tare da sauran ko dai a cikin gini ko a matakai daban-daban na ci gaba. A (361 ft), Hasumiyar WTC mai hawa 24 1, wacce ta kai a shekarar 2015 ita ce taƙaitacciyar gini mafi tsayi a Najeriya, yayin da Hasumiyar BTC 2 ita ce gini mafi tsayin daka a Abuja, tana tsaye a m . Da farko an shirya bude shi a cikin 2013, Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya Abuja yanzu an shirya bude ta a cikin 2016.
Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi masu zaman kansu ne ke tallafawa hadaddun, da kuma masu saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu, wanda ke da kimanin biliyan 200. Kamfanin First Intercontinental Properties Limited ne ke haɓaka shi, wani reshe na The churchgate Group, kamfanin mallakar Najeriya, kuma Woods Bagot ne ya tsara aikin, WSP Consulting shine mai ba da shawara kan tsarin, yayin da Abuja Investments Company kuma abokin tarayya ne. WTC Abuja, lokacin da aka kammala, zai zama ci gaba mafi girma a cikin yankin Yammacin Afirka.
Ci gaba
Ci gaban Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya Abuja ya fara ne a cikin shekara ta 2010, a kan girman ƙasa sama da hekta 6,000 a cikin Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya ta Abuja . An fara aikin ne a kan karamin sikelin; a matakin ra'ayi na aikin, an yi ƙoƙari biyu da ba su yi nasara ba don tabbatar da abokan haɗin ci gaba kafin a sami First Continental Properties Limited a cikin 2009 ta hanyar tsarin tayin wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da yarjejeniyar haya tare da Abuja Investments Company Limited (ACIL). Tare da layin, daga baya an fadada ikon aikin zuwa wani nau'i mai amfani da yawa, "wanda zai kasance mai cike da rana da dare".
Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya fara aikin ne a watan Satumbar 2011, tare da kimanta kammalawa da ranar budewa da aka shirya don 2013. Koyaya, ba za a iya kiyaye ranar ba saboda ƙalubale da yawa a cikin ƙira, ci gaba har ma a lokacin aikin gini. Har ila yau, aikin ya sami sake fasalin da yawa don biyan canje-canje na "bukatar kasuwa".
Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi masu zaman kansu ne ke tallafawa hadaddun, da kuma masu saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu, wanda ya kai kimanin biliyan 200. The churchgate Group, wani kamfani na gidaje na Najeriya, yana haɓaka shi, tare da Woods Bagot a matsayin mai tsarawa. Sauran abokan hulɗa da masu ba da shawara na aikin sun haɗa da: Kamfanin Abuja Investments wanda shine abokin tarayya, WSP Consulting shine mai ba da shawara kan tsarin, Edifice Consultants PVT Limited shine babban gine-gine, da kuma mai ba da Shawara na MEP. Sauran su ne: Mista Hancock Ogundiya & Partners, Masu ba da shawara na gida da C&S, yayin da Space Designers Limited shine mai ba da shawara kan gine-gine na gida.
Gine-gine da zane
Gilashin gilashi da rufin aluminum da aka yi amfani da su don gine-gine a Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya suna da tsayayya da zafi, suna da tsayin daka kuma ba sa ƙonewa. Gine-gine suna amfani da tsarin sanyaya iska na VRV. Cibiyar kuma tana da tsaron CCTV na ci gaba kuma tana amfani da damar sarrafa katin a duk yankuna. Akwai matakai uku na filin ajiye motoci a cikin hadaddun. Tsarin bangon labule da ginin ya yi amfani da shi ne Eurotech Facades.
Hasumiyoyi shida, babban kanti, da otal za su mamaye Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya Abuja; Ya zuwa 2015, an rufe hasumiyoyi 1 da 2, yayin da sauran gine-ginen suna cikin matakai daban-daban na ci gaba.
Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya Hasumiya 1
Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya Tower 1, wanda kuma ake kira Tower 1, gini ne mai hawa 24, yana tsaye a m . Hasumiyar ta ƙunshi gidaje 120, waɗanda ke da girman daga ɗakuna 1 zuwa 6, tare da zaɓuɓɓukan Duplex da kyawawan Penthouses da Pool Villas guda biyu. Hasumiyar 1 ta tashi a shekarar 2015, ta zama gini mafi tsayi a Najeriya.
Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya Hasumiya 2
Kasancewa da kansa a matsayin "Abuja kawai Grade-A office space", The World Trade Center Tower 2, ko Tower 2, gini ne na kasuwanci mai hawa 25, yana tsaye a m . Zaɓuɓɓukan ofis a cikin wannan hasumiya sun kasance daga murabba'in mita 130 zuwa murabba'i mita 1,440 . Ya ƙare a cikin 2015, don zama gini mafi tsayi a Abuja.
Babban Birnin
Capital Mall, ko Capital City Mall, an shirya fara aiki a ƙarshen 2016. An kiyasta yana da damar kimanin murabba'in mita 40,000, a matakai biyu.
Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya - Otal din
An shirya otal ɗin don fara gini a cikin 2016/2017. Zai zama otal mai hawa 38 mai taurari 5, wanda Grand Hyatt ke sarrafawa. An kuma buga adadin bene don zama akalla bene 45.
Rugujewar Crane 2014
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014, daya daga cikin gine-ginen gini na WTC Tower 2 ya yi tsalle bayan ruwan sama mai yawa, ya lalata wani yanki mai yawa na gilashin gilashi a sakamakon haka. An gano cewa guguwar ta fadi saboda tasirin tsawa. Ba a yi rikodin rauni ba, saboda lamarin ya faru ne lokacin da babu wani aiki da ke gudana a cikin ginin, duk da haka, lalacewar ta shafi ranar kammala aikin, wanda aka shirya don Yuni 2015.
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Haɗin waje
Kasuwanci a Afrika
Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
29378 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansar%20Mahaifa | Kansar Mahaifa | Ciwon daji na mahaifa shi ne kansar da ke tasowa a cikin ƙwaya, wani ɓangare na tsarin haihuwa na namiji . Alamun na iya haɗawa da dunƙule a cikin gwano, ko kumburi ko zafi a cikin maƙarƙashiya . Jiyya na iya haifar da rashin haihuwa .
Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da gwajin da ba a taɓa yin ba, tarihin iyali na cutar, da tarihin ciwon daji na testicular na baya. Nau'in da aka fi sani shine ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suka kasu zuwa seminomas da nonseminomas . Sauran nau'o'in sun haɗa da ciwace-ciwacen jini na igiyar jima'i da lymphomas . Ana gano cutar yawanci akan gwajin jiki, duban dan tayi, da gwajin jini . Daga nan sai a yi fida a cire maniyyi tare da bincike a karkashin na’ura mai kwakwalwa don tantance nau’in.
Ciwon daji na hanji ana iya magance shi sosai kuma yawanci ana iya warkewa. Zaɓuɓɓukan jiyya na iya haɗawa da tiyata, farfaɗowar radiation, chemotherapy, ko dashen sel mai tushe . Ko da a cikin lamuran da ciwon daji ya yadu sosai, chemotherapy yana ba da ƙimar warkewa fiye da 80%.
Ciwon daji na testicular a duniya ya shafi mutane kusan 686,000 a cikin shekarar 2015. A wannan shekarar ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 9,400 daga 7,000, da suka mutu a shekarar alif 1990. Farashin ya yi ƙasa a cikin masu tasowa fiye da ƙasashen da suka ci gaba . Farkon farawa ya fi faruwa a cikin maza masu shekaru 20 zuwa 34, da wuya kafin shekaru 15. Adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar a Amurka shine kusan kashi 95%. Sakamakon ya fi kyau idan cutar ta kasance a cikin gida.
Alamomi da alamomi
Ɗaya daga cikin alamun farko na ciwon daji na ƙwanƙwasa sau da yawa shi ne kullu ko kumburi a cikin gwangwani. Ayyukan rigakafin masu rigakafi na Amurka (USPSF) ya ba da shawarar kan dukiyar yau da kullun don cutar kansa mai lalacewa a cikin matashi a cikin matashi a cikin matashi a cikin matashi. Sai dai kungiyar masu fama da cutar daji ta Amurka ta nuna cewa ya kamata wasu mazaje su rika duba al’aurarsu a kowane wata, musamman idan suna da tarihin iyali na ciwon daji, kuma kungiyar Uroloji ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar a rika yi wa dukkan samari gwajin kansa a kowane wata.
Alamomin na iya haɗawa da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin masu zuwa:
dunƙule a cikin gwaji ɗaya wanda maiyuwa ko ba zai yi zafi
zafi mai kaifi ko rashin jin daɗi a cikin ƙasan ciki ko maƙarƙashiya
wani jin da ake kwatanta shi da "nauyi" a cikin maƙarƙashiya
tsantsar maniyyi
haɓakar nono ( gynecomastia ) daga tasirin hormonal na -hCG
ƙananan ciwon baya (lumbago) saboda ciwon daji da ke yaduwa zuwa ƙwayoyin lymph tare da baya
Ba ya zama ruwan dare gama gari don yaɗuwar kansar ƙwaya zuwa wasu gabobin, ban da huhu. Idan yana da, duk da haka, alamun alamun zasu iya kasancewa:
shortness na numfashi ( dyspnea ), tari ko tari sama da jini ( hemoptysis ) daga metastatic yada zuwa huhu
kumburi a wuya saboda metastases ga nodes na lymph
Ciwon daji na Testicular, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, da rashin ingancin maniyyi sun hada da ciwon da aka sani da ciwon dysgenesis na testicular .
Babban haɗari ga ci gaban ciwon daji na testis shine cryptorchidism (ƙwayoyin da ba a kwance ba). An yi imani da cewa kasancewar ƙwayar cuta yana taimakawa ga cryptorchidism; lokacin da cryptorchidism ya faru a hade tare da ciwon daji to ciwon yakan zama babba. Sauran abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da hernias inguinal, ciwo na Klinefelter, da mumps orchitis . Ayyukan jiki yana da alaƙa da raguwar haɗari kuma salon rayuwa yana da alaƙa da haɗarin haɗari. Farkon farkon halayen maza yana haɗuwa da haɗarin haɗari. Wadannan na iya yin nuni da kwayoyin halitta na endogenous ko muhalli.
An danganta karuwar cutar sankara ta hanji a kasashen yamma da amfani da tabar wiwi.
Yawancin ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta suna da chromosomes da yawa, kuma galibi suna da triploid zuwa tetraploid . Wani isochromosome 12p ( gajeriyar hannu na chromosome 12 a bangarorin biyu na centromere daya) yana cikin kusan kashi 80% na cututtukan daji na testicular, haka ma sauran cututtukan daji galibi suna da ƙarin kayan daga wannan hannu na chromosome ta hanyar wasu hanyoyin haɓakawa na genomic.
Babban hanyar gano ciwon daji na ƙwanƙwasa ita ce ta dunƙule ko taro a cikin majiyai. Gabaɗaya, idan matashi ko matashi yana da girma guda ɗaya, wanda zai iya zama mai zafi ko ba zai yi zafi ba, wannan ya kamata ya ba likitoci dalili na zargin ciwon daji na testicular.
Wasu yanayi kuma na iya samun alamomi masu kama da ciwon daji na testicular:
Epididymitis ko epididymoorchitis
Cutar cututtuka ko kumburi ( prostatitis ), cututtuka na mafitsara ko kumburi ( cystitis ), ko koda (renal) cututtuka ( nephritis ) ko kumburi wanda ya yadu zuwa kuma ya haifar da kumburi a cikin tasoshin ƙwanƙolin ko ƙwanƙwasa.
Ragewar jini ko hernia
Kamuwa da cuta, kumburi, retroperitonitis, ko wasu yanayi na Lymph nodes ko tasoshin kusa da scrotum, tesicles, pubis, anorectal yankin, da makwancin gwaiwa.
Ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace ko raunuka daga cikin majiyoyin
Metastasis zuwa ƙwanƙwasa daga wani, rukunin farko (s) ƙari.
Halin kowane nau'i mai laushi a cikin ƙwanƙwasa ana ƙididdige shi ta hanyar duban dan tayi, wanda zai iya ƙayyade ainihin wuri, girman, da wasu halaye na dunƙule, irin su cystic vs m, uniform vs heterogeneous, sharply circumscribed ko matalauta bayyana. Ana kimanta girman cutar ta hanyar CT scans, waɗanda ake amfani da su don gano metastases .
Bambance-bambancen ciwon daji na ƙwanƙwasa yana buƙatar yin nazarin tarihin nama da aka samo daga wani orchiectomy na inguinal - wato, cirewar tiyata na dukan kwayoyin halitta tare da tsarin da aka haɗe ( epididymis da igiyar maniyyi ) . Bai kamata a yi biopsy ba, saboda yana haifar da haɗarin yada ƙwayoyin kansa a cikin maƙarƙashiya.
Inguinal orchiectomy ita ce hanyar da aka fi so saboda tana rage haɗarin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa da ke tserewa. Wannan shi ne saboda tsarin lymphatic na scrotum, ta hanyar da fararen jini (da kuma, yiwuwar, kwayoyin ciwon daji) ke gudana a ciki da waje, suna haɗi zuwa ƙananan sassan, yayin da na ƙwanƙwasa yana haɗi zuwa bayan rami na ciki ( retroperitoneum ). ). Tsarin biopsy na transscrotal ko orchiectomy zai yuwu ya bar ƙwayoyin kansa a cikin ƙwanƙwasa kuma ya haifar da hanyoyi guda biyu don ƙwayoyin kansa don yaduwa, yayin da a cikin inguinal orchiectomy kawai hanyar retroperitoneal ta wanzu.
Ana kuma amfani da gwaje-gwajen jini don ganowa da auna alamomin ƙari (yawanci sunadaran da ke cikin jini) waɗanda ke keɓance ga kansar ƙwanƙwasa. Alpha-fetoprotein, ɗan adam chorionic gonadotropin ("hormone na ciki"), da LDH-1 sune alamun ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta da ake amfani da su don gano ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta.
Ana iya amfani da gwajin ciki don gano manyan matakan gonadotropin chorionic; duk da haka, alamar farko ta ciwon daji na hanji yawanci dunƙule ne mara zafi. Lura cewa kawai kusan 25% na seminomas sun haɓaka gonadotropin chorionic, don haka gwajin ciki ba shi da mahimmanci don fitar da ciwon daji na testicular.
Cibiyar Nazarin Likitocin Iyali ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar a kan tantance mazaje ba tare da alamun cutar kansar ƙwaya ba.
Bayan cirewa, an gyara maniyyi tare da maganin Bouin saboda yana da kyau ya adana wasu cikakkun bayanai game da yanayin halitta kamar haɓakar makaman nukiliya. Sa'an nan kuma ƙwararru kuma ta tsara ta bisa ga TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors kamar yadda aka buga a cikin littafin AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. An rarraba kansar mahaifa a matsayin yana cikin ɗaya daga cikin matakai uku ( waɗanda ke da rarrabuwa ). Girman ciwace-ciwacen da ke cikin ƙwanƙwasa ba shi da mahimmanci ga tsarawa. A cikin fa'ida, ana aiwatar da kansar ɗigon jini kamar haka:
Mataki na I: ciwon daji ya kasance a cikin ma'auni .
Mataki na II: ciwon daji ya haɗa da gwajin jini da kuma metastasis zuwa retroperitoneal da / ko ƙananan ƙwayoyin lymph na paraaortic ( ƙwayoyin lymph a ƙarƙashin diaphragm ).
Mataki na III: ciwon daji ya haɗa da ƙwanƙwasa da ƙwayar cuta fiye da retroperitoneal da ƙananan ƙwayoyin lymph na paraaortic. Mataki na 3 an ƙara raba shi zuwa mataki na 3 mara nauyi da girma na 3.
Ƙarin bayani game da cikakken tsarin tsarin yana samuwa a kan shafin yanar gizon Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji na Amirka .
Ko da yake ana iya samun ciwon daji na jini daga kowane nau'in tantanin halitta da aka samu a cikin ƙwayayen, fiye da kashi 95% na ciwon daji na ƙwanƙwasa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta (GCTs). Yawancin sauran 5% sune ciwace-ciwacen jima'i – gonadal stromal ciwace-ciwacen da aka samo daga ƙwayoyin Leydig ko ƙwayoyin Sertoli . Daidaitaccen ganewar asali ya zama dole don tabbatar da mafi inganci da magani mai dacewa. Har zuwa wani lokaci, ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen jini don alamomin ƙari, amma ganewar asali na ainihi yana buƙatar bincika tarihin ƙididdiga daga likitan ilimin cututtuka .
Yawancin masu ilimin cututtuka suna amfani da tsarin rarrabawa Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya don ciwace-ciwacen jini:
Ciwon ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta
Precursor raunuka
Intratubular germ cell neoplasia
Nau'in Unclassified ( Cancinoma in Situ )
Ƙayyadaddun nau'ikan
Ciwon daji na nau'in tarihi guda ɗaya (tsararrun siffofin)
Bambanci - Seminoma tare da sel syncytiotrophoblastic
Ciwon daji na spermatocytic
Bambance-bambancen - spermatocytic ƙari tare da sarcoma
Ciwon daji na Embryonal
Ciwon gwaiduwa
Trophoblastic ciwace-ciwacen daji
Bambance-bambancen - monophasic choriocarcinoma
Placental site trophoblastic ƙari
Cystic trophoblastic ƙari
Bambanci - Dermoid cyst
Bambanci - Epidermoid cyst
Bambance-bambancen - Monodermal teratoma ( Carcinoid ), Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), Nephroblastoma -kamar ƙari, wasu.
Bambance-bambancen - Teratomic tare da nau'in malignancy
Ciwon daji na nau'in tarihi fiye da ɗaya (gauraye nau'i)
Ciwon daji na Embryonal da teratoma
Teratoma da seminoma
Choriocarcinoma da teratoma.embryonal carcinoma
Igiyar jima'i/Gonadal ciwace-ciwace
Leydig cell ciwon daji
Sertoli cell ciwon daji
Bambancin wadataccen lipid
Scleriosing bambancin
Bamban lissafin lissafin tantanin halitta
Intratubular sertoli cell neoplasia a cikin ciwo na Peutz-Jeghers
Granulosa ciwon daji
Nau'in manya
Nau'in matasa
Kungiyar Thecoma fibroma
Igiyar Jima'i/Ciwon Ciwon Jiki na Gonadal - wanda bai cika ba
Igiyar Jima'i/Ciwon Ciwon Jiki - Gauraye iri
Cakudadden ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta da igiyar jima'i/cututtukan stromal
Ciwon ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta-jima'i / kumburin gonadal, wanda ba a tantance shi ba
Ciwon daji daban-daban na majiyoyi
Na farko tesicular yaduwa babban B-cell lymphoma
Mantle cell lymphoma na testes
extranodal gefe zone B cell lymphoma na testes
Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nau'in hanci na tes
Na gefe T-cell lymphoma na testes
activin receptor-like kinase-1-korau anaplastic babban cell lymphoma na testes
na yara-nau'in follicular lymphoma na testes
Ciwon daji na nau'in epithelial na ovarian
Ciwon daji mai tsanani na rashin lafiyar iyaka
Cutar sankarau
To bambance-bambancen ciwon daji na endometrioid
Ciwon daji na cystadenoma
Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
Brenner ciwon daji
Ciwon daji na Hematopoietic
Ciwon daji na tara ducts da rete
Ciwon daji
Ciwon daji na tsarin paratesticular
Adenomatoid ciwon daji
M da benign mesothelioma
Adenocarcinoma na epididymis
Papillary cystadenoma na epididymis
Melanotic neuroectodermal ciwon daji
Desmoplastic ƙananan ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta
Ciwon daji na mesenchymal na igiyar maniyyi da kuma adnexae testicular
Angiomyxoma mai tsanani
Angiofibroblastoma-kamar ƙari (duba Myxoma )
Ciwon ƙwayar cuta kaɗai
Ciwon sukari na biyu na maniyyi
Nau'o'in jiyya guda uku sune tiyata, maganin radiation, da chemotherapy .
Ana yin tiyata ta hanyar urologists ; radiation farfesa ana gudanar da radiation oncologists ; kuma chemotherapy aikin likitocin likitanci ne . A yawancin marasa lafiya da ciwon daji na ƙwanƙwasa, ana warkar da cutar da sauri tare da ƙarancin cututtuka na dogon lokaci. Yayin da nasarar jiyya ya dogara da mataki, matsakaicin adadin rayuwa bayan shekaru biyar yana kusa da 95%, kuma mataki na 1 ciwon daji, idan an kula da shi yadda ya kamata, yana da ainihin adadin rayuwa 100%.
Cire majiyoyi
Maganin farko don ciwon daji na ƙwanƙwasa shine tiyata don cire ƙwayar da aka shafa ( orchiectomy ). Duk da yake yana iya yiwuwa, a wasu lokuta, don cire ciwace-ciwacen daji na testicular daga cikin majiyai yayin barin aikin gwajin, wannan kusan ba a taɓa yin shi ba, saboda ƙwayar da ta shafa yawanci tana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin da suka rigaya kafin kamuwa da cutar sankara waɗanda ke bazuwa cikin duka ɗigon. Don haka cire ƙwayar cuta ita kaɗai ba tare da ƙarin magani ba yana ƙara haɗarin cewa wani ciwon daji zai haifar a cikin wannan ƙwayar.
Tun da gwajin gwaji guda ɗaya kawai ake buƙata don kula da haihuwa, samar da hormone, da sauran ayyuka na maza, ana cire ƙwanƙwaran da ke fama da ita gaba daya a cikin hanyar da ake kira inguinal orchiectomy . (Kusan ba a taɓa cire ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta cikin ƙwanƙwasa ba; ana yin wani yanki a ƙarƙashin layin bel ɗin a cikin yankin inguinal. ) A cikin Burtaniya, ana kiran hanyar da radical orchidectomy.
Retroperitoneal Lymph node dissection
A cikin yanayin nonseminomas waɗanda suka bayyana a matsayin mataki na I, ana iya yin tiyata a kan nodes na retroperitoneal / paraaortic lymph nodes (a cikin wani aiki daban) don tantance daidai ko ciwon daji yana cikin mataki na I ko mataki na II da kuma rage haɗarin da ke da mummunar cutar. Kwayoyin ciwon daji waɗanda ƙila sun sami metastasized zuwa ƙwayoyin lymph a cikin ƙananan ciki. Ana kiran wannan tiyatar retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND). Koyaya, wannan hanyar, yayin da daidaitattun wurare a wurare da yawa, musamman Amurka, ba ta da ni'ima saboda tsadar kayayyaki da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don yin nasara tiyata. Ana yawan gudanar da aikin banki na maniyi kafin a fara aikin (kamar yadda ake yin chemotherapy), saboda akwai haɗarin cewa RPLND na iya lalata jijiyar da ke tattare da fitar maniyyi, yana haifar da fitar maniyyi a ciki a cikin mafitsara maimakon a waje.
Yawancin marasa lafiya suna zabar sa ido, inda ba a sake yin tiyata ba sai dai idan gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa ciwon daji ya dawo. Wannan hanyar tana kiyaye ƙimar magani mai girma saboda haɓaka daidaiton dabarun sa ido.
Adjuvant magani
Tun da ciwon daji na ƙwanƙwasa na iya yaɗuwa, yawanci ana ba wa marasa lafiya magani adjuvant - ta hanyar chemotherapy ko radiotherapy - don kashe duk wani sel mai cutar kansa wanda zai iya kasancewa a waje da abin da ya shafa. Nau'in maganin adjuvant ya dogara da yawa akan tarihin tarihin ƙwayar cuta (watau girman da siffar sel a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa) da matakin ci gaba a lokacin tiyata (watau nisan sel sun 'kure' daga majiyar, mamayewa. abin da ke kewaye da shi, ko yada zuwa ga sauran jikin). Idan ciwon kansa bai ci gaba ba musamman, ana iya ba marasa lafiya sa ido ta hanyar duban CT na lokaci-lokaci da gwaje-gwajen jini, a madadin magani.
Kafin 1970, adadin tsira daga ciwon daji na ƙwaya ya yi ƙasa kaɗan. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da maganin chemotherapy na adjuvant, musamman magungunan platinum kamar cisplatin da carboplatin, hangen nesa ya inganta sosai. Ko da yake 7000 zuwa 8000 sababbin kamuwa da cutar sankara na hanji na faruwa a Amurka kowace shekara, maza 400 ne ake sa ran za su mutu da cutar.
A cikin Burtaniya, irin wannan yanayin ya samo asali: tun lokacin da aka inganta jiyya, adadin rayuwa ya tashi da sauri don warkar da sama da 95%.
Radiation far
Ana iya amfani da radiation don magance ciwon daji na mataki na II na seminoma, ko kuma a matsayin maganin rigakafi (mai hanawa) a cikin yanayin mataki I seminomas, don rage yiwuwar cewa ƙananan ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta sun wanzu kuma zasu yada (a cikin inguinal da para-aortic lymph ). nodes ). Radiation ba shi da tasiri a kan haka don haka ba a taɓa amfani da shi azaman jigon farko don nonseminoma .
Ba Seminoma ba
Chemotherapy shine ma'auni na maganin marasa ilimin seminoma lokacin da ciwon daji ya yadu zuwa wasu sassan jiki (wato, mataki na 2B ko 3). Madaidaicin ka'idar chemotherapy uku, ko wasu lokuta hudu, zagaye na Bleomycin - Etoposide - Cisplatin (BEP). Farfesa Michael Peckham ya fara ba da rahoton BEP a matsayin magani na farko a cikin 1983. Gwajin da aka buga a cikin 1987 wanda ya kafa BEP a matsayin mafi kyawun magani wanda Dokta Lawrence Einhorn ya gudanar a Jami'ar Indiana . Wani madadin, daidai da ingantaccen magani ya ƙunshi amfani da zagaye huɗu na Etoposide - Cisplatin (EP).
Hakanan za'a iya yin tiyatar kumburin Lymph bayan chemotherapy don cire yawan jama'a da aka bari a baya (mataki na 2B ko mafi haɓaka), musamman a cikin manyan cututtukan da ba su da tushe .
A matsayin magani na adjuvant, amfani da chemotherapy a matsayin madadin maganin radiation a cikin maganin seminoma yana karuwa, saboda radiation far ya bayyana yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci na dogon lokaci (misali, tabo na ciki, karuwar haɗari na malignancies na biyu, da dai sauransu). ). Magunguna guda biyu, ko lokaci-lokaci guda ɗaya na carboplatin, yawanci ana isar da su makonni uku baya, yana tabbatar da zama ingantaccen magani na adjuvant, tare da sake dawowa a cikin jeri iri ɗaya kamar na radiotherapy . Manufar carboplatin a matsayin magani guda ɗaya ya samo asali ne daga Tim Oliver, Farfesa Farfesa Oncology a Barts da Makarantar Medicine da Dentistry na London . Koyaya, bayanai na dogon lokaci akan ingancin carboplatin adjuvant a cikin wannan saitin basu wanzu.
Tun da seminoma na iya sake dawowa shekaru da yawa bayan an cire ƙwayar cuta ta farko, marasa lafiya da ke karɓar maganin chemotherapy ya kamata su kasance a faɗake kuma kada su ɗauka sun warke shekaru 5 bayan jiyya.
Maganin ciwon daji na ƙwanƙwasa ɗaya ne daga cikin nasarorin labarun magungunan zamani, tare da ci gaba da mayar da martani ga jiyya fiye da kashi 90% na lokuta, ba tare da la'akari da mataki ba. A cikin 2011 gabaɗayan adadin maganin fiye da 95% an ba da rahoton, da 80% don cututtukan metastatic-mafi kyawun amsa ta kowane ƙaƙƙarfan ƙwayar cuta, tare da ingantaccen rayuwa ana danganta shi da farko ga ingantaccen chemotherapy. A shekara ta 2013 sama da kashi 96 cikin 100 na maza 2,300 da aka gano a kowace shekara a Burtaniya an yi zaton sun warke, wanda ya karu da kusan kashi uku tun daga shekarun 1970, haɓakar da aka danganta da cisplatin na chemotherapy. A Amurka, lokacin da aka yi maganin cutar yayin da har yanzu ana cikin gida, fiye da 99% na mutane suna rayuwa shekaru 5.
Sa ido
Ga yawancin marasa lafiya da ke da ciwon daji na mataki na, maganin adjuvant (na rigakafi) bayan tiyata bazai dace ba kuma marasa lafiya za su yi sa ido a maimakon haka. Tsarin da wannan sa ido ya ɗauka, misali nau'i da yawan bincike da kuma tsawon lokacin da ya kamata a ci gaba, zai dogara ne akan nau'in ciwon daji ( wanda ba seminoma ko seminoma ), amma manufar ita ce don kauce wa jiyya maras muhimmanci a cikin yawancin marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwon daji. sun warke ta hanyar tiyatar su, kuma a tabbatar da cewa duk wani sake dawowa da metastases (ciwon daji na biyu) an gano shi da wuri kuma an warke. Wannan hanya tana tabbatar da cewa chemotherapy da ko radiotherapy ana ba da ita kawai ga majinyatan da suke buƙatarsa. Adadin majinyatan da a ƙarshe suka warke iri ɗaya ne ta amfani da sa ido kamar jiyya na “adjuvant” bayan tiyata, amma dole ne majinyata su kasance cikin shiri don bin dogon lokaci na ziyara da gwaje-gwaje.
Ga duka waɗanda ba seminomas da seminomas ba, gwaje-gwajen sa ido gabaɗaya sun haɗa da gwajin jiki, gwajin jini don alamomin ƙari, x-ray na ƙirji da CT scanning . Koyaya, abubuwan da ake buƙata na shirin sa ido sun bambanta bisa ga nau'in cuta tunda, ga marasa lafiya na seminoma, sake dawowa na iya faruwa daga baya kuma gwajin jini bai yi kyau ba wajen nuna koma baya.
Ana yin gwajin CT a cikin ciki (wani lokaci kuma ƙashin ƙugu) da kuma ƙirji a wasu asibitoci. X-ray na ƙirji ana ƙara fifita ga huhu yayin da suke ba da cikakkun bayanai hade tare da ƙarancin ƙimar ƙimar ƙarya da ƙarami ƙarami fiye da CT.
Yawaitar sikanin CT yayin sa ido ya kamata a tabbatar da cewa an gano koma-baya a matakin farko yayin da ake rage hasashe.
Ga marasa lafiya da aka bi da su don mataki na I ba seminoma ba, gwajin da aka bazu ( Majalisar Bincike ta Likita TE08) ya nuna cewa, lokacin da aka haɗa tare da daidaitattun gwaje-gwajen da aka kwatanta a sama, 2 CT scans a 3 da 12 months sun kasance masu kyau kamar 5 akan 2. shekaru wajen gano koma-baya a matakin farko.
Ya kasan ce kuma ga majinyatan da aka yi musu magani ga matakin I seminoma waɗanda suka zaɓi sa ido maimakon yin jiyya na adjuvant, ba a yi gwajin bazuwar don tantance mafi girman yawan dubawa da ziyarta, kuma jadawalin ya bambanta sosai a duk faɗin duniya, kuma a cikin ƙasashe ɗaya. A cikin Burtaniya akwai gwaji na asibiti mai gudana mai suna TRISST. Wannan yana kimanta sau nawa ya kamata a yi sikanin da ko ana iya amfani da hoton maganadisu (MRI) maimakon CT scans. Ana binciken MRI saboda baya nuna majiyyaci zuwa radiation kuma don haka, idan an nuna cewa yana da kyau a gano sake dawowa, zai iya zama mafi kyau ga CT.
Don ƙarin matakan ci gaba na ciwon daji na testicular, da kuma waɗancan lokuta da aka gudanar da maganin radiation ko chemotherapy, yawan sa ido (gwaji) bayan jiyya zai bambanta bisa ga yanayin, amma ya kamata a yi har tsawon shekaru biyar a lokuta marasa rikitarwa. kuma na tsawon lokaci a cikin waɗanda ke da haɗarin sake dawowa.
Mutumin da ya saura ƙwaya ɗaya na iya kula da haihuwa. Koyaya, banki na maniyyi na iya dacewa da maza waɗanda har yanzu suna shirin haifuwa, tunda ilimin chemotherapy da/ko radiotherapy na iya cutar da haihuwa. Mutumin da ya rasa ƙwayayen biyu ba zai iya haihuwa ba bayan an gama aikin, ko da yake yana iya zabar maniyyi mai amfani, wanda ba shi da ciwon daji kafin aikin.
Cutar sankarar mahaifa ta duniya ta haifar da mutuwar mutane 8,300 a cikin 2013 daga 7,000 da suka mutu a 1990. Ciwon daji na mata ya fi yaduwa a Amurka da Turai, kuma ba a saba gani ba a Asiya da Afirka. Abubuwan da suka faru a duniya sun ninka tun cikin shekarun 1960, tare da mafi girman adadin yaɗuwa a Scandinavia, Jamus, da New Zealand .
Ko da yake ciwon daji na testicular ya fi kowa a tsakanin maza masu shekaru 15-40, yana da kololuwa uku: jariri har zuwa shekaru hudu a matsayin teratomas da yolk sac ciwace-ciwacen daji, shekaru 25-40 shekaru a matsayin seminomas post-pubertal da nonseminomas, kuma daga shekaru 60 kamar yadda spermatocytic ciwace-ciwacen daji.
Ciwon daji na kwayoyin cuta na ƙwaya shine cutar kansa da aka fi sani da samari tsakanin shekaru 15 zuwa 35.
A Amurka, ana gano cutar kusan 8,900 a shekara. Haɗarin ciwon daji na ƙwanƙwasa a cikin fararen maza yana kusan sau 4-5 na haɗarin maza baƙar fata, kuma fiye da sau uku na mazan Asiya Amurkawa . Hadarin ciwon daji na testicular a cikin Latinos da Indiyawan Amurka yana tsakanin na fararen fata da maza na Asiya. Ba a san musabbabin wadannan bambance-bambance ba.
Ƙasar Ingila
A Burtaniya, kusan mutane 2,000 ne ake kamuwa da cutar a shekara. A tsawon rayuwa, haɗarin yana kusan 1 cikin 200 . Shi ne na 16 mafi yawan ciwon daji a cikin maza. Yana da lissafin ƙasa da 1% na mutuwar ciwon daji a cikin maza (kusan maza 60 sun mutu a 2012).
Sauran dabbobi
Ciwon daji na mahaifa ya kasan ce yana faruwa kuma a cikin wasu dabbobi. A cikin dawakai, waɗannan sun haɗa da ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta da teratomas. Yawanci, ana samun na farko a cikin tsofaffin kantunan (wasannin da abin ya shafa na iya zama mummuna, yana nuna yawan samar da androgen ), kuma ana samun na ƙarshe a cikin matasa dawakai kuma suna da girma.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Ball Checker, app na jarrabawar kai daga Ƙungiyar Ciwon Ciwon Jiki
Ciwon daji na Gwaji - cikakken jagora daga Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amirka
Ciwon daji na Gwaji - Bayanin Sabis na Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa da shafi (Birtaniya)
Kididdigar ciwon daji na jini daga Cancer Research UK
Cutar daji
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
45116 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Calabar | Jami'ar Calabar | Jami'ar Calabar jami'a ce ta jama'a da ke Calabar, Jihar Cross River, Najeriya. Tana ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'in gwamnatin tarayya na zamani. Jami'ar Calabar ta kasance a harabar Jami'ar Najeriya har zuwa shekara ta 1975. Mataimakiyar shugabar jami'ar ita ce Florence B. Obi. Matsayin DVC (Academic) yana hannun Angela Oyo Ita, yayin da Grace Eno Nta, ita ce DVC (Administration).
John Elliott ne ya tsara gine-ginen jami'ar. An kafa ta ne bisa doka don cika wannan umarni na gargajiya, taken jami'ar shi ne, "Ilimi don yin Hidima".
Jami'ar Calabar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan Jami'o'in Najeriya don sarrafa tsarin yin rajistar dalibai ta hanyar Kwalejin, kuma ta ɗauki mataki na gaba don daidaita dangantakar tsoffin ɗalibanta wanda ya haɗa da buƙatar kwafin yanar gizo da sarrafa na farko irinsa a cikin ƙasa.
Laburare na Jami'ar
Ɗakin karatu na, University of Calabar Library da aka sani da Definitive Library an kafa shi a 1975. ɗakin karatun yana da wurin zama na masu karatu dubu 3000, ofisoshin ma'aikata 16 da ke tallafawa koyarwa, bincike da ayyukan al'umma. An yi shirin aje litattafai sama da miliyan ɗaya tare da fadin murabba'in mita 22,746 na girman ɗakin karatun.
Gudanarwa da jagoranci
Manyan shugabannin jami’ar a halin yanzu da muƙamansu kamar haka.
Jami'ar tana da Sassa masu zuwa:
Kwalejin Allied Medical Sciences
Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences
Faculty of Dentistry
Faculty of Medicine
Faculties of Management Sciences
Faculty of Education
Faculty of Social Sciences
Faculty of Arts
Cibiyar Harkokin Siyasa da Gudanarwa
Faculty of Law
Makarantar Kimiyyar Halittu
Faculty of Physical Sciences
Makarantar Injiniya da Fasaha
Faculty of Environmental Sciences
Faculty of Pharmacy
Faculty of Agriculture, gandun daji da kuma kula da namun daji
Cibiyar Nazarin Oceanography
Bassey Andah Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Asiya
Makarantan digiri na biyu
Jami'ar Calabar Ayyukan Shawarwari
Cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa
Wannan jerin cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne na Jami'ar Calabar da Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'i ta ƙasa (NUC) ta sahale mata.
Cocin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Najeriya (NCBC).
Makarantar tauhidi ta Reformed, Mkar (RTSM).
Cibiyar Katolika ta Yammacin Afirka, Port-Harcourt (CIWAP).
Essien Ukpabio Presbyterian College Itu, Jihar Akwa Ibom (EUPCIAS).
College of Education, Katsina-Ala, Benue State (CEKBS).
Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya, Obudu, Jihar Kuros Riba (FCEOCR).
Sanannun tsofaffin ɗalibai
Daga cikin tsofaffin ɗaliban Jami'ar Calabar akwai:
Reuben Abati, Lauya/marubuci.
Queeneth Agbor, ƴar fim.
Biko Agozino, masaniniyar laifuka
Godswill Akpabio, tsohon gwamnan jihar Akwa Ibom
Anthony Ayine, babban mai binciken kuɗi na tarayya.
Regina Askia-Williams ƴar fim -ta gudu daga makaranta kafin ta kammala karatun
Isabella Ayuk, MBGN 2012.
Grace Folashade Bent, ƴar siyasa.
Omotu Bissong, samfuri/mai gabatar da shiri a gidan talabijin.
Stacey B. Day, Ntufam Ajan of Oban
Chile Eboe-Osuji, masanin shari'a na kasa da kasa kuma shugaban kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya, Hague, Netherlands.
Dr. Betta Edu, kwararra kan harkokin kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Najeriya kuma ƴar siyasa
Keppy Ekpenyong, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya.
Alexx Ekubo, actor/model.
Ita Enang, ɗan siyasa
Nelson Enwerem, Model, Jahar Talabijin kuma wanda ya lashe zaben Mr Nigeria 2018
Eve Esin, ƴar wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya
Eno Essien, ɗan kasuwan fasaha
Aloysius Akpan Etok, dan siyasa
Kate Henshaw, ƴar fim
Okezie Ikpeazu, Gwamnan jihar Abia na Najeriya a yanzu.
Alex Mascot Ikwechegh, ɗan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan agaji
Stella Immanuel, Likita kuma mai ra'ayin maƙarƙashiya wanda ke Houston, Texas .
Iyanya, mawaki/marubuci/mai yi.
Osita Izunaso, ɗan siyasa
Uche Jombo, ƴar fim
Benjamin Kalu, dan siyasa kuma dan majalisar wakilai
Yahaya Kuta, Nigerian author
Victor Ndoma-Egba, ɗan siyasa
Aniebiet Inyang Ntui, Jakadan EU, Librarian na Jami'ar Calabar da Farfesa na Laburare da Kimiyyar Bayanai.
Florence Obi, malami, marubuci, farfesa, kuma 11th babban mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Calabar
John Odey, tsohon minista
Stephanie Okereke, ƴar fim.
Chido Onumah, ɗan jaridar Najeriya/Kanada, marubuci kuma mai fafutuka
Wofai Samuel, jami'in watsa labarai da gudanarwar sadarwa
Jewel Taylor, Tsohuwar Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa, Sanata kuma Mataimakiyar Shugaban Laberiya na yanzu
John James Akpan Udo-Edehe, dan siyasa
Owens Wiwa, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam.
Chukwuemeka Ngozichineke Wogu, minister.
Sanannun Lakcarori
Eskor Toyo, Farfesa na Tattalin Arziki kuma Masanin Marxist
Eno James Ibanga, Farfesa na Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Jiha da Material
Akpan Hogan Ekpo, Farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki da manufofin jama'a
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Yanar Gizo na Jami'ar Calabar
Yanar gizon al'amura na musamman |
42354 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf%20Hadji | Yusuf Hadji | Youssouf Hadji ( ; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar alif 1980), tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari. Ya yi fice sau uku a ƙungiyar AS Nancy ta Faransa, kuma yana aiki a matsayin kyaftin ɗin kungiyar, inda ya buga wasanni 378 kuma ya zura kwallaye 95 a kungiyar. A matakin kasa da kasa, ya wakilci tawagar kasar Morocco inda ya buga wasanni 64 kuma ya zura ƙwallaye 16. Yana kuma rike da fasfo na kasar Faransa.
Ƙanin tsohon ɗan wasan Morocco Mustapha Hadji ne kuma kawun dan wasan gaba Samir Hadji. A watan Mayun shekarata 2016, ya ci 2015-2016 Ligue 2 tare da AS Nancy.
Hadji ya fara aikinsa a AS Nancy a Ligue 1 ƙarƙashin jagorancin László Bölöni . Nancy ta koma Ligue 2 a shekara ta 2000, amma Hadji ya ci gaba da kasancewa da aminci kuma ya ci gaba da taka leda har na tsawon shekaru uku.
Bastia da kuma Rennes
A cikin shekarar 2003, Hadji ya koma Corsica don bugawa SC Bastia a Ligue 1 . Bayan da aka koma tsohuwar ƙungiyar sa a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta biyu a can, ya sake haduwa da Bölöni a Rennes . A Brittany, bai kasance mai farawa na yau da kullum ba amma ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga kakar su tare da 3 a raga da 3 taimako.
Komawa Nancy
A ranar 10 ga Janairun shekarar 2007, Hadji ya sake shiga AS Nancy daga Rennes akan £1.2m.
A kan 31 Agusta shekarar 2011, bayan shekaru hudu a Nancy, Hadji ya koma Rennes, na kakar wasa daya tare da tawagar Ligue 1.
Hadji ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kungiyar Al-Arabi ta Qatar a ranar 26 ga Yunin shekarar 2012. Ya yi waje da shi saboda raunin da ya samu a mafi yawan lokutan kakar wasa, ya dakatar da kwantiraginsa bayan kakar wasa daya kacal ya buga wasanni 8 kacal a duk gasa.
Hadji ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu da Elazığspor amma a watan Fabarairu ya soke kwantiraginsa bayan matsalar kuɗi a kungiyar da ta hana shi karbar albashi. Ya dawo horo tare da kulob din garinsu Nancy don samun lafiya.
Na uku tare da Nancy
2014-2015 Ligue 2
A cikin Mayu shekarar 2014, Hadji ya dawo zuwa Nancy, yana mai da shi karo na uku tare da tawagarsa ta farko. Ya bayyana cewa yana son taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta sake hayewa zuwa Ligue 1 kuma ya yi ritaya a kulob ɗin garinsu.An nada shi a matsayin kyaftin din kungiyar a karawar da suka yi da Stade Brest kuma tun daga nan ya ci gaba da zama kyaftin. Ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi 2–2 da US Orléans a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2014. Burinsa na biyu shi ne wanda ya daidaita a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Nîmes Olympique . Ya zura kwallaye biyun ne a wasan da suka doke Stade Brest da ci 2-1 a gida, nasara ta farko da kungiyar ta samu tun watan Nuwamba shekarar 2014. Hadji ya sake zura kwallo a ragar Sochaux da ci 2-0 a waje sannan ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke LB Châteauroux da ci 6-0 duk da yake wasa na mintuna 60 kacal a wasan kafin a sauya shi. AS Nancy ta samu nasara sau uku a jere kuma ta samu maki 11 daga cikin 15 da za a iya samu a wasanni biyar da ta yi, inda ta koma matsayi biyar ta zama ta 6 a gasar Ligue 2 .
2015-2016 Ligue 2
A ranar 3 ga Agustan shekarar 2015, Hadji ya fara kakar wasa ta biyu na wasansa na uku a AS Nancy tare da 0-0 da suka tashi da Tours FC . Ya taimaka a raga a ci 3-0 gida da Stade Brest . Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a bayyanarsa ta shida a gasar a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a Stade Marcel Picot da Chamois Niortais . Again ya rubuta na biyu taimako a kan 2 Oktoba a 3-0 nasara da AC Ajaccio . Ya koma zura kwallo a ragar Dijon FCO a wasan da suka yi nasara a gida, sannan kuma a waje da Evian Thonon Gaillard a filin wasa na Parc des Sports, Annecy ta taimaka wa Nancy tsalle zuwa saman teburin Ligue 2 . Ya zura ƙwallaye biyu a ragar Nîmes Olympique a watan Janairun shekarar 2016. A ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2016, Nancy ta samu kambi a matsayin zakaran gasar Ligue 2 ta 2015-16 bayan ta doke Sochaux da ci 1-0. Bayan nadin sarautar, Hadji ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi nasara da Tours FC da ci 2-0, amma kafin a sake yin wani taimako da Evian Thonon Gaillard wanda ya koma 2016-2017 Championnat National godiya ga wannan burin. Hadji dai ya kammala kakar wasan ne da kwallaye 9 sannan ya taimaka 3 a wasanni 33 da ya buga.
2016-2017 Ligue 1
Tun lokacin da aka mayar da kungiyar zuwa Ligue 1 tun daga karshe a kakar 2012-2013, an nada Hadji a matsayin kyaftin din kungiyar na kakar 2016-2017 Ligue 1 . Ya bayyana a wasanni 26 galibi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, amma ya kasa zura kwallo a lokacin gasar. A ranar 10 ga Satumbar 2016, ya rubuta taimako guda ɗaya a kan FC Lorient a cikin minti na 31st. Ya zura kwallo daya kacal a kan Besançon FC a minti na 58 a cikin nasara da ci 3-0 yayin wasan Coupe de la Ligue na 2016-2017 . A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, Nancy ta samu matsayi na 19 a kan teburin gasar kuma an sake komawa gasar Ligue 2.
2017-2018 Ligue 2 da kuma kakar da ta gabata
A ranar 25 ga Yuli, Hadji ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa na wani kaka duk da cewa an yi imanin cewa zai yi ritaya a karshen kakar wasa ta 2016-2017 Ligue 1 . Ya zira kwallaye 4 a wasanni 5 da suka buga da FC Sochaux-Montbéliard, Stade Brestois 29, Valenciennes FC da Football Bourg-en-Bresse Péronnas 01 bi da bi. A ranar 29 ga Satumba, ya ci hat-trick akan LB Châteauroux a ci 4–1. Ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Tours FC watanni uku bayan haka. sannan bai zura kwallo a raga ba har sai wasannin 2 na karshe na kakar wasa, na farko a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2–1 a waje da Paris FC da na biyu kuma na karshe a cikin rayuwarsa a wasan da suka doke US Orléans da ci 3-0 a gida daga bugun fanareti. . Ya samu karramawa daga magoya bayan AS Nancy.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Kanin Youssouf Mustapha ya kasance dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Morocco, wanda ya samu nasara a fagen ƙwallon ƙafa, kafin ya kare aikinsa a shekarar 2010. Mustapha ya taba taka leda a fitattun kungiyoyi irin su Coventry City, Sporting da Deportivo La Coruña . Yana auren mai gyaran gashi Behcia Hadji, suna da 'ya'ya mata 2 tare.
Ƙididdigar aiki
Ƙasashen Duniya
Maki da sakamako ne suka jera ƙwallayen da Morocco ta ci a farkon, ginshiƙi na nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon Hadji.
Ligue 2 : 2015-16
Wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar Ligue 2 : 2014-15 da kwallaye 13
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Youssouf Hadji's profile, stats & pics
Youssouf Hadji
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1980
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50319 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20Zambia | Yanayin Zambia | Yanayin Zambiya a Tsakiya da Kudancin Afirka tabbas yanayin zafi ne ya canza ta hanyar tsayi (tsawo) . A cikin Köppen sauyin yanayi yana rarrabuwa, mafi yawan ƙasar ana rarrabe a matsayin m subtropical ko wurare masu zafi rigar da bushe, tare da ƙananan faci na Semi-m steppe sauyin yanayi a kudu maso yamma.
Yanayi da kuma musamman adadin ruwan sama shi ne babban abin da ke tabbatar da nau'in da kuma rarraba yankunan Zambiya . Don haka a fasahance, Zambiya ƙasa ce mai hunturu da canje-canjen yanayi.
Akwai manyan lokutan yanayi guda biyu: lokacin damina (Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu) daidai da lokacin rani, da lokacin rani (Mayu zuwa Oktoba/Nuwamba), daidai da lokacin hunturu. An raba lokacin rani zuwa lokacin rani mai sanyi (Mayu zuwa Agusta), da kuma lokacin rani mai zafi (Satumba zuwa Oktoba/Nuwamba). Canjin tasirin tsayi yana ba ƙasar yanayi mai daɗi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa maimakon yanayin zafi na mafi yawan shekara.
Lokacin Damina
Ruwan sama ya bambanta a kan kewayon a kowace shekara (mafi yawan yankunan sun faɗa cikin kewayon ). Bambance-bambancen damina da lokacin rani ana nuna cewa babu ruwan sama kwata-kwata a cikin watan Yuni, Yuli da Agusta. Galibin harkokin tattalin arziki, al'adu da zamantakewar al'ummar ƙasar sun mamaye lokacin damina da ƙarshen damina, da yawan ruwan sama da ake kawowa. Rashin ruwan sama yana haifar da yunwa a mafi yawan lokuta. Matsakaicin zafin jiki a Zambiya a lokacin bazara shi ne 30 °C kuma a cikin hunturu (lokacin sanyi) yana iya kaiwa ƙasa da 5 °C. Yankin Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) ne ke kawo ruwan sama kuma yana da tsawa, wani lokaci mai tsanani, tare da walƙiya da yawa, wani lokacin ƙanƙara. ITCZ yana arewacin Zambiya a lokacin rani. Yana motsawa zuwa kudu a raɓi na biyu na shekara, kuma zuwa arewa a farkon rabin shekara. A cikin wasu shekaru, ta ƙaura zuwa kudancin Zambiya, wanda ke haifar da "ƙananan lokacin rani" a arewacin ƙasar na tsawon makonni uku ko huɗu a cikin Disamba.
Ruwan sama mafi girma shi ne a arewa, musamman arewa maso yamma da arewa maso gabas, yana raguwa zuwa kudu; Wuraren da suka fi bushewa sun kasance a kudu maso yamma mai nisa da kogin Luangwa da kwarin Zambezi na tsakiya, waɗanda sassan da ake la'akari da su ba su da ɗanɗano. Babu wani daga cikin ƙasar da ake ɗauka a matsayin bushewa ko hamada .
Ambaliyar ruwa wani lamari ne na shekara-shekara a kan filayen ambaliya, wanda mutane da namun daji ke daidaitawa. Ambaliyar ruwa bayan ruwan sama da ba a saba gani ba yana haifar da lalacewa lokacin da ta faru a wuraren da ba a sami ambaliyar ruwa ba. Zaizayar ƙasa da wankewar tituna da gadoji sun zama ruwan dare. Ana yawan lalacewa amfanin gona ta hanyar ambaliya da ƙanƙara. Ruwan sama da yawa lokacin da masara ke fure ko kuma a ƙarshen lokacin da yakamata ya bushe kafin girbi, yana iya yin illa sosai kuma yana haɓaka ruɓar hatsin da aka adana.
Lokacin rani
Tsarin shuka da dabba
Bishiyoyi masu ɗorewa waɗanda ke rasa ganye a lokacin rani don adana ruwa sun fi yawa akan tsire-tsire waɗanda ke da cuticles na ganyen waxy don wannan manufa. Bishiyoyin da ba a daɗe suna fitar da ganyaye masu kore ko jajayen ganye kafin lokacin damina. Ciyawa da wasu tsire-tsire suna bushewa sama da ƙasa amma suna haɓaka da sauri tare da farkon ruwan sama daga tushen da tubers, da sauransu.
Ban da waɗanda ke zaune a wuraren da ke da ruwa na dindindin, dabbobin sun dace da dogon lokacin rani, kamar yadda ake gani a ƙaura da tsarin kiwo.
gobarar daji
A tsakiyar lokacin rani zuwa ƙarshen lokacin rani, gobarar daji tana yaɗuwa, kuma ana iya ganin hayaƙi ta hanyar wari da hazo. Mazauna ƙauyen na farautar gobarar, da kona ragowar amfanin gona, da shirya lambunan chitemene ; ko kuma ta hanyar walƙiya a farkon lokacin damina. Domin irin wannan gobara na faruwa a kowace shekara, babu wani busasshen man fetur da yake taruwa a cikin daji, don haka ba a saba yin ɓarna ba. Za su iya kashe dabbobi, kuma su lalata amfanin gona idan damina ta ƙare da wuri kuma gobara ta faru kafin girbi. Kasancewar tsire-tsire da aka daidaita da wuta da binciken ilimin halittu sun nuna cewa irin wannan gobarar ta faru shekaru dubunnan.
Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a lokacin rani
Yawancin koguna, tafkuna da fadamu, sai dai a kudu mai nisa da kudu maso yamma, na dindindin ne. Bugu da ƙari, dambos (ƙasar ciyayi da ke zama daɗaɗɗen ruwa a lokacin damina) sun zama ruwan dare a yawancin ƙasar kuma yawanci ana samun ruwa a cikinsu daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko rijiyoyi masu zurfi . Haka kuma Dambos na fitar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa zuwa rafuka da koguna zuwa ƙarshen lokacin rani, inda suke ci gaba da gudana har abada. Ana yawan gina ƙananan madatsun ruwa a cikin dambos a matsayin tushen ruwa da kuma tafkunan kifi.
Ga al'ummar bil'adama, ana sanin wurin da mazauna karkara suke ta hanyar samun ruwa a lokacin rani (ko da yake a yanzu ana amfani da rijiyoyin burtsatse don ƙara kayan aiki). A al'adance, mutane kuma sun yi ƙaura a wuraren da babu ruwan koguna. A Barotseland, mutane suna tafiya da dabbobinsu, suna kiwon su a filin Barotse a lokacin rani kuma suna tafiya zuwa ƙasa mai zurfi a bakin teku a lokacin damina.
Samar da isasshen abinci a lokacin damina don ɗorewar lokacin rani shi ma wani abu ne na rabon al’umma. A al'adance wasu al'ummomi sun raba shekara zuwa noma a lokacin damina, da kuma kamun kifi da farauta a lokacin rani, inda za'a iya samun ciyawa a cikin sauƙi yayin da suke ziyartar wuraren ruwa, ana iya kunna wuta don fallasa su ko tura su cikin tarko.
Hauhawar yanayi
Tsayin babban tudun da Zambiya take a kai, yawanci tsakanin , yana canza yanayin zafi, waɗanda suka yi ƙasa da na yankunan bakin teku a latitude ɗaya, kuma mai daɗi ga yawancin shekara. A kan tudu (wanda ke rufe kusan kashi 80% na ƙasar) kewayon zafin jiki, ya danganta da wurin:
Yawancin ƙasar ba su da sanyi amma a wasu shekaru sanyin ƙasar yana faruwa. An keɓe wannan ga tsaunuka mafi girma da aka fallasa, ko kuma ya fi yawa a cikin ƙananan wurare masu zafi na sassan kudancin ƙasar.
Zazzaɓi ya fi girma a ƙananan tuddai, kamar Luapula - Mweru da Mweru Wantipa / Tanganyika kwaruruka a arewa, kuma mafi girma a cikin ƙananan kwarin Luangwa da Zambezi a kudu, yawanci suna fuskantar a cikin Oktoba, tare da haɓakar zafi yana haifar da yanayi mara kyau.
A lokacin damina watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu ko Mayu wasu kwanaki na iya zama, amma kullum mafi yawan zafin jiki yakan kasance kadan m fiye da na zafi lokacin rani. Ruwan sama na iya yin sanyi, ba kamar a cikin wurare masu zafi ba.
Iskar da ke ci gaba da zama a lokacin rani gabaɗaya matsakaici ne, amma lokaci-lokaci ta fi tsanani kuma tana iya kawo iska mai sanyi mai ɗauke da ƙura daga miyagu mai nisa. Iskar guguwa ta zama ruwan dare amma ba yawanci barna ba. Ana iya ganin magudanar ruwa a kan tafkuna.
A lokacin damina, ana yin iskoki tare da tsawa kuma ana iya yin barna amma yawanci ana iyakance ga ƙananan wurare, kamar hura rufin gine-gine. Kasar ba ta fama da mahaukaciyar guguwa ko guguwa ta barna.
Canjin yanayi
Zambiya ana ganin tana da rauni ga sauyin yanayi . Babban tasirin sauyin yanayi a kasar shi ne ta hanyar karuwar yawan ruwan sama da ake samu a lokacin noma a yankuna daban-daban na aikin gona, da kuma sauyawa a tsawon lokacin damina. Ana kallon kasar Zambia a matsayin kasa mai saurin kamuwa da illar sauyin yanayi saboda galibin al'ummar kasar sun dogara ne da noma don rayuwarsu - kuma sauyin yanayin damina na da mummunan tasiri saboda yanayin samar da ruwan sama . Shaidu da aka yi bincike sun nuna cewa akwai yuwuwar zazzabi ya karu da 1.82 o C sannan ruwan sama ya ragu da kashi 0.87 nan da shekarar 2050. Wannan yana nufin faruwar matsanancin yanayi kamar fari da ambaliya za su ƙara yawaita. Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya haifar da guguwa mai karfin gaske wanda hakan ya haifar da ambaliya da ke haddasa hasarar dukiya da amfanin gona. Gwamnatin Zambiya, kamar sauran ƙasashe, ta amince da buƙatar "haɗa matsalolin jinsi " cikin dukkan tsare-tsare. Wannan saboda an haifar da rauni ga girgizar yanayi. Don haka, Gwamnati ta buga wani Tsarin Ayyukan Canjin Yanayi a cikin 2018. Shirin ya shafi duka biyun ci gaban ayyukan da suka dace da jinsi don magance sauyin yanayi da kuma ikon aiwatar da irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren.
Kamarapix: "Jagorancin Baki zuwa Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
23799 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael%20Nadal | Rafael Nadal | Rafael " Rafa " Nadal Parera ( Catalan: [rəf (ə) ɛl nəðal pəɾeɾə], Spanish: [rafael naðal paɾeɾa] ; haife shi 3 Yuni 1986) ƙwararren ɗan wasan Tennis ne na Spain. Kungiyar masu sana'ar wasan Tennis (ATP) ce ke matsayi na 4 a duniya, an saka ta a matsayi na 1 a cikin martabar ATP na makwanni 209, kuma ta kare a matsayin karshen shekara ta 1 sau biyar. Nadal ya lashe gasar Grand Slam na maza guda 20, rikodin da ba a taba yin irinsa ba tare da Roger Federer da Novak Djokovic, da 36 Masters 1000 na mawaka guda daya, rikodin da ba a taba raba shi da Novak Djokovic ba.Lakabbunsa 13 na gasar French Open musamman rikodin a kowace gasa. Nasarar Nadal a kan yumɓu ta kuma haskaka ta 62 daga cikin waƙoƙin ATP 88 guda 88 da ke zuwa a saman, gami da 26 daga cikin taken 36 na ATP Masters, da nasarori 81 a jere a kan yumɓu shine mafi nasara mafi tsayi a saman ƙasa a cikin Open Era.
Farkon Rayuwa
An haifi Rafael Nadal Parera a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni 1986 a Manacor, wani gari a tsibirin Mallorca a Tsibirin Balearic, Spain, ga iyaye Ana María Parera Femenías da Sebastián Nadal Homar. Mahaifinsa dan kasuwa ne, mai kamfanin inshora, kamfanin gilashi da taga Vidres Mallorca, da gidan abinci, Sa Punta.Rafael yana da ƙanwa, María Isabel. Kawun nasa, Miguel Ángel Nadal, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne, wanda ya taka leda a RCD Mallorca, FC Barcelona, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Spain.Ya bautar da dan wasan Barcelona Ronaldo a matsayin yaro, kuma ta hanyar kawunsa ya sami damar shiga dakin sutturar Barcelona don yin hoto tare da dan Brazil din. Ganewa a cikin Rafael wata baiwa ta halitta, wani kawu, Toni Nadal, kocin wasan tennis, ya gabatar da shi wasan lokacin yana ɗan shekara uku.
1. Rafael Nadal". ATP Tour. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
2. ^ "Nadal, Rafael". rafaelnadal.com. Retrieved 7 December
3.4. Clarey, Christopher (6 June 2005). "Rafael Nadal, Barely 19, He's Got Game, Looks and Remarkably Good Manners". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
5. ^ "Planet football hails O Fenômeno". FIFA.com. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
6. ^ a b Rajaraman, Aarthi (1 June 2008). "At Home with Humble yet Ambitious Nadal". Inside Tennis. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
7. ^ a b c d e Kervin, Alison (23 April 2006).
"The Big Interview: Rafael Nadal". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 5 April 2010"The Big Interview: Rafael Nadal". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 5 April 2010
Early life
Rafael Nadal Parera an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni shekarata alif 1986 a Manacor, wani gari a tsibirin Mallorca a cikin tsibirin Balearic, Spain, ga iyaye Ana María Parera Femenías da Sebastián Nadal Homar. Wani daga cikin kawunsa, kocin tennis Toni Nadal, ya gabatar da shi a wannan wasan lokacin yana da shekaru uku kuma ya horar da shi daga shekarar 2005 zuwa shekarata 2017.
A cikin watan Mayu shekarata 2001, ya doke tsohon zakaran gasar Grand Slam Pat Cash a wasan nunin kotuna.
Professional tennis career
Ya gama a shekarata 2001 tare da rikodin jerin Kalubale na 1 – 1 a cikin ɗimbin yawa ba tare da taken ko wasan karshe ba.
Rikodin matakin Nadal na Challenger a cikin shekarar dubu biyu da biyu ya kasance 4-2 a cikin 'yan wasa marasa aure ba tare da lakabi ba.
A ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu shekarata dubu biyu da biyu , a garinsu na Mallorca kuma yana da shekaru 15 da watanni 10, Nadal ya ci wasansa na farko na ATP ta hanyar doke Ramón Delgado, kuma ya zama ɗan wasa na tara a Buɗe Era da ya yi hakan kafin ya kai shekaru 16.
Bayan ya buga wasu al'amuran matakin ƙalubale guda biyu, na ƙarshe na aikinsa, Nadal ya gama yaƙin neman zaɓe na shekarar dubu biyu da uku tare da asarar zagaye na farko uku a cikin abubuwan ATP.
A shekarata 2004 ya fara da taken ninki biyu tare da Tommy Robredo a Chennai Open .
A shekarata 2005: Babban taken farko
Bayan kwana biyu ya doke Mariano Puerta a wasan karshe, inda ya zama mutum na biyu, bayan Mats Wilander a shekarata alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu , da ya lashe gasar French Open a yunkurinsa na farko.
Nan da nan bayan Wimbledon, Nadal ya lashe wasanni 16 a jere da gasa uku a jere, wanda ya kawo matsayinsa na 2 a ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekarata dubu biyu da biyar .
Dukansu Nadal da Federer sun lashe taken guda goma sha ɗaya da na Masters guda huɗu a cikin shekarata 2005. Nadal ya karya tarihin matashin Mats Wilander na tara a shekarata alif 1983.
A shekarata 2006: Kofin Faransanci na biyu
Nadal shi ne dan kasar Sipaniya na farko tun bayan Manuel Santana a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da shida 1966, da ya kai wasan karshe na Wimbledon, amma Federer ya lashe wasan da wasanni hudu inda ya lashe kofinsa na hudu a jere a Wimbledon .
Nadal ya ci gaba da zama dan wasa na farko tun Andre Agassi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara casa'in da hudu 1994–95 da ya kammala shekarar a matsayi na 2 a jere a jere.
A shekarata 2007: Kofin Faransanci na uku
Kamar yadda yake a cikin shekarata 2006, Nadal ya baci a matakin kwata-fainal. Wannan shine wasa na farko na Federer a Wimbledon tun Shekarar 2001.
A shekarata 2008: Manyan manyan guda biyu, zinare guda na Olympics, Kofin Davis, da na 1 na duniya
(Karshe na shekarar 2019 daga baya ya karya rikodin mafi dadewa na karshe na Wimbledon.
Ta hanyar lashe takensa na farko na Wimbledon, Nadal ya zama mutum na uku a cikin bude lokacin da ya lashe gasar French Open da Wimbledon a cikin shekara guda, bayan Rod Laver a shekarata alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da tara , da Borg a shekarata alif 1978 – zuwa shekarata alif 1980, (Federer daga baya ya cika wannan shekara mai zuwa) da kuma dan Sipaniya na biyu da ya lashe Wimbledon.
A shekarata 2009: Kofin Australian Open da Davis Cup
Taron yawon shakatawa na ATP na gaba shine a shekarar 2009 Miami Masters .
Wannan shine farkon Nadal kuma, har zuwa shekarata 2015, rashin nasara kawai a gasar French Open. A ranar 19 ga watan Yuni, Nadal ya fice daga gasar Wimbledon ta shekarar 2009, saboda raunin da ya samu a gwiwa. Roger Federer ya ci gaba da lashe kambun, kuma Nadal ya koma lamba 2 a ranar 6 ga watan Yuli shekarata alif 2009.
Tare da wannan asarar, ya bar matsayi na 2 zuwa Andy Murray a ranar 17 ga Agusta shekarata 2009, a waje da na biyu na farko a karon farko tun ranar 25 ga watan Yuli shekarata 2005.
A shekarata 2010: Manyan kan duk saman saman uku, ƙarshen shekara No. 1, da Sana'ar Golden Slam
Nadal ya kira shekarar 2010 mafi kyawun shekararsa a matsayinsa na kwararren dan wasan tennis.
A shekarata 2010 US Open, Nadal ya kai wasan karshe na farko ba tare da faduwa saiti ba.
A ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, Nadal ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai fice daga Paris Masters saboda ciwon jijiya a kafadarsa ta hagu. A ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarata 2010, a London, Nadal ya lashe lambar yabo ta Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship a karon farko.
A shekarata 2010 ATP Finals a London, Nadal ya lashe dukkan wasannin da ya buga.
A shekarata 2011: Kofin Faransa na shida da kambin Davis Cup
A cikin watan Maris, Nadal ya taimaka wa Spain ta doke Belgium a gasar cin kofin duniya na 2011 na Davis a zagaye na farko a rukunin farko a Spiroudome a Charleroi, Belgium. A duka shekarar 2011 BNP Paribas Open da shekarar 2011 Sony Ericsson Open, Nadal ya kai wasan karshe kuma ya sha kashi a hannun Novak Djokovic a wasanni uku.
Ya buga gaba a cikin shekarata 2011 Cincinnati Masters, inda ya yi rashin nasara ga Mardy Fish, kuma a cikin kwata-kwata.
A shekarata 2012: Kofin Faransanci na bakwai
Kamar yadda lokacin kotun yumbu ya fara, Nadal ya kasance iri na 2 a shekarar 2012 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters . Wannan ita ce nasararsa ta biyu a kan Novak Djokovic a Shekarata 2012 da kuma kofinsa na uku a kakar wasa ta bana, da kuma kofinsa na 6 na Rome gaba daya.
A shekarata 2012 French Open, Nadal ya bar wasanni 30 kawai a kan abokan hamayyarsa biyar na farko. Nadal ya yi hasarar jimlar safu uku kacal a kakar kotun shekarata 2012.
A watan Yulin na shekarar 2012, Nadal ya janye daga gasar Olympics na 2012 saboda ciwon jijiyar wuyansa, wanda daga baya ya sa ya fice daga gasar cin kofin Rogers da Cincinnati Masters. Daga baya ya janye daga sauran kakar wasa ta shekarar 2012, saboda yana jin har yanzu ba shi da koshin lafiya da zai iya takara.
A shekarata 2013: Majors biyu da komawa No. 1
Janyewar Nadal ya sa ya fice daga cikin Top Four na ATP a karon farko tun shekarar 2005. Da yake taka leda a gasarsa ta farko a Kudancin Amurka tun shekarar 2005, Nadal ya sake dawowa a VTR Open a Chile, inda ya fusata da Argentine No. 73 Horacio Zeballos a wasan karshe.
A shekarata 2013 Shanghai Rolex Masters, ya kai wasan kusa da na karshe amma Del Potro ya doke shi. A watan Nuwamba, Nadal ya buga wasansa na karshe na kakar wasa a Landan a shekarata 2013 ATP Finals inda ya tabbatar da matsayi na 1 na karshen shekara.
A shekarata 2014: Gasar French Open ta tara da raunuka
Rafael Nadal ya fara kakarsa ta 2014 a Qatar Open a Doha, inda ya doke Lukáš Rosol a zagayen farko kuma ya lashe kambun bayan ya doke Gaël Monfils a wasan karshe. |
29760 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inganchin%20ruwa | Inganchin ruwa | Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of ruwa based on the standards of its usage. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance, generally achieved through treatment of the water, can be assessed. The most common standards used to monitor and assess water quality convey the health of ecosystems, safety of human contact, extend of water pollution and condition of drinking water. Water quality has a significant impact on water supply and oftentimes determines supply options.
Ana ƙayyade sigogi don ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da aka yi niyya. Aiki a fannin ingancin ruwa yakan mayar da hankali ne akan ruwan da ake bi da shi don yuwuwa, masana'antu/amfani da gida, ko maidowa (na muhalli/tsarin muhalli, gabaɗaya don lafiyar ɗan adam/rayuwar ruwa).
shan mutane
Gurɓatattun abubuwan da za su iya kasancewa cikin ruwan da ba a kula da su ba sun haɗa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, protozoa da kwayoyin cuta ; gurɓataccen yanayi kamar gishiri da karafa ; gurbataccen sinadarai na kwayoyin halitta daga hanyoyin masana'antu da amfani da man fetur ; magungunan kashe qwari da herbicides ; da kuma gurɓataccen rediyo . Ingancin ruwa ya dogara da yanayin ƙasa da yanayin muhalli, da kuma amfani da ɗan adam kamar watsawar najasa, gurɓataccen masana'antu, yin amfani da jikunan ruwa azaman nutsewar zafi, da yin amfani da yawa (wanda zai iya rage matakin ruwa).
Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) tana iyakance adadin wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin ruwan famfo ta tsarin ruwan jama'a na Amurka. Dokar Ruwa mai Aminci ta ba da izini ga EPA don fitar da ma'auni guda biyu:
matakan farko suna daidaita abubuwan da zasu iya shafar lafiyar ɗan adam;
Ma'auni na sakandare sun tsara kyawawan halaye, waɗanda ke shafar ɗanɗano, wari, ko kamanni.
Dokokin Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) sun kafa iyaka ga gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwan kwalba . Ruwan sha, gami da ruwan kwalba, ana iya sa ran zai iya ƙunsar aƙalla kaɗan na wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa. Kasancewar waɗannan gurɓatattun ba lallai bane ya nuna cewa ruwan yana haifar da haɗarin lafiya.
A cikin biranen duniya, ana amfani da fasahar tsabtace ruwa a cikin tsarin ruwa na birni don kawar da gurɓataccen ruwa daga tushen ruwa (ruwa ko ruwan ƙasa ) kafin a raba shi ga gidaje, kasuwanci, makarantu da sauran masu karɓa. Ruwan da kuma aka ɗora kai tsaye daga rafi, tabki, ko magudanar ruwa wanda ba shi da magani ba zai kasance da ingancin rashin tabbas dangane da yuwuwar yuwuwa.
Nauyin gurɓataccen ruwan sha yana haifar da ƙarancin wakilci da yawan jama'a. Al'ummomin da ba su da waɗannan tsaftataccen sabis na ruwan sha suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa da gurɓataccen yanayi kamar Cholera, gudawa, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, da polio. Wadannan al'ummomi galibi suna cikin wuraren da ba su da kudin shiga, inda ake zubar da ruwan dattin dan adam zuwa wata tashar magudanar ruwa da ke kusa ko magudanar ruwa ba tare da isasshen magani ba, ko kuma ana amfani da su wajen ban ruwa.
Amfani na masana'antu da na gida
Dissolved ions may affect the suitability of water for a range of industrial and domestic purposes. The most familiar of these is probably the presence of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) that interfere with the cleaning action of soap, and can form hard sulfate and soft carbonate deposits in water heaters or boilers. Hard water may be softened to remove these ions. The softening process often substitutes sodium cations. For certain populations, hard water may be preferable to soft water because health problems have been associated with calcium deficiencies and with excess sodium. The necessity for additional calcium and magnesium in water depends on the population in question because people generally satisfy their recommended amounts through food.
ingancin ruwan muhalli
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Ingancin ruwan muhalli, wanda kuma ake kira ingancin ruwa na yanayi, yana da alaƙa da jikunan ruwa kamar tafkuna, koguna, da tekuna . Matsayin ingancin ruwa don ruwan saman ya bambanta sosai saboda yanayin muhalli daban-daban, yanayin muhalli, da amfanin ɗan adam. Abubuwa masu guba da yawan jama'a na wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haifar da haɗari don dalilai marasa sha kamar ban ruwa, iyo, kamun kifi, rafting, jirgin ruwa, da amfanin masana'antu. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan na iya shafar namun daji, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwan don sha ko a matsayin wurin zama. A cewar EPA, dokokin ingancin ruwa gabaɗaya sun fayyace kariyar kamun kifi da amfani da nishaɗi kuma suna buƙatar, aƙalla, riƙe ma'auni masu inganci na yanzu.
Akwai wasu sha'awar a tsakanin jama'a na mayar da ruwan ruwa zuwa tsaftataccen yanayi, ko yanayin masana'antu kafin masana'antu. Yawancin dokokin muhalli na yanzu sun fi mayar da hankali kan zayyana takamaiman amfani da jikin ruwa. A wasu ƙasashe waɗannan sunaye suna ba da izinin wasu gurɓataccen ruwa muddin nau'in gurɓataccen abu ba shi da lahani ga abubuwan da aka keɓe. Idan aka yi la’akari da sauye-sauyen yanayi (misali, ci gaban ƙasa, ƙauyuka, ɓallewa a wuraren dazuzzuka) a cikin magudanar ruwa na ruwa mai yawa da yawa, komawa zuwa yanayin da ba a sani ba zai zama babban ƙalubale. A cikin waɗannan yanayi, masana kimiyyar muhalli sun fi mayar da hankali kan cimma burin kiyaye yanayin muhalli masu kyau kuma suna iya mai da hankali kan kare al'ummomin da ke cikin haɗari da kuma kare lafiyar ɗan adam.
Samfurori da aunawa
Taro samfurin
Matsalolin ingancin ruwa a matsayin batun yana nunawa a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan ma'auni na ingancin ruwa. Wasu ma'auni na ingancin ruwa an fi yin su daidai a kan wurin, saboda ruwa yana wanzuwa cikin daidaito da kewayensa . Ma'auni da aka saba yi akan rukunin yanar gizon kuma a cikin hulɗar kai tsaye tare da tushen ruwa da ake tambaya sun haɗa da zafin jiki, pH, narkar da iskar oxygen, haɓakawa, yuwuwar rage iskar oxygen (ORP), turbidity, da zurfin diski na Secchi .
Ana iya yin samfurin ruwa don gwajin jiki ko na sinadarai ta hanyoyi da yawa, ya danganta da daidaiton da ake buƙata da halayen gurɓataccen abu. Hanyoyin samfurin sun haɗa da misali mai sauƙi bazuwar samfurin bazuwar, ƙirar ƙira, tsarin tsari da samfurin grid, Samfuran gunguni masu daidaitawa, ɗaukar samfura, saka idanu na tsaka-tsaki da ci gaba, samfurin m, sa ido mai nisa, hangen nesa mai nisa, da nazarin halittu . Yin amfani da samfurori masu mahimmanci yana rage farashin da kuma buƙatar kayan aiki akan wurin samfurin.
Yawancin al'amuran gurɓatawa ana iyakance su sosai cikin lokaci, galibi dangane da abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan sama. Don haka, samfuran "ɗauka" galibi ba su isa don ƙididdige matakan gurɓataccen abu ba. Masana kimiyya suna tattara irin wannan nau'in bayanan galibi suna amfani da na'urori masu sarrafa kansa waɗanda ke fitar da ƙarin ruwa a kowane lokaci ko tazarar fitarwa .
Yawancin ma'auni masu rikitarwa ana yin su a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da ke buƙatar samfurin ruwa don tattarawa, adanawa, jigilar su, da tantancewa a wani wuri. Tsarin samfurin ruwa yana gabatar da manyan matsaloli guda biyu:
Matsala ta farko ita ce girman abin da samfurin zai iya zama wakilin tushen ruwa na sha'awa. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa sun bambanta da lokaci da wuri. Ma'auni na sha'awa na iya bambanta lokaci-lokaci ko daga rana zuwa dare ko kuma a matsayin martani ga wasu ayyuka na mutum ko al'ummomin halittu na tsire -tsire na ruwa da dabbobi . Ma'auni na sha'awa na iya bambanta tare da nisa daga iyakar ruwa tare da wuce gona da iri da ƙasa ko ƙasa . Mai samfurin dole ne ya ƙayyade idan lokaci ɗaya da wuri guda ɗaya ya dace da bukatun binciken, ko kuma idan amfani da ruwa na sha'awa za a iya kimanta shi da gamsarwa ta hanyar ma'auni na ƙididdiga na lokaci da wuri, ko kuma idan maxima da minima mai mahimmanci suna buƙatar ma'auni na mutum akan kewayo. na lokuta, wurare ko abubuwan da suka faru. Dole ne tsarin tattara samfurin ya tabbatar da ma'aunin daidaitattun lokutan samfur na kowane mutum da wuraren da matsakaicin ya dace. Inda mafi girman ƙima ko mafi ƙarancin ƙima, dole ne a yi amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdiga don lura da bambancin don tantance isassun adadin samfuran don tantance yuwuwar wuce waɗannan mahimman ƙimar.
Matsala ta biyu tana faruwa yayin da aka cire samfurin daga tushen ruwa kuma ya fara kafa daidaitattun sinadarai tare da sabon kewayensa - kwandon samfurin. Dole ne a yi kwantena na samfuri da kayan aiki tare da ƙaramin aiki tare da abubuwan da za a auna; pre-tsabtace samfurin kwantena yana da mahimmanci. Samfurin ruwan na iya narkar da wani yanki na kwandon samfurin da duk wani abin da ya rage a kan wannan akwati, kuma sinadarai da aka narkar da su a cikin samfurin ruwa na iya zama cikin kwandon samfurin kuma su kasance a wurin lokacin da aka zubar da ruwan don bincike. Irin wannan mu'amala ta zahiri da sinadarai na iya faruwa tare da kowace famfo, bututu, ko na'urori masu tsaka-tsaki da aka yi amfani da su don canja wurin samfurin ruwa cikin kwandon samfurin. Ruwan da aka tattara daga zurfafan ƙasa za a gudanar da shi akai-akai a rage matsa lamba na yanayi; don haka iskar gas da aka narkar a cikin ruwa zai taru a saman kwandon. Gas na yanayi sama da ruwa na iya narke cikin samfurin ruwa. Sauran ma'aunin halayen sinadaran na iya canzawa idan samfurin ruwan ya canza yanayin zafi. Ƙaƙƙarfan ɓangarorin da aka rarrabke waɗanda a da aka dakatar da hargitsin ruwa na iya daidaitawa zuwa kasan kwandon samfurin, ko kuma ƙaƙƙarfan lokaci na iya fitowa daga haɓakar ilimin halitta ko hazo na sinadarai . Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfurin ruwa na iya canza yanayin halitta na oxygen, carbon dioxide, da mahadi . Canza adadin carbon dioxide na iya canza pH kuma canza narkewar sinadarai masu sha'awa. Wadannan matsalolin suna da damuwa na musamman yayin auna sinadarai da ake zaton suna da mahimmanci a cikin ƙananan yawa.
Ajiye samfurin na iya warware matsala ta biyu a wani yanki. Hanya ta gama gari ita ce sanya samfuran sanyi don rage ƙimar halayen sinadarai da canjin lokaci, da kuma nazarin samfurin da wuri-wuri; amma wannan yana rage sauye-sauye ne kawai maimakon hana su. Hanya mai amfani don ƙayyade tasiri na kwantena samfurin lokacin jinkiri tsakanin tarin samfurin da bincike ya haɗa da shirye-shirye don samfurori na wucin gadi guda biyu a gaba na samfurin samfurin. Akwatin samfurin ɗaya yana cike da ruwa wanda aka sani daga binciken da ya gabata don ƙunshe da adadin da za a iya ganowa na sinadaran sha'awa. Wannan samfurin, wanda ake kira "blank", ana buɗe shi don fallasa sararin samaniya lokacin da aka tattara samfurin sha'awa, sannan a sake rufe shi kuma a kai shi zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje tare da samfurin don bincike don sanin ko tarin samfurin ko hanyoyin riƙewa ya gabatar da kowane adadin da za a iya aunawa. sinadaran sha'awa. Ana tattara samfurin wucin gadi na biyu tare da samfurin sha'awa, amma sai a "spiked" tare da ƙarin adadin adadin sinadarai na sha'awa a lokacin tattarawa. Ana ɗaukar blank ( mara kyau iko ) da samfurin spiked ( kyakkyawan kulawa ) tare da samfurin sha'awa kuma ana nazarin su ta hanyoyi guda ɗaya a lokaci guda don ƙayyade duk wani canje-canje da ke nuna riba ko asara a lokacin da ya wuce tsakanin tarin da bincike.
Gwaji don mayar da martani ga bala'o'i da sauran abubuwan gaggawa
Bayan abubuwan da suka faru kamar girgizar kasa da tsunami, akwai martani nan da nan daga hukumomin agaji yayin da ayyukan agaji ke ci gaba da kokarin dawo da ababen more rayuwa da samar da muhimman abubuwan da suka wajaba don rayuwa da murmurewa daga baya. Barazanar cututtuka yana ƙaruwa sosai saboda ɗimbin mutanen da ke zaune kusa da juna, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mara kyau, kuma ba tare da tsaftar muhalli ba.
Bayan bala'i na dabi'a, dangane da gwajin ingancin ruwa, akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da mafi kyawun matakin da za a ɗauka kuma ana iya amfani da hanyoyi iri-iri. Maɓalli na asali na ingancin ruwa waɗanda ke buƙatar magance su a cikin gaggawa sune alamun ƙwayoyin cuta na gurɓataccen fecal, ragowar chlorine kyauta, pH, turbidity da yuwuwar haɓakawa / jimlar narkar da daskararru . Akwai hanyoyin lalata da yawa.
Bayan manyan bala'o'i, dogon lokaci mai tsawo na iya wucewa kafin ingancin ruwa ya dawo matakan kafin bala'i. Alal misali, bayan tsunami na Tekun Indiya a shekara ta 2004 Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya da ke Colombo (IWMI) ta lura da illolin ruwan gishiri kuma ta kammala cewa rijiyoyin sun farfaɗo zuwa ruwan sha kafin tsunami mai inganci shekaru ɗaya da rabi bayan taron. IWMI ta samar da ka'idoji don tsaftace rijiyoyin da ruwan gishiri ya gurbata; Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta amince da waɗannan a hukumance a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin ƙa'idodinta na gaggawa.
Binciken sunadarai
Mafi sauƙaƙan hanyoyin bincike na sinadarai su ne waɗanda ke auna abubuwan sinadarai ba tare da mutunta nau'insu ba. Binciken abubuwa don oxygen, a matsayin misali, zai nuna nauyin 890 g / L ( gram a kowace lita ) na samfurin ruwa saboda oxygen (O) yana da kashi 89% na kwayoyin ruwa (H 2 O). Hanyar da aka zaɓa don auna narkar da iskar oxygen ya kamata ta bambanta tsakanin diatomic oxygen da oxygen hade da wasu abubuwa. Sauƙaƙan kwatancen bincike na asali ya samar da adadi mai yawa na bayanan samfuri da ƙimar ingancin ruwa don abubuwan wasu lokuta ana gano su azaman ƙarfe masu nauyi . Binciken ruwa don ƙananan karafa dole ne yayi la'akari da barbashin ƙasa da aka dakatar a cikin samfurin ruwa. Waɗannan ɓangarorin ƙasa da aka dakatar suna iya ƙunsar ƙarfe da za a iya aunawa. Ko da yake ba a narkar da barbashi a cikin ruwan, mutane na iya cinye su ta hanyar shan ruwan. Ƙara acid zuwa samfurin ruwa don hana asarar narkar da karafa a kan kwandon samfurin na iya narkar da ƙarin karafa daga barbashi ƙasa da aka dakatar. Tace barbashi na ƙasa daga samfurin ruwa kafin ƙara acid, duk da haka, na iya haifar da asarar narkar da karafa akan tacewa. Matsalolin bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya sun fi ƙalubale.
Yin waɗannan ma'auni masu rikitarwa na iya zama tsada. Saboda ma'auni kai tsaye na ingancin ruwa na iya yin tsada, ana gudanar da shirye-shiryen sa ido na yau da kullun kuma ana fitar da sakamakon daga hukumomin gwamnati . Koyaya, akwai shirye-shiryen sa kai na gida da albarkatun da ake da su don wasu ƙima na gaba ɗaya. Kayayyakin da ake samu ga jama'a sun haɗa da na'urorin gwaji a wurin, waɗanda aka saba amfani da su don tankunan kifi na gida, da hanyoyin tantance halittu.
Sa ido na ainihi
Ko da yake galibi ana ƙididdige ingancin ruwa tare da yin nazari a dakunan gwaje-gwaje, tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20 an sami karuwar sha'awar jama'a game da ingancin ruwan sha da tsarin birni ke samarwa. Yawancin abubuwan amfani da ruwa sun ƙirƙira tsarin tattara bayanai na ainihin lokacin game da ingancin ruwan tushen. A farkon karni na 21st, an tura nau'ikan na'urori masu auna firikwensin da tsarin kulawa na nesa don auna pH na ruwa, turbidity, narkar da iskar oxygen da sauran sigogi. Hakanan an ƙirƙiri wasu na'urori masu nisa don lura da ingancin ruwa a cikin kogi, estuarine da gaɓar ruwa.
Alamomin ruwan sha
Launi na ruwa
Ku ɗanɗani da wari ( geosmin, 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB), da dai sauransu. )
Narkar da karafa da gishiri ( sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium )
Kwayoyin halitta irin su fecal coliform kwayoyin cuta ( Escherichia coli ), Cryptosporidium, da Giardia lamblia ; duba nazarin ruwa na kwayoyin cuta
Narkar da karafa da metalloids ( gubar, mercury, arsenic, da dai sauransu. )
Narkar da kwayoyin halitta: launin narkar da kwayoyin halitta (CDOM), narkar da kwayoyin carbon (DOC)
Karfe masu nauyi
Analogs na hormone
Alamun muhalli
Alamun jiki na zahiri
Water temperature
Specific conductance or electrical conductance (EC) or conductivity
Total suspended solids (TSS)
Transparency or turbidity
Total dissolved solids (TDS)
Odour of water
Color of water (such as Forel-Ule scale or Pt/Co scale)
Taste of water
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Dissolved oxygen (DO)
Total hardness (TH)
Heavy metals
Alamun halittu
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Coliform bacteria
Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow)
Americamysis bahia (Mysid shrimp)
sea urchin
An ɓullo da ma'auni na nazarin halittu a wurare da yawa, kuma ɗayan dangin da aka yi amfani da shi na ma'auni don ruwa mai tsabta shine kasancewar da yawa na mambobi na umarni na kwari Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera da Trichoptera (EPT) (na benthic macroinvertebrates wanda sunayen gama gari ne, bi da bi, mai yiwuwafly., stonefly da caddisfly). Ma'anar EPT a zahiri za ta bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki, amma gabaɗaya, a cikin yanki, yawan adadin haraji daga waɗannan umarni, mafi kyawun ingancin ruwa. Ƙungiyoyi a Amurka, kamar EPA. ba da jagora kan haɓaka shirin sa ido da gano membobin waɗannan da sauran umarnin kwari na ruwa. Yawancin masu fitar da ruwan sha na Amurka (misali, masana'antu, masana'antar wutar lantarki, matatun mai, ma'adinai, masana'antar kula da najasa na birni) ana buƙatar gudanar da gwaje-gwajen ƙazamin ƙazamin lokaci na lokaci-lokaci ( WET ).
Mutanen da ke da sha'awar lura da ingancin ruwa waɗanda ba za su iya ba ko sarrafa nazarin sikelin lab ba kuma za su iya amfani da alamun ilimin halitta don samun cikakken karatun ingancin ruwa. Misali ɗaya shine shirin sa ido na ruwa na IOWATER na Iowa, wanda ya haɗa da maɓallin alamar EPT.
Bivalve molluscs ana amfani da su sosai azaman masu nunin halitta don lura da lafiyar mahallin ruwa a cikin ruwa mai daɗi da mahallin marine. Matsayin yawan jama'a ko tsarin su, ilimin halittar jiki, hali ko matakin gurɓatawa tare da abubuwa ko mahadi na iya nuna yanayin gurɓataccen yanayin yanayin. Suna da amfani musamman tun lokacin da suke da ƙarfi don su zama wakilai na yanayin da aka zana su ko sanya su. Wani aiki na yau da kullun shine US Mussel Watch Program, amma a yau ana amfani da su a duk duniya.
Hanyar Ƙimar Ƙididdiga ta Kudancin Afirka (SASS) ita ce tsarin kula da ingancin ruwa na halitta bisa ga kasancewar benthic macroinvertebrates (EPT). An tace kayan aikin kula da ruwa na SASS a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata kuma yanzu yana kan sigar ta biyar (SASS5) wacce aka gyara ta musamman daidai da ka'idojin kasa da kasa, watau ISO/IEC 17025 yarjejeniya. Hanyar SASS5 da Sashen Harkokin Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu ke amfani da shi a matsayin daidaitacciyar hanya don Kimar Kiwon Lafiyar Kogin, wanda ke ciyar da Shirin Kiwon Lafiyar Kogin na ƙasa da kuma Database na Kogin Kogin.
Ka'idoji da rahotanni
A cikin tsarin ma'auni, hukumomi suna yanke shawara na siyasa da fasaha / kimiyya bisa yadda za a yi amfani da ruwan. A cikin yanayin jikunan ruwa na halitta, hukumomi kuma suna yin kiyasin ma'ana na kyawawan yanayi. Jikunan ruwa na halitta za su bambanta dangane da yanayin muhalli na yanki, wanda abin da ke tattare da tsarin ruwa yana tasiri da abubuwan da ke kewaye da yanayin yanayin ƙasa, sediments, da nau'in dutse, yanayin yanayi, ilimin ruwa, da yanayi. Masana kimiyyar muhalli da masu ilimin kimiyyar ruwa na ruwa suna aiki don fassara ma'auni da yanayin muhalli waɗanda ke tasiri ingancin ruwa na yanki, wanda hakan ke taimakawa wajen gano tushe da makomar gurɓatattun abubuwa. Lauyoyin muhalli da masu tsara manufofi suna aiki don ayyana doka tare da niyyar cewa ana kiyaye ruwa a ingantaccen ingancin amfani da shi.
Wani ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya game da ingancin ruwa shine na dukiya mai sauƙi wanda ke nuna ko ruwa ya ƙazantu ko a'a. A haƙiƙa, ingancin ruwa batu ne mai rikitarwa, a wani ɓangare saboda ruwa wani matsakaicin matsakaici ne wanda ke da alaƙa da ilimin halittu, ilimin ƙasa, da ayyukan ɗan adam na yanki. Ayyukan masana'antu da kasuwanci (misali masana'antu, hakar ma'adinai, gine-gine, sufuri ) sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbatar ruwa kamar yadda kwararar ruwa daga wuraren noma, zubar da ruwa a birane da fitar da najasa da ba a kula da su ba.
Ƙasashen Duniya
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta buga jagororin ingancin ruwan sha (GDWQ) a cikin 2011.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) buga ƙa'ida na ingancin ruwa a cikin sashin ICS 13.060, wanda ya fito daga samfurin ruwa, ruwan sha, ruwa na masana'antu, najasa, da gwajin ruwa don sinadarai, jiki ko kayan halitta. ICS 91.140.60 yana rufe ka'idodin tsarin samar da ruwa.
Ƙididdigar ƙasa don ruwan yanayi da ruwan sha
Tarayyar Turai
Tsarin ruwa na Tarayyar Turai an tsara shi da farko cikin umarni guda uku:
Umarni kan Maganin Ruwan Sharar Birane (91/271/EEC) na ranar 21 ga Mayu 1991 game da fitar da ruwa na birni da na masana'antu ;
Umarnin Ruwan Sha (98/83/EC) na 3 Nuwamba 1998 game da ingancin ruwan sha;
Dokar Tsarin Ruwa (2000/60/EC) na 23 Oktoba 2000 game da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa .
Matsayin Majalisar Binciken Likitanci na Indiya (ICMR) don Ruwan Sha.
Afirka ta Kudu
An haɗa jagororin ingancin ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu bisa ga yuwuwar nau'ikan masu amfani (misali na gida, masana'antu) a cikin Jagororin ingancin Ruwa na 1996. Ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu (SANS) 241 Ƙayyadaddun Ruwan Sha.
Ƙasar Ingila
A Ingila da Wales matakan da aka yarda da su don samar da ruwan sha an jera su a cikin "Dokokin Samar da Ruwa (Ingantacciyar Ruwa) 2000."
A cikin Amurka, Hukumomin Jiha sun ayyana Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa don ƙungiyoyin ruwa daban-daban, waɗanda ake buƙata don amfanin ruwan (misali, mazaunin kifi, samar da ruwan sha, amfani da nishaɗi). Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (CWA) tana buƙatar kowane ikon mulki (jihohi, yankuna, da ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci) su gabatar da jeri na rahotanni na shekara-shekara kan ingancin ruwa a yankinsu. Waɗannan rahotannin ana san su da rahoton 303(d) da 305(b) waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don tanadin CWA nasu, kuma an ƙaddamar da su, kuma sun amince da su, EPA. Ana kammala waɗannan rahotanni ta ikon hukuma, yawanci hukumar kula da muhalli ta jiha . EPA ta ba da shawarar kowace jiha ta gabatar da "Rahoton Haɗe-haɗe" guda ɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi jerin gurɓatattun ruwa da kuma matsayin duk wuraren ruwa a jihar. Rahoton Ingantattun Ingantattun Ruwa na Ƙasa ga Majalisa babban rahoto ne kan ingancin ruwa, yana ba da cikakken bayani game da adadin mil na koguna da koguna da jimillar yanayin su. CWA na buƙatar jihohi su ɗauki ƙa'idodi don kowane yuwuwar amfani da aka keɓance da suka sanya wa ruwansu. Idan shaidu sun nuna ko rubuta cewa rafi, kogi ko tabki sun gaza cika ka'idojin ingancin ruwa na ɗaya ko fiye na abubuwan da aka keɓance shi, an sanya shi cikin jerin gurɓatattun ruwa. Da zarar wata jiha ta sanya jikin ruwa a cikin wannan jerin, dole ne ta samar da tsarin gudanarwa wanda zai kafa Jimlar Matsakaicin Loads na yau da kullun (TMDLs) don masu gurɓatawar ruwa da ke lalata amfani da ruwa. Waɗannan TMDLs sun kafa ragi da ake buƙata don cikakken goyan bayan abubuwan da aka keɓance.
Ma'aunin ruwan sha, wanda ya dace da tsarin ruwan jama'a, EPA ne ke bayar da shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Amintaccen Ruwan Sha .
United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972, Pub.L. 92–500 ("Clean Water Act"). "Definitions." Section 502 , 33 U.S.C. § 1362.
^ Jump up to:a b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, D.C. "Definitions." "EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System." Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR 122.2.
^ "Definitions." CWA sec. 502 ; 33 U.S.C. § 1362.
^ "Thermal discharges." CWA sec. 316, 33 U.S.C. § 1326.
^ "Identification of areas with insufficient controls; maximum daily load; certain effluent limitations revision." CWA sec. 303(d), 33 U.S.C. § 1313(d).
^ EPA. "Secondary Treatment Regulation." Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR 133.
^ United States. Safe Drinking Water Act. Pub.L. 93–523; 42 U.S.C. § 300f et seq. 1974-12-16.
^ EPA. "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations." Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR Part 141.
^ "Effluent limitations." CWA sec. 301(b), 33 U.S.C. § 1311(b); "Effluent limitation guidelines." CWA sec. 304(b), 33 U.S.C. § 1314(b)
^ "National standards of performance." CWA sec. 306(a), 33 U.S.C. § 1316(a).
^ EPA. "Secondary Treatment Regulation." Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR Part 133.
^ "National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System." CWA sec. 402, 33 U.S.C. § 1342.
^ United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972, Pub.L. 92–500, 33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq., as amended.
^ United States. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Pub.L. 94–580. Approved October 21, 1976. 42 U.S.C. § 6901 et seq., as amended.
^ United States. Safe Drinking Water Act, Pub.L. 93–523. Approved December 16, 1974. 42 U.S.C. § 300f et seq., as amended.
^ United States. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Pub.L. 75–717. Approved June 25, 1938. 21 U.S.C. § 301 et seq., as amended. |
39026 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ina%20Go%20Dye | Ina Go Dye | Francis Agoda (an haife shi Afrilu 4, 1979), wanda aka fi sani da I Go Dye ɗan wasan barkwanci ne na Najeriya. Shi mai magana ne na azanci, marubuci kuma mai kishin al'umma. Ya shirya wasannin barkwanci da dama na duniya kamar "I go Dye Standing."
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Francis Agoda a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1979 a Abraka, Jihar Delta, Najeriya. Tun yana karami, ya girma a gefen ruwan Okpara tare da kakarsa, Sarauniya Agnes, inda ya ga dimbin kalubalen da ke fuskantar yankunan karkara a Najeriya. Wannan fahimta ta sa ya isar dasu ta cikin hanyar barkwanci da wallafe-wallafe. Wani bita da aka yi masa ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da ya yi makarantar firamare a Makarantar Firamare ta Ighogbadu, da Kwalejin Kasuwanci, Jihar Delta. A lokacin da yake makaranta ya kasance memba a kungiyar Junior Engineering Technical Society kuma an nada shi manajan ayyukan shiyya don wakiltar jihar Delta A shekarar 1992, yana matashi, ya hadu da gwamnan zartarwa na farko na jihar Delta Olorogun Felix Ibru bayan da ya nuna wani sabon salo na kere-kere. ga wanda ya taso a kauye ya samu sabuwar fasahar kera jirgin ruwa, na’urar watsa rediyo, na’urar busar gashi, da na’ura mai daukar hoto, da fanfo mai amfani da hasken rana, da jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama yaro na farko a Afirka da ya kera jirgi mai saukar ungulu da motsi hovercraft jirgi. An ba shi tallafin karatu don yin karatun injiniyan gini a Jami'ar New York. Hankalinsa game da rayuwa da kuma gaba abu ne mai ban mamaki a cewar mahaifiyarsa, Gimbiya Emily saboda yana da'awar batutuwa game da gaba kuma yana da ruhi mai girma wanda ya sa ya tsorata. Cikin kankanin lokaci sha’awarsa ta wasan barkwanci ta kara masa karbuwa da kuma farin jini, wanda ya fahimci cewa wata hanya ce ta magance matsalolin da ke addabar kananan yara da marasa galihu da dama, bisa ga abin da ya shaida girma a kauyen tun yana karami.
Ya fito da sunan I Go rini daga kamannin sautin sunan suna Agoda, I GO DYE wanda aka fassara zuwa ma'anar jagorar jagora kan bunkasa baiwa matasa. Mahaifiyarsa ta cire shi daga United College of Commerce zuwa Essi College, Warri, domin kawun nasa wanda malami ne a makarantar ya sa ido akan ayyukansa. Yayin da yake Kwalejin Essi, ya shiga SVC inda ya hadu da babban abokinsa na yau Otagware Onodjeyeke (Ltas) wanda a yanzu ake kira Igosave, tare suka fara gabatar da labarai na izgili a kan Delta Broadcasting Service 1994, inda suka tattauna batutuwa da dama da suka shafi al'umma. Daga baya ya samu kwangila a matsayin dan wasan barkwanci a Perst Motel da ke cikin birnin Benin inda ake biyansa Naira dubu daya a kowane wasa. Yayin da ya kuma fadada bayanansa a cikin al'amura daban-daban a Najeriya bayan shekaru da dama yana nazarin fasaharsa, ya fito a cikin babban shirin wasan barkwanci na Afirka a daren dariya (bugu na shekara ta 2000 ) kuma ya zama dan wasan barkwanci da aka fi sayar da shi a cewar dan kasuwar, Mista Obino. Kiɗa. Ya yi wasa na tsawon shekaru goma kuma daga karshe furodusan Nite of a Thousand Laugh, Mista Opa Williams ya karrama shi a matsayin fitaccen jarumin barkwanci da ya kasance a dandalin dariya na daren shekara goma.
Ziyarar sa ta farko a Turai shine tare da Ehi Zoya Golden Entertainment , wanda ya kai shi kusan kasashe 7. Daga baya kasar Faransa (NIDOE) ta ba shi kwangilar yin wasan kwaikwayo a taron makon al’adu na UNESCO da aka gudanar a birnin Paris na kasar Faransa, kuma Niddo Spain ta ba shi lambar yabo saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen daukaka darajar al’adun Najeriya.
An nuna shi a cikin MTV Africa Music Awards. Har ila yau, ya yi rawar gani a cikin budawa da rufewa na fitattun mawakan da suka haɗa da Akon, Boyz II Men, 50-Cent, Rick Ross, Wasan, da Kelly Rowland.
I Go Dye ya lashe kyaututtuka daban-daban, ciki har da:
Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan barkwanci na Afirka.
Kyautar kungiyar ‘Nigerians in Diaspora Organisation of Europe-SPAIN’ saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga al’adu da fasahar Najeriya.
Kyautar Kyautar Barkwanci Mafi Kyau (NEA AWARD).
lambar yabo ta Delta Role model 2017
Kyautar mafi kyawun wasan barkwanci a Najeriya
Kyautar Niddo Spain; saboda gudunmawar da yake bayarwa ga al'adun Najeriya da fasaha.
Ukaid da youth alive foundation Ambassador Award a kan #MadACT sun kawo sauyi akan cin hanci da rashawa a yau; sadaukarwa ga yan fansho na Najeriya
Kyautar Civil Army ta Najeriya tare da hakin babban hafsan sojin kasa Laftanar Janar TY Buratai
Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Sauran Ayyuka
Igodye mai suna Igodye yana tsaye a cikin 2016 Igodye ya sayar da 02 London don nuna shekaru 20 a kan mataki, kafin Igodye tsaye yawon shakatawa na duniya, Igodye ya yi a cikin abubuwan ban dariya na Afirka ciki har da MTV Africa Music Awards. Igodye a matsayinsa na ƙwararren ɗan wasan barkwanci ya kasance ɗan wasan barkwanci, yana nishadantar da gwamnoni, shugabanni, da jami'an diflomasiyya. Ya kuma yi rawar gani a taron Majalisar Sarakunan Gargajiya ta Najeriya na 2018, wanda aka gudanar a Fatakwal tare da Sarkin Musulmi, Alhaji Sa'ad Abubakar III, Ooni na Ife Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi, da dai sauransu.
Shi jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne na ci gaban muradun karni, yana aiki don aiwatar da manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
A watan Satumba na 2014, an dauki hotonsa tare da Gwamnan Cross River Liyel Imoke a bikin Carnival na Nigeria Ireland a Dublin.
Dandali na zamantakewa
Ni Go Dye a matsayin wanda ya fuskanci matsalolin rikice-rikice kuma aka harbe shi, ya rasa wasu abokansa na kud da kud, wannan bala'in abin ya canza tunaninsa. A lokacin da ya yi waiwaye kan rikicin Warri na 1997 tsakanin kabilar Ijaw da Itsekiri, ya jajirce wajen gudanar da aikin, Aminci a gani. Amb Francis Agoda ya dauki fim din na tsawon mintuna 10, wani dan gajeren fim ne a shekarar 2004 don Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya don inganta zaman lafiya da kuma bayar da shawarwari ga ci gaban karkara. Ya sha ba da murya tare da samar da mafita ga shugabannin duniya da jiga-jigan Najeriya da yawancin littattafansa. Budaddiyar wasikar da ya yi na bikin ranar matasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2017 mai suna Logic and Reason without bindiga zuwa ga Gwamnatin Najeriya, Gwamnonin ‘yan bindiga da matasa, ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai fafutukar kare matasan Afirka, yana inganta wata sabuwar akidar siyasa da za ta hada da matasa. Ya kuma bayar da shawarar shugabancin matasa, a kasar Zimbabwe inda ya rubutawa shugaba Robert Mugabe da ya sauka daga kan karagar mulki na matasa, ya kuma ba da shawara ga matashin shugaban kasa a Laberiya wanda ya yi nasara kuma ya ci gaba da zama sabon shugabanci ga Najeriya ta hanyar sa. budaddiyar wasika zuwa ga shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari da tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa Atiku Abubakar.
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1979
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Mukaloli marasa hujja |
18576 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Jong-un | Kim Jong-un | Kim Jong-un (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1982, 1983 ko 1984) ɗan siyasan Koriya ta Arewa ne. Ya kasance Babban Jagoran Koriya ta Arewa tun a watan Disambar shekarar 2011, bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa Kim Jong-il.
Rayuwar farko
A cewar rahotanni a jaridun Japan, yayi makaranta a Switzerland kusa da Bern . Rahotannin farko sun yi iƙirarin Kim ya tafi Makarantar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Turanci mai zaman kanta a Gümligen da sunan "Chol-pak" ko "Pak-chol" daga shekarar 1993 zuwa shekara ta 1998. Kim ya bayyana a matsayin mai kunya, ɗalibi mai kyau wanda ya dace da abokan karatun sa, kuma ya kasance mai son ƙwallon kwando.
A watan Disambar shekarar 2011, Kim ya zama shugaban Koriya ta Arewa bayan mahaifinsa Kim Jong-il ya mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 2011. Kakansa Kim Il-Sung shi ne shugaban Koriya ta Arewa na farko.
A ranar 9 ga watan Maris shekarar 2014, an zaɓi Kim ba tare da hamayya ba a Majalisar Ƙoli ta Jama'a .
Kashe iyali
A ranar 12 ga watan Disambar shekarar 2013, kafofin yada labaran Koriya ta Arewa sun ruwaito cewa saboda zargin "cin amana", Kim ya ba da umarnin a kashe kawunsa Jang Song-thaek . Kim da yawa suna tunanin Kim ya ba da umarnin kisan ɗan uwansa, Kim Jong-nam, a Malaysia a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2017.
Makaman nukiliya
Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kirkiro takunkumi sau biyar a kan Koriya ta Arewa saboda shirinta na nukiliya da gwajin makami mai linzami.
Tun daga watan Maris na shekarar 2018, wani jami’in Koriya ta Kudu Chung Eui-Yong ya ba da sanarwa game da Koriya ta Arewa a dakin tattaunawa na Fadar White House cewa shugaban Koriya ta Arewa Kim ya gaya wa Koriya ta Kudu cewa “ya jajirce wajen kawar da makaman nukiliya” kuma “Koriya ta Arewa za ta guji duk wani kara gwajin nukiliya ko makamai masu linzami. " kuma a bude yake don ganawa da Donald Trump a Koriya ta Arewa.
Take haƙƙin dan adam
Take hakkin bil adama karkashin jagorancin Kim Jong-il ya yi Allah wadai da babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Rahotannin manema labarai sun nuna cewa suna ci gaba a ƙarƙashin Kim.
2018 dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa
A jawabinsa na Sabuwar Shekarar 2018, Kim ya ce a buɗe yake don tattaunawa da Koriya ta Kudu, sannan kuma ya halarci wasannin Olympics na hunturu na shekarar 2018 a Kudu. An sake buɗe layin waya na Seoul – Pyongyang bayan kusan shekaru 2. Koriya ta Arewa da Koriya ta Kudu sun yi maci tare a bikin buɗe wasannin Olympics ƙarƙashin tuta mai hade.
A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2018, Kim da Moon Jae-in sun halarci taron kolin Koriya na shekarar 2018 kuma sun amince da kawo karshen yakin Koriya a hukumance kafin shekarar 2019.
A watan Afrilu da Mayu na shekarar 2018, Kim ya gana da Xi Jinping, Sakatare Janar na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin . A watan Mayun 2018, Donald Trump ya faɗa a shafinsa na Twitter cewa zai hadu da Kim a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni a Singapore don tattaunawar zaman lafiya.
Rayuwar mutum
Kim ya auri Ri Sol-ju. Sun yi aure a cikin shekarar 2009. Sun haifi 'ya mace a cikin shekarar 2010. Ya halarci makarantar gwamnati a Switzerland daga shekarar 1998 zuwa shekara ta 2000 inda ya zama ɗan diflomasiyya . Kim ya ruwaito daga baya ya halarci Jami'ar Soja ta Kim Il Sung a Pyongyang daga shekarar 2002 zuwa shekara ta 2007. Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a shekara ta 2004.
A cikin shekarar 2009, rahotanni sun nuna cewa Kim na da ciwon sukari ne kuma yana fama da hauhawar jini . Sanan shi kuma yana shan taba sigari.
Labarin mutuwar jita jitar mutuwar sa ta 2020
Jita-jita game da mutuwar Kim ta faru ne a ƙarshen watan Afrilu shekarar 2020. Kim ba ya nan a ranar Rana, 15 ga watan Afrilu, don bikin mahaifin da ya kafa kasar, Kim Il Sung, kodayake an ga shi kwana hudu kafin taron gwamnati. Daily NK ta ruwaito cewa Kim ya je asibiti don yin aikin tiyatar zuciya a ranar 12 ga watan Afrilu, amma a cewar CNN a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu cewa jihar Kim na cikin “hadari mai girma” daga tiyatar. Koriya ta Kudu ta ba da rahoto game da waɗannan labaran cewa "babu alamun da ba a gano ba" game da lafiyar Kim. Jaridar Guardian ta ruwaito cewa China ta tura tawagar likitoci a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu zuwa Koriya ta Arewa don duba lafiyar Kim.
Sauran yanar gizo
Shugaban Matasan Koriya ta Arewa akan Nunin - rahoton bidiyo na The New York Times
Taskar NSA Kim Jong-Il: "Babban Magaji"
Takaitaccen tarihin aikin hukuma a Naenara
Ayyukan Kim Jong-un a Bayanai na DPRK
Koriya ta Arewa
Shugaban Kasa
Mutanen Asiya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
6309 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross%20River | Cross River | Jihar Cross River Jiha ce dake yankin kudu maso kudancin Najeriya. Jihar ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga Kogin Cross River, wacce aka samar daga tsohuwar Yankin Gabashin Najeriya a ranar 27 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1967. Babban birnin jihar shi ne Calabar, kuma ta hada iyaka da Jihar Benue daga arewa, daga yamma da jihohin Ebonyi da Abiya, daga kudu maso yamma da Jihar Akwa Ibom, yayinda iyakokinta na gabas suka hada iyaka da kasar Kamaru. A da an fi saninta da suna Jihar Kudu maso Gabas kafin a canza mata suna a shekarar
1976, Jihar Cross River a da ta hada da yankin Jihar Akwa Ibom ta yau, wacce ta zamo jiha mai zaman kanta a shekara ta 1987.
Acikin Jerin jihohi 36 dake Nijeriya, Jihar Akwai Ibom itace ta goma sha tara a fadin kasa, kuma itace ta ashirin da bakwai a yawan jama'a a Najeriya tare da kiyasi na kimanin mutum miliyan 3.8 bisa shekara ta 2016. Ta fuskar yanayin kasa, jihar ta rabu tsakanin Guinean forest–savanna mosaic daga kuryar arewacin jihar da kuma Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests a daukakin yankunan cikin Jihar. Kananun yankunan jihar sun hada da Central African mangroves daga gafen teku na kurya kudancin jihar a matsayin sashin montane Cameroonian Highlands forests daga karshen yankin arewa maso arewa maso gabas. Wani muhimmin al'amari na yanayin kasar jihar itace Kogin Cross River wacce ta raba cikin garin Cross River biyu kafin ta samar da iyakar yammacin jihar, yayinda take fada wa cikin gabar kogin Cross Riiver. Sauran muhimman ruwayen yankin sune Kogin Calaba da kuma Kogin Great Kwa wanda suke gudana daga cikin gari na yankin tsaunukan Oba kafin su hayo ta birnin Calaba kafin sannan su kwarara cikin gabar Kogin Cross River suma. Daga cikin garin kuma akwai dazukan da gwamnati ke kula da su kamarsu: Cross River National Park, Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, da kuma Mbe Mountains Community Forest. Wadannnan gandun daji suna dauke da nau'ikan dabbobi iri-irin kamar kadoji, biran gorilla da makamantansu.
Jihar Cross River ta yau tana dauke da kabilu da dama na tsawon karni da dama; irinsu Mutanen Efik dake zaune a yankin kudancin Kogin Calabar; Mutanen Ekoi, dake kudancin cikin gari; Kabilar Akunakuna, Mutanen Boki, Mutanen Bahumono, da kuma Mutanen Yakö dake zaune a yankin tsakiyar jihar, da kuma Bekwarra, Bette, Igede, Ukelle (Kukele) dake yankin arewacin jihar. Jihar Cross River ta yau kafin zuwan Turawan mulki mallaka ta rabu zuwa kashi daban daban yayin da wasu ke karkashin "Kungiyar Aro" su kuma kabilar Aro suka hada Akwa Akpa na (tsohuwa Calabar). Yankin kungiyar Aro ta zamo sashe na mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1884 a matsayin babban birnin yankin mulkin mallaka na Oil River, amma turawa basu gama samun cikakke iko a yankin ba sai a shekarar 1900. A wannan lokacin ne har wayau aka hade wannan yankin (wacce aka sake wa suna zuwa "Niger Coast Protectorate") acikin Yankin mulkin mallakar Turawa na Kudan in Najeriya wacce daga baya ta zamo Najeriya ta Birtaniya. Bayan an hade yankunan Kasar, mafi akasarin Jihar Cross River ta fada karkashin yankunan da suka bijirewa mulkin mallaka na turawa da kuma "rikicin mata" da kuma cinikayya ta hanyar tashar kasa da kasa dake Calabar.
Bayan Najeriya samun 'yancin kai a 1960, mafi akasarin yankunan Jihar Cross River ta yau na daga cikin Yankin Gabashin Najeriya, har zuwa shekarar 1967, lokacin da aka raba yankin kuma jihar ta fada karkashin Yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya. Kwanaki kadan bayan haka ne yankin Inyamurai na gabas suka janyo Yakin basasar Najeriya wanda aka kwashe tsawon shekaru uku ana gwabzawa, a kokarinsu na samar da kasa mai zaman kanta na Biyafara; Anyi tarzoma sosai a yankin tashar jirgin ruwa na Calabar (Operation Tiger Claw), yayi da sojojin Biyafara sukai ta kwashe asalin mutanen Cross River saboda su ba Inyamurai bane. Bayan yakin basasar, bayan an hade yankin cikin Kasar Najeriya, jihar ta fada karkashin Jihar Kudu maso Gabas har zuwa shekarar 1976 lokacin da aka canza mata suna zuwa Jihar Cross River. Shekaru goma sha daya bayan haka, an sake raba yankin yammacin jihar inda aka ƙirƙiri sabuwa Jihar Akwa Ibom. Jihar a da ta ƙunshi yanki mai arzikin man fetur na Bakassi amma daga baya an mika ta zuwa ga Kasar Kamaru a ƙarƙashin wata yarjejeniya ta Yarjejeniyar "Greentree Agreement".
Kasancewar cewa akwai yankunan da ake noma a jihar, tattalin arzikin Jihar sun ta'allakane ta wani fannin akan noman cocoyam, roba, manja, doya, cocoa, kashuw da ayabar plantain da kuma kamun kifi. Sauran muhimman harkoki sun hada da yawon bude idanu a yankunan tarihi, bikin Calabar Carnival, wurin shakwatawa na tsibiri Obudu. Jihar Cross River na da itace ta goma sha uku acikin Jerin Jihohi Najeriya dangane da Ma'aunin Cigaban Jama'a sannan akwai ma yan makarantu na gaba da sakandare a jihar.
Jiha nada yawan filin kasa kimanin kilomita araba’i 20,156 da yawan jama’a milyan uku da dubu dari bakwai da talatin da bakwai da dari biyar da sha bakwai (ƙidayar yawan jama'a shekara 2006). Babban birnin jahar ita ce Calabar. Benedict Ayade shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne Ivara Esu. Dattijan jihar sun hada da: Gershom Bassey, Rose Okoji Oko da John Enoh.
Yanayin kasa
Jihar Cross River ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga Kogin Cross River wacce ta rasa ta tsakiyar jihar. Jiha ce dake gaɓar teku a yankin Niger Delta, kuma ta mamaye fili mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 20,156kmsq. Jihar ta hada iyaka da jihar Benue daga arewa, jihohin Ebonyi da Abiya daga yamma, daga gabas kuwa da gundumar Sud-Ouest na Kasar Kamaru, sannan daga kudu kuwa da jihar Akwa Ibom da Tekun Atalanta. Akwai ƙananan hukumomi 18 a jihar.
Kananan Hukumomi
Jihar Cross River tanada Kananan hukumomi guda goma sha bakwai . Sune:
Kalabar Municipal
Kalabar ta Kudu
An kirkiri Jihar Kudu maso Kudancin Najeriya a ranar 27 Mayun shekarar 1967, daga tsohuwar Yankin Gabashin Najeriya, a lokacin mulkin tsohon shugaba kasa Gen. Yakubu Gowon. An canza mata suna zuwa Jihar Cross River a shekarar 1976 a lokacin mulkin soja na Gen. Murtala Mohammed daga Yankin Kudu maso Gashin Najeriya. An cire Jihar Akwa Ibom daga ciki ta bisa ga sabon tsarin jihohi da aka fidda a watan Satumban 1987 na lokacin mulkin shubagan kasa Ibrahim Babangida. Gwarmayar samar da sabbin jihohi ta soma a shekarar 1980, a lokacin mulkin farar hula ta Shehu Shagari, a yayin da sanata Joseph Oqua Ansa(MON) mai wakiltar mazabar Calabar na kan iko. Babban birnin jihar itace Calabar. Muhimman biranenta sun hada da Calabar Municipality, Akamkpa, Biase, Kalabar ta Kudu, Ikom, Igede, Obubra, Odukpani, Ogoja, Bekwarra, Ugep, Obudu, Obanliku, Akpabuyo, Ofutop, Iso-bendghe, Danare, Boki, Yala, Bendeghe Ekiem, Etomi, Ediba, Itigidi, Ugep, Ukpe da kuma Ukelle.
Shugabanni da dama sun jagoranta jihar wanda suka hada da: Udoakaha J. Esuene, Paul Omu, Tunde Elegbede, Clement Isong, Donald Etiebet, Daniel Archibong, Ibim Princewill, Ernest Atta, Clement Ebri, Ibrahim Kefas, Gregory Agboneni, Umar Faoruk Ahmed, Christopher Osondu, Donald Duke, Liyel Imoke da kujma Benedict Ayade. Gwamna mai ci shine Benedict Ayade, wanda aka rantsar a ranar 29 Mayun 2015. An sake zabar sa a karo na biyu a zaben shekara ta 2019 a karkashin jam'iyyar PDP.
Jihar ta hada kabilu da dama, wanda suka hada da e Efik, Ejagham, Yakurr, Bahumono, Bette, Yala, Igede, Ukelle da kuma kabilar Bekwarra da dai sauransu. Akwai muhimman harsuna hudu da akafi amfani dasu a jihar, Faransanci, Efik, Bekwarra, da kuma Ejagham. Ana amfani da harshen Mutanen Efik a kowanne sashi na jihar, musamman a garuruwan Calabar Municipality, Calabar ta kudu, Akpabuyo, Bakassi, Akampkpa, Biase, da kuam Odukpani. Akwai kuma harshen Jagham wanda ake amfani dashi a duk fadin Jihar Cross River.
Mafi akasarin masu magana da harshen Efik na zaune ne a yankin mazabar Kudancin Cross River, ko kamar yadda akafi saninta da gundumar Greater Calabar, wacce ta hada da kananan hukumomin Calabar Municipality, Calabar South, Bakassi, Biase, Akpabuyo, Odukpani, da kuma Akamkpa. Har wayau, akwai kuma shugaban mutanen Qua a Calabar, wadanda ke magana da harshen Ejagham. Kabilar Ejagham ta asali sun mamaye yankunan Calabar Municipality, Odukpani, Biase da kuma Akampkpa na Jihar Cross River.
Haka zalika kuma, akwai kabilun Yakurr/Agoi/Bahumono a kananan hukumomin Yakurr da Abi, yayinda su kuma Mbembe ake samunsu a karamar hukumar Obubra. Daga can tsakiyar arewacin jihar kuma akwai harsuna da dama da suka hada da; Etung, Olulumo, Ofutop, Nkim/Nkum, Abanajum, Nseke da kuma Boki duka a kananan hukumomin Ikom, Etung da Boki. Har ila yau ana samun mutanen Yala/Yache, Igede, Ukelle, Ekajuk, Mbube, Bette, Bekwarra da kuma Utukwang a yankunan Ogoja, Yala, Obudu da Obanliku da kuma karamar hukumar Bekwarra. Yaren Yala sun kasance wani reshe na yaren Idoma, daga cikin reshen Yala kuwa akwai mutanen Igede wanda ake zaton sunyi kaura daga Oju na Jihar Benue, da Ora, na Jihar Edo.
Yaren Bekwarra na daya daga cikin harsuna da akafi amfani dasu a Jihar Cross River. har sauran yaruka na yankin na fahimtar yaren. Ana amfani da wannen harshe tare da sauran harsuna irinsu Efik da Ejagham a wajen watsa labarai a tashohin rediyo da na telebijin na jihar.
Duk da rabe-raben harsuna daban daban na jihar, dukkannin wadanna harsuna sun samo asali ne daga Yarukan Niger-Congo. Daga karshe, A jihar ake gudanar da bikin Carnival mafi girma a Afirka.
Harsunan Cross River dangane da kananan hukumomin da ake amfani dasu sun hada da:
Other languages spoken in Cross State are Eki, Ibibio, Ilue, Ito, and Okobo.
Bukukuwa da ake gudanarwa a Jihar Cross River sun hada da:
Bikin Kirismeti na Jihar Cross River – 1 December to 31 December annually
Bikin Carnival Float na Jihar Cross River – 26 and 27 December yearly
Bikin Yakurr Leboku Yam festival – 28 August annually
Bikin Calabar Boat Regata
Bikin Anong Bahumono Festival wanda ake gudanarwa a Kauyen Anong, inda ake raye-raye iri-iri, wanda suka hada da Ikpobin (wanda ake dauka matsayin rawa na nishadi a jihar), Ekoi, Obam, Emukei da kuma Eta
Ediba Bikin Bahumono Festival wandaake gudanarwa a Kauyen Ediba Duk ranar Asabar ta karshen kowanne watan Juli
Bikin Bekwarra, Obudu, Obanliku, Igede New yam festival wanda ake gudanarwa a duk ranar Asabar ta farko na watan Satumban kowacce shekara.
Bude Idanu
Wuraren bude idanu a jihar sun hada da: Waterfalls of Agbokim, Kogin Calabar, Tinapa Business Resort, Calabar Marina, Calabar Residency Museum da Calabar Slave Park, Ikom Monoliths, Mary Slessor Tomb, Calabar Drill Monkey Sanctuary, Cross River National Park, Afi Mountain walkway canopy, Kwa falls, Agbokim waterfalls, Tinapa Business Resort, titin jirgin kasa na Mono da kuma bikin shekara-shekara Calabar Carnival da ake gudanarwa a lokacin bikin kirismeti.
Za'a iya riskar Jihar Cross River ta tashar Filin jirgin saman Kalaba, ana sufurin mutane da kayayyaki zuwa yankun daban daban na kasar. Akwai kuma sauran filayen jirgi kamar su Air peace Airlines, Ibom Air Airlines da kuma na kwanannan Cally Air,wanda Aero Contractors ke gudanar da ita.
An fara karatu da harsunan gargajiya a jihar. Makarantu da dama na amfani da harsunan gargjiya a wajen koyarwa a jihar. The Tertiary educational institutions in the State includes:
Jami'ar Calabar,
Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Jihar Cross River
College of Health Technology, Calabar
Ibrahim Babangida College of Agriculture, Obubra
Cross River State College of Education wanda ke, Akamkpa
Federal College of Education, Obudu
Technical College Ugep, Yakurr
Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo
Duba Kuma
Tinapa Resort
Akwa Akpa
Cross River language
Jihohin Nijeriya |
28519 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwalejin%20Prempeh | Kwalejin Prempeh | Kwalejin Prempeh makarantar kwana ce ta jama'a ga yara maza da ke Kumasi, babban birnin yankin Ashanti, Ghana. An kafa makarantar a cikin 1949 ta ikon gargajiya na Asanteman, Gwamnatin Mulkin Mallaka ta Burtaniya, Cocin Methodist Ghana da Cocin Presbyterian na Ghana. Sunan makarantar ne bayan Sarkin Ashanti, (Asantehene) Sir Osei Tutu Agyeman Prempeh II, wanda ya ba da kyautar filin da aka gina makarantar. kuma an tsara shi akan Kwalejin Eton a Ingila. Makarantar ta sami digiri na farko a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah a 2004 tare da dalibai 441 da kuma a 2012, tare da dalibai 296 daga kwalejin, kuma ana daukar su daya daga cikin mafi kyawun makarantun sakandare a Ghana. Makarantar ta lashe Gasar Robotics ta Kasa sau biyar a tsakanin 2013 da 2021. A shekarar 2016 Kwalejin Prempeh ta lashe lambar yabo ta Toyota Innovation Award a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Robofest na duniya da aka gudanar a Michigan, Amurka.
A farkon shekarun 1940, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta gayyaci Cocin Presbyterian da Methodist, wadanda suka riga sun kafa cibiyoyi irin su Wesley Girls High School da Presbyterian Boys Secondary School a Krobo Odumase bisa la'akari da kwarewarsu, don taimakawa wajen kafa makaranta a tsakiya. bel na Ghana don yi wa sashen arewacin kasar hidima. Ko da yake an sami wasu jinkiri saboda yakin duniya na biyu, a cikin 1948 Kwalejin Prempeh sanannen masanin zamani na Burtaniya Maxwell Fry da matarsa Jane Drew ne suka tsara su.
Idan aka kwatanta da sauran ayyukan da Jane Drew ta yi a yankin Ashanti, an tsara harabar Kwalejin Prempeh don haɗa gyare-gyaren zamani kamar yadda Lain Jackson da Jessica Holland suka bayyana a cikin littafinsu mai suna "The Architecture of Edwin Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew: Twentieth Century Pioneer Modernism and the tropics". A cewar jaridar Ashanti Pioneer Newspaper, an gudanar da bikin bude kwalejin Prempeh ne a ranar 5 ga Fabrairun 1949. Major COButler, babban kwamishinan Ashanti ya yi jawabi mai zuwa a wurin bikin-
Akwai matukar bukatar horar da mazaje don daukar nauyin aiki ba wai kawai magatakarda a ofisoshi ba amma a fannin Ilimin Noma, Ma'adinai, Daji, Gine-gine, Injiniya da Ginawa a cikin sauran mukaman fasaha da yawa kan cikar wadanda 'yan Afirka suka yi. Ci gaban Ashanti da Kogin Zinariya gabaɗaya ya dogara da… Mu Biritaniya daga ketare muna nan don taimaka muku a ƙarshe don gudanar da ƙasar ku… albarkatun kasar ku. A taƙaice ana sa ran kwalejin za ta samar da masana kimiyya da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru waɗanda za su iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arziƙin Gold Coast. A daidai wannan bukin buɗewa, Prempeh II ya bayyana fatansa na Kwalejin Prempeh: 'fatan ɗaliban Kwalejin za su haskaka. ba wai kawai a fagen ilimi ba har ma a sararin sama'.
Tun daga 2012, shugaban makarantar shine E. K. Yeboah, memba na CHASS.
Inifam ɗin makarantar ya haɗa da koren riga mai ƙyalli na kwaleji. Dalibai suna sanya wannan zuwa aji a kullun. Don dalilai na biki ɗalibai suna sanye da koren jaket tare da zanen ƙirar kwaleji. An fara amfani da rigar koleji ne tun daga farkon shekarar 1949, an yi watsi da ita a shekarun 1980, sannan ta farfado a shekarar 2003. Dalibai suna sanya rigar kwalejin ne domin bukukuwa, kamar ranakun magana da bikin yaye dalibai.
Mujallar makaranta
Mujallar Kwalejin Prempeh ta dade ana kiranta da Stool. Daftari ce mai shafi 100 wacce ke ba da rahoton shekara-shekara na makarantar. Tare da majiɓinci, hukumar edita da SRC, suna ba wa ɗaliban ƙungiyar mujallu mai girma. Abin da a koyaushe ake nunawa, alal misali, hasashe ne game da makaranta a waje, gajerun saƙonni daga ɗaliban kwaleji zuwa wasu makarantu, hira da tsofaffin ɗalibai da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa.
Nasarorin da aka samu
Kwalejin Prempeh ita ce makaranta ta farko da ta ci nasarar kacici-kacici na Kimiyya da Lissafi na Kasa a cikin 1994 da 1996. Kwalejin ta kuma lashe bugu na 2015 ,2017 da 2021 na National Science and Maths Quiz na Ghana wanda ya sa su zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan makarantu masu nasara a gasar tafsirin kimiyya da lissafi ta ƙasa. Kwalejin Prempeh kuma ta lashe gasar zakarun muhawara ta kasa ta Ghana rikodin sau biyu a cikin 1997 da kuma a cikin 2004. Kwalejin Prempeh ita ce makarantar sakandare ta farko a Ghana da Afirka da ta lashe gasar Robofest 2016 ko World Robotics, inda ta doke jiga-jigan China, Japan da sauran kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu. Sun sami lambar yabo ta Toyota Innovation Award a waccan shekarar kuma ita ce makaranta daya tilo daga Afirka da ta ci ta. Kulob din Prempeh na Robotics Club ya kuma ci lambar yabo da dama na wasu lambobin yabo na robotics a tsawon shekaru, wasu nasarorin da suka samu sun hada da: 2016 Ashanti Regional Robotics Champions, Robofest Toyota Innovation Award Champions 2016, Robofest National Champions 2016, National Robotics 2015, National Robotics Champions 2014, Gasar Robotics na Yanki 2013, masu cin nasara na Gasar Robotics na Yanki 2012, Nasara a Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen a Gasar Ilimin Ilimin Ilimin Robotics Inspired 2011, 2016 National Robofest Qualifiers, Presec-Legon, Gasar Ghana. Makarantar ta wakilci Ghana a gasar wasannin motsa jiki ta duniya a New Delhi India Makarantar kuma ta wakilci Ghana a gasar Robotics kan layi ta Duniya inda makarantar ta tattara jimillar kofuna 22. Kimanin kungiyoyi 3 ne makarantar ta gabatar da kungiyoyi na 1, 3 da 5 a gasar. Makarantar ta zama ta farko da ta taba lashe gasar a karo na biyu a jere bayan ta lashe gasar da ta gabata a Michigan. Koyaya an gudanar da bugu na 2020 akan layi saboda tasirin Covid-19 akan tafiye-tafiye.
Sanannen tsofaffin ɗalibai
Mohammed Abdul-Saaka, mataimakin minista a jamhuriya ta biyu
Sam Adjei, likita
Samuel Yaw Adusei, tsohon mataimakin ministan yankin Ashanti
Jot Agyeman, marubuci, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai gudanarwa na watsa labarai
Kwesi Ahwoi, tsohon ministan harkokin cikin gida na Ghana.
Francis Amanfoh, jami'in diflomasiyya
Abednego Feehi Okoe Amartey, Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙwararru
Joseph Amoah, dan tseren da ke wakiltar Ghana a gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta duniya na shekarar 2019 kuma mai rikodin kasa a tseren mita 200 na maza
Richard Twum Aninakwah, Alkalin Kotun Koli ta Ghana
Edmund Owusu Ansah, dan kwallon kafa
Yaw Appau, Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli ta Ghana
Kwame Baah, sojan Ghana kuma dan siyasa; tsohon ministan kasa da albarkatun ma'adinai, ministan harkokin waje, kuma ministan tsare-tsare tattalin arziki a lokacin mulkin Acheampong.
Hon Kwadwo Baah-Wiredu, Dan Siyasar Ghana, Tsohon Ministan Ilimi
Fritz Baffour, mai shirya talabijin kuma mai ba da shawara kan harkokin watsa labarai shine manajan darakta na Tropical Visionstorm Limited
Baffour Adjei Bawuah, jami'in diflomasiyya
Kofi Boahene, likita
Nana Osei Bonsu II, sarkin gargajiya na Ashanti Mampong
Yussif Chibsah, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
Dr. Kwabena Duffuor, tsohon gwamnan bankin Ghana, ministan kudi, wanda ya kafa UniBank Ghana
Maxwell Kofi Jumah tsohon magajin garin Kumasi
Sadat Karim, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
John Kufuor, tsohon shugaban kasar Ghana
Osagyefo Kuntunkununku II- Okyenhene
Joakim Lartey, mawaƙa
Kwadwo Mpiani, tsohon shugaban ma'aikata kuma ministan harkokin shugaban kasa
Martin Osei Nyarko, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
Dominic Oduro, dan kwallon kafa
Farfesa Kwadwo Asenso Okyere, tsohon mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Ghana, Legon, tsohon shugaban abinci da noma, UNO
Dr. Matthew Opoku Prempeh, dan majalisa mai wakiltar Manhyia ta Kudu da kuma ministan makamashi na Ghana
Kwadwo Afoakwa Sarpong, tsohon jami'in diflomasiyyar Ghana
Kwabena Sarpong-Anane, Darakta Janar na Gidan Watsa Labarai na Ghana
Tonyi Senayah, Babban Jami'in Gudanar da Takalmin Doki
Kwaku Sintim-Misa ɗan wasan Ghana, darekta, satirist, mai gabatar da jawabi, kuma marubuci.
Godfred Akoto Boafo, ɗan jarida kuma mai kula da wasanni |
22448 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico%20do%20Fogo | Pico do Fogo | Pico do Fogo da ake furtawa [piku du foɡu] shine mafi girman tsayi na Cape Verde da Yammacin Afirka, yana hawa zuwa mita 2,829 (9,281 ft) sama da matakin teku. Yana da aiki stratovolcano kwance a tsibirin Fogo. Babban mazugi na ƙarshe ya ɓarke a cikin 1680, wanda ya haifar da ƙaura daga tsibirin. Wani reshen reshe ya ɓarke a shekarar 1995. Mummunar fashewar ce kawai a shekara ta 1847 lokacin da girgizar ƙasa ta kashe mutane da yawa.
Fogo tsibiri ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Fashewar sa na kwanan nan ta faru a cikin 1951, 1995 da 2014. Ita ce ƙarami kuma mafi ƙarfin dutsen mai fitar da wuta a cikin Tsibirin Cape Verde, wani ɗan gajeren jerin tsibirai masu aman wuta waɗanda galibi ƙarami ne a ƙarshen yamma, an ƙirƙira su ne yayin da Filayen Afirka ya matsa zuwa gabas a kan hotspot.
Fogo ta ƙunshi dutsen mai fitad da wuta guda ɗaya, don haka tsibirin ya kusan zagaye kuma yana da kusan kilomita 25 (16 mi) a diamita. Babban taron koldera (kimanin kilomita 10 a shugabancin arewa zuwa kudu da kilomita 7 a gabas zuwa yamma) ba ya kasance a tsakiyar tsibirin ba, sai dai ya nufi kusurwar arewa maso gabas. Caldera tana da iyaka ta hanyar manyan kusurwa masu kuskure kusa da arewa, yamma, da gefen kudu amma an keta ta zuwa gabas inda lawa zata iya kwarara zuwa gabar teku. Yankin arewa-arewa maso gabas da ke haifar da fashewar abubuwa ya bude ta gefen yamma na Pico, wanda ya samo asali a cikin gangaren tsakanin tsakanin 1500 da 1760. Fashewa ta karshe daga sama ita ce a shekarar 1769. bangaren gabas, sakamakon zirin daga gefen gabas na dutsen mai fitar da wuta zuwa tekun.
Ana amfani da gangaren dutsen don yin kofi, yayin da ake amfani da lava a matsayin kayan gini. Kusa da gangarenta wani caldera ne kuma wani ƙaramin ƙauye, Chã das Caldeiras, yana cikin wannan caldera. Ramin bakin dutse, wanda ya kai tsawan mitoci 2,700, an san shi da Bordeira
Shekaru 73,000 da suka gabata
Yankin gabashin Fogo ya fada cikin teku shekaru 73,000 da suka gabata, wanda ya haifar da tsunami mai tsayin mita 170 wanda ya afkawa tsibirin Santiago da ke kusa. An yi kwanan wata tsunami ne ta hanyar nazarin isotope na manyan duwatsu da aka ajiye a Santiago.
1680 fashewa
A cikin 1680 AD, babban fashewar taron Pico do Fogo da aka samar da babban toka ya fado kan dukkan tsibirin wanda ke ba da filayen noma na wani dan lokaci da kuma haifar da kaura da yawa daga tsibirin, zuwa Brava musamman.
1995 fashewa
Fashewar ta 1995 ta fara ne a daren 2-3 ga Afrilu, wanda ya rufe tsibirin da gajimare na toka. An kwashe mazauna daga Chã das Caldeiras, saboda an rusa gidajensu.
Mazauna yankin sun ba da rahoton cewa an fara samun fashewar wasu kananan girgizar kasa da suka fara kimanin kwanaki shida kafin fashewar farko na ruwan lava. Wadannan girgizar kasa sun kara girma da karfi har zuwa ranar 2 ga Afrilu, kuma an bayar da rahoto na musamman mai karfi da misalin karfe 8 na dare, sa’o’i hudu kafin a bayyana fashewar. Bayan tsakar dare, sai aka fara bude wuta a gefen Pico. Wani mazaunin garin ya ce kamar dai "an sare mazugar da wuka." Fashewar ta fara ne da aikin Strombolian, da sauri ta biyo bayanta 'labulen-wuta' marmaro wanda ya ciyar da kwarara wanda ya yanke hanyar zuwa ƙauyen Portela da ƙarfe 2 na safe. Mutum 1,300 da ke zaune a cikin caldera sun gudu cikin dare don kare lafiyar ƙauyuka a gabar arewa. Babu wanda aka kashe, amma kusan mutane 20 na buƙatar kulawa da lafiya.
Da rana a ranar 3 ga Afrilu, tsibirin ya cika da wani gajimare mai duhu na toka wanda ya kai tsayin kilomita 2.5 zuwa 5. Abubuwan da aka fara farawa sune pahoehoe lava, kodayake iyakar su a bayyane yake karami. Rikicin tashin hankali ya haifar da bama-bamai na lava har zuwa mita 4 a fadin wanda aka fitar har zuwa mita 500 daga ramukan. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na lava sun kai tsayin mita 400 ƙarƙashin gajimare na toka kimanin tsayin kilomita 2. Wani sabon scoria cone da aka buɗe wanda ya buɗe wa kudu maso yamma kuma ya ciyar da kwararar ruwa mai gudana. A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, sabon kwararar ruwan ya isa bangon caldera na yamma kuma ya lalata kusan gidaje biyar da babban madatsar ruwa. A cikin wadannan ‘yan kwanakin farko, hukumomin farar hula sun kwashe kimanin mutane 3,000.
Fashewar ya zama mai haske bayan 'yan kwanakin farko, kuma matsakaici, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa irin na Hawaii masu tsayin mita 100-120 ya gina mazugi mai tsinkaye sama da mita 140. Gudun ya kasance lawa, kuma ya gudana zuwa yamma zuwa bangon caldera, sannan ya juya arewa. Wadannan suna gudana ne gaba daya azaman matsin da aka gina daga tabo da kaurin tafiyar. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, kwararar ruwa ta biyu ta fara rufe wani kwararar ruwa a baya, wacce ta kasance kusan gaba daya saman tafiyar har zuwa 15 ga Afrilu, lokacin da ta bazu ta lalata wani gida. Cinder ya fadi har zuwa nisan kilomita biyu kudu da ramuka a ranar 15 ga Afrilu. A ranar 17, kwararar ta wuce zuwa kimanin mita 420 daga gidan mafi kusa a ƙauyen na Portela.
A ranar 18 ga Afrilu, wani ma'aunin girgizar kasa mai motsi ya fara yin rikodin girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi wanda ya nuna canji a cikin salon fashewa daga maɓuɓɓugan ruwa zuwa ruwan Strombolian. An bar Spatter a kowane dakika 3-8 tare da fashewar gas mai ƙarfi. Bugu da kari, yawan fashewar abubuwa ya karu kuma sama da mita 300 na tashar ya kasance pahoehoe lava. Yawan fashewar, wanda aka kiyasta daga girma da kuma yawan gudu a tashar, sun kasance tsakanin mita miliyan 4 zuwa 8.5 na cubic a kowace rana.
A cikin daren Afrilu 18, jerin manyan fashewar abubuwa masu fashewa sun faru wanda wataƙila ya biyo bayan faɗuwar wasu sassan mazugi a cikin maƙogwaron da kuma fashewar abubuwan fashewar abubuwan da suka biyo baya. Da safe, aikin ya koma maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, kuma rikodin girgizar ƙasa ya fi shuru. Lawa yana gudana yana ci gaba da yin kauri, kuma ana yin lawa tare da babbar tashar.
2014-15 fashewa
Dutsen Fogo ya dawo aiki a cikin 2014, tun da ya fara fashewa jim kaɗan bayan ƙarfe 10 na safiyar Lahadi, 23 ga Nuwamba 2014. An yi 'yan kwanaki na tsawaita aikin girgizar ƙasa, amma sun taɓarɓarewa tun daga ƙarfe 8 na dare. a daren Asabar.
Yawan mutanen Chã das Caldeiras, wanda yawansu ya kai kimanin mazauna 1,000, sun kwana a waje da gidajensu saboda tsananin girgizar ƙasa, kuma an fara kwashe su lokacin da fashewar ta fara. Kamar a 1995, wasu mutane da farko sun ƙi barin gidajensu, amma daga ƙarshe sun bi umarnin hukuma.
Bruno Faria, wani masanin ilmin batanci na Cape Verde, ya ce tsananin fashewar ya zarce na shekarar 1995, kuma ya kusanci na shekarar 1951, daya daga cikin mafi karfi da aka taba rubutawa a tsibirin. Fashewar da aka samu ya yi karfi sosai bayan 23 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2014. Yanzu haka ƙauyen Portela a cikin Chã das Caldeiras ya kasance a rufe da rafin lava wanda ya lalata kayan gidan gaba ɗaya.
Bayan kwanaki 77 na aiki, fashewar ta tsaya a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2015. Kashi 75% na gine-ginen da ke Portela, Bangaeira da Ilhéu de Losna, sassan Chã das Caldeiras, sun lalace. Yawancin waɗannan an rufe su da lava.
Ilimin kasa
Pico do Fogo ya kunshi basanite, tephrite, phonotephrite, clinopyroxene, amphibole, magnetite, olivine, melilite da leucite. Babban ɗakin magma yana da zurfin kilomita 16-24, zuwa cikin ɓawon tekun da kuma kilomita 10-12 a ƙasan ɓawon burodin.
Tun daga 2014, ƙwanƙolin tare da kewayen da ke kewaye an bayyana a cikin bayanin kula na escudo na $ 200 na Capeverdean. A gefen hagu na ƙasa itacen inabi ne wanda aka shuka shi a yankin da kuma dama Henrique Teixeira de Sousa, ɗan asalin tsibirin, wurin haifuwa na wani yanki wanda ya haɗa da ƙwanƙolin.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Fogo, Cape Verde Islands at NASA Earth Observatory |
21398 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wale%20Babalakin | Wale Babalakin | Dr. Wale Babalakin ,An haife shi Bolanle Olawale Babalakin ɗan kasuwa ne, ɗan ƙasar Nijeriya, lauya kuma mai taimakon jama’a. Shugaban Kamfanin Bi-Courtney Group na kamfanoni, shi ma babban lauya ne na Najeriya (SAN) sannan kuma ya karbi lambar girmamawa ta kasa ta Nijeriya ga Jami'in Tarayyar Tarayya (OFR) a shekarar 2007.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Dr. Wale Babalakin a ranar 1 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1960 a garin Ibadan, jihar Oyo . Mahaifinsa, mai girma Mista Justice Bolarinwa Oyegoke Babalakin mai shari’a ne a Kotun Koli ta Najeriya, da kuma mahaifiyarsa, Mrs. Ramotu Ibironke Babalakin, mace ce da ta yi fice wajen mallakar asibiti a Ibadan. Ya halarci Sacred Heart Private School, sannan ya wuce Kwalejin Gwamnati, Ibadan (GCI) don karatun sakandaren sa. Don matakan 'A', Babalakin ya halarci Kwalejin Fasaha, ta Ibadan sannan daga baya ya sami gurbin shiga Jami'ar Legas a 1978, inda ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Shari'a a shekarar 1981. Ya kuma cigaba zuwa Makarantar Koyar da Shari'a ta Najeriya kuma an kira shi zuwa Lauyan Nijeriya a cikin shekarata 1982. A waccan shekarar , Wale Babalakin yana ɗaya daga cikin African Afirka guda uku da aka shigar da su Kwalejin Corpus Christi a Jami'ar Cambridge don jagorantar Jagora na Dokokin Shari'a . Kodayake mahaifinsa ne ya dauki nauyin karatunsa na ilimi, ya nemi gurbin karatu na Commonwealth. Wale Babalakin ya sami digiri na LLM kuma ya ci gaba kai tsaye tare da shirin digirin digirgir. Ya sami digirin digirgir a shekarar 1986 a jajibirin ranar haihuwarsa ta 26.
Da ya dawo Nijeriya a shekarar 1986, Dokta Babalakin ya shiga kamfanin babban mai ba shi shawara, Cif Frederick Rotimi Williams, inda ya yi aiki na shekara daya. Ya kafa kamfanin sa, Babalakin da Co, Baya ga kasancewar sa kwararre, yana kuma cikin aikin buga rahotonnin Shari'a . A cikin 2009, masu mallakar rahoton Shari'a na farko masu zaman kansu, Optimum Law Publishers, wanda ya fara a 1964, sun ba da haƙƙin haƙƙinsu na Shawara ga Babalakin da Co.
Kasuwancin Kasuwanci
Dakta Wale Babalakin ta hannun kamfaninsa, Bi-Courtney Limited, nemi a ba shi izinin sauka da tashin jiragen sama na cikin gida na Legas, na Filin jirgin Murtala Mohammed na 2, bayan an kone tsohon filin jirgin sama kuma an kammala shi a cikin shekaru uku 3.
Dr. Babalakin kuma shi ne Shugaban Kamfanin Stabilini Visinoni Limited, wani kamfanin gini da ke Najeriya. Ya karbi bakuncinsa da kamfanin hutu, Resort International Limited, a shekarar 2007 ya bashi Yarjejeniyar Hayar Haɓaka don sauya tsohuwar Sakatariyar Tarayya da ke Ikoyi, Lagos, zuwa rukunin gidaje na alatu 480 - hakan ya kasance har sai Gwamnatin Legas ta dakatar da aiki a shekara daga baya, a shekarar 2007 ,; da kuma haɓaka otal mai gado 300 a MMA2.
Harkar siyasa
In 2005, Dr. Wale Babalakin was appointed by the then President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, as a member of the National Political Reforms Conference where he served on the Legal Reforms Committee. He also served as the Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Sub Committee which was ultimately responsible for the drafting of the constitution. He was the Vice-Chairman of the Committee for the review of the Evidence Act. He also had the unique opportunity of serving as the Chairman of two committees of the Nigerian Bar Association, namely the Real Estate and Construction Law Committee of the Section on Business Law and the Government Practice Committee of the Section on Legal Practice. He was appointed alongside Alhaji Rilwanu Lukman as Honorary Advisers to the government of President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua.
He has served as:
Pro-Chancellor kuma Shugaban Majalisar Jami'ar Maiduguri tsakanin shekarar 2009 da shekara ta 2013.
Shugaban kwamitin Pro-Chancellors na Jami'o'in Tarayya a Najeriya.
Shugaban Kwamitin Kula da Aiwatarwa na Yarjejeniyar da aka kulla tsakanin Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya da kungiyoyin kwadago daban-daban na Jami’o’in Najeriya wadanda suka hada da Kungiyar Ma’aikatan Ma’aikatan Jami’o’i a Najeriya (ASUU), SSANU, NAAT da NASU.
Shugaban Kwamitin Gwamnatin Tarayya don sake tattaunawa kan Yarjejeniyar 2009 tsakanin Gwamnatin Tarayya da Kungiyoyin Jami’o’i.
Shugaban Jami'a na yanzu kuma Shugaban Majalisar Jami'ar Legas
Ya ba da gidan kwanan dalibai mai gado 80 ga Jami’ar Ilorin da sunan mahaifinsa, Hon. Mista Justice Bolarinwa Oyegoke Babalakin.
Ya ba da gidan kwanan dalibai mai gado 80 a Ibogun, Jihar Ogun domin tunawa da mahaifiyarsa, Mista Ramotu Ibironke Babalakin.
Ya bayar da gudummawar dakin taro na mutum 500 ga Moshood Abiola Polytechnic domin tunawa da mahaifiyarsa.
An yiwa marasa lafiya 1000 dauke da cututtukan ido daban daban a karamar hukumar Aye daade.
Ya kula da marasa lafiya 4000 da ke fama da cututtukan ido daban-daban a cikin Karamar Hukumar Owo a karkashin gidauniyar da aka kafa don tunawa da mahaifiyarsa.
Yana da cikakkun a ciki da wajen Nijeriya tare da ɗalibai sama da 200 a Nijeriya da kuma sama da ɗalibai 40 a ƙasashen waje.
Dokta Babalakin, a cikin shekarar 2002, ya zama Babban mai ba da shawara na Nijeriya (SAN). A shekara 2007, an ba shi lambar girma ta Jami'in Tarayyar Najeriya, OFR. A ranar 21 ga watan Disambar shekarar 2013, yayin bikin cika shekaru 90 da kafa kungiyar Ansar Ud Deen Society of Nigeria, Dokta Wale Babalakin, tare da wasu manyan mutane ciki har da gwamnan jihar Legas, Babatunde Fashola (SAN), an ba su lambar yabo ta girmamawa saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga al’umma da kuma ɗan adam gaba ɗaya.
Dr. Babalakin ya auri Olugbolahan Babalakin, diyar mai girma Mista Justice da Mrs. YAO Jinadu, wanda shima lauya ne ta hanyar sana'a. Suna da yara. |
48991 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuwancin%20muggan%20kwayoyi%20a%20Seychelles | Kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi a Seychelles | Seychelles karamar tsibiri ce mai faffadan yankin teku, wacce ta kunshi tsibirai 115 da Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman na murabba'in kilomita miliyan 137. Yawan shan kwayoyi a kasar ya yi yawa kuma kasar na fama da annobar tabar heroin, wanda ya kai kashi 10% na ma'aikatan da ke amfani da tabar heroin a shekarar 2019. Saboda wurin da yake kan babbar hanyar safarar miyagun kwayoyi, ana iya safarar muggan kwayoyi cikin sauki ta teku zuwa Seychelles.
Martanin tsaro a tekun Seychelles ya dogara ne akan fashin teku har zuwa karshen shekarun 2000, amma yayin da al'amuran fashin teku suka ragu, fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a teku ya fi mayar da hankali.
Hanyar Kudu
A Seychelles, maganin tabar heroin ne aka fi amfani da shi, kuma an kiyasta cewa kasar ce ta fi kowacce kasa yawan amfani da tabar heroin a duk duniya. Ana samar da maganin ne da farko a Afghanistan kuma ana safarar su zuwa Seychelles da sauran kananan jihohin tsibiran da ke yammacin Tekun Indiya ta hanyar Kudancin kasar. Da yake ɗaukar matakin tashi a Afghanistan, Hanyar Kudancin yana tafiya da farko zuwa Indiya, Afirka, da Turai ta Pakistan ko Iran, kuma a cikin 2018 wannan hanyar ta ɗauki 6% na adadin magunguna na duniya. Kasar Seychelles ta kara zama wata manufa ta fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ta hanyar Kudancin kasar, sakamakon karuwar shan muggan kwayoyi a kasar, da saukin shigarta a matsayin hanyar safarar miyagun kwayoyi, da kuma arzikin kasar idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen yammacin tekun Indiya.
Yankin yammacin Tekun Indiya ya fuskanci karuwar al'amuran tsaro na teku saboda babbar hanyar fasa kwauri: kama wani tan na tabar heroin a gabar tekun gabashin Afirka a shekarar 2014 ya nuna muhimmancin wannan hanya.
Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi
Amfani da tabar heroin ya karu sosai a Seychelles tun lokacin da aka gabatar da tabar heroin a kasuwannin cikin gida a 2005; tsakanin 2011 da 2019, masu amfani da tabar heroin sun karu daga 1200 zuwa tsakanin 5000 da 6000, wanda shine kusan kashi 10% na yawan masu aiki. Ana kuma amfani da tabar wiwi sosai a Seychelles, kuma yawan shan hodar iblis yana karuwa.
A shekara ta 2017, an gabatar da Dokar Rigakafin Muggan Muggan Kwayoyi da Gyaran Muggan Kwayoyi, 2017 don kafa wata hukuma da za ta ba da rigakafi, jiyya da gyara ga mutanen da ke shan muggan kwayoyi da barasa a Seychelles.
Baya ga karuwar amfani da muggan kwayoyi, jihar tsibirin tana ba da rahoton karuwar yawan masu yin jima'i, da karuwar yaduwar cutar kanjamau, da yaduwar cutar hanta.
Fataucin muggan kwayoyi na daga cikin ajandar gwamnatin Seychelles domin rage laifukan da ke barazana ga tattalin arzikin kasar da kuma tsaron kasar.
Dokar rashin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, 2016 ta tsara hukuncin fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Heroin da hodar Iblis an rarraba su azaman magungunan Class A, wanda ke haifar da hukunci mai tsauri fiye da Cannabis wanda aka rarraba azaman maganin Class B. Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Seychelles ya rubuta cewa Seychelles ba ta da juriya kan kwayoyi da matsakaicin hukunci kamar yadda dokar rashin amfani da muggan kwayoyi ta tsara, 2016 don fataucin muggan kwayoyi shine daurin rai da rai ga wani magani na Class A da kuma daurin shekaru 50 a gidan yari na wani magani na Class B. Shari’ar farko da ta shafi daurin rai-da-rai kan safarar miyagun kwayoyi ta kasance a shekarar 2015, inda aka samu wasu maza 2 na Seychelles dauke da tabar wiwi kilogiram 47. 
Ofishin Anti-Narcotics
Hukumar yaki da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ta kasa (NDEA) ta dauki nauyin yaki da safarar miyagun kwayoyi har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa hukumar yaki da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi (ANB) a shekarar 2018. ANB wani hadadden bangare ne na 'yan sandan Seychelles da ke gudanar da ayyukan yaki da miyagun kwayoyi a cikin kasar, tana da wani muhimmin bangaren ruwa, ikon 'yan sanda da ikon kamawa. ANB akai-akai yana aiki tare da Seychelles Coast Guard, wanda ke gudanar da ayyukan sojan ruwa a cikin ruwan Seychelles akai-akai kuma shine ke da alhakin magance ayyukan 'yan fashin teku.
Tun lokacin da fashin teku ya ragu a matsayin wani babban batu a yankin, yaki da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ya dauki fifiko, kuma Seychelles na hada kai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a yankin don yakar sa. A halin yanzu, Kwamitin Ad-Hoc na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Tekun Indiya da Ƙungiyar Rim ta Indiya (IORA) sun ba da tsarin ƙungiyoyin da suka dace don haɓaka manufofin tsaro na teku, amma tasirin su yana da iyaka.
Akwai wasu ayyuka da dama na yankin da masu ba da agaji na kasa da kasa ke jagoranta kamar Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da muggan kwayoyi da laifuffuka (UNODC), Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya (IMO) da EU da nufin magance fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a yammacin Tekun Indiya. UNODC ta kafa dandalin tattaunawa kan laifuffukan ruwa (IOFMC) da ke mai da hankali kan matakan inganta tsaro a tekun yankin. Ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da aka mayar da hankali ga IOFMC shine fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi tare da Hanyar Kudu. Shekaru da yawa, Shirin UNODC na Duniya na Laifukan Maritime yana ba da darussan horar da doka na teku ga Guard Coast Seychelles.
Ana kalubalantar hana safarar muggan kwayoyi sakamakon yadda jiragen ruwan ke bi ta cikin ruwa na kasa da kasa inda jami'an tsaron gabar teku ko ANB ba su da ikon 'yan sanda. Yawanci ana safarar magungunan ne a cikin kwal-kwale, wanda ke sa samun wahalar samu yayin binciken jirgin ruwa
Cin hanci da rashawa
Duk da cewa an aiwatar da matakan magance matsalar fataucin muggan kwayoyi, amma ana samun takuran nasara saboda cin hanci da rashawa. Seychelles, tare da Mauritius, sun yi fice daga sauran kasashen gabashin Afirka saboda kasuwannin magunguna suna haifar da cin hanci da rashawa wanda, bi da bi, yana hana ingantaccen martani na manufofin. Duk da kafa hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa a shekarar 2016, babu wata shari’a da ta shafi cin hanci da rashawa da aka gurfanar, kuma cin hanci da rashawa na ci gaba da barazana ga jami’an tsaro da hukumomin gwamnati; An ga jami’an ‘yan sanda suna karbar cin hanci yayin da ake fuskantar cikas a binciken ‘yan kasuwar miyagun kwayoyi. Laifukan cin hanci da rashawa da wuya su kai ga muhawarar jama'a saboda Seychelles 'ba ta da 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
45056 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino%20Visser | Dino Visser | Dino Ben Visser (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da tara 1989), ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida a ƙungiyar National League North ta Hereford .
Ya fara aikinsa da Platinum Stars a ƙasarsa ta haihuwa Afrika ta Kudu, inda ya fara buga gasar Premier a watan Maris na shekarar 2011. An yi la'akari da Visser a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun matasa masu sa ido daga Afirka ta Kudu na ɗan lokaci. Visser ya taka leda a Bloemfontein Celtic, Black Leopards da Polokwane City kuma ya sami lambar yabo lokacin da Bloemfontein Celtic ya lashe Telkom Knockout na shekarar 2012 . Ya kasance mai tsaron gida na farko na yau da kullum a Santos a lokacin kakar shekarar 2016-2017. Duk da wannan, kulob ɗin da aka relegated daga National First Division . Ya koma saman-flight tare da tsohon kulob ɗin Platinum Stars na gaba kakar a matsayin na yau da kullum na farkon-zaɓi Goalkeeper kuma ya kasance kamar yadda irin wannan lokacin da Platinum Stars da aka sayar da kuma sake masa suna zuwa Cape Umoya United .
A cikin watan Yunin 2019, Visser ya yanke shawarar komawa Ingila kuma a ƙarshe ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ɗan gajeren lokaci a Exeter City . Bayan ƙarewar kwantiraginsa ya bar ƙungiyar a maimakon haka ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar gajeriyar lokaci da Crewe Alexandra a watan Maris ɗin 2020. Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da Port Vale watanni biyar bayan haka, amma ya bar ƙungiyar bayan ya shafe rabin na biyu na kakar shekarar 2020-2021 yana jin rauni. Ya sanya hannu tare da Hereford a cikin watan Satumbar 2022.
Afirka ta Kudu
Visser ya fara aikinsa tare da Platinum Stars, inda babban kocin Steve Komphela ya bayyana shi da abokinsa Allan Thomas a matsayin "masu tsaron gida masu kyau, masu tasowa masu tasowa". A cikin shekarar 2010, Visser ya buga wa Platinum Stars a wasan sada zumunci da Ingila, a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen su don gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2010 . Visser ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Owen Da Gama a ranar 5 ga Maris ɗin 2011, yana mai tsafta da kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasa a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da SuperSport United a filin wasa na Royal Bafokeng a gasar Premier League., tare da mai kula da yau da kullum Tapuwa Kapini dakatar. Wannan zai zama kawai bayyanarsa ga "Dikwena" duk da haka saboda ya ki sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru uku da kulob ɗin kuma a maimakon haka ya zaɓi ya zama wakili na kyauta a lokacin rani. Ya koma Bloemfontein Celtic kuma ya kasance wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan ƙarshe na Telkom Knockout na shekarar 2012, yayin da Celtic ta doke Mamelodi Sundowns da ci 3-0 a filin wasa na Moses Mabhida .
An ba da shi aro ga Black Leopards na National First Division na kakar 2013–2014 . Ya buga wasanni 16 don taimakawa Kosta Papić 's "Lidoda Duvha" don yin rikodin kammala matsayi na biyu, kodayake sun rasa haɓaka yayin da suka ci gaba da shan kashi a hannun Polokwane City a cikin wasannin motsa jiki; Visser ya shiga wasan ne a minti na 31 wanda ya maye gurbin Jacob Mokhasi, inda Leopards tuni suka zura ƙwallaye biyu a raga, kuma ƙwazon da ya yi sun makara wajen murza wasan. Daga nan Visser ya sanya hannu tare da Polokwane City kuma ya fara a matsayin zaɓi na farko a cikin shirin kocin Boebie Solomons na kakar shekarar 2014-2015 yayin da ɗan wasan Botswana Modiri Marumo ke jiran izinin aiki. Ya buga wa kulob ɗin wasanni 11 ne kawai bayan ya samu sabani da tsarin mallakar kulob ɗin, wanda ya fito ya musanta jita-jitar cewa an sake shi a tsakiyar kakar wasa ta shekarar 2015-2016 .
Visser ya shiga Santos a cikin watan Agustan 2016. Ya buga wasanni 24 a lokacin kakar shekarar 2016–2017, kodayake "Ƙungiyar Jama'a" za ta koma rukunin SAFA na biyu a matsayi na ƙarshe. Ya koma Platinum Stars a cikin watan Agustan 2017, inda ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu, don yin gogayya da Mwenya Chibwe, Steven Hoffman da Mbongeni Mzimela domin neman gurbi a farkon Peter Butler . Taurari sun ƙare a mataki na biyu a gasar Premier ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma aka yi waje da su; Visser ya nuna jimlar sau 21, gami da wasa a duk wasannin da aka buga. The Platinum Stars mahaluži da aka sayar da kuma sake masa suna Cape Umoya United, wanda aka yi nufin gabatarwa ƙarƙashin shugaban kocin Roger De Sá . Ya fito sau 24 a cikin kamfen na shekarar 2018–2019, kodayake "Masu Ruhi" suna iya sarrafa matakin matsayi na goma kawai.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1989 |
25478 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/R | R | R, ko r , shine harafi na goma sha takwas na haruffan Ingilishi na zamani da haruffan Latin na asali na ISO . Its sunan Turanci # ne <i id="mwGg">ar</i> (pronounced /ɑr / ) jam'i ARS, ko a Ireland ko /ɔr / .
Harafin asalin Semitic na iya yin wahayi daga wani hieroglyph na Masar don tp, "kai". An yi amfani da shi don ta Semites saboda a cikin yaren su, kalmar "kai" rêš (shima sunan harafin) Ya bunƙasa zuwa Girkanci ' ' ( rhô ) da Latin R.
The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some Western Greek alphabets (writing rho as ) but it was not adopted in most Old Italic alphabets; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their rho between a "P" and a "D" shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke.
Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the Duenos and the Forum inscription, still write r using the "P" shape of the letter.
The Lapis Satricanus inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing shape of the p and the shape of the r have become difficult to distinguish.
The descending stroke of the Latin letter R has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the Tomb of the Scipios sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From around 50 AD, the letter P would be written with its loop fully closed, assuming the shape formerly taken by R.
Tsinuwa I
Ƙananan minuscule (ƙaramin harafi) ( r ) ya haɓaka ta hanyoyi da yawa akan fom ɗin babban birnin. Tare da rubuce -rubucen minuscule na Latin gabaɗaya, ya ci gaba daga ƙarshe daga laƙabin Romawa ta hanyar rubutun banbanci na Late Antiquity zuwa ƙaramin Carolingian na ƙarni 9.
A rubutun hannu, ya zama gama gari ba a rufe kasan madauki ba amma a ci gaba da shiga kafa, yana adana ƙarin bugun alkalami. Ƙunƙarar madaidaiciya-ƙafar ƙafa ta gajarta cikin madaidaicin arc da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙaramin Carolingian kuma har zuwa yau.
An yi amfani da ƙaramin kiraigraphic minuscule r, wanda aka fi sani da r rotunda (ꝛ) a jere ko, lanƙwasa siffar r don ɗaukar nauyin o (kamar a cikin oꝛ sabanin ko ) Daga baya, an kuma yi amfani da wannan bambancin inda r ya bi wasu ƙananan haruffa tare da madaidaicin madaidaiciya zuwa dama (kamar b, h, p ) da kuma rubuta geminate rr (as ꝛꝛ ) Amfann da r rotunda galibi an daura shi ne da nau'ikan baƙaƙen haruffa, kuma glyph ɗin ya faɗi rashin amfani tare da haruffan haruffa a cikin mahallin Ingilishi galibi zuwa ƙarni na 18.
Rubutun insular ya yi amfani da ƙaramin abu wanda ke riƙe da bugun ƙasa biyu, amma wanda bai rufe madauki ba ("Insular r ", ꞃ) wannan bambance-bambancen yana rayuwa a cikin nau'in Gaelic da aka shahara a Ireland har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20 (amma yanzu galibi an iyakance shi don dalilai na ado)
Sunan harafin a Latin ya kasance bin tsarin wasu haruffan da ke wakiltar ci gaba, kamar F, L, M, N da S. An adana wannan sunan a Faransanci da sauran yaruka da yawa. A cikin Ingilishi na Tsakiya, sunan harafin ya canza daga zuwa , bin tsarin da aka nuna a cikin wasu kalmomi da yawa kamar gona (kwatanta ferme na Faransa) da tauraro (kwatanta Stern na Jamus)
A cikin Hiberno-Turanci ana kiran harafin ko , ɗan kama da doki, tama, orr .
Wani lokaci ana kiran harafin R (a zahiri 'harafin canine', galibi ana fassara shi cikin Ingilishi azaman wasiƙar kare ). Wannan kalmar Latin tana magana akan Latin R wanda aka ƙaddara don yin sauti kamar ƙaramin kare, salon magana da ake kira ('muryar kare') Kyakkyawan misali na R wanda aka ƙera yana cikin kalmar Mutanen Espanya don kare, perro .
A cikin Romeo da Juliet na William Shakespeare, nas ɗin Juliet ne ya yi irin wannan bayanin a Dokar 2, yanayin 4, lokacin da ta kira harafin R "sunan kare". Hakanan ana samun bayanin a cikin Nahawun Ingilishi na Ben Jonson .
Furuci da amfani
Harafin ⟩ ne na takwas ya fi na kowa wasika a Turanci da huɗu-fi na kowa baƙi (bayan ⟩ ⟩ kuma ⟩
Harafin ⟩ ake amfani da su samar da kawo karshen "-re", wanda aka yi amfani da wasu kalmomi kamar cibiyar a wasu irin English kuskure, kamar British Turanci . Ingilishi na Kanada shima yana amfani da ƙarshen "-re", sabanin Ingilishi na Amurka, inda galibi ana maye gurbin ƙarshen ta "-er" ( tsakiya ) Wannan baya shafar furtawa.
Wasu harsuna
⟨r⟩ represents a rhotic consonant in many languages, as shown in the table below.
Wasu harsuna iya amfani da harafin ⟩ a cikin harafi (ko Latin transliterations makircinsu) su wakilci rhotic baƙaƙe daban-daban daga alveolar trill. A Haiti Creole, shi wakiltar wani sauti haka rauni da cewa shi ne sau da yawa da aka rubuta interchangeably da ⟩ misali 'Kweyol' don 'Kreyol'.
Brazil Portuguese yana da babban yawan allophones na /ʁ / kamar [ h ] [ ɦ ] [ x ] [ ɣ ] [ ɹ ] da [ r ] da karshen uku wadanda za a iya amfani kawai a wasu riƙa [ ɣ ] da [ r ] kamar yadda ⟩ [ ɹ ] a syllable coda, kamar yadda wani allophone na /ɾ / bisa ga Turai Portuguese kullum da kuma /ʁ / bisa ga Brazilian Portuguese na kullum) Yawanci aƙalla biyu daga cikinsu suna cikin yare ɗaya, kamar Rio de Janeiro ' [ ʁ ], , [ ɦ ] kuma, ga speakersan masu magana, [ ɣ ] .
Sauran tsarin
Haruffan Sautin na Ƙasa yana amfani da saɓani da yawa na harafin don wakiltar baƙaƙe daban -daban; ⟩ wakiltar alveolar trill .
Haruffa masu alaƙa
Zuriyar da haruffa masu alaƙa a cikin haruffan Latin
R tare da diacritics : Ŕ ŕ Ɍ ɍ Ř Ř ř Ŗ Ṙ ṙ Ȑ ȑ ȑ Ȓ ȓ Ṛ ṛ ṛ ṝ ṝ Ṟ ṟ Ꞧ ꞧ ꞧ Ɽ ɽ ɽ ̃ R̃ r̃ ᵲ ꭨ ᵳ ᶉ
International karin lafazi Alphabet -specific alamomin alaka R: ɹ ɺ ɾ ɻ ɽ ʀ ʁ ʶ ˞ ʴ
Tsofaffin alamomin da ba a saba da su ba a cikin Harafin Sauti na Duniya: ɿ ɿ
Harafin Sautin Uralic -alamomin musamman masu alaƙa da R:
Bambance -bambancen Calligraphic a cikin haruffan Latin
Ꝛ : R rotunda
Ꞃ : "Insular" R ( nau'in Gaelic )
Kakannin kakanni da lingsan uwan juna a wasu haruffa
Ƙari : Harafin Semitic Resh, wanda haruffa masu zuwa ke fitowa daga ciki
: Harafin Helenanci Rho, wanda daga baya haruffa ke fitowa
Ƙari : Tsohuwar harafin R, kakan Latin na zamani R
Ƙari : Harafin Runic Raido
: Harafin Cyrillic Er
Ƙari : Harafin Gothic Reda
Ragewa, alamomi da alamomi
: Alama don " amsa " a cikin liturgy
Ƙari : Likitan likita Rx
Ƙari : Ruble alama
Ƙari : Alamar alamar kasuwanci mai rijista
A cikin dabarun sunadarai, ana amfani da su don nuna wani mai maye, wanda kuma aka sani da "rukunin R". Misali, "Na (KO)
A cikin sunan IUPAC da aka fi so don sunadarai ana amfani da su don nuna takamaiman enantiomer . Misali (R) -2- (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) propanoic acid" yana daya daga cikin enantiomers na mecoprop .
1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Sauran wakilci
Duba kuma
Gutural R
Hanyoyin waje
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29923 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illar%20gurbataccen%20mai%20ga%20kifi%20a%20ruwa | Illar gurbataccen mai ga kifi a ruwa | An lura da gubar gurbataccen mai ga kifin ruwa daga malalar mai kamar bala'in Exxon Valdez, da kuma daga maɓuɓɓugar da ba su da tushe, kamar zubar da ruwa, wanda shi ne mafi girma tushen gurɓatar mai a cikin ruwan teku.
Danyen mai yana shiga magudanar ruwa daga zubewa ko zubar da ruwa ya ƙunshi polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikin mai. Hanyar shan PAH cikin kifi ya dogara da yawancin abubuwan muhalli da kaddarorin PAH. Hanyoyi na gama gari sune ciki, samun iska na gills, da ɗaukar fata. Kifin da aka fallasa wa waɗannan PAHs yana nuna nau'ikan sakamako masu guba ciki har da lalata kwayoyin halitta, nakasasshen tsarin halittar jiki, canjin girma da haɓakawa, rage girman jiki, hana damar yin iyo da mace-mace . Nakasar dabi'a ta bayyanar PAH, irin su fin da muƙamuƙi na muƙamuƙi, Kuma suna haifar da raguwar rayuwa a cikin kifaye sosai saboda raguwar iya yin iyo da ciyarwa. Duk da yake ba a san ainihin tsarin guba na PAH ba, akwai hanyoyi guda huɗu da aka tsara. Wahalar gano takamaiman hanyar mai guba ya fi yawa saboda nau'ikan mahaɗan PAH iri-iri tare da kaddarorin daban-daban.
An fara bincike kan tasirin muhallin da masana'antar man fetur ke da shi, a tsakiyar karni zuwa karshen karni na 20, yayin da masana'antar mai ta bunkasa da fadada. Babban jigilar danyen mai ya karu a sakamakon karuwar bukatar mai a duniya, wanda daga baya ya kara yawan malalar mai. Zubewar mai ta ba da damammaki ga masana kimiyya don nazarin illolin da ɗanyen mai ke haifarwa ga muhallin ruwa, da ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Hukumar Kula da Tekun Ruwa da Yanayin Sama (NOAA) da Hukumar Tsaron Tekun Amurka ta haifar da ingantacciyar ƙoƙarin mayar da martani da cikakken bincike kan mai. illar gurbacewa. Zubewar mai na Exxon Valdez a shekarar 1989, da kuma malalar mai ta Deepwater Horizon a shekarar 2010, dukkansu sun haifar da karuwar ilimin kimiyya kan takamaiman illar gurbacewar mai ga kifin ruwa.
Exxon Valdez mai ya zube
Binciken da aka mayar da hankali kan gurbacewar mai ga kifaye ya fara da gaske a cikin shekarata 1989, bayan da jirgin ruwa na Exxon Valdez ya bugi wani ruwa a cikin Prince William Sound, Alaska kuma ya zubar da kusan galan miliyan 11 na danyen mai a cikin ruwan da ke kewaye. A lokacin, malalar mai na Exxon Valdez ita ce mafi girma a tarihin Amurka. Akwai illoli da yawa da malalar ta haifar ciki har da asarar biliyoyin herring na Pacific da ƙwai mai ruwan hoda . Dabbobin tekun Pacific ya fara haifuwa a ƙarshen Maris lokacin da malalar ta faru, wanda ya haifar da kusan rabin ƙwai na jama'a da aka fallasa ga ɗanyen mai. Pacific herring spawn a cikin intertidal da subtidal zones, sa da m qwai cikin sauƙi fallasa ga gurɓata.
Deepwater Horizon mai zubewa
Bayan 20 ga Afrilu, shekarata 2010, lokacin da fashewa a kan dandalin hako mai na Deepwater Horizon Macondo ya haifar da malalar mai mafi girma a tarihin Amurka, an gabatar da wata dama ta bincike game da gubar mai. Kimanin galan miliyan kusan 171 na danyen mai ya kwarara daga tekun teku zuwa Tekun Mexico, wanda ya fallasa yawancin halittun da ke kewaye da su . Zubewar mai na Deepwater Horizon shima ya zo daidai da taga mai haɗe-haɗe na nau'ikan kifaye daban-daban na muhalli da kasuwanci, gami da yellowfin da tuna bluefin Atlantic. Zubewar mai ta shafi tuna tuna bluefin Atlantika kai tsaye, saboda kusan kashi 12% na tsutsa tuna suna cikin ruwa mai gurbataccen ruwa, kuma Gulf of Mexico shine kawai sanannen wuraren haifuwa ga yawan yammacin tuna bluefin.
Fuskantar mai
Zubewar mai, da kuma kwararar mai a kullum daga yankunan birane, na iya haifar da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) shiga yanayin yanayin ruwa. Da zarar PAHs sun shiga cikin yanayin ruwa, ana iya fallasa kifaye zuwa gare su ta hanyar sha, samun iska na gills, da kuma ɗaukar dermal. Babban hanyar da za a ɗauka zai dogara ne akan halayen nau'in kifaye da kayan aikin sinadarai na PAH na damuwa. Mazauni na iya zama babban abin yanke shawarar hanyar fallasa. Alal misali, kifayen da ke cinye kifin demersal suna da yuwuwar shigar da PAHs waɗanda suka ɓata zuwa laka, yayin da kifayen da ke iyo a saman suna cikin haɗari mafi girma don bayyanar dermal. Bayan saduwa da PAH, bioavailability zai shafi yadda ake ɗaukar PAH a hankali. Sanna Kuma EPA tana gano manyan PAHs 16 masu damuwa kuma kowane ɗayan waɗannan PAHs yana da madaidaicin digiri na bioavailability. Alal misali, PAHs masu ƙananan nauyin kwayoyin halitta sun fi samuwa saboda suna narkar da su cikin ruwa kuma don haka sun fi samuwa ga kifi a cikin ruwa. Kuma Hakazalika, PAHs na hydrophilic sun fi samuwa don ɗaukar kifi. Kuma A saboda wannan dalili, yin amfani da masu rarraba mai, kamar Corexit, don magance zubar da man fetur na iya ƙara yawan PAHs ta hanyar ƙara yawan solubility a cikin ruwa da kuma sa su zama masu samuwa don ɗauka ta hanyar gills. Da zarar an ɗauki PAH, haɓakar kifin na iya rinjayar tsawon lokaci da ƙarfin bayyanar da kyallen takarda. Kifi suna iya saurin daidaita kashi kusan 99% na PAHs zuwa ƙarin hydrophilic metabolite ta tsarin hanta-biliary. Wannan yana ba da damar fitar da PAHs. Adadin metabolism na PAHs zai dogara ne akan jima'i da girman nau'in. Ƙarfin haɓaka PAHs zuwa ƙarin nau'i na hydrophilic zai iya hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta da dakatar da PAHs daga watsawa ga kwayoyin halitta suna haɓaka gidan yanar gizon abinci. Domin mai zai iya dawwama a cikin muhalli tsawon lokaci bayan malalar mai ta hanyar lalata, ana iya ci gaba da fallasa kifin demersal ga PAHs shekaru da yawa bayan malalar mai. An tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar kallon biliary PAH metabolites na kifin da ke zaune a ƙasa. Misali, kifayen da ke zaune a kasa har yanzu sun nuna madaidaicin matakan ƙananan nauyin kwayoyin halitta na PAH metabolites shekaru a ƙalla 10 bayan malalar mai na Exxon Valdez .
Abubuwan danyen mai
Danyen mai yana kunshe da mahadi sama da 17,000. Daga cikin wadannan mahadi guda 17,000 akwai PAHs, wadanda ake la'akari da mafi yawan abubuwa masu guba na mai. PAHs an kafa su ta hanyar tsarin pyrogenic da petrogen. Petrogenic PAHs ana samun su ta hanyar haɓakar matsi na kayan halitta. Sabanin haka, PAHs na pyrogenic suna samuwa ta hanyar konewar abubuwan da ba su cika ba. Danyen mai a zahiri ya ƙunshi PAHs petrogen kuma waɗannan matakan PAH suna ƙaruwa sosai ta hanyar ƙona mai wanda ke haifar da PAHs pyrogenic. Matsayin PAHs da aka samu a cikin ɗanyen mai ya bambanta da nau'in ɗanyen mai. Misali, danyen mai daga Exxon Valdez mai zubewa yana da adadin PAH na 1.47%, yayin da adadin PAH daga Tekun Arewa yana da ƙarancin PAH na 0.83%.
Tushen gurbatar danyen mai
Rashin gurɓataccen mai a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa na iya haifar da pyrogenic da PAHs na petrogenic shiga cikinn dukkan waɗannan yanayin. Petrogenic PAHs na iya shiga cikin magudanar ruwa ta hanyar mai, manyan malalar mai, magudanar ruwa da malalar mai daga yankunan birane. Madogaran Pyrogenic PAH sun ƙunshi roba soot taya na dizal da ƙurar kwal. Ko da yake akwai tushen dabi'a na PAHs kamar ayyukan volcanic da ɓarkewar ajiyar kwal, tushen ɗan adam yana haifar da mafi mahimmancin shigar da PAHs cikin yanayi. Waɗannan tushen ɗan adam sun haɗa da dumama mazaunin gida, samar da kwalta, iskar gas, da amfani da man fetur. Rashin gurɓataccen mai na PAH ya fi zama ruwan dare daga zubewar ɗanyen mai irin su Exxon Valdez, ko tsintsayen mai; duk da haka, tare da raguwar pyrogenic PAHs kuma na iya zama babba. Ko da yake manyan zubewar mai irin su Exxon Valdez na iya gabatar da wani adadi mai yawa na ɗanyen mai zuwa wani yanki a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, zubar da ruwa na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi mafi yawan gurɓataccen mai ga yanayin ruwa. Sannan Kuma Zubar da yanayin yanayi kuma na iya zama tushen PAHs cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa. Zubar da PAHs daga yanayi zuwa cikin ruwa yana tasiri sosai ta hanyar rabon gas-barbashi na PAH.
An lura da yawancin tasirin bayyanar PAH a cikin kifin ruwa. Musamman, an gudanar da bincike akan kifin amfrayo da tsutsa, haɓakar kifin da aka fallasa ga PAHs, da ɗaukar PAH ta kifin ta hanyoyi daban-daban na fallasa. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya gano cewa ƙwai na Pacific herring da aka fallasa ga yanayin da ke kwaikwayon "Exxon Valdez" mai ya haifar da ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai, rage girman girman kifin da balagagge da kuma tasirin teratogenic, ciki har da kwarangwal, zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, fin da kuma yolk sac malformations. Edema jakar gwaiduwa ce ke da alhakin yawancin mace-macen tsutsa na herring. An lura da lalacewar teratogenic a cikin ƙwanƙwasa dorsal da kashin baya, da kuma a cikin muƙamuƙi don rage rayuwar kifaye masu tasowa yadda ya kamata, sannan kuma ta hanyar rashin iya yin iyo da kuma ciyarwa bi da bi. Ciyarwa da nisantar ganima ta hanyar ninkaya suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar tsutsa da kifayen yara. Duk abubuwan da aka gani a cikin ƙwai na herring a cikin binciken sun yi daidai da tasirin da aka gani a cikin kwai kifin da aka fallasa sakamakon zubewar mai na Exxon Valdez . An yi la'akari da embryos na Zebrafish da aka fallasa ga mai suna da mummunar lahani na teratogenic kamar waɗanda aka gani a cikin embryos na herring, ciki har da edema, rashin aikin zuciya, da zubar da jini na ciki. A cikin wani binciken da aka mayar da hankali kan ɗaukar PAHs ta kifaye, embryos na salmon an fallasa su ga ɗanyen mai a cikin yanayi daban-daban guda uku, ciki har da ta hanyar zubar da ruwa mai rufin mai. Matsakaicin PAH a cikin embryos kai tsaye da aka fallasa ga mai da waɗanda aka fallasa su da fitar da ruwa na PAH ba su da bambanci sosai. An lura da bayyanar PAH don haifar da mutuwa, ko da lokacin da PAHs suka fallasa zuwa kifi ta hanyar ruwa. Daga sakamakon, an ƙaddara cewa embryos kifaye kusa da Exxon Valdez ya zube a cikin Yarima William Sound waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da mai kai tsaye har yanzu suna iya tara matakan mutuwa na PAHs. Yayin da yawancin gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje da na halitta sun lura da wasu mummunar tasirin PAH ga kifi, an kuma lura da rashin tasiri ga wasu mahadi na PAH, wanda zai iya zama saboda rashin haɓaka yayin da ake nunawa ga fili.
Tsarin tsari na aikin mai guba
Duk da yake an tabbatar da cewa nau'o'in PAH daban-daban suna aiki ta hanyoyi daban-daban masu guba saboda bambancin nauyin kwayoyin su, shirye-shiryen zobe, da kaddarorin ruwa, sannan Kuma takamaiman hanyoyin PAH mai guba ga kifaye da ci gaban kifi har yanzu ba a san su ba. Guba ya dogara da gwargwadon irin sinadari da ke cikin mai zai haɗu da ruwa: ana kiran wannan a matsayin juzu'in ruwan da ke da alaƙa da mai. Hanyoyin da aka tsara na masu guba na PAHs sune guba ta hanyar narcosis, hulɗa tare da hanyar AhR, alkyl phenanthrene toxicity, da ƙari mai guba ta hanyoyi masu yawa.
Samfurin narcosis bai iya yin hasashen daidai sakamakon tasirin PAH na fallasa herring da salmon ruwan hoda ba, a cewar wani bincike.
An lura da rashin lafiyar farko na waɗannan PAH a cikin embryos na kifi don zama AhR mai zaman kanta, kuma tasirin su na zuciya ba shi da alaƙa da kunna AhR ko Cytochrome P450, iyali 1, memba A cikin endocardium .
An yi nazarin ƙirar alkyl phenanthrene ta hanyar fallasa herring da salmon ruwan hoda zuwa gaurayawan PAHs a ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce don fahimtar hanyoyin miyagu na PAHs. An samo samfurin gabaɗaya yana tsinkaya sakamakon fallasa mai lalacewa da mutuwa. Danniya na Oxidative da kuma tasiri akan morphogenesis na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini sune hanyoyin da aka tsara don maganin alkyl phenanthrene. Ba a san takamaiman hanyar ba.
Tun da PAHs sun ƙunshi bambance-bambance daban-daban na PAHs, ana iya bayyana guba ta hanyar amfani da wasu daga cikin hanyoyin aiki da yawa sosai.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Likitan ruwa na ruwa
gurbacewar ruwa
tarkacen ruwa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
51005 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie%20Brownstein | Carrie Brownstein | Cafke Rachel Grace Brownstein, an haife ta sha ashirin da bakwai ga Satumba , ashekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da hudu , Mawaƙin Ba'amurke ne, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma darekta, wanda aka fi sani da mawaƙi kuma mai kida na Sleater-Kinney, ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta rock rock daga Olympia, Washington . Hakanan tana taka ɗayan manyan ayyuka guda biyu a cikin jerin talabijin mai ban dariya Portlandia .
Yaranta da kuruciya
An haife ta a Seattle ga dangin Yahudawa kuma ta girma a kusa da Redmond . Mahaifiyartaamatar r gida ce kuma malamkuma a mahaiftasa lauyan kasuwanci Sun rabu tana shekara goma sha hudu sannan .
Ta fara karatu a makarantar gwamnati, Makarantar Sakandare ta Lake Washington kafin ta shiga makarantarta mai zaman kanta a bara, Makarantar Sakandare ta Overlake , inda ta kasance matsakaicin ɗalibi . A wannan lokacin ne, tana da shekaru goma sha biyar, ta fara kunna kadar kuma musamman ta sami darussa daga Jeremy Enigk, mawaƙin guitar rukunin dutsen Sunny Day Real Estate . A lokacin ta ce: “Na shiga matakai da yawa a lokacin ƙuruciyata har sa’ad da na fara buga kaɗe-kaɗe, iyayena suka buge su a kan teburi. Kuma kayan aikina shine abu na farko da na fara tarawa - kuma watakila shi ya sa na ci gaba da kunna ta. » . A makarantar sakandare, Brownstein kuma ya gano gidan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar kafa na wani lokaci .
Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Carrie Brownstein ta tafi Jami'ar Yammacin Washington sannan kuma Kwalejin Jihar Evergreen don nazarin ilimin zamantakewa . Ta sadu da Corin Tucker, memba na Sleater-Kinney na gaba amma kuma wasu adadi na madadin al'adun 1990s ( riot grrrl motsi da na uku kalaman mata ) : mawaƙa kuma mai fasaha Kathleen Hanna (daga ƙungiyar Bikini Kill ), mawaƙin Becca Albee ko mawaƙa da mawaƙin mata Tobi Vail . Tare da Becca Albee da Curtis James Phillips ta kafa ƙungiyar Excuse 17, kuma sau da yawa tana wasa tare da ƙungiyar Corin Tucker (abokinta na gaba a Sleater-Kinney ), Heavens to Betsy .
A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyarta shiga cikin Free to Fight, kundi na mata da ma'anarta wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar riot grrrl tare da ƙungiyar ta Excuse 17. A layi daya ta samar da Corin Tucker kungiyar Sleater-Kinney . A cikin 1995 rukuninta na farko, Excuse 17, ya watse kuma ta sadaukar da kanta ga Sleater-Kinney . Ta gama karatunta a 1997 kuma ta ci gaba da zama a Olympia har zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu .
Aikin kiɗa
Uzuri 17
Wani dalibi a Evergreen State College Brownstein ya kafa Uzuri 17 a cikin 1993 . Uzuri 17 shine rukunin dutsen dutsen queercore wanda aka yi la'akari da ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na motsin riot grrrl . Ƙungiyar tana kan asalin albam biyu da aka buga akan lakabi masu zaman kansu : Uzuri goma sha bakwai a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da hudu da Irin waɗannan Abokan Suna da Haɗari a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyar waɗanda suka sami wasu bita mai ƙarfi . Har ila yau, ƙungiyar tana shiga cikin tarin abubuwa da yawa irin na motsin riot grrrl : don haka ya yi waƙa a kan tarin Punk da Feminist Free To Fight a cikin 1995. Kungiyar ta watse a shekarar 1995.
Sleater Kinney
Carrie Brownstein ta sadu da Corin Tucker a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyu a Kwalejin Jihar Evergreen amma dukansu sun shiga cikin ayyuka daban-daban. A farkon 1994 Brownstein da Tucker sun kirkiro Sleater-Kinney . Sun fara ɗan gajeren dangantaka ta soyayya kuma a lokacin tafiya zuwa Ostiraliya don bikin ƙarshen karatun Corin Tucker ne suka yi rikodin kundi na farko mai suna .
A cikin 1996 Janet Weiss ta shiga rukunin wanda ita ce mai buguwa kuma memba na uku. Ya kasance farkon lokacin nasara ga Sleater-Kinney wanda ya samar da kundi guda shida har zuwa lokacin da aka dakatar da shi a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da shida . Ƙungiyar ta haɗu da kide kide da wake-wake da kuma tabbatar da sashin farko na Pearl Jam , ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi tasiri Carrie Brownstein a lokacin ƙuruciyarta . Sleater-Kinney kuma ya taka leda a manyan bukukuwa kamar Lollapalooza kuma a cikin 2001 sanannen mai suka Greil Marcus ya kira su "mafi kyawun rukunin dutsen a Amurka"
A cikin 2006 bayan fitowar kundi mai mahimmanci The Woods ƙungiyar ta rabu har abada, kowane membobinta suna son yin ayyuka daban-daban ko sadaukar da kansu ga rayuwarsu ta sirri . A cewar Brownstein, "rubutun da zagayowar yawon shakatawa" na band din ya kasance "mai ban tsoro .
Ƙungiyar ta sake haɗuwa a cikin Janairu shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyar tare da sabon kundi, Babu Cities to Love, don yabo , , , , kuma sun sanar da yawon shakatawa a farkon rabin 2015 lokacin da suka shiga cikin as guitarist Katie Harkin of UK band Sky Larkin .
Kiɗan Sleater-Kinney shine tsakiyar motsin grrrl na tarzoma . Sau da yawa ana rinjayar waƙoƙin su ta hanyar mata ta uku, ciki har da magance batutuwa irin su fyade da jima'i, amma har da luwadi na mata da batutuwan jinsi , . Gabaɗaya sun fi siyasa sosai : don haka album One Beat, wanda aka bari a cikin 2002, yana cike da suka da suka game da manufofin gwamnatin George W. Bush bayan harin Satumba 11, 2001 . Kungiyar duk da haka ta wuce wakar siyasa : Carrie Brownstein ta dage musamman a kan lafazin da ƙungiyar ke ba wa kiɗa idan aka kwatanta da maganganun tsageru .
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22294 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20RINJ%20Foundation | The RINJ Foundation | Gidauniyar RINJ ( RINJ ) ta Kanada ce da aka kafa ta kiwon lafiya ba riba ba-kungiyar mata masu zaman kansu wadanda aka lissafa tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu NGO tare da "manufa yayin tallafawa da kula da lafiya. Waɗanda suka tsira, su kuma tattara cikakkun bayanai kan bangarorin da ke rikici da juna wadanda ake zargi da aikatawa ko kuma suke da alhakin aikata fyade ko wasu nau'ikan cin zarafin mata."
Matan Kungiyar RINJ sun yi kamfen mai karfi don karfafa membobinsu da jama'a gaba daya don kaurace wa kungiyoyi RINJ ta ce inganta cinzarafi da tashin hankali na jima'i.
Kauracewar sun haɗa a watan Fabrairu na shekarata 2017 ga waƙa 'Babu Fa'ida' akan "Na Yanke Shawara" Kundin Rap na " Slim Shady " (Marshall Bruce Mathers (aka Eminem )) da Sean Michael Anderson ( Big Sean ) wanda RINJ ya kira "masu fyade"
Lokacin da masu fashin baki irin su Eminem da Big Sean suka karfafa aikata manyan laifuka (Rubutu a cikin 'Babu Fa'ida' don fyaden Ann Coulter ) su da kansu sun aikata laifi wanda ba za a iya zargi a cikin Amurka ba kuma ana iya kama shi.
Daga cikin masu kauracewa mugunta / fyade da ke tallata "masu laifi" da RINJ ta gano akwai masu tallata Facebook da ake zargi suna gudanar da tallace-tallace a shafukan yanar gizo na Facebook na inganta fyade ( "shafukan fyade" ) RINJ ta hada karfi da sauran kungiyoyi kamar "Ra'ayoyin Mata akan Labarai" don shirya kauracewa kamfen na masu tallata Facebook wadanda ke gudanar da tallace-tallace a shafukan Facebook na fyade .
Matan Gidauniyar RINJ sun bukaci kauracewa masu watsa labarai kamar Kyle Sandilands a Ostiraliya wanda aka ba da rahoton cewa ta auka wa wata 'yar jarida tana yin kalamai marasa daɗi game da ƙirjinta kuma suna barazanar "farautar ta". RINJ kuma ya bi bayan Bill Cosby kuma ta nemi kauracewa wasan kwaikwayonsa a Kanada suna zanga-zanga a waje a cikin Janairun na shekarata 2015 tare da alamun "Fyade Ba No Joke" bayan da yawaitar zarge-zargen fyade da Cosby ya zama sananne a cikin 2014.
Tsaron Ma'aikatan Gidan Mata Masu Hijira
A watan Afrilun shekarata 2018, Gidauniyar RINJ ta nemi Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta sanya takunkumi a kan kasar Kuwait saboda abin da ta ce cin zarafin mata ta hanyar lalata da ake yi wa 'yan mata' yan asalin kasar Philippines 'yan cirani a Kuwait.
Laifin Fyade a Yankunan da ake Yaki
Gidauniyar RINJ tana aiki da asibitocin kula da lafiya / dakunan fyade a ciki da kuma kusa da shiyyoyin yaki don amfani da kulawarta, tattara shaidu kan shaidu da kuma ladabi kan rahotannin cin zarafin mata a wuraren da ake fama da rikici inda ake kula da marassa lafiyar cin zarafin mata da an tattara hujjoji game da masu fyaden da nufin gurfanar da su. "Gidauniyar RINJ ta yi bayani kan rashin hukunta masu laifi da kuma gano wadanda suka aikata fyade a cikin rikice-rikicen makamai da yake-yake. "
kngiyoyin na Gargadi Waɗanda Aka Saki Masu Laifin Jima'i
Kungiyar tana taimaka wa al'ummomi wajen gano sabbin masu laifin yin lalata da su.
Rahoto game da Bayyana Barazana ga Mata da Yara
RINJ ta ba da rahoton masu aikata muggan tashe-tashen hankula zuwa Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya (ICC) kuma a kwanan nan an ambato ta a matsayin "suna kira ga kasashen duniya da su tuhumi Shugaban Philippines Rodrigo Duterte da aikata kisan gillar da ba na shari'a ba wanda ya kunshi laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama". kuma ya ƙalubalanci masu gudanarwar ya ce sun ba da gudummawa ga fataucin yara ta hanyar lalata a yankunan yaƙi.
A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, shekarata 2017, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a zamanta na yau da kullun na shekarata 2017 ya ba da shawarar Gidauniyar RINJ (Kanada) don Matsayi na Musamman na Tattaunawa ga Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki. Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki (ECOSOC) a taronta na Gudanarwa da gudanarwa a ranar 19 ga Afrilun shekarata2017 sun amince da shawarar da Kwamitin kan Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) ya bayar na ba da shawarwari na musamman ga Gidauniyar RINJ.
A ranar 21 ga Yuni na shekarata 2017, RINJ ta ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na shekara-shekara karo na biyar don samar da ƙaruwa ga ci gaba da yaƙin neman kawar da bautar Jima'i da yawon buɗe ido na jima'i na Yara .
Duba kuma
Mosul, Matan Iraki
Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya (ICC)
Halittar ICC
Al'adar fyade
Sukar da Facebook - Shafukan Fyade
Bayan fadan da aka yiwa wadanda aka yiwa fyade
Hare-hare kan ma'aikatan jin kai
Studentsaliban Nursing Ba tare da Iyaka ba
Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin taimakon jin kai da ci gaba
Rikicin Jima'i a Yankunan Rikici
2018 Kuwait – Rikicin diflomasiyyar Philippines
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
RINJ Labaran Yanar Gizo
RINJ Bayanin Taimakon Gaggawa
Pages with unreviewed translations |
51212 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20Network%20Server | Apple Network Server | Sabar hanyar sadarwa ta Apple (ANS) layin kwamfutocin uwar garken PowerPC ne, wanda Apple Computer Inc ya ƙera,ƙera shi kuma ya sayar daga Fabrairu 1996 zuwa Afrilu 1997.An sanya masa suna "Shiner"kuma asalinsa ya ƙunshi nau'i biyu, Sabar Network 500/132 ("Shiner LE",watau "low-end") da kuma Network Server 700/150 ("Shiner HE", watau "high".-end") wanda ya sami samfurin aboki,Sabar hanyar sadarwa 700/200 (kuma "Shiner HE") tare da CPU mai sauri a cikin Nuwamba 1996.
Injin ba sashe ne na layin kwamfutoci na Apple Macintosh ba, an tsara su ne don gudanar da tsarin aiki na IBM's AIX kuma ROM ɗinsu na musamman ya hana yin booting classic Mac OS. Wannan ya sa su zama kwamfutocin tebur na ƙarshe waɗanda Apple ba na Macintosh ba. An sayar da 500/132,700/150, da 700/200 a kasuwar Amurka akan dala 11,000,$15,000 da $19,000,bi da bi.
Sabbin sabar hanyar sadarwa ta Apple ba za su ruɗe da Apple Workgroup Servers da Macintosh Servers ba,waɗanda wuraren aiki ne na Macintosh,waɗanda ke jigilar su tare da software na uwar garken,kuma suna amfani da Mac OS.Banda shi kaɗai,Ƙungiyar Aiki 95-a Quadra 950,tare da ƙarin mai sarrafa SCSI wanda aka aika tare da A/UX,kuma yana iya tafiyar da Mac OS.Apple ba shi da kwatankwacin kayan aikin sabar a cikin jeri na samfuran su har sai an gabatar da Xserve a cikin 2002.
An danganta ɗan gajeren lokacin samfurin ga manyan matsalolin kuɗi a Apple a farkon 1997,shugaba Gil Amelio,ya soke duka Sabar hanyar sadarwa da OpenDoc a cikin taro ɗaya kamar yadda aka ƙaddara cewa ba su da fifiko.
Kayan aikin Apple,Network Server ya kamata ya dogara ne akan sabon ƙirar Allon tunani na musamman ga samfurin.A lokacin haɓaka kayan aikin,Apple ya watsar da ƙirar babban allo na asali saboda dalilan da ba a tabbatar da su ba,Domin ci gaba da jigilar samfurin, Apple ya yi gyare-gyare zuwa Power Macintosh 9500 loggic board da ROM (kulle duk kiran Mac OS),kuma ya tura AIX zuwa sabon kayan aiki.Ko yana da alaƙa da canjin kayan masarufi ko ta daidaituwa, Apple kuma ya watsar da NetWare akan haɓaka PowerPC(lambar suna:Wormhole) a wannan lokacin.Tsarin Allon ma'ana na gaba ɗaya,da alama yana ba da shawarar kusancin dangantaka da tsarin RS/6000 na tushen PowerPC ta IBM,waɗanda kuma an tsara su don gudanar da AIX. A gefe guda kuma,yawancin abubuwan da aka gyara na Allo musamman, Open Firmware boot ROM, suna kama da Allon "Tsunami"da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Power Macintosh 9500,da wasu Macintosh clones.
Yayin da tsarin da'ira na Apple Network Server(ANS) na iya kama da tsarin RS/6000,a hankali da kuma zahiri yana kusan kama da Power Macintosh 9500 (PM9500),kodayake yana aiki da firmware daban-daban, kuma wanda ke da takamaiman manufa ta musamman aiki.
An fara daga babban matakin bas da aiki ƙasa a cikin jerin motocin bas,a saman matakin shine bas ɗin CPU, tare da mai sarrafa Hammerhead(Apple Part# 343S1190),Wanda kuma ana samunsa akan PM9500.CPU kamar yadda aka ambata,
shine PowerPC 604 ko 604. Gadar motar bas-zuwa-PCI na bas ɗin masu sarrafa Bandit ne (343S0020).Dukansu ANS da PM9500 suna da masu sarrafa Bandit guda biyu,da bas ɗin PCI guda biyu daban. Duk na'urori a matakin bas ɗin CPU iri ɗaya ne,tsakanin ANS da PM9500.A duka tsarin,biyu ana ba da agogon Bus na CPU ta katin CPU mai cirewa.Koyaya,akan ma'aunin agogon ANS wanda ke raba agogon tsarin don duk na'urorin Bus na CPU yana kan allon dabaru,yayin da akan PowerMac9500,buffer agogon yana kan katin CPU.
Masu kula da layin bayanan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya,sun bambanta akannANS daga waɗanda ke kanPM9500, mai yiwuwa saboda ƙarin tallafi don ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Masu kula da layin bayanan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ANS sune343S1161,maimakon343S1141 kamar akan PM9500.Koyaya,tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya iri ɗaya ne tare da bankuna biyu na ramukan DIMM da goyan baya don jujjuyawar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya,lokacin da ramukan da suka dace a bankuna daban-daban sun ƙunshi DIMMs nemo wa iri ɗaya.ANS tana da ramukan DIMM ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya guda takwas,maimakonPM9500's goma sha biyu,amma sauran injunan Hammerhead kamar PM8500 kuma suna ɗaukar ramukan DIMM ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya takwas kawai.
A kan bas ɗin PCI,kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, ANS tana amfani da gadar Bandit PCI,kamar yaddaPM9500 ke yi.Masu sasantawar bas na PCI suma iri ɗaya ne(343S0182).Masu sasantawar bas ɗin suna karɓar sigina na Bus ɗin Bus na PCI kuma suna ba da siginar Tallafin Bus zuwa ramukan PCI da guntuwar gadar PCI (Bandit).
Manajan katsewa,da mai kula da hukumar dabaru ma iri daya ne.Dukansu suna amfani da Grand Central(343S1125).Grand Central, na'ura ce akan bas ɗin PCI.
A bas ɗin PCI,ANS sassan hanyoyi tare daPM9500 ta hanyoyi kaɗan.ANS tana da kwakwalwan kwamfuta guda biyu na53C825A SCSI tare da goyan bayan ayyukan Fast&Wide SCSI,waɗanda ba sa cikinPM9500.Waɗannan kowanne yana bayyana azaman na'urar PCI daban akan bas ɗin PCI. ANS kuma tana ƙara mai sarrafa bidiyo na Cirrus Logic 54M30 azaman ƙarin na'urar PCI.
A cikin duka ANS na da na'urorin PCI guda uku waɗandaPM9500 ya rasa.Hakanan an tsara ramukan PCI na ANS daban.A kanPM9500,Grand Central da na farko guda uku na PCI suna samun goyan bayan Bandit1.Sauran ramukan PCI guda uku suna goyon bayan Bandit 2. A kan ANS,Grand Central,kwakwalwan kwamfuta na53C825A SCSI guda biyu,mai sarrafa bidiyo na 54M30 da manyan ramukan PCI guda biyu suna tallafawa Bandit1.Sauran ramukan PCI guda huɗu suna tallafawa ta Bandit 2.Wasu na iya samun ban sha'awa cewa wannan na'urori shida da Bandit1 ke goyan bayan) sun tabbatar da cewa Bandit PCI Bridge da guntu masu yanke hukunci na iya kai tsaye (babu gadar PCI-PCI da ake buƙata) tallafawa aƙalla na'urorin PCI guda shida da aka ba da tallafin firmware daidai.
Komawa ƙasa gaba a cikin matsayi,Grand Central guntu wani nau'in bas ne na I/O don na'urorin allo na dabaru daban-daban.Dukansu ANS da PM9500 suna amfani da guntu CURIO AM79C950,ɓangaren al'ada daga AMD don tallafawa tashar jiragen ruwa,jinkirin 5 Mbit/s, 53C94/96 tushen SCSI bas da 10Mbit/s ethernet.Mai sarrafa floppy SWIM shima na gama gari ne ga injinan biyu kuma an haɗa su ta guntuwar Grand Central. ANS ba ta da guntuwar MESH SCSI 53CF94/6 da aka samu Apple SCSI guntu wanda ke kanPM9600 kuma yana goyan bayan bas ɗin Fast SCSI na ciki.
Grand Central yana ba da tallafi ga katsewar tsarin goma sha ɗaya.A kan duka Macintosh da ANS,kowane ramin PCI yana ƙunshe da layin katsewa guda ɗaya kawai har zuwa huɗu da ke goyan bayan ƙayyadaddun PCI.Taswirar katse ta bambanta a cikin injinan guda biyu,kuma wannan yana wakiltar dalilin da yasa sakaPM9500 koPM9600 ROM a cikin ANS ba zai ƙyale injin yayi taho ba.Firmware yana tsammanin wasu katsewa suyi daidai da wasu abubuwan da suka faru,amma siginar katse yana haɗa ta jiki zuwa wata na'ura daban fiye da yadda firmware ke tsammani.
ANS 500/132 yana amfani da PowerPC 604 CPU wanda aka rufe a 132.MHz,kuma ANS 700/150 suna da CPU iyali iri ɗaya amma an rufe su a 150MHz.Dukansu suna da cache na L1 na 32kB.ANS 700/200 yana da ƙarin ci gaba PowerPC 604e wanda aka rufe a 200MHz.tare da cache na L1 na 64kB.An saka cache na L2 na ANS akan SIMM,tare da daidaitaccen girman 512.kB na 500 da 1MB na 700s.Kowane ANS na iya samun 1MB cache katin da aka dace. Gudun bas ɗin tsarin shine 44MHz don 500,da 50MHz don 700s ko kowane ANS wanda 200 ya kasance an saka katin processor na MHz.Kwamitin dabaru na ANS yana da ramummuka guda takwas na 168-pin DIMM paraty RAM tare da hudu daga cikinsu kyauta (tare da matsakaicin adadin 512).MB na RAM da aka ƙayyade).An aika da ANS 500/132 tare da 32an shigar da MB na RAM (4 × 8MB 60ns parity DIMMs wanda IBM ke ƙera) da ANS 700/150 da ANS 700/200 da aka jigilar su tare da 48MB (2 × 16 MB 60 ns + 2 × 8 MB daidaitattun DIMMs kuma IBM ne ke ƙerawa).Don duk dalilai masu amfani,matsakaicin daidaitawar RAM shine 4 × 128 MB daidaitattun DIMMs (512MB, duka) ko 8 × 64 MB daidaitattun DIMMs (kuma 512MB total). Injin ba zai POST ba (watau, ba zai wuce Power -o n System Test) idan sama da 512an shigar da MB.Wannan cikakken hani ne da aka gina a cikin ROM-DIMM na injin. Idan ko da RAM DIMM guda ɗaya ba ta da alaƙa,to ana kashe duban daidaito ga duk RAM,a cikin wannan yanayin 70.ns RAM DIMMs karbu ne.FPM ko EDO RAM DIMMs ana karɓa,a kowane tsari,kamar yadda injin ke ɗaukar EDO RAM DIMMs azaman FPM RAM DIMMs.
Duk Sabar hanyar sadarwa tana da babban tashoshi biyu na Wide SCSI -2 mai sarrafawa kunkuntar, zuwa drive ɗin CD-ROM,da duk wani rumbun kwamfyuta waɗanda aka shigar tare da kayan haɗin Apple Narrow SCSI-2) na waje 25-pin. SCSI-1 mai haɗawa da daidaitaccen 1.44MB "SuperDrive"floppy.Akwai ramummuka guda shida na PCI kyauta don faɗaɗa-ɓangarorin da aka tallafawa ƙarƙashin AIX sun haɗa da katunan Ethernet guda biyu da katin SCSI RAID . Sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa sun haɗa da tashar ADB ɗaya,tashar jiragen ruwa guda biyu da tashar AAUI ɗaya.Ba kamar sauran kwamfutocin Apple na zamanin ba,ANS na amfani da mai haɗin VGA don bidiyo na kan-board;an haɗa adaftar don nunin Apple.
Wani bangare na musamman na Apple Network Servers shi ne lamarinsu,Yana da cikakken kullewa kuma yana da sauƙin isa,yana ɗauke da ƙaramin LCD don tantancewa,kuma gabansa yana da ramukan na'urori guda bakwai,tare da CD-ROM da rumbun kwamfutarka guda ɗaya a ciki a cikin su. daidaitaccen tsari.Za'a iya ƙara ƙarin nau'ikan rumbun kwamfutarka na SCSI masu zafi-zafi ko madaidaicin tef ɗin DAT zuwa ramummuka kyauta. Optionally,ANS 700 kuma yana goyan bayan raƙuman samar da wutar lantarki da zazzagewar zafi da ɗigon tuƙi na ciki don ƙarin ƙayyadaddun fayafai guda biyu.Shari'ar tana da girma kuma mai nauyi,a tsayin , nisa na , zurfin da nauyi fiye da,tare da madaidaicin nauyi dangane da ƙayyadaddun kayan by aiki. Wannan yana nufin cewa yayin da yake kusa da faɗin dama don rakodin inch 19,yana buƙatar aƙalla rak14 a tsayi.Nau'in ƙira na uku a cikin ƙaramin akwati-Mount ba tare da babban faifan faifai ba,Sabar hanyar sadarwa300 lambar mai suna "Deep Dish"kamar a cikin babban tasa pizza,bai taɓa wucewa matakin samfurin ba.Hakanan a cikin haɓakawa amma ba a taɓa sakin su ba katunan CPU waɗanda ke nuna CPUs biyu.Power Macintosh 9500 katunan CPU,waɗanda ke akwai tare da masu sarrafawa biyu,basu dace da ANS ba.
Ana iya haɓaka ANS500/132 zuwa ANS500/200 ta shigar da200 Katin kayan masarufi na MHz. Yana yiwuwa a haɓaka ANS500 zuwa ANS700 ko kuma rage darajar ANS700 zuwa ANS500 kawai ta hanyar musanya maɓallin wutar lantarki da PSU(s),amma ya zama dole a wargaza tushen ANS gaba ɗaya don cim ma irin wannan haɓakawa ko raguwa.ANS700 yana da haɗin wutar lantarki guda ɗaya,kodayake yana iya samun PSUs masu zaman kansu.Koyaya,ana iya jujjuya ANS700 cikin sauƙi zuwa tsarin daidaitawar wutar lantarki biyu ikon farko mai zaman kansa,mai yuwuwa, da kuma buƙatu,daga bangarori daban-daban na wutar lantarki,wanda mai yuwuwar samun goyan bayan wutar lantarki mara yankewa ta hanyar cire mai haɗa wutar lantarki ta IEC da jiki ta hanyar lantarki tana haɗa igiyoyin shigar da wutar lantarki guda biyu, ɗaya zuwa kowane PSUs masu yawa.Koyaya, wannan canjin yana da yuwuwar ɓata lissafin UL na injin. Duk da haka,irin wannan gyare-gyare na iya aiwatar da ingantaccen tsarin sakewa na N+1 na ANS700s.
An sayar da Sabar hanyar sadarwa ta musamman tare da AIX,a cikin wani nau'i mai suna AIX don Apple Network Servers tare da wasu siffofi na Apple,kamar ayyukan AppleShare, ya kara da cewa; bita guda biyu,4.1.4 da 4.1.5,akwai.An riga an dakatar da bambancin Unix na Apple A/UX kuma baya goyan bayan PowerPC. Saboda kamannin AIX OS da kayan masarufi,Sabar hanyar sadarwa yawanci binary sun dace da jerin RS/6000.Koyaya aikace-aikacen da suka dogara da farkon RS/6000's POWER2 processor da Micro Channel bas ba su dace da ANS's PowerPC,CPU da PCI bas.
Yayin haɓaka samfurin,Apple ya gwada nau'ikan alpha na Novell NetWare don PowerPC. Kusan lokaci guda kayan aikin sun canza,aikin NetWare ya daina sabuntawa kuma daga baya aka watsar da shi.Apple ya gwada kuma ya samar da iyakatattun lambobi na ROM SIMM waɗanda ke tallafawa Windows NT don PowerPC akan Sabar hanyar sadarwa500da700.
A matsayin madadin AIX yana yiwuwa,kodayake rikitarwa, shigar da PowerPC Linux ko NetBSD akan ANS. Yana yiwuwa,tare da samfurin Macintosh ROMs,don kunna Apple Network Server500ko700 zuwa Mac OS 7.5 ko kuma daga baya,duk da haka tallafin Ethernet bai cika ba. Babu tabbataccen tushe don hanya ko buƙatun da ke wanzu.Ba wai kawai Ethernet ya bambanta ba,amma ƙirar nunin ma.Yin amfani da alamar Apple, amma DEC "Tulip" katin Ethernet da katin nuni daga 9500 yana tafiya mai nisa wajen samun damar Mac OS amma ko da wannan ba a tabbatar ba.Yellowdog Linux 2.x ko 3.x ya fi tabbaci,kuma NetBSD 1.5.x na iya zama mafi kyau.Manyan batutuwa sun rage,kamar masu kula da bas biyu na "Bandit"tsarin floppy na mallakar mallaka,da yuwuwar CD-ROM.Hard disks na UW-SCSI ba safai ba ne matsala kuma Apple har ma ya fitar da kayan shigarwa na U-SCSI (amma kunkuntar) don ANS duk da cewa ANS tana sanye take da faifai UW-SCSI kawai.
,most Apple Network Servers had been removed from service and most had been returned to Apple or sold on the secondary market, either factory remanufactured or as-is, or sent to a recycler and crushed. It was once not uncommon for a well-featured ANS to barely recover the minimum bid on eBay. Shipping of an ANS is expensive, about from a U.S.-to-U.S. location , if sent via bulk shipping.Few, if any, replacement parts are available, particularly not the mechanical components.
,Apple Network Servers are sometimes seen and sold for over on eBay.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shiner.info, an unofficial ANS resource site (Web Archive copy)
Erik's Apple Network Server Page
Network Server entry on EveryMac.com
ANS 500/700 Manual |
40867 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon%20II | Napoleon II | Napoleon II (Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte; 20 Maris 181122 Yuli 1832) an yi jayayya da Sarkin Faransa na 'yan makonni a 1815. Dan Sarkin sarakuna Napoleon na I da Marie Louise na Ostiriya, ya kasance Yarima Imperial na Faransa kuma Sarkin Roma tun lokacin haihuwa. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, ya rayu sauran rayuwarsa a Vienna kuma an san shi a cikin kotun Austrian a matsayin Franz, Duke na Reichstadt don rayuwarsa ta girma (daga fassarar Jamusanci na sunansa na biyu, tare da lakabin da ya kasance. Sarkin Ostiriya ya ba shi a karni na 1818). An ba shi sunan barkwanci L'Aiglon ("Eaglet") bayan shahararren wasan Edmond Rostand, L'Aiglon.
Lokacin da Napoleon I na yi ƙoƙarin yin murabus a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu 1814, ya ce ɗansa zai yi sarauta a matsayin sarki. Duk da haka, wadanda suka yi nasara a kawancen sun ki amincewa da dansa a matsayin magajinsa, kuma an tilasta wa Napoleon na daya yin murabus ba tare da wani sharadi ba bayan wasu kwanaki. Duk da cewa Napoleon II bai taba mulkin Faransa a zahiri ba, a taƙaice shi ne Sarkin sarakuna na Faransa bayan faduwar mahaifinsa na biyu. Ya rayu mafi yawan rayuwarsa a Vienna kuma ya mutu sakamakon tarin fuka yana da shekaru 21.
Dan uwansa, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, ya kafa daular Faransa ta biyu a 1852 kuma ya yi mulki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna Napoleon III.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Napoleon ll a ranar 20 ga watan Maris 1811, a Fadar Tuileries, ɗan Sarkin sarakuna Napoleon I da Empress Marie Louise. A wannan rana ya yi ondoyé (bikin gargajiya na Faransanci wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin farkon baftisma, gajeriyar baftisma) ta Joseph Fesch tare da cikakken sunansa Napoleon François Charles Joseph. Baftismar, wanda aka yi wahayi daga bikin baftisma na Louis, Grand Dauphin na Faransa, an yi shi a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni 1811 a Notre Dame de Paris. Karl Philipp, Yariman Schwarzenberg, jakadan Austria a Faransa, ya rubuta game da baftisma:
{{Blockquote|The baptism ceremony was beautiful and impressive; the scene in which the emperor took the infant from the arms of his noble mother and raised him up twice to reveal him to the public [thus breaking from long tradition, as he did when he crowned himself at his coronation] was loudly applauded; in the monarch's manner and face could be seen the great satisfaction that he took from this solemn moment.
An saka shi a cikin kulawar Louise Charlotte Françoise de Montesquiou, zuriyar François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, wanda ake kira Governess of the children of France. Mai ƙauna da haziƙanci, gwamanati ta tattara ɗimbin littattafan da aka yi niyya don baiwa jarirai tushe mai ƙarfi a cikin addini, falsafa, da al'amuran soja.
Hakkokin magada
A matsayinsa na kawai ɗan halal na Napoleon na I, ya riga ya kasance bisa tsarin mulki yarima Imperial kuma magaji, amma Sarkin sarakuna kuma ya ba dansa salon Sarkin Roma. Bayan shekaru uku, daular Faransa ta farko ta rushe. Napoleon na ga matarsa ta biyu da ɗansu na ƙarshe a ranar 24 ga watan Janairu 1814. A ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu 1814, ya yi murabus don goyon bayan dansa mai shekaru uku bayan yakin kwanaki shida da yakin Paris. Yaron ya zama Sarkin Faransa a ƙarƙashin sunan mulkin Napoleon II. Duk da haka, a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu 1814, Napoleon I ya yi murabus kuma ya yi watsi da hakkinsa na kursiyin Faransa kawai, har ma na zuriyarsa. Yarjejeniyar Fontainebleau a cikin karni na 1814 ta ba wa yaron 'yancin yin amfani da lakabin Yariman Parma, na Placentia, da na Guastalla, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta kasance mai suna Duchess na Parma, na Placentia, da na Guastalla.
A ranar 29 ga watan Maris 1814, Marie Louise, tare da rakiyar ta, sun bar Fadar Tuileries tare da ɗanta. Tasharsu ta farko ita ce Château de Rambouillet; sa'an nan, saboda tsoron gaba da sojojin abokan gaba, suka ci gaba zuwa Château de Blois. A ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, tare da tawagarta sun ragu sosai, Marie Louise da ɗanta mai shekaru uku sun dawo Rambouillet, inda suka sadu da mahaifinta, Sarkin sarakuna Francis I na Austria, da Sarkin sarakuna Alexander I na Rasha. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu, rakiyar rundunar Ostiriya, uwa da danta sun bar Rambouillet da Faransa har abada, don gudun hijira a Ostiriya.
: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen, 1811
First French Empire: Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour
Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Order of the Iron Crown, 1st Class
: Knight Grand Cross of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George
Coats of arms
Duba kuma
Yarjejeniyar Sarkin Roma
Fadar Sarkin Roma
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
41776 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihar%20Bono | Jihar Bono | TBono state
Jihar Bono (ko Bonoman ) jiha ce ta kasuwanci wanda al'ummar Bono suka kafa, tana nan a kudancin Ghana na yanzu. Bonoman ta kasance daulace ta Akan na tsakiyar zamani a yanzu Bono, Bono ta Gabas da yankin Ahafo bi da bi da sunan ( Bono da Ahafo ) da Gabashin Ivory Coast. An yarda cewa itace asalin ƙungiyoyin mutanen Akan da suka yi hijira daga jihar a lokuta daban-daban don ƙirƙirar sababbin jihohin Akan don neman zinariya. Kasuwancin zinare, wanda ya fara bunƙasa a Bonoman a farkon karni na 12, itace mafarin karfin mulkin Akan da dukiya a yankin, tun daga tsakiyar zamanai.
Asalin mutanen Akan na Bonoman an ce sun kasance can daga arewacin yankin da a yanzu ake kira Sahel ko kuma daular Ghana a lokacin da 'yan asalin Bono suka so su ci gaba da kasancewa da tsarin gargajiya na Bono na kakanninsu da ruhi, wadanda mutanen Akan suka bijire kuma suka yi yaƙi da Musulunci, sun yi hijira zuwa kudancin Sahara, a Ghana ta yau.
Cibiyoyin ciniki da jiha ke amfani da su
Bono Mansa
Bono Mansa (ma'ana "A jihar Bono")) wani lokaci ana kiransa Bono Manso ko Mansu ya kasance yanki ne na kasuwanci a cikin tsakiyar Bonoman, kuma babban cibiyar kasuwanci a yankin da ke yankin Bono Gabas na yanzu. Wanda ke kudu da kogin Black Volta a tsakanin yankin savanna da gandun daji, garin na karbar ayari daga Djenné da Timbuktu a matsayin wani ɓangare na kasuwancin Trans-Saharan . Kayayyakin da aka yi ciniki sun hada da goro, gishiri, fata, da zinariya ; Zinariya ita ce mafi mahimmancin kasuwanci na yankin, wanda ya fara a tsakiyar karni na 14.
Begho (kuma Bighu ko Bitu ; ana kiransa Bew da Nsokɔ ta Akan) wani gari ne na kasuwanci na tsakiya da ke kudu da Black Volta a tsakanin yankin daji da savanna arewa-maso-yammacin Brong-Ahafo. Garin, kamar dai Bono-Manso, yana da matuƙar mahimmanci a matsayin wani cibiya da ayarin arewa daga Masarautar Mali ke yawan zuwa tun kimanin shekara ta 1100 miladiyya. Kayayyakin da ake cinikayya sun hada da hauren giwa, gishiri, fata, gwal, kwaya kola, yadi, da kuma gami da tagulla .
Tone-tonen kasa sun janyo shimfiɗar gine-gine da aka yi tun daga tsakanin alif 1350 zuwa 1750 AD, da kuma tukwane iri-iri, bututun shan taba, da kuma shaidar narkewar ƙarfe. Tare da yuwuwar yawan jama'a sama da 10 000, Begho na ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen kudancin Afirka ta yamma a lokacin zuwan Turawan Fotugal a shekara ta 1471.
Sarkin Mali ya mamaye Bighu a tsakiyar karni na goma sha shida a matsayin "gazawar Bighu Juula na cigaba da samar da gwala-gwalai," a cewar Bakewell. "Sakamakon mamayar Bighu da alama cewa sarkin Mali ya samu damar zuwa wani bangare na cinikin zinari na Akan wanda Wangara ya iya sarrafa shi." Bakewell ya kuma lura, "wurin da aka yi watsi da garin Bighu, ko Bitu, a Ghana ta yau ... yana kusa da ƙauyen Hani na yanzu.": 18,30-31
Bonduku ta kasance wata cibiyar kasuwanci ce a daular Bonoman. Ta janyo kafuwar jihar Gyaman wanda kuma ake rubuta ta da Masarautar Jamang wacce ta shahara musamman wajen samar da auduga. Jihar ta wanzu tsakanin shekarun 1450 zuwa 1895 kuma tana cikin ƙasar Ghana da Cote d'Ivoire a yanzu.
Tsarin garuruwan Bonoman
Dangane da tone-tonen ƙasa, labaran baka na gargajiya, Effah-Gyamfi ya ƙaddamar da matakan birane daban-daban guda uku. A cewarsa, a farkon zangon (karni na goma sha uku zuwa na sha biyar) tsakiyar biranen ba su da yawa, kuma garuruwan na da dubban jama’a, ba duka a cikin birane suke ba. An yi gine-gine da wattle da aka yi da dauri . An samo tukunyar fenti na wannan lokacin an rarraba a cikin radius na 3.3 km.
A kashi na biyu, karni na 16 zuwa na 17, manyan biranen sun fi girma, wadanda suka hada da gidaje da aka rarraba a ko'ina da cibiyar kasuwar gama-gari. Akwai alamu da dama dake nuna kasuwanci tsakanin wurare masu nisa,, irin su ƙwanƙolin gilashin da aka shigo da su da tukwane masu murfi da akayi da mica, sun samo asali daga wannan lokacin.
Rushewar Bonoman
Rushewar jihar Bono ya faru ne a lokacin da wasu al’ummar Akan suka taso, musamman yadda wasu ’yan kabilar Akan suka fice daga jihar Bono. A nan ne yawancin yarukan Akan na Ivory Coast suka yi ƙaura zuwa yammacin Ghana. Abubuwa da yawa sun raunana wannan jihar, ciki har da rikice-rikice tsakanin shugabanni, rikice-rikice saboda haraji, da kuma samun damar kai tsaye zuwa gabar tekun Gold Coast kai tsaye, inda kasuwanci ke taimakawa yawancin jihohin Akan wajen samun iko.
Tasiri kan Al'adun Akan
Al'adun Akan daban-daban sun samo asali ne daga jihar Bono, ciki har da laima da ake amfani da su wa sarakuna, takuba na al'umma, kujerun zama, masu sarrafa zinari, maƙera, saƙan tufafi na Kente, alamun adinkra masu ban sha'awa da awon zinari.
Kara karantawa
Effah-Gyamfi, Kwaku , Traditional history of the Bono State Legon: Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana.
Meyerowitz, Eva L.R. , "Bono-Mansu, the earliest centre of civilisation in the Gold Coast", Proceedings of the III International West African Conference, 118–120.
Mutanen Akan
Akanda national park |
53347 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaben%20shugaban%20kasa%20na%20Pakistan%202013 | Zaben shugaban kasa na Pakistan 2013 | An gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa a ranar 30 ga Yuli 2013 a Pakistan don zaben shugaban Pakistan na 12 . An shirya wa'adin shugaban kasa mai ci Asif Ali Zardari zai kare a ranar 8 ga Satumba 2013; don haka, Mataki na 41 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Pakistan ya buƙaci a gudanar da zaɓe ba da daɗewa ba bayan 8 ga Agusta 2013. Kwalejin zabe ta Pakistan - taron hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dattawa, Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa da Majalisun Larduna - an dora wa alhakin zaben sabon shugaban da zai gaji Shugaba Zardari, wanda ya ki neman wa'adi na biyu a kan karagar mulki. Bayan da jam'iyyar Pakistan Peoples Party da kawayenta suka kauracewa zaben shugaban kasa, 'yan takarar biyu sun hada da Mamnoon Hussain wanda kungiyar musulmin Pakistan (N) ke marawa baya, da Wajihuddin Ahmed da Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf ke marawa baya. An zabi Hussaini dan Agra ne a matsayin shugaban kasa da kuri'u 432. Zaben dai shi ne karo na farko a tarihin Pakistan inda aka zabi shugaban farar hula yayin da shugaban farar hula mai ci ke ci gaba da rike madafun iko, wanda ya kammala mika mulki mai dimbin tarihi da dimokiradiyya wanda ya fara da babban zaben shekarar 2013.
Bayan zaben gama gari na shekarar 2013, ana sa ran cewa jam'iyyar da ta yi nasara a jam'iyyar da ta samu jam'iyyar jam'iyyar za ta zabi sabon shugaban kasa kuma ta haka ne firaminista Nawaz Sharif ke jagoranta, kungiyar musulmin Pakistan (N). Wannan dai shi ne karo na farko a kasar da aka zabi zababben shugaban kasa a gaban shugaba mai ci .
Hukumar zaben Pakistan ta sanar da jadawalin zaben farko a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2013. Dole ne a gabatar da duk takardun tsayawa takara a ranar 24 ga Yuli, tare da binciken ya faru a ranar 26 ga Yuli. Daga nan ne ‘yan takarar suka kara wa’adin kwanaki 3 don janye sunayensu, daga nan ne aka fitar da jerin sunayen ‘yan takara a hukumance. Tun da farko dai za a gudanar da zaben ne ta hanyar jefa kuri’a a asirce a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, kuma sakamakon hukuma ya tabbatar washegari. Manyan alkalan kotun Islamabad da na manyan kotunan larduna 4 ne za su jagoranci zaben.
Kotun kolin Pakistan a ranar 24 ga Yuli, ta sake sabunta ranar zaben shugaban kasa kan karar da jam’iyya mai mulki, PML (N) ta shigar, inda ta bukaci hukumar zaben da ta gudanar da shi a ranar 30 ga Yuli maimakon 6 ga watan Agusta. Kotun ta bayar da umarnin ne saboda da yawa daga cikin ‘yan majalisar da za su zabi wanda zai maye gurbin shugaban kasar Asif Ali Zardari za su gudanar da aikin hajji ko kuma gudanar da addu’o’i na musamman a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta mai alfarma, wanda ya kare bayan ‘yan kwanaki, wanda hakan zai iya zama mai wahala. domin wasu ‘yan majalisa su wajabta ayyukansu na addini tare da zaben. Shugaban majalisar a majalisar dattawa Raja Zafarul Haq ne ya shigar da karar a wannan rana.
Kotun ta umarci hukumar zaben Pakistan da ta sauya jadawalin zabe kan karar da gwamnatin tarayya ta shigar: an gabatar da takardun tsayawa takara a ranar 24 ga watan Yuli, an gudanar da bincikensu a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, da janye takarar har zuwa karfe 12 na rana ranar 27 ga watan Yuli da kuma An buga jerin sunayen 'yan takara na ƙarshe da ƙarfe 5 na yamma ranar 27 ga Yuli. An gudanar da zaben ne a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli.
PML (N) ta zabi tsohon gwamnan Sindh Mamnoon Hussain a matsayin dan takararta; yayin da jam'iyyar Pakistan People's Party ta tsayar da Sanata Raza Rabbani (daga baya ta kauracewa zaben); da Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf mai suna Justice Wajihuddin Ahmed .
Maman Hussaini
Hussaini dan kasuwa ne haifaffen Agra. Shi dan kasar Sindh ne kuma yana da sana'ar saka a Karachi. An haife shi a Uttar Pradesh, Indiya, a cikin 1940. Ya fara harkar siyasa a shekarun 60s a matsayin dan gwagwarmayar Musulunci. Ana yi masa kallon mai biyayya ga tsohon Firayim Minista Nawaz Sharif .
A shekarar 1999, an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar 'yan kasuwa da masana'antu ta Karachi (KCCI) kuma nan da nan Nawaz Sharif ya zabe shi ya zama gwamnan Sindh a watan Yunin 1999, amma ya rasa mukamin bayan babban hafsan soji na lokacin Janar Pervez Musharraf ya hambarar da gwamnatin kasar. Gwamnatin PML-N a juyin mulkin soja a watan Oktobar 1999.
Wajiuddin Ahmed
An zabe ta a Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan a matsayin 'yar takarar Pakistan Muslim League (N) daga mazabar NA-129 (Lahore-XII) a zaben fidda gwani da aka gudanar a watan Agusta 2013. Ta samu kuri'u 44,894 sannan ta doke Muhammad Mansha Sindhu dan takarar jam'iyyar Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI). Kujerar ta zama babu kowa ne bayan da Shahbaz Sharif da ya lashe zaben Pakistan a shekara ta 2013 ya bar ta domin ya ci gaba da rike kujerar da ya samu a mazabarsa ta majalisar lardin.
Kafin a daukaka shi a matsayin Babban Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli, a takaice ya rike mukamin Babban Alkalin Kotun Sindh daga 1998 har sai da ya ki yin rantsuwa da adawa da dokar soja a 1999. Ya ci gaba da sukar shugaba Pervez Musharraf, inda daga karshe ya zama jagora a yunkurin Lauyan a 2007 don adawa da Shugaba Musharraf. A karshe dai bai yi nasara ba a zaben shugaban kasa da aka gudanar a shekarar 2007. Tun daga shekarar 2011, ya kasance mai fafutuka a siyasar kasa ta Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) kuma ya zama dan gaba a dandalin PTI na zaben shugaban kasa.
A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, jam'iyyar PPP ta sanar da matakin kauracewa zaben. Jam'iyyar Awami National Party (ANP) da Balochistan National Party (BNP) su ma sun sanar da kauracewa zaben. Sun bayyana dalilinsu ne hukuncin da kotun kolin Pakistan ta yanke na sauya ranar zaben daga ranar 6 ga watan Agusta ba tare da tuntubar dukkan bangarorin ba.
Ƙarfin Kwalejin Zaɓe
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
18088 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20Sagrajas | Yaƙin Sagrajas | The Battle of Sagrajas (23 ga watan Oktoba 1086), ya kasan ce kuma wanda ake kira Zalaca ko Zallaqa , yaƙi ne tsakanin rundunar Almoravid ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sarkinsu Yusuf ibn Tashfin da rundunar da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Castilian King Alfonso VI . Daga baya ana kiran filin daga az-Zallaqah (a turance "ƙasar mai santsi") saboda rashin talaucin da aka samu sakamakon ɗimbin zubar da jini a wannan ranar, wanda ya haifar da sunan a larabci.
Ya kasan ce mtumin labarawa ne kuma dan kasuwa mai matukar bada muhimmmamci ga
Bayan Alfonso VI, Sarkin León da Castile, sun kame Toledo a 1085 kuma suka mamaye taifa na Zaragoza, sarakunan kananan masarautun taifa na Islama ta Iberia sun gano cewa ba za su iya tsayayya da shi ba tare da taimakon waje ba. A 1086, sun gayyaci Yusuf bn Tashfin don yakar Alfonso VI. A wannan shekarar, ya amsa kiran shugabannin Andalus guda uku (Al-Mu'tamid bn Abbad da sauransu) sannan ya tsallake mashigar zuwa Algeciras ya koma Seville . Daga can, tare da rakiyar sarakunan Seville, Granada, da Taifa na Málaga, sun yi tattaki zuwa Badajoz .
Alfonso VI ya yi watsi da kawanyar da aka yiwa Zaragoza, ya tuno da dakaru daga Valencia, kuma ya yi kira ga Sancho I na Aragon don taimako. A karshe ya tashi ya hadu da makiya arewa maso gabashin Badajoz. Rundunonin biyu sun haɗu da juna a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1086.
Alfonso VI na Castile ya isa filin daga tare da wasu maza 2,500, gami da mahayan dawakai 1,500, inda a ciki 750 mayaka ne, wasu daga cikinsu yahudawa ne, amma ya sami kansa da yawa. Shugabannin biyu sun yi musayar sakonni kafin yakin. Yusuf ibn Tashfin yana da tabbacin cewa ya gabatar da zaɓi uku ga thean Castilar: musulunta, biyan haraji ( jizyah ), ko yaƙi.
Yakin ya fara ne a ranar Juma'a da hantsi da hari daga Castile. Yusuf ibn Tashfin raba sojojinsa cikin uku rarrabuwa . Raba ta farko ta kasance karkashin jagorancin Abbad III al-Mu'tamid, na biyu kuma Yusuf bn Tashfin ne ya jagoranci ta, sai rukuni na uku kuma ya kunshi bakake ne na mayaƙan Afirka tare da Talwars da dogayen jaels . Abbad III al-Mu'tamid da rundunarsa sun yi ta fafatawa da Alfonso VI shi kaɗai har zuwa la'asar, sannan Yusuf ibn Tashfin da rundunarsa suka shiga yaƙi suka kewaye Alfonso VI da rundunarsa. Sojojin Alfonso sun firgita kuma suka fara rasa ƙasa, sannan Yusuf ya ba da umarni ga rukuni na uku na rundunarsa da su kawo hari kuma su gama yaƙin.
Bayan haka
Fiye da rabin sojojin Castiliya sun yi asara. Wata majiya ta ce jarumai 500 ne kawai suka koma Castile, kodayake wasu ba sa goyon bayan wannan adadi, don haka da alama galibin masu martaba sun rayu. Mutanen da suka mutu sun hada da Rodrigo Muñoz da Vela Oveguez. Sarki Alfonso VI ya samu rauni a kafa daya wanda ya sanya shi yin rauni har tsawon rayuwarsa.
Har ila yau, rikice-rikicen sun kasance masu nauyi a bangaren Almoravid, musamman ga masu masaukin baki karkashin jagorancin Dawud ibn Aysa, wanda aka kori sansaninsa a farkon awannin yaki, da kuma Sarkin Badajoz, al-Mutawakkil ibn al-Aftas. An yiwa sarki Sevillan al-Mu'tamid rauni a karo na farko amma misalinsa na jaruntaka ya tara sojojin al-Andalus a cikin mawuyacin lokacin cajin farko na Castilian wanda Alvar Fa byez ya jagoranta. Wadanda aka kashe sun hada da wani mashahurin limami daga Cordoba, Abu-l-Abbas Ahmad bin Rumayla, kuma sanannen dangin Ibn Khaldun suma an san cewa an kashe su a yakin.
Yaƙin babbar nasara ce ga Almoravids amma asarar da suka yi ya nuna cewa ba zai yiwu a bi shi ba duk da cewa Yusuf ya dawo da wuri zuwa Afirka saboda mutuwar magajinsa. Castile ya sha wahala kusan rashin asara kuma ya sami ikon riƙe garin Toledo, ya mamaye shekarar da ta gabata. Koyaya, ci gaban kirista ya tsayar da ƙarni da yawa yayin da ɓangarorin biyu suka sake haɗuwa.
Bayanan kula |
27215 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osita%20Iheme | Osita Iheme | Osita Iheme, MFR (an haife shi 20 ga Fabrairu, 1982) ɗan Najeriya ne kumai yin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya shahara wajen taka rawar Pawpaw a fim din Aki na Ukwa tare da Chinedu Ikedieze. Osita Iheme shi ne wanda ya kafa Inspired Movement Africa wanda ya assasa don zaburarwa, zaburarwa da zaburar da tunanin matasan Najeriya da ƴan Afirka. A cikin 2007, Iheme ya sami lambar yabo ta Nasara ta Rayuwa a Awards Academy Academy Awards. Ana yi masa kallon daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya. A cikin 2011, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya karrama Osita Iheme a matsayin Memba na Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Tarayya (MFR).
Rayuwar farko
Osita Iheme ya fito daga Mbaitoli, Jihar Imo, Najeriya. Iheme ya girma ne a jihar Abia kuma yana da digiri na MBA a Cibiyar Fasahar Gudanarwa, Enugu (IMT). Bayan kammala karatunsa a IMT, da farko ya so ya zama lauya amma ya ci gaba da aikinsa a harkar fim a 1998 kuma da farko ya fito a ƙananan ayyuka.
A farkon aikinsa, Osita Iheme yana yawan buga rubutu a matsayin yaro. A shekarar 2003, ya yi suna a lokacin da ya yi fim tare da Chinedu Ikedieze a cikin fim din barkwanci mai suna Aki na Ukwa , inda ya taka rawar Pawpaw. A cikin wannan rawar, Osita Iheme ya taka wani mummunan yaro. Ya taka rawar yara a yawancin fina-finansa amma daga baya ya dauki manyan jarumai. Daga baya, duo ɗin ya zama, abin da mutane da yawa ke la'akari da shi, ɗaya daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood mafi ban dariya a kowane lokaci.
Shi ne wakilin New Generation Ambassador for Rotary International District 9110 kuma marubucin littafin INSPIRED 101 . Osita Iheme ya fito a fina-finai sama da dari kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun fuskoki a Nollywood. Kamar abokin aikinsa Chinedu Ikedieze, Iheme yana da ɗan ƙaramin jiki. Matsayin Iheme ya ba shi damar bambanta da sauran ƴan wasan kwaikwayo a masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya .
Ya samo asali a cikin sana'arsa daga mai wasan barkwanci zuwa fitaccen jarumin da ya shahara. Hakan ya ƙara masa daraja a masana’antar fina-finan Najeriya da ma masoyanta baki ɗaya daga.
Ya bayyana a shekarar 2018, duk da haka yana fatan zama ɗan siyasa nan gaba kaɗan.
Domin ya ba da gudummawar da ya bayar wajen samar da fina-finan barkwanci a masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya, a shekarar 2011, shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya ba shi lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Najeriya.
Ayyukan Osita Iheme tare da ɗan ƙaramin ɗan wasa Chinedu Ikedieze a cikin fim ɗin Aki na Ukwa na 2002 har yanzu ana magana game da su kuma jaruman biyu, musamman halayen Osita, sun fara tashe ta hanyar memes tun 2019 a kan Twitter da sauran kafafen sada zumunta. Wannan a ƙarshe ya ba shi babban babban fanbase na duniya a duk faɗin duniya.
Games men play 5: Computer Games is our Game
The Self-Destruction of Little Mark
Double Mama
Mirror Boy
Tom and Jerry (Nigerian film) (originally released in 2003, re-released in 2008)
Markus D Millionaire
Stubborn Flies
Boys from Holland
Brain Box
Criminal Law
Jadon
Last Challenge
Remote Control
Royal Messengers
Winning Your Love 2220525505
rs
Colours of Emotion
Final World Cup
Holy Diamond
I Think Twice
My Business
The Last Orphan
Reggae Boys
Secret Adventure
Spoiler
Village Boys
American Husband
Big Daddies
Columbia Connection
Daddy Must Obey
Mr.Ibu
Baby Police 2
John and Johnny Just Come
Green Snake
2 Rats
Aki na ukwa
I'm in Love
Baby Police
Back from America 2
Charge & Bail
Tell Them
Oke Belgium
Good Mother
Informant
Johnny Just Come
Nicodemus
Nwa Teacher
Twin Brothers
Aka Gum
Okwu na uka
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Ƴan Fim
Mutanen Najeriya |
25240 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/IslamQA.info | IslamQA.info | Tambaya da Amsa na muslunci shafin yanar gizo ne na ilimi, ilimi, da'awa wacce ke da niyyar bayar da shawarwari da amsoshin ilimi bisa hujjoji daga ayoyin addini cikin isasshen kuma mai sauƙin fahimta. Shafin yanar gizo ne wanda ke ba da bayanai game da Musulunci. Shahararren malamin nan Muhammad Al-Munajjid ne ya kafa shi kuma shine gidan yanar gizon da aka fi sani a duniyar Musulmi musamman na Larabawa.
Sabis ɗin yana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan fatawa na kan layi na farko, idan ba farkon ba. Ƙaddamar da IslamQA.info a cikin 1997 ta Muhammad Al-Munajjid shine farkon yunƙurin amsa tambayoyi bisa ga fassarar mazhabar Salafiyya ta Alƙur'ani da Hadisi. Shafin yanar gizon ya bayyana cewa "Dukkan tambayoyi da amsoshi akan wannan rukunin yanar gizon Shaykh Muhammad Saalih al-Munajjid, mai kula da wannan rukunin ya shirya, yarda, gyara, gyara, gyara ko gyara."
Don yada musulunci da kiran mutane zuwa gare shi.
Don yada ilimin musulunci da kore jahilci tsakanin musulmi.
Don amsa buƙatun mutane ta hanyar ba da shawara da amsoshi bisa hujjoji daga ayoyin addini.
Don karyata jayayyar hujjojin masu shakka game da Musulunci.
Don ba da shawara ga mutane game da al'amuran yau da kullun, ta hanyar ba da ilimi, shawarwarin ilimi game da zamantakewa da sauran al'amuran.
Dangane da gidan yanar gizon Similarweb, islamqa.info ya kai ziyara miliyan 13.66 a cikin Maris 2021, karuwa daga kusan ziyartar miliyan 10 a kowane wata a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 2020. Similarweb ya kasance mai matsayi na 6 a duniya a cikin rukunin "Community and Society> Faith and Shafukan yanar gizo na imani (mafi girman gidan yanar gizon Musulunci), amma 6181 ne kawai tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon gaba ɗaya.
Abubuwan da ke ciki
Ana samun IslamQA cikin yaruka 16, da suka haɗa da Ingilishi, Larabci, Urdu, Hindi, Baturke, Jamusanci, Bangla, Sinanci, Rashanci, Faransanci, da Spanish, gidan yanar gizon yana ba da fatawa da ta ƙunshi rukunan imani na asali, da'a da ɗabi'a, tarihin Musulunci, da na siyasar Musulunci.
Shafin yana bayyana kansa ta wannan hanyar:
Ganin shafin shine ya zama "Encyclopaedia game da Musulunci". Manufofinsa (kamar yadda aka bayyana akan gidan yanar gizon) sune:
Hanyar hanya
Shafin yana bayyana hanyoyin sa kamar haka:
Fatawoyi a kafafen yada labarai
An lura da fatawoyin gidan yanar gizon a cikin kafofin labarai na Yammacin Ingilishi.
Al-Munajjid ya wallafa fatawa kan luwadi, wanda ya kira "daya daga cikin manyan laifuka, mafi munin zunubai kuma abin kyama ga ayyuka".
IslamQA ta amsa tambaya, "Shin maza a Aljanna za su sadu da al-hoor aliyn? Agoravox ya soki wannan amsar wanda ya ce wannan na iya ƙarfafa waɗanda," suna tunanin idan sun mutu kuma suka tafi aljanna za a sami kyawawan mata budurwa. . wanda zai jira su su rayu har abada cikin farin ciki”.
Dangane da batun maza da suke saduwa da bayi mata, IslamQA ta fitar da fatawoyi da ke bayyana cewa mace musulma "ba ta da ikon hana mijinta mallakar bayin mata ko kuma saduwa da su Malamai sun yi ijma'i a cikin wannan kimantawa, kuma ba wanda aka yarda ya kalli wannan aikin a matsayin haramun, ko ya hana shi. Duk wanda ya aikata haka mai zunubi ne, kuma yana aikata abin da ya saba wa ijma’in malamai. ”Wannan yana daga cikin fatawoyi masu kama da yawa da malaman Musulunci suka buga kan rawar da mata ke takawa a Musulunci.
Shafin yanar gizo na bincike na gaskiya Punditfact ya ambaci hujjar Al-Munajjid kan dalilin da ya sa mata ba za su yi tuƙi ba, kamar yadda aka buga a IslamQA.info, lokacin yanke hukunci kan sahihancin da'awar cewa Saudi Arabiya ce kawai al'ummar da Musulmai suka fi yawa da ba ta yarda mata su tuka mota ba. An nakalto fatawa yana cewa: "Sanannen abu ne (tuki) yana haifar da mummunan sakamako wanda sanannu ne ga waɗanda ke inganta ta, kamar kasancewa ita kaɗai da mace mara muharramai (mai aure), bayyanawa, haɗaɗɗen rashin hankali tare da maza, da aikata ayyukan haram (na zunubi) wanda saboda haka aka haramta wadannan abubuwan”. An cire labarin daga gidan yanar gizon. An dage haramcin tuki a Saudiyya.
Rigima a Saudiyya
An dakatar da gidan yanar gizon a Saudiyya saboda yana fitar da fatawoyi masu zaman kansu. A Saudi Arabiya, Majalisar Manyan Malamai ta masarautar tana da alhaki ɗaya kawai na bayar da fatawa. An ba Majalisar wannan ikon na musamman don ba da fatawa ta hanyar dokar sarauta da aka bayar a watan Agusta na 2010 (yayin da aka yi takunkumi tun 2005, ba safai ake aiwatar da su ba); Christopher Boucek ya bayyana wannan matakin a matsayin "sabon misalin yadda jihar ke aiki don tabbatar da fifikon ta kan tsarin addinin kasar." |
27594 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daresalam | Daresalam | Daresalam ( Turanci : "Let There Be Peace" ) fim ne mai ban mamaki na 2000 na darektan Chadi Issa Serge Coelo . An yi la'akari da shi ɗaya daga cikin 'yan fina-finan Afirka na baya-bayan nan da suka yi bitar jigon rikice-rikicen tsakanin da suka addabi nahiyar Afirka tun bayan samun ƴancin kai. Yayin da aka kafa shi a wata ƙasa ta Afirka ta almara mai suna Daresalam, tana nuna yaƙin basasa da ya addabi Chadi a shekarun 1960 da 1970.
Taƙaitaccen bayani
Fim ɗin yana gudana ne a wata kasa ta tsakiyar Afirka ta almara (wanda ake kira Daresalam, "Ƙasar Aminci" a Larabci) a cikin yakin basasa. An bayyana shi a matsayin manyan abokansa biyu, Koni (Haikal Zakaria) da Djimi (Abdoulaye Ahmat), waɗanda zaman lafiyarsu ya katse a lokacin da gwamnatin tsakiya ta tashi a ƙauyen su suna takura su tare da lallashin mutanen ƙauyen don biyan sabon haraji don taimakawa yaƙin basasa. .
Tattaunawa mai zafi ya biyo baya, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar wani jami'in gwamnati, wanda ya yi sanadiyar kona kauyen da kuma kisan gillar da aka yi wa mazauna kauyen. Koni da Djimi yanzu sun wuce tare da wasu zuwa ga tawayen, amma daga baya 'yan tawayen sun rabu, inda Djimi ya kasance tare da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, Koni ya tafi tare da wani bangaren da ke goyon bayan sasantawa da gwamnati, don haka suka rabu da abokan biyu. Daga baya za a kashe Koni a wani juyin mulki, yayin da Djimi zai bar 'yan tawayen ya koma kauyensa tare da wata bazawara mai yaki da injin dinki da wani mayaka ya bar masa, wanda zai iya ƙoƙarin fara sabuwar rayuwa da kansa. danginsa.
Darakta Issa Coelo, a yayin da yake magana a kan fim ɗinsa, ya bayyana cewa yana son fallasa mugunyar da’irar da ta samo asali ne a lokacin da gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta haifar da barkewar yakin basasa, wanda ya kawo karshen ciyar da kanta ba tare da kakkautawa ba, domin kowane mai mulki yana kula da kansa ta hanyar son zuciya, ta haka ne ya haifar da yakin basasa. 'yan adawa masu dauke da makamai. A cikin kalmomin Coelo, "yaki ya zama kawai tattalin arzikin ƙasar. Tashin hankali, kawai hanyar magana da sadarwa mai yiwuwa. . . . Daresalam ya yi la’akari da tatsuniyar Kayinu da Habila, ya ba da labarin yadda wannan injin yaƙi ya ƙare da juna da sauran abokai biyu, tun da farko wannan manufa ta motsa. Wannan labarin ana nufin ya zama magana ce ta yaƙi da kuma rayuwar ɗan adam.”
liyafa da kimantawa
LA Makonni ya yanke hukuncin fim ɗin da kyau, yana kiransa "mai daɗi da ban tausayi", kuma ya yaba da wasan ƙarshe, wanda "ya ƙare akan bayanin kyakkyawan fata wanda ya fi tsattsauran ra'ayi fiye da duk ƙididdiga na nihilism a halin yanzu ana ba da sabis a kan fuskar fina-finai na Yammacin Yamma. ", kuma idan aka kwatanta fim ɗin zuwa Barbet Schroeder 's Our Lady of Assassins a cikin burinsu na gama gari "don ba da haske game da wanzuwar inuwa".
Roy Armes ne ya yi nazari kan fim ɗin, wanda ya lura da yadda Coelo ke guje wa duk wani jarumi, yana nuna gazawar ’yan tawayen da rudanin rikici. Yayin da yake yanke hukunci akan aikin "bincike na gaske kuma mai tsanani na wani muhimmin al'amari na Afirka ta zamani", yana jin cewa fim din ba shi da sha'awar ayyukan Med Hondo a kan 'yan tawayen Polisario, watakila saboda imanin Coelo cewa "cinema ya kamata ya yi tambayoyi maimakon. fiye da ba da amsoshi", wanda zai iya bayyana nisan da aka kiyaye mu daga manyan haruffa biyu. Har ila yau, Françoise Pfaff ya ambaci fim ɗin a matsayin misali na sabon jerin fina-finai na tarihi na Afirka, waɗanda ke guje wa sauƙaƙa abubuwan da suka gabata, kuma musamman Daresalam a cikin bayanin matsalar da ya shafi bayan samun yancin kai ana ganin Afirka tana kusa da Flora Gomes ' Mortu. Nega .
Bayanan kula da nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Daresalam in Africultures
Finafinan Chadi |
22736 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27akacin%20Kiwon%20Lafiya%20da%20Muhalli | Ma'akacin Kiwon Lafiya da Muhalli | Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli (wanda aka fi sani da Masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a ko Ma'aikatan Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli) wato "Environmental Health Officers" suna da alhakin aiwatar da matakai don kare lafiyar jama'a, gami da gudanarwa da zartar da doka da ta shafi lafiyar muhalli da ba da tallafi don rage haɗarin lafiya da haɗari. Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna kiyaye ruwan mu, abinci, iska, ƙasarmu, kayan aiki da sauran abubuwan muhalli (abubuwan da suka shafi mutum) da lafiyar haɗarin lafiya, walau na halitta, na sinadarai ko na zahiri. Hakanan suna magance abubuwan da ke da alaƙa waɗanda ke tasiri halaye. Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna tantancewa da kuma kula da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli waɗanda ka iya shafar lafiyar, don hana cuta da ƙirƙirar yanayin tallafawa na kiwon lafiya. Masu ƙayyade mahalli na kiwon lafiya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa ga lafiyar al'umma da ƙoshin lafiya, don haka Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna da mahimmanci wajen inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiyar jama'a da rage nauyin cuta.
Masu Koyon Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna da ƙwarewa a fannoni da yawa tare da mutanen da ake horarwa sosai, yawanci zuwa matakin digiri, kuma galibi suna buƙatar ƙarin horo don ƙwarewa, ƙwarewar ƙwarewa don ci gaba da aiwatarwa a fagen. Suna cikin ayyuka daban-daban, gami da, amma ba'a iyakance ga: gudanar da binciken lafiyar jama'a ba (misali, wuraren abinci, wuraren wanka, wuraren ba da sabis na sirri, isar da sako, tsarin tsabtace ruwa, rijiyoyi, tsarin kula da ruwa, da sauransu), bincike illolin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, manufofi masu tasowa da jagororin, amsawa game da larurar lafiyar jama'a, bincika barkewar cututtuka, aiwatar da matakan shawo kan cututtuka, aiwatar da ci gaban kiwon lafiya da ayyukan ilimantarwa na kiwon lafiya, gudanar da kimanta lafiyar wurin aiki da binciken hadari. Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna mai da hankali kan rigakafi, shawara, bincike, da ilimantar da al'umma game da haɗarin lafiya da kiyaye yanayi mai aminci.
Masu Kiwon Lafiya sun kawo matsayin fahimtar ilimin kimiyyar halittu, cututtukan cututtukan dabbobi, ilimin likitanci, ilmin sunadarai, toxicology, kimanta haɗari, doka, kimiyyar muhalli da fasaha, maganin kwari, kimiyyar abinci, yanayin da aka gina, da sauran fannoni masu dacewa. Hakanan suna da ilimi da dabaru don bin diddigi da sarrafa cututtukan da ake yadawa, binciken abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar muhalli da kuma binciken aikata laifi. Don haka dole ne su sami ƙwarewar bincike da cikakkiyar fahimta game da aiwatar da doka da ta shafi lafiyar jama'a, yanayin da aka gina, kula da gurɓataccen yanayi da amincin wurin aiki. Yin aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati (kamar Lafiya, Aikin Noma da Muhalli), ƙananan hukumomi, 'yan kasuwa, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, sauran hukumomi da ɗaiɗaikun membobin al'umma, Masu Kiwon Lafiya tana taka rawa wajen kare lafiyar jama'a.
Sauran taken da ke wanzu a halin yanzu sun haɗa da ƙwararren masanin kiwon lafiya / likita / ƙwararre, jami'in kiwon lafiyar jama'a, jami'in kiwon lafiya, mai duba lafiyar jama'a, mai kula da lafiya, da jami'in kiwon lafiya. Lakabin doka da aka yi amfani da shi zai dogara ne da ma'anar da aka samo a cikin dokokin gida / iko. Wasu lakabin da suka gabata / na tarihi sun haɗa da mai kula da abubuwan da ba su dace ba, mai kula da lafiya, da kuma mai kula da tsafta
Kwararru a fannin kiwon lafiya sukan yiaiki da na gida, ko jiha ko tarayya lafiya sassan zuwa shawara a kan da kuma tilasta jama'a kiwon lafiya nagartacce. Koyaya, da yawa suna aiki a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sojada sauran hukumomin ɓangarori na uku kamar su agaji da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.
Daga cikin wadannan suna wakiltar ayyukan da za'a iya samu a cikin jama'a ko kuma masu zaman kansu:
Ayyukan dubawa da aiwatar da su
Neman shawara kan harkar muhalli da ilimi
Binciken cututtukan da ake yaduwa da yaduwar cutar
Tuntuɓi binciko da harka & tuntuɓar gudanarwa
Koyarwar lafiyar abinci
Tsarin al'umma
Tsarin tsabtace ruwa (septic) tsarin tsarawa
Binciken ƙasa da yarda
Matsayin gidaje / ingancin dubawa da sarrafawa
Rigakafin Kamuwa da Cututtuka (IPAC)
Sabunta birane
Kula da kwaro
Shirye-shiryen gaggawa da aiwatarwa
Sautin amo
Kulawa da ingancin iska
Lafiya da aminci a aikin dubawa da sarrafawa
Kariyar ruwa da gwaji (ruwan sha da ruwa na shakatawa)
Riskimar haɗarin Radon a cikin gine-gine
Samfurin muhalli, bincike da fassarar sakamako
Taba sigari da tururin kayayyakin sarrafawa & raguwa
Lasisin kula da cibiyoyin kulawa da jama'a
Inganta inganci
Babban abin da ake gani game ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar muhalli shi ne cewa su ke da alhakin bincik, kimantawa da kuma kula da haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyar ɗan adam daga abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli, walau a madadin hukumomin gwamnati ko na kasuwanci da na masana'antu.
Wani Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli (wanda aka fi sani da mai kula da Lafiyar Jama'a) yana bincika haɗarin lafiya a wurare daban-daban, kuma zai ɗauki mataki don rage ko kawar da haɗarin. Yawancin lokaci fahimtar jama'a game da mai duba lafiyar mutum ne wanda ke bincika gidajen abinci kuma ya tabbatar da cewa suna kiyaye ƙa'idodin tsafta don amincin abinci da hukumar ta tsara. Koyaya, Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna da ayyukansu masu fa'ida da yawa, gami da duba wuraren waha, wuraren da ba su da kyau, mahalli, makarantun gwamnati, kulawa da rana, gidajen kulawa, isar da sako (misali jiragen ruwa, jiragen ruwa, jiragen sama, jiragen ƙasa) da kuma samar da sabis na sirri (misali zane-zane ɗakuna, dakunan tanning, ɗakunan gyaran kyau, wuraren cire gashin laser, masu aski). Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna ba da izini da bincika rijiyoyi, tsarin ruwa mai zaman kansa, da tsarin zubar da shara na mutum ɗaya. Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da: binciken sansanin, binciken abubuwan da suka faru na musamman, binciken kula da sharar gida, binciken gidan zoo, binciken makaman gyara, binciken gidan shakatawar gidan tafi da gidanka da binciken sansanin marasa gida. Wanda aka horas dasu game da yaduwar cututtuka da rigakafin yaduwa, yayin barkewar cuta suna yin bincike tare da bayar da shawarar / amfani da hanyoyin kawo karshen yaduwar cutar. Har ila yau, an horar da su a cikin rigakafin cutar da ba ta yaduwa ba (NCD), suna aiki don hana NCDs da kuma kula da abubuwan haɗari. Mai Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a (Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli) yana kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan al'umma kamar waɗanda suka shafi inganta kiwon lafiya, daidaiton kiwon lafiya, rage sigari, gina ingantattun muhalli / al'ummomin lafiya, wadatar abinci, da lamari na gaggawa.
Hakanan suna iya amsawa ga korafe-korafe irin su cizon dabba (kulawar ƙuruciya), gunaguni na shara, gunaguni na amo, gunaguni na wari, ko ambaliyar ruwa. Dangane da iliminsu na ilimi da horo zasu iya ba da bayanai da turawa game da: gubar, radon, mold, da cututtukan da ke kunno kai (misali. Yammacin Kogin Virus, Mura na Avian, COVID-19). Filin kuma ya haɗu da abubuwa masu haɗari (Hazmat) kuma yawancin masu ba da amsa Hazmat masu lasisi ne na Koyon Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ko kuma warare na musamman Likitocin Muhalli masu Rijista.
A lokacin gaggawa ta lafiyar jama'a kamar annoba, suna ɗaukar mahimmancin matakan gaggawa, bayar da ilimin jama'a & shawara, aiwatar da umarnin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da ɗaukar matakan da suka dace don kare lafiyar jama'a. Hakanan, suna ba da amsa ga wasu abubuwan larura irin su bala'o'i, tare da matsayin da aka zayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen martani na gaggaw
Yanayin aiki
Jami'an kiwon lafiyar Muhalli suna aiki tare da mutane daban-daban a cikin yanayi daban-daban. Ayyukansu sau da yawa sun haɗa da manyan ayyukan filin, kuma wasu suna yawan tafiye-tafiye. Yawancin jami'an kula da lafiyar muhalli suna aiki na dogon lokaci kuma galibi ba sa aiki. Suna bincika wuraren waha, cibiyoyin kula da yara, gidajen cin abinci, tsarin kwalliya, da sauran nau'ikan kamfanoni da suka shafi lafiya da aminci.
Ana iya fuskantar jami'an kiwon lafiyar muhalli da yawa daga cikin mawuyacin yanayi da haɗari kamar na ma'aikatan masana'antu, kuma ana iya yin aikin cikin yanayi mara kyau, da damuwa, da kuma yanayin aiki mai haɗari. Suna iya samun kansu cikin rawar adawa idan shugabannin ƙungiyar basu yarda da shawarwarin don tabbatar da yanayin aiki mai aminci ba.
Ana iya gani fannin kiwon lafiyar muhalli zuwa shekarun 1840 a Ingila. Edwin Chadwick, wani Kwamishinan Shari'a mara kyau, ya gudanar da bincike kan musabbabin talauci wanda ya kammala da cewa mutane galibi sun zama talaka saboda rashin lafiya saboda mummunan yanayi. Ya yi imanin cewa inganta tsabtar muhalli ita ce babbar hanyar warware wannan mummunan halin.
Chadwick ya jagoranci kamfen mai karfi don kawo canji wanda daga karshe yayi nasara a kan kafa, wanda ya haifar da Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta 1848 . Dokar ta tanadi nadin Sufetocin Nuisances - magabatan masu kula da lafiyar mahalli na yau a wuraren da ake buƙata.
Kungiyar Masu Kula da Tsafta ta Jama'a - ƙungiyar da za ta zama Chaungiyar theungiyar Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Unitedasa ta Unitedasar Burtaniya - an kafa ta a cikin 1883. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, matsayin masu aikin kiwon lafiyar muhalli ya canza kuma ya girma, tare da matsayin cancantar haɓaka har zuwa, a cikin 1960s, ya zama sana'ar kammala karatun digiri. Tallafin Yarjejeniyar Sarauta a cikin 1984 ya sanya hatimin kan wannan ingantaccen matsayi da matsayi. Sakamakon sauya matsayi, taken sun canza a cikin shekaru da yawa daga mai duba nuisances -> mai kula da tsafta -> mai kula da lafiyar jama'a / jami'in kula da lafiyar muhalli (duba Sufeto na Nuisances da ke ƙasa). Wannan ma gaskiya ne a duk duniya, kamar yadda taken suka canza don nuna ci gaban ilimi da matsayin jami'an lafiyar muhalli a yau.
Sifeto na Hayaniya
Sufeto na Nuisances shine taken ofishi a cikin yawancin ikon mallakar Ingilishi. A cikin yankuna da yawa wannan lokacin yanzu yana da kyau, matsayi da / ko ajalin an maye gurbinsu da wasu. A cikin Burtaniya daga tsakiyar karni na 19 wannan ofishin gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da lafiyar jama'a da kuma tsabtace muhalli.
Sufeto na Nuisances na farko wanda Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Burtaniya ta nada shi ne Thomas Fresh a Liverpool a cikin 1844. Dukansu Dokar Cire Nuisances da Rigakafin Cututtuka 1855 da Dokar Gudanar da Metropolis 1855 sun bayyana irin wannan ofis amma tare da taken 'Inspekta Sanitary'. A cikin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda suka kafa Hukumar Lafiya, taken 'Inspector of Nuisances'. Daga ƙarshe an daidaita taken a duk cikin ƙananan hukumomin Burtaniya azaman 'Sanitary Inspector'. Dokar Majalisar a cikin 1956 daga baya ta canza taken zuwa 'Inspekta na Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a'. An kafa irin wannan ofisoshin a duk fadin Masarautar Burtaniya da Commonwealth. Mafi kusancin zamani na wannan matsayi a cikin Burtaniya shine 'Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli'. Wannan taken da hukumomin yankin ke karba bisa shawarar gwamnatin tsakiya bayan dokar karamar hukumar ta 1972.
A Amurka, misalin zamani na jami'i mai taken 'Inspector of Nuisances' amma ba matsayin lafiyar jama'a ba ana samunsa a cikin Sashe na 3767 na Dokar da aka Bita ta Ohio wacce ke bayyana irin wannan matsayin don bincika damuwa, inda wannan kalmar take yana baje kolin kamfanoni inda ake samun lalata da giya. Ganin cewa matsayin jami'in kula da lafiyar muhalli a cikin ƙananan hukumomin Amurka jami'ai ne ke ɗaukar taken 'Takaddun Kwararren Kiwon Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli' ko 'Rijista Mai Kula da Lafiya' dangane da ikon. Rawar da ke cikin Hukumar Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka '' Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli '' masu sanya uniform '.
Kiwon Lafiyar muhalli aiki ne na kammala karatu a mafi yawan ƙasashe. Mafi ƙarancin buƙatu a yawancin ƙasashe sun haɗa da shirin digiri na jami'a wanda aka yarda dashi, horon filin da takaddun sana'a da rijista.
Janar na
Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli Ostiraliya ta amince da Digirin Kiwon Lafiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Australiya da shirye-shiryen difloma na difloma bisa tsarin Manufar Yarjejeniyar Kiwon Lafiyar muhalli ta Australia don tabbatar da abin da ke cikin kwasa ya cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa don aiwatarwa azaman EHO a ko'ina cikin Austiraliya. Kamar yadda yake a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2009 akwai Cibiyoyin da aka yarda da EHA a cikin kowace Jiha da Yankin Arewa.
Victoria, Australiya
Sakataren Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ya ayyana abin da ake buƙata na yanzu don zama jami'in izini a ƙarƙashin Dokar Abinci ta 1984 a Victoria. Ana samun karɓaɓɓun karatun digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu daga Victoria, babbar ƙasa da ƙasashen ƙetare.
Yammacin Australiya
Dokar Kiwon Lafiya ta 1911 (wacce aka yiwa kwaskwarima) ta bayyana matsayin 'jami'in kula da lafiyar muhalli', kuma tana ba Babban Darakta, Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a damar nada EHOs ga hukumomin lafiya na kananan hukumomin kuma a matsayin jami'an kiwon lafiyar jama'a da Gwamnatin Jiha ke aiki. Babban Daraktan, Lafiyar Jama'a ya shawarci Kwamitin Kula da Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Yammacin Ostiraliya game da Kwalejin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli da na Digiri na biyu wanda ake ganin ya dace don ba da izinin yin aiki a Yammacin Australia, kuma ana buga cancantar daga lokaci zuwa lokaci a cikin Gazette ta Gwamnati.
A halin yanzu Jami'ar Fasaha ta Curtin da Jami'ar Edith Cowan suna ba da digiri na Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli a Yammacin Ostiraliya wanda kuma Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar muhalli ta Australia ta amince da su.
New Zealand
Masu shiga cikin sana'a dole ne su sami ko dai Kariyar Kiwon Lafiya ta BAppSc ko BHSc Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli. A madadin haka, masu ƙwarewar cancantar ilimin kimiyya na iya samun difloma na difloma a cikin lafiyar muhalli.
Jamhuriyar Ireland
Don zama Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ya zama dole a riƙe digiri na kiwon lafiyar muhalli wanda Sashin Lafiya da Yara ya amince da shi. Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli a cikin Ireland ma yana buƙatar ɗalibai su gudanar da aikin ƙwarewa tare da Babban Jami'in Kula da Kiwan Lafiya. Bayan lokacin aikin ƙwarewa, dole ne a nuna ƙwarewa ta hanyar kundin rubuce-rubuce na ilmantarwa da gwajin baka.
Kingdomasar Ingila ta Biritaniya da Arewacin Ireland
EHOs galibi suna riƙe da cancantar karatun digiri na farko (ko na gaba da digiri) wanda (a Ingila, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa) da Hukumar Rajistar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli . Irin waɗannan tanadi sun wanzu a Scotland, inda Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Muhalli ta Scotland ke tsara aikin
Biye da buƙatun ilimi da lokacin horo na aikace-aikace, dole ne a nuna ƙwarewa ta hanyar kundin rubutu na ilmantarwa da jarrabawar baka kafin a ba da rajist
Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli / Masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a suna da digiri na farko a cikin lafiyar muhalli da kuma takardar shaidar ƙwararrun ƙasa - Takaddun shaida a cikin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (Kanada), CPHI (C).
Takaddun shaida da rajista an tsara ta Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Kanada (CIPHI). Don zama ƙwararriyar ƙasa, masu kula da lafiyar jama'a dole ne su kammala shirin digiri na yarda, kammala aikin horo na filin, kuma su ƙetare Hukumar Kula da Takaddun Shaida (wanda ya ƙunshi rubutattun rahotanni da gwajin baka). Don kula da takardun shaidarka na CPHI (C), dole a yi wa masu yin rajista tare da CIPHI kuma su gabatar da sa'o'in haɓaka ƙwararru a kowace shekara.
Makarantu shida ne kawai a cikin Kanada ke ba da shirye-shiryen digiri wanda CIPHI ta amince da su don biyan abin da ake buƙata na ilimi don takaddama: Cibiyar Fasaha ta British Columbia, Jami'ar Cape Breton, Jami'ar Concordia na Edmonton, Kwalejin Kwalejin Fasaha da Ilimin Ci gaba ta Conestoga, Jami'ar Farko ta Kanada, da Jami'ar Ryerson. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen galibi suna da tsayin shekaru huɗu,duk da haka ana samun shirye-shiryen saurin gudu a wasu makarantu don waɗanda ke da digiri na farko na kimiyya.
Sri Lanka
Masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a dole ne su fara cin jarrabawar masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a wanda Sashin Kiwon Lafiya ke gudanarwa. Wadanda Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta nada sun shiga aikin ne a matsayin Sufeto mai kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a na III, daga nan kuma suka samu horo zuwa matakin difloma.
Duba kuma
Babban Jami'in Green (CGE)
Bokan inshorar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (Kanada) - CPHI (C)
Kiwan lafiyar jama'a
Kiwan muhalli
Tsaro na Aiki da Lafiya
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ta New Zealand
Chartered Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli (Ingila da Wales)
Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Muhalli ta Scotland
Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiyar Jama'a ta Kanada
Associationungiyar Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Yankin Irish (Jamhuriyar Ireland)
Federationungiyar ofasashen Duniya na Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli
Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli Ostiraliya
Yammacin Ostiraliya Jami'in Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Masana
Kula da muhalli
Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
21723 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin%20Birim | Kogin Birim | Kogin Birim yana daya daga cikin manyan kogunan Kogin Pra a Ghana kuma mafi muhimmancin yankin da ake samar da lu'u-lu'u, yana ratsa mafi yawan fadin yankin Gabas. Kogin yana hawa a gabashin Dutsen Atewa, yana gudana arewa ta tsakanin ratar tsakanin wannan zangon da yankin Kwahu Plateau, sa'annan yayi tafiya kusan kudu maso yamma har sai ya haɗu da Pra. Ya kuma ba da sunansa ga dutsen Birimian, wanda ke samar da mafi yawan zinare a yankin. Ghana ce ta biyu mafi girma a duniya wajen samar da gwal a Afirka.
Ilimin kasa
Kogin Birim yana cikin yankin Garkuwan Manya na yankin Afirka ta Yamma, wanda wasu kyawawan duwatsun Birimian na farkon Proterozoic suka mamaye shi. Wadannan duwatsun sun bayyana sun samo asali ne daga tsakiyar tsaunukan tsaunuka, wanda ya samar da wani kwari wanda ya yi karo da shi kuma ya hau kan garkuwar Man garken Craton na Afirka ta Yamma kuma an matse shi don samar da jerin ninki gaba daya da ke tafiya a arewa maso gabas. Duwatsun Birimiyan sun hada da tsarin Akwatian, wanda aka sanyawa sunan garin Akwatia a cikin kwarin Birim, wanda ya samar da sama da carat 100,000,000 (Kilogiram 20,000) na lu'ulu'u. Mafi yawan lu'u-lu'u ana samun su a cikin duwatsu na Harzburgitic kuma ga alama sun yi lu'ulu'u a yanayin zafin yanayi wanda ba a saba gani ba da matsi a zurfin lithosphere.
Kogin ya hau a cikin gundumar Kibi ko Akim na yankin gabashin Ghana, a Yankin Atewa, wanda ya tashi zuwa 780m. wananan yankunan da ke kewaye da su sun kai kusan 180-200m sama da matakin teku. Mafi yawan zangon Atewa yana dajin gandun daji, tare da manyan yankuna na gandun daji na farko dauke da tsire-tsire masu yawa, dabbobi da kwari duk da ci gaba da farautar katako. Akwai shafuka da yawa da ba a bincika su ba. Yankin Kibi yana da ruwan sama 1500-2000mm kowace shekara.
Kogin Birim yana cikin yankin ruwa na kusa da kusurwa na Ghana. Akwai lokutan ruwa guda biyu, daya daga Mayu zuwa Yuni da na biyu daga Satumba zuwa Oktoba. A lokacin bushewar, yanayin zafi ya kusa 26°C a watan Agusta da 30°C a cikin Maris. Yanayin dangi shine 70% - 80% cikin shekara. A wani lokacin da akwai gandun daji mai zafi mai yawa, an share manyan yankuna don noma. Yankin gandun dajin na Ghana ya sauka daga hekta miliyan 8.2 a kusan hekta 1900 zuwa 1.6 a shekara ta 2000, kuma yana ci gaba da raguwa saboda bukatar fitar da kayayyaki da kayayyakin gini da karuwar mutane ke yi. Ana gabatar da gonakin da aka sarrafa kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen juya raguwar.
Ruwan kogin yana dauke da matakan kayan daki da na streptococci, galibi na asalin mutane amma a wasu lokuta saboda gurbatarwar da ake yi daga dabbobin, wanda ke sanya rashin hadari a sha ba tare da magani ba. A ƙasa Akwatia kogin yana riƙe da babban matakin sikari daga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai.
Kogin Birim ya lalace sakamakon ayyukan hakar ma'adanai ba bisa ka'ida ba. 'Yan kungiyar Galamsey da wasu kungiyoyi sun nemi gwamnati da ta dauki mataki a kan masu hakar ma'adanai ba bisa ka'ida ba da kare kogin. An kafa rukuni wanda ya kunshi mutane 62 don taimakawa wajen kare kogin.
Arzikin ma'adanai
Kogin Birim yana da wadataccen ma'adinai kuma ya kasance tushen zinariya tun ƙarni da yawa, asalin sunan Ghana: Gold Coast. Hakanan babban tushe ne na lu'ulu'u.
Ruwan tsakuwa na kogin Birim na rike da zinare wanda aka dade ana ciro shi ta hanyar kwanon rufi ko hakar ma'adinai, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen yin kwalliya da kuma cinikin Sahara tun kafin Turawa su gano Gold Coast. Farawa a ƙarshen karni na 19, kamfanonin hakar zinare na Biritaniya suka fara aiwatar da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da na yau da kullun, suna haɓaka ma'adanai masu zurfin ɓoyo a ƙasar Ashanti. Bayan samun 'yanci a 1957 gwamnati ta mayar da masana'antar hakar zinare. Tare da rashin wadataccen saka hannun jari, ma'adanai sun lalace kuma riba ya faɗi. Koyaya, bayan sanya hannun jari a cikin 1992 sabbin masu mallakar sunyi allurar jari, galibi cikin ma'adinan bel na Ashanti, gano sabbin ajiya na duniya. Belt Ashanti yanzu tana da tarin kyautar zinare sama da ogin 125,000,000 na zinare.
Ghana ta samar da lu'u-lu'u daga tsakuwa tun daga shekarun 1920, galibi ƙirar masana'antu. A farkon shekarun 1990 gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen mayar da ayyukanta na haƙar lu'u-lu'u amma ba ta sami masu siya ba. Gwamnati har yanzu tana da Ghana Consolidated Diamonds, tun daga 2005 zuwa yanzu ita ce kaɗai mai kera kayan cinikin lu'u-lu'u. Ghana Consolidated Diamonds suna amfani da tsiri da hanyar ma'adinai a ma'adinan su na Akwatia, ta amfani da layukan Manitowoc. Shuka tsohuwa ce kuma tsohuwa ce, ana samun ta kashi 38% kawai na lokaci kuma ana samarwa a ƙarƙashin ƙarfin. Gwamnati na neman mai saka hannun jari don ya mallaki ma'adanan.
A cikin 1989 gwamnatin Ghana ta kafa Kamfanin Tallace-tallace na Kamfanin Ma'adanai masu daraja (PMMC) don inganta kananan ma'adanan zinare da lu'u-lu'u da siye da siyar da kayan. Kimanin kashi 70% na lu'u-lu'u an fitar da su daga ƙasar kafin ƙirƙirar PMMC. A cikin watanni goma sha shida na fara aiki, PMMC ta sayi karat 382,423 (kilogiram 76.4846) da lu'ulu'u 20,365 na zinare kuma ta sayar da karat 230,000 (kilogiram 46) na lu'u lu'u na dalar Amurka miliyan 8. Koyaya, saboda korafin da aka yi game da sayar da ɗanɗano mai daraja, gwamnati a cikin Maris Maris 1992 ta ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike kan ayyukan hukumar jihar kuma ta dakatar da manajan darakta.
A cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 yankin Akwatia na kwarin Birim ya samar da sama da carat 2,000,000 (kilogram 400) kowace shekara. Koyaya, duka kundin da ingancin suna raguwa. Kasar Ghana ta samar da kusan lu'ulu'u karat 800,000 (kilogiram 160) a 1995, kusan rabin sa daga Akwatia. Abubuwan da ke akwai sun rufe yanki mai nisan kilomita 240 tare da Kogin Birim kuma an kiyasta ya ƙunshi carats 14,000,000 (Kilogiram 2,800) na tabbaci. Kodayake adadin Akwatia ya kusan ƙarewa, an gano ƙarin ƙarin albarkatu a cikin keɓaɓɓun Kogin Birim na kusa, gami da sauya meta-lamproite wanda na iya wakiltar tushen lu'ulu'u na farko.
Mafi yawan kayan lu'u-lu'u a cikin kwarin Birim yanzu masu hakar ma'adinai ne daga alluvial kuma a cikin wuraren adana lu'u-lu'u kusa da Akwatia. Akwai wasu shaidu cewa matakan samarwa daga waɗannan ƙananan ayyukan suna ƙaruwa.
Jigon Atewa da ke saman ruwan kogin ya ƙunshi ɗakunan ajiya na bauxite tare da ƙananan abubuwan kaolin, waɗanda ƙungiyoyi kamar BHP Billiton ke kimantawa. Ko yaya, yawan kuɗaɗen bauxite gabaɗaya ba shi da inganci idan aka kwatanta da manyan ɗakunan ajiya na bauxite mafi girma a cikin Guinea kusa da su kuma suna cikin yankin da ke da lamuran muhalli, don haka da wuya a ci gaba.
Kasa mai ni'ima da yanayi mai dumi na kwarin Birim na tallafawa kayan abinci masu ƙima irin su rogo, doya, koko, masara, shinkafa da kayan lambu, da kuma amfanin gona mai tamani kamar citrus, abarba, pawpaw da cola. Yankin ya kuma samar da albarkatun gona na musamman irin su baki da barkono mai zaki, ginger, giyar cashew, roba da mangoro, wadanda ke samun matukar muhimmanci a matsayin kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje. Noman koko yana daya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin samun kudin shiga, tare da busassun kayan da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje don cigaba da sarrafa shi. Hakanan noman man dabino yana ƙaruwa, tare da amfani da abubuwan amfani da ake amfani da su don yin sabulu a gida. Bamboo wani muhimmin amfanin gona ne. Tsire-tsire mai sauri yana samar da abubuwa marasa tsada don gini da kuma yin kayan daki.
Yawon shakatawa
Gwamnati na ƙoƙari na haɓaka ƙimar yawon buɗe ido na yankin. Gidauniyar Atewa Range tana karkashin kulawar Gidauniyar Okyeman, wacce ta takura wa mutane yin noma a yankin kuma a maimakon haka tana kokarin karfafa yawon bude ido. Gundumar Birim ta Kudu tana da shimfidar wurare masu ban sha'awa, magudanan ruwa, wuraren tarihi da kuma gandun daji tara. Hukumar Bunkasa Yawon Bude Ido ta Ghana, tare da hadin gwiwar Majalisar Gundumar da Mahukuntan gargajiya sun kirkiro da Tsarin Kasuwanci don bunkasa "Babban Bishiyar" a cikin dajin Esen Epan da ke kusa da Akim Oda a matsayin wurin yawon bude ido, tare da hadin gwiwar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Wannan rukunin yanar gizon yana da babbar bishiya a Afirka ta Yamma mai mita 12 a kewayo kuma tsayinsa yakai mita 66.5. Aiki tare da Jami'ar Georgia, ana shirin inganta hanyoyin shiga, wuraren cin abinci da wuraren shakatawa, abubuwan tunawa da shaguna.
A cikin garin Akyem (Akim) Oda, babban birni na Gundumar Birim ta Kudu, abubuwan jan hankali sun haɗa da yawon buɗe ido don kallon ayyukan hakar ma'adanai, shagulgulan gargajiya waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki da kasuwar waje mai cike da kayatarwa. Hakanan abinci mai daɗi da ɗanɗano na gida yana iya zama muhimmin abun jan hankali.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje |
22059 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayne%20Belnap | Jayne Belnap | Jayne Belnap (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 1952) masaniyar ilimin ƙasa ce ta Amurka. Ta gwaninta qarya a hamada ecologies da makiyayar da al'amarin .
A cikin shekara ta 2008, Kungiyar Ilimin coasa ta Amurka ta amince da ita a matsayin ɗayan fitattun masanan ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa a Amurka. kuma a shekara ta 2010 da kuma shekara ta 2013, ta samu lambobin yabo daga Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida ta Amurka a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun mata a fannin kimiyya. A shekara ta 2015, an zabe ta a matsayin 'yar uwanta Kungiyar Kimiyyar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka .
Tarihin rayuwa
Belnap ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu (a ilmin halitta da tarihin halitta ) a Jami'ar California, Santa Cruz a shekara ta 1980; digiri na biyu a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halittu daga Jami'ar Stanford a shekara ta 1983; da kuma digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin tsirrai daga jami’ar Brigham Young a shekara ta 1991. Bayan ta kammala digirinta na farko da digirgir, sai ta zama kwararriyar masana ilimin tsirrai a filin shakatawa na Canyonlands National Park. A shekara ta 1987, ta shiga Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Amurka a matsayin masanin kimiyya. Belnap yanzu yana aiki a matsayin masanin binciken muhalli na binciken Geoasar Amurka a ofishin Mowab.
Belnap ta wallafa labarai sama da guda 260 da aka yi wa bita, kuma an ba da fifikon binciken ta a <i id="mwLw">Kimiyyar Amurka</i>. A shekara ta 2003, Belnap da Otto L. Lange sun shirya littafi na farko don takaita ilimi game da dunkulen kasa. Aikinta ya dauke ta a duk duniya, ciki har da Australia, Antarctica, China, Habasha, Iceland, Kenya, Mongolia, Namibia, Afirka ta Kudu, Tanzania, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Zimbabwe. A cikin Amurka, Belnap ya yi aiki tare da tarayya, jihohi da manajan filaye masu zaman kansu a kan mafi kyawun tsarin gudanarwa don rani. Mafi yawan binciken nata ya kuma nuna yadda sauyin yanayi zai shafi tsarin halittun yankuna masu bushewa.
Ayyukan da aka zaɓa
Duniway, MC, Geiger, EL, Minnick, TJ, Phillips, SL, & Belnap, J. . Fahimta daga Ruwan Tsayi na Tsawo Wanda ba shi da andan Ruwa a cikin Haɗin Gishirin Colorado Plateau Ecosystem. Rangeland Ecology & Gudanarwa, 71 , 492-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2018.02.007
Duniway, MC, Pfennigwerth, AA, Fick, SE, Nauman, TW, Belnap, J., & Barger, NN . Rushewar iska da ƙura daga yankunan busassun Amurka: nazarin sababi, sakamako, da mafita a cikin duniya mai sauyawa. Yanayi, 10 , e02650. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2650
Eldridge, David, Sasha Reed, Samantha K. Travers, Matthew A. Bowker, Fernando T. Maestre, Jingyi Ding, Caroline Havrilla, Emilio Rodriguez ‐ Caballero, Nichole Barger, Bettina Weber, Anita Antoninka, Jayne Belnap, Bala Chaudhary, Akasha Faist, Scott Ferrenberg, Elisabeth Huber ‐ Sannwald, Oumarou Malam Issa, and Yunge Zhao. Yaduwar ruwa da yaduwa iri-iri na halittun ruwa a ruwa a cikin busassun duniya. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15232
Havrilla, Caroline, Chaudhary, V., Scott Ferrenberg, Anita Antoninka, Jayne Belnap, Matthew A. Bowker, David Eldridge, Akasha Faist, Elisabeth Huber-Sannwald, AD Leslie, Emilio Rodriguez-Caballero, Y Zhang, da Nichole Barger. Zuwa ga tsarin tsinkaye don sasantawa game da rayayyun halittun shuke-shuke: Nazarin meta-‐. J Ecol. 2019; 107: 2789– 2807. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13269
Munson, SM, Duniway, MC, & Johanson, JK . Kulawa da Yankin Range ya ba da Amsoshin Shuka na Tsawon Ruwa da Kiwo a Siffar Yankin Kasa. Rangeland Ecology & Gudanarwa, 69 , 76-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2015.09.004
Lambobin yabo
Zumunci, Societyungiyar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka
Fellow, American Geophysical Union .
Haifaffun 1952
Rayayyun mutane
Ƴancin ɗan adam
Ƴancin muhalli
Pages with unreviewed translations |
53492 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhtar%20Aly%20Kureshy | Akhtar Aly Kureshy | Akhtar Aly Kureshy ( (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1963) lauya ɗan Pakistan ne, mai ba da shawara kuma babban mai ba da shawara na Kotun Koli ta Pakistan wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Babban Lauyan Pakistan . Ya kasance Mataimakin Lauyan Janar Punjab, kuma Mai Ba da Shawarar Shari'a ga Majalisar Lardi na Punjab .
speaker1Akhtar Aly Kureshy
Shi memba ne na kungiyar lauyoyin kotun koli na Pakistan har abada. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Kwalejin Ma'aikata ta Jama'a a matsayin Mai ba da Shawarar Syndicate don koyarwa da horar da jami'an gwamnati na Babban Sabis na Babban Ma'aikata (CSS). Ya kasance mai tasiri a kafofin watsa labarai, mai kishin matafiyi kuma yana da sha'awar wasanni.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Kureshy a cikin dangin kasuwanci, kuma ya girma a Lahore. Mahaifinsa da yayyensa ’yan kasuwa ne masu nasara. Ya kasance ma'aikacin zamantakewa a lokacin dalibinsa kuma ya kasance sakatare na haɗin gwiwa sannan kuma Babban Sakatare na Social Welfare Society na Lahore. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Punjab a shekara ta, 1986. Ya sami Bachelor of Laws (LL. B.) digiri daga Punjab Law College a shekara ta, 1990 don zama lauya. Shi ne na farko a cikin iyalinsa don shiga aikin lauya a matsayin lauya. Yarinyarsa Aman Anus ta bi shi har ta zama lauya. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga jami'ar Punjab a shekarar, 1992 da difloma a fannin shari'ar aiki da dokar mallakar fasaha . Ya kasance memba na Cibiyar Amurka (Library) Lahore inda ya kammala karatun tarihin Amurka a shekara ta, 1992 daga Cibiyar Amurka, Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka Islamabad .
Aikin shari'a
A shekara ta, 1992, Kureshy ya shiga cikin Lauyan Ijaz Husain Batalvi, lauya, wanda shi ne mai gabatar da kara a shari'ar kisan kai ga tsohon Firayim Minista Zulfikar Ali Bhutto kuma mai ba da shawara kan tsaro a shari'ar satar jirgin tsohon Firayim Minista Nawaz Sharif bayan tawayen Janar Pervez Musharraf a Pakistan a shekara ta, 1999 . kuma ya kasance tare da Batalvi har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 7 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2004. Kureshy ya yi rajista a matsayin Lauya ga Babban Kotun Lahore a shekara ta, 1992 kuma Mai ba da shawara ga Kotun Koli na Pakistan a shekara ta, 2005. Ya ci gaba da zama a Member Executive of Lahore High Court Bar Association . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Pakistan kuma mai ba da shawara ga Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Kazakhstan, Lahore. Ya kasance yana da alaƙa da Babban Kwalejin Shari'a, Jami'ar Babban Jami'a, A halin yanzu, yana ba da lacca a SOL (Makarantar Shari'a).
Kureshy yana aiwatar da ayyukansa a cikin dokar tsarin mulki, dokar gudanarwa, dokokin banki, batutuwan shari'ar kamfanoni da shari'o'in laifuka . An nada shi kuma ya kammala ayyuka daban-daban na Kotun Koli, kuma babbar kotun Lahore ta nada shi a matsayin mai ba da izini na hukuma, mai gwanjon kotu da kwamishinan karamar hukuma don yin aiki a madadin Kotun don warware batutuwan da ke kan gaba.
Ofishin Babban Lauyan Gwamnati
Shugaban Pakistan ya nada shi a matsayin mataimakin babban lauyan Pakistan a watan Yunin shekara ta, 2014 inda ya yi mu'amala kuma ya kasance memba na Attorney Janar na Pakistan Salman Aslam Butt, Ashtar Ausaf Ali Attorney General na Pakistan, Naseer Ahmed Bhutta Ƙarin Attorney Janar. Ya bayyana kuma ya gudanar da lambobi na manyan shari'o'in da ke wakiltar Tarayyar Pakistan kamar: Tsarin Rubutun Tsarin Mulki, ICA (Inter Court Appeal), ECL (Exist Control List), NADRA, Passport, Levy Levy, Anti Ta'addanci, Civil Aviation, Federal Ombudsman.
Lauyan Janar Punjab
A cikin Afrilu shekara ta, 2003, Gwamnan Punjab ya nada Kureshy a matsayin Mataimakin Advocate Janar Punjab don wakiltar Gwamnatin Punjab a Babban Kotun Lahore da Kotun Koli ta Pakistan inda ya bayyana a lokuta da yawa waɗanda kuma aka ruwaito a cikin Law General PLD SCMR, PLJ da CLC, da MLD. da kasancewa tare da manyan Lauyoyi daban-daban kamar Aftab Ahmad, Khawaja Haris da Raza Farooq. Ya halarci taron karawa juna sani da tarukan da kotun kolin Pakistan ta shirya.
Mashawarcin Majalisa
An nada shi mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga Majalisar Lardi na Punjab a cikin watan Janairu shekara ta, 1998 zuwa 2000, Babban Majalisar lardin da Pakistan. Tun da farko babu irin wannan mukamin kuma shi ne ya fara zama mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a. Ya yi mu’amala da ‘yan Majalisa, Ministoci, Sakatarorin Majalisa, Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar da Shugaban Majalisar. Ya wakilci shari'o'in Majalisar a babban kotun Lahore da Kotun Koli na Pakistan kuma ya ba da ra'ayi kan batutuwan shari'a. Kureshy ya samu damar taimakawa shugaban majalisar Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi a kan batun hukuncin da kakakin majalisar ya yanke saboda hukuncin da kakakin majalisar ya yi daidai da hukuncin manyan kotuna da kotun koli. A watan Oktoban shekara ta, 1999, Janar Pervez Musharraf ya kafa dokar Marshal wanda ya sa duk Majalisun Dokoki da Majalisar Dattawan Pakistan suka wargaje kuma an gama aikin sa na mai ba da shawara kan shari'a.
Adjunct Professor of Law
Kureshy ya bi sawun Ijaz Batalvi don koyar da doka ta hanyar shiga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Punjab a shekara ta, 1998 zuwa 2001.sannan Lahore Law College a shekara ta, 2004 zuwa 2007 Tun daga shekarar, 2007, shi malami ne a fannin shari'a a Babban Kwalejin Shari'a, Babban Jami'ar, inda yake koyar da kundin tsarin mulki da tarihin tsarin mulki na Pakistan akai-akai.
Kureshy memba ne na, kuma mai himma a cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da ƙwararru da yawa. Yana ba da gudummawa ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙasa da na duniya, da ƙungiyoyi, kamar Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Duniya, London; Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Commonwealth, London; memba na LAWASIA Moot, Ostiraliya; Mai da hankali Pakistan, da Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Pakistan .
Wanene Wanene A Duniya
Kureshy ya fito a cikin bugu na 18 na Marquis Wanene a Duniya a cikin shekara ta, 2001. Haɗa suna yana iyakance ga mutanen da suka nuna nasarori masu kyau a fagagen ayyukansu kuma waɗanda, saboda haka, sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban al'umma ta wannan zamani. A cikin wannan fitowar kuma an bayyana sunan shugaban Pakistan Janar Parvaiz Musharaf .
Kureshy ya kasance yana da alaƙa a matsayin Mai ba da Shawarar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Lahore a shekara ta, 2007 zuwa 2909 don yin hulɗa da horar da sababbin jami'an gwamnati da aka nada na Babban Manyan Ma'aikata na Pakistan . Akwai gungun dalibai hudu zuwa takwas da suka ba da wani aiki na musamman na bayar da shawarwarin shari’a a jarrabawarsu ta karshe, don ba da shawara da kuma gabatar da sahihin hanyar warware matsalar kasa ta hanyar hazaka da hikimarsu karkashin jagorancin Mai ba su shawara na kungiyar da ke ba da shawara don zaburar da su don samun kwarewa.
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
36943 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20mawakan%20Najeriya | Jerin mawakan Najeriya | Wannan jerin mawakan Najeriya ne .
Fitattun mutane ne kawai aka jera sunayen su a nan; domin sanin ƙungiyoyi, duba Jerin List of Nigerian musical groups. Sunaye an jera su ta hanyar bin tsarin harafin (A) har i zuwa (Z) harafin farko na sunan kowane daga cikinsu da ya fara zuwa shine farkon zuwan sunan na sa domin saukakawa mai bincike.
Abubuwan da ke ciki : 0–9
Duba kuma
2face Idibia - mawakin hip hop da R&B
9ice - mawakin hip hop da afroop
AQ - mawakin hip hop
Abiodun Koya (an haife shi 1980), mawaƙin bishara, mawaƙin opera
Ada Ehi - Linjila Artist kuma marubuci
Adé Bantu - Mawaƙin ɗan Najeriya-Jamus, furodusa, ɗan wasan gaba na ƙungiyar BANTU guda 13
Adekunle Gold - mawaki, mawaki
Adewale Ayuba - mawakin fuji
Ado Gwanja - mawakin hausa
Afrikan Boy - rapper
Afro Candy - pop singer
Alamu Atatalo - mawakin sekere, nau'in wakokin Yarbawa na gargajiya
Ali Jita - mawaki kuma marubucin waka
Amarachi - mawaki, dan rawa, violinist
Andre Blaze - rapper
Aramide - Mawaƙin Afro-Jazz
Ara - mawaƙi kuma mai magana da ganga
Asuquomo - mawaki
Aṣa - R&B, ƙasa kuma mawaƙin pop-mawaƙi
Ayinde Bakare - Yoruba jùjú and highlife musician
Ayinla Kollington - Fuji mawaki
Ayinla Omowura - apala musician
Ayra Starr - Mawaƙin Afropop & R&B
Babatunde Olatunji - mai ganga
Bella Shmurda
Banky W - pop da R&B mawaƙa-marubuci
Blackface Naija - mawakin reggae
Blackmagic - rapper, mawaƙa, mawaƙa
Blaqbonez - rapper
Brymo - singer
Burna Boy - reggae-dancehall mawaki
CDQ - rapper, mawaki
Celestine Ukwu - highlife musician
Chidinma - pop singer
Chike - singer, songwriter kuma actor
Chinko Ekun – rapper, mawaki
Charly Boy
Cobhams Asuquo - rai singer
Cynthia Morgan - pop, hip hop da dancehall mawaƙa
D'banj - pop singer
Daddy Showkey - Galala Singer
Da Emperor - ɗan asalin rapper
Da Grin - rapper
Dammy Krane - mawaƙa, mawaki
Darey - Mawaƙin R&B-Mawaƙiya
Dauda Epo-Akara - mawakin Yarbawa
Davido - pop singer
Dekumzy - R&B da mawaƙin highlife
Dele Ojo - mawaƙin juju kuma mawaki
Dice Ailes - pop singer
Di'Ja - singer
DJ AB - rapper, mawaki kuma mai shirya rikodi
DJ Lambo - mawaki
Don Jazzy - mai yin rikodi kuma mai yin rikodin
D'Prince - Mawaƙin Afro-pop
Dr Sir Warrior - mawakin Igbo da mawaka
Dr. Alban - Mawaƙin Najeriya-Sweden mai yin rikodin kuma furodusa
Dr SID - pop singer
Duncan Mighty - reggae singer
Ebenezer Obey - mawakin jujú
Echezonachukwu Nduka - pianist kuma masanin kiɗa
Eddy Wata - Eurodance singer
Edris Abdulkareem
Ego Ogbaro
eLDee - rapper, mawaƙa, furodusa
Emeka Nwokedi – madugu da daraktan waka
Emma Nyra – mawaƙin R&B
Emmy Gee - rapper
Eva Alordiah - rapper da singer
Evi Edna Ogholi - Mawaƙin Reggae
Falz - mawaki, mawaki
Faze - mawaƙin R&B
Fela Kuti - afrobeat, mawaƙin jazz-marubuci kuma mawaki
Fela Sowande
Femi Kuti - afrobeat, mawaƙin jazz-marubuci kuma mawaki
Fireboy DML - mawaƙa
Flavor N'abania - highlife and hip hop mawaki
Frank Edwards - mawaƙin bishara
Genevieve Nnaji - pop singer
Helen Parker-Jayne Isibor - opera singer kuma mawaki
Harrysong - singer da songwriter
Haruna Ishola
Humblesmith - mawaƙa afroop
IK Dairo
Ice Prince - rapper
Idahams - Singer kuma marubucin waƙa
Iyanya - pop singer
Ikechukwu - Singer, rapper kuma actor
J. Martins - mawaƙi mai girma-mawaƙiya kuma mai tsara rikodin
Jamopyper - Mawaƙi
Jesse Jagz - rapper
Jasën Blu - Mawaƙin R&B-mawaƙiya kuma mai yin rikodin
Joeboy - singer
Joe El - singer
Johnny Drille - singer
Juiceslf - rapper
K1 De Ultimate - Mawakin Fuji
Kefee - Mawakin Bishara
King Wadada - Reggae singer
Kizz Daniel
Bello Bello
Lara George
Lil Kash
MI - rapper
M Trill - rapper
Made Kuti - mawaƙin afrobeat
Majek Fashek - mawaki-marubuci
Mayu 7 wata
[[May D mawaki-mawaƙiya
[[Mayorkun Mawaki-marubuci
Maud Meyer - jazz singer
Mercy Chinwo - Bishara Artiste
Mike Ejeagha - Highlife mawaki
Miraboi - mawaƙa-marubuci
Mo'Cheddah - mawakiyar hip hop
Yanayin 9 - rapper
Monica Ogah - pop singer-marubuci
Mr 2 Kayi
Mr Eazi - mawaki-marubuci
Mr Raw
Mr Real -gidan mawaki
Muma Gee - pop singer-songwriter
Muna - rapper
Naeto C
Naira Marley – mawaki kuma marubuci
Niniola - Afro-gidan artist
Niyola - rai da jazz singer
Nneka - mawakin hip hop da rai
Nonso Amadi
Nonso Bassey - Mawaƙi, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi
Nosa - bishara artist
Obongjayar - Singer
Obesere - mawaƙin fuji
Obiwon - R&B da mawaƙin bishara
Olamide - mawakin rapper kuma mawakin hip hop
Oliver De Coque
Omawumi - mawaƙin rai
Ummah Layi
Omotola Jalade Ekeinde – R&B da mawaƙin pop
Onyeka Onwenu - pop singer
Orezi - reggae singer
Yan'uwan Gabas
Oritse Femi
Orits Williki - Reggae singer
Orlando Julius
Osita Osadebe
Orlando Owoh
Muraina Oyelami]] - dùndún da Batá drummer
Patience Ozokwor - highlife singer
[[Patoranking - reggae da dancehall singer
[[Paul Play Dairo - R&B Singer
Pepenazi - rapper, mawakin hip hop kuma mai yin rikodin
Pericoma Okoye
Peter King
Phyno - rapper kuma mai shirya rikodin
Pheels - Singer kuma mai rikodin rikodin
Praiz - Mawaƙin R&B kuma marubuci
Prince Nico Mbarga
Ras Kimono - Reggae artist
Reekado Banks - mawakin hip hop
Rema - Afrobeats da Tarko
Tunawa - Rapper
Rex Lawson
Ric Hassani
Ruby Gyang]]
Ruger (Mawaki)
Ruggedman - rapper kuma mawakin hip hop
Runtown - mawaki kuma mawakin hip hop
Sade Adu
Safin De Coque - rapper kuma mawakin hip hop
Saheed Osupa - Mawakin Fuji
Salawa Abeni - Waka singer
Samsong - mawaƙin bishara
Sarz - Furodusa kuma mawaki
Sasha P - rapper da singer
Sean Tizzle - Afroop
Seun Kuti - afrobeat, mawaƙin Jazz-marubuci kuma mawaki
Seyi Shay - pop singer da songwriter
Slimcase (mawaƙa) - mai yin rikodi da mawaƙa
Shina Peters - juju singer
Sinach - mawaƙin bishara
Skales - rapper da singer
Shola Allynson - Mawaƙin Bishara
Small Doctor - afrobeat
Sonny Okosuns
Sauti Sultan
Stella Damasus - R&B da mawaƙin rai
Sunny Ade - jùjú singer
Tamara Jones - R&B mawaƙa-marubuci
Tekno Miles - Mawaƙin Afropop-mawaƙiya kuma furodusa
Tems - singer
Teni - mawaƙa kuma mawaki
Terry G
The Cavemen - highlife band
Timaya - reggae singer
Tiwa Savage - R&B da mawaƙin pop-mawaƙi
Timi Dakolo - mawaki kuma wanda ya lashe Idol West Africa
Toby Foyeh - guitarist
Tonto Dikeh - pop singer
Tony Allen
Tony Tetuila
Tonye Garrick - Mawaƙin R&B-Mawaƙiya
Tope Alabi - mawakin bishara
Tunde King
Tunde Nightingale
TY Bello - mawaƙin bishara
Victor Olaiya - mawaki
Victor Uwaifo
Vict0ny - mawaki
Waconzy - pop singer
Wasiu Alabi Pasuma - film actor and Fuji musician
Weird MC]]- rapper
William Onyeabor
Wizkid - pop singer
Wurld (mawaki) - Electro fusion
Yce - rapper
Yemi Alade - R&B da pop singer
Yinka Ayefele - mawaƙin bishara
Yinka Davies - jazz singer
Yung6ix - rapper
Yusuf Olatunji
Zlatan - singer
Zayn Africa - R&B da mawaƙin pop
Zoro African Rapper
Duba kuma
Music of Nigeria |
58452 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungbo%27s%20Eredo | Sungbo's Eredo | Eredo na Sungbo tsari ne na katanga da ramuka da ke kudu maso yammacin garin Yarbawa na Ijebu Ode a jihar Ogun,kudu maso yammacin Najeriya (
Jimlar tsawon katangar ya fi .Katangar sun ƙunshi rami mai santsi mai santsi da banka a gefen rami na ciki.Bambancin tsayi tsakanin kasan ramin da babban bakin bankin a gefen ciki na iya kaiwa . An gudanar da ayyuka a cikin laterite,ƙasar Afirka ta yau da kullun da ta ƙunshi yumbu da baƙin ƙarfe.Ramin ya haifar da zobe mara daidaituwa a kusa da yankin tsohuwar masarautar Ijebu,yanki mai nisan fadi a arewa-kudu,tare da bangon gefen bishiyoyi da sauran ciyayi,yana mai da ramin ya zama koren rami.
Tatsuniyoyi na dangin Ijebu na zamani sun danganta Eredo da wata hamshakin attajiri kuma gwauruwa mara haihuwa mai suna Bilikisu Sungbo.A cewarsu,an gina wannan abin tunawa ne a matsayin abin tunawa da ita.Ban da wannan,an yi imanin cewa kabari nata yana Oke-Eiri, wani gari a yankin musulmi da ke arewa da Eredo.Mahajjata na Kirista,Musulmi da kuma na gargajiya na Afirka a kowace shekara suna tafiya zuwa wannan wuri mai tsarki don girmama ta.
Wasu sun danganta Bilikisu Sungbo da tatsuniyar Sarauniyar Sheba,wani mutumi da aka ambata a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki da kuma Kur'ani. A cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci,an kwatanta ta da cewa ta aika da ayarin zinariya da hauren giwa da sauran kayayyaki daga mulkinta zuwa ga Sulemanu.A cikin Alkur’ani ita ‘yar kasar Habasha ce mai bautar rana da ke sana’ar turare da ta musulunta ;masu sharhi sun kara da cewa sunanta "Bilqis".
Bayan binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1999 an jiyo masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi Patrick Darling yana cewa, “Ba na so in wuce gona da iri kan ka’idar Sheba,amma ba za a iya rage ta ba. . . . Mutanen yankin sun yarda da hakan kuma shine abin da ke da mahimmanci . . . Mafi yawan gardama akansa a halin yanzu shine soyayya."
Ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi na Eredo na Sungbo yana nuna kasancewar babban siyasa a yankin kafin buɗe kasuwancin Trans-Atlantic .
Eredo ya yi amfani da manufar tsaro a lokacin da aka gina shi a shekara ta 800-1000 AD,lokacin da ake fama da rikicin siyasa da hadin kai a dajin kudancin Najeriya.Mai yiyuwa ne a samu kwarin gwiwa daga irin wannan tsari da ya kai ga gina irin wannan katanga da ramuka a duk fadin yammacin Najeriya, ciki har da aikin kasa a kewayen Ifẹ̀,Ilesa,da Benin Iya, mai jerin abubuwan da aka haɗa amma daban-daban na ƙasa a cikin yankin masu magana da Edo makwabta.An yi imanin cewa Eredo wata hanya ce ta haɗa yankin al'ummomi daban-daban zuwa masarauta ɗaya.Da alama masu ginin waɗannan katangar sun yi ƙoƙari su isa ruwa na ƙasa ko yumbu don ƙirƙirar ƙasa mai fadama don ramin.Idan ana iya samun wannan a cikin zurfin zurfi,masu ginin sun tsaya, ko da a zurfin mita 1 kawai. A wasu wurare an sanya ƙanana, gunki gunki a ƙasan ramin.
Zamanin zamani
Girma mai ban sha'awa da hadadden ginin Eredo ya ja hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya a cikin Satumba 1999 lokacin da Dr Patrick Darling,masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi na Burtaniya sannan tare da Jami'ar Bournemouth, ya binciki wurin kuma ya fara tallata kokarinsa na kiyaye Eredo tare da kawo wurin shahara.A baya can,Eredo ba a san shi ba a wajen ƙananan mazauna yankin da ƙwararrun masana tarihin Yarbawa.Shekaru arba'in sun wuce tsakanin littafin Farfesa Peter Lloyd na nazarinsa akan shafin da na Darling, amma duk da haka ya zama dole a sake yin cikakken nazari kan abubuwan da suka faru a yammacin Afirka.A cikin 2017,masanin fasaha Olufeko ya jagoranci ƙungiyar masu zaman kansu a cikin shingen da ke dawo da wurin da labarinsa cikin tattaunawar zamantakewa. |
43272 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s%20degree | Master's degree | Digiri na biyu (daga Latin magister) digiri ne na karatun digiri na biyu da jami'o'i ko kwalejoji ke bayarwa bayan kammala karatun da ke nuna gwaninta ko bayyani na musamman na takamaiman fannin karatu ko fannin aikin ƙwararru. Digiri na biyu na buƙatar karatun baya a matakin digiri, ko dai a matsayin digiri na daban ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na kwas ɗin da aka haɗa. A cikin yankin da aka yi nazari, ana sa ran masu digiri na biyu su mallaki ƙwararrun ƙwararrun jigo na ƙa'idodi da batutuwan da aka yi amfani da su; babban tsari a cikin bincike, ƙima mai mahimmanci, ko aikace-aikacen ƙwararru; da ikon magance matsaloli masu rikitarwa da tunani mai tsauri da kuma kai tsaye.
Ci Gaban Tarihi
Zamanin tsakiya zuwa karni na 18
Digiri na biyu ya samo asali ne tun daga asalin jami'o'in Turai, inda wani Paparoma mai lamba 1233 ya ba da umarnin cewa duk wanda ya samu digiri na biyu a jami'ar Toulouse ya kamata a ba shi damar koyarwa kyauta a kowace jami'a. Asalin ma’anar digiri na biyu shi ne, wanda aka ba shi daraja (digiri) na digiri (wato malami) a wata jami’a sai a ba shi matsayi iri daya a wasu jami’o’in. Wannan a hankali ya zama na asali azaman licentia docendi (lasisi na koyarwa). Da farko dai, ba a bambanta masters da likitoci ba, amma a karni na 15 ya zama al'ada a cikin jami'o'in Ingilishi a rika kiran malamai masu karamin karfi (arts and grammar) a matsayin masters da kuma wadanda ke manyan jami'o'i a matsayin likitoci. Da farko, an ba da Bachelor of Arts (BA) don nazarin abubuwan da ba su da mahimmanci da kuma Jagoran Arts (MA) don nazarin quadrivium.
Tun daga ƙarshen Tsakiyar Tsakiya har zuwa karni na 19, tsarin karatun shine don haka samun digiri na farko da na biyu a cikin ƙananan jami'o'i da samun digiri na farko da digiri na uku a manyan jami'o'i. A Amurka, an ba da digiri na farko na digiri (Magister Artium, ko Master of Arts) a Jami'ar Harvard jim kadan bayan kafuwarta. A Scotland, jami'o'in farko na gyarawa (St Andrews, Glasgow, da Aberdeen) sun haɓaka ta yadda Scotland MA ta zama digiri na farko, yayin da a Oxford, Cambridge da Trinity College, Dublin, MA an ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka kammala digiri na BA na wani matsayi. ba tare da ƙarin jarrabawa ba daga ƙarshen karni na 17, babban manufarsa ita ce ba da cikakken membobin jami'a. A Harvard ka'idojin 1700 sun buƙaci 'yan takarar digiri na biyu su ci jarrabawar jama'a, amma ta 1835 an ba da wannan nau'in Oxbridge shekaru uku bayan BA.
Karni na shatara
Ƙarni na 19th ya ga babban haɓaka a cikin nau'ikan digiri na masters da aka bayar. A farkon karni, digiri na biyu kawai shine MA, kuma ana ba da wannan kyauta ba tare da ƙarin karatu ko jarrabawa ba. Jami'ar Glasgow ta gabatar da Jagora a cikin Digiri na tiyata a cikin 1815.. A shekara ta 1861 an karɓi wannan a ko'ina cikin Scotland da Cambridge da Durham a Ingila da Jami'ar Dublin a Ireland. Lokacin da aka kafa Kwalejin Likitoci ta Philadelphia a 1870, ita ma ta ba da Jagoran tiyata, “mai kama da na Turai”.
A cikin Scotland, Edinburgh ya kiyaye digiri na BA da MA daban har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, ko da yake akwai manyan shakku game da ingancin digirin Scotland na wannan lokacin. A cikin 1832 Lord Brougham, Lord Chancellor kuma tsohon dalibi na Jami'ar Edinburgh, ya gaya wa House of Lords cewa "A Ingila Jami'o'in sun ba da digiri bayan wani lokaci mai tsawo, bayan an yi aiki mai yawa, kuma idan ba a kowane bangare ba. Yana da tsauri kamar yadda dokokin Jami'o'i ke buƙata, duk da haka ba za a iya cewa, an ƙirƙiri Masters of Arts a Oxford da Cambridge kamar yadda suke a Scotland, ba tare da wani wurin zama ba, ko kuma ba tare da wani irin jarrabawa ba.A Scotland, duk dokokin daga cikin Jami'o'in da suka tilasta sharuddan bayar da digiri sun kasance matattun haruffa.".
Sai a 1837 aka sake gabatar da jarabawar daban-daban don MA a Ingila, a sabuwar jami'ar Durham da aka kafa (ko da yake, kamar yadda a cikin tsoffin jami'o'in Ingilishi, wannan shine don ba da cikakken memba), don bi shi a cikin 1840 ta sabon makamancin haka. Jami'ar London, wanda kawai aka ba da izini ta tsarinta don ba da digiri ta hanyar jarrabawa. Koyaya, a tsakiyar karni MA a matsayin digiri na biyu da aka bincika ya sake fuskantar barazana, tare da Durham yana motsawa don ba da ita ta atomatik ga waɗanda suka sami karramawa a cikin BA a 1857, tare da layin Oxbridge MA, da Edinburgh suna bin sauran jami'o'in Scotland wajen ba da MA a matsayin digiri na farko, a madadin BA, daga 1858. A lokaci guda kuma, an kafa sababbin jami'o'i a kusa da daular Burtaniya ta lokacin tare da layin London, ciki har da jarrabawar MA: Jami'ar Sydney a Australia da Jami'ar Sarauniya ta Ireland a 1850, da Jami'o'in Bombay (yanzu da Jami'ar Mumbai), Madras da Calcutta a Indiya a 1857.
A cikin Amurka, farfaɗowar digiri na biyu kamar yadda aka gwada cancantar ya fara ne a cikin 1856 a Jami'ar North Carolina, sannan Jami'ar Michigan a 1859, ko da yake ra'ayin digiri na biyu a matsayin digiri na biyu bai yi kyau ba. wanda aka kafa har zuwa 1870s, tare da PhD a matsayin digiri na ƙarshe. Wani lokaci yana yiwuwa a sami MA ko dai ta hanyar jarrabawa ko kuma ta hanyar girma a cikin wannan ma'aikata; alal misali, a Michigan an gabatar da "in course" MA a 1848 kuma an ba da shi a ƙarshe a 1882, yayin da aka gabatar da "kan jarrabawa" MA a 1859.
Wataƙila mafi mahimmancin digiri na biyu da aka gabatar a ƙarni na 19 shine Jagoran Kimiyya (MS a Amurka, MSc a Burtaniya). A Jami'ar Michigan an gabatar da wannan a cikin nau'i biyu a cikin 1858: "a cikin shakka", an fara ba da kyauta a 1859, da kuma "a kan jarrabawa", da farko da aka bayar a 1862. An ba da "a cikin shakka" MS a ƙarshe a 1876. A Biritaniya kuwa, digirin ya ɗauki ɗan lokaci kafin ya isa. Lokacin da London ta gabatar da Faculty of Sciences a cikin 1858, an ba Jami'ar sabuwar yarjejeniya da ke ba ta iko "don ba da Digiri da yawa na Bachelor, Master, da Doctor, a Arts, Laws, Science, Medicine, Music", amma digirin da aka ba shi a fannin kimiyya su ne digiri na farko da kuma likitan kimiyya. Digiri guda biyu iri ɗaya, sun sake tsallake masters, an ba su a Edinburgh, duk da MA kasancewar matakin digiri na farko na Arts a Scotland. A cikin 1862, Hukumar Sarauta ta ba da shawarar cewa Durham ya kamata ya ba da digiri na biyu a cikin ilimin tauhidi da kimiyya (tare da taƙaitaccen ra'ayi na MT da MS, sabanin aikin Biritaniya daga baya na amfani da MTh ko MTheol da MSc don waɗannan digiri), amma shawarwarinsa sun kasance. ba a kafa ba. A cikin 1877, Oxford ya gabatar da Jagoran Kimiyyar Halitta, tare da Bachelor of Natural Science, don tsayawa tare da digiri na MA da BA kuma a ba shi kyauta ga daliban da suka sami digiri a makarantar girmamawa na kimiyyar halitta. A cikin 1879 an ƙaddamar da wata doka don kafa sashen Kimiyyar Halitta a Oxford, amma a cikin 1880 an ƙi ba da shawara don sake sunan digiri a matsayin Jagoran Kimiyya tare da shawara don baiwa Masters of Natural Sciences Master of Arts. digiri, domin su zama cikakken membobin jami’a. Wannan makircin zai zama kamar an watsar da shi a hankali, tare da Oxford ya ci gaba da ba da BAs da MAs a kimiyya.
A ƙarshe an gabatar da Digiri na Master of Science (MSc) a Biritaniya a cikin 1878 a Durham, sannan sabuwar Jami'ar Victoria a 1881. A Jami'ar Victoria duka MA da MSc sun bi jagorancin Durham's MA wajen buƙatar ƙarin jarrabawa ga waɗanda ke da digiri na farko amma ba ga masu daraja ba.
Karni na ashirin
A farkon karni na 20, saboda haka, akwai nau'o'in digiri na biyu daban-daban a Burtaniya: MA na Scotland, wanda aka ba shi a matsayin digiri na farko; Master of Arts (Oxbridge da Dublin), da aka bai wa duk masu digiri na BA wani ɗan lokaci bayan digiri na farko ba tare da ƙarin karatu ba; digiri na biyu da za a iya samu ta hanyar kara karatu ko kuma ta hanyar samun digiri na girmamawa (wanda a lokacin a Burtaniya ya shafi kara karatu fiye da digiri na yau da kullun, kamar yadda har yanzu a Scotland da wasu kasashen Commonwealth); da kuma digiri na biyu wanda za a iya samu ta hanyar ƙarin karatu (ciki har da duk digiri na biyu na London). A cikin 1903, Jaridar London Daily News ta soki al'adar Oxford da Cambridge, suna kiran MAs su "mafi girman zamba na ilimi" da "digiri na bogus". Wasikun da suka biyo baya sun nuna cewa "A Scotch MA, a mafi yawan, daidai yake da B.A na Ingilishi." ya kuma yi kira da a samar da ka'idojin gama-gari na digiri, yayin da masu kare tsoffin jami'o'in suka ce "Cambridge M.A. ba ya yin kamar ladan koyo ne" don haka "abin banza ne a kwatanta daya daga cikin digirin nasu a matsayin na bogi domin sauran na zamani. Jami'o'i suna ba da digiri iri ɗaya saboda dalilai daban-daban ".
A cikin 1900, Kwalejin Dartmouth ta gabatar da Master of Commercial Science (MCS), wanda aka fara bayar da shi a cikin 1902. Wannan shi ne digiri na farko na digiri a fannin kasuwanci, wanda ya jagoranci MBA na zamani. Tunanin da sauri ya ketare Tekun Atlantika, tare da Manchester ta kafa Faculty of Commerce, tana ba da digiri na Bachelor da Master of Commerce, a cikin 1903. A cikin rabin farkon karni na atomatik digiri na masters ga masu digiri na girmamawa sun ɓace yayin da digiri na girmamawa ya zama daidaitattun cancantar digiri a Burtaniya. A cikin 1960s, sababbin jami'o'in Scotland (sai dai Dundee, wanda ya gaji digiri na farko na MA daga St Andrews) sun sake dawo da BA a matsayin digiri na farko a Arts, suna maido da MA zuwa matsayinsa na digiri na biyu. Oxford da Cambridge sun riƙe MAs ɗinsu, amma sun canza sunan da yawa daga cikin digirin farko na digiri a manyan jami'o'i a matsayin digiri na biyu, misali. Cambridge LLB ya zama LLM a cikin 1982, da Oxford BLitt, BPhil (sai dai a falsafa) kuma BSc ya zama MLitt, MPhil da MSc.
A cikin 1983, Majalisar Injiniya ta ba da "'Sanarwa game da haɓakawa da tsawaita kwasa-kwasan karatun digiri na digiri", yana ba da shawarar kafa digiri na farko na shekaru huɗu (Master of Engineering). Waɗannan sun tashi kuma suna gudana a tsakiyar 1980s kuma MPhys na ƙwararrun masana kimiyya sun bi su a farkon 1990s kuma tun daga nan sun haɗu da digiri na biyu a wasu ilimin kimiyya kamar MChem, MMath, da MGeol, kuma a wasu cibiyoyi na gaba ɗaya ko takamaiman MSci (Master in Kimiyya) da digiri na MArts (Master in Arts). Rahoton Dearing a UK Higher Education ya lura da wannan ci gaban a cikin 1997, wanda ya yi kira da a kafa tsarin cancantar ƙasa da kuma gano hanyoyi daban-daban guda biyar zuwa digiri na biyu:
Shekaru hudu (biyar a Scotland) digiri na farko kamar MEng
Digiri na jujjuyawa, wani lokacin ƙasa da ma'aunin digiri na farko a cikin darasi ɗaya
Digiri na fasaha na girmamawa na tsoffin jami'o'in Scotland
ƙwararrun shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu, kamar MA da MSc
Oxbridge MA, wanda aka bayar ba tare da ƙarin aiki ba
Hakan ya kai ga kafa hukumar tabbatar da inganci, wadda aka dorawa nauyin zana tsarin.
Karni na ashirin
A cikin 2000 an sabunta matsin lamba akan Oxbridge MAs a Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya, tare da dan majalisar Labour Jackie Lawrence ya gabatar da wani kuduri na ranar farko yana kiran a soke su tare da gaya wa Times Higher Education cewa "aiki ne na nuna wariya" kuma yana "rauta kuma yana lalata kokarin dalibai a sauran jami’o’i”. A wata mai zuwa hukumar tabbatar da ingancin ta sanar da sakamakon wani bincike na manyan ma'aikata 150 da ke nuna kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na kuskuren tunanin Cambridge MA ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu kuma sama da rabin sun yi kuskure iri ɗaya game da Edinburgh MA, tare da babban jami'in QAA John Randall ya kira. Oxbridge MA "masu yaudara da rashin fahimta".
QAA ta fitar da "tsarin don cancantar ilimi mafi girma a Ingila, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa" a cikin Janairu 2001. Wannan ƙayyadaddun sakamakon koyo don digiri na M-level (master's) kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa "Master" ya kamata a yi amfani da shi kawai don cancantar cancantar da cika waɗannan sakamakon koyo gaba ɗaya. Ya magance yawancin abubuwan da ke damun Rahoton Dearing, yana ƙayyadad da cewa guntun darussa a matakin H (girmama), misali. kwasa-kwasan juyi, ya kamata a tsara Diploma Difloma ko Graduate Certificate maimakon a matsayin digiri na biyu, amma ya tabbatar da cewa tsawaita karatun digiri na biyu digiri ne na biyu, yana mai cewa “An ba da wasu digiri na Masters a kimiyya da injiniyanci bayan tsawaita shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na ƙarshe, yawanci, a shekara fiye da shirye-shiryen digiri na girmamawa". Har ila yau, ya yi magana game da batun Oxbridge MA, tare da lura da cewa "MAs da Jami'o'in Oxford da Cambridge suka bayar ba cancantar ilimi ba ne". Na farko "tsarin don cancantar Makarantun Ilimi mafi girma a Scotland", wanda kuma aka buga a cikin Janairu 2001, ya yi amfani da ma'anar cancanta iri ɗaya, yana ƙara a cikin ƙimar kiredit waɗanda ke ƙayyadaddun cewa babban malamin ya kamata ya zama ƙididdigewa 180 da kuma "Masters (bayan haɗaɗɗen haɗakarwa). shirin daga karatun digiri na biyu zuwa karatun matakin Masters)" yakamata ya zama kiredit 600 tare da mafi ƙarancin 120 a matakin M. An kayyade cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da lakabin "Master" kawai don cancantar cancantar da suka dace da sakamakon koyo da ma'anar bashi, kodayake an lura cewa "Ƙananan adadin jami'o'i a Scotland suna da dogon al'ada na lakabin wasu digiri na farko a matsayin 'MA'. Rahotanni na sake dubawa na Hukumar na irin wannan tanadi zai shafi ma'auni na digiri na farko kuma zai bayyana a fili cewa taken yana nuna al'ada da al'ada na Scotland, kuma ba za a dauki duk wani hukunci mai kyau game da ma'auni ba a matsayin ma'anar cewa sakamakon shirin ya kasance a matakin digiri na biyu. "
Sanarwar Bologna a cikin 1999 ta fara Tsarin Bologna, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Yankin Ilimin Ilimin Turai (EHEA). Wannan ya kafa digiri na uku-master's-digiri na digiri na digiri, wanda ke haifar da karɓar digiri na masters a duk faɗin Nahiyar, sau da yawa maye gurbin tsofaffin cancantar zagayowar lokaci kamar Magister (arts), Diplom (kimiyya) da rajista na jiha (masana'antu). ) kyaututtuka a Jamus. Yayin da tsarin ya ci gaba, an gabatar da masu siffantawa ga duk matakan uku a cikin 2004, kuma an ɓullo da jagororin bashi na ECTS. Wannan ya haifar da tambayoyi game da matsayin haɗin gwiwar digiri na biyu da digiri na biyu na shekara guda a Burtaniya. Koyaya, Tsarin Tsarin Karatun Ilimi mafi girma a Ingila, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa da Tsarin cancantar Makarantun Ilimi mafi girma a Scotland duk sun daidaita tare da babban tsarin EHEA tare da karɓar waɗannan a matsayin cancantar matakin masters. |
39810 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Esan | Harshen Esan | Esan babban yaren Edoid ne na Najeriya. Ana kuma yin ƙamus da rubutun nahawu na yaren Esan. Akwai yaruka da yawa, da suka haɗa da Ogwa, Ẹkpoma Ebhossa, (Ewossa) Ewohimi, Ewu, Ewatto, Ebelle, Igueben, Irrua, Ohordua, Uromi, Uzea, Ubiaja da kuma Ugboha.
Jerin yarukan Esan kamar yadda Osiruemu ya rarraba su a :
Mutanen Uromi, Irrua da Ewu suna magana da yaren Esan kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da mutanen Uzea, duk da cewa akwai takaddun da ke nuna cewa mutanen Uromi da mutanen Uzea suna da zuriya ɗaya. Irin waɗannan bambance-bambancen harshe da harafin kalmomi sun zama ruwan dare a cikin harshen Esan. Yawancin tarurrukan Majalisar Sarakunan Esan na shekara-shekara ana gudanar da su cikin Ingilishi saboda wannan dalili. Koyaya, an kwatanta harshen Esan a matsayin mai mahimmanci na yanki. Ana koyar da shi a makarantu a ko'ina cikin Esanland, kuma rediyo da talabijin na harshen Esan sun yaɗu.
Sunaye gama gari
Binciken harshe ya nuna kalmar ' gbe ' don samun mafi girman adadin amfani a cikin Esan, tare da har zuwa 76 ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ƙamus na al'ada. Sunaye da suka fara da na raɓa fanni Ọs; Ehi, Ehiz ko Ehis; da Okoh (na namiji), Okhuo (na mace) sun fi kowa a Esan: Ehizefe, Ehizọkhae, Ehizojie, Ẹhinomɛn, Ehimanre, Ehizelele, Ɛhimyen, Ehikhayimɛntor, Ehikhayimɛnle, Ehijantor, Ehicheoya, Emiator da sauransu; Magana, Magana, da sauransu; Okosun, Okojie, Okodugha, Okoemu, Okouromi,Okoukoni, Okougbo, Okoepkẹn, Okoror, Okouruwa, Oriaifo etc. Ga kowane Oko-, 'Ọm-' za a iya ƙara ƙarar sunan don isa ga sigar mace misali Ọmosun, Ọmuromi, da sauransu.
Esan yana amfani da haruffa da yawa, Romanized Esan shine mafi yawan amfani da jimlar adadin haruffa 25:
a, b, d, e, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, z.
Digraph ɗin ya ƙunshi saiti 10 na haruffa biyu:
bh, gb, gh, kh, kp, kw (ba a cika amfani da shi ba), mh, nw, ny, sh.
Duk sunayen Esan suna farawa da haruffan wasali (watau a, e, , i, o, ọ, u ): aru, eko, ebho, itohan, oze, òrhia, uze, da sauransu. Saboda tasirin harsunan maƙwabta da harsunan yamma, musamman Turanci, akwai ɗabi'a a tsakanin Esan na furta yawancin sunaye waɗanda ba na Esan ba suna farawa da harafin baƙaƙe. Idan akwai irin wannan a cikin iyakar rubutaccen Esan, ana iya amfani da ɓata kafin harafin farko na farko don Esanize da sauƙaƙa furucin. A cikin magana duk da haka ana kiran irin wannan ridda kamar 'i' /i:/: 'bazaar,' Yunusa, 'aiki,' zoo, da sauransu.
Kowane sunan Esan yana ƙarewa da ko dai cikin harafin wasali (misali ato, Ẹkpoma, uri, oya ) ko harafin da ke da alaƙa da wasali 'n': agbọn, eran, ën, itọn, ilin, da sauransu. Banda wannan ka'ida shine rubuta sunayen sunaye masu kyau inda sunan zai iya ƙare a harafin 'r' koyaushe bayan harafin 'ọ' don sanya shi zama kamar 'ko' a cikin Ingilishi da kuma amfani da harafin 'h' bayan harafi. 'o' don sanya shi sauti kamar 'oh' a Turanci: Isibor, Oko'ror, Okoh, Okoọboh, da dai sauransu.
A cikin sunaye, bin harafin wasali na farko koyaushe shine harafin baƙo na biyu: a h oho, a v an, i l o, u d ia. Domin bayyana jinsin mata, harafin baƙaƙe na biyu mai bin harafin wasali ya ninka sau biyu: a hh ihi (=mace ant), ọ ss họ (=abokiyar mace), ọ rr hia (=mace mace), da sauransu. Wannan salon jin daɗin jinsi ya fi fahimtar masu magana da Faransanci, waɗanda yawanci sukan bambanta jinsi - namiji, mace, tsaka tsaki. Banda wannan doka yana da alaƙa da wasu sunaye waɗanda suka ƙunshi haruffan wasali kawai misali 'oè' (ƙafa, jam'i 'ae'), 'oo' (uwa), 'uu' (mutuwa), da sauransu.
Jama'a a cikin Esan nau'i ne guda biyu, na farkon su yana da alaƙa da sunaye waɗanda ke da nau'ikan jam'i na asali, wanda a halin yanzu ana maye gurbin harafin farko da wani harafi:
ọmọ (baby), samun (babie); ọmọle (man, male), hotonle (men, males); okpea (man), ikpea (maza); okhuo (mace, mace), ikhuo (mata, mata); ọshọ, amuọe (aboki), ishọ, imuọe (abokai); obhio (dangi), ibhio (dangantaka); obhokhan (yaro), ibhokhan (yara); oghian (maƙiyi), ighian (maƙiyi); usẹnbhokhan (boy), i'inbhokhan (boys); ɔmamheen, ọmọhin (girl), imamheen, samuhin (girls); ọwanlẹn (dattijo, babba), iwanlẹn (dattijai, manya); orhia (mutum), erhia (mutane); bo (likita), ebo (likitoci); Ebo (dan Turanci), Ibo ('yan Turanci); obo (hannu), abu (hannu); oè (kafa), ae (kafa); amfani (ƙusa), ise (ƙusoshi); udo (dutse), ido (dutse)
Na biyu kuma dole ne ya yi, ba tare da na sama waɗanda suke da nau'i na jam'i na asali ba, amma tare da sauran sunaye masu yawa waɗanda ba su da. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da suffix (kamar yadda ake amfani da 's' a Turanci) ta hanyar ƙara shi zuwa sunan da ake magana a kai, amma ba tare da an canza furci ba. Misali:
uwaebe (makarantar), uwaebeh (makarantu); eran (sanda), eranh (sanduna); emhin (wani abu), emhinh (wasu abubuwa)
Karin magana
Duk kalmomin Esan suna da nau'ikan jam'i daban-daban da na guda ɗaya, amma duka batutuwa da shari'o'in abu ba su bambanta ba (dukkan batutuwa da batutuwa iri ɗaya ne):
‘Aah’ can only be used as subject. (‘otuan’ and ‘ukpọle’ can be used in both ways: Otuan ọkpa ni ele dia; Dati ituan eva re. Ukpọle ọkpa ribhọ. Jia ikpọle ea re.)
Such as ancestors
‘otuan’ (pl. ituan) ana amfani da ita ga ƴan Adam, ‘ukpọle’ (pl. ikpọle) ana amfani da ita ga halittar da ba ɗan Adam ba da Aah’ ya dogara a kan abinda ya ƙunsa.
Umarnin hukunci
Amfani da Esan yana buɗewa zuwa umarni ko tsari guda uku: (subject–verb–object (SVO), object–subject–verb (OSV), da object–verb–subject (OVS)) don bayyana kansu Okoh 'h gbi ele ( SVO). Okoh imen ddaghe (OSV). Ena ye imin (OVS). SVO ya fi kowa kuma mafi yawan aiki. An taƙaita amfani da OVS zuwa ƙayyadadden adadin gine-gine na nahawu.
Duk kalmomin Esan suna farawa da haruffan baƙaƙe kuma suna ƙarewa cikin ko dai harafin wasali ko harafin da ke da alaƙa da wasalin 'n': bi, d'e, fan, hɛn, lolo, da sauransu. A cikin bayyana abin da ya gabata, ninka harafin farko na fi'ili yana faruwa kamar yadda 'bi' ya canza zuwa 'bbi' kuma 'hn' ya zama 'hhen'. Har ila yau, fi'ili na iya farawa da diphthong: khian, gbe, bhanbhan. Samuwar abin da ya gabata a wannan yanayin bai bambanta ba: kkhian, ggbe, da dai sauransu. Wasu yare na Esan kamar su Uzea suna amfani da 'ah' (ko 'h) don nuna halin yanzu (kamar a cikin "Zai koma gida." ). Ko da yake wannan ba ya nan a yawancin yarukan Esan, ana amfani da shi kuma a sanya shi a gaban babban fi'ili lokacin rubuta: Ele 'h khooa = Suna wanka.
Siffar Esan, kamar yadda sifa ta Ingilishi ke yi, tana canza suna ko karin magana. Wato yana ba da ƙarin bayani game da suna ko karin magana da kuma sanya ma'anarsa keɓancewa. Yana iya bayyana kafin ko bayan suna. Bambanci kawai tsakanin Esan da kalmomin Ingilishi shine kamar Jafananci, wasu sifofin Esan suna kama da fi'ili a cikin abin da suke nunawa don nuna lokaci: Ele mhenmhin. = Suna da kyau. // Ele mmhenmhin. = Sun kasance masu kyau. Ninki biyu na farkon harafin sifa 'mhhenmhin (mai kyau)' kamar fi'ili, yana nuna wannan batu a fili. Siffofin Esan suna da nau'ikan Esan ne daban-daban: 'kalmar sifa' da 'siffar siffa' phrasal'.
Kalmar sifa.
Siffar kalma sifa ce da ta ƙunshi kalma ɗaya: esi, khọlọ, hu, jian, da sauransu. Wannan nau'i na sifa ya kasu kashi biyar: pre-noun adjective, post-noun adjective, numeral adjective, nounal adjective, da ƙuntataccen sifa. Siffar suna kafin sunan suna bayyana ne kawai kafin sunan da yake gyaggyarawa, yana ba da bayani game da girman sunan da/ko yawanta, kuma suna farawa da harafin wasali: ukpomin, ekitui, udede, ikwkwwi, da sauransu. Waɗannan sifofin ba su ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar tenses kuma ba sa ɗaukar ma'anar 'mhin'. Bayanin bayan suna yana zuwa nan da nan bayan sunan da yake canzawa: khọlọ, khoriọn, fuọ, ba, to, han, lẹnlẹn, bhihi, hu, khisin, khere, re(le) (far), re (zurfi), re ( girma), sake (hallartar da kyau), bue, tan, da sauransu. Waɗannan sifofin suna ƙarƙashin ka'idar lokaci don amfani da su don yin la'akari da lokaci (misali "Okoh ku kkhhorion." = "Okoh mummuna ce." ).
Sai dai sifa 'khoriọn', duk sauran ana iya amfani da su tare da karimin 'mhin', kuma ('ebe' da 'esi' waɗanda kuma ake kiran su da suna adjectives) duk suna farawa da haruffan baƙaƙe. Siffar lamba ita ce wacce za a iya amfani da ita don amsa irin wannan tambaya kamar “nawa?”: òkpa, eva, ea, igbe, da sauransu. Domin su ma sunaye ne, duk suna farawa da haruffan wasali. Ba sa bin ƙa'idar tenses kuma ba za a iya amfani da su tare da kari 'mhin' ba. Siffar suna ko suna shine wanda ke zuwa gaban suna kuma ana iya sarrafa shi cikin sauƙi ya zama suna a cikin amfani: esi, ebe. Ba za a iya amfani da shi tare da 'mhin' ba kuma ba sa bin doka mai tsanani. Ƙuntataccen sifa ita ce wadda kawai za a iya amfani da ita da takamaiman suna misali 'bhibhi' a cikin 'ewew bhibhi' (washe gari).
Wasu sifofin da za a iya sanya su a ƙarƙashin kalmar sifa su ne sifofin da suka samo asali daga ninka kalmar sifa: fanon-fanon (unkempt; untidy), rughu-rugu ko ragha-ragha (rashin tsari), sankan-sankan (laka da m). ), yagha-yagha (rashin lafiya), kpadi-kpadi (m ko ma), ose-ose (kyakkyawa). Hakanan ana iya amfani da wannan tsarin kamar haka: fanon/2, yagha/2, kpadi/2, sankan/2, ose/2, da sauransu.
Siffar phrasal.
Siffar jimla ita ce wacce ta ƙunshi kalma fiye da ɗaya; an yi shi da magana. Sau da yawa fiye da haka, jimlar sifa takan ƙunshi ko dai suna + fi'ili ko sifa+preposition+noun wanda ke haɗuwa don aiwatar da aikin sifa. Wasu misalan gama-gari su ne: rui elo (makafi), yi ehọ (kurma, mai tawaye), di ọmalẹn (tsohuwa, tsofaffi), di iton a (mutuwa), bhon ose (kyakkyawa), fi ahiẹ a (serene), fua amɛn ( haske-complexioned), ba bhi egbe (mai zafi), mhen bhi egbe (jiki-friendly), mhen bhi unu (mai dadi), mhen bhi elo (kyakkyawa ko ba m ga gani), mhen bhi ihue (ba m ga hanci), mhen bhi ehọ (ba mai cutar da kunne ba), khọ bhi unu (marasa jin daɗi; m), khọ bhi egbe (mara iya jurewa), da sauransu.
A ƙasa akwai wasu sifofin Esan da ma'anarsu (da waɗanda za a iya amfani da su tare da suffix 'mhin' an nuna su. Ƙaddamar da kari na 'mhin' zuwa kalma yana juya shi daga sifa zuwa suna kamar yadda ma'anar 'ness' a Turanci ke yi. ) Ukpomin (kadan), ekitui (da yawa; da yawa), udede (babban), ikwkwwi (kanin; maras muhimmanci), khisin-mhin (kanana; diminutive), khere-mhin (kanana; kadan), hu-mhin (babban; kumfa). ), khuẹlẹ-mhin (slim), re-mhin (na nisa; zurfi; halarta sosai; girma), dia-mhin (daidai; dace), bhala-mhin (haske-haske), bhia-mhin (babba, fili), rieriẹ-mhin (smooth), rẹrẹ-mhin (restless), kpoloa (smooth), gọ-mhin (crooked) kpono-mhin (slippery), kwon (slippery; slimy), to-mhin (irritating), kpọ-mhin (ya yadu), khia-mhin (mai tsarki, adali), fu-mhin (mai zaman lafiya), bhiẹlẹ-mhin (lazy), fa-mhin (datti, mai tsabta), l-mhin (karanci), tua-mhin (mai sauri). ), zaza-mhin (mai gwaninta), sun-mhin (slimy), kholo (spherical), hian-mhin (mai tasiri; giya), nwun-mhin ko mun-mhin (kaifi; barasa), khọlọ-mhin (mummuna; mai raɗaɗi). ), sẹ-ẹ (talakawa), nọghọ-mhin (mawuyaci), kpataki (ainihin), lo-mhin (marasa tsada; zurfi), khua-mhin (nauyi; zafi), finɔ-mhin (itching), luẹn (ripe), khekhea (mai tsami), riala-mhin (daci), fua-mhin (fari), bhihi-mhin ( baki; duhu-rikici), kkenkẹn-mhin (multicoloured), konkọn (fat), kaka-mhin (hard; serious), toto-mhin (mai tsanani; taut), ghan-mhin (mai tsada), ghantoa (costly), wualan-mhin (hikima), sõno-mhin (m), lẽkhá-mhin (laushi), khere-khere (laka), gban-a (fadi), tan-mhin (tsawo; m), guẹguẹ (ingratiating), mhen-mhin ( mai kyau), lẹnlẹn-mhin (mai dadi), zeze-mhin (ƙarfi), wo-mhin (mai ƙarfi; balagagge), bie (dafasa ko aikata), fe-mhin (mai arziki); fanon-fanon (unkempt; mara kyau), rughu-rugu ko ragha-ragha (raguwa), sankan-sankan (laka da rough), yagha-yagha (untidy); rui elo (makafi), yi ehọ (kurma, tawaye), di ƙasan (tsohuwa, tsohuwa), di iton a (makawu), bhon ose (kyakkyawa), fi ahiẹ a (serene), fua amen (haske-haske), ba bhi egbe (mai zafi), mhen bhi egbe (abota jiki), mhen bhi unu (mai dadi), mhen bhi elo (kyakkyawa ko rashin jin dadi ga gani), mhen bhi ihue (ba mai cutar da hanci), mhen bhi ehọ ( ba mai cutar da kunne ba), khọ bhi unu (marasa jin daɗi; m), khọ bhi egbe (mara iya jurewa), da sauransu.
Masu tantancewa
'ọni' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'da' (kamar yadda mufuradi) a Turanci: ọni emhin = abu
'eni' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'the' (kamar jam'i) a Turanci: eni emhinh = abubuwan
'ni' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'that' a Turanci: emhin ni ko oni emhin ni
'na' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'wannan' a Turanci: emhin na or òni emhin na
A cikin jimlolin da ke ƙasa, masu tantancewa suna cikin baƙar fata:
‘ukpi’ (pl. ‘ikpi’) in Esan is equivalent to the indefinite article ‘a’/‘an’ in English:
ukpi ẹmhin = abu
ikpi emhinh = ... abubuwa
'ọsoso' (pl. 'esoso') a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'kowa' a Turanci:
emhin soso = kowane abu
emhinh esoso wani abu
'eso' /ayso/ a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'wasu' a Turanci:
emhinh eso = wasu abubuwa
'ikpeta' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'kaɗan' a Turanci:
ikpeta emhinh = abubuwa kadan
'nekirɛla' a cikin Esan yayi daidai da 'kowa'/'kowane' a Turanci:
emhin nekirɛla = komai
'erebhe' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'duk' a cikin Ingilishi:
emhin erebhe = komai
'eveva' a cikin Esan yayi daidai da 'duka' a cikin Ingilishi:
Emhinh eveva = abubuwa biyu
'ekitui' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'da yawa' a cikin Ingilishi:
ekitui emhinh = abubuwa da yawa
Harsunan Nijeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
17906 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Ali%20Jinnah | Muhammad Ali Jinnah | Muhammad Ali Jinnah, (Urdu; Gujarati;ranar 25 ga watan Disamba shekarata alif dari takwas da saba'in da shida 1876)_ranan 11 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1948 a Karachi ) ɗan siyasar kasan Pakistan ne da ake duba a matsayin wanda ya kafa ƙasar Pakistan. Bayan raba ƙasar da India, ya zama Gwamnan-Jahar na Pakistan. Don girmamawa, al'ummar Pakistan suna kiransa da suna Quaid-e-Azam . bra wadda a yaren Urdu, yake nufin "babban shugaba". Kazalika, 'yan ƙasar kuma suna kiransa da , wani sunan a cikin yaren Urdu wanda ke nufin "mahaifin al'umma". Ranar haifuwarsa ranar hutu ce a duk fadin kasar Pakistan da ake kira da ranar Pakistan
Tarihin Rayuwar MA Jinnah
An haifi Muhammad Ali Jinnah a ranar 25 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1876 a Karachi a cikin gidan Isma'ilism na Poonja Jinnah. Aljanna. An haife shi a Karachi, birnin Sindh. Sunan mahaifinsa Jinnah Poonja kuma sunan mahaifiyarsa Mithibai. Jinnah shi ne babba a cikin 'ya'ya bakwai na Jinnah Poonja da Mithibai. Iyalinsa sun yi ƙaura zuwa Sindh daga yankin Kathiawar na Gujarat, Indiya.
Sunan Jinnah na haihuwa shi ne Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Daga baya ya canza shi zuwa mafi sauki 'Muhammad Ali Jinnah' ko MA A gida, danginsa suna magana da yaren Gujarati, kuma yaran ma sun zo suna magana da Kutchi da Ingilishi. Ban da Fatima, ba a san komai game da 'yan uwansa ba .
Farkon shekarun aiki
A shekarar 1891 (lokacin yana da shekaru goma sha biyar), Jinnah ya tafi Landan ya yi aiki na wasu shekaru a wani kamfani. A kusan wannan lokacin, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu.
A shekarar 1894, Jinnah ya bar aikinsa don karatun aikin lauya . Ya shiga karatun a Lincoln's Inn kuma ya kammala karatu a 1896. Yayin da yake Landan, shi ma ya fara shiga harkokin siyasa. Ya matuƙar yaba da shugabannin siyasa na Indiya Dadabhai Naoroji da Sir Pherozeshah Mehta . A hankali Jinnah yana bunkasa ra'ayin sa na siyasa. Yana tunani a kan layin cewa Indiya ta sami mulkin kai na tsarin mulki.
A wannan lokacin, mahaifinsa ya rasa kasuwancinsa. Wannan ya kuma sanya Aljannah cikin mawuyacin hali. A halin yanzu, ya fara aikin lauya a Mumbai . Ya kuma gina gida a Unguwar Malabar ta Mumbai. Gidan yanzu ana kiransa Gidan Jinnah.
Ya zama babban lauya. A shekarar 1908 ya wakilci Bal Gangadhar Tilak, sanannen shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Indiya. Tilak yana fuskantar tuhuma ta tayar da hankali ga Dokar Burtaniya. Jinnah ta ɗaukaka ƙara sosai, amma an tura Tilak gidan yari. Bayan haka ya fidda rai
Shekarun farko a matsayin ɗan siyasa
Jinnah ya riga ya shiga Majalisar Dokokin Indiya a shekarar 1906 lokacin da ya fara siyasa. Majalisar ta kasance babbar ƙungiyar siyasa a Indiya. Yawancin membobi da shugabannin Nationalan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Indiya sun fi son ƙarancin mulkin kai ga Indiya. Jinnah ma sunyi irin wannan ra'ayin. A waccan lokacin, abin koyi shi ne Gopal Krishna Gokhale .
A ranar 25 ga Janairu 1910, Jinnah ya zama memba a cikin Saba'in da mambobi biyu na majalisar dokoki. Ya kasance memba mai aiki a cikin Majalisar. Kamar sauran shugabannin Indiya, Jinnah shima ya goyi bayan Biritaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya.Shugabannin sun goyi bayan Burtaniya suna tunanin cewa bayan yaƙin, Burtaniya zata ba Indiya Greatancin siyasa.
A farkon Jinnah ya nisanci shiga jam'iyyar All India Muslim League, wata kungiyar siyasa ta Indiya. Musulmai sun kafa kungiyar a 1906. A cikin shekarata 1913, Jinnah ya zama memba na Leagueungiyar Musulmi. A shekarar 1934, ya zama shugaban hadaddiyar kungiyar Musulmi. Ya taimaka wajen yin yarjejeniya tsakanin Majalisa da ƙungiyar Musulmai (Lucknow Pact a 1916). Yarjejeniyar ta yi kokarin gabatar da hadin kai ga Burtaniya don ba wa Indiya mulkin mallaka a cikin Masarautar Burtaniya. Wannan yayi kama da matsayin mulkin mallaka wanda Kanada, New Zealand da Ostiraliya suke dashi a lokacin.
A shekarar 1918, Jinnah ta sake yin aure. Matarsa ta biyu itace Rattanbai Petit. Tana da shekaru ashirin da huɗu fiye da shi. Ta kasance diyar abokiyar Jinnah Sir Dinshaw Petit 'yar Parsi ce amma rattanbai ta musulunta kafin ta auri Jinnah ta canza sunanta zuwa Maryam. Ma'auratan suna zaune a Bombay (yanzu Mumbai) kuma suna yawan zuwa Turai. A shekarar 1919, matar sa ta haifi ‘ya mace mai suna Dina.
Zuwa shekarar 1918, Mohandas Gandhi ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Jam'iyyar Congress. Gandhi ya yi jerin gwanon zanga-zanga ba tashin hankali don samun mulkin kai ga Indiya. Jinnah ta dauki wani layi daban. Ya so gwagwarmayar tsarin mulki don samun mulkin kai ga Indiya. Jinnah ya kuma nuna adawa ga goyon bayan Gandhi ga kungiyar Khilafat . A hankali, bambance-bambance da yawa a tsakanin su sun taso. A 1920, Jinnah ya bar jam'iyyar Congress. Ya zama shugaban hadaddiyar kungiyar musulmai. A wannan lokacin, Jinnah ta fito da wani shiri na rage banbance banbancen dake tsakanin Jam’iyyar Congress da kuma Kungiyar Musulmi. Shirin yana da matakai na aiki goma sha huɗu. Sabili da haka, sanannen sanannen littafin Jinnah ne na Maki goma sha huɗu. Amma jam'iyyar Congress ba ta yarda da wadannan ba.
A tsawon wadannan shekarun rayuwar Jinnah ta wahala. Ya mai da hankali kan siyasa ya haifar da rikici a cikin auren Jinnah. Ma'auratan sun rabu a 1927 kuma bayan mummunan rashin lafiya Rattanbai ya mutu.
A wannan lokacin, akwai taron shugabannin Indiya tare da gwamnatin Burtaniya. An gudanar da shi a London kuma an san shi da Taron Taron Zagaye. Jinnah ya soki manufofin Gandhi. Taron ya gaza. Jinnah shima baiyi farin ciki da Kungiyar Musulmai ba. Ya yanke shawarar barin siyasa. Ya sake fara aiki a matsayin lauya a Ingila. Duk tsawon wadannan shekarun, 'yar uwarsa Fatima Jinnah ta kasance mai kula da lamuran Aljannah, a gida da waje. Ta kuma zama mai ba shi shawara na kusa. Ta taimaka masa wajen renon ‘yar Jinnah, Dina Wadia. 'Yar ta auri Neville Wadia, dan Parasi wanda ya musulunta. Jinnah ba ta son wannan auren.
Shugaban kungiyar musulmin
Shugabannin Musulmai da yawa na Indiya kamar Aga Khan III, Coudhary Rahmat Ali da Sir Muhammad Iqbal sun nemi Jinnah da ta dawo Indiya.
Shugabannin ƙungiyar musulmin sun so shi ya jagoranci kungiyar musulmin. Jinnah ta yarda ta dawo Indiya. A shekarar 1934, ya bar Landan ya koma Indiya don sake shirya gasar Musulmai. Amma ba zai iya farfado da martabar jam'iyyar ba har sai bayan zaben 1937 kasancewar Jam’iyyar Musulmi ta lashe kujeru kadan kacal. Koyaya, a wannan lokacin, Firayim Minista na Punjab, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, ya taimaka Leagueungiyar. A watan Oktoba 1937, ya yarda da kungiyar Musulmai ta Jinnah ta shiga cikin gwamnatin sa mai karfi. Wannan ana kiransa Yarjejeniyar Jinnah-Sikandar .
Bambance-bambancensa da Jam'iyyar Congress ya ci gaba da zama babba. A shekara ta 1930, wasu shugabannin musulmai kamar Allama Iqbal sun yi ta jayayya game da raba kasar Musulman Indiya. A ƙarshe ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa Hindu da Musulmai ba za su iya zama a cikin ƙasa ɗaya ba. Jinnah kuma ya fara da ra'ayin raba ƙasa da Musulman Indiya. Jinnah da Kungiyar Musulmi sun fara aiki don samun irin wannan kasar ta daban. Sun yi wani shiri game da wannan a cikin 1940 mai suna Resolution na Pakistan . Ana kiran wannan sabuwar ƙasar Pakistan.
A cikin 1941, Jinnah ya kafa wata jarida, mai suna Dawn . Wannan jaridar ta buga ra'ayoyi da tunanin siyasa na Kungiyar Musulmi. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, Jinnah ya goyi bayan Birtaniyya, kuma ya yi adawa da Quit India motsi na jam'iyyar Congress. A 1944, Gandhi ya yi tattaunawa har sau 14 da Jinnah, amma ba su iya cimma matsaya ba. A wannan lokacin, Kungiyar Musulmi ta kafa gwamnatoci a wasu larduna, kuma sun shiga cikin gwamnatin tsakiya.
Zama Wanda ya kafa Pakistan
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Burtaniya ta fara matakai don ba wa Indiya 'yanci. A ranar 16 ga Mayu 1946, Birtaniyya ta sanar da shirin dunkulewar Indiya. Wata daya bayan haka, a ranar 16 ga Yuni 1946 Turawan ingila suka sanar da wani shiri na raba Raj Raj na Burtaniya zuwa ƙasashe biyu, daya na Hindu da daya na Musulmi.
Jam'iyyar Congress ta yarda da shirin 16 ga Mayu shekarata 1946. Muslimungiyar Musulmi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jinnah ta yarda da duka tsare-tsaren. Amma, a ranar 16 ga Agusta 1946, Jinnah ya kuma sanar da Direct Action don samun 'yanci ga Pakistan, wata kasa ta Musulmai ta tsohon British Raj. Bayan zagaye na tattaunawa da yawa, an raba Raj na Birtaniyya (a watan Agusta 1947) zuwa ƙasashe biyu, Indiya da Pakistan. A shekarar 1971, Bangladesh ta sami 'yencin kai daga hannun Pakistan.
An raba Birtaniyar Raj na Indiya zuwa ƙasashe biyu, waɗanda suka haɗa da, India da Pakistan. Jinnah ta zama Gwamna-Janar na farko a Pakistan, 'yar uwarsa Fatimah Jinnah ta zama "Uwar Kasa". Ya kuma zama shugaban majalisar dokokin Pakistan. A cikin wani jawabi ga majalisar da aka kafa a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekarata 1947, Jinnah ya ba da labarin makomar Pakistan a matsayin ƙasa mara addini. Ya faɗi wannan a cikin kalmomi masu zuwa:
Kuna iya kasancewa cikin kowane addini ko akida - wannan ba shi da nasaba da kasuwancin jihar. Idan lokaci ya yi, Hindu za ta daina zama Hindatu kuma Musulmai za su daina zama Musulmai, ba ta fuskar addini ba, domin wannan imanin mutum ne na kowane mutum, amma a siyasance a matsayinsa na ɗan ƙasa.
Jinnah kuma ya ɗauki nauyin gwamnati kai tsaye. Bayan rabuwa, mummunan rikici tsakanin Musulmai da Hindu ya faru. Irin wannan tashin hankali ya kasance mai tsanani a cikin Punjab da Bengal. Jinnah ta zagaya yankunan tare da shugabannin Hindu daga Indiya don kwantar da hankalin jama'a. Mutane da yawa sun mutu a tashin hankalin. Alkaluman wadanda suka mutu sun banbanta daga mutane dubu dari biyu zuwa sama da miliyan daya. Jinnah tayi bakin ciki kwarai da gaske a duk wadannan abubuwan da suka faru.
Jim kaɗan bayan samun 'yancin kan Indiya da Pakistan, rikici ya ɓarke a Kashmir. Sarkin Kashmir ya yarda ya zama wani yanki na Indiya. amma galibi Musulman Kashmir ba su son wannan. Sun fara fada a Kashmir. Dole ne Indiya ta tura sojojinsa zuwa Kashmir, wanda ya zama wani yanki na Indiya. Indiya ta gabatar da batun ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da umarnin a kawo karshen rikicin kuma an yi farin ciki. Wannan matsalar har yanzu tana ci gaba da yin mummunan tasiri a alaƙar Indiya da Pakistan.
Matsayin Jinnah wajen samar da ƙasar Pakistan a matsayin sabuwar kasa yana da matukar muhimmanci. Wannan ya sanya shi shahara sosai a tsakanin mutanen Pakistan. A Gabashin Pakistan (yanzu Bangladesh ), mutane sun yi adawa da ra'ayin Jinnah cewa yaren Urdu ya zama yaren harshe na ƙasa kaɗai.
Muhammad Ali ya sha fama da cutar tarin fuka tun farkon shekarun 1940. Hisar uwarsa kawai da wasu fewan kaɗan na kusa da dangin sun san wannan. Bayan raba kasar Indiya da kirkirar kasar Pakistan, ya zama gwamnan janar na Pakistan. Aikinsa ya karu, amma lafiyarsa ta tabarbare. Don samun lafiyarsa, ya kwashe watanni da yawa a gidansa na hutawa na hukuma. Gidan sauran ya kasance a wani wuri mai suna a Ziarat . Jinnah bai iya samun lafiyarsa ba. Ya mutu a ranar 11 Satumba 1948 daga tarin fuka Archived .
Ra'ayoyi Game da Jinnah
A 'yan shekarun nan, wasu malamai sun ba da wasu sabbin ra'ayoyi game da ayyukan Aljannah. Jinnah ya nuna sha'awar cewa wasu daga cikin mafi rinjayen sarakunan Hindu su shiga Pakistan. Waɗannan malamai suna jayayya cewa wannan ra'ayin ya saba wa ra'ayin Jinnah cewa Hindu da Musulmi ba za su iya zama tare ba.
Wasu masana tarihi kamar HM Seervai da Ayesha Jalal sunce Jinnah na son duniyan Kudancin Asiya. Ya buƙaci a ware wa Musulmai kasa ta daban kasancewar shugabannin Majalisar ba sa son raba madafan iko da ƙungiyar Musulman.
Kwanan nan, shugabannin Indiya waɗanda ke cikin Bhartiya Janta Party, kamar Lal Krishna Advani da Jaswant Singh sun yaba wa Jinnah. An kori Jaswant Singh daga jam'iyyar ne saboda ya yabi Jinnah a littafinsa mai suna 'Jinnah- India, Partition and Independence'.
Al'umma da mutane sunyi abubuwa da yawa don tunawa da Aljannah. A Pakistan ana kiransa Quaid-e-Azam. Hotunan sa sun bayyana a takardun kuɗi da yawa na Pakistan. An sanya sunan filin jirgin saman Karachi ne a bayansa. A shekarar 1998 wata sabuwar jami’a a Karachi aka sanya mata suna Jami’ar Mohammad Ali Jinnah . Wata jami'a a cikin Islamabad an sanya mata sunan jami'ar Quad-e-Azam
Sauran wurare da cibiyoyi da yawa suna ɗauke da sunansa a Pakistan da sauran wurare. Misali, a kasar Turkiya, ana kiran sunan titi mai girma sosai da sunan sa. A Iran, daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin babban birninta Tehran yana dauke da sunansa kuma a zauren Mumbai an sanya masa zauren jama'a a bayansa.
Littattafai da yawa, fina-finai da shirye-shiryen TV suna ba da labari game da rayuwa da aikin Aljannah, gami da fim din da ya shafi rayuwar mutum, Jinnah .
Shahararrun maganganu
"Tare da imani, horo da sadaukar da kai ga aiki, babu wani abu mai amfani da ba za ku iya cimma ba."
"Kuyi tunani sau 100 kafin ku yanke shawara, Amma da zarar an yanke wannan shawarar, ku tsaya a matsayin mutum daya."
"Rashin nasara kalma ce wacce ban sani ba."
"Babu wata al'umma da za ta hau zuwa daukaka har sai matanku suna gefe da kai."
"Tsammani mafi kyau, Ka shirya ma mafi munin."
"Babu wata gwagwarmaya da za ta taba yin nasara ba tare da mata sun shiga kafada da kafada da maza ba."
"Dole ne ku tsaya tsayin daka kan ci gaban da kuma kula da dimokradiyya ta Musulunci, adalci na zamantakewar Musulunci da daidaito na maza a kasar ku."
"Addinin Islama yana fatan kowane Musulmi ya yi wannan aikin, kuma idan muka fahimci nauyin da ke kanmu lokaci zai zo nan ba da daɗewa ba da za mu tabbatar da kanmu cewa ya cancanci abin da ya gabata.
"Wannan 'yanci ba zai taɓa samun wata al'umma ba tare da wahala da sadaukarwa ba sakamakon kyakkyawan abin da ya faru a wannan yankin na baya-bayan nan."
"Mun kasance masu cutar da munanan al'adu. Laifi ne ga bil'adama cewa an rufe matanmu a cikin bango hudu na gidajen a matsayin fursunoni. Babu takunkumi a ko'ina don mummunan halin da matanmu suke ciki. "
"Pakistan ba wai kawai tana nufin 'yanci da' yanci ba ne amma Akidar Musulmai wanda ya kamata a kiyaye, wanda dole ne ya zo mana a matsayin kyauta mai daraja da taska wanda kuma, muna fatan sauran za su raba tare da mu."
Mutanen Asiya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
21795 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansanin%20Boiro | Sansanin Boiro | Sansanin Boiro ko Sansanin Mamadou Boiro , Wani sansanin fursunoni ne na Guinea da ke cikin garin Conakry. A lokacin mulkin Shugaba Ahmed Sékou Touré, an daure dubban abokan hamayyar siyasa a sansanin. An yi kiyasin cewa kusan mutane 5,000 aka kashe ko suka mutu daga azaba ko yunwa a sansanin. A cewar wasu ƙididdigar, adadin waɗanda abin ya shafa ya ninka har sau goma: 50,000.
Shekarun farko
Sékou Touré ya zama shugaban Guinea lokacin da ƙasar ta sami independenceancin kai daga Faransa a 1958. Tsawon shekarun da suka biyo baya, mulkinsa ya zama mai matukar danniya, yana tsananta wa shugabannin adawa da masu adawa da shi daga cikin Jam’iyyar Guinean Democratic Party (PDG) mai mulki. Sansanin, wanda ke tsakiyar Conakry, asalin sa ana kiransa Sansanin Camyenne. Hakan ya mamaye Garkuwar Republican a karkashin mulkin mallakar Faransa. An gina shingen kurkukun siyasa a cikin sansanin tare da taimako daga gwamnatin Czechoslovak. A cikin shekarar 1961 kwamandan ya sa an rage windows a girmansu, tunda sun yi girma da yawa ga mazajen da aka yanke musu hukunci. An sauya wa sansanin suna Sansanin Mamadou Boiro a shekarar 1969 domin girmamawa ga wani kwamishinan ‘yan sanda da aka jefo daga helikofta da yake jigilar fursunoni daga Labé zuwa Conakry.
An yi amfani da sansanin don zubar da abokan adawar Touré. Achkar Marof, dan wasan kwaikwayo kuma tsohon jakadan Guinea a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an sake tuna shi zuwa Guinea a 1968, an kama shi kuma an daure shi a Sansanin Boiro. Ya ɗan sami 'yanci a yunƙurin juyin mulkin 1970. Iyalinsa sun koya a cikin 1985 cewa an harbe shi a 26 Janairu 1971. Makircin da ake kira Labé, wanda ke da alaƙa da mulkin mallaka na Faransa, an gano shi a cikin Fabrairu 1969. Touré yayi amfani da wannan makircin don tsarkake sojoji kuma ya kashe aƙalla mutane 13. An kama mutane 87 kuma aka tsare a sansanin, ciki har da Ministan Tattalin Arziki & Kudi, Diawadou Barry. Biyu, Mouctar Diallo da Namory Keïta, sun mutu ne saboda yunwa da rashin ruwa kwanaki bayan kame su. An kuma kama Fodéba Keïta, tsohon Ministan Tsaro saboda zargin hada baki a shirin na Labé. An harbe shi bayan an tilasta masa yunwa a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1969.
Bayan yunkurin juyin mulki na 1970
A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 1970, Sojojin Fotigal da ke zaune a makwabciyar kasar Portugal Guinea, tare da taimakon ‘yan adawar Guinea, suka aiwatar da Operation Green Sea, wani gagarumin hari kan Conakry da nufin cimma wasu manufofin soja da siyasa, gami da‘ yantar da POWs na Portugal da yunkurin don kifar da gwamnatin Touré. Sun kame Sansanin Boiro kuma sun 'yantar da fursunonin. Babban kwamandan sansanin Siaka Touré ya yi nasarar buya, amma an kama Janar Lansana Diané, Ministan Tsaro. Daga baya ya tsere kuma ya nemi mafaka tare da jakadan Algeria. Yunkurin juyin mulkin bai yi nasara ba, kuma a bayan haka an tara masu adawa da gwamnatin da yawa kuma aka saka su a kurkuku a Sansanin Boiro. A ranar 23 ga Disamba 1970, aka kama Bishop na Conakry, Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo, kuma daga baya ya yi “furci”. Tchidimbo daga baya ya rubuta littafi game da shekaru 8, watanni 8 da ya yi a sansanin. Alassane Diop, wanda asalinsa dan kasar Senegal ne, tsohon Ministan Yada Labarai a Guinea an kama shi kuma an tsare shi a Sansanin Boiro na tsawon shekaru goma, yana komawa Senegal bayan sake shi.
An bai wa fursunonin abinci kadan ban da guntun burodi kwatankwacin kwalin ashana da safe, da kuma lada na shinkafa a fili wacce aka dafa a cikin ruwa mai datti da yamma. Babu wani nama sai ranakun da Touré ke yin wasu sadaukarwa. Daga watan Janairun 1971 kwamitin juyin juya hali karkashin jagorancin Ismaël Touré, kani ga Sékou Touré kuma ministan Tattalin Arziki. An sanya wasu fursunoni a kan "abincin baki", ma'ana ba abinci ko ruwa har sai sun mutu. Fursunoni za su iya nuna jaruntaka kawai ta hanyar kin yin ikirari yayin zaman azabtarwa, da kuma kin rokon abinci lokacin da aka sanya su a kan bakar abincin. An rataye Loffo Camara, tsohon Sakataren Harkokin Jiha na Harkokin Tattalin Arziki, a 25 ga Janairun 1971, mace daya tilo da aka kashe a lokacin. A cewar El Hadj Ibrahima Diane, fursuna na tsawon shekaru, daga watan Yunin 1972 har zuwa watan Agusta 1973 aƙalla an ɗauki gawawwaki huɗu daga ɗakunan kowace rana kuma aka jefa su cikin manyan kaburbura a bayan gidan yarin.
A shekarar 1975, Faransa ta amince ta maido da huldar jakadanci bayan an saki fursunonin Faransa daga sansanin. Wannan ya rage matsin lamba akan Touré. Littafin Prison D'Afrique na Jean-Paul Alata, wanda ya tsira daga sansanin, an hana shi bugawa a Faransa kuma dole ne a buga shi a Belgium. Arin tsare-tsare ya biyo bayan shekaru masu zuwa. Diallo Telli sanannen ɗan siyasa ne, mai biyayya ga tsarin mulki, kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka (OAU). Ya koma Guinea a 1972 kuma aka nada shi Ministan Shari'a. A ranar 18 ga Yulin 1976, Diallo Telli aka kama shi a gidansa kuma aka tsare shi a Sassanin Boiro. A watan Fabrairun 1977 aka kawar da fitattun fursunoni biyar ta hanyar cin abincin baƙar fata: Diallo Telli, tsoffin ministoci Barry Alpha Oumar da Dramé Alioune, da hafsoshin soja Diallo Alhassana da Kouyate Laminé. A wata mai zuwa wasu mutane biyar suka mutu saboda yunwa.
Kamawa da mutuwa suka ci gaba. A watan Agusta 1979 Bah Mamadou, ɗan asalin ƙasar Labé da ya ƙaura zuwa Faransa, ya dawo don ziyarci iyalinsa. Da ya shigo ƙasar daga Senegal, an kama duk waɗanda ke cikin motarsa kuma aka ɗaure su a Sassanin Boiro. Takwas daga cikin matafiyan - duk banda Bah Mahmud da kansa - sun mutu daga baƙar fata a cikin wata ɗaya. A watan Satumba na shekarar 1983 gwamnati ta sanar da cewa sun gano wata makarkashiya ta zagon kasa ga taron OAU da aka shirya gudanarwa a Conakry shekara mai zuwa. An tsare mutane tamanin da ɗaya a Sassanin Boiro.
Bayan mutuwar Sékou Touré a shekara ta 1984, sojoji sun karɓi mulki a juyin mulki kuma suka saki yawancin fursunonin siyasa a Sassanin Boiro. Da yawa daga cikin shugabannin tsohuwar gwamnatin an tsare su, sannan daga baya aka kashe su. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ƙungiyar waɗanda aka Ci zarafinsu na Sassanin Boiro sun yi gwagwarmaya tsawon shekaru don kula da abin da ya faru. Majalisar ministocin ta fitar da sanarwa a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 1991 don gyaran sansanin da gina abin tunawa ga duk wadanda abin ya shafa, amma ba wani mataki da ya biyo baya. An hana ƙungiyar ta kafa gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin tsohon sansanin. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekarar 2007, Bobo Dieng, wani tsohon babban jami'i a gwamnatin ta Touré, ya bayyana cewa mutane 117 ne kawai suka mutu a sansanin. Sai a shekarar 2009 ne shugaban rikon kwarya Moussa Dadis Camara ya gana da mambobin kungiyar.A waccan shekarar, aka fara rusa gine-ginen sansanin, amma ba a san ko za a kafa wani abin tunawa ba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2010, babu wani kwamitin bincike, kuma duk wasu takardu game da sansanin ba za a iya shiga ba ko kuma an lalata su.
Littattafan da aka ambata
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Camp Boiro Memorial
La danse avec l'aveugle. 1978
Allah Tantou (God's Will) 1991 |
49239 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watsewar%20iri | Watsewar iri | A cikin tsire-tsire na Spermatophyte, tarwatsa iri shine motsi, yadawan ko jigilar tsaba daga mahaifa shuka. Tsire-tsire suna da iyakataccen motsi kuma suna dogara da nau'ikan nau'ikan tarwatsawa don jigilar tsaba, gami da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar iska, da rayayyun halittu ( biotic ) kamar tsuntsaye. Ana iya tarwatsa iri daga shukar iyaye ɗaya ɗaya ko ɗaya, da kuma tarwatsa su cikin sarari da lokaci. An ƙayyade tsarin rarraba iri a babban ɓangare ta hanyar rarrabawa kuma wannan yana da mahimmanci ga tsarin alƙaluma da tsarin kwayoyin halitta na yawan tsire-tsire, da kuma tsarin ƙaura da hulɗar jinsin. Akwai manyan hanyoyi guda biyar na rarraba iri: nauyi, iska, ballistic, ruwa, da kuma ta dabbobi. Wasu tsire-tsire ba su da ƙarfi kuma suna tarwatsa tsaba kawai don mayar da martani ga haɓakar muhalli. Waɗannan hanyoyin yawanci ana ƙididdige su ne bisa ɗab'i, kamar fuka-fuki ko 'ya'yan itace masu nama. Koyaya, wannan sauƙaƙan ra'ayi na iya yin watsi da rikitarwa a cikin tarwatsawa. Tsire-tsire za su iya watse ta hanyoyi ba tare da mallakar abubuwan da suka dace ba kuma halayen shuka na iya zama masu aiki da yawa.
Watsawar iri na iya samun fa'idodi da yawa ga nau'ikan tsiro daban-daban. Rayuwar iri sau da yawa yakan fi girma nesa da shukar iyaye. Wannan rayuwa mafi girma na iya haifarwa daga ayyukan iri da suka dogara da yawa da mafarauta da ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda galibi ke kaiwa ga yawan adadin tsaba a ƙarƙashin manya. Gasa tare da tsire-tsire masu girma na iya zama ƙasa kaɗan lokacin da aka kwashe iri daga iyayensu.
Watsewar iri kuma yana ba da damar tsire-tsire su isa takamaiman wuraren zama waɗanda, ke dacewa don rayuwa, hasashe da aka sani da tarwatsawa . Misali, Ocotea endresiana (Lauraceae) wani nau'in bishiya ne daga Latin Amurka wanda nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa ke warwatse, gami da bellbird mai hawa uku . Maza bellbirds na kan matattun bishiyoyi don jawo hankalin abokan aure, kuma sau da yawa sukan yi watsi da tsaba a ƙarƙashin waɗannan perches inda tsaba ke da babban damar rayuwa saboda yanayin haske mai yawa da kuma tserewa daga cututtukan fungal. A cikin yanayin tsire-tsire masu 'ya'yan itace, iri-tarwatsawa a cikin guts na dabba (endozoochory) sau da yawa yana haɓaka adadin, saurin gudu, da asynchrony na germination, wanda zai iya samun amfanin shuka mai mahimmanci.
Tsabar da tururuwa suka tarwatsa( myrmecochory ) ba kawai a tarwatse ba ne kawai amma tururuwa suna binne su a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wadannan tsaba za su iya guje wa mummunan tasirin muhalli kamar wuta ko fari, isa ga microsites masu wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki kuma su tsira fiye da sauran iri. Waɗannan fasalulluka na musamman ne ga myrmecochory, wanda hakan na iya ba da ƙarin fa'idodin da ba su samuwa a cikin wasu hanyoyin tarwatsawa.
Watsawar iri na iya ba da damar tsire-tsire su mallaki wuraren zama da ba kowa da kowa har ma da sabbin yankuna. Nisan tarwatsawa da wuraren ajiya sun dogara ne akan kewayon motsi na mai watsawa, kuma ana samun tsayin nisa tarwatsawa wani lokaci ta hanyar diplochory, tarwatsawa ta jere ta hanyoyi biyu ko fiye daban-daban. A haƙiƙa, shaidun baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na tarwatsa iri sun ƙunshi fiye da lokaci na tarwatsawa.
Wani lokaci ana rarraba iri zuwa autochory (lokacin da aka samu tarwatsewa ta hanyar amfani da kayan shuka) da allochory (lokacin da aka samu ta hanyar waje).
Dogonwa tafiya
Watsawar iri mai nisa (LDD) nau'in tarwatsewar sararin samaniya ne wanda a halin yanzu an siffanta shi ta nau'i biyu, daidai da nisa na ainihi. Nagartar shuka da tsira na iya dogaro da yawa akan wannan hanyar rarraba iri dangane da wasu abubuwan muhalli. Siffar farko ta LDD, nisa daidai gwargwado, tana auna adadin tsaba (1% daga cikin adadin iri da aka samar) waɗanda ke tafiya mafi nisa daga cikin yiwuwar rarraba kashi 99%. Ma'anar ma'anar LDD a haƙiƙanin ma'anarta ce don ƙarin matsanancin tarwatsawa. Misali na LDD zai kasance na shuka yana haɓaka takamaiman nau'in tarwatsawa ko ilimin halittar jiki don ba da izinin tarwatsa tsaba a nesa mai nisa. Hanya na ainihi ko cikakkiyar hanya tana gano LDD azaman nisa ta zahiri. Yana classified 1 km a matsayin nisan kofa don watsa iri. Anan, bakin kofa yana nufin mafi ƙarancin nisa da shuka zai iya tarwatsa tsaba kuma har yanzu ana ƙirga shi azaman LDD. Akwai na biyu, wanda ba a aunawa, nau'in LDD baya ga daidaito da gaske. Ana kiran wannan a matsayin nau'in da ba daidai ba. LDD mara kyau shine lokacin da tarwatsa iri ta faru a cikin wani sabon abu da wuyar tsinkaya. Misali zai zama wani lamari mai wuya ko na musamman wanda itacen tsiro na Madagascar wanda ya dogara da lemur ya kasance ana jigilar iri zuwa gabar tekun Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar haɗa jakar jaka (akwatin kwai) wanda shark ko skate ya shimfiɗa. Wani abin tuƙi don mahimmancin juyin halitta na LDD shine yana ƙara dacewa da tsire-tsire ta hanyar rage gasar tsire-tsire na makwabta don zuriya. Koyaya, har yanzu ba a fayyace ba a yau kan yadda takamaiman halaye, yanayi da cinikin ciniki (musamman a cikin gajeriyar watsa iri) ke shafar haɓakar LDD.
Tsire-tsire masu sarrafa kansu suna tarwatsa irin su ba tare da wani taimako daga waje ba, sakamakon haka wannan yana iyakance shuke-shuke da nisan da za su iya tarwatsa iri. Wasu nau'ikan autochory guda biyu da ba a bayyana dalla-dalla a nan ba su ne blastochory, inda tushen tsiron yana rarrafe tare da ƙasa don ajiye iri a nesa da tushe na shuka; da herpochory, inda iri ke rarrafe ta hanyar trichomes ko hygroscopic appendages (awns) da canje-canje a cikin zafi .
Girman nauyi
Barochory ko shuka amfani da nauyi don tarwatsa hanya ce mai sauƙi don cimma rarrabuwar iri. Tasirin nauyi akan 'ya'yan itatuwa masu nauyi yana sa su faɗo daga shuka lokacin da suka girma. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari da ke nuna irin wannan tarwatsawa sun haɗa da apples, kwakwa da sha'awar sha'awa da waɗanda ke da harsashi masu wuya (wanda sau da yawa ya juya daga shuka don samun ƙarin nisa). Watsewar nauyi kuma yana ba da damar watsawa ta ruwa ko dabba daga baya.
Watsewar ballistic
Ballochory wani nau'i ne na tarwatsawa inda ake fitar da iri da karfi ta hanyar fashewar 'ya'yan itacen. Sau da yawa ƙarfin da ke haifar da fashewar yana haifar da turgor matsa lamba a cikin 'ya'yan itacen ko saboda tashin hankali na ciki a cikin 'ya'yan itace. Wasu misalan tsire-tsire waɗanda ke watsar da tsaba ta atomatik sun haɗa da: Arceutobium spp., Cardamin hirsuta, Ecballium spp., Euphorbia heterophylla, Geranium spp., Impatiens spp., Sucrea spp, Radiya spp. da sauransu. Misali na musamman na ballochory shine Hura crepitans - ana kiran wannan shukar bishiyar dynamite saboda sautin 'ya'yan itacen yana fashewa. Fashe-fashe suna da ƙarfi da za su iya jefa iri har zuwa mita 100.
Witch hazel yana amfani da tarwatsa ballistic ba tare da abubuwan fashewa ba ta hanyar matse tsaba a kusan. 45 km/h (28 mph).
Allochory yana nufin kowane nau'in tarwatsa iri da yawa inda ake amfani da vector ko wakili na biyu don watsa iri. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haɗawa da iska, ruwa, dabbobi ko wasu.
Watsewar iska ( anemochory ) yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsoffin hanyoyin tarwatsawa. Watsewar iska na iya ɗaukar ɗayan nau'ikan farko guda biyu: iri ko 'ya'yan itace na iya shawagi a kan iska ko kuma, a madadin, suna iya girgiza ƙasa. Misalai na yau da kullun na waɗannan hanyoyin tarwatsawa, a cikin yanayin zafi na arewa, sun haɗa da dandelions, waɗanda ke da pappus fuka-fuki da aka haɗe zuwa 'ya'yan itacen su ( achenes ) kuma ana iya tarwatsa su da nisa mai nisa, da maples, waɗanda ke da 'ya'yan itatuwa masu fuka-fuki ( samaras ) waɗanda ke tashi zuwa ga ƙasa.
Muhimmin ƙuntatawa akan watsawar iska shine buƙatar samar da iri mai yawa don haɓaka yuwuwar saukowar iri a cikin wurin da ya dace da germination . Wasu tsire-tsire masu tarwatsewar iska, irin su dandelion, na iya daidaita yanayin halittarsu don ƙarawa ko rage yawan ɓarkewar waje. Hakanan akwai ƙaƙƙarfan ƙuntatawar juyin halitta akan wannan tsarin tarwatsawa. Misali, Cody and Overton sun gano cewa jinsunan da ke cikin Asteraceae a tsibiran suna son samun raguwar iyawar tarwatsewa (watau babban iri da kuma karami pappus) dangane da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in tsibiran. Har ila yau, Helonias bullata, wani nau'in tsire-tsire na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire a Amurka, ya samo asali ne don amfani da watsawar iska a matsayin hanyar rarraba iri ta farko; duk da haka, ƙayyadaddun iska a mazauninsa na hana iri yin nasarar tarwatsewa daga iyayensa, wanda ke haifar da tarin yawan jama'a. Dogaro da tarwatsawar iska ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin nau'ikan ciyawa da yawa. Hanyoyin da ba a saba da su ba na watsawar iska sun hada da tumbleweeds, inda dukan shuka (sai dai tushen) ke hura iska. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari na Physalis, idan ba su cika ba, wani lokaci iska na iya tarwatsa su saboda sarari tsakanin 'ya'yan itacen da calyx mai rufewa wanda ke aiki azaman mafitsarar iska.
Yawancin ruwa (mazauni na ruwa) da wasu nau'ikan ƙasa (mazaunan ƙasa) suna amfani da hydrochory, ko iri ta hanyar ruwa. Tsaba na iya yin tafiya na nisa sosai, ya danganta da takamaiman yanayin tarwatsa ruwa ; wannan ya shafi 'ya'yan itacen da ba su da ruwa kuma suna yawo akan ruwa.
Lily na ruwa shine misalin irin wannan shuka. Furen lilies na ruwa suna yin ' ya'yan itace da ke yawo a cikin ruwa na ɗan lokaci sannan kuma su faɗi ƙasa don yin tushe a ƙasan tafkin . Hakanan ana iya tarwatsa tsaban dabino da ruwa. Idan sun girma a kusa da teku, ana iya jigilar tsaba ta hanyar igiyar ruwa ta nisa mai nisa, wanda zai ba da damar tarwatsa tsaba har zuwa sauran nahiyoyi .
Bishiyoyin Mangrove suna girma kai tsaye daga ruwa; Idan 'ya'yansu suka yi girma sai su fado daga bishiyar su yi saiwa da zarar sun taɓa kowace irin ƙasa. A lokacin ƙananan igiyar ruwa, za su iya faɗi cikin ƙasa maimakon ruwa kuma su fara girma daidai inda suka faɗi. Idan matakin ruwan ya yi girma, duk da haka, ana iya ɗaukar su nesa da inda suka faɗi. Bishiyoyin Mangrove sau da yawa suna yin ƙananan tsibirai yayin da ƙazanta da ƙazanta ke tattarawa a cikin tushensu, suna yin ƙananan ƙasa.
Dabbobi: epi- da endozoochory
Dabbobi na iya tarwatsa irin shuka ta hanyoyi da yawa, duk mai suna zoochory . Ana iya jigilar iri a waje na dabbobi masu rarrafe (mafi yawa dabbobi masu shayarwa), tsarin da aka sani da epizoochory . Nau'in tsire-tsire da dabbobi ke jigilar su zuwa waje na iya samun nau'ikan daidaitawa don tarwatsawa, gami da gamsai mai ɗaure, da ƙugiya iri-iri, spines da barbs. Misalin misalin tsire-tsire na epizoochorous shine Trifolium angustifolium, nau'in nau'in clover na Old World wanda ke manne da gashin dabba ta hanyar gashin gashi wanda ya rufe iri . Tsire-tsire na Epizoochorous sun kasance tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, tare da nau'ikan wakilai da yawa a cikin iyalan Apiaceae da Asteraceae . Duk da haka, epizoochory cuta ce da ba kasafai ake tarwatsawa ba ga tsire-tsire gaba ɗaya; an kiyasta adadin nau'in tsire-tsire tare da tsaba da aka daidaita don jigilar kayayyaki a wajen dabbobin da ke ƙasa da 5%. Duk da haka, jigilar epizoochorous na iya yin tasiri sosai idan tsaba sun haɗa da dabbobi masu yawa. Wannan nau'i na tarwatsa iri yana da hannu a cikin saurin ƙaurawar shuka da yaduwar nau'ikan ɓarna.
Watsewar iri ta hanyar cinyewa da bayan gida ta dabbobi masu rarrafe (mafi yawa tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa), ko endozoochory, shine hanyar tarwatsa yawancin nau'ikan bishiyoyi. Endozoochory gabaɗaya wata alaƙa ce ta haɗin kai wacce shuka ke kewaye da tsaba tare da abinci mai gina jiki, 'ya'yan itace masu gina jiki azaman ingantaccen abinci ga dabbobin da suke cinye shi. Irin waɗannan tsire-tsire na iya tallata kasancewar albarkatun abinci ta amfani da launi. Tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa sune mafi mahimmancin tarwatsa iri, amma nau'ikan sauran dabbobi iri-iri, gami da kunkuru, kifi, da kwari (misali itacen weta da scree wētā ), na iya jigilar iri masu dacewa. Matsakaicin adadin nau'in bishiyar da aka tarwatsa ta endozoochory ya bambanta tsakanin wuraren zama, amma yana iya kaiwa sama da kashi 90% a wasu dazuzzukan na wurare masu zafi. Watsewar iri da dabbobi ke yi a cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzukan na wurare masu zafi ya sami kulawa sosai, kuma ana ɗaukar wannan hulɗar a matsayin wani muhimmin ƙarfi da ke tsara yanayin halitta da juyin halittar kasusuwa da yawan bishiya. A cikin wurare masu zafi, manyan masu rarraba iri na dabba (kamar tapirs, chimpanzees, colobus baki-da-fari, toucans da ƙaho ) na iya tarwatsa manyan tsaba tare da ƴan wasu wakilai masu rarraba iri. Rushewar waɗannan manyan 'ya'yan itace daga farauta da asarar muhalli na iya yin mummunan tasiri a kan yawan bishiyar da suka dogara da su don tarwatsa iri da kuma rage bambancin kwayoyin halitta. Watsewar iri ta hanyar endozoochory na iya haifar da saurin yaɗuwar nau'ikan ɓarna, kamar a yanayin ƙanƙara mai tsauri a Austalia. Bambance-bambancen endozoochory shine regurgitation na iri maimakon ratsawar su a cikin najasa bayan wucewa ta gabaɗayan sashin narkewa. Irin nau'in da tsuntsaye da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa ke watsawa suna iya jingina kansu ga gashin fuka-fuki da gashin wadannan kashin baya, wanda shine babban hanyar tarwatsa su.
Watsawar iri ta tururuwa ( myrmecochory ) wata hanya ce ta tarwatsewar ciyayi da yawa na shrubs na kudancin kogin ko kuma ganyayen da ba a san su ba na arewaci. Tsaba na tsire-tsire na myrmecochorous suna da abin da aka makala mai wadataccen lipid da ake kira elaiosome, wanda ke jan hankalin tururuwa. Tururuwa suna ɗaukar irin waɗannan nau'ikan zuwa cikin yankunansu, suna ciyar da elaiosome zuwa tsutsansu kuma suna watsar da in ba haka ba iri iri a cikin ɗakin karkashin kasa. Myrmecochory don haka dangantaka ce ta haɗin kai tsakanin tsirrai da tururuwa masu watsa iri. Myrmecochory ya samo asali aƙalla sau 100 a cikin tsire-tsire masu fure kuma an kiyasta yana kasancewa a cikin aƙalla nau'ikan 11 000, amma mai yiwuwa har zuwa 23 000 ko 9% na duk nau'ikan tsire-tsire na furanni. Tsire-tsire na Myrmecochorous sun fi yawa a cikin ciyayi fynbos na yankin Cape Floristic na Afirka ta Kudu, ciyayi na kwangan da sauran busassun wuraren zama na Australia, busassun dazuzzuka da ciyayi na yankin Bahar Rum da dazuzzukan arewa masu zafi na yammacin Eurasia da gabashin Arewacin Amurka, inda. har zuwa 30-40% na kayan lambu na ƙasa suna myrmecochorous. Watsawar iri ta tururuwa dangantaka ce ta juna kuma tana amfana da tururuwa da shuka.
Masu farauta iri, waɗanda suka haɗa da rodents da yawa (kamar squirrels) da wasu tsuntsaye (kamar jays) na iya tarwatsa tsaba ta hanyar adana tsaba a cikin ɓoye. Kwayoyin da ke cikin caches galibi ana samun kariya da kyau daga wasu mafarauta iri kuma idan ba a ci ba za su yi girma zuwa sabbin tsirrai. Bugu da kari, rodents kuma na iya tarwatsa tsaba ta hanyar tofa iri saboda kasancewar metabolites na biyu a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa masu girma. A ƙarshe, ana iya watse iri na biyu daga tsaba waɗanda masu tarwatsa dabbobi na farko suka ajiye, tsarin da aka sani da diplochory . Misali, an san dung beetles suna tarwatsa tsaba daga kutsen najasa a aikin tattara taki don ciyar da tsutsansu.
Sauran nau'ikan zoochory sune chiropterochory (ta jemagu), malacochory (ta molluscs, galibi katantanwa na duniya), ornithochory (ta tsuntsaye) da saurochory (ta sauropsids ba tsuntsu ba). Zoochory na iya faruwa a cikin fiye da lokaci guda, misali ta hanyar diploendozoochory, inda mai watsawa na farko (dabba wanda ya ci iri) tare da irin nau'in da yake dauke da shi ya ci ta hanyar wani mafarauci wanda ya ci gaba da ɗaukar iri kafin a ajiye shi.
Watsawa da mutane ( anthropochory ) ya kasance ana ganinsa azaman nau'in tarwatsa ta dabbobi. Abubuwan da suka fi yaɗuwa da tsanani sun haɗa da dasa yawancin yankin ƙasa a duniyar, ta hanyar noma. A wannan yanayin, al'ummomin bil'adama suna kulla dangantaka mai tsawo da nau'in tsire-tsire, kuma suna haifar da yanayi don ci gaban su.
Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa masu tarwatsa mutane sun bambanta da masu tarwatsa dabbobi ta hanyar samun motsi mafi girma, bisa hanyoyin fasaha na jigilar mutane. A gefe guda, tarwatsawa ta mutane kuma yana aiki akan ƙarami, ma'auni na yanki kuma yana haifar da haɓakar yawan al'ummomin halittu. A gefe guda kuma, tarwatsawa ta mutane na iya yin aiki a kan manyan ma'auni na yanki kuma ya haifar da yaduwar nau'in ɓarna .
Mutane na iya tarwatsa iri ta hanyoyi daban-daban kuma an yi ta auna wasu tazara mai tsayi. Misalai sune: tarwatsawa akan tufafin mutane (har zuwa mita 250), akan takalma (har zuwa 5). km), ko ta motoci (kullum ~ 250 m, lokuta marasa aure> 100 km). Watsewar iri da motoci na iya zama nau'i na jigilar iri da mutane ba da niyya ba, wanda zai iya kaiwa nesa, fiye da sauran hanyoyin tarwatsawa na al'ada. Motocin da ke ɗauke da ƙasa suna iya ƙunsar da tsaba masu ɗorewa, binciken da Dunmail J. Hodkinson da Ken Thompson suka yi ya gano cewa mafi yawan iri da ake ɗauka da abin hawa sune broadleaf plantain ( Plantago major ), ciyawa na shekara-shekara ( Poa annua ), rough meadow ciyawa ( Poa trivialis ), stinging nettle ( Urtica dioica ) da kuma daji chamomile ( Matricaria discoidea ).
Har ila yau, watsar da iri da gangan yana faruwa a matsayin jefa bam . Wannan yana da haɗari, saboda rashin dacewa zai iya gabatar da tsire-tsire marasa dacewa ga sababbin wurare.
Watsewar iri yana da sakamako da yawa ga ilimin halitta da juyin halitta. Watsawa ya zama dole don gudun hijirar jinsuna, kuma a cikin 'yan lokutan tarwatsawa yana da mahimmanci a cikin ko wani nau'in da aka kai zuwa sabon wurin zama da mutane zai zama nau'in cin zarafi ko a'a. Ana kuma hasashen tarwatsawa za ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a asali da kiyaye bambancin nau'in. Misali, myrmecochory ya karu fiye da ninki biyu a cikin kungiyoyin shuka wanda ya samo asali saboda zuriyar myrmecochorous sun ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 'yan'uwansu waɗanda ba na myrmecochorous ba. Watsewar iri da ke nesa da kwayoyin halitta yana da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin manyan ra'ayoyi guda biyu don yadda ake kiyaye bambancin halittu a cikin yanayin halitta, hasashen Janzen-Connell da iyakance daukar ma'aikata. Watsewar iri yana da mahimmanci wajen ba da izinin ƙaurawar gandun daji na furanni. Za a iya yin tasiri ta hanyar samar da nau'in 'ya'yan itace daban-daban a cikin tsire-tsire, al'amarin da aka sani da heterocarpy. Waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace sun bambanta da girmansu da siffa kuma suna da jeri daban-daban na tarwatsawa, wanda ke ba da damar tarwatsa tsaba don bambance-bambancen nesa da daidaitawa zuwa yanayi daban-daban.
Bugu da kari, gudun da kuma alkiblar iskar suna da matukar tasiri a tsarin tarwatsawa da kuma bi da bi-bi-da-kullin da ake samu na tsaba masu shawagi a cikin rukunan ruwa. Ana gudanar da sufurin tsaba ta hanyar iska. Wannan yana haifar da mulkin mallaka a gefen kogi ko zuwa wuraren dausayi kusa da rafuffukan da ke kusa da kwatancen iska. Tsarin tarwatsawar iska na iya shafar haɗin kai tsakanin jikunan ruwa. Ainihin, iska tana taka rawa sosai wajen tarwatsa tsaba na ruwa a cikin kankanin lokaci, kwanaki da yanayi, amma tsarin muhalli yana ba da damar tsarin ya daidaita cikin tsawon shekaru da yawa. Lokacin lokacin da tarwatsawa ya faru yana da mahimmanci lokacin la'akari da sakamakon iska akan tsarin muhalli.
Duba kuma
Irin gona |
50473 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuri%27ar%20raba%20gardama%20ta%20ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam | Kuri'ar raba gardama ta haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam | Kuri'ar raba gardama ta haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam ko ƙuri'ar raba gardama ta haƙƙin ɗan adam wani aiki ne na dimokraɗiyya kai tsaye wanda ke ba da damar jefa ƙuri'a kan bayarwa ko gyara 'yancin ɗan adam na yanzu, 'yanci ko ƙungiyoyi kamar yadda gwamnati ta amince da su. An sha gabatar da irin wannan kuri’ar jin ra’ayin jama’a a matsayin hanyar da akasarin al’ummar da ke kada kuri’a a siyasa, maimakon na bangaren shari’a ko na majalisar dokoki, za su iya tantance abin da ya kamata jihar ta amince da shi ko aiwatar da shi, yayin da irin wannan kuri’ar raba gardama ta yi kakkausar suka daga wajen. Ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru ta hanyar da mafi yawan jama'a za su iya jefa ƙuri'a a kan haƙƙin ƴan tsiraru masu rauni bisa ga son zuciya na zamani.
Hakkokin LGBT da auren jinsi
Masu ƙin yarda da akida sun saba gabatar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama kan 'yan madigo, 'yan luwaɗi, madigo ko madigo, galibi saboda ƙin yarda da addinin Ibrahim na adawa da luwadi. A cikin ƙasashen da gwamnatoci suka shuɗe, masu fafutuka sun yi ta ƙoƙarin sanya ko dai a soke sabuwar dokar ta LGBT ko kuma (tsarin mulki ko na doka) na haramta ayyukan LGBT na tabbatar da ko alaƙa, kuma galibi suna dogara ga babban yanki na addini don fitar da shawarwarin irin wannan kuri'ar raba gardama.
A Amurka, an gudanar da kuri'ar raba gardama kan 'yancin jama'a a shekarar 1900s na ƙarshe don hana ƙungiyoyin jinsi ɗaya (ciki har da aure) da soke gyare-gyare ga dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda suka haɗa da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi a matsayin azuzuwan kariya. Ƙarshen irin wannan dokar dai shi ne amincewa da gyare -gyaren kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Amirka da ke da yawan gaske na haramta ƙungiyoyin jinsi guda ta hanyar ƙuri'ar raba gardama a shekara ta 2004, wanda ya zo daidai da fitowar jama'a da dama na sake zaɓen George W. Bush a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, da kuma 'yan majalisar dokokin jam'iyyar Republican. kula da majalisun biyu na Majalisa.
Daga cikin wadanda ke ba da ra'ayin 'yancin LGBT, wakilai na aure da sauran haƙƙoƙi ga "raɗin jama'a" sun haifar da ra'ayi na hana dokoki da shawarwarin da suka shafi 'yancin ɗan adam daga zuwa wurin kada kuri'a. An ba da wannan ra'ayi ne bayan zartar da shawarar California Proposition 8 a California.
Dangantakar jinsi
A cikin kuri'ar raba gardama na Alabama a shekara ta 2000 kan soke dokar da kundin tsarin mulkin jihar ta shekarar 1901 ya yi kan auren jinsi, sama da kashi 40% na masu kada kuri'a sun kada kuri'ar kin soke haramcin. Yayin da haramcin ya kasance ba a aiwatar da shi ba bayan Loving v. Virginia, kashi 40.51% na yawan jama'a sun kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da sokewar. A shekarar 1998, masu jefa ƙuri'a na Kudancin Carolina sun zaɓi 61.95% -38.05% don goyon bayan soke haramcin tsarin mulkin nasu. Farfesan Jami'ar Harvard Werner Sollors ya yi nuni da cewa dokokin sun dauki lokaci mai tsawo bayan an soke su Loving saboda sarkakiya da ke bukatar manyan masu rinjaye domin a soke su.
A ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, 2012, a jawabin da ya biyo bayan matakin da ya dauka na kin amincewa da halatta auren jinsi da majalisar dokokin jihar ta yi da kuma kira da a gudanar da zaben raba gardama kan lamarin, gwamnan New Jersey Chris Christie ya bayyana cewa, “Gaskiyar lamarin ita ce, ina ganin. mutane za su yi farin ciki da a yi zaben raba gardama kan hakkin jama'a maimakon fada da mutuwa a titunan Kudu. Cibiyoyin siyasar mu ne suka hana al’amura koma baya. " 'Yan siyasa da masu fafutuka na Ba-Amurke da sauran kakanni daga ciki da wajen New Jersey sun yi masa kakkausar suka, tare da magajin garin Newark Cory Booker yana mai cewa"...Ya Ubangiji, kada mu sanya hakkin jama'a. al'amurran da suka shafi ga jama'a kuri'a don zama ƙarƙashin jin dadi da sha'awar ranar. Kada wasu tsiraru su sami 'yancin ɗan adam bisa sha'awa da ra'ayin mafi rinjaye. " Christie da farko ya soki martanin da yawancin 'yan majalisa suka mayar a matsayin dabarar jam'iyyar Democrat, amma ya koma baya ga kalaman nasa ta hanyar neman afuwar laifin da ya aikata a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu yayin da yake ci gaba da goyon bayan kiransa na zaben raba gardama.
Zaɓen Mata
An fara gabatar da zaɓen mata kamar yadda aka tsara doka a cikin kuri'ar raba gardama ta mata ta Kansas, a shekarar 1867. Shawarar ta ci nasara sau biyu kafin ta wuce. |
22540 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20Cire%20Ha%C9%97in | Ƴancin Cire Haɗin | Yancin cire haɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam ne da aka gabatar game da ikon mutane don cire haɗin aiki da kuma ainihin kada su shiga a cikin ayyukan sadarwa na lantarki da suka shafi aiki kamar imel ko saƙonni a lokutan da ba na aiki ba. Sabon yanayin aiki na zamani ya canza sosai ta sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa da fasahar sadarwa. Iyaka tsakanin rayuwar aiki da rayuwar gida ta ragu tare da gabatar da kayan aikin dijital cikin aiki. Yayinda kayan aikin dijital ke kawo sassauci da yanci ga ma'aikata suma zasu iya haifar da rashin iyakoki, wanda zai haifar da tsangwama mai yawa a cikin rayuwar masu zaman kansu. Ƙasashe da yawa, musamman a cikin ƙasar Turai, suna da wasu nau'ikan haƙƙin cire haɗin da aka haɗa a cikin dokar su, yayin da a wasu lokuta ya kasance a cikin manufofin manyan kamfanoni da yawa. A ranar 24 ga Yulin, shekara ta 2018, Takaddar 1057 ta yi kira da a gabatar da 'yancin cirewa ko kuma kamar yadda ake kira da Faransanci "Le droit à la déconnexion" a cikin Dokar Kwadago a Luxembourg.
'Yancin cire haɗin ya fito a Cikin ƙasar Faransa a cikin yanke hukunci a Chamberungiyar Ma'aikata na Kotun Koli ta Faransa . Hukuncin da aka yanke a ranar 2 ga Oktoban shekara ta 2001 ya nuna cewa "ma'aikaci baya cikin tilas ko dai ya karɓi aiki a gida ko kuma ya kawo fayilolinsa da kayan aikinsa a wurin." A shekara ta 2004 Kotun Koli ta tabbatar da wannan hukuncin kuma ta yanke hukuncin cewa "gaskiyar cewa ba a iya samunta [ma'aikacin] a wayar salularsa ba a wajen lokutan aiki ba za a dauke shi a matsayin rashin da'a ba."
Dokar El Khomri
Gwamnatin ƙasar Faransa ta zartar da dokar El Khomri don gyara yanayin aiki ga Faransawa. Mataki na 55 a ƙarƙashin Fasali na II "Adaarɓar da Dokar Aiki ga Zamanin Zamani" ( Adaptation du droit du travail à l'ère du numérique ) ya haɗa da tanadi don yin kwaskwarimar Dokar Kwadago ta Faransa don haɗawa da haƙƙin katsewa ( le droit de la déconnexion ) . Mataki na 55 ya gyara Mataki na L. 2242-8 na Dokar Aiki ta hanyar ƙara sakin layi Hanyoyi don cikakken motsa jiki da ma'aikacin yake da hakkin yankewa da kuma kafa ta kamfanin na hanyoyin don tsara amfani da kayan aikin dijital, da kuma nufin tabbatar da girmama lokutan hutu da barin kuma na mutum da rayuwar iyali. Idan aka gaza cimma yarjejeniya, sai mai aikin ya zana yarjejeniya, bayan ya gama tattaunawa da majalisar ayyuka ko kuma, idan ba haka ba, tare da wakilan ma'aikata. Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya fayyace wadannan hanyoyin don aiwatar da 'yancin yankewa da kuma samar da aiwatarwa, ga ma'aikata da ma'aikatan gudanarwa da ma'aikatan gudanarwa, na horo da ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a game da amfani da kayan aikin zamani. ""7 ° Les modalités du plein exercise par le salarié de son droit à la déconnexion et la mise en place par l'akasuwa ta hanyar disitififs de régulation de l'utilisation des outils numériques, en vue d'assurer le respect des temps de repos et de congé ainsi que de la vie personnelle et familiale. A défaut d'accord, l'employeur élabore une charte, après avis du comité d'entreprise ou, à défaut, des délégués du ma'aikata. Cette charte définit ces modalités de l'exercice du droit à la déconnexion et prévoit en outre la mise en œuvre, ƙaddara zuwa salariés et du ma'aikata d'encadrement et de shugabanci, dasuwa da ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa da rashin amfani outils numériques "Gabatarwar wannan dokar ta biyo bayan nazarin shekara ta 2016 wanda ya gano cewa kashi 37% na ma'aikata suna amfani da kayan aikin dijital na ƙwarewa (misali wayoyin hannu) a waje da lokutan aiki kuma cewa 62% na ma'aikata suna son ƙarin sarrafawa da dokoki don tsara wannan.
Ana amfani da haƙƙin cire haɗin ga kowane kamfani a yadda yake so. Dokar El Khomri ta gabatar amma ba ta ayyana dama ba, ba wa kamfanoni damar zabar hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don aiwatar da hakkin la'akari da yanayin kasuwancin (misali ko yana aiki tare da kasashe a yankunan kasashen waje ko kuma ma'aikata na aiki dare ko a karshen mako). Ga kamfanoni da ma'aikata sama da guda 50, haƙƙin shine a saka su cikin Tattaunawar Tattaunawa ta Shekara-shekara (MAN) game da daidaito tsakanin maza da mata da kuma yanayin ingancin rayuwa a wurin aiki. Dokar El Khomri ta riga ta buƙaci wannan ƙarin ta hanyar yin la'akari da hanyoyin da za a iya tsara amfani da kayan aikin dijital da hanyoyin yin hakan. Idan babu wannan, "yarjejeniya ta kyawawan halaye" za a tattauna da wakilan ƙungiyar kwatankwacin lokacin da ma'aikata za su iya cire haɗin kayan aikin su na dijital da lokacin da ba za a tsammaci su haɗi zuwa wayoyin su na zamani ko kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ba. Kamfanoni da ke da ma’aikata kasa da hamsin ana sa ran za su fitar da wata takarda ga ma’aikatansu da ke bayyana dokokin kamfaninsu.
Haƙƙi kamar yadda yake a dokar El Khomri bai shafi wadancan ma'aikata masu zaman kansu ba wadanda suke wani bangare na gwamnatocin cinkoson jama'a.
Duba sauran wasu abubuwan
'Yancin Dan Adam
Dama a manta dashi
Dokar El Khomri
Dokar Aiki
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya
Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Rajin Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam |
6148 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiya | Namibiya | Namibiya a hukumance Jimhuriyar Namibiya kasa ce da ke Kudancin Afirka. Ta hada iyaka da tekun atlantika da ga yamma, sai kasar Zambiya da Angola da ga Arewa, Botswana da ga gabas, Afirka ta kudu da ga Kudu da kuma gabas. Nambiya ta samu 'yancin kanta ne da ga kasar Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 21 ga watan March, din shekarar 1990. Babban birnin kasar shine, Windhoek.
Nambiya tana karkashin Kungiyar United nations UN da Gungiyan Cigaban Kasashan Afirka, (S A D C) kuma tana cikin kungiyan Kasashen Afirka (AU) kuma tana cikin kasashe masu karancin ruwan sama, saboda tana a saharah. Kasa mafi karancin ruwa a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, Mutane da dama sun wanzu a Namibiya tun farkon tarihi irinsu mutanen San, Damara da kuma Mutanen Nama. Daf da karni na 14, mutanen Bantu sunyi hijira kuma sun isa garin a matsayin wani bangare na fadadar harshen Bantu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ƙungiyoyin Bantu, mafi girmansu sune mutanen Ovambo, sun mamaye yawancin al'ummar ƙasar; tun daga ƙarshen karni na 19, sun kasance kungiya mafi rinjaye a kasar. A yau Namibiya tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi karancin yawan jama"a a duniya.
Tana da yawan jama'a 2.55 mutane miliyan kuma tabbatacciya ce ta jam'iyyu masu zaman kansu . Noma, yawon shakatawa da kuma ma'adinai - ciki har da hakar ma'adinai na lu'u-lu'u, uranium, zinariya, azurfa da ƙananan karafa – kafa tushen tattalin arzikinta, yayin da masana'antun ke da ƙanƙanta.A shekara ta 1884, Daular Jamus ta kafa mulki bisa mafi yawan yankunan, inda ta kafa wani yanki mai suna jamus ta kudu maso yammacin afirikia . A tsakanin 1904 zuwa 1908, ta yi kisan kare dangi a kan mutanen Herero da Nama . Mulkin Jamus ya ƙare a shekara ta 1915 tare da shan kaye daga sojojin Afirka ta Kudu. A shekara ta 1920, bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, kungiyoyin sun bada izini ga mulkin mallaka ga Afirka ta Kudu. A matsayin iko na tilas, Afirka ta Kudu ta sanya dokokinta, gami da rarrabuwar kabilanci da ka'idoji. Daga 1948, tare da Jam'iyyar National Party da aka zaba a kan mulki, wannan ya haɗa da Afirka ta Kudu ta yi amfani da wariyar launin fata ga abin da ake kira South West Africa . A cikin karni na 20 na baya-bayan nan, tashe-tashen hankula da neman wakilcin siyasa daga 'yan gwagwarmayar siyasa na Afirka na neman 'yancin kai ya sa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dauki alhakin kai tsaye kan yankin a shekarar 1966, amma kasar Afirka ta Kudu ta ci gaba da mulki. A cikin 1973, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da Kungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin wakiliyar jama'ar Namibiya. Bayan ci gaba da yakin neman zabe, Namibiya ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990. Koyaya, Walvis Bay da tsibirin Penguin sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Afirka ta Kudu har zuwa 1994.
Sunan kasar ya samo asali ne daga hamadar Namib, hamada mafi tsufa a duniya. Sunan Namib da kansa ya samo asali ne daga Nama kuma yana nufin "babban wuri". Mburumba Kerina ne ya zaɓi wannan kalmar don ƙasar, wanda tun farko ya ba da shawarar sunan "Jamhuriyar Namib". Kafin samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990, an fara sanin yankin da Jamus ta Kudu-maso-Yammacin Afirka ( Deutsch-Südwestafrika ), sannan a matsayin Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma, wanda ke nuni da mamayar da Jamusawa da Afirka ta Kudu suka yi wa mulkin mallaka.
Zamanin mulkin mallaka
San, Damara, da Nama suna zaune a busasshiyar ƙasar Namibiya tun zamanin da. Kusan karni na 14, mutanen Bantu masu hijira sun fara zuwa a lokacin fadada Bantu daga tsakiyar Afirka.
Daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 zuwa gaba, mutanen Oorlam daga Cape Colony sun ketare Kogin Orange kuma suka ƙaura zuwa yankin da a yau yake kudancin Namibiya. Ganawar da suka yi da kabilar Nama makiyaya ta kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali. Sun karɓi mishan ɗin da ke tare da Oorlam da kyau, yana ba su 'yancin yin amfani da rijiyoyin ruwa da kiwo a kan biyan kuɗi na shekara-shekara. A kan hanyarsu ta zuwa arewa, duk da haka, Oorlam sun ci karo da dangin OvaHerero a Windhoek, Gobabis, da Okahandja, waɗanda suka ƙi cin zarafi. Yakin Nama-Herero ya barke a shekara ta 1880, inda rikici ya barke bayan da Daular Jamus ta tura dakaru zuwa wuraren da ake gwabzawa tare da tabbatar da matsayin Nama, Oorlam, da Herero. A cikin 1878, Cape of Good Hope, lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, ya mamaye tashar jiragen ruwa na Walvis Bay da tsibirin Penguin na bakin teku; Wadannan sun zama wani muhimmin bangare na sabuwar Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin da aka kirkiro ta a cikin 1910.
Turawa na farko da suka fara sauka tare da bincika yankin su ne ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Portuguese Diogo Cão a 1485 da Bartolomeu Dias a 1486, amma Portuguese ba su yi ƙoƙarin neman yankin ba. Kamar yawancin cikin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, Turawa ba su yi bincike sosai a Namibiya ba har sai karni na 19. A lokacin 'yan kasuwa da mazauna sun fito ne daga Jamus da Sweden. A shekara ta 1870, masu wa’azi a ƙasar Finland sun zo yankin arewacin Namibiya don yaɗa addinin Lutheran tsakanin mutanen Ovambo da Kavango . A ƙarshen karni na 19, Dorsland Trekkers sun tsallaka yankin akan hanyarsu daga Transvaal zuwa Angola. Wasu daga cikinsu sun zauna a Namibiya maimakon su ci gaba da tafiya |
50594 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena%20Bonner | Yelena Bonner | Yelena Georgiyevna Bonner ( 15 Fabrairu 1923 - 18 Yuni 2011) mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam ce a tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet kuma matar masanin kimiyyar lissafi Andrei Sakharov . A cikin shekarun da ta yi a matsayin mai adawa, Bonner an santa da halinta na gaskiya da jaruntaka.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Bonner Lusik Georgiyevna Alikhanova a Merv, Turkmen SSR, Tarayyar Soviet (yanzu Mary, Turkmenistan ). Mahaifinta, Georgy Alikhanov (sunan Armen Gevork Alikhanyan), Armeniya ne wanda ya kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Tarayyar Soviet, kuma ya kasance memba mai girma na Comintern ; mahaifiyarta, Ruf ( Ruth Bonner ), yar gwagwarmayar Kwaminisanci Bayahudiya ce. Tana da ƙane, Igor, wanda ya zama jami'in sojan ruwa. Iyalinta suna da dacha lokacin rani a Sestroretsk kuma Bonner suna da abubuwan tunawa a wurin.
A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da bakwai, NKVD ta kama mahaifin Bonner kuma aka kashe shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Babban Tsabtace Stalin ; An kama mahaifiyarta bayan 'yan kwanaki a matsayin matar maƙiyin mutane, kuma ta yi shekaru goma a Gulag kusa da Karaganda, Kazakhstan, bayan shekaru tara na gudun hijira na cikin gida. An kashe kawun Bonner mai shekaru 41, Matvei Bonner, yayin da ake tsarkakewa, kuma matarsa ta yi gudun hijira. An wanke su hudu (gyaran) bayan mutuwar Stalin a shekarar 1953. A shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da daya 1941, ta ba da gudummawa ga Asibitin Red Army lokacin da aka mamaye Tarayyar Soviet, kuma ta zama babban ma'aikaciyar jinya. Yayin da take aiki a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Bonner ta ji rauni sau biyu, kuma a cikin 1946, an sake shi da mutunci a matsayin nakasassu tsohon soja. A shekarar 1947, Bonner aka yarda da matsayin ɗaliba a Leningrad cibiyar. Bayan yakin ta sami digiri a fannin ilimin yara daga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta First Leningrad, a halin yanzu Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jihar Pavlov ta St. Peterburg .
Aure da yara
A makarantar likita ta sadu da mijinta na farko, Ivan Semyonov. Suna da 'ya mace, Tatiana, a 1950, da ɗa, Alexey, a 1956. 'Ya'yanta sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka a 1977 da 1978, bi da bi. Bonner da Semyonov sun rabu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sitin da biyar , kuma a ƙarshe sun sake aure.
A cikin watan Oktoban shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in 1970 , yayin da suke halartar shari'ar 'yan rajin kare hakkin bil'adama Revol't (Ivanovich) Pimenov da Boris Vail a Kaluga, Bonner ya sadu da Andrei Sakharov, masanin kimiyyar nukiliya da mai kare hakkin bil'adama; sun yi aure a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da bitu. A shekara kafin su hadu, a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sitin da tara 1969, Sakharov aka takaba daga matarsa, Klavdia Alekseyevna Vikhireva, tare da wanda yake da 'ya'ya mata biyu da ɗa.
Ayyukan aiki
Tun daga farkon shekarun 1940, Bonner ta taimaka wa fursunonin siyasa da danginsu. Ko da yake Bonner ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Soviet a 1964 yayin da take aiki a matsayin likita, kawai bayan 'yan shekaru bayan haka ta kasance mai aiki a cikin yunkurin kare hakkin dan Adam na Soviet. A watan Agustan shekarar 1968, an karfafa yunƙurinta na rashin amincewa bayan da sojojin Tarayyar Soviet suka yi birgima zuwa cikin Czechoslovakia don murkushe ƙungiyar Prague . Wannan lamarin ya ƙarfafa imaninta cewa ba za a iya gyara tsarin daga ciki ba.
A shari'ar Kaluga a 1970, Bonner da Sakharov sun sadu da Natan Sharansky kuma suka fara aiki tare don kare Yahudawa da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa saboda yunkurin tserewa daga USSR a cikin jirgin da aka sace . A karkashin matsin lamba daga Sakharov, gwamnatin Soviet ta ba da izinin Yelena Bonner ta yi tafiya zuwa Yamma a 1975, 1977 da 1979 don magance raunin da ta samu a lokacin yakin. Lokacin da Sakharov, wanda aka ba da kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 1975, hukumomin Soviet sun hana shi tafiya, Bonner, a Italiya don jinya, ya wakilce shi a bikin a Oslo .
Bonner ta zama memba na kungiyar Moscow Helsinki a shekarar 1976. Lokacin da a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 1980, aka kai Sakharov gudun hijira zuwa Gorky, wani birni da aka rufe ga baƙi, Bonner wanda aka azabtar da shi a fili ya zama rayuwarsa, yana tafiya tsakanin Gorky da Moscow don fitar da rubuce-rubucensa. Kame ta a watan Afrilu shekarar 1984, saboda " tashin hankali da farfaganda " da kuma hukuncin zaman gudun hijira na shekaru biyar a Gorky ya sake rushe rayuwarsu. Yajin yunwa da yawa na Sakharov ya tilasta wa sabuwar shugaban Soviet, Mikhail Gorbachev barin ta tafiya zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1985, don sextuple ta hanyar tiyatar zuciya . Kafin wannan, a cikin shekarar 1981, Bonner da Sakharov sun ci gaba da yajin cin abinci mai haɗari amma a ƙarshe sun yi nasara don samun jami'an Soviet don ba da izinin surukarsu, Yelizaveta Konstantinovna ("Lisa") Alexeyeva, takardar izinin fita don shiga mijinta, Bonner's. dan Alexei Semyonov, a Amurka.
A watan Disamban shekarar 1986, Gorbachev yarda Sakharov da Bonner su koma Moscow. Bayan mutuwar Sakharov a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, acikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara, ta kafa gidauniyar Andrei Sakharov, da Archives a Moscow. A cikin shekarar 1993, ta ba da gudummawar takaddun Sakharov a Yamma ga Jami'ar Brandeis a Amurka; a shekarar 2004, an mayar da su zuwa Jami'ar Harvard . Bonner ya ci gaba da magana kan dimokiradiyya da 'yancin ɗan adam a Rasha da kuma duniya baki ɗaya. Ta shiga cikin masu kare majalisar dokokin Rasha a lokacin juyin mulkin watan Agusta kuma ta goyi bayan Boris Yeltsin a lokacin rikicin tsarin mulki a farkon shekarar 1993.
Shekarun baya da mutuwa
Daga shekarar 2006, Bonner ta raba lokacinta tsakanin Moscow da Amurka, gida ga 'ya'yanta biyu, jikoki biyar, jikoki daya, da kuma daya. Ta mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2011, na ciwon zuciya a Boston, Massachusetts, tana da shekaru 88, a cewar 'yarta, Tatiana Yankelevich. An kwantar da ita a asibiti tun ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu.
Mutuwan 2011
Haifaffun 1923 |
15135 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelma%20Ekiyor | Thelma Ekiyor | Thelma Arimiebi Ekiyor 'yar gwagwarmayar neman zaman lafiya ce ta Najeriya,' yar kasuwa ta zamantakewar al'umma wacce ta yi aiki a mukamai masu karfi a tsakanin kungiyoyi da yawa, kuma lauya ne da ya kware a kan Yanayin Rigakafin Mutuwar. Ekiyor ta fi mai da hankali kan shigar da mata cikin gina zaman lafiya da karfafawa mata da matasa ta hanyar samun 'yancin kudi da kuma samun ilimin. Tana da gogewa game da ayyuka a cikin ƙasashen Afirka sama da 20. A shekarar 2006, ta kirkiro kungiyar Women Peace and Security Network Africa (WIPSEN-Africa) tare da Ecoma Bassey Alaga da kuma mai fafutukar samar da zaman lafiya a Liberia Leymah Gbowee.
Thelma Ekiyor ta karɓi MBA a fannin kasuwanci da kirkire-kirkire daga kwalejin Imperial da ke London, a Burtaniya, kuma tana da digiri na lauya tare da girmamawa ta LLB daga Jami'ar Buckingham. Tsohuwar ce ta Cibiyar Shugabancin Matan Afirka, da kuma Cibiyar Kula da Zaman Lafiya ta Zamani ta 2002 a Jami'ar Eastern Mennonite a Amurka, wanda ke da alaƙa sosai da WANEP da WISPEN-Afirka. Ekiyor shima ɗan jami'a ne na Jami'ar Stanford.
Gina zaman lafiya
Daga 2005 zuwa 2007, Ekiyor ta kasance Babban Manaja na Rikici-Rikicin da Tallafi (CIPS) a Cibiyar sasanta rikice-rikice (CCR) a Jami'ar Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu. A wannan mukamin, ta taimaka wajen fadada karfin tashe-tashen hankula na kasashen Afirka da ke fuskantar sake gini. A shekara ta 2005, Ekiyor da Razaan Bailey sun rubuta rahoto kan aikin sauya fasalin gidan yari (PTP), wanda ake kira "Promoting Restorative Justice in South Africa's Correctional Services", wanda ya shafi ra'ayoyin kasa da kasa kan jigogin dawo da adalci. A shekara ta 2006, Ekiyor da Noria Mashumba sun rubuta rahoton taron karawa juna sani kan manufofin da ake kira "The Peace-building role of Civil Society in Central Africa". A wurin taron karawa juna sani, Ekiyor ya gabatar da jawabi a wurin zaman Mata da Tsarin Zaman Lafiya, mai taken "The Role of Civil Society in Implementing International and Regional Frameworks on Women, Peace and Security".
Bayan ta yi aiki a CCR, Ekiyor ta zama Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Yammacin Afirka ta Yammacin Afirka (WASCI), da ke Ghana. Ta taimaka ta kafa alaƙa tsakanin masu ba da tallafi da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma ta ƙirƙiro da dabarun haɓaka civilungiyar farar hula ta WASCI da kuma dandalin Tasirin Manufofi.
A wajen Afirka, Ekiyor tana zaune ne a kan Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Cibiyar Ba da Tallafin Mata (WEC) da kuma Rising Leadership Foundation. Ita ma a yanzu haka memba ce ta ALL ON, wanda kamfanin Shell ya kafa kuma asusun tallafi ne na sabunta makamashi a Afirka ta Yamma.
Matan Afirka a cikin gina zaman lafiya
Daga 2001 zuwa 2005, Ekiyor ya kasance Daraktan Shirye-shirye na Cibiyar Sadarwar Afirka ta Yamma (WANEP). Bayan yakin basasa da yawa a cikin kasashen Afirka ta Yamma a cikin 1990s, an kafa WANEP a 1998. Kungiyar ta mai da hankali kan haɗin gwiwar rigakafi da gina zaman lafiya, tana ba da kwasa-kwasan kan waɗannan batutuwan, da kawance da sauran 'yan wasan da fatan kafa "dandalin tattaunawa", da dorewar zaman lafiya da ci gaba a yankin.
Ta hanyar alakarta da WANEP, Ekiyor ta sami tallafi da kudade don tunaninta na kirkirar kungiyar matan Afirka da za ta mai da hankali ga mata wadanda za su mayar da hankali kan sanya mata cikin zaman lafiya da shawarwari. Bin hanyar UNSC Resolution mai lamba 1325, Ekiyor ta yi fatan cewa wannan kungiyar za ta taimaka wajen samar da canji na hakika da kuma ba da damar jin muryoyin mata. A shekara ta 2001, ra'ayin Ekiyor ta zama kungiyar Mata masu gina zaman lafiya (WIPNET), wacce ta yi bikin kaddamar da ita a Accra, Ghana. WIPNET na aiki don inganta zaman lafiyar mata da kuma damar sake gina rikice-rikice a Afirka ta Yamma. A lokacin ƙaddamar da WIPNET, Ekiyor da kanta ta rubuta littafin horo na mai shiryawa wanda ya haɗa da atisayen da aka tsara don ƙarfafawa, shiga, da ilimantar da mata.
A cikin tarihinta na shekarar 2011, Mighty Be Our Powers, Leymah Gbowee ta bayyana cewa "tun daga farko, WIPNET ta kasance jaririn Thelma. Ta kawo ra'ayin ga WANEP kuma ta haɗu da rukunin horo na farko, kuma littafin gina zaman lafiya da ta dogara da shi lokacin da ta koya mana - littafin da ke cike da darussan da ake amfani da su a yanzu a cikin duk lokacin sasanta rikici - wani abu ne da ta yi aiki a kai. na shekaru."
A cikin 2006, Ekiyor ta kirkiro kungiyar Mata ta Peace and Security Network Africa (WIPSEN-A). Tare da Leymah Gbowee da Ecoma Alaga, ta yi fatan canza WIPNET zuwa wata kungiya wacce ke gudanar da ayyukanta ba tare da kungiyar WANEP ba, ta yadda shirin ba zai zama "hanyar sadarwar mata ta maza ba". Sun kuma yi fatan fadadawa da kara dorewar shirin ta hanyar fadada hanyoyin sadarwa a duk fadin Afirka da kuma hada kan 'yan matan da ke kasa da su.
Karfafawa mata kudi a Afirka
Ekiyor ita ce ta kirkiro da kuma Shugabar Kamfanin Afrigrants Resources, kungiyar da ke mayar da hankali kan nemo hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke magance matsalolin zamantakewa, tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban kasa da hada mata kudi. A Afrigrant, Ekiyor ya tsara Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Mata, shiri wanda ke ba da rance ga mata. A cikin 2017, Ekiyor ta kafa Funding Space, wanda ake nufi don taimaka wa 'yan kasuwa masu taimakon zamantakewar al'umma a Afirka ta Yamma su sami horo da kuma damar yin amfani da hanyoyin hadahadar kuɗi. A Funding Space, Ekiyor ta kirkiro asusun Ebi, wanda ta kebanci mata yan kasuwa.Ekiyor ta kuma kasance Manajan Darakta a SME.NG, Tsarin Tasirin Zuba Jarin Najeriyar, wanda kuma ke samar da kudade ga mata masu kasuwanci.
Ekiyor ta kuma kasance mai ba da shawara kan dabarun Siyasa ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Matan Najeriya, sannan kuma babbar mai ba da shawara ga Tarayyar Afirka, ECA, IGAD, and ECOWAS. A shekarar 2010, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta mata ta bukaci hadin kai tsakanin kungiyoyin farar hula, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da gwamnatoci domin cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa (SDG) 5, wanda ke ingiza daidaito tsakanin maza da mata da kuma karfafa mata. Ekiyor ta yi magana game da mahimmancin dogon lokaci da maƙasudai masu ɗorewa, kamar yadda ta bayyana imanin ta cewa saka hannun jari a cikin mata yana taimakawa faɗaɗa ci gaban al'umma, tana mai cewa "saka hannun jari a SDG-5 zai saukaka aiwatar da dukkan SDGs a Najeriya, wanda kuma zai inganta kasuwanci da manufofin tattalin arziki". A wata ganawa tsakanin wakilai daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Tarayyar Afirka a shekarar 2017, Ekiyor ta bayyana cewa "[sun] samar da sila a cikin aminci da tsaro, amma 'yancin tattalin arziki alama ce ta zaman lafiya da tsaro," jawo hankali ga imanin ta game da mahimmancin saka mata a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kuma tattaunawa game da zaman lafiya da tsaro.
A shekarar 2010, an nada Ekiyor a matsayin Babban Darakta na farko na Gidauniyar TY Danjuma (TYDF), wacce ke mai da hankali kan inganta hanyoyin samun lafiya da ilimi ga wadanda ke zaune a jihar Taraba, wani yanki a Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. A cikin 2011, TYDF ta ƙaddamar da aikin makarantar al'umma wanda zai kafa makarantar sakandare ta farko a Fulatara, wata al'umma a jihar Bauchi, Najeriya. A yayin kaddamarwar, Ekiyor ta bayyana cewa "za a iya samun ci gaban ilimi ne ta hanyar hadin kan al'umma tare da bayar da damar jagorancin gwamnati," sannan ta jaddada mahimmancin yin rajistar 'yan mata.
A cikin shekarar 2020, Ekiyor ya zama shugaban kungiyar kanana, kanana da matsakaita-matsakaitan kasuwanci na Kungiyar ofungiyar Kasuwancin Nijeriya, Masana'antu, Ma'adanai da Noma (NACCIMA). A cikin wannan rawar, Ekiyor za ta yi aiki tare da ƙananan 'yan kasuwa da nufin inganta ƙwarewar su da kuma fa'idantar da tattalin arzikin Nijeriya gaba ɗaya.
A wani taron WANEP da aka yi a Ghana a shekarar 2000, Ekiyor ta hadu da Leymah Gbowee, wacce ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel ta shekarar 2011 wacce ita ce jigon tafiyar don sanya mata cikin sasantawar yakin basasa na biyu na Laberiya. Ekiyor ta ƙarfafa, ta ba da shawara, kuma ta yi aiki tare da Leymah Gbowee a yayin wannan aikin, kuma matan biyu sun kusanci juna. A cikin tarihinta na shekarar 2011, Gbowee ya rubuta cewa "Thelma ba abokina ba ne kawai; 'yar uwata ce, tagwaye na, inuwar kaina, kuma wani wanda ya fahimci bangaren siyasa na a cikin hanyar da ba wani ba."
Bayan kafa WIPNET, sai Ekiyor ta nada Gbowee a matsayin mai kula da babin WIPNET na Laberiya. Matan biyu sun ci gaba da aiki tare daga baya lokacin da suka kafa WIPSEN-Afirka a 2006.
Lambobin yabo
A shekarar 2015, an zabe Ekiyor ne don lambar yabo ta Shugabannin Pan Afrika a matsayin mai kiyaye zaman lafiya da tsaro. lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara, wanda Cibiyar Dimokiradiyya ta Afirka (ADI) ta bayar, ta bi taken Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) don Ranar Taimako ta Duniya don zaɓar waɗanda ke ba da ƙarfin ɗan adam. |
53599 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles%20Larrain | Gilles Larrain | Gilles Larrain (an haife shi a watan Disamba 5, 1938) ɗan ƙasar Faransa ne mai daukar hoto wanda ya yi imanin daukar hoto wata hanya ce ta "kama yanayin rayuwar mutum". Ta hanyar ɗaukar hanya ta musamman don ɗaukar hoto, wanda ya haɗa da ƙirƙirar hasken kansa, sarrafa dukkan tsarin duhun duhu, da kuma samun batutuwa koyaushe zuwa sararin ɗakin studio na kansa, Larrain ya ƙirƙiri manyan fasahohin fasaha tun 1969. A cikin 1973, Larrain ya buga littafin daukar hoto mai nasara sosai, Idols, wanda ya gabatar da hotuna na transvestites . Shekaru biyu bayan haka, littafin ya yi wahayi zuwa ga mai daukar hoto na Amurka Ryan McGinley wanda ya rubuta labarin Afrilu 2010 a cikin Vice, wanda ya gano Larrain da littafin Idols a matsayin daya daga cikin farkonsa da kuma manyan tasirinsa don gwaji tare da launuka, simintin gyare-gyare, da kayan aiki, saboda duk hotunan Larrain a cikin littafin suna danye ba tare da wani magudi ba. Larrain ya ɗauki hotuna masu mahimmanci a cikin nau'o'in fasaha masu yawa, ciki har da masu rawa na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ballet na Amurka, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Salvador Dalí, Miles Davis, Sting, Billy Joel, Roberto Rossellini, Norman Mailer, da sauransu.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Mahaifinsa, Hernán Larrain, jami'in diflomasiyya ne tare da karamin jakadan Chile a Vietnam kuma mai zane. Mahaifiyarsa, Charlotte Mayer-Blanchy, 'yar wasan pian ce ta Faransa-Bietnam kuma mai zane. Shi ne babban, babban jikan Paul Blanchy, magajin gari na farko na Saigon kuma farkon mai samar da barkono na Vietnam. Shi ne kakan Rafael Larrain, Cardinal na Talca (Chile).
Larrain cikin sauri ya koyi harsuna da yawa a kowace shekara biyu kuma ya haɓaka fahimtar kansa cikin abubuwan da ya faru a duniya. Iliminsa ya ɗauki nauyin al'ada, wanda ya fara da Lycee Francais de New York . Ya sadu da matarsa ta farko, Anne-Marie Maluski, wadda mahaifinta ya kawo tayoyin Michelin zuwa Amurka. Ma'auratan sun sake saki bayan 'yan shekaru kuma Anne-Marie ta zama marubucin yara da aka buga a karkashin sunan, Anne-Marie Chapouton.
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya karɓi baccalaureate na Faransa a Lycée Français, ya ɗauki ɗan gajeren lokaci a MIT . da Jami'ar New York, kuma a ƙarshe a Ecole Nationale des Beaux-Arts a Paris inda ya karanta gine-gine kuma ya yi aiki a tsarin birni . Ya kuma ci gaba da zane da zane.
A cikin 1960s, Larrain ya kasance majagaba a cikin fasahar motsin rai, ta yin amfani da iska, hayaki, haske, tsarin inflatable, ruwa da bututun neon azaman hanyar magana. A cikin 1963, Larrain ya yi tafiya zuwa Oaxaca don yin karatu a Monte Alban da Mitla, inda ya fahimci zane bai isa ba don ɗaukar duk abin da ake buƙata don bayani - daukar hoto ya zama mahimmancin matsakaici don yin tambayoyi masu dacewa da samun amsoshin da suka dace. Anan, Larrain ya koyi yin amfani da kyamarar don ƙirƙirar hotuna waɗanda ke haɓaka motsin rai. Daga wannan lokaci, ya yanke shawarar zama mai zanen hoton.
Auren Larrain na biyu shine Marie Christine Bon a 1965 kuma sun haifi 'ya mace, Olivia, a 1968. Auren sa na uku shine Isabella Coco Cummings a 1989 kuma tare suna da ɗa, Lasco, a 1991. A halin yanzu yana auren mai zanen yadi da kayan kwalliya, wanda aka sani da sunanta na farko, Louda, wanda ya aura a 2006
An gudanar da nunin zanen mutum ɗaya na Larrain na farko a birnin New York a dandalin Southampton East Gallery akan titin 72nd a 1966. Baya ga daukar hoto, Larrain ya fara ƙara ƙarin siffofin fasaha na gani. Hotunan nasa sun bincika sararin siffofi, launuka, da kayan aiki; fasahar motsinsa ya bincika sararin haske da kundin ta hanyar neons da tsarin inflatable, wanda ya nuna a Biennale de Paris na biyar "Espaces dynamiques en m mouvement" kuma ya lashe kyautar Les Levine tare da Francois Dallegret don aikin gama gari, Tubalair, a Biennale na shida a 1969.
A cikin 1968, Jaridar New York Post Daily Magazine ta gabatar da labarin game da Larrain wanda Nora Ephron ya rubuta. Har ila yau, ya bayyana a bikin Avant Garde na shekara-shekara na New York wanda aka kafa ta hanyar masu zane-zane da masu zane-zane, Charlotte Moorman, da kuma dan Koriya ta Amurka, Nam June Paik . Larrain ya fara ɗaukar hoto na cikakken lokaci a cikin 1969, wanda ya haɗa da aikin kasuwanci ga abokan ciniki, irin su Club Med, GTE, Lavazza, Knoll International, Joel Name Wear, American Ballet Theater, Renault, da kuma mujallu, irin su Esquire, Vogue, Oui, Rolling Stone, Time, New York da sauransu
A cikin 1973, Larrain ya buga littafi mai nasara da rigima, Idols, wanda ya gabatar da hotuna na New York mafi hazaka, m, kyawawa transvestites, kuma mafi yawa gay mutane, wanda ya fito a cikin almara SoHo studio. Idols ne ingantaccen compendium na 1970s Warhol -era New York salon da hali, wanda ke nuna Holly Woodlawn, mambobi ne na San Francisco-based psychedelic ja sarauniya wasan kwaikwayo, da Cockettes, Taylor Meade, da John Noble
A cikin 1980s da kuma daga baya, Larrain's portrain's portraire style was always wanted after at attajiri abokan ciniki ciki har da Miles Davis, Sting, Billy Joel, John Lennon, Yoko Ono, Jerry Rubin, Glenn Close, Norman Mailer, Mikhail Baryshnikov , Mawallafin Mawallafin Maurice na Iran, Maurice Maurice, Mawallafin Maurice, Mawallafin Maurice, Maurice Diaz Farah Diba Pahlavi da Salvador Dalí . Har ila yau, an yi amfani da basirarsa don ƙirƙirar murfin kundi don mawaƙa. Batunsa sun fito ne daga masu rawa da mawaƙa zuwa masu fasaha da mashahurai zuwa abokai har ma da mai kisan kai, Michael Alig . Larrain ya dage kan sarrafa dukkan tsarin daukar hoto daga daukar hotuna a kan kyamara har zuwa cikin dakin duhu, don haka maimakon haduwa da samfura a cikin nasu muhalli, batutuwa sun zo dakin studio na Larrain don daukar hoto. Larrain ya yi niyya don kama bayanan tunanin ban da haske, yana fitar da abin da yake so ya ciro. A cikin 1982, Larrain ya yi aiki tare da Robert Mapplethorpe, Deborah Turbeville, da Roy Volkmann a kan littafin, Exquisite Creatures, wanda William Morrow & Company, Inc. ya buga a 1985, yana mai da hankali kan kyan gani mara kyau na mace ta hanyar jerin hotunan tsirara.
Zaɓaɓun jaridu
The New York Daily Post, by Nora Ephron
Vice (Ryan McGinley)
Rebe Rebel
New York Times (1970s take and social disrobing)
Photographers Encyclopedia — collections
Tablao Mag
S Magazine JPT
View Camera — Rosalind |
51100 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaida%20Buari | Shaida Buari | Shaida Buari (an Haife ta 25 ga watan Yuli 1982) 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Ghana, mai ba da taimako, abar koyi, kuma wacce ta lashe kambun gasar kyau ta shekarar 2002 Miss Ghana.
Ƙuruciya da ilimi
An haifi Shaida Buari a Accra, Ghana Mahaifinta Alhaji Sidiku Buari; hamshakin dan kasuwa da kuma mawaƙi wanda tsawon shekaru 12, ya rike ofishin shugaban ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Ghana, da Elizabeth Mirabelle Odonkor wacce ke gudanar da shagon amarya da sabis na PR ga mata a Accra. Iyayenta sun rabu a shekarar 1997. Tana da kanne guda biyu: Sidiku Buari Jnr., Injiniya mai kula da shagon motocinsa, da Sarki Faisal Buari; mai magana mai kuzari kuma mai Buarich Group of Companies. Nadia Buari, 'yar uwarta ce. Ta halarci Alsyd Academy don karatun farko. Ta tafi makarantar sakandare ta St. Mary's a Accra, inda aka zabe ta shugabar nishadantarwa kuma ta gudanar da tattara kudade don ayyukan makarantu da yawa. Har ila yau, a makarantar sakandare ne sana’arta ta fara yin tallan kayan kawa bayan ta ci gasar yin tallan kayan kawa (now Defunct) a shekarar 1998. Bayan fitowar ta a wasu tallace-tallace na talabijin, ta shiga kuma ta lashe gasar Miss Ghana a shekara ta 2002, inda ta fara aikin jin kai. Ta kuma fafata a gasar FACE of Africa Modeling Competition inda ta kai wasan karshe na biyar.
Shaida ta kammala karatun digiri tare da karramawa daga Jami'ar Ghana, tana karatun Psychology tare da minor in political science a cikin (shekara). Ta yi aikin sa kai a asibitin masu tabin hankali da ke birnin Accra inda ta yi bincike kan alakar wurin da ciwon tumo da tabin hankali a asibitin koyarwa na Korle-Bu na tsawon shekara guda.
Shaida ta auri Mr Kunle Nubi a shekarar 2011. Sun kafa Oil & Gas Entity ENERGEM.
Shaida ta wakilci Ghana a gasar Miss World a shekarar 2003. A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta na al'umma a matsayin wacce ta lashe lambar yabo, ta yi aiki tare da UNICEF, Right To Play a kan ayyukan da suka shafi wayar da kan jama'a game da rashin jin daɗi da ke addabar masu cutar HIV / AIDs, sannan da kuma taimakawa wajen ilmantar da iyaye game da mahimmancin wasu allurar rigakafi da taimakawa wajen magance. cututtuka a kananan yara. Wannan fallasa ya sa ta kafa kungiyarta mai zaman kanta; Gidauniyar Helplink. Shaida tare da hadin gwiwar wasu kamfanoni sun yi nasarar biyan kudin asibiti na yara da dama da ke bukatar taimakon.
Ayyukan agaji da sauran ayyuka
A shekarar 2013, yayin da take tare da ɗanta, ta kafa Tellitmoms.com wanda shine al'umma ta yanar gizo mai saurin kamuwa da cuta don uwaye da uwaye su kasance, wanda a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, tana ba da shawarwari kan tarbiyya da kula da yara. Tellitmoms tare da haɗin gwiwar NP Ghandour sun ba da gudummawar abubuwan tsabtace hannu da kayan kwalliya ga sashin haihuwa a asibitin koyarwa na Korle Bu. Har ila yau, tana shirya jerin abubuwan da suka faru inda suke nuna samfurori da ayyuka don iyaye da iyaye su kasance. Sun ba da ƴan kujerun mota don taimakawa ƙarfafa amincin motocin yara a Afirka. Tun lokacin da ta haɗu tare da Gloradelle, Graco Ghana, Audylot, Mini Me, Naabils, Iye Naturals, Sahara Rise, Disney Ghana, Baby Bed Beds and Beyond, Baby Foods and More, Haute Mummy Maternity, Adora Intimate, Selina BeB, Bvenaj, Buarich Rukuni, Sabis ɗin Kaa, Tarin Bon, Kayan Halitta, Tarin Beva, Bri Wireduah, Tarin Rhema, Cheerbaby, Lafiyar Matan Haihuwa, Rubi House of Beauty, da sauransu.
Haifaffun 1982
Rayayyun mutane |
53966 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsitsi%20Dangarembga | Tsitsi Dangarembga | Tsitsi Dangaremb fbunga (an Haife ta 4 ga Fabrairu 1959) marubuciya ce ta Zimbabwe, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai shirya fina-finai. Littafin littafinta na farko mai suna Nervous Conditions , wanda ita ce ta farko da wata bakar fata daga kasar Zimbabwe ta buga a cikin Turanci, wanda BBC ta bayyana a shekarar 2018 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan littattafai 100 da suka tsara duniya. Ta ci wasu lambobin yabo na adabi, gami da Kyautar Marubuta ta Commonwealth da lambar yabo ta PEN Pinter . A cikin 2020, littafinta Wannan Jikin Makoki ya kasance cikin jerin sunayen da aka zaba don Kyautar Booker . A shekarar 2022, an yanke wa Dangarembga hukunci a wata kotu a Zimbabwe da laifin tayar da hankalin jama'a, ta hanyar nuna, a kan titin jama'a, allunan neman gyara.. M
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Tsitsi Dangarembga a ranar 4 ga Fabrairun 1959 a Mutoko, Kudancin Rhodesia ( yanzu Zimbabwe ), ƙaramin gari inda iyayenta ke koyarwa a makarantar mishan da ke kusa. Mahaifiyarta, Susan Dangarembga, ita ce mace baƙar fata ta farko a Kudancin Rhodesia don samun digiri na farko, kuma mahaifinta, Amon, daga baya zai zama shugaban makaranta. Daga shekaru biyu zuwa shida, Dangarembga ta zauna a Ingila, yayin da iyayenta ke neman ilimi mai zurfi. A can, kamar yadda ta tuna, ita da ɗan'uwanta sun fara jin Turanci "hakika kuma sun manta da yawancin Shona da muka koya." Ta komba Rhodesia tare da danginta a shekara ta 1965, shekarar shelar 'yancin kai na bai ɗaya na mulkin mallaka. A Rhodesia, ta sake samun Shona, amma ta ɗauki Turanci, yaren karatunta, harshenta na farko .
A cikin 1965, ta ƙaura tare da danginta zuwa Old Mutare, manufa ta Methodist kusa da Umtali (yanzu Mutare) inda mahaifinta da mahaifiyarta suka ɗauki mukamai daban-daban a matsayin shugaban makaranta da malami a Makarantar Sakandare ta Hartzell. Dangarembga, wacce ta fara karatunta a Ingila, ta shiga makarantar firamare ta Hartzell, kafin ta tafi makaranta a makarantar zuhudu ta Marymount Mission. Ta kammala karatunta na A-Levels a Makarantar Arundel, makarantar ƴan mata ƙwararru, galibi fararen fata a babban birnin kasar, Salisbury (yau Harare), kuma a cikin 1977 ta tafi Jami'ar Cambridge don karatun likitanci a Kwalejin Sidney Sussex . A can, ta fuskanci wariyar launin fata da keɓewa kuma ta bar bayan shekaru uku, ta dawo a 1980 zuwa Zimbabwe watanni da yawa kafin samun 'yancin kai.
Dangarembga ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin malami, kafin ya fara karatu a fannin likitanci da ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar Zimbabwe yayin da ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin marubuci a wata hukumar kasuwanci. Ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta jami'a, kuma ta rubuta tare da ba da umarni da yawa daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo da ƙungiyar ta yi. Ta kuma shiga cikin rukunin wasan kwaikwayo na Zambuko, inda ta shiga cikin shirya wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu, Katshaa! da Mavambo . Daga baya ta tuna, “Babu wani wasan kwaikwayo da aka yi da mata baƙar fata, ko aƙalla ba mu sami damar yin su ba a lokacin. Marubuta a Zimbabwe maza ne a lokacin. Don haka a gaskiya ban ga cewa za a gyara lamarin ba sai dai in wasu mata sun zauna sun rubuta wani abu, don haka na yi!” Ta rubuta wasanni uku a cikin wannan lokacin: Lost of the Soil , Ba Ta Kara Kuka ba, da Na Uku . A cikin waɗannan shekarun, ta kuma fara karanta ayyukan marubutan mata Ba-Amurke da wallafe-wallafen Afirka na zamani, sauyi daga ƙa'idodin Ingilishi da ta girma.
1980s da 1990s
A cikin 1985, ɗangarembga ta ɗan gajeren labari "Wasiƙa" ya lashe matsayi na biyu a gasar rubuce-rubucen da Hukumar Haɗin gwiwar Ci Gaban Ƙasashen Duniya ta Sweden ta shirya, kuma an buga shi a Sweden a cikin littafin tarihin Whispering Land . A cikin 1987, an buga wasanta mai suna She No Longer Weeps, wanda ta rubuta a lokacin jami'a, a Harare. Littafinta na farko, Yanayin Jijiya, an buga shi a cikin 1988 a Burtaniya, kuma bayan shekara guda a Amurka . Ta rubuta shi a cikin 1985, amma ta sha wahala wajen buga shi; Wasu mawallafa 'yan Zimbabwe huɗu suka ƙi, daga ƙarshe ta sami mawallafi mai son rai a cikin Gidan Jarida na Mata na London . Yanayi na Jijiya, littafi na farko da wata baƙar fata daga Zimbabwe ta rubuta a cikin Ingilishi, ya sami yabo na gida da na duniya, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Commonwealth Writers' Prize (yankin Afirka) a 1989. Aikinta yana cikin littafin tarihin 1992 ' ya'ya mata na Afirka, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya. Ana ɗaukar Yanayin Jijiya ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun litattafan Afirka da aka taɓa rubuta, kuma an haɗa su cikin jerin manyan littattafai 100 na BBC na 2018 waɗanda suka tsara duniya.
A cikin 1989, Dangarembga ya tafi Jamus don nazarin jagorar fina-finai a Cibiyar Nazarin Fina-Finai da Talabijin ta Jamus Berlin . Ta shirya fina-finai da dama yayin da take Berlin, ciki har da wani shirin gaskiya da aka watsa a gidan talabijin na Jamus. A cikin 1992, ta kafa Nyerai Films, kamfanin shirya fina-finai da ke Harare. Ta rubuta labarin ne don fim ɗin Neria, wanda aka yi a 1991, wanda ya zama fim mafi girma a tarihin Zimbabwe. Fim ɗinta na 1996 Child's Child, fim ɗin farko da wata baƙar fata 'yar Zimbabwe ta shirya, an nuna shi a duniya, ciki har da bikin fina-finai na Dublin . Fim din, wanda aka yi a Harare da Domboshava, ya biyo bayan labarai masu ban tausayi na 'yan'uwa hudu bayan iyayensu sun mutu da cutar kanjamau .
2000 gaba
A cikin 2000, Dangarembga ta koma Zimbabwe tare da danginta, kuma ta ci gaba da aikinta tare da Nyerai Films. A shekara ta 2002, ta kafa bikin fina-finai na Hotuna na Duniya. Fim dinta na 2005 Kare Kare Zvako ta lashe kyautar Short Film Award da Golden Dhow a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zanzibar, da lambar yabo ta gajerun fina-finan Afirka a bikin fina-finai na Milan . Fim dinta Peretera Maneta a shekara ta 2006 ta sami lambar yabo ta UNESCO ta yara da kare hakkin dan Adam kuma ta lashe bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zanzibar. Ita ce babbar darektar kungiyar mata masu shirya fina-finai ta Zimbabwe, kuma ita ce shugabar da ta kafa bikin fina-finan mata na Harare. Tun daga shekarar 2010, ta kuma yi aiki a hukumar kula da kade-kade ta Zimbabwe na tsawon shekaru biyar, ciki har da shekaru biyu a matsayin kujera. Ita mamba ce ta kafa Cibiyar Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙira don Ci gaba don Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙira a Afirka (ICAPA).
Da aka tambaye ta game da rashin rubuce-rubucenta tun lokacin da yanayin Jijiya, Dangarembga ya bayyana a cikin 2004: "Da farko, an buga littafin ne kawai bayan da na juya zuwa fim a matsayin matsakaici; na biyu, Virginia Woolf ta wayo abin lura cewa mace tana buƙatar £ 500 da ɗakin kanta don rubuta shi cikakke ne. Ba zato ba tsammani, Ina motsi da fatan cewa, a karon farko tun lokacin da yanayin Jijiya, Zan sami ɗaki na kaina. Zan yi ƙoƙarin yin watsi da bit game da £ 500." Lalle ne, bayan shekaru biyu a cikin 2006, ta buga littafinta na biyu, Littafin Ba, wani mabiyi ga Yanayin Jijiya . Ta kuma shiga harkokin siyasa, kuma a shekarar 2010 aka nada ta sakatariyar ilimi na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Movement for Democratic Change karkashin jagorancin Arthur Mutambara . Ta ba da misali da tarihinta da ta fito daga dangin malamai, da ɗan gajeren zamanta na malami, da kuma “aiki, in ba bisa ƙa’ida ba,” a fannin ilimi, a matsayin ta na shirya mata rawar. Ta kammala karatun digiri na uku a fannin nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin, kuma ta rubuta karatun digirinta na uku kan karbar fina-finan Afirka.
Ta kasance alkali ga lambar yabo ta Etisalat na Adabi na 2014. A cikin 2016, Cibiyar Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio ta zaɓi ta don masu fasahar su a cikin shirin zama. Littafinta na uku, Wannan Jikin Makoki, Mabiyi na Littafin Ba da Yanayin Jijiya, an buga shi a cikin 2018 ta Graywolf Press a cikin Amurka, kuma a cikin Burtaniya ta Faber da Faber a cikin 2020, wanda Alexandra Fuller ya bayyana a cikin New York Times a matsayin "wani gwaninta" da kuma ta Novurion Rosa T. . ya kasance daya daga cikin litattafai shida da aka zaba don Kyautar Booker na 2020, wanda aka zaba daga gabatarwa 162.
A cikin wata hira da Bhakti Shringarpure na mujallar Bomb, Dangaremgba ta tattauna dalilin da ya sa littattafanta: "Mawallafina na farko, marigayi Ros de Lanerolle, ya umarce ni da in rubuta wani labari game da Yanayin Jijiya . Lokacin rubuta ci gaba, na gane littafi na biyu zai yi magana ne kawai da tsakiyar ɓangaren rayuwar jarumin. ... [kuma] ba su ba da amsa ga tambayoyin da aka taso a cikin Yanayin Jijiya ba game da yadda rayuwa tare da kowane mataki na hukuma zai yiwu ga irin waɗannan mutane. . . . Ra'ayin rubuta trilogy ya burge ni game da wani talaka wanda ya fara a matsayin ƴar ƙauye mai talauci a ƙasar Rhodesia ta mulkin mallaka kuma dole ta yi ƙoƙarin gina rayuwa mai ma'ana ga kanta. Har ila yau, fam ɗin ya ba ni damar yin hulɗa da wasu al'amura na ci gaban ƙasar Zimbabwe ta hanyar kai tsaye maimakon siyasa."
A cikin 2019, an sanar da Dangarembga a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙarshe na lambar yabo ta Adabin Kwalejin St. Francis, lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara don gane fitaccen almara na marubuta a tsakiyar matakan ayyukansu, wanda a ƙarshe Samantha Hunt ya ci nasara a wannan shekarar. m
A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2020 an kama Dangarembga a Harare, Zimbabwe, gabanin zanga-zangar adawa da cin hanci da rashawa. Daga baya waccan shekarar tana cikin jerin mata 100 na BBC da aka sanar a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2020.
A cikin Satumba 2020, an sanar da Dangarembga a matsayin Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia na farko na Shugaban Rubutun Ƙirƙirar Rubutun Duniya, daga 2021 zuwa 2022.
Dangarembga ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2021 PEN International Award for Freedom Expression, wanda aka ba kowace shekara tun 2005 don karrama marubutan da ke ci gaba da aiki duk da tsanantawa saboda rubuce-rubucensu.
A cikin Yuni 2021, an sanar da cewa Dangarembga zai zama mai karɓar babbar lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta 2021 da ƙungiyar masu buga littattafan Jamus da masu sayar da littattafai suka ba ta, ta zama baƙar fata ta farko da aka karrama da lambar yabo tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi a 1950.
A cikin Yuli 2021, an zabe ta zuwa Fellowship na girmamawa na Kwalejin Sidney Sussex, Cambridge .
PEN ta Ingilishi ce ta zaɓi Dangarembga a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar PEN Pinter na 2021, wanda ake ba shi kowace shekara ga marubuci wanda, a cikin kalmomin da Harold Pinter ya faɗa game da karɓar kyautar Nobel ta adabi, ya jefa kallon "marasa hankali, rashin karkata" a duniya kuma yana nuna "ƙaddamar azamar tunani ... don ayyana gaskiyar rayuwarmu". A jawabinta na karbuwa a dakin karatu na Burtaniya a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2021, Dangarembga ta nada marubuciyar marubuciya 'yar kasar Uganda Kakwenza Rukirabashaija a matsayin lambar yabo ta Marubuci ta Kasa da Kasa .
A cikin 2022, an zaɓi Dangarembga don karɓar lambar yabo ta Windham-Campbell Literature Prize don almara.
A watan Yuni 2022, an bayar da sammacin kama Tsitsi Dangarembga. An tuhume ta da laifin tunzura jama'a da cin zarafin jama'a da keta dokokin yaki da cutar Covid bayan zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati da aka shirya a karshen Yuli 2020.
A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2022, an yanke wa Dangarembga hukunci bisa hukuma da laifin yada tashin hankalin jama'a bayan ita da kawarta, Julie Barnes, sun zagaya a Harare cikin zanga-zangar lumana yayin da suke rike da allunan da ke dauke da "Muna Son Mafi Kyau. Gyara Cibiyoyinmu”. Dangarembga an ci tarar dala 110 da kuma daurin watanni shida a gidan yari. Ta sanar da cewa ta shirya daukaka kara kan hukuncin nata ne a daidai lokacin da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama ke ikirarin cewa ana tuhumarta ne sakamakon yunkurin Shugaba Emmerson Mnangagwa na "shuru da 'yan adawa a kasar da ta dade a kudancin Afirka." A ranar 8 ga Mayu 2023, an sanar da cewa an soke hukuncin Dangarembga bayan da ta daukaka kara a kan hukuncin farko a 2022.
Zaɓaɓɓen kyaututtuka da karramawa
1989: Kyautar Marubuta ta Commonwealth (yankin Afirka) don Yanayin Jijiya
2005: Kare Kare Zvako ya lashe kyautar Short Film da Golden Dhow a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zanzibar, da lambar yabo ta gajerun fina-finan Afirka a bikin fina-finai na Milan.
2018: Yanayin Jijiya da BBC ta ambata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan littattafai 100 da suka tsara duniya
2020: Wannan Jikin Makoki da aka zaba don Kyautar Booker
2021: Kyautar PEN ta Duniya don 'Yancin Magana
2021: Kyautar zaman lafiya ta 2021 daga ƙungiyar masu buga littattafan Jamus da masu sayar da littattafai
2021: Fellowship na girmamawa na Kwalejin Sidney Sussex, Cambridge
2021: Kyautar PEN Pinter daga Turanci PEN
2022: Kyautar Adabin Windham-Campbell (almara)
Jerin ayyuka
Na Uku (wasa)
Rashin Ƙasa (wasa), 1983
"Wasiƙar" (gajeren labari), 1985, wanda aka buga a cikin Ƙasar Wasiƙa
Ba Ta Kara Kuka ba (wasa), 1987
Yanayin Jijiya, 1988,
Littafin Ba, 2006,
Wannan Jikin Makoki , 2018,
Baƙar fata da Na mata (marubuta), 2022,
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rikodin karatun Dangarembga na "Zaben Zimbabwe"
Petri Liukkonen.
"Sanarwar goyon baya ga Tsitsi Dangarembga", Sabon Rubutu, Jami'ar Gabashin Anglis, Oktoba 2020.
Leo Robson, "Me yasa Tsitsi Dangarembga yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan da kyautar Booker ta taɓa yin bikin", New Stateman, 13 Nuwamba 2020.
Mia Swart, "Tsitsi Dangarembga: Rayuwa a cikin 'Zimbabwe mai takurawa'", AlJazeera, 16 Nuwamba 2020.
Catherine Taylor, "Tsitsi Dangarembga kan kama ta, kyautar Booker da kuma dalilin da ya sa ba za ta bar Zimbabwe ba: 'Yana ci gaba da rauni'" , 16 Nuwamba 2020.
Troy Fielder, "UEA Live: Wani fanko mai cutarwa, A cikin Tattaunawa Tare da Tsitsi Dangarembga", Kankare, 27 Fabrairu 2021.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1959
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
11215 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chidozie%20Awaziem | Chidozie Awaziem | Chidozie Collins Awaziem (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya a ƙungiyar Alanyaspor ta Turkiyya a matsayin aro daga Boavista.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
An haife shi a Enugu, Awaziem ya koma FC Porto daga Portugala shekara ta 2014, inda ya shafe shekararsa ta ƙarshe a matsayin ƙaramin ɗan wasa kuma ya lashe kofin gasar. Ya yi babban halarta a karon da aka yi tare da B tawagar a cikin Segunda Liga.
A ranar 27 Janairu 2016, yana da shekaru 19, Awaziem ya bayyana a wasansa na farko na gasa tare da babban ƙungiyar, yayi cikakken mintuna 90 a cikin rashin nasara 2-0 da CD Feirense a cikin Taça da Liga. Fitowar sa na farko a gasar Premier ta faru ne a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, yayin da ya sake farawa a ci 2-1 a SL Benfica saboda raunin rauni a bangaren tsaro.
An aro Awaziem zuwa kulob din FC Nantes na Faransa don kakar 2017–18. Wasansa na farko a gasar Ligue 1 ya faru ne a ranar 6 ga watan Agustan 2017, lokacin da ya shigo wasan a minti na 74 a wasan da suka doke Lille OSC da ci 3-0.
A cikin Janairu 2019, Awaziem ya shiga Çaykur Rizespor akan lamuni har zuwa karshen yakin . A kan 15 Agusta, a cikin irin wannan yanayin, ya koma CD Leganés.
Har yanzu mallakar Porto, Awaziem ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar wucin gadi tare da Boavista FC - kuma a Portugal da birnin Porto - gabanin 2020-21, tare da wajibcin kwantiragin dindindin na shekaru hudu akan 30 Yuni 2021. Ya koma Süper Lig na Turkiyya a ranar 8 ga Satumba 2021, ana ba da shi aro ga Alanyaspor.
Ayyukan kasa
Yana da shekaru 19, Najeriya ta kira Awaziem domin buga wasan sada zumunci da Mali da Luxembourg, a ranakun 27 da 31 ga Mayu 2016. Ya yi babban wasansa na farko a ranar 1 ga watan Yuni 2017, ya fara wasan a cikin nasara 3 – 0 akan Togo a Paris a wani wasan nunin.
An saka Awaziem a cikin tawagar Gernot Rohr na mutum 23 don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a Rasha, kasancewa dan wasan da ba a yi amfani da shi ba yayin da gasar ta kare a matakin rukuni. An kuma zabe shi a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka na 2019 da 2021.
Kididdigar sana'a
Ƙasashen Duniya
Manufar kasa da kasa
Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2018
1. ^ a b "2018 FIFA World Cup Russia – List of
Players" (PDF). FIFA. 4 June 2018. Archived from
the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 10
June 2018.
2. ^ a b "Chidozie Awaziem" . Eurosport . Retrieved 14
September 2020.
3. ^ "Dragões são campeões nacionais de
Sub-19" [Dragons are Under-19 national
champions] (in Portuguese). Porto Canal. 16 May
2015. Archived from the original on 8 November
2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
4. ^ "Chidozie: o menino lançado às feras num Clássico
faz 22 anos" [Chidozie: the kid thrown to the
wolves in a Classic turns 22] (in Portuguese). FC
Porto. 1 January 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
5. ^ "Eight reserves called for the match against
Feirense" . FC Porto. 26 January 2016. Retrieved 21
February 2016.
6. ^ Pires, Sérgio (27 January 2016). "TL: Feirense-FC
Porto, 2–0 (crónica)" [LC: Feirense-FC Porto, 2–0
(match report)] (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol.
Retrieved 21 February 2016.
7. ^ "Chidozie e Indi são os únicos centrais para a
Luz" [Chidozie and Indi are the only stoppers for
the Luz ]. O Jogo (in Portuguese). 11 February 2016.
Retrieved 21 February 2016.
8. ^ "Benfica 1–2 FC Porto" . ESPN FC . 12 February
2016. Archived from the original on 14 February
2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
9. ^ "Nigerian Awaziem joins Nantes" . ESPN . 5 July
2017. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
10. ^ Vadeevaloo, Teddy (6 August 2017). "Ce qu'il faut
retenir" [These were the highlights]. Le Figaro (in
French). Retrieved 6 June 2018.
11. ^ "Chidozie Collins Awaziem Çaykur
Rizespor'da" [Chidozie Collins Awaziem to Çaykur
Rizespor] (in Turkish). Çaykur Rizespor. 22 January
2019. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
12. ^ Martín, Javier (15 August 2019). "El Leganés hace
oficial la cesión de Awaziem para blindar su
zaga" [Leganés make Awaziem loan official to
shield back sector]. Diario AS (in Spanish). Retrieved
15 August 2019.
13. ^ "Boavista garante Chidozie junto do FC
Porto" [Boavista confirm Chidozie at FC Porto].
Record (in Portuguese). 5 September 2020. Retrieved
14 September 2020.
14. ^ "OFICIAL: Boavista empresta Chidozie ao
Alanyaspor" [OFFICIAL: Boavista loan Chidozie to
Alanyaspor] (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 8
September 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
15. ^ "Yusuf invites 26 players for Mali, Luxembourg" .
Nigeria Football Federation. 3 March 2016. Retrieved
12 July 2016.
16. ^ Okpara, Christian (2 June 2017). "Musa fires brace
as Eagles hammer Togo 3–0" . The Guardian .
Retrieved 19 June 2017.
17. ^ Udoh, Colin (3 June 2018). "Super Eagles drop Aina,
Agu from World Cup squad" . ESPN. Retrieved 6
June 2018.
18. ^ "Nigeria: Super Eagles' team list for Afcon 2019" .
AllAfrica . 12 June 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
19. ^ Oludare, Shina (17 January 2022). "Afcon 2021
squads: Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon & every official
tournament squad list" . Goal . Retrieved 4 March
20. ^ a b Chidozie Awaziem at National-Football-
21. ^ "FC Porto conquista Supertaça pela 21.ª vez" [FC
Porto conquer Supercup for the 21st time] (in
Portuguese). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . 4 August
2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Chidozie Awaziem at ForaDeJogo
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya
Rayayyun mutane |
48539 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masana%27antar%20sinadarai%20a%20kasar%20Sin | Masana'antar sinadarai a kasar Sin | Masana'antar sinadarai a ƙasar Sin na dayya daga cikin manyan masana'antun ƙasar Sin. Ya kai kusan dala tiriliyan 1.44 a shekarar 2014, kuma a halin yanzu kasar Sin ita ce ƙasa mafi ƙarfin tattalin arzikin masana'antar sinadarai a duniya.
Masana'antar sinadarai ita ce cibiyar tattalin arzikin kasar Sin ta zamani. Yana amfani da hanyoyi na musamman don canza tsari, abun da ke ciki ko haɗin abubuwa don samar da sababbin kayayyaki, kamar karfe, filastik, da ethyl. Masana'antar sinadarai tana ba da kayan gini don ababen more rayuwa na kasar Sin, ciki har da jirgin karkashin kasa, jirgin kasa mai sauri, da babbar hanya.
Kafin shekarar 1978, yawancin kayayyakin kasuwancin mallakar gwamnati ne ke samar da su, kuma rabon kayayyakin da ‘yan kasuwar suka fitar ya ragu a shekarar 2002.
Har ila yau, masana'antar sinadarai ta kasar Sin tana daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da sinadarai na farko da ake sarrafawa da kuma wadanda ba a sarrafa su ba da aka yi amfani da su a cikin cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na duniya ba bisa ka'ida ba, musamman a cikin Golden Triangle, Mexico, Latin America da Turai, tare da manyan kundin waɗannan. abubuwan da ake siyar da su ta hanyar haɓakar masana'antar sinadarai (RC) akan layi ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarun da kan dandamali na B2B da gidan yanar gizo mai duhu.
An haifi masana'antar sinadarai ta zamani bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu wanda ya faru a cikin 1760 zuwa wani lokaci tsakanin 1820 zuwa 1840. Wannan juyin juya halin ya haɗa da canji daga hanyoyin samar da hannu zuwa injuna, hanyoyin samar da ƙarfe da sabbin masana'antar sinadarai. Kafin haka, an fi samar da kayayyakin sinadarai na kasar Sin ne ta hanyar bitar hannu.
Kimiyyar likitanci
Articles with hCards
No local image but image on Wikidata
Shennong ya gwada ɗaruruwan ganye don gano ƙimar lafiyar su, kuma ya rubuta "The Divine Farmer's Herb-Root Classic". Wannan littafi ya rubuta ingancin magunguna 365 da aka samu daga tsirrai, dabbobi, da ma'adanai kuma ya ba da ƙima da ƙima. Aikin Shennong ya jagoranci hanyar zuwa likitancin kasar Sin. A daular Ming, Li Shizhen ya rubuta "Compendium of Materia Medica" wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau'ikan magunguna 1,800. Hakanan ya bayyana yanayi, dandano, tsari, nau'in da kuma amfani da shi wajen warkar da cututtuka sama da 1000 ganye. Ana ɗaukar littafin a matsayin aikin tunani na farko don shirye-shiryen ganye. Wadannan ayyuka sun kasance masu muhimmanci ga bunkasa magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, kuma sun kafa harsashin kimiyyar likitancin kasar Sin na zamani.
Tu Youyou kwararre ne a fannin harhada magunguna na kasar Sin. Ta gano qinghaosu ( artemisinin ) kuma ta nemi maganin zazzabin cizon sauro. Qinghaosu ya ceci miliyoyin rayuka a Kudancin China, Amurka ta Kudu, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, da Afirka. Yana da muhimmin ci gaba a fannin likitanci a karni na karshe, kuma Tu Youyou ta sami lambar yabo ta Nobel ta 2015 a fannin ilimin halittar jiki ko magani da kuma Lasker Award a Clinical Medicine don aikinta. Ita ce mace ta farko ta kasar Sin da ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin ilimin halittar jiki ko kuma magani.
Kimiyyar Noma
Aikin noma na kasar Sin ya bunkasa a karni na 20, saboda amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da takin zamani. A cikin 1909, Franklin Hiram King, Farfesa na Aikin Noma na Amurka,
ya yi rangadin kasar Sin. Littafinsa mai suna "Manoma na Karni Arba'in" ya bayyana noman kasar Sin. Wannan littafi ya zaburar da manoman kasar Sin da dama wajen gudanar da aikin noman muhalli da amfani da takin zamani. Tun daga shekarar 1978, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta kirkiro tsarin daukar nauyin samar da iyali tare da karfafa gwiwar manoma da su yi amfani da taki.
Sinadarin taki na iya kara yawan abin da ake samarwa da kashi 50% zuwa 80%. Masana'antar sinadarai suna samar da takin mai gina jiki wanda ya ƙunshi nitrogen, phosphorus da potassium, wanda zai iya biyan buƙatun amfanin gona daban-daban da tsarin ƙasa. A halin yanzu kasar Sin ita ce kasar da ta fi kowacce kasa amfani da takin nitrogen.
Kayayyakin sinadarai
Bisa kididdigar da aka yi, a shekarar 1984, akwai kusan sinadarai miliyan 9 a duniya, wanda kusan kashi 43% na kayan aiki ne. Ko da yake adadin kayan yana da yawa, idan aka rarraba shi bisa ga tsarin sinadarai, ana iya taƙaita shi zuwa nau'i uku: kayan ƙarfe, kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba da kuma kayan haɗin gwiwa.
Karfe wani muhimmin karfe ne a masana'antar sinadarai ta kasar Sin. A shekarar 2016, yawan karafa na duniya a duk shekara ya kai tan miliyan 1621, daga ciki ana samar da ton miliyan 804 a kasar Sin , ton miliyan 105 a Japan , an samar da tan miliyan 89 a Indiya , ton miliyan 79 ana samarwa a Amurka .
Yawan karafa na kasar Sin ya karu daga tan miliyan 100 a shekarar 2000 zuwa tan miliyan 250 a shekarar 2004. Ya haifar da karuwar buƙatun albarkatun ƙasa waɗanda suka zama dole don samar da ƙarfe, sun haɗa da baƙin ƙarfe na alade, ƙarfe na ƙarfe, ƙura, lemun tsami da dolomite, coke da kwal. Farashin baƙin ƙarfe ya ƙaru da sama da kashi 70 cikin 100 daga 2004 zuwa 2005. Don haka, a cikin watan Disamba na shekarar 2005, kasar Sin ta yanke shawarar takaita samar da karafa zuwa tan miliyan 400 a kowace shekara cikin shekaru biyar, domin rage karuwar farashin albarkatun kasa.
Wanda ba karfe ba
A cikin 2016, China ethyl barasa da sauran kasuwannin sinadarai na yau da kullun da kayan filastik da kasuwar resins an kimanta su akan dala biliyan 137 da dala biliyan 184 bi da bi, wanda ke da ƙimar girma 9% da 10%.
Kasar Sin ita ce kasuwa mafi girma wajen samarwa da fitar da kayayyakin robobi a duniya. Babban direban wannan kasuwa shine fadada aikace-aikacen ethanol a China. Bukatar ethanol a China ya kai tan miliyan 2.3 yanzu.
Kasar Sin tana da mahimmin sashin aiki, Cibiyar Chenguang, wacce ta ɓullo da adadin ci-gaba na resin epoxy, silicone Organic, kayan polymer da robobi na injiniya na musamman. Ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta JV tare da babban aikin polymer na DuPont, don samarwa da siyar da robar da aka riga aka gama da shi da ɗanyen roba-roba. Yarjejeniyar JV ta haɗa da kafa wata masana'antar roba da aka riga aka haɗa ta zamani a Shanghai kuma ta fara aiki a cikin 2011.
Abun haɗaka
Abubuwan da aka haɗa sabbin kayan gini ne. Yana da alaƙa da haɗuwa da ƙarfin ƙarfi, ƙarfin ƙarfi da juriya na lalata akan kayan ƙarfe. Ya ƙunshi kayan matrix kamar guduro na roba, ƙarfe ko yumbu, da kayan ƙarfafawa wanda ya ƙunshi zaruruwan inorganic ko na halitta. Akwai nau'i-nau'i iri-iri da kayan ƙarfafawa ta yadda za a iya yin zaɓi mai dacewa don samar da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban tare da aiki mai gamsarwa, wanda ke da fa'ida ga kayan sinadarai.
Sinochem da Cibiyar Masana'antu ta Shanghai sun kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje don kayan haɗin gwiwa. Bangarorin biyu za su bunkasa fasaha tare, da canza sakamakon da kuma amfani da su a cikin masana'antar fiber carbon da resins na warkarwa, don haɓaka fasahohi da samfuran kayan haɗin gwiwar manyan ayyuka da sauƙaƙe masana'antu da tallata su. A halin yanzu, wannan dakin gwaje-gwaje ya ƙaddamar da wani aiki don yin bincike da haɓaka kayan haɗin fiber na carbon fiber maras feshi. Da farko, za a yi amfani da wannan kayan zuwa sababbin motocin makamashi, wanda ba zai iya rage nauyin motoci kawai ba amma kuma ya rage farashin yin amfani da kayan haɗin gwiwa tare da inganta ingantaccen samarwa.
Ƙasar Sin tana da kamfani wanda shi ne manyan kamfanonin sinadarai 3 a duk duniya. Wato Sinopec. Yana da dala biliyan 43.8 a cikin siyar da sinadarai a cikin 2015.
Jerin manyan kamfanonin sinadarai 20 na kasar Sin ta hanyar canji a cikin 2018 ya nuna a kasa.
Kamfanonin kasar Sin sun yi shirin shiga bangaren sana'o'i na kasuwa, kuma tuni wasu daga cikinsu suka zama daya daga cikin 'yan wasa a kasuwar, kamar Zhejiang NHU, mai samar da bitamin; Yantai Wanhua, mai yin isocyanates; da Bairun, shugaba a kasuwar kamshi da kamshi na kasar Sin.
Halin ci gaba
Darajar kasuwar sinadarai ta kasar Sin ta karu a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata. A cikin 2015, yana wakiltar kusan 30% na sinadarai da ake buƙata a duk faɗin duniya.
Bukatar da kasar Sin ta samu na masana'antar sinadarai ya ragu daga adadin lambobi biyu a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata, amma har yanzu tana da karuwar kashi 60% na bukatun duniya daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2020.
Ya zuwa karshen watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2011, akwai kamfanoni 24,125 sama da girman da aka kayyade a cikin masana'antar sinadarai ta kasar Sin, jimlar kudin da aka fitar ya kai yuan triliyan 6.0, wanda ya karu da kashi 35.2 cikin dari a duk shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 58.61% na jimilar. ƙimar fitarwa na dukan masana'antu. A cikin watanni 11 na farko na shekarar 2011, an zuba jarin tsayayyen kadarorin da aka zuba a masana'antar sinadarai ya kai yuan biliyan 861.721, wanda ya karu da kashi 26.9 cikin dari a duk shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 5.5 bisa madaidaicin matsakaicin masana'antu, wanda ya kai kashi 70.12%. A cikin watanni 10 na farko na shekarar 2011, jimilar ribar da masana'antar kemikal ta samu ya kai yuan biliyan 320.88, wanda ya kai kashi 44.4 bisa dari a duk shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 47.1% na yawan ribar da masana'antu ke samu. Ana sa ran darajar fitar da masana'antar sinadarai a kowace shekara zai kai yuan tiriliyan 6.58, wanda zai karu da kashi 32 cikin 100 a duk shekara, kuma jimilar ribar ta kai yuan biliyan 350, wanda ya karu da kashi 35%. A cikin 2011, ƙarin darajar masana'antar sinadarai ta karu da kashi 14.8% a duk shekara, kuma yawan ci gaban ya ragu da kashi 1% kowace shekara.
Jerin manyan samfuran masana'antar sinadarai ta China a cikin 2011 ya nuna a ƙasa.
Manufar manufofin gwamnati
Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta tsara manufofin warware matsalar rashin aikin yi, da bunkasa tattalin arziki, domin fuskantar karuwar yawan jama'a. Manufofin gwamnati da manufofin gwamnati sun ci gaba yayin da aka bude tattalin arzikin a shekarar 1978. Ana iya raba shi zuwa lokuta uku:
1978-1990: An bude kasuwar kasar Sin ga duniya a shekarar 1978, kuma gwamnati ta san mahimmancin masana'antar sinadarai, don haka ta ba da damar zuba jari kai tsaye daga kasashen waje shiga cikin gida amma sarrafa sosai. A halin da ake ciki, bukatun sinadarai na cikin gida na kasar Sin ya karu, don haka yawancin kamfanoni sun yanke shawarar zuba jari a cikin kayayyakin noma.
1990-2000: An ba wa 'yan ƙasa damar shiga kasuwannin kasar Sin, don shiga cikin samar da sinadarai tare da kamfanonin kasar Sin.
2000-2011: Ba za a iyakance zuba jari kai tsaye na waje a wannan lokacin ba, yayin da al'ummomin kasa da kasa ke karuwa saboda kasar Sin ta zama babbar mai fitar da sinadarai a duniya.
gurbacewar muhalli
Masana'antar sinadarai ta kasar Sin ta samu bunkasuwa cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata, daga koma bayan tattalin arziki zuwa mafi girman tattalin arzikin masana'antun sarrafa sinadarai, masu amfani da albarkatun kasa da makamashi. Wannan sauyi ya taimaka wa daruruwan miliyoyin Sinawa daga kangin talauci amma ya gurbata iska da ruwan kasar Sin a lokaci guda.
Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta yi kokarin yaki da gurbatar yanayi. An hana buhunan siyayya na filastik kyauta a cikin 2008. Samar da buhunan robobi na haifar da almubazzaranci na albarkatu da makamashi da gurbacewar muhalli saboda ba za a iya sake yin amfani da su ba.
Masana'antun sinadarai a kasar Sin sun fara bincike da bunkasa fasahohin kore bisa shawarar gwamnati kamar amfani da madadin mai don samar da sinadarai. Wasu masana'antu suna amfani da carbon dioxide da wasu na halitta don samar da samfuran masana'antu, mai da sauran abubuwa. Misali, wani kamfani na ƙwararrun sinadarai mai suna Elevance Renewable Sciences yana samar da abubuwan wanke -wanke sosai ta hanyar amfani da koren fasaha metathesis, wanda ke rage yawan kuzari da rage gurɓata yanayi.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
10332 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambo%20Sawaba | Gambo Sawaba | Hajiya Gambo Sawaba (an haife ta 15 Fabrairun shekarar 1933 , ta rasu kuma a Oktoba 2001) ta kasance ’yar rajin kare hakkin mata a Najeriya ,’ yar siyasa da kuma taimakon jama’a. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban jam’iyyar Great Nigeria People’s Party kuma an zabe ta shugabar mata ta kasa ta Northern Element Progressive Union (NEPU).
Bayan Fage
Hajiya Sawaba an haife ta ne ga Isa Amartey Amarteifio (christened Theophilus Wilcox) wanda baƙi ne daga Ghana da kuma Fatima Amarteifio, wata mata ‘yar Nupe daga ƙaramar hukumar Lavun, jihar Neja . Amarteifo ya kasance dalibin da ya kammala karatun sa a makarantar koyon binciken ta kasar ta Ghana wanda ya yi kaura zuwa Najeriya a shekarar 1910 kuma ya nemi a dauke shi aiki a kamfanin jirgin kasa na Najeriya . Baban mahaifin Fatima ya kasance maƙeri ne haka kuma jarumi wanda ya haifi Mamman Dazu, mahaifin su. Mamman Dazu ance ya kasance babban jarumi kuma an shawarce shi sosai.
Isa Amartey Amarteifio ya musulunta bayan ya isa Zariya kuma ya sadu da Fatima bayan wasu shekaru da ya aura. Fatima bazawara ce kuma ta riga ta haifi yara 3 tare da Mohammadu Alao mijinta na baya, ya mutu. An ɗaura aurensu tare da yara 6 waɗanda Sawaba ita ce ta biyar. Ana kiran ta da Hajaratu alhali bisa al'adar sanya sunan Hausawa, duk yaron da aka haifa bayan haihuwar tagwaye ana kiran sa Gambo, saboda haka ake kiran ta Hajaratu Gambo.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Ta yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Native Authority Primary School da ke Tudun, Wada. Duk da haka sai ta daina zuwa makaranta bayan rashin mahaifinta a cikin shekara 1943 wanda ya mutu yana guna-guni game da ciwon kai, daga mahaifiyarsa shekaru 3 bayan an aurar da ita tana da shekaru 13 ga wani tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu Abubakar Garba Bello wanda ya tafi kuma bai dawo ba bayan da ta fara ciki. Tabbatacce ne game da ita lokacin da take yarinya, ita ce sha'awarta ga mahaukata. Ta yi magana da su, ta ba wasu wuri kuma ta ba waɗanda za ta iya kuɗi, tufafi da abinci. Yayinda take yarinya ana yawan bayyana ta a matsayin mai taurin kai da son kai kuma kusan koyaushe tana shiga cikin fadan titi. A cewarta "Ba zan iya tsayawa don kallon raunin aboki ko dangi da ake lalata ba." Ta ce a da tana daukar irin wannan fada. Duk lokacin da ta je wuraren irin wannan faɗa, nan da nan za ta ce “Ok, na sayi yaƙin daga gare ku” ga mai rauni kuma ta karɓi yaƙin.
Harkar siyasa da gwagwarmaya
Sawaba ta tsunduma cikin harkokin siyasa tun tana 'yar shekara 17. A wancan lokacin, yankin Arewacin Najeriya ya mamaye Majalisar Jama’ar Arewa, wacce ke da goyon bayan Sarakuna da Hukumar Mulkin Mallaka ta Burtaniya amma ta shiga kungiyar adawa ta Northern Element Progressive Union (NEPU). Ta kasance mai fafutuka kan aurar da kananan yara, bautar da karfi da kuma neman ilimin yamma a arewa. Gambo ta yi kaurin suna ne lokacin da take laccar siyasa yayin aikinta a Arewa, ta hau kan ta yi magana a daki mai cike da maza. Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti ce ta kula da ita kuma tayi tafiya don ganawa da ita a Abeokuta shekaru bayan haka. Ana kallon ta a matsayin shugabar gwagwarmayar kwato 'yancin matan arewa.
Rayuwar mutum da gado
An aurar da ita tana da shekaru 13 ga wani tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu Abubakar Garba Bello wanda ya tafi kuma bai dawo ba bayan da ta fara ciki. Auren da suka biyo baya bai dore ba kasancewar an dakatar da auren tsakaninta da Hamidu Gusau saboda mummunan fada dake faruwa a tsakanin su. Wasu kuma basu yi aiki ba. Wani babban asibiti aka saka mata suna a Jihar kaduna . Gidan kwanan dalibai a Jami'ar Bayero, Kano an kuma sanya mata suna.
Haifaffun 1933
Mutane daga Zariya
Mutuwan 2021
Pages with unreviewed translations |
57694 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20kula%20da%20filayen%20jiragen%20sama%20ta%20Najeriya | Hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama ta Najeriya | Jiragen saman fasinja a Najeriya ya yi kaca-kaca da turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila. Amma sama da komai, ya samo asali ne daga wani hatsarin tarihi da aka yi tun a shekarar 1925 a wani wuri da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba - tsohon birnin Kano mai katanga.
Jirgin sama na farko da ya taba sauka a Najeriya Airco DH.9A na 47 Squadron (Station a Helwan Kusa da Alkahira ), jiragen sun sauka a Maiduguri a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1925,akan hanyarsu ta zuwa Kano da Kaduna a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba. Shugaban Squadron Arthur Coningham ne ya jagoranci tafiyar.
Wani lokaci a cikin watan Yuli na wannan shekara birnin na Arewa ya yi fama da takun saka tsakanin mazauna garin da jami'an gwamnatin mulkin mallaka.
Gwamnatin Birtaniyya a lokacin tana rike da sansanin sojojin sama na Royal Air Force(RAF)a birnin Khartoum na kasar Sudan.Da jin matsalar Kano,sai Landan ta yi gaggawar yiwa kwamandan rundunar RAF Squadron Khartoum lamba,inda ta umarce shi da ya tashi zuwa birnin Arewacin Najeriya, ya kai rahoto kan halin da ake ciki.A yayin da matukin jirgin ya tashi da wani jirgin yaki na Bristol,ya yi kasa a gwiwa a kan titin tseren dawaki a Kano,wanda hakan ya shiga tarihi a matsayin aikin jirgin sama na farko a Najeriya.
Ba tare da hanyoyin iska ba,taswirori ko sadarwar rediyo ana ɗaukar jirgin a matsayin"aiki mai haɗari musamman". Don haka jami’ai suka firgita da cewa an yi tunanin cewa idan har za a yi titin Khartoum-Kano zai zama dole a samu wuraren saukar gaggawa a kowane mil 20 na hanya.
Za a fara jigilar jirage na gaba daga Alkahira,Masar inda RAF kuma ke da tushe.Saukowar da aka yi ta yi matukar ban sha'awa,har wani dan Kano ya motsa ya yi zanen wurin(hoton kalar ruwa daga baya gwamnati ta samu).Ayyukan RAF sun kasance daga baya sun zama taron shekara-shekara,tare da mitar da hanya zuwa Maiduguri.
Aikin jirgin sama na farko da aka fi sani da kasuwanci a Najeriya ana ba da shi ga wani mutum mai hankali,"Bud"Carpenter, wanda ya mallaki farkon nau'in jirgin sama na Light,de Havilland Moth.Bayanai sun nuna cewa ya kan yi zirga-zirgar jiragen sama masu hatsarin gaske a tsakanin Kano da Legas,inda ya yi amfani da titin dogo a matsayin jagoransa tare da yin tazarar tazara.
A farkon shekarun 1930,wani matukin jirgi mai hazaka ya dauki wasu fasinja masu biyan kudin tafiya a cikin jirgin ruwa tsakanin Legas da Warri.Tare da ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na RPLF na shekara-shekara,ayyukan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Najeriya sun yi yawa, wanda ya haifar da buƙatar jiragen sama.
Saboda haka,wakilin ma'aikatar jiragen sama a Landan ya ziyarci Najeriya don duba abin da za a iya kwatanta shi da kyau a matsayin"filayen sauka".An zabi wuraren a Maiduguri,Oshogbo,Legas, Minna,Kano da Kaduna.
Wing Commander EH Coleman,daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara lura da juyin halittar jiragen sama a Najeriya,ya bayyana yanayin jirage kamar haka:
Dole ne a tuna,duk da haka cewa abin da ake kira aerodrome a wancan lokacin ba zai cika buƙatu na wasu ƙananan jiragen sama na zamani ba.A zamanin farko an yi la'akari da cewa ya zama dole a gina hanyoyin saukar jiragen sama da yawa masu daidaitawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban don guje wa ƙetarawar iska da tashi, saboda tsofaffin nau'in keken wutsiya ya fi saurin lilo fiye da nau'ikan ƙafafun hanci na zamani.
A cikin 1935,an maye gurbin ayyukan RAF da na Imperial Airways waɗanda ke jigilar jiragen sama na yau da kullun da fasinjoji daga London zuwa Najeriya.Ta haka ne waɗannan hidimomin suka fara gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci na duniya a Najeriya,ko da yake sai a shekarar 1936 ne jirgin kasuwanci ya shigo Nijeriya. Kamfanin jiragen sama na Imperial Airways,wanda shi ne na farko na Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Burtaniya (BOAC),ya yi amfani da manyan jirage masu injina hudu,da aka fi sani da Hannibal class ko kuma Handley,akan hanyar Nilu daga Alkahira zuwa Kisumu, Uganda.A karshen shekarar 1936,an bullo da wata hidima ta mako-mako,sannan wata hanya,daga Khartoum–Kano – Lagos,jirgin da ya dauki kwanaki bakwai, ana sarrafa shi da wani karamin jirgi mai injina guda hudu De Havilland 86 (daya daga cikin rijiyoyin DH 86).Fasinjojin da aka sani shine Sir Bernard Bourdillon, wanda ya tashi a jirgin farko na kasuwanci daga Legas).
A Najeriya matukin jirgi na farko sun kasance jajirtaccekuma dole ne su fuskanci tsananin harmattan da yanayin ruwan sama. Amma akwai wata saukar gaggawa ta musamman kusa da Maiduguri a 1937.Nan take aka aike da injiniyoyi daga Kano.Sun iso kwana guda a kan doki da kayan aikinsu.Bayan an gyare-gyaren an sake fitar da jirgin an sake sanya shi aiki:Bayanai sun nuna cewa yakan dauki tsawon yini guda kafin ya tashi daga Kano zuwa Legas a cikin wani jirgin DH8,la'akari da fasaharsa da farko da kuma kan hanyarsa ta tsayawar mai.
An tuhumi WAAAC da"haɓaka ayyukan jiragen sama a ciki da tsakanin yankunan Afirka ta Yamma".Kamfanin jirgin ya fara sabis da jirgin De Havilland Dove mai kujeru shida.Ayyukanta na cikin gida na Najeriya ana sarrafa su tare da Dove yayin da sabis na Kogin Yamma ke aiki tare da Bristol Wayfarers.Kulawa da gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama sun kasance ga Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a na waɗannan ƙasashe waɗanda suka yi amfani da odar United Kingdom Colonial Air Navigator a matsayin ikon doka.
Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1957 Ghana ta fice daga kamfanin jirgin sama,kuma a watan Agustan 1958 gwamnatin Najeriya tare da hadin gwiwar BOAC da Layukan Elder Dempster suka kafa West African Airways Corporation(Nigeria)Limited (wanda daga baya zai kwatanta zuwa Nigeria Airways na yau).Wannan mataki guda daya mai cike da tarihi ya shelanta tsarin kamfanonin jiragen sama a Najeriya.
A ranar 22 ga Mayu,2023 gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta sanar da sabon manajan darakta na hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama na Najeriya(FAAN) kuma wa'adin zai dauki tsawon shekaru hudu.
Lokacin da ake ma'amala da cikakken kewayon hadaddun tsarin da ake amfani da su don amincin sabis na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a cikin muhalli,kowane daki-daki ana yin la'akari da shi don tsara kayan aikin kiyayewa da tallafin dabaru. Wadannan su ne kayan aikin kulawa da sabis na tallafin kayan aiki waɗanda ake buƙata don ingantaccen sabis na kulawa wanda FAAN ke bayarwa:
Na'urorin saka idanu na waje/na ciki
Cibiyar kula da tsakiya/dakin gwaje-gwaje
Sauran tsarin tallafi na dabaru
Na'urorin Kula da Kayayyakin Waje/Na Cikin Gida A halin yanzu,ana karɓar kayan aiki da matsayin hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama ta Najeriya matsayin kayan aiki/kayan aiki da bayanan gazawa ta hanyar rahoton masu amfani da sabis da sauran nau'ikan na'urorin sa ido daban-daban Duk da haka,tare da ƙudurin Hukumar don inganta ayyuka,ƙarin fayyace.na'urorin sa ido da nufin gano kayan aiki/gazawar kayan aiki yanzu ana hasashen su jimre da haɓakar haɓakar tsarin daban-daban.Na'urar da ke da nuni na gani a cikin ɗakin kayan aiki zai nuna tsarin duk kayan aikin da aka haɗa a ainihin lokacin
Wannan ƙayyadaddun bita ne/dakin gwaje-gwaje na musamman inda ake gudanar da takamaiman tsarin kulawa zuwa matakin-bangaren.Kulawa, gyare-gyare,gyare-gyare da dai sauransu,na duk sassan analog ana aiwatar da su tare da na'urorin aunawa na al'ada kamar na'urori masu yawa na gargajiya,janareta, oscilloscopes,da dai sauransu.Ana duba aikin waɗannan kayan aikin gwajin kuma ana sake yin gyaran fuska kowace shekara biyu.
Sayen kaya,adanawa da kyau da kuma dawo da kayayyakin cikin sauki wani nauyi ne na farko na sashin shaguna na hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama ta tarayyar Najeriya.Bisa la'akari da yawan adadin kayayyakin kayayyakin da aka tanadar ga kowane tsari,akwai tsare-tsare na sarrafa wannan fanni na kwamfuta domin inganta aiki.Sauran muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi aikin kula da FAAN sun hada da ingancin kayayyakin amfanin jama’a kamar hukumar samar da wutar lantarki ta kasa,NEPA(wato wutar lantarki ta jama’a),hukumar sadarwa ta Najeriya(NITEL)da kuma allunan ruwa daban-daban.
filayen jiragen sama
Mallakar ta kuma FAAN:
Nnamdi Azikwe International Airport
Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport
Murtala Muhammed International Airport
Filin Jirgin Sama na Port Harcourt
Kaduna Airport
Maiduguri International Airport
Yakubu Gowon Airport
Yola Airport
Sadiq Abubakar III International Airport
Margaret Ekpo International Airport
Akanu Ibiam International Airport
Sam Mbakwe International Cargo Airport
Ibadan Airport
Filin jirgin sama na Ilorin
Bida filin jirgin sama
Sauran ayyuka
Makarantun filin jirgin na Murtala Muhammad(MMAS)na gudanar da azuzuwan renon yara da karbar baki a cikin gidajen ma'aikatan FAAN da ke Ikeja, Legas,kusa da filin jirgin sama na Murtala Muhammad.Makarantun firamare da sakandare na makarantar suna makwabtaka da gidajen ma'aikata.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
FAAN Official website
Portal mai ɗaukar kaya FAAN
Filayen jirgin sama a Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22660 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adebayo%20Bolaji | Adebayo Bolaji | Adebayo Bolaji (an haife shi ne a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu 1983), ya kasan ce shi ne mai zane-zane a Landan, dan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci ne kuma darakta ne.
Rayuwar farko
Adebayo Tibabalase Bolaji an haife shi ne a garin Perivale da ke Landan Lorough of Ealing, iyayen Najeriya kuma dan wasan Ingilishi ne, marubuci kuma darakta. Bolaji ya fara wasan kwaikwayo ne tun yana dan shekara 14 tare da National Theatre Music Theater wanda ya fara gabatar da West End a cikin fim din 1997 na Bugsy Malone a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sarauniya. Tare da NYMT ya yi a bikin Edinburgh sau uku, a Tokyo, a Fadar gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Lyceum a Yammacin.arshe.
Bolaji ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Guildhall ta London da digiri a fannin Shari'a amma ya ci gaba da horo a Makarantar Kwalejin Jawabi da Wasan kwaikwayo.
Aiki a matsayin Jarumi, Darakta & Marubuci
Bolaji ya samo asali ne daga rawar Subway Ghost a cikin kyautar Ghost the Musical, wanda Matthew Warchus ya jagoranta kuma Colin Ingram ya samar. Kiɗa da waƙoƙin da ɗan wasan gaba na Eurythmics ya rubuta, Dave Stewart da Glenmy mai lambar yabo Glen Ballard . Bolaji ya fito a Skyfall wanda Oscar -winning Sam Mendes ya bayar da umarni, a matsayin daya daga cikin magogin Silva, wanda Javier Bardem ya buga kuma aka saka shi a fim din Tom Hooper na Les Misérables amma yana da don janyewa saboda rikice-rikicen jadawalin fim.
A watan Mayu 2013, an jefa Bolaji a cikin masana'antar Chocolate Chocolate ta Menier na Launin Launin Launi da kuma na matasa Vic na Susan Stroman na farko na London na 'Ya'yan Scottsboro .
Wasan Bolaji na farko Mummunan Butterflies an yi shi ne a Makarantar Kwalejin Jawabi da Wasan Kwaikwayo yayin da yake horo. Wasan kwaikwayo na biyu na Bolaji, In Bed , an rubuta shi kuma an samar dashi ne a The Theritures Theater tare da Ex Nihilo, kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya kafa a 2009.
A cikin 2017, Ocher Press (wallafe-wallafe ne mai zaman kansa), ya buga littafin waƙar farko na Bolaji We Are Elastic Ideas . Littafin yana ƙunshe da zane na asali da kuma waƙoƙi duk an haɗe da waƙa a cikin iyakantacce da ba iyaka.
A watan Disamba na 2018, kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na Bolaji Ex Nihilo zai nuna wasan kwaikwayon Jacky Ivimy na ' Dialektikon ' a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Park wanda, Bolaji zai jagoranta. Wasan farko an gina shi ne sanannen taron al'adun gargajiya a shekarar 1967, Dialectics of Liberation.
Aiki azaman Mai Fenti
Bolaji mai koyar da kansa ne kuma ya zo ya yi aiki da matsakaiciyar fenti daga baya a cikin aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo. Aikinsa a matsayin mai zanen galibi ya fi dacewa da tsari da labarin canjin, kuma yana ba da fifiko sosai ga aikin fasaha yana da mahimmanci kamar ƙarshen sakamako. Neman kwatankwacinsu Francis Bacon, Dubuffet da Jean-Michel Basquiat da ra'ayoyin da suka koma zuwa 1960s Oshogbo Art Movement a Najeriya, a matsayin wahayi. A cikin kalmominsa:
"Zanen zanen a wurina, na iya zama kamar ingantawa ko yin dabara a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Mutum ya sanya ra'ayin wani iri kuma ya amsa (gaskiya) a gare shi . . . Tattaunawa ce ta yau da kullun tattaunawa ce ta gani tare da batun koyaushe a tsakiya, har sai mutum ya isa hoton wanda ake iya cewa koyaushe yana wurin tun, koyaushe ina tambayar kaina abin da ya zama dole . . . Ko amsa gaskiya (gwargwadon yadda zan iya) ga kowane bangare. Sakamakon haka, na isa hoto na karshe kuma na san bangarena na tattaunawar an gama, yanzu ya rage ga wasu su kalle shi kuma suna da nasu ra'ayi / tattaunawa . . . Ba tare da la’akari da nawa ba. ”
A shekara ta 2016 aka zabi Bolaji a matsayin dan wasan da Tangle ya zaba domin zane-zanen Yinka Shonibare na MBE sanannen Guest Projects Space, a cikin Hackney London, don masu fasaha masu tasowa, daga baya aka zabi Bolaji don nuna ayyukansa a wani dogon hoto na zamani Galerie Proarta, a cikin Zürich Switzerland .
Rayuwar mutum
Bolaji a halin yanzu yana zaune ne a Landan kuma shi ma mai kaɗa rawa ne.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1983
Pages with unreviewed translations |
57464 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20Fit | Honda Fit | Honda Fit ( Jafananci : , Hepburn : Honda Fitto ) ko Honda Jazz karamar mota ce da Honda ke ƙera kuma ta sayar da ita tun 2001 sama da ƙarni huɗu. Yana da salon jikin ƙyanƙyashe kofa biyar kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin supermini a Burtaniya, motar da ba ta da ƙarfi a Amurka, da mota mai haske a Ostiraliya. An sayar da shi a duk duniya kuma aka kera shi a tsirrai goma a cikin ƙasashe takwas, tallace-tallace ya kai kusan miliyan 5 a tsakiyar 2013. Honda yana amfani da farantin sunan "Jazz" a Turai, Oceania, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka, Hong Kong, Macau, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da Indiya; da "Fit" a Japan, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan da Amurka.
Rarraba Honda ta duniya kananan mota dandamali tare da City, Airwave, na farko-ƙarni Mobilio, Freed da kuma HR-V / Vezel, da Fit da aka lura da daya-akwatin ko monospace zane; Tankin mai da ke gaba; kujeru masu daidaitawa waɗanda ke ninka ta hanyoyi da yawa don ɗaukar kaya cikin sifofi daban-daban da girma dabam — da ƙarar kaya gasa ga manyan motoci.
Honda ya fito da nau'ikan nau'ikan wutar lantarki na Fit a Japan a cikin Oktoba 2010 da kuma a Turai a farkon 2011. A cikin 2012, Honda ya fito da Fit EV, ƙayyadaddun samfurin duk wani nau'in wutar lantarki wanda ya dogara da samfurin ƙarni na biyu a Amurka da Japan, kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin mota mai dacewa .
Samfurin ƙarni na huɗu da aka saki a cikin 2019 a halin yanzu ana siyar dashi a Japan, Turai, China, Taiwan, Afirka ta Kudu, Brunei da Singapore. An fara daga 2020, samfurin ya ƙare a yawancin ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Latin Amurka don maye gurbin shi da babban City Hatchback, yayin da aka janye shi gaba ɗaya daga kasuwar Arewacin Amurka saboda faɗuwar buƙatu a cikin ɓangaren ƙaramin yanki.
ƙarni na farko (GD/GE; 2001)
An fara halarta na farko Fit a cikin Yuni 2001 a Japan kuma daga baya an gabatar da shi a Turai (farkon 2002), Australia (karshen 2002), Kudancin Amurka (farkon 2003), Afirka ta Kudu da kudu maso gabashin Asiya , Sin (Satumba 2004), da Mexico (karshen 2005). Abin mamaki, a Turai ana kiran wannan Jazz da Mark II Jazz, musamman ta hanyar masu samar da motoci, Mark I Jazz shine 1981-86 Honda City, mai suna 'Jazz' a Turai a lokacin.
Samfurin samarwa na Amurka da Kanada da aka yi muhawara a cikin Janairu 2006 a Nunin Mota na Kasa da Kasa na Arewacin Amurka a Detroit . An saki motar a Kanada da Amurka a cikin Afrilu 2006 a matsayin shekara ta 2007.
Fit-tsarin ƙarni na farko yana amfani da dandamalin ƙananan ƙananan motoci na Honda, wanda kuma Fit Aria/City (wani nau'in Fit) ke amfani da shi, Airwave (nau'in wagon tasha na Fit Aria/City), Mobilio, da Mobilio Spike. . Dangane da yankin, Fit yana samuwa tare da 1.2-, 1.3- (a Turai ana kiranta 1.4 L model), 1.5-lita i-DSI engine, ko 1.5-lita VTEC engine. Dukkanin injunan guda huɗu sun dogara ne akan dangin injin L-jerin na Honda.
Zamani na biyu (GE/GG; 2007)
Fit/Jazz na ƙarni na biyu ya yi muhawara a kan 17 Oktoba 2007 a 40th Tokyo Motor Show . A gabatarwar ta a cikin 2007, ta sami lambar yabo ta Motar Japan a karo na biyu. Motar ta ba da kafa mai tsayi fiye da wanda ya gabace ta kuma ta fi fadi da tsayi gaba daya.
An ba da injuna biyu a cikin Fit na ƙarni na biyu. A 1.3-lita i-VTEC samar 100 PS (99 hp; 74 kW) da 6,000 rpm da 127 ⋅m (13.0 kgm; 93.7 lb⋅ft) a 4,800 rpm. An kuma ba da injin i-VTEC mai lita 1.5 kuma yana samar da mafi girman fitarwa na 120 PS (118 hp; 88 kW) a 6,600 rpm da 145 ⋅m (14.8 kgm; 107 lb⋅ft) a 4,800 rpm. An ƙaddamar da sigar matasan a watan Oktoban 2010 a Japan. Fit Hybrid ya ƙunshi injin mai lita 1.3 da injin lantarki, tare da kiyasin tattalin arzikin mai na an auna daidai da zagaye na 10-15 na Jafananci.
Honda ya kuma nuna wani ra'ayi na motar lantarki bisa ga ƙarni na biyu Fit a cikin 2010. An samar da shi da yawa azaman Fit EV a cikin 2013-2015. An gabatar da 2013 samfurin shekara samar Fit EV a Nuwamba 2011 Los Angeles Auto Show .
A karo na farko, an kuma samo shi a cikin salon motar motar tasha mai suna Fit Shuttle . Bambancin yana samuwa ne kawai a kasuwannin gida na Japan.
Tsari na uku (GK/GH/GP; 2013)
Fit/Jazz na ƙarni na uku yana riƙe da ra'ayin ƙira gabaɗaya na al'ummomin da suka gabata, musamman madaidaicin wurin tankin mai da ra'ayi mai daidaitawa da yawa, wanda aka tallata shi azaman "Magic Seat". Samfurin ya kuma yi muhawara da sabunta harshe na Honda wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "Exciting H Design".
Sabon Tsarin Motar Mota na Duniya na Honda yana ɗaukar ƙarfi mai ƙarfi 780 MPa yana samar da ƙarfe don kashi 27 cikin ɗari na aikin jiki kuma yana da ɗan gajeren tsayi gaba ɗaya ta 4 cm (1.6 in), 3 cm (1.2 in) tsayin ƙafafu, haɓaka ƙafar baya ta 12.2 cm (4.8 in) kuma yawan fasinja ya karu da 136 L (4.8 ku ft) idan aka kwatanta da na baya.
Bangarorin jiki duka suna welded kuma an kulle su zuwa firam a cikin wani nau'i na monocoque da kuma sararin sararin samaniya — kuma dakatarwar torsion na baya ya fi ƙanƙanta, ba a ƙara yin amfani da mashaya mai hana ruwa gudu don haɓaka sararin ciki da kaya. HR-V na ƙarni na biyu yana raba dandamali tare da Fit/Jazz na ƙarni na uku.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
7055 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaba%20%28Najeriya%29 | Asaba (Najeriya) | Asaba birni ce, a cikin jihar Delta, a cikin Najeriya. Tana nan daga yammacin gabar rafin Niger, ta karamar hukumar Oshimili South. Asaba na da yawan jama'a kimanin mutum 149,603 a kiadayar shekara ta 2006, da yawan mutane a birnin kimanin mutum dubu dari biyar.
An san birnin Asaba da mu'ala iri-iri musamman a dalilin wuraren shakatawa da otel-otel dake garin, gidajen rawa, swuraren kallo na sinima, da wuraren shahulgula iri-iri. Akwai biki da ake gabatarwa duk shekara a garin wanda ake kira Delta Yaddah, ana tara mawaka a taron bikin. Ta'addanci yayi yawa a birnin saboda yawan jama'arta. Ta'addanci sun hada da yankan aljihu, kwace da sauransu. Akwai tsadar rayuwa a garin saboda mutane daga kasashen waje dake shigowa birnin. Gadar Onitsha itace iyaka tsakanin jihar Delta da Anambra, gadar ita ta raba Asaba da Onitsha.
Asalin Kalma
Kalmar Asaba ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Ahabam ma'ana "Na zaba da kyau" ko kuma "I have chosen well" da turanci, kalmar da aka hakayo daga Nnebisi, wanda shine asalin wanda ya samar da Asaba. Mafi akasarin mutanen Asaba inyamurai ne.
Birnin Asaba ta kasance a da babban birnin yankunan mulkin Turawa na kudanci Najeriya wato Southern Nigeria Protectorate. An samar da birnin a shekara ta 1884.
A tsakanin 1886 da 1900, ita ke dauke da kamfanin Royal Niger Company, wanda turawa suka kafa don habaka kasuwanci da fitar da kaya zuwa kasashen turai. Wannan kamfanin a yau shi ake kira da UAC Nigeria PLC. Matafiyin neman ilimi dan Faransa William B. Balkie, lokacin da yake waken yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da shugaban inyamurai Ezebogo a Asaba a ranar August 30, 1885, "Bayan gaisuwar mu, ina magana akan abota, ta kasuwanci, da ilimi, da kuma mafi muhimmanci akan sharrin yaki, da amfanin zaman lafiya, wanda duka anyi maraba da su".
Dangane da fitaccen tarihin Asaba da kuma labarin kasar ta, da kuma tasirinta a Najeriya ta fuskar siyasa da kuma kasuwanci, Ana yi wa Asaba lakabi da cibiyar yankin Anioma.
Labarin Kasa
Asaba na kan wani bisa kwarin rafin Niger, daura da Rafin Anambara. A bayan wadannan rafuka akwai kurgunmin daji mai tarin itace. A tarihance wannan rafin Niger River ya kasance cibiyar sufuri tsakanin kasashen Afurka har zuwa tekun Atlantic Ocean. Asaba ta hada mahada tsakanin yammaci, gabaci da arewacin Najeriya hanyar rafin River Niger daga arewa da kuma gadar Rafin Niger, wanda yake gabas-maso-yammacin yankin kuma babban tambari ne na Najeriya.
Asaba na nan daga degree6 daga arewacin equator, sannan tana da nisan iri daya daga meridian sannan tana da nisan kusan kilomita 160km (mil 100) daga arecin inda ruwan rafin Niger ke gangarawa cikin tekun Atlantic Ocean.
Asaba ta mamaye fili mai fadin 300kmsq. Tana da zafi na kimanin 32c a lokaci na rani, sannan da matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama na kimanin millimitoci 2,700m (106 in) a lokacin damuna.
Babban birnin Asaba ya hada sauran makwabtan garuruwa kamar as Igbuzo, Okpanam, Oko, Okwe and Ugbolu wanda ke yankin yammacin River Niger.
Al'adun Asaba sun ta'allaka kwarau da gaske da soyayyar su ga "Asagba of Asaba", wanda shuwagabanninsu (da ake kira da "Diokpa”) na duka kauyukan garin guda biyar ke kai wa kukansu game da abun da ya shafi mutanen garin. Iyasele na Asaba [Iyase] ke taimakawa wa Asagba wanda shine matsayin prime minista na gargaijya kuma shugaban dattijai [Kamar [Olinzele, Otu Ihaza, Oloto, da dai sauransu.]
Inyamuarai suka kwashe kaso 63% na mutanen garin, kuma mafi akasarin su haifaffun birnin Asaba ne. Asaba ta habaka ta fannin yawan mutane da kusan rabin miliyan tun daga lokacin da ta zamo babban birnin Delta. A yanzu ta tara mutane iri-iri wanda ba 'yan asalin birnin bane. Wasu daga cikin yarukan da ke zama a birnin sun hada da Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, Hausa, Itsekiri da kuma Yabawa.
Tattalin arziki
Asaba cibiyar gudanarwa ce kuma mazaunin gwamnati wanda aka samar da ita a lokacin kamfanin Royal Niger Company a yanzu (UACN), kuma itace babban birnin gudanarwa na jihar Delta. A dalilin hakan mafi akasarin mutanen birnin ma'aikatan gwamnati ne. Gwamnatin Najeriya a karkashin mulkin gwamnatin Samuel Ogbemudia suka samar da kamfanin Asaba Textile Mills da kuma kamfanin wutar Lantarki na Asaba. A birnin Asaba akwai kamfanoni dake sarrafa magunguna sannan akwai kamfanin sarrafa karafuna. Akwai masu zuwa yawan bude idanu da yawa cikin garin, wannan ya jawo habakar kasuwancin wuraren shakatawa da otel-otel.
Akwai manya-manyan kasuwanni guda uka a Asaba wanda suka hada da: kasuwar Ogbe-Ogonogo, kasuwar Cable Point, da kuma kasuwar Infant Jesus.
Filin wasan kwallon kafa na Stephen Keshi Stadium na Asaba, wacce ke da budadden gaba saboda masu kallo daga gari ya dauki nauyin wasanni kwallon kafa da dama tun lokacin da aka gyara ta a karkashin mulkin Senator Dr. Ifeanyi Arthur Okowa, tare da amincewar tsohon shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo. Filin shine matsayin filin wasanni na gida na kungiyar kwallon kafa na Delta Force FC.
Jirgin sama
Za'a iya ziyarta birnin Asaba da sauran biranen kewaye ta hanyar filin jirgin sama na Asaba international Airport.
Titin Mota
Babban titin Asaba zuwa Benin titi ne mai matukar muhimmanci saboda shi ya hada garuruwan yammaci da gabacin Najeriya. Sanna har wa yau akwai titin da ya hada Asaba da Ughelli, sannan titin Asaba-Ebu ya hada Asaba da arewacin Najeriya.
Ana iya zirga-zirga ta ruwa a birnin Asaba ta rafin River Niger, wacce ta zagaye yawancin garuruwan Afurka.
Sanannun Mutane
Chief Dennis Osadebay
Joseph Chike Edozien
Maryam Babangida
Emma Nyra
Ike Nwamu
Frank Nwachukwu Ndili
Epiphany Azinge
Kara dubawa
Asaba massacre
Ekumeku Movement
Hanyoyin hadin waje
Asaba Association Non-profit Group
Asaba Development Association in the United Kingdom
Asaba Portal
Asaba History and Culture Collaboration Research Platform
Biranen Najeriya |
57378 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range%20Rover%20Classic | Range Rover Classic | Range Rover jerin abubuwan hawa ne 4x4, matsakaiciyar girman Kashe-hanya wanda aka samar daga 1969 zuwa 1996 - da farko ta ƙungiyar Rover (daga baya Land Rover ) na British Leyland, kuma daga baya ta ƙungiyar Rover .
Farkon motocin da aka samar a ƙarƙashin sunan Range Rover, an gina shi azaman ƙirar kofa biyu don shekaru 11 na farko, har sai da kofa huɗu kuma ta kasance a cikin 1981. Range Rover daga nan ya yi nasarar haɓaka kasuwa a cikin 1980s, kuma an yi muhawara sosai a Amurka a matsayin ƙirar ɗan shekara 17 a 1987 Los Angeles Auto Show .
An hana samun nau'in kofa biyu daga 1984, amma ya kasance yana samarwa ga wasu kasuwanni har zuwa 1994, lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da ƙarni na biyu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Land Rover ya sake fasalin ainihin samfurin a ƙarƙashin kalmar Range Rover Classic, don bambanta shi da sabon magajinsa na P38A, lokacin da aka gina su biyu tare da ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma sun yi amfani da sunan a baya ga duk Range Rovers na farko.
Kodayake ƙarni na biyu Range Rover ya maye gurbinsa a hukumance, wanda ya fara a cikin 1994 - duka magajin da mafi araha na farko da na biyu na Gano Land Rover sun dogara ne akan ainihin asalin Range Rover's chassis, jirgin ƙasa da tsarin jiki, wanda a cikin jigon ya rayu har zuwa ƙarni na uku Discovery ya zo, kuma layin jini na injiniya ya ƙare tare da maye gurbin Mark 2 Gano bayan 2004.
A cikifarkon 2020, aikin samar da shekaru 26 na asalin Range Rover an ƙidaya shi azaman motar ƙarni na ashirin da bakwai mafi tsayi a tarihi ta mujallar Autocar ."
Rover 's Land Rover Series Na ƙaddamar a cikin 1948 an tsara shi don zama mai arha, mai sauƙin ƙira, kuma ya dace da aiki tuƙuru a cikin yankunan karkara, tare da ɗan rangwame ga kwanciyar hankali. Ba da jimawa ba Rover ya gane cewa kasuwa ta wanzu don abin hawa daga kan hanya tare da ƙarin abubuwan more rayuwa. A cikin 1949 an saki motar Land Rover Estate, tare da koci-ginin katako da Tickford ya gina. Duk da haka, babban farashin ƙara irin waɗannan siffofi na mota kamar kujeru bakwai, kafet na bene, na'ura mai zafi, gilashin gilashi guda ɗaya ya sa an sayar da ƙasa da 700 kafin a bar samfurin a 1951.
A shekara ta 1954 Land Rover ya ƙaddamar da mota ta biyu, wannan lokacin yana nufin mai amfani da kasuwanci wanda ke buƙatar abin hawa daga kan hanya don ɗaukar fasinjoji ba tare da jin dadi na mota ba. Dangane da bambance-bambancen nau'in Land Rover na kasuwanci, yana da kujeru masu dacewa da wurin lodi da tagogi da aka yanke a cikin gefuna. Duk da yake akwai tare da fasali kamar fitilar ciki, hita, ƙofa da gyaran bene da ingantattun kujeru, motar kadara ta riƙe ƙaƙƙarfan abin hawa da iya dakatarwa - da kuma matsakaicin aikinta.
A ƙarshen 1950s Rover ya gamsu cewa kasuwa don samun kwanciyar hankali 4x4 ya wanzu a yankuna kamar Afirka da Ostiraliya, inda masu ababen hawa na yau da kullun suka fuskanci doguwar tafiye-tafiye a kan titunan da ba a yi ba waɗanda ke buƙatar tuƙi mai ƙafa huɗu da tsauri mai tsauri. A shekarar 1958 aka gina na farko na "Road Rover" ci gaban motoci. Haɗa dagewar Land Rover tare da jin daɗin motar Rover saloon, yana da fasalin Land Rover chassis da kayan gudu sanye da kayan aikin mota mai kama da mota. Bai taba sanya shi cikin samarwa ba.
A cikin 1960s, Rover ya fara sanin haɓakar tayi na abin hawa mai amfani a Arewacin Amurka. Proto SUVs kamar International Harvester Scout da Ford Bronco sun fara skew na 4x4s zuwa sauri da ta'aziyya yayin da suke riƙe fiye da isassun ikon kashe hanya don yawancin masu amfani masu zaman kansu. Jeep Wagoneer ya kara tabbatar da manufar a cikin hanyar da Rover ya yi ƙoƙari sau da yawa, amma tare da ƙarin iko. Don samar da Rover nudge don haɓakawa, shugaban ayyukan kamfanin na Amurka ya aika da Land Rover Series II 88 zuwa Biritaniya wanda aka sanye da ƙaramin injin buick V8 na ci gaba.
Rover yarda da kunno kai na wasanni kashe-hanya kasuwar a 1967 karkashin Charles Spencer King, kuma ya fara da "100-inch Station Wagon" shirin don bunkasa m gasa. Rover ya sayi Bronco, wanda ke nuna nau'in dakatarwar ruwa mai tsayin tafiya da ake buƙata don haɗakar da kwanciyar hankali na mota da ake buƙata da kuma tabbatar da ikon Land Rover. An ce Sarki ya gamsu da magudanan ruwa yayin tuki Rover P6 a kan wani yanki na masana'antar Solihull da ake sake ginawa. Ya kuma gamsu cewa ana buƙatar watsa tayoyin kafa huɗu na dindindin duka don samar da isassun kulawa da kuma ɗaukar ƙarfin da ake buƙata don abin hawa ya kasance mai gasa. Farashin haɓaka sabon watsawa gabaɗaya ya bazu tsakanin aikin SW 100-inch da wanda ke aiki akan abin da zai zama Land Rover 101 Forward Control . Ƙarfi, haske da ƙarfi, Buick alloy V8 ya sami gyare-gyare a kan hanya irin su carburettors waɗanda ke kula da samar da man fetur a matsanancin kusurwoyi da kuma tanadi don cranking injin tare da farawa a cikin gaggawa.
Aikin jiki na ƙarshe ya ƙunshi ƙira da ƙungiyar injiniyoyi suka yi, maimakon sashin salo na David Bache .
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
41473 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harin%20bom%20a%20Mubi%2C%202014 | Harin bom a Mubi, 2014 | Da yammacin ranar 1 ga watan Yunin 2014, an tayar da bama-bamai a wani filin wasan kwallon kafa da ke birnin Mubi a jihar Adamawa a Najeriya. Aƙalla mutane 40 ne suka mutu a harin kamar yadda shaidun gani da ido suka bayyana. Wasu 19 kuma sun jikkata. Ba a bayyana waɗanda suka kai harin ba, kodayake rahotannin ƙafafen yaɗa labarai na zargin kungiyar Boko Haram.
Birnin Mubi na da nisan mil daga kan iyakar Kamaru da Najeriya. Birnin na ɗaya daga cikin garuruwa uku a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya da ke ƙarƙashin dokar ta baci sama da shekara guda. Duk da haka, hare-haren da ƴan ƙungiyar Boko Haram suka kai jihar Adamawa sun hada da kisan kiyashi a Mubi a shekarar 2012, 2014, 2017 da 2018.
Boko Haram
Boko Haram ƙungiya ce ta ƴan ta'adda da ke adawa da abin da suka ɗauka a matsayin (Westernization)-al'adun turawan yamma, a Najeriya, wanda a cewarsu shi ne tushen aikata laifuka a ƙasar. Dubban mutane ne aka kashe a hare-haren da ƙungiyar ta kai, kuma gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya ta kafa dokar ta ɓaci a watan Mayun 2013 a jihar Borno a yaƙin da take yi da ƴan tada kayar bayan. Harwayau sakamakon murƙushe ƴan ta’addan, ya kasa daidaita ƙasar mai yawan mutane fiye da ko wace ƙasa a nahiyar Afirka.
Hare-haren Boko Haram sun tsananta a shekarar 2014. A watan Fabrairu, ƙungiyar ta kashe Kiristoci fiye da 100 a ƙauyukan Baga, Borno da Izghe, Borno. Haka kuma a cikin watan Fabrairu, an kashe yara maza 59 a harin da aka kai a Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya a Jihar Yobe. A watan Afrilun 2014, ƙungiyar ta yi garkuwa da ‘yan matan makaranta sama da 200 a rana guda da wani harin bam da aka kai a Abuja ya kashe aƙalla mutane 88. A tsakiyar watan Afrilu, an zargi Boko Haram da haddasa mutuwar mutane kusan 4,000 a shekarar 2014. An kashe aƙalla ƙarin wasu mutane 500 tun daga lokacin.
Bayan sace mutane, hankalin duniya kan lamarin ya tsananta sosai. Amurka, Ingila, Faransa, da sauran ƙasashe sun bada tallafin kuɗi da/ko tallafin soja don yaƙar Boko Haram.Duk da haka, an ci gaba da kai hare-hare. A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2014, mutane 118 ne suka mutu a wani harin bam da aka kai a Jos. Washegari, an kashe mutane goma sha biyu a wani samame da aka kai, a wani ƙauye.
Kai hari
Da misalin karfe 6:30 na yamma agogon ƙasar (17:30 UTC), bam ya tashi a lokacin da ƴan kallo ke barin filin wasan kwallon kafa a Kabang, Mubi. Shaguna da dama sun lalace a fashewar. Wani wanda ya tsira daga harin, ya bayyana wurin da lamarin ya faru: "Bayan hayaniyar, na tashi tsaye ga jini a jikina, amma na gane cewa na yi sa'a da rauni kawai na ji, akan waɗanda su ka wargaje ɓalli-ɓalli."
A cewar wani wanda lamarin ya faru a gaban idanunsa, fashewar ta faeu ne daga cikin taron jama'a da ke tafiya a kan hanyarsu ta komawa gida, wataƙila harin na wani ɗan ƙuna baƙin wake ne. Sai dai wasu shaidun gani da ido sun ce wata mota ce ta kai abubuwan fashewar. A karshen makon da ya gabata ma an yi yunƙurin kai irin wannan hari a filin wasan kwallon ƙafa da ke birnin Jos, amma ɗan ƙuna baƙin waken ya tayar da bam ɗin kafin ya kai ga inda ake so a kai harin.
Rahotannin farko sun ce mutane 14 ne suka mutu a harin inda 12 suka jikkata. Adadin waɗanda suka mutu a hukumance ya kai 18 tare da jikkata 19 a washegari. Sai dai adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya zarta haka a cewar mazauna yankin. Wata ma’aikaciyar jinya ta ce, ɗakin ajiye gawarwaki a asibitin da ke yankin ya “cika matuƙa” da gawarwaki 40 ko sama da haka; wani ɗan sanda ya goyi bayan rahotonta. Wani ganau da ya rasa ƴan uwa biyu ya ce kimanin mutane 45 ne suka mutu.
Wadanda ake zargi
Kafafen yada labarai sun yi gaggawar alaƙanta harin da ƙungiyar Boko Haram. Sai dai kuma yankin ya sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula da ba na Boko Haram ba a shekarun baya-bayan nan, don haka ba a san waɗanda suka kai harin ba. A ranar 2 ga watan Yuni, sojoji sun kama wani da ake zargi da suka kewaye birnin, kuma ana fatan ta silar sa a cafke waɗanda su ka aikata laifin. Shaidun gani da ido sun bayyana ganin motar wanda ake zargin a wurin da bam ɗin ya tashi, kafin tashin bam ɗin.
Ƴan siyasa da suka haɗa da gwamnan jihar Adamawa Murtala Nyako da kakakin majalisar dokokin jihar Ahmadu Umaru Fintiri sun bayyana harin a matsayin na dabbanci. Nyako ya ce gwamnati ta yi baƙin ciki da harin, amma ya yi kira ga ƴan ƙasar da su kwantar da hankalinsu su taimaka wajen gudanar da bincike. Sojoji sun yi wa garin kawanya a ƙoƙarin su na cafke waɗanda suka kai harin.
Duba kuma
Jerin kisan kiyashi a Najeriya
Jerin hare-haren ta'addanci a 2014
2014 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya
Harin bom a Najeriya
Boko Haram
Jihar Adamawa |
20908 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo%20Empire | Oyo Empire | Masarautar Oyo masarautar Yarbawa ce wacce ke gabashin Benin yau da yammacin Najeriya (gami da yankin Kudu maso yamma da kuma yammacin rabin yankin Arewa ta tsakiya). Masarautar Oyo ta zama mafi girma a kasar Yarbawa. Ya tashi ne ta hanyar kwarewar tsari da tsarin mulki na Yarbawa, arzikin da aka samu daga kasuwanci da kuma mahayan dawakai masu ƙarfi. Masarautar Oyo tana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman jihohin siyasa gabaɗaya a duk Yammacin Afirka daga tsakiyar 7th zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18, mamaye ba kawai a kan mafi yawan sauran masarautun da ke ƙasar Yarbawa ba, har ma da jihohin Afirka na kusa. musamman Masarautar Fon ta Dahomey a Jamhuriyar Benin ta yanzu ta yamma.
Asalin almara
Asalin masarautar Oyo ya ta'allaka ne da Oranyan (wanda kuma ake kira Oranmiyan), basaraken ƙarshe na Masarautar Yarbawa ta Ile-Ife (Ife). Oranyan ya kulla yarjejeniya tare da dan uwansa don kaddamar da farmaki a kan makwabtansu na arewa saboda cin mutuncin mahaifinsu Oduduwa, Ooni na farko na Ife. A hanyar zuwa yaƙin, ’yan’uwa sun yi faɗa kuma sojojin sun rabu. Oarfin Oranyan yayi ƙanƙanta don yin nasarar kai hari, don haka ya yi ta yawo zuwa gabar kudu har ya isa Bussa. Can babban basaraken yankin ya nishadantar da shi sannan ya samar da wani katon maciji mai dauke da tsafin sihiri hade da makogwaronsa.
Shugaban ya umarci Oranyan da ya bi macijin har sai da ya tsaya a wani wuri har tsawon kwanaki bakwai sannan ya bace a cikin kasa. Oranyan ya bi shawarar kuma ya kafa Oyo inda macijin ya tsaya. Ana tuna shafin kamar Ajaka. Oranyan ya sanya Oyo sabuwar masarautarsa kuma ta zama ta farko "oba" (ma'ana 'sarki' ko 'mai mulki' a yaren Yarbanci) da take da "Alaafin na Oyo" (Alaafin na nufin 'mai gidan sarauta' a Yarbanci). Ya bar duk dukiyar da ya mallaka a cikin Ife kuma ya ba wani sarki damar yin mulkin can.
A wani lokaci, Oyo-ile tana cikin yaƙi da Bariba na Borgu, waɗanda ke son su mallaki sabon garin da har yanzu ake kan gini. Orangun Ajagunla na Ila, babban yayan Oranmiyan, ya kutsa kai tare da mutanensa don taimakawa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan nasarar yaƙi, Oranmiyan ya sami ɗa, Ajuwon Ajaka; da yawa daga baya Arabambi matar ta haifa daga Tapa (Nupe). An yi imanin cewa sunan "Sango" mahaifinsa ne ya ba shi ko kuma ya karɓa ne daga sunan gida na Allah na tsawa. Ko ta yaya gidan sarauta ya keɓe ga Ruhohin aradu (Jakuta) da Yaƙi (Ogun).
Zamanin farko (ƙarni na 12 – 1535)
Oranyan, sarki na farko (sarki) na Oyo, sai Oba Ajaka, Alaafin na Oyo suka gaje shi. An cire Ajaka daga mulki, saboda ba shi da halayyar soja ta Yarbawa kuma ya ba wa kananan shugabanninsa 'yanci sosai. Bayan haka an ba jagoranci ga ɗan'uwan Ajaka, Shango, wanda daga baya aka mai da shi allahn tsawa da walƙiya. Ajaka ya sake dawowa bayan mutuwar Sango. Ajaka ya sake komawa kan karagar mulki sosai yafi son yaƙi da zalunci. Magajinsa, Kori, ya sami nasarar cinye sauran abin da masana tarihi na gaba za su kira da babban birnin Oyo.
Zuciyar birnin Oyo ita ce babban birninta a Oyo-Ile (wanda kuma aka sani da Oyo Katunga ko Old Oyo ko Oyo-oro ). Manya-manyan gine-gine biyu a cikin Oyo-Ile sune 'Afin,' ko kuma fadar Oba, da kuma kasuwar sa. Fadar tana tsakiyar gari kusa da kasuwar Oba da ake kira 'Oja-Oba'. Kewayen babban birnin katangar katuwar kasa ce don tsaro tare da ƙofofi 17. Mahimmancin manyan gine-ginen biyu (fada da Oja Oba) sun nuna mahimmancin sarki a Oyo.
Mamayar Nupe
Oyo ta zama babbar karfaffiyar ikon ruwa a karshen karni na 14. Fiye da ƙarni ɗaya, ƙasar Yarbawa ta faɗaɗa ta hanyar biyan kuɗin maƙwabta. A lokacin mulkin Onigbogi, Oyo ta sha kashi a hannun sojoji a hannun Nupe wanda Tsoede ya jagoranta. Wani lokaci a kusan 1535, Nupe sun mamaye Oyo kuma suka tilasta wa daularta mai mulki mafaka a masarautar Borgu. Nupe ta kori babban birni, ta lalata Oyo a matsayin ikon yanki har zuwa farkon karni na 17.
Lokacin mulkin mallaka
Yarabawan Oyo sun shiga tsararrun shekaru 80 a matsayin daula da ke gudun hijira bayan da Nupe ta kayar da su. Sun sake kafa Oyo a matsayin mafi karko da fadada fiye da kowane lokaci. Mutane sun ƙirƙiri gwamnatin da ta kafa ikonta a kan babbar daula. A cikin karni na 17, Oyo ta fara dogon layi na girma, ta zama babbar daula. Oyo bata taba mamaye dukkan masu jin yaren Yarbanci ba, amma ita ce masarauta mafi yawan mutane a tarihin Yarbawa.
Sake hukunci da fadadawa
Babban mabuɗin sake gina Yarbawa na Oyo ya kasance mai ƙarfi sojoji da kuma tsarin mulkin ƙasa. Karɓar hanya daga abokan gaba na Nupe (waɗanda suke kira "Tapa"), Yarbawa sun sake yin yaƙi da makamai da mahayan dawakai. Oba Ofinran, Alaafin na Oyo, ya yi nasarar dawo da asalin yankin Oyo daga Nupe. An gina sabon babban birni, Oyo-Igboho, kuma asalin ya zama ana kiran sa Tsohon Oyo. Oba na gaba, Eguguojo, ya mamaye kusan duk ƙasar Yarbawa. Bayan wannan, Oba Orompoto ya jagoranci kai hare-hare don shafe Nupe don tabbatar da Oyo ba ta sake fuskantar barazanar su ba. A lokacin mulkin Oba Ajiboyede, ya gudanar da bikin Bere na farko, taron bikin murnar zaman lafiya a masarautar. Ana yin bikin akai-akai, zai riƙe mahimmancin gaske tsakanin Yarbawa tun bayan faɗuwar Oyo.
A karkashin magajinsa, Abipa, Yarbawa sun sake mamaye Oyo-Ile tare da sake gina babban birni na asali. Duk da gazawar yunƙurin mamaye Daular Benin wani lokaci tsakanin 1578 da 1608, Oyo ta ci gaba da faɗaɗa. Yarbawa sun ba da ikon cin gashin kai a kudu maso gabashin birnin Oyo, inda yankunan da ba Yarbawa ba za su iya zama buffa tsakanin Oyo da Imperial Benin. A ƙarshen karni na 16, jihohin Ewe da Aja na Benin na yau suna girmama Oyo.
Yaƙe-yaƙe Dahomey
Masarautar Oyo da aka dawo da ita ta fara zuwa kudu tun a shekarar 1682. A ƙarshen fadada aikin soja, iyakokin Oyo zasu isa bakin teku kusan kudu maso yamma na babban birninta. Ya ɗan fuskanci adawa mai tsanani har zuwa farkon karni na 18. A cikin 1728, Masarautar Oyo ta mamaye Masarautar Dahomey a cikin wani babban kamfen na dakarunta. Jaruman Dahomey, a gefe guda, ba su da mahayan dawakai amma bindigogi da yawa. Bindigar su ta tsoratar da dawakan Oyo dawakai da hana caji. Sojojin Dahomey sun kuma gina katanga kamar ramuka, wanda ya tilasta sojojin Oyo yin yaƙi a matsayin ƙanana. Yaƙin ya ɗauki kwana huɗu, amma Yarabawa sun sami nasara bayan ƙarfafawa sun zo. Dahomey an tilasta shi girmamawa ga Oyo. Yarbawa sun mamaye Dahomey har sau bakwai kafin daga karshe su mallaki karamar masarauta a shekarar 1748.
Cin nasara daga baya
Tare da mahayan dawakai, Oyo ta yi kamfen cikin nasara da fatattaka daga nesa. Sojojin Oyo sun sami damar kai farmaki katanga na kariya, amma samar da sojoji ke da wuya, sai suka janye lokacin da kayan suka kare. Oyo ba ta yi amfani da bindiga a cikin manyan nasarorinta ba. Sojoji sun jira har karni na 19 don karban su. A cikin 1764, rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Akan (Akyem) -Dahomey-Oyo ta karya rundunar Asante . Nasarar kawancen ta bayyana iyakoki tsakanin jihohin makwabta. Oyo ta jagoranci kamfen mai nasara cikin yankin Mahi a arewacin Dahomey a ƙarshen karni na 18. Yarbawa ma sun yi amfani da sojojin ruwan kwarinsu; Misali, sun cimma nasarar toshe jirgin ruwa na Badagri na 1784 tare da rundunar Oyo-Dahomey-Lagos.
Da farko, mutane sun maida hankali ne a cikin babban birnin Oyo. Tare da fadada masarauta, Oyo ta sake tsari don inganta kyakkyawan tsarin mallakar ta a ciki da wajen kasar Yarbawa. Ya kasu kashi hudu wanda aka ayyana shi dangane da asalin masarautar. Wadannan layukan sune Metropolitan Oyo, kudu na yankin Yarbawa, hanyar Egbado da Ajaland.
Birnin Oyo
Birnin Oyo ya yi daidai, fiye ko lessasa, zuwa jihar Oyo kafin mamayewar Nupe. Wannan shi ne matattarar masarauta, inda Yarbawa ke magana da yarukan Oyo. Metropolitan Oyo an raba shi zuwa larduna shida, tare da uku a gefen yamma na Kogin Ogun da uku zuwa gabashin kogin. Kowane lardi yana karkashin kulawar gwamnan da Alaafin na Oyo ya nada kai tsaye.
Kasar Yarbawa
Fasali na biyu na masarautar ya kunshi garuruwan da ke kusa da Oyo-Ile, waɗanda aka san su a matsayin 'yan uwan juna. Wannan yankin yana kudu da babban birnin Oyo, kuma mazauna Yarbawa suna magana da yarurruka daban daban da na Oyo. Wadannan jihohin masu fada-aji sun sami jagorancin shugabanninsu, mai taken Obas, wadanda Alaafin na Oyo ya tabbatar da su.
Egbado Corridor
Tsarin mulkin na uku shine hanyar Egbado da ke kudu maso yammacin kasar Yarbawa. Egba da Egbado suna zaune wannan yankin, kuma ya ba da tabbacin kasuwancin Oyo da bakin teku. An ba wa rarar Egba da Egbado, kamar takwarorinsu na Yarbawa, su mallaki kansu. Duk da haka, Ajele ya kula dasu. Wadannan wakilai ne wadanda Alaafin na Oyo ya nada domin kula da maslaharsa da kuma lura da kasuwanci. Babban wakilin Oyo a cikin hanyar shine Olu, mai mulkin garin Ilaro.
Ajaland ita ce layin karshe da aka kara wa masarautar. Ya kasance mafi kwanciyar hankali da nesa, kuma ya kasance daidai da barazanar balaguro akan sa. Wannan yankin ya faro ne daga yankunan da ba Yarbawa ba da ke yamma da Hanyar Egbado har zuwa yankin da ake sarrafawa ta Ewe a cikin Togo ta zamani. Wannan yanki, kamar sauran jihohin da ke yankin, an ba su dama ta cin gashin kai muddin ana biyan haraji, ana bin umarni daga Oyo sosai, kuma an ba da dama ga kasuwannin cikin gida ga 'yan kasuwar Oyo. Oyo sau da yawa suna neman haraji a cikin bayi. Manyan hafsoshin sojojin wani lokacin sukan yi yaƙi da wasu mutane don kama bayi saboda wannan dalili. An san Oyo da azabtar da rashin biyayya ta hanyar kashe-kashen jama’ar da suka kuskure, kamar yadda aka yi a Allada a 1698.
Tsarin siyasa
Masarautar Oyo ta haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin siyasa don sarrafa yankunanta. Masana ba su tantance nawa wannan tsarin ya kasance ba kafin mamayewar Nupe. Bayan sake dawowa daga gudun hijira a farkon karni na 17, Oyo ta kasance da kyakkyawar halayyar mayaƙa. An nuna tasirin al'adun Yarbawa mai zafin rai a cikin matsayin da aka sanya akan oba (sarki) da kuma matsayin majalisar sa.
Alaafin Oyo
Oba (ma'ana 'sarki' a cikin harshen Yarbanci) a Oyo, wanda ake kira da Alaafin na Oyo (Alaafin yana nufin 'mai gidan sarauta' a Yarbanci), shi ne shugaban masarautar kuma mai iko da mutane. Ya kasance mai alhakin kiyayewa raƙuman ruwa daga hari, sasanta rikice-rikicen cikin gida tsakanin masu mulki, da sasantawa tsakanin waɗancan ƙananan sarakunan da jama'arsu. Alaafin na Oyo kuma ana sa ran zai ba wa wadanda ke karkashinsa karramawa da kyaututtuka. A sakamakon haka, duk wasu shugabannin kananan hukumomi sun yi mubaya'a ga Oba tare da sabunta biyayyarsu a bukukuwan shekara-shekara Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan shine bikin Bere, wanda ke nuna shelar samun nasarar mulki ta Alaafin. Bayan bikin Bere, zaman lafiya a ƙasar Yarbawa ya kamata ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru uku. Ba za a iya zubar da sarki ba amma ana iya tilasta shi ya kashe kansa idan ba a son shi kuma. Wannan ya yi ta aika Bashorun (Firayim ministan) zuwa yanzu dai an komai calabash ko tasa na aku 's qwai to shi kuma wuce jumla kin amincewa, da aka sani da Awon Eniyan Koo (watau cikin mutane ƙaryata ka, duniya kuwa ya ƙaryata game da ku kuma alloli sun ƙi ku ma). Bisa ga al'ada, ana sa ran Alaafin ya kashe kansa daga baya bayan haka.
Zabin Alaafin
The Oyo Empire was not a purely hereditary monarchy, nor was it an absolute one. The Oyo Mesi selected the Alaafin. He was not always closely related to his predecessor, although he did have to be descended from Oranmiyan, a son of Oduduwa, and to hail from the Ona Isokun ward (which is one of the three royal wards). At the beginning of the Oyo Empire, the Alaafin's eldest son usually succeeded his father upon the throne. This sometimes led the crown prince, known as the Aremo, to hasten the death of his father. In order to prevent this occurrence, it became traditional for the crown prince to be made to commit ritual suicide upon his father's death. Independent of the succession, the Aremo was quite powerful in his own right. For instance, by custom the Alaafin abstained from leaving the palace, except during the important festivals, which in practice curtailed his power. By contrast, the Aremo often left the palace. This led the noted historian S. Johnson to observe: "The father is the king of the palace, and the son the king for the general public". The two councils which checked the Alaafin had a tendency to select a weak Alaafin after the reign of a strong one to keep the office from becoming too powerful.
Alaafin na Oyo ya nada wasu jami'ai na addini da na gwamnati, wadanda galibi babba ne . Waɗannan jami'an an san su da suna ilari ko rabin kawuna, saboda al'adar aske rabin kawunansu da amfani da abin da aka yi imanin cewa sihiri ne a cikinsu. Daruruwan Ilari sun kasu kashi biyu tsakanin maza da mata. Membersananan membobin Ilari sun yi ƙananan ayyuka, yayin da tsofaffi suka yi aiki a matsayin masu gadi ko wani lokacin manzo zuwa wata duniyar ta hanyar sadaukarwa. Lakabinsu da ke da alaƙa da sarki, kamar su oba l'olu ("sarki shi ne babba") ko ("kar a yi adawa da shi"). Sun ɗauki magoya da ja da kore a matsayin takardun shaida na matsayin su.
Duk kananan kotunan Oyo suna da Ilari wanda ya kasance 'yan leken asiri da masu karbar haraji. Oyo ta nada wadannan ne don su ziyarci wasu lokuta kuma suna zaune a Dahomey da kuma hanyar Egbado Corridor don karbar haraji da kuma leken asirin nasarorin da Dahomey ya samu, ta yadda Alaafin na Oyo zai sami abin yi.
Yayin da Alaafin na Oyo ya kasance mai cikakken iko da mutane, ba a duba ikon sa ba. Oyo Mesi da Yarbawan Duniyar Yarbawa da aka sani da suna Ogboni sun tsare ikon Oba . Oyo Mesi sun yi magana ne don ‘yan siyasa yayin da Ogboni ya yi magana don mutane kuma ikon addini ya goyi bayan su. Alaarfin Alaafin na Oyo dangane da Oyo Mesi da Ogboni ya dogara da halayen kansa da wayewar siyasa.
Oyo Mesi
Oyo Mesi sun kasance manyan kansiloli bakwai na jihar. Sun kafa Majalisar Zabe kuma suna da ikon yin doka. Bashorun ke jagoranta, suna aiki a matsayin firaminista, kuma sun hada da Agbaakin, Samu, Alapini, Laguna, Akiniku da Ashipa, sun wakilci muryar al'umma kuma suna da babban nauyin kare muradun masarautar. . An bukaci Alaafin ya dauki shawara daga wurin su a duk lokacin da wani muhimmin abu da ya shafi jihar ya faru. Kowane sarki yana da aikin jiha na yin sa a kotu kowace safiya da maraice. Kowannensu ma yana da mataimaki wanda za su tura zuwa Alaafin idan ba a iya gujewa rashi. Oyo Mesi ta ci gaba a matsayin binciken ikon Alaafin, yana hana Alaafin zama mai mulkin kama-karya ; sun tilastawa Alaafiyawa da yawa kashe kansu yayin ƙarni na 17 da 18.
Shugaban majalisar Oyo Mesi, da Bashorun, ya nemi shawarar Ifa kafin magajin masarauta don neman yardar daga gumakan. Sabili da haka ana ganin sabbin alloli na Oyo kamar alloli ne suka nada su. Ana ɗauke su a matsayin Ekeji Orisa, ma'ana "mataimakin alloli." Bashorun suna da magana ta karshe game da nadin sabon Alaafin, karfin da yake da shi da na shi kansa sarki. Misali, Bashorun ya tsara bukukuwa da yawa na addini; ya yi wannan ban da kasancewarsa babban kwamandan askarawan soja, wanda ya ba shi babban ikon addini mai zaman kansa.
Babban cikin ɗawainiyar Bashorun shine duk wani muhimmin biki na sama. Wannan duba na addini, da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara, shine don tantance idan membobin Mesi har yanzu suna goyon bayan Alaafin. Idan majalisar ta yanke hukunci kan rashin amincewar Alaafin, Bashorun sun gabatarwa da Alaafin da wani dunkulen marmara, ko kwai aku, a matsayin alama cewa lallai ne ya kashe kansa. Wannan ita ce kadai hanyar da za a cire Alaafin saboda ba a iya sauke shi bisa doka. Da zarar an ba su calabash ko kwan aku, Alaafin, babban dansa Aremo, da mai ba shi shawara a cikin Oyo Mesi, Asamu, duk sai sun kashe kansu don sabunta gwamnati. An yi bikin kashe kansa a lokacin bikin Sama.
Oyo Mesi ma ba ta more cikakken iko ba. Yayin da Oyo Mesi ke da tasirin siyasa, Ogboni ya wakilci mashahuran ra'ayin da ke da goyon bayan ikon addini, saboda haka Ogboni na iya daidaita ra'ayoyin Oyo Mesi. Akwai dubawa da daidaito kan ikon Alafin da Oyo Mesi kuma saboda haka babu wanda ya yi girman kai cikakken iko. Ogboni ya kasance babbar kungiyar asiri mai karfi wacce ta kunshi 'yanci na gari wadanda aka ambata da shekarunsu, hikimarsu da mahimmancinsu a cikin al'amuran addini da siyasa. Membobinta suna jin daɗin cikakken iko akan talakawa saboda tashar addininsu. Shaida ga yadda yaduwar makarantar ta kasance kasancewar akwai (kuma har yanzu) shuwagabannin Ogboni a kusan dukkanin kananan kotunan cikin kasar Yarbawa. Ban da aikinsu game da bautar duniya, suna da hakkin yanke hukunci game da duk wani abu da ya shafi zubar da jini. Jagoran Ogboni, Oluwo, yana da cancantar isa kai tsaye zuwa Alaafin na Oyo kan kowane lamari.
Akwai babban ƙwarewar ƙwarewa a cikin rundunar masarautar Oyo. Nasarorinta na soja ya kasance saboda yawancin dawakai da kuma jagoranci da ƙarfin gwiwar hafsoshin Oyo da mayaƙa. Saboda babban yankin da take mayar da hankali shi ne arewacin dajin, Oyo ta fi jin daɗin noma kuma don haka ci gaba da ƙaruwa a cikin jama'a. Wannan ya ba da gudummawa ga ikon Oyo don fitar da babbar runduna koyaushe. Hakanan akwai al'adun soja da suka kafu a Oyo inda cin nasara ya zama tilas kuma cin nasara ya ɗauki nauyin kashe kansa. Babu shakka wannan manufar ta-ko-mutuwa ta ba da gudummawa ga tsokanar soja na janar-janar na Oyo.
Sojan doki
Masarautar Oyo ita ce kadai kasar Yarbawa da ta dauki dawakai ; ta yi haka ne saboda yawancin yankunanta yana cikin arewacin savannah . Asali mahayan dawakai suna sabani; duk da haka, Nupe, Borgu da Hausa a cikin yankuna makwabta suma sunyi amfani da mahayan dawakai kuma wataƙila sun samo asalin tarihinsu. Oyo ta iya siyan dawakai daga arewa kuma ta kula dasu a cikin babban birin Oyo saboda 'yanci na ɗan tsako daga tsuntsun tsetse . Sojan doki doguwar hannu ce ta Daular Oyo. Atearshen balaguron ƙarni na 16 da 17 ya ƙunshi sojojin dawakai gaba ɗaya. Akwai nakasu ga wannan. Oyo ba za ta iya kula da dakarunta masu dawakai a kudu ba amma suna iya kai hari yadda suke so.
Sojoji masu dawakai a cikin al'ummomin da suka ci gaba sosai kamar Oyo sun kasu zuwa haske da nauyi. Tã sojan doki a kan ya fi girma shigo da dawakai da aka dauke da makamai nauyi thrusting lances ko māsu da ma tare da takuba . Sojojin dawakai masu haske a kan ƙaramar farar fata 'yan asalin ƙasar suna da makamai da jifa da mashi ko baka.
Antananan yara
Ananan sojoji a yankin da ke kusa da Masarautar Oyo sun kasance iri ɗaya cikin kayan yaƙi da na yaƙi. Duk sojojin ƙanana a yankin sun ɗauki garkuwa, takuba da mashi iri ɗaya ko wata. Garkuwa na da tsayi ƙafa huɗu da faɗi ƙafa biyu kuma an yi ta giwar giwa ko ta sa. Tsawon kafa takobi mai nauyi shi ne babban makamin yaƙi. Yarabawa da maƙwabta sun yi amfani da mashi sau uku waɗanda za a iya jefa su daidai daga taku 30.
Masarautar Oyo, kamar daulolin da yawa kafinta, sunyi amfani da dakaru na gida da na masu fadada fadada yankunanta. Tsarin rundunar sojan Oyo gabanin masarautarta ta kasance mai sauki kuma tana kusa da gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin babban birinin Oyo. Wannan na iya isa a cikin karni na 15 lokacin da Oyo ke iko da yankin kasar ta kawai, amma don ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba, tsarin ya sami canje-canje da yawa.
Oyo ta ci gaba da kasancewa da sojoji na kwararru na sojan doki wadanda ake kira Eso, da Esho ko kuma, bisa tsari, Eso na Ikoyi . Waɗannan su ne ƙananan shugabannin yaƙi 70 waɗanda Oyo Mesi ta zaɓa kuma Alaafin na Oyo ya tabbatar da su. An nada Eso don ƙwarewar aikin soja ba tare da la'akari da al'adun gargajiya ba, duk da cewa daulolin Eso suma an san su da zama. Eso sun kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin Are-Ona-Kakanfo, kuma sun shahara da rayuwa ta hanyar lambar yaƙi wanda ya yi daidai da Latin dictum infra dignitatem .
Shin Ona Kakanfo
Bayan dawowar Oyo daga gudun hijira, aka kafa mukamin Are-Ona-Kakanfo a matsayin babban kwamandan sojoji. An bukace shi da zama a lardin da ke da matukar muhimmanci don sanya ido kan makiya da kuma hana shi kwace mulkin. A lokacin masarautar Oyo, Are-Ona-Kakanfo da kanshi sun yiwa sojojin da ke filin daga dukkan yakin neman zabe.
Sojojin birni
Tun da Are-Ona-Kakanfo ba zai iya zama kusa da babban birni ba, dole ne a yi tsare-tsaren don kare wannan a yayin gaggawa. Bashorun, babban memba na Oyo Mesi ne ya ba da umarni ga sojojin da ke cikin birnin na Oyo. Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, an raba garin Metropolitan Oyo zuwa larduna shida da aka raba su daidai da kogi. Ta haka aka tara sojojin lardi zuwa rundunoni biyu, karkashin Onikoyi da Okere na gabas da yamma na kogin bi da bi. Knownananan shugabannin yaƙi an san su da Balogun, taken da sojojin da suka gaji jihar Oyo suka gaje shi, wato Ibadan .
Sojojin Rarraba
Shugabannin kabilu da gwamnonin larduna ne ke da alhakin tara haraji da bayar da gudummawar sojoji a ƙarƙashin janar na cikin gida ga sojojin sarki a lokacin gaggawa. Lokaci-lokaci, ana ba shugabannin da ke ba da fatawa damar kai hari ga maƙwabta koda ba tare da goyon bayan babbar rundunar mulkin mallaka ba. Waɗannan rundunonin ana amfani da su sau da yawa a cikin kamfen na Oyo mai nisa a bakin kogi ko wasu jihohi.
Oyo ta zama masarautar kudu ta kasuwancin Trans-Saharan. An yi musaya da gishiri, fata, dawakai, goro kola, hauren giwa, zane da bayi. Yarabawa na babban birnin Oyo suma sun kware sosai a aikin kere kere da aikin karafa. Baya ga haraji kan kayayyakin kasuwanci da ke shigowa da fita daga masarautar, Oyo ta kasance mai wadata daga harajin da aka sanya wa rarar ta. Haraji akan masarautar Dahomey kadai ya kawo adadin da aka kiyasta akan dalar Amurka dubu 638 a shekara.
Zuwa 1680, Masarautar Oyo ta fadada fiye da murabba'in kilomita 150,000. Ya kai maɗaukakiyar ƙarfinsa a ƙarni na 18. Duk da rikice-rikicen da aka kirkira, an gudanar da shi tare don son kai. Gwamnati ta sami damar samar da haɗin kai ga yanki mai faɗi ta hanyar haɗakar ikon cin gashin kai da ikon masarauta.
Ba kamar manyan daulolin savannah ba, wanda Oyo ba za a kira shi magaji ba tunda magaji ne na Ife, babu wani abu idan akwai tasirin Musulunci a daular. Sananne ne cewa aƙalla an ajiye wasu jami'ai musulmai a cikin Metropolitan Oyo, kuma mazaje masu iya rubutu da lissafi cikin larabci 'yan kasuwar Faransa sun ba da rahoton su a 1787
Da yawa suna ganin faduwar masarautar Oyo ta fara ne tun a shekarar 1754 tare da dabarun sarauta da juyin mulkin fada da Firaminista Oyo Gaha ya dauki nauyi. Gaha, a kokarinsa na samun cikakken iko, ya hada baki da Oyo Mesi kuma watakila har ila yau Ogboni ya tilasta Alaafiyawa hudu da suka biyo baya don kashe kansu ta hanyar ibada bayan an gabatar da su da alamar kwaron aku. Tsakanin Yuni da Oktoba 1754 kawai, Gaha ya tilasta Alaafins biyu su kashe kansu. Saboda wannan, Alaafin Awonbioju ya kwashe kwanaki 130 a kan karagar mulki, yayin da Alaafin Labisi ya shafe kwanaki 17 kawai a kan karagar. Ba a kawo karshen ha'incin Gaha ba sai a shekarar 1774 a lokacin mulkin Alaafin Abiodun, Alaafin na biyar da ya yi aiki. Daga baya Abiodun ya kashe Gaha amma rashin zaman lafiyar da wadannan dabarun suka haifar ya kara raunana Oyo.
Alaafin Abiodun a lokacin mulkin shi ma ya gudanar da kamfen na rashin nasara a kan Borgu a 1783 da Nupe a 1789, rasa kwatankwacin janar-janar 11 da 13 da mazajen su bi da bi. Daga baya dansa Awole ya kashe Abiodun, wanda daga baya ya hau gadon mahaifinsa.
Abubuwan da suka haifar da ballewar garin Ilorin sun fara ne a shekarar 1793. Ilorin sansanin yaki ne karkashin jagorancin Are-Ona Kakanfo Afonja. Afonja ya shiga takun-saka da Awole lokacin da shi kuma ya umarce shi da ya afkawa gidan Alaafin Abiodun, Iwere-Ile. Afonja, wanda ke daure da rantsuwa kuma yana son kada ya fada cikin la'ana daga Alaafin da ta gabata ya nuna cewa duk wani Aare Ona Kakanfo da ya kai hari Iwere-Ile (mahaifinsa) zai mutu matuka, ya ki bin umarnin. An kuma bayar da wani dalilin a shekarar 1795, lokacin da Awole ya umarci Afonja da ya afkawa garin kasuwar Apomu, wani yanki na Ile-Ife. Duk Alaafins, saboda imanin Yarbawa cewa Ife gida ne na ruhun Yarbawa, a baya an sanya su da rantsuwa cewa ba za su far wa Ife ba. Afonja ya aiwatar da umarnin Awole kuma ya kori Apomu, amma bayan dawowar sojoji daga kamfen din sai ya dunguma zuwa Oyo-Ile babban birnin kasar (wanda ita kanta haramun ce), kuma ya bukaci Awole ya sauka. Awole daga baya ya kashe kansa ta hanyar tsafi.
Bayan rasuwar Awole, akwai masu fafutuka don neman kursiyin daga masu fafutuka da yawa; wasu an ruwaito cewa sun yi kasa da watanni shida a kan karagar mulki; akwai kuma wani lokaci na rikice-rikice na kusan shekaru ashirin inda bangarori daban-daban ba su yarda da dan takara ba. Wannan rashin ikon ya haifar da hawan manyan sojoji da kwamandojin yanki kamar Adegun, da Onikoyi da Solagberu, da Otun Are-Ona Kakanfo. Shehu Alimi, wani basaraken Fulani wanda shi ne shugaban karuwar yawan musulmai a Oyo, shi ma ya hau mulki a wannan lokacin. Waɗannan sabbin abubuwan sun rasa daraja ga ofishin Alaafin saboda rikice-rikicen siyasa daban-daban da kuma rashin ikon hukuma a lokacin; wannan halin ya haifar da Afonja balle Ilorin daga Oyo a 1817 tare da taimakon Musulman Oyo. A cikin 1823, bayan da abokan aikinsa na farko Shehu Alimi da Solagberu suka kashe Afonja (wanda shi kuma ɗan Alimi ya kashe shi), Ilorin ya zama wani ɓangare na Kalifancin Sokoto. A lokacin da Kyaftin Hugh Clapperton ya ziyarci Oyo-Ile a 1825 lokacin mulkin Alaafin Majotu, masarautar ta riga ta kasance cikin yanayi na koma baya. Bangaren Clapperton sun nadar wasu kauyukan Oyo da Fulani na Ilorin suka kona yayin da Majotu kuma ya nemi taimakon sarkin Ingila da Oba na Benin wajen kawar da tawayen Ilorin. Shima Clapperton ya lura da karancin dawakai, duk da cewa Oyo ta shahara da karfin sojan doki; wannan na iya zama yana da nasaba da cewa galibin sojojin daular da kuma mahayan dawakai an ajiye su a Ilorin karkashin umarnin Afonja (kuma daga baya magajin Alimi).
Daga nan sai Ilorin ya kewaye Offa ya fara mamayewa, konawa tare da kwasar ganima a Oyo, daga karshe ya rusa babban birnin Oyo-Ile a 1835.
Rashin Hanyar Egbado
Yayin da Oyo ta tsinke kanta ta hanyar dambarwar siyasa, masu kula da ita suka fara amfani da damar don matsawa ga yanci. Egba, a karkashin jagorancin wani shugaban yaki da ake kira Lishabi, sun yiwa Ilari kisan gilla a yankin su sannan suka fatattaki wata rundunar azaba ta Oyo.
Tawayen Dahomey
A cikin 1823 Dahomey aka ruwaito ya afkawa kauyukan da suke karkashin kariyar Oyo ga bayi saboda tsananin bukatar da ake musu. Nan da nan Oyo ta bukaci babbar kyauta daga Sarki Gezo saboda kutse ba da izini ba, wanda Gezo ya tura mataimakinsa dan kasar Brazil, Chacha Francisco Félix de Sousa, zuwa Alaafin da ke Oyo don yin sulhu. Tattaunawar sulhun daga baya ta wargaje, daga baya Oyo ta far wa Dahomey. Sojojin Oyo sun ci nasara sosai, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Oyo akan Dahomey. Bayan samun 'yancinta, Dahomey ya fara farfaɗo da hanyar.
Ago d'Oyo
Bayan lalata Oyo-Ile, sai aka matsa babban birnin zuwa kudu, zuwa Ago d'Oyo. Oba Atiba ya nemi kiyaye abin da ya rage na Oyo ta hanyar dorawa Ibadan aikin kare babban birnin daga Ilorin a arewa da arewa maso gabas. Ya kuma yi ƙoƙari ya sa Ijaye su kare Oyo daga yamma da Dahomeans. Cibiyar ikon Yarbawa ta ci gaba zuwa kudu zuwa Ibadan, sansanin yakin Yarbawa wanda kwamandojin Oyo suka kafa a 1830.
Rushewar ƙarshe
Wasan Atiba ya gaza, kuma Oyo ba ta sake dawo da martabarta a yankin ba. The Oba, in ba haka ba ana kiransa Atiba Atobatele, ya mutu a 1859; Hisansa Adeyemi I, Alaafin na uku da ya yi sarauta a Oyo ta yanzu, ya mutu a 1905. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Yarabawa sun kasance ɗayan ƙungiyoyin birni a Afirka. Kimanin 22% na yawan jama'a sun zauna a cikin manyan yankuna tare da yawan mutane fiye da 100,000, kuma sama da 50% suna zaune a cikin biranen da ke da mutane 25,000 ko fiye. Lissafin biranen birni a shekarar 1950 ya kusa da na Amurka, ban da Ilorin. Yarbawa suna ci gaba da kasancewa ƙabilun Afirka mafi birni a yau. Manyan biranen zamani sun hada da Oyo, Ibadan, Osogbo, da Ogbomoso, wadanda wasu manyan garuruwa ne da suka bunkasa bayan tsohuwar Oyo ta ruguje.
Ragowar masarautar na ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin ɗayan jihohin gargajiya na wannan zamani na Nijeriya.
Duba kuma
Oyotunji African Village
Sarakunan jihar Yarbawa na Oyo
Tarihin Najeriya
Bayanan kula
Easley, Dr. Larry. "The Four Forest States of Africa." Oyo Empire. Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau. 2 Mar. 2009.
Kehnide Salami, Yunusa Ph.D. "The Democratic Structure of Yoruba Political-Cultural Heritage." Department of Philosophy Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife. 29 Apr. 2009.
Shillington, Kevin. History of Africa. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Limited, 1995
Fasanya, Akin . "The Original Religion of the Yorubas". http://www.laits.utexas.edu/africa/2004/database/fasanya.html
Kabilun Larabawa
Tarihin Najeriya
Al'adun Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
27193 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favipiravir | Favipiravir | Favipiravir, wanda ake sayar da shi a ƙarƙashin sunan alamar Avigan da sauransu, maganin rigakafi ne wanda ake amfani da shi don magance mura a Japan. Hakanan ana nazarinta don kula da adadin wasu cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da SARS-CoV-2. Kamar magungunan rigakafin gwaji na T-1105 da T-1106, abin da aka samu na pyrazinecarboxamide ne.
Toyama Chemical (wani reshen Fujifilm ) ne ke haɓakawa da ƙera shi kuma an amince da shi don amfanin likita a Japan a cikin 2014. A cikin 2016, Fujifilm ya ba shi lasisi ga Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co. na China. Ya zama magani gama-gari a shekarar 2019, wanda ya baiwa kamfanin damar samar da shi a cikin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin.
Amfani da likita
An amince da Favipiravir don maganin mura a Japan. An yi, duk da haka, kawai an nuna shi ga sabon mura (cututtukan da ke haifar da cututtuka masu tsanani) maimakon mura na yanayi Tun daga 2020, yuwuwar juriya ta haɓaka tana bayyana ƙasa kaɗan.
Side effects
Akwai shaida cewa yin amfani da lokacin daukar ciki na iya haifar da lahani ga jariri. An nuna tasirin teratogenic da embryotoxic akan nau'in dabbobi hudu.
Hanyar aiki
Ana tunanin tsarin ayyukansa yana da alaƙa da zaɓin hana cutar RNA polymerase mai dogaro da RNA. Favipiravir ne prodrug cewa an metabolized zuwa ta aiki form, favipiravir-ribofuranosyl-5'-triphosphate (favipiravir-RTP), akwai a duka na baka da kuma igiyar jini formulations. A cikin 2014, an amince da favipiravir a Japan don tarawa da cututtukan mura. Duk da haka, ba a nuna favipiravir yana da tasiri a cikin ƙwayoyin jikin mutum na farko ba, yana jefa shakku kan ingancinsa a cikin maganin mura.
Favipiravir-RTP analog ne na nucleoside. Yana kwaikwayi duka gunosine da adenosine don RdRP mai hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri. Haɗa irin waɗannan sansanonin guda biyu a jere suna dakatar da haɓakawa na farko, ko da yake ba a san yadda yake ba har zuwa 2013.
Al'umma da al'adu
Matsayin doka
Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka ta haɓaka favipiravir tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da MediVector, Inc. a matsayin babban maganin rigakafi da kuma ɗaukar nauyin ta ta hanyar FDA Phase II da Phase III na gwaji na asibiti, inda ya nuna aminci ga mutane da inganci a kan cutar mura. Duk da nuna aminci a cikin marasa lafiya sama da 2,000 da kuma showing accelerated clearance of influenza virus by 6 to 14 hours in the unpublished Phase III trials , favipiravir ya kasance ba a yarda da shi ba a cikin Burtaniya da Amurka. A cikin 2014, Japan ta amince da favipiravir don magance nau'in mura ba tare da jin daɗin maganin rigakafi na yanzu. Toyama Chemical da farko ya yi fatan cewa favipiravir zai zama sabon maganin mura wanda zai iya maye gurbin oseltamivir (sunan mai suna Tamiflu). Duk da haka, gwaje-gwajen dabba suna nuna yiwuwar tasirin teratogenic, kuma amincewa da samar da Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Ma'aikata da Jin Dadin Jama'a ya jinkirta sosai kuma yanayin samarwa yana iyakance ne kawai a cikin gaggawa a Japan.
Duk da ƙayyadaddun bayanai game da inganci, har zuwa Maris 2021 favipiravir an ba da umarnin ko'ina don kula da marasa lafiya na COVID-19 mai sauƙi zuwa matsakaici a Hungary. Ana buƙatar marasa lafiya su sanya hannu kan takardar izini kafin su sami maganin.
Alamar sunayen
Ana sayar da Favipiravir a ƙarƙashin alamun alamun Avigan , Avifavir, Areplivir, FabiFlu, Favipira, da Reeqonus.
CUTAR COVID-19
Fabipravir, a matsayin maganin rigakafi, an ba shi izini don kula da COVID-19 a cikin ƙasashe da yawa ciki har da Japan, Rasha, Serbia, Turkiyya, da Indiya, ƙarƙashin tanadin gaggawa. Wani saurin bita-bita a cikin Satumba 2020 (nazarin karatu huɗu) ya lura cewa maganin ya haifar da haɓakar asibiti da na rediyo; duk da haka, ba a rage yawan mace-mace ko bambance-bambance a cikin buƙatun tallafin oxygen ba kuma an nemi ƙarin bincike mai zurfi.
Bincike a cikin 2014, ya nuna cewa favipiravir na iya samun tasiri akan cutar Ebola bisa ga binciken a cikin nau'in linzamin kwamfuta ; ba a magance tasiri a cikin mutane ba.
A lokacin da 2014 West Africa cutar cutar Ebola, a Faransa nas anda suka kamu da cutar Ebola yayin gudanar da aikin sa ga kungiyar likitoci ta Sans Frontières (MSF) a Liberia rahoto warke bayan samun wani hanya na favipiravir. An fara gwajin gwaji na asibiti kan amfani da favipiravir kan cutar Ebola a Guéckédou, Guinea, a cikin Disamba 2014. Sakamakon farko da aka gabatar a cikin 2016 a taron kan Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), daga baya aka buga, ya nuna raguwar mace-mace a cikin marasa lafiya da ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jini, amma babu wani tasiri ga marasa lafiya da manyan matakan (ƙungiyar). a mafi girman haɗarin mutuwa). An soki ƙirar gwajin gaba ɗaya don amfani da sarrafa tarihi kawai.
Nipah virus ne a causative wakili na annobar cutar da encephalitis da ciwon huhu da kuma yana da babban hali fatality kudi . Barkewar farko ta faru ne a kasar Malesiya-Singapore, dangane da hulda da aladu a wuraren yanka da kuma bullar cutar a kasar Philippines mai alaka da yankan dawakai, yawancin sauran bullar cutar sun shafi Indiya da Bangladesh. a Bangladesh ana alakanta barkewar barkewar cutar da shan danyen dabino da aka gurbata da miya da fitsarin jemagu na 'ya'yan itace. A cikin wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Rahoton Kimiyya, an yi amfani da samfurin hamster na Siriya don kamuwa da cutar Nipah, wanda ke kwatanta yawancin nau'o'in cututtukan mutane, irin su vasculitis, ciwon huhu, da kuma encephalitis. Magungunan hamsters sun kamu da kwayar cutar ta 10 4 PFU NiV-M ta hanyar intraperitoneal (ip) mai kama da binciken da aka yi a baya kuma an fara magani nan da nan bayan kamuwa da cuta. Ana gudanar da Favipiravir sau biyu a rana ta hanyar peroral (po) na tsawon kwanaki 14. Magungunan hamsters da aka kula da su sun nuna tsira 100% kuma babu wata cuta ta zahiri bayan ƙalubalen NiV mai kisa, yayin da duk lamuran kulawa sun mutu da mummunar cuta.
A gwaje-gwajen a cikin dabbobi favipiravir ya nuna aiki da West Nile virus, rawaya zazzabi cutar, kafar-da-bakin cuta cutar, kazalika da sauran flaviviruses, arenaviruses, bunyaviruses da alphaviruses . Har ila yau, an nuna aikin rigakafin cutar enterovirus da cutar zazzabin Rift Valley. Favipiravir ya nuna iyakacin inganci akan cutar Zika a cikin nazarin dabbobi, amma bai da tasiri fiye da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta kamar MK-608. Har ila yau, wakilin ya nuna wani tasiri a kan ciwon huhu, kuma an yi amfani da shi ta gwaji a wasu mutanen da suka kamu da cutar.
An bincika yuwuwar tautomerism na favipiravir ta hanyar lissafi. An gano cewa nau'i mai kama da enol ya fi kwanciyar hankali a cikin maganin ruwa fiye da nau'in keto-kamar, ma'ana cewa Favipiravir yana iya kasancewa kusan a cikin nau'i mai kama da enol a cikin maganin ruwa. Bayan protonation ana kunna nau'in keto. Duk da haka an yi watsi da waɗannan binciken tare da buƙatar tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar gwaji.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
32418 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Neuberger | Julia Neuberger | Julia Babette Sarah Neuberger, Baroness Neuberger, DBE (née Schwab ; an haife ta a ranar 27 Fabrairu , shekara ta 1950) 'yar Biritaniya ce ta House of Lords kuma tsohon rabbi . A baya ta dauki bulala na Liberal Democrat, amma ta yi murabus daga jam'iyyar kuma ta zama mai shiga tsakani a cikin 2011 bayan ta zama babban malamin cocin cocin West London, wanda daga nan ta yi ritaya a 2020. Ta zama shugabar Asibitocin Kwalejin London (UCLH) a cikin 2019.
An haifi Neuberger Julia Babette Sarah Schwab a yankin Hampstead da ke London a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu 1950, 'yar mai sukar fasaha Liesel ("Alice") kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati Walter Schwab. Mahaifiyarta ’yar gudun hijirar Bajamushe ce ‘yar gudun hijirar Yahudawa wadda ta gudu daga Nazis, ta isa Ingila tana da shekara 22 a 1937, yayin da aka haifi mahaifinta a Ingila ga baƙi Jamus-Yahudawa waɗanda suka zauna a can kafin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya. Schwab Trust, mai tallafawa da ilmantar da matasa 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka, an kafa ta da sunan iyayenta. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kudu Hampstead da Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge, inda ta fara karatun Assyriology . Bayan da aka hana ta shiga Turkiyya saboda ’yar Burtaniya ce, sannan kuma zuwa Iraki saboda ita Bayahudiya ce, sai ta canza batunta, maimakon haka ta yi karatun yarenta na biyu na Ibrananci na cikakken lokaci. Malaminta a Cambridge, Nicholas de Lange, ta ba da shawarar cewa ta zama rabbi. Ta sami takardar shaidar malanta a Kwalejin Leo Baeck .
Matsayin addini
Neuberger ta koyar a fannin ta, Kwalejin Leo Baeck, daga 1977 zuwa 1997. Daga baya ta zama rabbi mace ta biyu a Biritaniya, ta farko ita ce Jackie Tabick, kuma ta farko da ta sami nata majami'a. Ta kasance rabbi na Kudancin London Liberal Synagogue daga 1977 zuwa 1989 kuma ita ce shugabar majami'ar Liberal Liberal ta Yamma. A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Majami'ar Yamma ta London (wani Movement for Reform Judaism synagogue) ta ba da sanarwar cewa an naɗa ta a matsayin babbar rabbi na majami'ar. Ta yi ritaya daga aikinta na Majami'ar Yammacin London a cikin Maris 2020. Har ila yau, tana fitowa akai-akai a sashin Pause for Thought a gidan rediyon BBC 2.
Ayyukan jama'a
Neuberger ta kasance Shugaban Camden da Islington Community Health Services NHS Trust daga 1992 zuwa 1997, kuma Shugaban Asusun Sarki daga 1997 zuwa 2004. Ta kasance shugabar Jami'ar Ulster daga 1994 zuwa 2000. Wanene Wanene ya lissafa ɗimbin ayyuka na son rai da na agaji da ta yi. Littafinta, The Moral State We're In, nazarin ɗabi'a da manufofin jama'a a Biritaniya ta zamani , an buga shi a cikin 2005. Taken wani kwatanci ne ga littafin Will Hutton na 1997, The State We're In .
Matsayin siyasa da na majalisa
Neuberger ta kasance 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party na Tooting a babban zaben 1983, ya zo na uku da kuri'u 8,317 . An nada ta DBE a cikin Sabuwar Shekarar Daraja ta 2003. A cikin Yuni 2004, an ƙirƙiri ta abokiyar rayuwa kamar Baroness Neuberger na Primrose Hill a cikin gundumar London na Camden . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun Lafiya ta Liberal Democrat daga 2004 zuwa 2007. A ranar 29 ga Yuni 2007, Firayim Minista mai jiran gado Gordon Brown ya nada Neuberger a matsayin gwarzon gwamnati na sa kai. Ta yi murabus daga jam'iyyar Liberal Democrats bayan ta zama babban malamin cocin cocin London na Yamma .
A shekarar 1997, Neuberger ta soki ilimi a Ireland ta Arewa a matsayin " rabe-rabe " a bude makarantar Loughview Integrated Primary School. Jaridar Irish News ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta soki makarantun Katolika a matsayin ƴan ɗarika, wanda ya kai ga suka daga Daraktan Majalisar Katolika don Cigaba da Makarantu. Duk da haka, ta ce rahoton da jaridar Irish News ta bayar ya ba da ra'ayi marar kyau kuma an ambace ta ba tare da wani mahallin ba: "A gaskiya, ina tsammanin a ainihin abin da na faɗa a farkon taron ban ambaci makarantun Katolika ba. Ina tsammanin a zahiri na ambaci Furotesta, Musulmi da Bayahude amma daga baya aka yi min hira kuma na ce wa dan jarida cewa abin da na fada ya shafi makarantun Katolika daidai da na Furotesta ko Bayahude ko Musulmi ko ma wanene.”
Aikin tallafi
A cikin Janairun 2013, Neuberger an nada ta shugaban wata kungiya zaman kansa Review na Liverpool Care Pathway ga Mutuwa Patient . Wasu iyalai da suka rasu sun yi tambaya kan rashin nuna son kai na nadin, saboda amincewar da ta yi a baya game da hanyar, wanda Dr John Ellershaw, darektan likita na Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Marie Curie Palliative a Liverpool ya rubuta, a cikin labarin BMJ na 2003, da kuma tallafin da ta yaɗa na Cibiyar Marie Curie. An buga sakamakon bita a watan Yuli 2013; karɓar shawarwarin bita, gwamnati ta ba da shawarar cewa asibitocin NHS su daina amfani da LCP.
An zabi Neuberger a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa na Halartar, wata kungiyar agaji da ke tallafawa da kuma fadada rawar da masu sa kai ke takawa wajen samar da al'umma masu lafiya, a shekarar 2006 kuma ta rike mukamin har sai da ta yi ritaya a 2011.
An nada Neuberger ga hukumar inshorar lafiyar Irish Vhi Healthcare na tsawon shekaru biyar daga shekara ta 2005 ta Mary Harney, Tánaiste da Ministan Lafiya da Yara.
Neuberger ta kasance Mataimakiyar Shugaban Majalisar Jagorancin Yahudawa.
Neuberger ta auri farfesa Anthony Neuberger akan 17 Satumba 1973. Suna da ɗa mai suna Matthew da diya mai suna Harriet. Anthony ɗan farfesa ne Albert Neuberger da ɗan'uwan farfesa Michael da James Neuberger, da kuma ɗan'uwan tsohon shugaban Kotun Koli na Burtaniya David Neuberger .
A sakamakon zaben Brexit na 2016, Neuberger ta bayyana cewa za ta nemi fasfo na Jamus, wanda ta cancanci ta hanyar iyayenta. Ta ce, "Shawarata ko kadan ba ta da alaka da kyamar Yahudawa, sai dai da asalina, da sha'awar yadda Jamus ta yau ta yi da abubuwan da suka faru a baya, da kuma tunanina na zama Bature da kuma Birtaniya."
Lakabi da karramawa
Miss Julia Schwab (1950-Aure)
Mrs Julia Neuberger (aure-1977)
Rabbi Julia Neuberger
Rabbi Dame Julia Neuberger DBE
Rabbi The Baroness Neuberger DBE
Labarin Yahudanci (ga yara), 1986, 2nd edition 1988.
Kwanaki na Hukunci (Edited hudu a jere), 1987.
Kula da Marasa lafiya masu Mutuwar Bangaskiya daban-daban, 1987, bugu na 3 2004 (an gyara, tare da John A. White).
Ƙarshen Labura, 1991.
Meke Faruwa Da Mata?, 1991.
Da'a da Kiwon Lafiya: Matsayin Kwamitin Da'a na Bincike a Burtaniya, 1992.
Abubuwan da ke Mahimmanci (anthology na wakoki na ruhaniya na mata, Edited by JN), 1993.
Kan Kasancewa Bayahude, 1995.
Mutuwa Lafiya: jagora don ba da damar ingantacciyar mutuwa, 1999, bugu na 2 2004.
Kayayyakin Hidden: ƙima da yanke shawara a cikin NHS a yau, (bugu tare da Bill New), 2002.
Halin Halin da Muke Ciki, 2005.
Rahoton Aikin Sa-kai, 2008.
Anti-Semitism: Abin da yake; Abin da ba haka bane kuma me yasa yake da mahimmanci, 2019.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Baroness Neuberger bayanin martaba a wurin majalisar
2004 Hira da Joan Bakewell don Imani ( Radiyon BBC 3 )
Tattaunawar bidiyo tare da Baroness Neuberger akan PMLiVE.com
Rayayyun mutane
Mata a siyasa
Haihuwan 1950
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
32963 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky%20Ford | Vicky Ford | Victoria Grace Ford (née Pollock (ranar haihuwa, 21 Satumba shekara ta 1967) yar siyasa ce ta Biritaniya, Memba ce a Majalisar (MP) na Chelmsford tun a shekarar 2017. Memba ce ta Jam'iyyar Conservative, tsohuwar ma'aikaciyar bankin saka hannun jari ce, 'yar majalisar gundumomi, kuma 'yar majalisar Turai ta Gabashin Ingila (2009 zuwa 2017).
Ford ta kasance Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Yara tsakanin Fabrairu shekara ta 2020 da Satumba shekara ta 2021, kafin a nada ta a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Afirka, Latin Amurka da Caribbean a Ofishin Harkokin Waje, Commonwealth da Ci gaba yayin sake fasalin majalisar ministocin a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2021.
Kuruciya da aiki
An haifi Victoria Grace Pollock a ranar 21 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 1967 a Omagh, County Tyrone, Ireland ta Arewa ga iyalin Anthony da Deborah Marion Pollock. Iyayenta duka likitocin Ingila ne. Tun tana karama, ta hadu da mahaifiyarta wajen yakin neman zabe tare da kungiyar zaman lafiya kuma mahaifinta ya tsaya a zaben kananan hukumomi na Alliance Party of Northern Ireland .
Ta halarci makarantar firamare da Omagh Academy da ke Arewacin Ireland, amma bayan rasuwar mahaifinta, ta tafi makarantu a Ingila. Ford ta yi karatu a Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta St Paul mai zaman kanta, Kwalejin Marlborough mai zaman kanta sannan ta karanci Maths da Economics a Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge.
Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 da 2001, Ford tayi aiki da JPMorgan Chase. An kara mata girma zuwa mataimakiyar shugaba a sashin harkokin rance. A cikin shekara ta 2001, ta shiga Bear Stearns a matsayin manajan darakta na kasuwannin babban birnin lamuni inda ta yi aiki har zuwa shekarar 2003.
Ford ta shiga Jam'iyyar Conservative a shekarar 1986. A shekarar 2006, an zaɓi Ford a matsayin ɗan majalisa, mai wakiltar Balsham Ward a Majalisar gundumar South Cambridgeshire. Ta kasance ‘yar takarar majalisa a babban zaben shekarar 2005 na mazabar Birmingham Northfield, amma ta sha kayi a hannun dan majalisar wakilai mai ci, Richard Burden.
A shekara ta 2007, ta kasance babbar mai ba da shawarwari a Jam'iyyar Conservative ta sake duba harajin Burtaniya "Hukumar Gyaran Haraji".
Majalisar Tarayyar Turai
An zabi Ford a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Conservative a Majalisar Turai na Gabashin Ingila a zaben Majalisar Turai da akayi a shekara ta 2009. Ta kasance mamba a ofishin kungiyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kawo sauyi a Turai, kuma mamba ce ta wakilan majalisar dokoki kan hulda da kasar Sin.
A matsayin ta na MEP, Ford ta kasance mai ba da rahoto ga Majalisar game da sauye-sauye da dokokin bindiga, tsaron mai da iskar gas da kuma tsarin tsarin kasafin kudi wanda ke neman kara bayyana gaskiya da rikon amana na kashe kudaden jama'a. Ta kasance jagorar mai shiga tsakani kan asusun Horizon 2020 don bincike da kan buƙatun babban bankin banki, tsarin garantin ajiya da jinginar gidaje.
Daga shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2014 ta kasance memba a kwamitin majalisar Turai kan masana'antu, bincike da makamashi da kuma kwamitin majalisar Turai kan harkokin tattalin arziki da dukiya .
Daga shekara ta 2014 zuwa 2017 ta kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kan Kasuwancin Cikin Gida da Kariyar masu siyayya, kwamitocin tattalin arziki na majalisar, mai da hankali kan manufofin dijital da buɗe damar kasuwanci don ayyuka da kayayyaki.
A shekara ta 2016, Ford tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan mambobin majalisar Turai goma da suka fi tasiri ta hanyar Siyasa Turai, musamman don aikinta akan manufofin dijital.
'yar majalisa
An zabi Ford a matsayin 'yar majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na Chelmsford a babban zaben shekara ta 2017. A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2017, Ford ta gabatar da jawabinta na farko a cikin muhawarar jawabin Sarauniya, farkon cin abinci na shekarar 2017 don yin hakan. A ofishin majalisar a shekara ta 2017 zuwa 2019 ta yi aiki a kan Kimiyya da Fasaha da Mata da Daidaita zabar kwamitocin.
A watan Agustan shekara ta 2018 ne aka nada Ford a matsayin Sakatare mai zaman kansa na majalisar wakilai ga tawagar ministocin Ofishin Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth . A watan Agustan shekara ta 2019, ta zama Sakatariyar Mai zaman kanta ta Majalisar Alok Sharma, Sakatariya ko Jiha don Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya.
An sake fasalin majalisar ministocin a watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2020, inda aka nada Ford a matsayin Ministan Yara ; Ƙarƙashin Sakataren Gwamnati na Majalisa a Sashen Ilimi, mai alhakin yara da iyalai.
A sake tsarin majalisar ministocin da akayi a watan Satumba na shekarar 2021, Ford ta daina aiki a matsayin Ministan Yara kuma ta zama sabuwar Mataimakiyar Sakatare na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Afirka a Ofishin Harkokin Waje, Commonwealth da Raya Kasa. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2022, ta fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da aka yi a Burkinabe a shekara ta 2022.
Vicky ya auri Hugo Ford a shekara ta 1996. Suna da 'ya'ya uku tare. Ma'auratan sun hadu a Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ta kasance daliba a Kwalejin Trinity shi kuma dalibi ne a Kwalejin Magdalene. Shi masanin cutar kansa ne kuma shi ne darektan sabis na cutar kansa a Asibitin Addenbrooke da ke Cambridge.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Haifaffun 1967
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
32477 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Lee%20Guthrie%20%26%20Johnny%20Irion | Sarah Lee Guthrie & Johnny Irion | Articles with hCards
Sarah Lee Guthrie (an Haife ta a Fabrairun shekarar 17, 1979) shi kuma Johnny Irion (an Haifa shi a Fabrairu 3, 1969) duo ne na kiɗa. Guthrie da Irion sun yi aure a ranar 16 ga Oktoban shekarata 1999 kuma sun fara yin wasa tare a matsayin duo mai sauti a cikin faɗuwar 2000. Waƙarsu ta haɗu da ƙaunar Irion na rock da blues tare da tushen Guthrie na jama'a da ƙasa .
Guthrie ita ce ƙaramar 'ya ga mawaki Arlo Guthrie kuma jikanyar Woody Guthrie . A matsayin mawaƙa na ƙarni na uku Guthrie ta fito da kundi na farko mai taken kanta akan dangin mallakar Rising Son Records a cikin 2002. Tun tana karama ta shiga harkar wasan kwaikwayo da rawa. Sha'awarta ga kiɗa ya samo asali ne lokacin da ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da hanya na mahaifinta a kan yawon shakatawa na Ƙari na 1997 kuma ta ga sauran membobin ƙungiyar yawon shakatawa suna jin daɗi a cikin dare. Ta ɗauki guitar ta fara wasa a matsayin hanyar shiga cikin nishaɗin. "A koyaushe ina rubuta wakoki, don haka bai yi nisa ba don in mayar da waccan waƙa." "Mahaifi na ya yi farin ciki sosai, kuma yana koya mani kaya kowace rana idan muna kan hanya tare. Wannan hanya ce mai daɗi don sanin mahaifina, domin ban taɓa saninsa haka ba. Kuma wannan wani abu ne da ya sauƙaƙa: mahaifina yana ba da taimako sosai.”
Irion ya samo asali ne daga dangin masu fasahar waka. Kawunsa marubuci ne Thomas Steinbeck, babban kawunsa marubuci ne John Steinbeck, kuma kakarsa, Rubilee Knight, ɗan wasan violin ne na gargajiya. Marigayi kakansa, Fred Knight, ya rera waka a wurare da dama. Irion da Guthrie sun hadu ta hanyar abokin juna ( Chris Robinson na Black Crowes ) yayin da su biyu ke aiki tare a Los Angeles. A cikin 1999 Guthrie da Irion sun haɗu da ɗan wasan jita wato Tao Rodríguez-Seeger, jikan Pete Seeger, kuma sun yi aiki azaman uku a ƙarƙashin sunan RIG.
Guthrie da Irion sun bayyana a wasan Newport Folk Festival, Philadelphia Folk Festival, da kuma Hillside Festival, da kuma gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, dakunan sauraron, wuraren wasanni, da makarantu. Lokacin da ba su yin wasan kwaikwayon nasu ba, suna yawon shakatawa a cikin ƙasa tare da Arlo Guthrie, suna buɗe wasan kwaikwayon, sa'an nan kuma tare da shi a kan dandalin wasan kwaikwayo na iyali, kwanan nan tare da shi a Carnegie Hall tare da Pete Seeger da Dillards .
Go Waggaloo, CD ɗinsu na yara na farko, an sake shi ne a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2009 akan lambar yabo na Smithsonian Folkways. Sarah Lee Guthrie tana tare da Irion da 'ya'yansu mata biyu, da kuma abokai da dangi da yawa ciki har da Arlo Guthrie, Pete Seeger da Tao Rodriguez-Seeger. Kundin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi guda uku waɗanda ke nuna waƙoƙin Woody Guthrie waɗanda ba a taɓa sanya wa kiɗa ba da waƙoƙi takwas waɗanda Sarah Lee da dangi suka rubuta. Gidauniyar Zaɓin Iyaye ta ba Go Waggaloo lambar yabo ta Zinariya. Shirin bayar da lambar yabo ta iyaye yana girmama mafi kyawun abu ga yara a cikin nau'ikan: littattafai, kayan wasan yara, kiɗa da ba da labari, mujallu, software, wasannin bidiyo, talabijin da gidajen yanar gizo.
A shekara ta 2011, Sarah Lee da Johnny sun rattaba hannu tare da lakabin rikodin rikodin zaman kanta na Berkeley, Titin Titin Opus kuma sun fito da Misalai masu haske. Ayyukan haɗin gwiwarsu sun haɗa da furodusoshi Andy Cabic (jagorancin mawaƙa-mawaƙa a cikin ƙungiyar Vetiver (band) ) da Thom Monahan ( Devendra Banhart, Vetiver (band) ).
A shekara ta 2012 - an saki sabon albam dinsu wato : Sabbin Multitudes . A wani taron karramawa na shekara ɗari da aka gudanar a ranar 10 ga Maris, 2012, a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Brady a Tulsa, Oklahoma, Sarah Lee da Johnny sun yi tare da John Mellencamp, Arlo Guthrie, Del McCoury Band da Flaming Lips .
Jeff Tweedy ya samar da kundi na Sarah Lee Guthrie da Johnny Irion, Wassaic Way, wanda aka saki a shekara ta 2013. An yi rikodin shi ne a Chicago - garin Tweedy - kuma ya ba shi kyautar Grammy a matsayin furodusa.
Guthrie da Irion sun daina yin wasa tare tun daga 2014. A cikin 2018, kowanne ya fara wakokinsa na daban, tare da Guthrie yana aiki a matsayin buɗe aikin mahaifinta " Alice's Restaurant : Back by Popular Demand" yawon shakatawa da Irion yana fitar da kundin dutsen Tuki Aboki .
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Sarah Lee Guthrie & Johnny Ironion gidan yanar gizon
Sarah Lee Guthrie da Johnny Irion akan MySpace
Biography on Country Music Television (CMT)
Sarah Lee da Johnny Irion a Opus Street Opus
Iyalan Guthrie
Kungiyar mawaka daga South Carolina |
51864 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuwar%20Oshodi | Kasuwar Oshodi | Kasuwar Oshodi kasuwa ce da ke cikin Oshodi, wani yanki na jihar Legas, kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Yana daya daga cikin manyan kasuwanni a cikin babban birnin Legas koda yake jami'an gwamnati sun yi iƙirarin cewa ayyukan aikata laifuka kamar satar aljihu da satar jaka sun lalata shi, kuma an yanke shawarar rushe kasuwar. An rushe kasuwar a watan Janairun 2016.
An kafa kasuwar ne a 1860 lokacin da Najeriya ke karkashin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya don tallafawa ayyukan cinikin bayi. Oshodi na ɗaya daga cikin masu cin gajiyar birane na farko da ya faru a ƙarni na 19. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gina layin dogo tsakanin Legas da Arewa ta gwamnatin Burtaniya, don jigilar ma'aikata a fadin kasar.
Rushewar Kasuwar Oshodi ta kasance ne sakamakon umarnin gwamnatin Jihar Legas don sake dawo da 'yan kasuwa daga kasuwar Owonifari zuwa Isopakodowo a Oshodi da gwamnatin Akinwunmi Ambode ta jagoranta a ranar 5 ga Janairun 2015. Gwamnatin jihar ta yi iƙirarin sararin da kasuwar da ke zaune a halin yanzu an gabatar da shi ne don tashar bas ta zamani, tare da sake komawa 'yan kasuwa zuwa sabon kasuwar Isopakodowo da aka gina a yankin Bolade. Tsohon gwamnan jihar Babatunde Fashola ne ya ba da umurnin sabon kasuwar, tare da saka hannun jari mai daraja N1 biliyan. Akwai dalilai da yawa na matakin gwamnati, wanda ya haɗa da barazanar tsaron jihar ta hanyar ayyukan aikata laifuka da aka yi a kasuwa, don daidaitawa da aikin gwamnatin jihar na juya jihar zuwa babban birni da kuma karɓar tashar bas.
Manufar sanya jihar Legas ta zama babban birni yana daya daga cikin manyan manufofi na gwamnatin Ambode a jihar Legas. A cimma wannan manufa, gwamnatin Jihar Legas ta saka hannun jari na N1 biliyan a kan gina Isopakodowo a Bolade-Oshodi. An ba da izinin kasuwar a ranar 7 ga Janairun 2014 ta gwamnatin Babatunde Fashola a jihar Legas. Manufar gwamnati ita ce ta sake mayar da 'yan kasuwa a kasuwar Owonifari zuwa sabon hadaddun bayan kammala. Koyaya, 'yan kasuwa ba su da niyyar motsawa. Sabuwar kasuwar tana da shaguna sama da 600 da daruruwan masu riƙe Clamps. Dangane da taron da aka gudanar a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2015, majalisar zartarwa ta jihar karkashin jagorancin gwamnan Ambode ta sadu da wakilin kasuwa, inda gwamnan ya nuna sha'awar komawa sabuwar kasuwar da aka gina. A ƙarshen taron 'yan kasuwa sun amince da bukatar gwamnan, duk da haka, sun roki kasuwa mai rahusa. A daya daga cikin sakonnin manema labarai da kwamishinan Steve Ayorinde ya ce "A ranar Litinin, 21 ga Disamba, 2015, an amince da cewa 'yan kasuwa za su biya N5,000 don shagon a Kasuwar Isopakodowo. Akwai wurare kalilan ne kawai a Legas inda za ku ga shagon N5,000, ba tare da ita ba a tsakiyar Oshodi, amma gwamnan ya amince da su. Mu, bayan haka, a hukumance mu ba da sanarwa don barin ta ofishin Kwamishinan Shirye-shiryen Jiki da Ci gaban Birane."
Dalilan da suka haifar
Baya ga gaskiyar cewa gwamnati tana bin manufa don juya jihar Legas zuwa babban birni, wasu daga cikin dalilan da mai gudanarwa na jihar ya bayar sun hada da:
Rashin tsaro
Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman dalilan da gwamnati ta bayyana shine fitowar ayyukan aikata laifuka a kasuwa, wanda ya haɗa da dawo da makamai da harsashi a cikin kasuwa, wuraren ɓoyayyen masu laifi da sauransu. A cewar wani rahoto a cikin jaridar punch, Owoseni, kwamishinan 'yan sanda a jihar Legas ya ce: "Babban batutuwan da Majalisar ta kalli su ne sake dubawa ga duk matakan da aka sanya a shekarar 2015 musamman a kan Kirsimeti wanda ya kai ga mu sami bikin zaman lafiya.
"Bayan da muka sake duba hakan, mun kalli yadda za mu iya ci gaba da wasu daga cikinsu waɗanda suka taimaka mana kuma ba shakka mun inganta a kan wasu matakan da muke tsammanin suna buƙatar ingantawa. Wannan shine ainihin abubuwan da muka yi kuma mun yanke shawarar cewa za mu ci gaba da waɗannan matakan masu kyau tare da la'akari da yin Jihar Legas mafi aminci da tsaro don ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. " A cikin wani ci gaba mai alaƙa Kwamishinan Bayanai da Dabarun Jihar, Steve Ayorinde, ya ce a cikin "Guardian Newspaper" cewa aikin rushewa a ranar Talata da Laraba ya tabbatar da wasu daga cikin tsoronsu, "kamar yadda muka gano bunkers da makamai a ƙarƙashin shagunan" ya kuma jaddada cewa gwamnati ta ba da ƙarshen kwanaki 16 don rushewa.
Cutar motoci
Gwamnatin jihar ta nuna damuwa game da toshewar da ke fitowa daga zirga-zirga ta hanyar yawan motoci a ciki da kewayen Oshodi, wani bangare ya haifar da kwararar baƙi zuwa kasuwa a kowace rana. Gwamnati ta yi imanin cewa idan aka gina tashar bas a Oshodi, za ta kula da kalubalen zirga-zirga a wannan yanki. Kwamishinan ya ce "yayinda kasuwanni za su kasance a cikin Oshodi koyaushe, wasu gine-ginen da ba bisa ka'ida ba da gwamnatin jihar ta riga ta yi alama dole ne a rushe su don buɗe hanyar zirga-zirga da kuma yankin Oshodi marar laifi".
Rashin jituwa
Rushe kasuwar Oshodi ya kasance mai kawo rigima sosai.
Jami'in Hulɗa da Jama'a, Obinna Nwosu, a cikin gabatarwarsa ya ce "Akwai umarnin kotu cewa gwamnati kada ta dame 'yan kasuwa a kasuwarmu saboda tun lokacin da aka gyara ta a 1999 bayan da aka ƙone kasuwar,' yan kasuwa da son rai sun sake gina kasuwar tare da N750million kuma an rufe kowane shagon. Shin umarnin hatimi ya yi kama da sanarwar barin? Sun tabbatar mana cewa za a daidaita komai kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yawancinmu suka dawo da kayarurrukanmu. " Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa masu fafutukar kasuwa ba su haɗu ba don tattauna batun sake komawa kafin aikin ya faru. Wasu daga cikin 'yan kasuwa sun kuma yi imanin cewa wuraren da ke sabon kasuwa ba za su iya karɓar su ba. Rumor na rashin kwanciyar hankali na tsari da ayyukan ruhaniya suma wasu daga cikin dalilan da 'yan kasuwa suka ki karɓar tayin don sake komawa daga gwamnatin jihar.
Wasu daga cikin jami'an da suka yi magana a lokacin aikin sun bayyana goyon bayansu ga aikin gwamnati. Taofeek Adaranijo, memba na Majalisar Wakilai, wanda ke wakiltar Majalisa ta Tarayya ta Agege, ya ce "Lokacin da ka zagaya wasu sassan duniya, da wuya ka ga kasuwa a irin wannan wuri kuma gina tashar bas a can zai kyautata wurin kuma ya canza yanayin har abada. Zai kara launi ga babban birni da muke mafarkin Legas kuma wannan mataki ne mai ƙarfin zuciya don cimma shirin canji. Segun Olulade, memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Jihar Legas, wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Epe, ya yi imanin cewa kasuwa ta zama mafaka ga masu laifi da kuma wurin ɓoye makamai da harsashi.
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Kasuwanci a Afrika |
26774 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Afrika%20ta%20Kudu | Sinima a Afrika ta Kudu | Sinima a Afirka ta Kudu na nufin fina-finai da masana'antar fina-finai ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu. An kuma shirya fina-finai na ƙasashen waje da yawa game da Afirka ta Kudu (yawanci suna da alaƙa da launin fata).
Fim ɗin Afirka ta Kudu na farko da ya samu karɓuwa da karramawa a duniya shi ne wasan barkwanci na shekarar 1980 The Gods Must Be Crazy , rubuta, shiryawa kuma Jamie Uys ya shirya. A cikin Kalahari, ya ba da labari game da yadda rayuwa ta canza a cikin al'ummar Bushmen lokacin da kwalban Coke, aka jefa daga cikin jirgin sama, ba zato ba tsammani daga sama. Duk da cewa fim ɗin ya gabatar da mahallin da ba daidai ba na mutanen Khoisan san, ta hanyar tsara su a matsayin al'umma na farko da aka haskaka ta hanyar zamani na fadowa kwalban Coke. Marigayi Jamie Uys, wanda ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni The Gods Must Be Crazy, kuma ya sami nasara a ƙasashen waje a cikin 1970s tare da fina-finansa masu ban sha'awa da mutane masu ban dariya II, kamar jerin TV Candid Camera a Amurka. Leon Schuster 's Dole ne ku kasance kuna wasa! fina-finai iri daya ne, kuma sun shahara a tsakanin farar fata na Afirka ta Kudu lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata .
Wani babban fim ɗin da ke nuna Afirka ta Kudu a cikin ƴan shekarun nan shi ne District9 . Neill Blomkamp, ɗan asalin Afirka ta Kudu ne ya jagoranta, kuma mai ba da izini na Lord of the Rings trilogy helmer Peter Jackson ne ya jagoranta, fim ɗin aikin / almara na kimiyya ya nuna ƙaramin aji na baƙi ƴan gudun hijirar da aka tilasta wa zama a cikin tarkace na Johannesburg a cikin abin da mutane da yawa suka gani. misali mai ƙirƙira ga wariyar launin fata . Fim din ya kasance nasara mai mahimmanci da kasuwanci a duk duniya, kuma an zaɓe shi don lambar yabo ta Academy hudu, ciki har da Mafi kyawun Hotuna, a 82nd Academy Awards .
Sauran fitattun fina-finai sune Tsotsi, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Academy don Fim na Harshen Waje a lambar yabo ta 78th Academy Awards a shekarar 2006 da U-Carmen eKhayelitsha, wanda ya lashe kyautar zinare a bikin fina-finai na Berlin na 2005 .
Zamanin Shiru
Gidan fina-finai na farko a Afirka ta Kudu, Killarney Film Studios, an kafa shi ne a cikin 1915 a Johannesburg ta hamshakin ɗan kasuwan Amurka Isidore W. Schlesinger lokacin da ya tafi Afirka ta Kudu ba tare da burin danginsa ba bayan ya karanta game da gano zinare a Witwatersrand kuma yana sha'awar. binciko abin da zai iya samu.
A cikin shekarun 1910 da 1920, an yi fina-finan Afirka ta Kudu da yawa a ciki ko wajen birnin Durban . Waɗannan fina-finai sukan yi amfani da abubuwan ban mamaki da ake samu a karkarar KwaZulu-Natal, musamman yankin Drakensberg . KwaZulu-Natal kuma ya zama wurin da ya dace don fina-finai na tarihi kamar De Voortrekkers da Alamar Sacrifice . Ba'amurke mai shirya fina-finai Lorimer Johnston ya jagoranci fina-finai da yawa a yankin a ƙarshen shekarun 1910 wanda ya fito da ƴan wasan Amurka Edna Flugrath da Caroline Frances Cooke . Duk da halartar Johnson, Flugrath da Cooke, waɗannan shirye-shiryen Afirka ta Kudu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƴan wasan gida da labarai.
Zamanin Sauti
Sarie Marais, fim ɗin sauti na farko na harshen Afirka, an sake shi a cikin 1931. Sauti na gaba kamar Die Wildsboudjie , Sarie Marais remake na 1949, da Daar doer in die bosveld sun ci gaba da kula da fararen fata, masu sauraron harshen Afirkaans.
Shekarun 1950 sun ga ƙaruwar amfani da wuraren Afirka ta Kudu da baiwa ta masu yin fina-finai na duniya. Haɗin gwiwar Biritaniya kamar Coast of Skeletons da kuma samfuran haɗin gwiwar Amurka kamar The Cape Town Affair sun nuna haɓakar yanayin harbi a wurare na gaske, maimakon yin amfani da koma baya.
Abubuwan Kayayyakin Duniya
Daga shekarar 2009, an sami ƙarin amfani da wuraren Afirka ta Kudu da hazaka ta ɗakunan fina-finai na duniya. Ayyukan Amurka kamar District 9 , Chronicle , Avengers: Age of Ultron , The Dark Tower , Tomb Raider , The Kissing Booth , Maze Runner: The Death Cure , Escape Room da Bloodshot suna nuna haɓakar haɓaka ta manyan gidaje na duniya don amfani da Cape Town, Johannesburg da sauran wuraren Afirka ta Kudu don shirya fina-finai.
Manyan masu rarraba fina-finai 3 na Afirka ta Kudu
An jera su tare da kowane mai rarraba su ne ɗakunan studio da suke wakilta:
Times Media Films : 20th Century Studios, Warner Bros., Sabon Layi Cinema, Hotunan DreamWorks, DreamWorks Animation .
Ster-Kinekor : Hotunan Walt Disney, Hotunan Sony
Hotunan United International International : Hotunan Duniya, Hotunan Paramount, VideoVision Nishaɗi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Sabbin Labarai, Bayar Aiki da Dama a Masana'antar Fina-Finan Afirka ta Kudu
Gidan yanar gizon fina-finan Afirka ta Kudu
Masana'antar fina-finai ta Afirka ta Kudu Mai da hankali kan masana'antar - SouthAfrica.info
Shirin Watsa Labarun Afirka . Cikakken bayanan kafofin watsa labarai na Afirka
Lokaci: 1895–2003 Tarihin Masana'antar Fina-Finan Afirka Ta Kudu
Ma'ajin Fina-Finan Afirka Ta Kudu Mai Nuna masana'antar Afirka ta Kudu
The Callsheet Newspaper na wata-wata na Afirka ta Kudu buga cinikayya masana'antar fina-finai
Sinima a Afrika
Afirka ta Kudu
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
34359 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take-all | Take-all | Articles with 'species' microformats
Take-all cuta ce ta tsire-tsire da ke shafar tushen ciyawa da tsire-tsire na hatsi a cikin yanayin yanayi mai zafi wanda naman gwari Gaeumannomyces tritici (wanda aka fi sani da Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ). Duk nau'in alkama da sha'ir suna da saukin kamuwa. Yana da muhimmiyar cuta a cikin alkama na hunturu a Yammacin Turai musamman, kuma yana da sha'awar yanayin samar da karfi da kuma monoculture .
Kwayar cuta tana rayuwa a cikin ƙasa akan ƙwayar hatsi da sauran ciyawa masu kamuwa da cuta. Naman gwari yana cutar da tushen tsire-tsire na matasa kuma yana iya yaduwa daga shuka zuwa shuka a cikin nau'in hyphae da ke girma a cikin ƙasa wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ake yawan ganin cutar a cikin faci. Naman gwari yana toshe nama mai ɗaukar hoto na tsire-tsire kuma yana rage ɗaukar ruwa. Alamomin farko na cutar sun haɗa da rawaya da tsagewa, ana rage tillering kuma tsire-tsire suna girma da wuri kuma galibi suna nuna kawunan iri. Tushen da abin ya shafa sun yi baki kuma tsire-tsire suna da sauƙin cirewa daga ƙasa. Wadannan alamomin suna haifar da madadin sunan cutar, "whiteheads". Matakan asarar amfanin gona na kashi 40 zuwa 50 ana yin rikodin su a cikin munanan hare-hare.
Ko da yake matakan cututtuka yawanci ba su da ƙasa a cikin amfanin gona na alkama na farko a cikin juyawa, ƙwayar fungal yana tasowa a cikin ƙasa kusa da tushen alkama, wanda aka sani da take-all inoculum build-up (TAB). A cikin shekaru 2-4 masu zuwa matakan cututtuka suna ƙaruwa, wanda zai iya biyo baya ta hanyar ɗaukar-duk (TAD).
Matakan sarrafa sinadarai a al'adance suna da ɗan nasara kaɗan, kodayake maganin iri na zamani yana nuna alkawari. Rashin daidaituwar abinci mai gina jiki na amfanin gona yana kara tsananta cutar, kamar yadda ya wuce kima . Na zamani iri ne m da gajere-strawed wanda damar in mun gwada da high spring nitrogen aikace-aikace ba tare da tsanani masauki . Wannan zai iya iyakance lalacewa daga cutar.
Ma'aunin kulawa mafi dacewa shine amfani da amfanin gona mai tsabta na shekara guda na amfanin gona maras hatsi. Wannan yana rage naman gwari zuwa ƙarancin gurɓataccen ƙasa a cikin kusan watanni 10 duk da cewa ciyawar sa kai bace na iya rage duk wani tasiri mai fa'ida.
Gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a sanannen filin "Broadbalk" a Rothamsted Research inda ake ci gaba da noman alkama na hunturu na monoculture, ya nuna cewa ci gaba da haɓakawa (TAB) yana faruwa a cikin amfanin gona masu zuwa don kai kololuwa a cikin shekara ta 3 zuwa 5, bayan haka cuta ta ragu (TAD), a ƙarshe tana maido da amfanin gona zuwa 80 zuwa 90% na matakan 1st da 2nd shekara. Ana lalata sake zagayowar raguwa ta hanyar gabatar da amfanin gona ban da alkama ko sha'ir.
Ko da yake a halin yanzu babu nau'in alkama mai juriya da ake samarwa a kasuwa, an gano cewa layukan alkama sun bambanta da ƙarfinsu na haɓaka ɗaukar-dukkan inoculum a cikin ƙasa a cikin shekarar farko ta juyawa. Halin Low-TAB yana rinjayar tsananin cutar da yawan alkama a cikin alkama na biyu, kuma yana da alaƙa da canje-canje a cikin rhizosphere microbiome. Har yanzu ba a san tsarin kwayoyin halitta na Low-TAB ba, amma ƙananan TAB na iya amfani da shi ta hanyar manoma, yana sa gajeriyar jujjuyawar alkama ta fi riba.
Wasu dangin alkama kamar nau'in T. monococcum suna da kwatankwacin juriya ga nau'in alkama waɗanda aka riga aka ƙirƙira don juriya, amma nazarin kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa suna da tushe daban-daban na kwayoyin halitta don wannan, duka sun bambanta da na alkama da kuma ma. daga juna. Wannan yana iya zama albarkatun kwayoyin halitta masu amfani don zana su don shiga cikin alkama.
Runduna, Alamu, da Alamu
Gaeumannomyces tritici yana haifar da cututtuka a cikin tushen, kambi, da tushe na alkama, sha'ir, hatsin rai, tare da ciyawa da yawa irin su Bromegrass, Quackgrass, da Bentgrass. Oats shine kawai amfanin gona na hatsi waɗanda ke da juriya kasancewa masu juriya ta dabi'a. Yawancin tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da cuta na iya jure kamuwa da cuta mai sauƙi kuma suna bayyana marasa alama. Har ila yau, akwai lokuta da za a iya shafa gabaɗayan filayen, amma yawanci mutuwar da ba a kai ba tana faruwa a cikin madauwari a cikin filin. Tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da cuta ana iya gano su ta hanyar stunting, m chlorosis (yellowing), da kuma rage yawan tillers, waxanda suke da ƙarin mai tushe da cewa ci gaba da babban harbi na shuka. Lokacin da masu noma suka mutu saboda cututtuka sun zama fari, suna haifar da "farar kai" wanda za'a iya kwatanta shi a matsayin yanayi mara kyau wanda ba zai iya yin fure ba. Alamun sun haɗa da perithecia da ake nunawa a tushen kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta da ƙumburi masu launin baki. Wannan baƙar fata na kambi da tushe mai tushe yana ba da damar shuka a sauƙaƙe daga ƙasa ba tare da tsarin tushen tushen ba. Da aka ba da sunansa "Take-all", an san shi yana lalata dukan tudun alkama.
Gaeumannomyces tritici shine naman gwari na ƙasa wanda aka fara gano shi sama da shekaru 100 da suka gabata a Ostiraliya. Kodayake kalmar cutar ta samo asali ne daga wannan yanki na duniya, ana ganinta a ko'ina cikin duniya a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai zafi da kuma yankunan da ke da yanayin zafi ko tsayi. Ganin cewa ascomycete ne, yana son yanayin dami, amma zai iya ci gaba da dawwama a cikin busasshiyar yanayin da ake amfani da ban ruwa. Shan-duk yana ƙara tsananta a cikin yashi, maras haihuwa, ƙanƙara, da ƙasa mara kyau, inda iska, don haka yanayin ƙasa ya kasance 11. °C zuwa 20 °C. Rabin na biyu na lokacin girma yana da kyau. Kwayar cutar ta fi son yanayin asali kuma yana ƙaruwa da tsananin cutar lokacin da pH ya kai 7. Ƙasar da ke da ƙarancin nitrogen, phosphorus, da jan ƙarfe kuma yana ƙarfafa haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta. Saboda haka, liming ba nau'in sarrafawa ba ne da ya dace. An gwada wuraren da aka gwada a Larslan da Toston, Montana, inda daban-daban naman gwari guda biyu da aka samu musamman ƙasa sun rage girman shan duk ta hanyar mycoparasitism.
Zagayowar cuta
Gaeumannomyces tritici yana ci gaba ta hanyar yanayi mara kyau a cikin tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da cuta da tarkace. Ana iya yada shi daga yanki zuwa yanki ta wannan tarkace. Akwai inoculum guda biyu waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta, hyphae da ascospores. Hyphae sune galibin inoculum, saboda tushen ya kamu da cutar yayin da suke girma ta cikin ƙasa mara kyau. Yawancin yaduwar shuka-zuwa shuka na ɗaukar-duk yana faruwa ta hanyar tseren tseren motsa jiki ta hanyar "tushen gadoji". Bugu da ƙari, ascospores suna motsawa ta hanyar fantsama kuma a wasu lokuta iska. Sannan cutar ta haifar da farar fata su taru a saman shukar. Lokacin da shuka ya mutu a ƙarshe, sake zagayowar ta sake sake zagayowar kuma fungi ya sake mamayewa kamar ascocarp a cikin tsire-tsire da tarkace. Ana iya la'akari da wannan ƙwayar cuta ta polycyclic saboda farkon inoculum ta hanyar haɓakar mycelial ta wurin hutawa spores, ascomata. Alloinfection na iya zama ƙasa da ƙasa akai-akai a cikin lokaci guda, duk da haka inoculum na biyu kuma na iya faruwa a lokacin wannan kakar.
Duba kuma
Injiniyan halitta
Injiniyan Halitta a Amurka
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Farashin Fungorum
USDA ARS Fungal Database
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
20425 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98abilar%20Kanuri | Ƙabilar Kanuri | Ƙabilar Kanuri (Kanouri, Kanowri, da Yerwa, Bare Bari da sauran sunaye masu yawa) ƙabilu ne na Afirka waɗanda ke zaune a mafi yawan ƙasashen tsohuwar Kanem da daular Bornu a Nijar, Najeriya, Sudan, Libya da Kamaru. Wadanda galibi ake kira Kanuri sun haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyin yare, da yawa daga cikinsu wadanda suke da bambanci da Kanuri. Yawancinsu suna gano asalinsu zuwa layin mulkin masarautar Kanem-Bornu, da kuma jihohin abokan cinikinta ko lardunan. Ya kuma bambanta da makwabtan makiyaya na Toubou ko Zaghawa, kungiyoyin Kanuri a al'adance suna zaman kashe wando, yin noma, kamun kifin Chadi, da tsunduma cikin kasuwanci da sarrafa gishiri.
Bayan Fage
Ƙabilar Kanuri sun haɗa da ƙananan rukuni da yawa, da kuma tantance su da sunaye daban-daban a wasu yankuna. Yaren Kanuri shine babban yare na Daular Bornu kuma har yanzu shine babban yare a kudu maso gabashin Niger, arewa maso gabashin Nigeria da arewacin Kamaru, amma a Chadi an iyakance shi ga handfulan masu magana a cikin biranen.
Mafi yawan ƙabilar Kanuri suna zaune a kusurwar arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, inda masarautar Bornu ta samo asali ne daga daular Kanem-Bornu, wacce aka kafa tun kafin Ƙarni na 1000 CE. Kimanin masu magana da Kanuri miliyan 3 ke zaune a Nijeriya, ba tare da wasu masu magana da yaren Manga ko Mangari 200,000 ba. Mutanen Nga a cikin jihar Bauchi sun gano asalinsu daga ƙabilar Kanuri.
A kudu maso gabashin Nijar, inda suka fi yawa a cikin masu yawan tayar da zaune tsaye, Kanuri ana kiransu Bare Bari (sunan Hausawa). Yawan Kanuri dubu dari hudu a Nijar ya haɗa da rukunin Manga ko Mangari, wanda yawansu ya kai 100,000 a yankin gabashin Zinder, waɗanda ke ɗaukar kansu kamar sun bambanta da Bare Bari .
Kimanin mambobi 40,000 na ƙungiyar Tumari, wani lokacin ana kiranta Kanembu a Nijar, wasu keɓaɓɓun ƙungiyoyin Kanuri ne da ke zaune a yankin N'guigmi, kuma sun bambanta da mutanen Kanembu na ƙasar Chadi. A cikin mashigar Kaour ta gabashin Nijar, Kanuri ya kara kasu kashi biyu zuwa Bla Bla subgroup, yawan su yakai 20,000 , kuma sune mafi rinjaye a cikin ƙabilar gishiri da masana'antar kasuwanci ta Bilma.
Kanuri yana magana da ire-iren Kanuri, ɗayan yarukan Nilo-Saharan . Rarrabawar sun haɗa da yarukan Manga, Tumari, da Bilma na Kanuri ta Tsakiya da yaren Kanembu da ya bambanta.
Gado da al'adun addini da al'adun jihar Kanem-Bornu, ƙabilar Kanuri galibi Musulmin Sunni ne.
A Chadi, masu magana da Kanembu sun banbanta kansu da manyan kabilun Kanuri. Kanembu suna tsakiya a lardin Lac da kuma lardin Kanem na kudu. Kodayake Kanuri shine babban yare na Daular Bornu, a cikin Kasar Chadi, masu magana da Kanuri sun iyakance ga kaɗan daga masu magana a cikin biranen. Kanuri ya kasance babban harshe a kudu maso gabashin Nijar, arewa maso gabashin Najeriya da arewacin Kamaru.
A farkon shekarar 1980s, Kanembu ya kasance mafi yawan ɓangare na yawan lardin Lac, amma wasu Kanembu suma sun rayu a Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture . Da zarar asalin ƙabilar Masarautar Kanem-Borno, waɗanda ƙasashe a wani lokaci sun haɗa da arewa maso gabashin Najeriya da kudancin Libya, Kanembu ta riƙe alaƙa fiye da kan iyakar Chadi. Misali, dangin dangi da na kasuwanci sun hada su da Kanuri na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. A cikin Chadi, Kanembu da yawa na lardin Lac da Kanem suna da alaƙa da Alifa na Mao, gwamnan yankin a zamanin mulkin mallaka.
Asalin mutanen makiyaya ne, Kanuri suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin Nilo-Sahara da yawa waɗanda ke da asalin Sahara ta Tsakiya, suka fara fadada a yankin Tafkin Chadi a karshen karni na 7, kuma suka shagaltar da 'yan asalin Nilo-Saharan da Chadic (Afro-Asiatic) ) masu magana. A al'adar Kanuri, Sef, ɗan Dhu Ifazan na Yemen, ya isa Kanem a ƙarni na tara kuma ya haɗu da mutane zuwa daular Sayfawa . Wannan al'adar, wataƙila samfurin ne daga tasirin Islama na gaba, wanda ke nuna alaƙar da asalin Larabawa a zamanin Islama. Tabbacin shaidar asalin statean asali a yankin Tafkin Chadi ya faro ne zuwa kusan 800 KZ a Zilum.
Amfani da karin magana a bayyane ya ke a cikin addinin Kanuri na Islama inda ake amfani da su don taimakawa wajen fahimtar abubuwan da ke faruwa a zamantakewa da kuma koyar da ma'anonin abubuwa. Waɗannan karin magana an ƙirƙira su ne da tsofaffin maza masu hikima tare da mahangar ra'ayi dangane da halin da ake ciki da kuma wane darasi da ake ƙoƙarin koyarwa. Misalai galibi suna magana ne akan abubuwan da aka samo a rayuwar yau da kullun. Koyaya, ana amfani da abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin karin magana ta yadda za su koyar da halaye na zamantakewa, imani ko gogewa. Sau da yawa ana gina karin magana a kusa da ayyukan da ake buƙata waɗanda ake aiwatarwa a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, amma ana sanya su don a sauƙaƙe su gani kuma a yi amfani da su ga wasu, yanayi mai tsanani. Za'a iya amfani da karin magana na Kanuri a matsayin wata hanya ta tsoratarwa ko gargaɗi ga mutane game da ayyukan wauta ko haɗari, amma kuma na iya zama mai sauƙin zuciya da ƙarfafawa.
Kanuri sun zama musulmai a karni na 11. Kanem ya zama cibiyar karatun musulmai kuma Kanuri ba da daɗewa ba ya mallaki duk yankin da ke kewaye da Tafkin Chadi da kuma daula mai ƙarfi da ake kira Kanem Empire, wacce ta kai tsayi a ƙarni na sha shida da sha bakwai lokacin da suke mulkin yawancin Afirka ta Tsakiya.
Yankunan gargajiya
Bayan faɗuwar Daular Bornu da kuma Scramble for Africa a cikin ƙarni na 19, Kanuri ya kasu kashi biyu karkashin mulkin Masarautun Burtaniya, Faransa da Jamus.
Duk da asarar da Kanuri ta yi, Shehu na Bornu ya ci gaba a matsayin shugaban Masarautar Bornu. Wannan jihar ta Kanuri / Kanembu ta gargajiya tana kula da tsarin al'adar ƙabilar Kanuri da ke zaune a Maiduguri, Jihar Borno, Najeriya amma ta amince da Kanuri miliyan 4 a ƙasashe maƙwabta. Shehun ("Sheik") na Bornu ya zaro ikonsa daga jihar da aka kafa kafin 1000 CE, masarautar Kanem-Bornu.
Layin mulki na yanzu, daular al-Kanemi, ya samo asali ne daga hawan Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi a farkon karni na 19, tare da raba daular Sayfawa da ta yi mulki daga kusan 1300 CE. Shehu na 19, Mustafa Ibn Umar El-Kanemi, ya mutu a watan Fabrairun 2009, kuma Abubakar Ibn Umar Garbai El-Kanemi ya gaje shi.
Shugabannin siyasa
A Najeriya, shahararrun shugabannin Kanuri bayan samun ‘yanci sun haɗa da‘ yan siyasa Kashim Ibrahim, Ibrahim Imam, Zannah Bukar Dipcharima, Shettima Ali Monguno, Abba Habib, Muhammad Ngileruma, Baba Gana Kingibe, tsohon shugaban GNPP Waziri Ibrahim, da tsohon shugaban mulkin soja, Sani Abacha . A Nijar, shugabannin siyasa na Kanuri sun haɗa da tsohon Firayim Ministan Nijar Mamane Oumarou, da tsohon Shugaban Nijar, Mamadou Tandja.
Yankin Kanuri a Najeriya
Wata takamaiman ƙaramin Ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa da ya fito a cikin shekarar 1950s, wanda ke kan Bornu. Wasu '' Pan-Kanuri '' masu kishin ƙasa sun yi da'awar yanki na don yankin abin da suka kira "Babban Kanowra", gami da lardunan Lac da Kanem na zamani a Chadi, Yankin Arewa mai Nisa a Kamaru da Yankunan Diffa da Zinder a Nijar da darfur a Sudan .
A cikin shekarar 1954, aka kafa kungiyar 'Yan Matasa ta Borno (BYM) kuma suka taka rawa a matsayin babbar jam'iyyar siyasa mai yanki har zuwa karshen mulkin mallaka, duk da cewa ta samu' yanci.
"Kanuri" . Encyclopædia Britannica . 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica akan layi. An shiga 2 Afrilu 2009.
Fuchs, Peter . Fachi: Sahara-Stadt der Kanuri . 2 vol.., Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden
Fuchs, Peter . Fachi: Das Brot der Wüste . Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden
Lange, Dierk. "Ethnogenesis daga cikin yankin Chadi: Wasu Tunani kan Tarihin Kanem-Borno", Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde 39 , 261-277. .
Malone, Martin J. "Society-Kanuari" . Atlas na Attaura . Jami'ar Kent a Canterbury da Jami'ar Durham (Ingila, Ingila). (Babu kwanan wata. ) An shiga 5 Yuli 2019. An adana 4 Mayu 1997.
"Kanuri" . Afrikanische Sprachen. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag akan layi (27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2008).
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Ƙungiyar Nazarin Kanuri . Jami'ar Maiduguri, Jihar Borno, Najeriya.
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'adun ƙasashen
Harsunan Nijeriya |
18005 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwamna%20Awan | Gwamna Awan | Gwamna Danladi Awan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1915, ya rasu a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2008) shi ne sarki na Gworok (Kagoro) Chiefdom, wata kasar gargajiya ta Najeriya kuma ana jin cewa shi ne sarki mafi dadewa a Najeriya kuma mafi tsufa a Afirka, ya yi sarauta tsawon shekaru 63 (daga shekara ta 1945 zuwa shekara ta 2008). Har ila yau, sunan, Chief of Kagoro ya san shi .
Rayuwa da ilimi
An haifi Gwamna Awan a Ucyio (Fadan Kagoro) a cikin shekara ta 1915. Tun da farko, kakarsa, sarki na hudu na Gworok, Biya Kaka ya karbe mahaifinsa, Awan. Aikin karatunsa ya fara ne a shekara ta 1928 inda har zuwa shekara ta 1932 ya halarci karatun maraice, kafin ya zarce zuwa Cibiyar Elementary Teachers Center, Toro (yanzu a jihar Bauchi ) tsakanin shekara ta 1933 zuwa shekara ta1935.
Da zaran shirin ya kammala a Toro, Awan ya dawo gida don fara koyarwa a makarantar firamare ta Sudan Interior Mission (SIM), Gworok (Kagoro) daga shekara ta 1936. Daga baya aka sauya shi zuwa makarantar firamare ta cikin gida ta Sudan (Mission), Fantswam (Kafanchan) a shekara ta 1938. A yayin rayuwar sa ta farko, ya haɗu inda ya haɗu da koyarwa da aikin bishara, kamar yadda mishan mishan suka yi . Bayan kimanin shekara guda a cikin 1939, ya dawo ya koyar a Cibiyar Koyarwar Elementary Teachers a Gworok.
Lokacin da kawu, Biya Kaka, Cif na Kagoro na lokacin ya buƙace shi ya shiga kungiyar 'Yan Asalin Gworok (Kagoro), ya kasance kuma an ba shi Mataimakin Magatakarda a shekara ta 1940. Ya kasance mai bayar da gudummawa wajen aiwatar da ayyukan ci gaba da yawa na gina fadar zamani (ta yanzu) a shekara ta 1943, da kuma famfunan tuka-tuka na hannu a gaban fadar don mutane su sami ruwa mai tsafta. Ya kuma inganta kan tsarin karbar haraji da inganta ilimin 'yan kasa na sarki.
Bayan rasuwar Cif Biya Kaka a watan Agusta shekara ta 1944, an sami jinkiri wajen nadin magaji saboda takaddama kan wanda ya kamata ya zama sarki na gaba. Akwai 'yan takara biyu takara da wuri: wani ko mabiya addinan gargajiya da kuma wani Kirista a cikin mutum na Gwamna Awan wanda ya samu karfi goyon baya daga Sudan Interior Mission (SIM) wanda matsa Birtaniya mulkin mallaka hukumomi don zaɓar musu takara don ci Kaka. A karshen, an nada Awan a matsayin mai rikon mukamin, sannan daga baya aka nada shi a matsayin sarki na farko na Kirista a duk yankin kudancin Lardin Zariya da Sarkin Kagoro na 5 na GD Pitcairn, Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Lardin Zariya. Afrilu 11, 1945.
Hawan Awan ya kasance ne ga mishan mishan babbar nasara don yaɗa Kiristanci a yankin. Tuni, sun mai da garin Gworok a matsayin hedkwatarsu a yankin kudancin lardin Zariya. Koyaya, ganin hawansa a matsayin barazana ga sarakunan masarautar Zariya wadanda suka hango wani hadari ga maslahar su a yankin Atyap da makwabta saboda ci gaba da wayewar kai ta hanyar ilimi; Ayyukan mishan na Kirista ta SIM da membobinta; kuma mafi barazanar, halin sabon shugaban kirista mai ilimin yamma yana taimakon Atyap akansu.
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1946, akwai wata tawaye da kungiyar Atyap ta yi a gundumar Zangon Katab, arewa da Chiefdom na Gworok mai zaman kanta, wadanda ke son rabuwarsu da masarautar Zariya da kuma kirkirar wata Atyap Chiefdom da Awan wanda Sarkin Zariya ya zargi, kamar yadda colonialan mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya, GD Pitcairn ya ba da rahoto game da ƙaruwar rikicin.
A cikin rahoton, Pitcairn ya rubuta cewa:
A wata ziyarar da Pitcairn ya kai wa Gworok (Kagoro) inda ya hadu da Awan don tabbatar da zargin na Sarkin, ya kare da gargadin Awan da ya guji irin wadannan ayyukan.
Gwamna Awan ya kasance masarautar gargajiya mafi dadewa a Arewa da Tsakiyar Tsakiya da kuma dukkan Najeriya da Afirka har zuwa lokacin rasuwarsa da sanyin safiyar Laraba 1 ga Oktoba, 2008 yana da shekara 93 a ECWA Asibitin Evangelical, Jos, bayan fama da rashin lafiya.
Daga cikin sauran sarakunan tsohuwar yankin Arewa na Mulkin Mallaka Najeriya, kamar Attah na Igala, Aliyu Obaje (shekaru 56); Sarkin Musulmi, Abubakar na Uku (shekara 50); Sarkin Kano, Ado Bayero (shekara 51); Sarkin Daura, Muhammadu Bashar (shekara 41); Lamido na Adamawa, Aliyu Mustapha (shekaru 57); Sarkin Katagum, Muhammadu Kabir (shekara 37); Sarkin Lafia, Mustafa Agwai (shekaru 43); Sarkin Daura, Abdurrahman (shekara ta 1911- zuwa shekara ta1966); Awan yana da mafi dadewar mulkin shekaru 63.
Haihuwan 1915
Mutuwan 2008
Mutane daga Jihar Kaduna
Pages with unreviewed translations |
26798 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Gambiya | Sinima a Gambiya | Sinima a Gambiya: Ta kasu daban-daban. Akwai fina-finan Gambiya da yawa waɗanda ba za a manta da su ba kamar: Roots (1977 miniseries, Beyond: An African Surf Documentary, Gambia: Take Me to learn My Root, Hand of Fate (fim), Jaha's Promise, Jangi Jollof . Akwai Shirye-shiryen Fina-Finai da yawa da Fina-finan da aka yi a Gambiya kamar: The Mirror Boy, Gambia, The Smiling Coast. Akwai da yawa Gambiya film gudanarwa kamar: Mariama Khan, Prince Bubacarr Aminata Sankanu . Akwai jaruman fina-finan Gambiya da yawa kamar: Rosaline Meurer . Akwai masu shirya fina-finan Gambiya da yawa kamar su: Yarima Bubacarr Aminu'''yaSinima a Gambiya Sankanu. Ba za mu iya mantawa da su biyun ba: Ibrahim Ceesay, Cinekambiya International Film Festival .
Fina-finan Gambia
Bayan: Takardun Surf na Afirka
"Beyond - KundinSurf na Afirka" ya biyo bayan mazauna yankin gabar tekun Maroko, Yammacin Sahara, Mauritaniya, Senegal da Gambia zuwa cikin gidajensu, suna ziyartar wuraren hawan igiyar ruwa na gida tare da duba rayuwarsu ta hawan igiyar ruwa. Yana kai mu ga bakin tekun Morocco, Mauritaniya, Senegal da Gambia. Wannan shirin ya ƙunshi tarihi, al'adu da salon rayuwar mazauna da kuma matafiya na Turai a gabar tekun Afirka. Duk da manyan bambance-bambance, akwai babbar hanyar haɗin kai ɗaya - Surfing. Ƙungiyar tana ɗaukar kyawawan shimfidar wurare, cikakkun raƙuman ruwa da mutanen da suke saduwa da su.
Gambiya: Ka ɗauke ni in Koyi Tushena
Kai Ni Don Koyi Tushena ya ɗauke mu tafiya zuwa Gambiya da al'adu da rayuwar da waɗannan mutane ke rayuwa. Wannan fim ne game da abokai da aka rasa kuma aka samu abokai. Mahaifiyar uwa mara aure manufa don koya wa 'ya'yanta mazan jiya game da tushensu na Yammacin Afirka. Labari da ya shafe shekaru 30 ana yinsa, wanda ya wuce tsararraki 3, mil 4,000 daga gida, kuma wata waƙa ta musamman ta dawo da rayuwa.
Hand of Fate (fim)
"The Hand of Fate" wanda aka zaɓe shi a matsayin "Mafi kyawun Fim na Ƴan Asalin" a Nollywood da African Film Critics' Awards (African Oscars) da aka gudanar a Washington DC a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2013, wanda kuma aka nuna shi a Habasha a matsayin wani ɓangare na Afirka. Bikin cika shekaru 50 na ƙungiyar.
A halin yanzu, an zaɓi Daraktan fim na “The Hand of Fate” Ibrahim Ceesay a matsayin Mafi Darakta da John Charles Njie, wanda aka zaɓa a matsayin Mafi kyawun Jarumi, don Kyautar Nollywood da Afirka.
“Hannun Ƙaddara ya binciko jigon auren wuri da munanan illolinsa ga ci gaban ‘yan mata. Yana haifar da tambayoyi a ƙoƙarin nemo wasu amsoshi ga wannan lamari na al'ada.
Jaha's Promise
Jaha's Promise fim ne mai ban sha'awa wanda ke biye da Jaha - wani ɗan gwagwarmaya mai ban mamaki wanda, yana da shekaru 26, an gane shi a cikin 2016 a matsayin ɗayan "Mutane 100 Mafi Tasirin Mujallar Time" - yayin da take balaguro a duk faɗin duniya tana aiki a matsayin wakili mai ƙarfi na canji. da kuma game da samun ƙarfin hali don tunkarar mahaifinta, ƴan siyasa da al'ummar da ke kewaye da ita. Fim mai ƙarfi game da mace mai ƙarfi. Cike da danyen wasan kwaikwayo na rikice-rikice na sirri, iyali, addini da siyasa, "Alkawarin Jaha" labari ne na ban mamaki na canjin mutum da zamantakewa.
Jangi Jollof
Labarin ya nuna irin rayuwar wani matashi ɗan ƙasar Gambia, inda ya ba da labarin irin gwagwarmayar da ya yi na samun ilimin jami'a. "Jangi Jollof" ya ba da tarihin rayuwar Momodou Sabally, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin daliban da suka fara karatun jami'a a Gambia. Mutane da yawa sun yaba da shi a matsayin babban tushen zaburarwa ga dubban matasa 'yan Gambiya da ke buƙatar amincewa da kai da yunƙurin zama a gida Fim ɗin na iya zama babban tushen ƙarfafawa da jagora ga matasa. tare da waƙoƙin sauti waɗanda ke haskaka kyau da zurfin abubuwan al'adun Gambia. Manyan 'yan wasan su sun yi jerin gwano don lambar yabo ta musamman na Movie Awards (SMA) 2018 a daren da aka gudanar a Tekun Djembe. Monica Davies ta lashe lambar yabo ta Mafi kyawun Jarumin Mata saboda rawar da ta taka a Jangi Jollof, yayin da kyautar mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo ta tafi ga marubucin littafin "Jangi Jollof" wanda ya zaburar da rubutun da ya zama fim din suna daya.
Welcome to the Smiling Cost: Rayuwa a Ghetto na Gambiya
Welcome to the Smiling Cost wani shiri ne mai tsayin daka wanda ke ba da cikakken haske game da rayuwar yau da kullun na matasa goma sha biyar waɗanda ke fafutukar samun abin dogaro da kai a ƙarshen masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ta Gambiya. Ko da yake ita ce ƙasa mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin Afirka, Gambiya ta zama wurin yawon buɗe ido saboda yanayin dumin da take da shi, da yawan namun daji da kuma kusancin arha.
Fina-finan da aka shirya a Gambia
Gambia, The Smiling Cost
The Mirror Boy
The Mirror Boy tafiya ce mai ban mamaki a cikin Afirka, ana gani ta idanun wani yaro ɗan shekara 12, Tijan. Bayan fadan titin London, inda wani yaro dan unguwar ya ji rauni, mahaifiyar Tijan ta yanke shawarar mayar da shi tushensu, zuwa Gambia. A lokacin da suka isa birnin Banjul, Tijan ya ci karo da wani abin mamaki, wani yaro ya yi masa murmushi ta madubi ya bace. Ganin wannan yaron a wata kasuwa mai cunkoson jama’a a washegari ya sa Tijan ya samu kansa a bace. Yayin da mahaifiyar Tijjan cikin firgici ke ta faman neman danta, Tijan ya bar shi shi kadai a tare da wani saurayin madubi mai ban mamaki, da alama a gare shi kawai. Bayan wani biki na ruhaniya mai rauni, The Mirror Boy ya ɗauki Tijan a kan tafiya mai ban mamaki, amma ba duka ba ne abin da ake gani.
Roots (1977 miniseries)
Ba wanda yake son ganin Roots. Wannan shine hukuncin da cibiyar sadarwa ta ABC ta Amurka ta yanke a shekarar 1977. Sun biya dala miliyan 6.6 (wanda ba a taɓa jin labarinsa ba a lokacin) don samar da masana'anta bisa ga mafi kyawun mai siyar da Alex Haley wanda ya ba da labarin tafiyar kakanninsa na Afirka daga ƙasarsu ta asali, ta jiragen bayi, zuwa gonakin Amurka. "Wasan kwaikwayo, bisa littafin Alex Haley, ya samo asali da yawa na dangin bawa, wanda ya fara da Kunta Kinte, wani matashi na Afirka ta Yamma wanda 'yan kasuwa bayi suka sace kuma aka aika zuwa Amurka.
Fina-finan da aka yi a Gambia
Gambia, Smiling Cost
The Mirror Boy
Daraktocin fina-finan Gambiya
Mariama Khan
Mariama Khan, ƴar Gambia ce mai tushen Senegal, 'yar fim ce, mai fafutukar al'adu, malami kuma farfesa, a halin yanzu tana koyar da Tarihin Afirka da wayewar Afirka a Kwalejin Lehman da ke New York. Binciken da ta mayar da hankali a yanzu ya haɗa da dangantakar Gambia da Senegal, al'adu, zirga-zirgar kan iyaka da kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyin addini a Senegambia. Ita ce ta kafa Documentary Film Initiative-The Gambia da Makane Kane Center for Creative Arts ayyukan, wanda a halin yanzu a tsare. Ta yi magana game da abubuwan da ta samu game da hoto mai motsi, al'adun sinima a Gambiya, da kuma matsayinta na mai fafutukar al'adu da ƙwararru. Ms Khan matashiya ce ƴar ƙasar Gambia wacce ta yi aiki a ofishin mata kuma a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Ofishin Shugaban Gambia kafin ta koma Amurka.
Yarima Bubacarr Aminata Sankanu
Fitaccen masanin fina-finan ƙasar Gambia, mai shirya fina-finai kuma 'yar jarida, Yarima Bubacarr Aminata Sankanu, ya kafa tarihi a ranar Litinin, 5 ga Satumba 2016 ta zama mutum na farko ɗan ƙasar Gambia da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokradiyya a matsayin dan takara a zaben Jamus na 2017.
Ƴan fim na Gambia
Fitacciyar jarumar fina-finan Nollywood kuma ƴar agaji Rosaline Meurer ta samu lambar yabo ta musamman kan tallafin jakada ga uwa da yara a taron La Mode Green October da aka gudanar jiya a Oriental Hotel, Legas. Rosaline Meurer 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Najeriya, abin koyi kuma mai ba da taimako an haife ta a Gambia inda ta yi karatunta na farko. Ta kuma yi difloma a fannin sarrafa kasuwanci kuma ta yi karatun Hoto.
Masu shirya fina-finan Gambiya
Yarima Bubacarr Aminata Sankanu
Ibrahim Cesay
Ibrahim ɗan zaman lafiya ne kuma mai shirya fina-finai da ya samu lambar yabo wanda ya samu karramawa bisa gudunmawar da ya bayar na tsawon shekaru 12 a fagen fafutukar samar da zaman lafiya da gina kasa.
A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Babban Daraktan Kafa na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru (AYAS). wanda kuma mai fafutukar tabbatar da adalci a zamantakewa.
Cinekambiya Bikin Nuna Fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa
CineKambiya International Film Festival (CIFF) biki ne na shekara-shekara musamman don fina-finai da aka yi a cikin harsunan asali waɗanda ba koyaushe ake la'akari da su ta manyan bukukuwa a Turai da Arewacin Amurka ba.
Gambia, ba ta da tsarin horar da fina-finai na yau da kullun. Bikin zai jawo hankalin jama'a don tallan fim amma don haɓaka samar da gida mai ɗorewa, Don ƙirƙirar kasuwa don fina-finai na Gambia tare da manufofin farko na amfani da wasan kwaikwayo da fasahar gani da sauti azaman kayan aikin ci gaban al'umma mai dorewa a cikin The Gambia, Afirka da kuma kasashen waje.
Sinima a Afrika
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
20802 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahad%20Al-Muwallad | Fahad Al-Muwallad | Fahad Mosaed al-Muwallad ( , An haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 1994) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Saudiyya da ke buga wa ƙungiyar Al-ittihad. Ya fara aikin sa da Al-Ittihad yana ɗan shekara goma sha shida . A ranar 31 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2011 ya zura kwallo na biyu manufa domin Saudi Arabia da Croatia a shekarar 2011 U-20 gasar cin kofin duniya a Colombia, wanda alama ta farko da taba duniya burin a shekaru 16. A cikin shekara ta 2012 yayin da yake taka leda a ƙungiyar Al-Ittihad, ya shiga wasan ne a matsayin mai sauyawa a cikin mintuna 10 da suka gabata kuma ya ci kwallon da ta ci Guangzhou Evergrande FC don cancantar tare da tawagarsa zuwa Semi-final na AFC Champions League. Tare da Saudi Arabia, ya kuma ci kwallon da ta ci China a wasan cancantar cin Kofin Asiya. Allyari da kuma musamman ya kuma zura ƙwallo wanda ya tura Saudi Arabiya zuwa Kofin Duniya na shekarar 2018 a Rasha,kuma an san shi da samun saurin kowane ɗan Asiya har abada..
Rayuwar farko da nasara
An haifi Fahad Al-Muwallad a Jidda,a kasar Saudi Arabiya kuma tun yana ƙarami ya zama sananne sosai a matsayin shahararren ɗan wasan kwallon ƙafa a yankin. Daga nan sai wani ɗan wasan ƙungiyar ta Barcelona ya tunkareshi bayan ya ganshi ya sanya kyawawan halaye. Ya yi watsi da tayin sannan ya ci gaba da shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta Al-Ittihad daga shekara 6, ya yi aiki a kan sahu ya fara samun kulawar kafofin yaɗa labarai na ƙasa lokacin da ya fara atisaye tare da ƙungiyar farko a lokacin yanada shekaru 15. A ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2012, yana ɗan shekara 16, Fahad al-Muwallad ya yi fito na fito da Al-Raed . Bayan buga ƙarin wasanni akai-akai a Saudi Professional League, Fahad ya shahara da saurin gudu da kuma ƙwarewar fasaha yayin nuna kwalliya a gaban raga.
Klub din
Lokacin 2012–13
Fahad ya ci gaba da burgewa kuma a ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, Fahad ya ci kwallon sa ta farko a kan Al-Raed a wasan da aka tashi 2-2. A lokacin kakar wasan shekara ta 2012/13, Fahad ya fara shahara a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan hazikan ƙwallon ƙafa na Asiya, bayan ya zira ƙwallaye da yawa ga Al-Ittihad daga reshe. Daga baya Fahad ya ƙara ɗaga hankalin kasashen duniya yayin da, yana ɗan shekara 17, ya zura ƙwallaye a raga a wasan kusa dana ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun turai da ƙungiyar Marcelo Lippi ta Guangzhou Evergrande wacce ta tura Al-Ittihad zuwa wasan kusa dana ƙarshe. Haka kuma Fahad ya haskaka gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai inda shi, na farko, ya zira kwallaye a wasan kusa dana karshe da Al-Ittihad ta doke Al-Fateh sannan kuma ya ci a wasan karshe a wasan da suka tashi 4-2 akan Al-Shabab da aka buga a gaban sama da 50,000 a filin. Filin wasa na Duniya Fahd . Daga baya an zabi Fahad a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai MVP (Mafi Ingantaccen Dan wasa) saboda haddar da yake yi a filin kwallon kafa a duk gasar. Fahad ya kammala kakar 2012/13 da kwallaye 10 masu ban sha'awa a wasanni 26 a duk gasa.
Lokacin 2013-14
Fahad ya bude asusun sa na sabuwar kaka a wasan El-Clasico na Saudi Arabiya a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki, inda ya saka Al-Ittihad a gaba bayan wayo ta hanyar kwallo daga hannun Saud Kariri . Koyaya Al-Ittihad ta ci wasan 5-2 a filin wasa na King Fahd International amma fahad din Fahad ya sami yabo daga manajan Al-Ittihad Beñat San José da masana. Daga baya Fahad ya zira kwallaye a muhimmiyar wasa da Al-Ettifaq, inda ya buda hanya da karfin tsiya zuwa saman kusurwar hagu na raga, ya bar mai tsaron gidan Al-Ettifaq Mohammad Sharifi mara motsi. Duk da haka wasan ya ƙare cikin rashin jin daɗi ga Al-Ittihad kamar yadda Hasan Kadesh ya rama wa Al-Ettifaq, wanda ya haifar da kammala wasan a cikin kunnen doki 1-1. Fahad shima yayi matukar burgewa a gasar cin kofin zakarun turai na AFC akan wasu manyan kungiyoyi a duk fadin Asiya. A ranar 13 ga Mayun shekara ta 2014, Fahad ya ci kwallaye 2 masu ban mamaki a karawar karshe 16 da ya yi da takwaransa na Saudiyya Al-Shabab da aka buga a filin wasa na King Fahd International Stadium.Bayan wucewar wayo daga Mukhtar Fallatah, Fahad ya ruga da gudu tare da saurin wucewa, ya doki mai tsaron gidan zuwa kwallon sannan kuma ya buga kwallon a gaban sa don aikawa da jama'a cikin fyaucewa.Daga baya Fahad ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a wasan inda ya zira kwallaye a ragar mai tsaron gidan Al-Shabab Waleed Abdullah . Al-Ittihad ta ci nasara 3-1.Fahad ya kammala kaka da kwallaye 5 a wasanni 36 a duka wasannin.Fahad ya sami yabo daga manajan Al-Ittihad Khalid Al Koroni saboda inganta wasan sa a wannan kakar ta hanyar samun karin taimako kuma ya bayyana Fahad a matsayin "gwanin ban mamaki".
Lokacin 2014-15
Fahad ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a sabon kamfen a wasan da suka doke Al-Faisaly da ci 2-1 a filin wasa na King Abdul Aziz saboda ana ci gaba da aikin gine-gine a sabon filin wasa na Al-Ittihad King Abdullah Sports City Stadium wanda aka shirya gudanar da shi. damar sama da 60,000. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2014, Fahad ya ci kwallon nasara a wasan da suka doke Al-Khaleej da ci 2-1 wanda ya jefa kwallon kusa da kusa da gidan golan Al-Khaleej Moslem Freej. Wannan ita ce kwallon farko da Fahad ya ci a sabon filin wasa na King Abdullah Sports City . A ranar 21 ga Maris din 2015, Fahad ya ci kwallo a ragar Al-Khaleej tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida Moslem Freej. A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015, Fahad ya ci fanareti wanda ya zama silar yanke hukunci a nasarar da suka samu kan 1-0 a kan Hajer, Fahad ya kware a bugun fenariti a saman kusurwar hagu ta kafar da ta wuce mika hannu na tsohon Al -Shine mai tsaron ragar Ittihad Mustafa Malayekah . A ranar 22 ga Afrilun shekara ta 2015, a wasan zagaye na 16 na Kofin Zakarun Turai, Fahad ya fito daga benci don ya jefa kwallaye biyu a raga a ragar Al-Fateh a wasan da ci 4-1 da aka buga a filin wasa na Prince Abdullah bin Jalawi . Manajan Al-Ittihad Victor Pițurcă ya bayyana makasudin burin Fahad a matsayin "jarumtaka" kuma ya ce "Fahad yana samun ci gaba a kowace rana, idan ya ci gaba da yin wasa kamar yadda yake, zai yi nisa, yana da duniyar a kafa". 27 ga Afrilun shekara ta 2015, Fahad ya ci kwallon sihiri a wasan da Al-Ittihad ta doke Al-Taawon da ci 4-3. A 25th minti na wasan, Jamal Bajandouh Squared da ball to Fahad a gefen yankin, Fahad sa'an nan shãfe shi, sama da buga wani ferocious bicycle harbi da cewa ya tashi da Al-Taawon golan Sultan Al-Ghamdi a cikin mayar da net . Fahad ya kuma ci fanareti a wasan daya buga inda ya kware wajen tura Sultan Al-Ghamdi zuwa inda bai dace ba yayin da yake sanya kwallo a daya bangaren na raga. A ranar 15 ga Mayun shekara ta 2015, Fahad ya sake zira kwallo mai ban mamaki a cikin "Derby of Jeddah" wanda ya ci kwallon farko a minti na 84 bayan ya yanke ciki ya kuma harba wata iska mai karfin gaske a saman kusurwar dama ta raga da ta wuce mara taimako Abdullah Al-Maiouf a cikin raga ta Al-Ahli . Ko yaya dai Salman Al-Moasher ya yi nasarar wuce gona da iri a minti na 89 don daure lamuran, wasan ya kare 1-1. A ranar 31 ga Mayun shekara ta 2015, Fahad ya ci kwallo a wasan El-Clasico na Saudiyya, a wasan kusa da na karshe na Kofin Zakarun Turai a filin wasa na King Fahd International Stadium, inda ya harba kwallon daga bugun fanareti, inda ya soke budewar daga mai tsaron baya na Al-Hilal Digão . Koyaya wasan ya ƙare cikin rashin jin daɗi ga Al-Ittihad yayin da suka ci gajiyar wasan suka ƙare da nasarar da ci 4-1 ga Al-Hilal . Fahad ya kammala kakar wasan 2014/15 da kwallaye 10 a wasanni 24, yayin da ya samu yabo daga masana kan wasu wasanni da suka gabata a Saudi Arabia League da kuma Kofin Zakarun Turai .
Ayyukan duniya
A watan Mayun shekara ta 2018, aka raɗa masa suna a Saudi Arabia ta farko tawagar ga 2018 gasar cin kofin duniya a Rasha . Koyaya, rawar da ya taka a gasar cin kofin duniya an dauke shi a matsayin babban abin takaici, saboda rashin iyawarsa da kuma shirun nasa a wasu lokuta masu mahimmanci. Daga karshe Saudi Arabiya ta fado daga wasan rukuni-rukuni, bayan da ta sha kashi 0-5 a hannun Rasha da kuma 0-1 a hannun Uruguay .
Kididdigar aiki
Na duniya
Kididdigar da ta dace daidai da wasa ta buga 5 Yuni 2021.
Manufofin duniya
Sakamako da sun lissafa burin Saudi Arabia da farko.
Al Ittihad
Kofin Sarakuna : 2013, 2018
Kofin Yarima mai Sarauta : 2016–17
Saudi wacce ta zo ta biyu a gasar: 2013, 2018
Kowane mutum
Kofin Sarki na Gwanayen Mafi Kyawun Valan wasa: 2013
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Wasannin FIFA
Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
Rayayyun mutane
Pages with unreviewed translations |
61682 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah | Fatah | Fatah , tsohuwar Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasɗinawa ta Falasdinu, jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta Falasɗinawa mai kishin ƙasa da zamantakewa . Wannan dai shi ne bangare mafi girma na jam'iyyu masu fafutukar 'yantar da 'yancin Falasdinu (PLO) kuma jam'iyya ta biyu mafi girma a Majalisar Dokokin Falasdinu (PLC). Mahmoud Abbas, shugaban hukumar Falasdinu, shi ne shugaban kungiyar Fatah.
An yi la'akari da cewa kungiyar Fatah ta kasance da hannu a cikin gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali a baya kuma ta ci gaba da rike kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda da dama . Fatah dai an san shi da shugabancin wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kungiyar Yasser Arafat, har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 2004, lokacin da Farouk Kaddoumi bisa tsarin mulki ya gaje shi zuwa mukamin shugaban Fatah, ya kuma ci gaba da rike mukamin har zuwa shekara ta 2009, lokacin da aka zabi Abbas a matsayin shugaba. Tun bayan rasuwar Arafat, qungiyoyin bangaranci a cikin harkar aqida sun fara bayyana.
A zaben 2006 na PLC, jam'iyyar ta rasa rinjaye a PLC a hannun Hamas . Nasarar majalisar dokokin Hamas ta haifar da rikici tsakanin Fatah da Hamas, tare da Fatah ta ci gaba da rike ikon Hukumar Falasdinawa a Yammacin Kogin Jordan ta hannun shugabanta. Har ila yau, Fatah na taka rawa wajen kula da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu .
Asalin suna
Cikakken sunan wannan yunkuri shi ne ḥa rakat al- ta ḥrīr al-waṭanī al- F ilasṭīnī, ma'ana "Falasdinawa National Liberation Movement". Daga wannan aka ƙirƙira juzu'i da juzu'i Fatḥ (wanda aka fassara shi da Ingilishi a matsayin "Fatah") ma'ana "buɗe", "ci", ko "nasara". Ana amfani da kalmar “fatḥ” ko “fatah” a cikin jawaban addini don ma’anar fadada Musulunci a ƙarni na farko na tarihin Musulunci. – kamar yadda yake a cikin Fatḥ al-Sham, “Masarautar ‘ yan Shi’a ”. “Fatah” kuma yana da ma’ana ta addini domin ita ce sunan <i id="mwWQ">sura</i> ta 48 (babi) na Alqur’ani wanda a cewar manyan malaman tafsirin musulmi ya yi cikakken bayani kan labarin yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah . A cikin shekaru biyu na zaman lafiya bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, da dama sun musulunta, wanda hakan ya kara wa bangaren musulmi karfi. Sabanin wannan yarjejeniya da kuraishawa suka yi ne ya jawo mamaye Makka . Yasser Arafat ya ba da misali da wannan kafa ta Musulunci a matsayin hujjar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Oslo da Isra'ila.
An kafa kungiyar Fatah a shekara ta 1959 daga wasu 'yan uwa na Palasdinawa, musamman kwararrun da ke aiki a kasashen Tekun Fasha wadanda suka yi karatu a Alkahira ko Beirut kuma suka kasance 'yan gudun hijira a Gaza . Wadanda suka kafa sun hada da Yasser Arafat, sannan shugaban kungiyar daliban Falasdinawa (GUPS) a jami'ar Alkahira ; Salah Khalaf ; Khalil al-Wazirir ; da Khaled Yashruti, sannan GUPS shugaban a Beirut. Fatah ta amince da akidar kishin kasa ta Falasdinu wadda larabawan Falasdinawan za su sami 'yanci ta hanyar ayyukansu.
Fatah ta zama mai karfi a siyasar Falasdinu bayan yakin kwanaki shida a shekarar 1967.
Fatah ya shiga kungiyar 'yantar da Falasdinu (PLO) a cikin 1967, kuma an kasafta kujeru 33 cikin 105 a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na PLO . Yasser Arafat na Fatah ya zama Shugaban PLO a 1969, bayan Yahya Hammuda ya ba shi mukamin. A cewar BBC, "Mr Arafat ya karbi ragamar shugabancin kwamitin zartarwa na PLO a shekara ta 1969, a shekarar da aka ce Fatah ta kai hare- hare 2,432 a kan Isra'ila."
Yaƙin Karameh
A cikin 1968, Fatah da sauran kungiyoyin Falasdinawa masu dauke da makamai sun kasance wani babban hari da dakarun tsaron Isra'ila (IDF) suka kai a kauyen Karameh na Jordan, inda hedkwatar Fatah.da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu masu matsakaicin girmasun kasance. Sunan garin shi ne kalmar larabci da ake kira "daraja" wanda ya daga darajarsa ga al'ummar Larabawa, musamman bayan shan kayen da Larabawa suka yi a shekarar 1967. An kai harin ne a matsayin martani ga hare-haren da ake kai wa Isra'ila, ciki har da makaman roka da kungiyar Fatah da wasu mayakan Falasdinawa suka harba a yankin yammacin gabar kogin Jordan da ta mamaye. An samu ilimin aikin tun kafin lokaci, kuma gwamnatin Jordan (da kuma wasu kwamandojin Fatah) sun sanar da Arafat game da manyan shirye-shiryen soji na Isra'ila. Da jin wannan labari, kungiyoyin 'yan daba da dama a yankin da suka hada da sabuwar kungiyar George Habash da aka kafa ta Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) da kungiyar Nayef Hawatmeh ta ballewar kungiyar Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), sun janye dakarunsu daga garin. Wani kwamandan sashin da ke goyon bayan Fatah na Jordan ya shawarci shugabannin Fatah da su janye mutanensu da hedkwatarsu zuwa tsaunuka da ke kusa, amma bisa umarnin Arafat, Fatah ta ci gaba da zama, kuma Sojojin Jordan sun amince su mara musu baya idan aka yi kazamin fada.
A daren ranar 21 ga Maris, IDF ta kai hari Karameh da manyan makamai, motoci masu sulke da jiragen yaki. Fatah dai ta rike madafun iko, tana ba sojojin Isra'ila mamaki. Yayin da sojojin Isra'ila ke kara kaimi, sojojin Jordan sun shiga hannu, lamarin da ya sa Isra'ilawa suka ja da baya domin gudun kada a gwabza yaki. A karshen yakin, an kashe mayakan Fatah kusan 150, da kuma sojojin Jordan 28 da sojojin Isra'ila ashirin da takwas. Duk da yawan mutuwar Larabawa, Fatah sun dauki kansu a matsayin masu nasara saboda saurin janyewar sojojin Isra'ila.
Baƙar Satumba
A karshen shekarun 1960, rikici tsakanin Palasdinawa da gwamnatin Jordan ya karu matuka; Ƙungiyoyin juriya na Larabawa masu ɗauke da makamai sun haifar da "kasa a cikin ƙasa" a cikin Jordan, wanda a ƙarshe ya mallaki wurare masu mahimmanci a wannan ƙasa. Bayan nasarar da suka samu a yakin Karameh, Fatah da sauran mayakan Falasdinawa sun fara mamaye harkokin rayuwar jama'a a Jordan. Sun kafa shingayen hanya, sun wulakanta jami'an 'yan sandan Jordan a bainar jama'a, suna lalata da mata da kuma karbar harajin da ba bisa ka'ida ba - wanda Arafat ya amince ko ya yi watsi da su.
A cikin 1970, gwamnatin Jordan ta koma don dawo da ikon yankinta, kuma washegari. Sarki Hussein ya ayyana dokar ta-baci . A ranar 25 ga watan Satumba, sojojin Jordan sun sami galaba a yakin, kuma bayan kwana biyu Arafat da Hussein sun amince da tsagaita wuta. Sojojin Jordan sun yi mummunar barna kan Falasdinawa - ciki har da fararen hula - wadanda suka yi asarar kusan 3,500. Mayakan Fatah dubu biyu ne suka yi nasarar shiga Syria . Sun tsallaka kan iyakar kasar ta Labanon ne domin hada kai da dakarun Fatah a kasar, inda suka kafa sabuwar hedikwatarsu. Wani babban gungun mayakan sa-kai karkashin jagorancin kwamandan yankin Fatah Abu Ali Iyad ne suka kaddamar da farmakin da sojojin Jordan suka kai a garin Ajlun da ke arewacin kasar har zuwa lokacin da aka fatattake su a watan Yulin shekarar 1971. An kashe Abu Ali Iyad tare da wasu daga cikin dakarunsa da suka tsira sun kafa kungiyar ta Fatah ta Black September . A watan Nuwamban 1971, kungiyar ta kashe firaministan kasar Jordan Wasfi al-Tal a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga hukuncin kisa na Abu Ali Iyad.
A shekarun 1960 da 1970, Fatah ta ba da horo ga kungiyoyin 'yan tada kayar baya na Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Asiya, da Afirka da dama, tare da kai hare-hare da dama kan wuraren da Isra'ila ta harba a yammacin Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin shekarun 1970s. Wasu kungiyoyin 'yan ta'addan da ke da alaka da Fatah, da wasu daga cikin ' yan ta'addan da ke cikin Fatah ita kanta, sun kai hare-haren ta'addanci na farar hula da hare-haren ta'addanci, tare da alakanta su da Black September, Majalisar Fatah-Revolutionary Council Abu Nidal, kungiyar Abu Musa, PFLP, da PFLP-GC. Fatah ta samu makamai da bama-bamai da horo daga Tarayyar Soviet da wasu daga cikin jahohin gurguzu na Gabashin Turai. Kasashen Sin da Aljeriya su ma sun ba da kayan yaki. Fatah ta taimaka wa Uganda a lokacin Yaƙin Uganda-Tanzaniy. Mambobin kungiyar sun yi yaki tare da sojojin Uganda da na Libya da sojojin kasar Tanzaniya a lokacin yakin Lukaya da faduwar Kampala, amma daga karshe aka tilasta musu ja da baya daga kasar.
Tun bayan mutuwar Eljamal a shekara ta 1968, lamarin Falasdinu yana da babban sansanin magoya baya a Lebanon.
Ko da yake da farko sun yi jinkirin shiga cikin rikicin, Arafat da Fatah sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin basasar Lebanon . Da yake mika wuya ga matsin lamba daga kungiyoyin PLO irin su PFLP, DFLP da Palestine Liberation Front (PLF), Fatah ta hada kai da 'yan gurguzu da Nasserist Lebanon National Movement (LNM). Ko da yake tun asali yana da alaka da Fatah, shugaban Syria Hafez al-Assad na fargabar a rasa wani tasiri a Lebanon tare da sauya sheka. Ya aike da sojojinsa tare da kungiyoyin Falasdinawa na As-Sa’iqa da ke samun goyon bayan Siriya da kuma Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP-GC) karkashin jagorancin Ahmad Jibril don su yi yaki tare da dakarun Kirista da ke yakar PLO da Farashin LNM. Babban bangaren mayakan kiristoci shine Maronite Phalangists .
Sojojin Phalangist sun kashe masu horar da Fatah ashirin da shida a cikin wata motar safa a cikin watan Afrilun 1975, wanda ke nuna a hukumance fara yakin basasar Lebanon na tsawon shekaru 15. A cikin wannan shekarar, kawancen mayakan sa-kai na Kirista sun mamaye sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Falasdinawa na Karantina inda suka kashe fararen hula sama da 1,000. PLO da LNM sun yi ramuwar gayya ta hanyar kai hari a garin Damour, wani yanki na Phalangist da Tigers (Ahrar), inda suka kashe fararen hula 684. Yayin da yakin basasar ya ci gaba sama da shekaru 2 na yakin birane, bangarorin biyu sun yi amfani da manyan bindigogi da kuma yin amfani da sandunan sari-ka-noke, yayin da bangarorin biyu suka aikata ta'asa da laifukan yaki.
A cikin 1976, tare da taimakon dabarun tsare-tsare daga Sojojin Labanon, kawancen mayakan sa kai na Kirista, karkashin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta National Liberal Party na tsohon shugaban kasa Cammille Chamoun reshen tsageru, noumour el ahrar (NLP Tigers), ya dauki wani muhimmin sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a yankin Gabas. na Beirut, sansanin Tel al-Zaatar, bayan da aka shafe watanni shida ana yi masa kawanya, wanda aka fi sani da Tel al-Zaatar, inda daruruwan mutane suka halaka. Arafat da Abu Jihad sun zargi kansu da rashin nasarar shirya wani aikin ceto.
Hare-haren wuce gona da iri na PLO kan Isra'ila ya dan yi girma a karshen shekarun 1970. mafi tsananiwanda aka fi sani da kisan kiyashin titin Coastal Roadya faru a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1978. Dakarun mayakan na Fatah kusan goma ne suka sauka da kwale-kwalen su a kusa da wata babbar hanyar gabar teku da ta hada birnin Haifa da Tel Aviv-Yafo . A can ne suka yi awon gaba da wata motar safa tare da yin harbe-harbe a ciki da kuma kan motocin da ke wucewa, inda suka kashe fararen hula talatin da bakwai. Dangane da mayar da martani, dakarun na IDF sun kaddamar da Operation Litani bayan kwanaki uku, da nufin karbe ikon Kudancin Lebanon har zuwa kogin Litani . IDF ta cimma wannan buri, kuma Fatah ta koma arewa zuwa Beirut .
Isra'ila ta sake mamaye Lebanon a 1982. Ba da daɗewa ba IDF ta yi wa Beirut kawanya tare da jefa bama-bamai; don kawo karshen kewayen, gwamnatocin Amurka da na Turai sun kulla yarjejeniya da ke ba da tabbacin wucewa ga Arafat da Fatah.dakarun kasa da kasa ke gadinsudon gudun hijira a Tunis . Duk da gudun hijirar, kwamandoji da mayakan Fatah da dama sun kasance a Labanon, kuma sun fuskanci yakin sansanonin a shekarun 1980 a yakin da suka yi da kungiyar Shi'a Amal da ma alaka da rikicin cikin gida a tsakanin bangarorin Palasdinawa.
Bayan 1993
Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da na 'yan majalisa
Har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2004, Arafat ya jagoranci hukumar Falasdinawa ta Palasdinawa, wanda ya kasance na wucin gadi da aka kirkira a sakamakon yarjejeniyar Oslo. Jim kadan bayan rasuwar Arafat ne aka zabi Farouk Kaddoumi a matsayin wanda yake ci gaba da rikewa.
Fatah ta zabi Mahmoud Abbas a zaben shugaban kasar Falasdinu a shekara ta 2005 .
A cikin 2005, Hamas ta yi nasara a kusan dukkanin gundumomin da ta yi takara . Wani mai sharhi kan harkokin siyasa Salah Abdel-Shafi ya shaida wa BBC irin wahalhalun da shugabancin Fatah ke fuskanta: "Ina ganin abu ne mai matukar tsanani.a fili yake cewa ba za su iya cimma matsaya kan komai ba.” Ana ganin Fatah “yana matukar bukatar gyara,” kamar yadda “Ayyukan PA din ya kasance labarin cin hanci da rashawa da gazawa.kuma Fatah ta lalace.”
Bangarorin da ke dauke da makamai
Fatah dai na rike da kungiyoyi da dama tun kafuwarta. Babban reshensa na soja shine al-'Asifah . An yi la'akari da cewa Fatah yana da hannu sosai a cikin ayyukan ta'addanci a baya, ko da yake ba kamar kungiyar Hamas mai kishin Islama ba, Fatah ba ta kasance a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci ba a kowace gwamnati. Fatah ya kasance a matsayin dan ta'adda a karkashin dokokin Isra'ila kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka sun dauke ta a matsayin ta'addanci har sai da ta yi watsi da ta'addanci a 1988.
Fatah dai tun kafuwarta, ta kirkiri, jagoranci ko daukar nauyin kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai, wasu daga cikinsu suna da wani jami'i a matsayin reshen kungiyar, wasu kuma ba a san su a bainar jama'a ko a cikin gida ba. Kungiyar ta kuma mamaye dakaru daban-daban na PLO da dakarun gwamnatin Falasdinawa da jami'an tsaro wadanda ba su da alaka da Fatah a hukumance, amma a aikace sun kasance runfunan da ke goyon bayan Fatah gaba daya, kuma mambobin kungiyar ne ke da ma'aikata. Asalin sunan reshen Fatah da ke dauke da makamai shi ne al-'Asifah ("Guguwar Guguwa"), kuma wannan shi ne sunan da Fatah ta fara amfani da shi a cikin bayananta na wani lokaci na kokarin boye sunan ta. Tun daga wannan lokacin ana amfani da wannan sunan gabaɗaya ga dakarun Fatah, kuma bai dace da rukunin guda ɗaya a yau ba. Sauran kungiyoyin da ke da alaka da Fatah sun hada da:
Karfi 17 . Yana taka rawa mai kama da Rundunar Tsaron Shugaban kasa ga manyan shugabannin Fatah.
Kungiyar Black September . Kungiyar da aka kafa ta manyan mambobin Fatah a cikin 1971, biyo bayan abubuwan da suka faru na " Bakar Satumba " a Jordan, don shirya hare-haren sirri da Fatah ba ta so a bayyana su a fili. Wadannan sun hada da yajin aikin da aka yi kan manyan ‘yan siyasar kasar Jordan a matsayin hanyar daukar fansa da kuma kara farashin kai wa yunkurin Palastinu hari; da kuma, mafi yawan cece-kuce, don "ayyukan kasa da kasa" (misali kisan gillar Olympics na Munich ), da nufin sanya matsin lamba kan Amurka, Turai da Isra'ila, don tada hangen nesa na Palasdinawa da kuma tayar da abokan hamayya kamar PFLP . Fatah dai ta fito fili ta ware kanta daga kungiyar, amma ana kyautata zaton tana jin dadin goyon bayan Arafat kai tsaye ko kuma ta hanyar da ta dace. An dakatar da shi a cikin 1973-1974, yayin da tsarin siyasar Fatah ya sake komawa baya, kuma ana ganin ayyukan Black September da dabarun da ke bayan su sun zama abin alhaki na siyasa, maimakon wata kadara.
Fatah Hawks . Mayakan da ke dauke da makamai suna aiki ne har zuwa tsakiyar 1990s.
Tanzim . Wani reshe na Fatah a karkashin jagorancin Marwan Barghouti, mai tushe a cikin gwagwarmayar Intifada ta farko, wadda ta kai hare-hare da makamai a farkon Intifada na biyu. Daga baya sojojin shahidai na al-Aqsa suka mamaye ko kuma suka koma gefe.
Brigades Shahidai Al-Aqsa . An ƙirƙira a lokacin Intifada na biyu don ƙarfafa ƙungiyar masu fafutuka da ke tsaye ga ƙungiyar Hamas mai adawa, wacce ta jagoranci kai hare-hare a Isra'ila bayan 1993, kuma tana samun karbuwa cikin sauri tare da bayyanar Intifada. Birged din dai na cikin gida ne kuma an ce suna fama da rashin hadin kai da tarbiyyar cikin gida, a wasu lokutan kuma suna yin watsi da tsagaita bude wuta da sauran tsare-tsare da kungiyar ta Fatah ta tsakiya ta sanar. Gabaɗaya ana ganin sun ɗaure su da “matasan masu gadi” na siyasar Fatah, suna shirya matasa a matakin titi, amma ba a bayyana cewa suna kafa ƙungiya a cikin su cikin siyasar Fatah ba; a maimakon haka, ƙungiyoyin Brigades daban-daban na iya ɗaure su da shugabannin ƙungiyoyin Fatah daban-daban.
Tsarin Mulki
A watan Agustan 2009, a babban taron Fatah na shida a Baitalami, wakilan Fatah sun tsara sabuwar "yarjejeniya ta cikin gida".
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
23676 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20gwaji | Ƴancin gwaji | Gwajin da alkali mai shari'a ya lura dashi ba tare da nuna bangaranci ba shine shari'a mai adalci. Hakkoki daban-daban masu alaƙa da shari'ar gaskiya an yi shelar su a fili a cikin Mataki na 10 na Bayyanar da Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam, da Kwaskwarima na shida ga Tsarin Mulkin Amurka, da Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar Turai na' Yancin Dan Adam, da kuma sauran kundin tsarin mulki da shela da yawa a ko'ina duniya. Babu wata dokar ƙasa da ƙasa mai daurewa wacce ke bayyana abin da ba fitina ba ce; alal misali, haƙƙin shari'ar yanke hukunci da sauran mahimman hanyoyi sun bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa.
Ma'anarta a cikin dokokin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya
Haƙƙin fitina cikin adalci yana da matukar taimako wajen bincika a cikin maganganu da yawa waɗanda ke wakiltar dokokin ƙasa da na gargajiya, kamar Sanarwar Universalan Adam na Duniya (UDHR). Ko da yake (UDHR) ta ba da wasu haƙƙoƙin shari'a na adalci, kamar ɗauka cewa ba shi da laifi har sai an tabbatar da wanda ake tuhuma da laifi, a cikin babban tanadin shi ne Mataki na 10 wanda ke cewa:"Kowane mutum na da cikakkiyar daidaito ga bahasi na adalci a bainar jama'a ta hanyar kotu mai zaman kanta ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, wajen tabbatar da hakkokinsa da wajibai da kuma duk wani laifi da ake tuhumarsa da shi." Wasu shekaru bayan an karɓi (UDHR), haƙƙin tabbatar da adalci ya bayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar duniya ƴancin Siyasa (ICCPR). An kiyaye haƙƙin shari'ar adalci a cikin Labarai na 14 da 16 na ICCPR waɗanda ke ɗauke da dokar ƙasa da ƙasa kan waɗancan jihohin da ke cikin ta. Mataki na 14 ya kafa ainihin haƙƙin tabbatar da shari’a, aya ta 14 ta tanadi zato na rashin laifi, kuma doka ta 14 ta bayyana jerin mafi ƙarancin haƙƙin shari’ar adalci a shari’ar laifi. Mataki na 14 ya tabbatar da hakkin wanda aka yanke wa hukunci ya sami babbar kotun da za ta sake duba hukuncin da aka yanke masa ko hukuncin da aka yanke masa, sannan kuma doka ta 14 ta hana yin hatsari sau biyu . Mataki na 14 ya faɗi cewa:"Duk mutane za su kasance daidai a gaban kotuna da kotuna. Dangane da yanke hukunci kan duk wani laifi da ake tuhumarsa da shi, ko game da hakkoki da wajibai game da kararraki a gaban doka, kowane mutum na da hakkin ya sami damar sauraren karar da ya gabatar a gaban jama'a ta hanyar kotun da take da iko da 'yanci ba tare da son kai ba wacce doka ta kafa. Ana iya cire 'yan jaridu da jama'a daga duka ko sashin shari'ar saboda dalilai na ɗabi'a, tsarin jama'a ko tsaron ƙasa a cikin al'ummar dimokiradiyya, ko kuma lokacin da sha'awar rayuwar keɓaɓɓu na jam'iyyun ke buƙata, ko kuma gwargwadon tsananin a cikin ra'ayi na kotu a cikin yanayi na musamman inda tallata jama'a zai nuna bambanci ga bukatun adalci; amma duk hukuncin da aka yanke a cikin wani laifi ko kuma a wata kara a shari'ar za a bayyana shi sai dai inda maslahar yara ba tare da bukatar hakan ba ko kuma shari'ar ta shafi rigimar aure ko kulawar yara. "
Taron Geneva
Yarjejeniyar Geneva (GC) da Proarin ladabi (APs) suna buƙatar duk wani fursunonin yaƙi da ke fuskantar shari'ar ya sami hukuncin da ya dace. Misali, Labarai na 102-108 na Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Uku ta 1949 dalla-dalla game da adalcin gwaji a kan fursunonin yaki. Sauran tanade-tanaden na bukatar "gwaji na yau da kullun"; "tsare tsare na shari'ar da ta dace"; "kotun da ba ta nuna son kai kuma a kai a kai ana girmama ka'idodin tsarin shari'a na yau da kullun"; "Kotun da ake kafawa a kai a kai wacce ke tabbatar da dukkan alkawurran shari'a wadanda mutanen wayewa suka yarda da su ba dole bane"; da "kotu da ke bayar da muhimman abubuwan 'yanci da rashin son kai."
Ma'anar a cikin dokar haƙƙin ɗan Adam na yanki
'Yancin yin shari'a mai adalci yana kunshe a cikin kasida 3, 7 da 26 na Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a (ACHPR).
Hakanan an sanya haƙƙin fitina cikin adalci a cikin ƙa'idodi na 5, 6 da 7 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Yancin ɗan Adam da kuma ƙa'idodi na 2 zuwa na 4 na Yarjejeniyar ta 7 ga Yarjejeniyar.
Hakkin yin shari'a mai adalci ya kasance yana kunshe a cikin shafuffuka na 3, 8, 9 da 10 na Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan 'Yancin Dan Adam .
Dangantaka da wasu hakkoki
Hakkin daidaito a gaban doka wani lokaci ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin ɓangare na haƙƙin shari'ar adalci. Galibi ana tabbatar dashi a ƙarƙashin wani labarin daban na kayan haƙƙin ɗan Adam na ƙasa da ƙasa . Hakkin yana ba wa mutane damar zama fitattu a matsayin doka, ba a matsayin abin adawa ba. Dokar 'yancin ɗan Adam ta duniya ba ta ba da izgili ko wariya ga wannan haƙƙin ɗan Adam ba. Dangane da haƙƙin tabbatar da adalci shine haramcin a kan dokar ta bayan fage, ko kuma dokar da za a sake aiwatarwa, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin kayan haƙƙin ɗan Adam daban da na haƙƙin shari'ar adalci kuma ba za a iya iyakance shi da jihohi bisa ga Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'haƙƙin ƴancin Adam da Yarjejeniyar Amurka a kan 'Yancin Dan Adam .
Hakkin fitina na gaskiya
An bayyana haƙƙin fitina cikin adalci a yawancin ƙasashe da na ƙasashen duniya game da haƙƙin ɗan Adam . Yana daya daga cikin mafi yawan haƙƙoƙin ɗan Adam kuma duk kayan haƙƙin ɗan Adam na duniya sun sanya shi a cikin labarin fiye da ɗaya. Hakkin samun kyakkyawan shari’a yana daya daga cikin hakkokin dan Adam da kuma babbar shari’ar shari’a wacce aka kafa akan fassarar wannan ‘yancin dan Adam. Duk da bambance-bambancen kalmomi da sanya wasu hakkoki na shari'ar adalci, kayan aikin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa sun ayyana 'yancin yin shari'ar adalci a cikin maganganu iri daya. Manufar dama ita ce tabbatar da dacewa da adalci. A matsayin mafi karancin ‘yancin fitina cikin adalci ya hada da wadannan hakkoki na shari’ar adalci a shari’ar farar hula da masu laifi :
'yancin a saurari ta kotun da take da iko, mai zaman kanta kuma ba ta nuna son kai
'yancin sauraron jama'a
'yancin a saurare shi a cikin wani lokacin da ya dace
daman nasiha
'yancin fassara
Mayasashe na iya iyakance haƙƙin shari'ar adalci ko ragewa daga haƙƙin adalci na adalci ne kawai a cikin yanayin da aka ƙayyade a cikin haƙƙin ɗan Adam.
A cikin aikace-aikacen jama'a
Kotun Turai na Ƴancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Amurka sun bayyana cewa' yancin yin shari'a ta gaskiya ya shafi dukkan nau'ikan ayyukan shari'a, na farar hula ne ko na laifi. A cewar Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan Adam, Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan' Yancin Dan Adam da hakkokin shari'ar adalci ya shafi dukkan hakkokin jama'a da wajibai da aka kirkira a karkashin dokar cikin gida don haka ga duk shari'ar farar hula (duba Apeh Uldozotteinek Szovetsege da Sauran v. Hungary 2000).
A cikin ayyukan gudanarwa
Dukkanin Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam tsakanin Amurka da Amurka sun bayyana cewa yancin yin shari'a mai adalci ba wai kawai ga ayyukan shari'a ba ne, har ma da na gudanarwa. Idan haƙƙin mutum a ƙarƙashin doka yana cikin matsala, dole ne a ƙayyade takaddama ta hanyar kyakkyawan tsari.
A cikin aikace-aikace na musamman
A cikin Turai takaddama na musamman na iya zama batun Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam . A cikin Mills v. 2001 ƙasar Ingila 2001 Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam ya nuna cewa kotun soja ta kasance a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 6 saboda an tuhumi waɗanda ake tuhumar da abin da kotun ta ɗauka a matsayin babban laifi, cin zarafi da makami da rauni.
Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Bil'Adama da 'Yancin Dan Adam na Afirka (ACHPR) ya kan yi magana ne kan wuraren da kotunan soja za su yi wa fararen hula shari'ar manyan laifuka. Kungiyar ta (ACHPR) ta tabbatar da cewa a gabanta kotunan soja don kada su gamsar da hakkin farar hula na yin shari'a mai adalci (duba Tsarin Hakkin Tsarin Mulki Tsarin mulki v. Najeriya ). Dangane da haka (ACHPR) ta sake tabbatar da ikon ba da shawara a matsayin mai mahimmanci wajen tabbatar da kyakkyawan shari'ar. Kungiyar ta (ACHPR) ta ce mutane na da ‘yancin zabar wanda za su yi shawara a kan sa sannan kuma bai wa kotun sojan yancin kin amincewa da lauya ya saba wa damar yin shari’ar da ta dace.
A Ingila
'Yancin fitacciyar shari'a a Burtaniya an tabbatar da ita ta Mataki na 6 na Dokar ' Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998 .
Tsakanin 1971 da 1975, an dakatar da haƙƙin adalci a cikin Arewacin Ireland. An daure wadanda ake zargin cikin kurkuku ba tare da yi musu shari'a ba, kuma sojojin Burtaniya suka yi musu tambayoyi don neman bayani. Wannan galibi ana amfani da shi akan ƙananan Katolika. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta gabatar da Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan Adam da gangan don yaudarar mutane lokacin da ta binciki batun a shekarar 1978. Gwamnatin kasar Ireland da kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Amnesty International sun bukaci ECHR da ta sake duba batun a watan Disambar 2014. Kararraki uku na kotu da suka shafi rikicin Arewacin Ireland da ya faru a yankin Burtaniya a shekarun 1975 da 1976 an zarge su da rashin adalci, wanda hakan ya sa aka daure Birmingham shida, Guildford Four da Maguire Bakwai . Wadannan hukunce-hukuncen daga baya aka soke su, ko da yake bincike kan zarge-zargen da ake yi cewa jami'an 'yan sanda sun karkatar da shari'ar ta kasa hukunta kowa da laifi.
Kasar Burtaniya ta kirkiro wani aiki - Dokar daukaka kara na Shige da Fice na Musamman a shekarar 1997, wanda hakan ya haifar da kirkirar Hukumar daukaka kara ta Musamman (SIAC). Ya ba da izinin bayyana sirri a kotu; duk da haka, yana bayar da tanadi don rashin sunan asalin da kuma bayanan da kanta. Alkalin yana da ikon share dakin taron daga jama'a da kuma dannan manema labarai, da kuma mai gabatar da kara idan akwai bukatar hakan, idan dole ne a sake yada bayanai masu muhimmancin. An samar da wanda ya gabatar da karar tare da wani Lauya na Musamman, wanda aka nada domin ya wakilci bukatunsu, sai dai kuma ba a iya tuntubar mai kara bayan ganin bayanan sirrin. (SIAC) galibi ana amfani da shi ne don shari'ar kora, da sauran shari'o'in da suka shafi jama'a.
Bayanin sirri ya ga ƙara amfani a kotunan Burtaniya. Wasu suna jayayya cewa wannan yana lalata tsarin shari'ar masu laifi na Biritaniya, saboda wannan shaidar ba za ta zo ƙarƙashin bincika dimokiradiyya yadda ya kamata ba. A yanzu ana iya amfani da shaidar sirri a cikin lamurra da dama da suka hada da saurarar kararraki, gudanar da umarnin umarni, shari’ar kwamitin sasantawa, aikace-aikacen daskare kadara, sauraren karar tsarewa a shari’ar ta’addanci, kotunan aiki da kotunan tsarawa.
A Ingila da Wales, asalin Hakkin Zuwa Gaban Kotu da 'Yancin Da Za a Ji ana iya gano shi a cikin Magna Carta Act, 1215. Art. 39 na dokar yayi magana game da shari'ar adalci da hukunci ta hanyar wata kotu mai iko bayan fitinar.
Alkalai da shari'ar gaskiya
Dalilin juriya shine cewa yana bayar da caki akan ikon jihar.
A karkashin Mataki na 6 na (ECHR), 'yancin yin shari'a mai adalci yana nuna cewa mai zargi da jama'a dole ne su iya fahimtar hukuncin. Gwajin da masu yanke hukunci suka yanke, saboda ba su ba da dalilan yanke shawara ba, saboda haka kar a ba da izinin wannan. A cikin Taxquet v Belgium an sami keta doka ta 6 . Kotun ta kuma nuna dama ta yanke hukunci mai ma'ana, ba tare da la'akari da cewa alkali ko juri ne suka bayar da hakan ba.
A karkashin dokar shari'ar (ECHR,) yanke hukuncin masu yanke hukunci na iya zama matsala a cikin yanayi inda masu yanke hukunci suka jawo sharudda daga umarnin alƙalai game da saba wa Mataki na 6 (b) da (c).
Duba kuma
Canjin wurin
Jus de mara evocando
Taimakon shari'a
Adalci na gari
Zato na laifi
Doswald-Beck, Louise. Fair Trial, Right to, International Protection, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
Doebbler, Curtis . Introduction to International Human Rights Law. CD Publishing. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-9743570-2-7.
Alfredsson, Gudmundur; Eide, Asbjorn . The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: a common standard of achievement. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 225. ISBN 978-90-411-1168-5.
"Universal declaration of Human Rights". United Nations.
Doebbler, Curtis . Introduction to International Human Rights Law. CD Publishing. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-9743570-2-7.
Alfredsson, Gudmundur; Eide, Asbjorn . The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: a common standard of achievement. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 225–226. ISBN 978-90-411-1168-5.
"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 2008-07-05.
Nehal Bhuta, Joint Series on International Law and Armed Conflict: Fair Trial Guarantees in Armed Conflict, EJIL: Talk! Blog of the European Journal of European Law (September 22, 2016).
Doebbler, Curtis . Introduction to International Human Rights Law. CD Publishing. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-9743570-2-7.
Doebbler, Curtis . Introduction to International Human Rights Law. CD Publishing. pp. 107–108. ISBN 978-0-9743570-2-7.
The immunity could not be an obstacle: on the one hand , following a immunity resolution of the Senate, the judicial proceeding may raise jurisdictional dispute before the Constitutional Court ; on the other side the citizen may submit an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights Buonomo, Giampiero . "L'Italia "difende" il Regno Unito in nome del procuratore Cordova". Diritto&Giustizia Edizione Online.[dead link]
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"Article 6: Fair trials". Liberty. 31 August 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
'British ministers sanctioned torture of NI internees' (5 June 2014)
"Bid to reopen NI 'torture' case". 2 December 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2018 – via www.bbc.com.
"Special Immigration Appeals Commission Act 1997". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
"Apply to the Special Immigration Appeals Commission". justice.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
Lemmens, P. . The right to a fair trial and its multiple manifestations. In E. Brems & J. Gerards (Eds.), Shaping Rights in the ECHR: The Role of the European Court of Human Rights in Determining the Scope of Human Rights (pp. 294-314). Cambridge Books Online: Cambridge University Press.
"HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights". coe.int. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
"HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights". coe.int. Retrieved 20 September 2015. |
50033 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Rahman%20al-Sa%27di | Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di | ethnicityAbdul-Rahman al-Sa'di
Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia
Shaykh 'Abd al-Raḥman ibn Nāṣir al-Si'dī , wanda kuma aka fi sani da al-Si'di , malamin addinin Musulunci ne daga Saudiyya.Ya kasance malami kuma marubuci a UnaizahSaudi Arabia. Ya rubuta littafai sama da 40 a fagage daban-daban da suka hada da tafsiri da fiqhu da kuma aqida. al-Sa'di ya kasance mai tasiri a fagen tafsiri kuma littafinsa na tafsiri mai suna Taysir al-Kareem al-Rahman an bayyana shi a matsayin daya daga cikin shahararrun tafsirin malamansalafiyya na zamani. Ya yi aiki a matsayin limami da khateeb namasallacin <i id="mwHA">jami</i>' mafi girma kuma darakta na makarantar horar da addini, al-Ma'had al-'Ilmi, na Unayzah.
Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Al-Sa'di a garin Unayzah, al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia a ranar 7 ga Satumba 1889.Mahaifinsa,Nasir al-Sa'di,limami ne kuma mai wa'azi a masallaci a Unayzah.Mahaifiyarsa, Fatimah bint Abdullah al-'Uthaymeen ta mutu lokacin da yake dan shekara hudu, kuma mahaifinsa ya mutu yayinda yana da shekaru bakwai. Da farko matar mahaifinsa ta biyu ce ta kula da shi kuma daga baya aka sauya shi zuwa kulawar ɗan'uwansa,Hamad ibn Nasir al-Sa'di. ya kammala haddace Alkur'ani tun yana da shekaru goma sha ɗaya, sannan ya yi ilimin addini daga malaman da ke yankin sa.
A Lokacin da yake matasAbokanankokan karatunsa sun fara zuwa gare shi don taimako a cikin karatunsu.
al-Sa'di yana da malamai da dama. Waɗan da sun haɗa da
Sheikh Muhammad Abdul-Kareem ibn Shibl, wanda a karkashinsa ya karanta fiqhu, usooul al-fiqh, da harshen larabci.
Sheikh Abdullahi bn A'id, wanda a karkashinsa ya karanta fiqhu, usooul al-fiqh, da harshen larabci.
Sheikh Ibrahim bn Hamad bn Jasir, wanda a karkashinsa ya karanta tafsiri, hadisi da ilimomin hadisi
Sheikh Sa'ab al-Tuwayjiri, undr wanda ya karanta fiqhu da usooul al-fiqh.
Sheikh Ali ibn Muhammad al-Nasaa'i, wanda a karkashinsa ya karanta Usul-deen
Sheikh Ali bn Nasir bn Wadi, wanda a karkashinsa ya karanta hadisi, tafsiri, usooul tafsir, da usooul al-hadeeth, sannan kuma an bashi ijazah a cikin littafai shida na hadisi .
Sheikh Muhammad al-Ameen al-Shinqiti, wanda a karkashinsa ya karanta tafsiri, hadisi, mustalah al-hadith, da harshen larabci.
Sheikh Salih bin Uthman Aal al-Qadhi, wanda a karkashinsa ya karanta tauhidi, tafsiri, fiqhu, da harshen larabci.
Sheikh Muhammad al-Mani', wanda ya karanta harshen larabci a karkashinsa
Sheikh Ibrahim bn Salih bn Isa, wanda a karkashinsa ya karanta Usul-deen
Da kowanne daga cikin malamansa na firamare, ya nazarci fannonin da suke da su na kwarewa,kamar yadda ibn Shibl da ibn A'idh da al-Tuwayjiri da Salih ibn Uthman,suka kasance ƙwararru a fannin fiqhu da usooul-fiqh,ibn Wadi da ibn Jasir kwararru ne a fannin tafsiri da hadisi da ilimomin hadisi, Al-Nasaa'i ya kasance kwararre a cikin al-tauhidi kuma al-Shinqiti da al-Mani' ƙwararru ne a harshen larabci.
Malaman al-Sa'di sun yi karatu a yankuna daban daban da suka hada da Hijaz, Masar,Iraki,Siriya,Indiya da Mauritania. Ta haka ne, al-Sa'di ya fuskanci wasu hanyoyin ilimi daban-daban a wajen yankin Najd nasa ba tare da ya yi tafiya ba.
A cikin malamansa, al-Sa'di ya fi karatu a wajen sheik Salih bn Uthman Aal al-Qadhi (alkali na Unayzah kuma limamin masallacin Jami'a) kuma ya kasance dalibinsa na yau da kullum har zuwa al-Wafatin Qadhi a 1932/1351AH.
Al-Sa'di' ya yi karatu a wurin Sheikh Muhammad Al-Ameen al-Shinqiti lokacin da al-Shinqiti ya zo koyarwa a Unayzah a shekarar 1911/1330AH.
Har'ila yau al-Sa'di ya nuna matukar sha'awar rubuce-rubucen ibn Taymiyah da ibn al-Qayyim kuma ayyukansu sun yi tasiri sosai.
Rayuwar sana'a
Al-Sa'd ya fara koyarwa ne tun yana dan shekara 23, ya ci gaba da halartar darussa a matsayin dalibi yayin da yake karantar da nasa ajujuwan har zuwa shekarar 1931/1350AH a lokacin da ya sadaukar da kansa gaba daya wajen koyarwa da rubutu da bayar da <i id="mwdw">fatawa</i>.
A shekarar 1935/1354AH, al-Sa'di ya kammala tafsirin Alkur'ani juzu'i na 8, mai suna Taysir al-Kareem al-Rahman.An bayyana Taysir al-Kareem al-Rahman, a matsayin wanda za a iya cewa daya ne daga cikin shahararrun tafsirin malaman salafiyya na wannan zamani.
A shekara ta 1941/1360AH al-Sa'di ya kafa dakin karatu na jama'a a Unayzah da kudin da Gwamna ya bayar.An gina wannan dakin karatu ne a matsayin fadada masallacin <i id="mwiQ">jami'</i> na birnin, kuma shi ne dakin karatu na farko na jama'a a duk yankin Najd na kasar Saudiyya.
A shekara ta 1941/1360AH, an nada al-Sa'di a matsayin al-qadhi (alkali) na Unayzah, amma ya ki wannan matsayi.A cikin watan Ramadan 1942/1361AH aka nada shi a matsayin limami na farko kuma khateeb na babban masallacin <i id="mwlA">jami'</i> na birnin,wanda ya rike har ya rasu a shekara ta 1956/1376AH.A tarihi an danganta wannan rawar da matsayin Qadhi (alkali) na birnin,ta yadda limamin masallacin jami''' ma zai zama kadhi na birnin,amma al-Sa'di ya ki amincewa da wannan matsayi kuma ayyukan biyu sun kasance daban-daban tun zamaninsa.
A cikin 1953/1373AH, an nada al-Sa'di a matsayin darektan ilimi na makarantar horar da addini, al-Ma'had al-ilmi, na Unayzah.Duk da cewa ana ba shi albashin Riyal 1000 a kowane wata na wannan matsayi wani adadi mai yawa a lokacin, al-Sa'di ya rubuta wa daraktan cibiyar cewa ya karbi mukamin ba tare da an biya shi ba.
Rungumar Sabbin Fasaha
Al-Sa'di ya shahara wajen runguma da bayar da shawarwarin sabbin fasahohi wajen hidimar yada IIimin addin,al-Sa'di shi ne mutum na farko da ya fara gabatar da masu magana da babbar murya ga birnin Unayzah,wanda da farko ya fuskanci turjiya.
A martanin da ya mayar,ya gabatar da khutbah ta hanyar babbar murya dangane da fa'idar amfani da fasahar zamani wajen yada ilimin addini. A shekara ta 1955/1375AH,al-Sa'di ya rubuta littafi mai suna, "Hujjojin Alƙur'ani da ke nuna cewa ilimomin zamani masu fa'ida na cikin Musulunci" An rubuta wannan littafi ne don jayayya,cewa ilimin kimiyya da masana'antu na zamani ya faɗi a cikin iyakokin Musulunci,don mayar da martani ga wasu da'awar da aka saɓa da su a wannan zamani.
Damuwa ga Matsalolin Zamani
Al-Sa'di ya yi sha'awar abubuwa da dama na wannan zamani.A shekarar 1956/1376AH,ya rubuta karamin aiki da aka sadaukar domin fayyace haramcin shan taba da illolinsa, na ruhi,jiki,da kudi. Ya kuma ce tsarin dashen gabobin jikin mutum ya halatta a karkashin shari’ar Musulunci.
Tun da farko Al-Sa'di ya sami horon ne a madhab na Hanbali,wadda ita ce mafi rinjayen madhab na yankin Najd da yake zaune a cikinta. A cikin kuruciyarsa ya rubuta waka mai layi 400 didactic akan hukunce-hukuncen fiqhu na Hanbali.Tasirin rubuce-rubucen ibn Taymiyah da ibn al-Qayyim, wani lokaci yakan zabi muƙaman fiqhu a wajen babban matsayi na madhab na Hanbali.Ya kasance ya dauki matsayin ibn Taimiyyah.
Fitattun Dalibai
Al-Sa'di ya koyar da akalla dalibai 35 wadanda suka ci gaba da zama limamai, khateebai, Alqalai, ko malamai. Wani littafin tarihin rayuwar malaman yankin Najd ya lissafa dalibansa 140.Biyu daga cikin shahararrun dalibansa su ne Sheikh Muhammad bn Salih al-Uthaymeen da Sheikh Abdullah Aqeel. al-Sa'di ya nada al-Uthaymeen domin ya karbi aikinsa na malami kuma khateebin masallacin jami bayan rasuwarsa.
Sunan Al-Sa'di a matsayin malami kuma marubuci ya jawo hankalin dalibai ba kawai daga yankin al-Qassim ba har ma da wasu yankuna da dama.Yana karba akai-akai kuma yana amsa wasiƙun neman fatawa daga wasu ƙasashe na Larabawa da Ƙasar Indiya.Wani babban juzu'i na fatawa na al-sa'di wanda aka bayar a cikin wasikunsa da wasikunsa na kasashen waje an tattara su ne bayan mutuwarsa kuma aka buga a zamanin al-Fatawa al-Sa'diyyah.Tasirin Al-Sa'di da farin jininsa a lokacin rayuwarsa an danganta shi da yadda tun farko ya rungumi sabbin fasahohin yada ilimin addini.
Ayyukan Rubuce-rubuce
Al-Sa'di'i ya yi rubuce-rubuce sama da 40 a fannoni da dama da suka hada da tafsiri, fiqhu, hadisi, da aqida. Yawancin rubuce-rubucensa an rubuta su ne bayan ya kai shekaru 40.
Aiki na Asali
Wasu daga cikin ayyukansa na asali sun haɗa da:
Taysir al-Kareem al-Rahman, tafsirin Alqur'ani baki daya
Taysir al-Lateef al-Mannaan, tafsirin jigo na zababbun sassa na Alqur'ani.
Qawa'id al-Hisan li-Tafsir al-Qur'an, aiki a kan ka'idojin tafsiri. al-Tawdheeh w'al-Bayan li-Shajarah al-Eemaan, a work of aqeedah .
Mukhtasir al-Usool al-Fiqh, aiki akan ka'idojin fiqhu Bahjah al-Quloob al-Abrar, bayani kan ingantattun maganganun hadisi guda 99
Manhaj al-Salikeen, aikin fiqhu Bayani
al-Haqq al-Wadhih al-Mubeen fee Sharh Tawheed al-Anbiyaa w'al-Mursaleen, a work of ' aqeedah, which is a information of a part of Nooniyah by ibn al-Qayyim
Tawdheeh al-Kafiyyah al-Shafiyyah, a rewriting of ibn al-Qayyim's Nooniyah poem in prose format
al-Qawl al-Sadeed fee Maqasid al - Tawhid al-Tanbihat al-Latifah, an description of ibn Taymiyah 's al-'Aqeedah al-Wasitiyyah Fassarar ayyukan al-Sa'di na Turanci
An fassara wasu ayyukan al-Sa'di zuwa Turanci, ciki harda
Tafseer al-Sa'di (10 Juzu'i Set), fassarar Taysir al-Kareem al-Rahman Hanyar Gaskiya: Waƙar Aqida da Hanya, fassarar waƙar al-Manhaj al-Haqq. Lu'u-lu'u mai ban sha'awa, fassarar al-Durr al-Bahiyyah Mahimman Fiqh, fassarar al-Qawa'id al-Fiqhiyyah Itacen Imani, fassarar al-Tawdheeh w'al-Bayan li-Shajarah al-Eemaan. Darasi da aka koya daga labarin Yusuf fassarar Fawa'id Mustanbitah min Qissah Yusuf. Rashin lafiya da Mutuwa
A cikin 1950/1371AH, al-Sa'di ya fara fama da matsalolin rashin lafiya da suka shafi hawan jini da Atherosclerosis. Da jin matsalar lafiyarsa sarki Sa'ud ya aika da likitoci biyu ta jirginsa na kansa, domin su je wurin Sheikh Al-Sa'di. Likitocin sun ba shi shawarar da ya kara neman magani a kasar Lebanon, inda suka yi masa rakiya na tsawon wata guda a shekarar 1953/1373AH.A wannan lokacin ya murmure amma an shawarce shi da ya rungumi salon rayuwa mara wahala, bayan ya koma Unayzah ya ci gaba da aikinsa na limami, Malami,khateeb da marubuci. Al-Sa'di' ya rasu daga irin wannan matsalar rashin lafiya a shekara ta 1957/1376AH.
A shekara ta 1940/1359AH, al-Sa'di ya rubuta wani takaitaccen littafi kan abin da ya shafi Yajuj wa Ma'juj a cikinsa,inda ya yi jayayya bisa dalilai na addini da na ƙasa, cewa al'ummar Yajuj da Ma'juj sun riga sun tsira da shamakinsu,ya bar kan iyakokinsu kuma ya gauraya da sauran al'ummomi kafirai. Labarin da'awar al-Sa'di a cikin wannan aiki ya bazu cikin birnin Najd, wanda ya haifar da saɓani mai karfi tsakanin wadanda suka amince da shawarar al-Sa'di da wadanda ke adawa da su, kuma al-Sa'di ya fuskanci wani cin zarafi da suka daga wajen sakamakon takwarorinsa.Rikicin ya ci gaba da yaduwa har sai da aka yi magana da Sarki Abdul-Aziz bn Saud, wanda ya aika aka kira al-Sa'di ya gana da shi a Riyadh. Al-Sa'di ya yi tattaki shi kadai don ganawa da Sarki inda Sarki ya tarbe shi da karbar baki tare da wasu malamai da suka taru a wurin.Sarkin ya bukaci al-Sa’di, da ya bar lamarin saboda tada hankali da ya haifar, kuma al-Sa’di ya amince da yin hakan,yana mai cewa bai yi tsammanin irin wannan lamari zai taso daga wani karamin lamari na bincike na ilimi ba.Daga karshe al-Sa'di bai buga wannan littafi ba, ko kuma ya ambaci wasu batutuwan da ke cikinsa a cikin koyarwa ko rubuce-rubucen da suka biyo baya, ko da yake ba a san ya yi watsi da wadannan mukamai ba.
tsakanin wadanda suka amince da shawarar al-Sa' i da wadanda ke a dawa da su, kuma al-Sa'di ya fuskanci wani cin zarafi da suka daga wajen sakamakon takwarorinsa. Rikicin ya ci gaba da yaduwa, har sai da aka yi magana da Sarki Abdul-Aziz bn Saud, Wanda ya aika aka kira Al-Sa'di ya gana da shi a Riyadh. Al-Sa'di ya yi tattaki shi kadai don ganawa da Sarki, inda Sarki ya tarbe shi da karbar baki tare da wasu malamai da suka taru a wurin,sarkin ya bukaci al-Sa’di da ya bar lamarin saboda tada hankali da ya haifar, kuma al-Sa’di ya amince da yin hakan,yana mai cewa bai yi tsammanin irin wannan lamari zai taso daga wani karamin lamari na bincike na ilimi ba.Al-Sa'di' a karshe, bai buga wannan littafi ba ko ya ambaci wasu batutuwan da ke cikinsa a cikin koyarwa ko rubuce-rubucen da suka biyo baya, duk da cewa ba a san ya yi watsi da wadannan mukamai a bainar jama'a ba.
Al-Sa'di shi ne mutum na farko da ya fara gabatar da lasifika masu sauti a birnin Unayzah,wanda da farko ya fuskanci turjiya.
al-Sa'di a martanin da ya mayar ya gabatar da khutbah'' ta hanyar babbar murya, dangane da fa'idar amfani da fasahar zamani wajen yada ilimin addini.
Al-Sa'di ya gudanar da dashen gabobi don ya halatta,wanda hukunci ne mai kawo cece-kuce a zamaninsa.
A watan Nuwamba 2019, Jami'ar Qassim ta shirya wani taro na kwanaki biyu mai taken "Sheikh Abdur-Rahman al-Sa'di da Tasirinsa kan Ilimi da yaɗuwar Addini."Shugaban majalisar gudanarwar harkokin masallatai masu tsarki guda biyu Abdul Rahman al-Sudais ne ya bude wannan taro, kuma ya hada da babban mufti na Saudiyya Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al Shaykh,memba na majalisar na Manyan Malamai Saad al-Shithri,da kuma gwamnan yankin al-Qassim.Makasudin da aka bayyana na wannan taron shi ne a ba da haske kan gadon al-Sa'di da karfafa karin bincike kan tunaninsa da dalilan shari'a.
Al-Sa'di ya bar 'ya'ya uku, Abdullah, Muhammad da Ahmad. Abdullah al-Sa'di ya rasu a shekara ta (1984/1405AH)shima dalibin ilimi ne kuma ya buga wasu rubuce-rubucen mahaifinsa bayan rasuwarsa.
Duba kuma
Muhammad bin al-Usaimin
Abd al-Aziz bin Baz
Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Biodata at MuslimScholars.info |
24188 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG%20Corporation | LG Corporation | Kamfanin LG (ko LG Group) ( Korean ), tsohon Lucky-Goldstar daga shekarar alif ta 1983 zuwa shekarar alif ta 1995 (Koriya: Leokki Geumseong ; Korean ), Shi ne a Kudu Korean manyan conglomerate kamfani kafa ta Koo In-hwoi da kuma gudanar da m ƙarnõni na iyalinsa. Ita ce chaebol na huɗu mafi girma a Koriya ta Kudu. Hedikwatar ta tana cikin ginin LG Twin Towers a Yeouido-dong, Gundumar Yeongdeungpo, Seoul . LG yana kera kayan lantarki, sunadarai, da samfuran sadarwa kuma yana aiki da rassa kamar LG Electronics, Zenith, LG Display, LG Uplus, LG Innotek, LG Chem, da LG Energy Solution a cikin ƙasashe sama da guda tamanin 80.
An kafa LG Corporation a matsayin Lak Hui Chemical Industrial Corp. a shekarar alif ta 1947 ta Koo In-hwoi. A cikin shekarar alif ta 1952, Lak Hui () (mai suna "Sa'a"; yanzu LG Chem) ya zama kamfani na Koriya ta Kudu na farko da ya shiga masana'antar robobi . Yayin da kamfanin ke fadada kasuwancinsa na robobi, ya kafa GoldStar Co. Ltd. (yanzu LG Electronics Inc.) a cikin shekarar alif ta 1958. Dukansu kamfanonin Lucky da GoldStar sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar Lucky-Goldstar a shekarar alif ta 1983.
GoldStar ya samar da rediyon ƙasar Koriya ta Kudu na farko. An sayar da kayan lantarki da yawa masu amfani a ƙarƙashin sunan GoldStar, yayin da wasu sauran samfuran gida (babu su a wajen Koriya ta Kudu) an sayar da su ƙarƙashin sunan Lucky. Alamar Lucky ta shahara da kayayyakin tsafta kamar sabulun sabulun wanki da sabulun wanki na HiTi, amma galibin alamar tana da alaƙa da man goge baki na Lucky da Perioe. LG yana ci gaba da kera wasu waɗannan samfuran don kasuwar Koriya ta Kudu, kamar kayan wanki.
Koo In-hwoi ya jagoranci kamfanin har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar alif ta 1969, a lokacin, dansa Koo Cha-kyung ya hau kan karagar mulki. Daga nan ya ba da jagoranci ga ɗansa, Koo Bon-moo, a shekarar alif ta 1995. Koo Bon-moo ya sake sunan kamfanin zuwa LG a shekarar alif ta 1995. Kamfanin kuma yana alakanta haruffan LG tare da alamar kamfanin "Rayuwa Mai Kyau". Tun daga shekara ta 2009, LG ya mallaki sunan yankin LG.com.
Koo Bon-moo ya mutu sakamakon bugun kwakwalwa a ranar 20 gawatan Mayu shekara ta 2018. A watan Yulin Shekara ta 2018, an ba da sanarwar cewa Koo Kwang-mo, dan dan uwan kuma dan Koo Bon-moo, zai zama sabon Shugaba na LG. Koo Bon-moo ya karɓi ɗan ɗan'uwansa a cikin shekara ta 2004, bayan ya rasa ɗansa guda ɗaya a shekarar alif ta 1994, yana ambaton "al'adar iyali ta maye gurbin maza kawai".
Hadin gwiwa
LG da Hitachi sun kirkiro haɗin gwiwa mai suna Hitachi-LG Data Storage a shekarar ta 2000 da LG Hitachi Water Solutions a shekara 2011; tsakanin sauran haɗin gwiwar da ta yi, LG yana da dangantaka mai tsawo tare da Hitachi tun farkon shekarun Goldstar. Tun daga wannan lokacin Hitachi ya canza fasaha don samfuran LG kamar rediyo, wayoyi, talabijin, kayan gida, semiconductors, da sauransu. JV na farko tsakanin su biyun shine LG Hitachi, wanda ya kasance tun shekara ta 1980s lokacin da aka kafa shi don shigo da kwamfutoci zuwa Koriya.
LG yana da haɗin gwiwa guda biyu tare da Royal Philips Electronics : LG Philips Display da LG Philips LCD, amma Philips ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a ƙarshen shekara ta 2008.
A cikin shekara ta 2005, LG ya shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Nortel Networks, ƙirƙirar LG-Nortel Co. Ltd.
a cikin shekara ta 2020, LG da kamfanin samar da motoci na Kanada Magna International sun ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa wanda aka sani da LG Magna e-Powertrain. Sabuwar haɗin gwiwar za ta ƙera abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin motocin lantarki kamar injin lantarki, inverters da caja na cikin ruwa.
Kasashen duniya
A ranar 30 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 2012, comScore ya fitar da rahoto na Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Wayar Wayar hannu na Oktoba na shekara ta 2012 wanda ya gano LG ya rasa matsayinsa a matsayi na biyu a cikin kasuwar wayar hannu ta Amurka ga Apple Inc.
A ranar 20 gawatan Janairu shekara ta 2013, Binciken Counterpoint ya ba da sanarwar cewa LG ya wuce Apple don zama na biyu mafi girma a cikin kasuwar Amurka.
A ranar 7 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, comScore ya fitar da rahoto na Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Wayar Wayar Wayar salula na watan Yuni na shekara ta 2013 wanda ya sami LG ya faɗi zuwa matsayi na biyar a cikin kasuwar kasuwancin Amurka.
GS Group
Kamfanin LS
Kungiyar LIG
Group Heesung
Kamfanin SPC
Tsarin da matsayin kuɗi
LG Corporation kamfani ne mai riƙewa wanda ke aiki a duk duniya ta hanyar kamfanoni sama da guda talatan 30 a filayen lantarki, sinadarai, da filayen sadarwa. Kamfanoni na lantarki suna kera da siyar da samfura daga kayan lantarki na gida da na dijital zuwa talabijin da wayoyin hannu, daga Nunin-fim-transistor ruwa-crystal nuni zuwa na'urorin tsaro da semiconductors . A sinadaran masana'antu, rassa tsirar da sell kayayyakin ciki har da kayan shafawa, masana'antu Textiles, sauya baturin da Toner kayayyakin, polycarbonates, magunguna, da kuma surface ado kayan. Kayayyakin sadarwarsa sun haɗa da sabis na waya mai nisa da na ƙasa da ƙasa, sabis na sadarwa ta wayar hannu da ta wayar hannu, da sabis na tuntuba da tallan tallan. LG kuma yana aiki da Coca-Cola Korea Bottling Company, yana sarrafa kadarori, yana ba da shawarwari na gudanarwa, kuma yana gudanar da ƙwararrun kungiyoyin wasanni.
Iyalan ƙungiya
Masana'antar lantarki
Masana'antun sinadarai
Hardware Ƙoƙarin magudi na akwati
A watan Yuni shekara ta 2021, tashar YouTube Hardware Unboxed ta buga bidiyon da ke zargin yunƙurin wakilin LG don yin amfani da bita na ɗaya daga cikin masu saka ido na caca na LG. Wakilin, a cikin imel ɗin da aka nuna a bidiyon, yana ƙoƙarin yin tasiri ga sakamakon edita na bita ta hanyar nuna hanyoyin gwaji da fannonin nuni da tashar za ta bi. Wannan ya zo 'yan watanni bayan irin wannan lamari tsakanin masu kirkira da Nvidia inda Nvidia ya gargaɗe su cewa idan sun ci gaba da mai da hankali kan rasterization maimakon raƙuman ruwa a cikin katunan zane na Nvidia, ba za su ƙara samun samfuran bita ba.
Tallafin wasanni
LG ya mallaki LG Twins kuma shine babban mai tallafawa Changwon LG Sakers kuma abokin tarayya na Texas Rangers .
Jakadu na alama
David Warner shekara ta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
40431 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer | Homer | Homer ( / h oʊ mər / ; Ancient Greek [hómɛros], Hómēros ) (an haife shi ) mawaƙin Girkanci ne wanda aka lasafta shi a matsayin marubucin Iliad da Odyssey, waƙoƙin almara guda biyu waɗanda tushen tushen adabin Helenanci ne. Ana ɗaukar Homer ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan da ake girmamawa kuma masu tasiri a tarihi.
Homer's Iliad yana ci gaba da yin rikici tsakanin Sarki Agamemnon da jarumi Achilles a cikin shekarar karshe na Yaƙin Trojan. Odyssey ya ba da labarin tafiyar shekaru goma na Odysseus, Sarkin Ithaca, ya koma gidansa bayan faduwar Troy. Wa}o}in suna cikin harshen Hausa na Homeric, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Epic Greek, harshen adabi wanda ke nuna cakuduwar fasalin yarukan Ionic da Aeolic daga ƙarni daban-daban; Babban tasiri shine Gabashin Ionic. Yawancin masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa asalin waƙar an watsa ta da baki.
Waƙoƙin Homer na almara sun shafi al'amuran tsofin al'adu da ilimi na Girka, suna haɓaka manufofin jarumtaka, ɗaukaka, da daraja. Ga Plato, Homer shine kawai wanda "ya koyar da Girka" ( , tēn Helláda pepaídeuken ). A cikin Dante Alighieri 's Divine Comedy, Virgil yana nufin Homer a matsayin "Mawaƙin Mawaƙi", Sarkin dukan mawaƙa; a cikin gabatarwar fassararsa na Iliad, Alexander Paparoma ya yarda cewa Homer an yi la'akari da shi a matsayin "mafi girma na mawaƙa". Tun daga zamanin da har zuwa yau, almara na Homeric sun ƙarfafa shahararrun ayyukan adabi, kiɗa, fasaha, da fina-finai.
Tambayar ta wanene, yaushe, a ina kuma a cikin wane yanayi aka hada Iliad da Odyssey ana ci gaba da muhawara. An yarda da cewa mawallafa daban-daban ne suka rubuta ayyukan biyu. Ana tunanin cewa an yi wakokin a wani lokaci a kusa da ƙarshen takwas ko farkon karni na bakwai BC. Yawancin labaran rayuwar Homer sun yadu a zamanin da; labarin da ya fi yaduwa shi ne cewa shi makaho ne daga Ionia , wani yanki na tsakiyar gabar tekun Anatoliya a Turkiyya a yau. Masanan zamani sun ɗauki waɗannan labaran almara.
Ayyukan da aka danganta ga Homer
A yau, kawai Iliad da Odyssey suna hade da sunan 'Homer'. A zamanin da, wasu ayyuka masu yawa wasu lokuta ana danganta shi da shi, ciki har da Waƙoƙin Homeric, Gasar Homer da Hesiod, Ƙananan Iliad, da Nostoi, Thebaid, da Cypria, da Epigoni, wasan kwaikwayo mini-epic Batrachomyomachia ("Yakin Frog-Mouse"), Margites, Kama Oechalia, da Phocais. Ba a ɗaukar waɗannan da'awar a yau kuma ba a yarda da su a duniya a zamanin dā ba. Kamar yadda yake tare da ɗimbin labaran da ke kewaye da rayuwar Homer, sun nuna kadan fiye da tsakiyar Homer zuwa al'adun Girka na dā.
Al'adun tarihi na zamanin da
Wasu tsoffin da'awar game da Homer an kafa su da wuri kuma ana maimaita su akai-akai. Sun haɗa da cewa Homer ya kasance makaho (yana ɗaukar matsayin kansa nassi da ke kwatanta makahon Bard Demodocus ), cewa ya zauna a Chios, cewa shi ɗan kogin Meles ne da nymph Critheïs, cewa ya kasance. Bard mai yawo, cewa ya tsara jerin ayyuka daban-daban ("Homerica"), cewa ya mutu ko dai a cikin Ios ko kuma bayan ya kasa warware kacici-kacici da masunta suka kafa, da kuma bayani daban-daban na sunan "Homer" .
Shahararrun tsoffin tarihin rayuwar Homer guda biyu sune Rayuwar Homer ta Pseudo-Herodotus da Gasar Homer da Hesiod.
A farkon karni na hudu BC Alcidamas ya tsara labarin almara na gasar waka a Chalcis tare da Homer da Hesiod. An sa ran Homer zai yi nasara, kuma ya amsa duk tambayoyin Hesiod da wasan wasa cikin sauƙi. Bayan haka, an gayyaci kowanne daga cikin mawaƙa don karanta mafi kyawun nassi daga aikinsu. Hesiod ya zaɓi farkon Ayyuka da Kwanaki: "Lokacin da Pleiades haifaffen Atlas. duk a lokacin da ya dace". Homer ya zaɓi bayanin mayaƙan Girkanci a cikin samuwar, suna fuskantar abokan gaba, waɗanda aka karɓa daga Iliad. Ko da yake taron sun yaba da nasarar Homer, alkali ya baiwa Hesiod kyautar; Mawakin da ya yabi kiwo, ya ce, ya fi wanda ya yi tatsuniyoyi na yaƙe-yaƙe da kisa.
Tarihin karatun Homeric
Nazarin Homer yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin batutuwa a cikin malanta, tun daga zamanin da. Duk da haka, makasudin karatun Homeric sun canza a tsawon shekaru millennia. Bayanan farko da aka adana akan Homer ya shafi yadda yake bi da alloli, wanda masu sukar maƙiya irin su mawallafin Xenophanes na Colophon suka yi Allah wadai da lalata. An ce mawallafin Theagenes na Rhegium ya kare Homer ta hanyar jayayya cewa wakokin Homeric misalai ne. An yi amfani da Iliad da Odyssey sosai azaman rubutun makaranta a tsohuwar al'adun Girkanci da Hellenistic. Su ne ayyukan adabi na farko da aka koya wa dukan ɗalibai. Iliad, musamman littattafansa na farko, an yi nazari sosai fiye da Odyssey a lokacin Hellenistic da Roman.
Sakamakon shaharar da waqoqin suka yi a fannin ilmin zamani na Girka, an samu fa’ida mai yawa a kansu don bayyana sassan da ke da wuyar al’ada ko harshe. A lokacin zamanin Hellenistic da na Romawa, masu fassara da yawa, musamman Stoics, waɗanda suka yi imani cewa waƙar Homeric sun ba da koyarwar Stoic, sun ɗauke su a matsayin misalai, ɗauke da hikimar ɓoye. Wataƙila wani ɓangare saboda yawan amfani da waƙoƙin Homeric a cikin ilimi, yawancin marubuta sun yi imanin cewa ainihin dalilin Homer shine ilmantarwa. Hikimar Homer ta zama abin yabo sosai har ya fara samun siffar kusan masanin falsafa. Malaman Rumawa irin su Eustathius na Tasalonika da John Tzetzes sun samar da sharhi, kari da scholia ga Homer, musamman a karni na goma sha biyu. Sharhin Eustathius akan Iliad kadai yana da girma, ya bazu sama da manyan shafuka kusan 4,000 a cikin bugu na karni na ashirin da daya da sharhinsa akan Odyssey karin kusan 2,000.
Bayanan kula
Aiki daga Homer a Perseus Digital Library
Works by Homer in eBook form
Works by Homer
Works by or about Homer
Works by Homer
Chicago Homer |
19669 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talauci | Talauci | Talauci shine yanayi na samun ƴan abubuwan abin duniya kaɗan. Talauci na iya samun dalilai da tasiri daban-daban na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa . Lokacin kimanta talauci a kididdiga ko tattalin arziki akwai manyan matakai guda biyu: cikakken talauci yana kwatanta kudaden shiga da adadin da ake buƙata don biyan bukatun mutum na yau da kullun, kamar abinci, sutura, da matsuguni ; ma'aunin talaucin dangi lokacin da mutum ba zai iya cika ƙaramin bukata na rayuwa ba, idan aka kwatanta da wasu a lokaci ɗaya da kuma guri. Ma'anar talaucin dangi ya bambanta daga wannan ƙasa zuwa wata, ko daga wannan al'umma zuwa waccan.
Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images
A kididdiga, a shekarar 2019 , yawancin al'ummar duniya suna rayuwa cikin talauci: a cikin dalar PPP, 85% na mutane suna rayuwa a kasa da $ 30 a kowace rana, kashi biyu cikin uku suna rayuwa a kasa da $ 10 kowace rana, 10% suna rayuwa a kasa da $ 1.90 a kowace rana (matsanancin talauci). ). A cewar kungiyar Bankin Duniya a shekarar 2020, sama da kashi 40% na talakawa suna rayuwa ne a kasashen da ke fama da rikici. Ko da a lokacin da ƙasashe suka sami ci gaban tattalin arziki, ƴan ƙasa mafi talauci na ƙasashe masu matsakaicin ra'ayi akai-akai ba sa samun isasshen kaso na karuwar arzikin ƙasashensu don barin talauci. Gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun gwada wasu manufofi da tsare-tsare daban-daban don kawar da talauci, kamar samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara ko manufofin farko na gidaje a cikin birane. Tsarin manufofin kasa da kasa don kawar da fatara, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa a cikin 2015, an taƙaita su a cikin Manufar Ci gaba mai dorewa 1: "Babu Talauci" .
Ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, irin su jinsi, nakasa, nuna banbancin launin fata da kabilanci, na iya kara tsananta al'amuran talauci - tare da mata, yara da 'yan tsiraru akai-akai suna ɗaukar nauyin talauci marasa daidaituwa. Haka kuma, mutane marasa galihu sun fi fuskantar illa ga tasirin wasu al'amuran zamantakewa, kamar tasirin muhalli na masana'antu ko tasirin sauyin yanayi ko wasu bala'o'i na yanayi ko matsanancin yanayi . Talauci kuma na iya kara dagula sauran matsalolin zamantakewa ; Matsalolin tattalin arziki a kan al'ummomin da ke fama da talauci akai-akai suna taka rawa wajen sare dazuzzuka, asarar rayukan halittu da rikicin kabilanci . Don haka ne, manufofin ci gaba mai dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran shirye-shiryen manufofin kasa da kasa, kamar farfadowar kasa da kasa daga COVID-19, sun jaddada alakar kawar da talauci da sauran manufofin al'umma.
Ma'anoni da ilmin dabi'a
Kalmar talauci ta fito daga tsohuwar (Norman) kalmar Faransanci poverté (Faransanci na zamani: pauvreté), daga Latin paupertās daga matalauta (talakawa).
Akwai ma’anoni da dama na talauci dangane da yanayin da aka sanya shi a ciki, kuma galibi yana nuni ne ga wata jiha ko yanayin da mutum ko al’umma ba su da albarkatun kuɗi da abubuwan da suka dace don wani salon rayuwa.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya : Ainihin, talauci shine hana zabi da dama, cin mutuncin dan adam. Yana nufin rashin iya aiki yadda ya kamata a cikin al'umma. Yana nufin rashin wadatar abinci da tufatar da iyali, rashin samun makaranta ko asibitin da za a je, rashin samun filin da za a noma abinci ko aikin da za a yi don samun abin rayuwa, rashin samun bashi. Yana nufin rashin tsaro, rashin ƙarfi da keɓance mutane, gidaje da al'umma. Yana nufin mai sauƙi ga tashin hankali, kuma sau da yawa yana nuna rayuwa a cikin ƙananan wurare ko kuma maras ƙarfi, ba tare da samun ruwa mai tsabta ko tsaftar muhalli ba.
Bankin Duniya : Talauci ana bayyana rashi a cikin walwala, kuma ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa . Ya haɗa da ƙananan kuɗi da rashin iya siyan kayayyaki na yau da kullun da ayyuka masu mahimmanci don rayuwa tare da mutunci. Talauci ya kuma kunshi karancin lafiya da ilimi, rashin samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli, rashin isasshen tsaro na jiki, rashin murya, da rashin isashen samun damar inganta rayuwar mutum.
Tarayyar Turai (EU): Ma'anar talauci a Tarayyar Turai ya sha bamban da ma'anar a sauran sassan duniya, don haka matakan da aka bullo da su na yaki da talauci a kasashen EU su ma sun sha bamban da matakan da ake dauka a sauran kasashe. Ana auna talauci dangane da rabon kudin shiga a kowace kasa memba ta amfani da layin talauci na samun kudin shiga. Ƙididdigar talauci na dangi a cikin EU an haɗa su ta hanyar Eurostat, mai kula da daidaitawa, tarawa, da yada kididdigar ƙasashe ta hanyar amfani da binciken Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai na Kuɗi da Yanayin Rayuwa (EU-SILC).
Auna talauci
Cikakken talauci
Cikakken talauci, sau da yawa yana kama da 'matsananciyar talauci' ko 'ƙananan talauci', yana nufin ƙayyadaddun lokaci a tsakanin ƙasashe. Wannan ƙayyadaddun yanayin yana nufin “yanayin da ke tattare da matsanancin rashin buƙatun ɗan adam, gami da abinci, tsaftataccen ruwan sha, wurare tsaftatacce, lafiya, matsuguni, ilimi da bayanai. Ya dogara ba kawai ga samun kudin shiga ba har ma da samun damar yin amfani da sabis." Samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa kasa da poverty line, wanda aka ayyana azaman kudin shiga da ake buƙata don siyan buƙatun yau da kullun, ana kuma magana da shi a matsayin ainihin gaskiya .
An fara bullo da layin talauci na "dala a rana" a shekara ta 1990 a matsayin ma'auni don cimma irin wadannan matakan rayuwa. Ga al'ummomin da ba sa amfani da dalar Amurka a matsayin kuɗi, "dala a rana" ba ta fassara zuwa rayuwa a yini akan daidai adadin kuɗin gida kamar yadda farashin canji ya ƙaddara . Maimakon haka, ana ƙayyade ƙimar ikon siye, wanda zai duba nawa ake buƙatar kuɗin gida don siyan abubuwan da dala za ta iya saya a Amurka. Yawancin lokaci, wannan zai fassara zuwa samun ƙarancin kuɗin gida fiye da idan an yi amfani da kuɗin musanya kamar yadda Amurka ta kasance ƙasa mafi tsada.
Daga 1993 zuwa 2005, Bankin Duniya ya ayyana cikakken talauci a matsayin $1.08 a rana akan irin wannan daidaiton ikon siye, bayan daidaita farashin zuwa dalar Amurka a 1993 kuma a cikin 2008, an sabunta shi azaman $1.25 a rana (daidai da $1.00) rana a cikin farashin Amurka na 1996) kuma a cikin 2015, an sabunta shi azaman rayuwa akan ƙasa da dalar Amurka 1.90 kowace rana, da matsakaicin talauci kamar ƙasa da $2 ko $5 a rana. Hakazalika, 'matsananciyar talauci' an bayyana shi ta wani rahoto na 2007 da Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Abinci ta Duniya ta fitar a matsayin rayuwa akan kasa da cents 54 a kowace rana. Matsakaicin layin talauci na $1.90 a kowace rana, kamar yadda bankin duniya ya tsara, yana da cece-kuce. Kowace al'umma tana da nata kofa ga cikakken layin talauci; a Amurka, alal misali, cikakken layin talauci ya kasance dalar Amurka 15.15 a kowace rana a shekara ta 2010 (US $ 22,000 a kowace shekara ga dangin mutane hudu), yayin da a Indiya ya kasance $ 1.0 kowace rana kuma a China cikakken layin talauci ya kasance dalar Amurka 0.55 kowace rana, kowanne akan tsarin PPP a 2010. Waɗannan layukan talauci daban-daban suna sa kwatanta bayanai tsakanin rahotannin kowace ƙasa da wahala sosai. Wasu malaman suna jayayya cewa hanyar Bankin Duniya ya sanya shingen da ya wuce gona da iri, wasu kuma suna jayayya cewa ba ta da yawa. |
13739 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funke%20Akindele | Funke Akindele | Akindele Olufunke Ayotunde (wanda aka fi saninta da Funke Akindele ) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai shirya fina-finai a Nijeriya. Funke ta kasance cikin taurarin da suka yi fim din sitcom na wanda Iyakamta asani tun daga shekarar, 1998 zuwa 2002 kuma a shekara ta, 2009 ta sami lambar yabo ta film film
Award don Mafi kyawun ressan wasan kwaikwayon. Tana taka rawa a wasan kwaikwayon Jenifa na Diary, wadda aka sanya mata suna Mafi shahararrun mata a cikin wasan kwaikwayo a Wajan Zabi na Zane-zanen Mafificin Tsarin Mawallafin Afirka na shekarar, 2016 .
Farkon rayuwa da ilimi
An haifi Akindele ce a ranar ga watan Agusta a shekara ta alif a garin Ikorodu, jihar Legas, Najeriya. Funke ita ce ta biyu a cikin 'ya'ya uku a gurin mahaifiyarsu ('yan mata biyu da yaro guda). Mahaifiyar Akindele kwararriyar likita ce, yayinda mahaifinta tsohon Shugaban Makaranta ne da ya yi ritaya. Funke ta sami yin karatun Diploma ta kasa (OND) a 'Mass Communication' daga tsohuwar makarantar Gwamnatin jihar 'Ogun State Polytechnic', yanzu 'Moshood Abiola Polytechnic',
Akindele ta Faso gari ne bayan da ta yi rawar gani a Asusun Kididdigar Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nation Population Fund U.N.F.P.A) -Kungiyar da nake Bukata ta sani, wadda ta fara daga shekarar (1998 zuwa 2002). Funke ta buga wa Bisi, dalibar Sakandare amma kuma mai fasaha. Babban hutun Funke Akindele ta zo ne a shekarar lokacin da ta fito a fim din Jenifa .
A watan Janairun a shekara ta , akwai wata rigima yayinda aka ruwaito cewa Akindele za ta samu halarta na farko a Hollywood a Marvel's Avengers: Infinity War kamar yadda aka jera ta a matsayin memba na simintin a IMDb. Kafar yada labarai ta Najeriya ta ba da rahoton cewa an saita ta zuwa tauraruwar Infinity War a matsayin mai tsaron gida Dora Milaje, yayin ambato IMDb. Bayan 'yan makonni daga baya sun sauya sunan ta tare da na wata 'yar wasan Najeriya Genevieve Nnaji, tare da bidiyon Akindele da aka nuna cewa yaudara ce. A watan Fabrairun a shekara ta , an ba da rahoton cewa Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa kuma Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa, Dakta Bukola Saraki ya shawarci Marvel Studios da ya nuna Akindele a cikin Infinity War.
A watan Yulin a shekara a wata hirar da ta yi ta ce ba ta yin rawar gani a masana'antar fim ta Yarbawa a lokacin saboda fashin teku. Akindele ita ce ke jagorantar fitowar a cikin shirin Dijital wanda ake cigaba da nunawa a fim din Jenifa, tare da Fisayo Ajisola, Falz, Juliana Olayode, da Aderounmu Adejumoke . Nunin wasan ya zame daga fim din Jenifa. Fim din wasan kwaikwayo na shekara ta Moms a tauraruwar War Akindele da Michelle Dede . A watan Yuli na shekarar !2019) Akindele ta fara wani sabon shiri, mai suna 'Aiyetoro Town, ' wani yanki daga jerin shahararrun finafinan ta, 'Jenifa's Diary, Ita ce Shugaba na Kamfanin Fasaha Daya Na Fina Finan.
Ta yi na ta jagorar ne a karon farko a fim din wasan kwaikwayon siyasa na shekarar <i id="mwZg">Mai Girma Ka</i> .
Qaddamar da sadaka
Funke Akindele tana gudanar da wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka sani da gidauniyar Jenifa, wacce ke da niyyar samarwa da matasa ƙwararrun dabarun sana'o'i.
Funke Akindele tana da wasu ayyukan tallafi kamar ta sanya hannun a matsayin jakada a Irokotv . Haka nan a cikin shekara ta an sanya hannu a matsayin jakadan alama na Bankin Keystone. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da Waw Nigeria, kamfanin da ke kera kayayyakin wanka da sabulu.
Rayuwar mutum
A ranar ga watan Mayu a shekara ta Akindele ta auri Adeola Kehinde Oloyede. Ma'auratan sun rabu a watan Yulin a shekara ta inda suka ambaci bambance-bambancen da ba za a iya warwarewa ba. Akindele ta kuma auri yar mawakin Najeriya JJC Skillz a Landan a watan Mayun shekara ta . Jita-jita game da haihuwarta ta mamaye injin bincike na Google a watan Agusta a shekara ta . Akindele ta haifi 'yan tagwaye a cikin watan Disamban shekarar kuma tana da 'ya'ya da yawa.
A watan Afrilun shekara ta an kama Akindele bayan ta gudanar da bikin ranar haihuwa ga mijinta yayin kulle-kullen da aka yi don magance 'Corona virus'. Daga baya ta bayyana a cikin wani Bidiyon Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Najeriya don wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar sankarar bargo. An yanke wa ’yar wasan da mijinta hukuncin bautar da al’umma na kwanaki bayan da ta amsa laifinta na keta umarnin kullen.
Jenifa's Diary
Your Excellency
A Trip to Jamaica
Return of Jenifa
Moms at War
Chief Daddy
Married but Living Single
Emi Abata
Love Wahala
Ladies Gang
Anointed Liars
Bolode O'ku
Ija Ola
Aje Metta
Apoti Orogun
Atanpako Meta
Kakaki 'leku
Omo Pupa
Taiwo Taiwo
Baye se Nlo
Oba Irawo
Okun Ife Yi
Odun Baku
Oreke Mulero
Osuwon Edaf
Kyaututtuka da kuma gabatarwa
Haɗin waje
Funke Akindele on I.M.D.b
Haifaffun 1976
Rayayyun Mutane |
23821 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mido | Mido | Ahmed Hossam Hussein Abdelhamid ( ; an haifi shi a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar ta alif1983), wanda aka fi sani da Mido, shine manajan ƙwallon ƙafa na Masar kuma tsohon ɗan wasan da ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba .
Mido ya fara aikinsa tare da Zamalek a Masar a shekarar 1999. Ya bar kulob din zuwa Gent na Belgium a shekarar 2000, inda ya ci takalmin Ebony na Belgium . Wannan ya haifar da komawa Ajax ta Holland a shekarar 2001, daga inda ya koma Celta Vigo a matsayin aro a shekara ta 2003. Makomarsa ta gaba ita ce Marseille a Faransa kuma ya bar su zuwa Roma ta Italiya a shekarar 2004. Ya kuma koma ƙungiyar Tottenham Hotspur ta Ingila a matsayin aro na watanni 18 a shekarar 2005 sannan daga karshe ya koma kulob din a shekarar 2006. Ya bar kulob din a shekara ta 2007 don komawa Middlesbrough, daga inda ya koma Wigan Athletic, Zamalek, West Ham United da Ajax a matsayin aro. A cikin shekarar 2011, ya sake komawa Zamalek, kafin ya shiga Barnsley a shekarar 2012. Ya kuma bugawa Masar wasanni 51, inda ya ci kwallaye 20. Mido ya yi ritaya daga kwallon kafa a watan Yunin shekarar 2013.
Aikin kulob
An haife shi a Alkahira, Mido ya fara aiki tare da kasar Masar Premier League kulob din Zamalek a shekarar 1999. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar a ranar 22 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2000 a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da El Qanah. A Mako mai zuwa, Mido ya ci kwallaye biyu na farko a kan Aluminum Nag Hammâdi, wanda Zamalek ya ci 3 - 2. Wasansa na farko na Afirka ya zo ne a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2000, a wasan da suka doke Habasha Coffee da ci 2-1, wanda ya kai jimillar kwallaye 3 - 3, wanda hakan ya sa aka yanke hukuncin wasan a bugun fenariti. Zamalek ta ci 4-2. Daga karshe Zamalek ya kai wasan karshe na cin Kofin Afirka na shekarar 2000, inda ya doke Canon Yaoundé na Kamaru da ci 4 - 3. Ayyukan Mido a ƙarshe ya jawo sha'awa daga ƙungiyar Gent ta Belgium.
A cikin shekarar 2000, yana da shekaru 17, Mido ya sanya hannu kan Gent. Da farko, ya yi fama da kewar gida, kuma ya koma Masar jim kadan bayan ya isa Belgium, kawai ya kasance a cikin matsanancin halin mahaifinsa. Yin aiki tuƙuru don yaƙar ajiyar ajiyar sa, a ƙarshe Mido ya ci nasara akan su, a cikin nasa kalmomin yana samun "tunanin ƙwararre". Manajan Gent Patrick Remy ya gamsu da yadda Mido ya bi da batun kuma ya inganta shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko a watan Satumbar shekarar 2000, inda ya sanya shi da farko akan kujerar masu maye gurbin. Duk da haka, Mido ya ci gaba da burge Remy, wanda ya yi tsokaci kan "alhakinsa ... [da] manyan fasahar fasaha". Daga ƙarshe ya zama ƙungiya ta farko, kuma ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2000 a cikin nasarar 4-1 da Eendracht Aalst. A ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2000, ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a wasan da gida ta doke Standard Liège da ci 2-1. Wasansa na farko na Turai ya zo ne a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2000, inda Gent ya sha kashi a hannun Ajax da ci 6-0. Ya zama mai son magoya baya, kuma 'yan jaridun Belgium sun yabe shi a ƙarshen kakar. Mido ya ci gaba da lashe takalmin Ebony na Belgium a shekarar 2001 a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan wasan Afirka a rukunin farko na Belgium, tare da sanya masa suna "Gano Shekara". Kamar yadda ya jawo sha'awa daga manyan kulob a Belgium da waje, ya ƙare kakar tare da rawar gani a kan Royal Antwerp, inda ya zira ɗaya daga cikin burin Gent a nasarar 3 - 1 tare da kafa sauran biyun. Bayan shekaru biyu, Remy ya kwatanta wasan da wani ɗan jaridar Masar, yana mai cewa "Mido ya yi komai." Ya kammala kakar bana da kwallaye 11 daga wasanni 21, yayin da Gent ya kare a matsayi na biyar, inda ya ba su dama a kakar wasa mai zuwa ta UEFA Intertoto Cup .
Bayan nasarar da ya samu a Belgium tare da Gent, Mido ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da kungiyar Eredivisie Ajax a shekarar 2001. Ya ji rauni a lokacin wasansu na cin Kofin UEFA da Limassol, bayan sun yi karo da mai tsaron baya . Ya dawo dawowar kungiyar da Heerenveen, wasan da Ajax ta sha kashi 5-1. Koyaya, an kore shi daga wasan Twente, bayan ya harbi Spira Grujić yayin da yake ƙoƙarin doke shi zuwa ƙwallo, wanda daga baya aka dakatar da shi wasanni uku. Ya dawo Ajax da Vitesse, inda ya zo a matsayin wanda ya canza a minti na 75. Ya gaza zabar sa don maye gurbin benci da Feyenoord a cikin watan Maris na shekarar 2002, wanda ya faru ne sakamakon karamin rikici da kocin Ronald Koeman, kuma Mido ya tafi hutu na dan lokaci a Alkahira. Mido ya zira kwallaye a wasan da Ajax ta doke Utrecht a wasan karshe na KNVB Cup, ma'ana ya kawo karshen kakar shekarar 2001-02 tare da League League da Cup biyu.
Ya yi wasa na mintuna 32 kawai da Groningen, bayan wasan da ba shi da ƙira. Ya ce daga baya ya gaji kuma yana dauke da rauni kadan a lokacin wasan, amma Koeman ya soki Mido yana mai cewa baya bayar da komai. Ya bayyana a watan Satumbar shekarar 2002 cewa yana son barin Ajax a kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa a karshen Disamba. Koyaya, Mido ba da daɗewa ba ya nemi afuwa ga Koeman da Leo Beenhakker game da bayanan canja wurin, yana cewa "mara nauyi ne" kuma "mara tunani". An ba shi tara sannan aka dakatar da shi daga wasan Ajax da Olympique Lyonnais . A watan Disamba na waccan shekarar, ya bayyana cewa yana son ci gaba da zama a Ajax. Ya ci wa Ajax kwallaye a wasan da suka doke Willem II da ci 6-0 a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2003, amma Koeman ya sake sukar Mido, inda yayi sharhi mara kyau game da wasan sa da Roda a gasar KNVB. An jefa shi a wasan Ajax na gaba da Feyenoord, kawai yana nuna azaman wanda ba a amfani da shi ba. Ya ji rauni a tsokarsa a cinyarsa ta sama bayan wasan sada zumunci da ya yi da Masar, kuma an cire shi daga wasan Ajax da Groningen. An mayar da Mido zuwa kungiyar ajiyar Ajax saboda dalilan ladabtarwa, ke kewaye da rashin fahimtar kokari. Halinsa a kulob din ya haifar da sha'awa daga kungiyoyin Serie A Juventus da Lazio kuma daga baya ya yarda cewa ya jefa almakashi ga abokin wasan Ajax Zlatan Ibrahimović bayan muhawara a watan Maris shekarar 2003.
Loan zuwa Celta Vigo
Celta Vigo ta yi tayin ba da lamuni ga Mido a watan Maris, wanda aka ba da rahoton cewa ya fadi kwanaki bayan haka saboda FIFA ba ta amince da shi ba. Koyaya, a ƙarshe FIFA ta ba da izinin aiwatar da matakin kuma an kammala shi ranar 18 ga watan Maris. Ya zira kwallaye a wasan farko na Celta Vigo da Athletic Bilbao, wanda Celta ta ci 2-1. Ajax ta kimanta Mido tsakanin ƙimar € 5 miliyan da € 6 miliyan, a tsakanin sha'awa daga kungiyoyi a Italiya da Spain. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Newcastle United na gab da yin tayin Mido a watan Mayu, amma wakilin Mido Christophe Henrotay ya hana hakan. Ajax ta yi kokarin mayar da shi kulob din, amma ya ki amincewa da hakan, domin ya ci gaba da zama a Celta. Ya ji rauni a lokacin da yake horo a watan Mayu, amma yana da damar buga wasan Celta da Villarreal CF, wanda ya ga an kori Mido a wasan da Celta ta sha kashi ci 5-0. An danganta Mido da komawa AS Roma a karshen watan Mayu, inda shugaban Roma Franco Sensi ya furta "Ina son Mido", amma Ajax ya bayyana suna son € 15 miliyan a gare shi. Ajax ta ki amincewa da komawar Real Betis zuwa Mido a watan Yuni. Daga nan an yi imanin Marseille ta yi tayin dan wasan kuma Celta ba ta shirya biyan kudin da Ajax ke nema na € 15 ba. miliyan.
Ajax ta karɓi € 12 miliyan don neman Mido daga Marseille a watan Yuli, kuma ya kammala tafiya akan kwangilar shekaru biyar a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli 2003, wanda ya sanya Mido ya zama ɗan wasan Masar mafi tsada har abada. Ya fara buga wa Marseille wasa a wasan da suka doke Guingamp da ci 1-0 ranar 1 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2003. Jean-Pierre Papin ya yaba wa Mido, yana mai cewa ya rage ga 'yan wasa irin sa ne Ligue 1 na Faransa ke cikin manyan wasannin Turai. Ya zira kwallaye a ragar Real Madrid a wasan cin Kofin Zakarun Turai na UEFA a watan Nuwamba, wanda Marseille ta sha kashi 2-1.
Mido ya bayyana a cikin watan Maris 2004 cewa zai iya barin Marseille a ƙarshen kakar 2003-04. An yi imanin wata kungiyar Ingila da wasu kungiyoyin Spain da yawa suna son siyan Mido, wanda Didier Drogba ya rufe shi a Marseille. Atlético Madrid, Zaragoza, Osasuna da tsohon kulob din Celta Vigo duk an yi ta rade -radin za su sayi Mido, inda Daraktan Fasaha Toni Muñoz ya tabbatar da sha'awar Atlético. A halin da ake ciki, an kama Mido cikin hanzari akan hanyar zuwa wasan Marseille da AS Monaco, wanda ya haifar da zaman kotu. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa Roma a shirye take ta sayi Mido akan kudi € 9 miliyan duk da cewa Mido zai ji rauni a sauran wasannin kwallon kafa na Faransa. Kungiyar Be Turkishiktaş ta Turkiyya ta bayyana cewa suna son siyan sa, kuma Mido ya ce zai tattauna da Bobby Robson kan yiwuwar komawa Newcastle United .
A ƙarshe Mido ya rattaba hannu ga Roma a ranar ƙarshe na kasuwar canja wuri ta bazara ta shekarar 2004, akan kuɗin € 6 miliyan, ta sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. An tabbatar da cewa ba zai buga wasan farko na kakar ba, kuma mai yiwuwa wasanni biyu masu zuwa. An daure Mido don buga wasansa na farko a Roma da Messina a watan Satumbar shekarar 2004, wasan da ya yi wasa a zahiri, amma Roma ta yi rashin nasara 4-3. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa ana iya sayar da Mido ga Valencia a yarjejeniyar musaya da Bernardo Corradi kuma ana alakanta shi da komawa Manchester City ta Premier . An yi imanin Southampton na da Mido a cikin jerin sunayen wadanda za su kai hari, amma wakilinsa Christophe Henrotay ya ce Roma ba za ta yarda ta bar Mido ya bar kulob din ba. Har ma an ba da rahoton cewa an ba shi ga Southampton a matsayin aro amma sabon wakilinsa, Mino Raiola, ya sake maimaita ikirarin da aka yi cewa Roma na son ci gaba da Mido har zuwa, aƙalla, ƙarshen kakar. An danganta shi da komawa Tottenham Hotspur, tare da wakilin sa ya tabbatar yana son barin Roma.
Tottenham Hotspur
Tottenham ta sayo Mido a matsayin aro na watanni 18 a ranar 28 ga watan Janairu 2005. Ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasansa na farko na Tottenham da Portsmouth a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairu 2005. Ya zira kwallaye 3 cikin wasanni 11 a lokacin 2004-05 na Tottenham. Mido ya ba da sanarwar shirye -shirye a cikin watan Yuli 2005 don ƙaddamar da makarantar kwallon kafa ta kansa a Masar, wanda ke da niyyar haɓaka ƙwararrun matasan ƙasar. A cikin watan Janairu 2006, ya bayyana cewa baya son komawa Roma a ƙarshen kakar 2005-06, amma ya sanya hannu tare da Tottenham na dindindin. Manajan Tottenham Martin Jol ya ce kulob din yana da kwarin gwiwar sayo Mido kan yarjejeniyar din -din -din saboda kyawawan ayyukan da yake yi, amma daga baya ya yarda cewa Tottenham na iya shan kashi wajen kiyaye Mido, tare da sauran kungiyoyin da ke sha'awar sa hannu. An ci gaba da yin shakku game da tafiyarsa ta dindindin a cikin watan Afrilu 2006, bayan da ya sami sabuwar matsalar rauni. Ya sha wahala daga wani ƙaramin sashi na magoya bayan Southampton da West Ham United a 2005. Manajan West Ham Alan Pardew ya nemi afuwar Mido saboda cin zarafin da magoya baya suka yi masa. Ya kammala kakar 2005-06 da kwallaye 11 a wasanni 27, ma'ana shine dan wasan Tottenham na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a raga. Tottenham ta tabbatar a watan Mayun shekarar 2006 cewa Mido zai koma Roma.
Sai dai Mido ya sake komawa Tottenham a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta akan yarjejeniyar dindindin akan kudi € 6.75 miliyan. Bayan ya dawo Tottenham ya yi sharhi a shafin yanar gizon kungiyar cewa "a koyaushe yana sane a cikin zuciyarsa zai dawo" kuma "ba zai iya jira ya ja rigar Tottenham ba, ya yi wasa a Lane kuma ya zira wasu kwallaye" . Koyaya, jim kaɗan bayan wannan, manajan Martin Jol ya zargi Mido da "rashin gaskiya da rashin girmamawa", bayan kalaman da Mido yayi game da tsohon dan wasan Tottenham Sol Campbell . Bayan da ya kasa zira kwallaye a wasanni biyar na farko a matsayin dan wasan Tottenham na dindindin, a ƙarshe ya sami raga a kan abokan hamayyarsa West Ham tare da bugun ƙwallo a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba 2006, kuma ya biyo bayan hakan tare da kwallaye biyu a kan Milton Keynes na League Two . Dons a gasar League Cup . Dole ne ya yi gwagwarmaya da zama na huɗu a layi don ɗaya daga cikin wurare biyu masu ban sha'awa, amma ya dage cewa wannan alama ce ta ƙarfin kulob, kuma wani abu ne da ya sani sosai kafin ya koma ƙungiyar. Koyaya, an danganta shi da komawa Manchester City. Mido ya ci abin da ya zama burinsa na karshe ga Tottenham a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2007 a kan Arsenal, amma yuwuwar komawarsa Manchester City ya fadi cikin rabin sa'a kafin rufe kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa. A ƙarshe ya yarda cewa ya yi kuskure ta hanyar shiga Tottenham a yarjejeniyar dindindin. Ya ƙare kakar 2006 - 07 tare da bayyanuwa 23 da kwallaye 5.
Tottenham ta amince da £ 6 miliyan tare da Birmingham City don Mido a ranar 20 ga watan Yuli 2007. Manajan Birmingham Steve Bruce ya ce matakin ya kusa durkushewa, yayin da rahotanni ke cewa kwangilar ta lalace kan albashi da tsawon kwantiragin da Mido ke bukata. A ƙarshe yarjejeniyar ta ɓarke ne a kan wata magana da Mido ya dage ta na cikin kwantiragin. A watan Agustan 2007 Sunderland ta yi fam 6 miliyan suka yi masa tayin kuma suka tattauna, bayan haka Birmingham ta tabbatar da cewa suna ƙoƙarin farfado da yarjejeniyar su don shiga Mido. Daga nan Middlesbrough ta bayyana sha’awar su ta sa hannu, wanda ya yi daidai da fam 6 miliyan Birmingham da Sunderland kuma an ba su izinin magana da shi. Daga karshe sun sanya hannu kan Mido akan kudi £ 6 miliyan akan kwangilar shekaru hudu a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2007. Ya zira kwallaye a wasansa na farko a Middlesbrough da Fulham da kuma wasansa na farko a gida da Newcastle United . A yayin wasan Newcastle, an bayar da rahoton cewa Mido ya fuskanci cin zarafin Islama daga wasu magoya bayan Newcastle, wanda Hukumar Kwallon Kafa (FA) za ta bincika.
Ya sha wahala a danniya karaya da pubic kashi wanda ya hana shi fita don fiye da watanni uku daga watan Nuwamba 2007 har ya koma ga na farko-tawagar mataki domin Middlesbrough ta da ci 2-0 FA Cup nasara a kan Mansfield Town a ranar 26 Janairu 2008. An kore shi a minti na 80 a wasan da suka yi da Arsenal a ranar 15 ga watan Maris shekarar 2008 bayan ya harbi Gaël Clichy a fuska tare da takalminsa, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu haramcin wasanni uku. Mido da aka fitar da mulki ga saura daga cikin 2007-08 kakar a watan Afrilu wadannan wata hernia aiki a kan wani pelvic rauni. Ya yi benci a wasan farko da Middlesbrough za ta kara da tsohon kulob din Tottenham kuma ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin a cikin minti na 82 kuma ya zira kwallaye bayan mintuna hudu bayan ya karkare bugun Didier Digard . Karshen mako mai zuwa ya gan shi ya ci Liverpool a Anfield don sanya Middlesbrough 1 - 0 a gaba, amma a ƙarshe sun sha kashi a wasan da ci 2-1. Wannan ya biyo bayan kwallaye a kan Yeovil Town a gasar League Cup da Portsmouth a gasar. Wasu magoya bayan Newcastle sun sake yi wa Mido hari yayin dumama kafin wasan Middlesbrough 0-0, tare da ikirarin cewa FA na binciken wakar wariyar launin fata. Ya bayyana fushinsa kan binciken hukumar FA, yana ganin ba za su yi wani banbanci ga duk wani cin zarafi da za a yi nan gaba ba. A ƙarshe an kama mutane biyu a kan yin waƙar kuma za su bayyana a Kotun Majistare ta Teesside.
Loan zuwa Wigan Athletic
Mido ya shiga tattaunawa da Wigan Athletic kan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni shida, kuma ya kammala tafiya a ranar 23 ga watan Janairu 2009. Ya zira kwallaye a karon farko tare da burin daidaitawa da Liverpool tare da bugun fenariti a wasan 1-1 ranar 28 ga watan Janairu. Ya ci wa Wigan kwallaye a wasan da Arsenal ta doke su da ci 4-1 kuma ya kammala zaman aro tare da buga wasanni 12 da kwallaye 2. Wadannan Middlesbrough ta relegation zuwa Championship, ya kasa bayar da rahoton zuwa pre-kakar horo, kuma ya ƙarshe aka ci tarar da kulob din bayan ba juya up bayan makwanni biyu. Ya koma horo kwana daya bayan wannan.
Loan zuwa Zamalek
Middlesbrough ta karɓi tayin da ba a bayyana ba ga Mido daga wani kulob da ba a bayyana sunanta ba a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, kuma ya kammala komawa zuwa tsohuwar ƙungiyar Zamalek a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, wanda ke da zaɓi na siyan shi na dindindin idan sun sami damar cika sharuddan Middlesbrough. . A ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, Mido ya buga wa Zamalek wasan farko na rashin nasara, inda ya bata fenariti na biyu yayin da Zamalek ya jefar da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da ci 2-1 ga Petrojet a gasar Premier ta Masar .
Loan zuwa West Ham United
Mido ya koma West Ham United a matsayin aro na wata hudu a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 bayan yarjejeniyar zamansa da Zamalek ta kare. Ya ce "Dole ne na sadaukar da wasu abubuwa amma ina nan don sake buga kwallon kafa kuma ina nan don tabbatar da ma'ana. Ina matukar farin cikin kasancewa a nan, babban kulob ne - kuma na tabbata zan yi kyau a nan. ” Shugaban West Ham David Sullivan ya ba da sanarwar cewa domin Mido ya tabbatar da makomar kwallon kafa na dogon lokaci, kwantiraginsa da West Ham ya sanya shi cikin mafi karancin albashi a gasar Premier. Sullivan ya ce "Ba ya son a san shi a matsayin 'ya kasance' na wasan kwallon kafa na Ingila, don haka ya yarda ya zo nan don yin wasa a kan kudin da bai dace ba, fam dubu daya kacal a mako." Ya fara buga wa West Ham wasa a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu a wasan da suka doke Burnley da ci 2-1. A cikin wasanni tara da ya buga wa West Ham ya kasa zira kwallo kuma ya tsira da bugun fenariti a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Everton . A watan Yuni shekarar 2010, West Ham ta yanke shawarar ba ta sabon kwantiragi.
Loan zuwa Ajax
Ajax ta shiga tattaunawa da Middlesbrough kan siyan Mido a kyauta a watan Yuli. A ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar aro na shekara guda. Mido ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010, inda ya maye gurbin Miralem Sulejmani a wasan da suka doke NAC Breda da ci 3-0. Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba a wasan da suka doke Veendam da ci 3-0 a gasar cin kofin Holland . Duk da ya zura kwallaye uku a wasanni shida, damar kwallon kafa ta farko ta takaita, kasancewar sau daya kawai yake kan layi. Bayan Martin Jol ya yi murabus, Mido ya rasa matsayinsa lokacin da aka nada sabon manaja Frank de Boer a ranar 6 ga Disamba 2010. A ranar 4 ga watan Janairu 2011, ya rubuta wa Ajax wasika don soke kwangilarsa.
Koma Zamalek
A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2011, Mido ya koma Zamalek kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da rabi. Koyaya, saboda kuskuren da ƙungiyar Zamalek ta yi Mido bai yi rajista ba a lokacin da zai yi wasa tare da Zamalek don haka ya zauna a sauran kakar.
A ranar 16 ga watan Yuni 2012, Mido ya amince da yarjejeniya da Barnsley na Gasar Cin Kofin Ingilishi, dangane da likita. An kammala tafiyarsa a ranar 21 ga watan Yuni 2012 lokacin da ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara guda tare da Barnsley. Mido ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2012 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Kelvin Etuhu a wasan da suka doke Huddersfield Town da ci 1-0. A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu 2013 an sake shi ta hanyar yarda tare da mai tsaron baya Lee Collins .
An sanar da yin ritayarsa daga kwallon kafa a watan Yunin shekarar 2013.
Kafin ya yi ritaya, an nada Mido Shugaban Rayuwa Mai Daraja na Tsohon Wykehamist Football Club, kulob don tsofaffin ɗaliban Kwalejin Winchester da ɗayan ƙungiyoyin da suka kafa ƙungiyar Arthurian League .
Aikin duniya
Mido ya buga wa ƙungiyar matasa ta Masar wasa sau 13 tsakanin shekarar 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2001.
Ya buga wa Masar wasanni 51 kuma ya ci kwallaye 20. Mido ya ci kwallo a wasansa na farko na kasa da kasa da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, wanda Masar ta ci 2-1. Mido ya aike da fax zuwa tawagar Masar don shaida musu cewa ba ya cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za a zaba a duniya a watan Mayun shekarar 2004, yana mai cewa ba shi da tabin hankali don shiga kungiyar. Mido yana cikin tawagar Masar da ta buga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2004 .
Kocin Masar Marco Tardelli ya sauke Mido a watan Satumbar shekarar 2004, bayan Mido ya yi ikirarin cewa ba zai buga wa tawagar kasar ba saboda raunin da ya samu, amma ya buga wasan sada zumunci da Roma awanni 24 bayan haka. Bayan kwana daya, Mido ya yi watsi da zargin cewa ya ki bugawa kasarsa wasa. Haka kuma, hukumar kwallon kafa ta Masar ta sanar da cewa ba zai sake buga wa kungiyar wasa ba. Duk da haka, an kori Tardelli a matsayin kocin Masar kuma a watan Janairun shekarar 2005 Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Masar ta ce za ta yi tunanin dawo da Mido cikin kungiyar idan zai nemi afuwa kan halinsa na baya. Mido ya tashi zuwa Alkahira a watan Fabrairun 2005 kuma ya nemi afuwar jama'a kuma a wata mai zuwa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa ta kira shi. Mido ya janye daga wasan share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da Masar ta buga da Kamaru a shekarar 2006, bayan da ya ji rauni a yayin da yake wasa da Tottenham Hotspur .
An fitar da Mido daga tawagar Masar a lokacin gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2006 sakamakon rigimar da suka yi da koci Hassan Shehata a wasan kusa da na karshe da Senegal, wanda ya faro bayan da Mido ya aikata mummunan aiki akan sauya shi. Wanda ya maye gurbinsa Amr Zaki ne ya fara zura kwallo a bugun tazara ta farko, wanda hakan ya sanya Masar shiga wasan karshe. Bayan kwana daya, Mido ya sulhunta da Shehata, amma an ba shi dakatarwar watanni shida daga buga wasa da Masar. Daga baya kungiyar ta dawo da Mido bayan dakatar da shi, a shirye don cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2008 wanda Masar ta lashe. An saka Mido cikin tawagar Masar da za ta yi wasa da Afirka ta Kudu a Landan a watan Nuwambar shekarar 2006, duk da ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa a lokacin. Duk da haka, ba a bar shi cikin tawagar Masar da za ta yi wasa da Mauritania a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka a watan Maris na shekarar 2007.
Aikin bayan ritaya
Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya koma yin nazarin wasannin Premier League da wasannin gasar zakarun Turai a tashoshin Wasannin Al Jazeera. Hakanan yana da nunin nasa akan AlHayat TV da kuma shirin kan layi akan FilGoal . Ya bayyana cewa yana da burin zama manaja bayan samun takardar shaidar da ake bukata.
Aikin gudanarwa
Kodayake ya karɓi tayin da yawa daga ƙungiyoyi kamar Paris Saint-Germain Youth Academy da Al-Masry na Masar amma ya ƙi su. An nada shi a matsayin babban kocin Zamalek bayan korar Helmy Toulan a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2014, duk da yana da shekaru 30 kacal. Mido ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa matsayi na uku a gasar Firimiyar Masar ta 2013 zuwa 14 kuma ya samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyoyin Afirka na CAF bayan rashin nasara 1-0 ga abokin hamayyarsa Al-Ahly, 2-1 a hannun Smouha na Alexandria sannan kuma a 2–0 ta ci Petrojet .</br> Mido ya yi nasarar lashe Kofin Masar da kuma tabbatar da kofin kofin a shekara ta biyu a jere, ta hanyar doke Smouha da ci 1-0, wanda ya sa ya zama mafi karancin manaja da ya lashe kofi tare da tawagarsa a Masar. A ranar 29 ga watan Yuli 2014, Hossam Hassan ya maye gurbin Mido a matsayin manajan Zamalek.
Zamalek Academy Academy
Daga baya ya amince da tayin da shugaban Zamalek Mortada Mansour ya yi na zama Daraktan Kwalejin Matasa ta Zamalek tare da nada tsohon mataimakinsa Mohamed Salah a matsayin manajan fasaha na Makarantar Matasan Zamalek . A karkashin jagorancin sa, Kungiyar U-16 ta lashe gasar Al Wehda International Championship bayan ta doke FC Steaua București U-16 da ci 2-0 a wasan karshe.
A ranar 15 ga watan Yuli 2015, shugaban Ismaily Mohamed Abo El-Soud ya sanar da cewa Mido zai zama manajan kungiyar. Ya kuma sanar da cewa Ashraf Khedr zai zama mataimakin manaja. Ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba 2015 sakamakon wata matsala da ta taso da kyaftin din kungiyar Hosny Abd Rabo .
Koma Zamalek
Shugaban Zamalek Mortada Mansour ya sanar da dawowar Mido a matsayin manajan Zamalek, ya maye gurbin Marcos Paquetá wanda ya kasa sarrafa kungiyar. Ya kuma nada Hazem Emam a matsayin babban manaja da Ismail Youssef a matsayin daraktan fasaha. Bayan wata daya kacal a matsayin manaja, an kore shi bayan rashin nasara a hannun Al Ahly da ci 2 - 0 a wasan tsere na Cairo, wanda ya haifar da kara tazara tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu zuwa maki bakwai. Daga baya Mortada Mansour ya ce hukumar ta yanke shawarar cire Mido daga matsayinsa bayan rashin da Ismaily ta yi, amma sanar da cewa an jinkirta har sai an buga wasan Alkahira Derby, don gujewa shagaltar da 'yan wasa.
A ranar 7 ga watan Yuli 2016, shugaban Lierse Maged Samy ya ba da sanarwar hayar Mido a matsayin mai ba da shawara na fasaha ga Lierse da Wadi Degla . Mido ya ce yana da burin taimakawa kulob din don samun ci gaba zuwa rukunin farko na A na Belgium .
Wadi Degla
A ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2016, an nada shi a matsayin manajan Wadi Degla har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2016 - 17 biyo bayan korar Patrice Carteron . Mido ya kuma bayyana cewa ya karɓi aikin ne domin ya cancanci cancantar lasisin UEFA A wanda ke buƙatar mai nema ya kasance yana jagorantar ƙungiya a halin yanzu.
Al Wehda
A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2018, ya zama mai ba da shawara na fasaha da manajan riko a Al Wehda, bayan korar Fábio Carille .
El Makkasa
A ranar 9 ga watan Yuni 2019, an nada Mido manajan Misr Lel Makkasa SC . Daga baya an kore shi a cikin Janairu 2020.
Rayuwar mutum
A shekarar 2002, Mido ya yi aure yana da shekara 19, daga baya kuma ya haifi 'ya'ya maza uku.
Yana dan shekara 34, ya kai a cikin nauyi wanda ya sa ya zama mai wadatar ciwon sukari ; duk da haka, ya yi nasarar rasa a cikin watanni biyar.
Ƙididdigar sana'a
Kasashen duniya
Manufofin duniya
An jera maki Masar da farko, shafi na nuna maki bayan kowane burin Mido.
Ƙididdigar gudanarwa
A matsayin dan wasa
Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka : 2000
Eredivisie : 2001–02, 2010–11
Kofin KNVB : 2001 - 02
Johan Cruijff Garkuwa : 2002
Kasashen duniya
Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka : 2006
Na ɗaya
Takalmin Ebony na Belgium : 2001
Matashin dan wasan na League na Belgium: 2000 - 01
Matashin Dan Kwallon Kafar Masar: 2000 - 01
Matashin dan wasan Afirka na shekara : 2001 - 02
A matsayin manaja
Kofin Masar : 2014
Hanyoyin waje
Mido at Soccerbase
Pages with unreviewed translations |
56987 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor%20Kostenko | Igor Kostenko | Ihor Ihorovych Kostenko ( Ukrainian ; 31 Disamba 1991 - 20 Fabrairu 2014) ɗan jarida ɗan Yukren ne, ɗan gwagwarmayar ɗalibi da Wikipedian da aka kashe yayin abubuwan Euromaidan.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Kostenko a Zubrets, Buchach Raion . Kakanninsa ne suka rene shi, yayin da iyayensa suka yi aiki da farko a Saint Petersburg. Tun yana yaro ya halarci Saint Josaphat Buchatskiy, makarantar parochial na Ukrainian Katolika a Buchach. Yana da 'yar uwa daya, Inna.
Kostenko ya sami digiri na farko a cikin shekarar 2013, kuma ya kasance dalibi na farko da ya kammala karatun digiri a fannin ilimin kasa a Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, a Yammacin Ukraine . Rubutunsa shine ci gaban masana'antar yawon shakatawa a Buchach. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida don buga kan layi na gidan yanar gizon wasanni Sportanalitika ( Sport Analytics ).
Har ila yau, ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullum ga Wikipedia na Ukrainian a ƙarƙashin sunan laƙabi Ig2000, ƙirƙirar fiye da labaran 280 akan jirgin sama, tattalin arziki, kwallon kafa da sauran batutuwa. Kostenko labarin game da Soviet halakar <i id="mwMA">Nezamozhnik</i> an gane da "Kyakkyawan Labari" rating.
Kostenko ya tafi Kyiv a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, don shiga cikin zanga-zangar Euromaidan, ƙungiyoyi masu goyon bayan Yamma da suka barke bayan da gwamnatin Ukraine ta ƙi amincewa da shawarar da ta yanke na shiga Tarayyar Turai . Ya bi sahun sauran abokansa na Lviv wajen gina shingaye don kare masu zanga-zangar. Rikicin da aka yi tsakanin masu zanga-zangar da 'yan sanda ya kara tsananta a karshen sa'o'i 19 na watan Fabrairu, kuma mahara sun fara harbi kan masu zanga-zangar.
A ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2014, an gano gawar Kostenko a kan titi, kusa da Fadar Oktoba . Ya sami raunukan harbin bindiga a kai da zuciya, da karaya da yawa a kafafunsa.
Washegari bayan mutuwarsa, abokin Kostenko Yuriy Muryn ya tuna da sadarwarsa ta ƙarshe da Kostenko. “Ya kira ni jiya ban ji karar ba. Yau na sake kiransa bai amsa ba. Ni dai ba zan iya gane shi ba, "in ji Muryn. "Kuma a lokacin tashin hankali na farko a kan Hrushevskoho ya aiko mini da lambar wayar budurwarsa, yana cewa: 'Ka gaya mata cewa ina son ta, idan wani abu ya faru.' Ina tsammanin wasa yake yi, amma da tarzoma ta sake barkewa, sai ya ce: ‘Ka tuna da roƙona?’”.
A ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu, wani jerin gwano na daruruwan mutane sun bi sahun motarsa dauke da Kostenko daga Kyiv zuwa Lviv don jana'izarsa. Sama da masu zaman makoki 500 ne suka gudanar da bikin baje kolin kyandir a Ternopil. Kostenko da wasu shida da aka kashe daga Euromaidan an yi makoki a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu a bikin haihuwar Budurwa mai albarka a Lviv.
A ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2014, tare da sauran masu fafutuka da aka kashe a lokacin Euromaidan, Kostenko an ba shi lambar yabo ta " Hero of Ukraine ," lambar yabo mafi girma na kasa da dan kasar Ukrainian zai iya samu.
Kostenko kuma an nada shi 2014 Wikipedian na Shekara . Wanda ya kafa Wikipedia Jimmy Wales ya sanar da kyautar a lokacin taron Wikimania na 2014 a watan Agusta a Landan. Wales ta ba da kyautar ga 'yar'uwar Kostenko, Inna, a watan Satumba a Kyiv.
Mujallar Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Kimiyya ta Ukraine posthumously mai suna Kostenko "Student of the Year." An sake sanyawa dakin taro a Jami'ar Lviv suna "Ihor Kostenko Memorial Auditorium" don girmama shi. An saka ƙarin plaque a makarantar sakandarensa, Saint Josaphat Buchatskiy.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Haihuwan 1991
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Editocin Wikimedia na Shekara |
20271 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft | Microsoft | Microsoft Corporation ( /m aɪ k r ə s ɒ f t /, /-k r oʊ - / ) ne American manyan fasahar kamfanin da hedikwata a Redmond, Washington . Yana haɓaka, ƙera, lasisi, tallafi, da siyar da software na komputa, kayan masarufi na lantarki, kwamfutoci na sirri, da sabis masu alaƙa. Abubuwan sanannun kayan aikinta sune layin Microsoft Windows na tsarin aiki, da Microsoft Office suite, da kuma Internet Explorer da Edge masu bincike na yanar gizo . Manyan kayan aikin ta sune Xbox consoles game video video da Microsoft Surface jeri na kwamfutocin sirri na fuskar fuska. Microsoft ya kasance A'a. 21 a cikin martabar 2020 Fortune 500 na manyan kamfanonin Amurka ta hanyar kudaden shiga gaba daya; ita ce babbar mai samar da software a duniya ta kudaden shiga har zuwa shekarar 2016. Ana ɗaukarta ɗayan manyan Kamfanoni biyar a masana'antar fasahar ba da bayanai ta Amurka, tare da Google, Apple, Amazon, da Facebook .
Microsoft (kalmar ita ce tashar komputa na "microcomputer software" ) wanda Bill Gates da Paul Allen suka kafa a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta alif1975, don haɓaka da sayar da masu fassarar BASIC don Altair 8800 . Ya tashi ya mamaye kasuwar tsarin komputa na mutum tare da MS-DOS a tsakiyar 1980s, sannan Microsoft Windows yana biye da ita. Hadayar jama'a ta farko ta kamfanin 1986 (IPO), da hauhawar da ta gabata a farashin rabonta, sun kirkiro masu kudi biliyan uku da kimanin 12,000 miliyoyin kuɗi tsakanin ma'aikatan Microsoft. Tun daga 1990s,ya ƙara haɓaka daga kasuwar tsarin aiki kuma ya sami samfuran kamfanoni da yawa, mafi girman su shine samun LinkedIn na $ 26.2 biliyan a cikin watan Disambar, shekarar 2016, suka biyo baya ta hanyar sayen Technologies na Skype akan $ 8.5 biliyan a cikin watan Mayu, shekarar 2011.
, Microsoft is market-dominant in the IBM PC compatible operating system market and the office software suite market, although it has lost the majority of the overall operating system market to Android.The company also produces a wide range of other consumer and enterprise software for desktops, laptops, tabs, gadgets, and servers, including Internet search (with Bing), the digital services market (through MSN), mixed reality (HoloLens), cloud computing (Azure), and software development (Visual Studio).
Steve Ballmer ya maye gurbin Gates a matsayin Shugaba a 2000,daga baya ya yi tunanin dabarun "na'urori da aiyuka".Wannan ya bayyana ne tare da kamfanin Microsoft da ke samun Danger Inc a shekarar 2008,shiga kasuwar kera kwamfutocin mutum a karon farko a watan Yunin 2012 tare da ƙaddamar da layin Microsoft Surface na kwamfutocin kwamfutar hannu, sannan daga baya ya samar da Microsoft Mobile ta hanyar mallakar Nokia's na'urorin da sabis.Tunda Satya Nadella ta hau kujerar Shugaba a shekarar 2014, kamfanin ya sake komowa kan kayan aiki kuma ya mai da hankali ga aikin sarrafa girgije,wani yunkuri da ya taimaka hannun jarin kamfanin ya kai matsayin da ya fi shi tun watan Disamba, shekara ta alif 1999.
Tun da fari Apple ya kwace shi a cikin shekarar 2010, a cikin shekarar 2018, Microsoft ya sake dawo da matsayinsa a matsayin kamfanin da ya fi kowane dan kasuwa ciniki a duniya.A watan Afrilu, na shekarar 2019, Microsoft ya kai darajar kasuwar trillion-dollar,ya zama kamfanin kamfanin Amurka na uku da aka kiyasta kan $ 1 tiriliyan bayan Apple da Amazon bi da bi. , Microsoft yana da ƙimar daraja ta uku mafi girma a fadin duniya.
1972–1985: Kafa
Abokan ƙuruciya Bill Gates da Paul Allen sun nemi yin kasuwanci ta amfani da ƙwarewar su a cikin shirye-shiryen kwamfuta . A cikin shekara ta alif 1972, sun kafa Traf-O-Data, wanda ke siyar da komputa mai ƙwarewa don biye da nazarin bayanan zirga-zirgar motoci. Gates ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Harvard yayin da Allen ya ci gaba da karatun digiri a kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Jihar Washington, kodayake daga baya ya bar aiki a Honeywell . Fitowar fitowar Watan Lantarki ta watan Janairu, shekara ta alif 1975, ta Micro Instrumentation da Telemetry Systems 's (MITS) Altair 8800 microcomputer, wanda ya zaburar da Allen ya ba da shawarar cewa za su iya shirya mai fassara BASIC don na'urar. Gates ya kira MITS ya yi da'awar cewa yana da mai fassara, kuma MITS ta nemi a yi zanga-zangar. Allen ya yi aiki a kan na'urar kwaikwayo ta Altair yayin da Gates ya haɓaka mai fassara, kuma ya yi aiki ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba lokacin da suka nuna shi ga MITS a watan Maris, na shekara ta alif 1975, a Albuquerque, New Mexico . MITS sun yarda su rarraba shi, suna tallata shi azaman Altair BASIC . Gates da Allen sun kafa Microsoft a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta alif 1975, tare da Gates a matsayin Shugaba, kuma Allen ya ba da shawarar sunan "Micro-Soft", a takaice don software na ƙananan kwamfutoci. A watan Agusta, shekara ta alif 1977, kamfanin ya kulla yarjejeniya tare da ASCII Magazine a Japan, wanda ya haifar da ofishin farko na duniya na ASCII Microsoft . Microsoft ya dauke hedkwatarsa zuwa Bellevue, Washington a watan Janairun, shekara ta alif 1979.
Microsoft ya shiga kasuwancin tsarin aiki (OS) a cikin shekarar 1980, tare da nasa iri na Unix da ake kira Xenix, amma MS-DOS ne ya tabbatar da mamayar kamfanin. IBM ya ba da kwangila ga Microsoft a watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 1980, don ósamar da sigar CP / M OS don amfani da shi cikin IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC). Don wannan yarjejeniyar, Microsoft ta sayi clone / CP mai suna 86-DOS daga Seattle Computer Products wanda ta sanya alama a matsayin MS-DOS, kodayake IBM ya sake suna zuwa IBM PC DOS . Microsoft ya ci gaba da mallakar MS-DOS bayan fitowar IBM PC a watan Augusta, shekara ta alif 1981. IBM ya haƙƙin mallaka na IBM PC BIOS, don haka dole ne sauran kamfanoni su sake injiniya don ba kayan aikin IBM ba su yi aiki azaman masu haɗin IBM PC, amma babu irin wannan ƙuntatawa da aka yi amfani da tsarin aiki. Daga ƙarshe Microsoft ya zama babban mai sayar da tsarin sarrafa PC. Kamfanin ya faɗaɗa cikin sabbin kasuwanni tare da fitowar Mouse na Microsoft a cikin shekara ta alif 1983, da kuma tare da sashen buga littattafai mai suna Microsoft Press . Paul Allen ya yi murabus daga kamfanin Microsoft a shekara ta alif 1983, bayan ya kamu da cutar Hodgkin . Allen ya yi ikirarin a cikin Idea Man: Memoir daga Co-kafa Microsoft cewa Gates ya so ya narkar da kasonsa a kamfanin lokacin da aka gano shi da cutar Hodgkin saboda bai yi tunanin cewa yana aiki tuƙuru ba. Daga baya Allen ya saka hannun jari a cikin ƙananan fannoni na fasaha, ƙungiyoyin wasanni, rukunin ƙasa na kasuwanci, ƙarancin kwakwalwa, sararin samaniya, da ƙari.
1985–1994: Windows da Ofishi
Microsoft ya saki Microsoft Windows a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 1985, a matsayin ƙarin hoto na MS-DOS, duk da cewa sun fara haɓaka OS / 2 tare da IBM a watan Agusta, da ya gabata. Microsoft ya dauke hedkwatarsa daga Bellevue zuwa Redmond, Washington a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta alif 1986, kuma ya fito fili a ranar 13 ga watan Maris, tare da sakamakon karuwar hajojin da aka kiyasta masu biliyan hudu da 12,000 miliyoyin kuɗi daga ma'aikatan Microsoft. Microsoft ya saki sigar OS / 2 ga asalin masana'antun kayan aiki (OEMs) a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta alif 1987. A cikin 1990, Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Tarayya ta binciki Microsoft don yiwuwar haɗin gwiwa saboda haɗin gwiwa tare da IBM, wanda ke nuna farkon farkon rikice-rikicen doka da sama da shekaru tare da gwamnati. A halin yanzu, kamfanin yana kan aiki akan Microsoft Windows NT, wanda ya dogara ƙwarai da kwafin su na lambar OS / 2. An shigo dashi ne a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta alif 1993, tare da sabon kernel mai daidaito da kuma 32-bit Win32 aikace-aikacen shirye-shiryen aikace-aikace (API), yana mai sauƙin shigo da kaya daga Windows 16-bit (tushen MS-DOS) Microsoft ya sanar da IBM na Windows NT, kuma haɗin OS / 2 ya lalace.
A cikin shekarar 1990, Microsoft sun gabatar da Microsoft Office suite wanda ya hada aikace-aikace daban kamar Microsoft Word da Microsoft Excel . A ranar 22 ga watan Mayu, Microsoft sun ƙaddamar da Windows 3.0, tare da fasalta ingantattun ƙirar mai amfani da ingantaccen yanayin kariya ga mai sarrafa Intel 386, kuma duka Office da Windows sun zama masu rinjaye a yankunansu.
A ranar 27 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif 1994, Sashen Adalci na Ma'aikatar Shari'a ya gabatar da wata sanarwa game da tasirin gasar wanda ya ce: "farawa daga shekarar 1988, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 15 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif 1994, Microsoft ya jawo yawancin OEMs don aiwatar da lasisin adawa da gasa 'kowane mai sarrafawa.' A karkashin lasisin sarrafa-injin sarrafawa, OEM na biyan Microsoft kudin masarauta ga kowace kwamfutar da ta sayar dauke da takamaiman microprocessor, ko OEM ta sayar da kwamfutar tare da tsarin aiki na Microsoft ko kuma tsarin da ba na Microsoft ba. A zahiri, biyan kuɗin masarauta ga Microsoft lokacin da ba'a amfani da kayan Microsoft yana yin azaba, ko haraji, akan amfani da OEM na tsarin PC mai aiki. Tun daga shekarar alif 1988, amfani da lasisin kere kere na Microsoft ya karu. "
1995 - 2007: Haɗa cikin Yanar gizo, Windows 95, Windows XP, da Xbox
Bayan bin bayanan Bill Gates na "bayanan Tidal Wave na Intanet" a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta alif 1995, Microsoft ya fara sake fasalin abubuwan da yake bayarwa da fadada layin samfuransa zuwa sadarwar kwamfuta da Yanar Gizon Duniya . Tare da wasu ƙananan keɓe na sababbin kamfanoni, kamar Netscape, Microsoft shine kawai babban kuma kamfani da aka kafa wanda yayi aiki da sauri don zama ɓangare na Gidan Yanar Gizon Duniya kusan tun daga farko. Sauran kamfanoni kamar Borland, WordPerfect, Novell, IBM da Lotus, kasancewa da jinkirin daidaitawa da sabon yanayin, zai ba Microsoft ikon mamaye kasuwa. Kamfanin ya saki Windows 95 a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta alif 1995, wanda ke nuna ayyukan ba da izini, sabon tsarin mai amfani tare da maɓallin farawa na sabon labari, da daidaituwa 32-bit; kwatankwacin NT, ta samar da Win32 API. Windows 95 ya kasance tare da sabis na kan layi na MSN, wanda da farko aka yi niyya ya zama mai gasa ga Intanet, da (don OEMs) Internet Explorer, mai binciken yanar gizo . Ba a haɗa Internet Explorer da akwatunan Windows Windows na kiri-kiri, saboda an buga kwalaye ɗin kafin ƙungiyar ta gama aikin gidan yanar gizon, kuma a maimakon haka aka sanya ta cikin Windows 95 Plus! shirya An goyi bayan wani babban kamfen na talla da abin da The New York Times ta kira "fitarwa, mafi frenzied, mafi tsadar gabatarwar kayan komputa a tarihin masana'antar," Windows 95 da sauri ya zama mai nasara. Branching zuwa sababbin kasuwanni a cikin shekara ta alif 1996, Microsoft da General Electric 's NBC unit sun ƙirƙiri sabon tashar tashar labaran 24/7 , MSNBC . Microsoft ya kirkiro Windows CE 1.0, sabon OS da aka tsara don na'urori tare da ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da sauran ƙuntatawa, kamar mataimakan dijital na sirri . A watan Oktoba, shekara ta alif 1997, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta gabatar da kara a Kotun Gundumar Tarayya, tana mai cewa Microsoft ta karya yarjejeniyar da aka sanya wa hannu a shekara ta alif 1994, kuma ta nemi kotun da ta dakatar da hada Internet Explorer da Windows.
A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun, shekarar 2000, Bill Gates ya mika mukamin Shugaba ga Steve Ballmer, wani tsohon abokin kwaleji na Gates kuma ma'aikacin kamfanin tun shekara ta alif 1980, yayin kirkirar sabon matsayi ga kansa a matsayin Babban Masanin Gine-ginen Software . Kamfanoni daban-daban ciki har da Microsoft sun kirkiro Allianceungiyar Amintaccen Kayan Kayan Komfuta a cikin watan Oktoba, na shekara ta alif 1999, don (a tsakanin sauran abubuwa) haɓaka tsaro da kare kayan ilimi ta hanyar gano canje-canje a cikin kayan aiki da software. Masu suka sun yi tir da ƙawancen a matsayin wata hanya ta aiwatar da ƙayyadaddun iyakoki game da yadda masu amfani da su ke amfani da software, da kuma yadda kwamfutoci ke nuna ɗabi'a, kuma a matsayin nau'i na haƙƙin haƙƙin dijital : misali yanayin da kwamfuta ba ta amintar da mai ita kawai, har ma da tsaro a kan mai shi kuma. Ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2000, an zartar da hukunci a game da Amurka v. Kamfanin Microsoft, kira kamfanin da "cin zali mai cin zali." Daga baya Microsoft ya zauna tare da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka a 2004. A ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2001, Microsoft ya fitar da Windows XP, yana haɗa manyan layi da NT na OS a ƙarƙashin lambar NT. Kamfanin ya fitar da Xbox daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga kasuwar wasan bidiyo na wasan bidiyo wanda Sony da Nintendo suka mamaye. A watan Maris 2004 Tarayyar Turai ta kawo karar cin amana a kan kamfanin, suna masu cewa ta yi amfani da ikonta na Windows OS, wanda ya haifar da hukuncin € 497 miliyan ($ 613 miliyan) da kuma buƙatar Microsoft don samar da sababbin sifofin Windows XP ba tare da Windows Media Player ba : Windows XP Home Edition N da Windows XP Professional N. A watan Nuwamba 2005, kamfanin wasan bidiyo na bidiyo na biyu, Xbox 360, ya kasance saki. Akwai nau'i biyu, fasali na asali don $ 299.99 da kuma tsarin maficici na $ 399.99.
Presentara kasancewa a cikin kasuwancin kayan aiki bayan Xbox, Microsoft a cikin 2006 ya saki jerin Zune na 'yan wasan kafofin watsa labaru na dijital, magaji na dandamali na software na baya Portable Media Center . Waɗannan sun faɗaɗa kan alƙawarin kayan aikin da suka gabata daga Microsoft bayan Asalin Microsoft na asali a cikin 1983; ya zuwa shekara ta 2007 kamfanin ya sayar da mafi kyawun kebul keyboard ( Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000 ), linzamin kwamfuta ( IntelliMouse ), da kyamaran gidan yanar gizo na tebur ( LifeCam ) a Amurka. A waccan shekarar kamfanin ya kuma ƙaddamar da Surface "tebur na dijital", daga baya aka sake masa suna PixelSense .
An sake shi a watan Janairun 2007, na gaba na Windows, Vista, ya mai da hankali ne kan fasali, tsaro da kuma sabon tsarin amfani da mai suna Aero . Microsoft Office 2007, wanda aka fitar a lokaci guda, ya nuna fasalin mai amfani da " Ribbon " wanda ya kasance babban rashi ne daga magabata. Salesarfin kasuwancin da ke da ƙarfi ya taimaka wajen samar da riba a cikin 2007. Tarayyar Turai ta sake sanya tarar of 899 miliyan ($ 1.4 biliyan) for Microsoft ta rashin yarda da Maris 2004 hukunci a kan Fabrairu 27, 2008, yana mai cewa kamfanin ya zargi abokan hamayyar m farashin for key bayanai game da workgroup da Backoffice sabobin. Microsoft ya bayyana cewa yana bin ka’idoji kuma “wadannan tarar an yi su ne kan batutuwan da suka gabata da aka warware”. 2007 kuma ya ga ƙirƙirar cibiyoyi da yawa a Microsoft, suna bin matakan kamfanonin sabar kamar Sun da IBM.
Gates ya yi ritaya daga matsayinsa na Cif Software Architect a ranar 27 ga Yunin, 2008, yanke shawara da aka sanar a watan Yuni 2006, yayin da yake riƙe da wasu mukamai da suka shafi kamfanin ban da kasancewa mai ba da shawara ga kamfanin kan muhimman ayyuka. Azure Services Platform, shigar kamfanin cikin kasuwar sarrafa kwamfuta ta Windows, wanda aka ƙaddamar a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2008. A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2009, Microsoft ya sanar da aniyarsa ta buɗe jerin shagunan sayar da kayayyakin Microsoft, kuma a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2009, Shagon Microsoft na farko da aka buɗe a Scottsdale, Arizona ; a wannan ranar an fitar da Windows 7 a hukumance ga jama'a. Windows 7 ta fi mai da hankali kan sake sabunta Vista tare da sauƙin amfani da fasalolin haɓaka abubuwa, maimakon sake aikin Windows mai yawa.
A yayin da masana'antar wayoyin zamani ta bunkasa a karshen shekarun 2000, Microsoft ta yi ta kokarin ci gaba da kasancewa tare da abokan hamayyar ta wajen samar da tsarin zamani na wayoyin zamani, inda ya koma bayan kamfanin Apple da Google wadanda ke daukar nauyin Android a Amurka. A sakamakon haka, a cikin 2010 Microsoft ta sake fasalin babban aikin babbar wayar salula, Windows Mobile, ya maye gurbin ta da sabon Windows Phone OS wanda aka fitar a watan Oktoba na shekarar. Ya yi amfani da sabon yare mai amfani da keɓaɓɓen mai amfani, wanda aka sanya wa suna "Metro", wanda ya yi amfani da fitattun sifofi masu sauƙi, rubutu da zane-zane, ta amfani da ma'anar ƙarancin aiki. Microsoft ya aiwatar da sabuwar dabara ga masana'antar software, yana samar da daidaitaccen kwarewar mai amfani a duk wayoyin zamani ta amfani da Windows Phone OS. Ya ƙaddamar da ƙawance tare da Nokia a cikin 2011 kuma Microsoft ya yi aiki tare da kamfanin don haɓaka Windows Phone, amma ya kasance abokan tarayya tare da Windows Mobile OEM HTC na dogon lokaci. Microsoft memba ne na kafuwar Open Networking Foundation da aka fara a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2011. Abokan kafa sune Google, Networking na HP, Yahoo!, Kamfanin sadarwa na Verizon, Deutsche Telekom da wasu kamfanoni 17. Wannan ƙungiya mai zaman kanta tana mai da hankali ne kan samar da tallafi don ƙaddamar da ƙididdigar girgije mai suna Sadarwar Sadarwar Software. An ƙaddamar da shirin ne don saurin haɓaka ta hanyar sauye-sauyen software cikin hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa, hanyoyin sadarwar mara waya, cibiyoyin bayanai da sauran wuraren sadarwar.
2011–2014: Windows 8 / 8.1, Xbox One, Outlook.com, da Surface na'urorin
Bayan fitowar Windows Phone, Microsoft ya gudanar da sake yin rajistar kayan aikinta a hankali a cikin shekarar 2011 da 2012, tare da alamun tambari, kayayyaki, aiyuka da gidajen yanar sadarwar da ke dauke da ka'idoji da dabarun yaren Metro . Microsoft ya gabatar da Windows 8, wani tsarin aiki wanda aka tsara shi don baiwa kwamfutoci da kwamfutocin hannu iko, a Taipei a watan Yunin 2011. An saki samfoti mai tasowa a ranar 13 ga Satumba, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da samfurin samfoti a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu, 2012, kuma aka sake shi ga jama'a a cikin Mayu. An gabatar da Surface ne a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni, ya zama kwamfuta ta farko a tarihin kamfanin da Microsoft ta kera kayan aikinta. A ranar 25 ga Yuni, Microsoft ya biya US $ 1.2 biliyan don siyan hanyar sadarwar Yammer . A ranar 31 ga Yuli, sun ƙaddamar da sabis ɗin gidan yanar gizo na Outlook.com don yin gogayya da Gmail . A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2012, Microsoft ya saki Windows Server 2012 .
A watan Yulin 2012, Microsoft ya sayar da kaso 50% na kamfanin na MSNBC, wanda ya yi aiki tare da hadin gwiwar kamfanin NBC tun daga 1996. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, Microsoft ya sanar da aniyarsa ta ƙaddamar da aikin labarai, wani ɓangare na sabon salon MSN, tare da Windows 8 a cikin watan. A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2012, Microsoft suka ƙaddamar da Windows 8 da Microsoft Surface . Kwana uku bayan haka, Windows Phone 8 aka ƙaddamar. Don jimre dammar karuwar bukatar kayayyaki da aiyuka, Microsoft ta bude wasu "shagunan hutu" a fadin Amurka don taimakawa yawan "Shagon bulo-da-turmi" na Shagunan Microsoft da aka bude a 2012. A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2013, Microsoft suka ƙaddamar da Patent Tracker.
A August 2012, New York City Police Department sun baiyana bude kofar sanya hannun jari da Microsoft domin samar da Domain Awareness System domin amfanin Police surveillance in New York City.
The Kinect, a motion-sensing input device made by Microsoft and designed as a video game controller, first introduced in November 2010, was upgraded for the 2013 release of the Xbox One video game console. Kinect's capabilities were revealed in May 2013: an ultra-wide 1080p camera, function in the dark due to an infrared sensor, higher-end processing power and new software, the ability to distinguish between fine movements (such as a thumb movement), and determining a user's heart rate by looking at their face. Microsoft filed a patent application in 2011 that suggests that the corporation may use the Kinect camera system to monitor the behavior of television viewers as part of a plan to make the viewing experience more interactive. On July 19, 2013, Microsoft stocks suffered their biggest one-day percentage sell-off since the year 2000, after its fourth-quarter report raised concerns among the investors on the poor showings of both Windows 8 and the Surface tablet. Microsoft suffered a loss of more than US$32 billion.
Dangane da kasuwancin PC ɗin da ke balaga, a cikin Yuli 2013, Microsoft ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sake tsara kasuwancin zuwa sabbin ɓangarorin kasuwanci guda huɗu, wato Operating System, Apps, Cloud, and Devices. Duk sassan da suka gabata za a narkar da su cikin sabbin rukunoni ba tare da an rage yawan ma’aikata ba. A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2013, Microsoft ta amince ta sayi sashin wayar hannu ta Nokia akan dala 7 biliyan, bin Amy Hood tana ɗaukar matsayin CFO.
2014–2020: Windows 10, Microsoft Edge, HoloLens
A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2014, Steve Ballmer ya sauka daga mukamin Shugaba na Microsoft kuma Satya Nadella ce ta gaje shi, wanda a baya ya jagoranci sashen Cloud da Enterprise na Microsoft. A wannan ranar, John W. Thompson ya ɗauki matsayin shugaba, a madadin Bill Gates, wanda ya ci gaba da shiga a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan fasaha. Thompson ya zama shugaba na biyu a tarihin Microsoft. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2014, Microsoft ta sayi Na'urorin Nokia da Sabis na $ 7.2 biliyan. An sake sunan wannan sabon reshen na kamfanin Microsoft Mobile Oy. A ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2014, Microsoft ta sayi kamfanin haɓaka wasan bidiyo Mojang, wanda aka fi sani da Minecraft, akan $ 2.5 biliyan. A ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2017, Microsoft ta sayi Hexadite, wani kamfanin tsaro na Isra’ila, a kan $ 100 miliyan.
A ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2015, Microsoft ta ba da sanarwar sakin fararen allo na farko, Microsoft Surface Hub . A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2015, Windows 10 an sake shi, tare da ɗan uwan uwar garken sa, Windows Server 2016, wanda aka saki a watan Satumba na 2016. A cikin Q1 2015, Microsoft shine na uku mafi girman wayoyin hannu, yana siyar da 33 miliyoyin raka'a (7.2% na duka). Yayin da babban rinjaye (aƙalla 75%) daga cikinsu ba sa gudanar da kowane sigar Windows Phone - waɗancan wayoyin ba Gartner ne ke rarrabe su azaman wayoyin komai da ruwankaa cikin lokaci guda 8 miliyoyin wayoyin salula na Windows (2.5% na duk wayoyin salula) duk masana'antun ne suka yi (amma galibi ta Microsoft). Rabon Microsoft na kasuwar wayoyin salula na Amurka a cikin Janairu 2016 ya kai kashi 2.7%. A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2015 kamfanin ya yi asarar $ 7.6 biliyoyin da ke da alaƙa da kasuwancin ta wayar hannu, ta kori ma'aikata 7,800.
A ranar 1 ga Maris, 2016, Microsoft ta ba da sanarwar hadewar komfutocin PC da Xbox, tare da Phil Spencer ya ba da sanarwar cewa aikace -aikacen Universal Windows Platform (UWP) za su zama abin da za a mayar da hankali ga wasan Microsoft a nan gaba. A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2017, Microsoft ya nuna Intune don Ilimi a taron fasahar fasaha na BETT 2017 a London . Intune don Ilimi shine sabon aikace-aikacen tushen girgije da sabis na sarrafa kayan aiki don ɓangaren ilimi. A watan Mayun 2016, kamfanin ya sanar da cewa yana sallamar ma'aikata 1,850, tare da daukar nakasa da sake fasalin dala $ 950 miliyan. A watan Yunin 2016, Microsoft ta sanar da wani aiki mai suna Microsoft Azure Information Protection. Yana da nufin taimakawa kamfanoni su kare bayanan su yayin da yake tafiya tsakanin sabobin da na'urori. A cikin Nuwamba 2016, Microsoft ya shiga Gidauniyar Linux a matsayin memba na Platinum yayin Haɗin Microsoft (); taron mai tasowa a New York. Kudin kowane memba na Platinum shine $ 500,000 a shekara. Wasu manazarta sun ɗauki wannan abin da ba a zata ba shekaru goma da suka gabata, duk da haka, kamar yadda a cikin 2001 babban jami'in Steve Ballmer ya kira Linux "kansa". Microsoft yana shirin ƙaddamar da samfotin Intune don Ilimi “a cikin makwanni masu zuwa”, tare da jadawalin jadawalin jadawalin bazara na 2017, wanda aka saka farashi akan $ 30 a kowace na’ura, ko ta hanyar yarjejeniyar lasisin girma.
A cikin Janairu 2018, Microsoft ya yi facin Windows 10 don yin lissafin matsalolin CPU da suka shafi matsalar tsaro ta Intel ta Meltdown . Alamar ta haifar da batutuwa tare da injunan Microsoft Azure masu dogaro da gine -ginen CPU na Intel. A ranar 12 ga Janairu, Microsoft ta saki PowerShell Core 6.0 don tsarin aikin macOS da Linux . A watan Fabrairun 2018, Microsoft ta kashe tallafin sanarwa don na'urorin Windows Phone ɗin su wanda ya ƙare sabunta firmware na na'urorin da aka daina. A cikin Maris 2018, Microsoft ya tuno Windows 10 S don canza shi zuwa yanayin don tsarin aikin Windows maimakon tsarin aiki na daban da na musamman. A cikin Maris kamfanin ya kuma kafa jagororin da ke toshe masu amfani da Office 365 daga amfani da ƙazanta a cikin takardu masu zaman kansu. A cikin Afrilu 2018, Microsoft ta saki lambar tushe don Mai sarrafa Fayil na Windows a ƙarƙashin lasisin MIT don murnar cikar shirin shekara 20. A watan Afrilu kamfanin ya kara nuna niyyarsa ta rungumi dabarun budewa ta hanyar sanar da Azure Sphere a matsayin tushen sa na tsarin aikin Linux . A watan Mayu 2018, Microsoft ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da hukumomin leken asirin Amurka 17 don haɓaka samfuran sarrafa girgije. A aikin da aka An Kwafa "Azure gwamnatin", kuma yana da dangantaka da hadin gwiwa ciniki Tsaro Lantarki (JEDI) kula shirin. A ranar 4 ga Yuni, 2018, Microsoft bisa hukuma ta sanar da siyan GitHub akan $ 7.5 biliyan, yarjejeniyar da aka rufe a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2018. A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2018, Microsoft ya bayyana dandalin Surface Go ga jama'a. Daga baya a cikin watan ya canza Kungiyoyin Microsoft zuwa kyauta . A watan Agusta na 2018, Microsoft ta saki wasu ayyuka guda biyu da ake kira Microsoft AccountGuard da Kare Dimokuradiyya. Hakanan ya bayyana dacewa Snapdragon 850 don Windows 10 akan ginin ARM .
A watan Agusta 2018, Toyota Tsusho ya fara haɗin gwiwa tare da Microsoft don ƙirƙirar kayan aikin kiwon kifi ta amfani da Microsoft Azure suite don fasahar Intanet na abubuwa (IoT) da suka shafi sarrafa ruwa. Masu bincike daga Jami’ar Kindai suka haɓaka shi, kayan aikin famfon ruwa suna amfani da hankali na wucin gadi don ƙidaya yawan kifaye a kan mai ɗaukar kaya, bincika adadin kifayen, da cire tasirin kwararar ruwa daga bayanan da kifin ke bayarwa. Takamaiman shirye -shiryen kwamfuta da ake amfani da su a cikin aikin sun faɗi ƙarƙashin Koyar da Injin Azure da dandamalin Azure IoT Hub. A watan Satumba 2018, Microsoft ta daina Skype Classic . A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2018, Microsoft ta shiga cikin Community Network Invention Network duk da cewa ta mallaki sama da 60,000 na haƙƙin mallaka. A watan Nuwamba 2018, Microsoft ta amince ta samar da na’urorin kai magana na Microsoft na HoloLens 100,000 ga sojojin Amurka don “kara yawan mutuwa ta hanyar inganta iya ganowa, yanke hukunci da shiga gaban abokan gaba.” A cikin Nuwamba 2018, Microsoft ya gabatar da Inganta Tabbatar da Multi-Factor na Azure don Microsoft Azure. A cikin Disamba 2018, Microsoft ta sanar da Project Mu, sigar buɗe tushen tushen Babban Haɗin Firmware Interface (UEFI) wanda aka yi amfani da shi a samfuran Microsoft Surface da Hyper-V. Aikin yana inganta ra'ayin Firmware azaman Sabis . A cikin wannan watan, Microsoft ta ba da sanarwar buɗe tushen aiwatar da Fom ɗin Windows da Gidauniyar Gabatarwar Windows (WPF) wanda zai ba da damar ƙarin motsi na kamfanin zuwa ga sakin gaskiya na manyan mahimman hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen haɓaka aikace -aikacen tebur na Windows da software. Disamba kuma ya ga kamfanin ya daina aikin Microsoft Edge don fifita tallafin baya na Chromium don masu binciken su.
20 ga Fabrairu, 2019 Kamfanin Microsoft ya ce zai ba da AccountGuard sabis na tsaro na yanar gizo ga sabbin kasuwanni 12 a Turai ciki har da Jamus, Faransa da Spain, don rufe gibin tsaro da kare abokan ciniki a sararin siyasa daga kutse. A watan Fabrairun 2019, daruruwan ma’aikatan Microsoft sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da cinikin yakin kamfanin daga $ 480 miliyoyin kwangila don haɓaka lasifikan kai na gaskiya ga Sojojin Amurka .
2020 -gabatar: Sayi, Xbox Series X/S, Windows 11
A ranar 26 ga Maris, 2020, Microsoft ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana siyan Tabbatattun Hanyoyin Sadarwa na kusan $ 1.35 biliyan. Sakamakon barkewar cutar COVID-19, Microsoft ta rufe dukkan shagunan saida kayan ta har abada saboda matsalolin lafiya. A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2020, Microsoft ya ba da sanarwar shirin rufe sabis na Mixer, yana shirin ƙaura abokan haɗin gwiwa zuwa Wasannin Facebook . A Yuli 31, 2020, an bayar da rahoton cewa Microsoft ya tattaunawa don saya TikTok bayan da trump gwamnati da umarnin ByteDance zuwa divest ikon mallakar daga cikin aikace-aikace ga Amurka A Agusta 3, 2020, bayan da hasashe a kan yarjejeniyar, Donald trump ya fa cewa Microsoft na iya siyan aikace -aikacen, duk da haka yakamata a kammala shi zuwa 15 ga Satumba, 2020 kuma ya kamata Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka ta karɓi wani kaso idan za ta wuce. A ranar 5 ga Agusta, 2020, Microsoft ta dakatar da gwajin yawo na xCloud na na'urorin iOS . A cewar Microsoft, makomar xCloud akan iOS har yanzu ba a sani ba kuma tana iya fita daga hannun Microsoft. Apple ya sanya tsauraran iyaka kan "abokan cinikin tebur mai nisa" wanda ke nufin aikace-aikacen kawai an ba su izinin haɗi zuwa na'urar mai masaukin mai amfani ko na'ura wasan bidiyo mallakar mai amfani. A ranar 21 ga Satumba, 2020, Microsoft ta sanar da aniyarta ta mallakar ZeniMax Media na kusan $ 7.5 biliyan, tare da tsammanin yarjejeniyar za ta kasance a cikin rabin rabin shekarar kasafin kudi na 2021. A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2021, an kammala siyan kayan kuma ZeniMax Media ya zama wani ɓangare na Microsoft's Xbox Game Studios division. Jimlar farashin yarjejeniyar ta kai dala biliyan 8.1. A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2020, Microsoft ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana da lasisi na musamman don amfani da janareta harshe na wucin gadi na OpenAI na GPT-3. Siffar da ta gabata ta GPT-3, da ake kira GPT-2, ta yi kanun labarai don kasancewa “masu haɗarin sakin jiki” kuma tana da fa'idodi da yawa, gami da ƙirar gidajen yanar gizo, rubuta magunguna, amsa tambayoyi da rubutun rubutu. A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Microsoft ta saki kayan wasan bidiyo na Xbox Series X da Xbox Series S.
A ranar 24 ga Yuni, 2021, Microsoft ta sanar da Windows 11 yayin raye raye. Sanarwar ta zo da rudani bayan da Microsoft ta sanar Windows 10 zai zama sigar karshe ta tsarin aiki. An shirya za a sake shi a Fall 2021.
Harkokin kamfanoni
Yan kwamitin gudanarwa
Kwamitin daraktoci ne wanda galibin kamfanonin waje ne ke gudanar da kamfanin, kamar yadda aka saba ga kamfanonin da ke kasuwanci a bainar jama'a. Membobin kwamitin gudanarwa tun daga watan Yuli 2020 sune Satya Nadella, Reid Hoffman, Hugh Johnston, Teri List-Stoll, Sandi Peterson, Penny Pritzker, Charles Scharf, Arne Sorenson, John W. Stanton, John W. Thompson, Emma Walmsley da Padmasree Warrior . Ana zaɓar membobin kwamitin kowace shekara a taron masu hannun jari na shekara -shekara ta amfani da tsarin ƙuri'a mafi rinjaye. Akwai kwamitoci guda huɗu a cikin kwamitin da ke kula da ƙarin takamaiman al'amura. Waɗannan kwamitocin sun haɗa da Kwamitin Binciken, wanda ke kula da batutuwan lissafin kuɗi tare da kamfanin da suka haɗa da dubawa da rahoto; Kwamitin diyya, wanda ya amince da diyya ga Shugaba da sauran ma'aikatan kamfanin; Kwamitin Gudanarwa da Zabe, wanda ke gudanar da harkokin kamfanoni daban -daban ciki har da nadin kwamitin; da Kwamitin Ka'idoji da Kwamitin Manufofin Jama'a, wanda ya haɗa da al'amuran doka/ƙin amincewa, tare da tsare sirri, kasuwanci, amincin dijital, hankali na wucin gadi, da dorewar muhalli.
A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2020, Gates ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai bar kwamitin daraktocin Microsoft da Berkshire Hathaway domin ya mai da hankali kan kokarin sa na alheri. A cewar Haruna Tilley na The Wall Street Journal wannan "yana nuna alamar tashi mafi girma daga cikin ɗakin kwana a masana'antar fasaha tun bayan rasuwar abokin hamayya da abokin haɗin gwiwa na Apple Inc. Steve Jobs ."
Shugabannin zartarwa
Bill Gates
Steve Ballmer
Satya Nadella (2014- yanzu)
Mai kudi
Lokacin Microsoft tafi jama'a da kuma kaddamar da farko jama'a hadaya (IPO) a 1986, da bude stock farashin da aka $ 21. bayan ranar ciniki, farashin ya rufe akan $ 27.75. Tun daga watan Yuli na 2010, tare da rabe -raben tara na kamfanin, duk wani hannun jarin IPO zai ninka da 288; idan mutum zai sayi IPO a yau, idan aka yi rabe -raben da sauran abubuwan, zai ci kusan 9 cents. Farashin hannun jari ya hau a 1999 a kusan $ 119 ($ 60.928, daidaitawa don rarrabuwa). Kamfanin ya fara bayar da rabon a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2003, yana farawa da cibi takwas a kowane kaso na shekarar kasafin kudi sannan ya biyo bayan ragin kashi goma sha shida a kowace shekara a shekara mai zuwa, yana sauyawa daga ribar shekara zuwa kashi uku a 2005 tare da kashi takwas a kowane rabo. kwata-kwata da kuma biya na musamman sau ɗaya na dala uku kowane rabon kashi na biyu na shekarar kasafin kuɗi. Kodayake kamfanin yana da ƙarin haɓakawa na biyan kuɗi, farashin hannun jarin Microsoft ya ci gaba da tsayawa tsawon shekaru.
Standard & Poor's da Moody's Investors Service duk sun ba Microsoft ƙimar AAA, wanda aka ƙiyasta kadarorinsa akan $ 41. biliyan idan aka kwatanta da $ 8.5 kawai biliyan a cikin bashin da ba a tsare ba. Sakamakon haka, a cikin watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2011 Microsoft ta saki wani haɗin kamfani wanda ya kai $ 2.25 biliyan tare da ƙarancin rancen kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da jarin gwamnati . A karon farko cikin shekaru 20 Apple Inc. ya zarce Microsoft a cikin ribar Q1 2011 da kudaden shiga kwata -kwata saboda raguwar tallace -tallace na PC da ci gaba da manyan asara a Sashin Sabis na Layi na Microsoft (wanda ya ƙunshi injin bincikensa Bing ). Ribar Microsoft ta kasance $ 5.2 biliyan, yayin da ribar Apple Inc. ta kasance $ 6 biliyan, akan kudaden shiga na $ 14.5 biliyan $ 24.7 biliyan bi da bi. Sashin Sabis na kan layi na Microsoft yana ci gaba da yin asara tun 2006 kuma a cikin Q1 2011 ya yi asarar $ 726 miliyan. Wannan ya biyo bayan asarar $ 2.5 biliyan na shekarar 2010.
A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2012, Microsoft ta buga asarar farko ta kwata kwata, duk da samun kudaden shiga na kwata da na kasafin kuɗi, tare da asarar $ 492 miliyan saboda rubutaccen garin da ya danganci kamfanin talla aQuantive, wanda aka saya akan $ 6.2 biliyan baya a 2007. Tun daga watan Janairun 2014, babban kasuwancin Microsoft ya tsaya kan $ 314B, ya mai da shi kamfani na 8 mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar babban kasuwa. A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2014, Microsoft ya wuce ExxonMobil don zama kamfani na biyu mafi ƙima ta hanyar ƙimar kasuwa, bayan Apple Inc. Jimlar darajar kasuwar ta wuce $ 410B - tare da farashin hannun jarin ya kai dala 50.04 rabon, mafi girma tun farkon 2000. A cikin 2015, Reuters ya ba da rahoton cewa Microsoft Corp yana da albashi a ƙasashen waje na $ 76.4 biliyoyin da Hukumar Harajin Cikin Gida ba ta karba ba . A karkashin dokar Amurka, kamfanoni ba sa biyan harajin samun kudin shiga kan ribar da ke kasashen waje har sai an shigo da ribar cikin Amurka.
A watan Nuwamba 2018, kamfanin ya lashe $ 480 miliyoyin kwangilar soja tare da gwamnatin Amurka don kawo ingantacciyar fasahar lasifikan kai (AR) a cikin repertoires na sojojin Amurka. Kwangilar na shekara biyu na iya haifar da bin umarnin sama da lasifikan kai 100,000, bisa ga takardun da ke bayyana tsarin yin siyarwar. Ofaya daga cikin lamuran alamar kwangilar don haɓaka haƙiƙanin fasaha da alama ikon sa ne na ba da damar “yaƙe -yaƙe 25 ba tare da jini ba kafin yaƙin farko”, yana ba da shawarar cewa ainihin horo na yaƙi zai zama muhimmin al'amari na haɓaka kai na gaskiya.
Microsoft kasuwanci ne na duniya. Don haka, tana buƙatar rassan da ke cikin duk kasuwannin ƙasa da ta zaɓa don girbi. Misali shine Microsoft Canada, wanda ta kafa a 1985. Sauran ƙasashe suna da irin wannan shigarwa, don ribar ribar da aka samu har zuwa Redmond da rarraba rabon ga masu hannun jarin MSFT.
A shekara ta 2004, Microsoft ta ba kamfanonin bincike damar yin bincike mai zaman kansa idan aka kwatanta jimlar kuɗin mallaka (TCO) na Windows Server 2003 zuwa Linux ; Kamfanonin sun kammala cewa kamfanoni sun sami Windows mafi sauƙin gudanarwa fiye da Linux, don haka waɗanda ke amfani da Windows za su gudanar da sauri wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin farashi ga kamfanin su (watau ƙananan TCO). Wannan ya haifar da raƙuman karatu masu alaƙa; binciken da Yankee Group ya kammala cewa haɓakawa daga sigar Windows Server zuwa wani yana kashe ɗan ƙaramin farashin sauyawa daga Windows Server zuwa Linux, kodayake kamfanonin da aka bincika sun lura da ƙarin tsaro da amincin sabobin Linux da damuwa game da kulle su cikin amfani da Microsoft. samfurori. Wani binciken, wanda Labarin Ci gaban Labarai na Open Source ya fitar, ya yi iƙirarin cewa binciken na Microsoft "ya kasance mai tsufa kuma mai gefe ɗaya" kuma binciken su ya kammala cewa TCO na Linux ya yi ƙasa saboda masu gudanar da Linux suna sarrafa ƙarin sabobin a matsakaita da sauran dalilai.
A matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin "Samun Gaskiya", Microsoft ya haskaka . Dandalin ciniki na NET Framework wanda ya haɓaka tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Accenture don Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta London, yana mai cewa ya samar da dogaro na "tara tara". Bayan shan wahala na tsawan lokaci da rashin dogaro Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta London ta sanar a 2009 cewa tana shirin yin watsi da mafita ta Microsoft da canzawa zuwa tushen Linux a 2010.
A cikin 2012, Microsoft ya yi hayar wani ɗan siyasa mai suna Mark Penn, wanda The New York Times ta kira shi "sananne don bulldozing" abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Shugaba, Talla da Dabara. Penn ya ƙirƙiri jerin tallace -tallace marasa kyau waɗanda ke niyya ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fafatawa da Microsoft, Google . Tallace -tallacen, da ake kira "Scroogled", suna ƙoƙarin yin ƙarar cewa Google yana "murƙushe" masu amfani tare da sakamakon binciken da aka yi amfani da su don fifita masu talla na Google, cewa Gmel ta keta sirrin masu amfani da ita don sanya sakamakon talla da ya shafi abun cikin imel ɗin su da sakamakon siyayya, wanda ke fifita samfuran Google. Littattafan fasaha kamar TechCrunch sun kasance masu sukar kamfen ɗin talla, yayin da ma'aikatan Google suka rungume shi.
Korar ma'aikata
A watan Yulin 2014, Microsoft ta sanar da shirin korar ma’aikata 18,000. Microsoft ya dauki mutane 127,104 aiki tun daga ranar 5 ga Yuni, 2014, yana mai yin hakan game da raguwar ma’aikata kashi 14 cikin dari kamar yadda babbar Microsoft ta dakatar. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙwararrun ma'aikata 12,500 da ma'aikata. A baya, Microsoft ya kawar da ayyukan 5,800 a cikin 2009 daidai da Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki na 2008 - 2017. A watan Satumbar 2014, Microsoft ta sallami mutane 2,100, ciki har da mutane 747 a yankin Seattle – Redmond, inda kamfanin ke da hedikwata. Wannan harbe -harben ya zo ne a matsayin guguwar sallamar da aka sanar a baya. Wannan ya kawo jimlar adadin sama da 15,000 daga cikin 18,000 da ake tsammanin ragewa. A cikin Oktoba 2014, Microsoft ya bayyana cewa kusan an yi shi tare da kawar da ma'aikata 18,000, wanda shine mafi girman aikin da aka taɓa yi. A watan Yulin 2015, Microsoft ta sanar da rage wasu ayyukan 7,800 a cikin watanni masu zuwa. A watan Mayun 2016, Microsoft ta sanar da rage wasu ayyuka 1,850 galibi a bangaren wayar salula ta Nokia. Sakamakon haka, kamfanin zai yi rikodin nakasa da cajin sake fasalin kusan $ 950 miliyan, wanda kusan $ 200 miliyan za su danganta da biyan kuɗaɗe.
Gwamnatin Amurka
Microsoft provides information about reported bugs in their software to intelligence agencies of the United States government, prior to the public release of the fix. A Microsoft spokesperson has stated that the corporation runs several programs that facilitate the sharing of such information with the U.S. government. Following media reports about PRISM, NSA's massive electronic surveillance program, in May 2013, several technology companies were identified as participants, including Microsoft. According to leaks of said program, Microsoft joined the PRISM program in 2007. However, in June 2013, an official statement from Microsoft flatly denied their participation in the program: A cikin watanni shida na farko a 2013, Microsoft ta karɓi buƙatun da suka shafi asusun 15,000 zuwa 15,999. A watan Disamba na 2013, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwa don ƙara jaddada gaskiyar cewa suna ɗaukar sirrin abokan cinikin su da kariyar bayanai da mahimmanci, har ma suna cewa "ɓarkewar gwamnati mai yuwuwar yanzu na iya zama ' ci gaba mai ɗorewa ,' tare da ingantattun ƙwayoyin cuta da hare -haren yanar gizo". Sanarwar ta kuma nuna farkon shirye-shiryen kashi uku don haɓaka ɓoyewar Microsoft da ƙoƙarin nuna gaskiya. A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2014, a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan shirin sun buɗe na farko (da yawa) Microsoft Transparency Center, wanda ke ba da "gwamnatoci masu halarta da ikon yin duba lambar tushe don manyan samfuranmu, tabbatar wa kansu amincin software, da tabbatar da can ba “ kofofin baya bane .” Microsoft ya kuma yi jayayya cewa yakamata Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta samar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin tsare sirri don kare bayanan masu amfani.
A watan Afrilun 2016, kamfanin ya kai karar gwamnatin Amurka, yana mai cewa umarnin sirri ya hana kamfanin bayyana wa abokan ciniki sammacin da ya sabawa haƙƙin kamfanin da na abokan ciniki. Microsoft ya musanta cewa ya sabawa tsarin mulki ga gwamnati ta haramta Microsoft daga sanar da masu amfani da ita cewa gwamnati na neman imel da sauran takardu, kuma Kwaskwarimar ta huɗu ta yi hakan don haka mutane ko 'yan kasuwa na da' yancin sanin ko gwamnati na bincike ko kwace dukiyarsu. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2017, Microsoft ta ce za ta yi watsi da karar sakamakon sauye -sauyen manufofi da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka (DoJ) ta yi. DoJ ya "canza dokokin buƙatun bayanai kan faɗakar da masu amfani da Intanet game da hukumomin da ke samun bayanan su."
Shaidar kamfani
Al'adar kamfanoni
Bayanan fasaha don masu haɓakawa da labarai don mujallu daban -daban na Microsoft kamar Microsoft Systems Journal (MSJ) ana samun su ta hanyar Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN). MSDN kuma tana ba da biyan kuɗi don kamfanoni da daidaikun mutane, kuma ƙarin biyan kuɗi mafi tsada galibi yana ba da damar zuwa sigar beta na software na Microsoft. A cikin Afrilu 2004, Microsoft ta ƙaddamar da rukunin al'umma don masu haɓakawa da masu amfani, mai taken Channel 9, wanda ke ba da wiki da dandalin Intanet . Wani rukunin yanar gizon da ke ba da shirye -shiryen bidiyo na yau da kullun da sauran ayyuka, On10.net, an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2006. Ana bayar da tallafin fasaha na kyauta ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin labarai na Usenet na kan layi, da CompuServe a baya, ma'aikatan Microsoft ke sa ido; ana iya samun ƙungiyoyin labarai da yawa don samfur ɗaya. Abokan hulɗa ko ma'aikatan Microsoft za su iya zaɓar zaɓaɓɓen matsayi don Matsayin Mafi Kyawun Kwararru na Microsoft (MVP), wanda ke ba su damar samun wani matsayi na zamantakewa na musamman da damar samun kyaututtuka da sauran fa'idodi.
An lura da ƙamus ɗin sa na ciki, ana amfani da kalmar '' cin abincin karen ku '' don bayyana manufar yin amfani da fitarwa da sigar beta na samfuran a cikin Microsoft a ƙoƙarin gwada su a cikin yanayin "na zahiri". Wannan yawanci ana gajarta shi zuwa "abincin kare" kawai kuma ana amfani dashi azaman suna, fi'ili, da adjective. Wani bit na jargon, FYIFV ko FYIV ( "Fuck Kai, ba ni da [Cikakke] jarin"), da ake amfani da wani ma'aikaci ya nuna su ne financially m, kuma za a iya kauce wa aikin kowane lokaci da suke so.
Microsoft babban abokin hamayya ne na h -1B visa, wanda ke bawa kamfanoni a Amurka damar daukar wasu ma'aikatan kasashen waje aiki. Bill Gates ya yi iƙirarin cewa hular da ke kan takardar visa ta H1B tana da wahalar ɗaukar ma'aikata ga kamfanin, yana mai cewa "Tabbas zan kawar da hular H1B" a 2005. Masu sukar visa ta H1B suna jayayya cewa sassauta iyakokin zai haifar da karuwar rashin aikin yi ga jama'ar Amurka saboda ma'aikatan H1B da ke aiki don ƙarancin albashi. The Human Rights Gangamin Corporate Daidaitan Index, wani rahoto na yadda m kungiyar deems kamfanin manufofin LGBT ma'aikata, rated Microsoft kamar yadda 87% daga 2002 zuwa 2004, kuma kamar yadda 100% daga 2005 zuwa 2010, bayan da suka yarda jinsi magana.
A watan Agustan 2018, Microsoft ta aiwatar da manufa ga duk kamfanonin da ke ba da masu kwangilar don buƙatar makonni 12 na biyan kuɗi na iyaye ga kowane ma'aikaci. Wannan yana faɗaɗa akan tsohon abin da ake buƙata daga 2015 wanda ke buƙatar kwanaki 15 na hutu da aka biya da kuma rashin lafiya kowace shekara. A cikin 2015, Microsoft ta kafa tsarin hutun iyaye don ba da izinin makonni 12 don hutu na iyaye tare da ƙarin makonni 8 ga iyayen da suka haihu.
A cikin 2011, Greenpeace ta fitar da rahoto wanda ke ƙididdige manyan manyan samfura goma a cikin ƙididdigar girgije akan tushen wutar lantarki don cibiyoyin bayanan su . A lokacin, cibiyoyin bayanai sun cinye har zuwa 2% na duk wutar lantarki ta duniya kuma ana hasashen wannan adadin zai ƙaru. Phil Radford na Greenpeace ya ce "muna damuwa cewa wannan sabon fashewar a cikin amfani da wutar lantarki na iya kulle mu cikin tsofaffi, gurɓataccen hanyoyin makamashi maimakon tsabtataccen makamashi da ake da shi a yau," kuma yayi kira ga "Amazon, Microsoft da sauran shugabannin bayanan. -Dole ne masana'antar fasaha ta rungumi makamashi mai tsabta don sarrafa cibiyoyin bayanan su na girgije. " A cikin 2013, Microsoft ya amince ya sayi wutar lantarki da aikin iska na Texas ya samar don sarrafa ɗayan cibiyoyin bayanan sa. An saka Microsoft a matsayi na 17 a cikin Jagorar Greenpeace ga Greener Electronics (Fitowa ta 16) wacce ke matsayin masu kera na'urorin lantarki 18 bisa ga manufofinsu kan sunadarai masu guba, sake amfani da canjin yanayi. Lokaci na Microsoft don fitar da ƙarar wuta (BFRs) da phthalates a duk samfuran shine 2012 amma ƙudurinsa na kawar da PVC ba a bayyane yake ba. Tun daga watan Janairun 2011, ba shi da samfuran da ba su da cikakkiyar kyauta daga PVC da BFRs.
Babban harabar Microsoft ta Amurka ta karɓi takaddar azurfa daga shirin Jagoranci a Makamashi da Tsarin Muhalli (LEED) a cikin 2008, kuma ta girka filayen hasken rana sama da 2,000 a saman gine -ginenta a harabar Silicon Valley, tana samar da kusan kashi 15 na jimlar kuzarin da ake buƙata. ta wurare a watan Afrilu 2005. Microsoft yana yin amfani da madadin hanyoyin wucewa. Ya ƙirƙiri ɗayan manyan motocin bas masu zaman kansu na duniya, "Mai Haɗawa", don jigilar mutane daga wajen kamfanin; don zirga-zirgar harabar harabar, “Haɗin Jirgin Sama” yana amfani da manyan motoci na matasan don adana mai. Kamfanin ya kuma tallafa wa jigilar jama'a na yanki, wanda Sound Transit da King County Metro suka bayar, a matsayin abin ƙarfafawa. A watan Fabrairun 2010, duk da haka, Microsoft ta ɗauki matakin hana ƙara ƙarin zirga-zirgar jama'a da manyan abubuwan hawa (HOV) zuwa Route 520 na jihar da gadar da ke shawagi ta haɗa Redmond zuwa Seattle; kamfanin bai so ya sake jinkirta ginin ba. Microsoft ta kasance lamba ta 1 a cikin jerin Mafi kyawun Ayyuka na Ƙasashen Duniya ta Babban Wuri zuwa Cibiyar Aiki a 2011. A cikin Janairu 2020, kamfanin ya yi alƙawarin cirewa daga muhallin duk carbon ɗin da ya fito tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1975. A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2020, Microsoft ya sanya aikinsu daga manufofin gida na dindindin. A cikin Janairu 2021, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar a shafin Twitter don shiga cikin Yarjejeniyar Cibiyar Ba da Lamuni ta Yanayi, wanda ke ɗaukar kayan aikin girgije da masana'antun cibiyoyin bayanai don isa tsaka -tsakin yanayi a Turai nan da 2030.
Babban hedikwatar kamfani, wanda ba a san shi ba kamar harabar Microsoft Redmond, yana a One Microsoft Way a Redmond, Washington. Microsoft da farko ya koma harabar harabar harabar harabar a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1986, makonni kafin kamfanin ya fito fili ranar 13 ga Maris. Tun daga lokacin hedkwatar ta sami fa'idodi da yawa tun lokacin da aka kafa ta. An kiyasta ya ƙunshi sama da 8 miliyan ft 2 (750,000 m 2 ) sararin ofis da ma'aikata 30,000 - 40,000. Ƙarin ofisoshin suna cikin Bellevue da Issaquah, Washington (ma'aikata 90,000 a duk duniya). Kamfanin yana shirin haɓaka Mountain View, California, harabar harabar ta a babban sikelin. Kamfanin ya mamaye wannan harabar tun 1981. A cikin 2016, kamfanin ya sayi harabar kadada 32, tare da shirye-shiryen gyara da fadada shi da kashi 25%. Microsoft yana aiki da hedikwatar Gabas ta Gabas a Charlotte, North Carolina .
Shagunan tutoci
A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2015, kamfanin ya buɗe wurin siyar da shi a Fifth Avenue a Birnin New York. Wurin yana fasalin kantin gilashi mai hawa biyar kuma yana da murabba'in 22,270. Kamar yadda kowane jami'in kamfani, Microsoft ya kasance yana neman wurin da aka fi samun tuta tun 2009. Wuraren siyarwar kamfanin wani ɓangare ne na babban dabarun don taimakawa haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tare da masu amfani da ita. Bude shagon yayi daidai da kaddamar da littafin Surface da Surface Pro 4. A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2015, Microsoft ta buɗe kantin sayar da tutoci na biyu, wanda ke cikin Pitt Street Mall na Sydney.
Microsoft ya karɓi abin da ake kira " Pac-Man Logo," wanda Scott Baker ya tsara, a cikin 1987. Baker ya bayyana "Sabuwar tambarin, a cikin nau'in rubutun italic ɗin Helvetica, yana da rauni tsakanin o da s don jaddada ɓangaren" taushi "na sunan kuma isar da motsi da saurin." Dave Norris ya gudanar da kamfen na wargi na ciki don ceton tsohuwar tambarin, wanda kore ne, a cikin manyan manya, kuma ya nuna harafin O, wanda ake yiwa lakabi da blibbet, amma an watsar. Alamar Microsoft mai taken "Ƙarfin ku. Sha'awar mu. " - a ƙarƙashin babban sunan kamfani - ya dogara ne akan taken Microsoft da aka yi amfani da shi a 2008. A cikin 2002, kamfanin ya fara amfani da tambarin a Amurka kuma a ƙarshe ya fara kamfen na talabijin tare da taken, an canza shi daga layin farko na " Ina kuke son zuwa yau? " A lokacin taron MGX mai zaman kansa (Microsoft Global Exchange) a cikin 2010, Microsoft ya bayyana alamar kamfanin na gaba, "Kasance Abin Gaba." Suna kuma da taken/taken taken "Yin shi duka yana da ma'ana."
A ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2012, Microsoft ta buɗe sabon tambarin kamfani a buɗe shagon Microsoft na 23 a Boston, yana nuna jujjuyawar kamfanin daga salon salo zuwa ƙirar zamani mai tayal, wanda yake amfani/zai yi amfani da shi akan Windows. Dandalin waya, Xbox 360, Windows 8 da Office Suites masu zuwa. Sabuwar tambarin ya haɗa da murabba'i huɗu tare da kalolin tambarin Windows na yanzu wanda aka yi amfani da su don wakiltar manyan samfuran Microsoft guda huɗu: Windows (shuɗi), Ofishin (ja), Xbox (kore) da Bing (rawaya). Alamar tayi kama da buɗe ɗayan tallan don Windows 95 .
Kamfanin shine mai daukar nauyin rigar wasan kwallon kwando ta kasar Finland a EuroBasket 2015 .
A lokacin cutar ta COVID-19, shugaban Microsoft, Brad Smith, ya ba da sanarwar cewa rukunin farko na kayayyaki, gami da tabarau na kariya 15,000, ma'aunin zafi da sanyio na infrared, murfin likitanci, da rigunan kariya, an ba da gudummawa ga Seattle, tare da ƙarin agajin da zai zo nan ba da jimawa ba.
Duba kuma
Jerin software na Microsoft
Jerin saka hannun jari ta Kamfanin Microsoft
Jerin hadewa da saye da Microsoft
Ƙungiyoyin injiniyan Microsoft
Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Microsoft
Hanyoyin waje
Pages with unreviewed translations |